PB85-245306
Part 1 of 2
Industrial Process Profiles for
Environmental Use. Chapter lOb
Plastics Additives
Radian Corp., McLean, VA
Prepared for
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati,
Jul 85
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
National Technical Information Service
NTIS
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PB85-2U530t>
EPA/600/2-857087
July 1985
INDUSTRIAL PROCESS PROFILES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL USE
Chapter lOb, Plastics Additives
by
Radian Corporation
McLean, Virginia 22102
EPA Contract No. 68-02-3171
Project Officer
Mark J. Stutsman
Industrial Wastes and Toxics Technology Division
Water Engineering Research Laboratory
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
WATER ENGINEERING RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(1'fau rmd Inlt",ctions on tht rtlltnt btfon compltrinIJ
1. "E~ORT NO. 12. ~. REpB8E5T~ 2C4E5~(tg' I AS
EPA/600/2~85/08]
... TITLE AND SUBTITLE IS. REPORT DATE
Industrial Process Profiles for Environmental Use July 1985
Chapter lOb: Plastics Additives 8. ~ERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
.
7. AUTHORISI B. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
Radian Corporatton
It. ~ERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME ANO ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
Radian Corporation
7655 Old Springhouse Road 11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
McLean, VA 22102 68-02-3994
68-02-3171
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND AODRESS 13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Water Engineering Research Laboratory Final Report (7/81 - 4/85)
Office o~ Research and Development 1... SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
U:S. . Env1:onmenta1 Protection Agency EPA!600/14
Clnclnnatl. Ohio 45268
1 IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Contact Clyde R. Dempsey, (513)684-7502
16. ABSTRACT
This research presents an analysis of the chemicals used as additives in the
production and processing of plastics, their environmental release, and occupational.
exposure. It describes in detail each chemical additive used in the plastics industry.
The plastics additives are presented as major functional groups of chemicals
and are further subdivided into chemically, functionally, or physically similar
chemicals. An overview of each major functional group includes the properties and
application of the subclasses, their environmental impact and occupational exposure.
A notation is made for specific chemicals on the Appendix VIII, Michigan Hazardous
Waste List and/or the priority pollutant list. Common worker exposure practices for
each functional group of additives are also prepared.
The overview references a series of three appendices which detail the physical
and chemical properties and polymer application of each chemical within the functional
groups, the industrial, commercial, and consumer uses and consumption volumes for each
chemical, data on toxicological and worker exposure concerns for each chemical.
The IPPEU Chapter 10, lOa and lOb series is an update and expansion.of
material published in the 1977 report, IPPEU Chapter 10, the Plastics and Resins
Industrv. EPA-600/2-77-023t
7. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS -
DESCRIPTORS b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group
\
..
1B. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT 18. SECURITY CLASS (77W Rtpo,rl 21. NO. OF PAGES
Unclassified 899
Release to Public 20. SECURITY CLASS (Tllil PflPI 22. PRICE
- Unclassified
!P. ,- 2220-1 (Rn. .-77)
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DISCLAIMER
The information in this document has been funded wholly or in part by
the United States Environmental Protection Agency under Contract No.
68-02-3171 to Radian Corporation. It has been subject to the Agency's peer
and administrative review, and it has been approved for publication as an
EPA document. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not con-
stitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
ii
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FOREWORD
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is charged by Congress with
protecting the Nation's. land, air, and water systems. Under a mandate of
, national environmental laws, the Agency strives to formulate and implement
actions leading to a compatible balance between human activities and the
ability of natural systems to support and nurture life. The Clean Water
Act, the Safe Drinking Water Act, and the Toxic Substances Control Act are
three of the major congressional laws that provide the framework for restor-
ing and maintaining the integrity of our Nation's water, for preserving and
enhancing the water we drink, and for protecting the environment from toxic
substances. These laws direct the EPA to perform research to define our
environmental problems, measure the impacts, and search for solutions.
The Water Engineering Research Laboratory is that component of EPA's
Research and Development program concerned with preventing, treating, and
managing municipal and industrial wastewater discharges; establishing prac-
tices to control and remove contaminants from drinking water and to prevent
its deterioration during storage and distribution; and assessing the nature
and controllability of releases of toxic substances to the air, water, and
land from manufacturing processes and subsequent product uses. This publi-
cation is one of the products of that research and provides a vital communi-
cation link between the researcher and the user community.
This report will be used in EPA's review of premanufacturing notices as
a reference on additives used in the manufacture of resins and plastic
products.
Francis T. Mayo, Director
Water Engineering Research Laboratory
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ABSTRACT
This report analyzes the chemicals used ~s additives in the production
and processing of plastics " environmental releases of these chemicals, and
possible occupational exposures to them. The report describes in detail each
chemical additive used in the plast~cs industry.
The plastics additives are presented as major functional groups of chem-
icals and are further subdivided into chemically, functionally, or physically
similar chemicals. An overview of each major functional group includes the
properties and application of the subclasses, their environmental impacts,
and possible occupational exposures. A notation is made for specific
chemicals on the Appendix VIII, Michigan Hazardous Waste List and/or the
priority pollutant list. Common worker exposure practices for each functional
group of additives are also presented.
The overview refers to a series of three appendices that detail (1) the
physical and chemical properties and polymer application of each chemical
within the functional groups, (2) the industrial, commercial, and consumer
uses and consumption volumes for each chemical, and (3) data on toxicological
and worker exposure concerns for each chemical.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Contract No. 68-02-3171 by
Radian Corporation under the sponsorship of the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. This report covers a period from August 1, 1982, to April 1, 1984,
and work was completed as of April 1, 1984. .
iv
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CONTENTS
Di Be laimer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .
Foreword. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .' . .
Abstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Sec tion 8
Section 9
Section 10
Section 11
Section 12
Section 13
Section 14
Section 15
Section 16
Section 17
References.
Appendices
Industry Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
An t ioxidan t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Antistatic Agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Blowing Agents and Other Additives for Foamed Plastics. .
Catalysts for Thermoplastic Polymerization. . . . . . . .
Colorants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Coupling Agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Curing Agents and Catalysts for Thermosetting Resins. . .
Fillers and Reinforcers for Plastics. . . . . . . . . . .
Flame Retardants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Free Radical Initiators and Related Compounds. . . .
Heat Stabilizers. . . .' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lubricants and Other Processing Aids. . . . .
Plasticizers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Preservatives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Solution Modifiers and Other Polymerization Aids
for Plastics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ultraviolet Stabilizers. . . . . . . . . . . .
...............................
Physical and Chemical Characteristics With Polymer Application
for Plastics Additives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Consumption and Other Uses for Plastics Additives. . . . . . . . .
Toxicological and Worker Exposure Concerns for Plastics
Add! ti ves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.
B.
C.
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-_......._.~ . ".h -, .
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11
11i
iv
vi
1
18
24
30
39
46
57
62
69
79
88
95
102
110
120
124
131
137
155
451
671
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N -.. --:....- ._. -.-
Number
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
<:.. .;u,+:".... .:.:...;:.L
~~-
TABLES
1
2
3
4
5
Summary of Additive Functional Groups. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Consumption and Sales of Additives. . . . . . . . . . . .
Polymer and Additive Matrix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Major Plastics Additive Marketers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Classification of Plastics Additives as Priority
Pollutants and Hazardous Wastes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Worker Exposure Hazard Posed by Major Chemical Groups
of Acld1t1ves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
Antioxidants Used in Plastics. . . . . . . . . . .
1980 Distribution of Antioxidants. . . . . . . . . . . .
Antistatic Agents Used in Plastics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Blowing Agents and Other Additives Used in Foamed Plastics. . .
1980 Distribution of Blowing Agents. . . . . . . . . . .
Chemical Blowing Agents and Their Decomposition Products.
Classification of Blowing Agents and Other Additivies for
Foamed Plastics as Priority Pollutants and Hazardous
Wastes. . . . ~ . . . . . . .' . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . .
Catalyst Use in Polymerization of Thermoplastics. . . . . . . .
Classification of Catalysts as Priority Pollutants and
Hazardous Wastes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Colorants for Plastics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1982 Distribution of Colorants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1982 Distribution of Color Blends. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Classification of Colorants as Priority Pollutants and
Hazardous Wastes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Coupling Agents for Plastics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1979 'Distribution of Coupling Agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Curing Agents and Catalysts Used for Thermosetting Resins. . .
1982 Distribution for Urethane Catalysts. . . . . . . . .
Classification of Catalysts and Curing Agents for Thermoset
Resins as Priority Pollutants and Hazardous Wastes. . . . . . .
Fillers and Reinforcers Used in Plastics. . . . . . . . . . . .
1982 Distribution of Fillers and Reinforcers. . . . . . .
Filler Functions in Plastics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Forms of Fibrous Glass and Their Application. . . . . . .
Classification of Fillers as Priority Pollutants and
Hazardous Wastes- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Flame Retardants for Plastics. . . .
1982 Distribution of Flame Retardants
Classification of Flame Retardants as
and Hazardous Wastes. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . .
in Plastics. . . . .,. .
Priority Pollutants
. . . . . . . . . .
vi
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Page
3
6
7
9
13 '
16
20
19
26
31
32
35
37
41
44
48
49
47
55
58
57
64
63
67
70
72
73
76
78
81
82
86
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Number
33
34
35
36
37
3e
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
A-1'
A-2
A-3
A-4
A-5
A-6
A-7
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TABLES (continued)
Free Radical Initiators, Activators, and Inhibitors
Used in Plastics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1982 Distribution of Organic Free Radical Initiators. . . . . .
Classification of Promoters and Inhibitors as Priority
Pollqtants and Hazardous Wastes. . . . . . . . . .' . . . . . .
. Heat Stabilizers Used in Plastics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1982 Distribution of Heat Stabilizers. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Classification of Heat Stabilizers as Priority Pollutants
and Hazardous Wastes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lubricants Used in Plastics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
External Lubricants and Their Function.s . . . . . . . . .
1982 Distribution of Lubricants. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Classification of Lubricants as Priority Pollutants and
Hazardous Wastes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Plasticizer Classes Used in Polymers. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1982 Distribution of Plasticizers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Effect of Alcohol Substitution on Phthalate Plasticizers
in PVC. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . .
. . . . .
Classification of Plasticizers as Priority Pollutants
and Hazardous Wastes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Classification of Preservatives as Priority Pollutants
and Hazardous Wastes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Solution Modifiers and Other Polymerization Aids for
.....
. . . . .
Plastics. . . . . . . .' . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . .
Classification of Solution Modifiers and Other Polymeriza-
tion Aids as Priority Pollutants and Hazardous Wastes. . . . .
Ultraviolet Stabilizers Used in Plastics. . . . . . . . . . . .
1980 Distribution of Ultraviolet Stabilizers. . . . . . . . . .
Classification of Ultraviolet Stabilizers as Priority
Pollutants and Hazardous Wastes. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Antioxidants Physical and Chemical Characteristics
With Polymer Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Antistatic Agents Physical and Chemical Characteristics
With Polymer Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Blowing Agents and Other Additives for Foamed Plastics
Physical and Chemical Characteristics With Polymer
Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Catalysts for Thermoplastics Polymerization Physical and
Chemical Characteristics With Polymer Application. . . . . . .
Colorants Physical and Chemical Characteristics With
Polymer Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Coupling Agents Physical and Chemical Characteristics
With Polymer Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Curing Agents and Catalysts for Thermosetting Resins
Physical and Chemical Characteristics With Polymer
Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
vii
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Page
90
89
93
97
96
100
103
105
104
108
111
112
114
118
122
125
130
132
133
136
155
167
178
187
197
237
246
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Number
A-8
A-9
A-10 .
A-ll
A-12
A-13
A-14
A-IS
A-16
B-1
B-2
B-3
B-4
B-5
B-6
B-7
B-8
B-9
B-10
B-ll
B-12
B-13
B-14
B-15
B-16
C-1
C-2
C-3
C-4
-.
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TABLES (continued)
Fillers and Reinforcers for Plastics Physical and Chemical
Characteristics With Polymer Application. . . . . . . . .
Flame Retardants Physical and Chemical Characteristics
With Polymer Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Free Radical Initiators and Related Compounds Physical and
Chemical Characteristics With Polymer Application. . . . . . .
Heat Stabilizers Physical and Chemical Characteristics
With Polymer Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lubricants and Other Processing Aids Physical and Chemical
Characteristics With Polymer Application. . . . . . . . . . . .
Plasticizers Physical and Chemical Characteristics With
Po lymer Application. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Preservatives Physical and Chemical Characteristics With
Polymer Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Solution Modifiers Physical and Chemical Characteristics
With Polymer Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ultraviolet Stabilizers Physical and Chemical
Characteristics With Polymer Application. . . . . . . . .
Antioxidants Consumption and Other Uses. . . . . . . . . . . .
Antistatic Agents Consumption and Other Uses. . . . . . . . . .
Blowing Agents and Other Additives for Foamed Plastics
Consumption and Other Uses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Catalysts for Thermoplastics Polymerization Consumption
and Other Uses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Colorants Consumption and Other Uses. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Coupling Agents Consumption and Other Uses. . . . . . . . . . .
Curin~ Agents and Catalysts for Thermosetting Resins
Consumption and Other Uses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fillers and Reinforcers for Plastics Consumption and
Other Uses. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . .
. . . .
Flame Retardants Consumption and Other Uses. . . . . . . . . .
Free Radical Initiators and Related Compounds Consumption
and Other Uses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Heat Stabilizers Consumption and Other Uses. . . . . . . . . .
Lubricants and Other Processing Aids Consumption and
Other Uses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Plasticizers Consumption and Other Uses. . . . . . . . . . . .
Preservatives Consumption and Other Uses. . . . . . . . .
Solution Modifiers Consumption and Other Uses. . . . . .
Ultraviolet Stabilizers Consumption and Other Uses. . . . . . .
Antioxidants Toxicological and Worker Exposure Concerns. . . .
Antistatic Agents Toxicological and Worker Exposure Concerns. .
Blowing Agents and Other Additives for Foamed Plastics
Toxicological and Worker Exposure Concerns. . . . . . . .
Catalysts for Thermoplastics Polymerization Toxicological
and Worker Exposure Concerns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
viii
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Page
260
272
283
294
347
382
425
427
444
451
459
464
476
489
517
525
543
558
568
581
592
603
638
640
664
671
680
684
698
-------
Number
C-5
C-6
C-7
C-8
C-9
C-10
C-ll
C-12
C-13
C-14
C-15
C-16
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-~ - .. .
TABLES (continued)
Colorants Toxicological and Worker Exposure Concerns. . . . . .
Coupling Agents Toxicological and Worker Exposure Concerns. . .
Curing Agents and Catalysts for Thermosetting Resins
Toxicological and Worker Exposure Concerns. . . . . . . . . . .
Fillers and Reinforcers for Plastics Toxicological and
Worker Exposure Concerns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Flame Retardants Toxicological and Worker Exposure Concerns. .
Free Radical Initiators and Related Compounds Toxicological
and Worker Exposure Concerns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
,Heat Stabilizers Toxicological and Worker Exposure Concerns. .
Lubricants and Other Processing Aids Toxicological and
Worker Exposure Concerns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Plasticizers Toxicological and Worker Exposure Concerns.
Preservatives Toxicological and Worker Exposure Concerns.
Solution Modifiers Toxicological and Worker Exposure
Concerns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ultraviolet Stabilizers Toxicological and Worker Exposure
Concerns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ix
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710
736
745
760
774
783
796
809
819
8S3
8SS
881
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. ."., "4
SECTION 1
INDUSTRY DESCRIPTION
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INTRODUCTION
- .
--
~-.
Since World War II, the development and growth of the use of plastics has
been phenomenal. The technology for the manufacture of polymers and plastic
products has expanded into the most important of the chemical-based indus-
tries, producing new products for new uses at a remarkably high rate. Plastic
additives have played a critical and complex role in this growth.
The purpose of this report is to put additives used in the manufacture of
plastic products in perspective for environmental and health impact analysis.
The report has been incorporated in the Industrial Process Profiles for
Environmental Use (IPPEU) series, but is different from other reports in the
series in that it focuses on the use of chemicals rather than on the evalua-
tion of manufacturing processes and the impact of process operations on health
and the environment. More specifically, the emphasis here is on identifica-
tion of the additives used and discussion of their functions, properties, and
applications.
Consideration is given to the potential for environmental impact or harm-
ful human exposure associated with the use of various additives. However,
because of the large number of compounds involved (more than 2,000 specific
chemicals in the 16 categories identified below), the discussion is, by
necessity, somewhat general. The main objective is to provide a sound basis
for more detailed analyses of individual compounds that may prove to be of
interest. Although the objective was to be as specific and quantitative as
possible, the proprietary nature of the industry at times presented some
difficulty in that certain additives were designated only by trade names.
Even so, it was possible in most cases at least to characterize the product by
a generic chemical classification.
For the purposes of this report, plastics additives are defined as
chemicals used to polymerize, process, or modify the properties of a plastic.
As such, they include all chemicals used in plastics except monomers,
polymers, copolymers, and physical mixtures of two polymeric components.
Many additives provide more than one function in polymers. They may act
as both heat stabilizers and plasticizers, both as colorants and UV stabil-
izers, or as flame retardants and fillers. Clearly, the division between
functional groups of additives is not clearcut. The division between polymer
and additive may be equally vague. Cure agents for thermosetting resins, for
1
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. ----.----'" --'-r-~-- u_--,-. ~
. ....---.--..-..---,---- ._~:~ '7--""""~""'"",:,:,,",":'~,...............'--'-'"
.- ,-'-- .-..... ..~ '.4"'~<' ~~.
-------
~ . .~.._.'.'------- '''''''''' . .- ". ....- _. -
~,. -. . ----..
- ~"~--'-'---" .....' -...<.-...-.
, . .~~.:..........
example, are incorporated in the polymer backbone. This document makes a
distinction for curing agents that are chemically bonded to the polymer; they
are considered ad~itives if used at concentrations below 25 parts per hundred
parts of resin. Chemicals used in polymerization above this concentration are
defined as monomers and are considered in Chapter 10 of the IPPEU series
rather than in this chapter.
Although individual additives may be multi-functional and can be
classified in numerous ways (as shown in Table 1), four basic groups that
consist of 16 categories and about 100 subcate89rns~.at:'~Q:9.'!l~er~d''!i.n this
report. These include: :......:=. ~" .?- -;,~> --<.,. ~'".
- "-
--
--"-~
.
.
.
.
polymerization aids;
processing aids;
stabilizers; and
end-use modifying additives.
The four basic categories are generally relatable to specific process
steps discussed in IPPEU Chapters 10 and lOa as appropriate. Polymerization
aids are used to facilitate the reaction of monomers to produce resins and are
therefore treated in Chapter "10. Processing aids such as lubricants, etc.,
used in forming plastic products are discussed in Chapter lOa. Stabilizers
increase the lifespan of resin and plastics products, preventing their degra-
dation by environmental factors. They may be incorporated into the plastic
duri~g either production or processing, depending upon the product's suscepti-
bility to deterioration and the environment(s) to which it is subjected.
Stabilizers are discussed in both Chapters 10 and lOa. The end-use modifying
additives are generally incorporated in the plastic during processing. These
additives modify the properties of the polymer, making the plastic suitable
for its end use and/or reducing product cost. The end-use modifying additives
are discussed in Chapter lOa.
The remainder of this section provides a discussion of the additives
industry that considers the relationship between polymers and additives and
the marketing of additives, a summary of the environmental impacts associated
with additive use, and an overview of possible exposure of workers to
additives.
The succeeding sections of this report (Sections 2 through 17) present
the major functional additive classes (in alphabetical order). Included in
each section is the overview of the class, a summary of the application of
particular additive groups to polymers, and (where available) an indication of
the consumption volumes within the subgroups of the class. The general
properties of each of the subgroups within the class are presented along with
an analysis of the environmental impact of each functional group. Summaries
of worker exposure concerns are also presented. Each section refers to a
series of three appendices containing tabulated data for the specific addi-
tives. These appendices, referred to in the text by table letter and number,
detail the specific chemicals used as additives within the functional groups,
their physical and chemical properties, polymer application, uses, ,consumption
volumes, toxicity, and worker exposure concerns. .
2
"
"',
'-~--:----':"''''--I-'
..~ .----""'-'....
~4:''':'''' .'.~-,74:'~:'. ':,":'",.,'.,'. -:-:-
.. ',,"'.
-------
'.', - -~ -"".
TABLE 1.
SUMMARY OF ADDITIVE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
POLYMERIZATION AIDS:
Catalysts alter the rate of polymerization reactions without themselves being
chemically changed. (Catalysts for polyolefin, thermoplastic polyester,
polycarbonate, polyamide, polyphenylene oxide, and polyacetal resins; catalyst
neutralizers.)
Curing Agents and Catalysts for Thermosetting Resins achieve polymerization of
thermosetting resins through incorporation in the polymer backbone or through
catalysis. (Catalysts for alkyds and polyurethanes; cure agents for amino,
epoxy, and phenolic resins; neutralizers; deactivators; and stabilizers.)
Free Radical Initiators act as sources of unpaired electrons to initiate
polymerization by forming reactive sites for the monomer or polymer chain.
(Peroxides, azo compounds, inorganics, activators, and inhibitors.)
Solution Modifiers and Other Pol erization Aids are chemicals used to control
molecular weight during polymerization and or to maintain the polymer in solu-
tion. (Acids, bases, buffers, chain transfer agents, coagulants, crosslinking
agents, defoamants, emulsifiers, feed stream desiccants, inert gases, protec-
tive colloids, solvents, and thickeners.)
PROCESSING AIDS:
Lubricants and Other Processing Aids improve the processing and/or end use
performance characteristics of plastics. (Fatty acids and alcohols, fatty
acid amides, fatty acid esters, metallic soaps, paraffin waxes, other
synthetic polymerics, and inorganics.)
Blowing Agents and Other Additives for Foamed Plastics produce porous poly-
mers. Blowing agents are converted to gases during processing and form the
cellular component of the plastic. Other additives aid in forming and main-
taining cell structure. (Physical blowing agents, chemical blowing agents,
blowing agent catalysts, surfactants, and nucleating agents.)
STABILIZERS:
Antioxidants inhibit or reduce the rate of oxidative degradation of polymers
at ambient or elevated temperatures. They extend service life and increase
processing stability. (Phenolics, aromatic amines, thioesters, phosphites,
and miscellaneous antioxidants.)
Heat Stabilizers inhibit or retard the degradation of halogenated polymers and
copolymers, particularly polyvinyl chloride. (Mixed metal stabilizers,
organotin and mercaptotin compounds, lead salts, antimony mercaptides, and
miscellaneous stabilizers.)
(Continued)
3
~-
. -"'''';--,.
. ~""--'---'~-~---:-'''.:-::~'''''''r.o.-~~.~_o.....~.......-..'. .'
. _0'.' ~ ',. .. -. 0 ,
-------
" ".." ;; '.... _. '"~.', ".
TABLE 1 (Continued)
Preservatives prevent the biological degradation of plastics by micro- .
organisms. (Bactericides, bacteriostats, fungicides, and fungistats.)
Ultraviolet Stabilizers inhibit or reduce degradation of polymers resulting
from ultraviolet radiation. (Benzophenones, benzotriazoles, nickel organics,
and miscellaneous stabilizers.)
END-USE MODIFYING ADDITIVES:
Antistatic Agents reduce the accumulation or increase the rate of dissipation
of electrical charge on the surface of polymers. (Amines, quaternary ammonium
compounds, anionic surface active agents, and miscellaneous antis tats.)
Colorants impart hue (shade), value (brightness), and chroma (intensity
strength of color) to plastics. (Inorganic pigments, organic pigments,
optical brightners, fluorescents, metallics, phosphore scents, and
pearlescents.) .
or
dyes,
Coupling Agents improve polymer-mineral surface bonds for filled and rein-
forced products. (Silanes, titanates, and miscellaneous wetting agents.)
Fillers and Reinforcers are inert solids added to plastics to lower the prod-
uct's cost and/or enhance its properties. (Inorganic extenders, organic
extenders, inorganic fibers, and organic fibers.)
Flame Retardants reduce the combustibility of plastics.
nonreactive organics, and reactive organics.)
(Inorganics,
Plasticizers impart flexibility to resins. (Phthalates, trimellitates,
epoxidized esters, polyesters, phosphates, linear esters, extenders, and
miscellaneous plasticizers.)
4
'.
'.
----"",,,,,,,_.,",:::"~,..."..,......-;
-------
INDUSTRY DISCUSSION
The additives industry cannot be defined in the same way as the
production, plastics processing, or other industries that are covered in the
IPPEU series (i.e., as a group of companies that generally process similar raw
materials and employ similar processes to produce competitively the same or
similar products). Additives come from a wide variety of sources, many being
derived from industrial organic chemicals. These include the plasticizers,
solvents, antioxidants, and flame retardants. Many fillers and reinforcers
are derived from~~ ~~~-an4 ~inerals industry, and others may be
byproducts of .agricut~t~l;j).~~uctien. Preservatives originate in the
pesticides indUstry,-w~er~a9-~y lubricants are produced in the petroleum
industry. Colorants originate in the dyes and pigments industry. .
These additives are produced by a wide variety of companies for a wide
variety of customers other than those that make plastic products. Hencethe
treatment of this chapter is not. consistent with the traditional IPPEU format.
Instead of the usual discussion of companies, raw materials, etc., the
subsections that follow consider the role of additives and how they are
marketed.
Additive-Polymer Relationship
Overall, additives account for 20 percent by weight of the total volume
of plastic products marketed. The consumption and value of sales for various
classes are shown in Table 2. These data, though incomplete, show the domi-
nance of a few categories as far as volume is concerned. In addition, the
data indicate the general level of total production and provide an indication
of the importance of additives in the chemical industry.
The sales data shown for 9 of the 16 additives totaled almost $1.8 x
109, an amount equivalent to almost 5 percent of the total sales of $37.0 x
109 for all plastic products in 1981.
The polymers used to produce plastic products have very different addi-
tive requirements. For example, in 1982, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene
(ABS) constituted only 2 percent of the total plastics market, but this
plastic used 30 percent of the antioxidants. [47, 151] By way of contrast,
about half of the basic polymers generally incorporate no antioxidant.
Polyvinyl chloride provides another example of the differences in additive
requirements. This product incorporates plasticizers in amounts as high as 40
percent by weight, but many polymers require none at all. The variability in
polymer requirements is further illustrated by flame retardants. Polyurethane
foams, because of their susceptibility to combustion and because of their
widespread use in furniture cushioning and building products, use up to 40
weight percent flame retardant in building products. [i90] Table 3 presents
the major functional groups of additives and the polymers in which they are
used. The polymer applications shown are for the most heavily used additive
classes only. Other minor applications are presented in the sections for
individual functional groups.
5
',.
""'"''''
::':~>~~
. . .:, "", -\" 0; :-., .. :'~'\
......- ""'.'---'---
. ..~ -'." ~ .--._.
.." ..-... . .
-------
TABLE 2.
CONSUMPTION AND SALES OF ADDITIVES
Additive Class
1982
Thousand
Metric Tons
Antioxidants
14.0
An ti s t a.~i c!'*~~~>.,.::_.... ~,- ';': ,~"
-- =, - - ,~,,,. - - '..
Blowing Agen~ - - ~:.:....-
2.8
53.4 (1980)
Catalysts
*
Colorants
146.6
Coupling Agents
2.5 (1979)
Cure Agents (Urethane Catalysts only)
2.3
Fillers and Reinforcers
2,655.2
Flame Retardants
171.0
Free Radical Initiators (Peroxides only)
15.0
Heat Stabilizers
35.4
Lubricants and Mold Release Agents
37.8
Plasticizers
624.0
Preservatives
*
Solution Modifiers
*
UV Stabilizers
2.1
TOTAL
3,762.1
* - Unknown.
1982
Distribution
By Weight
0.4
0.1
1.4
*
3.9
<0.1
<0.1
70.6
4.6
0.4
1.0
1.0
16.6
*
*
<0.1
100.0
Sources:
Guide to the Chemical
Curry, Susan and Susan Rich, The Kline
Industry, 1980.
Modern Plastics, July 1979, p. 49.
Modern Plastics, July 1982, p. 44.
Modern Plastics, ~eptember 1982, p. 55.
6
"'"
"
:'-"\-~.~....._---~.-..... .,.,.....,.," ~':'-",""'..'" '..-. "'...-...
1980
Sales
$106
37
7
148
*
124
*
*
*
327
76
140
70
775
*
*
48
1,752
-------
. .~,./
1
..j TABLE 3.
:-. ! POLYMER AND ADDITIVE MATRIX.
:j
_I
, Qj Qj
-I " 5
Qj
.. ....
... ...
... '" Qj
en Qj .... ...
I I " Qj Qj ..
Qj Qj ... " ~ Qj
-'! ,, "" .... Qj ... ..
Qj ... 0 .... Qj .... Qj ..
.... '" '" ... ... ... .. .... QJ
.' ... '" '" 'fi. QJ .... 0 .... ...
.. QJ ... ... ... ... Qj .... .. co
... ... ... QJ QJ .... .... QJ .... ... a ... Qj
:> co "" .... ... .. 8 :> ... 0 "" "" ::,
'" .. " 0 .. .... Qj en .. .a .. g
.. I .. " .... "' '' 0 too ... 0 0 Qj 0
" Qj .. .... co Qj ! '" QJ QJ QJ QJ U .... " .... '"
.... .... .. .. .. ~ co :! Qj ... ... QJ " ti ~ ] u :i! a QJ t
co .... " ;j ;j :! " .. ... ... " QJ QJ < ... ...
:! .. .... .... QJ Ii .... ~ ... ... .... .... 5 .... u Qj
... .. co co .... .. Qj "" co .... .... ... ... ... .... .... .... .... <. ...
.... ~ :! :! 0 u ... ... ... .0 " ...:I co ~ " 5 "" .. ... ... ... ... ... I ..
u " "" .... QJ .... ... " ! 8 QJ 0 ... QJ ;j ;j " ;j QJ ..
.... 0 0 .... u = :> .. .. ... ~ .a .. ... .. .... ,, :>
.... .... .., 0 ~ .. 0 " .0 u :! QJ "" "" co :> ~ ~ ~ ~ QJ ...
t' ... ... " 0 " "' ''' ''' ''' ';' ... ... ::. ... ... .. ..
.. ... ] 0 :> .. .... .... .... .... ;j ~ .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ... co
u U :i! "" .... '" 0 0 0 0 .... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... B
I < -< ... '" '" '" '" '" '" :z: ...:I '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" en
Antioxidants X X X X X X X X X X X
Antistatic Agents X X X X X X X X X X X X X X K
Btowing Agents X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X K
Catslysts X X X X X X X X X
....., Colorants X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Coupling Agents X K X K X X K X X X X X X X X X X X X
Cure Agents X X X X X
Fillers and Reinforcers X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X. X X X
Flame Retardants X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Free Radical Initiators X K X X X X X X X X
Heat Stabilizers X X
Lubricants and Hold Release Agents X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Plasticizers X X X X
Preservatives X X X X X
Solution Modifiers X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X .X X X X
UV Stsbilizers X X X X X X X X X X X X
*This matrix presents additives which are most commonly used in specific polymerso
common applications.
The functional group sections present other lesa
-------
Marketing Additives
Most plastics additives are considered specialty chemicals, while a few
are high volume industrial chemicals such as phthalates used as plasticizers,
some of the fillers, and some solution modifiers. The Modern Plastics
Encyclopedia lists 242 different additive marketers. Some of these companies
produce plastics additives and market them directly to processors. Others
process plastics themselves and utilize the additives for in-house compounding
as well as marketing to other compounders. Still others are custom com-
pounders and distributors who do not produce the chemicals but provide their
own blending and technical s~rvice. Although the relationships are highly
variable, additives are marketed to producers associated with three generally
distinct operations: polymer production, custom compounders, and plastic pro-
cessors. Technical service is an integal part of the business and suppliers
typically sell different grades of additive to meet particular product needs.
Many marketers of plastics additives produce only one functional class of
chemicals. For example, colorant producers may market only these materials;
however, they supply a wide variety of industries other than plastics includ-
ing the paint, rubber, textile, and printing industries. Other companies.
provide a variety of functional additive groups. These producers and mar-
keters may target plastics as their primary market area, or may supply plas-
tics manufacturers and producers with their additives as a branch of their
major operations. An example of the latter is a rubber manufacturer that
markets stabilizers, blowing agents, and lubricants to the plastics industry.
Table 4 shows approximately 50 diversified companies which market a variety of
functional classes of additives to the plastics industry. This table lists
parent companies while subsidiaries are presented in parentheses. These
manufacturers typically.market a group of similar additives to meet the needs
of various producers and processors.
Innovation in the additives business has proven to be a major factor in
successful marketing of these chemicals.[227] Currently, development effort's
are concentrated in four key areas. These are: (1) improving performance to
resist severe processing and service conditions; (2) production of one-pack
mixtures of additives, generally formulated by custom compounders, to elimi-
nate the need for processor compounding; (3) reducing toxicity, and substitu-
tion for chemicals which pose a threat to workers and the environment; and (4)
reducing product cost through improved performance and increased compatibility
of fillers.[l, 216]
Growth of the plastics additives industry is anticipated to average 10
percent per year through the 1980's. Projections indicate that additives
could account for one-third of the total weight of plastics by 1990.[1] Three
of the most important reasons for this are: (1) limited supplies and
increased prices for petroleum, used as a starting material for most plastics,
are expected to spur market growth in fillers; (2) increased use of plastics
under severe service conditions and for extended life uses will necessitate
high performance additives; and (3) increased regulation to provide for
consumer safety and environmental health will increase additive use in areas
such as flame retardants.
8
'.
~. . >.~.......
.. ":"'--:,"~";"'-~-'~~.---'-."'" "'-."."" '..
- ~'.r-"._'y~ "r" ---.. .
. - . hr" --, . - .. .'~---- ~_.
. . .
.... --..-..,.
.~.". .._--~,_..~. ...-.,......- -...- "---' .- -.
. .
" .
-------
TABLE 4.
'-
~
MAJOR PLASTICS ADDITIVE MARKETERS
co
...
co co co
>. ... ...
.... .. 0
... u ...
... ... co
.. 0 ...
co u "" ...
... a co ... co
a co ." ... ... a ...
.. co ... ~ " ~ ,.. .. co
DO '" a Qj " ...
co ..: a .. ." .... ... co ..
... g'" ~ co ." ... .. .... ... "
a u ... a co u ... co .. ...
.. ... ..: co " " "' ''' .0 ''' '' ''''
." ... "" ... "" " " ." .. ~ ... ...
... .. c a 00 co Qj .. ... u .o
.. ... c .. ... ..: ... Qj
'" u u '"' '"' '"' :: ... ~
Akzona (Noury) X X X
American Cyanamid .x .Jt X X X X
American Boechst Corporation X X X X X X
Aahland Chelll1cal X X X X X
BASP wyandotte Corporation X X
Borg Warner Corporation X X
Chemtron X X X
CIBA-Geigy Corporation X X X X
Ciocinnati Hilacron, IDe. X X X X X
Dart Ioduatries (Aztec, Synthetic X X X
Produc t8)
Diamond Shamrock X X
Dov Chamical X X
Cow Coming X X
E.I. dul'ont de Nemours and Co, IDe. X X X X
Eastman Kodak Co. X X X X
Ethyl Corporation X X
Perro Corporation X X X X X X
mc Corporation X X
CAE Corporation X X X
Glyco Chelll1cals, Inc. X X
W.R. Grace X X
GUlf Oil Corporation (Hillmaster X X X X
Onyx and Harshaw Chemicals)
liercules, Inc. X X X X
liexcel Corporation X X
ICI Americas. Inc. X X X X X
Internationsl Minerals and Chemical X X X X
Corporstion (IMC Chelll1cals Group)
Interstab Chelll1cals, Inc. X X X
M&T Chemicals X X X
Kansanto X X X
National Distillers and Chelll1cal X X X
Corporation (Emery)
(Continued)
.' ~....
:,. '~~-:----7--- -- .
9
:-
~~
-------
\-
L"
>-
- ..&;
-~.....e-
TABLE 4 (Continued)
co
...
co co co
"' .. ..
.... .. 0
co u ...
... .. co
co 0 ...
co 4 ... c:: co ..: " en u ... "
o co ... .. .... .. B ... ... ...
... ... :I 0 0. OJ "" & .. .. co '"
... ... 0 .... " .. .... " & " .0 co
~ ~ .... <3 0 " ... .... .. .. " .... >
'"
IlL Industries X X X X
The Norac Co., Inc. X X
Olin Corporation X X X X
Penawalt Corporation X X
PPG Industries, Inc. X X X
R8ichhold Chemicals, Inc. X X X X
Rohal & Baas Co. X X
Sandoz, Inc. X X X X X
Sbell Chemical Co. X X
Sberex Chemical Co., Inc. X X X X
Stauffer Chemical Co. X X
Stepan Chemical Co. X X X X
Tenneco Inc. X X
Thiokol Corporation X X X X
Union Carbide Corporation X X X X X X
I1n1royel, Inc. X X X X X
U.S. Borax and Chemical corporation X X
R.T. Vanderbilt Co., Inc X X
W1tco Chemical Corporation X X X X X X X X X
Sources: Agranoff, Joan, Modern Plastics Encyclopedia, 1982-1983, 1982.
Curry, Susan end Susan Rich, The Kline Guide to the Chemical Induatry, 1980.
Rauch, James A., The Kline Guide to the Plastics Industry, 1978.
SRI, Chemical Economics Handbook, 1982.
SRI, Specialty Chemicals - Strategies for Success, 1978.
10
" "\...
"'"
,..........~.--.......--."........... _.
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Federal, state, and local environmental regulations have had a signifi-
, cant impact on the additives industry, and will continue to influence additive
choices in the future. At the federal level, the Food and Drug Administration
(FDA), the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), the Consumer
Product Safety Commission (CPSC), and the Environmental Protection Agency all
have jurisdiction over some portion of the additives industry. The FDA regu-
lates plastics for'food contact, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic applications.
In general, it prohibits the use of highly toxic additives and regulates the
concentration and migration rate of other additives in plastics. The CPSC
regulates toys, non-food packaging materials, and household products. The USDA
regulates packaging materials and other products which contact meat and poul-
try. The EPA is, concerned with the environmental impact of additives on air,
water, and soil, and regulation of potentially hazardous chemicals. State and
local governments regulate construction and waste disposal. Localized
statutes influence materials used in building construction and furniture.
Waste disposal regulations, either for water discharge to municipal sewage
treatment plants or landfill disposal, may influence additive choices in order
to meet specific permit requirements. Regulations such as the above can add
significant cost to the introduction of new products, influence the additives
chosen for a specific application, or alter processing and polymerization
operations to meet specific statutes. For example, EPA estimates that Preman-
ufacturing Notification testing for one chemical may cost up to $153,000
[225], with industry estimates ranging even higher.
While the diversity in the chemicals used as plastic additives makes
generalization difficult, it is possible to identify potential routes of
release of additives to the environment. Also, situations can be identified
where there has been a history of concern on the part of regulatory agencies
over the release of certain additives.
Most plastics additives enter the plastics industry during compounding.
They are capable of forming particulates, aerosols, and/or volatiles during
this operation. During production, processing, routine cleaning, or product
washing, they may come in contact with water and have the potential to leach
from the plastic. In use, the additives may migrate (bloom) to the surface of
the plastic and pose a threat to the product's user. Upon disposal, additives
incorporated in an inert plastic become solid wastes. In landfills, they are
capable of migration from the polymer and leaching by moisture. They may then
pose a threat to subsurface water supplies. Incineration of plastics may pro-
duce particulates, gaseous by-products, and aerosols. The presence of some
additives, in particular some of the blowing agents and lubricants, is
undesirable in the finished products. These additives and residues are
intentionally removed before the product is marketed. For example, some
blowing agent residues are washed from the product to reduce toxicity, odors,
or staining, thereby posing a source of water contamination.
The environmental impact of additives encapsulated in a plastic is not
clear-cut. Many additives are selected for their compatibility and lack of
migration from the plastic. For example, it is undesirable for a colorant to
11
--..-..-.-----_.....,.......----- -- ~
0.> - .."._.~..-...-...... ..,ono
-------
exude from the plastic during use. These additives are compounded to remain
encapsulated in the polymer. Thus, the threat they pose to the environment
could be anticipated to be relatively minor. Other additives are specifically
selected for their incompatibility with the plastic, and may therefore pose an
environmental concern. Phthalate plasticizers, for example, may exude from
the plastic during its lifetime or may be extracted by water or other
solvents.
Several chemicals used in plastics have received regulatory scrutiny
under the 1976 Toxic Substances Control Act. These include 4,4-methylene
bis(2-chloroaniline) or MBOCA, fluorocarbons, and asbestos. Fluorocarbons are
heavily used as blowing agents, asbestos as a reinforcer and filler and
4,4-methylene bis(2-chloroaniline) as a curing agent for polyurethanes.
Table 5 presents the plastics additives and their components which are
listed as either priority pollutants or hazardous wastes. Chemicals proposed
by the state of Michigan for inclusion as hazardous wastes are also presented.
Other plastics additives may also be classified as hazardous wastes if they
have the characteristics of ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or EP
(extraction procedure) toxicity defined in the Federal Register, Vol. 45, No.
98, and they are not subject to the designated exclusions.[244]
Much of the population's exposure to plastics additives occurs orally or
through skin contact during product use. Food packaging may contain additives
which migrate to the product. As noted above, the FDA has set guidelines and
regulations for additives used in food contact applications. Exposure of the
general population to plastics additives through food is confined to nonmigra-
tory chemicals, a relatively small list of chemicals which have demonstrated
low toxicity, and/or compounds with "generally recognized as safe" status,
achieved through years of experience and use. The chemicals listed are con-
sidered to present low population hazards. Other products such as water pipes
and conduits, children's toys, furniture and cushioning, paints, and house-
wares have uses which contact the general population. Additives for these
products must be selected to limit exposure either through intentional or
accidental contact. Concerns for population exposure to particulates, aero-
sols, and volatiles released in the production of plastics, are similar to
those for workers exposed to these chemicals and as presented in the following
section. .
In summary, the additive itself is not the sole factor which determines
environmental impact. The polymer in which it is incorporated, the processing
technique and conditions, the use and environment to which it is subjected,
and the method of disposal will strongly influence environmental impact.
WORKER EXPOSURE
Worker exposure regulations are the responsibility of the Occupational
Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Past OSHA concerns for the plastics
industry as a whole have centered on monomers and additives. The plastic is,
with some exceptions, considered inert, and is not thought to pose a signifi-
cant hazard except under conditions of high dusting. Additives encapsulated
12
.._--~----_..~......~, -
.--..' ....- '.- '."~"
. ,... -''''0" '. .. -,"." -,
. -- - ~ - '. -
-------
,.
~
,_,k -'-~.~
TABLE 5.
CLASSIFICATION OF PLASTICS ADDITIVES AS PRIORITY
POLLUTANTS AND HAZARDOUS WASTES
Plastics Additives
and Their Components
Priority
Pollutant
EPA
Hazardous
Waste
Michigan
Hazardous
Waste
Acetaldehyde
Antimony oxide
Antimony pentachloride
x
x
X
Antimony trichloride
Asbestos
Benzene
X
X
X
X
Bromoform
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Carbon tetracloride
1,2-Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
X
X
X
X
Chloro-o-phenylenediamine
Crotonaldehyde
Di-n-butyl phthalate
1,2-Dichlorobenzene
X
X
X
X
X
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,1-Dichloroethylene
Diethyl phthalate
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Dimethyl phthalate
Di-n-octyl phthalate
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
p-Dioxane
Ethyl benzene
Ethylene diamine
X
X
X
X
Freon 11
Freon 12
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
X
X
X
X
Hexamethyl phosphoric triamide
X
(Continued)
13
-------
,-
c:. -~'..-#-.-.
-
TABLE 5 (Continued)
EPA Michigan
Plastics Additives Priority Hazardous Hazardous
and Their Components Pollutant Waste Waste
Hydrazine X
Methylene chloride X X
Methyl ethyl ketone X
Naphthaquinone X
Nitrobenzene .X X
Perch1oroethy~ene X X
Phenol X X
Pyridene X
Toluene X X
Trichloroethylene X X
Tricresy1 phosphate X
Metals and Cyanidet
Antimony X X
Arsenic X X
Barium X
Beryllium X X
Cadmi um X X
Chromium X X
Copper X
Cyanides X X
Lead X X
Mercury X X
Nickel X X
Selenium X X
Zinc X
tChemica1s that contain these metals and cyanide are considered priority
pollutants and/or hazardous wastes.
14
"
.~--~ -- .....-.--............... -"""---""':".'" ..
u .~,_.+ "-_u ... ---'_._u._-~.._.'
-0 . .. ..~. "4"". -." ..- - - ...
--. ....-... --.. - ..
-------
in an inert plastic are generally believed to pose less risk to workers than
they do alone. Therefore, concerns for worker safety and health concentrate
in the areas of loading, blending, and processing where the additive chemical
is present by itself.
A variety of hazards are posed by the plastics additives. Individual
exposures such as ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact have received atten-
tion. Safety considerations such as flammability, reactivity, and combusti-
bility are important to operating personnel as a group. Table 6 presents the
major chemical groups of plastics additives considered to pose the most
serious hazard to workers. Not all the specific chemicals within each major
group will pose the hazards detailed. For example, some amines are produced
to provide the function of the amine, and also be noncorrosive, nonirritant,
and nonreactive.
The hazard posed by individual additives is polymer and process specific.
Various processing techniques have different releases for the same chemical.
For example, a phthalate plasticizer in polyvinyl chloride may volatilize in
one process and not another because of the temperature differences in process-
~ng. Likewise, different polymers require different processing techniques and
temperatures. An antioxidant which volatilizes in ABS may not volatilize in
low density polyethylene because of the lower temperature required. The expo-
sure of workers to a particular plastics additive varies significantly from
plant to plant because of this polymer and process specificity.
Many plastics additives are regulated by OSHA to ensure worker safety and
health. In most cases, the regulations are general guidelines which do not
detail how a particular objective is to be achieved. Processors have flexi-
bility in determining the methodology employed to meet these criteria. Elimi-
nation of the hazard is always the preferred solution, but may not be either
practical or achievable. In these cases, other modifications are used. These
may be separated into three major categories: process modification; additive
modification; and worker protective equipment. A general summary of each is
presented here.
Process modifications which are used to limit worker exposure can be sim-
ple or extremely complex. For example, usage of peroxides as free radical
initators 'can be limited to small quantities (e.g., one day's supply). More
complex modifications include sophisticated, computerized loading and blending
operations. Storage of highly reactive, corrosive, flammable, and/or toxic
chemicals may require special facilities, isolation of the chemicals or
limiting inventories. Loading, blending, and processing may employ either
general dilution or specific exhaust ventilation, barriers or process enclo-
sure, or revising the processing method to limit exposure.
Changing the physical form of the additive has become increasingly pop-
ular in recent years. For most additives, small particle sizes are the most
easily blended and are more effective per unit weight of additive. Small par-
ticles are also most prone to dusting. In order to alleviate this problem,
the additive itself may be modified. Modified additives include oiled grades,
additive concentrates, paste dispersions, liquids and encapsulated forms.
15
~ -_.~~'_....~~--- -.-.. .... ~ . .---.~- ." ~".~""'- _.~:- - -:. - --.' . ~ .'
~---~. ._~--_.---:'--_. ,-~. '.'- .
. '.
...~. -,-.-
.. -...-- -.
-------
".
TABLE 6.
WORKER EXPOSURE HAZARD POSED BY MAJOR CHEMICAL GROUPS
OF ADDITIVES
Hazard
>.
+J
'1"1
>
'1"1
>. +J
co >. +J '1"1
c: +J '1"1 c: >. to
'1"1 '1"1 '1"1 .
o '1"1 ,.Q +J > tf.I +J
c: co ~ CIS '1"1 '1"1
'1"1 0 +J +J ~ CJ
CJ ~ '1"1 CJ CJ '1"1
~ ~ CIS ~ CIS 0 ><
CIS 0 ,..j ~
-------
f:-
Additive concentrates, mixtures of the polymer with additives in high concen-
trations are produced by custom compounders and marketed as pellets, granules,
or powders. This allows the incorporation of small size additive particles
with significantly less dusting during processing of the finished product, and
reduces the amount of blending required. Because the additives are present in
such high concentrations, custom compounders can meet safety guidelines more
economically than plastics processors. Paste mixtures and liquid concentrates
incorporate additives in solvents and plasticizers. Encapsulated and oiled
grades coat the surface of solid additives, making the particles larger,
tackier, denser or less toxic.
In cases where neither process nor additive modification is practical,
personal worker safety modifications may be necessary. The sophistication of
the technique required will depend on the type and extent of the hazard. One
of the most effective methods of reducing worker exposure to hazardous chemi-
cals is education. Workers with knowledge of the hazard and instruction in
the steps necessary to ensure their health and safety, ar~ most likely to
reduce exposure. Improperly used and maintained safety equipment can be as
hazardous as the chemical itself. For example, a wide selection of gas masks
are available, and are designed for use with specific chemicals. A gas mask
which removes organic vapors may be totally ineffective for acid gases. Other
respirators used to reduce or eliminate airborne contaminants include filters,
chemical cartridges, air line or hose respirators, and self-contained breath-
ing apparatus. Skin contact can be avoided through the use of aprons, gloves,
special protective clothing, and safety shoes. Eye contact is best eliminated
with safety glasses, goggles, or face shields. Avoidance of accidental inges-
tion can be achieved through segregated eating areas, banning of smoking, and
worker knowledge of the potential hazard.
17
,
'.
- "---""'-----,r.-.....~'. .,... '.-._~....
-. .'-"', . - _. ,''''' ~...- - . ".. .-'-'" - '.-..-.- .
-------
_.~-
. ..~ . . .
.. ..- .-...
SECTION 2
ANTIOXIDANTS
INTRODUCTION
Antioxidants inhibit or reduce the rate of oxidative degradation of poly-
mers at ambient or elevated temperatures. Therefore, they extend the service
life of the polymer at ambient temperatures and increase the stability of the
polymer at higher temperatures. Antioxidants may be classified as either
primary or secondary, depending upon the mechanism of stabilization. Primary
antioxidants are free radical scavengers. They terminate chain reactions
produced by the degradation of polymers during processing, storage, or use.
The secondary antioxidants, also called synergists, destroy hydroperoxides,
which are the source of free radicals. Synergists convert peroxides to non-
radical, stable products. In combination with an appropriate primary antioxi-
dant, synergists provide polymer stability greater than the sum of the con-
tributions of the individual components. Two theories have been suggested to
explain this synergism. The first theory proposes that the secondary antioxi-
dant regenerates the primary antioxidant and is itself destroyed. [182] The
second postulates that the synergist protects the primary chain-breaking
antioxidant by preventing formation of free radicals from decomposing
peroxides. [183]
The basic chemical groups of antioxidants include:
.
.
.
.
.
phenolics,
aromatic amines,
thioesters,
phosphites, and
miscellaneous antioxidants.
The phenolic and aromatic amines interrupt chain reactions and are therefore
classified as primary antioxidants, while the thioesters and phosphites act as
synergists.
The mechanisms for polymer oxidation include the breakdown of hydro-
peroxides, chain scission, and polymer crosslinking. Oxidation may be induced
by heat, light, or chemicals such as ozone, metallic impurities, or trace
amounts of hydroperoxides introduced during processing. Oxidation results in
polymer embrittlement, melt flow instability, change of tensile properties,
and discoloration.
18
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:---------.~.~--:--c.-.';:"".._--._._.. ~" ~.
, .- . . -. ''''''-'''~''-'''--~ - - -..'
-------
Antioxidants are used in a variety of polymers which are susceptible to
oxidative degradation. Typically, antioxidants are incorporated in the resin
during or immediately following polymerization. This ensures polymer stabil-
ity in storage and blending. Additional antioxidant may be added preceding
processing. The requirement for additional antioxidant will depend upon the
severity of the processing step, the end use of the product, and its lifespan.
Table 7 presents the application of various antioxidants in polymers. As
shown in the table, many polymers utilize antioxidants; however, over 90
percent are consumed in four plastics; acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene,
polyethylene, polypropylene, and impact-modified polystyrene. The suscepti-
bility of "these polymers to oxidative degradation is related to their chemical
structure. Polystyrene is not readily oxidized; however, the elastomeric
component of impact polystyrene, and the rubber phase of acrylonitrile-
butadiene-styrene contain unsaturated double bonds which are readily oxidized.
In polyolefins, the extent of chain branching determines oxidative stability.
Polypropylene contains the highest concentration of readily oxidized tertiary
hydrogens and therefore requires high loadings of antioxidants. Low density
polyethylene is less stable than high density polyethylene; however, in
general less antioxidant is required in this polymer. There are two reasons
for this. First, high density polyethylene contains catalyst residues which
can initiate free radical reactions. Second, high density polyethylene is
generally used in applications which require longer service life under more
severe conditions.
