United States Office of General Enforcement EPA-340/1-81-001 a
Environmental Protection Washington DC 20460 February 1981
Agency
Stationary Source Enforcement Series
&ERA Emission Reduction Study
Stationary Sources of
Air Pollution (1970-1979)
Final Report
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EPA-340/1-81-001a
Emission Reduction Study
Stationary Sources of Air
Pollution (1970-1979)
Final Report
by
Martin F Massoglia, John P. Wood, and Kenneth H. Babb
Operations Analysis Division
Research Triangle Institute
P.O. Box 12194
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
Contract No. 68-01-4141
EPA Project Officer: Robert Marshall
Task No. 35
Prepared for
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of General Enforcement
Division of Stationary Source Enforcement
Washington, DC 20460
February 1981
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FOREWORD
This research was performed for the Division of Stationary Source
Enforcement (DSSE), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), under task
order no. 35, contract no. 68-01-4141.
Mr. Robert Marshall, DSSE, was the EPA
Task Manager.
His suggestions and comments during the research were most
helpful.
This research documents the progress private business, state, and Federal
agencies have made towards meeting the primary ambient air quality standards
for criteria air pollutants.
These pollutants must be reduced to acceptable
levels to ensure reasonably healthy atmospheric conditions.
i i
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EMISSION REDUCTION STUDY: STATIONARY SOURCES
OF AIR POLLUTION (1970-1979)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
FOREWORD. . . .
.....................
.....
i i
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES.
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iv
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . .
vi
1.
INTRODUCTION. . . . .
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1- 1
A.
Ba ck g r ou n d . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 1- 1
B.
Scope. . . . . . .
.....
. . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
C.
Methodology. . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
.. 1- 1
. 1- 3
D.
Overall Results. . . . .
. . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . .
. . . .
1- 5
E.
Limitations. . . .
. . . . . .
.....
.....
. . . . . .
1- 7
I I.
FINDINGS. . . . . .
. . . . .
.....
. . . . . . .
.....
Particulate Results for the Nation.
.......
.....
. . II- 1
. II- 1
A.
B.
Sulfur Oxide Results for the Nation.
............
C.
Nitrogen Oxide Results for the Nation.
. . . . . . . . . . .
. 11-16
. 11-28
D.
VOC Results for the Nation.
. . . .
. . . . .
......
. . 11-41
REFERENCES. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . .
.........
. . . R- 1
APPENDIX A: CONTRIBUTION OF INDIVIDUAL SOURCE CATEGORIES TO
NATIONWIDE EMISSIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . A- 1
i i i
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Number
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17 -
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
LIST OF FIGURES
Nationwide Particulate Matter Emissions, Stationary Sources
Page
. . II- 5
Coal-Fired Electric Utility Boilers, Particulate Matter
Emissions. . . II . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . .
. II- 6
Coal-Fired Industrial Boilers, Particulate Matter Emissions. . . 11- 7
Iron and Steel Plants, Particulate Matter Emissions.
. . . .
. . II- 8
Portland Cement Plants, Particulate Matter Emissions. . . . . . 11- 9
Primary Nonferrous Smelters, Particulate Matter Emissions. . . . 11-10
Solid Waste Disposal, Particulate Matter Emissions. . . . . . . II-II
Kraft Pulp and Paper Mills, Particulate Matter Emissions. . . . 11-12
Asphalt Batching Plants, Particulate Matter Emissions. . . . . . 11-13
Lime Plants, Particulate Matter Emissions. . . . .
. . . .
. . . II -14
Grey Iron Foundries, Particulate Matter Emissions. . . . . . . . II-IS
Nationwide Sulfur Oxide Emissions, Stationary Sources
. . . . . II -19
Coal-Fired Electric Utility Boilers, Sulfur Oxide Emissions. . . 11-20
Oil-Fired Electric Utility Boilers, Sulfur Oxide Emissions. . . 11-21
Coal-Fired Industrial Boilers, Sulfur Oxide Emissions. . . . . . 11-22
Oil-Fired Industrial Boilers, Sulfur Oxide Emissions. . . . . . 11-23
Oil-Fired Commerical/Institutional Boilers, Sulfur Oxide
Em; s s ions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . II -24
Primary Nonferrous Smelters, Sulfur Oxide Emissions. . . . . . . 11-25
Petroleum Refineries, Sulfur Oxide Emissions. . . . . . . . . . 11-26
Portland Cement Plants, Sulfur Oxide Emissions. . . . . . . . . 11-27
Nationwide Nitrogen Oxide l-:Ti:,,:Lns, Stationary Sources
. . . . 11-32
Coal-Fired Electric Utility Boilers, Nitrogen Oxide
Emissions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 11-33
iv
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Number
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
Oil-Fired Electric Ut i1 ity Boilers, Nitrogen Oxide Emissions. .
Gas-Fired Electric Ut i1 ity Boil ers, Nitrogen Oxide Emissions. .
Coal-Fired Industrial Boilers, Nitrogen Oxide Emissions . . . .
Oil-Fired Industrial Boilers, Nitrogen Oxide Emissions.
Gas-Fired Industrial Boilers, Nitrogen Oxide Emissions.
. . . .
. . . .
Oil-Fired Commercial/Institutional Boilers, Nitrogen Oxide
E mi s s ion 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gas Pipelines and Plants, Nitrogen Oxide Emissions. . .
. . . .
Nationwide VOC Emissions, Stationary Sources
Petroleum Refineries, VOC Emissions. .
. . . .
. . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
Bulk Gasoline Terminals, VOC Emissions. .
......
. . . . .
Cutback Asphalt Operations, VOC Emissions
. . . . . . . . . . .
Paper Surface Coating, VOC Emissions. . . . . . . . .
.....
Automobile and Light-Duty Trucks Surface Coating, VOC
Emissions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wood Furniture Surface Coating, VOC Emissions. . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous Metal Parts and Products, VOC Emissions.
. . . .
Plastic Manufacturers, VOC Emissions. .
. . . . . . .
. . . . .
Solid Waste Disposal Plants, VOC Emissions. .
. . . . .
. . . .
Graphic Arts, VOC Emissions.
Dry Cleaning, VOC Emissions.
. . . .
.......
......
. . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . .
Solvent Metal Cleaning, VOC Emissions. .
Architectural Coating, VOC Emissions. .
. . . . . . .
. . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
v
Page
II-34
I I -35
II -36
I I -37
II-38
II -39
I I -40
I I -45
II-46
II-47
II-48
I I -49
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II -51
II -52
II -53
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II-58
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Number
II.
I II.
IV.
VI.
VII .
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
Xl1.
LIST OF TABLES
1.
Stationary Source Categories Accounting for 1 Percent
or More of 1978 Actual Particulate Emissions. . . .
. . . .
Stationary Source Categories Accounting for 1 Percent
or More of 1978 Actual Sulfur Oxide Emissions. . . . . . .
Stationary Source Categories Accounting for 1 Percent
or More of 1978 Actual Nitrogen Oxide Emissions. . . . . .
Stationary Source Categories Accounting for 1 Percent
or More of 1978 Actual VOC Emissions. . . . . . . . . . . .
V.
Summary of Nationwide Particulate Matter Emission
Estimates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Progress Toward Compliance for Particulate Matter.
. . . . . .
Summary of Nationwide Sulfur Oxide Emission Estimates.
Progress Toward Compliance for Sulfur Oxides. . . . .
. . . .
. . . .
Summary of Nationwide Nitrogen Oxide Emission Estimates. . . .
Progress Toward Compliance for Nitrogen Oxides.
. . . . . . .
Summary of Nationwide VOC Emission Estimates. . .
Progress Toward Compliance for VOCs. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . .
. . . .
vi
Page
1- 9
1- 9
1-10
1-10
II-3
II-4
II-17
II-18
II-3D
II-31
II -43
I I -44
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I.
INTRODUCTION
A.
Background
Under the Clean Air Act amendments of 1970, the States and the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are charged with the responsibility of
reducing the quantity of pollutants in the ambient air to levels adequate to
protect public health and welfare.
EPA has identified seven pollutants deemed
harmful to health and welfare in certain concentrations:
total suspended
particulates, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, photochemical
oxidants, hydrocarbons, and lead.
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
(NAAQS) were established for the first six as levels to be attained and
maintained.
The lead standard has recently been promulgated.
No regulations
currently exist.
Under the Clean Air Act amendments of 1977, the States and EPA were
charged with the responsibility of revising State Implementation Plans (SIPs)
to ensure maintenance of the NAAQS once attained.
B.
Scope
This report summarizes the results of 10 years of local, state, Federal, and
industry efforts to reduce the amount of particulates, sulfur oxides, nitrogen
oxides, and ozone being emitted to the atmosphere by stationary sources.
In
addition, because the control of ozone and hydrocarbons is simultaneously achieved
by removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), VOC control is emphasized.
However, carbon monoxide is not included in this study because of the small
contribution by stationary sources (less than 20 percent).
Data developed in previous studies [1,2J, modified and updated, are used as
partial bases for analysis of particulates and sulfur oxides emissions.
Similar
data are developed for nitrogen oxides and VOCs.
Modifications to and updates
1-1
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of previous data include consideration of changes in State Implementation Plan
(SIP) requirements prepared or promulgated by the States and EPA, as well as a
more detailed analysis, where feasible.
For VOCs, the impact of reasonably
available control technology (RACT)--as described in the applicable Control
Technique Guideline (CTG) document--is also considered.
With some exceptions, source categories included in this study are those
accounting for at least 1 percent of all emissions.
The current EPA Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS) data file [3J is the basis for
selection.
Stationary source categories accounting for at least 1 percent of
actual emissions are shown in Tables I through IV.
Listings of all source
categories by pollutant are presented in Appendix A.
