~
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
I'
Air and Radiation
6202J
EPA 430-8-95-008
September 1998
LIGHTING UPGRADE
TECHNOLOGIES
Q~
;:; Lights
lID EmaGY 9rAa p:ogmm
This document provides brief descriptions of currently
available lighting upgrade technologies, and it lists
common applications and limitations. Many product
variations exist within each technology described; for
application assistance for specific product types,
contact a lighting professional or the ENERGY STAR
Hotline.
At the end of this document are extensive reference
tables for lighting system performance and product
manufacturer information.
FLUORESCENT UPGRADES
Recent advances in lighting technology have created
new opportunities for reducing energy consumption
while enhancing the quality of fluorescent lighting
systems. Select the combination of the fol/owing
lighting upgrade approaches that will yield the
maximum energy savings, while maintaining or
improving lighting quality and earning an after-tax
internal rate of return of at least 20%.
Full-Output Electronic Ballasts
Definition
Full-output electronic ballasts are high-frequency
versions of conventional magnetic "core-and-coil"
ballasts. Electronic ballasts operate fluorescent lamps
more efficiently at frequencies greater than 20,000 Hz.
The resulting increase in lamp efficacy, combined with
reduced ballast losses boosts fluorescent system
efficacy by up to 30 percent.
Full-output ballasts are rated with a ballast factor of at
least 0.85 (see definition of ballast factor in the partial-
output electronic ballast section below).
Applications
In nearly every fluorescent lighting system, full-output
electronic ballasts can replace conventional ballasts,
CONTENTS
Full-Output Electronic Ballasts """",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1
Partial-Output Electronic Ballasts ........................... 3
Dimmable Electronic Ballasts ................................. 4
Step-Dimming Electronic Ballasts........................... 5
Cathode Disconnect (Hybrid) Magnetic Ballasts ..... 5
"Energy Efficient" MagnetiC? Ballasts ....................... 6
T8 Lamp-Ballast Upgrade ....................................... 6
40W no Lamps [[[ 7
40W T12 High-Lumen Lamps ................................ 8
Reduced-Wattage n2 Fluorescent Lamp .............. 8
25W T12 Lamps for T8 Ballasts ............................. 8
Delamping [[[ 9
Specular Reflectors with Delamping ....................... 9
Fluorescent Power Reducers .................................11
LenslLouver Upgrade .............................................11
New Efficient Luminaires ........................................12
Deep-Cell Parabolic Luminaires .............................12
Indirect Luminaires .................................................13
Task Lighting with Delamping .................................14
Group Relamping and Cleaning with Delampir.1g ....14
Compact Fluorescent Lamps ..................................15
Compact Halogen Lamps .......................................16
Exit Sign Upgrades .................................................17
LED Traffic Lights [[[19
Compact HID Sources ............................................19
Conversion To HID Systems ...................................20
High Performance Metal Halide Systems ...............20
High Bay Compact Fluorescent Luminaires...... ...... 21
Reduced-Wattage HID Systems ............................. 21
HID Power Reducers ..............................................22
Retrofit HID Reflectors............................................22
Retrofit HPS and MH Lamps ..................................22
Capacitive Switching HID Luminaires .....................23
Occupancy Sensors ...............................................23
Scheduling Controls ............................................... 26
Dimming Conttols [[[ 28
Daylighting [[[ 30
SYSTEM PERFORMANCE TABLES ...................... 32
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providing similar light output with significant reductions
in energy consumption.
Other advantages are reduced weight, less humming
noise, virtually no flicker, and the capability to operate
up to four lamps at a time.
Although most magnetic ballasts are designed to
operate only two lamps at a time, some electronic
ballasts can simultaneously operate as many as four
lamps. The use of 3- and 4-lamp ballasts instead of 2-
lamp ballasts (where feasible) can yield savings in
material, labor and energy costs, because fewer
ballasts will be required, and because these ballast
systems may be more efficient. In applications with 2-
lamp luminaires, consider "tandem wiring" pairs of two-
lamp systems to share single 4-lamp ballasts. Check
with your ballast supplier to determine the maximum
wire length between lamps and ballast for reliable
operation.
MAGNETIC AND ELECTRONIC BALLASTS
Source: CEC/DOE/EPRI
Standard Magnetic Ballast
20 - 40 kHz
Electronic Ballast
Qualifications
All types of fluorescent ballasts produce some degree
of total harmonic distQrtion (THO) which, if severe, has
the potential to interfere with the operation of sensitive
electronic equipment. Harmonic distortion is also
caused my many other types of electronic devices such
as fax machines, printers, computers, and copy
machines. Here are the typical ranges of THO for each
ballast type:
.....,. Magnetic: 12 - 30% THO
m' Hybrid: 12 - 25% THO
I@' Electronic: 5 - 20% THO
Because many utilities have not offered rebates on
electronic ballasts unless the THO is below 20 percent,
nearly all electronic ballasts now meet this criterion.
Some electronic ballasts with integrated circuits
produce less than 5 percent THO. Because electronic
ballasts require reduced current, maintaining the same
percent THO will yield a reduction in the harmonic
current. Therefore, installing low-harmonic
electronic ballasts can significantly reduce the total
harmonic current that exists in a building's power
distribution system.
HARMONIC DISTORTION
. . . .. Sine Wave Current
- Distorted Current
Current Wave Form
Another factor to evaluate regarding electronic ballasts
is inrush current. Inrush current is the current flow
occurring at the instant the lighting circuit is switched
on. Electronic ballasts that are designed to produce
less than 10 percent THO may cause excessive inrush
current - as high as 35 amps. High inrush current can
damage light switches, occupancy sensors and lighting
control contactors (relays). In some cases, high inrush
current can trip circuit breakers. However, ballasts with
THO between 10 and 20 percent cause inrush currents
in the range of 10-15 amps and do not appear to be
causing problems with switching equipment.
Not all lamps work with all ballasts. For example, T8
lamps (265mA) are designed to work with T8 (265mA)
ballasts, and high-output T12 lamps (800mA) lamps
are designed to work with high-output (800mA)
ballasts. Some electronic ballasts with integrated
circuits can adapt to operate both T8 (265mA) and T12
(430mA) lamp types. Also, lamps with only one
electrical contact at each end require operation with an
instant-start ballast. Check with your lighting consultant
or supplier about compatibility.
There are some rare occasions in which certain high-
frequency ballasts may be incompatible with existing
technologies. For example, some older-technology
occupancy sensor relays may fail when installed on the
same circuit with some electronic ballasts. Check with
your occupancy sensor supplier for compatibility with
specific electronic ballast products. Another system
compatibility problem may occur when electronic
ballasts are installed in a circuit controlled by a high-
frequency power line carrier (PLC) control system.
Lighting Upgrade Technologies. Lighting Upgrade Manual. EPA's Green LightsG> Program. September 1998
2
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Finally, electronic ballasts may impair the operation of a
library's magnetic detector system when installed within
10-15 feet of the detector. Note that the above potential
incompatibility problems can be resolved or avoided,
and they should not be used to disqualify the use of
electronic ballasts in other applications.
Verify input wattage values for your proposed lamp-
ballast combination because manufacturers' products
will vary in this regard. Lower input wattages will
increase energy savings and profitability, but will
typically decrease light output. Refer to the tables at the
end of this booklet for listings of system wattages,
ballast factors, light output and efficacies of various
lamp-ballast combinations.
Nearly all ballasts are designed to reliably start the lamps
at a minimum ambient temperature of 50°F. Refer to
manufacturer literature regarding minimum starting
temperatures for your specific lamp-ballast combination.
.Typical minimum starting temperatures are:
Note that some ballasts can start high-output (800mA)
lamps at temperatures as low as -20°F.
Lamps
Minimum Starting
Temperature
34WT12
60WT12
59WT8
other fluorescents
+60°F minimum
+60°F minimum
+50°F minimum
+50°F or O°F
Performance data for specific name-brand electronic
ballasts can be found in Specifier
Reports: Electronic Ballasts,
Volume 2 Number 3, National
Lighting Product Information
Program, May 1994. The data
tables include listings of system
performance for approximately
200 ballasts in 4-foot and 8-foot
fluorescent applications. Also,
refer to Specific Reports
Supplements published in 1995
and 1996.
Partial-Gutput Electronic
Ballasts
Definition
Partial-output (also known as
"low-wattage") electronic ballasts operate fluorescent
lamps at the same high efficacy as other electronic
ballasts, but with specified reductions in both light
output and energy consumption. The light output from a
ballast operated on a specific lamp is expressed by the
ballast factor (SF). The ballast factor is simply the
percentage of the lamps' rated lumens that will be
produced by the specified lamp-ballast combination.
Most magnetic ballasts have a ballast factor in the
range of
0.93 - 0.95. Electronic ballasts are available in a wide
range of ballast factors. For example, they can be
~urchased with high ballast factor (1.00 - 1.30) to boost
light output, or a low ballast factor could be specified
(0.67 - 0.80) to reduce light output. Full-output
electronic ballasts have ballast factors that exceed a
minimum of 0.85. Most electronic ballast brochures
now list the ballast factor for the various lamp-ballast
combinations that are available.
Applications
Partial-output electronic ballasts should be used for
minimizing electricity consumption where reduced
illumination is acceptable. The availability of electronic
ballasts with various output quantities enables
speci~ers to select ballasts with the appropriate output
that will most closely meet the target light level. There
POWER VS. BALLAST FACTOR CURVES FOR TWO-LAMP
FOUR-FOOT FLUORESCENT LAMP-BALLAST SYSTEMS
Source: CEC/DOE/EPRI
To us~ 1110 (]mph. tocalo tho ClriD (A-Ii) lor tho lamp.bnllast sys!om 01 Irtorost Draw IJ vortJcalCno tmm tho
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100
_80
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o
~80
u..
l-
S
~ 70
10
30
A 3m F32TO 15 clcctrontc ballast
B 3'ZW F32TB RS Clcd bnfJast
C 34W F40n 2 RS elcd ballaSt
D 40W F40T12 RS his W. ballast
E 3M F32T8 RS magnetic ba~ast
F 40W F40T12 RS clcc. b~ast
G 34W F40T12 RS mag baflast
H 40W F40T12 RS mag. ballast
80 70
POWER (WATTS)
80
100
00
Lighting Upgrade Technologies. Lighting Upgrade Manual. EPA's Green Lights'!) Program. September 1998
3
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are several applications where the use of reduced-
wattage electronic ballasts will result in maximum
energy savings and improved lighting quality:
* Task/Ambient Lighting: By providing task lights
at office work stations, the illumination required
from the overhead lighting system is significantly
reduced. In some cases, delamping alone will not
reduce light levels to the 20-30 footcandles
recommended for the ambient component of a
task/ambient lighting system. Reduced-output
electronic ballasts can lower the light level while
improving visual comfort (through reduced
luminaire brightness or glare).
* Alternative to Delamping: Particularly with
parabolic louver luminaires, delamping can result in
unfavorable luminaire appearances. The use of
reduced-wattage electronic ballasts can maintain
uniform brightness across the entire luminaire
aperture while providing the appropriate amount of
illumination on task surfaces.
* Replacing 34-Watt Fluorescent Lamps:'
Conventional "energy-saver" 34W T12 lamps
(which are reduced-output lamps) and magnetic
ballasts can be replaced with 32W T8 lamps and
partial-output electronic ballasts (with BF = 0.70-
0.75) to achieve comparable light levels.
* New Luminaire Layouts: Where ceiling heights
are low and where low levels of illumination are
specified, wider spacing of luminaires is needed to
achieve the target illumination. In some cases, the
required luminaire spacing with full-output ballasts
will be so great that non-uniform illuminance will
result. Reduced-wattage ballasts can provide the
target illuminance without exceeding the luminaire's
spacing criterion.
Because reduced-wattage electronic ballasts reduce
energy consumption with little or no premium cost
compared to standard-wattage electronic ballasts,
BOTH energy savings and internal rate of return (IRR)
will be increased. For example, the cost of a .73 SF
reduced-wattage ballast is comparable to that of a full-
output electronic ballast.
Qualifications
The same qualifications that apply to full-output
electronic ballasts also apply to partial-output electronic
ballasts.
When specifying partial-output electronic ballasts,
choose rapid-start ballasts which maintain cathode
voltage during low-current operation, thereby
preserving rated lamp life.
Dimmable Electronic Ballasts
Definition
Dimmable electronic ballasts are specifically designed
to vary the light output of a fluorescent luminaire based
on input from a light sensor, manual dimmer, time
clock, or occupancy sensor. Most dimmable ballasts
are equipped with two additional low-voltage control
leads that receive the signal directly from the controlling
device. Other ballast designs receive the dimming
signal over the line-voltage circuit.
Although most controllable ballasts are available only in
the 2-lamp configuration, 3-lamp controllable ballasts
have been introduced, which lower the material costs
needed for dimming 3-lamp luminaires.
Applications
Daylight dimming is one of the most popular and cost-
effective applications of controllable electronic ballasts.
Other applications include lumen maintenance control.
manually-operated dimming, and occupancy-sensed
dimming. When more than one control device is used
to control ballast output (such as a photosensor with an
occupancy sensor), an integrated load controller is
needed to determine the appropriate signal to send to
the ballasts. For more information about dimming
controls, refer to the controls section in this booklet.
Qualifications
The controlling devices - photosensors, occupancy
sensors, dimmers, etc. - must b'e compatible with the
controllable electronic ballast. Check with the
manufacturers to verify compatibility.
Harmonic distortion for most controllable electronic
ballasts is very low due to the use of integrated circuit
technology. Although harmonic distortion does increase
as the lamps are dimmed, the total harmonic distortion
typically remains under 20 percent, even in low-current
conditions.
Due to higher ballast losses, dimming electronic
ballasts may draw 5-10 percent more energy at full light
output than non-dimming electronic ballasts. A typical
2-lamp T8 dimming ballast may draw 64-65 watts at full
output, compared to 58-62 watts for non-dimming
instant-start or rapid-start T8 electronic ballasts.
At 20 percent of full light output (maximum dimming for
many controllable ballast designs), the system efficacy
drops from about 84 lumens per watt to about 58. Yet,
this 80 percent reduction in light output is produced with
a 70 percent reduction in power.
Lighting Upgrade Technologies. Lighting Upgrade Manual. EPA's Green Lights
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Lamp life is not appreciably affected because the
ballasts maintain cathode voltage when dimming.
When calculating energy cost savings expected from a
dimming system, take into account the specific electric
demand charge and rate structure; some rate schedules
include a ratcheted demand charge that could delay or
reduce cost savings resulting from reduced peak
demand.
For independently measured performance data for
specific dimming electronic ballasts, refer to Specifier
Reports: Dimming Electronic Ballasts, 1995,
National Lighting Product Information Program.
Step-Dimming Electronic Ballasts
Definition
A low-cost method for providing occupants with a
choice of light levels is to install electronic ballasts with
"step-dimming" capabilities. Depending on the ballast
design, users may select up to five different light levels
from their wall switch. Some of these light-level
switching ballasts can be controlled by the user with a
hand-held remote control. To limit user control over Jight
levels, some ballast designs allow the installer to adjust
the light output by changing a setting directly on the
ballast. Another alternative is to install bi-Ievel (or tri-
level) switching electronic ballasts that preserve the
dual-switching capability in most modern office spaces,
while keeping all the lamps uniformly illuminated.
Applications
Some types of 2-lamp and 3-lamp light-level switching
ballasts can be controlled from manual switches
without requiring additional wiring. Other step-dimming
ballasts will respond to signals delivered by low-voltage
wiring. A 4-lamp ballast is also available that provides
inboardloutboard switching capability.
Where dual switching systems currently control 3-lamp
or 4-lamp fixtures, it may not be economical to replace
both of the fixture's ballasts with fixed-output electronic
models to maintain the existing dual switching
configuration. An alternative would be to tandem-wire
4-lamp ballasts to replace pairs of 2-lamp ballasts, and
tandem-wire 2-lamp ballasts to replace pairs of 1-lamp
ballasts (in 3-lamp fixtures). However, the added labor
cost for tandem-wiring may exceed the added cost of
installing only one light-level switching ballast per
fixture.
Qualifications
Although step-dimming is an economical way to adjust
light levels, occupants may prefer continuous dimming
for establishing their preferred light level or for providing
daylight-dimming control.
To protect your investment in step-dimming ballasts,
provide employee education about the proper light level
settings based on their visual tasks and their visual
capabilities.
A low-cost alternative to the light-level switching ballast
is the parallel-wired, fixed-output electronic ballast. The
parallel wiring allows maintenance staff to lower light
levels by selectively removing one or more of the lamps
while the remaining lamps remain illuminated. Check
with the ballast manufacturer regarding possible
adverse effects resulting from operating the four-lamp
ballast without its full complement of lamps. In addition,
determine if the appearance of partially delamped
fixtures will be acceptable.