An auxiliary function of antioxidants is as metal deactivators. Metals
accelerate the decomposition of hydroperoxides and therefore increase the
oxidation rate. They can be present as catalyst residues (discussed above for
high density polyethylene), or may be part of the-formulation, as with
colorants and fillers. Wire and cable coatings require high levels of effec-
tive antioxidants due to the severe service conditions and the presence of
copper adjacent to the polymer. Antioxidants react with metals and limit
their ability to complex with free radicals. They therefore inhibit the
metal's tendency to promote polymer degradation.
The estimated consumption of antioxidants in plastics during 1982 was 14
thousand metric tons.[47] Table 8 presents the 1980 distribution of this
consumption for the various chemical groups.
TABLE 8.
1980 DISTRIBUTION OF ANTIOXIDANTS
Antioxidant Type
Phenolics
Aromatic Amines
Thioesters
Phosphites
TOTAL
Percent Consumption
42.0
3.4
11.8
42.8
100.0
Source:
SRI, Chemical Economics Handbook, April 1982.
It will be noted that over 80 percent of the consumption is of the phenolics
and phosphites. These are commonly used together to achieve synergism.
19
...
. . . ~'.',
'--'---.-..----.-...---.---..--_. ~...
-------
,.
TABLE 7.
ANTIOXIDANTS USED IN PLASTICS
Q) Q)
c: c:
Q) Q)
'" .-f
>. >.
u .c Q)
II> Q) U u
I ~ Q) Q) 01
Q) >. c: .-f Q)
c: .-f .-f Q) 01 "" II!
Q) 1: 0 .-f .c Q) .... Q) '"
.... Po >. u "" '" .-f Q)
"" u .c .c Q) .... 0 .... u
01 ~ >. u Po "" ..... Q) .-f '" CD
U U Q) Q) .... .-f Q) .-f "" .c u Q)
=' CD .-f .... >. '" 8 =' u 0 .... u .... >.
IQ .. c: 0 CD .... Q) II> 01 .c '" C: ""
.. I .. ~ .... Po c: 0 f-< u 0 0 Q) 0 0
c: Q) '" CD Q) Q) Po Q) Q) Q) Q) U .-f c: .... Po
.... .-f CD .. .. ~ CD Q) Q) u >. !:I Q) c: c: c: Q) .:.! :;! G Q) >..
CD .... ~ ~ ~ ~ c.: c: 01 u >. ~ cu cu cu cu c: "" '" ""
, ~ '" .-f Q) a .... ~ u .... .... .... c: 01 .... .:.! Q)
u CD CD CD .-f 01 CU .-f .CD .... .-f >. >. >. Q) .c .... .-f "" .-f U
.... ~ ~ ~ 0 u u "" >. .0 ~ ....t CD >. c: c: Po '" u >. >. >. >. I . cu c: ~ ~ c: Q) '"
0 0 .-f U =' . CD .. .'
.:.! u :;! ~ Po .-f .c 0 0 0 0 .... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 u g
« ~ J« Po Po Po Po Po :>: ....t ....t Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po II>
Phenol
Nondiscoloring and nonstaining; low
odor and color; various temperature
stabilities; some sanctioned for food
contact
x X
X X X X
x X X X
X X X
X
X X
N
a
Organic
Phosphorus
Compounds
Clear; nonstaining; susceptible to
hydrolysis
,
X X X X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X X X
x X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Aromatic
Amines
Effective; may stain and discolor;
generally not accepted for food contact
Thioesters
Good clarity; nonstaining; synergistic
Source:
Baijal, Mahendra D. (ed), Plastic Polymer Science ~nd Technology, 1982, p. 614.
-------
OVERVIEW OF ADDITIVE PROPERTIES
The various antioxidants used in plastics are detailed in Table A-1,
along with some relevant physical and chemical properties and their polymer
application. The boiling point and melting point influence processing condi-
tions and determine the volatility of the additive. Solubility affects
extraction of the additive from the plastic. The FDA regulates antioxidants
in food packaging and adhesives. These regulations are frequently specific to
a particular polymer. The appendix notes antioxidants which are sanctioned by
the FDA for at least one of these applications. The Code of Federal Regula-
tions should be consulted for specific regulations concerning polymer applica-
tion, use levels, and other requirements. [57]
Most of the chemicals used as antioxidants in plastics are applicable
only to this function; however, they may be incorporated in a wide variety of
products including rubber and foods. Table B-1 presents use and consumption
information for the antioxidants. Consumption information is presented for
plastics use when available. If this data is not available, total consump-
tion volumes are given.
Antioxidants include a variety of chemicals with very different charac-
teristics. Some are considered nontoxic, while others may pose. a threat to
workers and the environment. Table C-1 presents toxicological and worker
exposure information for the chemicals used as antioxidants. General proper-
ties of each of the chemical groups of antioxidants are discussed in the
follow~ng subsections.
Phenolic Antioxidants
The phenolic antioxidants include simple phenols, bisphenols, thiobis-
phenols, and polyphenols. As a group, they are the largest selling primary
antioxidants used in plastics. These chemicals contain one or more reactive
hydrogen atoms which tie up free radicals, particularly peroxy radicals, form-
ing a polymeric hydroperoxide group and relatively stable antioxidant species.
The phenolics are largely nonstaining and nondiscoloring, although upon
oxidation they may form highly colored quinoid structures.
The simple phenolics are effective, nonstaining antioxidants; however,
they tend to be volatile and may be lost during processing and under severe
service conditions. Butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) is the most heavily used
phenolic. It is used in polyolefins, styrenics, vinyls, and elastomers. BHT
is sanctioned by the FDA for use in foods, and considered to be relatively
nontoxic.
The higher molecular weight phenolics were developed largely to eliminate
problems with antioxidant volatility. They have found increased application
in plastics for their superior performance characteristics. In general, they
are more expensive, but lower concentrations are generally required, making
many economically competitive. The b.isphenols are excellent antioxidants
which are nonstaining and nondiscoloring. They also act as copper in~ibitors.
21
'.
"
-------
.. -."-~. ...'_...
The thiobisphenols are used primarily in wire and cable insulation and other
applications requiring carbon black. Polyphenols have extremely low volatil-
ity, and good performance, but are priced accordingly. They are used under
severe processing and service conditions. Typically these antioxidants are
incorporated in resins designed for severe service applications. .
Amine Antioxidants
The amine antioxidants are the second major group of primary antioxi-
dants. They are heavily used in rubber and some have application in plastics.
These are largely p-phenylenediamines and diphenylamines. The amines are more
effective antioxidants than the phenolics because they act as both chain
terminators and peroxide decomposers. However, they tend to discolor, causing
staining, and, for the most part, lack FDA approval. The diphenylamines are
used where staining and discoloring are not a problem. They are inexpensive
and effective. The phenylenediamines give good flex-cracking protection and
copper inhibition. This group tends to be priced slightly higher. Some
relatively nonstaining antioxidants are available. These are most heavily
used in flexible polyurethane foams and polyamide adhesives.
Thioester Antioxidants
The thioesters are used as synergists, most commonly with phenolic anti-
oxidants. They are reaction products of fatty alcohols and an organic
sulfide, typically thiodipropionates. These esters impart long-term heat
stability to polymers. The active antioxidant is believed to be the sulfox-
ide. Its decomposition rate is greatly enhanced by the activating effect of a
carbonyl group. Sulfides which oxidize to sulfoxides have been found to be
most efficient, reacting by both oxidation and decomposition. For example.,
dilauryl thiodipropionate has been found to decompose 20 moles of hydroperox-
ide for each mole of sulfur.[33] As synergists, the thiodipropionates reduce
loading requirements for the primary antioxidant, and therefore reduce costs.
Many are approved by the FDA for food contact plastics. The thioesters tend
to impart an odor to the polymer, and may be excluded from use for this rea-
son.
Phosphorus-Based Antioxidants
The major phosphorus-based antioxidants are the phosphites. Among the
secondary antioxidants, they have the highest volume usage in plastics. The
phosphites act by converting hydroperoxides to alcohols, while they are
oxidized to phosphates. These additives are chosen when processing stability
is of concern. In particular, high shear conditions promote chain scission
and crosslinking which increase melt index. The phosphites, in combination
with phenolics, are effective as inhibitors of melt index changes. Also,
phosphites are used with phenolics because, in addition to their function as
synergists, they inhibit the formation of quinoid reaction products formed
upon oxidation of phenolics. Thus, the phosphites improve color stability.
Trisnonylphenyl phosphite is the most widely used phosphite. It has broad FDA
acceptance, and is incorporated in styrenics and polyolefins. The phosphites
tend to be susceptible to hydrolysis which limits their use in some products.
22
-._-"--"-__-~-'-_4.__. ~ ~, .
r'- -"~.' -.. - ..
. '" -. -
-------
',-
. ",
Miscellaneous Antioxidants
A wide variety of other chemicals are used as antioxidants. These
include the hydroquinones which impart stability in a manner similar to the
phenolics. These chemicals. tend to be toxic. Other antioxidants have
specialty applications in plastics. Many are proprietary, and are presented
in Table A-l.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Most antioxidants are considered to be nonhazardous.[l7S] Many are
accepted for food packaging and other applications by the FDA. These chemi-
cals, which may be transmitted to food via packaging and processing, are
believed not to pose a health threat to the population. Among the antioxi-
dants, only zinc compounds, such as the zinc dithiocarbamates are listed as
priority pollutants. None of the antioxidants with known chemical composi-
tions are listed by the EPA as hazardous wastes.
WORKER EXPOSURE
Antioxidants, although considered to be relatively safe when incorporated
in an inert plastic, may pose a health and safety threat to workers as dusts,
vapors, or aerosols. The amines are skin and eye irritants. Table C-l
presents the known toxicities and regulated (or recommended) ambient air
standards for these additives.
The release of antioxidants is process specific. Blending and processing
operation& may produce volatile or particulate emissions. For example, BHT
may sublime and be vented in hig~ temperature extrusion. Dusting is reduced
by the use of flaked or pelletized antioxidants. Personal hygiene practices
include avoidance of ingestion, skin contact, and inhalation. Worker safety
equipment such as goggles or safety glasses, gloves, and protective clothing
may be recommended to meet proposed guidelines. Dust masks or respirators may
be required for high airborne concentrations.
23
"
...,_._._.---"-,..~.,,~-_. ~-- ..."--'
-_... . . _.. ...., ., . -..,.
-------
SECTION 3
ANTISTATIC AGENTS
INTRODUCTION
Antistatic agents (antistats) reduce the accumulation or increase the
rate of dissipation of electrical charge on the surface of polymers. This
accumulation is undesirable because it may interfere with blending and
processing, and can pose a fire and explosion hazard. Additionally, it
decreases the appeal of finished products by attracting dust to packaging,
films, and other articles. Most antistats act to dissipate charge through
conduction. Some act as lubricants to reduce friction, and therefore reduce
formation of surface charge. These additives may also be termed antib10cking
agents when they are used to reduce adhesion between two polymer surfaces.
The antistatic agents can be divided into four major chemical groups:
.
.
.
.
amines,
quaternary ammonium compounds,
anionic surface active agents, and
miscellaneous antistats.
The amines, quaternary ammonium compounds, and anionics are hydrophilic. They
attract water from the atmosphere, forming an absorbed aqueous layer at the
surface of the polymer which facilitates ion movement. Static charge is more
readily dissipated to the atmosphere because of this surface movement of ions.
Other antistatic agents act as conductors themselves. Carbon black and vari-
ous metal fillers do not require absorbed water to dissipate surface charge;
however, high loadings of these additives are required to impart adequate
antistatic properties.
Since the accumulation and dissipation of electronic charge is a surface
phenomena, antistatic agents must be present on the product surface. There
are two methods of incorporating antistatics; either internally or as
coatings. Internal antistatic agents are blended with the resin during
processing. They are somewhat incompatible with the polymer and slowly exude
to the plastic surface. The internal antistatic agents provide long-term
antistatic protection, because they may be washed or wiped from the surface
without loss of antistatic properties since a reservoir of the additive is
available in the polymer. Coatings may be applied by dipping, brushing, or
wiping. They are easily removed from the surface of the product, and
therefore provide only short-term antistatic protection.
24
.~
-------
There are several important variables in determining the effectiveness of
an antistatic agent. Its hygroscopicity, moisture distribution, and ability
to supply mobile ions to the aqueous layer influence efficiency. Since many
antistats act by absorbing water vapor from the atmosphere, the relative
humidity will strongly influence charge dissipation. Effective antistats are
capable of dissipating surface charges at relative humidities below 40 per-
cent, preferably below 25 percent.[254] The compatibility of internal anti-
stats with the polymer will influence the rate of migration to the surface of
the plastic. An ideal antistat is only somewhat compatible with the polymer,
to provide ease in blending and a reasonable rate of additive migration to the
polymer surface. A third factor which influences the effectiveness of an
antistat is its concentration in use. Typically, as the concentration of
antistat agent increases, the conductivity of the polymer .surface increases;
however, changes of less than 0.05 part per hundred resin (phr) in use levels
can make a difference between erratic and consistent performance in
dissipating charge. [46]
Antistatic agents have two major uses; in fibers, particularly synthet-
ics, and in plastics, especially film and packaging. Table 9 summarizes the
use of the various chemical groups of these additives.
The increase in the use of plastics in electronic hardware has generated
an increase in development and use of antistatic agents. The 1982 consumption
of antistatic agents in plastics was 2,800 metric tons.[47] This was a 5.6
percent increase over the previous year's consumption when the plastics
industry asa whole recorded a 6.3 percent decrease.[151]
OVERVIEW OF ADDITIVE PROPERTIES
The properties of a particular antistatic agent dictate its use and com-
patibility with various polymers. Table A-2 details antistats used in
plastics, their properties, and polymer application. The chemical nature of
many of these compounds is proprietary; thus, trade names are frequently used
to designate particular additives. The chemical composition is given when
available. The various antistats may be marketed for either internal and/or
coating applications. Their heat stability is important in blending and pro-
cessing. Many antistats are chosen for their application to plastics which
contact food. These are regulated by the FDA, and chemicals which are sanc-
tioned for this use are noted in the appendix. Typical concentrations of the
additive in use are also presented.
Most of the antistats listed in Table A-2 by their trade names are
specifically produced for application to plastics and fibers. For the anti-
stats with known chemical compositions, Table B-2 presents consumption and use
information. Table C-2 details toxicological and worker exposure concerns for
the specific chemicals. It will be noted that very little information on
these additives is documented in the literature. The general properties of
each of the various chemical groups of antistats are presented in the
following subsections.
25
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~- . - .' ,.. ..; . ""'-"
-------
. ~
.i
,
.1
i
i
j
!
'1
j
N
0\
. .
"tei
~ ,:.j
: J
.- j
.::-;
'..j
:.j
. ,
','j
".. j
"
..
. .
~'. !
.'1
TABLE 9.
ANTISTATIC AGENTS USED IN PLASTICS
cu cu
~ s::
cu cu
... .-t
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..
'" cu .. ..
I s:: cu cu oj
cu cu >. ~ .-t cu
~ .-t .-t cu oj '" II)
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.... .c p.. ~ .. '" ... .-t cu
'" .. .c cu .... ai 0 .... ..
oj cu >. .. Po '" .... .-t ... II)
.. >. .. cu cu .... .-t cu .-t '" .c .. cu
:I II) .-t .... >. ... ~ :I .. 0 .... u .... >.
oQ CI) ~ 0 CI) .-t ~ 0 '" oj .c ... s:: .-t
CI) I CI) ~ p.. ~ 0 .. 0 0 cu 0 0
~ cu ... .... II) cu p.. cu cu cu cu U .-t s:: .-t p..
.-t II) II) II) ~ II) ~ cu .. >. c:I cu s:: ~ s:: cu ~ ~ .c cu >.
II) .... ~ ~ s:: ~ s:: oj .. >. s:: cu cu cu ~ u '" ... '"
~ ... .... >. aI cu s:: .... ~ .. cu .-t .-t .-t s:: ~ .... ~ cu
.. II) II) II) .-t cu .-t 0 II) "" .-t >. >. >. cu .-t .-t .-t .-t ..
.... ~ ~ ~ 0 u .. '" >. .c s:: ~ II) ~ s:: s:: Po ... .. >. >. >. >. I oj
U s:: Po .... cu .... .. ... cu s:: 1! cu 0 >. cu ~ .s:: s:: c:: cu ...
.... 0 0 .-t U m :I oj c:I ... cu .. .c ... .. ... ..... .... .... s:: :I
.-t .-t '" 0 ~ ... 0 oj ~ u :3 c:I cu Po '" Po CI) :I ~ ~ ~ ~ cu ..
>. >. >. s:: 0 s:: >. >. >. ~ >. >. >. >. >. >. ... oj
... ... .>I .... 0 :I cu .-t .-t .-t .-t ~ ~ .-t .-t .-t .-t .-t .-t .-t .-t .-t .-t >. II)
~ ~ .-t ~ Po .-t .c 0 0 0 0 ;! 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. :5
...: ~ I&< p.. p.. p.. Po. p.. ~ ~ p.. p.. p.. p.. p.. p.. p.. p.. p.. Po. '"
.X x x x x x x x x x x x X x
x x x X x x x X X X X X X X X
~ines
Quaternary
Ammonium
Compounds
Surface
Active
Agents
Effective in films and molded parts;
nonvolatile; nonoxidizing
Effective; low heat stability; not
sanctioned for food contact
Hydrophilic; many sanctioned for
food contsct
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
X
X
X
x
Source:
Baijal, Mahendra D. (ed), Plastic Polymer Science and Technology, .1982, p. 614.
-------
'.: ".~
'"'.
',;--
Amine Antistats
The amine antistats are generally incorporated internally, although a few
may be applied as coatings. They are effective in polyolefins and styrenic
polymers. The most widely used are the ethoxylated amines, which have poly-
oxyethylene groups attached to the nitrogen. These antis tats are cationic.
As the ethylene oxide content increases, they become more nonionic in charac-
ter. The ethoxylated fatty amines have the highest usage among the internal
antistatic agents. Typical concentrations range from 0.1 to 3 percent.[52]
Ethoxylated amines have restricted FDA approval for food packaging appli-
cations. They tend to be corrosive and may cause skin irritation. Corrosiv-
ity is reduced as the ethylene oxide content increases. The amines are avail-
able as both liquids and solids. The solids provide handling and blending
ease and are not corrosive.
Quaternary Ammonium Antistats
The quaternary ammonium compounds are cationic and hygroscopic. These
additives are believed to orient at the surface of the polymer with the hygro-
scopic end outside the polymer, and the hydrocarbon chains extending inward
and entangled in the polymer matrix. Thus, the charged portion of the mole-
cule, which is hygroscopic, is present on the polymer surface. The anion,
generally a chloride, bromide, sulfate, or nitrate ion, is free to move in the
absorbed aqueous surface layer.
Quaternary ammonium compounds are most commonly used as coatings. They
are applied in dilute solutions of water or alcohol, and provide immediate
antistatic protection upon evaporation of the solvent. The quaternary ammo-
nium compounds applied as coatings have been found to display decreased effec-
tiveness with time, particularly in fibers. This is due to absorption of the
additive into the bulk polymer.
Quaternary ammonium antistats tend to have low heat stabilities
cause discoloration of the product. They also tend to be irritating
skin and eyes. Most are not sanctioned by the FDA for food contact
applications.
and may
to the
Anionic Surface Active Agents
The anionic surface active agents include sulfonates and phosphates. For
these antistats, the positively charged species is the mobile ion, free to
move in the absorbed aqueous surface layer. Many of these additives have FDA
approval for food contact applications.
Miscellaneous Antistats
Various others types of chemicals are used as antistatic agents in plas-
tics. The chemical classes include glycol esters, sulfated waxes, fatty
amides, polyhydric alcohol derivatives, and inorganics. The large number of
proprietary antistats may include any of these chemical groups or any of the
27
-------
,. .....' ,"---~_u-., ,--
previously discussed groups. Since the chemical composition of the proprie-
tary materials is not available in the literature, they are included in this
subsection and identified solely by their trade name.
The mechanism by which the glycol esters and alcohol derivatives impart
antistatic protection is most extensively documented in the literature. These
chemicals are nonionic surfactants. They orient with their polar end at the
surface of the plastic and the hydrocarbon portion extending into the polymer
matrix. Ions are supplied by impurities in the plastic or by contaminants in
the absorbed water. Some of these antistats impart ~ther properties to the
polymer as well, such as secondary plastication and viscosity depression.
The inorganic antistats are generally electrically conductive materials
themselves which do not require an absorbed water layer to dissipate charge.
They function by providing a conductive path through the polymer. This is
accomplished by intimate contact between antistat particles, and therefore
requires relatively high loadings in the plastic to ensure antistatic
properties.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
The reduction or dissipation of static electricity in plastics requires
that the antistat be present at the polymer surface. It also requires that
the antistat have only partial compatibility with the polymer. Thus, whether
the antistat is blended internally or applied as a coating, exposure of the
population is possible during the plastic product's use and following dis-
posal. Most antistats are readily washed from the polymer surface.[93] They
may therefore be present in wastewaters. The quaternary ammonium compounds
are biodegradable in low concentrations (less than 10 ppm) under proper waste
treatment conditions [10]; however, at high concentrations they may shock
biological treatment systems.[197] Typical concentrations of internal anti-
static agents in polymers are less than 3 phr. Considerably lower concentra-
tions could be anticipated to be present at the surface; therefore, exposure
concentrations are probably relatively low. The major applications for
antistats in plastics are in food and drug packaging and medical and surgical-
applications. These uses require that the additives be sanctioned by the FDA.
The antistats which have FDA sanction could be anticipated to pose little
exposure threat.
Some antistatic agents may be classified as hazardous wastes under the
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA).[66] None of the specific chem-
icals known to be utilized as antistats are listed as priority pollutants or
hazardous wastes. .
WORKER EXPOSURE
The health and worker safety concerns posed by the antistatic agents are
similar to those for exposure of the population; however, workers tend to have
higher exposures over longer periods of time. Table C-2 details the tox-
icities for the antistats with disclosed composition. The ethoxylated amine
compounds tend to be corrosive to the skin and eyes. Quaternary ammonium
28
''''-',.......
.,""\.""''''---'~ '
~--_. . , - ,~ .- --...
'. ,-~ ~-". . '":--.- .. -,'
"'.' .,' .
.. .
'.; "',
:\';'
- . ..'.-. '--' ..,., .'
.. .
-------
.. . . .
salts are toxic by ingestion, and may decompose upon sustained heating,
releasing toxic fumes. [93] Recommended safety equipment includes neoprene
gloves, face shields, and goggles.
29
. '"\0
. :"
-or""-"'.'~._-~--"" . ~..- ---- ..,._......:::...~..--....,..-:'~.-..T'"---""'...~ -. ..--
-------
- ... - -..-
SECTION 4
BLOWING AGENTS AND OTHER ADDITIVES FOR FOAMED PLASTICS
INTRODUCTION
Blowing agents. and other additives for foamed plastics are used to pro-
duce porous polymers. Blowing agents are converted to gases during process-
ing and form the cellular component of the plastic. The amount and type of
blowing agent influences the density of the finished product and its pore
structure. Two types of pore structure are possible; open and closed cells.
Closed-cell plastics have discreet, self-contained pores which are roughly
spherical. Open-celled plastics contain interconnected pores, allowing gases
to pass through voids in the plastic.
A variety of methods are used to form cellular plastics. These include:
(1) air whipped into suspension or solution; (2) gas dissolved in the matrix
which expands as processing pressure is reduced; (3) liquid volatilized by
heat; (4) volatilization of water produced by exothermic reactions; (5) carbon
dioxide produced as a by-product of polymerization reactions; (6) gas liber-
ated by the thermal decomposition of chemical blowing agents; and (7) tiny
beads or bubbles of glass or resin incorporated in the plastic. The produc-
tion of foamed plastics via the release of gaseous polymerization by-products
is presented in IPPEU Chapter lOa, Sections 8 through 11, The Plastics and
Resins Processing Industry. The use of beads or bubbles to form the cellular
component of the resin is presented in Section 9 of this report, Fillers.
This section presents blowing agents and other additives which are used
to form cellular plastics. These include:
.
.
.
.
.
physical blowing agents,
chemical blowing agents,
blowing agent catalysts,
surfactants, and
nucleating agents.
Seventy percent of all foamed plastics are polyurethanes [26]; however,
both thermoplastic and thermoset resins may be produced in cellular form.
Table 10 presents the application of the various foam additives used in
plastics. It will be noted that chemical blowing agents are applicable to
most plastics. This is due to the wide range of decomposition temperatures
available with these additives.
30
",
-------
-;
(
1
J
i
I
1
I
I
I
TABLE 10.
BLOWING AGENTS AND OTHER ADDITIVES USED IN FOAMED PLASTICS
QJ QJ
c:: c::
QJ QJ
... ~
>- >-
.... .c QJ
'" QJ .... ....
I ~ QJ QJ .,
QJ :>. c:: ~ QJ
c:: ~ ~ QJ ., '" . .... '" ... ~ QJ
'" .... .c .c QJ ... 0 ... ....
., QJ :>. .... '" '" ... QJ ~ ... . .... QJ QJ ... ~ QJ ~ '" .c .... QJ
::I . ... >< ::I .... 0 ... u ... :>.
IIQ . j:1 QJ c:: c:: c:: QJ ~ :;! .c QJ :>.
co ... c:: ;j c:: ~ ~ c:: ., .... :>. c:: QJ QJ QJ QJ c:: U '" ... '"
~ ... ... ... ~ QJ c:: ... :J .... QJ ~ ~ ~ c:: ~ ... ~ QJ
.... co co co ~ III QJ ~ 0 . :>. :>. QJ ~ ~ ~ ~ ....
... ~ ~ ~ 0 u .... '" :>. ,&J c:: 0-1 co :>. c:: c:: '" ... .... :>. :>. :>. :>. I .,
U c:: '" ... QJ ... .... ... QJ c:: .c QJ QJ 0 :>. QJ ;i c:: ~ c:: QJ ...
... 0 0 ~ u e ::I ., j:1 ... QJ .... .c .c ... .... ... ... ... c:: ::I
~ ~ '" 0 :>. ... 0 III ., ,&J u III j:1 QJ ~ '" '" co ::I ~ > ~ ~ QJ ....
t' :>. :>. c:: >< 0 c:: :>. :>. :>. :>. .c QJ :>. :>. >- :>. :>. :>. ... .,
... ..s ... 0 ::I QJ ~ ~ ~ ~ co ;i :J ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ :>. co
u ~ :;! ~ '" ~ .c 0.0 0 0 '" 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .... c::
< I.:! I« p., p., ... p., p., :c 0-1 0-1 ... p., p., p., p., ... p., p., p., ... '" ::>
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
Physical
Blowing Agents
w
......
Chemical
Blowing Agents
Blowing Agent
Catalysta
Surfactants
Nucleating
Agents
Compressed gases and soluble liquids;
often used in crosslinking to control
temperature
Decompose upon heating to form gases;
wide variety of decomposition tempera-
tures available
Lower temperature of decomposition
for chemical blowing agents; some act
as heat stabilizers ,in vinyls
Control the size and shape of cells
formed; silicones are most commonly
used
Act as sites for cell formation;
produce fine cell structures; mainly
used in thermoplastics
Sources:
Baijal, Mahendra D. (ed), Plastics Polymer Science and Technology, 1982.
The International Plastics Selector, Foams, 1978.
-------
The estimated consumption for blowing agents in 1980
metric tons.[67] The distribution of this consumption is
11. No consumption data are avaiiable for foam additives
blowing agents.
was 53.4 thousand
presented in Table
other than the
TABLE 11.
1980 DISTRIBUTION OF BLOWING AGENTS
TOTAL
Percent Consumption
93.7
6.3
100.0
Blowing Agent Type
Physical Blowing Agents
Chemical Blowing Agents
Sourcef
Curry, Susan and Susan Rich, Kline's Guide to the
Chemical Industry, 1980.
OVERVIEW OF ADDITIVE PROPERTIES
The specific chemicals used as blowing agents and other additives for
cellular plastics are presented in Table A-3 along with some relevant phys-
ical and chemical properties and their polymer application. The volatiliza-
tion or decomposition temperature is clearly the most important variable in
the selection of a blowing agent. It influences the application of the par-
ticular chemical to various processes and polymers. However, most blowing
agents have a temperature range in which they are effective foam formers.
This range is also presented in the appendix. The volume of gas produced per
unit weight of additive influences the amount of blowing agent required to
form the desired density foam. For liquid physical blowing agents, the volume
presented is the volume of gas produced at the chemical's boiling point under
standard conditions (the blowing agent is assumed to be an ideal gas). For
chemical blowing agents, the value presented is the volume of gas produced
upon decomposition. The flash point, of particular concern with liquid blow-
ing agents, is also noted in the table.
Table B-3 presents consumption volumes and other uses for the blowing
agents and foam additives. Safety and handling considerations are important
for these chemicals. Table C-3 summarizes toxicities and worker exposure
concerns for these additives. The general properties of each of the foam
additives are presented in the following subsections.
Physical Blowing Agents
The physical blowing agents are gases and liquids which are soluble in
molten polymer under pressure. Upon depressurization, they volatilize to form
the cellular component of the plastic. The most common gases used are carbon
dioxide, nitrogen, and air. 'Processing of foamed plastics with gases requires
special equipment since mixing of the gas in the polymer must be performed
when the plastic is in the liquid state. The liquid blowing agents are typi-
cally solvents with low boiling points; primarily aliphatic hydrocarbons and
their chloro- and fluoro-analogs. They are soluble in the plasticated, pres-
surized polymer, and upon reduction of processing pressure, these solvents
volatilize forming a cell.
32
"'.
" ,
" ,
" '"
-------
The efficiency of a physical blowing agent is dependent upon its solubil-
ity in the polymer at a specific temperature and pressure. Growth of cells;
therefore, is dependent upon the pressure of the gas as its solubility in the
polymer decreases. Cell size is influenced by the pressure of the gas, the
efficiency of dispersion, melt temperature, and the presence of nucleating
agents. Solidification of the polymer through cooling for thermoplastics and
curing or crosslinking for thermoset resins forms the finished foam. Surfac-
tants aid in cell stabilization for very fluid resins. Some inefficiency in
the use of physical blowing agents may result from diffusion of the gaseous
blowing agent through the polymer and from dissolution of the blowing agent in
the polymer matrix. Minimization of these effects is important in the selec-
tion of a physical blowing agent.
Physical blowing agents comprise over 90 percent of the market for blow-
ing agents. They are heavily used in thermoset foams; particulary polyure-
thanes, polyesters, and epoxies. These additives have some application in low
density thermoplastics, particularly polystyrene. Until recently, the fluoro-
carbons had the highest consumption among the liquid physical blowing agents.
Because of environmental concerns, especially concerns that fluorocarbons may
deplete the. ozone layer of the atmosphere, the market has shifted to methylene
chloride. This blowing agent has a much higher boiling point necessitating
changes in processing conditions, but is not believed to pose as severe an
environmental hazard. [248]
Chemical Blowing Agents
The chemical blowing agents (CBA) are almost all solids which decompose
forming volatile gases and a solid residue upon heating. Characteristically,
these additives decompose over a relatively narrow temperature range. The
advantages of the chemical blowing agents include: (1) They can be mixed with
the polymer at room temperature, for example, in a tumble blender, and there-
fore require no special processing equipment. (2) In most operations they are
self-nucleating. (3) They may be formulated with other additives, for
example, blowing agent catalysts, to meet specific processing requirements.
This is especially important for the engineering thermoplastics which require
high processing temperatures. (4) Most chemical blowing agents are stable
under normal storage conditions and do not pose the safety and handling
concerns the physical b19wing agents do.
The most popular chemical blowing agent is azobisformamide (ABFA). With
its modified forms, it accounts for over 90 percent of the chemical blowing
agent market. [47] ABFA decomposes at a relatively high temperature, 230°C,
but this value may be lowered by formulation with blowing agent catalysts and
other additives such as heat stabilizers. It is self-nucleating, forming a
fine, porous cell structure. ABFA has a tendency to plateout and may be
difficult to disperse. Modified ABFA additives are formulated to alleviate
these problems.
p,p'-oxybis(benzene sulfonyl hydrazide) (OBSH) is another important
chemical blowing agent. It accounts for approximately 5 percent of the CBA
market. OBSH is a low-temperature blowing agent which releases nitrogen and
33
. """"---~----' --.--. '-"'..' .-....
-------
traces of other gases. Its residue is polymeric, nonstaining, and has essen-
tially no odor. Because of its low decomposition temperature, which may be
even further reduced by formulation with catalysts, this additive is employed
with various thermoset and low-melting thermoplastic resins.
The chemical blowing agents decompose to form gaseous products which pro-
duce the cells and a residue. This residue may remain in the product, or it
may be washed from the product following processing. Table 12 presents the
most common chemical blowing agents and their decomposition products. These
by-products must be considered in any consideration of toxicity, and are
therefore presented in Table C-3. The composition of the residue may vary for
the same blowing agent. It is believed that some of these variations result
from side reactions introduced by impurities in the polymer which interact
with the blowing agent.[80]
Blowing Agent Catalysts
The blowing agent catalysts lower the temperature of decomposition for
the chemical blowing agents. Many have functions other than catalysis; for
example, as heat stabilizers in polyvinyl chloride, as lubricants, or as
fillers. Table A-3 presents the blowing agent catalysts incorporated
specifically for this function. Other additives which influence the decom-
position temperature of CBA's are presented in the various other sections of
this report; Section 12, Heat Stabilizers, Section 9, Fillers, and Section 13,
Lubricants.
Surfactants
Surfactants are used with blowing agents to provide cell stabilization.
They are heavily utilized in polyurethane foams. They reduce the surface
tension at the cell wall to promote growth and stabilization. These additives
also wet mold surfaces and therefore provide additional mold release. Typi-
cally, silicone-based 'chemicals, sometimes in combination with glycols, are
used as surfactants.
Nucleating Agents
Nucleating agents provide sites for formation of a cell in the foamed
plastics. They are incorporated to promote the formation of a fine pore
structure, and reduce the extent of agglomeration of gas to form large cells.
Typically, finely ground solids such as silica, silicates, and other nonreac-
tive inorganic materials are utilized. Additives such as fillers and other
solids used in the formulation for other functions may also provide nucleation
sites.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
The blowing agents, during their useful lifetime, may exist as gases,
liquids, and/or solids. For the chemical blowing agents, not only the chemi-
cal itself, but its decomposition products must be considered. These may also
be present in any of the three physical states. Table 13 presents the blowing
34
. '>~>:...>.::..._-~,,_.~, ....'- ..". -- -'.'. ,. -.
-. .' ~ .--
'., .
-------
,.-
.I
i'
,
.~
.j
j
;
!
j
"
TABLE 12.
Blowing Agent
Azobisisobutyronitrile
Azobisformamide
Barium Azodicarboxylate
W
Ln
Benzene Sulfonyl Hydrazide
Diazoaminobenzene
Diisopropyl
Azodicarboxylate
N,N'-Dinitroso-N,N'-di-
methylterephthalamide
CHEMICAL BLOWING AGENTS AND THEIR DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS
Gaseous Products
Nitrogen
Nitrogen (62%)
Carbon monoxide
Ammonia
Carbon dioxide
(35%)
Nitrogen
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen
Water
Nitrogen
Nitrogen (53%)
Carbon monoxide (43.3%)
Carbon dioxide (3.7%)
Nitrogen
Residue
Tetramethylsuccino-
nitrile
Isobutyronitrile
Methacrylonitrile
Ketenimine
Urazole (39%)
Cyanuric acid
Biurea (2%)
Cyamelide (1%)
Oxamide
(21%)
Barium carbonate
Diphenyl disulfide
Phenyl benzene thio-
sulfonate
Diphenylamine
Diisopropyl carbonate
(90-95%)
Diisopropyl ether
(5-10%)
2,3-Dimethylbutane
(1-3%)
N,N'-dimethyltere-
phthalamide
Comments
Residue toxic
Nontoxic residue
Residue ~taining,
carcinogenic
(Continued)
-------
,-
"
/
[
i
I
I
.j
Blowing Agent
Dinitrosopentamethylene-
tetramine
p,p'-Oxybis(benzene-
sulfonyl hydrazide)
5-Phenyltetrazine
p-Toluene Sulfonyl
Hydrazide
(.,.)
0\
p-Toluene Sulfonyl
Semicarbazide
Trihydrazine Triazine
TABLE 12 (Continued)
Gaseous Products
Residue
Nitrogen
Nitrous oxide
Ammonia
Amines
Water
Formaldehyde
Amine
Nitrogen
Water
Polymeric
Nitrogen
Nitrogen
Ditolyldisulfide
p-Tolyl p-toluene
thiosulfonate
p-Toluenesulfinic
acid
Hydrazine
Nitrogen (62%) .
Carbon dioxide (30%)
Carbon monoxide (4%)
Ammonia
Ditolyldisulfide
Ammonium p-toluene
sulfonate
p-Thiocresol
Ammonium bicarbonate
Ammonium carbamate
Nitrogen
Ammonia
Comments
Residue gives fishy odor
Low toxicity
Minor skin irritant
Nontoxic residue
-------
agents and the known decomposition products of the CBA's which are considered
priority pollutants and/or hazardous wastes.
TABLE 13. CLASSIFICATION OF BLOWING AGENTS AND OTHER ADDITIVES
FOR FOAMED PLASTICS AS PRIORITY POLLUTANTS AND HAZARDOUS WASTES
Blowing Agents and
Their Components
Benzene
1,2-Dichloroethane
Freon 11
Freon 12
Hydrazine
Methylene chloride
Toluene
Tetrachloromethane
Trichloroethylene
Metalst
Barium
Priority
Pollutant
X
X
X
X
EPA
Hazardous
Waste
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
tChemicals that contain barium are considered
hazardous wastes.
Typically, the physical blowing agents are solvents, some of which are highly
flammable. . The flammable solvents may be classified as hazardous wastes
because of their flammability, yet not be specifically liste~ in Appendix
VIII. Some of the blowing agents and their decomposition products are known
to be toxic, yet are not listed as either hazardoua wastes or priority pollu-
tants. For example, diazoaminobenzene is a known carcinogen. Tetramethyl-
succinonitrile, a by-product of azobisisobutyronitrile decomposition, is
highly toxic by ingestion. Concerns for exposure of the general population to
these chemicals are similar to concerns for worker safety and health. These
are detailed in the following section.
WORKER EXPOSURE
Table C-3 presents toxicological data and current OSHA regulations (and
ACGIH and NIOSH recommendations) for the blowing agents, reaction by-products
from the CBA's, and the other additives used in foam formulations. Many of
the liquids and gases used as physical blowing agents are toxic and/or highly
flammable. Others, such as tetrachloromethane and benzene, are known
carcinogens. The concerns for workers exposed to the physical blowing agents
include inhalation, skin contact, and ingestion. Of these, inhalation is of
greatest concern since the presence of the chemical in the gaseous state is
required to form the foam. General dilution and specific exhaust ventilation
are common process modifications. Because many of the solvents are heavier
than air, floor level ventilation is frequently most effective. In cases
where adequate reductions in the ambient concentration of gaseous chemicals
cannot be achieved, respirators may be recommended. The elimination of skin
37
"
-------
... . ~ -~.#- ~
. - -." - .
-- - . '"
. .
contact can generally be achieved through the use of gloves, goggles, face
shields, and protective clothing. Some of these solvents present storage
concerns as well as hazards in processing. Special cabinets or other storage
facilities may be recommended.
The chemical blowing agents are generally solids. These have the poten-
tial to form particulates during loading, blending, and processing. Ventila-
tion may be recommended to reduce high airborne concentrations of the dusts
formed by the CBA's. The decomposition products of the CBA's vary greatly in
toxicity. Nitrogen and water are nontoxic, while .carbon monoxide, ammonia,
and nitrous oxide pose a threat to worker safety and health. Process modifi-
cation and worker protection devices as discussed above for the physical
blowing agents may be recommended. Skin contact with the residues which are
toxic may be avoided by use of worker protective equipment such as face
shields, gloves, and protective clothing.
38
'~
.-...---.
-------
SECTION 5
CATALYSTS FOR THERMOPLASTIC POLYMERIZATION
INTRODUCTION
This section details the true catalysts used in the production of thermo-
plastic polymers. Catalysts alter the rate of chemical reactions without
themselves being chemically changed. In the production and processing of
plastics, many different chemicals can be designated as catalysts. These
include two groups of compounds which may not adhere to the definition of a
true catalyst: free radical initiators for thermoplastic and unsaturated
polyester resins, and curing agents for thermosetting resins. Sections 8 and
11 of this report detail catalysts and curing agents for thermoset resins and
free radical initiators, respectively.
Many different catalysts are used in the production of plastics and
resins. The catalyst is generally chosen for a specific monomer and polymeri-
zation technique, although a few catalysts are applicable to more than one
production process. These include:
.
polyolefin catalysts including metal oxide, Ziegler-Natt~, and
organotransition metal catalysts;
.
thermoplastic polyester catalysts for transesterification and
polymerization;
.
polycarbonate catalysts;
.
polyamide catalysts;
.
polyphenylene oxide catalysts; and
.
polyacetal catalysts and initiators.
Manufacturers generally consider the composition of their catalysts to be
proprietary information. Thus, only limited information on these chemicals
exists in the literature. The patent literature details a wide variety of
catalysts applicable to plastics production, but it is thought that only a
small percentage of these are of commercial importance.[27, p. 60] This sec-
tion presents the catalysts believed to have commercial significance in the
plastics and resins industry.
Catalysts generally lower the activation energy necessary for a chemical
reaction; the rate of reaction therefore increases. This is accomplished
39
"-.....- .
-------
through the association of one or more of the reactants with the catalyst.
Different catalysts are used not only to vary the rate of reaction, but also
to produce polymers of varying stereospecificity. ~erefore, by changing
catalysts, various crystalline forms of a particular polymer are possible with
varying degrees of isotacticity (i.e., substituent groups attached on only one
side of the polymer backbone).
Table 14 summarizes the appiication of catalysts to polymers. As was
stated previously, most catalysts are specific to the monomers they poly-
merize; however, in the case of the olefins, the three major groups may be
applicable to more than one monomer. These are detailed separately in the
table.
The consumption volumes for the various catalysts are considered to be
proprietary information. Estimates from polymer production volumes can be
made for some of the high use catalysts; however, the reliability of these.
values is questionable.
OVERVIEW OF ADDITIVE PROPERTIES
As stated previously, most catalysts are chosen specifically for their
application to particular monomers. This overview, therefore, presents the
catalysts used for po1yo1efins, thermoplastic polyester, polyamide, po1ycar-
bonate and po1ypheny1ene oxide, and po1yaceta1s. Table A-4 enumerates
specific chemicals used as catalysts for these polymers. The appendix pre-
sents the application of each catalyst to specific polymers and processes
along with various chemical and physical properties. It will be noted that
many of the po1yo1efin catalysts utilize supports. These supports are chem-
ically inert during the polymerization process, but act as surfaces for
attachment of the catalyst. The use of supports will be discussed in more
detail in the following subsections. Also presented in the table are chem-
icals used as catalyst neutralizers.
Many of the chemicals used as catalysts and supports have uses other than
those in polymerization. Table B-4 summarizes the uses and consumption
volumes, where available, fot these chemicals. It will be noted that the
supports listed in Table A-4 are presented separately in this table since
virtually no information is available in the literature on the cata1yst-
support combination. The toxicological and worker exposure concerns for the
chemicals used as catalysts and supports are presented in Table C-4. A
summary of the properties of the various catalysts used in thermoplastic
polymerization is presented in the following subsections.
Olefin Catalysts
The major ol~fin catalysts include metal oxides, Zieg1er-Natta types, and
organotransition metal compounds. Any of these three catalyst types may be
utilized on an inert support. Typically, solids with high surface areas are
used as supports. The catalyst is physically or chemically adsorbed on the
support surface. With appropriate surface loadings, access of the monomer to
the catalyst is improved, and catalytic activity and efficiency increases.
The three types of olefin catalysts are summarized below.
40
--,r ~. ".. --.-....'. ..~.. ...--." -
. ~. . -, -- . - .
-------
/
,
i
I
TABLE 14.
CATALYST USE IN POLYMERIZATION OF THERMOPLASTICS
GI GI
~ ~
GI GI
~ ~
» ~
" GI
(/) GI " "
I ~ GI GI '"
GI QJ » ~ ~ QJ
\:I ~ ~ QJ '" '" '"
QJ » 0 ~ .d QJ ~ QJ ~
.... .d Po. » " '" ~ ~ QJ
.., " .d .d QJ .... 0 ~ "
'" QJ » " "" '" .... QJ ~ ~ '"
." » " QJ QJ .... ~ QJ ~ '" G " QJ
" .. ~ .... » ~ ~ " " 0 ~ ~ »
IQ " ;j 0 .. ~ QJ 0 (/) '" .d ~ ~ ~
.. I .. ;j Po. ij 0 ~ " 0 0 QJ 0 0
~ QJ ~ !II QJ Po QJ QJ QJ QJ U ~ ~ ~ Po.
~ .. .. .. ~ !II QJ QJ " » Q QJ ~ ~ ~ QJ .'i ~ .d QJ »
.. .... ;j ~ ~ ~ .e>: ~ "' " » ~ QJ QJ QJ GI ~ < u '" ~ '"
~ ~ .... .... » ~ GI 6 ~ :. " QJ ~ ~ ~ ~ '" ~ U QJ
" .. .. .. ~ '" QJ ~ .. 0 ~ ~ » » » III .d ~ ~ ~ ~ 1. ~
.... ~ ~ ~ 0 u " '" » .J:J ~ ..:I !II ~ ~ ~ "" ~ " » » » »
u ~ '" .... QJ .... " ~ QJ ij QJ QJ 0 » QJ ~ ~ ~ ~ QJ ~
.... o. 0 ~ u m " '" Q ... " .d .d ~ ,, ~ ~ ~ ~ "
~ ~ '" 0 » ... 0 ~ ~ QJ "
t' » ~ i >C 0 ~ » » » » ~ » » » » » » » ... '"
~ 0 " QJ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ :. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ » ..
.U U ~ '" ~ if 0 0 0 0 ;! ~ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 " ~
< < < JU I&. Po. Po. Po. Po ..:1 ..:1 Po. Po. Po. Po. Po. Po. Po. Po. Po. Po. (/) =:>
.c-
......
Catalyata
x
Olefin Catalysts
Metal Oxide - High efficiency, generally on a support
Ziegler-Matta - Produces highly sterospecific polymers;
wide variety of compounds available
Organotransition Metal - Kay be used on a support
e - Experimental, not of commercial importance.
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x X e
x X X X e
e X X e
-------
Metal Oxide Catalysts--
Metal oxide catalysts, also called Phillips and Standard Oil Catalysts,
are used to produce high density polyethylene and linear low density poly-
ethylene. Sixty percent of high density polyethylene is produced by the
Phillips process [27], thought 'to use chromium trioxide on a solid support
(Si02 or Si02.AI203) exclusively.' The Standard Oil Method uses
molybdenum trioxide on similar supports.
The success of the Phillips process has been largely attributable to the
high catalytic activity achieved by chromic acid on a solid support. Chemi-
sorbed chromic acid at a concentration of 5 percent is typically used. The
efficiency of this catalyst ranges from 5,000 to 50,000 kg polymer/kg of
chromium. [78] Thus, only very low concentrations of the catalyst remain in
the polymer (approximately 1 ppm). Since this amount is believed to be
innocuous, it does not require removal and the expensive catalyst removal step
is eliminated. It is important to note two points here: (1) neither the
catalyst nor the support are in their chemically pure state during charging,
polymerization, and washing; and (2) although the catalyst. is often
regenerated, it may be left in the polymer to reduce the cost of the process.
Other polymerization processes may remove catalyst residues through
centrifugation and/or filtration of the newly produced polymer.
Ziegler-Natta Catalysts--
The Ziegler process utilizes Ziegler-Natta catalysts to form many types
of polyolefins. High density polyethylene, linear low density polyethylene,
polypropylene and poly-I-butene are produced by this process. It is currently
the only commercial means of producing isotactic polypropylene and poly-l-
butene (polybutyl~ne). Further, various elastomers are produced by the Zieg-
ler process. The Ziegler-Natta catalysts are formed by reacting a metal alkyl
or hydride from Groups I to III and a transition metal salt from Groups IV to
VIII. A support may be used. Triethyl aluminum is most popular as the metal
a1ky1.[208, p. 339] Major transition metals utilized in these catalysts
include titanium, vanadium, and chromium. The two components form an organo-
metallic complex which contains the active center for polymerization. Sig-
nificant improvements in catalyst efficiencies have been realized by the use
of magnesium-based supports. The active site is believed to involve bonds to
the support surface [184], thus the support may actually act as a cocatalyst.
Most Ziegler catalysts are prepared separately and then charged to the
polymerization vessel as the organometallic complex; however, the individual
components may be added directly. Because the catalyst is a complex, its
properties are different from those of the individual components. With
catalysts of high efficiences, the catalyst removal step may be eliminated.
Others require removal by washing, centrifugation, or filtration.
Organotransition Metal Catalysts---
The organotransition metal compounds were developed by Union Carbide and
may be used to produce high density polyethylene and linear low density poly-
ethylene. The polymerization of other olefins is under study. The two Union
42
"""""
'.
.-"-'-~''''"P''.'--..- ...,.,. _.~---.~ . ..
-, .. .- 0"".'- -..'
. ."
," :; , .
. ... -'--
-------
Carbide processes, gas-phase polymerization and the Unipol process, are
thought to be using metal oxide and Ziegler-type catalysts. [218] Organotran-'
sition metal catalysts are typically deposited on a solid support such as
silica.
Thermoplastic Polyester Catalysts
The polymerization of polyethylene terephthalate and polybutylene tere-
phthalate involves two steps, ester exchange and polymerization. Commonly,
two separate catalysts are used for these reactions. Diacetates of divalent
metals are most popular for ester exchange.[208, p. 473] The ester exchange
catalys~ is then inactivated before the polymerization step begins. Polymeri-
zation of the ester is accomplished through polycondensation by means of a
separate catalyst, commonly antimony or germanium oxide.
Polycarbonate Catalysts
Polycarbonates are linear polyesters of carbonic acid. A variety of
methods are used to obtain this polymer. The two most common methods are pre-
sented below. In the first, a dihydroxy compound and a carbonate ester are
polymerized by ester interchange with a basic catalyst as discussed in the
previous section. The second, most widely used means of producing polycar-
bonates, is in solution with pyridine acting as both the solvent and catalyst.
Pyridine also reacts with the chlorine liberated from phosgene (COC12)
during polymerization. Interfacial polymerization, an aqueous reaction,
utilizes strong bases such as sodium hydroxide and tertiary amines.
Polyamide Catalysts
The condensation of most polyamides does not require a catalyst; however,
Nylon 6 and Nylon 4 utilize strong acids and bases to achieve polycondensa-
tion. These include sodium hydroxide, aliphatic amines, sodium hydride and
acetic and phosphoric acids. Lactam imides may be used as cocatalysts.
Polyphenylene Oxide Catalysts
Production of polyphenylene oxide occurs through oxidative coupling. The
catalysts are a copper salt, commonly CuCl, and an amine such as pyridine.
This combination promotes oxidation of 2,6-dimethylphenol.
Polyacetal Catalysts and Initiators
The polymerization of polyacetals is achieved through an ionic mechanism.
The process itself is proprietary.[188] The mechanism for producing polyace-
tals may involve initiators or catalysts, Lewis acids and bases. Initiation
of polymerization occurs through formation of a stable anion or cation.
Formaldehyde or another monomer then adds to the catalyst or initiator and
becomes the ion carrier. More monomer then adds to the chain, creating the
polymer.
43
'. "
"
. .,..- .~,_.- ..--. ... -. ---.-., _.~. - .
. .
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Catalysts are typically used in low concentrations and, at least theoret-
ically, are regenerated. In practice, some catalyst is lost in production;
either by inefficient catalyst removal or by chemical deterioration. Thus,
fresh catalyst must be added to continue polymerization. Some highly
efficient catalysts are not removed, such as the Phillips supported chromium
oxide catalyst, which claims production of approximately 36,000 kg polymer per
kg of chromium oxide. The chromium residual in the polymer is thought to be
present in an innocuous concentration. Therefore, the environmental impact of
catalysts depends upon their chemical form (i.e., whether or not they are pure
.compounds), their use volume, and the chemical or physical state in which they
are lost or removed for disposal. Table 15 details catalysts and their com-
ponents which are considered to be priority pollutants and/or hazardous
wastes.
TABLE 15. CLASSIFICATION OF CATALYSTS AS
PRIORITY POLLUTANTS AND HAZARDOUS WASTES
Catalysts and Their
Components
Pyridine
Metals and Cyanidet
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Zinc
Priority
Pollutant
Hazardous
Waste
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
tChemicals that contain these metals and cyanide are considered
priority pollutants and/or hazardous wastes.