The following source
categories, accounting for at least 1 percent of all emissions, were excluded
for the reasons indicated:
Particulate matter
Stone and rock processors
Grain elevators and mills
With few exceptions, state or local emission limitations
source categories are expressed qualitatively.
for these
Coal mines
Brick and tile plants
Not specifically covered in state
data were not available to permit
process rate limitations.
or local regulations. Activity
estimates under the general
Oil-fired electric utility boilers
Uncontrolled emissions estimated using AP42 emission factors are
less than compliance emissions.
Sulfur oxides
Residential coal, oil, and gas furnaces
Considered to be an area source.
Nitrogen oxides
Residential coal, oil, and gas furnaces
Considered to be an area source.
1-2
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Petroleum refineries
Not subject to limitations in practically all state and local
regulations.
VOCs
Organic solvents
Includes a large number of small sources.
On site solid waste incineration
Considered to be an area source.
Throughout thi s study, emi ssi ons are referred to as "uncontroll ed, II
"actual," and "compliance."
These terms are defined as follows:
Uncontrolled emissions: Those emissions that would occur if there
were not Federally enforceable emission limitations.
Actual emissions: Those emissions resulting from the use of
emission control systems to meet Federally enforceable emission
1 imitations.
Com liance emissions: Those emissions estimated to result when all
sources are ln u compliance with Federally enforceable applicable
emission limitations.
In some source categories, 1979 uncontrolled emissions are less than
those existing in 1970 because of decreased activity.
This difference is
considered in the analyses.
It should also be noted that compliance emissions
are based on 1979 data, when they are available, or on 1978 data projected to
1979 on the basis of growth in gross national product (GNP) from 1978 to 1979.
Compliance emissions for subsequent years may be different, depending on
changes in industrial activity in the year of interest and/or compliance
requirements.
C.
Methodology
Estimates of nationwide reductions in emissions resulting from state,
local, and Federal programs are made by comparing uncontrolled and actual
emission estimates for 1979 with those for 1970.
Similar estimates for 1975
are included to provide a rudimentary profile of emission estimates over the
period 1970 through 1979.
1-3
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Particulate matter and sulfur oxide uncontrolled and actual emissions
data for 1970 and 1975 were obtained from two previous RTI studies [1,2J.
The
OAQPS Data File of Nationwide Emissions was the source of 1970 and 1975 data
for nitrogen oxide and VOC emissions.
Where available, compliance
emissions data for 1975, based on 1979 emissions limitations, were used.
For
all other cases, 1975 compliance emissions were estimated assuming the same
degree of control as required in 1979.
The following general model for making the 1979 emission estimates was
used:
Emissions = Emission factor x Activity factor.
Uncontrolled, actual, and compliance emissions can be estimated with this
model and the appropriate emission factor.
Wherever available data permitted, emission estimates were made on an
individual plant basis.
Industry-wide data were used wherever individual
plant data were not available.
The following source categories were analyzed
on an individual plant basis with generalized emission factors applied to each
process point.
Coal-fired electric utility boilers
Oil-fired electric utility boilers
Gas-fired electric utility boilers
Coal-fired industrial boilers
Nonferrous smelters
Petroleum refineries
Iron and steel plants and coke ovens.
The following source categories were analyzed using plant sizes, expressed as
number of employees, as listed in the Department of Commerce Census of
Manufacturers.
I-4
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Surface coating, paper
Surface coating, automobile and light-duty trucks
Surface coating, miscellaneous metal parts and products
Surface coating, wood furniture
Plastic manufacturers
Graphic arts
Dry cleaning.
Cutback asphalt operations were analyzed state by state.
All of these source
categories were analyzed in the aggregate at the regional or national level.
Activity factors for individual analyses reflect actual fuel consumption
for indirect heat sources and actual production for manufacturing facilities.
Individual plant data were used when available.
In other cases, national
production data prorated to individual plants on the basis of percent of
national capacity were used.
The 1979 data were used when available;
otherwise, 1978 data were projected to 1979 on the basis of data in the
Department of Commerce's Survey of Current Businesses.
In the estimates of 1979 actual emissions, compliance emissions were
occasionally larger than reported or estimated actual emissions.
When this
occurred, actual emissions were assumed to be the same as compliance emissions.
Uncontrolled sulfur oxide emissions for 1975 and 1979 were estimated with
the 1970 average sulfur content of fuels.
The use of low-sulfur fuels is a
control option to meet sulfur oxide emission limitations.
It was assumed that
any switch to low-sulfur content fuels from 1970 to 1979 was the result of
state, local, or Fedel'dl abatement programs.
D.
Overall Results
Based on emission estimates made using the methodology described in
Section C above, the following tabulations demonstrate the increase in
1-5
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air pollution control of stationary sources since the enactment of the Clean
Ai r Act.
Even though the uncontrolled emission rate has increased
significantly, increased degree of control has resulted in improved air
quality--lower actual emissions.
Findings for specific source categories are presented in Chapter II.
PARTICULATE MATTER, STATIONARY SOURCES
Uncontrolled Degree of Actual
Year emissions (103 tons) control emissions (103 tons)
1970 88,516 68% 28,492
1975 101, 181 82% 18,015
1979 118,684 89% 13,546
Compliance 93% 8,079
SULFUR OXIDES, STATIONARY SOURCES
Uncontrolled Degree of Actual
Year emissions (103 tons) control emissions (103 tons)
1970 38,885 14% 33,569
1975 44,552 28% 32,083
1979 47,592 32% 32,345
Compliance 41% 28,148
NITROGEN OXIDES, STATIONARY SOURCES
Uncontrolled Degree of Actual
Year emissions (103 tons) control emissions (103 tons)
1970 13,090 0% 13,090
1975 13,600 0% 13 , 600
1979 16,360 9% 14,825
Compliance 13% 14,221
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, STATIONARY SOURCES
Uncontroll~d Degree of Ac t u a 1
Year emissions (10 tons) control emissions (103 tons)
1970 18,260 6% 17 , 160
1975 17,213 8% 15,900
1979 24,269 21% 19,145
Compliance 31% 16,687
1-6
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E.
Limitations
The emission estimates that follow in Chapter II are useful in providing
a measurement of progress toward attainment and maintenance of the NAAQS.
They are also useful in assessing the impact of pollution control programs on
the reduction of emissions in specific key industry groups and in identifying
those industry groups where relatively less progress has been made toward
meeting full compliance.
Although a national summary of this type is valuable
as an overall indicator of nationwide progress, the nature of the results do
NOT lend themselves to direct application to a specific facility or local
geographic area.
The compliance emission estimates are based on estimated 1979 activity.
Projection of these estimates to some future year should consider changes in
industrial activity and changes that may occur in emission limitations
prescribed in state, local, or Federal regulations.
Conclusions drawn from the comparison of 1979 emission data with those
for 1970 or 1975 must be made considering the different procedures used in
estimating emissions.
This difference is particularly important for those
source categories for which 1979 estimates are based on industrial plant
activity while estimates for 1970 and 1975 are based on nationally aggregated
activity.
Fugitive particulate matter emissions from roads and other nonprocess
sources are not included for any of the selected source categories.
Process
fugitive particulate matter emissions are included in those source categories
for which emission factors are published in AP42.
Fugitive emissions from
processes indicated are included in the estimates for the following source
categories.
1-7
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Integrated iron and steel plants:
storage piles and material handling.
Nonferrous smelters: crushing, materials handling, and process
operations. Process fugitive emissions factors for lead and zinc
smelters were estimated by using copper smelter fugitive emissions
factors as a base.
Fugitive process emissions for other source categories and fugitive
emissions from roads and other nonprocess sources are included in the totals
to the extent that they are included in the nationwide inventory maintained in
the OAQPS data file.
1-8
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TABLE I. STATIONARY SOURCE CATEGORIES ACCOUNTING FOR 1 PERCENT
. OR MORE OF 1978 ACTUAL PARTICULATE EMISSIONS
Source category
Percent- of
total actual
emissions
Coal-fired steam electric power
p 1 ant s
Stone and rock processors
Portland cement plants
Coal-fired industrial boilers
Iron and steel mills and coke plantsa
Grain elevators and mills
Forest fires and prescribed burning
Solid waste disposalb
Brick and tile plants
Primary copper smelters
Kraft pulp and paper mills
Coal mines
Lime plants
Asphalt batching plants
Grey iron foundries
Oil-fired electric steam-electric
power plants .
19.1
10.9
6.3
5.6
6.7
5.5
4.2
3.5
2.9
2.6
1.8
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.1
aCoke ovens account for 1.2 and 0.2 percent of actual and uncontrolled
emissions, respectively.
bExcept municipal incinerators.
TABLE II. STATIONARY SOURCE CATEGORIES ACCOUNTING FOR 1 PERCENT
OR MORE OF 1978 ACTUAL SULFUR OXIDE EMISSIONS
Source category
Percent of
total actual
emissions
Coal-fired steam electric power
plants
Primary smelters
Coal-fired industrial boilers
Oil-fired steam electric power plants
Oil-fired industrial boilers
Oil-fired commercial/institutional
boil ers
Refineries
Portland cement plants
Sulfur recovery plantsa
Residential coal, oil, and gas
furnaces
58.7
7.1
7.0
6.2
4.0
3.3
2.6
2.5
1.6
1.3
aUsed to purify sour natural gas or coke oven gas, and in petroleum
refineries. Emissions have been distributed among these industries.
1-9
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TABLE IIi. STATIONARY SOURCE CATEGORIES ACCOUNTING FOR 1 PERCENT
OR MORE OF 1978 ACTUAL NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSIONS
Source category
Percent of
total actual
emissions
Coal-fired steam electric power
plants
Gas pipelines and plants
Oil-fired steam electric power plants
Gas-fired steam electric power plants
Coal-fired industrial boilers
Gas-fired industrial boilers
Petroleum refineries
Residential, coal, oil, and gas
furnaces
Oil-fired industrial boilers
Oil-fired commercial/institutional
furnaces
21.9
13.1
5.2
3.7
2.6
2.4
1.7
1.4
1.3
1.1
TABLE IV.