Cathode-Disconnect (Hybrid)
Magnetic Ballasts
Definition
Cathode-disconnect ballasts consist of standard,
energy-efficient magnetic ballasts that incorporate
electronic components that disconnect power to the
cathodes (filaments) after the fluorescent lamps are lit,
resulting in an additional energy savings of about 8%
with T12 lamps and about 13% with T8 lamps.
Applications
Suitable for all 2-lamp magnetic ballast applications for
4-foot T8, T1 0 or T12 rapid-start fluorescent lamps. In
addition, there are hybrid magnetic ballasts now
available for 8-foot high-output (800mA) T12 lamps.
Hybrid magnetic ballasts are 15-25% less expensive
and nearly as efficient as 2-lamp rapid-start electronic
ballasts. However, greater energy and material cost
savings can be realized using instant-start electronic
ballasts or 3- and 4-lamp rapid-start electronic ballasts
where applicable.
In applications where electromagnetic interference
(EM I) from electronic ballasts is a potential problem (in
the immediate vicinity of very sensitive electronic
equipment), hybrid magnetic ballasts should be
considered. Both electronic and hybrid ballasts pass
the FCC requirements for EM I , but total EM I is lower
with hybrid ballasts.
Lighting Upgrade Technologies. Lighting Upgrade Manual. EPA's Green Lights!!;> Program. September 1998
5
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Qualifications
Hybrid T12 ballasts are manufactured as either full-
output ballasts or partial-output ballasts. The partial-
output hybrid ballasts consume about the same
wattage as T12 electronic ballasts, but produce about
10 percent less light output. Full-output T12 and T8
hybrid magnetic ballasts are available that produce light
output that is comparable to either standard magnetic
ballasts or full-output electronic ballasts. Refer to the
ballast charts at the end of this booklet for wattages
and relative light output data.
Because hybrid ballasts do not provide cathode heating
during lamp operation, they should not be used in any
panel-level dimming applications.
Hybrid ballasts operate at 60 Hz and can potentially
produce the same hum and flicker problems caused by
conventional low-frequency ballasts.
At present, all hybrid magnetic ballasts for 40W T12
and 32W T8 lamps are only available in the 2-lamp
configuration.
For maximum efficiency and energy savings, consider
installing instant-start electronic ballasts or 3- and 4-
lamp rapid-start electronic ballasts as alternatives. For
example, the 4-lamp T8 electronic ballast produces
approximately 87 lumens per watt (maintained),
compared to 80 lumens per watt for the 2-lamp T8
cathode-disconnect ballast.
For independently measured performance data for
specific name-brand hybrid ballasts, refer to Specifier
Reports: Cathode-Disconnect Ballasts, Volume 2
Issue 1, June 1993, National Lighting Product
Information Program.
"Energy-Efficient" Magnetic
Ballasts
De6n1tlon
These ballasts are premium versions of the older
standard magnetic "core-and-coil" ballasts. As of April
1992, the Federal Appliance Standard prohibited the
issue of the older magnetic ballasts, making "energy-
efficient" magnetic ballasts the new standard for
magnetic ballast production. These are, by the way, the
least energy-efficient ballasts that you can buy to
operate full-size fluorescent lighting systems!
Applications
All magnetic ballast applications for full-size fluorescent
lamps.
Qualifications
Energy-efficient magnetic ballasts may have the lowest first
cost, but they have the highest operating cost. Other more
efficient ballast options exist, such as electronic or hybrid
magnetic ballasts.
R.UORESCENT LAMP UPGRADES
18 LampBaIast Upgrade
Defjli/ion
The T8 lamp-ballast system has the highest efficacy of any
fluorescent system - up to 90 lumens per watt when used
with a 4-lamp electronic ballast.
Applications
T81amps have the same medium bipin bases ofT12 lamps,
allowing them to fit into the same sockets. T8 lamps operate
on a reduced current (265mA) and, therefore, must be
operated using a ballast that is designed for T8 lamp
operation. T8 lamps are available in 2', 3', 4', 5', and 8'
straight tubes, and 2' U-tubes with either the standard 6" leg
spacing now available for retrofit, or the 1 5/8" leg spacing
for new applications. Recently, T8 lamp/ballast systems
have been introduced for replacing 8' 800mA high-output
(HO) fluorescent systems.
All T8 lamps use tri-phosphor coatings that improve color
rendering performance. T8 fluorescent lamps are generally
available in two versions of color rendering: A thin
triphosphor coat produces a color rendering index (CRI) in
the 70s, and a thick triphosphor coat produces a CRI in the
80s (see definition of CRI in the glossary of the
Fundamentals chapter). Standard "cool-white" lamps have a
CRI of 62. When using T8 lamps, specify lamps with a CRI
of 82-85 to yield maximum efficacy and improved color
rendering. (Note, however, that special T8 lamps with a CRI
over 90 will sacrifice efficiency to achieve such unusually
high color rendering.) The use of triphosphor coatings not
only improve color rendering and boost efficacy, they reduce
lumen d~preciation over the lamp's life, resulting in further
increases in overall system performance.
NOTE: "Advanced" T81amps are now available that provide
higher CRI, longer life, and less lumen depreciation. These
advanced T8 lamps have a CRI of 86, rated life of 24,000
hours (compared 20,000 for a standard T8), and only five
percent lumen depreciation compared to 10 percent for
standard T8lamps.
Refer to the performance tables at the end of this
document for comparative data on light output. color
rendering and system efficacy.
Lighting Upgrade Technologies. Lighting Upgrade Manual. EPA's Green LightsG Program. September 1998
6
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Qualifications
Because converting to T8 lamps requires new ballasts,
the cost of new ballasts should be included in the
project cost estimate. Consider installing electronic T8
ballasts for maximum efficiency.
Although T8 lamps are classified as rapid-start lamps,
electronic ballasts can be designed to start these lamps
in either the rapid-start or instant-start mode. There is a
trade-off to consider when choosing between rapid-
start and instant-start T8 electronic ballasts: T8 lamps
operating on instant-start ballasts will produce about 6
percent more lumens per watt (more efficient), but may
result in a reduction in lamp life. The amount of lamp
life reduction depends on how frequently the system is
switched on and off: At 3 hours per start, the lamp life
reduction is 25 percent, but at 12 hours per start, the
reduction is negligible. In most cases, the financial
advantage of using the more efficient instant-start
ballasts more than offsets the costs associated with
reduced lamp life. However, when occupancy sensors
will be used and frequent switching is expected,
consider using rapid-start ballasts. Use the ProjectKalc
analysis software to determine the effects of lamp life
and efficiency on the total financial return.
For more information, refer to Lighting Answers: TB
Fluorescent Lamps, Volume 1 Issue 1, National
Lighting Product Information Program, April 1993. This
document provides general performance information
about T8 fluorescent systems.
Effect of Burning Periods
on T8 Lamp Life
40000
~ 35000
~ 30000
o
C 25000
~ 20000
...J
~ 15000
~ .10000
5000
o
6 10 12 18
Burning Period (hours per start)
continuous
3
4OWT10Lamps
Definition
The T10 lamp is a high-efficiency, high lumen output
(approx. 3700 initial lumens) F40 fluorescent lamp. The
use of T1 0 lamps instead of standard 40-watt cool-white
T12 lamps will increase light levels approximately 20
percent. The efficacy of the T1 0 lamp is comparable to
that of a T8 lamp, assuming both types of lamps are
operating on an electronic ballast. (T10 efficacy is a little
greater than a 75 CRI T8 system, but less than an 85
CRI T8 system; refer to the tables at the end of this
section).
Applications
T10 lamps may be used with conventional T12 ballasts.
(Note that T9 lamps are also available from one
manufacturer that are compatible with both T12 and T8
ballasts, but the efficacy and light output values are
less than dedicated T12 or T8 systems.)
Because T1 0 lamps have a color rendering index of 80
or more, they can improve the color rendering quality of
the lighting system.
T10 lamps are currently available as straight four-foot
lamps.
T10 lamps are commonly used for increasing light
levels, usually after strategically removing one or more
lamps from a multi-lamp luminaire and/or installing
reflectors.
Another benefit of T1 0 lamp use is that they are rated
to last 24,000 hours - 20 percent longer than most T8
and T12 lamps.
T-8 !ill !m !D]
~m
T-12 ~ ill ~IJ} ill
...
(I)
.....
(I) T-10
E
1\1
C
Rapid Start and
Preheat lamps
Instant-Start High Output (HO)
(Slimline) lamps Rapid Start Lamps
Qualifications
Although they are advertised as 40W lamps, they actually
consume 42 watts. This added current may increase
ballast temperature which could affect ballast life.
Conduct a trial installation to see the effect of the
increased light output from these lamps. Remember to
allow the lamps to "bum in" for 100 hours before
measuring initial light levels. Refer to Lighting Evaluations
for more guidance regarding trial installations.
Lighting Upgrade Technologies. Lighting Upgrade Manual. EPA's Green LightsG Program. September 1998
7
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For more information, refer to Lighting Answers: no
and T9 Fluorescent Lamps, National Lighting Product
Information Program, Volume 2, Number 4, June 1995.
40W T12 High-Lumen Lamps
Definition
These high-lumen triphosphor lamps are an alternative
to T1 0 lamps for increasing light output and providing
high color rendering. There are two versions of this
unique T12 lamps: the 82 CRllamps produce about 14
percent more light with no increase in energy
consumption compared to standard cool-white 40-watt
lamp; the 73 CRllamps produce about 11 percent more
light th~n standard cool-white 40-watt lamps. Although
other tnphosphor T12 lamps exist, these lamps utilize
improved triphosphors to boost light output by about 7
percent over other triphosphor 40-watt lamps with the
same CRI.
The high-lumen T12 lamps are available in both 40-
watt and 34-watt versions.
Applications
High-lumen T12 lamps should be used where both an
increase in light output and improved color rendering
(CRI 70~82) are desired. In addition, these lamps have
a rated life of 24,000 hours (as compared with the
standard 20,000-hour life).
Qualifications
To achieve efficacies comparable to electronic T8 or
T10 systems, operate high-lumen T12 lamps with
electronic ballasts.
Reduced-Wattage T12 Fluorescent
Lamps
Definition
The 34-watt "energy-saver" fluorescent lamp is
~ssenti.ally a standard 40-watt fluorescent lamp that is
filled with an argon-krypton gas mixture (rather than
just argon) that causes the lamp to draw only 34 watts.
Similar reduced-wattage versions exist to replace the
following eight-foot lamps:
.
.
.
60W vs. 75W slimline
95W vs. 110W high-output (HO/800mA)
185W vs. 215W very-high-output (VHO/1500mA)
Applications
These lamps may be used to replace standard T12
lamps in spaces that are currently over-illuminated.
This retrofit produces about 19 percent in energy
savings and about a 19 percent reduction in light
output. No ballast upgrades are required when
converting to the energy-saver lamps.
Qualifications
Althou~h the unit wattage is reduced, the resulting light
output IS also reduced. In addition to a lower rated
lumen output, these lamps will lower the ballast factor
from 94 to 87 when used with magnetic ballasts. The
combination of these effects results in about a 19
percent reduction in light output. In 4-foot applications,
energy-saver lamps do not increase the system
efficacy; however. 8-foot enrgy-saver lamps do
increase the system efficacy.
The 34W and 60W energy-saver lamps cannot be
dimmed as easily as standard 40W and 75W T12
lamps, and they are more sensitive to temperature. The
minimum starting temperature of 34W and 60W
energy-saver lamps is 60°F. In addition, energy-saver
lamps should not be used with preheat ballasts.
For maximum energy savings and efficiency in four-foot
commercial applications, consider installing T8 or T1 0
lamps with electronic ballasts as an altemative. Refer to
the lamp-ballast tables at the end of this section for listings
of system wattages, ballast factors, lumen outputs, and
system efficacies of various lamp-ballast systems.
25W T12 Lamps for Use with
T8 Electronic Ballasts
Definition
One ~anufacturer produces 25-watt T12 lamps
specIfically for use on TB electronic ballasts. The
F25T12 lamp will reduce light levels by about 20
percent and energy consumption by about 17 percent
when replacing F32T8 lamps operating on a full-output
electronic T8 ballast. Initial rated lumens are 2300 the
CRI is 72, and lamps are available in color '
temperatures of 3000K, 3500K, and 41 OOK.
Applications
These lamps enable users to correct overlit conditions
which may result from installing full-output 32-watt T8
systems in place of 34-watt T12 systems. This simple
lamp replacement is a far more economical approach
to adjusting T8 system light levels than replacing the
full-output T8 ballasts with partial-output ballasts. The
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light levels produced by a system using 25-watt T12
lamps with a full-output T8 electronic ballast is
approximately equal to that of a system using 34-watt
T12 lamps with an energy-efficient magnetic ballast.
Qualifications
Although this retrofit will reduce light levels to that of a
34-watt energy-saver T12 system, this upgrade is
subject to potential "snap-back," meaning that
subsequent system relamping with 32-watt T8 lamps
could result in lost energy savings and a return to
unnecessarily high light levels. Snap-back can be
avoided through proper maintenance practices and
ongoing training of maintenance personnel.
FLUORESCENT LUMINAIRE
UPGRADES
Delamping
Definition
Delamping is simply the removal of one or more lamps
from a luminaire.
Applications
Two approaches to delamping may be used:
Jr:ij' Uniform delamping for reducing light levels
throughout the space
C' Task-oriented delamping to place more light directly
in the work area and less light in the circulation
areas
Relocating lamps so that they are centered on each
half of the luminaire will improve light output and
distribution, and will result in a more acceptable
upgrade appearance.
Delamping may be combined with the use of higher
output lamps, reflectors, lens upgrades, luminaire
cleaning, and task lighting to minimize light output
reduction.
In general, light levels are reduced in proportion to the
number of lamps removed. However, in enclosed
luminaires, delamping will result in a 5-10 percent
increase in efficacy due to the cooler operating
temperature and reduced lamp shadowing that results.
Depending on ambient temperature, delamping an open
strip luminaire may either increase or decrease efficacy.
Qualifications
If the remaining lamps are not relocated, the
appearance of a delamped luminaire may not be
acceptable.
Ballasts used for operating the removed lamps should
be disconnected and removed from the luminaire. In
addition, removing the unused sockets will prevent
"snap-back" (re-installing lamps where they have been
removed).
Delamping may not be feasible in series-wired two-
lamp luminaires where the removal of one lamp
extinguishes the other lamp. In such cases, consider
installing partial-output (low ballast factor) electronic
ballasts to operate both lamps at reduced wattage and
reduced output.
Specular Reflectors with Delamping
Definition
Luminaire efficiency can be improved by 17 percent or
more by removing one or more lamps and installing a
specular "mirror-like" reflector in the lumina ire behind
the lamps. (Efficiency can be improved by more than
17 percent when reflectors are installed in older
luminaires where the finish is dull or has deteriorated.)
Applications
Typically, the remaining two lamps in a 2'x4' luminaire
are relocated to positions centered on each side of the
luminaire for maximum utilization of the reflector. This
enhances light output and distribution and will result in
a more acceptable luminaire appearance.
The National Lighting Product Information Program
measured the increase in luminaire efficiency achieved'
by specular reflectors in 2-lamp luminaires and
reported the following average results:
Reflector Material
Boost in Illumination
new white reflector:
anodized aluminum reflector:
enhanced aluminum reflector:
silver film reflector:
base case
5 percent increase
15 percent increase
17 percent increase
The three factors that have the greatest affect on a
reflector's ability to improve luminaire efficiency are:
"'Y reflector material
Jr:ij' reflector design (shape)
rar efficiency of the base luminaire
Because it may be too expensive to replace older
luminaires that have a dull or deteriorated finish, retrofit
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reflectors can be one of the most economical means
for restoring the efficiency of an older luminaire.
As an alternative to specular reflectors, white reflector
retrofits are available that can improve an older
luminaire's efficiency while maintaining the original light
distribution. These white reflectors can be significantly
less expensive than specular reflectors.
All ballasts used for operating the removed lamps
should be disconnected in order to save additional
energy.
Reflectors may be combined with installation of higher
output lamps, ballasts andlor improved lenses to
minimize light output reduction (and in some cases,
increase light output).
To maintain the increase in luminaire efficiency that
results from a specular reflector installation, reflector
surfaces should be cleaned at regular intervals.
Another application of specular reflectors is to modify a
2x2 luminaire by removing the two F40 U-Iamps and
installing a 2-lamp or 3-lamp UL-classified conversion
to 2-foot 17-watt T8 lamps, electronic ballast, and
specular reflector. This retrofit should be consid!3red in
applications where light output reductions are
acceptable, yielding savings of over 60 percent.
Qualifications
When installing reflectors and using 50 percent of the
original lamps in 2'x4' troffers, maintained light levels
are typically reduced by 30-45 percent (this assumes
comparable conditions of luminaire dirt and lamp age).