WORKER EXPOSURE
Virtually no information on worker exposure to polymerization catalysts
exists in the literature. Some chemicals are regulated by OSHA because they
have other functions as colorants, flame retardants, and solvents. These
regulations and toxicities for specific chemicals are detailed in Table C-4.
However, many polymerization catalysts are not used in their pure chemical
form (e.g., the supported catalysts used in polyolefin polymerization). The
catalyst mixtures and chemical intermediates may not present the same hazard
to workers as the pure chemical.
Because catalysts are used in relatively low concentrations, and because
of the variability in the processes in which they are used, comprehensive
worker exposure statements cannot be made. The steps necessary to assure
worker health and safety will be dependent on the compound; its chemical,
44
",
", .'-.-..-.. ..-.. .... .--.. . ,., .~
, ....~
-------
t-
t
~
physical, and toxicological properties; its concentration in use; and
other variables. Typically, the handling of catalysts is of greatest
Adequate ventilation, protective clothing including gloves and safety
respirators and dust masks may be recommended for specific chemicals.
45
,
'.
.,.,--;-.._~:-""" ',' .. '........~
.5- .;
many
concern.
glasses,
-------
~
. -.:.~. . -~..,~-
;-
SECTION 6
COLORANTS
INTRODUCTION
Colorants impart hue (shade), value (brightness), and chroma (intensity
or strength of color) to plastics. Some may be added to increase opacity.
Specific colorants are added for both aesthetic and functional reasons, to
make the plastic applicable to its end use. Most colorants are added to
plastics to increase the appeal of the product to consumers. A wide range of
colors can be formulated for plastics through combinations of various color-
ants. Today, computer-assisted compounding aids in color matching. Some
colorants act to enhance other properties of the plastic. For example, carbon
black is commonly added to plastics intended for outdoor use because it acts
as a UV stabilizer (Section 17).
Colorants used in plastics can be divided into four major catagories:
.
.
.
.
inorganic pigments,
organic pigments,
dyes, and
special colorants.
Pigments are particles which are suspended in the resin. The most common
organic pigments are carbon black, the phthalocyanines, mono and disazo com-
pounds, quinacridones, indolines, and perylenes. Inorganic pigments (salts
and oxides of metals) are generally temperature resistant and readily dis-
persed, and they have good tinting strength and hiding power. The most widely
used of these is titanium dioxide. Other inorganic colorants include iron
oxides, cadmium, lead, zinc, mercury, strontium, and barium salts. Dyes are
small-sized particles or liquids, usually soluble in the resin, which impart
brilliant, transparent color to plastics. They tend to have poor resistance
to migration, chemicals, light, and the heat of processing. Special colorants
.include delusterants, fluorescents, metallics, and pearlescents. These are
mainly inorganic pigments used in conjunction with other colorants to give a
special effect. .
Colorants are available in a wide variety of physical forms. Dry pig-
ments, with which the processor blends the resin directly preceding process-
ing, account for only a small portion of the colorants purchased by proces-
sors. Color concentrates, encapsulated colorants, paste dispersions, and
liquid concentrates are used for ease in blending and processing, to reduce
dusting, and to reduce inventories. These mixtures contain high concentra-
tions of colorant premixed in a relatively small amount of resin. They are
46
,
. t.,
.' . ~.
. ,:,--:""",,,,,,,,-,,,-.,,,--;-,,,,,,,,,,,,,:".....,.....-,;",,,,, '.-.- ....... .
-------
used by thermoplastic resin-processors at an average concentrate-to-resin
ratio of one to two percent, although this ratio may be as high as five
percent. Thermoset processors utilize paste dispersions for color blending.
Most polymers incorporate organic and inorganic pigments, although not
all chemicals in the group are applicable to every plastic, process, or end
use. Dyes, largely because of their lack of heat and chemical stability, have
more limited application in polymers. Table 16 details typical forms of
colorants used for specific polymers.
Total consumption of colorants in plastics in "1982 was 146.6 thousand
metric tons. The distribution of this consumption is presented in Table 17.
Most processors do not use colorants in their virgin form. The 1982 distri-
bution of the various forms of colorants (by weight) is detailed in Table 18.
It must be remembered that the weight of the colorant in these mixtures makes
up only a portion of the total represented by the percentage. Thus, the per-
centage of the pure colorant in these mixtures could be expected to have a
different distribution.
, TABLE 18.
1982 DISTRIBUTION OF COLOR BLENDS
Colorant Form
Concentrates
Dry Pigmen t .
Encapsulate
Paste Dispersion
Other
Percent Consumption
88.0
6.8
1.1
2.2
1.9
Total
100.0
Source:
Modern Plastics, September 1982, p. 66.
OVERVIEW OF ADDITIVE PROPERTIES
The properties of a colorant such as its cost and compatibility with the
polymer dictate the use and application of the particular chemical species.
Other factors such as heat resistance must be considered in selecting a
colorant for processing. Toxicity and migration resistance, the tendency of
the colorant to exude (bleed) from the finished plastic, are important param-
eters which must be considered for the intended end use of the formed plastic.
Table A-S details some of the physical and chemical properties of the
colorants used in plastics and their compatibility with various polymers.
This listing includes a toxicity designation, based on the use of the compound
in plastics for food contact.
Most of the compounds discussed in this section have application only
as colorants, but may be used in a variety of products other than plastics
including paints, inks, paper, leather, lacquers, and sometimes textiles.
Table B-S details the uses and consumption patterns for each colorant. Unless
specified, the consumption volumes given for the colorants include the volume
47
,
. .;'-'-.-"'.""""'---'''''-:'-~-r----~ ~ . -~ -..
-------
:./
./
TABLE 16.
COLORANTS FOR PLASTICS
QI
g
...
>.
...
en
I
QI
c:
QI
""
'1::1
1\1
...
:I
oQ
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., "" c:
GI ... ""
I>: ... .,
"" QI
o c: I>:
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~ ~ :o! ~
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., c:
... ""
CD CD iI co
~ ~ >. ~
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~ ~ g,
o
~ I)
o :I
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iii '"
....
1\1 QI
o ... '1::1
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.... 0 e
01\11\1
c: >. >.
QI .... ....
.c 0 0
Po. Po. Po.
.,
~
.,
~
QI
QI ...
c: 1\1
QI c:
.... 0
>. .0
... ...
:I 1\1
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>. >.
.... ....
o 0
Po. Po.
QI
g
....
>.
.c QI
QI... ...
c: QI QI 1\1
QI>.C:""
.... .... QI 1\1
>. 0, ,.... .c
.c Po.->. ...
... .c.c
QI >. ... ""
>. ... QI QI
.... "" >. ...
o ., .... QI
Po. c: 0 to<
QI Po. QI
>. ~ QI c:
... >. c: QI
~ ~ ;: ~ ~
c: ...1 ., >. c:
QI c:.cQl
~ ... QI ... .c
.cm~~~
co c: :J ..... ......
"" "1 Q 0 0
:<: - ...1 Po. Po.
QI
'1::1
QI ""
'1::1 ....
"" ....
~ a
QI QI
c: c:
QI QI
.... ....
>. >.
c: ""
QI 0
.c ...
"" ""
>. >.
.... ....
o 0
Po. Po.
QI ,
'1::1 ' '., .
"" QI ....
... .... QI
o "" ...
QI .... ... II)
~ '6 :::: 6 ;: I~'
1\1 .c... C:""
... 0 0 QI 0 0
QI 0 .... c: .... .Po.
Qlo.....cQl>'
QI c: < < u '1::1 ... '1::1
c: 1\1 "" 0 QI
~ -s ~ ~ ~ ~ 11~
t'~~~~~~~
,~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~.
...... ...... ..... ..... ..... ..... ~ co
o 0 0 0 0 0 ~ c:
Po. Po. Po. Po. "" "" en ::>
Inorganic Dense colors; stable, low plasticizer X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
..,.. Pigments absorption; insoluble; chemical resistant.
00
Organic Bright colors; fair to good' opacity; some X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Pigments have good stability; insoluble; some
migrate.
Dyes Bright, transparent colors; limited X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
stability; migrate; soluble; poor
chemical resistance.
Special Optical brighteners, fluorescents, X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Pigments metallics, pearlescents used for
special effects; vary in stability.
Source:
Baijal, Mahendra D., Plastics Polymer Science and Technology, 1982.
p. 615.
-------
Source:
,.
. .
:: -;.J
TABLE 17. 1982 DISTRIBUTION OF COLORANTS
Colorant Type Percent Consumption
Inorganic Pigments
Titanium Dioxides 68.2
Iron Oxides 2.4
Cadmiums 1.4
Chrome Yellows 1.4
Mo1ybdat~ Oranges 1.0
Other 0.8
Total Inorganics 75.2
Organic Pigments
Carbon Blacks 19.8
Phtha10cyanine Blues 1.1
Phtha10cyanine Greens 0.6
Organic Reds 1.0
Organic Yellows 0.2
Others 0.4
Total Organics 23.1
Dyes
Nigrosines 1.0
Oil Soluble 0.4
Anthraquinones 0.1
Others 0.2
Total Dyes 1.7
TOTAL 100.0
Modern Plastics, September 1982, p. 66.
49
-... ,. ~",""'---'"
-------
~
. ~
.. '. -
~~ .~.~~'..J.-.
._. .
for all uses of the colorant. Table C-5 details the toxicological properties
and worker exposure recommendations for plastics colorants. Since the pig-
ments are nonvolatile solids, the major concern is the formation of dusts in
blending and forming. As was discussed previously, the use of concentrates
and pastes aids in reducing dusting and in meeting guidelines for particulates
in air. Therefore, the ease with which these guidelines are met is dependent
upon the form of the colorant purchased by the blender.
Color technology is.an advanced art. Color matching may now be performed
by computers to produce exact shades. An example of this is the coloring of
plastic automobile parts to match paints used on metal surfaces. Particular
chemicals are catalogued by the Society of Dyers and Colorists to aid the
formulator in choosing colorants. The color index designation includes name
and number. This report lists the common name used for a colorant, its color
index designation, and chemical structure. Many specialty colorants, particu-
larly dyes and organic pigments, are produced by only one manufacturer. The
exact chemical structure of the compounds is either considered proprietary, or
may, in some cases, be unknown. For these compounds, the general chemical
composition is listed if available. The general properties of various
colorants used in plastics a~e summarized in the following subsections.
Inorganic Pigments
Inorganic pigments are dominated by the metal oxides, sulfides, chro-
mates, and molybdates. Titanium dioxide accounts for almost 70 percent of the
colorants used in plastics. It is used as a white pigment, as an opacifier
and delusterant, and in combination with low concentrations of other colorants
to give various other shades. Titanium dioxide is available in two crystal
forms, anatase and rutile. The rutile form is more widely used. It is
slightly more abrasive than the anatase crystal, but. has better hiding power
and is more resistant to chalking upon exposure to sunlight. The anatase form
is whiter, but is less resistant to UV light. Typical particle sizes are
0.25 - 0.3 11m.
The iron oxides are a large class of compounds which produce colors rang-
ing from yellow to black, depending upon the oxidation state of the metal.
These compounds can be natural or synthetic. The natural iron oxides, includ-
ing Sienna, Ocher, Umber, Hematite, and Limonite, frequently contain mixtures
of iron oxides and other metal compounds as impurities. Synthetic iron oxides
include Fe203 (red), and its hydrated forms which are various yellow
shades and FeO (black). These synthetic materials are much purer, and are
easier to reproduce and match, but tend to be more expensive. As a class, the
iron oxides form weak, dull, but lightfast colors. They are inexpensive,
chemically resistant, and nontoxic. They tend to protect resins by screening
UV light.
Cadmium pigments are extremely stable inorganic pigments which give bril-
liant yellows, reds, oranges, and maroons. The basic pigment, cadmium
sulfide, is a golden yellow. Modification with zinc gives lemon to primrose,
while selenium and mercury give orange, red, and maroon. These pigments are
o .
heat stable to 500 C and for this reason 75 percent of their application is in
50
.-". ."." -~. ,...' '... ~ .. ... ...
. .
. ", . .
-------
plastics. [40] Additionally, the cadmium pigments have both good bleed and
chemical resistance, although they tend to be sensitive to the combination of
light and moisture, which limits their outdoor use. These pigments. are the
most expensive of the inorganic pigments, but due to their brilliant color,
only small quantities are needed for coloring and they are cost competitive.
Concern over the toxicity of the heavy metals cadmium, mercury, and selenium
means that precautions against exposure of workers and the general population
to these pigments must be taken.
The chrome pigments are yellow, green, and orange pigments based on
chromium in various oxidation states. Lead chromate gives an opaque,
brilliant yellow. Its low cost makes it an attractive choice; however,
conce~ns over the toxicity of lead and the carcinogenacity of hexavalent
chromium have limited its use. Mixtures of lead chromate with lead oxide to
give orange (Chrome Orange) and with Prussian Blue (discussed below) to give
Chrome Green are used in' plastics. Their application is limited due to the
low chemical and heat resistance of lead chromate.
Other chromium-containing pigments include Chromium Oxide Green and
Copper Chromite Black. Chromium Oxide Green, Cr203, is an extremely heat
stable, lightfast, and chemically resistant pigment. The color is dull and
abrasive, but extremely durable. Since this pigment contains hexavalent
chromium, its status as a possible carcinogen is of concern. Copper Chromite
Black is a heat stable, weak black. Molybdate Orange is a combination of lead
molybdate, lead chromate, and lead oxide. Like lead chromate, it is only heat
stable to 200°C. Silica encapsulation increases this stability to 300°C.
Molybdate Orange is low cost, opaque, and bright, but the presence of lead
presents concerns over its toxicity.
Iron Blue or Prussian Blue, ferric ammonium ferrocyanide, is a low cost
blue pigment which does not migrate and has fairly good lightfastness. It is
difficult to grind and disperse, and tends to be heat and alkali sensitive.
Manganese-containing pigments include Manganese Violet
(NH4MnP207), Manganese Green (BaMn04) and Manganese Blue. The most
widely used of these is Manganese Violet. It has poor heat and alkali
resistance.
The ultramarine pigments (blue, violet, red, and pink) are complex alumi-
num sulfosilicates. These pigments produce clean, brilliant shades with good
durability except to acids. They tend to be weak and have poor hiding power.
Other pigments are available. The whites include aluminum silicate,
calcium silicate, barium sulfate, zinc oxide, and zinc sulfide. Cobalt com-
pounds may be green, blue, or violet, and include cobalt aluminate (blue),
Cobalt Chrome Green, Cobalt Turquoise, cobalt lithium phosphate (violet), and
cobalt phosphate (violet). Various metal oxide mixtures are available in a
variety of colors for high temperature applications. The metals include
aluminum, titanium, nickel, magnesium, antimony, and zinc. They have good
chemical, heat, and migration resistance, but tend to be very weak and costly.
51
.....--.......---.-. - ,_...
-------
. '-.,"~' f; h.
'" .
. \
Organic Pigments
The organic pigments include a large number of very div~rse compounds.
Frequently their chemical structure is either unknown or considered to be
proprietary by the manufacturer. Carbon blacks may be categorized as either
organic or inorganic pigments. For the purposes of this report, they are con-
sidered to be organics since they are derived from organic materials. This
family of compounds includes Channel, Furnace, or Thermal Blacks. They
constitute almost twenty percent of colorant consumption in plastics. The
carbon blacks are added to plastics not only as a pigment, but because they
impart other desirable properties such as UV stability, heat resistance,
electrical insulation, and reinforcement. They are readily dispersed, and
. have a positive effect on the rheology (flow) of the plastic during process-
ing. Furnace Black, obtained from the partial combustion of aromatic residual
oils, is applicable to all plastics [261] and contains 0.3 to 4.0 percent
volatile material. Thermal Black, produced. from natural gas, contains less
than 1 percent volatiles. Channel Blacks are no longer produced in the
U. S . [ 166 ]
The phthalocyanine blues and greens have the second highest consumption
volume among the organic pigments. These compounds contain a tetrabenzopor-
phyrazine chromophore with copper generally satisfying the central valence.
Various crystal forms exist. The basic pigment is blue; when chlorinated or
brominated it yields various shades of green. These tend to be more heat
stable than the blues. The phthalocyanines form clear, bright shades that are
light fast and chemically inert. Their heat stability is one of the highest
among the organic pigments. The only disadvantages of these pigments are that
they tend to be rather difficult to disperse and may nucleate polyolefins.
The organic reds, oranges, and yellows include a wide variety of chemi-
cal structures. These two major color groups are lumped together since by
varying the substituents associated with the backbone structure, various
shades of red and yellow are made. The azo pigments include monazo (-N=N-)
and disazo (-N=N-R-N=N-) structures. They are largely reds, yellows, and
oranges.
The monazo reds include naphthol, para, and toluidine reds, benzimidazo-
lones and metal azo complexes which have the common names Permanent and Lithol
Reds. Naphthol reds are arylamides of -hydroxynaphthoic acid coupled to
aromatic amines. Only a few of these have heat stabilities suitable for use
in polymers. The para reds are prepared by coupling either p-nitroaniline or
o-chloro-p-nitroaniline to S-naphthol. These pigments tend to migrate in the
presence of plasticizers and in polyethylene. They are bright shades with
good durability and lightfastness. Toluidine reds are substituted amines
coupled to S-naphthol. Most of this class of red pigments do not have the
heat and lightfastness required for plastics. The benzimidazolones are more
expensive pigments with improved heat stability and their light fastness varies
from fair to very good. Among the organic red pigments, metal azo complexes
have the highest usage in plastics.[166] These are metal salts of azo acid
dyes. They contain a negatively charged sulfonic or carboxylic acid group
52
-...._~,
---,
., ."~'" ""~-:'--'-'."--'''''--:"'''7-''......~.'''''-''''~~~.,-',-~' -.-.....,..." -'--.'" -
.- . " .. ~_. .-,
.. -. -'''''-.'
"1'1'
-------
which is neutralized by a metal such as sodium, barium, calcium, or strontium.
Permanent Red 2B has the highest usage in plastics among the metal azo
complexes.
Monazo yellows are also called Hansa Yellows. Five of these have
commercial significance in plastics. In general; these pigments have poor
heat resistance. Monazo oranges include Dinitroaniline Orange, prepared by
coupling 2,4-dinitroaniline with 8-naphthol, which has excellent bleed
resistance and may be processed at temperatures to 150°C.
The disazo reds, yellows, and oranges are a diverse group of pigments.
The benzidine or diarylide yellows are formed by coupling dichlorobenzidine
with acetoacetanilide. Substitution of the chlorines with methoxyls gives
Dianisidine Orange. These yellows have higher heat stability and migration
resistance than the monazo pigments; however, lightfastness is poor. They
are used as less toxic substitutes for chrome yellows.
The pyrazalones are structurally similar to the diarylides in that
dichlorobenzidine is coupled to I-phenyl-3-methyl pyrazolone or its deriva-
tives. Replacement of the chlorines with methoxyls gives Dianisidine Red.
Pyrazolone Orange is useful in many polymers. The pyrazalones are heat stable
to 175°C and have good lightfastness, but their tint fastness is poor.
The Cromophtals~ are a group of disazo condensation pigments manufactured
by Ciba~eigy. Their low toxicity and intenseness of shade makes them
replacements for many inorganic pigments which contain heavy metals. The
Cromophtals~ come in a wide variety of colors ranging from yellow to red to
brown, are easily dispersed, and can be processed at medium temperatures.
The anthraquinone pigments produce a wide variety of shades including
reds, blues, yellows, oranges, and violets. This class of pigments includes
the anthraquinone vat dyes, which have a quinone structure that makes them
susceptible to reduction. The vat pigments have good light and heat fastness
and are very resistant to migration and bleed.
The tetrachloroisoindolinones (Irgazins~) are red, orange, and yellow
pigments developed by Ciba-Geigy. They are difunctional amines stabilized by
two tetrachloroisoindolinene units. These colorants are heat stable to 290°C
with good light stability and migration resistance. Some tend to be shear
sensitive.
Perylenes, yellow-red to maroon pigments, are diimides of perylene-3,4,
9,10-tetracarboxlic acid. They are applicable in most plastics due to their
high heat, chemical, and light stability.
Another class of heat stable (to 400°C) pigments are the quinacridones,
which are recommended for use in most plastics. They range in color from
yellow to red to violet, depending on substituent groups and crystalline form.
Their properties are considered to be as good as the phthalocyanines.
The thioindigo pigments range in color from red to violet. They were
originally produced for textiles, but have found application in plastics due
53
. '.
.~~.:---...... -........-..- --.
-------
to their excellent fastness properties. Other properties of these pigments
such as migration and bleeding limit their application in polymers.
Carbazole Dioxazine Violet is used frequently to shade Phthalocyanine
Blue. It has comparable lightfastness, b~t is costly and has a tendency to
bleed. It is produced by reacting 2-amino-n-ethylcarbazole with chloranil.
Dyes
Organic dyes are soluble in the resin. Their application in resins is
limited. because they have a tendency to migrate, particularly in plasticized
polymers. Additionally, heat stability of dyes is frequently poor and they
may tend to sublime. Dyes account for less than 2 percent of the colorants
used in plastics.
The nigrosines are blacks which account for over one-half of the use of
dyes in plastics. They are a subclass of the azine dyes which also include
induline. These dyes are derived from phenazine, (C6H4)N2(C6H4),
and their color is probably due to the unsaturated benzene rings. The
nigrosines produce jet blacks unobtainable with carbon black.
The azo dyes are the largest class of dyes and include most any color.
Like the azo pigments, monazo (-N=N-) and disazo (-N=N-R-N=N-) dyes are possi-
ble. Metal complex azo dyes are also used in plastics. Many are used in
polymethylmethacrylate; however, poor weatherability is a problem.
The anthraquinone dyes have better weatherability and heat stability than
do the azos; however, their cost is higher. They are primarily used in
acrylics, but are compatible with other polymers as well.
Xanthene dyes have a structure related to xanthene, CH2(C6H4)20.
Some display fluorescence, such as Rhodamine B, but as a class they have poor
light and heat stability.
Other dyes with limited application to plastics include amino ketones,
triphenylmethane dyes, perinone dyes, and quinoline yellow dyes. These are
presented in more detail in the Appendices.
Special Colorants
Colorants used to produce special effects include fluorescents, metal-
lics, phosphorescents, and pearlescents.
Fluorescents are also called optical brighteners. Only a very few
compounds are used in plastics for this purpose. These are all dyes, largely
derivatives of stilbene and coumarin. The optical brighteners absorb light at
a particular wavelength, and re-emit this energy at a much lower frequency.
These colorants are expensive, and tend to have a poor heat and light
stability.
The phosphorescents absorb and store light energy and release it at
longer wavelengths to be seen in the dark. The blue shades have the longest
54
t.....",
-------
afterglow. The phosphorescents'are inorganics usually comprised of zinc
cadmium sulfide or strontium sulfide.
Pearlescents are transparent flakes which are oriented into layers in the
plastic. Each crystal reflects only part of the incident light it receives
and transmits the rest to crystals below. The simultaneous reflection of
light from many parallel microscopic layers gives a lustrous pearly appear-
ance. Natural flakes such as treated mica, and synthetics such as bismuthoxy-
chloride and lead carbonate are the. major chemicals used as pearlescents.
~ -- ............ _.- ,"'-- - .;
Metallic pigments impart a shiny appearance to plasU.c_s ..~ti~ri~'i~ .:
is the key factor in determining the effect obtained. Flakes-and-pnwders--of
aluminum, bronze, and copper are most common.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Colorants, particularly those containing heavy metals, pose a potential
threat to the environment. Table 19 details the components of colorants
listed as either priority pollutants or as hazardous wastes. The colorants
themselves are therefore considered to be priority pollutants and/or hazardous
wastes. This listing includes a majority of the inorganic pigments, and
several of the organic ones as well; for example, Phthalocyanine Blue contains
copper, and Red Lake C frequently utilizes barium to satisfy its valence.
TABLE 19.
CLASSIFICATION OF COLORANTS AS PRIORITY
POLLUTANTS AND HAZARDOUS WASTES
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Hazardous
Waste
X
X
X
X
Colorant
Antimony
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanides
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Zinc
Component
Priority
Pollutant
X
X
X
X
X
X
Once a colorant is encapsulated in an inert plastic, its potential
environmental impact becomes less clear-cut. It has been found that many
colorants do not migrate from plastics. For example, cadmium pigments have
been found to be resistant to leaching from many plastics, and are therefore
thought not to pose a significant threat to the environment when disposed of
in landfills.[267] However, decomposition of the plastic might release some
colorants.
Colorants which are carefully chosen for their heat stability at
processing temperatures and for their migration resistance.in the plastic
55
.. .......~-:- -"':--
;~...",:"~-'';I' ..~----- -~.'.~ .'-.- ---.:- ---.'" . ._.::--.~
-------
4' -'" .>.. _#,
probably pose relatively little environmental threat as either volatiles or as
solid waste. However, blending operations may form particulates for colorants
which are not encapsulated. These wastes could pose a signiffcant threat to
the exposed population. This topic is dealt with more extensively in the
see tion below.
WORKER EXPOSURE
Worker exposure to colorants has been regulatedfQr many of ~he heavy
metal-containing pigments. Table C-5 details the~k~wn..~~~~i~ ~~d:
recommended ambient air standards for these colo~ll&s. The ~e1ease of speci-
fic colorants is process-specific. As discussed in 'the-ini~a~section of
this document, encapsulated colorants, paste dispersions, and liquid concen-
trates are used in many blending operations. These pre-mixed colorants tend
to reduce dusting, and therefore worker exposure. Recommended work health
practices are generally specific to the colorant. Typically, adequate
ventilation and protective clothing including gloves, safety glasses, and
other equipment, when dermal exposure is possible, are recommended. High
airborne concentrations call for protective devices such as dust masks and
respirators.
56
.
--.--:'" ---"-;--7'- r.P04;'" -.,~. .~.~ .-., ".
-------
SECTION 7
COUPLING AGENTS
INTRODUCTION
Coupling agents, also called wetting agents, dispersion aids, and
processing aids, are used with fillers and reinforcers to improve polymer-
mineral surface bonds. In doing this, they improve resin wetting of the
filler component and increase the overall strength of the composite. The
three groups of coupling agents which have application in plastics are:
.
.
.
silanes,
titanates, and
miscellaneous coupling and wetting agents.
These are used with inorganic fillers and reinforcers, particularly fibrous
glass. Various other chemicals, which are largely proprietary, may be used
with fillers. These generally serve as filler surface treatments to improve
the rheological properties of the melt, reduce water adsorption, and improve
the surface properties of the finished product.
The silanes and titanates each have an organic functionality at one end
which is compatible with the polymer, and an inorganic alkoxysilane or alkoxy-
titanate at the other end which chemically binds to the filler. Thus, these
additives are concentrated at the polymer-filler interface. Table 20 summar-
izes the use of the silane, titanate, and various surface modifying compounds
in polymers. Since the production of coupling agents is limited to only a few
companies, consumption and sales information for individual chemicals is con-
sidered proprietary. Total consumption of coupling agents in 1979 was 2.45
thousand metric tons.[57] The distribution of this consumption for the silane
and titanate coupling agents is presented in Table 21.
TABLE 21.
1979 DISTRIBUTION OF COUPLING AGENTS
Coupling Agent
Silane
With Fibrous Fillers
With Particulate Fillers
Titanate
Percent Consumption
TOTAL
57.1
24.5
18.4
100.0
tlncludes use in paints, coatings and other nonp1astic markets.
Source:
Modern Plastics, July 1979, p. 49.
57
~~ ---...--......- -"------'." -'-.
. . .
. . . ..- .... . -. -- . -. -. ~ , -. . .
-------
'., . ,I
TABLE 20.
COUPLING AGENTS FOR PLASTICS
QI ~
c:I
~ QI
~
>- >-
'" .<: QI
<1.1 QI '" '"
I c:I QI QI cd
QI QI >- c:I ~ QI
c:I ~ ~ QI III ." 0)
QI >- 0 ~ .<: QI ~ QI ...
~ .<: Po >- '" ." ... ~ QI
." '" .<: .<: QI ~ 0 ~ "'
cd QI :>. '" Po ." ..... QI ~ ... 0)
'" :>. '" ~ QI ~ ~ QI ~ ." .<: '" QI
::I 0) ~ ~ ... ~ ::I '" 0 ~ U ~ :>.
IQ 0) ~ 0 0) ~ QI <1.1 . QI g c:I c:I QI ~ ~ 6 QI :>.
0) ~ c:I ~ c:I :J I>: c:I . c:I QI QI QI P < ." ... ."
:J ... ~ ~ ~ QI g ~ ~ '" QI ~ ~ ~ c:I ~ ~ U QI
'" 0) 0) 0) ~ cd QI ~ 0) ~ ~ :>. :>. :>. QI ~ ~ ~ ~ < '" e -
~ ~ ~ :J 0 u '" ." :>. .0 g 0-1 0) :>. c:I c:I Po ... '" :>. :>. :>. :>. I . QI p P ~ P QI ...
~ 0 0 ~ U ::I ., Q ... QI '" .c .c ... '" ... ~ ~ ~ P ::I
~ ~ ." 0 ~ ... 0 ., ~ u ~ :I Q QI Po Po Po 0) ::I ~ ~ ~ ~ QI '"
:>. :>. ~ c:I 0 c:I :>. :>. :>. :>. :>. :>. :>. :>. :>. ... cd
... ... ~ 0 ::I 11 ~ ~ ~ ~ c:I .9 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ..... ..... ..... ~ ~ :>. 0)
~ ~ ~ 1i! Po ~ 0 0 0 0 ~ ~ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 '" 8
Ioj I&. Po Po Po Po Po :z: 0-1 Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po <1.1
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Ln
ex>
SUanes
Titanates
Miscellaneous
Surface
Treatments
Used mainly with silaceous fillers
and reinforcers, particularly fibroua
glaas
Used with hydrophilic fillers which
do not contain surface hydroxyl
groups; may impart atabilizing or
other properties
Include-esters, organosilicon com-
pounds, and chlorinated paraffins;
may act aynergiatically with other
coupling agents
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
-------
-. .. '. .
- ..... ...'..-.,
OVERVIEW OF ADDITIVE PROPERTIES
The coupling agents employed with fillers and reinforcers are confined to
a few structur~lly similar compounds. Their concentration in use is dependent
upon the filler type, its concentration in the composite, and the extent of
bonding required between the filler and polymer. Typically, a 1 percent (by
weight of filler) pretreatment is used.[149] Many of these additives have
application only as coupling agents and have relatively low use volumes.
Thus, their propertJ;~_ar~o~~ll~~o~umented. Tables A-6, B-6, and C-6 detail
physical/chemica~:prope~~e~~n~~p~l~er application, consumption and use, and
toxicological pr,epe>rties.of'tne:coupling agents, respectively. A general
summary of each of the-chemrcajrgroups used as coupling agents is presented in
the following subsections.
Silane Coupling Agents
The silane coupling agents are bifunctional molecules which improve the
bond between organic polymers and silicious fillers. Typical fillers are
glass or minerals such as novaculite, kaolin clay, mica, wollastonite, and
alumina trihydrate. The sil~nes have the highest consumption among the
various groups of coupling agents. They are structurally similar compounds
with the general formula ZRSiX3. Z is a functional group reactive with the
polymer component, R is a stable carbon linkage compatible with the resin, and
X is a hydrolyzable group, frequently an alkoxy, which is displaced during
reaction with the substrate (filler or reinforcer). The most common Z
components are amines, methacrylates, epoxys, vinyls, alcoholic, acidic, and
chlorinated groups. The R component is an alpha (-CH2-)' beta
(-CH2CH2-)' gamma (-CH2CH2CH2-), or' aromatic (-CH2C6H4-) ,
group. The gamma group is most heavily used for coupling agents because it
provides adequate thermal stability and is applicable to most resins.
Aromatic groups have thermal stabilities in excess of the gamma substituted
silanes. Combinations of these functional groups (e.g., the ethylene bridged
aromatics (-CH2C6H4CH2CH2-» give intermediate thermal stabilities.
The alkoxy or X group, generally a methoxy or ethoxy, hydrolyzes in aqueous
solution to form the reactive silanol group (-Si(OH)3). This then bonds to
the substrate to provide the link between resin and filler.
The heaviest use for silane coupling agents is in glass fiber reinforced
plastics, although they have application with other fillers containing surface
hydroxyl groups such as wollastonite, clay, talc, mica, and alumina. The most
efficient use of the silanes is made by direct application to the filler in
aqueous solution preceding processing; however, direct addition to the resin
may be used. The second method requires longer mixing times to assure migra-
tion of the coupling agent to the polymer-filler interface. The silanes basic
function is to increase the strength of the resin; however, it may improve
other properties as well. Silanes provide stable electrical properties
including dielectric constant, dissipation factor, and volume resistivity.
They increase the moisture resistance of resins and control the rheology of
the composite during processing.
59
"
-------
. --- ~ .-~ .
- .._~-"-.~.,-.-..-.- '.""
Titanate Coupling Agents
The titanate coupling agents have application with non-silaceous fillers
including metal oxides, calcium carbonate, carbon black, and various pigments.
As with the silanes, a hydrolyzable component provides bonding with the
filler, while a misible or reactive component orients toward the polymer
portion of the composite. The titanates have the general structure
(X)m-Ti-(O-Y-R-Z)n' As with the silanes, the X component is a hydrolyz-
able functio~l-gr~~~~h_bopds to a proton-bearing substrate (the filler).
The Y groth) maY..1?).-.aq:"'a'lk:yl~~= carboxy, sulfonyl, phenolic, phosphate, pyro-
.. -_.~ -,.
phosphate,-~ Rhosphfte.group which imparts specific properties not associated
with the coupling abTlitY of the additive, such as oxidation or .corrosion
resistance. The R group provides compatibility with the resin and other
properties such as lubricity, impact improvement, and plastication. The Z
component, as with the silanes, is reactive with the resin, and is generally a
methacrylate or amine functional group. Various combinations of m and n
provide diversity in application and processing of the titanate coupling
agents. Where m=l, n=3, the titanate is a monoalkoxy, recommended for thermo-
plastics and organic-based systems. The chelates, m=l, n=2, are used with
water-based polymers and wet fillers, while the coordinates, m=4, n=2, are
recommended for epoxies, urethanes, polyesters, and alkyds.
Titanate coupling agents provide other functions as
For example, they may improve impact strength, or act as
ing agen~s, such as azodicarbonamide. The titanates may
curing agents or catalysts with thermosetting resins.
well as coupling.
activators for blow-
act as auxiliary
Miscellaneous Coupling and Wetting Agents
Various other chemicals are used as wetting agents for fillers. These
include the esters, organosilicon compounds, and chlorinated paraffins. Most
of the materials are proprietary and therefore have undisclosed chemical com-
positions. Whether or not these materials act as true coupling agents (i.e.,
bonding to both the filler and resin) is unknown. Many are thought to act by
wetting the mineral surface and causing it to be hydrophobic, to allow better
dispersion between the polymer and filler. Characteristically, anionic wet-
ting agents are used with acidic fillers, while cationic agents work best with
basic ones. There may be a synergistic effect between two or more coupling
and wetting agents. For example, the chlorinated paraffin in conjunction with
silanes improve coupling between glass fibers and polypropylene.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Very little information is available concerning the environmental fate of
coupling agents. These materials are chosen for their ability to bond to
silaceous and other mineral fillers; thus, coupling agents could be expected
to pose little threat to the environment upon disposal, since they would be
likely to remain bonded to the substrate. Coupling agents containing chromium
are considered priority pollutants and hazardous wastes.
60
-------
: ,
......- --~ ..'-.'"
WORKER EXPOSURE
Some coupling agents pose concerns for combustibility, flammability,
corrosiveness, and toxicity. The known toxicities for these chemicals are
presented in Table C-6.The aminosi1anes, in particular, are corrosive to the
skin. Some si1anes give off volatiles. [76] Manufacturers provide information
concerning the handling of their coupling agents.
The extent to which plastics processors must be concerned about the
health and safety of workers exposed to coupling agents is strongly dependent
upon the process and the form of the coupling agent used. Many processors
purchase fillers which are pretreated with the coupling agent. [58] These
could be expected to pose less of a threat to the health and safety of workers
than the virgin coupling agent.
61
'.
-. '---.-'----"",- _.._4-."- ...- "-".'
. .'
.. -.'. ", ':-'':'-'-~''''''
-------
SECTION 8
CURING AGENTS AND CATALYSTS FOR THERMOSETTING RESINS
INTRODUCTION
Thermosetting resins frequently require curing agents and/or catalysts to
achieve polymerization. This section details chemicals used for:
.
.
.
.
.
alkyds,
amino resins,
epoxy resins,
phenolic resins, and
polyurethane foams.
Catalysts for thermoplastic resins are presented in Section 5. Free radical
initiators for thermoplastic resins and unsaturated polyesters are discussed
in Section 11. More detailed information on the polymerization of particular
. polymers and the techniques used to form products from these resins is pre-
sented in IPPEU Chapters 10 and lOa, The Plastics and Resins Production
Industry and The Plastics and Resins Processing Industry.
Curing agents, unlike many of the other chemicals discussed in this
document, are chemically bound to the polymer. They produce crosslinks
between the components of the resin. Because these chemicals provide the
functional groups which link individual components, they may be used in rather
high concentrations. Thus, differentiation between additive and component may
be difficult. For the purposes of this document, curing agents which are used
in concentrations of less than 25 parts per hundred parts of resin are con-
sidered to be additives. This definition may exclude some chemicals which are
commonly classified as either curing agents or hardeners. These are presented
in IPPE~ Chapter 10, The Plastics and Resins Production Industry. For exam-
ple, the anhydrides are typically used at concentrations of 100 to 125 phr in
epoxy resins.
Catalysts for thermosetting resins are mainly acids and bases. These
provide active sites for polymerization and lower the activation energy
required to form the polymer. Catalysts are not incorporated in the polymer
chain, but rather complex with a particular component, aid in polymerization
and are regenerated. Classically, in plastics production, the term catalyst
has been used for any number of functions which are not catalytic (e.g.;
initiation, transfer, termination, or crosslinking). In this document, an
attempt is made to differentiate between catalysts and curing agents,
although, in some cases, the mechanisms for polymerization are unknown and
therefore clear-cut distinctions are not possible.
62
''''\''~'" '~
. - . ._,"'''~. _.. "-'
... ,-. . -~..-
.--.. '. . . -""'''~', ..
-. - -- - -" - .--
..~ - ''';', ",' ':~~~~.'~'~':
.', .' +
-------
,
. .t" :~~:~
-
Also included in this section are various specialty additive classes
associated with thermoset curing agents and catalysts. These include cure
inhibitors and neutralizers for the curing agents and catalysts used in ther-
mosets. Table 22 presents the application of catalysts, curing agents and
other cure modifiers to various polymers.
The thermosetting resins achieve polymerization through various
mechanisms. Alkyds utilize basic catalysts such as alkali or other metal
compounds for the alcoholysis method of synthesis. Amino resins use either
acid or base catalysts in polymerization. The formation of amino resins
occurs in two steps. The first step, hydroxymethylation, may be catalyzed by
either acids or bases. Condensation, the second step, can be catalyzed only
by acids. Epoxy resins utilize- curing agents or hardeners, of which amine"
compounds ar~ most common; however, a variety of other classes of compounds
are applicable. The phenolic resins may be polymerized by catalysts and/or
curing. Initial polymerization is generally catalyzed as either acids or
bases. The resin may then be cured to obtain the crosslinked polymer.
Polyurethane foam catalysts provide two functions; polymerization and gas
formation for foaming. Typical systems utilize an amine compound and an
organometallic such as dibutyltindilaurate.
Consumption information is available only for the urethane catalysts.
The 1982 consumption was 2,300 metric tons.[47] The distribution of this
consumption for various catalyst types is presented in Table 23.
TABLE 23.
1982 DISTRIBUTION FOR URETHANE CATALYSTS
Catalyst Type
Amine
Tin
Other
TOTAL
Percent Consumption
57.4
34.4
8.2
100.0
Modern Plastics, September 1982, p.70.
Source:
OVERVIEW OF ADDITIVE PROPERTIES
Most curing agents and catalysts are chosen specifically for their appli-
cation to particular polymers and processes. Table A-7 details chemicals
applicable to the thermosetting resins. The table presents particular
chemicals used for various polymers and some physical and chemical properties
pertinent to their use. It will be noted that many of the amines, acids, and
bases have application in more than one polymer, but that their concentrations
for polymerization vary widely. This is related to the role a particular
chemical plays in polymerization. For example, an amine may act as a cure
agent for epoxy resins or as a catalyst for polyurethanes. Its role as a
catalyst requires much lower concentrations than as a curing agent. Table B-7
details the uses and consumption volumes, where available, for the thermoset
catalysts and curing agents. The consumption volumes are not published for
most of these chemicals.
63
. ,., "':. ":"." ~.~. .... -h- .-.. ~....
-------
TABLE 22.
t, '}j
CURING AGENTS AND CATALYSTS FOR THERMOSETTING RESINS
2!
GJ'
...
>.
...
(I)
I
GJ
c:I
GJ
..-I
'tI
<11
...
::I
011
., I
c:I GJ
..-I 0-1
., ..-I
~ t
..-I
<) c::
..-I 0
0-1 0-1 'tI
~ ~ ~
:;! :;! :;!
., ., .,
c:I c:: c::
..-I ..-I or4
., ., .,
~ ~ ~
o ~
i ~
GJ
c::
GJ
0-1
~ GJ
GJ '" ...
c:I GJ GJ <11
GJ >. c:: 0-1 GJ
0-1 0-1 GJ <11 'tI .,
>. 0 0-1 ..d GJ ..-I GJ ...
..c Po >'''' 'tI ... 0-1 GJ
... ..d..d GJ ..-I 0 ..-I ,...
GJ >. ... "" 'tI .... GJ 0-1 ... .,
>. ... GJ GJ ..-I 0-1 GJ 0-1 'tI ..d ... GJ
., 0-1 ..-I >. ... Ie ::I ... 0 ..-I U or4 >.
., c:I 0 ., 0-1 GJ 0 (I) <11 ..d '" c:: 0-1
" ;j ..-l Po c:: 0 f-< ... 0 0 GJ 0 0
... ., GJ GJ Po GJ GJ GJ GJ <) 0-1 c:: 0-1 Po
GJ ., ~ GJ ... >. ~ GJ c:: c:: c:: GJ :;! :;! ..d GJ ~
~ ~ t1 ~ ... >. c:: GJ GJ GJ GJ c:: U 'tI 'tI
0-1 ..-I :. ... GJ 0-1 0-1 0-1 c:: ~ ..-I :;! GJ
0-1 <11 GJ 0-1 0 1/1 0 ..-I 0-1 >. >. >. GJ 0-1 0-1 0-1 0-1 ...
o <) ... 'tI >. ,.0 t1 ....1 ., ~ ; c:: "" ... ... >. >. >. >. I <11
"" ..-I GJ i ... ... ; GJ 0 >. GJ c:: c:: c:: ;j GJ ...
o 0-1 <) ::I <11 ~ ... ... ..c -g,. '" ... ... or4 ..-1 ..-1 C:: ::I
... 0 <11 ~ <) m ~ GJ "" "" 1/1 ::I ~ > ~ ~ GJ ...
o ; >. >. >. ..d >. >. >. >. >. >. >. ... <11
::I 0-1 0-1 0-1 0-1 CO ;j :. 0-1 0-1 0-1 0-1 0-1 0-1 0-1 0-1 0-1 0-1 >. .,
0-1 f 0 0 0 0 ..-1 .3 () 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... c::
r-. Po Po Po Po ::C ....1 Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po (I) ::>
Ac ids snd
Bsses
'"
~
Amines
Organo-
metslUcs
Inorgsnic
Salts
Neutralizers
and'
Deactivators
Stabilizers
Wide variety uaed, generally act as
catalysts
Act as catalysts or hardeners in polym-
erization; catalyze foam formation for
polyurethanes
Catalyze polymerization; act as
cocatalysts with amines
Generally act as catalysts and cocata-
lysts
Deactivate catalysts; neutralize acids
and bases
Inhibit polymerization to increase storage
life and safety in handling
x X X
X X
X
X
X
X
x X
X
'.'tt'
~ ~ !'
" ,
'.11\', .!
'!:
-------
. . -. .~ ..
The toxicological and worker exposure concerns for curing agents and
catalysts used for thermosets are presented in Table C-7. The amines, in
particular, have been heavily scrutinized for their tendency to cause tissue
i~ritation, cardiovascular effects, and damage to specific organs. A summary
of the various catalysts and curing agents used for thermoset polymerization
is presented in the following subsections.
Alkyd Catalysts
There are four processes used to form alkyd resins, two of which have
. commercial importance: the fatty acid method and the alcoholysis method. The
most common technique is the alcoholysis method [134] which utilizes a basic
catalyst at temperatures between 225 to 250°C. Sublimed litharge (PbO) is the
most commonly used catalyst for this reaction although other alkali and
metallic compounds have found application. Its concentration is typically
0.01 to 0.05 percent metal based on the weight of the triglyceride oil. The
three other methods do not require a catalyst or curing agent, but achieve
polymerization solely by heat application.
Amino Resin Curing Agents
The polymerization of formaldehyde with an amino compound is a two-step
process. The first step, hydroxymethylation, involves the addition of
formaldehyde to the amino compound, commonly urea or melamine. It can be
catalyzed by either acids or bases; however, bases are most common since the
product is relatively stable under neutral or alkaline conditions. The second
step is condensation polymerization and is catalyzed only by acids, frequently
with heat applied. The polymerization reaction occurs at pH 2 to 4. Below pH
2 the resin tends to degrade rapidly.[156]
Epoxy Resin Curing Agents
A wide variety of chemicals are used to cure or harden epoxy resins.
These may act as either curing agents or as catalysts. The mechanisms for
many have not been well delineated and some of these chemicals may be incor-
porated in the polymer chain, while others may not. Additionally, compounds
which are more properly called accelerators or initiators are included in this
section. These chemicals are typically added in relatively low concentrations
to affect crosslinking, to speed polymerization, or to control the molecular
weight of the epoxy resin.
Curing agents are categorized as either catalytic or coreactive. The
catalytic curing agents include Lewis acids such as boron trifluoride and
Lewis bases such as tertiary amines. Coreactive curing agents are polyfunc-
tional and possess active hydrogen atoms. Nonaromatic amines at room tempera-
ture and aromatic amines at elevated temperatures are typical.
Phenolic Resin Catalysts and Curing Agents
Phenolic resins are produced from phenol and formaldehyde by either a
one-step or a two-step process. The choice of a catalyst and/or curing agent
65
-------
-,..~ . -, - -
is dependent upon the process chosen. The one-step process utilizes an alka-
line catalyst, whereas the two-step polymerization requires an acid catalyst
to form a thermoplastic phenolic resin, followed by a curing agent to provide
crosslinking of the resin in the second step.
The one-step process produces resols with alkali and alkaline earth metal
hydroxides or organic amines as basic catalysts. The Novolaks are produced by
acid catalysis followed by resin curing, a two-step process. Curing of this
resin is then achieved in the second step, most commonly with hexamethylene-
tetramine. Some phenolic resins may be produced at pH 4 to 6 with metal
acetate catalysts.
Urethane Foam Catalysts
The urethane foam catalysts are almost exclusively of two chemical types:
tertiary amines and organo-tin compounds. These two types of catalysts have
different functions in the polymerization of urethanes, and are generally used
together. Careful compounding of the two catalyst types results in foams with
particular cellular structures and controlled gellation, rise, foam, and set.
Amine catalysts form activated complexes with isocyanates. The free
electron pair of the tertiary amine and its accessibility determine the activ-
ity of the catalyst. For most amines, the basicity is directly proportional
to catalytic activity, and is a measure of the accessibility of the electrons.
However, steric effects can increase catalytic activity above that which would
be anticipated from pH.
The stannous compounds form a bridge between polyols and isocyanates,
bring them in close proximity, and activate both components. For most foams,
both an amine and an organo-tin compound are used to produce the product. It
has been proposed that the amine accelerates the reaction rate of the diiso-
cyanate while the metallic soap makes the hydrogen of the polyol more avail-
able for reaction.[72, p.247]
Polymerization is not the sole function of the urethane foam catalyst.
The amines catalyze the reaction of the isocyanate with water to yield carbon
dioxide, a gas which forms the cellular structure of the foam. Many rigid
urethane foams rely exclusively upon this reaction to form the cellular struc-
ture of the finished product; however, auxiliary blowing agents may be used to
produce less dense foams. These are presented in Section 4 of this document,
Blowing Agents.
Neutralizers, Deactivators, and Stabilizers
The high reactivity of some monomers necessitates the use of stabilizers
in shipment and storage. Also, some catalysts or curing agents may require
deactivation following processing. The chemicals used to provide these func-
tions, their chemical and physical properties, other uses, and toxicological
considerations, are presented in Tables A-7, B-7, and C-7, respectively.
I
66
'"
, '" '-:-,"',~-''''~''--'''':'~'';:-''''''~''''..---.:~-r,:,~''~~.'''--''---,<,-'---:-...._;_.,.. -.
h_-' -.-. "'.--
. .'
-------
1.
. --~:- ~ ~ -.~ .
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Because the curing agents and catalysts for thermoset resins are such a
diverse group of chemical compounds, their environmental impact varies widely.
Table 24 presents the chemicals considered to be priority pollutants and/or
hazardous wastes. This table also lists several chemicals proposed by the
state of Michigan for inclusion as hazardous wastes. The additives which
contain the heavy metals and cyanide listed in the table are also considered
as priority pollutants and hazardous wastes. Concerns for exposure of the
general population to catalysts and curing agents are similar to those for
workers exposed to these chemicals. These are detailed in the following
section.
TABLE 24.
CLASSIFICATION OF CATALYSTS AND CURING AGENTS FOR THERMOSET
RESINS AS PRIORITY POLLUTANTS AND HAZARDOUS WASTES
EPA Michigan
Priority Hazardous Hazardous
Pollutant Waste Waste
Chloro-o-phenylenediamine X
Ethylenediamine X
Pyridine X
Metals, Cyanidet
Antimony pentachloride X
Antimony trichloride X
Antimony X X
Barium X
Chromium X X
Cyanide X X
Lead X X
Zinc X
tChemicals that contain these metals and cyanide are considered
priority pollutants and/or hazardous wastes.
WORKER EXPOSURE
Amine curing agents, heavy metal-containing catalysts, and strong acids
and bases are of concern in the production and processing of thermoset resins.
The amines are chemically and biologically reactive, and are generally
encountered as liquids and vapors. They may have the following biological
effects: (1) general systemic toxicity, (2) primary irritation, (3) sensiti-
zation of surface tissues, (4) cardiovascular effects, and (5) damage to spe-
cific organs. The heavy metals compounds have varying toxicities, and may be
encountered as liquids, vapors, or dusts. Acids and bases, as a class, are
corrosive and act as strong irritants. They may be encountered as liquids,
aerosols, vapors, or dusts. .
Adequate ventilation is recommended for production of the thermoset
resins. Depending upon the specific processing conditions and the plastic
produced, this may include general dilution or specific exhaust ventilation.
67
-"'u-.... "."'--'-_..--'-"_._.--'~-~~... .-_..-.:..~:".:"':..--:: -'...7.-!-'''.'~...~':-,,:':-._--.:-", '--,... ..
-------
,.
'..,....... "-
. ~:-: -~-:~. :- -:~ -J-
Recommended worker health practices are generally specific to the monomers and
cure agents used. These may include protective equipment such as gloves,
safety glasses, and protective clothing. High airborne concentration may call
for respirators and dust masks.
68
~
--..--..- ----.--., _._--~~"""",,--oo;"~rr:'~"""""---:r-""'-~~ -- ..
.... . '" . '..-...' . ," ~ ..
. . ".
-------
, .
. . _.... ,." - . ""-.-
"'~" ...-.. .:... ,"'- ..... ... .
SECTION 9
FILLERS AND REINFORCERS FOR PLASTICS
INTRODUCTION
Fillers are inert solids added to plastics to lower the plastic product's
cost and/or to enhance its properties. Fillers therefore include fibers and
other reinforcers which are added to increase the tensile, flexural, compres-
sive, and/or impact strength of the plastics they fill. Due to the increase
in the use of plastics as substitutes for metals in construction, automobiles,
and other products, the demand for suitable reinforcers has risen dramati-
cally. Some materials used as fillers and reinforcers have other functional
applications in plastics; as flame retardants or colorants, for example.
Therefore, some overlap may exist between this section and others in this
report.
Coupling agents, presented in Section 7, are frequently used with fillers
and reinforcers to improve the bond between polymer and filler.
Fillers and reinforcers may be separated into the following major
,groups:
.
.
.
.
inorganic extenders,
organic extenders,
inorganic fibers, and
organic fibers.
In general, fillers (extenders) are added to provide bulk and reduce the
finished plastics' cost, wher~as fibers are used for reinforcement. There is,
however, some overlap in function. For example, various nonfibrous silicates
(extenders) may also provide reinforcement.