STATIONARY SOURCE CATEGORIES ACCOUNTING FOR 1 PERCENT
OR MORE OF 1978 ACTUAL VOC EMISSIONS
Source category
Percent of
total actual
emissions
Organic solventa
Refineries
Bulk gasoline terminals
Cutback asphalt plants
Forest fires and prescribed fires
Degreasers
Service stations, Stage 1
Service stations, Stage 2
Surface coating plants, paper
Solid waste, open burning
Graphic arts facilities
Plastic plants
Surface coating plants, automobiles
Dry cleaning plants
Solid waste, onsite incineration
Architectural coating
Surface coating plants, wood
furniture
Surface coating plants, miscellaneous
metal products
aMiscellaneous solvent losses estimated by subtracting solvent consumption in
individual source categories from total national consumption. These solvent
losses are from a large number of small sources and are probably
uncontrollable.
11.1
4.9
2.7
2.2
2.1
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
1-10
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II.
FINDINGS
The results of this study are presented in four sections:
Section A,
Particulate Matter Results for the Nation; Section B, Sulfur Oxide Results for
the Nation; Section C, Nitrogen Oxide Results for the Nation; and Section D,
VOC Results for the Nation.
A.
Particulate Results for the Nation
Estimated uncontrolled and actual particulate emissions for 1970, 1975,
and 1979 and compliance emissions for 1975 and 1979, based on activity in
those years,. for attainment of ambient air quality standards are shown in
Tables V and VI.
Data for stationary sources, only, are shown graphically in
Figure 1.
Stationary sources accounted for 89 percent of particulate matter
emissions in 1979.
Between 1970 and 1979, uncontrolled emissions from stationary sources
increased by 34 percent, from 88.5 million tons per year (tpy) to 118.7
million tpy, as a result of growth during the period.
This growth made an
absolute reduction in emissions more difficult.
The 52 percent actual
emission reduction in stationary sources achieved (to 13.5 million tons in
1979 from 28.5 million tons in 1970) was possible because abatement programs
increased the overall degree of control from 68 percent in 1970 to 89 percent
in 1979.
State Implementation Plans (SIPs) were designed to achieve ambient air
quality standards by controlling emissions from stationary sources to a level
of 8.1 million tpy, based on an estimated 1979 uncontrolled emission level of
118.7 million tons.
This is equivalent to a" overall degree of control of 93
percent.
Emission reductions through 1979 represent 96 percent of the
compliance objective for the 10 selected source categories listed in Table V
II-I
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and 95 percent of the compliance objective for emissions from all stationary
sources.
Examination of Table VI shows that the industries requiring the greatest
degree of additional control for particulates, in terms of absolute emission
reductions, to meet full compliance requirements are integrated iron and steel
mills and coke plants, portland cement plants, and coal-fired industrial
boilers.
Estimated uncontrolled and actual particulate emissions for 1970,
1975. and 1979 and compliance emissions, based on 1979 activity, for each of
the 10 selected source categories listed in Table V are shown in Figures 2
through 11.
11-2
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TABLE V.
Source category
Coal-fired electric utility
boil ers
Coal-fired industrial boilers
Integrated iron and steel
plants and coke ovensh
Portland cement plants
Primary nonferrous
smeltersa
.....
.....
I
W
Solid waste disposal plants
Kraft pulp and paper mills
Asphalt batching plants
Lime plants
Grey iron foundries
Subtotal for selected
source categories
Stationary sourcesf
Mobil e sourcee
All sources
SUMMARY OF NATIONWIDE PARTICULATE MATTER EMISSION ESTIMATES
Uncontrolled
34,533
4,391
5,733
10,643
602
469
3,133
6,998
2,263
1,326
70,091
88,516
1,437
89,953b
1970
Actua I
4,188
2,435
4,775
906
46
367
288
490
1,154
156
14,805
28,492
1,437
29,929b
Uncontrolled
49,352
3,817
5,076
9,604
549
406
3,789
7,089
2, 198
899
82,779
101,181
1,484
102,655b
Emissions (103 tons)
1975
Actual
3,760
1,179
3,768
365
33
233
146
213
220
62
9,979
18,015
1,484
19,499b
Compliance
Uncontrolled
1979
Act ua I
966
831
3,388
981
142
196
297
164
168
134
7,267
13,546
1,676
15,222c
a 1979 estimates include fugitive process emissions and emissions from ore .crushing and materials handling.
b Reference I, adjusted for revised iron and steel emission factors.
c Reference 3 data adjusted for revised iron and steel emission factors projected to 1979 on basis of GNP growth [9].
d Estimated from data in Reference 1 projected to 1979 on basis of GNP growth [9].
e Estimated from data in References 10 and 11.
f By difference between all sources and mobile sources.
g Detailed data not available. Actual emissions in OAQPS data file assumed al so to be compl iance emissions.
h Includes emissions from materials handling and storage piles.
758
50,595
323
4,355
5,716
1,951
89
14
10,572
722
75
112
303
4,096
120
23
8,181
2,401
46
1,215
3,511
88,156
8,314
1,4849
118,684
1,676
9,798c
120,360C
---
Compliance
869
260
2,198
98
19
56
121
138
25
12
3,796
8,079
1,6769
9,755d
-------
TABLE VI. PROGRESS TOWARD COMPLIANCE FOR PARTICULATE MATTER
Percent of
total 1979 Total reduction
actual Average remaining
stat i onary percent Percent of
source cont ro 1 compliance (103 tons)
Source category emissions in 1979 objective (percent)
Coal-fired electric utility 7 98 99 97 1
boilers
Coal-fired industrial boilers 6 81 86 571 14
Integrated iron and steel 25 59 66 1,190 34
mills, and coke ovens
Portland cement plants 7 91 92 883 8
....... Primary nonferrous 1 80 83 123 17
....... smelters
I
~
Solid waste disposal plants 1 35 43 140 57
Kraft pulp and paper mills 2 93 96 176 4
Asphalt batching plants 1 98 99 26 1
Lime plants 1 93 94 143 6
Grey iron foundries 1 89 90 122 10
Subtotal for selected 54 91 96 3,471 4
source categories
All stationary sources 100 89 95 5,467 5
-------
100,000
80,000
a:
a:
w 60,000
a-
en
2
o
I-
M
Q
....
en
~ 40,000
en
en
:E
w
20,000
1970
EMISSION SUMMARY
1975
Uncontrolled
Actual
Compliance
D
~
-
1975
101,181
18,015
8,314
1979
Particulate Matter Emissions (103 tons per year)
II-5
1979
118,684
13,546
8,079
Figure 1. Nationwide Particulate Matter Emissions, Stationary Sources.
1970
88,516
28,492
Uncontrolled Emissions
Actual Emissions
Compliance Emissions
-------
50,000
40,000
a:
a:
w 30,000
Q.
en
Z
o
I-
M
Q
...
en
~ 20,000
en
en
:2
w
10,000
1970
EMISSION SUMMARY
Uncontrolled
Actual
Compliance
D
~
-
1975
1979
Particulate Matter Emissions (103 tons per year)
1970 1975 1979
34,533
4,188
49,352
3,760
758
50,595
966
869
Actual Emissions
Uncontrolled Emissions
Compliance Emissions
Figure 2. Coal-Fired Electric Utility Boilers, Particulate Matter Emissions.
II-6
-------
5,000
4,000
a:
~
w
>
a: 3,000
w
a..
~
Z
0
~
~
0
...
~
z 2,000
o
(j)
~
:!
w
1,000
1970
EMISSION SUMMARY
Uncontrolled
Actual
Compliance
D
~
-
1975
1979
1970
Particulate Matter Emissions (103 tons per year)
1979
1975
4,391
2.435
3,817
1,179
323
4,355
831
260
Uncontrolled Emissions
Actual Emissions
Compliance Emissions
Figure 3. Coal-Fired Industrial Boilers, Particulate Matter Emissions.
II-7
-------
6,000
5,000
4,000
a:
<
w
>
a:
w 3,000
c..
en
Z
o
I-
('I
o
...
en
~ 2,000
en
en
:!E
w
1,000
1970
EMISSION SUMMARY
1975
1979
Uncontrolled
Actual
Compliance
D
~
-
Particulate Matter Emissions (103 tons per year)
1970 1975 1979
5,733 5,076 5,716
4,775 3,768 3,388
1,951 2,198
Uncontrolled Emissions
Actual Emissions
Compliance Emissions
Figure 4. Iron and Steel Plants, Particulate Matter Emissions.
II-8
-------
. 8,000
a:
«
w
>
a:
w 6,000
a..
en
Z
0
I-
I')
Q
...
en
Z 4,000
o
C;;
en
~
w
,
12,000
10,000
2,000
1970
EMISSION SUMMARY
Uncontrolled
Actual
Compliance
D
~;:~
-
1975
1979
Particulate Matter Emissions (103 tons per year)
1970
10,643
906
1975
9,604
365
89
1979
10,572
981
98
Uncontrolled Emissions
Actual Emissions
Compliance Emissions
Figure 5. Portland Cement Plants, Particulate Matter Emissions.
II-9
-------
cc
cc 600
w
~
en
2
0
~
M
Q
...
en
2 400
o
en
en
:E
w
1,000
800
200
1970
EMISSION SUMMARY
Uncontrolled
Actual
Compliance
D
~
-
1975
1979
1970
1975
Particulate Matter Emissions (103 tons per year)
1979
602
46
549
33
14
722
142
19
Actual Emissions
Uncontrolled Emissions
Figure 6. Primary Nonferrous Smelters, Particulate Matter Emissions.