If existing luminaires show some surface deterioration
(reduced efficiency that cleaning can't improve),
reductions in light output resulting from installing
reflectors and delamping will be lessened. To assess
the performance of specular reflectors in your facility,
set up a trial installation to compare the lighting in a
room with clean, delamped luminaires to one with
reflectors installed. (See Lighting Evaluations for
specific procedures to follow for conducting a
photometric evaluation both before ahd after a trial
installation .)
Even a well-designed reflector may affect light
distribution. Although it is possible to design reflectors
that maintain the luminaire's original spacing criteria,
. most retrofit reflectors tend to concentrate the light
distribution downward (refer to the glossary in Lighting
Fundamentals for definition of spacing criteria). Although
this concentration can reduce glare and brightness, it
can also reduce the uniformity of illuminance throughout
the space. To verify the reflector performance, install a
trial installation and measure the variation of light levels
at points directly underneath the luminaires compared to
points between luminaires. Alternatively, ask your
supplier for photometric data and check the values for
spacing criteria.
If lamps need to be relocated or if the reflector is being
used as part of an electrical enclosure, specify only UL-
classified reflectors and accessories that include
installation instructions for your specific lumina ire's
make and model.
Check the design for accessibility to the ballast
compartment.
Differences between manufacturers' reflector designs
and materials can cause wide variations in reflector
performance. For independently measured
performance data for specific name-brand reflectors,
refer to Specifier Reports: Specular Reflectors,
Volume 1 Issue 3, National Lighting Product Information
Program, July 1992.
~
Without Reflector
With Reflector
/ff~\
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Fluorescent Power Reducers
Definition
Power Reducers (also called "current limiters") are
retrofit devices for fluorescent (and high-intensity
discharge) luminaires that reduce light output with a
nearly corresponding reduction in power consumption.
(See high-intensity discharge (HID) upgrades section
for discussion of HID power reducers.)
Applications
Most power reducers are designed to achieve a pre-set
light output reduction - and energy savings - of 20,
33, or 50 percent. In addition, power reducers extend
magnetic ballast life by reducing ballast operating
tem perature.
Power reducers enable light-output reductions as an
alternative to delamping. They may be preferred to
delamping in applications involving 2-lamp series-wired
systems where the removal of one lamp will also
extinguish the other lamp.
Power reducers may be installed directly inside the
ballast compartment or installed as a companion lamp.
The use of the companion lamp design is discouraged
because it can be easily removed from the luminaire,
eliminating future energy savings.
For maximum energy savings and efficiency in
fluorescent systems, however, consider partial-output
electronic ballasts as an alternative.
Qualifications
Power reducers do not improve the inherent efficacy of
the lamp-ballast system. However, due to the
relationship between operating temperature and
fluorescent efficacy, slight increases in efficacy may
result with power reducers installed in enclosed
luminaires.
Power reducers may not be used with electronic
ballasts.
Some power reducers increase total harmonic
distortion in rapid-start systems to over 32 percent,
which is considered an unacceptable level by most
building engineers, utility companies, and ANSI. In
addition, some power reducers can increase the lamp
current crest factor to over 1.7 in rapid-start systems,
which can void some lamp warranties. Check with the
manufacturers of your lamps and ballasts to determine
if the installation of power reducers will have any effect
on their warranties.
Consider performing two comparative trial installations:
Install power reducers and compare their measured
performance against partial-output electronic ballasts.
Verify that the resultant light levels will be satisfactory.
Refer to Lighting Evaluations regarding trial
installations.
Not all power reducers perform identically. For
independently measured performance data for specific
name-brand power reducers, refer to Specifier
Reports: Power Reducers, Volume 1 Issue 2,
National Lighting Product Information Program, March
1992.
LenslLouver Upgrade
Definition
Luminaire efficiency can be significantly improved by
replacing inefficient or deteriorated shielding materials.
Clear acrylic lenses provide maximum efficiency, and
new "low-glare" clear lenses provide this high efficiency
AND good glare control. Deep-cell parabolic louvers
also provide a good combination of efficiency and glare
control.
Applications
The least efficient glare shielding materials - such as
translucent diffusers or small-cell louvers - should be
replaced with either clear acrylic lenses or large-cell
parabolic louvers.
To determine impacts on visual comfort (glare control
capability), refer to the product's Visual Comfort
Probability (VCP) data or perform a trial installation.
2-FOOT X 4-FOOT TROFFER SHIELDING MEDIA
Shieldina Material Efficiencv Ranoe (%) VCP Ranoe (%)
Standard Clear Lens 60-80 50-70
Low-Glare Clear Lens 60-80 75-85
DeeD Cell Parabolic Louver 50-75 75-99
Translucent Diffuser 40-60 40-50
White Metal Louver 40-60 65-85
Small Cell Parabolic Louver 40-65 99
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Visual comfort is improved when light emitted at higher
angles is shielded.
Qualifications
Smaller cell parabolic louvers (2" or smaller cells)
provide high visual comfort (>90) but reduce efficiency.
Similarly, low glare tinted lenses also sacrifice efficiency
in order to achieve high visual comfort.
If sufficient plenum space is available above the ceiling
grid, deep-cell parabolic louver upgrades can be
installed in many kinds of existing fluorescent
luminaires. Alternatively, consider installing new deep-
cell parabolic louver luminaires or retrofit with low-glare
clear lenses.
New Efficient Luminaires
Definition
Instead of upgrading individualluminaire components,
consider the labor savings and quality improvements
that may be achieved by replacing existing luminaires
with new luminaires that feature high-efficiency
components such as T8 lamps, electronic ballasts,
deep-cell parabolic louvers, and optional daylight-
dimming controls.
Applications
Conditions that enhance the cost-effectiveness of new
luminaires include:
* where multiple luminaire component replacements
are considered (new lamps, ballasts, reflectors,
lenses, etc.) .
* where deep-cell parabolic louvers or indirect
lighting systems are desired for combined
efficiency and glare control
* where the space will be remodeled or the luminaire
locations will be changed
New luminaires should be considered in offices where
computers are used. Luminaires in these areas should
provide shielding of high-angle light which cause
objectionable reflections in VDT screens, especially in
large, open offices. The Illuminating Engineering
Society (IES) has published their Recommended
Practice No.1 (RP-1) which addresses appropriate
methods for lighting offices containing computer visual
display terminals. Luminaires that meet the preferred.
glare shielding criteria of RP-1 have the following
luminance (brightness) limits at specific angles.
Viewing Angle
>550
>650
>750
Maximum Luminance
(Dreferred criteria)
850 cd/m2
350 cd/m2
175 cd/m2
Qualifications
Before installing new luminaires, ask a lighting designer
to verify the correct number and spacing of the
luminaires based on published photometric data and
the desired illumination level.
Deep-Cell Parabolic Luminaires
Definition
Deep-cell parabolic luminaires provide large-width
louver cells (4-7 inches) to allow the light to efficiently
exit the luminaire while providing glare shielding for
high visual comfort. The vertical surfaces of these
louvers are parabolic in shape, thereby eliminating any
light loss resulting from interreflection within the louver.
Applications
Deep-cell parabolic luminaires are generally preferred
in modern commercial spaces and particularly where
visual display terminals are in use. Although the
efficiency of deep-cell parabolic luminaires is typically
less than that of lensed fixtures, the coefficient of
utilization for the highest performing deep-cell
luminaires may exceed that of standard lensed troffers.
This advantage can be achieved by deep-cell
luminaires that feature a "full chamber" design that
aligns the parabolic louvers with a parabolic contour
behind each lamp. More light is directed toward the
visual task, and less light is absorbed by the walls in
the room.
Typical Three-Lamp Parabolic Troffer
Source: CEC/DOEIEPRI
\I
II
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Qualifications
To achieve a high coefficient of utilization and high
visual comfort, deep-cell parabolic luminaires may
cause shadows to appear on the upper sections of
walls, creating the "cave effect." This aesthetic concern
can be addressed with the use of accent lighting (e.g.,
wall sconces or wall-washers) or indirect luminaires
(see below).
Indirect Luminaires
Definition
Indirect luminaires distribute at least 90 percent of the
emitted light upwards to reflect off the ceiling, providing
uniform, diffuse lighting on ceilings, walls, and tasks.
Because the light sources are completely shielded from
the view of occupants, indirect systems provide
relatively high visual comfort. Compared with direct
lighting systems, indirect lighting can create the illusion
of a more spacious and pleasant environment because
ceilings and walls are uniformly illuminated.
Applications
Indirect fluorescent lighting is an excellent application
for offices with computers. Indirect luminaires provide a
uniform lighting distribution on the ceiling and walls. .
This helps to eliminate the distracting glare of light
sources on display screens. Properly installed, indirect
luminaires meet the performance criteria of IES RP-1
for illuminating spaces with personal computers (see
section above).
[
1
Indirect Luminaire
Pendant Mounted
Another common application for indirect lighting is in
partitioned spaces. Because the light reflected off the
ceiling is more diffuse than light from direct systems,
shadowing effects caused by the partitions are
reduced.
Indirect luminaires are usually suspended from the
ceiling, although some luminaires are available that can
be directly mounted on systems furniture. Indirect
lighting can also be used with compact fluorescent task
lights for an energy-efficient task/ambient lighting
system.
The combined use of both direct and indirect lighting
can create a pleasing aesthetic effect. The direct
lighting system can provide the needed ambient
illumination in the interior area of a large space, while
the indirect luminaires provide perimeter illumination
and wall washing. Some purely indirect systems have
been described as "washed out" or "bland" without the
contrast-enhancing qualities of direct lighting. Also,
consider the use of "direcUindirect" luminaires that
provide both uplighting and downlighting from
suspended luminaires.
Qualifications
Indirect systems yield a slightly lower workplane lumen
efficacy (workplane lumens per system watt) than direct
systems utilizing the same lamp-ballast combination.
However, upgrading to a more efficient lamp-ballast
combination can offset this decrease in efficacy.
A highly reflective ceiling is a must for indirect systems.
Workplane lumen efficacy will significantly decline when
ceiling reflectances are below 80 percent. In addition,
walls should have a high reflectance (at least 50
percent reflectance).
Luminaire dirt depreciation is of major importance for
successful indirect lighting systems. Indirect lighting
systems are more susceptible to dirt depreciation
because dust will settle on the lens or inside surfaces.
Regular cleaning is strongly recommended to minimize
the effects of dirt depreciation.
When installing indirect luminaires, mount them
according to manufacturer's specifications. The correct
suspension distance is critical for indirect lighting
system performance. If the sources are mounted too
close to the ceiling, the resulting "hot-spots" will cause
unwanted glare on computer screens. Suspending the
luminaire too far from the ceiling will decrease the
efficiency of the system.
Because indirect systems need to be suspended below
the ceiling, areas with low ceilings may be
unacceptable. In such areas, consider installing indirect
systems that are specifically designed with a wide
lighting distribution lateral to the lamp axis. User
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acceptance should first be evaluated in a trial
installation.
Most indirect systems are installed in new construction
and renovations, although retrofit indirect lighting kits
are available. Indirect lighting is generally more
expensive than direct systems, but check with local
suppliers and contractors for installed costs in your
area.
Task Lighting with Delamping
Definition
Significant energy savings and lighting quality
improvements can be achieved by providing light
sources at specific task locations while reducing
ambient (overhead) lighting. The 50 footcandles that
are normally needed for typical reading and writing
tasks can be achieved with a task light that provides at
least 25-30 footcandles and an ambient lighting system
that provides only about 20-30 footcandles. Compact
fluorescent task lighting with delamping increases
visual comfort, saves energy, and provides users with
greater control over their workstation illuminance.
Applications
"Task/ambient" lighting designs are best suited for
office environments with significant VDT usage and/or
where modular furniture can incorporate task lighting
under shelves. In other cases, desk lamps may be
used to provide task illumination. Task lighting should
also be incorporated into industrial applications such as
inspection, assembly, and machine operation.
In most workplaces, a wide variety of visual tasks need
to be performed. In addition, workers have varying
visual capabilities and preferences. Task lighting can
enhance user acceptance of the lighting system
because task lights can be adjusted to provide higher
levels of illuminance where the user chooses. In
situations where older workers require higher light
levels, an additional task light could be provided.
Qualifications
Energy savings result when the energy saved from
reducing the ambient lighting load exceeds the added
energy used for the task lights. In some cases, the use
of incandescent task lights may add more load than
can be eliminated from the ambient lighting system.
Compact fluorescent task lights are very efficient
sources for task lighting.
Non-adjustable task light strips that are permanently
mounted under cabinet shelves can cause reflected
glare on work surfaces. To reduce reflected glare,
specify compact fluorescent task lights that allow users
to position the light to the side of the task.
When adding task lights, consider the electrical loads
added to your distribution system. Be careful not to
overload the amperage rating of your building circuits.
For more guidance on the use of task lighting, refer to
Lighting Answers: Task Lighting for Offices,
Volume 1 Number 3, Apri/1994, National Lighting
Product Information Program.
Group Relamping and Cleaning
with Delamping
Definition
Relamping and cleaning luminaires according to a
schedule determined by lamp life, lumen depreciation
characteristics. and ambient dirt conditions. Refer to
Lighting Maintenance for a complete discussion of
group relamping and cleaning.
Applications
Periodic group relamping and cleaning will significantly
improve luminaire efficiency and reduce maintenance
costs. The resulting increased light output from properly
maintained luminaires may justify delamping, using
current limiters, using partial-output electronic ballasts,
or relamping with reduced-output lamps.
Qualifications
Group relamping and cleaning makes the most sense
in the following situations:
.I high or remote fixture mounting locations
.I dirty environments
.I 800mA and 1500mA 8' fluorescent systems
.I uniform hours of lighting operation
.I retail, where aesthetics are important
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INCANDESCENT UPGRADES
Wherever feasible, alternatives to the use of incandescent
lamps should be pursued. VVith recent advances in
compact fluorescent and halogen lamps, the continued
use of standard incandescent lamps is difficult to justify.
Compact Fluorescent Lamps
Definition
Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) are an energy~
efficient, long-lasting ~ubstitute for the incandescent
lamp. They are available in a wide variety of
configurations beyond the most common twin-tube,
quad-tube, and triple-twin-tube configurations. CFLs
can be purchased as self-ballasted units or as discrete
lamps and ballasts. Several retrofit adapters are
available for convenient retrofit in existing incandescent
sockets. Most CFL products are now manufactured
with electronic ballasts which provide 20 percent higher
efficacies as well as instant-starting, reduced lamp
flicker, quiet operation, smaller size, and lighter weight.
Screw-In Compact Fluorescent
Source: CEC/DOE/EPRI
Applications
CFLs may be used in a variety of incandescent
applications including downlights, surface lights,
pendant luminaires, task lights, compact troffers,
sconces, exit lights, step lights, and flood lights. Over
the past couple years manufacturers have introduced
CFLs that are designed to fit in the same physical
space as an A-19 and A-21 incandescent lamp. These
small size CFLs allow for upgrades to table lamps and
small incandescent luminaires.
Qualifications
Because compact fluorescent lamps are not point
sources (like incandescents or HID lamps), CFLs are
not as effective in projecting light over distance. The
light output from a CFL is much more diffuse, and
lumens easily stray from the intended target in
directional lighting applications. As such, these lamps
may not be suitable in high-ceiling downlighting
applications (ceilings higher than 15') or where tight
control of beam spread is necessary. Note, however,
that improvements in CFL reflector design are
introduced each year. Perform a trial installation to
verify CFL performance in high-ceiling areas.
Compact fluorescents are available in a wide range of
color temperatures from 2700K to 5000K allowing the
lamps to be used in a variety of applications. With the
introduction of 2700 and 3000K CFLs in small and large
sizes, almost every incandescent application can be
upgraded with a CFL and still have the same look and
"warmth" of an incandescent lamp.
Dimmable CFLs are available as part of a new
luminaire installation and also as a retrofit. Complete
fixtures are available that contain a dimmable CFL with
a dimming ballast usually mounted on the exterior of
the fixture (not as an integral part of the lamp).. Retrofit
dimmable CFLs are also available to be used on
existing incandescent dimming circuits. Conference
rooms with incandescent downlights are an excellent
application for retrofit dimmable CFLs. Note: standard
non-dimmable CFLs should not be installed on a
dimming circuit due to risk of fire.
Some CFLs have difficulty starting when the ambient
temperature drops below 40°F, while others are
designed to start at temperatures below freezing. Refer
to manufacturer specifications.
The light output of CFLs is significantly reduced when
used in luminaires that trap heat near the lamp or when
exposed to cold temperatures. However, when a
mercury amalgam is included in the lamp's chemistry,
the light output at temperature extremes is typically
within 85 percent of maximum.
In addition, the orientation of the lamp can also
significantly affect lumen output. Depending on the
lamp design and ambient temperature, the light output
in the base-down orientation may be up to 15 percent
less than in the base-up position. Trial installations are
recommended before purchasing large quantities.