Virtually all polymers utilize fillers in some applications. Thermoset-
ting resins such as unsaturated polyesters, phenolics, amines, and alkyds are
used to produce laminates, which utilize high concentrations of fillers. The
application and processing of these products is discussed in greater detail in
IPPEU Chapter lOa, The Plastics and Resins Processing Industry. Thermoplastic
resins also utilize fillers and reinforcers for a variety of functions. Table
25 summarizes the application of fillers and reinforcers to various polymers.
The estimated consumption of fillers and reinforcers in plastics during
1982 was 2.66 million metric tons [76], while the average ratio of filler used
to resin produced was estimated to be 17 percent. This makes fillers and
69
..,~,:-:'".~.:"::~..-:t'.,-,~,''';--...''''''.- '''',,''''
. ,- -.~ ;- '. '.;- -: ..' ;:. ..~. .-.-.:
. ,.".. ,"'''' -',' ,"' "
-------
/
//
......
o
Inorganic
Extendera
Organic
Extendera
Inorganic
Fibera
Organic
Fibers
TABLE 25.
FILLERS AND REINFORCERS USED IN PLASTICS
Provide bulk; reduce plaatica' coat;
increaae denaity; may increaae atrength,
hardneaa; heat and moiature reaiatance,
thermal conductivity
Provide bulk; reduce plaatic'a coat; may
improve impact flow and gloaa; reduce
mold ahrinkage
Hay increaae tenaile and flexural atrength;
increaae modulua of elaaticity; improve
dimenaional atability
Hay be natural or aynthetic; atrengthen
laminatea and molding compounda; add
impact atrength
cu cu
.,: ti
cu
~ ....
>. 1:'
.. GI
rn GI " ..
I .,: GI GI C\I
GI GI >. .,: .... cu
.,: .... .... GI ] '0 II)
GI 1:' 0 .... GI "" GI ~
"" '" 1:' '' '0 ~ .... GI
'0 .. .c GI "" 0 "" ..
C\I ~ >. .. Po '0 .... cu .... ~ II)
.. .. GI GI "" .... GI .... '0 .c .. cu
;:I OJ '''' "" >. ~ ~ ;:I .. 0 "" u "" >.
IQ ~ ;j 0 OJ .... cu 0 rn C\I .c ~ .,: ....
II) I II) '" .,: 0 ~ .. 0 0 cu 0 0
;j GI ~ "" OJ cu GI '" GI cu GI GI U .... ti .... '"
.... II) II) OJ GI OJ ~ GI .. >. ,:::a GI ": ": ti GI ~ :;jJ .c >.
II) "" ~ .,: .,: ~ cu .,: C\I .. >. .,: GI GI GI ~ U '0 ~ '0
~ ~ "" "" ..: .... GI ": "" ~ .. cu .... .... .... .,: "" ~ cu
.. II) II) OJ '''' C\I cu .... 0 II) "" .... >. >. >. cu .c .... .... .... .... ..
"" ~ ~ ~ 0 u .. '0 >. .0 .,: ..:I II) >. .,: .,: Po ~ .. >. >. >. >. I C\I
u .,: Po"" GI m .. ~ GI ti .c GI Jl 0 >. GI ~ ;j ~;j GI ~
"" 0 0 .... u ;:I C\I ,:::a ~ .. .c ~ .. ~ .,: ;:I
.... .... '0 0 ~ ~ 0 C\I ~ u gJ ,:::a cu Po Po Po II) ;:I ~ ,; ~ ~ GI ..
>. >. .t' ;j 0 ": >. >. >. .c >. >. >. >. >. >. ~ C\I
~ ~ 0 ;:I cu .... .... .... .... bO .,: ~ .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... >. II)
~ ~ :;jJ ~ tr .... IE 0 0 0 0 "" "" 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .. :5
r-. '" '" '" '" :t: ..:I ..:I '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" rn
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
X X X
X
X X
X
X
X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
-------
- J~. -.i
reinforcers the highest volume plastics additive. Table 26 presents the 1982
distribution of this consumption. It will be noted that the inorganic fillers
and fibers constitute greater than 90 percent of the market for these
additives.
OVERVIEW OF ADDITIVE PROPERTIES
Fillers, being inert solids, are highly stable, nonreactive materials.
Characteristically, they are used to reduce product cost and/or to reinforce
the plastics they fill. However, they may also perform various other func-
tions. Table 27 illustrates typical functional applications for various
groups of fillers. As shown in the table, the fillers chosen are strongly
dependent upon the desired properties of both the finished product and the
method of processing.
The various fillers used in plastics are detailed in Table A-8, along
with some relevant physical and chemical properties and their polymer applica-
tion. Although most of the fillers and reinforcers presented in the table can
be used in a variety of particle sizes and fiber diameters, typical values for
these two variables are given in the appendix. The tensile strength and modu-
lus of elasticity are particularly important for reinforcers since these pro-
perties are generally proportional to those of the finished product. The
specific gravity influences the volume and density of the finished product,
while the refractive index is important to its appearance. Oil adsorption is
important to the stiffening effect and maximum concentration of a filler in
the polymer. Many fillers have other uses. These are presented in Table B-8,
along with consumption volumes (if available) for various fillers in
plastics.
,Since fillers are generally inert solids, major environmental and worker
exposure concerns center upon the formation of dusts and other particulates.
These concerns range from those for asbestos as a known carcinogen to the
designation of nuisance dust. Table C-8 details the toxicological and worker
exposure concerns for the individual fillers. General properties of fillers
and reinforcers are discussed in the following subsections.
Inorganic Extenders
The inorganic extenders have the highest use volume in plastics. These
additives are available in widely varying particle geometries and sizes. They
are characteristically added to reduce the finished product's cost although
they may serve auxiliary functions as well.
Calcium carbonate has the highest use volume in plastics. [14, p.628] It
is available in dry ground, wet ground, or precipitated form. The finely pul-
verized limestone or marble is called whiting. Calcium carbonate provides
whiteness, mild alkalinity, softness, resistance to heat, and controllable
particle size distributions. The fine grades impart impact resistance to some
polymers. High loadings of this filler in the resin are possible, sometimes
at a concentration of 200 phr (parts per hundred r~sin).[14, p.630]
71
'r'~-:-.:---:-'-;~--'::r-'~''"~''~~'''.'~"'-:--'':' "'-"-'~'--;"'~-".-'.7'.''''.'''--'' --, "- f--
-------
-..:;. .JI.-
. .._. u.....~' .,~
TABLE 26.
1982 DISTRIBUTION OF FILLERS AND REINFORCERS
Filler Type
Percent Consumption
. Inorganic Extenders
Carbonates
Silicates
Ta1cs
Clays
Miscellaneous
Alumina Trihydratet
Silicas
Miscellaneous Minera1sS
Beads, Bubbles, and Flakes
51.3
2.8
3.2
7.1
5.3
1.9
0.1
0.3
Organic Extenders
Carbon B1ackll
Other
1.2
4.2
Inorganic Fibers
Fibrous Glass
Asbestos
13.6
9.0
Organic Fibers*
<0.1
TOTAL
100.0
tAlso acts as a flame retardant
SInc1udes metal oxides and barium sulfate
IIAlso used as a colorant and UV stabilizer
*Inc1udes only the advanced fibers (e.g., carbon and aramid)
Source:
Modern Plastics, July 1982, p. 45.
72
",'",
'. ',''',
"-'- '~..' ...- .-.,.. .~.
. .
- -- .' ~~ .." -- -.- - -
. ,"
': : ~. .
-------
..
TABLE 27.
FILLER FUNCTIONS IN PLASTICS
Function
I
..-1
~
~ ~
= (.)
QJ QJ
5 ~ =
~ QJ ~ 0
.. = (.) '.-1
= ~ ~ "C~
QJ QJ 0 0 = 11!
(.) (.) -.1 QJ ~ 11!~
= ~ = CI) ~ (.) = ::
11! 11! 11! CI) 11! ~ '.-1 ~ CI)
~ (.) ~ QJ (.) 0 QJ 11! c:
11! -.1 CI) = -.1 ~ .~ 5t-1
QJ ~ 5-.1 "C ~ = -.1 ~
Q. ~ QJ CI) ~ ,c -.1 5 QJ~
~ :: .t: QJ 11! :: QJ QJ .t: 11!
Filler i:Q UCI:: ::r: ~ CI:: en H (.)
Alpha Cellulose X
Alumina X
Asbestos X X
Carbon Blacks X X X X
. Cellulosic Fibers X
Cellulosic Flours X
Ceramic Oxides X
Clays X X X
Cotton Fabrics X
Diatomaceous Earth X
Glass Fibers X X
Graphite X X X
Metallic Oxides X X
Mica X
Mineral Powders X
Molybdenum Disulfide X
Paper X
Powdered Metals X
Phosohorescent Minerals X
Silica X X X X
Silicates X
Synthetic Fibers X X
Tales X
WhitinSt X
Wood Flour X X
Woven Fabrics X X
Sources:
Baijal, Mahendra D., Plastics Polymer Science and
Technology, 1981.
Frados, Joel, Plastics Engineering Handbook of the
Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc., 1976.
Ritchie, P. D., Plasticizers, Stabilizers, and Fillers,
1972.
~"- .
, .
73
'''''...
. . .""''''''"'7-''-''''-=-'-'''''''-- . ~''''r''~''---''':--~'.--,.- - -
. . .--,..+---- .-. ......-~ '-";"-'! -..-- .-- . . -..-' ----.. .
-------
._. .
The silicates include kaolin, talc, m~ca, and other naturally occurring
minerals. Kaolin, also called clay, is the second most commonly used
extender. [240] It is inexpensive and may be used at relatively high concen-
trations in the resin. The properties imparted to the kaolin-filled plastic
are strongly dependent upon the quality of the clay when it is "mined. Coarse
kaolins tend to increase tensile strength, whereas finer particle sizes
improve compressive strength and surface finish. Commercial varieties include
air floated, calcined, and "water washed grades. Kaolin may be used to improve
the insulation properties of high voltage wire and cable coatings. High oil
absorption limits kaolin's use in some polymers.
Talcs occur in both fibrous and platey forms. The fibrous form has
little application in plastics [238] because of its similarity to asbestos and
concerns over the health of workers. The plately form can improve molding
cycles with no additional wear on equipment. Further, it acts as a reinforcer
to increase flexural modulus and heat deflection temperature. Mica is co~
patible with most resins and is used primarily in electrical applications
where it improves strength, decreases the power factor, and provides a high
dielectric constant.
Alumina trihydrate and antimony oxide act as both flame retardants and
extenders. Upon heating above 220°C, alumina trihydrate releases water to
cool or extinguish a fire. This property limits processing of this filler to
conditions below 220°C. Antimony trioxide acts synergistically with
chlorinated compounds as a flame-resistant filler.
Silica is available in a wide variety of forms for use as a filler.
Quartz sand, tripoli, diatomaceous earth, novalit~, and pyrogenic silica have
wide application as fillers in plastics. These materials vary in particle
size, degree of crystallinity, and hardness. Quartz sand and novaculite
provide strength, hardness, chemical resistance, electrical insulation,
dimensional stability, and mar and wear resistance. Novaculite tends to be
less abrasive than quartz sand. Diatomaceous earth can be used as an anti-
blocking agent or to increase chemical resistance. Pyrogenic silica may be
used as a thickener in liquid systems and as a thixotropic agent, allowing
liquids to gel upon standing.
Other fillers have application in plastics. Barium sulfate acts as a
pigment extender and as a high specific gravity filler. Many minerals and
metal oxides have special application as plastics fillers. These include
zinc, aluminum, magnesium, titanium, and beryllium oxides. Metal powders may
be used to impart conductivity and a metallic appearance to plastics. Special
reinforcing fillers include solid and hollow glass spheres. These fillers
distribute stress evenly throughout the finished plastic product. The hollow
spheres reduce the density, increase the impact strength, and improve the
thermal "and acoustical insulation properties of plastics.
Organic Extenders
Organic extenders constitute approximately 6 percent of the filler
market. These materials are used largely in thermosetting resins to reduce
74
'1"',-." ,--.
~.,. -..... . ,~ -.
., ~ - . ~ --.
-------
product cost. Virtually any inexpensive material can be used as a filler.
Fillers which can be used at high loadings, but do not impair the properties
of the plastic, are most desirable.
Carbon blacks are used not only as fillers, but as colorants, UV .
absorbers and insulators. Polymers containing up to 40 percent carbon black
have been formulated for cable coatings and pipe.[83] Nut shell flours, such
as ground peanut, walnut, and pecan shells impart low shear strength and
impact resistance to products. Walnut shell flours improve moisture resis-
tance and therefore provide high dielectric strength. Fly ash (hollow
carbonaceous spheres) improve buoyancy in boat hulls and decrease weight in
aircraft and automobile parts.
Inorganic Fibers
Inorganic fibers provide reinforcement to plastics. They have become
increasingly important as the demand for high-strength plastics has increased.
Fibrous glass and asbestos lead this market. Other specialty fibers such as
the ceramic oxides and metallic fibers have specialty application in auto-
mobile, aircraft, and missile parts, in which weight reduction and high
strength are required.
Filamentous reinforcers come in two major forms: fibers and whiskers.
Fibers are long strands which may be cut to the desired length. They are
generally produced by extrusion. Whiskers are single, axially-oriented
crystal filaments of metals, metal oxides, carbon, or boron. They have high
tensile strengths and extremely high elastic moduli.
Glass fibers comprise over 90 percent of the fibers used in reinforced
plastics. [154] They are used in a variety of'forms to meet the needs of
particular applications. Table 28 presents the various forms of fibrous glass
(and other fibers) used in plastics and some typical applications.
Glass fibers are super cooled liquids formed from silica, borax, lime-
stone, and clay. They are produced with varying chemical compositions to meet
the particular needs of the finished product. A-glass is a lime-soda glass
with an alkali content of 10 to 15 percent. E-glass, first used for elec-
trical insulation, is a low-alkali borosilicate glass. C-glass (chemical
resistant), is a low soda glass designed to be resistant to acids. Other
grades of glass are available depending upon the end use requirements of the
reinforced plastic.
Asbestos is a generic name for fibrous, naturally-occurring hydrated
magnesium silicates. Ninety-seven percent of the asbestos used in plastics is
of the chrysotile form, 3MgO.2Si02.2H20.[63] Asbestos reduces mold
shrinkage, improves impact resistance, hardness, and the thermal properties of
plastics. The use of asbestos has come under close environmental scrutiny,
since it is a known carcinogen. Extensive dust control measures and worker
monitoring have been implemented to assure health and safety.
75
-------
TABLE 28.
FORMS OF FIBROUS GLASS AND THEIR APPLICATION
Type of
Fiber Defini tion Use
Fabrics Woven cloths with Lay Ups and
various thicknesses Press Mold-
and strength orienta- ings
tions
Mats and Fibers chopped and Automobile
Pa pers collected in random Bodies
pattern with binder
Milled Fibers reduced to Adhesives,
Fibers short lengths in Injection
powder or nodule Molding,
form Castings,
Potting
Roving Ropelike bundle of Preforming,
continuous strands Unidirec-
tional Rei n-
forcement
Strands Filament cut to Compression,
desired length Transfer and
Injection
Molding
Yarn Filament s twisted Unidirec-
into yarn tional Rein-
forcement
Typical Polymer
Epoxy
Polyester
Polyester
Epoxy
Thermoplastics
and Thermosets
Vi rtually all
Plastics
Baijal, Mahendra D. (ed), Plastics Polymer Science and Technology,
1982, p. 640.
Katz, Harry S. and John V. Milewski, Handbook of Fillers and
Reinforcements for Plastics, 1978.
Pundsack, F. L. and W. o. Jackson, Encyclopedia of Polymer Science
and Technology, Vol. 6, p. 638.
Plastics Compounding, May/June 1980, p. 96.
Sources:
76
--- -~- - ......, -_. . -....-... . .."p-. ._-..- ......- .. - . . '" .
-------
".
Wollastonite is another naturally occurring mineral, calcium metasili-
cate. The mineral is pure white; therefore, it may be used as a pigment as
well as a filler. The reinforcing properties of wollastonite include
increased flexural and tensile strength, improved dimensional stability and
decreased water adsorption. The use of wollastonite is attractive in plastics
because it decreases product cost and does not present the worker exposure
concerns of asbestos.
Specialty fibers and whiskers have been developed in recent years for
applicati~n in the automobile and aerospace industry. These include carbon-
graphite and boron fibers, and whiskers and fibers of ceramic oxides and
metals. These whiskers and fibers generally have high costs, and are used in
applications in which tensile and flexural strengths exceeding those imparted
by glass fibers are required.
Organic Fibers
The organic fibers include both natural and synthetic materials. These
may act either as fillers or reinforcers. In general, the natural materials
are added to impart bulk and reduce costs, while the synthetic fibers are used
as reinforcers. Wood flour has the highest consumption among the organic
fibers. [81] This filler is primarily employed in thermosetting resins where
its low cost is particularly attractive. Wood flour contributes to good elec-
trical properties, improved impact resistance and controlled mold shrinkage.
One drawback is that it decomposes above 160°C, and therefore processing tem-
peratures must remain below 160°C.
Other n~tural, fibrous materials include a-Cellulose, chopped paper, and
fibers such as slsal, hemp, and jut~. These are most commonly used in thermo-
se~ting resins such as phenolics and polyesters. Care must be taken in com-
pounding these fillers/reinforcers because they tend to have high water
adsorptions and may require surface treatment.
The synthetic fibers include aramid and carbon fibers, produced by
pyrolysis of organic precursor fibers in an inert atmosphere. These fibers
have application where low weight and high strength are required. Other
synthetics include nylon, polyethylene terephthalate, and polyacrylonitrile
fibers which are used as reinforcements.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Fillers and reinforcers tend to be unreactive. Most are insoluble in
water or other solvents; thus, their main environmental impact is as par-
ticulates. This is discussed in more detail in the following section. Those
fillers and reinforcers which contain heavy metals or asbestos may pose a
threat to the environment. Some of the components of fillers are listed as
either priority pollutants or as hazardous wastes; therefore, the fillers
themselves are considered to be priority pollutants and/or hazardous wastes.
Table 29 presents these filler components.
77
- .~.
------..--...--.------ .-
.--,. .-- .,-..-....
-------
TABLE 29.
CLASSIFICATION OF FILLERS AS PRIORITY POLLUTANTS
AND HAZARDOUS WASTES
EPA Michigan
Fillers and Their Priority Hazardous Hazardous
Components Pollutant Waste Waste
Asbestos X X
Metalst
Antimony X X
Bari um X
Beryllium. X X
Cadmium X X
Copper X
Lead X X
Nickel X X
Zinc X
tChemicals that contain these metals are considered priority
pollutants and/or hazardous wastes.
Once a filler is encapsulated in an inert plastic, its environmental
impact becomes less clear-cut. Fillers carefully chosen for their compatibil-
ity with the resin remain encapsulated in the polymer, and should not pose a
significant threat to the environment. However, if the filler and resin are
incompatible or if the resin is subject to degradation, fillers may be
released to the environment.
WORKER EXPOSURE
The formation of dusts and particulates is of greatest concern to workers
and the general population in the use of fillers and reinforcers. Table C-8
details the known toxicities and regulated (or recommended) ambient air
standards for these additives.
The release of fillers is process-specific. Fillers such as asbestos, a
known carcinogen, are available in pelletized form. The use of these pellets
significantly reduces dusting during loading and blending. Fibrous glass and
other fibrous reinforcers are available as fabrics, rovings, and mats. These
could be expected to release fewer particulates than the loose filaments.
Thus, the measures necessary to assure worker safety and health in working
with filler particulates are dependent not only upon the chemical and toxico-
logical properties of the filler, but its processing and form. Typical recom-
mended worker health practices include adequate ventilation, such as local
exhaust or general dilution ventilation and worker protective equipment such
as dust masks, respirators, and goggles.
78
'.
.-.--.- ._- ''---'-,''''--'-T"-'-'''.- .. ',4','
. 0. .,..... --....,- ".: -.
-------
SECTION 10
FLAME RETARDANTS
INTRODUCTION
The tendency of a plastic to burn will be dependent upon the ease with
which oxygen can reach the combustion zone, the amount of oxygen available,
the volatility of the heated material, and its physical form. Flame retard-
ants act to reduce the combustibility of plastics by insulation, absorption of
heat energy, coating to exclude oxygen, and/or reduction of the amount of fuel
available. Some also act to suppress smoke formation.
The flame retardants ~sed in plastics can be divided into three groups of
chemicals:
.
.
.
inorganics,
nonreactive organics, and
reactive organics.
The application of nonreactive flame retarda~ts, both inorganic and organic,
depends upon effectiveness, cost, and ease of compounding in a particular
polymer. The ideal flame retardant will cause only minimal deterioration of
other polymer properties such as impact strength, tensile strength, and heat
and light stability. Reactive flame retardants are incorporated in the
polymer during its polymerization. They are substituted for all or part of
the monomer. As such, they become part of the polymer matrix, and provide a
high degree of flame retardancy.
Chemicals designated as flame retardants for plastics and resins have
demonstrated the ability to alter some phase of the combustion process in at
least one of the numerous tests available to determine flame retardancy. The
validity of the tests used to determine flame retardant properties has been
questioned. It has been found that the passage of anyone test does not ade-
quately reflect performance of an additive in a fire situation.[5] Secondly,
the formation of smoke may be of more concern than flammability. For the pur-
poses of this report, flame retardants include all chemicals added to plas-
tics to alter the combustion process. Specific data relating to the effect
these chemicals have on combustion have been omitted since this information is
useful only for specific applications of the plastics product.
The use of flame retardants in plastics is dependent upon the polymer,
its end use, and the other additives used in the plastic. For example,
79
. . ~"'.' ..... -, - ,.-'" ..
", -. '" - ." '.'. ..
-------
'. ",
.. ....~. ..~'~..-
unplasticized PVC, because of its high chlorine content, is se1f-extinquish-
ing; however, with concentrations of flammable plasticizer greater than 25
percent, PVC may require a flame retardant. The major applications for flame
retardants are in plasticized PVC resins, polyesters, and polyurethanes.
Other polymers which frequently incorporate flame retardants are styrenics,
especially ABS and foamed polystyrene; polyolefins, particularly polypropy-
lene; and epoxy resins.[227, pp. VI-37] Table 30 summarizes the use of flame
retardants in polymers for the three major chemical groups.
Flame retardant consumption is strongly related to government regulation.
To meet flammability standards and reduce the toxicity of gaseous combustion
products, federal, state and local requirements, insurance underwriters, and
other codes have forced the use of flame retardants an~ increased research and
development of new additives. Total consumption of flame retardants in 1982
was 171 thousand metric tons.[47] Table 31 presents the distribution of this
use among the various chemical groups.
The inorganics account for over half of the consumption of flame retard-
ants, largely because they are relatively inexpensive, act synergistically
with halogenated organic compounds, and are used as fillers. The nonreactive
organics have the advantage of being readily compounded with the polymer,
while the reactive organics avoid many of the compatibility problems asso-
ciated with the nonreactive types. Reactive organics actually act as copoly-
mers, and therefore development and manufacture with these chemicals is
frequently more costly and time consuming.
OVERVIEW OF ADDITIVE PROPERTIES
The properties of a particular flame retardant dictate its use and com-
patibility with polymers. Table A-9 details the flame retardants used in
plastics, their properties, and polymer application. Many flame retardants,
particularly the nonreactive organic types, are mixtures of chemicals with
unspecified compositions. The chemical nature of these additives is either
unknown or considered proprietary. For example, the chlorinated paraffins are
a large group of flame retardants which are characterized by their trade
names. The composition of these materials is dependent upon the starting
material (a hydrocarbon mixture), and the method and extent of chlorination.
For the compounds with unspecified compositions, the trade names are used to
designate particular additives. The composition of these materials or a nota-
tion of the concentration of active ingredients is given when available. The
viscosity, particle size, and specific gravity have a strong influence upon
the compounding and final properties of the flame retarded polymer. These are
included in the Appendix along with solubility characteristics which may
affect compounding or the tendency of the additive to be extracted from the
plastic. .
Application of flame retardants to plastics accounts for 87 percent of
the total market. [227, p. VI-36] Paper, textiles, rubber, and elastomers
account for the remaining consumption. Additionally, the nonreactive addi-
tives have application in other industries. Table B-9 presents consumption
and uses for the various flame retardants.
80
. .
-------
TABLE 30.
FLAME RETARDANTS FOR PLASTICS
QJ QJ
c:: c::
QJ QJ
... .....
>. >.
.... .c:: QJ
en QJ .... ....
I c:: QJ QJ .,
QJ QJ >. c:: ..... QJ
c:: ..... ..... QJ ., ..., UJ
~ >. 0 ..... .c:: QJ ~ QJ ...
.c:: I>. ~ .... ..., ... ..... QJ
..., .... .c:: QJ ~ 0 ~ ....
., QJ >. .... '" ..., ... QJ ..... ... UJ
.... >. .... QJ QJ ~ ..... QJ ..... ..., .c:: .... QJ
:I 11> "'" ~ >. ... I< :I .... 0 ~ u ~ >.
c c:: 0 II> ..... QJ 0 en ., .c:: ... C:: "'"
II> I II> ~ ~ I>. c:: 0 E-< .... 0 0 Q) 0 0
~ QJ ... UJ QJ QJ I>. QJ QJ QJ QJ U ..... c:: ..... I>.
..... II> II> II> ~ II> ~ QJ .... >. C'I QJ 12 c:: 12 QJ U :i! .c:: QJ >.
II> ~ ~ c:: c:: QJ c:: ., .... >. c:: QJ QJ QJ QJ c:: < U ..., ... ...,
QJ ... ~ ~ >. "' ..... QJ g ~ :J .... QJ ..... ..... ..... c:: ~ ~ .';! QJ
'" .... II> II> 11> ..... ., QJ "'" II> 0 ~ ..... >. >. >. QJ ..... ..... ..... ..... ....
~ QJ ~ QJ 0 U .... ..., >. .a ~ 0-1 II> ~ c:: c:: '" ... .... >. >. >. >. I .,
U c:: '" '" '" ~ QJ i .... ... c:: QJ QJ 0 >. QJ c:: ~ 12 c:: QJ ...
~ 0 0 ..... U :I III C'I ... QJ .... .c:: .c:: ... .... ... ~ ~ ~ c:: :I
..... ..... ..., 0 ~ ... 0 " .a u ., C'I QJ '" '" '" II> :I ~ ~ ~ ~ QJ ....
t' >. ~ ~ 0 c:: >. >. >. >. .c:: QJ >. >. >. >. >. >. ... .,
... 0 :I QJ ..... ..... ..... ..... 00 c:: :J ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... >. UJ
.';! u :i! ~ '" ..... .c:: 0 0 0 0 ~ ~ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .... g
< r.:I 1&0 I>. I>. I>. I>. I>. :>:: 0-1 0-1 I>. I>. I>. I>. I>. I>. I>. I>. 1>.' I>. en
Inorganics Oxides, bromides and borates of X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
aluminum, antimony, zinc and dn;
00 may act synergistically with some
I-' organics
Nonreactive Halogenated hydrocarbons; phoa- X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Organics phates; brominated compounds and
chlorinated paraffins; may act as
secondary plasticizers.
Reactive Halogen compounds incorporated X X X X X X X X X X X
Organics into polymer by chemical reaction
with monomer or intermediates.
Source:
Baijal, Hahendra D., Plastics Polymer Science and Technology, 1982, p. 615.
-------
. .
TABLE 31
1982 DISTRIBUTION OF FLAME RETARDANTS IN PLASTICS
Flame Retardant Type
Percent Consumption
Inorganics
Alumina hydrates
Antimony oxides
Boron compounds
Otherst
44.4
7.6
1.7
3.5
Organics
Nonreactive
Bromine compounds
Chlorinated paraffins
Phosphate esters
Nonha1ogenated
Halogenated
and cyc1oa1iphatics
6.4
8.2
9.4
5.3
Reactive
Epoxy intermediates
Po1ycarbonate intermediates
Polyester intermediates
Urethane intermediates
Flexible foam
Rigid foam
Others
2.9
1.2
2.3
0.6
4.7
1.8
Total
100.0
tInc1udes molybdenum, zinc, and other metal oxides
Source:
Modern Plastics, September 1982, p. 58.
82
-------
Table C-9 details toxicological and worker exposure concerns for flame
retardants. The nonreactive additives tend to be reasonably stable compounds
which do not decompose below flame temperatures. Thus, concerns for toxicity
and worker exposure center upon the formation of aerosols and particulates.
Some of these materials pose serious concerns for toxicity. The formation of
gases by reactive flame retardants may also pose concerns. Some flame
retardants have been of concern because of their tendency to form noxious
decomposition products in a fire.. For example, many flame retardants act by
forming noncombustible gases, some of which are highly toxic.
Inorganic Flame Retardants
Inorganic flame retardants are largely used as synergists with halogen-
ated organics or to release water which cools a flame. Two inorganic mate-
rials, alumina trihydrate and antimony oxide, constitute over 50 percent of
the flame retardant market. High loadings of these materials are used, in
part, because they act as fillers in addition to their function as flame
retardants.
Alumina trihydrate has the highest usage of all flame retardants. It is
employed as a filler as well as a flame retardant. This additive is used in
products where demands for physical properties of the polymer and flame
retardancy are not stringent. Heating of alumina trihydrate above 250°C forms
water and alumina. The water, approximately 35 weight percent of the addi-
tive, absorbs heat, cools the flame, and dilutes flammable gases and oxidant
in the flame. The alumina is an excellent conductor, and removes heat from
the flame zone. Alumina trihydrate may be used as the sole flame retardant,
or may be applied in combination with more ef~icient chemicals.
Halogen synergists enable formulators to use less additive without
impairing the flame retardancy of the plastic. They are believed to work by
capture of free radicals generated in a flame. The brominated and chlorinated
flame retardants, discussed in the following subsection, form hydrochloric and
hydrobromic acids upon thermal decomposition. The inorganic flame retardants
react with the halogen to form a metal chloride or bromide which interferes
with chain branching reactions. [226, p. 583.6801 L]
The most widely used synergistic flame retardant is antimony oxide. This.
chemical forms antimony trichloride and antimony oxychloride upon thermal
decomposition of chlorinated organics. Similar products are formed in the
presence of other halogens (e.g., bromine). Volatile antimony trichloride
(b.p. ~ 280°C) participates directly in flame quenching by reaction with
flame-propagating free radicals. Antimony trioxide reacts directly with
hydrocarbons to give water and molecular hydrogen instead of free radicals
which propagate the flame. In some polymers antimony trioxide tends to retain
heat after flaming has ceased (afterglow). The heated inorganic may then
serve as a source for reignition for some components. It is therefore
desirable to use as little antimony as possible. Typical halogenated flame
retardant to synergist ratios range from 2:1 to 8:1 for polyolefins.[209]
Various physical modifications of antimony oxide are available to alter
tinting strength, reduce dusting, or increase surface area of the particles.
83
-_.--~--a- .'
-------
'.
p
Boron compounds, led by zinc borate, act in both the flame and condensed
phases to promote char formation, inhibit the release of combustible gas, and
suppress smoke. They generally form boron trihalides. Other boron compounds
used as flame retardants include ammonium fluoroborate, barium metaborate,
boric acid, borax, ammonium pentaborate, and disodium octaborate.
Various other inorganics are used as flame retardants. These include
molybdenum oxides, ammonium phosphates, and other ammonium compounds. These
additives are chosen for specific applications; for example, to suppress smoke
formation or to reduce afterglow.
Nonreactive Organic Flame Retardants
The nonreactive organic flame retardants are additives which are not
chemically bound to the polymer chain. They are generally added to the plas-
tic following polymerization. Three general groups of chemicals are used as
organic nonreactive flame retardants: chlorinated compounds, brominated com-
pounds, and phosphorus compounds. The flame retardant chosen will be strongly
dependent upon the polymer, its application, and the extent of flame retard-
ancy required. .
The organic flame retardants may act in either the vapor or condensed
phase. The halogenated organics (i.e., those which contain bromine and
chlorine) are thought to function as flame retardants by inhibiting free
radical formation in the flame. The mechanism of flame retardance for the
phosphorus-containing additives has not been clearly defined, and may vary
with the polymer. These additives are believed to act in the condensed phase
to decrease the amount of combustible gas and enhance char. In the vapor
phase, the phosphate esters are thought to degrade to relatively nonvolatile
acids which inhibit flaming by promoting conversion of the organic to water
and char. .
Chlorinated organics are used as flame retardants primarily for polyvinyl
chloride, polyolefins, polystyrene, and polyesters. As mentioned previously,
they are usually used in combination with a synergist. By far, the highest
volume chlorinated compounds used as flame retardants are the chlorinated
paraffins. These are largely straight-chain, saturated,. ClO to C30 paraf-
fins with chlorine contents from 20 to 70 percent. Both solids and liquids
are available. The chlorinated paraffins also act as secondary plasticizers,
but have limited heat stability and are not generally recommended for process-
ing temperatures greater than 220°C.[2l4, p. 266] The chlorinated paraffins
are classified as nontoxic [171], both by ingestion and skin contact.
Dechlorane Plus8 is another chlorine-containing flame retardant. It has
a chlorine content of 65 percent and is very stable, making it suitable for
high-temperature processing. Dechlorane PlusS is a suspected human carcino-
gen, and therefore concerns exist for its safety in compounding and use.
The brominated flame retardants include a variety of aromatic and alipha- I
tic compounds. These flame retardants have high heat stability and tend to be
more effective than chlorine compounds on a weight basis. The aromatics are
84
"
'''. ~.
-------
heavily used in engineering thermoplastics because they can tolerate high
processing temperatures and are more hydrolytically stable. Decabromodiphenyl
oxide, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane, and 2,3,4,5,6-pentabromoethyl-
benzene are typical aromatic brominated compounds. The aliphatic brominated
flame retardants include pentabromocyclohexane and hexabromocyclodecane.
These two additives are used extensively in foamed polystyrene where they
impart a high degree of flame retardancy. The heat stability of the alipha-
tics is lower than that of the aromatics.
The organic phosphorus-containing flame retardants are largely liquids at
room temperature. They'include phosphates «RO)3PO), phosphites «RO)3P),
phosphonates «RO)2R'PO), p~osphinates «RO)R'2PO), phosphine oxides
(R3PO), phosphines (R3P), and phosphonium salts (R4PX). Many of these
additives are volatile and relatively water soluble. Halogens incorporated in
the phosphorus-based flame retardants may enhance properties such as water
resistance.
The phosphate esters are the most heavily used among the phosphorus-
based flame retardants. They account for 50 percent of the volume of flame
retardants added to PVC [93], because they act both as flame retardants and
plasticizers. The phosphate esters can ~e further classified as triaryls,
alkylaryls, and trialkyls. In general, a trade-off in flame retardant and
plastication properties exists for these chemicals. The triaryl phosphates
impart a higher degree of flame retardancy and less plastication, while the
trialkyl phosphates have improved plasticizer efficiency but are rather poor
flame retardants. More information on the phosphate esters is presented in
Section 14 of this document, Plasticizers.
Reactive Organic Flame Retardants
The reactive flame retardants contain many of the same fire retarding
'components as the additive types; however, these additives are chemically
bound to the,polymer backbone. They eliminate many of the problems associated
with the nonreactive types; for example, migration of the additives and loss
of flame retardancy during extended life uses a~e virtually eliminated. The
reactive flame retardants tend to be more expensive than the nonreactive
types, and they may have a deleterious effect on processing characteristics.
Unsaturated polyesters, epoxy resins, and polyurethanes have the highest use
for these additives.
Chlorinated, brominated, and phosphorus-containing 'compounds are used as
reactive flame retardants. The mechanism by which they impart flame retard-
ancy is thought to'be similar to that of the nonreactive organics. Tetra-
bromobisphenol-A and dibromoneopentyl glycol are most popular. Other flame
retardants have alcoholic, acidic, phenolic, oxirane, and vinyl functional
groups which allow them to polymerize and be incorporated in the polymer
backbone. Combinations of reactive and nonreactive flame retardants may act
synergistically. '
85
-------
- .". ... .. ...
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
The flame retardants used in plastics are a large group of extremely
diverse chemicals. Their environmental impact is equally diverse. Table 32
presents the flame retardants listed as either priority pollutants or hazard-
ous wastes. This table a1so lists several chemicals proposed by the state of
Michigan for inclusion as hazardous wastes. The additives which contain the
heavy metals listed are also considered priority pollutants and/or hazardous
wastes.
TABLE 32. CLASSIFICATION OF FLAME RETARDANTS AS
PRIORITY POLLUTANTS AND HAZARDOUS WASTES
EPA Michigan
Flame Retardants and Priority Hazardous Hazardous
Their Components Pollutant Waste Waste
Antimony Oxide X
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene X X
Trichloroethylene X X
Tricresyl phosphate X
Metalst
Antimony X X
Barium X
Zinc X
tChemicals that contain these metals are considered priority
pollutants and/or hazardous wastes.
Some flame retardants may pose population exposure and disposal problems
because they tend to exude from the plastic. This is particularly true of the
nonreactive flame retardants which bleed most readily. The reactive flame
retardants are incorporated in the polymer backbone, and therefore they are
only released through polymer degradation. The extent to which flame retard-
ants pose a threat to the population in use or following disposal is dependent
upon the specific flame retardant, its concentration, the polymer in which it
is incorporated, and the environment to which it is subjected. The last three
factors will strongly influence the extent of migration from the plastic.
Another source of concern for exposure of the population to flame retard-
ants is in the release of toxic decomposition products upon combustion. The
antimony flame retardants form antimony trichloride and antimony oxychloride.
Both are volatile and toxic. The chlorinated and brominated compounds form
hydrochloric and hydrobromic acid, respectively, upon decomposition. Phos-
phorus-containing flame retardants form a variety of gases including phos-
phoric acid. The toxicity of these decomposition products may result in fire
fatalities. Also, flame retardants which form heavy smoke are of concern
because visibility is severely reduced.
Flame retardants form both gaseous and particulate air emissions during
blending and processing. Concerns for the general population are similar to
86
-------
..
those of workers exposed to these chemicals and are discussed in the following
section.
WORKER EXPOSURE
Table C-9 presents toxicological and worker exposure concerns for the
flame retardants. It can be seen that the toxicities of these chemicals vary
widely. Some of the most widely used flame retardants are chosen specifically
for their safety. For example, both the chlorinated paraffins and decabromo-
diphenyl oxide are considered environmentally and toxicologically safe.[172,
214] Their high usage volume in plastics is, in part, related to this safety.
The exposure of workers to gaseous and particulate air emissions is of
concern, as is skin contact with some flame retardants. The specific worker
health practices recommended will be dependent upon properties of the flame
retardant. Adequate ventilation, either general dilution or specific exhaust,
is frequently suggested. Recommended worker health practices may include
protective equipment such as gloves, safety glasses, and protective clothing.
High airborne concentrations may call for respirators and dust masks.
87 .
-.. ....-_. -"~\" ",-
-------
SECTION 11
FREE RADICAL INITIATORS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
INTRODUCTION
Free radical initiators act as sources of unpaired electrons. These
unpaired electrons (free radicals) initiate polymerization by forming reactive
sites for the monomer or polymer chain. Their three major uses in production
and processing include: (1) polymerization and copolymerization for various
thermoplastics including low density polyethylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl
chloride, acrylics, and other thermoplastics; (2) curing for unsaturated
polyester thermoset resins; and/or (3) crosslinking for polyethylene and
elastomers.
Initiators are not catalysts, although this terminology is commonly used
in the plastics and resins industry. Catalysts act to alter the rate of
chemical reactions without themselves being consumed or chemically altered.
The free radical initiators are consumed in the polymerization process and
therefore do not fit the strict definition of a catalyst. The initiator is
irreversibly decomposed to its byproducts. Experimental evidence suggests
that the byproducts may remain in the polymer or may even be incorporated in
the polymer chain.[185] Alternatively they may be removed from the polymer by
solvent evaporation or washing.
This section details the major chemical classes utilized to initiate free
radicals:
.
.
.
.
.
peroxides,
azo compounds,
inorganics,
free radical inhibitors, and
free radical activators or promoters.
Most free radical initiators are activated by heat. Chemical activators
eliminate the need for at least part of the heat input to the polymerization
process by free radical formation with the initiator at lower temperatures.
Because some monomers such as acrylics, styrenics, and polyesters readily form
free radicals, inhibitors are mixed with the monomer to prevent polymerization
in transport and storage. Inhibitors are generally removed preceding produc-
tion and processing, but may also be used to provide a reaction induction
period in certain operations.
88
. '''.
'.
"
.' ,,' , '
'.' .
. ~ . . '-. .. ... .. .". .... ... . ~. ~"
", , . '..
...~ . - -. . '--'~" . ."'-" --'~~7."'~-':".;:' ~ '. ....- ~
'.-_.-._.~.. - '~."'-" "-'
...,. - '.-.." "-' -,' ".' .-
.-.'.. .. -.
. .
..,... -..-,...'
-------
Initiators are thermally unstable chemicals which decompose to form free
radicals as temperature increases. Control of polymerization is achieved
largely through control of the reaction temperature. Curing of polyesters
involves the mixing of initiator and polyester formulation in a heated, high
pressure mold. In room temperature polyester curing, a suitable activator is
mixed with the monomers. The initiator and monomers are kept separate until
processing begins. For thermoplastics, the free radicals generated upon
heating attack monomers with vinyl unsaturation to form polyvinyl chloride,
polystyrene, and po1ymethy1 methacrylate. With ethylene, the initiator
attacks the polymer itself to create free radicals on the growing polymer
chain. Initiators abstract hydrogen atoms from the polymer in cross1inking,
allowing bridge formation between polymer chains. The application of each of'.
these chemical classes to various polymers is' summarized in Table 33.
-'"
Peroxides have the highest consumption volume among the initiators. The
1982 consumption of these products was 15.0 thousand metric tons [47] and was
distributed as shown in Table 34.
TABLE 34.
1982 DISTRIBUTION OF ORGANIC FREE RADICAL INITIATORS
Initiator Type
Dia1kyl peroxides
Diacyl peroxides (benzoyl,
decanoyl and lauroyl)
Peresters
Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide
(MEKP)
Others (including peroxyketals,
peroxydicarbonates and hydro-
peroxides other than MEKP)
TOTAL
Percent Consumption
.12.7
30.4
24.8
24.1
8.0
100.0
Modern Plastics, September 1982, p. 71.
Source:
OVERVIEW OF ADDITIVE PROPERTIES
The selection of initiators, activators, or inhibitors is polymer- and
process-specific. Reactivity and compatibility with the resin, temperature of
decomposition, and solubility strongly effect the choice of an initiator.
Since initiators are chemically unstable compounds, safety and handling
requirements are also important considerations. The end use of the finished
plastic may dictate the choice of initiator; for example, the initiator may
. form toxic residues upon decomposition. The general properties of each of the
chemical classes are detailed in the following subsections.
Initiators
As mentioned previously, initiators include the organic peroxides, azo
compounds, and inorganics. Table A-10 details the chemical and physical
properties of the initiators. The 10-hour half-life is commonly used to
89
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,
-.i
,'j
i
)
')
-j
!
j
1
.!
'I
I
:';.
"
.
I
'j
:,,!
':1
"\
:1
.:}
::'.,i
',J
).j
'/
J
'I
, ~
.
Organic
Peroxides
\0
o
Azo Com-
pounds
Inorganic
Initiators
Activatorsl
Promoters
Inhibitors
TABLE 33.
FREE RADICAL'INITIATORS, ACTIVATORS, AND INHIBITORS USED IN PLASTICS
Generate free radicals in polyester
curing and thermoplastic polymerization,
wide choice to suit requirements.
Provide free radicals and blowing
agent in polymerization.
Source of free radicals mainly for
aqueous polymerizations.
Used to initiate action of peroxides
and inorganics.
Increase storage life and stability of
monomers; increase safety in handling.
CII CII
c: c:
CII CII
... .-1
>- ~ CII
...
en CII '" ...
I c: CII CII .,
CII CII >- ,C: .-1 CII
c: .-1 .-1 CII ] '1:1 (I)
CII ~ 0 .-1 CII "" CII ...
,"" Po. >- ... '1:1 ... .-1 CII
'1:1 ... .r: .r: CII "" 0 "" ...
., CII >- ... '" '1:1 .... CII .-1 ... (I)
... >- ... CII CII "" .-1 CII .-1 '1:1 .r: ... CII
:I (1) .-1 "" >- ... X :I ... 0 "" u "" >-
... (I) ~ ,0 (I) .-1 CII 0 en ., .r: ... C: .-1
(I) I (I) ~ Po. ~ 0 E-< ... 0 0 CII 0 0
~ CII ... (I) CII Po. CII CII CII CII U .-1 c: .-1 Po.
.-1 (I) III (I)-CII III ~ CII ... >- !:I CII c: ~ c: CII .'i! .-1 6 CII >-
III "" ~ c: ~ ~ ~ c: ~ ... >- c: CII CII CII c: < '1:1 '" '1:1
~ ... ..... .-1 CII ""' .3 '" CII .-1 .-1 .-1 c: ., "" u CII
... III 0) 111 .-1 ., CII .-1 0 (I) ..... .-1 >- >- >- CII .r: .-1 .-1 .-1 .-1 < ...
..... ~ ~ ~ 0 u ... '1:1 >- .0 ~ III >- c: c: '" ... ... >- ~ >- >- I .,
U c: '" "" QI "" ... ... ~ .r: QI CII 0 >- QI ~ c: ~ CII ...
..... 0 0 .-1 U ~ :I ., !:I '" ... .r: .r: ... ... ... ..... C: :I
.-1 .-1 '1:1 0 ~ ... 0 " ~ u " !:I QI ~ ~ ~ 0) :I ~ ~ ~ ~ CII ...
>- >- ~ i 0 c: >- >- >- ~ CII >- >- ~ ... .,
... ... 0 :I CII .-1 .-1 .-1 .-1 ~ :J .-1 .-1 .-1 .-1 .-1 .-1 .-1 .-1 .-1 .-1 ~ 0)
.'i! .'i! ~ tli .-1 .r: 0 0 0 0 "'" 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... c:
I>< Po. Po. Po. Po. Po. = ~ ~ Po. Po. Po. Po. Po. Po. Po. Po. Po. Po. en =:>
X X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X
X X X
-------
'.
compare the reactivity of initiators. The half-life is defined as the tem-
perature at which one-half of a quantity of initiator decomposes in 10 hours.
It is a relative measure of the heat input necessary for polymerization by a
given initiator. Another important parameter is solubility. The initiator
must be soluble in the resin, solvent, or dispersion media.
Most of the peroxides are marketed specifically as free radical initia-
tors. Some are utilized in bleaching and oxidation processes. Table B-10
details the consumption patterns and uses for various initiators. Because of
the chemical instability of the various initiators, safety and handling of
these compounds is of interest. Table C-10 summarizes some o'f the environ-
mental and toxicological concerns for the initiators.
Peroxides--
Peroxides are the highest volume initiators marketed. They include alkyl
and aryl peroxides, diacetyl peroxides, hydroperoxides, peroxydicarbonates,
peroxyesters, and perketals. Each chemical group has application to specific
polymers and processes.
The alkyl and aryl peroxides have the basic chemical structure R-o-o-R
and are most commonly used for crosslinking polyethylene and elastomers, but
have application in the polymerization of other thermoplastics and polyesters
as well. Dicumyl peroxides have the highest volume usage among these
peroxides and are primarily used in crosslinking polyethylene for cable
jacketing and insulation.
Diacyl peroxides have the chemical structure R~-o-o~-R. Benzoyl,
lauroyl, and decanoyl peroxides have the highest consumption among this group
of initiators. Benzoyl peroxide alone accounts for 25. percent of the
initiator market. It has a wide application in polyester curing and in
styrene polymerization.
The hydroperoxides have the general structure R2C-(O-oH)2. They
include methyl ethyl ketone peroxides used extensively in polyester curing.
Methyl ethyl ketone peroxides are actually a mixture of four major components.
They are shock and friction sensitive, and are therefore sold in diluted form,
generally containing 9 percent active oxygen.
The peroxydicarbonates have the basic structure R3C-o~-o-o~-o-CR3.
These tend to be highly reactive, and therefore more hazardous than many other
types of peroxides. They require low storage temperatures. The peroxydicar-
bonates are most commonly used in polymerization of thermoplastics, especially
PVC.
Peroxyesters have application in polyester curing, thermoplastic polymer-
ization and in crosslinking. This class of initiators has the basic chemical
structure Rg-o-o-CR3. By varying substituent (R) groups a wide range of
reactivities are possible.
91
'-~""'''''-~''''''''---'''---r--'-----''' "-'-.' -, ..".....' ---.,-..---.-........-.........~~.......-.._- .....,.. .-.,. ."~'-""
-------
- .-..., '-"'."'-'-"
Peroxyketals have the basic chemical structure RlR2C-(O-oR)2.
These difunctional initiators have good thermal stability although they tend
to be acid sensitive. They are used in polyester curing to provide faster
cures, improved pot life, and greater resistance to induced decomposition from
other additives including colorants and fillers.
Azo Compounds--
Azo compounds have the basic chemical structure R-N=N-R. They are most
heavily used for polyester curing and for vinyl chloride polymerization. Azo
compounds tend to exhibit superior shelf-life over the peroxides because they
are less susceptible to decomposition by impurities or transition metals.
This characteristic also makes them largely unsuitable for use with promoters.
Decomposition of azo compounds not only initiates polymerization, but may
provide foaming by formation of nitrogen gas. Azobisisobutyronitrile typifies
this type of initiator. This initiator/blowing agent forms a toxic residue,
tetramethylsuccinodinitrile, which limits its use. The azo compounds have
been particularly useful in determining reaction kinetics and mechanisms for
polymerization initiators.
Inorganic Initiators--
Whereas the organic peroxides and azo compounds are largely soluble in
resins and organics solvents, inorganic initiators are generally chosen for
their water solubility. Hydrogen peroxide and potassium persulfate typify
this type of initiator. Frequently, an activator is used to produce the free
radicals. This type of system is generally called a redox system because the
initiator is reduced to begin free radical polymerization. This is discussed
in greater detail in the next section.
Activators (Promoters)
Activators promote free radical formation of initiators. Initiator-
activator combinations are redox systems in which the initiator is reduced to
form the free radical while the activator is oxidized. For example, in poly-
ester curing the salt cobalt naphthenate is used to activate a hydroperoxide
(ROOH) as shown below:
ROOH + CO+2 . RO- + OH- + CO+3
ROOH + CO+3--+ ROO- + H+ + CO+2
Various combinations of activators and initiators are possible. Table A-lO
details the physical and chemical properties of activators along with their
application in various polymerization processes. Many of the chemicals used
as activators have uses in other systems. Table B-lO presents other uses for
these chemicals. Table C-lO details toxicological and worker exposure
concerns for the activators.
Inhibitors
, The monomers which serve as the building blocks for acrylic, polyester,
and polystyrene resins tend to be highly reactive. In order to stabilize
92
".. .
. . ",
. "'------. _.. .. ~ -
-------
these monomers in shipment and storage, inhibitors are added. These chemicals
block the formation of free radicals by the monomer and allow for safe han-
dling. Table A-10, B-10, and C-10 detail specific chemicals used as inhibi-
tors, their physical and chemical properties, other uses, and toxicological
concerns.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
.-
The environmental impact of initiators centers on concerns over exposure
of the general population to these reactive chemicals. In particular, trans-
port of the initiators is regulated to. ensure public safety. Concerns for
exposure of the general population to initiators are similar to those for
workers exposed to these chemicals, and are detailed in the next section. As
wastes, the initiators readily degrade to their chemical by-products. Some
wastes containing organic initiators may be considered reactive and therefore
classified as hazardous under RCRA. This designation will be dependent upon
the chemical and physical characteristics of the waste, and the concentration
of the initiator in the waste. Contaminated or off-strength products should
be destroyed under controlled conditions, frequently by water dilution or
burning. [237] None of the specific peroxide or azo compounds are named as
either hazardous wastes or priority pollutants. A few of the activators and
inhibitors are classified as priority pollutants and/or hazardous wastes.
These are presented in Table 35.
TABLE 35. CLASSIFICATION OF PROMOTERS AND INHIBITORS AS
PRIORITY POLLUTANTS AND HAZARDOUS WASTES
Promotors/Activators
Chromate-Arsenious Oxide
Cupric Chloride
Hydrazine
Inhibitors
Copper
Naphthoquinone
PYridine
Mixture
Priority
Pollutant
X
X
Hazardous
Waste
X
X
X
X
X
WORKER EXPOSURE
The safety and handling of initiators has received extensive evaluation
by manufacturers and plastics processors. Peroxide and azo compounds are
chosen specifically for their high reactivities. Because of this reactivity,
they may pose a threat to worker safety and health. Concerns center in three
specific areas: (1) fire risk; (2) shock sensitivity, and therefore explosion
hazard; and (3) worker skin and eye irritation. Manufacturers recommend spe-
cific storage and handling techniques for each of their products. Although
these recommendations are chemical-specific, a general summary is presented
here.