Compliance Emissions
II -10
-------
a:
«
w
>
a: 300
w
a..
en
2
0
....
1"1
0
...
en
2 200
o
en
en
~
w
500
400
100
1970
EMISSION SUMMARY
Uncontrolled
Actual
Compliance
D
~
-
1975
1979
1970
Particulate Matter Emissions (103 tons per year)
1979
1975
469
367
406
233
75
303
196
56
Uncontrolled Emissions
Actual Emissions
Compliance Emissions
Figure 7. Solid Waste Disposal, Particulate Matter Emissions.
II-ll
-------
5~OOO
4,000
a:
«
w
>-
a:
w 3,000
~
(I)
2:
o
I-
C")
Q
....
-
(I)
~ 2,000
(I)
(I)
:!:
w
1,000
1970
EMISSION SUMMARY
Uncontrolled
Actual
Compliance
D
w:d
-
1975
1979
1970
Particulate Matter Emissions (103 tons per year)
1979
1975
3,133
288
3,789
146
112
4,096
297
121
Actual Emissions
Uncontrolled Emissions
Compliance Emissions
Figure 8. Kraft Pulp and Paper Mills, Particulate Matter Emissions.
11-12
-------
10,000
8,000
a:
«
w
>
a: 6,000
w
Q.
en
Z
0
I-
C"I
Q
.-
en
Z 4,000
o
Ci.i
en
:E
w
2,000
1970
1975
1979
EMISSION SUMMARY
Particulate Matter Emissions (103 tons per year)
1970 1975 1979
Uncontrolled 6,998 7,089 8,181
Actual 490 213 164
Compliance 120 138
Uncontrolled Emissions
Actual Emissions
Compliance Emissions
Figure 9. Asphalt Batching Plants, Particulate Matter Emissions.
D
~
-
II-13
-------
2,000
a:
a:
w
CI.
en
Z
o
~
M
o
...
-
en
~ 1,000
en
en
:E
w
1970
EMISSION SUMMARY
1975
1979
Particulate Matter Emissions (103 tons per year)
1970 1975 1979
Uncontrolled 2,263 2,198 2,401
Actual 1,154 220 168
Compliance 23 25
D
~
-
Uncontrolled Emissions
Actual Emissions
Compliance Emissions
Figure 10. Lime Plants, Particulate Matter Emissions.
11-14
-------
2,000
a:
«
w
>
a:
w
Q.
en
Z
0
I- 1,000
C"I
o
....
-
en
Z
0
en
en
~
w
EMISSION SUMMARY
1970
1975
Uncontrolled
Actual
Compliance
D
WaJ
-
1975
899
62
46
1979
1970
Particulate Matter Emissions (103 tons per year)
1979
I 1-15
1,215
134
12
Figure 11. Grey Iron Foundries, Particulate Matter Emissions.
1,326
156
Uncontrolled Emissions
Actual Emissions
Compliance Emissions
-------
B.
Sulfur Oxide Results for the Nation
Estimated uncontrolled and actual sulfur oxide emissions for 1970, 1975,
and 1979 and compliance emissions for 1975 and 1979, based on activity in
those years, for attainment of ambient air quality standards are shown in
Tables VII and VIII.
Data for stationary sources, only, are shown graphically
in Figure 12.
Stationary sources accounted for 97 percent of sulfur oxide
emissions in 1979.
Between 1970 and 1979, uncontrolled emissions stationary sources
increased by 22 percent, from 38.9 million tpy to 47.6 million tpy, as a
result of growth during the period.
This growth made an absolute reduction in
emissions in stationary sources more difficult.
The 4 percent actual emission
reduction achieved (to 32.3 million tons in 1979 from 33.6 million tons in
1970) was possible because abatement programs increased the overall degree of
control from 14 percent in 1970 to 32 percent in 1979.
SIPs were designed to achieve ambient air quality standards by
controlling emissions from stationary sources to a level of 28.1 million tpy
based on an estimated 1979 uncontrolled emission level of 47.6 million tons.
This is equated to an overall degree of control of 41 percent.
Emission
reductions through 1979 represent 74 percent of the compliance objective for
the eight selected source categories listed in Table VII and 78 percent of the
compliance objective for emissions from all sources.
Examination of Table VIII shows that for sulfur oxides the industries
that require the greatest degree of additional control, in terms of absolute
emission reductions, to meet full compliance r~q~;r~m~nts are coal-fired
electric utility and primary nonferrous smelters.
Uncontrolled and actual
emissions for 1970, 1975, and 1979 and compliance emissions, based on 1979
activity, for each of the eight selected source categories listed in Table VII
are shown in Figures 13 through 20.
11-16
-------
TABLE: VII. SUMMARY OF NATIONWIDE SULFUR OXIDE EMISSION ESTIMATES
...-=----~...".~-..---
Emissions (103 tons)
1970 1975 1979
Source category Uncontrolled Actual Uncontrolled Act ua 1 Compliance Uncontrolled Actual Compliance
Coal-fired electric utility 15,439 15,439 20,971 13,536 11 ,481 26,536 21,144 19,479
boilers
Oil-fired electric utility 1,618 1,618 2,022 1,692 1,555 2,542 2,461 2,407
boil ers
Coal-fired industrial boilers 4,754 4,754 4,133 2,782 2,175 3,449 2,253 1,561
Oil-fired industrial boilers 1,021 1,021 954 863 863 1,227 1,120 1,120
Oil-fired commericalj 1,350 1,350 1,076 979 979 1,088 980 980
institutional boilers
........
........ P ri mary nonfer.'ous 4,845 3,580 4,629 2,965 603 5,814 1,804 796
I
I-' smelters
........
Petroleum refineries 1,537 1,537 1,759 1,759 644 2,420 1,458 887
Portland cement plants 733 733 661 661 599 935 929 848
Subtotal for selected 31,297 30,032 36,205 25,237 18,899 44,011 32,149 28,078
source categories
Stationary sourcese 38,855 33,569 44,552 32,083 25,751 47,592 32,345 28,148
Mobil e sourcesd 731 731 817 817 817f 911 911 911
All sources 39, 586a 34, 300a 45,639a 32,900a 26,568a 48, 503b 33,256c 29,059b
a See Reference 1.
b Estimated from data in Reference 1 and 3, projected to 1979 using GNP growth [9].
c Reference 3 projected to 1979 using GNP growth [9].
d Estimated from data in References 10 and 11.
e By difference between all sources and mobile sources. also to be compliance emissions.
f Detailed data not available. Actual emissions in OAQPS data file assumed
-------
TABLE VI II.
PROGRESS TOWARD COMPLIANCE FOR SULFUR OXIDES
=~---
Percent of
tota 1 1979 Total reduction
act ua 1 Average remaining
stationary percent Percent of
source control compliance (103 tons)
Source category emissions in 1979 obj ect i ve (percent)
Coal-fired el~ctric utility 65 20 76 1,665 24
boil ers
Oil-fired electric utility 8 3 60 54 40
boilers
Coal-fired industrial boilers 7 34 63 692 37
Oil-fired industrial boilers 3 a b b b
.......
....... Oil-fired commercial/ 3 a b b b
I
~ institutional boil ers
ex>
Primary nonferrous 6 69 80 1,008 20
smelters
Petroleum refineries 5 40 63 571 37
Portland Cement Pl ants 3 1 7 81 93
Subtotal for selected 99 27 74 4,071 26
source cdtegories
All stationary sources 100 32 78 4,197 22
~= ---- ~ -=
a Uncontrolled emissions estimated with 1970 average sulfur control; actual estimated with 1978
average.
b I~iu~£fjg~a~a~v~~~~f ~Wjf~i~~a€g}Tgtgti~~ijui~~~g~~em~ya~ea8if2n~bRtrj~.required. Specific
-------
50,000
40,000
a:
«
w
>
a:
w 30,000
Q.
Cf.I
Z
o
~
C"1
Q
...
10,000
Cf.I
Z
o 20,000
en
Cf.I
~
W
1970
EMISSION SUMMARY
1975
1979
Sulfur Oxide. Emissions (103 tons per year)
1970 1975 1979
Uncontrolled 38,855 44,552 47,592
Actual 33,569 32,083 32,345
Compliance 25,751 28,148
D
~
-
Uncontrolled Emissions
Actual Emissions
Compliance Emissions
Figure 12. Nationwide Sulfur Oxide Emissions, Stationary Sources.
II-19
-------
25,000
20,000
a:
«
w
>
a:
w 15,000
Q..
(I)
Z
o
~
(')
Q
...
(I)
~ 10,000
en
(I)
:iE
w
5,000
1970
EMISSION SUMMARY
Uncontrolled
Actual
Compliance
D
~
-
1975
1979
Sulfur Oxide Emissions (103 tons per year)
1970 1975 1979
15,439
15,439
20,971
13,536
11,481
26,536
21,144
19,479
Figure 13. Coal-Fired Electric Utility Boilers, Sulfur Oxide Emissions.
Uncontrolled Emissions
Actual Emissions
Compliance Emissions
11-20
-------
2,500
2,000
a:
«
w
>
a:
w 1,500
0-
en
Z
0
~
C")
Q
...
en
Z 1,000
o
en
en
:iE
w
500
1970
EMISSION SUMMARY
Uncontrolled
Actual
Compliance
D
~
-
1,618
1,618
1975
1979
Sulfur Oxide Emissions (103 tons per year)
1970 1975 1979
2,022
1,692
1,555
2,542
2,461
2,407
Figure 14. Oil-Fired Electric Utility Boilers,Sulfur Oxide Emissions.