Common Compact Fluorescent Lamp
Types
Source: CEC/DOEIEPRI
~~~
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Most lamps operating on magnetic ballasts require one to
three seconds to start and rise to full output. Where
instantaneous lighting is required, use compact fluorescent
electronic ballasts or T5 rapid-start lamp-ballast systems.
Integral
Modular
Some compact fluorescent systems with electronic
ballasts may be incompatible with occupancy sensors
that utilize solid-state switches (triacs) instead of air-gap
switches or relays. In these situations, the occupancy
sensor may not function with electronically-ballasted
lamps unless a ground wire is available. Check with your
occupancy sensor supplier to verify compatibility.
The total harmonic distortion (THO) from most
magnetically ballasted compact fluorescents is in the
range of 15-25 percent. However, the THO from
electronically ballasted compact ftuorescents can be
significantly higher. When using a relatively large number
of electronically ballasted compact fluorescent lamps on
a circuit, consider specifying "low-harmonic" electronic
ballasts which produce less than 32 percent THO.
To achieve the compact size and low cost of compact
fluorescent ballasts, many are produced with a normal
power factor (NPF) rating. This causes the ballast to
draw more current (amps), but not more energy (watts),
than the high power factor type. When using a large
number of NPF ballasts in a given location, consult your
utility representative or a professional engineer to
evaluate the impact of power factor on your utility bill.
For independently measured performance data for
specific name-brand CFLs, refer to Specifier Reports:
Screwbase Compact Fluorescent Lamp Products,
Volume 1 Issue 6, April 1993, and the Update Specifier
Reports on Screwbase Compact Fluorescent Lamp
Products published in 1994 and 1995, National Lighting
Product Information Program. In addition, a Specifier
Report on CFL downlights was published in 1995.
Compact Halogen Lamps
Definition
Compact halogen lamps consist of a small tungsten-
halogen capsule lamp within a standard lamp shape
similar to PAR lamps or general service A-type lamps.
These lamps are adapted for use as direct
replacements for standard incandescent lamps.
Halogen lamps are more efficient, produce a whiter
light, and last longer than conventional incandescent
lamps.
Applications
As a general rule, compact halogen lamps should be
considered for replacing incandescents wherever the
more efficient compact fluorescents would not be a
better choice. (See the qualifications listed under CFLs
above.) Compact halogen lamps can be dimmed, their
performance is independent of temperature and
orientation, they project light efficiently over long
distances, and they present no power quality or
compatibility concerns.
Cut-Away View Showing
Tungsten-Halogen Capsule
Within a PAR Lamp
Source: CEC/DOEIEPRI
The best applications are in accent lighting and retail
display lighting, especially where tight control of beam
spread is necessary. Other good applications include
high-ceiling down lighting and "instant-on" floodlighting.
The use of specially-designed reflectors or an optional
infrared (IR) coating applied to the halogen capsule can
increase the efficacy of this light source by about 35
percent. Both PAR lamps and general service A-lamps
are now manufactured using this thin film technology.
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Compact halogen lamps may be used in full-range
dimming applications, but constant dimming below 35
percent of full light output may reduce lamp life and efficacy.
Qualifications
Lamps with optional diodes (for improving lamp optics)
can flicker and have adverse effects on dimming and
power quality. Most manufacturers, however, have
eliminated diodes from their lamp designs.
Due to their lower efficacy, compact halogen lamps
should not be used in applications where compact
fluorescent lamps would serve satisfactorily.
Although quartz capsules allow emissions of ultraviolet
(UV) light, most compact halogen lamps are equipped
with a glass cover or enclosure that blocks nearly all of
the UV emissions. Note however that some compact
halogen task lights, low-voltage halogen lamps, and
linear quartz lamps may not be equipped with adequate
UV protection.
For independent performance test results for a wide
variety of halogen and compact fluorescent reflector
lamps, refer to Specifier Reports: Reflector Lamps,
Volume 3 Number 1, October 1994, National Lighting
Product Information Program.
Exit Sign Upgrades
Definition
Exit sign upgrades offer the potential for huge
reductions in energy and maintenance costs. The
following light sources should be considered for
replacing up to 40 watts of incandescent power
consumption per exit sign:
Retrofit
.I light-emitting diode (LED)
.I low-wattage incandescent assembly
.I compact fluorescent
New Exit Signs
.I light-emitting diode (LED)
.I electroluminescent
.I tritium or self-luminous
.I compact fluorescent
Applications
All emergency exit signs should illuminate 24 hours per
day and be able to continue operation in the event of a
power failure. Significant energy savings can be
achieved by simply replacing or upgrading the exit
signs with low-energy models.
Common to all retrofit kits are adapters that screw into
the existing incandescent sockets to make installation
simple. However to avoid snap-back, retrofit kits are
available for hard-wire installation. Whatever
connection methods are used, installation is relatively
easy, usually taking fifteen minutes or less per sign.
Of the retrofit options, light-emitting diode (LED)
sources are the most energy efficient - only consuming
two to five watts per exit sign kit. Combined with the
extremely long rated life of LED sources, this option is
one of the most economical retrofits based on life-cycle
cost. One version of the LED retrofit consists of a pair of
LED strips that adhere to the side panels of the exit sign
enclosure. Alternatively, a simple screw-in LED "lamp" is
available, consisting of a series of LEOs encased in a
glass housing.
Another low-cost retrofit solution is the incandescent
assembly which is a series of low-voltage, low-wattage,
long-life incandescents that can be assembled in a
variety of configurations such as a luminous rope or
cluster. These devices simply screw into the existing
incandescent sockets.
Although compact fluorescent lamps have been
recommended for years as an energy-efficient retrofit
for exit signs, their lamp life and efficacy are exceeded
by the LED, EL, and low-wattage incandescent
technologies discussed above.
Several choices exist for purchasing new exit signs
with consumption of less than 5 watts. Among these
choices, tritium or self-luminous sources are the most
energy efficient, consuming no electricity. Note,
however, that the spent tritium tubes must be disposed
of as a radioactive waste. Other new fixture choices
include LED, electroluminescent, and compact
fluorescent.
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To determine the most financially attractive exit sign
upgrade, consider all of the costs that will occur during
the life cycle, including installation, energy, maintenance,
and disposal. The table below compares new fixture and
retrofit options to an incandescent base case. Note that
for new fixtures and retrofits, LED sources generally
yield the highest net present value (NPV) or net profit.
Use ProjectKalc and your specific financial assumptions
to determine the life-cycle "net present value" of the
benefits of replacing incandescents with one of these
energy-efficient exit sign technologies. (See Financial
Considerations for more information about financial
analysis.)
Qualifications
Check with local building codes for accepted
emergency exit sign illuminance options and accepted
retrofit sources. Note that some exit sign technologies
(such as electroluminescent) may not produce the
required brightness during the entire life of the light
source.
Verify that your new exit sign complies with
Underwriters Laboratory Standard UL 924 and that your
illumination sources are U.L. listed for use in your exit
sign. To maintain the U.L. listing of retrofitted exit signs,
use only UL-classified retrofit kits that are designed for
your specific exit sign.
LED retrofit lamps and kits should not be used in panel-
type exit signs (those with a single translucent panel
where the word "exit" and the background are
luminous). The red or green color of the LED source
will distort the true color of the panel exit sign face,
causing a reduction in letter contrast (visibility). Use
only white sources in panel exit signs.
Reliability is of utmost importance for exit signs. For
example, sources with a shorter life are more likely to
be burned out when needed in an emergency situation.
Of all the new technologies, LED sources have the
longest rated life. Most claims state that LED sources
will last 80 years, although some manufacturers claim a
rated life of 25 years for their retrofit products. Self-
luminous and electroluminescent sources also have
relatively long life spans. .
Note that the light output of electroluminescent light
sources depreciates significantly over time. Request
information about the lumen depreciation performance'
of the electroluminescent product that you are
considering, and evaluate whether the maintained light
output will be acceptable.
Exit Sign Technologies
Typical Performance
Source Typical Life Replacement Annual Annual Upgrade
Wattage (yrs) Source Energy Maint. Cost
Cost ($) Cost ($)
New Fixtures
I nr.anrll'!scent dO 08 I;:!mo 28.00 19.50 N/A
CFL 10 2 lamp 7.00 9.5 90.00
Electroluminescent 1 10 liaht Danel 0.70 20.50 200.00
Self Luminous (Tritium) 0 10-20 tube console 0 10.50 247.00
LED 2-5 25+ circuit board 3.50 0 90.00
Retrofit Liaht Sources
Reduced Wattaae Incan. 8-18 10 liQht tube 5.60 4.00 30.00
CFL 10 2 lamp 7.00 9.50 30.00
LED 2 25+ LED kit 2.80 0 35.00
Note: Material, labor, energy costs and lamp performance can vary. Contact local suppliers for specific prices and performance data.
ASSUMPTIONS
. One-sided exit
. Ten year life used for tritium signs
. Maintenance costs based on materials and labor for source replacement on a spot relamping basis
. $0.08 per kWh, labor=$20 per hour
. Upgrade cost includes labor and materials
. Based on 1998 price data
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Since tritium is radioactive, expired tritium tubes must
be recycled or disposed of as radioactive waste. To
insure proper disposal of the luminous tubes,
manufacturers will label an address on the tube
console that specifies where to send it for recycling
(and purchase of replacement tubes).
For more technical information, as well as
independently measured performance data for specific
name-brand exit signs, refer to Specifier Reports: Exit
Signs, Volume 2, Issue 2, National Lighting Product
Information Program, January 1994; Specifier Reports
Supplements: Exit Signs, March 1998
LED Traffic Lights
Definition
Instead of using high-wattage incandescent lamps in
traffic signals, consider the new light-emitting diode
(LED) traffic lights. Using over 85% less energy and
lasting about five times longer than incandescents
(about 44,000 hours), LED traffic lights can yield rapid
financial returns for municipalities. Each "solid" LED
traffic light consists of 400 to 700 LEOs; other
configurations include directional arrows and pedestrian
"hands." Typical solid-red and solid-yellow LED traffic
lights can be purchased for $100-$150 per lamp. Solid-
green can cost up to $400 per lamp.
Applications
Red lights operate for more hours per year than green or
yellow. (The average red light operates an average 60%
of the time or nearly 5,300 hours per year.) In addition,
some red traffic lights are larger and higher wattage than
the other lights. For these reasons, about 85 percent of
the potential energy savings from LED sources in traffic
lights can be achieved by replacing the red lights.
Red Red
Incandescent LED
l50W 0 25W
l50W e lOW
7SW ~ l2W
The application with the greatest energy savings is
replacing a 150-watt red incandescent directional arrow
with a 9-watt red LED arrow. Other wattage
comparisons are listed in the diagram below.
Limitations
Check with state vehicle codes for acceptance of LED
traffic signals.
Verify that the LED light is compatible with the signal's
controller. Some controllers may interpret the low-
current condition of LED operation as a lamp "failure"
and could switch the signal to a flashing-red mode.
Compact HID Sources
Definition
New manufacturing methods have produced low-
wattage «1 OO-watt) versions of metal halide and high
pressure sodium lamps.
Applications
Primarily intended for new construction or remodeling
applications, compact high-intensity discharge (HID)
lamps are point sources which lend themselves to
projection and floodlight applications as well as general
illumination.
Qualifications
All metal halide lamps are susceptible to lamp-to-Iamp
color differences and color shift over life.
Compact ''white'' high pressure sodium lamps offer
improved color rendering (80-85 CRI) compared to
standard HPS lamps, but after their "color life," the color
quality becomes similar to standard HPS lamps (25
CRI). In addition, the maintained efficacy of white high
pressure sodium systems is only 22-27 lumens per watt.
All HID lamps require warm-up and restrike periods, so
frequent switching installations should not utilize these
lamps.
For independent performance test results for HID
accent lighting systems, refer to Specifier Report: HID
Accent Lighting Systems, October 1996 (Volume 4
Number 2).
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HID UPGRADES
The primary method for improving the efficiency of high-
intensity discharge (HID) systems is to replace the light
source with a more efficacious system. Other retrofit
options include reduced-wattage HID lamps, retrofit
reflectors, HPS lamps for mercury ballasts, and bi-Ievel
HID luminaire switching.
Conversion to High-Efficiency
HID System
Definition
Existing high-bay or outdoor lighting systems that use
incandescent, mercury vapor, or (in some cases)
fluorescent lamps, may be replaced with metal halide
(MH), high pressure sodium (HPS), or low pressure
sodium (LPS) systems. These retrofits normally include
a complete luminaire replacement, including the lamp,
ballast and optical assembly. Refer to Lighting
Fundamentals for a complete discussion of these
lamps and their characteristics.
Applications
The most cost-effective upgrades involve replacing less
efficient sources such as incandescent, HONHO
fluorescent, or mercury vapor with MH, HPS, or LPS
systems. This may involve a one-for-one luminaire
replacement or a new layout of luminaires to take
Lamp Construction
Source: DOE: CEC/DOE/EPRI
Arc
Tuba
Support
Wire
Sodium +
Marcury
Niobium
(Columbium)
or Caramlc Plug
Metal Halide
High Pressure Sodium
advantage of the different light distribution
characteristics of HID luminaires.
Qualifications
The selection of the HID luminaire should be based on
the following criteria that pertain to the task:
~ color rendering quality
~ efficiency
~ lamp life
~ lumen maintenance
!!dO'" light distribution
Refer to Lighting Fundamentals for a complete
discussion of these characteristics.
High Perfonnance Metal Halide
Systems
Definition
For maximum efficacy (Iumenslwatt), consider the new high-
performance pulse-start metal halide lamp/ballast systems.
Pulse-start systems can achieve up to a 30 percent increase
in maintained efficacy because of a change in the
construction of the lamp's arc tube. The starting electrode
normally used in a typical metal halide lamp is eliminated; a
higher voltage pulse is supplied to the lamp using a special
igniter in the ballast. The result is reduced lamp lumen
depreciation. Some manufacturers have taken advantage
of the removal of the starting electrode and redesigned the
shape of the lamp's arc tube to further increase efficacy.
In addition to improved efficacy and reduced lamp lumen
depreciation, other benefits of 'pulse-start metal halide
systems include up to 60 percent reductions in lamp warm-
up and restrike times, as well as improved color consistency.
Restrike time for pulse-start MH is 2-4 minutes
Applications
To convert to this system, both the lamp and the ballast
must be replaced. SuperCWA, regulated lag, and
linear reactor type ballasts are available to operate
pulse-start lamps. Pulse-start lamps and ballasts are
available from several manufacturers in wattages from
150 to 400.
Pulse start lamps are excellent for interior and exterior
applications. The increased color quality and shorter
restrike characteristics lend the lamps to be practical
for warehouses, gymnasiums, exterior lighting, indoor
stadiums, and retail. For the most efficacious pulse-
start system, specify a linear reactor ballast. A 350-
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20
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watt lamp on a linear reactor ballast (375 system watts)
will provide comparable light levels to a 400-watt
standard MH system (460 system watts).
Limitations
Although linear reactor pulse-start systems are the
most efficacious they may be sensitive to voltage dips.
In areas with frequent voltage dips consider using a
regulated lag pulse-start system that can withstand a
50 percent voltage dip. SuperCWA pulse-start systems
are good for a variety of general lighting applications
but do not have the energy savings of a linear reactor
system.
High-Bay Compact Fluorescent
Luminaires
Definition
Compact fluorescent luminaires designed for relatively
high mounting heights (up to 30'). Using large, specially
designed reflectors, these luminaires typically house six
to nine compact fluorescent lamps (either T 4 quad-tube
or T5 twin-tube).
Applications
The unique characteristics of compact fluorescent
operation provide the following advantages of compact
fluorescent luminaires over standard high-intensity
discharge systems:
* instant-on (no warm-up time)
* instant-restrike
* multiple light levels
* high color rendering
* high efficacy
Multiple light levels are provided by separately
switching each of the 2-lamp or 3-lamp ballasts within
the luminaire. Using a photosensor, the proper light
output level can be determined automatically. The
instant-on and instant-restrike performance allows for
automatic on/off control using occupancy sensors.
Typical applications for these luminaires include sports
arenas/gymnasiums, auditoriums, and warehouse
aisles. The diffuse nature of fluorescent lighting
increases the percentage of illuminance on vertical
surfaces - an important consideration in
manufacturing, warehousing, retail, and sport lighting.
Qualifications
Although compact fluorescent sources are relatively
efficient in terms of lumens per watt, they are not as
optically efficient has HID sources for directing light
over long distances. To verify that the high-bay compact
fluorescent luminaires will produce the required
footcandles on the floor, ask for the luminaire's
photometric data which tabulates the coefficient of
utilization values for a variety of room geometries and
room surface reflectances. In general, these luminaires
will perform better in rooms with ceilings that are
relatively low compared to the room length and width;
they should not be considered for use in rooms with
ceilings that are high in proportion to the room's length
and width. Have a lighting specifier perform illuminance
calculations for your specific application, based on
independently measured photometric data. Do not rely
on simplified lighting performance tables because they
may not take into account the size and shape of the
room in which the luminaires are to be located.