93
-------
- Various methods are used to reduce the reactivity of peroxides. Gener-
ally, these procedures decrease both the fire risk and the explosion hazard;
however, the two objectives may not be met simultaneously. For example, cool-
ing may increase the impact sensitivity of some peroxides. [237, p. 343] This
is particularly important when two phases separate upon cooling; one a solid,
the other a liquid. The solid is then highly impact sensitive. In general,
low temperature storage which reduces the rate of free radical formation in
storage, dilution of the peroxide,~and elimination of contaminants such as
multivalent metals which promote formation of free radicals are recommended.
Stabilizers may be used with inorganic peroxides, but are uncommon with
organics.
Control of the working area decreases hazards substantially. Segregated
storage areas such as explosion-proof cabinets and coolers are recommended for
peroxides. A minimum quantity of initiator should be kept in the work area.
A one-day supply is generally recommended. Return of peroxides to the storage
container is not recommended, because this may result in contamination. The
initiator should only be added to cooled polymer. Promoters should be added
carefully only to the polymer/initiator mixture since violent reactions may
occur during direct mixing of the initiator and promoter.
Peroxides are generally strong oxidants and can cause severe skin and eye
irritation. Therefore, eye protection, gloves, and protective clothing are
suggested. Azo compounds carry similar recommendations. Ventilation 1s
extremely important to decrease worker exposure and reduce fire risk for both
peroxides and azo compounds. Further, worker education as to the nature of
the hazards and the methods necessary to reduce these hazards can produce a
safer working environment.
94
--'.'>'-"""'-"" .....
- .' -,- . r--'
-...... -... ".'~ ,...
., ". _. ~ . . .
. .
-------
".
SECTION 12
HEAT STABILIZERS
INTRODUCTION
Heat stabilizers inhibit or retard the degradation of halogenated poly-
mers and copolymers. They are extensively used in polyvinyl chloride. These
additives are acid acceptors which react with hydrochloric acid formed during
processing and eliminate its ability to further degrade the polymer. For the
purposes of this report, heat stabilizers are used exclusively with halogen-
ated polymers. The stabilizers used in other plastics, such as polyolefins
and styrenics, are presented in Section 2 of this report, Antioxidants.
Polyvinyl chloride is highly susceptible to degradation by heat, ultra-
violet light, and shear forces. Degradation of the polymer results in dis-
coloration, embrittlement, and loss of other desirable properties. Processing
requirements for this polymer necessitate high temperature heating; therefore,
essentially all PVC requires heat stabilization. The major chemical groups of
heat stabilizers include:
.
.
.
.
.
mixed metal stabilizers,
tin organics and tin mercaptides,
lead salts,
antimony mercaptides, and
miscellaneous stabilizers.
Secondary stabilizers include the epoxy compounds, which act as synergists for
heat stabilizers and are presented in Section 14, Plasticizers. Phenolics and
phosphites also act as synergists. These are presented in Section 2, Anti-
oxidants.
The degradation of polyvinyl chloride occurs through the elimination of
allylic chlorine. The basic chemical structure of PVC is extremely stable,
with chlorine present on alternating carbon atoms. However, the presence of
discontinuities in the polymer, for example, sites of crosslinking, chain
branching, and termination, make it highly susceptible to chlorine elimina-
tion. Elimination produces additional allylic chlorine adjacent to the site
of degradation and therefore additional activated groups. Deterioration of
polyvinyl chloride occurs on these new sites causing an unzippering effect.
The major degradation product of the elimination reaction detailed above
is hydrochloric acid. Heat stabilizers, which are largely metal salts,
inhibit the formation of further allylic halogens by forming metal chlorides
95
"'-----..._-_.__...-....-.....~.~-.-...-. .-...-,.- -,"'- ..- ---.~ "'-'- -.- .- - - ...
-------
- .. . --..-.
and by preventing the formation of conjugated double bonds through attachment
of the ligand to the polymer chain. The stabilization mechanisms for these
additives include scavenging HCI, reducing the ease of the chlorine elimina-
tion reactions, replacing labile chlorine with more stable substituents,
retarding chain scission, retarding crosslinking, and terminating free
radicals.
Although heat stability is important with many polymers, the chemicals
presented in this section are used exclusively with halogenated polymers.
Table 36 presents the basic chemical groups of heat stabilizers and their
polymer application. Other halogenated polymers such as chlorinated poly-
ethylene and chlorinated rubbers utilize these additives, along with various
copolymers of PVC such as poly(vinyl chloride-co-vinyl acetate). Fluorinated
polymers generally do not require heat stabilization.
The estimated consumption of heat stabilizers in plastics during 1982 was
35,380 metric tons.[47] Table 37 presents the distribution of this consump-
tion for the various chemical groups.
TABLE 37.
1982 DISTRIBUTION OF HEAT STABILIZERS
Heat Stabilizer Type
Mixed Metal Stabilizers
Barium/Cadmium Compounds
Calcium/Zinc Mixtures
Tin Organics and Tin Mercaptides
Lead Compounds
Antimony ~ercaptides
Percent Consumption
TOTAL
39.6
5.6
27.1
26.6
1.1
100.0
Source:
Modern Plastics, September 1982, p. 62.
The mixed metal compounds account for almost one-half of the consumption of
the heat stabilizers. This is due to their high efficiency, low cost, and
versatility in compounding. The organotins are highly efficient, but expen-
sive, while the lead stabilizers are inexpensive, but toxic.
OVERVIEW OF ADDITIVE PROPERTIES
The various chemicals used as heat stabilizers are presented in Table
A-11. The appendix is divided into two parts; specific chemicals and trade
names. Most marketers of heat stabilizers consider the composition of their
products to be proprietary. They are commonly listed only by their major
metal components exclusive of the ligand. Metal components present in the
formulation in minor concentrations, chelators, complexing agents, and other
additives may be omitted from the description. The heat stabilizers listed as
specific chemicals in Table A-11 are components of trade name formulations.
The trade name formulations include any available description of the chemical
components.
96
. ".~
-------
/
I
!
Barium/Cadmium
Compounda
\D
-....J
Calcium/Zinc
Mh:turea
Organotina
Lead Salta
Antimony
Mercaptidea
Miacellaneoua
TABLE 36.
HEAT STABILIZERS USED IN PLASTICS
Good clarity and color controli
plaaticizer compatibility; may
aulfide ataini toxic
Moderately effectivei accepted for
food contacti nonataining
High claritYi mercaptidea prone
to atainingi aome are food contact
aanctioned
Effectivei prone to diacoloration
and aulfur atainingi toxici mainly
uaed in electrical applicationa
Low coat alternative to tin
atabilizerai may aulfide atain
Include polyola and nitrogen compound a
QJ 2!
c
QJ QJ
... ~
» ~
... QJ
'" QJ ... ...
I C QJ QJ QI
QJ QJ » c ~ QJ
C ~ ~ QJ QI ." .ID
QJ ~ 0 ~ .c QJ "" QJ ...
"" p.. » ... ." ... ~ QJ
." ... .c .c QJ "" 0 "" ...
QI QJ » ... p. ." ... QJ ~ ... ID
... » ... QJ QJ "" ~ QJ ~ ." a ... QJ
::I ID ~ "" » ... >C ::I ... 0 "" "" »
IQ ID ~ 0 ID ~ QJ 0 '" QI .c ... c ~
ID I ID C p.. ~ 0 E-< ... 0 0 QJ 0 0
C QJ ... "" ID QJ p.. QJ QJ QJ QJ U ~ c. ~ p..
"" ~ ID ID III ! ID QJ QJ ... » Q QJ c c C QJ ~ :;! a QJ »
ID "" ~ C C QJ f>I C QI '" » ~ QJ QJ QJ QJ C ." ... ."
QJ ... "" "" f>I ~ QJ C "" :J '" ~ ~ ~ c ~ "" ~ QJ
f>I ... III III III ~ QI QJ ~ 0 III .3 "" ~ » » » QJ ~ ~ ..... ~ ...
"" ~ ~ ~ 0 u ... ." » .a ~ III » ~ c p. ... ... » » » ~ I QI
u C p. "" QJ "" ... ... c .c Jj 0 » QJ c c ~ 2! '"
"" 0 0 ~ u ~ ::I QI Q ... QJ ... .c ... ... ... "" "" ::I
~ ~ ." 0 ~ ... 0 QI .a u QI Q QJ P. P. P. III ::I ~ ~ > ~ QJ ...
t' » ~ c 0 ~ ». » » » ~ QJ » » » » » » » ... QI
... "" 0 ::1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .3 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ » ID
u .:;! :;! ~ f}j ~ .c 0 0 0 0 "" 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... g
< Iz< p.. p.. p.. p.. p.. P:: ....:I p.. p.. p.. p.. p.. p.. p.. p.. p.. p.. '"
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
Source:
Baijal, Mahendra D. (ed), Plaatica Polymer Science and Technology, 1982.
-------
The chemicals used as heat stabilizers may have other applications and
uses. These are presented in Table B-11 along with consumption volumes for
these chemicals when available. Many of the heat stabilizers contain heavy
metals which are highly toxic, e.g., lead, cadmium, and barium. These materi-
als pose a potential threat to both the general population and workers
involved in the use of these chemicals. Table C-11 summarizes toxicological
and worker exposure concerns for these additives. The general properties of
each of the chemical groups of heat stabilizers are presented in the following
subsec tions .
...
Mixed Metal Stabilizers
The mixed metal stabilizers have the highest use volume in plastics.
These are largely reaction products of a metal and an organic ligand. Typical
metals include barium, cadmium, zinc, calcium, strontium, magnesium, potas-
sium, and tin. Ligands commonly employed include benzoic acid, various fatty
acids, 2-ethylhexanoic acid, naphthenic acid, 2,2,4-trimethylheptanoic acid,
pivalic acid, phenol, cresols, isopropyl phenols, octylphenol, and nonyl-
phenol. The metal influences reactivity with labile chlorine and stability of
the metal chloride formed. The ligands influence solubility in solvents and
plasticizers, clarity of the product, rheological characteristics, lubricity,
and other properties.
The mixed metal stabilizers behave synergistically. That is, the com-
bination of components provides stability in excess of the sum of the indi-
vidual components. Barium/cadmium stabilizers typify the stabilization
mechanisms. Cadmium carboxylates are capable of exchanging their anion with
labi1e chlorine on the polymer, thus preventing the formation of additional
,allylic chlorine which is highly susceptible to degradation. The barium car-
boxylate then exchanges its anion for the chloride now associated with
cadmium, regenerating cadmium carboxylate. Barium chloride, unlike its
cadmium counterpart, does not cause the polymer to catastrophically degrade.
The barium/cadmium compounds are the most popular mixed metal stabi-
lizers. They are highly efficient, easily compounded, and provide flexibil-
ity in meeting stability requirements for particular products. Barium/
cadmium stabilizers may be physical mixtures of individual compounds, or may
be coprecipitated to provide improved stabilizing power. For many applica-
tions, small amounts of other metal salts may be added. Zinc salts are par-
ticularly popular since they provide sulfide stain resistance, and can replace
at least part of the cadmium to lower the cost and toxicity of the stabilizer.
The barium/cadmium stabilizers frequently include synergists and are marketed
as a complete additive package. These synergists may include organic phos-
phites, epoxy plasticizers, phenolic antioxidants, and UV stabilizers.
The calcium/zinc mixed metal stabilizers function by a mechanism similar
to the barium/cadmium additives. They tend to be less efficient, but are
frequently selected for their low toxicity. Many are sanctioned by the FDA
for food contact applications. These stabilizers are available as powders,
pastes, and liquids. A typical additive package may include synergists, such
as epoxy compounds, antioxidants, and/or UV stabilizers.
98
"
- ....~... ...
. ... . .. --.. '-'
.. " . . ~
-------
Other metal salts, soaps, or complexes may be incorporated in a stabi-
lizer to provide specific properties or to reduce costs. In general, these
are formulated in minor concentrations for specific applications.
- The toxicity of the mixed metal stabilizers is a serious concern. Barium
and cadmium are both toxic metals, and their use in stabilizers is restricted.
The solid stabilizers have a tendency to form particulates, and many of these
materials are available in modified forms including pastes, liquids, pellets,
and oiled grades to reduce dust formation. Calcium/zinc stabilizers are non-
toxic.
Tin Organic and Tin Mercaptide Stabilizers
The organotin and mercaptotin stabilizers are the most effective PVC
stabilizers, requiring significantly lower concentrations than the mixed-metal
stabilizers to impart equivalent stability. They are; however, four to five
times more expensive. This limits their consumption in PVC. Organotins are
available as di-n-butyl-, di-n-octyl-, and dimethyltin derivatives. The
di-n-octyltin compounds have been found to have a very low human toxicity;
therefore, several of these chemicals are accepted by the FDA for food and
drug contact applications.
It has been proposed that the organotins function by either hydrogen
chloride neutralization or by labile chlorine displacement.[168, p.32l]
Whichever mechanism predominates, the by-product is a dialkyltin dichloride.
This weak acid does not initiate further degradation of the polymer. Thus,
synergistic ~ehavior with other metal organics is not observed for tin-based
stabilizers. Some mixed metal stabilizers containing tin are marketed; how-
ever, to reduce stabilizer cost. The tin-based stabilizers are most heavily
used in rigid PVC,. The mercaptotins, generally based on isooctylthioglyco-
late, are efficient stabilizers, but may tend to discolor the product through
sulfur cross-staining and have limited lubricity and light stability. Non-
sulfur-containing organotins (tin carboxylates) are less efficient heat
stabilizers, but provide improved light stability. Both liquid and powder
forms are available.
Lead Stabilizers
Lead stabilizers are low cost heat stabilizers. They are heavily used in
electrical applications, especially wire and cable coatings and do not conduct
electricity. Lead compounds have only very limited application in other PVC
products. Lead compounds are hydrogen chloride acceptors, which form insolu-
ble, nonionizable lead chloride. Some lead compounds are efficient white pig-
ments, but are prone to sulfide staining. Lead is highly toxic and many of
the chemicals used as stabilizers are prone to dusting. For this reason, a
variety of nondusting grades are marketed. These include oiled powders,
flakes, and pellets.
99
-------
f: ~
'... ~!~
-- ~
Antimony Mercaptide Stabilizers
. The antimony based stabilizers impart stability in a manner similar to
the tin mercaptides, but are less efficient. They are not as stable as their
tin-based counterparts, and if the stabilizer is exhausted, it may degrade to
. antimony sulfide, an orange-colored compound. The primary appeal of these
stabilizers is their low price. They are used in rigid PVC for pipes, con-
duits, and other products. The National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) has
approved the use of some antimony mercaptides in potable water applications at
concentrations of no more than 0.4 parts per hundred resin (phr).
Miscellaneous Stabilizers
A few metal free o~ganic compounds are utilized as stabilizers. In
general, these fall into two main categories; polyols and nitrogen compounds.
They are essentially auxiliary stabilizers, since they are only rarely used in
the absence of a metal-based compound, because they do not provide adequate
heat stability.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Many heat' stabilizers contain heavy metals, some of which are highly
toxic, and may pose a threat to the environment. Table 38 presents the com-
ponents of heat stabilizers listed as either priority pollutants or hazardous
wastes. The heat stabilizers themselves are then considered to be priority
pollutants and/or hazardous wastes.
TABLE 38. CLASSIFICATION OF HEAT STABILIZERS AS
PRIORITY POLLUTANTS AND HAZARDOUS WASTES
Heat Stabilizer Priority Hazardous
Components Pollutant Waste
Metals
Antimony X X
Barium. X
Cadmium X X
Lead X X
Zinc X
Once a heat stabilizer is encapsulated in an inert plastic, its environ-
mental impact becomes less clearcut. Stabilizers carefully chosen for their
compatibility with, and lack of migration from, the resin remain encapsulated
in the polymer. They should not pose a significant threat to the environment.
However, if the resin and heat stabilizer are incompatible or if the resin is
subject to degradation (e.g., highly plasticized PVC), the metal component may
be released to the environment. Clearly, this release is strongly dependent
upon the heat stabilizer itself, and any other additives used in the
formulation and their concentration. Many of the heat stabilizers have a
tendency to form particulates. Concerns for population exposure to these
additives are similar to concerns for workers exposed, and are presented in
the following section.
100
-------
WORKER EXPOSURE
The most serious threat to workers exposed to heat stabilizers is in
contact with the heavy metals lead, cadmium, barium, and antimony. These may
be present as dusts, particulates, and/or aerosols. Table C-ll details the
toxicities and regulated (or recommended) ambient air standards for these
additives. Particle size plays an important role in the formation of dusts.
Fine particles are most effective and easily dispersed, but are most prone to
dusting.
In order to assure worker health and safety, various process and worker
practice ~odifications have been proposed and implemented. The process modi-
fications include ventilation, dust collection systems, and automated loading
systems. Many toxic heat stabilizers are packaged to avoid high exposure
levels. The additives may be preweighed and packaged by the supplier to
eliminate dusting during formulation. Reusable PVC bulk containers are
available which eliminate the dust generated during opening and weighing from
paper bags. They also eliminate paper bag disposal problems. Worker protec-
tive equipment such as dust masks, respirators, gloves, and goggles are
frequently used in areas with high airborne concentrations of heavy meta1-
containing heat stabilizers. Medical surveillance to monitor lead levels in
worker's blood may be required.
101
-------
SECTION 13
LUBRICANTS AND OTHER PROCESSING AIDS
INTRODUCTION
Lubricants form a large group of chemicals used to improve the processing
and/or end use performance of plastics. They may be characterized as either
internal or external. Both may be blended with the resin preceding process-
ing; however, their functions vary. Internal lubricants reduce shear stress
between individual resin molecules, whereas external lubricants reduce this
stress on a macroscopic level (e.g., between resin particles or polymer-metal
surfaces). External lubricants have a lower compatibility with the polymer
than do internal lubricants. There is overlap between these two roles and
many lubricants serve both functions. External lubricants may also be called
release agents, mold release agents, abherents, parting agents, antiblocking
agents, and slip aids. These names depend upon the functional application of
the lubricant in processing. Note that not all antiblocking agents are
lubricants. This class of additives also includes antistatic agents and is
presented in Section 3 of this document.
The basic chemical ~roups of lubricants include:
. fatty acids and alcohols,
. fatty acid amides,
. fatty acid esters,
. metallic soaps,
. paraffin waxes,
. polyethylene waxes,
. other synthetic polymerics, and
. inorganics.
These chemical groups dictate compatibility with the resin, and thus,
function.
Lubricants are used in a wide variety of polymers. Approximately 65 per-
cent of all internal lubricants are used in processing polyvinyl chloride. [24]
In molding and other processing operations, both internal and external lubri-
cants are used. External lubricants may be mixed with the resin or applied to
the surf~ce of processing equipment. Table 39 summarizes the application of
various lubricants and processing aids in polymers. The polymer is not the
sole factor which dictates lubricant choice. An extremely im~ortant considera-
tion in the selection is the interaction between the lubricant and other
additives in the formulation. Heat stabilizers, most frequently used in PVC
102
-------
TABLE 39.
LUBRICANTS USED IN PLASTICS
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...t 0 0
,..;I ,..;I ,p..
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01 ...t
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...t ~
X :I
o II)
01 01 01
c: c: c:
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~ ~ ~
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c: c: c:>.
III III 0
.c .c ...
c:>. c:>. c:>.
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~ ~ ~
000
p.. p.. p..
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01 0 ~
III c: -< -<
c: cO
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... ...
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p.. Po<
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~ c:
.c 01
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>. >. >. >.
~ ~ ~ ;i
~ ~ ~ ~
..... ..... ..... .....
o 000
p.. p.. p.. p..
II)
01 ...
~ 01
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.--
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~.~ . ,~-:r,~-
formulations, fillers, and impact modifiers, may
effectiveness of the lubricant.
strongly influence the
Lubricants are used exclusively to alter the processing and end use per-
formance characteristics of plastics. Of particular interest are the numerous
functions of the external lubricants. Table 40 presents the various func-
tions and physical forms of the external lubricants. Lubricants choice is
dependent upon the particular polymer, the processing conditions, and the end
use of the plastic product.
The estimated consumption of resin incorporated lubricants in plastics
during 1982 was 37.8 thousand metric tons.[47] Table 41 presents the distri-
bution of this consUmption. No information is available on consumption of
mold release agents applied directly to mold surfaces.
TABLE 41.
1982 DISTRIBUTION OF LUBRICANTS
Lubricant
Fatty acid amides
Fatty acid esters
Metallic stearates
Paraffin waxes
Polyethylene waxes
TOTAL
Percent
Consumption
22.9
12.6
38.5
19.2
6.8
100.0
Source:
Modern Plastics, September 1982, p. 64.
OVERVIEW OF ADDITIVE PROPERTIES
The properties of a particular lubricant dictate its use and compatibil-
ity with various polymers. Table A-12 details lubricants used in plastics,
their properties, functions, and polymer applications. Many lubricants are
mixtures of chemicals with unspecified compositions. The chemical nature of
these additives is either unknown or considered proprietary. For example, the
polyethylene waxes, used as external lubricants and mold release agents, are
mixtures of chemicals with molecular weights ranging from 2,000 to 4,000.[31]
Because such a large number of the lubricants used in plastics are of unspeci-
fied composition, the trade names are used to designate particular additives.
Their general or specific chemical composition is given when available. For
convenience, the Appendix is separated into specific chemicals and trade-name
formulations. There is a great deal of duplication within the trade-name
lubricants. For example, there are 30 trade-name products based on calcium
stearate. Lubricants alter the flow properties of the polymer at high temper-
atures, unlike plasticizers (Section 14) which affect these properties at
ambient temperatures as well. Melting point and viscosity of the lubricant
have a strong influence on flow properties, melt homogeneity, die swell, shear
stress, and fusion rate. Many lubricants are chosen for their application to
plastics used for food contact and are regulated by the FDA. When available,
the FDA sanction is also noted in the appendix.
104
-------
TABLE 40.
EXTERNAL LUBRICANTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
.,
!H! Description Function Method of Application Typical Chemicals
Resin Solids and Liquids Lubrication Compounded with resin Virtually any metal
Incorporated Mold Release soap
Antiblocking Silicones
High melting waxes
(polymeric and
petroleum-based)
Films Sheet s or Rolls Mold Release Thin films placed on Various polymers
mold. surface which
form barrier between
polymer and mold
Film Forming So~utions, Emulsions Mold Release Brush, spray gun, dip Hydrocarbon waxes
...... or Varnishes, dry to Antiblocking Silicones
0
111 form film Polymeric solutions
Wip~on/Spray-on Liquids, Aerosols, Mold Release Cloth wipe, spray Hydrocarbon oils
may contain solvent Antiblocking gun, brush Silicone oils
for ease in applica-
tion
Powders Inorganic and Organic Mold Release Dust, spray. electro- Graphite
Solids, may utilize Antiblocking static coating Silica
carrier to apply as Talc
liquid
"I
j
".
ii
.'
-------
. ~ - ., . .,.
Most lubricants listed in Table A-12 by their trade names are specif-
ically formulated for application to plastics and rubbers. However, the
specific chemicals listed may have other applications. Table B-12 presents
consumption and uses for the various specific chemicals used as lubricants.
Table C-12 details toxicological and worker exposure concerns for the
specific chemicals which act as lubricants. Most of these are stable com-
pounds which do not decompose upon heating. Thus, concerns for toxicity and
worker exposure center upon the formation of particulates. The heavy metal-
containing soaps and inorganic compounds present the most serious concerns.
The general properties of each of the various chemical groups of lubricants
are presented in the following subsections.
Fatty Acids and Alcohols
The fatty acids and alcohols are classified as internal lubricants
although they act both internally and externally. These chemicals contain a
hydrocarbon chain with a polar end group. Chain length and polarity of the
functional group dictate compatibility and the extent of internal or external
lubrication. As chain length increases, the fatty acids act increasingly as
external lubricants, reducing melt viscosity for PVC. The most widely used
fatty acid is stearic acid, with a carbon chain length of 18. This acid is
almost always used in flexible PVC where it functions as an external lubri-
cant. Alcohols and hydroxy compounds act as internal lubricants but are
little used in PVC. Their most important application is in fiber spinning.
The fatty acids and alcohols are naturally derived products which are
generally considered safe in handling and use. Many grades are sanctioned by.
the FDA for food contact. Thus, they pose little hazard in processing and
product use.
Fatty Acid Amides
The fatty acid amides have two hydrocarbon chains joined by a polar
group. They are classified as internal lubricants although they act to pro-
mote flow and aid in metal release. They also impart antiblocking and anti-
static properties to the polymers they lubricate. Ethylene bis-stearamide is
the most heavily used fatty amide with the structure ROCNRCH2CH2NRCOR; R
is a C17 chain. The fatty acid amides, like many other fatty acid-based
products, are considered safe in processing and use. Many grades are approved
for food contact applications by the FDA.
Fatty Acid Esters
The fatty acid esters offer a wide choice of chemicals. They are inter-
nal lubricants but may act either internally or externally depending on carbon
chain length and the degree of esterification. For example, the monoesters
act more as internal lubricants than do either the di- or triesters. The mon-
tan esters with chain. lengths of C28 to C32 act both internally and exter-
nally, imparting good mold release. Processing techniques which require good
flow properties (e.g., injection molding, blow molding, and calendering)
106
~~
. "~~~-7""...,. -."'-'--'--'~-'-'''- '--, -'0 ... .
',"
-------
employ the fatty acid esters most frequently. Fatty acid esters have been
gaining in popularity, because of their low toxicity, their flexibility in
processing, and their ability to' produce high clarity products.
Metallic Soaps
The metallic soaps are the highest volume chemicals used as lubricants
for plastics processing. These additives are almost exclusively metal
stearates which provide either a polar center or polar end group depending
upon the valence of the metal. Traditionally, the metal stearates have been
classified ,as internal lubricants; however, they may also function as mild
external lubricants, mold release agents, and antiblocking agents. These
chemicals also act as heat stabilizers for PVC (Section 12) in addition to
their function as lubricants.
The metals used in these lubricants include aluminum, barium, cadmium,
calcium, lithium, lead, magnesium, and zinc. The application of a particular
metal soap will be dependent upon the properties desired in processing and the
finished product. Typically, a metallic soap with a melting point 40°C below
that of the polymer is recommended. [24] Calcium stearate is most popular and
may be used for calendering, blow molding, extrusion, and injection molding.
Calcium stearate actually increases the melt viscosity, which increases fric-
tion and therefore temperature. This temperature increase then lowers melt
viscosity. Other metal stearates including the barium, cadmium, and lead
soaps have poor dispersibility but act as auxilIary heat stabilizers.
The toxicity of these additives is dependent upon the metal. Many grades
of calcium stearate are sanctioned by the FDA for food contact plastics. The
soaps containing heavy metals such as barium, cadmium, and lead are highly
toxic. For this reason, encapsulated and low dusting formulations are avail-
able to minimize worker exposure.
Paraffin and Other Waxes
The waxes, generally with carbon chain lengths of about 40, are external
lubricants which act to delay fusion and reduce viscosity during internal
fusion. They reduce friction between polymer-metal surfaces, act as mold
release agents, and, in some cases, promote slip between finished polymer-
polymer surfaces. The paraffin waxes are straight chain products and have the
highest usage. Microcrystalline waxes contain more chain branching and have
only limited application in polymers. Increases in the extent of branching of
the wax tend to increase its external lubricating properties. The petroleum-
based ~axes are considered nontoxic, and many grades are sanctioned by the FDA
for food contact plastics.
Polyethylene Waxes
Polyethylene waxes are low molecular weight polymers with melting points
from 100 to 130°C. They are available in either oxidized or unoxidized form.
The oxidation process creates polar, polymer-compatible groups, and therefore
increases the internal lubricating properties of the wax. Unoxidized poly-
ethylene waxes are the most externally acting polymer lubricants. Slightly
107
'-.. .' - ~ - ..-.. ,-..-.. w .
-------
oxidized polyethylene waxes are heavily used in PVC pipe extrusion, and in
semirigid and flexible PVC. These lubricants are considered nontoxic, and
many grades have FDA sanction.
Other Polymeric Lubricants
Other polymeric lubricants have a wide variety of applications in plas-
tics, but are most heavily used as mold release agents. They are available as
liquids, solids, and in solution. The various forms of mold release agents,
previously presented in Table 40, are all used by the polymeric lubricants.
Two ,specific chemical groups, silicones and fluorinated polymers, constitute
the major chemical types of polymeric lubricants. These may provide anti-
blocking'properties as well as lubrication and mold release. Most silicones
are based on dimethyl silicone, and are the most important commercial abher-
ents. They are available as fluids, greases, or resins, and have excellent
heat stability, low surface tension, and chemical and physiological inertness.
The fluorocarbon polymers provide excellent mold release properties, but high
cost limits their use. Other polymeric materials used for mold release
include polyvinyl alcohol, polyamides, and other materials available in a
variety of forms. The- toxicity of these materials is strongly dependent on
physical form as well as chemical make-up.
Inorganic Lubricants
The inorganic lubricants act ,largely as mold release and anti blocking
agents. With the exception of molybdenum disulfide and graphite, they are not
generally incorporated in the resin. Talc, silica, and mica, along with vari-
ous silicates are commonly used.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Most lubricants used in plastics do not pose an environmental hazard.
They are relatively inert materials and many are naturally derived. Particu-
lar chemicals are frequently selected as lubricants, in part, for their low
toxicity. A few of the metallic soaps contain heavy metals which are toxic.
Table 42 presents the lubricants listed as priority pollutants and hazardous
wastes.
TABLE 42.
CLASSIFICATION OF LUBRICANTS AS PRIORITY POLLUTANTS
AND HAZARDOUS WASTES
Lubricants and
Their Components
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Metalst
Barium
Cadmium
Lead
Zinc
Priority
Pollutants
X
EPA
Hazardous
Wastes
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
tChemicals that contain these metals are considered priority pollutants
and/or hazardous wastes.
108
-------
Lubricants, particularly those classified as external, have minimal
compatibility with the polymer. They tend to exude to the polymer surface
during processing and in use. For this reason, the oral toxicity of lubri-
cants used in plastics for food contact is of interest. Also, the dermal
toxicity of the lubricants is of concern for plastics which are not used in
food contact. Table A-12 presents chemicals used as lubricants which are
sanctioned for food contact. Th~formation of particulates and aerosols is of
greatest concern to workers, and is discussed in the following section.
WORKER EXPOSURE
Table C-12 presents toxicological and worker exposure concerns for the
lubricants. It can be seen in this table that the metal-containing lubricants
pose the most serious concerns for worker health and safety. For this reason,
various physical forms of lubricants are available to processors. These
include encapsulated and nondusting forms along with solutions and suspensions
which reduce the extent of particulate formation. Large sized particles
reduce the extent of dusting; however, larger lubricant particles also
increase the energy input required in compounding and decrease the effective-
ness of the lubricant.
Health and safety present specific concerns in the use of mold release
agents not incorporated in the resin. Typically, these contain solvents such
as fluorocarbons, trichloroethylene, methylene chloride, perchloroethylene,
trichloroethylene, naphtha, and gaseous hydrocarbons. Many of these solvents
are regulated by OSHA and may require special care in storage and handling due
to their flammability and toxicity. The use of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
may present problems with skin contact, inhalation, and smoking since
pyrolysis generates toxic fumes. .
Exposure o,f workers to aerosols and particulates emissions is strongly
dependent upon the physical form of the lubricant and the processing tech-
nique. In general, adequate ventilation, either general dilution or specific
exhaust, is suggested. Recommended worker health practices may include pro-
tective equipment such as gloves, safety glasses, and protective clothing.
High airborne concentrations may call for respirators or dust masks.
109
..'.. ... .
.. -.. ..
-------
SECTION 14
PLASTICIZERS
INTRODUCTION
Plasticizers, which add flexibility to polymers, are classified as either
internal or external. Internal plasticizers are copolymerized with the mono-
mer to become part of the polymer backbone, while external plasticizers are
mixed with the resin and maintain their chemi~al identity. Internal plastici-
zers will not be discussed in this section.
After fillers, external plasticizers are the highest volume additives
used in plastics. Seventy to 80 percent of the plasticizers are added to
polyvinyl chloride to impart flexibility and toughness to the polymer.[14]
They have applications in many other plastics as well, including po1yamides
(nylons), po1ycarbonates, polyesters, acrylics, polystyrenes, f1uoroplastics,
various themosetting resins, and specialty vinyl polymers such as polyvinyl i-
dene chloride. Plasticizers are generally classified by their chemical
structure, which not only determines their plasticizing ability and compati-
bility with the polymer but dictates other desirable characteristics as well,
such as flame retardancy. The major chemical types are:
. phthalates,
. trime1litates,
. epoxidized esters,
. polyesters,
. phosphates, .
. linear esters,
. extenders (hydrocarbons), and
. miscellaneous plasticizers.
Consumption of phtha1ates exceeds that of all other plasticizers combined.
[47]
The classification of plasticizers based on chemical structure high-
lights the plasticizer's compatib1ity with the polymer, the extent of flexi-
bility imparted to the plastic, and its other inherent properties such as fire
retardancy. Most plasticizers are di- and tri-esters. These esters have a
high degree of compatibility with resins and are chosen based on processing
requirements and the plastic's intended end use. Table 43 presents the
plasticizer classes and their application to various polymers. As shown in
the table, many polymers do not require plasticizers since their inherent
properties include adequate f1exibi1ity.and toughness. IPPEU Chapter lOa,
110
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I
I '
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TABLE 43. PLASTICIZER CLASSES USED IN POLYMERS
QJ QJ
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III .... s:: ~ ~ ~ ~ e>: s:: ., .... >. s:: GI QJ QJ GI C < U 'tI .. 'tI
~ .. .... ~ GI C .... :9 .... GI ~ ~ ~ c ~ .... 0 GI
.... III III III ~ ., QJ ~ 0 III .... ~ >. >. >. QJ ~ ~ ~ ~ -:: ....
.... ~ ~ GI 0 0 .... 'tI >',0 s:: !II >. c c '" ... .... >. >. ~ >. .,
o s:: e>: '" .... QJ .... .... ... GI ~ .c QJ GI 0 >. QJ c ~ C GI ...
.... 0 0 ~ 0 e =' ., Q ... .... .c .c ... .... ... .... .... .... s:: ='
~ ~ 'tI 0 ~ ... 0 Cd Cd ,0 0 Cd Q GI ~ ~ '" III =' ~ > ~ ~ QJ ....
>. >. >. ~ 0 s:: >. >. >. >. .c GI >. >. >. >. >. ... .,
... ... .>01 0 =' QJ ~ ~ ~ ~ DO C ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ >. III
.'i .'i :oJ ~ '" ~ .c 0 0 0 0 .... .... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .... g
I'Ll I&< P. P. Q.. P. P. :z: ...:I ...:I P. p.'p. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. U)
Phthalates Workhoraes for flexible PVC with good X X X X X X X X X X
overall balance of properties
TrimelU- Low volatility, nonfogging; add to process- X X X
tates ability; compatible; water resistant
......'
...... Epoddized Linseed, soybean, tall, and other oil X X X X X X X
......
Esters derivstives; low volatility and migration;
may be used with monomeric plasticizers
Polyesters Sometimes called polymeric, resinous, or X X X X X X X
permanent type; fair at low temperatures
Phosphates Flame-retardant plasticizers; trialkyls good X X X X X X X X X X X
at low-temperatures, hsve high volatility
Linear Esters
Azelates Low volatility and water extraction; high X X X
compatibility; good at low temperatures
Adipates Primary plasticizers; good low-temperature X X X X X X X X X
properties; resist water extraction
Sebacates Noted for good low-cemperature properties; X X X X X X
suitable for food-contact use
Extenders Aliphatic, chlorinated, other hydrocarbons; X
limited compatibility; may impair properties
Source: Baijal, Mahendra, Plastics Polymer Science and Technology, 1982.
x
x
X
X
-------
- . - _.~~.
,
"
"
,,-~~"~~'h .
. 1- - ,.. -
The Plastics and Resins Processing Industry, details the products and pro-
cesses which incorporate plasticizers.
The mechanism of plasticizer action has not been clearly defined; how-
ever, four theories have been proposed to account for the flexibility imparted
to plasticized polymers. They are summarized as follows:
.
The lubricity theory proposes that the plasticizer act~as a lubricant
to facilitate movement of resin macromolecules over each other.
.
The gel theory suggests that a plasticizer tends to break up points
of attachment between polymer chains by selectively' solvating the
polymer. The reduction in polymer-polymer bonding then makes t'he
deformation of the bulk polymer possible.
.
The mechanistic theory proposes that solvation and desolvation of
resin molecules by plasticizers is accompanied by aggregation and
disaggregation of resin particles. In this theory the plasticizer
is not bound to a particular resin molecule, but it continuously
forms and breaks weak bonds with the resin.
.
The free volume theory suggests that a plasticizer increases the
free volume between individual resin molecules, thus increasing
the flexibility of the resin.
Each of these mechanisms has been suggested by experimental evidence, and a
combination of the mechanisms may playa role in plastication.
The total consumption of plasticizers in 1982 was reported to be 624
thousand metric tons.[47] Table 44 presents the distribution of this con-
sumption among the chemical groups.
TABLE 44.
1982 DISTRIBUTION OF PLASTICIZERS
Plastic1zert
Phthalates
Phosphates
Epoxidized Esters
Polyesters
Trimellitates
Linear EstersS
Adipates
Azelates
Glutarates
Others#
Percent Consumption
64.1 .
6.6
9.3
3.4
2.0
TOTAL
3.7
0.8
5.0
5.1
100.0
tDoes not include extenders.
SLow volume linear esters are included in "Others."
DIncludes specialty plasticizers and some low volume linear esters.
Source:
Modern Plastics, September 1982, p. 73.
112
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y",."" - ..
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-....,,"~ -.. .-.
-------
. - "-. . . ~
OVERVIEW OF ADDITIVE PROPERTIES
The plasticizer or combination of plasticizers chosen for a specific
application depends on a number of factors. Cost and compatibility with the
resin are major considerations in the selection of a plasticizer. Volatility,
melting point, viscosity, and specific gravity are important parameters in
blending and processing of plasticizer and resin. The end use of the formed
plastic may influence plasticizer selection for properties such as toxicity or
water and oil extraction (the tendency of the plasticizer to be removed from
the plastic by water or oil). Table A-13 presents specific chemicals used as
plasticizers, some of their important physical and chemical properties, and
polymer compatibility. Most plasticizers are used specifically for this
function; however, a few have other applications. Table B-13 presents the
uses and consumption volumes for the various plasticizers. The toxicity and
worker exposure concerns for plasticizers are presented in Table C-13.
Because many of these compounds are commodity chemicals, their environmental
characteristics have been documented more thoroughly than for some other addi-
tive classes. The general properties of each of the chemical classes are
detailed in the following subsections.
Phthalates
Phthalates are the most widely used plasticizers because they have excel-
lent compatibility with vinyls and other polymers, ease of fusion with vinyl
resins, and a good balance of other properties. Phthalates are made by
reacting phthalic anhydride with alcohols to form esters. This structure
lends itself to extensive substitution, where Rl and R2' shown below, can
be varied to meet the specific needs of the plastic product.
o
011
O -C-oRI
-C-oR2
II
o
Either alkyl or aryl functional groups may be added to the phthalic acid
backbone to form the ester. Chain branching and substitution add additional
options. In general, as R increases, volatility, plasticating efficiency,
processing ease, specific gravity and water extraction decreases, whereas oil
extraction increases. Branching of.the R group decreases the low temperature
performance and the extent of oil extraction significantly. The addition of
aromatic functional groups tends to improve compatibility, but impairs the low
temperature properties of the plasticizer. Table 45 summarizes typical plas-
ticizer characteristics for the various alcohol structures used in phthalate
plasticizers. As shown in the table, the compatibility of plasticizers with
polymers is not the sole factor which dictates plasticating ability. Thus,
although a phthalate may be highly compatible with a particular polymer, its
plasticizing ability may be severely limited by other characteristics. This is
particularly true in nonvinyl polymers.
113
- ~..._-;..,-,..~- ......~.. -......- -- ...--,. ~-_... --. .-... .-.
. "
" ,
-------
TABLE 45.
EFFECT OF ALCOHOL SUBSTITUTION ON PHTHALATE PLASTICIZERS IN PVC
Characteristic
Compatibility
Solvency
EfficiencyS
Increased
Molecular
Weight
Impairedt
Impaired
Impaired
Increased
Branching
Improved
Improved
Slightly
Impaired
Aromatic1ty
Improved
Improved
Independent
Low Temperature
PropertiesD
Diffusion Controlled Lossn
Surface-Controlled Lossn
Independent
Independent
Improved
Impaired
Improved
Slightly
Impaired
Impaired
Improved
Independent
tlncreased molecular weight generally impairs compatibility; however,
phthalates demonstrate maximum compatibility at dipenty1 phthalate.
SAs measured by mechanical properties at room conditions.
nEquiva1ent concentration 50 parts per hundred resin (phr) in PVC.
Source:
Nass, Leonard I., Encyclopedia of PVC, 1977, p. 521.
Phthalate esters are mainly used as plasticizers. Dioctyl phthalate
(DOP), also called bis(2-ethylhexy1) phthalate (DEHP), has been the "work-
horse" plasticizer for nearly thirty years. Today, DOP and diisoocty1
phthalate (DIOP) account for one-third of the total plasticizer market. [168,
p. 517] The properties of other plasticizers are commonly reported in rela-
tion to DOP. Seventy-three percent of the 1979 consumption of the phtha1ates
is accounted for by 12 chemical compounds.
The widespread use of phtha1ates, and their position as a leading
plastics additive class has resulted in relatively close environmental
scrutiny. Unlike many other additives which are considered to be specialty
chemicals, the phthalates are classified as commodity chemicals. Thus,
because their production and use represent a significant volume of material,
regulations governing water and air concentrations, disposal, and worker
exposure criteria have been formulated for the most heavily used phtha1ates
and/or for those phthalates with known toxic properties. DOP has been found
to be an animal carcinogen, causing excess liver tumors in bioassays of rats
and mice~[95] Its use has been reviewed by the Consumer Product Safety
Commission and DOP may be subject to regulation for consumer items such as
children's products.
Trimellitates
The trime11itates are the most rapidly growing class of plasticizers.
.[227, p. IV-42] These compounds are structurally similar to the phtha1ates
114
,
-... ..~- -. _.....~~.., _4.'-.
.-. . -....--.. :-~_. _..-.-0
. ~: --.-." ..".. :.~-.' ,";' -:-.,- ".:: '"'' !-" :-
. ...... - .-..".
-------
.~. .
but offer lower volatility, lower water extractability and a good balance of
other properties. Their structure is shown below:
COORl
@_COOR2
I
COOR3
The trimellitates tend to be more costly than the phthalates, but are useful
in wire and cable insulation, antifogging automotive components, and
calendered products.
Epoxies
Epoxy plasticizers contain a three-membered oxirane structure.
basic structure is shown below:
Their
o
/ \-, -
CH3~COOR
The most common starting materials are soybean, tall, and linseed oils, which
have a high degree of unsaturation available for epoxidation. Typical concen-
trations of oxirane oxygen in epoxies range from 4 to 7- percent. Use of these
plasticizers in vinyls is particularly attractive because they serve as
auxiliary heat and light stabilizers, scavenging hydrochloric acid (HCl)
formed in PVC during heating and by light. The epoxidized oils have good
migration resistance and therefore have FDA approval for use in food packag-
ing. They are also accepted for medical applications. The extent of both the
plasticating and the stabilizing action afforded by the epoxy compounds is
strongly governed by their chemical structure and molecular weight. Gener-
ally, a trade-off exists in which increased plastication reduces stabilization
for a particular use. Epoxidized soybean oil accounts for over 60 percent of
epoxy ester consumption.
Polyesters and Other Polymeric Plasticizers
Polyesters are referred to as polymeric, resinous or permanent-type
plasticizers, and have the basic structure:
Rl[00C(CH2)n2COOCH2(CH2)n3CH2]nlOOCR2
They commonly range in molecular weight from 800 to 6,000 and are frequently
used in combination with the phthalates. Polyester plasticizers are composed
of a mixture of polymeric esters, not specific compounds. The average molec-
ular weight of the mixture is used to characterize the ester. High molecular
115
. ~--~.._. - -.
.........:~..._- - y-----. ~. ~-.. ~ .. ",~'.:--~~~"..' - .
-------
..
weight polyesters display excellent resistance to migration, extraction and
volatilization, whereas their low temperature properties are poor. As molec-
ular weight decreases, low temperature plastication increases while the extent
of extraction, migration and volatility increases. Adipic acid-type poly-
esters accounted for 50 percent of the polymeric plasticizer consumption in
1979. [247]
Phosphates and Other Pnosphorus-Containing Plasticizers
Phosphates offer flame retardancy as well as plasticiz~ng ability, and
have excellent compatiblity with vinyl polymers. Their basic chemical
structure is: -
ORl
I
R20-P-o
I
OR3
Typically the triaryl phosphates provide maximum flame retardance, whereas.
mixed alkyl-aryl phosphates offer less flame retardancy with a higher degree
of plastication. Phosphate consumption in 1979 was 28 thousand metric tons.
Of this, 85 percent was composed of cyclic phosphates, and 15 percent of
acyclic phosphates. Another 2.3 thousand metric tons of halogenated phos-
phates, primarily used as flame retardants for polyurethanes, were consumed in
1979.[225] Section 10, Flame Retardants, presents additional information on
these chemicals.
Linear Plasticizers a~d Citrates
Linear plasticizers which include adipates, succinates, azelates,
glutarates and sebacates, are used largely for low temperature applications.
Their basic structure is:
RI00C(CH2)nCOOR2
n =- 2,
3,
4,
7,
8,
succinate
glutarate
adipate
azelate
sebacate
These plasticizers typically have a lower compatibility with the resin than do
the phthalates. The adipates are the most widely used chemical group in this
classification. Five chemicals, di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, diisodecyl adipate,
diisooctyl adipate, diisopropyl adipate, and ditridecyl adipate, accounted for
70 percent of the consumption of adipates in 1979. The azelates and sebacates
are used for low volatility applications. Citrates are specialty plasticizers
used in food packaging. They have the basic structure shown below:
116
,
"'......",
~-""'~-""'r-----"""T."'"" ~-.-
-------
Rl
I
R400C-C-C-C-COOR2
I
COOR)
Rl . H or acetyl group
R2. R3 and R4 . alkyl or aryl functional groups
High cost prohibits heavy use of citrate plasticizers for other applications.
Extenders
The extenders, or softeners, are primarily hydrocarbons wpich act as
secondary plasticizers, reducing the concentration of primary plasticizer, and
thus reducing the cost of finished products. These include aliphatic,
aromatic, cyclic, and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Chlorinated hydrocarbons
improve flame retardancy along with th~ir plasticizing properties.
Miscellaneous Plasticizers'
A variety of other compounds are used as plasticizers. These include
glycol derivatives, esters, and cyclic compounds. The cyclic compounds
include abietates, benzoates, and phenyl derivatives. The glycol benzoates
achieve the same degree of aromaticity as do the alkyl aryl phthalates. The
abietates are products of natural rosins. The glycolate and glycol plasti-
cizers are largely derivatives of ethylene and propylene oxide. Most of the
dibenzoates are members of this group. Saturated and unsaturated fatty esters
are most commonly used in cellulosics and synthetic rubbers. They have a low
degree of polarity and therefore limited compatibility and solvency in highly
polar polymers. In vinyls these compounds are sometimes used as secondary
plasticizers. The ethoxylated fatty acids are not true plasticizers.. These
additives act as viscosity depressants in plastisol formulations to lower
viscosity after prolonged storage.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Among the plastics additives, plasticizers as a class of compounds have
been most actively studied for their environmental impact. The phthalates,
because of their high consumption volumes, have been regulated to the greatest
extent. Table 46 details the classification of these chemicals as priority
pollutants and hazardous wastes. All phthalates are considered to be hazard-
ous wastes.
117
"""";",:.-~.--~............. --.;."--'.-
.-. ..
.. ... --. -
-------
". ;.
.. . .... P.- _.".. -' .:
...
---..- .
TABLE 46.
CLASSIFICATION OF PLASTICIZERS AS PRIORITY
POLLUTANTS AND HAZARDOUS WASTES
Plasticizers and
Their Components
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Chlorinated naphthalene
Chlorobenzene
Di-n-butyl phthalate
o-Dichlorobenzene
Diethyl phthalate
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Dimethyl phthalate
Di-n-octyl phthalate
Nitrobenzene
Other Phthalic Acid Esters
Tricresyl phosphate
Metalst
Lead
Priority
Pollutant
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
EPA
Hazardous
Waste
X
X
X
X
X
X
. X
X
X
X
X
Michigan
Hazardous
Waste
X
X
X
tChemicals that contain lead are considered priority pollutants and hazardous
wastes.
A wide range of volatilities and extractabilities are present among the
various plasticizers. Because dioctyl phthalate represents one-third of the
plasticizer market, its environmental release has been most extensively evalu-
ated. It is estimated that 97.8 percent of the DOP consumed is ultimately
disposed of in landfills, 1.9 percent is released to the air, and 0.3 percent
to water.[246] Similar results for other plasticizers could be anticipated
with slight adjustments for volatility and extractability dif~erences.
Plasticizers are somewhat incompatible with the polymers in which they
are incorporated. For this reason they tend to exude to the product surface
during use. Upon disposal, they may either exude or be extracted by water and
other solvents, and may pose a threat to subsurface water supplies. The
potential environmental and health hazard posed by exudation and extraction of
plasticizers is strongly dependent upon the plasticizer itself, its concentra-
tion in the polymer, and the environment to which it is subjected.
Numerous plasticizers are under study because of environmental and health
concerns. D1(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate have been
reported to be potential carcinogens. Other phthalate plasticizers are also
suspected of posing a hazard. [132] It has been shown that phosphate esters
have a moderate potential for bioconcentration.[20S] The extent of the hazard
posed by each chemical will be dependent upon its individual properties and
use concentration.
118
Z '....
-------
. -
. /"',... ..
WORKER EXPOSURE
Tabie C-13 details the known toxicities for various chemicals used as
plasticizers. The release of specific plasticizers in plastics processing is
strongly dependent upon the technique chosen (e.g., extrusion, injection mold-
ing, coating) and upon the concentration of the plasticizer in the formula-
tion. An average plastics processing operation has 45 employees.[245] The
exposure of these individuals to plasticizers is plant- and process-specific.
Typically, recommended worker safety and health practices for plasticizer
handling call for adequate ventilation, protective clothing including gloves,
safety glasses, and other equipment when dermal exposure is possible, and for
high airborne concentrations, respirators or dust masks.
119
,.. ~.... .~...-. ~ t, ....
". -.. ~ .. ~ ~ 40 "'--" ....
-------
" . --. .,;~.:... -,:,'. .~.
. -..
SECTION 15
PRESERVATIVES
INTRODUCTION
Preservatives prevent the biological degradation of plastics by micro-
organisms. They include bacteriostats, fungicides, and yeast inhibitors, and
may be categorized by any of these names or by more generic classifications
including biocides, antimicrobials, or microbiocides. In the plastics indus-
try, the terms bactericide, bacteriostat, fungicide, or fungistat are fre-
quently used interchangeably. Technically, the -cide suffix indicates that
the chemical kills the microorganism, while the -stat ending is used for com-
pounds which inhibit growth.
Most polymers are highly resistant to microbial degradation; however,
many additives incorporated in polymer formulations are not. Plasticizers,
lubricants, and fillers are susceptible to attack by microorganisms. Biocides
are frequently incorporated as part of a formulation to combat degradation of
these components. Microorganisms utilize plastics and additives as a source
of carbon, breaking down the formulation components through enzymatic reac-
tions. Specific chemical groups which are susceptible to degradation include
amides, esters, and urethanes.
Deterioration of the plastic and/or additives leads to discoloration,
molecular weight changes, odor problems, embrittlement, exudation of addi-
tives, loss of tensile strength and elongation, and changes in electrical
properties. Color changes are generally noticed first. . The presence of
water, heat, and/or darkness generally promotes biodegradation. Pink staining
of PVC is a relatively common phenomenon caused by the release of highly
colored metabolic by-products.
Polyvinyl chloride and polyurethane are the major consumers of biocides.
PVC utilizes plasticizers and lubricants which are highly susceptible to
biodegradation. Polyurethanes are heavily used as foamed products, and the
cellular structure provides an inviting environment for mold and bacterial
growth. The product use and service life play an important role in determin-
ing the need and requirements for biocides. In general, plastics which are
subjected to moist environments, either through water contact or humidity,
require formulation with biocides. Plastics intended for long-term service
life (i.e. many years) generally have higher requirements for antimicrobials.
No information on consumption of preservatives in plastics was found in
the references consulted.
120
"""'~.......-
-. ._.~..,.....
..,.
-. ~ -.-.- _.~- -'- - - .. - -. -.- ..
-_.. --"""""'~1"
-------
OVERVIEW OF ADDITIVE PROPERTIES
-
There are many chemicals which are effective biocides; however, only a
few have'application in plastics. One reason for this is that most anti-
microbial compounds do not have the stability required to survive processing,
particularly the high temperatures required to process polyvinyl chloride.