II-21
Uncontrolled Emissions
Actual Emissions
Compliance Emissions
-------
5,000
4,000
a:
<
w
>
a: 3,000
w
11.
en
Z
0
~
('"j
0
....
en
Z 2,000
o
en
en
:!:
w
1,000
1970
EMISSION SUMMARY
1975
Uncontrolled
Actual
Compliance
D
~
-
1975
4,133
2,782
2,175
1979
1970
Sulfur Oxide Emissions (103 tons per year)
1979
3,449
2,253
1,561
Figure 15. Coal-Fired Industrial Boilers, Sulfur Oxide Emissions,
11-22
4,754
4,754
Uncontrolled Emissions
Actual Emissions
Compliance Emissions
-------
1,250
1,000
CI:
c(
w
>
CI: 750
w
~
en
Z
0
I-
C')
Q
...
en
Z 500
o
en
en
~
w
250
1970
EMISSION SUMMARY
Uncontrolled
Actual
Compliance
D
w:d
-
1975
1979
1970
Sulfur Oxide Emissions (103 tons per year)
1979
1975
1,021
1,021
954
863
863
1,227
1,120
1,120
Uncontrolled Emissions
Actual Emissions
Compliance Emissions
Figure 16. Oil-Fired Industrial Boilers, Sulfur Oxide Emissions.
II -23
-------
1,500
1,200
a:
«
w
>
a: 900
w
Q.
en
Z
0
I-
M
0
...
en
Z 600
o
C;;
en
:E
w
300
1970
EMISSION SUMMARY
Uncontrolled
Actual
Compliance
D
~
-
1975
1979
1970
Sulfur Oxide Emissions (103 tons per year)
1979
1975
1,350
1,350
1,076
979
979
1.088
980
980
Actual Emissions
Uncontrolled Emissions
Compliance Emissions
Figure 17. Oil-Fired Commercial/Institutional Boilers, Sulfur Oxide Emissions.
11-24
-------
5,000
4,000
a:
a: 3,000
w
Q.
(I)
:2
0
I-
M
Q
...
(I)
:2 2,000
o
en
(I)
~
w
1,000
1970
EMISSION SUMMARY
Uncontrolled
Actual
Compliance
D
~
-
1975
1979
1970
Sulfur Oxide Emissions (103 tons per year)
1979
1975
4,845
3,580
4,629
2,965
603
5,814
1,804
796
Uncontrolled Emissions
Actual Emissions
Compliance Emissions
Figure 18. Primary Nonferrous Smelters, Sulfur Oxide Emissions.
II-25
-------
2,500
2,000
a::
<
w
>
a::
w 1,500
Q..
CI)
Z
o
I-
M
Q
....
CI)
~ 1,000
CI)
CI)
:E
w
500
1970
1975
1979
EMISSION SUMMARY
Sulfur Oxide. Emissions (103 tons per year)
1970 1975 1979
Uncontrolled 1,537 1,759 2,420
Actual 1,537 1,759 1,458
Compliance 644 887
D
~
-
Uncontrolled Emissions
Actual Emissions
Compliance Emissions
Figure 19. Petroleum Refineries, Sulfur Oxide. Emissions.
I 1-26
-------
1,000
a:
«
w
>
a: 600
w
Q.
en
2
0
I-
M
Q
...
en
2 400
o
en
en
:E
w
800
200
1970
EMISSION SUMMARY
Uncontrolled
Actual
Compliance
D
~&
-
1975
1979
1970
Sulfur Oxide Emissions (103 tons per year)
1979
1975
733
733
661
661
599
935
929
848
Actual Emissions
Uncontrolled Emissions
Compliance Emissions
Figure 20. Portland Cement Plants, Sulfur Oxide Emissions.
11-27
-------
c.
Nitrogen Oxide Results for the Nation
Uncontrolled and actual nitrogen oxide emissions for 1970, 1975, and
1979 and compliance emissions for 1975 and 1979, based on activity in those
years, for attainment of ambient air quality standards are shown in Tables IX
and X.
Data for stationary sources, only, are shown graphically in Figure 21.
Stationary sources accounted for 62 percent of nitrogen oxide emissions in
1979.
Between 1970 and 1979, uncontrolled emissions from all sources increased
by 3~ percent, from 20.9 million tpy to 27.7 million tpy, as a result of
industrial and transportation growth during the period.
Growth from
stationary sources resulted in an increase in actual emissions of 13 percent
(to 14.8 million tons in 1979 from 13.1 million tons in 1970).
These emission data for all sources shown in Tables IX and X are
estimated assuming that only the selected source categories will be subject to
state, local, or Federal emission limitations.
While some sources other than
the selected source categories may be subject to emission limitations, the
assumption results in a conservative estimate of emission reductions achieved
as the result of state, local, and Federal abatement programs.
SIPs were designed to achieve ambient air quality standards by
controlling emissions from stationary sources to a level of 14.2 million tpy
based on an estimated 1979 uncontrolled emission level of 16.4 million tons.
This is equated to an overall degree of control of 13 percent.
Emission
reductions through 1979 represent 72 percent of the compliance objective for
the eight selected source categories listed in Tables IX and 72 percent of the
compliance objective for emissions from all stationary sources.
Examination of Table X shows that, for nitrogen oxides, the industries
requiring the greatest degree of additional control in terms of absolute
11-28
-------
emission reductions to meet full compliance requirements are coal- and
gas-fired electric utility boilers and gas-fired industrial boilers.
Estimated uncontrolled and actual emissions for 1970, 1975, and 1979 and
compliance emissions, based on 1979 activity. for the eight selected
categories listed in Table IX, are shown in Figures 22 through 29.
11-29
-------
TABLE IX. SUMMARY OF NATIONWIDE NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSION ESTIMATES
-~...."..,..=----=-="'==-=-= - =='""'~......-~=o
Emissions (103 tons)
1970 1975 1979
Source category Uncontrolled Actual Uncontrolled Actua 1 Compliancea Uncontrolled Act ua 1 Compl iance
Coal-fired electric ut il ity 3,779 3,779 4,708 4,708 3,662 6,298 5,134 4,899
boil ers
Oil-fired electric utility 715 715 1,147 1,147 1,090 1, 130 1,130 1,074
boilers
Gas-fired electric utility 1,168 1,168 944 944 411 871 500 379
boilers
Coal-fired industrial boilers 988 988 799 799 799 722 722 722
......
...... Oil-fired industrial boilers 250 250 205 205 190 316 316 293
I
W Gas-fired industrial boilers 710 710 628 474
a 628 689 689 520
Oil-fired commerical/ 359 359 292 292 292 284 284 284
institutional boilers
Gas pipelines and plants 3,067 3,067 3,287 3,287 3,287 3,594 3,594 3,594
Subtotal for selected 11 ,036 11 ,036 12,010 12,010 10,205 13,904 12,369 11 ,765
source categories
Stationary sourcesb 13,090 13 , 090 13 ,600 13,600 11,795 16,360 14,825 14,221
Mobile sourcesc 7,779. 7,779 9,654 9,499 9,499 11 , 380 10 , 391 10,391
All sourcesd 20,869 20,869 23,254 23,099 21,294 27,740 25,216 24,612
a Assumes same ratio of uncontrolled to compliance for stationary sources as 1979.
b OAQPS data files (References 3, 5, and 6).
c From data provided by OAQPS (Reference 10) and from Reference 11. Uncontrolled emission data detennined by applying ratio of
emission factors--1970/1975, 1970/1979--to actual emissions.
d By addition of stationary and mobile source emissions.
-------
TABLE X. PROGRESS TOWARD COMPLIANCE FOR NITROGEN OXIDES
Percent of
total 1979 Total reduction
actual Average remaining
stationary percent Percent of
source control compliance
Source category emissions in 1979 objective (103 tons) (percent)
Coal-fired ~lectric utility 35 18 83 235 17
boil ers
Oil-fi red electric ut il ity 8 0 0 56 100
boilers
Gas-fired electric util ity 3 43 75 121 25
boilers
........
........
I Coal-fired industrial boilers 5 a a a a
w
I-'
Oil-fired industrial boilers 2 0 0 23 100
Gas-fired industrial boilers 5 0 0 169 100
Oil-fired commercial/ 2 a a a a
institutional boilers
Gas pipelines and plants 24 a a a a
smelters
Subtotal for selected 83 11 72 604 28
source categories
All stationary sourc~s 100 9 72 604 28
a The national average emission calculations indicate that no control is required. Specific
situations may exist where state/local regulations may require some control.
-------
20,000
a:
ct
w
>
a:
~ 15,000
en
2
o
I-
C')
Q
...
en
~ 10,000
en
en
:E
w
5,000
1970
EMISSION SUMMARY
1975
1979
Uncontrolled
Actual
Compliance
D
~
-
Nitrogen Oxide. Emissions (103 tons per year)
1970 1975 1979
13,090
13,090
13,600
13,600
11,795
16,360
14,825
14,221
Uncontrolled Emissions
Actual Emissions
Compliance Emissions
Figure 21. Nationwide Nitrogen Oxide Emissions, Stationary Sources.
11-32
-------
6,000
a:
~
w
>
a:
w
Q.
en
Z
o
I-
M
o
...
-
en
~ 3,000
C;;
en
~
w
1970
EMISSION SUMMARY
Uncontrolled
Actual
Compliance
D
~
-
1975
1979
Nitrogen Oxide Emissions (103 tons per year)
1970 1975 1979
3,779
3,779
4,708
4,708
3,662
6,298
5,134
4,899
Figure 22. Coal-Fired Electric Utility Boilers, Nitrogen Oxide Emissions.
Uncontrolled Emissions
Actual Emissions
Compliance Emissions
II-33
-------
200
1,000
800
a:
«
w
>
a: 600
w
~
'"
Z
0
I-
C'1
Q
...