Reduced-Wattage (Energy-Saver)
HID Systems
Definition
Reduced-wattage metal halide and high-pressure
sodium systems are available that reduce energy
consumption by up to 18 percent with corresponding
reductions in light output. These upgrade technologies
are available as reduced wattage retrofit lamps.
Applications
"Energy-saver" versions of metal halide and high
pressure sodium lamps are available in 225-watt and
360-watt packages for directly replacing 250-watt and
400-watt lamps. In addition, 150-watt metal halide
energy-saver lamps are available for replacing the 175-
watt lamp.
Qualifications
In most cases, the reduced-wattage energy-saver
lamps will also cause a corresponding reduction in light
output. However, if a "universal-position" metal halide
lamp is replaced with a "position-specific" energy-saver
lamp (e.g., vertical base-up), then the light output would
be comparable. A simple trial installation is suggested
in order to compare the light output and quality of these
new lamps. Remember to correct for lamp lumen
depreciation when comparing the old and new lamps.
Refer to Lighting Maintenance for a complete
discussion of lamp lumen depreciation effects.
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HID Power Reducers
Definition
Power reducers (also called "current limiters") are
retrofit devices for high-intensity discharge (and
fluorescent) luminaires that reduce light output with a
nearly corresponding reduction in power consumption.
(See fluorescent upgrades section for discussion of
fluorescent power reducers.) .
Applications
Power reducers are designed to achieve a pre-set light
output reduction - and energy savings - of 20 or 25
percent. In addition, power reducers extend HID ballast
life by reducing ballast operating temperature. They
should be considered as economic alternatives to panel-
level HID system dimming (see controls upgrades
section) if variable control of light output is not needed.
Qualifications
Power reducers are typically designed to work only with
the more common CWA ballasts and HID lamp
wattages of at least 175 watts. Lamp types that can be
controlled include mercury vapor, metal halide, and
high-pressure sodium.
Check with the manufacturers of your lamps and
ballasts to determine if the installation of power
reducers will have any effect on their warranties.
Trial installations are suggested to verify that light
output reductions and energy savings are acceptable.
Refer to Lighting Evaluations for guidance in
performing and evaluating trial installations.
Retrofit HID Reflectors
Definition
Conventional HID reflectors can be retrofit or replaced
with specular or clear reflectors in order to enhance
luminaire efficiency.
Applications
In relatively clean environments, retrofit HID reflectors
can increase illuminance on task surfaces without
increasing energy consumption. In over/it situations, the
efficiency improvement may allow some of the
luminaires to be removed or de-energized. In addition.
proper applications of retrofit reflectors can reduce glare.
Qualifications
The installation of retrofit reflectors may alter the lighting
distribution from your existing HID luminaires. When
evaluating a trial installation, check for uniformity of
illuminance, visual comfort (glare), illuminance on
vertical surfaces, color shift, and aesthetic effects such
as darkness of ceilings and walls.
HPS and MH Lamps for Use on
Existing Mercury Ballasts
Definition
High pressure sodium (HPS) and metal halide (MH)
lamps are available that can be used in place of
specific wattages of mercury vapor lamps, without
requiring a ballast change.
Applications
These lamps provide an inexpensive means for
significantly improving light output while saving up to 16
percent in energy consumption in existing mercury
vapor luminaires.
Note that several manufacturers produce specially
designed metal halide lamps that will operate on
existing HPS ballasts for improving color rendering (65-
70 vs. 22), but causing light output reductions of 33-50
percent.
Qualifications
Make sure that any retrofit lamp under consideration is
UL-listed. Verify that the socket rating is compatible
with the new lamp type.
. Contact the manufacturer for a list of mercury ballast
types for which their retrofit lamps are compatible.
For greater energy savings and wattage selection,
consider replacing the mercury vapor luminaire with a
new high-pressure sodium or metal-halide luminaire.
Conduct a trial instaUation to determine if resultant light.
levels and visual comfort will be acceptable.
For typical performance information, refer to the system
performance tables included at the end of this booklet.
Note that the actual wattage and lumen performance
will vary depending on the specific mercury ballast that
is used.
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Capacitive Switching HID
Luminaires (Bi-Level)
Definition
Capacitive switching (or "bi-Ievel" or "hi/lo") HID
luminaires are designed to provide either full light output
or partial light output based on inputs from occupancy
sensors, manual switches, or scheduling systems.
Capacitive-switched dimming can be installed as a
retrofit to existing luminaires or, more commonly, as a
direct luminaire replacement. Capacitive switching HID
upgrades can be less expensive than installing a panel-
level variable voltage control to dim the lights, especially
in circuits with relatively few luminaires. In addition, it
allows for control of individual luminaires, rather than
entire circuits.
Applications
The most common applications of capacitive switching
are occupancy-sensed dimming in parking lots, athletic
facilities, and warehouse aisles. General purpose
transmitters can be used with other control devices
such as timeclocks and photosensors 10 control the bi-
level luminaires.
Upon sensing motion, the occupancy sensor will send a
signal (by powerline carrier, fiberoptic cable, or low-
voltage wire) to the bi-Ievel HID system that will rapidly
bring the light levels from a standby reduced level to
about 80 percent of full output, followed by a short
warmup time between 80 percent and 100 percent of
full light output.
Depending on the lamp type and wattage, the standby
lumens are roughly 15-40 percent of full output and the
standby wattage is 30-60 percent of full wattage.
Therefore, during periods that the space is unoccupied
and the system is dimmed, energy savings of 40-70
percent are achieved. Utility costsavings can be even
greater depending on demand charges and time-of-use
rates.
Qualifications
Lamp manufacturers do not recommend dimming
below 50 percent of the rated input power. Check with
your lamp supplier to determine whether the bi-Ievel
system will affect your lamp warranty.
For more information about continuous and bi-Ievel HID
dimming systems, refer to Lighting Answers:
Dimming Systems for High-Intensity Discharge
Lamps, Volume 1 Number 4, September 1994,
National Lighting Product Information Program.
For a case study, order EPA's Application Profile-
HID Bi-Level Switching, October 1996.
OCCUPANCY SENSORS
Reducing watts represents only half of the potential for
maximizing energy savings. Reducing operating hours
through automatic controls is the other half. Occupancy
sensors are cost-effective devices that can ensure that
the lights are energized only when occupants are
present.
OVERVIEW
Occupancy sensors save energy by automatically
turning off lights in spaces that are unoccupied. When
motion is detected. the sensor activates a control
device that turns on the luminaires. If no motion is
detected within a specified period of time, the lights are
turned off until motion is sensed again.
Occupancy sensors are suitable for a very wide range
of lighting control applications and should be
considered in every upgrade decision. Occupancy
sensors may be installed to provide on/off control of
incandescent or fluorescent loads as well as bi-Ievel
control of capacitive-switching HID luminaires (that idle
in a low-output mode during periods of unoccupancy).
Refer to the HID upgrades section for a complete
discussion of capacitive switching HID luminaires.
Most occupancy sensors have adjustable settings for
both sensitivity and time delay. The sensitivity setting
allows the user to fine tune the sensor for the activities
that occur in the space to ensure that normal motion is
detected without triggering responses to extraneous
signals. The time delay setting refers to the amount of
time that elapses with no motion detected before the
luminaires are turned off. The time delay prevents the
luminaires from switching off during intervals when
. people are actually in the room, but move too little or
too slowly to be detected by the sensor.
Some occupancy sensors provide daylight switching
with their occupancy switching control. A trial
installation is recommended to assess user acceptance
of this technology.
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23
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Wallbox Occupant Sensors
Source: CEC/DOE/EPRI
MOUNTING LOCATIONS
Occupancy sensors are available in both ceiling-
mounted and wall-mounted versions, utilizing either
infrared or ultrasonic sensing technologies. In addition,
workstation occupancy sensors have entered the market
for automatically controlling workstation loads such as
task lights, computer monitors, printers, and radios.
Wall-MountedSensots
Common applications for wall-mounted sensors include
separately switched areas such as conference rooms,
classrooms, individual offices, and storage rooms. Because
these devices are mounted in existing light switch locations,
check the coverage pattern provided by the sensor to see if
it will adequately detect motion throughout the room. In
addition, verify that the type of motion in the space will be
detected, given the sensor type and location (see
discussion of infrared and ultrasonic technologies below). In
addition to the "automatic-onlautomatic-off' occupancy
sensors, other control options that are available with wall-
mounted sensors include:
Manual-On/Automatic-Off
These sensors must be switched on manually to
energize the luminaires; the unit automatically turns off
the luminaires when motion is no longer detected.
Two-Level
F or retrofit of dual switching systems (with two switches
providing two levels of light), the user has the option to
manually select either a "half-on" or "full-on" setting on
the occupancy sensor.
Daylight Switching
These sensors can be calibrated to turn off the lights
when ambient light levels reach a desired target. Some
sensors will not allow the lights to turn off due to
daylight contribution when occupants are present.
Ceiling-Mounted Occupant Sensors
Source: CEC/DOEIEPRI
~
Celling.MountedSensoIS
Ceiling-mounted sensors should be used in areas
where wall-mounted switches would be inadequate,
such as corridors, rest rooms, open office areas,
warehouse aisles, and spaces where objects obstruct
the coverage of a wall-mounted sensor. These sensors
are usually wired to a separate control module and one
or more relays that perform the actual switching
function in the ceiling plenum. Multiple sensors and
lighting circuits can be controlled by one control
module, but manufacturers specify a maximum
distance between the sensors and the control module
for reliable operation. Ceiling-mounted sensors are
available in a variety of detection patterns to provide
flexibility in mounting locations. With ceiling-mounted
sensors in place, existing wall switches may be used to
turn off the lights while occupants remain in the space.
MOTION SENSING TECHNOLOGIES
The t':'V0 most common motion-sensing technologies
used In occupancy sensors are passive infrared
technology and ultrasonic technology. Either technology
can be housed in ceiling-mounted or wall-mounted
sensors. Some manufacturers combine these two
technologies into one product, which is referred to as a
hybrid or dual technology sensor. In addition, one
manufacturer has introduced a dual-technology sensor
that uses an infrared sensor and a microphonic (sound)
sensor.
PassivelnfraredSensolS
Passive infrared (PIR) sensors respond to motion
between horizontal and vertical cones of vision defined
by the faceted lens surrounding the sensor. As an
occupant moves a hand, arm, or torso from one cone
of vision to another, a positive "occupancy" signal is
generated and sent to the controller. Because these
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cones of vision radiate from the sensor, a greater range
of motion is required at a greater distance in order for
the sensor to detect motion. Most PIR sensors are
sensitive to hand movement up to a distance of about
10 feet, arm and upper torso movement up to 20 feet,
and full-body motion up to about 40 feet. Note that the
PIR sensors require an unobstructed view ot the motion
and are much more sensitive to motion occurring
perpendicular to the line-ot-sight to the sensor.
Because infrared sensors require direct line-of-sight to
the moving object, they will not perform properly in
spaces where furniture, partitions, or other objects are
between the sensor and the occupant.
UltrasonlcSensoIS
Ultrasonic sensors emit and receive high-frequency
sound waves in the range of 25-40 kHz, well above the
range of human hearing. These waves reflect off
objects and room surfaces, and the sensor measures
the frequency of the waves that return to the receiver. If
there is motion within the space, the frequency of the
reflected waves will shift slightly; the change is detected
by the receiver and the luminaires are turned on.
Although ultrasonic sensors do not always require
direct line-of-sight to detect motion, the space must be
enclosed and must include hard surfaces for the
reflected waves to eventually return to the receiver.
Ultrasonic sensors are much more sensitive to
movement directly toward or away from the sensor,
compared to lateral movements.
. QUALIFICATIONS
Occupancy sensors - when properly specified,
installed, and adjusted - should provide reliable
operation of lighting systems during periods of
occupancy and should not disrupt normal business
activity. Most causes of failed occupancy sensor
installations can be linked to improper product selection
and placement. By following the guidelines below, your
occupancy sensor installation should provide significant
energy savings.
Use professional senlices
The specification and placement of occupancy sensors
should be performed by an experienced professional to
ensure adequate occupancy sensing coverage.
Occupancy sensor systems must be "tuned" after
installation. This involves adjusting sensitivity and time
delay settings as appropriate for the space. Most
suppliers offer this post-installation service. As part of
your agreement with your supplier, require a minimum
24-hour response time to address occupant complaints
that may arise after the sensors have been installed
and tuned. In some cases, the placement of sensors
may need to be adjusted to provide reliable coverage.
Select products with adequate
coverageareas
Specifiers should pay particular attention to the
coverage area which defines the physical limits of the
sensor's ability to detect motion. Most occupancy
sensor manufacturers publish their coverage areas for
the maximum sensitivity setting, although this may not
be clearly stated in the product literature. In some
cases, more than one occupancy sensor may be
required in a space to extend the coverage area, as in
the case of a large open office area.
Deslgnsensorlnstallatlons to avoid
falsesignals
Both infrared and ultrasonic sensors are susceptible to
activation by false signals.
False Signals for Ultrasonic Sensors
Ultrasonic sensors can be activated by vibrations
(which, for example, may be caused by the starting of
an air conditioner). Also, ultrasonic sensors can be
activated by moving air and should not be used in
areas where strong air currents exist. Ceiling-mounted
ultrasonic sensors should be located away from
ventilation diffusers.
False Signals for Infrared Sensors
Infrared sensors may be located in positions that allow
the sensor to have line-of-sight into an adjacent
corridor which could keep lights on unnecessarily. By
applying a masking material to the appropriate facets of
the PIR sensor's lens, this potential problem can be
avoided. In addition, a mirrored image or direct sunlight
may provide a signal to the PIR sensor that a space is
occupied.
Select Infrared orultrasonic technologies
basedon I'OOmgeomettyandactivities
Infrared
* Requires line-of-sight; may not work well where
partitions may block direct viewing of occupants
* Magnitude of required motion is directly
proportional to distance from the sensor
* Least sensitive to motion toward and away from the
sensor; most sensitive to motion lateral to sensor
* Does not require an enclosed space; works well
outdoors and in high-bay areas
Lighting Upgrade Technologies. Lighting Upgrade Manual. EPA's Green Lights@ Program. September 1998
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Ultrasonic
* Does not require line-of-sight in enclosed spaces;
may require line-of-sight in large open office plans
with fabric partitions
* Magnitude of required motion increases with
distance from the sensor
* Least sensitive to motion lateral to the sensor; most
sensitive to motion toward and away from the sensor
* Requires an enclosed space; not for use outdoors
or in high-bay areas
Energy Saving Potential with Occupancy Sensors
Source: EPA Green Lightd and ENERGY STAR Buildings
Application
Offices (private)
Rest Rooms
Storage Areas
Conference Rooms
Classrooms
. Energy Savings*
55%
70%
56%
66%
61%
"Note: Figures are based on field data compiled during EPA's
occupancy sensor outreach project with Green lights and Energy
Star Buildings Partners.
Verify compatibility with electronic ballasts
Mechanical relays typically used in older-technology
occupancy sensors may become damaged by the
relatively high in-rush currents that result from an
occupancy sensor's making and breaking of electrical
contact in electronically-ballasted fluorescent systems.
Mechanical relays that were commonly used with the
earliest occupancy sensor models were rated for
inductive and resistive loads, characteristic of magnetic
and incandescent lighting systems, respectively.
However, with the introduction of more complex
harmonic filtering with electronic ballasts, the wave
form generated when switching electronically ballasted
fluorescent systems typically includes a combination of
resistive, inductive, and capacitive loads. With the use
of a triac, the switching system is protected in order to
provide long life.
Contact your supplier to verify that their occupancy
sensors are compatible with electronic ballasts.
Conduct a trial installation and evaluate the
sensor's performance
Not all sensors perform comparably. Before purchasing
a specific name brand of sensor, conduct a simple trial
installation of all products under consideration -
simultaneously. Follow the procedure below for
conducting your test:
1. Install the ceiling-mounted sensors temporarily in a
strategic location as suggested by the sensing
coverage pattern.
2. Connect these sensors to a power supply. They
should not, however, be connected to the lighting
circuit.
3. Notice the LED indicator light that illuminates when
the sensor detects motion. At various locations in
the test room, perform several types of motions,
varying the magnitude, speed, and direction of
motion. Also, include a test that evaluates the
sensor's ability to detect motion behind obstacles.
4. Note which sensors were most successful in
detecting minor motion (both with and without
obstacles), as well as which sensors were most
affected by false signals.
For independently measured performance data for
specific name-brand occupancy sensors, refer to
Specifier Reports: Occupancy Sensors, Volume 1
Issue 5, National Lighting Product Information Program,
October 1992. A second report is to be issued in early
1997.
SCHEDULING CONTROLS
In addition to occupancy sensors, scheduling controls
are designed to help eliminate unnecessary use of
lighting.