Second, pesticides are regulated by the EPA, requiring registration. To bring
a new pesticide to the marketplace, extensive testing is necessary to assure
that the chemical is effective for its intended use, but does not "cause an
unreasonable adverse effect on the environment."[242] This registra~ion
process can be expensive, and has limited introduction of ~ew chemicals.
Table A-14 presents the chemicals used in plastics to impart biological,
stability. The appendix presents function, pertinent physical and chemical
properties, typical use concentrations, and polymer appli~ations for each
chemical. Most of the chemicals used as biocides in plastics have application
in other products as well. A few have uses unassociated with their antimicro-
bial properties. Table B-14 presents uses and consumption volumes for the
preservatives. The ideal preservative is highly toxic to microorganisms, but
has a low toxicity to the environment and humans. In reality, no ideal pre-
servative exists, and a tradeoff is made between effectiveness as a biocide
and toxicity to higher organisms. Table C-14 presents toxicological proper-
ties and worker exposure concerns for the specific chemicals.
Biocides incorporated in plastics are generally noncompetitive; that is,
they do not compete for substrate with the microorganisms. Most are toxic to
the microbes. Among the noncompetitive biocides there are a few basic chemi-
cal groups, including compounds of the heavy metals: mercury, copper, and
arsenic; quaternary ammonium compounds; sulfur-organics; and organotins,
particularly tributyl derivatives. A general summary of the major biocides
used in plastics is presented in the following paragraphs.
Two chlorinated nitrogen-sulfur heterocycles have application in plas-
tics, and are designated by their common names, Captan and Phaltan. They have
wide application as agricultural fungicides. These chemicals have the heat
stability required for processing PVC, and are therefore useful in calender-
ing, extrusion, and plastisol processing.
Metal-containing preservatives include compounds of tin, mercury,
arsenic, copper, and antimony. Copper-8-quinolinate is an effective fungi-
cide which has wide application in military equipment. Diphenyl antimony
2-ethylhexanoate is approved by the EPA for vinyl products such as mattress
and wall coverings, baby pants, shower curtains, and rug undercoatings.
10,10'-OXybisphenoarsine is a leading PVC fungicide. It is frequently
incorporated in plasticizers, solvents, or polymer pellets to reduce popula-
tion or worker exposure. Tributyltin compounds are active antifungal agents.
These chemicals also serve as antifouling agents for marine applications.
Mercury compounds are highly effective antifungal and antibacterial compounds;
however, they are also toxic to humans in processing and use.
121
.,~ '" ~ ..~. '--', .,
. "'., . ' '. .
. - -. -.' ~'..'.' . . - . . ...,.....
. ",." ,," .
-------
Other preservatives have limited application in plastics. These include
quaternary ammonium carboxylates, p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters, and various
inorganic compounds. Specific chemicals within these groups are presented in
the appendices.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
The environmental impact of the preservatives has received attention in
recent years because many of the chemicals employed for this function are
toxic. Table 47 presents the preservatives listed as priority pollutants or
hazardous wastes. This table also lists a chemica~, Captan, proposed by the
state of Mich~gan for inclusion as a hazardous waste.
TABLE 47,.
CLASSIFICATION OF PRESERVATIVES,AS PRIORITY POLLUTANTS
AND HAZARDOUS WASTES
Preservatives and
Their Components
Captan
Metals and Cyanidet
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Copper
Cyanide
Mercury
Zinc
Priority
Pollutant
EPA
Hazardous
Waste
Michigan
Hazardous
Waste
X
X
X
X
X
X
x
X
X
X
X
X
tPreservatives that contain these metals and cyanide are con-
sidered priority pollutants and/or hazardous wastes.
The preservatives are toxic to microoganisms. In order for them to func-
tion effectively they must be somewhat ,incompatible with the polymer. ,It is
desirable for biocides to exude slowly to the product surface providing con-
tinuous biological protection during the product'~ useful life. This means
that the preservatives have the potential to be released to the environment
following compounding in the resin. Since the concentration of most preserva-
tives used in plastics is low, and since it is desirable for bloom rates to be
slow providing a long lifespan for the product, the concentration of preserva-
tives released to the environment by this mechanism could be anticipated to be
rather low. Concerns for population exposure to particulates and aerosols
formed by the preservatives are similar to concerns for workers exposed to
these chemicals, and are presented in the following section.
WORKER EXPOSURE
Serious concerns for worker health exist in the formulation of preserva-
tives in plastics. Table C-14 presents the known toxicities and worker health
concerns for these additives. The preservatives are typically incorporated
122
,.-- ..-. .--. -~... "-".'-'~'..'":"- .' - .-...., .-. - . -
-------
preceding or during processing. These chemicals have the potential to form
particulates and aerosols. The preservatives with lo~ heat stabilities and/or
low boiling points may form volatiles during high temperature processing.
Some of the biocides are strong irritants and may be absorbed through the
skin.
In order to protect workers from toxic preservatives, process and addi-
tive modifications and worker protective devices have been employed. Typical
process modifications include powerful exhaust hoods, installation of protec-
tive barriers, and monitoring instrumentation to check ambient air concentra-
tions. To limit dusting of preservatives, additive modifications are fre-
quently used. A common method of reducing worker exposure to biocides is to .
incorporate them in polymer pellets. An alternate method. is to mix the bio-
cide with a plasticizer, limiting the potential to form dusts. Worker protec-
tive devices such as protective suits, gloves, boots, and gas masks may also
be recommended.
123
--'-'-'. ",
.~.. '--"7'"'''.'.~'4'~'''''''''- .......-~~--_._. -. ---.-.
. .
.. . .. .
. - -':~'-'---".--=T'-'~:-:"~',:;' ;'.:--:--".:"'~:-- ..-.,' -..
. - n.'" .'p . . ~...,.. ,'."" -~ ~.,' .-
. ~ '
-------
. . -"'" - .'
SECTION 16
SOLUTION MODIFIERS AND OTHER POLYMERIZATION AIDS FOR PLASTICS
INTRODUCTION
Polymerization of monomers into resins frequently requires the use of
chemicals to control the molecular weight of the polymer and to help keep the
polymer in solution. Catalysts, curing agents, and free radical initiators,
the chemicals used to initiate or alter the rate of polymerization, are
presented in Sections 5, 8, and 11 of this report, respectively. This section
presents a large group of chemicals used to facilitate production and control
the molecular weight of polymers. These are:
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
acids, bases, and buffersj
chain transfer agents and other molecular weight regulatorsj
coagulantsj
crosslinking agentsj
defoamantsj
emulsifiers (also called surfactants)j
feed stream desiccantsj
inert gasesj
protective colloidsj
solventsj and
thickeners.
The specific polymer production processes in which this large, diverse group
of compounds are used are presented in IPPEU Chapter 10, The Plastics and
Resins Production Industry.
Most polymers require some molecular weight regulation and/or solution
modification. Typically, the thermoplastics are produced in solution and
therefore have a higher usage volume for the solution modifiers than the
thermosetting resins. Table 48 summarizes the application of various classes
of solution modifiers and molecular weight regulators in polymerization.
Consumption volumes for the various solution modifiers and molecular
weight regulators are frequently considered to be proprietary, since the
additives chosen are dependent upon the production processes and conditions,
which are themselves proprietary.
-'...
, "'''''''
-',
. -""'--.--.-"--""-"-,.... .-.,.-.
- -
124
, - ...-~ - --'-::2"'7"fY",:;'~:':~:~~.~ ::., ?~~.:'..~ -,-',':" . -' .
" . . "'., '. ..
.' ...,. '"
"'\,\",'
, . "
-------
TABLE 48. SOLUTION MODIFIERS AND OTHER POLYMERIZATION AIDS FOR PLASTICS
0) 0)
c:: c::
0) 0)
.. ~
>. >.
.... .c 0)
i u:I 2! "" ....
I 0) 0) os
.: 0) 0) >. c:: ~ 0)
t' g ~ ~ 0) os '" ..
:.1 >. 0 ~ .c 0) ..... 0) ..
J ..... .c "" >' '''' '" .. ~ 0)
'" .... .c .c 0) ..... 0 ..... ....
os 0) >. .... 1>0 '" .... 0) ~ .. .. "
.1 .... >. .... 0) 0) ..... ~ 0) ~ '" .c .... 0)
:I .. ~ ..... >.... ~ :I .... 0 ..... u ..... >.
".) IQ " ;j 0 .. ~-O) 0 u:I os .c .. c:: ~
:j .. I .. c:: "" c:: 0 E-< .... 0 0 0) 0 0
c:: 0) .. ..... .. 0) 0) "" 0) 0) 0) 0) 0 ~ c:: ~ "" I
I ..... ~ .. .. .. 0) " ~ 0) .... >. !:I 0) c:: c:: c:: O) .:;! ~ .c 0) >.
.. ..... ;j c:: c:: a ~ c:: os .... >. c:: 0) 0) 0) 0) c:: < u '" .. '"
~ .. ..... ..... >. ~ 0) c:: ..... :. .... 0) ~ ~ ~ c:: os ..... 0 0)
.. .... .. .. .. ~ os 0) ~ 0 .. 0 ..... ~ >. >. >. 0) .c ~ ~ ~ ~ < ....
..... 0) ~ 0)'0 0 .... '" >. ,&) c:: ,..1 .. >. c:: c:: 1>0 .. .... >. >. >. >. I os'
.1 0 c:: e>: e>: 1>0 ..... 0) ..... .... .. 0) c:: .c 0) 1! 0 >. 0) c:: c:: c:: ;j 0) ..
..... 0 0 ~ 0 m :I os !:I .. ~ .... .c .. .... .. ..... ..... ..... C:: :I
~ ~ '" 0 >. .. 0 os ,&) 0 gJ 0) 1>0 1>0 ~ .. :I ~ ~ > > 0) ~ 1"
~ >. >. c:: ~ 0 c:: >. >. >. >. .c >. >. >. >. >. >. >. ..
.. .>4 ~ 0 :I 0) ~ ~ ~ ~ 1>O ;j 3 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ >. ..
.:;! o :;! 1>0 ~ .c 0 0 0 0 ..... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .... c::
< ~ r.. "" "" "" "" "" :Z: ,..1 "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" u:I ::>
Acids, Bases Control the pH of aqueous solutions; X X X X X X X X X X X X X
and Buffers some may act as catalysts or initi-
ators
Chain Transfer Control the molecular weight of the X X X X X X X X X. X X X X X
~ Agents polymer; thiols and solvents are
N
VI most frequently used
Coagulants Aid in coalescing of newly:"formed X
polymer
:
Crossl1nking Form bonds between polymer chains X X X
Agents
Defoamants Surface active agents which reduce X X X X X
or impede foam formation
Emulsifiers Aid in stabilizing suspensions; X X X X X X X X X
soaps are most frequently used
.j F'eed Stream Remove water and impurities from X X X
Dessicants inputs
Inert Gases Blanket polymerization reaction X X X X X X X X X X X X
Protective Secondary emulsifiers; act as sites X X X X X X X
Colloids for polymerization in emulsion and
suspension proceases
Solvents Solubilize constituents of the X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
polymerization process
Thickeners Increase viscosity during polymeri- X X X X X X X
tion
-------
-- -. .. -. ...
" ~ . ~
. .
OVERVIEW OF ADDITIVE PROPERTIES
Many solution modifiers and molecular weight regulators are chosen for
their application to specific polymers or production techniques. Table A-15
details chemicals applicable to various polymers, and some physical and
chemical properties pertinent to their use. It will be noted that many of
these chemicals have application in more than one polymer. This is due to
similarities in production processes or in the mechanism of polymerization.
The uses and consumption volumes (for all uses of the chemical) are detailed
in Table B-15. This diverse group.of additives presents equally diverse
environmental concerns. Table C-15 presents toxicological and worker exposure
concerns for the solution modifiers and molecular weight regulators. A su~
mary of the properties of the 'subclasses of solution modifiers and molecular
weight regulators is presented in the following subsections.
Acids, Bases, and Buffers
Acids, bases, and buffers are used to control the pH of solutions used in
polymerization. The solution pH frequently determines the ease with which a
polymer is produced. The pH will have a strong influence upon the effective-
ness of other solution modifiers such as emulsifiers, protective colloids, and
defoamants. It may dictate whether or not the polymer remains in solution as
a colloid or whether it agglomerates readily. Further, the pH may have an
effect on the ~ate of polymerization.
Acids are molecules or ions which act as electron acceptors. Most acids
used in plastics production ionize to produce protons (H+). They can be
either strong or weak depending upon their extent of ionization. The acids
used to'catalyze reactions are presented in Sections 5 and 8 of this document.
Bases are electron donors. Like acids, they may be either strong or
weak, depending upon the specific chemical's extent of ionization. In polymer
production they are frequently used to maintain an alkaline pH for aqueous
polymerization. Bases may also be used to neutralize acids used in polymeri-
zation.
Buffers are ionizable chemicals which contain both a weak acid and its
conjugate base. Upon the addition of either acid or base, the pH of the
solution changes only slightly. In plastics production, buffers are used to
maintain a particular pH during the course of polymerization. That is, as
acid or base is consumed or generated during the production of the polymer,
buffers maintain the pH at a relatively constant value.
Chain Transfer Agents and Other Molecular Weight Regulators
The control of polymer molecular weight is achieved by a variety of
mechanisms; chain t'ransfer, endcapping, and crosslinking. Crosslinking is
discussed later in this section.
Chain transfer agents may also be called chain terminators, although this
term is frequently inaccurate. These chemicals are used largely with free
126
"
-------
radical initiators to control the molecular weight of polymeri. Chain trans-
fer agents act upon a growing polymer chain containing a free radical. The
free radical is transferred to the chain transfer agent. and the growth of the
polymer is therefore terminated. The transfer agent containing the free radi-
cal can then begin the building of a new polymer chain. Commonly. thiols and
various solvents are used as chain transfer agents. For ionic polymerizations
such as the formation of polyacetals. various acids may be used to produce
chain transfer.
Endcapping is another means of regulating the molecular weight of poly-
mers. This, involves addition of a low molecular weight compound. a termina-
tor. to the monomer mix. The ,terminator is unable to add additional monomer.
therefore inhibiting further growth of the polymer chain. In olefin polymeri-
zations hydrogen. acetylene. propylene. and other hydrocarbons are used to cap
the polymer chain. 'In general the molecular weight regulator chosen is speci-
fic to the catalyst in use.
Coagulants
Coagulants allow for the agglomeration of particles of polymer. They are
generally salts used to reduee the repulsion between particles with high sur-
face charges.
Crosslinking Agents
Crosslinking agents provide attachment between two polymer chains. Those
used in thermosetting resins are presented in Section 8 of this report.
Crosslinking achieved,by free radicals is presented in Section 11. Crosslink-
ing of thermoplastics which does not occur through the formation of free
radicals (polystyrene and polyvinyl acetate) is achieved by the addition of
various chemicals. Divinylbenzene and trivinylbenzene are frequently used for
crosslinking polystyrene.
Defoamants
Defoamants are used to reduce foam or prevent its formation. particularly
in emulsion polymerization. These materials concentrate at the solvent-air
interface. The most popular antifoaming materials are the dimethyl silicone
polymers. Alcohols are also used.
Emulsifiers
Emulsifiers. also called surface active agents or surfactants. are used
in emulsion and suspension polymerization to produce a stable mix between
monomer. water. and newly formed polymer. The emulsifier increases the amount
of monomer taken into the water phase through solubilization in the micelles.
by maintaining nonsolubilized monomer in fine droplets. and by preventing
coagulation of latex particles.
Anionic. cationic. nonionic. and amphoteric emulsifiers have been uti-
lized in emulsion polymerization. The anionic emulsifiers. commonly called
127
......-. ,-...
.~ '.. -".. ,"'"
. .~'."'\'.:.".H"""."''';''.:'-:'''' .. _..~......-....,.,~--.. .-:~:-.,..>......,...........,:..- . ,-.
. - ....... --..-. ,-.- --._.~-- ........ --",'- '0
-------
'. ,....- .....""'" .
soaps, are most popular. They are largely carboXylate~ with an intermediate
ester, amide, or sulfonamide linkage. Many are derived from sulfuric or sul-
fonic acids. The cationic emulsi.fiers are generally primary, secondary, or
tertiary amines, while the nonionic emulsifiers include glycols, alcohols,
ethers, esters, and halides. Many of these chemicals are also used for pro-
ducts marketed as emulsions including adhesives, cosmetics, and release
agents.
Feed Stream Desiccants
. Feed stream desiccants remove water and other contaminants from the
monomer an~ other inputs~ They are particularly important in olefin
polymerizations where contaminants can poison the expensive catalyst.
Inert Gases
Inert gases, especially nitrogen and carbon dioxide, are used to blanket
polymerization reactions to avoid the deleterious effects of oxygen or other
gaseous contaminants.
Protective Colloids
Protective colloids, sometimes called secondary emulsifiers, prevent the
dispersed phase from coalescing in emulsion or suspension polymerization.
Inorganic solids and synthetic and natural macromolecular substances are
employed. The protective colloids tend to be pH sensitive, and therefore
frequently' require buffers in formulation. Common protective colloids include
cellulose derivatives, starch, gelatin, polyvinyl alcohol, and inorganic
solids.
Solvents
Solvents solubilize monomers and frequently polymers to provide a medium
for polymerization. They are used in most thermoplastic productions. Charac-
teristically, solvents do not react with the monomer or newly forme4 polymer,
although some may act as Chain Transfer Agents. Solvents generally have low
boiling points to afford ease of removal through volatilization. They may
present serious safety and health concerns because of their volatility,
flammability, and/or toxicity.
Thickeners
Thickeners are used in the production of acrylics to increase the vis-
cosity of the monomer-polymer solution.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
The solution modifiers and other polymerization aids used in plastics
production are a very diverse group of chemicals. Thus, their environmental
impact is equally diverse. For example, the protective colloids are generally
innocuous, while many of the solvents pose serious concerns. Many of the
128
',' ':,. --...
.. ""., .'
. .' ".:, .
.- dO 0, -- .,-........,......., :.
,- ,'. - . ~ ,... .. -'. -.:. -.
-------
solvents and chain transfer agents are volatile and toxic. Table 49 presents
the solution modifiers and other polymerization aids which are considered
priority pollutants and/or hazardous wastes. Concerns for'exposure of the
general population to these chemicals are similar to concerns for worker
safety and health. These are detailed in the following section.
WORKER EXPOSURE
Table C-15 presents toxicological data and current OSHA regulations (and
NIOSH and ACGIH recommendations) for the solution modifiers and other polym-
erization aids. In particular, the volatility of the solvents and chain
transfer agents is of greatest concern. Many of these solvents are toxic;
others, like carbon tetrachloride and benzene, are known carcinogens. Still
others are highly flammable (e.g., acetylene and hydrogen). Tetrahydrofuran
may decompose t~ form peroxides. In general, the solvents used in poly-
merization.are controlled through process'modification. Control of fugitive
emissions and ventilation are common. IPPEU Chapter 10, The Plastics and
Resins Production Industry, details control measures for each production
process. In cases where process modifications are inadequate to assure worker
safety and health, various auxiliary control measures may be recommended.
These include protective clothing such as safety glasses, goggles, and gloves.
Respirators and dust masks may be recommended for high airborne
concentrations.
~
..
129
.~....":"-;~-~-~' -.:-,~-..,-"4"":"':'.."''''--' '~"'-"""'r"-~-- ..~ -.. ,- ...-
-------
-..... . .-. . ."
TABLE 49. CLASSIFICATION OF SOLUTION MODIFIERS AND OTHER
POLYMERIZATION AIDS AS PRIORITY POLLUTANTS AND HAZARDOUS WASTES
Solution Modifiers and
Their Components
Priority
Pollutant
EPA
Hazardous Waste
" l,2-Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Crotonaldehyde
l,2-Dichlorobenzene
l,2-Dichloroethane
l,l-Dichlorethylene
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
Acetaldehyde
Benzene
Bromoform
Carbon Tetrachloride
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
p-Dioxane
Ethyl Benzene
Methylene Chloride
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
X
X
X
X
X
X
Nitrobenzene
Perchloroethylene
Phenol
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Pyridene
Toluene
X
X
X
X
Trichlorethylene
Metalst
Barium
X
Copper
Zinc
X
X
tChemicals that contain these metals are considered priority
pollutants and/or hazardous wastes.
130
. " ">,,"
-'-, -~---~":'--.--.. -~.
.' .~ ... ..
-------
-
SECTION 17
ULTRAVIOLET STABILIZERS
. INTRODUCTION
Ultraviolet (UV) stabilizers inhibit or reduce degradation of polymers
resulting fro~ ultraviolet radiation. Ultraviolet light energy in the range
of 290 to 400 nm can be destructive to polymers and cause breakage of chemical.
bonds. The rupture of chemical bonds forms free radicals which are capable of
chain scission, cross1inking, and produce sites of unsaturation in polymers.
This leads to discoloration, embritt1ement, and loss of properties such as
tensile strength, elongation at break, and impact resistance. The major
source of ultraviolet radiation is sunlight, although artificial sources such
as arcs and lamps may also induce degradation. Thus, many plastics intended
for outdoor applications require UV stabilizers. Ultraviolet absorption by
polymers is largely' a surface phenomena, and these additives are heavily used
in fibers, surface coatings, and films where large surface areas are exposed.
Most of the UV stabilizers impart stability by two mechanisms; absorption
and/or quenching. UV absorbers, also called screening agents, trap ultravio-
let radiation and re-emit it at a wavelength which is not destructive to the
polymer. Unlike polymers, many of which are readily degraded by ultraviolet
radiation, the absorbers are capable of absorbing radiation and re-emitting it
as heat without deterioration. Quenchers interact directly with the polymer.
Incoming ultraviolet radiation is absorbed by the polymer, transferring it to
the excited state. The quenchers deactivate free radicals formed on the
excited polymer and return it to the ground (nonexcited) state before further
reactions can occur. Quenchers then emit their excess energy as harmless
infrared radiation.
The basic chemical groups of ultraviolet stabilizers are:
.
.
.
.
benzophenones,
benzotriazo1es,
nickel organics, and
miscellaneous stabilizers.
The benzophenones, benzotriazo1es, and many of the miscellaneous stablizers
act as absorbers. The organo-nickel compounds are quenchers.
UV stabilizers are used in a variety of polymers which are either highly
susceptible to degradation by light or are frequently used in outdoor service.
Table 50 presents the application of the various groups of UV stabilizers to
131
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. . "" "-'-'
. .
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,.
TABLE 50.
ULTRAVIOLET STABILIZERS USED IN PLASTICS
QI
t:I
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en
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o t:I >-
:1 QI ~
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r.. Po. Po.
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a :1 1\1
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o a:I
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X :1
o en
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>- >- >-
c:: c:: Po
11 11 ~
~ ~ ~
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000
Po. Po.'p..
, .
I. .
QI I' I
." a:I
... QI ...
... ~ QI
o ... ....
QI ~ ... a:I
::'6~6':::~
aI.c... c::~
.... 0 0 QI 0 0
QI U ~ c:: ~ Po.
QI~~:;!6~t'."
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Benzophenones Effective in thin films; impart little X X X
...... color; low toxicity
VJ
N
Benzotriazoles Low toxicity; improve gloss and surface X X
grazing
;' Hickel Organics Chelators; may impart green color
Miscellaneous Includes sslicylates, acrylonitriles, X X
hindered amines, and pigments
.' ,
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X X X X X
X X
Source:
Baijal, Mahendra D. (ed)., Plastic Polymer Science and Technology, 1982, p. 614.
.. ,
,j
, :
X
X X X
X X X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X X X
X X
x
x
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X X X
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X X
x
-------
plastics. Over 75 percent of their consumption in plastics is in polyole-
fins.[47] In particular, polypropylene and high density polyethylene are
susceptible to ultraviolet degradation, and, because of their properties, are
frequently used in outdoor applications. Polymer structural differences are
only one factor which influence stability. The presence of residual metal
catalyst and oxygen functionality on the polymer, which can be introduced
during processing, have a deleterious effect on stability. Light absorption
at oxygen-containing chromophores is the chief cause of polyolefin weather-
ing. [114] Thus, relatively high concentrations ofJI.Y- stabi_~~~e!,~ ar,e
required. Polycarbonate is the second highest ~~er of .~~&»_1'Uter~. It is
moderately resistant to degradation, but is heaY~1ry ~secl:..id'11.tt1!enight globes
and window glazing where it is subjected to high levels o~ult:raviolet radia-
tion. Other polymers which utilize these stabilizers include polystyrenes,
polyesters, acrylics, and polyvinyl chloride.
The presence of other additives in the polymer formulation can have a
marked effect on ultraviolet stability. Colorants may absorb, reflect, or
diffuse light and alter stability. Fillers, such as calcium carbonate, talc,
and carbon black, have a strong influence on UV stability. Antioxidants
(Section 2), which retard or inhibit oxidation of polymers that may be induced
by UV light, are frequently used in conjunction with UV stabilizers.
The estimated consumption of ultraviolet stabilizers in plastics during
1982 was 2,145 metric tons.[47] Table 51 presents the 1980 distribution of
this consumption for the various chemical groups.
TABLE 51.
1980 DISTRIBUTION OF ULTRAVIOLET STABILIZERS
UV Stabilizer Type
Benzophenones
Benzotriazoles
Nickel Organics
Other
Percent
Consumption
40.0
20.0
26.7
13.3
100.0
TOTAL
Source:
SRI, Chemical Economics Handbook, April 1982.
OVERVIEW OF ADDITIVE PROPERTIES
The various ultraviolet stabilizers used in plastics are detailed in
Table A-16, along with some relevant physical and chemical properties and
their polymer application. The melting point and boiling point influence pro-
cessing conditions. Most UV stabilizers are nonvolatile, except at extremely
high processing temperatures, where some may decompose under severe condi-
tions. Solubility of the additive in both the polymer and the solvent affects
extraction from the plastic. This could be expected to be extremely important
with these additives because extraction of the stabilizer from the surface of
the polymer leaves it susceptible to degradation. The FDA regulates UV stabi-
lizers used in food contact applications. Only a few chemicals are sanctioned
for this use, and these regulations are frequently specific to particular
133
-------
- ,.. - ..
polymers. The appendix notes chemicals sanctioned by the FDA for
application. The Code of Federal Regulations should be consulted
regulations' concerning polymer application, use levels, and other
requirements.
at least one
for specific
Most of the chemicals used as ultraviolet stabilizers in plastics are
applicable only to this function. Table B-16 presents use and consumption
information for these additives. The consumption information presented is for
all uses of the chemical, not only plasticSJ'ppli~t~~~~~-~- ~e consumption
volumes are known for only a few of the ~-!temica~, ,~~nc_e,"U!;, s~abi1izers are a
relatively small additive class, and many-~re_produce~,oy only one company.
Therefore, consumption and sales volumes are consiaereCtproprietary.
The variety of chemicals used as ultraviolet stabilizers have very dif-
ferent characteristics. Some are considered nontoxic, while others may pose a
threat to workers and the environment. Table C-16 presents toxicological and
worker exposure information for the chemicals used as UV stabilizers. General
properties of each of the chemical groups of stabilizers are discussed in the
following subsections.
Benzophenone UV Stabilizers
The benzophenones are the most widely used ultraviolet stabilizers.
These are UV absorbers, largely hydroxybenzophenones, which form a quinoid
. (also called photoenol) structure upon absorption of light. The quinoid
reverts back to the hydroxybenzophenone with loss of energy as heat with
almost 100 percent efficiency. Hydrogen bonding of the hydroxybenzophenone
accounts for its photostabilizing characteristics. Substituent groups
influence the absorption spectra and the physical characteristics of the
chemical, such as its volatility. The most common substituent group is the
4-alkoxy derivative. This substituent shifts the major absorption of the
benzophenone toward the lower end of the solar UV range (285 nm) and increases
absorptivity over the range of 290 to 400 nm. The benzophenones are rela-
tively low priced. but tend to discolor during processing and weathering.
Benzotriazo1e UV Stabilizers
The benzotriazo1es. in general, have a higher UV absorption than the
benzophenones at equivalent concentrations. It has been proposed that these
additives impart stability by a mechanism similar to that of the benzophe-
nones; by formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonds and of Zwitter ions hav-
ing a quinoid structure.[150] The excess energy is released as heat. As with
the benzophenones. the addition of substituent groups to the benzotriazo1e
structure shifts the absorption maximum and reduces volatility of the
additive. Most of the benzotriazo1es are produced by Ciba-Geigy under the
trade name Tinuvine. These have a lower color than the benzophenones. but
tend to be more expensive. They are, as a class, resistant to acids, peroxide
catalysts, and reducing agents.
134
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---... ..,
...' . ---,--".-, . .
, ' '
, , '
,,-- " -,' . '.. - ..' ..'" - .
. ,
-------
Organo-Nickel UV Stabilizers
The organo-nickel stabilizers act mainly as quenchers. Unlike the
absorbers, they interact with polymers which have absorbed photons and are
therefore in the excited state, either as a singlet or triplet. These
stabilizers contain a paramagnetic metal ion which transfers resonant energy
to the additive, and then decays harmlessly as IR radiation. The nickel
organics tend to impart a greenish color to polymers and are only applicable
to those products in which this color is of no concern or can be masked. The
, toxicity of many of these additives is relatively high, and they are not
accepted for food contact applications.
........--
..
-
Miscellaneous UV Stabilizers
Many other groups of chemicals are used as UV stabilizers. These include
the hindered'amines (HALS) , salicylates, benzoates, oxanilides, and various
pigments. These chemicals constitute only a small share of the total UV
stabilizer market, but are important because of their application to specialty
products and plastics. The pigments utilized as UV stabilizers are presented
in the Colorants section of this document (Section 6). Carbon black, which
acts as a UV absorber, and titanium dioxide, which acts as a light-scatterer
and opacifier, are the two most heavily used pigments. The remaining chemical
classes are presented below.
Much of the research effort now being. conducted on UV stabilizers is
being performed in the area of hindered amines. These additives are extremely
efficient and are effective at relatively low concentrations. The proposed
mechanism by which the HALS impart UV stability is very different from other
UV stabilizers. They are believed to form a nitroxyl radical upon reaction
with oxygen or peroxides. Further reaction forms amine ethers which terminate
peroxy radicals and regenerate the nitroxyl group.
Other chemical groups used as UV stabilizers have limited use in plas-
tics. Phenyl ,esters such as the benzoates and salicylates are converted to
hydroxybenzophenones upon exposure to sunlight. This conversion is only about
50 to 70 percent efficient; thus, these additives are not as effective as
other stabilizers. They are sometimes favored for economic reasons. The
oxanilides have been developed to meet the demand for relatively nonvolatile
stabilizers which can be processed at high temperatures. These additives show
some synergism with the hindered amines.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Very little information exists in the literature concerning the environ-
mental impact of the UV stabilizers. The benzophenones and benzotriazoles are
considered relatively nontoxic. A few are approved for incorporation in food
packaging, and are believed not to pose a health hazard. The nickel-organic
stabilizers are toxic and pose a potential threat since they are known to
cause capillary damage, renal injury, myocardial weakness, and central nervous
system depression. Table 52 presents the ultraviolet stabilizers and their
components which are considered priority pollutants and/or hazardous wastes.
135
. -.-. .-- - "OO;-"'--'-.""--''''.''~'- -u ..~.. ._--- ..' . _. ......,.........-..- _. ------- "... 0"
-. -, .. ..0 " - .. -. .. - . ~ -
-.'-". - -.
-------
. .- . ._~ ..' - ~-
.' '. .'..
TABLE 52. CLASSIFICAITON OF ULTRAVIOLET STABILIZERS AS
PRIORITY POLLUTANTS AND HAZARDOUS WASTES
UV Stabilizers and
Their Components
Hexamethyl phosphoric
Metals and Cyanidet
Cyanide
Nickel
Priority
Pollutants
EPA
Hazardous
Waste
Michigan
Hazardous
Waste
X
triamide
X
X
X
X
~-
Zinc
X
tChemicals that contain these metals and cyanide are considered priority
pollutants and/or hazardous wastes.
The disposal of UV stabilizers which are incorporated in an inert plastic
probably does not pose a serious hazard.UV stabilizers are carefully chosen
to be nonmigratory since exudation from the plastic would leave surface layers
unprotected. Thus, compatibility and lack of migration are important features
of most UV stabilizers, and the additive could be anticipated to remain encap-
sulated in the plastic upon disposal.
WORKER EXPOSURE
The major ultraviolet stabilizer classes pose different degrees of health
hazards. The benzophenones and benzotriazoles have relatively low toxicities.
The nickel organics are known to pose a threat to worker health. Their toxic
effects were presented in the Environmental Impact section. The recommended
standard for nickel in air is 15 ~g/m3. Since most UV stabilizers are
solids, they have the potential to form particulates during loading and
blending. Some may volatilize or decompose at high processing temperatures.
Thus, these additives or their by-products may be present as gaseous emissions
or aerosols. Exhaust ventilation and various protective devices, such as dust
masks and respirators, may be recommended to limit worker exposure to UV
stabilizers.
136
, >.
,.
,""';0.'-
. '~''''''~~8--''''_~_-~ -:-.. ~~.- _.,._-~...-_. -~-:""-:~~---:'"-:-'.~'~.-:-:-"'- ..-- '."_4 .';'"~.:''''--:-: ~.-: r..-:~., ... ".--~.:-"'~'.:':.'" '-'"
."' -. - ... - --.- --.
-------
(10)
(11)
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~--- .........,...-- :'!:,----. .~
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. .~ "..-....,.....-
". .,., , .
.. . ~ .w'.. - .
.. '. '
.. .
", ..
-------
(213)
(214)
(215)
(216)
(217)
(218)
(219)
(220)
(221)
(222)
(223)
(224)
(225)
( 226)
(227)
(228)
. ...-._~_.. .....~,.-... ;.~.~........-._-
. '. ,.., ',. .
'. ' "-;0/
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....,.. ''''-.' .
...'-'- .,...-.,..,.. .-..-. ,...."
." ... - - . ."..
-------
(229)
(230)
(231)
( 232)
( 233)
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~~'...
r...,._- ~.--..,- "'--.'-:-'''''--'''''''.........~.--'... ._-'_0____:_' -."- --,..-.---
-------
(249) "Update:
,
(250) "Update:
(251) "Update:
( 2 52) "Update:
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- . - 40 ...~ - .... .'" ----. .'.',... .
-..' . - ..
,.-, . '..'., -....-
-------
(260)
(261)
(262)
( 2 63 )
(264)
(265)
(266)
(267)
(268)
(269)
(270)
(271)
......
, "
,.~.-.......",!--"""
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154
-------
, i
APPENDIX A.
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS WITH POLYMER APPLICATION FOR PLASTICS ADDITIVES
,!
TABLE A-I. ANTIOXIDANTS
Solubility Bol~ fu1nt Speclf 1c Applic:abllity to Polyuer Type (1b1iJer Coded BekIw)
1t>1ecular (Melting Polnt), Chvity ill'<
Antloxidant ~ Water ~ "I: at 20"1: Sanctlont 1 2 ) 4 5 6 1 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 11 18 19 20 21 22 2) 24 25 26
ftItNI.lCS
I, 2-81s (), 5-dl-1:-bJty 1-4-hydmxybydro- X X X X X X X
c11111a11DY1)hydrazlne (lrgarox HI) 10241
2, 6-Bls( 1-uethylheptadecylh>;:resol X X X X X
4-( (4, 6-Bls( aety 1Wo )-s-1:riaz1n-27 1)- X X X X X
smlno )-2, 6-df. -1:-tutylphenol
81sphenol A (0I);tC(Cdlt/ll)21 228.) Insoluble SlJ&ht 220 (530 III) 1.195 X
(25"1:)
Butylsted 81spheno1 A (Vamx 1004 1 X
...... Butylsted hydroxyanlsole (BIi\I, 110.2 Insoluble S,luble 2611-210 1.050 X X X X X X X
VI (OI)jX:dljII(OOI) 1
J1
&tylstal hydroxyto1uene (BHrI, (IJIR:I, 220.) Insoluble S,luble 265 1.048 X XX X X X X X X X X X X X X
(Dl-1:-bJtyl~reso11
&tylsted octylsted ji1enol X X
&tylstal reactlon prodlct of p-cresol X
snd dlcyclopentadiene
&tylsted styrenated cresols X X X X X
4,4' -futy lidenebls( 6-1:-bJty:l--.:resol) 382 S,luble (209) X X X X X X X X X X X X
(Sant2) 1
2, 6-Q1-1:-tuty 1-4-ethylpheno1 X X X
, ;
, j
"
," .
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,
. ~
. . ~
i
!DIE: 1 - Acrylic Reslns; 2 - Acrylon1trlle-ibtadlene-5tyrene; ) - Alkyd Resl,.,; 4 - Amino Resl,.,: 5 - Fnglneerlng Themq>lastlcs (Po1yphenylene Oxide and Polyphenylene ~lflde);
6 - Epoxy Resl,.,; 1 - Fhoropolyuers: 8 - R1enolic Reslns: 9 - fulyacetals; 10 - fu1ysm1de Reslns; 11 - fulybutylene; 12 - fu1ycsrbonate: 13 - H1gh I8Blty fu1yethylene;
14 - linear iJJw Denslty Polyethylene: 15 - iJJw I8Blty R>lyethylene; 16 - Polyethylene TerEpht/Dlste/Po1ybutylene TerephtIBlste; 11 - Polypropylene: ,18 - R>lystyrene/Gerw:!ral
!\Jrpose; 19 - fulystyrene/lqJsct It>dlfled; 20 - fulyurethane; 21 - fulyvinyl Acetate; 22 - Polyvinyl Alcoml: 2) - fulyvlny1 OIlodde: 24 - fulyvinylideoe OIlodde;
25 - Styr"""*rylonltdle: 26 -ll1sablrstal R>lyester Resln.
, ,
(Continued)
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TABLE A-l (Continued)
"
Solubility 80i li~ fuint Specific Applicability to fulyuer Type (See First Page of Table for ItmiJer Code)
It>lecular (li!ltlng fuint) , 1-t-bityl IDathy1anino-p-cresol X X X X
2,4-01 (0 --thylbenzy l)-4"'1ethylp/Eml
Dioctadecyl(3, 5-di -t-b1tyl-lMlydroxy- X X X X X X X X
benzyl)phos(i1omte [lrgamx 1(93)
Ilexanethylenebis(3, 5-di -t-b1tyl!\Ydroxy- X X X X X X X X X X X
cimazmte) [Irppnox 259)
......
In N,N-lle>anethy lmebis-(3, 5-di -t-b1ty 1 -4- X X X X
",
hydroxyhydrocinnaJlBlll1de) [Irgamx 10lJ8)
2( -4-ilydroxy-3, 5-t-b1tylanilim)-4, 6-ids- (94-96)
(rMX:tylthio)l,3,5-triazine (~ 565)
4-llydroxyuethy 1-2, &.Ii -t-b1tylp/Eml Insoluble (140-l41) X
l62 (350 81)
Hlethyl~-b1tylpheml/crotomldehyde X X
coOOensate
2, 2-tlethylenebl.s(6-t-b1tyl~lp/Eml) 368.6 Insoluble' Soluble 119-l25 l.LO X XX X X X X
(CyaIXJll. 4251 (25"1:)
2,2' -flethylenebis( 6-t-b1tyl-4--thy 1-
phenol) (See 2.2'-flethylenebl,s(4"'1ethyl-
6-t-b1tylphenol»)
4,4' -flethylenebts(2, &.Ii -t-b1tylp/Eml) 424.7 X X X X X X
[Fl:hanox 702 J
2,2' -flethy lmebls( 4"'Iethyl ~-b1tyl 340.5 Insoluble Soluble (12l-l28) 1.04 X X X X X X X X X X X X
phenol) [CAD 51. (Bis(2-ilydroxy-3-t-
hltyl-s-.nethyl phenyl_hane), [Cyanox
2246)
(Continued)
'.
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TABLE A-I (Continued)
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Solubility BoiU~ Mot Speclf 1c Applicability to !'b1ymer Type (See First Page of Table for IUzi>er Code)
Molecular (It>lt1~ !'bint), O:avity IDI.
Antioxidant ~ Water ~ "C at 2O"C Saoctioot 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 IJ 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
--
8II!HJLlC! (Qxttlnued)
2, 2~ leneb1s( 6(1-m!thy1cyc1ohexy1)-p- 420.69 X X X
crI!SOl) (Nonox WSP)
2, Hlethylenebls( 4"112thyl-6-mny1plEno1) 468 X - X X X
(~te)
4~hyl-2-( 1 "1I2thy1cyc1d1e>'Iroxyb)'droclmallllte»)aI!thane (lrwu-
lJ1 1010)
-...J
4,4' -'Ih1ob1s( 6-t-bJty1.....-.:reso1) 358.6 \ery Soluble (150) 1.10 X X X X X X X X X X X X X
(SanIDnmt) Slight (25"C)
cl:>
4,4' -Thlob1s( 6-t-hJty l-o-cresol) 358. 6 X X X
[Antioxidant 136), (SsnIDnmt R)
2, 2' -'Ih1ob1s( 6-t-bJty 1)~hylplEno1) Soluble 1a1 (400 Pa) 1. ()(r X
(CH> 4) 1.12
4,4' -'Ih1ob1s(2-t-bJty1)5"1I2thylplEnol)
[see 4,4'-'Ih1ob1s(6-t-hJtybll"'cresol») .-
'Ihiodlethyleneb1s( 3, 5-dl-t-hJty 1-4- 642 X X X X X X X X X X
hydroxy)">'IroclmaIIIIte (lrwu- 1005)
2,2'-(3, 5, ~Trimethylhexylidene)bls( 4,6- X X X X X
cl1.II2thyl pIEnol) [NJoox 16J)
1,3, 5-'rr1methyl-2, 4,6-tr1s(3, 5-dl-t- 775.2 Insoluble Rlrt 1al1y (244) 0. 581 X X X X X X X X X
lutyl-4~roxybenzyl)benzene (Ethyl 330)
1, 3, 5-'rrls( 4-t-bJtyl-~roxy-2, 6- 700 Insoluble Soluble (14H55) X X X X X X X X X X X X X
dlaethylbenzy1) 1, 3, 5-trlszlne-2, 4, 6-( UI,
:JI, iI)-trlone (Cyamx 17~)
(Continued)
'"
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1 TABLE A-I (Continued)
!
,
SolubUity BoiU~ Ibint Sp.c1fic ApplicabiUty to Iblyuer TYPe (See First Page of Table for IUIiJer Code)
Iblecular (I2lt1~ Iblnt), ntirue:J)
1,3, 5-'Itla(3, 5-di -1:~tyl-4-11ydnD;y- 700 X X X X X X X X X X
phenyl)uethyl-l, 3, 5-1:r1az1ne-2, 4, 6(UI,:J\,
~)-1:rlone [lbocHI1te 31141
Tria(2-..ethy l-4-bydroxy-5-1:~tylpheny 1)- 545 (182-188) X X X X X X X X X X X X
tutane [Topanol <:AI
AIOt\TIC AHINES
1f-{1, ~thyllut:ylHi'-phmyl-l, 4- 268. 4 X X X X X
benzen11am1ne [1Wkaoox 40201
Dl-6-..aphtha..,.."reny lened1aa1ne 1.250 X X X X
4-Isopropy HI'-phmyl..,.."reny1.ened1anine 226.4 Insoluble Soluble (n-76(f .p» 1.04 X X X X X X
[\\1lkanax 1040 NA I (250C)
00
...... 4-( 1 -M>thyl-l-phenylethyl )-N-( 4-(1- 405 X XX X X X X X X X X X X X
V1 ..,thy I-I-phmyJethy l)phenyl)benzenanlne
(X) [Na~rd 4451
nIT
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1
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\.II
~
Antioxidant
HmR1JU.5 (X}IlQK6
Alkylary1 bl.sphem1 plDsphlte
81s-trldecy1 pIDsphlte
2-t-ftltyl-a(3-t-b.Jty1 ~1)-p-
C1IIe1}'1-b1s(p-ncnylphenyl )prosphite
D1hJty1 Jh>sphI.te
D1decy1p1Dsphlte
DUsodecy1 pentaerythrlto1 pIDsphlte
[Weston 6(0)
D11sodecy1 penraphosphite
D11aury1 Jh>sphI.te [(Cli1211 );zRIJ)
Dlaethy1 Jh>sphI.te [(OIj»:!ID)
Dlocty1 phosphite (Cf#llf»2RIO)
D101ey1 pIDsphlte
D1p1BJy1 deey1 phJsphlte
[(Cdl1I)~Ufl21 )
D1p1BJy1 isodecy1 phosphite [Weston Dmp)
D1p1BJy1 phosphite [Weston DWI
Dlstearyl pentaerythrlto1 dlphosphite
[WeslDn 618J
D1tetradecyl phosphite [Dlmystry1
pIDsphlte J
isoocty1 dlpheny1 Jh>sphI.te [Kult C)
Octy1 dlpheny1 Jh>sphI.te
TABLE A-I (Continued)
Solubility
IbleOJlar
~ Water
~
Bolll'1! Iblnt Speclf 1c
(Helti'1! Iblnt). er Code)
194.2 Soluble 9S (1)> 1'11) 0. 9860 X
(25"1:)
X X X X
X
X
X X X X X
110.1 Soluble H1sclble 1111-111 1.200
Soluble 15D-155 0. 929
(261-«XJ 1'11) (25.C)
582.9
(18) 1.023
(12)
1.221
(25 DC)
132
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X .
X
x X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
x
x
x
x
x
X
(Continued)
-------
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.1
,j
i
TABLE A-I (Continued)
Solubility Bo1UI1I R>1nt Speclf Ie AppUcabiUty to R>lyoer Type (See F1rst Page of Table for IUJD!r Code)
lblecu1ar (}i>ltil1l R>1nt), (kavity ID\ I'I
Antioxidant ~ Water ~ .C at 20.C Sancticot 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
HmRIlUfI (1yprd) X X X X
Tris(2-cl1loroethy l)phcsph1te 269.5 Insoluble Hlsc1ble 263 1.353 X X X X
[ (ClCjltP):f)
Tr1s( 2, 4-d1-t-wty1pl-enyl)phcsphite X X X X X X X
Trisnonylphenyl ji10sphite 688 0.98 X X X X )( X X X X X X X X
(Continued)
-------
'. .
'0'>..1'/
.:
i
I
TABLE A-I (Continued)
SoWhiLity Bo1 Ling 1\>1nt Specific Applicability to I\>lyuer Type (See First Page of Table for !biter Code)
It>lecular (Melting 1\>1nt) , (hvlty FD\
Antioxidant ~ Water ~ "c at ZOoC Sanctiont 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 U 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
HmRDl1.5 aIIRJI.NOO (1bnt1rud)
Trt&ralylphenyl phJsphlte/fol1lBldehyde X X X X X X X X X X
pol}'llll!r (Wytox 4381
Trlstearyl Jb;>sphite (Weston TSPI
HISa!IlAtIU6 aJ4I'WI:6
HISa!IlAtIU6. ~
p-iIenzoquimne (Cfl!tP2J lal. 1 SLigltt Soluble (US. 7) 1.307 X X
2, s-m ~-butylh)'dnx,dnone 222.4 Insoluble Soluble. (211)-212) X X X X X
lIydnx,dnone (CfII4(aI)2J Uo.l Soluble Soluble U70) 1.330 X X
lIydnx,dnone IIIX1CIII!thyl ether 124.1 Slight Soluble (52.5) 1.55 X X
' ((}\jXflltPlJ 243
.....
0\ It>no-t-bJty lhydroJu1none 166.2 Insoluble Soluble (125) X X
..... (CfII3(aI):!=«(}\3>3J
I,; Ii
Tolm}'droqulnone ((}\j:dl3(OO)2J Slight Soluble (126-127) X
, II ~'
HIS:EUANB:X5.
-------
" ;
.: .;>,.
\ ,~/
/i
.,
,j
j
. ~
)
i
,
"j
, .
.....
0\
N
,
,
Antioxidant
FRDHUErARY l'IIiNJLICS (I)
CttO-42
Cyanox 1m [proprietary rrerol/
p/Dsjidte )
Escoflex A-l22,A-l23
Hostamx 03
Isochem lIez-4al
Isomx 129 [bisrreroUc)
lsonox 132 [bisphemUcJ
lsonox 136 [bisrreroUc J
10-14
IetJfprd 431 [hirdered rreroUc)
NllJ!1jlrd XL-l
Prodoxl20
. Prodox 147
Prodox 148,14111
Prodox 247
Prodox 340,341,343
Prodox B1l3
Prodox B121
StabiUte 49-467,49-470
lb1ecular
~ Water
Insoluble
316
TABLE A-I (Continued)
Solubility
Boili~ lVint Speclf Ie
(Heltl~ 1V1nt) ,
-------
TABLE A-I (Continued)
Solubility . IIolU~ fulot Specific Applicability to fulyoer Type (See First Page of table for M.aber Code)
It>Jec:ular (Heltl~ fulot), Qavity fD\
Antioxidant ~ Water ~ "I: at 20"1: 5an<:tlont 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
fRJHUEl'ARY l'II!NILlCS (d-rtte 3140 X X X X
lrgaoox 1J:HJ [alkyldJarylaulne) (76 app.)
liwgard A (serordary 1IIIlne) 378 X X
liwgard BG (seronlary andne) X X
liwgard J I serordary auI.ne) X X X X
Ikmlube 81 >360 X X X X
IImox 1080,1081 X X X X X X X X X X X
\l.alkanox 4030 X X X X X
. J
.1
. II
I,; I'
l'
I
. ,
(Continued)
I
j
, '-.'
I' I" (
I . ".
, Id,I.'..;
-------
../
Antiox1dant
RDPlUEJ'ARY NmIES (Cbntlmed)
W1~tay 29 (substituted dlpb!nylamlneJ
I/ytox ADP (alkyJated dlpb!nylamlne J
RDPIUEJ'ARY 'IIIUESIEIS
Eva...tab 13
Evamtab 14
'iuk 2140
Ibly 1DP 200J
RDPlUEJ'ARY Hm8DllS (IHUH])
IbJtanox '1M IW 10
......
0-
.po.
Interstab 0155, aI-5it
Interstab aI9O, aI-JOI
Interstab aI-)oo
ItlIk 329
ItlIk 1178
ItlIk 1500
Ituk 2112
Muk 5050
Mwganl p. \HI.
Iblyglnl IR
1henmUte 187
\IInox 1005
WestDn I'\JI'D
Solubility
lblea1lar
~~
TABLE A-I (Continued)
~
Bolling 1b1nt Spedf 1c
(MeltIng 1b1nt). Q-avlty m\
"C at 20DC Sanctlant
Applicability to Iblyaer Type (See I'1rst Page of Table for IbIi>er Code)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
x
x X
X X X X X
X X
X
X-
X
X X X X
x X X X
x X X X X X
x X X X
x X X X
x X X X X X X
X X X
x X X X X X
X X X
x X X X X X
X X
x X X X X X
X X X X X
X X X X X X X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X X X
I,; j;
,11 ~'
I . (Continued)
;, '(t
I -
I ,I'- -f
"," t"
,: II ~~,
L "Ii
J,hn
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-------
, .
. I
..-
~
C1\
V1
"
,
j
Antioxidant
HIOHUETARY 8U>HDIlS aHI:UI:6
(Glntiwed)
Weston 399
Weston 626
Weston 430, 474, 491, 494, DIJP, Pl'P,
fNPG, 'DIJP
WestDn OOPl, FSP
Weston EGl1'P
Wytax X-54O
Wytax 345
Wytax 320 (alkylary1 ph:>sph1te)
HISCEIlANfJX.6 HIOHUETARY, ODD
/lntloxidant 451 (alkylated hydroqu1nJne)
Color suppressant 190
Co lor suppressant 195
Cyamx732
Eastnon inhibitor Q\8H
IIostamx vp a:;p 1
Marl< 158, 217
Marl< 328
Marl< 522
Marl1uble
0.896
(38'1:)
X
x X
X
x
x
X
x
x
x
x
X
x
x X X
X
X X X
x X X X X X X X X
X
X
X X X X X X X
X X
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
X
X X X X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X
0. 978
X
X
(Continued)
-------
/
I
i'
1
~
,
, II
I,; /i
l'
I
I
It>lecular
~ Water
~
BoiUng Iblnl: Specific
(Melting Iblnl:). lkavtty FD\
"C at 2O"C Sanctlalt
I
I
''l
t' .L (
II "'. '
'I' ,
'. fJ
AppUcabiUty to 1b1yuer Type ~~'F 't Page of Table for IbIber Code)
II' . ,I
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 J4 t51~6,17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
,> I'
TABLE A-I (ContInued)
SohJb1Uty
Ant10xidant
~ l'RJI'IUED\Ry. nUmed)
Voidax 100%
x
x
.,
... .",
x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x
x
x
x x x x x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
ItIrk 1409
x
x
x
1.13 x
x
x x
Hark 1589
ItIrk 15891
Hark 292 (Tin mn:apr1de )
,
I"
Hark 1900, 1910
Naugard 492 [81eroUc/p/1osJ:ll1te plCkagel
Stabaxo1 P
Stabaxo1 H
....