-
'"
Z 400
o
en
'"
~
w
1970
EMISSION SUMMARY
1975
1979
Nitrogen Oxide Emissions (103 tons per year)
1970 1975 1979
Uncontrolled
Actual
Compliance
715
715
1,147
1,147
1,090
1,130
1,130
1,074
D
~
-
Uncontrolled Emissions
Actual Emissions
Compliance Emissions
Figure 23. Oil-Fired Electric Utility Boilers, Nitrogen Oxide Emissions.
11-34
-------
1,000
a:
«
w
>
a: 600
w
0..
en
2:
0
I-
M
Q
...
en
2: 400
o
en
en
:!!:
w
800
200
1970
EMISSION SUMMARY
Uncontrolled
Actual
Compliance
D
~
-
1975
1979
Nitrogen Oxide Emissions (103 tons per year)
1970 1975 1979
1,168
1,168
944
944
411
871
500
379
Compliance Emissions
Uncontrolled Emissions
Actual Emissions
Figure 24. Gas-Fired Electric Utility Boilers, Nitrogen Oxide Emissions.
II -35
-------
1,000
a:
a: 600
w
CI..
CI)
Z
0
~
C':I
Q
...
CI)
Z 400
o
C;;
CI)
:2E
w
800
200
1970
EMISSION SUMMARY
Uncontrolled
Actual
Compliance
D
~
-
1975
1979
1970
Nitrogen Oxide Emissions (103 tons per year)
1979
1975
988
988
799
799
799
722
722
722
Actual Emissions
Uncontrolled Emissions
Compliance Emissions
Figure 25. Coal-Fired Industrial Boilers, Nitrogen Oxide Emissions.
11-36
-------
a:
<
w
>
a: 300
w
~
Cf.I
2
0
~
M
C
...
-
Cf.I
2 200
o
Ci)
Cf.I
:E
w
400
100
1970
EMISSION SUMMARY
Uncontrolled
Actual
Compliance
D
~
-
1975
1979
Nitrogen Oxide Emissions (103 tons per year)
1970 1975 1979
250
250
205
205
190
316
316
293
Uncontrolled Emissions
Actual Emissions
Compliance Emissions
Figure 26. Oil-Fired Industrial Boilers, Nitrogen Oxide Emissions.
II-37
-------
1,000
800
20
a::
«
w
>
a:: 600
w
~
en
2:
0
I-
M
Q
...
en
2: 400
o
en
en
~
w
1970
EMISSION SUMMARY
1975
1979
Nitrogen Oxide Emissions (103 tons per year)
1970 1975 1979
Uncontrolled
Actual
Compliance
710
710
628
628
474
689
689
520
D
~
-
Uncontrolled Emissions
Actual Emissions
Compliance Emissions
Figure 27. Gas-Fired Industrial Boilers, Nitrogen Oxide Emissions.
11-38
-------
a:
«
w
>
a: 300
w
~
(I)
Z
0
~
M
Q
...
(I)
z 200
o
en
(I)
:E
w
500
400
100
1970
EMISSION SUMMARY
1975
1979
Nitrogen Oxide Emissions (103 tons per year)
1970 1975 1979
Uncontrolled 359 292 284
Actual 359 292 284
Compliance 292 284
D
W~
-
Uncontrolled Emissions
Actual Emissions
Compliance Emissions
Figure 28. Oil-Fired Commercial Institutional Boilers, Nitrogen Oxide Emissions.
11-39
-------
5,000
4,000
a:
«
w
>
a:
w 3,000
Q..
CI)
Z
o
I-
M
C
....
CI)
~ 2,000
en
CI)
:2
w
1,000
1970
EMISSION SUMMARY
Uncontrolled
Actual
Compliance
D
~
-
1975
1979
Nitrogen Oxide Emissions (103 tons per year)
1970
1975
1979
3,067
3,067
3,287
3,287
3,287
3,594
3,594
3,594
Actual Emissions
Uncontrolled Emissions
Figure 29. Gas Pipeline and Plants, Nitrogen Oxide Emissions.
Compliance Emissions
11-40
-------
D.
VOC Results for the Nation
Uncontrolled and actual VOC emissions for 1970, 1975, and 1979 and
compliance emissions for 1975 and 1979, based on activity in those years, for
attainment of ambient air quality standards are shown in Tables XI and XII.
Data for stationary sources, only, are shown graphically in Figure 30.
Stationary sources accounted for 67 percent of VOC emissions in 1979.
Between 1970 and 1979, uncontrolled emissions from stationary sources
increased by 33 percent from 18.3 million tpy to 24.3 million tpy, as a result
of growth during this period.
This growth made an absolute reduction in
emissions more difficult.
The 12 percent actual emission increase in
stationary sources (to 19.1 million tons in 1979 from 17.1 million tons in
1970) was less than the 33 percent overall increase in uncontrolled emissions
because abatement programs increased control from 6 percent in 1970 to 21
percent in 1979.
Full compliance with limitations resulting from SIP revisions to include
the application of reasonably available control technology, as stipulated by
the 1977 Clean Air Act Amendments, will require an additional reduction of 2.5
million tons of VOC emissions from stationary sources.
This represents an
overall degree of control of 31 percent, based on an estimated 1979
uncontrolled emission level of 24.3 million tons.
Emission reductions through
1979 represent 68 percent of the compliance objective for the 13 selected
source categories listed in Table XI and 68 percent of the compliance
objectives for emissions from all stationary sources.
Examination of Table XII shows that, for VOCs, the source categories
requiring the greatest control in terms of absolute emission reductions to
meet full compliance requirements are petroleum refineries, plastics
manufacturers, paper surface coating, solvent metal cleaning, and cutback
asphalt operations.
Estimated uncontrolled and actual emissions for 1970,
11-41
-------
1975, and 1979 and compliance emissions, based on 1979 activity, for the 13
selected source categories listed in Table XI, are shown in Figures 31
through 43.
11-42
-------
TABLE XI. SUMMARY OF NATIONWIDE VOC EMISSION ESTIMATES
Emissions (10.1 tons)
1970 1975 1979
Source category Uncontrolled Actual Uncontro 11 ed Actual Compliancea Uncontrolled Actua 1 Compliance
Petroleum refineries 2,337 1,237 2,753 1,440 475 3,090 1,506 533
Bulk gasoline terminals 737 737 840 840 371 889 476 393
Cutback asphalt operations e e e e e 992 421 235
Surface coating, paper 323 323 359 359 120 375 359 125
Surface coating, automobiles e e e e e 90 90 22
and light-duty trucks
Surface coating, wood furniture 172 172 234 234 187 308 308 246
Surface coating, miscellaneous e e e e e 128 111 53
metal parts and products
Plastics manufacturers 195 195 238 238 24 403 403 40
Solid waste disposal plants 500 500 370 370 370 343 343 343
Graphic arts e e e e e 212 149 88
Dry cleaning plants e e e e e 128 111 53
Solvent metal cleaning e e e e e 834 726 512
Architectural coatings e e e e e 2,970 545 447
........ Subtotal for selected 4,264 3,164 4,794 3,481. 1,547 10,762 5,548 3,090
........ source categories
I
.j:::. Stationary sourcesb 18,260 17 ,160 17,213 15,900 13,633 24,269 19,145 16,687
w Mobil e sourcesc 13,252 13 ,252 14,176 11,140 11,140 17 ,744 9,450 9,450
All sourcesd 31,512 30,412 31,389 27,040 24,773 42,013 28,595 26,137
a Assumes same ratio of uncontrolled to compliance for stationary sources as 1979.
b OAQPS data files (References 3, 5, and 6). Decrease in uncontrolled emissions from 1970 to 1975 is primarily due to drastic
reduction in open and onsite burning.
c From data provided by OAQPS (Reference 10) and from Reference 11. Uncontrolled emission data determined by applying ratio of
emission factors--1970/197~, 1970/1979--to actual emissions.
d By addition of stationary and mobile source emissions.
e Compatible data not available.
-------
TABLE XII.
PROGRESS TOWARD COMPLIANCE FOR VOCs
Percent of
total 1979 Total reduction
act ua 1 Average remaining
stationary percent Percent of
source cont ro 1 compliance
Source category emissions in 1979 objective (103 tons) (pe rcent )
Petroleum refineries 8 51 62 973 38
Bulk gasoline terminals 2 46 83 83 17
Cutback asphalt operations 2 58 75 186 25
Surface coating, paper 2 4 6 234 94
Surface coating, automobiles 1 0 0 68 100
and light-duty trucks
Surface coating, wood furniture 2 0 0 62 100
Surface coating, miscellaneous 1 13 23 58 77
I-< metal parts and products
I-<
I Plastics manufacturers 2 0 0 363 100
+=-
+=- Solid waste disposal plants 2 a a a a
Graphic arts 1 30 51 61 49
Dry cleaning plants 1 13 23 58 77
Solvent metal cleaning 4 13 34 214 66
Architectural' coatings 3 82 96 98 4
Subtotal for selected 29 48 68 2,458 32
source cat~Jories
A 11 stat i ona!~l1 sources 100 21 68 2,458 32
aThe national average emission calculations indicate that no control is required. Specific
situations may exist where state/local regulations may require SOme control.
-------
21,000
20,000
a:
<
w
>
ffi 15,000
Q..
CI)
Z
o
~
('I)
Q
...
-
CI)
~ 10,000
C;;
CI)
:E
w
5,000
1970
EMISSION SUMMARY
Uncontrolled
Actual AA
Compliance
D
~
-
1975
1979
VOC Emissions (103 tons per year)
1970 1975 1979
18,260
17,160
17,213
15,900
13,633
24,269
19,145
16,687
Actual Emissions
Uncontrolled Emissions
Compliance Emissions
Figure 30. Nationwide VOC Emissions, Stationary Sources.