Timed Switching Systems
Definition
Timed switching controls can be installed to ensure that
lighting systems are turned off or dimmed according to
an established schedule. These devices range from
simple wall box electronic timer switches to
programmable "sweep" systems.
Applications
Wallbox electronic timer switches can be installed in
place of manua"1 switches that allow the occupant to
preselect a period of operating duration after which the
lights will automatically shut off. These switches can be
programmed to provide a warning signal before the
lights are turned off.
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Timeclocks can be used to control lighting systems with
predictable operating periods, such as security lighting
and corridors. In addition, more sophisticated scheduling
controls can be programmed for facilities having different
daily operating schedules.
Sweep systems are an advanced form of programmable
switching control. These systems establish a
programmed schedule for sequentially turning off lights
throughout a floor or an entire building. A typical
application is found in office buildings, where the
systems ensure that lighting is not unnecessarily left on
by the occupants. For example, if most of the occupants
on a given floor normally leave by 6:00 pm, then the
system will provide a warning signal (such as flicking the
lights off and on) a few minutes prior to turning the lights
off in the space. This warning signal allows any
remaining occupants to override the scheduled lighting
"sweep" in their location. This override may need to be
repeated periodically until the space is unoccupied.
The components of a lighting sweep system include:
.
The central processor which is capable of
independently controlling several output channels;
each group of luminaires to be controlled together is
assigned to a single output channel.
Relays are simple switches that are controlled
electrically; they are series-wired to the controlled
lighting zones and are controllable from the central
processor.
Overrides to the system can be activated by either a
local override switch or a touch-tone telephone code.
.
.
Qualifications
Unlike occupancy sensors, scheduling systems do not
have the flexibility to eliminate wasted energy
consumption during normal business hours.
24-hour emergency lighting should be provided in areas
with sweep systems to provide safe access to lighting
control override switches.
Daylight Switching Systems
Definition
Photocells or scheduling systems may be used to
automatically turn off lighting systems when sufficient
daylight is available.
Applications
All outdoor lighting should be controlled using a daylight
switching system. In many cases, photocells have been
used to automatically provide "dusk-to-dawn" operation.
The resulting operating hours under photocell control is
typically 4,100 hours per year, because the lights are
typically turned on about 20 minutes after sundown,
and about 20 minutes prior to sunrise.
In applications where the outdoor lighting is not needed
for dusk-to-dawn illumination, a timed switching system
may be wired in series with the photosensor to switch
off the circuit before dawn. For example, a retail
establishment may require high-level parking lot
illumination from dusk until one hour after closing -
say 11 :00 pm - after which the lighting system may be
switched off by the timed switching system.
Compared to mechanical photocells, new solid-state
electronic photosensors combine longer service life
with more accurate daylight sensing to yield significant
energy and maintenance cost savings.
As an alternative to photosensors, consider installing a
microprocessor-based timed switching system for
controlling outdoor lighting. Systems are available that
predict seasonal dusk and dawn switching times and
Time Scheduling System Components
Source: CEC/DOEIEPRI
Oyenide Switches
~
000000
000000
Central Processor
Outputs
Electric
Distribution
Panal
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automatically switch the outdoor lighting systems
according to this schedule. Such systems must have
extensive battery back-up and memory in order to
ensure that the "solar schedule" will remain properly
programmed in the event of a power failure.
Microprocessor-based daylight switching systems can
also incorporate "pre-dawn" scheduled switching
functions. Many systems provide the capability to
program various lighting schedules over a multi-year
period.
Qualifications
Mechanical timeclocks are not recommended for
daylight switching control because they can be
relatively inaccurate in scheduling on/off functions, and
may get "off schedule" if not properly maintained.
Photocells should be properly calibrated and
maintained to eliminate wasteful "day-burning."
Daylight switching indoors has been applied with
varying degrees of success. Consider indoor daylight
switching in common areas such as break rooms,
corridors, and lobbies. In employee work areas, users
may object to the use of automatic switching of the
lighting system during daylight hours because it draws
attention to sudden changes in illumination. However,
adverse occupant reactions can be minimized if the
sensor can be programmed to turn on the lights when
the ambient light level drops to about 30 footcandles,
and turn off the lights when the ambient light level
climbs to about 65 footcandles. Still, the most
successful indoor applications for daylighting control
usually involve dimming instead of switching.
Some occupancy sensors provide daylight switching
control in conjunction with their occupancy switching
control. A trial installation is recommended to assess
user acceptance of this technology.
For more information about photosensors, refer to:
Specifier Reports: Photosensors, Volume 6, Number
1, March 1998, National Lighting Product Information
Program.
DIMMING CONTROLS
Dimming controls can be used to vary the intensity of
lighting system output based on ambient light levels,
manual adjustments, and occupancy.
Daylight Dimming & Lumen
Maintenance Control
Definition
Daylight dimming systems consist of photosensors that
are wired directly to specifically designed controllable
(dimmable) electronic ballasts. Some manufacturers
provide a photosensor to control every ballast, while
others provide a single photosensor that can control
many ballasts simultaneously. Because the control wiring
can be run between the photosensors and the ballasts in
the plenum above a dropped ceiling, retrofit applications
can be feasible. The daylighting "zone" (consisting of the
luminaires to be dimmed) is defined by the low-voltage
wiring circuit which is independent of the power circuits.
A manual adjustment on the photosensor allows users to
select the light level to be maintained in both the
absence of daylight and during the dimming process.
Applications
. Ceiling-mounted photosensors should be installed a
specific distance from window areas, according to
manufacturer instructions. As daylighting becomes
available, the photosensor will reduce the light output
from the lamp-ballast systems that are directly
connected to the photosensor via low-voltage wiring. The
photosensor dims the luminaires in order to maintain the
same light level that would normally be provided by the
luminaires in the absence of daylight. However, the
controllable ballasts are typically capable of reducing
output down to 10-20 percent of full light output. When
this minimum output level is reached, it is possible that
increasing daylight contributions may further elevate light
levels beyond the manually adjusted setpoint.
Because dimming (low-voltage) circuits are usually
separate from existing power circuits, users have great
flexibility in determining which luminaires will be
controlled by the photocell. In general, retrofit installation
costs are minimized if each dimming ballast is controlled
with a low-cost, dedicated light sensor.
The same equipment used for daylight dimming may
also be used in non-daylit areas for adjusting system
light output to compensate for aging lamps and
accumulated dirt on luminaires. This is known as lumen
maintenance control. When lamps are new and
luminaires are clean, the manual adjustment on the
photosensor should be tuned to lower the illuminance by
25-30 percent - the amount of lamp lumen depreciation
and luminaire dirt depreciation to be expected during the
maintenance cycle. Over time as the lamps age and the
luminaire collects dirt, the photosensor will require the
controllable ballast to increase the system output in
order to maintain the illuminance setpoint. In order for a
lumen maintenance control strategy to save energy, the
luminaires must be cleaned and relamped on a regular
basis. See Lighting Maintenance regarding group
maintenance strategies.
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28
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Light levels should be maintained in accordance with
standards established by the Illuminating Engineering
Society of North America. (Refer to Lighting
Fundamentals.)
The introduction of three-lamp dimming ballasts has
contributed to making dmming upgrades more cost-
effective.
Daylighting Cont'rol System
Source: CEC/DOE/EPRI
Power
Qualifications
The proper placement of photosensors is critical to the
success of the daylight dimming installation. Follow
manufacturer specifications carefully.
If architectural structures or partitions reduce the
amount of available daylight in selected spaces within
the daylighting zone, exclude the affected luminaires
from daylighting control. Alternatively, if daylighting
contributions vary widely within the daylighting zone,
consider installing a daylighting system that provides a
photosensor to control each luminaire.
To achieve sustained energy savings, be sure to adjust
the photosensor so that the proper light levels are
maintained. When daylight levels are low or
nonexistent, reduce the light output by adjusting the
tuning control on the photosensor to a point that is
below your target workplane illuminance (have a light
meter placed on the work surface). Then, increase the
light output until the illuminance reaches your desired
maintained light level.
When calculating energy cost savings expected from a
dimming system, take into account the specific electric
demand charge and rate structure; some rate schedules
include a ratcheted demand charge that could negate
cost savings resulting from reduced peak demand.
For independently measured performance data for
specific dimming electronic ballasts, refer to Specifier
Reports: Dimming Electronic Ballasts, November
1995, National Lighting Product Information Program.
Tuning
Definition
Using manual dimming controls, the light output from
individual luminaires or groups of luminaires can be
reduced to match the area's visual requirements. This is
normally accomplished with either controllable electronic
ballasts that have built-in adjusting switches or knobs, or
with hand-held remote controls that communicate
directly with one or more of the ballasts overhead.
Alternatively the light level can be adjusted using a
compatible manual dimmer control at the switch location.
Applications
The most common application of tuning is in spaces
where the visual task changes frequently. (For example
bookkeeping and VDT usage.) Other applications
include adjusting light level for various occupants of a
space based on age and visual task requirements -
such as in a conference room.
Qualifications
Compact fluorescents and full-size fluorescents
operating on magnetic ballasts require specialized
dimming controls.
Panel-Level Dimming
Definition
This strategy involves installing a control system at the
electric panel to uniformly control all luminaires on the
designated circuits.
Applications
Circuit dimming can be controlled manually or by inputs
from occupancy sensors, photosensors, timeclocks, or
energy management systems. Panel-level dimming is a
method for dimming HID systems as well as both
electronically and magnetically ballasted fluorescent
systems. Continuous dimming is accomplished using
either a variable-voltage transformer or a wave
modification device that reduces the power to the HID
or fluorescent circuit.
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For example, using photosensors in a warehouse with
skylights, the high-pressure sodium lighting system
could be uniformly dimmed in response to the available
daylight from the skylights, saving substantial amounts
of energy.
Another application would include a wholesale
merchandising outlet that requires higher light levels
during normal business hours, and reduced light levels
during routine maintenance and stocking operations.
The scheduling control system would automatically
adjust the light levels based on the business operating
schedule.
Qualifications
Slight reductions in efficiency result from dimming HID
systems. Light output reductions are about 1.2 to 1.5
times the power reduction in metal halide systems and
about 1.1-1.4 times the power reduction in high-
pressure sodium systems. Manufacturers can provide
the specific lumen-wattage performance curves for the
specific systems being controlled.
Note that some panel-level dimming systems are
incompatible with electronic ballasts. Check with the
manufacturer to determine if their variable voltage
system is compatible with electronic ballasts and
whether the system introduces harmonic currents.
Dimming HID lamps below 50 percent power may
result in a significant reduction in lamp life.
For more information about continuous and bi-Ievel HID
dimming systems. refer to Lighting Answers:
Dimming Systems for High-Intensity Discharge
Lamps, Volume 1 Number4, September 1994,
National Lighting Product Information Program.
DAY LIGHTING
Photovoltaic Systems
Definition
Photovoltaics are solid state semiconductor devices
that convert light directly into (DC) electricity.
Photovoltaic (or solar) modules usually employ a
silicon-based material cut into wafers or chemically
deposited in thin layers on glass, steel or other flexible
materials and generate the most electricity when
exposed to direct sunlight. Solar generated electricity
can be used directly by a connected lighting system,
stored in batteries, or "pumped" into the electric grid
(grid-tied systems) for later use.
Applications
Photovoltaic systems are most commonly used to
power remote (off-grid) lighting applications such as
traffic signals, parking lots, streetlights, billboards, and
transit shelter lighting. However, "remote" photovoltaic
lighting can also be used in suburban areas for parking
lots and other applications where the costs associated
with running overhead or underground wires can be too
expensive. All remote solar lighting systems require
batteries for electric storage and to regulate the voltage
of the solar array. Also, because electronic (DC)
ballasts are available for fluorescent and HID lamps,
the need for an (AC) inverter is eliminated, making the
solar lighting system less costly.
A new application for photovoltaics and lighting is found
with buildings that are connected to the electric grid
(grid-tied). "Solar-assisted lighting" refers to systems
specifically designed to offset the daytime lighting load
through generated solar energy. These systems do not
require batteries because the building lighting demand
is generally coincident with the solar generation and the
electric grid serves as a voltage regulator. However, if
the system is deployed without batteries and the
electric grid fails the system must shut down or risk
damage to ballasts and solar modules. Some
applications also use batteries to provide uniterruptable
power supply (UPS). Also, some electronic AC ballasts
will operate off a DC voltage allowing the elimination of
the AC inverter.
Qualifications
Photovoltaics are most cost-effective in remote areas
where the cost of extending a power line is very
expensive. However, photovoltaics may be cost-
effective for solar-assisted lighting applications
depending on the rates paid for electricity or the need
for emergency lighting. Solar-assisted lighting, with
battery backup, is not less expensive than emergency
lighting. However, the marginal additional cost is
usually paid back in 8 - 10 years from energy savings
based on $.10 per kWh and solar-assisted lighting
does not require specially equipped lighting fixtures.
Active Daylighting Systems
Definition
A system consisting of a motorized sun-tracking mirror, a
skylight, diffusing media, and an automatic lighting
control. The sun-tracking mirror reflects sunlight through
the skylight. This light is delivered to the building interior
through a wide-angle diffuser. An automatic lighting
control switches off the artificial lighting when sufficient
daylighting is provided by the system.
Lighting Upgrade Technologies. Lighting Upgrade Manual. EPA's Green Lights4\> Program. September 1998
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Applications
The most economical applications are for one-story
buildings in areas that receive a high percentage of
sunny days (or bright cloudy days) and have relatively
high peak demand charges and peak electricity rates.
Systems are available for either new construction or
retrofit. Daylighting systems also improve color
rendering, reduce lighting maintenance costs, and
potentially reduce air conditioning costs as well.
Qualifications
Verify vendor claims by visiting installations - check
for workmanship, warranty service, demonstrated
energy cost savings, and effect on illumination quality.
Energy savings can be difficult to quantify, because
they depend on local insolation data, equipment
performance, and time-of-day energy use analysis. To
mitigate financial risk with this upgrade, ask your
supplier about performance guarantees.
PRODUCT REFERENCE
INFORMATION
SystemPetftJnnance Tables
When performing lighting and energy calculations, refer
to the performance tables on the following pages for
listings of system wattage, ballast factor, lumen output,
and maintained efficacy for your existing and proposed
lighting systems. These tables address:
* 2-lamp, 4-foot systems
* 3-lamp, 4-foot systems
* 4-lamp, 4-foot systems
* 2-lamp, 8-foot systems
* 2-foot systems
* compact sources
* directional lamps
* HID systems
* low pressure sodium systems
* ANSI wattage correction factors
* ANSI lumen correction factors
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TYPICAL PERFORMANCE VALUES FOR 2-LAMP 4-FOOT SYSTEMS
Ballast Types Lamps System Initial Lamp Maintained Maintained Maintained
per Lamp Input Lamp Lamp Lumen Ballast System System Relative
Lamp Types Ballast Watts Watts CRI Lumens Depree. Factor Lumens Efficacy Lumens
Old Standard Maanetic 52 100%
2 - F40T12 2 40 96 62* 3050 0.87 0.94 4989
2 40 96 73 3200 0.90 0.94 5414 56 109%
2 40 96 85 3300 090 094 5584 58 112%
2 - F40T12/ES 2 34 82 62 2650 0.87 0.87 4012 49 80%
2 34 82 73 2800 0.90 0.87 4385 53 88%
2 34 82 85 2900 0.90 0.87 4541 55 91%
2 - F40T10 2 40 101 82 3700 0.89 0.92 6059 60 121%
Standard EE Magnetic
2 - F40T12 2 40 88 62* 3050 0.87 0.94 4989 57 100%
2 40 88 73 3200 0.90 0.94 5414 62 109%
2 40 88 85 3300 0.90 0.94 5584 63 112%
2 - F40T12/ES 2 34 72 62 2650 0.87 0.87 4012 56 80%
2 34 72 73 2800 0.90 0.87 4385 61 88%
2 34 72 85 2900 0.90 0.87 4541 63 91%
2 - F40T10 2 40 93 82 3700 0.89 0.92 6059 65 121%
2 - F32T8 2 32 70 75 2850 0.91 0.94 4876 70 98%
2 32 70 85 3050 0.93 0.94 5333 76 107%
Maanetic Heater Cutout
2 - F40T12 2 40 80 62* 3050 0.87 0.95 5042 63 101%
2 40 80 73 3200 0.90 0.95 5472 68 110%
2 40 80 85 3300 0.90 0.95 5643 71 113%
Partial 2 40 69 62* 3050 0.87 0.83 4405 64 88%
Output 2 40 69 73 3200 0.90 0.83 4781 69 96%
Ballast 2 40 69 85 3300 090 083 4930 71 99%
2 - F40T12/ES 2 34 66 62 2650 0.87 0.88 4058 61 81%
2 34 66 73 2800 0.90 0.88 4435 67 89%
2 34 66 85 2900 0.90 0.88 4594 70 92%
Partial 2 34 58 62 2650 0.87 0.81 3735 64 75%
Output 2 34 58 73 2800 0.90 0.81 4082 70 82%
Ballast 2 34 58 85 2900 0.90 0.81 4228 73 85%
2 - F40T10 2 40 84 82 3700 089 092 6059 72 121%
2 - F32T8 2 32 61 75 2850 0.91 0.86 4461 73 89%
2 32 61 85 3050 0.93 0.86 4879 80 98%
Electronic Rapid Start
2 - F40T12 2 40 72 62* 3050 0.87 0.88 4670 65 94%
2 40 72 73 3200 0.90 0.88 5069 70 102%
2 40 72 85 3300 0.90 0.88 5227 73 105%
2 - F40T12/ES 2 34 62 62 2650 0.87 0.88 4058 65 81%
2 34 62 73 2800 0.90 0.88 4435 72 89%
2 34 62 85 2900 0.90 0.88 4594 74 92%
2 - F40T10 2 40 75 82 3700 089 086 5664 76 114%
2 - F32T8 2 32 62 75 2850 0.91 0.88 4565 74 92%
2 32 62 85 3050 0.93 0.88 4992 81 100%
2 32 62 86 3200 0.95 0.88 5350 86 108%
Partial 2 32 54 75 2850 0.91 0.75 3890 72 78%
Output 2 32 54 85 3050 0.93 0.75 4255 79 85%
2 32 54 86 3200 0.95 0.75 4560 84 92%
Extended 2 32 86 75 2850 0.91 1.28 6639 77 133%
Output 2 32 86 85 3050 0.93 1.28 7261 84 146%
2 32 86 86 3200 0.95 1.28 7782 90 157%
Electronic Instant.Start
2 - F32T8 2 32 58 75 2850 0.91 0.88 4565 79 92%
2 32 58 85 3050 0.93 0.88 4992 86 100%
2 32 58 86 3200 0.95 0.88 5350 92 108%
Extended 2 32 76 75 2850 0.91 1.15 5965 78 120%
Output 2 32 76 85 3050 0.93 1.15 6524 86 131%
2 32 76 86 3200 0.95 1.15 6992 92 141%
NOTES: Lamp lumen performance varies among manufacturers.