0\
0\
StabU1zer B
1hemnUte 35
xx
\kmox 1030 [pr""ty/~ ant10xidant
package )
x
\anox 3240
Vanstay OC
VanstaySD,SG,SII
\\11kano>< HB-2/1i1:
\\1lkanox 7MB-2/C5
Wytox ID\
FaJlIDlES:
t 1he Federal Register an:! Code of Federal ~lations detall antioxidants approve:! for plastics for food contact appUcatlom. FD\ sanctlom are gtwu for specific
ant1oxidants, ard approval 1s generally blsed upon the po1ymr in IoiUch the antioxidant ls Incorporated. Itix1nuD use concentratlons are also delineated. 1he Code
of Federal ~1ations subparts 175.105, for adhesl"",,; 177.2(,00, for rubbers; aoo 178.2010, for plastics sbould be comulted to determine specific regulatiom fOr
antioxidants.
-------
..
,
i
j
j
1
.1
I
1
I
1
.,
j
.1
I
'1
,
j
.)
i
'1
I
.,
:'j
.'
..
TABLE A-2. ANTISTATIC AGENTS
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS WITH POLYMER APPLICATION
Antistatic Agent
ltnIfacturer
AHII£S
Antistatic A8ent 100:
Hexx:el
h1t1stat ic Agent 273:
!Excel
h1tistat ic A8ent 27:E
[2,2'-(oc:tadecyUmim)bis-
ethaml)
AmrJstat 310 (B1s(bydroxy- !bury
ethyl)tallow aminel
!Excel
ArmJstat 375 [etlnltylated !bury
tertlary amine)
.....
(1\
......
AmrJstat 410 [B1s(bydroxy- !bury
. ethyl)cooo am1ne)
AmrJstat 450
tbJry
ArmJstat 475 [etlnltylated tbJry
tertisry amine)
AmrJstat 575 [75% AmrJstat !bury
410)
AS974, 989, 9'XJ, 190
[etlDxylated fatty aulne)
Ibd300)
(>300)
roo.
SanI:ti...
210
193
Typ1cal
I '
0. 05-0. 20 XX X XXX X X X X
1. (r2.0 X XXX X X X
1.0-2.0 XX X XXX X X X X X
tm'E: 1 - Icryllc Res1...; 2 - Icrylmltrlle-i!utad1ene-5tyrene; 3 - f9axy Resins; 4 - Rllyau1de Res1...; 5 - Rllylutylene; 6 - Rllyrarbanate; 7 - 1111#> 181slty Rllyethylene;
8 - Linear Low !enslty Rll)'1!thylene; 9 - Low !ens1ty lbl)'l!thylene: 10 -lbl)'1!thylene Terephtlulate/Poly1utylene TerephtlBlate; II - Rllypropylene; 12 - lblystyrene;
13 - Rllyurethane; 14 - Rllyvlnyl Otlor1de/Flex1ble: 15 - Rllyvlnyl Otlorlde/R1g1d; 16 - RllyvlnyUdene Otlor1de; 17 - Styrene-lcryLon1tr1le; 18 - Ihsaturated
Rll)'1!Ster Resin.
(Continued)
-------
.~i
j
1
1
;
.,
!
.J
!tmJfacturer
Antistatic Ag,ent
FOIIII
N«I£S (QrntiIlJl!d)
Electrosol D [amine)
Alfram1ne
i
Electrosol H [fatty amine) Alfram1ne Uquid
Ibstastat FA-14 [ethlxy- /Wer. lbechst Uquid
latexy- 1Wer. Ibechst Solid
late! aDtylamlne)
Iso Ib Stat Isoc:hem
fostat P-989 Iimko
Wbrol HI Iel 1Wer1cas
~ Itlrkstat AL-lO Alp
0\
00 Itlrkstat AL-24 Alp
Itlrkstat AS-18 Alp
,
:!
'j
Hilatat N-20 [fulyoxyethy- IeI
lene aDtyl mdne)
Uquid
teJtrcM!tat D Ibncentmte
Uquid
SiIIDI
Non-ftJat teutrostat
[aerosol)
~my
S1111CO
O::tadecylam1ne salt of
stearic scid
tnyxstat NU
Refined tnyx
Trlethmolam1ne
Trlethmolam1ne ...It of
octadecyl phJspronlc scld
TABLE A-2 (Continued)
Kelting
fulot
(Boiling
AppUcation fuint)
Intemal ~ ~
Flash
I\:>lnt
"C, (QJC)S
~ca1
On::entmtion .
%
.lppllcsblUty to fulymer Type
(See First ~ of Table for Itmb!r Code)
!!EHIL!!!!!.12 13 14 !.!~ 17 !!
Fm
~
~s and.
Other I\:>lymers
X 0.2H.0 XXX X X X
X D!pends on xxx x x x X 1\"snsplrent films
appUcation
x Yes 0.1-2.0 X X X
x Yes 0.1-0.5 XXX X
x 1.0-3.0 x x xxx x x X
x Yes 0.05-0.5 XXX x !,; I;
. II t. X
X Yes 0.1 X XXX X
I I ,
X Yes 0.1-0.4 X XXX XI
,'{
X Yes 0.1-0.4 X XXX 0 .,(
I '.
X Yes (to 0.3-1.5 X XXX ,{' d,'.'"
0. 3) . "'!
l v. J~ '
X (>100) >150 \ I ',il
j.h'i
I ." -I
X 1.0-5.0 XX X XXX X X X 'i I~ X Alc:oIDl/>oter lot""r
. . conIucti "" dEmicala
., 'u
X As receIved XX X XXX X X X X X Alcdol/>oter/otmr
conkloU"" chmdcala
X
1.0-2.0
X
X
(Continued)
i.
-------
TABLE A-2 (Continued)
!
! Helting
Ibtnt
(Boiling Flash '1W1c:al App1U:ability ta Ibl)'llll!r Type
Applic:at1on Ibint) Ibile: Fm O>na!otration. (See First Page of Table for IUIiJer Code) Caments and
Antistatic AjIent ltIwfacturer F011ll Internal External ~ "1:: (ax:)S Sanction % 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 11 18 Other Ibl)'1111!r8
------------------
~ (erex X Yes 0. 05-(). 5 XXX X X X
Varstat T22 9>erex X Yes 0.0>-0.5 XXX X X X
Q.MD!NARY NtOQIII
erex X Yes 0. 05-(). 5 XXX X Iblyacetates
dimethyl ImIIX1iun
chloride J
Aerex Solid X Yes 0.05-(). 5 X XXX X Iblyacetates
(hydrogmatEd tallow)
SIIIIDOiUD chloride J
~ Arc-fase Aerosol Am. Resin X Spray XX X XXXX X X X X Iblyacetates
0\
\0
Aerosurf 'D\-1oo [Dlmetby 1 Ashland, 9>erex X 0.0~1.0 XX X XXX X X X X Iblyacetates
dloctsdecyl 81111DRiUD
chloride I
AID) c- 330 ICl Uqu1d X 150
Ag}) 14213 NJ> X 0.~1.0 X
Ast-lool Her1x X 10-100 XX X XXXX X X X X
AstoW HS , Refined Otyx X X 0. ~2.0 X X ..".
Barqmt O£ [N-cety Ht- Innza Solid X 40 (sol.) Ibt appl1- 1.0-2.0 I ~ ,.
ethyl.".,qful1n1un etID cable
sulfate I
,',
Cetal [Benzyl hexadecyl- Hexz:el X ss-ro 0.05-().1 XX X XXXX X X X X Iblyacetates .~~~
dimethyl 81111DRi...
chloride J il.
Cyastst fnJ [(3-(1bdecy 1- t\zerlcsn l.1qu1d X (23O(d» 14.4 1.0-10.0 XX X XXX X X X X X Iblyacetates lr'i
oxy)-2~roxypropyl )b1s- <:yanam1d X 0. ~2. 0 XX X X
(2-hydroxyetby I_by 1-
81111DRiUD methyl sulfate J
(Continued)
-------
;
I
,
I TABLE A-2 (Continued)
J
!
j
J
\
'j Melting
~
.~ l'bint
i (a>iUng F1ash 'l)pica1 AppUcabiUty to R>l)U11!r '!We
~ ..1
,""J AppUcatioo l'bint) R>int Pm OIncentmtloo, (See Firat Page of Table for /UdJer Code) QJm"nts and
Antistatic Agent Hmlfscturer FoOD Intems1 Extems1 ~ "C, (ax:)S Sanctioo % !!l~1E!!!!!!!.!! 13 14 ~ 16!z'!!!' Other R>lYJ11!ra
;".j --
:-1 ~y AItUI1III
~ (0Jnt1nued)
Cyastat IS «3-laurmddo- /mErican 9>lid X (235(d» 0.~2.0 X X X X X
propyl)trloethyl.ammn1ull Qfansm1d
methyl sulfate)
Cyastst SN [(2-11ydroxy- lmerlcan Uquid X (lW(d» 12.2 1.1H0.0 XX X XXXX X X X X X X 50% solutloo in
ethyl)d1oethyl(3-stears- CyansmI.d X \.0-2.0 XX X isopropsml_ter
mldopropyl)aomxrlun
nitrate)
Cyastst SP (stearaD!dopro- AoEr1ca1 Uquid X (200(d» 14.4 1.0-10.0 XX X XXX X X X X X X X 35% solution 10
py ld1oethyl-6-bydroxy- CyanaJdd X 1.0-2.0 X 1sopropmol_ter
ethy1ammn1... d1/1ydrogen
..... ptIJsphate)
.....,
0 Dtoctyl d10ethyl ammoi... X X X
bromide
Slit of Iban1df.ne srd ;!
, octsdecyl tr1methyl
amm!.lID dIlor1de ..~
((eaom1ne Q-97ID: HJIdlyacetateB
Hatlcstat AL-22 Argus X 0. ~2. 0 XX X XXX X X X X X
. Itlrkstat AL-33 [catloo1c AIgJs Uquid X 0.~1.5 XX X O>nta1119 no sol"""t
quatermry 8IIIJJJ01un1
Neut~t A 51Il1:O X 1.0-5.0 XX X XXX X X X X X R>lyacetsteB
(Continued)
!
-------
'I
,~ 1'1
1 TABLE A-2 (Continued) I' .
'1' , II l'
.1 I I
J Helting I : '
Mot .~
(Bolling Flash ~cal ItppUcabll1ty to ~I. ~
AppUcat1cn ftIlot) lbl~ rm OxIcentmt1cn, ~s end
(See First l'a8e of Table' fOr Code)
Ant1sratic Agent ItIwfscturer Form Internsl Exterm1 ~ "C, (QX:)S ~ % TI:!~~.E~!!!!!! U'~4-~~!!.!! Other Polymers
y J, .
~Y NKIII\Jt ' ~ I
i f I ; (II
'I IXHWDI (Qmt1nued) I ,~';/'
, ! ~ II
, Plsstistat 101 Plsst1ca SystEIIIS liquid X D1lut1cn 50: 1 XX X X '.' IX X X lblyacetals. optical
caq>onents
, ,
Stat-i!ze It!xcel X 0. 005-0. 1 XX X XXX X X X" ':.Ix X lblyacetates
Tetrabutyl 8IIIIDI1iuD X X
branl.d!
16rstat66 9>erex X 0.1-1.0 XX X XXXX X X X X lblyacetates
Vel vamIne A'l'S Ref Ine:l Ibyx X X 0.0~1.0 X X X X X
\Ielvamlne 51 Reflne:l Ibyx X 0.00~1.0 X XXX X X X X X X
ANIaI1CS
...... AID) AY-2220 [lbtassll1D Iel Ibt appl1-
'-.J alkyl ji1asji1ate J cable
......
Ardeml AntI-5tst 0 te. Arden X 0.2~1.0 X XXX X
Ardeml AntI-5tst 5 te. Arden X 0.2~1.0 X XXX X
D1dodecyl hydr¥n
ji1asji1ates
IBfac RD5l0 [alpD-dodecyl Q\F X X Yes o.H.O XX X XXX X X X X X lblyvinyl acetate
'"OIEfil hydr""MJOly(axr
1, 2-ethmed1yl)pmsplate J
IBfac RE6lO [alpIB-(lbnyl- Q\F X X Yes 0. ~l. 0 XX X XXX X X X X X lblyvinyl acetate
pb!ny l)'"OIEfil-hydroxy-
polrlaxrl, 2, -etlune:llyl)
p/I:IspIBte J
IBfac RS610 (alpIB-'Itl- Q\F X X Yes 0.~1.0 XX X XXX X X X X X lblyvinyl acetate
deeyl '"OIEfil-hydraxy;x>1y-
(oxy-1, 2-et:han:11y 1)
~tel
IBfac RS7lO Q\F X X Yes o.H.O XX X XXXX X X X X lb1yvinyl acetate
(Continued)
. !
. ,
',.....If
-------
/
"
Antistatic Agent
~ (Q>ntiwed)
Ibstastat IISl [anionic
aliphatic sulfonate)
Sodl... cbiecyl benzene
sulfonate
t«5a!I1AIm.5
AdV3WlX 1/00 [glycerol
DDmStesrate)
Antistatic Agent 7388:
(glycerol DDmStearste)
I-' Butyl stearate
....,
N Etlosperse IA-J, [poly- Glyco
ethylene glycol DDnOdecyl
etl'er)
Glycerol
Glyt:08per&e L-20 (Sorb1- Glyco
tsn,dodecanoate, poly(axy-
1, 2-..thanediy l)dertva-
tives)
Isomstat III (polye~- lsodea
lene glycol ester)
1I'en-f!eact Tl'S (trls(lso- lI'enr1ch
octadecaroatcM) (2."..,.,..-
nola to)tl tsn1m)
Wbrol 12A9 (polyethylene ICl
glycol DDmdecyl etl'erl
Hyr j 45 (polyethylene JCI
. glycolllDOOStearate)
!blyethylene glycol hexa-
decyl etrer
ltuufacturer
huer. Ibecl1st
Olntsb
AlUed (bior
SoUd
SoUd
TABLE A-2 (Continued)
~
AppUcstion
Intemal External
--
Ifelt1qg
!blnt
(Bull1qg
!blnt)
~
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Flash
R:dnt
"1:, (aJe)S
FD\
SanctIon
1Wlcsl
On:entrstlon,
Z
1'1'
"
II l'
I
, .
;. ).',
I . \
I :"'./
{l\
I' ~ I
\ I'Ll.'
I'.' ~'i,
I ~..l
AppUcsblUty to R>lioe~ 1We
(See First Page of Table forJbi>er Code)
!!.!!1!Z.!!~!!.12 Q 14 ~~Q!!
CbmIEns and
Otter PolYDl!rs
Yes (PIC)
0.1-3.0
2.0
x
x
Yes 0. S-3.0
Yes
0.1-1.0
indIrect
indIrect
3.0-4.0
. .
xxx
x
x X
X
XXX
X
X
X 0.S-2.0 X X X X X
x Yes X XXX X X
X XXX
(Continued)
i~
I.
"
"
-------
. A-2 (Continued)
TABLE
1
i
Melting
fulnt
.' (ibiling Flaoh ~c:al App11cabI11ty to lblymer 1)pe
Appllc:at1on R>lnt) lb1nt Fm er Code) OxmI!Ms snd :t~
Antiststic Ag31t ItmJfscturer Form Internal ~ ~ "C, (ax:)S ~ % !E~1E!!!!Q!!.g!l~~~£ 18 Other Polymers
,
IIISElN6:Ui (0mt1wed) .'
j .
".
lblyethylene gl:l"Ol 200 lJqu1d X >100 >149 X Acts 99 secondary {'~'.
onnolaumte ('IIieen 20) plssUclzer snd
v1scoslty depressant . ~t.
Sandin I!IJ (l"1lDm9tear1n) SaRIaz X 0. H). 5 XXX X 'I~ .
Spectrsf 10 7()-126-1 Ibsemr X Yes XXX X ~.
(glyoerlde mixture)
1Wksm1 85 (th1oether) "'lay IJqu1d X X Also sets ss
plssticizer
FR>RUErAllY
...... Addarooa It!rlx X 1:63 XX X XXX X X X X X lblyacetstes
" X 0.05: 0.25 XX X XXX X X X X X lblyacetstes
W
Aida Itt; Glya> X X Yes 0.S-2.0 XXX X X X
Aida U; Glya> X X Yes 0.S-2.0 XXX X X X
Aida 16 Glya> X X Yes O. S-2.0 XXX X X X
Anstsc H ChmIcal Dev. lJqu1d X Spray 99 XX X XXXX X )( X X lblyacetstes
receIved
Anstsc :1M ChmIcal D!v. X Spray as XX X XXX X X X X X lblyacetates
receival
AntHog/Antistatic !IX; It!rix LiquId X XX X XXXX X X X X Iblyacetstes
Antista t 61 Inzer X X 0.H).5 X X XXX X X
Antistat 68 I'fizer X X X X XXX X X
.1 Antlstatic Agent 575 ItJugIttm X Spray. XX X XXXX X X X X lblyacetates
Antlstat1c OJatl~ 1412 OJatll1! SystBlB As received XX X XXXX X X X X X X Iblyacetates
Antistat 1c Spray lT1ce-i1r1scoll X Spray as XX X XX X X X X X X Iblyacetates
received
, (Continued)
I
I
i
.j
,
I
-------
Antistatic ~
HIOHUErARY (er Code)
!!1!1E!!!!!!!.12 13 ~~~g!!
xxx
x
( ~ .
l
,i
;~~ .
--,
I~,,.
CamI!lts sod
Other l'olyuers
I.,
"~'t ."
.' I
'1;
.~I. ~
x X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X lb1yscetates
x
x
x
x
X
X
XX X .x
XX X
XXXX
X xxx
XX X XXX X
XXX
XXX
Xxx
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X X
X X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X
lblyscetates
lb1yacetates
lblyacetates
(Continued)
-------
" .
r
l
[
Y
t. :.
\
TABLE A-2 (Continued)
IIeltlns
Mot
; (Boiling Flash ~cal Applicability to R>1)'IIIU 1)pe
Application Mnt) R>1nt Fm OJncentratfoo. (See First Pase of Table for Ibd>er Code) O:mDents snd
Antistatic Agent ltuufscturer FOnD Internal External ~ "C. (QJC)S ~ % !!1!1E!!!Q!!''!!Q~~~£ 18 Other Fol)'IIIUS
ft()8UETARY (!bntirned)
Ibrkstat AL-15 Arp X 3.0-7.0 X
Ibrkstat AS-20 Arp X Yes 1.0-3.0 X X
~ ! Kerb Anti-5tatic 179 "'rix Uquid X Indirect 1.0-50.0 XX X X X X X R>lyacetate9
lyacetate9
"'rix Anti-5tat1c I7'kJL "'rix Uquid X Yes 5. 0-100. 0 XX X XXX X X X
O:mcentrate X 0. 5-3.0 XX X XXX X X X
Herix Anti-5tatic 179 "'rix Uquid 1.0-100.0 XX X XXX X X X X X R>lyacetate9
(special la# sodlun)
Herb Anti-5tatic I7'H>L It!rix Yes 1.0-1.6 XXX X X
(sp!dal 10w sodi...)
~ Kerix 100 Gillon Wash "'rix X 1.0-99.0 XX X XXX X X X X X R>lyacetate9
.....
lJ1 !bncentratel: 100
Kerlx!IX (see Ant1statl "'rlx
Antilog)
;
Kerix Hold Faae Coocen- "'rix X 1.0-10.0 XX X XXX X X X X X R>1yacetate9
tmte lOt X 0.1-0.5 XX X XXXX X X X X R>lyacetatea
"'rix Wipe !bncentrate Herlx X 1.0-50.0 XX X XXX X X X X X R>lyacetates
"..,..
H1chel JD-24 H1chel X 0.2..().5 XXX X X
.,
M1chel JD-85 H1chel X 0.2-0. 5 XXX X X X "
Hichel JD-I08 H1chel X 0.2-0.5 XXX X X X ,
I.
..
Hold Wiz Internal 338'. Axel X Indirect 0.1-5.0 XX X XXXX X X X X X
Hold Wiz or Axel X 0.1"()'2 X XXX X X '~,
Hold Wiz OCZ Axel X 0.1 X XXX X X X ~.
tegaDel AL-5 C-H. X 1.0-10.0 X
!tJpc<>statl6 Dlmonl 91aorodt X X 0.1-1.0 X XXX X X X X R>lyacetates
" J
. ~ j (Continued)
" j
~\
;
-------
TABLE A-2 (Continued)
Helting
R>1nt
(BolliqJ Flash 'l)p1cal t.ppUcabUity to R>I}'11er Type
Applicatlon R>lnt) R>1nt FD\ Oxn!ntmtion, (See First Pa&e of Table for IUItJer Code) QJaments and
Antiatatic Agent lliuufacturer FOIID ~~ ~ "C, (ax:)S ~ % !!.!~1!L!! 10 !!.!!!!!! 1516 £!! Other Pol}'11ers
lBJlRIETARY (Qmtlrned)
Ibpcostat 092 Dl.8IIIJRI 9>amrock X X o.H.O XX X XXX X X X X X R>lyacetates
'. , Ibpcostat 2152P 0.1-1.0 R>lyacetates
j DI.8IIIJRI 9>amrock X X xx X XXX X X X X X
I
10053 FE HI! ~ X Yes 2. (}-4. 0 XXX
10069 FE lIB lcJpIcet X Yes 5.0-10.0 XXX
:j
10257 PI' lIB ~ X Yes 5.0-10.0 X
,I llI366 COP lIB hlpcet X Yes 5.0-10.0
"'1.
,) Parabollir-loo !tom liquid X 1.0-10.0 XX X XXX X X X X X R>lyacetates
,"
l'egosperse un. Gl)'Co X Indirect 0.1-1.0 X
;
Pepperse 400tS Gl)'CO X indIrect 0.1-1.0 X
.....
"'-I 0.1-1.0
0\ Pepperse l500tS Gl)'CO X XXX X
..
ID-l Rq:ers Anti- X X Yes Dllutlon 4: 1 XX X XXX X X X X X R>lyacetates
" g;atic 'I'M
,
R!H:I Ibgers Mtl- X X Yes lllutlon 4: 1 XX X XXX X X X X X R>lyacetates "
Static '.
i
-.1 RD-9 Rqp.rs Anti- X X Yes OUutlon 4: 1 XX X XXX X X X X X R>lyacetatea r
Static ,Ir-""
RO-ll Ibgers Mtl- liquid X Yes
Static
j ID-20 Rqp.rs Anti- liquid X XXX XXX XXX X X X X X X X X X R>lyacetates \
i Static
,I
I RIH!8 9Jgers Mtl- liquid X Yes Antlfog
,
,1 Static
,:. I
"J San11nW SImbz !bUd X Yes (PIC) 1.0-1.5 X X X X Ca1el¥lered PIC
.., .
:: :~ !btex XU IbrllJn X X 0.1-1.0 X X X X X
'..::4
. :"1
::,1 Sp>c Kleen 0Ieulca1s X As receIved XX X XXXX X X X X R>iyacetates
,'
-------
, TABLE A-2 (Continued)
Heltlng
ftIint
(Boiling FlaIiI 'lWical Applicability to ft>lymer 'l)pe
i Applicat100 ftIint) ft>int FD\ Ibncentration. (See First PagI! of Table for Ii.aber Code) Caments and
Antiststic Agent Itowfacturer Form lntemsl ~ ~ "C. (ax:)5 Sanction Z !!E1~.!.!!.! 10 !!.l2 Q!!~~Q~ Other ft>lymers
: ! 8IJHIIErARY (Ibntlrned)
Statexan IJ IblDy X 50 0-10. 0 X
Statlc1de Mslytical lyacetates
Ve1V0111ine A'IS (aqiDteric) Refined OIyx X 0.1-1.0 X XXX X X X X X X
I-'
-...J XLI>-l 136-F 1 Ibrtech 4.0 Film
-...J
naG\NlCS
Carbon bJack 24-40
&>Ud X
Allllli.... Uakes &>Ud X 10-25
Uth1\ID chlorioo &>Ud X 614
",
F1nt (Bo111'11 ft>1nt): d D decmpos1t1on beg1ns at this teq>erature.
5 Rey to Flash ft>1nt: ax: - Cleveland I¥n (bp.
~ .,
" .I
-------
1
-1
,
j
oj
"
,
° I
TABLE A-3. BLOWING AGENTS AND OTHER ADDITIVES FOR FOAMED PLASTICS
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS WITH POLYMER APPLICATION
j
.1
1
,;
BoIUng fulnt \Be Ibluae GIs AppUcabiUty to fu1yaer Type (tbIi>er Coded Below)
lb1ecular ~ltloo Range, ProWced Flash Mol:.
Blowing Afftnt/Foam lbdlf1er ~ fulnt. "Ct "C ml/~ "C. (ax:)1 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 11 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Cauomts
8IYSICAL IIUIIUi: AID«S
Acetone [0Ip:nt3) 58.1 56.2 365 -9.4 X
Air n/a X
Am1Dn1a [NI3) 11.0 -33.4 n/a 651 X
(autolgJ1ltes)
Benzene [CdI6) 18.1 80.1 324 -11
Cat:OOn dlaxlde [O>z) 44.0 -18.5 n/a X X X X
DlchlorodlfhDrmethane
[see Freon (2)
1.2-i)ic:h1Droethane [C101plj:l) 99.0 83.5 310
...... Dlchlorooethane [see Hethy lene
" O1loride J "
CO
Ethyl a1colDl [CjI~) 46.1 18.3 491 13
Freon 11 [Trlchlorofluormethlne) 131.4 23.8 261 N>ne X X X X X X X
FroonllA X
Freon 118 [TrlchlorofhDrmethaneJ 131.4 23.8 261 X X X X X X Hln1m1zes acid fORIBtfDn
in urethane !
Freon 12 [DlchlorodlfhDrooethane) 120. 9 29.8 Ibne X X X X X X X
Freon 22 X X
Freon 113 [1,1. 2-tr1chlorotrlfhDro- 181.4 41.6 261 Ibne X X X X X X
ethane), [ClpIX:lF2)
Freon 114 [Dlchlorotetrafluoro- 110.9 3.55 N>ne X X X
ethane). [C1;PIF3)
HJIE: 1 - kryUc Resl",; 2 - krylonltrlle-!!utadlene-5tyrene; 3 - Alkyd Resl..,; 4 - hn1no Resl..,; 5 - F.nglneering Thel1lDplastlcs (lblyph>nylene Oxlde and fulyph>ny1ene Sulfide); 6 - Epoxy Resl..,;
1 - Fluoropol}'1D1!rB; 8 - R1emUc Resins; 9 - fu1y.u:etals; 10 - fulyamlde Resl..,; 11 - fulylutylene; 12 - fulycarbonate; 13 -lUgh (E..,ley fulyethylene; 14 - URear lDw (E..,ley fulyethylene;
15 - lDw (Emlty Iblyethylene; 16 - 1b1yethy1ene Threphthalate/lbly1uty1ene Threphthalate; 11 - 1b1ypropylene; 18 - 1b1ystyrene/ t
:i
.
:.: ~
o:!
": :~'1
c', 'I
,: I
. .\
," .I
. ~
. !
, j
. '.~'.!
(Continued)
..
, ,
-------
'1
, TABLE A-3 (Continued)
j
i
8oil108 Point lIie \b1UJe a.s Applicability to Poiyuer Type (See First Page of Table for IbIi>er Code)
Iblecu.lar ~ltlon RaI1Ie, I'ro' 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 0:mIetts
."
Hl'lSICAL lIIDffi(; A!»aS (Omtlwed)
Froon HE [Blend of Freon 11 1 102.7 24 X X X X X X
n-Heptsne (CH3(0Iz>11I31 100. 2 98.4 206 -4 (closed
cup) I'.
n-llexane [CH3(CH2)4CH31 86.2 68.7 212 -23 X X I
I '1~
I
j lsopentane [2......thylbutane I, 72.2 27.9 ...1j7 X ~"
! ~
,'! [(CH3);PDI:PI31
;i Isopropyl alcdnl [CHj1I(OO)CH31 60.1 82.3 378 15
- -,
,-' Isopropyl eth!r 102.2 67.5 198 -18
:j X
,
K-11 [See Freon 111
'.!
, ~hylene chloride [CHzC121 84.9 40.0 404 X X
"
.....
" HI trogen [HzI 28 My nla X X X X X X X X
1.0
n-ft!ntane [CH3(CH2>j1I31 72.2 36.1 216 -49 X X
'lblume [C(#I.p131 92.1 110.6 294 4
Trichloroethylene 131.4 87.2 330 Ible
TrichloroflwraIEttone [see Froon
111
TrichlorollEthme [!h1oroforml, 119.4 61.7 342 Ibne
[OCl31
1,I,2-Trlchlorotriflwroettone [see
Freon 113 J
1 \/ater [Hill 18 uno X X X
(]It}{lCA!. lIIDffi(; A!»aS
AnmxI1l1D bicarbonate [Nlt/D>31 79.1 36-fJO 850
AnmJnlllD carbonate 114.1 55-f>O 98J X X X
[(NI4>1ID3'NlpDNI41
(Continued)
,- ,
i
,
~ 1
-------
/
/
;
i f.
. I
,
TABLE A-3 (Continued)
.''''
Boiling I\>int UIe Iblum lymer Type (See First Page of Table for IUJiJer Code) !~ ,.
It>1ecuJar n.caIpJSition RaI1IJ'. l'r'oWce:I Flash !\>lot.
Blcw1ng Af!1!!nt/Foam It>cI1f1er ~ 1\>1nt, "Ct "C ml/1!PiJ "C. (CD:)I 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 11 1B 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 CamI!nts 'i
;Ir-t
aJa«CAL BUJIIII: AIEfi'S (Qmtlmed)
:~.. ~ :\ II
1.1'-.\zob1scycilent 125 X
00
0 (1.uce1 1-.\zo J
.. 2-ButyIazo-2-methOX¥-s-m.thy1pentane .Imb1ent -:zor. X
. ~ (1.ucel 135 J
Ce10gen (]I [Proprietary hydrazide) 199 111-232 X X X X X
Ce10gen 111'-500 (Itxl1f1ed hydrazine 249-211 18:>-220 X X X X X X X X
deri vatl ve J
Cel""", 111'-550 [llydraz1ne 288 260-343 230 X X X X X X X X
: i der1vatl lie)
Ce10gen XP-100 [aJUony1 hydrazide 110 Ibt X X
type) reported
Citric acid 192.1 X U>ed with 1OIIXJ3
(HOC(CHjDil)P¥)
Dlazoamlnobenzene [1, :HJ1pheny1- 191.2 100 90-100 113-115 X X X O:Iuses severe staining
trlazene)
N,N' -di-t:-bJtylazoblsfonmmlde 110
N, N' -di-n-decylazobls fonmmide 145
(Continued)
-------
.
I
"j
. j
I TABLE A-3 (Continued)
: ~ j
: .1 801 Ung fu1nt \.lie Ibhmo Q,s AppUmblUty to ful)'llEl" Type (See First Pase of Table for IbJiJer Code)
:1
""j ltlleculsr IB:~1t1on RaI1g!!, I'nxb:sI F1ash fulrC:,
Blowlng Awm/Foam ItJdifler ~ Point, "Ct "C ml//PJ .C, (ax:)1 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 11 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 ~
"". J aeIICAL JIl(IIllI; AWIIS (Qmtimed)
. :1 N, N' -iJini troso-N,N' -d1JJethy ltere- 105 SHOO un x x x
-1 phtha1sm1c1e (N.N'-dinEthy Hi,N' -
, din1trosoterephtha1smicle). (NDlJ
]
Dinit:rosopentaaethy1enetetram1ne 195 1:»-190 265 x X x X
Diphenylsulfon-3, 3'-dioolfonyl 148 120-1:1) 110 X
hydrazide
N, N' -iJiphenylszoblsformmde 111
Ethylene carbcnste (OC(W2)2) 121r200
Explrdex 150 (5-p/Enyltettazole 343-360 345-355 200 X X X X X
analog)
Expandex 115 (5-p/Enyltetramle 382-388 382-388 X X X X
t-' analog)
00
t-' Fleel AF-100 230-260 125 X X X
1faDTec3SO ~ 135 X X X X X X X X
IfaDTec 500 X X X X X X X X
II-Nltr~ 230 X X
Nltropore A'D\ 121-199 200 X X X X X
N-Nl trourea 158-159
0xamIc acid (lfIpmII) 89.1 214 X
p,p'-Qxybls(benza1e suUonyl 164 12()-160 125 X X X X X X X X X X FD\ spproved
\ h)'drszlcle) (OBSH)
p,p'-()xyb1s(benza1e oolfonyl 215 143-145 X X X
sem1mrIsz1de) (IIIOC)
5-ibenyl tetrsztne 232 24()-250 200 X X X
5-ibeny 1 tetramle 249 232-281 22Q X X X X X
(Con tinued)
-------
.j
-1
;
.)
j
J
j
i
1
I-'
CO
N
Blowing AgenJ:/Foam Ibdifler
OIOO:CAL II1.CAIIR; A!»fi'S (tassl... tDrohydr1de [llot ISe
lecaJpJsttlon Ra118!',
!\:>int, "ct "c
IbluiJE OIs
I'rodJced
ml/gaS
500 1660
210-220 !X)
423
100-11,0 hnblent 267
- 11,0
300 hnblent 2370
- 100
148 110
103 100-106 120
235 204-260 146
2~ 250-320 175
App11cability to !\:>lyuEr Type (See First Page of Table for IbIb!r Code)
Flash Mot,
"c, (ax:)1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Cameu:s
x
x X X
X X X X X X X
XXX X X X X X X
X
X X
XX X X X X X X X X X X X tbnstain1ng
X X X X X X
X X X
x X X
x X X
x X X
x X X
x X X !Bed with dln1trosopenta-
ID!thy lene tetramire
X X X
x X X
(Continued)
-------
,
,
,
;
" I
i
, I
't
',1
1
i
~
. ~ "
" I
'1
;,j
: I
'\
, 1
" i
'j
i
,'/
. . ~
. 1
. !
, .
......
00
\..<.)
8lowing At!/!td/F0B11I Hodif1er
JIl(JffiI; AIm[ CATAL'Bl'S (OmtiIU!d)
Interstab ABC 6
Interstab ABC 7
Interstab Aile 18
Interstab ABC 50
IbJstabe Y-1530 (Zinc-lBsed
acthator)
RIA
Zire ox1d!
SlIU'N::J'ANIS
SILmH!S
n.bco (sUIcone, tetraethylene-
dlaml.ne )
D1aethy1sIUcone oU
~ 1~ (sU1cCOl!'1!l)'1'ol J
Dow 192 (sllicone-g1)'1'OlJ
Dow 193 (sIlicone J
Dow 194 (slUcCOl!'1!l)'1'OlJ
Dow 195 (sllicone-g1)'1'OlJ
Dow 197 (sl1Icone-g1)'1'Ol J
Dow 1250 (slliCCOl!'1!l)'l'Ol J
Dow 1251 (slliCCOl!'1!l)'l'OlJ
Dow 1252 (sUlcone-g1)'1'Ol )
Dow 1253 (sllicone-g1)'1'Ol )
It:>1ecu1ar
~
8oIl1og I\:>lnt
18:"""",ltlan
I\:>1nt, "Ct
TABLE A-3 (Continued)
\Be
~,
"C
Iblulle GIs
l'mcb:ed
ml/~
Applicability to I\:>lymer Type (See FIrst Page of Table for IUIiJer Code)
Flash 1\:>1nt.
"C, (
-------
"
'./
':./'"
",,:j
" j
1
i
1
......
00
.J:-
Blowing Apptt/Foam IbI1fler
~ (OInI:lwed)
IbI 1254 (s1Ucooe-glycol. I
IbI 1312 (sll1cone-glycoll
IbI F-l1630 (slUcone-glycoll
G. E. ~255 (slUemel
Tegostab B 3640 (s1l1cme1
Tegostab B 4113 (slUemel
lhion Carbide L-520 (slUemel
Won Carblde L-532 (slUemel
Ihion Carblde L-540 (slUemel
Ihion Carblde L-546 (slUemel
Won Carblde L-548 (slUemel
1h1on Carblde L-5SO [slUemel
lhion Carbide L-562 (sll1cme1
Won Carblde L-53a2
lhlon Carbide L-5300
Won Carblde L-5305
lhion Carbide L-5307
lhion Carbide L-5340
lhion Carblde L-53SO
1h1on Carb1de L-54l0
lh10n Carblde L-5420
lhion Carblde L-5430
tt>lecular
~
Boll1ng fulnt
t8:CllpJSltion
fulnt, "ct
TABLE A-3 (Continued)
\lie
R8¥.
"c
Iblune Ihs
Pro
-------
I - -
.'
.1
'i
;
Blowing Af!1!nt/Foam IbIifier
SD.la:N!S (OII1I:irned)
lh10n Carbide L-56l2
inion Carbide L-5710
IhIon Carbide L-5nO
Ihlon Carbide L-6202
Ihlon Carbide LC-5613
Ihlon Carbide Y-64O'Z
inion Carbide Y-6454
Slm'ACOOaS
HLnliAII!IXS
......
CO
VI
Atr Prod IJ{-221 [o~1c auJne)
Atr Prod IJ{-)22 (aU o~ic:)
Atr Prod IJ{-443
fbp1col 12 [sod1\JD alltyl sulfate)
Ethylan 'IC [mdne ethylene oxide)
Ethylan 100 [fatty mdne ox1de)
InteN!t 212 [oon-im1c ester)
Zonyl PSIl [flwl'OSUrlac:tant)
7JJnyi FSB [flwl'OSUrlac:tant)
7JJny 1 m: [flwl'OSUrlac:tant)
Zonyl FSJ [flwl'OSUrlac:tant)
1nnyl FSN [flwl'OSUrlac:tant)
7JJny I FSP
lb1ecu1ar
~
Boiling fuint
I8:aJp>sltlon
fulnt, "ct
TABLE A-3 (Continued)
UIe
~,
"c
Iblune (ha
I'roer Code)
Flash fulnt.
"c, (ax:)'
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
~
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Car-pet bJcldng
Obr control
Obr control
x
x
Anionic:
ibId release
ibId re1eaae
Anionic:
O>noslon idlibltor
O>noolon idlibltor
(Continued)
-------
:: :,;.'
.'
. /
j
. j
1
!
.....
(XI
0\
Blaodng Ai!/!nt/Foam ltxIifier .
IIDEA1'IIC M»Il'S
Adipic Acid
Benzoic Acid
Calclun carbonate [OI!D)I
Silica [S1~1
Sodiun sU1coflwride [NI~61
'nile
FIXJIIOIES:
It> 1ecuIar
~
Boil108 I'blnt
~ltJon
Mnt, .ct
146
265 (1.3 "
lri' P.l)
TABLE A-3 (Continued)
U3e
Ralfl',
"c
\bhlll'! o.s
IbdJced
ml/guS
Applicability to I'blymer Type (See First Page of '!able for Ibmer Code)
Flash I'b1nt,
"c. (ax:)'
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
196
x
Caments
m.y for Bolling l'bint!DecmplllitJon I'bint: '!be boiling poInt Is giwn for tIE physIcs! blowil1l ~s. 'lbe ~ltJon point in aIr Is given for tIE chemical blaodl1g ~s.
122
249.2
121
x .
~y for \bIune o.s Procb:ed: nla - not applicable; tIE blowing "IJ!Rt is a fi!IS at roan teop!mture. 'lbe wlune of fi!IS procb:ed for tIE liquid physIcal blowing aget1I:s is tIE wiume
at the chemical's boiling point assuning the chemical behaves as an ideal fi!IS. 1he wlune for the chemical blowing agents is tIE wlune upon total decaJt>os1tlon.
lvey for Flash I'bint: ax: - Clevelanl ~ 0Jp.
100. 1
60.1
x
x
x
x
-------
TABLE A-4. CATALYSTS FOR THERMOPLASTICS POLYMERIZATION
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS WITH POLYMER APPLICATION
Bolling
Ibint
(HeltiI1! Use in 1berDl>plast1cs'
I Formt Solubility Ibint) w:rl
Catalyst ~ GILls Water AlaJInl ~- ~ ~ ~ I'll R: we IIII'E flIT PR>!! Process CaIIuents
Acetic Add (OIjXXI11 L Miscible Miscible Soluble 118 X Oddati"" c:wpli~ UIed with I'I:D2
, Acetic Amydrid> L Miscible Miscible Soluble 139.9 X X Mlitloo pol}'lll!rlzatloo Cocatalyst."..y be used
..
. «OIjD)i'1 with 181\
'
N*etylcapmlactam X Addition polymerlzaUon Cocatalyst
i
Acetyl p'rchlo
-------
. ;
.J
1
TABLE A-4 (Continued)
.' ~
8>int
(IteltiJ8 Use in tbenIIIp1astial'
ronllt SoJuId.l1ty 8>int) w:rl
Catalyst ~ G/LIS Water Akahol ~ ~ All II:. 81 R: WR 11M! !!! PfO pp Process CamI!ots
!
I Bie( trip1e1ylsllyl) 5W2.Al:PJ X x :
chraIBte «(C(IIY3 S10z x x
Sf.O)~)
Ibr1c kid IHjD») S Soluble Soluble Soluble (iQleter- X Addition iW"""rizatJon
1Iinant)
Boron trifhDride IBF3) Soluble ~ -l0l X ..
.J Boron trUluoride X
."j dihJty1ethemte
Ibron trifluoride 126 X
etlErate IBF3°lyiuerization
~ :.~: 1 p-sihlte
..
cene S10z X X
I(C~5):P")
Ov:anfc kid ICtOJ) SiOz S Soluble Soluble (196) X X ~1c1e fom "'y be IIDIif1Ed with T1
S10z.Al:P3 X X or 81'8 phase or F
.. . 1
, .
';'
!
(Continued)
.,
..
..
-------
. ~
.j
,
. ,
. !
;
i
, .
i
'J
i
, i
.1
,
j
'J
1
: !
,;
..I
-!
. !
".J
.. i
"I
. ,
","J
..j
. !
~ '.
" ~
.1
.1
1.
rA.~lyst
0IraIff1 chloride
[CrOpzl
Q)bslt s:etate
[z,UClI
D1lU:yl a1uzdJuD chloride -
[Al(ct}LJ)zCll
Dlethyl. etlDly a1uzdJuD
[AlR~1
D1ethyl z1n:: [ZnEtzl
D1-(Z~1 bonEal)
chramte
TiCl)
Alp)
S1Oz.1\jJ
¥ ani/or ClIO
TtOz
CaS(R)4) III
~lene
S10z
S10z
TABLE A-4 (Continued)
FOM
eM ~
SolubUity
Alcchol
Bo1l1qj
Ibint
0teltiI1I
Ibint)
~
Benzene
L
116
IIea::ts
s
Soluble
Soluble
s Slfght 14~
(430)
S Soluble Soluble (620)
S Soluble Induble (32O(d» x
Use iIi' 'Dienop1ast1cs'
w:r/
AM !f. 81 !'£ !!!!!. IIIH\ 1m' pro fP
Process
~
lblyethy1ene
x
Fster 1nterI:hange
l£T
Stanlanl Oil process
x
OddaUve COJPlli'I
Coc:atalyst wl.th
al1Ji1at!c mdnes
VInyl s:etste p>l)'lll!rl-
zation used wl.th ftI
Addition p>lymrlzstion
Coc:atalyst
x X
L ZOll X x Used wl.th llCl4.
l1Cl) or \Cl)
X Cas phajIe
X X
X X
x X X X (hs Ji1ase
X
X
Used wl.th orgsn1c
d1raIates
L
Soluble
118
X
X
Cocatalyst for 1IDle::ular
weight cantrol
X
Coc:atalyst wl.th trBn91-
t10n uetal ~
(Continued)
-------
. ..
TABLE A-4 (Continued)
Bo1UJ1l
R!1nt
(Helt~ Use in 'D1enmplast1cs'
Fonut Solub11ity R>1nt) w:r/
Catalyst ~ G/LIS Water AlcdIol Beozeoe ~ ~ ~ !!. !£ ~ !!!!!. 8IT !!!!.!! ~ CamI!nts
D1( trlphenylslly1) S10z X
chraJBte
Et~1 asgnesiuD bmDI.de L X
Ferric a:ety1 a:etonate S Slight a:.ld>le (17!H.81) x Fster 1nterdlange an! lET
[Fe(21 po1ymer1zattnn
leal d1mdde [~I S Insoluble Insoluble (2~d» X OIddaU\Ie COJpUng liIed with a:et1c a:1d
leal ax1de [1'101 s Insoluble Insoluble (888) X Fster tnterdlange ani 8>r
po1ymertzattnn
Lith1... a:etBte X Fster 1nterdlange lET/PBT
[LiC:.cH:P21
Litbl... 1Mutax1de X
Litbl... carbcoate S SIJgk ~ aUght (618) X
(Li 1»31
LithiUD ~r1de [L1HI S !li!calp>ses Insold>le (6111) X Interfscla1
HagJ-esl... [Hgi S Insoluble (650) X
HagJ-esl... a:etBte S a:.luble a:.luble (323) X X Fster 1nterdlange an! lET/PBT
1I\I(00DI3)21 polymeri...tJon
(Continued)
-------
i
,
,
j
> 1
1
"J
"\
"I
1
.1
. . ~
TABLE A-4 (Continued)
Bolli.
ft>Jnt
(HeltiqJ Use In 1bemDp1astics'
Formt 'Solubility R>1nt) w:rl
Catalyst ~ e/LIs Water Akdcl 1IeOZiD.-- ~ NlACffi R: WH: IIH: fBT 1'1'0 pp Process Caments
---
Hagnesll1D d1d1lorim s Soluble Soluble (JaI) X X Oxatalyst for oleUns
(If&Cl2) Uicoown X ItIy be used with TlCl4
HagnesillD hydroxide Uicoown S lery sllg/Jl: Very slight (35O(d» X Oxatalyst used with
~(QI)2) Tl<:l4
H>gpesll1D hydroxych1orim Uicoown X Hay set "" cocatalyst or
(Hg(QI)Cl) support
HagnesillD oxide S Sllgl1t (28X1) X
HagnesillD sulfate Uicoown S Soluble Sparingly (lU4(d» X
1~4)
~ a::etate S S:>luble Soluble (II) X Fster interchaI1!i!" w:r/PBT
~ [}tt(Cjlj>z)2)
", \0
': . ...... Itangoses Q!caq>oses 165 X Addition polymerization Cocatalyst
(C(II1ID)
IhenyHI-piEnyl benz- X AdtLtIDl polymerizatOO Oxatalyst
lmldoether
IbJsP»ric acid L HLsdble HLsclble 261 X Additlon polymerization
(HjU4J X Trsnsesterlflcation
X
(Continued)
-------
.,
.? ;
.:j
:1
TABLE A-4 (Continued)
1
.' i
I
.1
,
)
. I Batl1qJ
I\>1nt
(HeltiqJ Use in 'D-emIJp1astics'
Fomt Soluhility ftdnt) ml
Catalyst ~ e/LIs Water Akohol Benzene ~ ~ N; I'B R: WH ~ I'BT Pro pp Process QmJeIts
lttassluu carbJnate S Soluble Insoluble (891) X Interfacial
(KiDJl
" futasshlll ferrocyanide S Soluble Slight X UIed with a>balt salts
'
(Kj'e(OQ6I
-. Ibtasblll trqtenyl X
uet:1Dx1de
!yr1dlne (f(QI)4'r1 L Soluble Soluble Soluble 115.5 X Oxidatl lie COUPling
. , X Solut1m pol)'lll!rizatioo
- {
Sod.blll acetate S Soluble Slight (324) X
..' (teCzH1>21
Sod.hm capm1actM X . Addition pol)'lll!r1zatiDn
t-'
\0 Sodl... carbonate S Insoluble (851) X
N
(NliDJl
Sodl... hydride INlHI S Insoluble (lIXJ(d» X . Addlt1m pol)'lll!rizatiDn
Sod.hm hydrox:1de (Nl()11 S Soluble Soluble (318) X X Addlt1m pol)'lll!rizatiDn
Sod.hm hypoph:>sjirl.te S Soluble Rlrt1a1ly X Addlt1m pol)'lll!rtzatiDn
(NlHzRJ:!1
Sodl... oethox1de S n.caqx>ses Soluble 260(d) X n-"""""terlf1catiDn
(18(1]\31
Stannic chiDr1de L Soluble Soluble 114 X X
(Sra41
&Jlfur1c acId ("~41 L H1sclble Hlsclble 290 X X
(003 in "ill
Tetraallyl zlrmn1uu AlPJ X
(Zr(allyl)41 S10z X X X
Tetrabenzy 1 arsont... X InterfacW
cMoride
(Continued)
-------
!
..1
1
J
TABLE A-4 (Continued)
BoWqj \
lbint
(HeJ.t1qj UIe in ~
Fomlt Soluh1lity lbint)
- Catalyst ~ G/LIS Water A1aiIol Benzene ~ ~!f. I'B R: 11m! ~!!!: Pm pp ~ ~
'D!trabenzyl phosp/l:Jn1uD X 1Inrfac1al
chlort.de
'D!trabenzyl tltanhm Al:P3 X Also h1gIer ol.ef1ns
(TJ.(Cdls)4J
'D!trabenzyl zirconi1m Al:PJ X Also other vinyls
[Zr(CtJ!S)4J
'D!tralUyl ziremate SI.~ S x
(Zr(OC4f9)4J
'D!trabutyl tltadun L 312 X lbl~r1zat1an I'BT
fTilU4J
'D!traethyl tltanhm IHaDoo
t-' (TJ.(OCilS)4J
\0
w
N,N,N' .N'-'IIotrazethyl- L Soluble Soluble 121-122 x Oddatlve cwpliqj CoaItal)'St USEd with
ethy1ened1amlne 2J
'D!t:nll2thylgmn1d1ne L Soluble Soluble 159.-160 X lbl~r1zat1an lET
(Q\3~N::(1II)N(Q\3>2 J
1h1ocarbodmI.de X
Titanhn dichloride Ibne S D!caJp>ses Soluble (475(d» Slurry (bcatal)'St with transi-
('I1Cl2J t1an ..,tal c:aI{IOI.DI.
a~lene-propyl.ene
c:opol~rizat1an
'I1tanhm d1chloride ~«(Et)2 X !Sed with organoalJ.bWuD
diisoprowlate ~«JI)2 x x c:oq>o as Ala 3
('I1Cl2(OPr)2]
'I1tanillD diaxtde (~J ~.Al:PJ s Insoluble Insoluble (1810- X Soll.l;loo
1850)
(Continued)
-------
. .!
I
!
:,' 1
~. "
'j
"
!
Catalyst
, 'Iltani\D 1sopmpylate
(T1(41
'Iltan1\D tetrachlorlcle
['IlC41
......
\0
~
'Iltan1\D tr1chl.orlcle
['IlC!.)1
Triallyl halfiuD bron1de 510z
Triallyl titaniuD bron1de 510z
(T1(allyl)jlrl
Tr1a1.lyl zin:miuD
brau1de
Trlhutyl alun1Jun
[(OIj:II;PI;PI2»)
All
Tricyclo/le>ql alunImD
(Al(Cdl13»)1
~
NIne
'IlOz
~
",(DOC!.
I\!CLzfIeOI
AlP:J
510z
"'(01)2
",(at>2
'IlC!.)
CoO
NIne
NIne
~2
",(0I)Cl
!ta2
IhIcnao.n
510z
",(0I)Cl
NIne
TABLE A-4 (Continued)
Ib~
R>1nt
(Helt1qj Use in 1beruq>last1csl
Fomt 501uh1Uty R>1nt) w:rl
G/LIS Water Alai10l IIeIIzeI1e ~ ~~HlR:welllHl'Bl' l'R) PI' ~ ~
L ~ Soluble Soluble 220 X I1ster 1nt~ ani HIT
p>l)'lllrlzation
L Soluble Soluble 136. 4 X " , X \.lied with organ:xoagne-
X s1... ani s1uolJun
X X X X Slurry ~ for ol.ef1ns
X X X X
X
X X
X X X
X
X
X X QIs phase
X X X X GIs phase . Solution
s ~ Soluble Insoluble (44O(d» X O>catalyst with orgsm-
Slurry alunImD ani msgnes1...
~
X X X X Solution Ethy 1ene;>ropy1ene
CXIpOlymers
X X X Slurry
X
X
X
X X
X
X
Vinyls ani h1gter
olefins
L
X
X
Solution
Oratalyst used wLth
trsns1t1on metal
cropy1ene
CXIpOI)'lDl!rU.stion
Oratalyst with trans1-
tl.on ""tal ~
(Continued)
-------
;
I
I
'j , TABLE A-4 (Continued)
"1
I
j
i
"I
t
" 80~
lbint
(Itelt1qj IIIIe in 1heraDplast1al'
Formt So1ub1Uty lbint) Pl:r/ .