II-45
-------
3,000
a:
«
w
>
a:
w
CI..
en
2
0
~ 2,000
M
Q
....
en
2
0
en
en
:E
w
1,000
1970
EMISSION SUMMARY
Uncontrolled
Actual
Compliance
D
~
-
1975
1979
VOC Emissions (103 tons per year)
1970 1975 1979
2,337
1,237
2,753
1,440
475
3,090
1,506
533
Actual Emissions
Uncontrolled Emissions
Compliance Emissions
Figure 31. Petroleum Refineries, VOC Emissions.
11-46
-------
1,000
a:
<
w
>
a: 600
w
~
en
Z
0
I-
I')
Q
...
en
Z 400
o
Ci.i
en
:!
w
800
200
1970
EMISSION SUMMARY
Uncontrolled
Actual
Compliance
D
~
-
1975
1979
VOC Emissions (103 tons per year)
1970
1975
1979
737
737
840
840
371
889
476
393
Actual Emissions
Uncontrolled Emissions
Compliance Emissions
Figure 32. Bulk Gasoline Terminals, vac Emissions.
II-47
-------
1,000
a:
a:
w
:; 600
z
o
~
c.c
o
-
-
en
Z
o
en 400
en
i
w
800
200
1970
1975
1979
992
421
235
Figure 33. Cutback Asphalt Operations, VOC Emissions.
EMISSION SUMMARY
VOC Emissions (103 tons per year)
1970 1975 1979
Uncontrolled
Actual
Compliance
a
a
a
a
a
a
a Data not available
D
~
-
Uncontrolled Emissions
Actual Emissions
Compliance Emissions
11-48
-------
400
a:
a:
w 300
Q.
en
;2
0
I-
I')
0
...
en
;2 200
o
ii)
en
~
w
100
1970
EMISSION SUMMARY
Uncontrolled
Actual
Compliance
D
~
-
1975
1979
VOC Emissions (103 tons per year)
1970
1975
1979
323
323
359
359
120
375
359
125
Actual Emissions
Uncontrolled Emissions
Compliance Emissions
Figure 34. Paper Surface Coating, VOC Emissions.
II -49
-------
a::
a:: 60
w
~
'"
Z
0
~
C"I
Q
.-
'"
z 40
o
Ci5
'"
:E
w
100
80
20
1970
EMISSION SUMMARY
Uncontrolled
Actual
Compliance
1975
VOC Emissions (103 tons per year)
1970 1975 1979
a
a
a
a
a
aCompatible data not available
Uncontrolled Emissions
1979
90
90
22
Figure 35. Automobile and Light Duty Trucks Surface Coating, vac Emissions.
II-50
D
~
-
Actual Emissions
Compliance Emissions
-------
a:
<
w
>
a:
w 300
0..
CI)
Z
0
I-
C"1
Q
...
CI)
z 200
o
en
CI)
:!:
w
100
1970
EMISSION SUMMARY
Uncontrolled
Actual
Compliance
D
~
-
1975
1979
VOC Emissions (103 tons per year)
1970
1975
1979
172
172
234
234
187
308
308
246
Actual Emissions
Uncontrolled Emissions
Compliance Emissions
Figure 36. Wood Furniture Surface Coating, VOC Emissions.
II-51
-------
a:
<
w
>
a: 75
w
Q.
en
;2
0
I-
M
Q
...
en
;2 50
o
en
en
:iE
w
125
100
25
1970
EMISSION SUMMARY
Uncontrolled
Actual
Compliance
D
~
-
1975
VOC Emissions (103 tons per year)
1970
1975
1979
a
a
a
a
1979
128
111
53
Figure 37. Miscellaneous Metal Parts and Products Surface Coating, VOC Emissions.
a
Actual Emissions
Uncontrolled Emissions
a Compatible data not available
Compliance Emissions
II-52
-------
a:
a: 300
w
Q.,
en
Z
0
I-
C"I
Q
...
en
Z 200
o
en
en
~
w
400
100
1979
EMISSION SUMMARY
VOC Emissions (103 tons per year)
1970
1975
1970 1975 1979
Uncontrolled 195 238 403
Actual 195 238 403
Compliance 24 40
D
~
-
Uncontrolled Emissions
Actual Emissions
Compliance Emissions
Figure 38. Plastics Manufactures, VOC Emissions.
II-53
-------
a:
c(
w
>
a: 300
w
CI..
CI)
Z
0
I-
~
0
...
CI)
z 200
o
en
CI)
:2
w
500
400
100
1970
EMISSION SUMMARY
Uncontrolled
Actual
Compliance
D
Wd
-
1975
1979
1970
1975
VOC Emissions (103 tons per year)
1979
500
500
370
370
370
343
343
343
Actual Emissions
Uncontrolled Emissions
Figure 39. Solid Waste Disposal, VOC Emissions.
Compliance Emissions
II-54
-------
a:
«
w
>
a:
w
Q.
en
Z
0
I-
C"I
Q
...
en
Z 100
o
en
en
~
w
200
1970
EMISSION SUMMARY
Uncontrolled
Actual
Compliance
D
~~
-
1975
VOC Emissions (103 tons per year)
1970
1975
a
a
a
a
a
a Compatible data not available
Uncontrolled Emissions
Actual Emissions
Compliance Emissions
1979
1979
212
149
88
Figure 40. Graphic Arts, VOC Emissions.
II-55
-------
a::
«
w
>
a::
w
Q.
(I)
:2
0
I-
M
0
...
(I)
:2 50
o
(I)
(I)
~
W
100
1970
EMISSION SUMMARY
1975
1979
VOC Emissions (103 tons per year)
1970 1975 1979
Uncontrolled a a 128
Actual a a 111
Compliance a 53
D
~
-
a Compatible data not available
Uncontrolled Emissions
Actual Emissions
Compliance Emissions
Figure 41. Dry Cleaning, vac Emissions.
II-56
-------
1,090
a:
«
w
>
a: 600
w
~
CI)
2:
0
I-
M
Q
...
CI)
2: 400
o
en
CI)
::E
w
800
200
1970
1975
1979
EMISSION SUMMARY
VOCEmissions(103 tons per year)
1970 1975 1979
UncontroUed
Actual
Compliance
a
a
a
a
a
a Data not available
D
~
-
Uncontrolled Emissions
Actual Emissions
Compliance Emissions
Figure 42. Solvent Metal Cleaning, VOC Emissions.
II-57
834
726
512
-------
a:
<
w
>
a: 3,000
w
Q.,
en
Z
0
I-
M
Q
...
en
Z 2,000
o
Ci.i
en
::E
w
1,000
1970
EMISSION SUMMARY
Uncontrolled
Actual
Compliance
D
~
-
1975
1979
VOC Emissions (103 tons per year)
1970 1975 1979
a
a
a
a
a
2,970
545
447
a Data not available
Actual Emissions
Uncontrolled Emissions
Compliance Emissions
Figure 43. Architectural Coatings, vac Emissions.
II-58
-------
REFERENCES
1.
Massoglia, M. F., Summary of Particulate and Sulfur Oxide Emission
Reductions Achieved Nationwide for Selected Industrial Source Categories,
1970-1975. Volume II. EPA 340/1-76-008b. Washington: U.S.
Environnmental Protection Agency. November 1976.
2.
Massoglia, M. F., Summary of Emission Reduction Achieved Nationwide by
Selected Industrial Source Categories, Volume I & II. Research Triangle
Park: Research Triangle Institute. June 1975.
3.
4.
OAQPS Data File of Nationwide Emissions, 1978.
December 28, 1979.
National Air Pollutant Emission Estimates, 1970-1978, EPA 450/4-80-002.
Research Triangle Park: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
January 1980.
Printout created
5. OAQPS Data File of Nationwide Emissions, 1970. Printout created
August 13, 1979.
6. OAQPS Data File of Nationwide Emissions, 1975. Printout created
August 22, 1979.
7.
Massoglia, M. F., Industry Characterization and Required Effort to
Control VOC Emissions. Research Triangle Park: Research Triangle
Institute. January 1980.
8.
Cuscino, T. A., Jr., Particulate Emission Factors Applicable to the Iron
and Steel Industry, EPA 450/4-79-028. Research Triangle Park: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. September 1979.
9.
Survey of Current Business, Volume 60, Number 6, June 1980.
U.S. Department of Commerce.
Washington:
10.
Telecon. Massoglia, M. F., Research Triangle Institute, and Mann, C.,
National Air Data Branch, January 19, 1981. Mobile Source Emissions.
11.
EPA-400/9-78-006.
March 1978.
Mobile Source Emission Factors.
Environmental Protection Agency.
Washington:
U.S.
R-1
-------
APPENDIX A
CONTRIBUTION OF INDIVIDUAL SOURCE CATEGORIES
TO NATIONWIDE EMISSIONS
-------
TABLE A-I. CONTRIBUTION OF SELECTED SOURCE CATEGORIES
TO NATIONWIDE PARTICULATE EMISSIONS
Source category
Percent of
total actual
emissions
Percent of total
uncontro1ied
emissions
Coal-fired steam electric power
plants
Stone and rock processors
Transportation
Portland cement plants
Coal-fired industrial boilers
Iron and steel mills and coke p1antsa
Grain elevators and mills
Forest fires and prescribed burning
Solid waste disposa1b
Brick and tile plants
Primary copper smelters
Kraft pulp and paper mills
Coal mines
Lime plants
Asphalt batching plants
Grey iron foundries
Oil-fired electric steam-electric
power plants
Primary aluminum smelters
Oil-fired industrial boiler plants
Clay processors
Residential coal, oil, and gas
furnaces
Oil-fired commercial/institutional
boil ers
Ferroa11oys plants
Primary lead smelters
Gas-fired industrial boilers
Phosphate rock processors
Primary zinc smelters
Coal-fired commercial/institutional
boilers
Phosphate fertilizer plants
Municipal incinerators
Gas-fired steam electric power plants
Gas-fired commercial/institutional
boil ers
Sulfuric acid plants
Carbon black plants
Coal cleaning plants
Gas pipelines and plants
All other cateqoriesc
19.1
10.9
9.5
6.3
5.6
6.7
5.5
4.2
3.5
2.9
2.6
1.8
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.1
44.3
4.5
1.1
9.2
3.4
12.4
2.0
0.5
0.4
1.8
0.6
3.0
0.2
2.0
7.0
1.2
0.1
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.1
1.1
0.1
0.1
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
<0.1
1.0
0.1
<0.1
0.2
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.3
<0.1
Source:
OAQPS Data File of Nationwide Emissions, 1978, December 28, 1979.