Maintained performance Includes effect of lamp lumen depreciation (@ 40% lamp life).
System wattages and lumens shown are based on ANSI test conditions; use correction factors at end of this section.
Sources: CEC/EPRIIDOE (1993) and manufacturer data
. Lamps no longar manufactured per Energy Polley Act of 1992.
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TYPICAL PERFORMANCE VALUES FOR 3-LAMP 4-FOOT SYSTEMS
Ballast Types Lamps System Initial Lamp Maintained Maintained Maintained I
per Lamp Input Lamp Lamp Lumen Ballast System System Relative
Lamp Types Ballast Watts Watts CRI Lumens Deprec. Factor Lumens Efficacy Lumens
Old Standard Magnetic
3 - F40T12 1.5 40 148 62* 3050 0.87 0.94 7483 51 100%
1.5 40 148 73 3200 0.90 0.94 8122 55 109%
1.5 40 148 85 3300 0.90 0.94 8375 57 112%
3 - 1-40112/1:5 1.5 34 134 62 2650 0.87 0.87 6017 45 80%
1.5 34 134 73 2800 0.90 0.87 6577 49 88%
1.5 34 134 85 2900 0.90 0.87 6812 51 91%
3 - F40T10 1.5 40 156 82 3700 0.89 0.92 9089 58 121%
Standard EE Magnetic
3 - F40T12 1.5 40 134 62* 3050 0.87 0.94 7483 56 100%
1.5 40 134 73 3200 0.90 0.94 8122 61 109%
1.5 40 134 85 3300 0.90 0.94 8375 63 112%
3 - F40T12/ES 1.5 34 112 62 2650 0.87 0.87 6017 54 80%
1.5 34 112 73 2800 0.90 0.87 6577 59 88%
1.5 34 112 85 2900 0.90 0.87 6812 61 91%
3 - F40T10 1.5 40 142 82 3700 0.89 0.92 9089 64 121%
3 - F32T8 1.5 32 106 75 2850 0.91 0.94 7314 69 98%
1.5 32 106 85 3050 0.93 0.94 7999 75 107%
Magnetic Heater Cutout
3 - F40T12 2/T 40 120 62* 3050 0.87 0.95 7562 63 101%
2/T 40 120 73 3200 0.90 0.95 8208 68 110%
2/T 40 120 85 3300 0.90 0.95 8465 71 113%
Partial 2/T 40 104 62* 3050 0.87 0.83 6607 64 88%
Output 2/T 40 104 73 3200 0.90 0.83 7171 69 96%
Ballast 2/T 40 104 85 3300 0.90 0.83 7395 71 99%
3 - F40T12/ES 3 34 90 62 2650 0.87 0.83 5741 64 77%
3 34 90 73 2800 0.90 0.83 6275 70 84%
~~~t) 3 34 90 85 2900 0.90 0.83 6499 72 87%
2/T 4Q 126 82 370~2 908~ 72 1210/;::
3 - F32T8 2/T 32 92 75 2850 0.91 0.86 6691 73 89%
2/T 32 92 85 3050 0.93 0.86 7318 80 98%
Electronic Rapid Start
3 - F40T12 3 40 107 62* 3050 0.87 0.88 7005 65 94%
3 40 107 73 3200 0.90 0.88 7603 71 102%
3 40 107 85 3300 090 088 7841 73 105%
3 - F40T12/ES 3 34 92 62 2650 0.87 0.88 6087 66 81%
3 34 92 73 2800 0.90 0.88 6653 72 89%
3 34 92 85 2900 090 0.88 6890 75 92%
3 - F40T10 3 40 116 82 3700 0.89 0.92 9089 78 121%
3 - F32T8 3 32 90 75 2850 0.91 0.88 6847 76 92%
3 32 90 85 3050 0.93 0.88 7488 83 100%
3 32 90 86 3200 0.95 0.88' 8026 89 108%
Partial 3 32 80 75 2850 0.91 0.75 5835 73 78%
Output 3 32 80 85 3050 0.93 0.75 6382 80 85%
3 32 80 86 3200 0.95 0.75 6840 86 92%
Electronic Instant-Start
3 32 86 75 2850 0.91 0.88 6847 80 91%
3 32 86 85 3050 0.93 0.88 7488 87 100%
3 32 86 86 3200 0.95 0.88 8026 93 107%
Partial 3 32 75 75 2850 0.91 0.77 5991 80 80%
Output 3 32 75 85 3050 0.93 0.77 6552 87 88%
3 32 75 86 3200 0.95 0.77 7022 94 94%
NOTES: Lamp lumen performance varies among manufacturers.
Maintained' performance Includes effect of lamp lumen depreciation (@ 40% lamp life).
Ballast factors for electronic ballasts can vary In range of 0.41-1.30 among manufacturers.
System wattages shown are based on ANSI test conditions.
Sources: CEC/EPRIIDOE (1993) and manufacturer data
, Lamps no longer manufactured per Energy Policy Act of 1992.
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TYPICAL PERFORMANCE VALUES FOR 4-LAMP 4-FOOT SYSTEMS
Ballast Types Lamps System Initial Lamp Maintained Maintained Maintained I
per Lamp Input Lamp Lamp Lumen Ballast System System Relative
Lamp Types Ballast Watts Watts CRI Lumens Depree. Factor Lumens Efficacy Lumens
Old Standard Magnetic
4 - F40T12 2 40 192 62* 3050 0.87 0.94 9977 52 100 %
2 40 192 73 3200 0.90 0.94 10829 56 109%
2 40 192 85 3300 0.90 0.94 11167 58 112%
4 - F40T12/ES 2 34 164 62 2650 0.87 0.87 8023 49 80%
2 34 164 73 2800 0.90 0.87 8770 53 88%
2 34 164 85 2900 0.90 0.87 9083 55 91 %
Standard EE Magnetic
4 - F40T12 2 40 176 62* 3050 0.87 0.94 9977 57 100%
2 40 176 73 3200 0.90 0.94 10829 62 109%
2 40 176 85 3300 0.90 0.94 11167 63 112%
4 - F40T12/ES 2 34 144 62 2650 0.87 0.87 8023 56 80%
2 . 34 144 73 2800 0.90 0.87 8770 61 88%
? 34 144 85 ?900 090 087 9083 63 91%
4 - F32T8 2 32 140 75 2850 0.91 0.94 9752 70 98%
2 32 140 85 3050 0.93 0.94 10665 76 107%
Magnetic Heater Cutout
4 - F40T12 2 40 160 62* 3050 0.87 0.95 10083 63 101%
2 40 160 73 3200 0.90 0.95 10944 68 110%
? 40 160 85 3300 090 095 1.1786 71 113%
Partial 2 40 138 62* 3050 0.87 0.83 8810 64 88%
Output 2 40 138 73 3200 0.90 0.83 9562 69 96%
Ballast 2 40 138 85 3300 0.90 0.83 9860 71 99%
4 - F40T12/ES 2 34 132 62 2650 0.87 0.88 8115 61 81%
2 34 132 73 2800 0.90 0.88 8870 67 89%
2 34 132 85 2900 0.90 0.88 9187 70 92%
Partial 2 34 116 62 2650 0.87 081 7470 64 75%
Output 2 34 116 73 2800 0.90 0.81 8165 70 .82%
Ballast 2 34 116 85 2900 0.90 0.81 8456 73 85%
4 - F32T8 2 32 122 75 2850 0.91 0.86 8922 73 89%
2 32 122 85 3050 0.93 0.86 9758 80 98%
Electronic Rapid Start
4 - F40T12 4 40 141 62* 3050 0.87 0.87 9234 65 93%
4 40 141 73 3200 0.90 0.87 10022 71 100 %
4 40 141 85 3300 0.90 0.87 10336 73 104%
4 - F40T12/ES 4 34 117 62 2650 0.87 0.83 7654 65 77%
4 34 117 73 2800 0.90 0.83 8366 72 84 %
4 34 117 85 2900 090 083 8665 74 87%
4 - F32T8 4 32 116 75 2850 0.91 0.87 9025 78 90%
4 32 116 85 3050 0.93 0.87 9871 85 99%
4 32 116 86 3200 0.95 0.87 10579 91 106%
Partial 4 32 101 75 2850 0.91 0.75 7781 77 78%
Output 4 32 101 85 3050 0.93 0.75 8510 84 85%
4 32 101 86 3200 0.95 0.75 9120 90 92%
Electronic Instant-Start
4 - F32T8 4 32 111 75 2850 0.91 0.85 8818 79 88%
4 32 111 85 3050 0.93 0.85 9644 87 97%
4 32 111 86 3200 0.95 0.85 10336 93 104%
Partial 4 32 101 75 2850 0.91 0.79 8195 81 82%
Output 4 32 101 85 3050 0.93 0.79 8963 89 90%
4 32 101 86 3200 0.95 0.79 9606 95 96%
NOTES: Lamp lumen performance varies among manufacturers.
"Maintained' performance includes effect of lamp lumen depreciation (@ 40% lamp life).
Ballast factors for electronic ballasts can vary In range of 0.41-1.30 among manufacturers.
System wattages shown are based on ANSI test conditions.
Sources: CEC/EPRIIDOE (1993) and manufacturer data
, Lamps no longer manufactured per Energy Polley Act of 1992.
Lighting Upgrade Technologies. Lighting Upgrade Manual. EPA's Green Lightsti> Program. September 1998
34
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TYPICAL PERFORMANCE VALUES FOR 2-LAMP 8-FOOT SYSTEMS
Ballast Types Lamps System Initial Lamp Maintained Maintained Maintained
per Lamp Input Lamp Lamp Lumen Ballast System System Relative
Lamp Types Ballast Watts Watts CRI Lumens Depree. Factor Lumens Efficacy Lumens
Old Standard Maanetic
2 - F96T12 2 75 173 62' 6100 0.88 0.94 10092 58 100%
2 75 173 73 6425 0.94 0.94 11354 66 113%
? 75 173 85 6600 0.94 0.94 11664 67 116%
2 - F96T12/ES 2 60 138 62 5500 0.88 0.87 8422 61 83%
2 60 138 73 5750 0.94 0.87 9405 68 93%
2 60 138 85 5900 0.94 0.87 9650 70 96%
2 - F96T12/HO 2 110 257 62' 8900 0.87 0.94 14557 57 144%
2 110 257 73 9200 0.90 0.94 15566 61 154%
2 110 257 85 9400 0.90 0.94 15905 62 158%
2 - F96T12/HO/ES 2 95 227 62 8000 0.87 0.87 12110 53 120%
2 95 227 73 8350 0.90 0.87 13076 58 130%
2 95 227 85 8600 0.90 0.87 13468 59 133%
2 - F96T121VHO 2 215 450 62 13500 0.75 0.94 19035 42 189%
2 - F96T12IVHO/ES 2 185 390 62 12500 0.75 0.87 16313 42 162%
Standard EE Maanetic
2 - F96T12 2 75 158 62' 6100 0.88 0.95 10199 65 100%
2 75 158 73 6425 0.94 0.95 11475 73 114%
2 75 158 85 6600 094 095 11788 75 117%
2 - F96T12/ES 2 60 128 62 5500 0.88 0.90 8712 68 86%
2 60 128 73 5750 0.94 0.90 9729 76 96%
2 60 128 85 5900 0.94 0.90 9983 78 99%
2 - F96T12/HO 2 110 237 62' 8900 0.87 0.95 14712 62 146%
2 110 237 73 9200 0.90 0.95 15732 66 156%
2 110 237 85 9400 0.90 0.95 16074 68 159%
2. F96T12/HO/ES 2 95 197 62 8000 0.87 0.88 12250 62 121%
2 95 197 73 8350 0.90 0.88 13226 67 131%
2 95 197 85 8600 0.90 0.88 13622 69 135%
2 - F96T121VHO 2 215 440 62 13500 0.75 0.95 19238 44 191%
2 - F96T12IVHO/ES 2 185 380 62 12500 0.75 0.88 16500 43 163%
Maanetic Heater Cutout
2 - F96T12/HO 2 110 210 62' 8900 0.87 0.89 13783 66 137%
2 110 210 73 9200 0.90 0.89 14738 70 146%
2 110 210 85 9400 0.90 0.89 15059 72 149%
2 - F96T12/HO/ES 2 95 177 62 8000 0.87 0.86 11971 68 119%
2 95 177 73 8350 0.90 0.86 12926 73 128%
2 95 177 85 8600 0.90 0.86 13313 75 132%
Electronic
2 - F96T12 2 75 136 62' 6100 0.88 0.89 9555 70 100%
2 75 136 73 6425 0.94 0.89 10750 79 107%
? 75 136 85 6600 094 089 11043 81 109%
2 - F96T12/ES 2 60 110 62 5500 0.88 0.88 8518 77 84%
2 60 110 73 5750 0.94 0.88 9513 86 94%
2 60 110 85 5900 094 0.88 9761 89 97%
2 - F96T12/HO 2 110 209 62' 8900 0.87 0.90 13937 67 138%
2 110 209 73 9200 0.90 0.90 14904 71 148%
2 110 209 85 9400 0.90 0.90 15228 73 151%
2 - F96T12/HO/ES 2 95 174 62 8000 0.87 0.88 12250 70 121%
2 95 174 73 8350 0.90 0.88 13226 76 131%
2 95 174 85 8600 0.90 0.88 13622 78 135%
2 - F96T8 2 59 106 75 5800 0.91 0.85 8973 85 89%
2 59 106 84 5950 0 91 085 9205 87 91%
Partial 2 59 99 75 5800 0.91 0.78 8234 83 82%
OlJtnllt ? 59 99 84 5950 091 078 8447 85 84%
2 - F96T8/HO 2 86 160 85 8200 0.90 0.88 12989 81 129%
2 86 186 85 8200 0.90 1.00 14760 79 146%
NOTES: Lamp lumen peformance varies among manufacturers.
Maintained performance Includes effect 01 lamp lumen depreciation (@ 40% rated IIle).
System wattages and lumens shown are based on ANSI test conditions; use correction factors at end of this section.
Sources: CEC/EPRI/DOE (1993) and manufacturer data . Lamps no longer manufactured per Energy Polley Act of 1 992.
Lighting Upgrade Technologies. Lighting Upgrade Manual. EPA's Green Lights@ Program. September 1998
35
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TYPICAL PERFORMANCE VALUES FOR 2-FOOT SYSTEMS
22.5" T5 Compact Fluorescents
24" T8 Straight Fluorescent Lamps
FB40T12 and FB31T8 U-Iamps perform essentially the same as F40T12 and F32T8 straight lamps, respectively.
Refer to the 4-foot table (2-lamp and 3-lamp) for representative values for FB40T12 and FB31T8 lamps.
Ballast Types
Lamp Types
Lamps
per Lamp
Ballast Watts
System
Input
Watts
Lamp
CRI
Initial Lamp
Lamp Lumen Ballast
Lumens Deprec. * Factor
Maintained Maintained
System System
Lumens Efficacy
Old Standard Maanetic
2 - F20T12 (preheat) 2 20 50 62 1200 0.87 0.94 1963 39
Standard EE Maanetic
2 - F20T12 fDreheaD 2 20 46 62 1200 087 094 1963 43
2 - F17T8 2 17 43 75 1325 0.91 0.93 2243 52
2 17 43 85 1400 0.93 0.93 2422 56
2 - FT40T5 2 40 91 82 3150 0.90 0.93 5273 58
Electronic RaDid Start
2 - F17T8 2 17 37 75 1325 0.91 0.92 2219 60
2 17 37 85 1400 0.93 0.92 2396 65
Partial 2 17 27 75 1325 0.91 0.75 1809 67
OutPlit 2 17 27 85 1400 0 93 0.75 1953 72
3 - F17T8 3 17 52 75 1325 0.91 0.92 3328 64
3 17 52 85 1400 0.93 0.92 3594 69
4 - F17T8 4 17 70 75 1325 0.91 0.92 4437 63
4 17 70 85 1400 0 93 0.92 4791 68
2 - FT40T5 2 40 74 82 3150 0.90 0.87 4933 67
3 - FT40T5 3 40 106 82 3150 0.90 0.90 7655 72
Electronic Instant-Start
2 - F17T8 2 17 33 75 1325 0.91 0.90 2170 66
2 - F17T8 2 17 33 85 1400 0.93 0.90 2344 71
3 - F17T8 3 17 47 75 1325 0.91 0.92 3328 71
3 - F17T8 3 17 47 85 1400 0.93 0.92 3594 76
4 - F17T8 4 17 62 75 1325 0.91 0.90 4341 70
4 - F17T8 4 17 62 85 1400 093 0.90 4687 76
2 - FT40T5 2 40 71 82 3150 0.90 0.90 5103 72
3 - FT40T5 3 40 101 82 3150 0.90 0.88 7484 74
NOTES:
Different manufacturers of 22.5" lamps provide rated wattages of 38, 39, or 40 watts.
Maintained performance includes effect of lamp lumen depreciation.
System wattages and lumens shown are based on ANSI test conditions; use thermal correction factors
included at the end of this section.
Sources: CEC/EPRI/DOE (1993) and manufacturer data
*@ 40% life
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TYPICAL PERFORMANCE VALUES FOR COMPACT SOURCES
(non-directional sources)
Initial Maintained Maintained
Lamp Lamp System Lamp Lamp System System Rated
Types Watts Watts CRI Lumens Lumens Efficacy Life
Incandescents (Reference)
A19 25 25 100 215 215 9 1000
A19 40 40 100 495 495 12 1000
A19 60 60 100 860 860 14 1000
A19 75 75 100 1180 1180 16 750
A19 100 100 100 1720 1720 17 750
A23 200 200 100 4010 4010 20 750
T819 (halogen) 50 50 100 830 830 17 2000
T819 (halogen) 90 90 100 1680 1680 19 2000
T819 (halogen/film) 60 60 100 1400 1400 23 2000
Intearsl Units I Electronic
Enclosed / Non Vent 16 82 800 650 41 10000
Enclosed / Vented 18 82 1100 950 53 10000
Open Quad Tube 15 82 900 765 51 10000
Open Quad Tube 20 82 1200 1020 51 10000
Open Quad Tube 26 82 1500 1275 49 10000
Triple Twin/U- Tube 15 82 900 750 50 10000
Triple Twin/U- Tube 20 82 1200 1020 51 10000
Triple Twin/U- Tube 25 82 1520 1290 52 10000
Quadruple Twin- Tube 28 82 1750 1475 53 10000
T-4 Twin-Tube / Preheat Maanetic
5 9 82 225 216 24 10000
7 11 82 360 324 29 10000
9 13 82 540 432 33 10000
13 17 82 810 792 47 10000
T-4 Quad Tube / Preheat Maanetic
9 13 82 540 440 34 10000
13 17 82 774 756 44 10000
18 25 82 1125 1070 43 10000
26 31 82 1620 1540 50 10000
Circline / Electronic Adapter
6.1" diam. 13 84 950 800 62 12000
6.4" diam. 20 84 1450 1250 63 12000
8.2" diam. 22 84 1750 1475 67 12000
8.9" diam. 30 84 2400 2050 68 12000
2-D / Electronic Adapter
4.0" diam. 22 82 1300 1100 50 10000
4.3" diam. 39 82 2780 2375 61 10000
Spiral Intearal Units
9 85 400 340 38 10000
11 85 600 510 46 10000
15 85 900 765 51 10000
20 85 1200 1020 51 10000
23 85 1450 1232 54 10000
26 82 1560 1326 51 10000
NOTES:
Lamp lumen performance varies among manufacturers.
Maintained performance includes effect of lamp lumen depreciation (@40% rated life).
Sources: 1993 Advanced Lighting Guidelines; manufacturer data.
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TYPICAL PERFORMANCE VALUES FOR DIRECTIONAL LAMPS
Lamp System Avg.System CBCP Beam Rated
Types Watts Lumens Candelas Degrees Life
Incandescents
R30 45 485 N/A N/A 2000
R30 / Krypton 60 775 510 65 2000
R30 75 900 470 72 2000
ER30 50 replaces 100W in deep cans 2000
ER30 75 replaces 150W in deep cans 2000
ER40 120 replaces 250W in deep cans 2000
R40 75 890 N/A N/A 2000
R40 100 1190 N/A N/A. 2000
PAR38/ES/Spot 65 675 5900 14 2000
PAR38/ES/Flood 65 675 1750 30 2000
PAR38/Spot 75 765 4400 17 2000
PAR38/Flood 75 765 1750 33 2000
PAR38/ES/Spot 85 930 6800 15 2000
PAR38/ES/Flood 85 930 2000 37 2000
PAR38/ES/Spot 120 1370 9200 18 2000
PAR38/ES/Flood 120 1370 3600 30 2000
PAR38/Spot 150 1740 12000 16 2000
PAR38/Flood 150 1740 3100 36 2000
Compact Halogen
PAR30/Wide Flood 50 670 800 55 2000
PAR30/SpotIlR 50 1000 19500 7 3000
PAR30/F loodll R 50 1000 2400 33 3000
PAR30/Spot 75 1100 15000 11 2000
PAR30/Flood 75 1100 2500 36 2000
PAR30/Wide Flood 75 1100 2500 36 2000
PAR38/SpotIlR 60 1150 18500 10 3000
PAR38/Flood/IR 60 1150 3650 29 3000
PAR38/Spot 75 1070 18400 8 2500
PAR38/Flood 75 1070 4000 26 2500
PAR38/Spot 90 1270 18500 10 2000
PAR38/Flood 90 1270 4000 30 2000
PAR38/Wide Flood 90 1270 1500 55 2000
PAR38/SpotIlR 100 2000 30000 10 3000
PAR38/FloodIiR 100 2000 5500 33 3000
Compact Fluorescent
Integral/Reflector/Quad 15 540 315 70 10000
Integral/Reflector/Quad 17 720 N/A N/A 10000
Integral/Reflector/Quad 20 810 335 80 10000
Notes:
CBDP = center beam candlepower, the maximum luminous intensity (in candelas)
Beam angle = the angle in which the luminous intensity is at least 50% of the maximum value.
Sources: Manufacturer Literature
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TYPICAL PERFORMANCE VALUES FOR HID SYSTEMS
Initial Maintained Maintained
Lamp Lamp System Lamp Lamp System System Rated
Types Wa tts Watts CRI Lumens Lumens Efficacy Life
Mercury Vapor (MV)
2 1/8" Diameter (Coated) 50 67 50 1575 1250 19 16000
2 1/8" Diameter (Coated) 75 92 50 2800 2250 24 16000
3" Diameter 100 120 15 4200 3200 27 24000
3 1/2" Diameter 175 206 15 7900 7400 36 24000
3 112" Diameter 250 284 15 12100 10500 37 24000
4 5/8" Diameter 400 458 15 22500 17500 38 24000
7" Diameter 1000 1050 15 60000 45000 43 24000
2 1/8" Diameter 35 50 65 2500 1900 38 7500
Metal Halide (MH)
2 1/8" Diameter 35 50 65 2500 1900 38 7500
2 1/8" Diameter 50 67 65 3500 2550 38 5000
2 1/8" Diameter 70 90 65 5500 4000 44 7500
2 1/8" Diameter (ceramic tube) 70 90 83 6200 4960 55 7500
2 1/8" Diameter 100 127 65 9000 6390 50 15000
2 1/8" Diameter (ceramic tube) 100 127 83 9500 7600 60 10000
2 1/8" Diameter 150 195 65 13500 10200 52 15000
27/8" Diameter (1) 175 210 65 15000 12000 57 10000
3 1/2" Diameter (1) 250 293 65 23000 18000 61 10000
4 5/8" Diameter (1) 400 458 65 40000 32000 70 20000
7" Diameter (1) 1000 1080 65 115000 92000 85 12000
7" Diameter (1) 1500 1620 65 155000 140000 86 6000
MH Retrofit for MV Systems 325 383 65 28000 18200 48 20000
MH Retrofit for MV Systems 950 1030 65 100000 80000 78 12000
MH Retrofit for HPS Systems 250 300 65 18000 13500 45 10000
MH Retrofit for HPS Systems 400 465 65 40000 30000 65 20000
Energy-saver MH 150 185 65 13500 10200 55 10000
Energy-saver MH 225 268 65 19000 14300 53 10000
Energy-saver MH 360 418 65 35000 26300 63 10000
Super MH (2) 150 not avail. 65 15000 11300 nla 15000
Super MH (2) 200 not avail. 65 21000 15800 nla 15000
Super MH (2) 350 375 65 36000 27000 72 15000
150W Pulse-Start(UnoDlRDDdD/8I3>I) 150 170 65 15000 11300 66 15000
200W Pulse-Start(UnoDl RD""'" 813>1) 200 218 65 21000 15800 72 15000
350W Pulse-Start(UnoDl RD""'" 81:»1) 350 375 65 36000 27000 72 20000
Note: Linear Reactor ballasts may not be suitable for all pulse-start lamp applications. Check with manufacturer for proper ballast specifications.
High Pressure Sodium (HPS)
Standard HPS 35 45 22 2250 2025 45 24000
Standard HPS 50 65 22 4000 3600 55 24000
Standard HPS 70 95 22 6400 5450 57 24000
Standard HPS 100 130 22 9500 8550 66 24000
Standard HPS 150 195 22 16000 14400 74 24000
Standard HPS 250 300 22 28000 27000 90 24000
Standard HPS 400 465 22 51000 45000 97 24000
Standard HPS 1000 1100 22 140000 126000 115 24000
Energy-saver HPS 225 275 22 27500 24800 90 24000
Energy-saver HPS 360 425 22 45000 40500 95 24000
Deluxe HPS 70 95 60 4400 3960 42 15000
Deluxe HPS 100 130 60 7300 6570 51 15000
Deluxe HPS 150 195 60 12000 10800 55 15000
Deluxe HPS 250 300 65 23000 20700 69 15000
Deluxe HPS 400 465 65 37500 33750 73 15000
White HPS 35 45 70 1250 1000 22 10000
White HPS 50 65 70 2300 1725 27 10000
White HPS 100 130 70 4700 3520 27 10000
HPS Retrofit for MV Systems 150 195 25 15000 13500 69 24000
HPS Retrofit for MV Systems 215 265 25 20200 18600 70 24000
HPS Retrofit for MV Systems 360 425 25 45000 40500 95 24000
NOTES TO HID LAMP TABLE:
(1) High-output lamps designed for specific vertical or horizontal orientation and produce 10-25% more light than universal-orientation lamps.
(2) Requires external Igniter in ballast.
Many other variations of HID lamps exist that are not included in the table, including coated lamps, various outer jacket sizes, various color
temperatures, enclosed vs. open fixture rated, directional lamps, double-ended lamps, and instant restrike lamps.
Lighting Upgrade Technologies. Lighting Upgrade Manual. EPA's Green LightsG Program. September 1998
39
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NOTES TO HID TABLE (cont'd)
The lumen output and lamp life of some metal halide lamps are affected by burning position.
Consult lamp manufacturer catalogs for application-specific performance data. .
HID lamps are available with or without phosphor coatings. Unless otherwise noted, the data shown are for clear lamps.
Coatings on MV lamps provide CRI of 50, average.
Coatings on MH lamps provide CRI of 70, average.
Coatings on HPS lamps do not improve CRI, but reduce direct glare.
Coatings can reduce lamp output by up to 15%, particularly in lower-wattage lamps; consult manufacturer data.
Maintained performance includes effect of lamp lumen depreciation (@40% rated life).
Lamp life ratings are based on 10 hours per start.
Sources: 1993 Advanced Lighting Guidelines; manufacturer data.
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE VALUES FOR LOW PRESSURE SODIUM SYSTEMS
Initial Maintained Maintained
Lamp Lamp System Lamp Lamp System System Rated
Types Watts Watts CRI Lumens Lumens Efficacy Life
Low Pressure Sodium ILPS)
8-inch LPS 18 .36 0 1800 1800 50 14000
12-inch LPS 35 60 0 4800 4800 80 18000
17-inch LPS 55 80 0 8000 8000 100 18000
21-inch LPS 90 125 0 13500 13500 108 18000
30-inch LPS 135 178 0 22500 22500 126 18000
44-inch LPS 180 220 0 33000 33000 150 18000
NOTES: Maintained performance includes effect of lamp lumen depreciation (@40% rated lile).
Lamp life ratings are based on 10 hours per start.
Source: Manufacturer data
APPROXIMATE ANSI THERMAL CORRECTION FACTORS: WATTAGE
Source: CEC/DOE/EPRI
0.98
0.94
1.00
0.95
.9
0.95
0.92
.0.97
0.92
0.90
1.00
0.99
1.02
0.98
0.98
Note: Luminaires (except strip fixtures) are assumed to be recessed in grid ceiling.
Thermally corrected wattage = ANSI wattage x correction factor
APPROXIMATE ANSI THERMAL CORRECTION FACTORS: LUMENS
Source: CEC/DOE/EPRI
a nelc
34W/T12/Ma netic 0.95 1.09 1.00
40W/T 12/Electronic 0.97 1.09 1.00
34W/T 12/Electronic 0.97 1.07 1.00
T8/Magnetic 0.96 1.07 1.00
T8/Electronic 0.95 1.08 1.00
Note: Luminaires (except strip fixtures) are assumed to be recessed in grid ceiling.
Thermally corrected lumens = ANSI lumens x correction factor
Lighting Upgrade Technologies. Lighting Upgrade Manual. EPA's Green Lightsli> Program. September 1998
40
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NOTES:
Lighting Upgrade Technologies. Lighting Upgrade Manual. EPA's Green LightsG Program. September 1998
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NOTES:
Lighting Upgrade Technologies. Lighting Upgrade Manual. EPA's Green Lights~ Program. September 1998
42
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NOTES:
Lighting Upgrade Technologies .'Lighting Upgrade Manual. EPA's Green Lights4» Program. September 1998
43
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GREEN LIGHTS@
A Bright Investmentln the EnvIIOnment
Green Lights, one of several ENERGY STAR programs, is
sponsored by the US Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) and encourages major US corporations and
other organizations to install energy-efficient lighting
technologies.
Organizations that make the commitment to Green
Lights will profit by lowering their electricity bills,
improving lighting quality, and increasing worker
productivity. They will also reduce the air pollution
caused by electricity generation.
For more information, contact the Green Lights
program office.
Green Lights Program
US EPA
401 M Street, SW (6202J)
Washington, DC 20460
ENERGY STAR Hotline
1r
Fax:
1-888-STAR-YES (1-888-782-7937)
(202) 775-6680
Green Lights Homepage
www.epa.gov/greenlights/
ENERGY STAR Homepage
www.epa.gov/energystar/
~{( Green
~ Lights
an ENBRGY STAR program
Lighting Upgrade Technologies is one of a series of
documents known collectively as the Lighting Upgrade
Manual. Other documents in the Manual are Listed
below.
LIGHTING UPGRADE MANUAL
Planning
.
.
Green Lights Program
Implementation Planning Guidebook
Financial Considerations
Lighting Waste Disposal
Progress Reporting
Communicating Green Lights Success
.
.
.
.
Technical
Lighting Fundamentals
Lighting Upgrade Technologies
Lighting Maintenance
Lighting Evaluations
The Lighting Survey
Appendices
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Upgrading Tenant Spaces
Green Lights for Federal Participants
Requesting Proposals
(... To order other documents or
appendices in this series, contact
the ENERGY STAR Hotline at 1-888-
STAR-YES. Look in the ENERGY
STAR Update newsletter for
announcements of new
publications.
Lighting Upgrade Technologies. Lighting Upgrade Manual. EPA's Green Lights@ Program. September 1998
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