(Footnotes on next page)
A-2
-------
TABLE A-I. CONTRIBUTION OF SELECTED SOURCE CATEGORIES
TO NATIONWIDE PARTICULATE EMISSIONS (Continued)
aCoke ovens account for 1.2 and 0.2 percent of actual and uncontrolled
emissions, respectively.
bExcept municipal incinerators.
cIncludes fuel combustion other than coal oil and gas, secondary metals--
aluminum, lead, zinc, and copper; miscellaneous mineral products--glass,
perlite, concrete batching, sand and gravel, gypsum, asphalt roofing, and
castable refractories; miscellaneous chemical industry processes--phosphoric
acid, calcium carbide, adiponitrile, phthalic anhydride, polyethelene,
polyvinyl chloride, charcoal, paint manufacturing, ammonium nitrate, ammonium
sulfate, and miscellaneous processes--sulfide pulp and paper, semi-chemical
recovery furnaces and fluid bed reactors, plywood, cotton ginning, milling
and grain processing, cattle feedlots, fluid bed catalytic crackers, thermal
catalytic crackers, oil and gas process heaters; and miscellaneous sources
other than forest fires and prescribed fires.
A-3
-------
TABLE A-2. CONTRIBUTION OF SELECTED SOURCE CATEGORIES
TO NATIONWIDE SULFUR OXIDE EMISSIONS
Source category
Percent of
total actual
emissions
Percent of total
uncontrolled
emissions
Coal-fired steam electric power
plants
Primary copper smelters
Coal-fired industrial boilers
Oil-fired steam electric power plants
Oil-fired industrial boilers
Oil-fired commercial/institutional
boilers
Transportation
Refineries
Portland cement plants
Sulfur recovery p1antsa
Residential coal, oil, and gas
furnaces
Sulfuric acid plants
Kraft pulp and paper mills
Coal-fired commercial/institutional
combustion
Solid waste disposa1b
Primary lead and zinc smelters
GasfFired commercial/institutional
boil ers
Gas pipelines and plants
Gas-fired industrial boilers
Gas-fired steam electric power plants
Municipal incinerators
All other categoriesC
58.7
7.1
7.0
6.2
4.0
3.3
54.3
12.1
6.4
5.7
3.7
3.0
3.3
2.6
2.5
1.6
1.3
0.8
0.3
0.2
3.1
2.4
2.3
1.5
1.2
0.8
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.7
0.1
2.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.7
Source:
OAQPS Data File of Nationwide Emissions, 1978, December 28, 1979.
aUsed to purify sour natural gas or coke oven gas, and in petroleum
refineries. Emissions will be distributed among these industries.
bExcept municipal incinerators.
cInc1udes fuel combustion from other coal, oil, and gas; glass manufacturing;
forest fires and prescribed burning; and other miscellaneous sources.
A-4
-------
TABLE A-3. CONTRIBUTION OF SELECTED SOURCE CATEGORIES
TO NATIONWIDE NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSIONS
Source category
Percent of
total actual
emissions
Percent of total
uncontrolled
emissions
Transportation
Coal-fired steam electric power
plants
Gas pipelines and plants
Oil-fired steam electric power plants
Gas-fired steam electric power plants
Coal-fired industrial boilers
Gas-fired industrial boilers
Petroleum refineries
Residential, coal, oil, and gas
furnaces
Oil-fired industrial boilers
Oil-fired commercial/institutional
furnaces
Gas-fired commercial/institutional
furnaces
Forest fires and prescribed fires
Solid waste disposala
Portland cement
Coal-fired commercial/institutional
combustion
Steel manufacture (coke ovens only)
Municipal incinerators
All other categoriesb
40.2
21.9
13.1
5.2
3.7
2.6
2.4
1.7
1.4
40.2
21.9
13.1
5.2
3.7
2.6
2.4
1.7
1.4
1.3
1.1
0.6
1.3
1.1
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
3.4
0.5
0.5
0.4
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
3.4
Source:
OAQPS Data File of Nationwide Emissions, 1978, December 28, 1979.
aExcept municipal incinerators.
bIncludes fuel combustion other than coal, oil, and gas and industrial
processes--acrylonitrite, adipic acid, adeponitrite, ammonium nitrile, TNT,
and glass.
A-5
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TABLE A-4.
CONTRIBUTION OF SELECTED SOURCE CATEGORIES
TO NATIONWIDE VOC EMISSIONS
Source category
Percent of
total actual
emissions
Percent of total
uncontrolled
emissions
Transportat ion
Organic solventa
Refineries
Bulk gasoline terminals
Cutback asphalt plants
Forest fires and prescribed fires
Degreasers
Service stations, Stage 1
Service stations, Stage 2
Surface coating plants, paper
Solid waste, open burning
Graphic arts facilities
Plastic plants
Surface coating plants, automobiles
Dry cleaning plants
Solid waste, onsite incineration
Architectural coating
Surface coating plants, wood furniture
Surface coating plants, miscellaneous
metal products
Adhesive manufacturing plants 0.9
Gasoline bulk plants 0.6
Pesticides use 0.5
Carbon black plants (oil and gas) 0.5
Synthetic rubber plants 0.4
Gas pipelines and plants 0.2
Coal-fired steam electric power plants 0.2
Iron and steel plants (coke ovens only) 0.1
Residential, coal, oil, and <0.1
gas furnaces
Oil-fired steam electric power plants
Coal-fired industrial boilers
Oil-fired industrial boilers
Oil-fired commercial/institutional
boil ers
Gas-fired steam electric power plants <0.1
Eoal-fired commercial/institutional <0.1
boil ers
Gas-fired industrial boilers
Gas-fired commercial/institutional
boil ers
Municipal incineration
All other categoriesb
38.2
11.1
4.9
2.7
2.2
2.1
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
35.8
10.4
10.6
2.8
2.1
2.0
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
18.2
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
17.2
Source:
OAQPS Data File of Nationwide Emissions, 1978, December 28, 1979.
(Footnotes on next page)
A-6
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TABLE A-4. CONTRIBUTION OF SELECTED SOURCE CATEGORIES
TO NATIONWIDE VOC EMISSIONS (Continued)
aMiscellaneous solvent losses estimated by subtracting solvent consumption in
individual source categories from total national consumption. These solvent
losses are from a large number of small sources and are probably
uncontrollable.
bIncludes fuel combustion other than coal, oil, or gas; miscellaneous
chemical--textile polymers, pharmaceuticals, paint, ammonia, and charcoal;
other processes--beehive coke, fermentation, vegetable oil, bakeries, glass,
and miscellaneous sources, petrochemicals--acetic acid, acrylonitrile,
dimenthyl terephthalate, ethylbenzene, ethylene, ethylene oxide,
formaldehyde, maleic anhydride, methanol, methyl methacrylate, propylene
oxide, vinyl chloride, other products, storage and handling, waste disposal,
and fugitive emissions; petroleum marketing and distribution--crude oil
production; natural gas liquids; crude oil field storage; ship and barge
transfer, domestic crude loading, crude unloading, and gasoline transfer; and
distillate fuels shortage; other surface coating processes--large appliances,
magnet wire, cans, coils, fabric, flatwood products, metal furniture,
automobile refinishing, and miscellaneous categories; miscellaneous solid
waste disposal; miscellaneous burning; and miscellaneous solvent use.
A-7
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the re~'erse before completing)
1. REPORT NO. 12. 3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
EPA-340/1-81~OOla
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Stationary Sources of Air 5. REPORT DATE
Emission Reduction Study: Februarv 1981
Pollution (1979-1979) 6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(SI Martln F. Massoglla 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
John P. Hood
Kenneth H. Babb
9. PERFORMlhG-RR.GANlfATlftN N~ME tND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
Researc rlanq e nstltu e
P.O. Box 12194 11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
Task 35, Contract 68-01-4141
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADI;)RESS Office of Enforce- 13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
U.S. Environmental Protectlon Agency, Final
ment, Division of Stationary Source Enforcement (EN-341) '14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODe
401 M Street, S.H.
Hashin'1ton, D.C. 20460
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
This research documents the progress private business, s ta te, and Federal
aoencies have made towards meetino the primary ambient air quality standards for
criteria air pollutants. These pollutants must be reduced to acceptable levels
to ensure reasonably healthy atmospheric conditions.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS -
17.
a. DESCRIPTORS b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS c. COSATI Field/Group
ADatement program -
Air p>o 11 uti b n Sta te Implementation 13b
Emission reduction Plans
Nitrooen oxides
Particulates
Stationary sources
Sulfur oxides
Volatileoroanic compounds
18. DISTRIBUT,ON STATEMENT 119. SECURITY CLASS (This Report) 121. N~;F PAGES
Unl imited I Unclassified
. ! 20. SECYRI TY'fl"ASJ (This page) 22. PRICE
I Unc assl le
EPt. Form 2220-1 (Rev. 4-77)
PR'OVIOUS EDITION IS OBSOLETE
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