Catalyst ~ G/LIS ~ AlaiIo1 Benzene ~ Nt ~ 1'8 R: WI'E ID'E l'Bl' PR) I'P Procesa ~
Trtethy1 a1uDhun Ib1e L H1sc1ble 1910 X X X X OxatalYBt with trans!-
[(Cl"S>:JUJ "'(00)Cl x x tton metal a>IpJ2 x
'''(00)2 x X
Triethylauine L Soluble S>lmle 89.7 X Interfacial
f(Cl"s)jIJ
Trtethy1 sulfon11D 10dide X Imerfaclal
Trtethylbenzyl IIIIIIDI111III X Imerfaclal
chloride
'l'riisoIttyl a1udJuu 1\10 L 114 X Slurry (bcatalyst with oIpJO-
[«Q!3)iIDI2>.3AlJ "'«(I\)Cl x X. x X transition metal
...... ~Z X J X Also for ethyIme,>ropy-
VI SiOz X 1ene ""POlymers
"'«(1\>2 X
",(2 X
Tc1JiEny1 pImpdne S Insoluble Slf&ht Soluble (79-82) X
Io\mai1uu axytdchloride Ib1e L lZ~17Z \
[\OCl3J lli1uble I8:a>r- X Oxatalyst used with
[1Cl3J poses o~ a>IpJ
-------
TABLE A-4 (Continued)
~
1b1nt
(Helt1l1l Use in 'Iber1IDp1ast1I'
Formt SolubWty R>int) m/
Catalyst ~ G/L!S Water Almhol IIenzeIIe ~ AM!f. 81 R: WI'E IIIR PBT PI'O fP Process CaIIII!I1ts
Zinc chloride (ZrCl2J S S:>luble S:>luble (2~) X
Zinc: fomBte S S:>luble Insoluble X Fste~ 1nten:han&e
(1.n( 1 S Insoluble Insoluble (1975) X Intedaclal
~
Calcl10 odele X Inactivates res1cbl1
chloride
Calcl\ID steatate X Inactivates ~es1dud
chloride
n-Heptane L Insoluble S:>luble S:>luble 98.4 x
[013(012)11131
~drochlo~1c add [11:1 1 G S:>luble . S:>luble S:>luble -85 X x
...... S:>luble SZ.4
\0 Isopropyl alcoIDl L S:>luble S:>luble X X
'" [(0I3)fIDll
Methanol L S:>luble H1sdble H1sclble 64.7 X X X
H1osph>m Acid x X Inactivates ~
catalyst
n-i'ropanol L S:>luble S:>luble S:>luble 97.2 X x
[OIjJI~pil
'fr4h!nyl phJs(ilate X Inactivates ~
catalyst
Wate~ (as stesm) X X X X
FOOOOIES:
ff(ey fo~ Form: G. Gas; L . Uquid; S . S:>Ud.
S~ fo~ Bolling 1b1nt/Helttng 1b1nt: d. lylutylene u,rep.thalste; Pro . Iblyphenylene Odele; PI' . Iblypropy1ene.
-------
TABLE A-5. COLORANTS
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS WITH POLYMER APPLICATION
HaxImo
lea!: \lie '1!!m- Hl.gratl.oo Applicability to l'olymer Type (1bD!r Coded BelDw)SS
Resls- perature Resls- 1bx1c- ChlDrant
Chlomnt Chlor Indext tsnceS ~ tanceI ~ Use Cost tt ~~2~~~2~~~~U13"~~Q~~~~~D~252621
IRlIG\IIIC Pl1JastoolteJ
UtlDpcne Pig. II11te S. 11115 E N B L 2 2 2 1 2 0 2 2 2 2 222 2 2 2 2 1 2 2
[28% ZnS and 12%
BaS04J
......
1.0 Thtant... dioxide Pig. II11te 6, 11891 E N C L 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
"-oJ [T1OzJ
1b1Jastonite [see
Calcl... 51 Ucate I
Zinc oxide [WI Pig. White 4, 71941 F N A L 2 2 2 2 2 222 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 0 2
Zinc sulfide [ZnSJ Pig. II11te 1, 71951 E N A L 2 2 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 2
JILo1a{
Bane Black Pig. Black 9, 11261 E N A H 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
[C-IC&3(F04)2)
Ceramic Black Pig. Black 26, 71494 E N A H 222 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2
Pig. BIad< 28, 11428 E N A H 222 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2
lronOdde Pig. BIad< 11, 71499 F N C L 1 2 2 2 1 2 0 1 0 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 2
(FeO. Fei>31
IIJIE: 1 - AcryUc Resl...; 2 - Acry1cn1trtl.e-i!utadl~yrene; 3 - Alkyd Resins; 4 - IcId.no Resins; 5 - ft1g1neerl. ThenmpJastlcs (lblyp/elyle1e Odde and 1b1yphenyle1e a..1flde);
6 - Epoxy Reslns; 1 - Fluompolymera; 8 - R>emUc Resl...; 9 -1b1yaceta1s; 10 -1b1yamide Resins; 11 -1b1yh11:yle1e; 12 - Iblycarbonate; 13 -111gh D!rBlty 1b1yethyJ.ene;
14 - Unear low n.nslty Iblyethyle1e; 15 -low n.nslty Iblyethyle1e; 16 - 1b1yeste~I1IDpJastlc; 11 - Iblypropyle1e; 18 - Iblystyrene - G!neral 1\1r'pose; 19 - Iblystyrene -
Jnplct ItxIlfled; 20 - Iblyurethme; 21 -l'olyvinyl Acetate; 22 - Iblyvinyl Alcd>ol; 23 - l'olyvinyl o.lorlde - Flexible; 24 - Iblyvinyl O1loride .; Rigld; 25 - IblyvinyUdene
o.wrlde; 26 - Styrene*rylDnltrtle; 21 - Ihsaturated 1b1yester Reslns.
(Continued)
-------
,/
TABLE A-5 (Continued)
HaxiJJum
tEat !Be Tem- Migration Applicability to Polynl!r Type (See First Page of Table for Ibnber Code)SS
Resis- perature Resis- 1bxic- Colomnt
Colorant Color Indext tanceS ~ tance' ~ Use Costtt ~22~2~2~~~~g~~~16QI8~~~~23~2S~~
lIlAC{ (Contirned)
Copper Qu-anite Blsck 2 2 2 2 2
(o..(C<02)2)
ColBlt Black (OJOJ 2
,
BIlE, GIEI!N
HariIG K1'IfPMte
[BaIh04)
(M1~ green)
OIssel ():een (}W)
Qu-3) 7n89
Cobalt Aluninate Pig. Blue 2B, 71346 E N A H 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(blue)
[CoO.AI:.p3)
Cobalt O1r
-------
TABLE A-5 (Continued)
Ihx1III.a Applicability to I'olymer Type (See First Pase of Table for ~ Code)SS
!hit lIIe Tear- ItlgraUoo
Resis- perature Resis- 'Ihx1c- Iblonmt
., Iblomnt ColorIndext tanceS -1:£L t:ant:J ~ Use Costtt ~22~2~2~~~~Ul3141Sl6Q18~m21Un242526~
j
! BIlE, Q!WI
(0Jnt:1nued)
Itfrtle Q-em 2
[CrQ,M addes)
Sha1m'odt (lbUb1NIAl 2
oxides)
TitanillD ~ I!: N H 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1
(blue) [T10z with
OO.Al~)
TitanillD ~ Pig. Q-em SO, 71371 I!: N H 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1
(green)
TitanillD Pi~ts Pig. (keen SO, 77371 I!: N C H 2 222 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(U~ green»)T1Oz
with Nt and CoJ
.....
\0 Ultt'llllBrlne Blue Pig. Blue 29, 77007 I!: N C L 2 2 2 2 2 1 222 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1
\0 (blue) [a.AlS100 J
[Coaplex alllDiruD
sulf0"1l1Ucate pro-
cb:ed by leaUng
Ultt'llllBrlne Q-em in
presence of suUur)
Ultt'llllBrlne Q-em Pig. Q-em 24, 71013 I!: N C L 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2
(green) !APproxi-
DBtely ISA
SltPztil3J
VlIIEr
IbIB1t Uth11D Pig. Violet 47, 77363 I!: N H 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
R10sptBte Pig. Violet 48, 77352 I!: N H 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(lbU 0041
IbIB1t IbosptBte Pig. Violet 14, 773fiJ I!: N H 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
[!b:J(004)2J
Ml~ Violet Pig. Violet 16, 77742 I!: N A H 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2
UlttaOBrlne Violet Pig. Violet 5 I!: N C L 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2
(Coaplex al\l1l1ruu
sulf08iUcate)
(Continued)
-------
TABLE A-5 (Continued)
HaxIma
Heat !lie rem- rU-grat1on AppUcablUty to Po1yu1!r Type (See Fint Page of Table for IUIt>er Code)SS
ResIa- perature ResIs- 1bx1c- O>lorant
Colorant O>lor 1ndext t:anceS ~ tBtrJ ~ Use Costtt ~~2~~~2~~~~U13141516£~~m21~n~25~27
VUIEl' (Qmtlwed)
UltrlJllBr1ne Pl.. Plg. Violet 15, 77007 E N C L 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2
[Coq>lex ahnl....
sulfosIUcate pro-
ked by hosting
UltrBllBr1ne IbeI
at 200-250"1: for 4 ,
days In tie pres-
" ence of aomnillD
,< chloride)
1
i
RED, REIHI!AID!
CsdnllJD Hemay
[lIBroan, red, orange) Plg. Red 113, 7nOl E 325 N T H 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
[CdS aol JIgS) Plg. 3J See Iron OxIde
Iron Oxide (IIBroan, Plg. led 101, 77419 E 200 N C L 1 2 2 2 1 2 022 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
red, ~t red) Plg. Red 102, 77419 E 200 N C L 1 2 2 2 1 2 0 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
[Fe:!>3J
li!n:urlc 9.Jlf 1de
[HgSJ
Iblybhte !kaf1!l'! Plg. !kaf1!l'! 21, 77601 F 200 N T L 0 1 2 2 2 0 2 1 0 0 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
[PbCrt)4.PW. Plg. led 104, 77f1J5
PlH:D4J
(Continued)
-------
TABLE A-5 (Continued)
HaxIm.a
Imt \Be Thar- Hl.gratloo Applicability to Pol~ Type (See First 1'8IIe of Table for IbJtJer Code)SS
Resls- pemture Reale- 'lbdc- -1ybdate ~ Sane 88 1t>1ybdate E JOO N T L 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(rosted) ~
Rat Ocltre (natural) Pig. lei 101, 77491 E 200 N C L 1 2 2 2 1 2 0 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
[Fe~J Pig. Red 102, 77491 E 200 N C L 1 2 2 2 1 2 0 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
Rat lead (synthetic) Pig. Red lOS, 77578
[Pbjl4J
UlttsllBr1ne Red Pig. lei 5, 12490 E N L 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1
[(bq>lex aluulruu
sulf08IUcste pro-
ciJce:! by heating
Ultramr1ne Gceen
st 7(}-2OO°C for 4
; days in presence of
N I£l or by reaction
0 wi th gaseous HlD3
...... st ~r t""""ra-
turel
mull
&.mu: u.t>er (natural) See Iron O>d.de
(Fe:.p3-¥J Pig. Yellow 42, 774'12
Pig. Yellow 43, 774'12
0duI.... S11f1de Pig. Yellow 37, 77117, E 325 N T H 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(,ellow) m99
(CdS am ZnS)
[Cadu1ID Yellow)
Cetamlc B.1ff
(Yellow luff)
[Sb, 'D., Ct 0>dde91
CIrane Yellow Pig. Yellow 34, 77£n3, P 200 N T L 0 1 2 2 202 1 0 0 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
(PbCtQ4) 77fIYJ
CIrane Yellow (heat Pig- Yellow 34 E 300 N T L 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
resIstant)
[PbCtQ4), coate:!
(Continued)
-------
TABLE A-5 (Continued)
HaxInun
lleat \Be Thm- Higratlon Applkabl.Uty to Polymer Type (See First Pase of Table for IUIiJer Code)SS
Resis- perature Resis- 1bxic:- O>lorant
O>lorant O>lor Indext tanceS ~ tance' ~ Use O>sttt ~~2~2~2~~~~U13l4l516Q~~~2lnD~~26~
YI!lliI/ (0Int1rued)
Iron O>dde (yellow) PiS. Yellow 42, 774'». I! 177 II C L 1 2 2 2 0 1 1 2 022 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
[FeP3.»IP)
leai OIramte See 0Ir0ue Yel10w
leai foblybdate
, U axides)
N (Fe, ?n, Ti oxides J
a ani [Fe, cr, U, 9>,
N ?n axides)
Zinc OIramte Pig. Yellow 36, 77955 F II T L 1 1 101 1 0 001 1 102 1 1 0 0
(yellow) [7nCl"04
(cmplex»
IR»I
Ceraulc YeUow (Sb, Pig. Brown 24, 77301 I! II T H 2 2 2 2 2 2 201 1 222 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
n, Cl"Q)
Iron Oxide (bJff, PiS. Brown 6, 77491, F II C L 122 201 1 0 1 222 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
brom) [(FaJ)x. 77492, 77499
(Fepyy) PiS. Brown 7, 77491
Sienna (natural) PiS. Brown 6, 77491 I! II C L 1 2 1 102 1 0 0 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1
[Fei>3) Pig. Brown 7, 77491
n tanlum Pip!nts I! II H 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1
(broIon) [Tl0z with
up to 10% Fe)
[rutUeJ
lluber [FeP3 with PiS. Brown I, 77491, I! II C L 1 2 1 1 0 2 1 0 0 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1
siUca, ahn1na. non- 774'».
gonese axides ani
lime)
(Continued)
-------
TABLE A-5 (Continued)
Ibxtm.o
\eat \.lie Thor- H1gratloo Applkab1Uty to Folyaer Type (See Firat Paj;e of Table for IbJi>er Code)SS
Resis- perature Besis- 'lbnc- (blorant
, (blomnt Color Indext tanceS -.C£L tanceI ~ Use Costtt ~~2~2~~~~~~.U131415~Q~19~21n~~~26~
mG\NIC PICH2rnl
~
Aniline Black Rgo Black 1, 50440 E 1 0 1 0 0 1 000 1 0 1 0 2 2
Bone Black [85% Cs3 Rgo Black 9, rn67 E N A H 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
(R>4)2 sri!
0.00] wi tit 12-23%
C)
Q,rbJn Blsck (furnace Rgo BJsd< 7. 77266 E N A L 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
black) IC)
CsrbJn Black (Iaq> Rgo Black 6, 7n66 2 2
c:arbJn black) [C)
O1amel Black [C)
N Thermal Blsck
a
UJ IIII(Wj
.'
Azolc Brown (Ibmazo) Rgo Brown 25, U5LO E N A H 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2
Rgo IInwt 32 E N A H 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2
Dlsazo - Rgo IInwt 23 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2
BIlE, G!mI
Ahnins lake Add Blue 4, 73015 2 2 2
(Ibmazo)
Cromphtal Bl.., A3I. Rgo 81.., 60, see
Indanthrone
Crooqi1t;tl (keen CF
268-274
2
Dlanlsldene 81.., Rgo n... 25
[Dlsazo) ~
o "]co CH) 0
. ~._.w._. 00 0,_,
. \~-@ @-(
(Continued)
. ,
-------
TABLE A-5 (Continued)
IfaxiDuII
lti!at UIe 'D!m- Higration Applicability to lblyuer Type (See First Page of Table for IbJiJer Code)SS
Resis- pemture Beds- 'Ibx1c- -1IUlfa-
ph!nyl)benzylidene)-
2, Xycld1exadieo-
l-yUdeneHDHlUUa-
benzyl)hydroJdde
8IIIIDI11... Inner salt,
sodI... salt)
FmC Blue 2 Al.ua1rnm Pig. Blue 63, 73015 F C H 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
lBke (food blue 1)
(1rd1g>1d I
N IRJanthrone Bl~ Pig. Blue 64, 68925 200-274 2 2
o 91ade (Anthraqulrone)
.po
IRJanthrone (6,1>- Pig. Blue 22, 69810 E 218 N A H 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 022212"21 1 2 2
dlhydra-5, 9,14,1&-
anthrsz1ne tetrme) 0
(CrcIqt1tlal Blue ~~HO
a)
(."'thraqulrone)
OH~
.
0
Pl.g. Blue 60, 69IDJ F 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2
Nlckel-Azo Yellow Pl.g. (hen 10, 12755 E 190 N A H 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 lit 2 2 1 2 1
(greenl.sh yellow) $-o~:'.~o-S
(1IE1:J11 """,1"" of
p-cl1loroanlUne
caq>led to 2,4-
dthydroxyquinoUne)
HO "C8J ~" OH
Cl CI
(Continued)
-------
TABLE A-5 (Continued)
Ikdmn
!eat \lie 'laD- . Hlgtatloo Appltcab1Uty to i\>lyaer Type (See First Pafp of Table for !UIiJer CocIe)SS
Resis- perature Res1s- 1bd.c- Q,lomnt
Q,lonmt Color lndext tanceS ~ tBDCeI ~ Use OIsttt ~~2~2~2~~~~UQI4~16QI819~21~D~25~21
BUE, <»EI
(Cbntimed)
- t 2
i (ksoet Blue:oR
-,
"(
-I Ibthalocyanlne (blue)
rod Slade Fl.g. Blue 15, 16100, E 21&-200 N A L 2 2 2 2 2 1 222 2 2 2 222 2 2 2 2 2 2
j 14100
gm!R shade Fl.g. Blue 15: 3, 14100, E D2-2OO N A L 2 2 2 2 2 1 222 22222 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
16100
r~~4
~"~-OO
"=g-t .,......
N
0
VI
metal free Fl.g. Blue 16, 14100 E N H 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
r=B-i
~"" "\=0
"(6-"
I'htmlocyanlne Fl.g. ~een 1, 14200, E 200 N A L 1 2 2 2 02222 222 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2
(green) 14100
Ibthalocyanlne
-------
/f
(
TABLE A-5 (Continued)
IEat
Resis-
tanceS
HaxinuJo
UIe Tem-
perature
~
IU.gratlon
Resis-
tsnceI
'Ibx1c- O>lorunt
~ Use Calttt
AppUcsbiUty to 1'olyal!1" Type (See First Pqo of Table for IUDber Code)SS
123456789WliU~"~~"~~ronnn~~uv
---------------------------
Colorunt
Color Indext
BIlE, G!mI
(Cbnt1nued)
PD\ IM\ 1bners (blue, Pig. Blue I, 42595 p H" A H 0 0 0 1 000 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 1 0 0 0
green) (tr1phenyl- PIg. Green 2, 4200> p H" A H 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
""thane, phospln-
~tooDlybd1c sdd)
VIDIEr
Alizarine "'roan PIg. Violet 5, 58>55 E 149 N A H 1'1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0.0 1 1 101 1 1 1 1
(...rooo)
(Anthraqutoone ) 0 OH
rgOO-~H
0 OH
N I!enzi.oWbzolone PIg. Violet 32, 12517
0 Violet (lbmazo ) See It>mazo Red
0\
Carbazole Dloxazlne PIg. Violet 23, 5~19 E 218 N A H 2 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2
Violet PIg. Violet 25, 5~19 2
~:~:~. ,~., '
~2HS Cl
lsoYio lanthrone
Violet
(AnthratuiooneJ
PIg. Violet 33
PIg. Violet 31
Cl
~
~~
Cl
(1ht plW'l'OtJ
1ht Violet 9, 6OC05
218
t~ lor
~j
Cl
(Continued)
-------
j
j
! TABLE A-5 (Continued)
IhxImn
IEat Uie 1m- IUgratioo ApplimbU1ty to PoI,..,r Type (See First I'a8e of Table for IbIb!r Code)SS
Resls- perature Resls- 'Ibx1c- O>lorant
O>lomnt Color Indext tsn<:eS ~ tsnceI ~ Use Costtt ~~2~2~2~~~~UQ~I516g~~~21nn24~26~
VID!Er (Qmtlmed)
Hethyl V10let Plg. V10let 3, 42535 F H" A H 0 1 1 1 101 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
."! Homam Red, blue Plg. V10let 32, 12517 E H A H 101 1 0 0 0 1 222 1 2 2 2 2 2
i shade
Ikscet V10 let :!I. 2
PTHA1bnem Plg. V10let 2, 45175 F H" A H 001 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 001 0 0 0 0
[""",,",tu1gStaID-
1ybd1c acid salt of
bask dye) [Xanthene)
Perr1ndo V10let Plg. V10let 29, 71129 E 316 2 2 2
[Anthraqu1mne J
QJ1nacrldone Red Plg. V10let 19, 16500, E 288-316 H A H 1 1 2 1 1 0 1 1 0 2 2 2' 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(yeUow shade) 46500
N ~
0
-..J
0 H
Qrl.nacr1done (violet- Plg. V10let 19, 16500, E 288-316 H A H 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2
IDlroGn) 46500
1h1oln:1llJ) V10let Plg. V10let 36, 73385 F H H 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
I!J!I)
Allzar1ne Red 8 lake Plg. Red 83, 5IroO
See ItIdder lake
Aluu1,.. lake Plg. IBI ln, 43439: 1 2 2 2
[phthaleln)
AnthraqulJD1e Red Plg. Red 171, 65300 E 2~274 N H 202 2 2 0 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 002 2 2 2
~
0 0
HH2 0
(Continued)
I,I
, i
:
,
i
-------
TABLE A-5 (Continued)
,
.i
, I
IhxInum
Heat lBe Thnr- I6.gratlon Applicab1lity to I'olynl!l" Type (See First l'a8e of Table for IUJiJer Code)SS
Resls- perature Resls- 'lbxic- o,lorant
o,lorant o,!or Indext tsIK:eS ~ tanceI ~ Use Qlsttt ~~2~2~2~~~~U1314~16g~~~~~n~~~27
RED (O:mtlruJd)
Orange RK Pig. Red 168, 59300
See IBt lkal1l"
0
~
0 0
Br
0
Anthraqulmne Red Pig. Red 194, 7UOO
See IBt Red
A:r.o o,B!ensate Red Pig. Red 242 F N H 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Ba Ut"'l (1IBil1lD Pig. Red 49, 15630
red) See U tOOl Red
N
0 Benzlm1dazo1one Reds Pig. Red In, 12521
00 See Ibroazo
[l\mmnent Red IFf) Pig. Red 175, 12513
See Ibmazo
(tt>ooazoJ Pig. Red 176, 12516
See Ibroazo
[l\m1BI1ent
-------
.
1
j
i
I
TABLE A-5 (Continued)
IIOOJuD
Heat \.lie rem- ItI.graUoo Applicald.Uty to Foljlll!r Type (See Firat Pa8e of Table for IbDber Code)SS
Resis- perature lIeIis- 'Ibx1c- CblDrant
Colorant Color Indext tanceS ~ tanceI ~ Use Costtt ~~2~2~~~~~~U13141516QI819~21n23N25~~
RED (Q",Uwed)
B.o.N. Hlroan Rg. Red 63, 15IBJ p 135
(It>noazo)
[Sod1\ID salt of add
dye)
[ oo'~l.'
Ihlorlnated Rlra Rg. Red 4, 12a15 P 135 II" A L 0 0 1 1 101 0 0 0 0 0 0 10221 0 0
(light red)
[1( -2-chloro-4-
Nltropheny1 )am) CI HO
2-Naphtlol) .'.-o...-s
N
0
\0
l"t>mazo) Rgo Red 6
""2 HO
"~.=.-s
CraIIJphtal Scarlet R Pig. Red 166 E 2ID-288 2 2
[Azo)
CraIIJphtal Red DR Rg. Red 144 E 2ID-288 N A M 2 2 1 202 0 0 022 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(DlsazoJ CI
[Dlsazo ConIensatlon ~
Red) "0 OC"" 0 ""
."~.-.~ g-"'~'
Su .. Substituent Grouo
, !
i
!
, ;
, '
i
'j
j
, !
.j
. I
(Continued)
-------
,/
. ."
TABLE A-5 (ContInued)
Haxlnuo
Heat UIe T....- Migration
Resls- perature Resls- 'Ibx1c- (blarant
(blarant ColarIndext tsnceS ~ tsnce' ~ Use (hattt
i RED (Qmtlrned)
I
. j Crooqilta1 Red :II 1'1g. led 177
j [lInthraqullD1e) See AMhraqullD1e Red
.:
Cromphtal Red G Pig. Red 220 218
: [D1sazo)
Crooqilta1 Red G! 1'1g. led 139 218
[Dlsazo)
,
Cromphtal Red :a!S
QcOllDphtal a.b1ne B
D1sn1s1dine (medlllD Pig. Red 41, 21200 F 218 H
roo) ufo OCR)
Uj: U ~ U CU)
N tlu=s a a H=:tJ
i-" ~o .-. ~
0
R
IJlsazo Omlensatloo Pig. Red 144 See
Red QcOIIDphtal Red BR
D1sazo Reds 1'1g. led 146 E N
Pig. Red 166 260-288
Pl.g. led 214
.Pig. Red 220
1'1g. led 221
D1cl1lorobenzldene Red See Fyrazolone Red
FDiC Red 3 AllnllU1l 45430 F
lake (food roo 14)
(2' ,4' ,5' ,7' Tetra-
brom-4, 5,6, 7-1:etra-
cI1loro flmresceln,
disodlun salt J
L
A
c
. Applicability to Po1ya£r Type (See First Page of Table for Ibober Code)SS
i~2~2~2~~~~g1314~16Q~~~~22n~~~~
H
2
H
o
2
1 1
2 1
20200
o 2 2 2
o
o
1 1 1
1 1
2 2 2 2
2 2
o
o
(Continued)
-------
I
1
i
J
1
j
- j
'.i
'\
TABLE A-5 (Continued)
ItWJJ1D
Ole n.u-
perature
.-C£L
l!1gmtion
Resis-
tanoeI
Colorant
Color Indext
Heat
Resis-
tanceS
RED (O>nt.looed)
FD&C IBI 40 Ahairua
lake
16035
E
a.Uolbrdeaux
(IIBroon)
PIg. RBI 54, 14830
F
~'''~J."
Irgazin RBI 2B1J' 1'1.8' IBI 11m E 290
(IsolnloUnone RBI)
1-,) Cl~~'=»Cl
Cl Cl
. ...... Cl 0 0 Cl
......
. .
~ ..~)
OCH)
lake RBI C (Ught Fl8' RBI 53: I, 15585: 1 F 149 N
roo)
(xhloro-2-( (2-
IIydroxy-l-ftlphthl- t~_.~...},
I.enyl)Azo )iMethy 1-
bmzene-sulfonk
sdd, IBrlUD salt)
;
.,
APPUcabiUty to Foljllll!1" Type (See Flnit Page of Table for IUJiIer Code)SS
'JbxI.c- Colorant
~ ~~ttt~~2~2~2~~~~g13141516Q~~~~~~~2526~
C
o
H
N
o
A
L
L
1 2 1 1
o
1 1
10100
10100
1 1
o 1 1 1
011111111
1 2 2
o 1 1 1
I,; I.
I' ~ 1 ~'
I I
I I
I'V(
"
\ "~1.,,
, "{ll
f', ; f,',
I. t.t:
, . ,
',.01"
t,;. ',,l
2 2
1.
1 0
2
o 0
(Continued)
-------
~ ,/'
'./
: "
, i
'"
'.
1
.
TABLE A-5 (Continued)
Colonmt
It1xInuu
ItMI: u.e Thm- Hl.gmtlon
Resis- perature ResIs-
tanceS ~ tsnceI
Color Indext
,J
RED (Contlmed)
Utlnl Red (Ba of
scld dye)
[lbmazo )
[ OO'=~ l-t,
1'18. led 49, 15630
p
121
-]
Utlnl 1tib1ne (No Pig. Red 57, 15850 F 149 N
salt of acId dye)
(bluish red)
[Itmazo) t~'~J'
.. N
! f-'
N
Utlnl ltiblne, Sr 1'18. led 52, 15850 E 218
[Ibmazo)
t~._(}-
!hider IaIce Pig. Red 83, 58XX> F N
(slizarlne mI)
(1, 2-d1hydroxyanthra-
qui..,.,., J [~l'"
-)
ApplJcablUty to PoIyam- Type (See Firat Pose of Table for lUBber Code)SS
1bx1c- Colorant
~ ~~ttt~~2~2~2~~~~UQ~~~Q~19~~n23~~~~
N
o 0 0 0
B
L
A
L
1 0 1 1
A
o 1 1 1
H
o 0 0 0 0
10100
10100
o 0 0 0 0 0
012211111
I,; Ii
t.
I
.
, II
1
I
, '-."
I' r. (
2"
I, ,
\ "I'"
", .{ i
" ~ ~ I
1'1 , ~ I'
I ,h~i,
,
,;.1'
. .
"',II
000010111
1 0
o
1 1
1 0
(Continued)
, '
-------
, .
.; TABLE A-5 (Continued)
.I
It1xiJJan
lEal: \lie 1I:D- /41grat1on AppUcab1Uty to Polyaer Type (See First Pag,e of Table for Ibaber Code)SS
Res1s- perature Res1s- 1bx1c- O>lorsnt
.1 O>lorant Color IIdext taB:eS --.r£L ~ ~ UIe~ttt~~2~2~2~~~~U13~l516Q~~~~~23~~~£
. t
1 RED «bntlooed)
Ibroazo Red (blue and PiS- IW 187 I! N A H 101 1 0 0 0 1 222 1 222 2 2
yellow shade reds) PiS. Red l88, U467 I! N A H 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 122 2 1 222 2 2
PiS- IW 246 I! N A H 101 1 0 0 0 1 222 1 222 2 2
Pig- Red 247 I! N A H 101 1 0 0 0 1 222 1 222 2 2
Pig. Iimazo Red (blue Pig- Red 176, 12515 I! N A H 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2
N sMde red) PiS- IbI 185, 12516
......
W
IB, a. Uthols Pig- IbI 49, 15630 P N A L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 0 0 0
(l4i/1t re
-------
TABLE A-5 (Continued) !
-.. ,
Heat u.e TeD- Hl.gt'8t1on AppUcablUty to FoIJllEr Type (See Pirst: Page of Table for IUJiJer Code)SS r.
,
Resis- perature Res1s- 1bxI.c- Chlomnt
Colorant Color Indext tanceS -.r£L tanoel ~ Use Costtt ~~2~2~2~~10~U1314U16Q~~~21~23~2526~
RED (tlDl Red (bhdsh I'1s. lied 150 P 135-163 N A H 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 222 2 2 2 2 2 2 1
red) Plg. Red 210 P 13S-163 II" A H 2 1 2 1 1 0 0 022 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2
thphtlDl Red Plg. Red 14, 12m P 13S-163 II" A H 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2
(rordeaux shade) I'1s. lied 5, 12490 E II" c H 2 0 0 0 1 222 2 2 2 2 0 1
Na!i>tlDl Red (dark I'1s. lied 23, 12355 P 13S-163 H A H 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 001 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0
red)
NI!;!
OCH) HO CONH~
\Q)-N=N{s)
N~ ~
N NijittlDl Red (Ught Plg. Red 17, 12390 P 135-163 H A H 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 001 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0
...... red) I'1S' lied 22, 12315 P 135-163 H A H 0 1 1 1 101 0 0 001 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0
~
CK) HO COIt1D1 Red (lIBIh.. Pl.s. lied 170 P 135-163 II" A H 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2
red) Plg. Red 210 E II" A H 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2
I'1S' lied 7, 12420 P 135-163 II" A H 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 0 1
Na!i>tlDl Red (yelloor I'1S' lied 9, 12460 P 135-163 N H 2 0 0 0 1 222 .2.2 2 2 0 1
shade)
!tl!i>tlDl Red (yell"" Plg. Red 68, 1525 P 13S-163 N A L 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
."'de red Ca salt)
Ora:et Red }j 2
Pars Red (lIBIhlll to I'1S' lied I, 12070 P 107 II" A L 000 1 101 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 2 1 0 0 0
deep red) HO
¥-
-------
,
j
:,
j
.1
ColDnmt
RI!D (O:mtlmed)
'.
Pernsnent Qumne
IFtC
Penmnent Red 1Ft'
Pernsnent Red BL
.j
Penmnent Red IPf
Pernsnent Red 2B-iIa
Salt (liWtt re:l)
N
......
VI
PemBnel\t Red 2B-a.
Salt (lII'db.ID re:I)
I
i
t
. j
,
.1
1
j
,
Perlmne Red nc
,:
..j
,
1
j
Perlmne Red
[Ant:hmJuimne J
.1
..
.. J
J
J
i
I
,
!
Color Indext
Heat
Res1s-
t.IInnoazo
Pig. Red 115
See ItxDazo Red
Rg. 1BI 149
See Perylfne Scarlet
Pig. Red 171
See It>noazo
Rg. 1BI 48: I, 15865: 1
['~'='~~rl
Pig. Red 48: 2, 15865
f'~'~~}"
llit Red 15
~~~
C c
I \
@=:;c 0 c~=@
Rg. Red 194, 71100
See llit Red
Ibxtnun
!Be Tem-
perature
--1:'EL
F
F
E
TABLE A-5 (Continued)
Hlgratioo
Resis-
tanceI
260
232
204
1bx1c- Colorant
.~ Use Costtt
N
N
A
Iii ,;
AppUcah1Uty to Polymer Type (See First pJ., of ;ble for Ib&r Code)SS
~~2~2~2~~~~121314~~Q~~~~U23~~2627
;, ~(,
II ,,,'.'
:"/1
\' V ~ '
I ; ; ~it
l.h~l,
',. "'.
. ,
9j 'W
L
o 1 1 1
2 1
1 000 0
022212211
L
o 1 1 1
2 2
1 000 0
022212211
(Continued)
-------
TABLE A-5 (Continued)
. il
I,; II
l'
I
.
'Ibx1c-
~
Colorant
Use Costtt
I
I
. , '-'
I' r. be
Appllcab1Uty to Folymer Type (See First ~ ~>~, for IUDber Code)SS
~~2~~~2~~~~1213~15~~4k~21U23~2526~
. \ I 'i II
I.h~il
I
21" l
222
1m!:
Besis-
tanceS
ItlxInuD
\.lie Tem-
perature
~
Il1gmtloo
1Ies1s-
tsnceI
;
.,
\
i
I
Colorant
ColorIndext
j
.,
./
,
'J
,
lIFJ) (Contirued)
ferylene, nitrogen
. free
Pig. Bed 175
tJ.",.i
fery1me \\!naUUon Pig. Bed 123, 1ll45, E 204 N H 222 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2
m40
._~~
0 0 0 0
.j a. -@-OC2H5
N
......
0'1 ferylene Ittroon Pig. Hal 179, n130 232
E N H 222 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
a . CHJ
ferylene Pig Hal U4 E N A H 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 1 l 1 1
ferylene Scarlet Pig. Hal 149, 7U37 E N A H 222 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
j ~HJ
:) a.
'1
J CH] i.
J
) fery1ene It!dluu Bed Pig. Bed 190, 71140 2 2 2 2
.\
./ -@-OCHJ
..1 a.
/
'1
j
j
j
(Continued)
/
!
',,.~
"
-------
,j
, :1
j
i
1
i
1
..
I
j
j
,
i
!
I
I
!
, ,
'/
j
, J
, j
, i
'I
i
:' !
I
;
I
!
N
,....
'-J
. ~
..j
1
. ~
!
I
Colorant
BFD (ent Scarlet :II
lake (blu1sh red)
(It>rdant Red 9 am
Al2(OI)3J
(It>mazo J
PJpcnt Scar1et-l!a
Salt [It>mazo J
Pyranthrone Orange
Pyrazo lone Red
(yell"" shade)
(Dlsazo J
Color Indext
I'1g. let 60, 16105
ici-~=.~SO) 'J'
I \ @ 8.+2
l 50]-
Pig. Bed 60: 1, 16105: 1
See Plg. Scarlet :II
I'1g. let 197, 59710
Pig. Bed 197
Plg. let 37, 21205 F
KfO OCK)
KJC)-+IR K R=R~K=RhCK)
ri,..A-o oAK)
~ R . CK) ~
R
TABLE A-5 (Continued)
Heat
Resis-
tanceS
ItIx1Dun
!Be TeD-
perature
~
Hlgratlon
Resis-
tanc.eI
Applicability to l'olymer TYPe (See First PajII! of Table for IUJter Code)SS
'Ibx1c- Coloamt
~ ~tt ...!..l.....!~.2~,.1....!...!~!!12 13 14 15 !!Q~~20 2122 23 ~25 26 27
F
260
H
2 2 1 1
Pyrazolme (medJuD Pig. Bed 38, 21UO
rEd) (Dlsazo I CI CI
HSC,-oJ-fl-f'-.=.-b-@-.=. -IH-. -Lo-c2Hs
" co DC N
~ ~J
N
A
freshly Precipitated
+ A12(OH)] + BaCl2 + ZnO
E
F
N
N
H
H
o
F
163
H
1 2 1 1
"
A
N
L
1 2 1 1
1 0 1 0 0
2
1
1
1 0 100
10100
o 2 2 2 1 122 1
o
1 1 1
000
1 1
000 1
011110111
011110111
2 1
2 2
2 2
2 1
; .
2 1
I '
I"
(Continued)
-------
TABLE A-5 (Continued)
HaxInuu
!eat lIIe Ten.- Itlgrat10n Applicability to Folyaer Type (See First Page of 'lBble for Ibmer Code)SS
Res1s- perature Resis- 1bx1c- ed, 73390
Thioirdijp PI.rk Pig. Red 181, 73360 E 177 II" A H 1 1 0 0 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 0 1 0
Thio1rdijpid Pig. Red 131, 73360 2 2
'lbluid1ne Maroon Pig. Red 3, 12UO F 135 II" A L 001 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 000 1 0 0 I'
(light red) Pig. 181 13, 12395
(Hxn1zo) i'
(Substituted aD1nes !'02 011
CDlpled to B~h- "~'''-g
tlnl)
I')
(Continued)
-------
.1
~j
'.J
::j
- ~
I
.1
Colorlndext
It?at
Resis-
tanceS
Kaxlnum
\Be T..,....
perature
~
Colorant
RED (Ox1I:illJed)
Vat Orange
[Anthraquioonel
lilt P1rk
Vat Red (nEdhm red)
awu;
AntlBnthrone Orange P1g. Orange 168, 59300 E
(branlmted)
Anthramlde 0ra11l!J" lilt
-------
/
',I'
.' ~/
. ',~
:'-.;
. ,
.,
..,
. 1
'.1
I
1
J
I
. ~
. .
'.J
1
: .
"1
. '!
... t
.:. .~
.)
'1
i
I
N
N
a
..)
.1
TABLE A-5 (Continued)
Colorant
\Eat
Resls-
tsnc.eS
-..
\Be Thm-
perature
~
ColorIndext
lU.gratlon
Rests-
tsnc.e'
awa (mazo )
11-( (2, 4-Dlnltro- o'~':'-8
plEnyl)Azo)-2-
NlphtIDI )
Dlsazo (ka1W! It!
Pig. (ka1W! 31
E
218
(}{ A!r1rnne (ka1W!
lvat ptpuJ
[Anthraquioonel
Pig. Orange 43, m05
Iht Orange 7, nl05
E
Applicability to 1'o1yal!1" Type (See Pirst Paae of Table for IbJi>er Code)SS
'Ibx1c- Colorant
~ ~~ttt~~2~2~2~~~~g131415~17~~~21n~~25~27
N
A
H
A
H
1 1 1 1
A
1 1 1 1
H
H"
H
N
H
2
2
10100
10100
1 1
022211222
022211222
o 2 2 2
2
222
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2
2
2 2
2
(Continued)
-------
,
/
,I
,)
j
'\
.
0'
,
" J
Colotmlt
Color 1ndext
".;
,',
. ~
:.' ~
1
,
IIIAIIE (~lJ Pig. Orange 60 F
Pig. Orange 62 F
Pig. Orange 64 E
Orange RK IBt Orange 3, 59300 F
Perlna1e Orange Gl IBt Orange 7, 71105 E
(Anthraqu1rone ) Pig. Orange 43
See Gl I\>rlna1e Orange
j
:,
,I
N
N
~
~:~C-@-~\
"~-@-C~~
~hrooe er Code)SS
'Ibx1c- Colorant
~ ~~ttt~~2~2~2~~10~gQ141S~Q~~~~~n~2SU27
N
L 1 2 1 1 1 0 100 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 2 1
2
2
I,'
,,1
2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1
2 2
A H 0 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 1
A H 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 2 2 1 222 2 2
A H 222 2 1 1 1 2 ,2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
A H 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
A H 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
II 222 2 1
E
N
N
E
E
N
(Continued)
-------
.'
Colorant
neat
Resis-
tanceS
Color lndext
CIWa (O:mtlrned)
Pyrazolooe Orange
(DlsazoJ
PIg. e (bld
Plg. Omnge 48
YEIlDoI
6-Andno Anthraquioone
(yellow)
o
~/~
~ ~
I""~
O'H~
o
Maxl....
\Be Tem-
perature
~
F
TABLE A-5 (Continued)
Hlgrat lon
Resis-
tance'
149
Thx1c- Colorant
~ Use Costtt
Applicability to (\)lymer Type (See First Page of Table for tbnber Code)SS
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
---------------------------
I
I, .
III
(Continued)
-------
j
j
t
OJ
!
N
N
UJ
. .
Colorant
Color Indext
1!I!WJl (Omtiwed)
Anthrapyrlm1dine
(yellow)
[Anthraquiru>e )
88' Yellaw 100, 68420
lilt Yellow 20. 68420
N~N
~WNH 0
'0 ' t6Qg
o
!Eat
llesls-
tanceS
-..
Uie Thor-
perature
~
TABLE A-5 (Continued)
H1gratloo
IIes1s-
tanceI
204
Applicability to Folyaer Type (See First I'a8e of Table for IbiJer Code)SS
'Ibx1c- Colorant
~ ~~ttt~~2~2~2~~~~UQ~15~Q18~~~~23~25U27
N
A
2
2
H
222
2 1
2
2 2
2
',...
E
1!,
,
-.
:Itt-
\~
AnthIaiu1~ Yell... 0 1 1 101 1 0 1 1 2 2 102 1 1 2 2
Azn Yell... [)ls. Yellow 3, 11855
Azn1c Yel.1aw (llg/1t Pig. Yell... 81, 21127 E N A H 2 1 0 022 2 1 222 2 2
yell...) 88' Yellaw 113, 211U E N A H 2 1 2 1 1 2.2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Pig. Yellow 16, 20040 r N A L 2 1 0 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2
Aznlc Yellow (ne1ium Pi8' Yel.1aw 120. 11783 E N A H 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
yellaw)
Azn1c Yellaw, 88' Yellaw 151 E N A H 222 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 222 2 2 2 2
specialty (llg/1t Pig. Yellaw 154 r N A H. 2 1 2 2 1 100 0 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
yellaw)
_thine Yellaw 88' Yellaw 129 E 290 II" A H 0 2 222 2 2 2
[~z1n yell...
SW'J
Benzidine Yellaw
[Dlsazo J
[2,2'-«3,3'-i)1-
chlor0-4,4'-bl-
p/Eoylene)d!azo )
bls-..cetoacetarrll1de )
88' Yellaw 12, 21000
See Dlaryllde Yell...
AnUlde
Benzldine Yell... IIR
R x X R
R' fi NHCO
-------
TABLE A-5 (Continued)
Colorant
ColorIrxlext
Heat
Resis-
tanceS
IIaxIm.ID
\Be Tem-
perature
~
Migratlon
Resis-
tanceI
'Ibxlc- Colorsnt
~ ~~ttt~~2~~~2~~~~g13~l516Q~~~~~n~25~~
Appllmblllty to Polymer Type (See First Pa8e of Table for Ibi>er Code)SS
"..,..
'II!I1al (OJntimed)
Benzidine Yellow MIX Plg. Yellow 13
(lII.sazo) See lllaryllde Yellow
~lldlde
"'
.,-,
I,
: ~\t
Benzidlne Yellow Mat. Plg. Yellow 17
See lllaryllde Yellow
Anlsidlne
'jf
~
Benzldlne Yellow Ni1f Plg. Yellow 14
See lllaryllde Yellow
Ortln 'lbhddlde
Ct'ouDti1tal Ye 1 low :l;
(yellow) (lII.sam
O>n!ematlon Yellow)
Plg. Yellow 93
E
218
2
o
222
2 2 2 2
N
N
.po
bHHCO dNH<6>
@H =N-It~ -oCHN -@-@-NHCO-~H-N=N-
COCH) coeH)
Su .. Substituent Group
CralDphtal Yellow (c Plg. Yellow 94 E 218 2 0 2 2 2 222 2 2
(Dlsazo)
CralDphtal Yellow
-------
TABLE A-5 (Continued)
.1tIxlauD
Heat !lie rem- Migration Applicability to l'o1yaer Type (See First Pase of Table for lbi>er Code)SS
Resis- perature Relis- 'Ib1dc- O:>lomnt
Colomnt Color Indext tmx:eS ~ taoceI ~ Use Costtt ~~2~2~2~~~~g13~lSl6Q~~~~n23242526~
'I'I!I1aI (mazo AhnJ.....
Salt]
Flsvanthrone (yeUow) Pig. Yellow 24, 70600 E 200 N H 0 2 2 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 2 2 2
[An~l00ne) 0
.~
0 0
0
(Continued)
,
.j
-------
N
N
0\
..
Colorant
YI!Il1JI (Q>ntllU!d)
- Yellow 100
(primrooe, Ugj1t
IIBIhm yellow)
- YeUow R
limsa Yellow l({
IBnsa Yellow G
(M:>mam J
Irgazln Yellow i;LT
Color IDdext
Heat
\lesis-
tsnceS
1'18. Yellow 3, 11710
lIO-li-CH3
Cl~=N-~ ~l
'\:::4. o-c -NO 0
NO:z
1'18. Yellow 10. 12710
Cl
\Q)-N=N-C -C -CH)
. II
C N
C1 'N/
~
Pig. Yellow 60. 12702
QS-N=N -l-/H)
O..(N)
~
Pig. Yellow I, 11680,
111!('()
Hf~N-N-VHCONH-g
CoeH)
1'18. Yellow 129
See AzmEtIdne Yellow
Hax\JIua
\lie U!m-
perature
~
F
E
E
p
TABLE A-5 (Continued)
U1gratloo
\Ies1s-
tanceI
135
260
260
121
.'
AppUcsbiUty to Po1j111e1" Type (See First ~ of Table for IUIIber Code)SS
'Jbx1c- Colorant
~ ~~ttt~~2~~~~~~~~g13~1516Q~19~~~~~~~~
It"
L
1 0 0 2
A
H
A
101 0
L
2
H
L
100 2
A
1 0 2 0 O.
1 000 0
10200
o 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1
o 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0
000010101
o 0
o
o 2
o 0
o
(Continued)
-------
.;
TABLE A-5 (Continued)
.
J
--I
I
neat
\lesls-
tanceS
IbxiJIua
lIIe Thnr-
perature
~
Hlgratloo
\lesls-
tanceI
1bJdc-
~
Q>lorsnt
~tt~~2~2~2~~~~U1314~16Q~~~~~n~~~~
Appl1cabll1ty to 1'01,..,.. Type (See First Page of Table for Ibaber Code)SS
. ~
Q>lorant
Color lndext
i
, 1
,
i
YI!1l1JI (Q>ntlD.Jed)
lrg;1zln Yellow 2IXI'
Flg. Yellow 109
See Isolnlol1mne
Yellow
lrg;>zln Yellow :auJ', Flg. Yellow 110
3U.T (lso1n1011nJRe) See Jooln1ol1nJRe
Yellow
::*>~R~~~(,
C: - {» 0 Cl
. .
Jooln1o line Yell"" Pig. Yellow 139 I! 290 N A. L 2 222 0 222 2 220 2 2 2
tV Jooln1ol1nJRe Yellow Pig. Yell"" 109 I! 290 N A H 012 1 202 0 1 022 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2
tV (lrgazln Yellow
--.J :mI')
Joolnlol1nJRe Yell"" Pig. Yellow 110 F 290 N A H 0 1 2 1 202 0 1 0 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2
(Irg;>zln Yellow
2RLT, 3U.T)
Ib:I1fled AzD (l ~ I! I! A H 0 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 1
yellow)
Ibmazo Yellow (l1gItt Pig. Yellow 97, 11797, I! If" A H 222 1 1 1 222 2 2 2 2 0 2 2
yellow) 11767
(Pernenent Yellow
FG.)
Pernenent Yell"" FG. Pig. Yellow 97
See Ibmazo Yellow
eH) DCH)
(g-NHi *N=N-jHCONH-@-Cl
0 CH COCH)
)
(Continued)
-------
r
,-
,
J
1
"
,
,i TABLE A-5 (Continued)
j
]
IhxInuu
!eat \lie Tem- f41gratloo Applicability to Polyaer Type (See Firat Page of Table for IbIiJer CocIe)SS
Bes1s- perature Res1s- 'Ibx1c- O>lorant
O>lorant Color lndext tanceS ~ tsnceI ~ Use Costtt ~~2~2~2~~~£U13~1516Q18~m~~n~25U27
YEUIIl (Omtlooed)
Feruonmt Yellow IE Pig. Yellow 83
See Dlaryl1de Yell""
IR
Fernsnent Yellow na; Pig. Yellow 1m
See Azote Ye1iOII
Fernsnent Ye1iOII Pig. Ye1iOII 113
HIW1 [DisamJ See Azote Yellow
<)rloophtalone Yellow Pig. Yellow 138 E N A M 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1
. San:lorin Yellow en. Pig. Yellow 109 E N A M 0 1 2 I 202 0 1 0 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2
.1 [looln:lolimneJ
!alitol Yell"" 1090 Pig., YellOII 13g
See <)rloophtalone
N oms (00llIIU!)
N
00
Acetate (wide color P M" L 2 I 1 1 0 0 00 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
range)
Acid OIrooe and P M" L 0 0 1 000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 1 0 1 0
Direct (wide color
range)
Basic ~ (wide F M" L 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
color range)
Anthraqu1nane (yell"" I 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 000 1 0 2 1 1 0 2
-Tel, green, bloo,
broom)
BlUlHlIACK
Azo~ Sol. Brown I, 11285 M" A L 1 200 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 2 1 0 2 0
[4-(1~phthy1azo)
","","",y 1ene-d1mdne J
[2, :h:IJ.hydro-2, 2-d1- Sol. Black 3 E 200-260 M" A L 1 200 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 2 1 0 2 0
""thyl-6-( (4(pheny 1-
1azo)-1~phthyl)azo)
per1m1d1ne J
Sol. Brown 11 F l5lr200 M" A L 1 200 1 0 1 0 0 0 000 1 0 2 2 1 0 2 0
(Continued)
-------
TABLE A-5 (Continued)
I Ibx1uuu
!eat u.eThm- II1gration AppUc:abU1ty to 1'o1ymer Type (See First l'BI!e of Table for IbJb!r Code)SS
. Res19- perature Res1s- 1bx1c- 1. Blsdt 27 E 200-260 " A " 2 000 0 0 0 0 2 0
I>jes
9>1. Blsdt 28 P
Nigrosine 9>1. Blsdt 5, 50415 E >260 H" L 0 1 1 1 1 0 2 1 2 0 000 0 0 1 0 1 0 1
Irdullne
'LI!WJW
/lnthraqWtnle Yell"" 11.9. YeliOII 64 E " A H 2 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 000 1 0 2 2 0 0 2
I>jes
IbmAzo ~es 9>1. Ye1lO11 2, UCtlO E H" L 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 2 1
(N,IMlliEthy I-p- 9>1. YellOII 16, 12700 F 150-200 H" A L 1 200 1 0 1 0 0 0 000 1 0 2 2 1 0 2 1
prenylaZo aniline J 9>1. Ye1lO11 56, UCtll E H" L 1 200 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 2 1 0 2 1
N (1-phenylazo)-2- Sol. YeliOII 14, 12055 E 200-260 H" L 1 200 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 2 I 0 2 2
N naphtlol)
\0
Dlsazo I>jes (lI.sazo) 9>1. YellOII 30, 2U40 E >260 H" A L 1 200 1 0 1 0 0 000 0 1 0 2 2 1 0 2
Sol. Yel1011 71 E >260 N 2 2 1
9>1. YeliOII n E 200-260 N 2 2 1
Sol. Yel1011 29 E " L 1 100 1 0 0 0 0 001 1 1 0 2 2 1 0 2 0
11.9. Yell"" 23 2 2 2
Azo (N-{ 4( (2-i1,ydroxy- 11.9. Yell"" 3 2
s-uethy1 p-enyl)azo)
plety1) acetamide)
11.9. Yel1011 34 2
1'1
Azo "'tal a:.n.>lex 9>1. Yel1011 65 E " A H 0 I' 2
I>jes Sol. YellOII 79 E " A " 0 0 0 0 . 110 0 l" 2 0
9>1. Yel1011 Bl E " A " 0 0 0 0 '0002 0
9>1. YeliOII 8l E " A " 0 0 0 0 I 0 010 2 0
Sol. Yel1011 48 F I .1 '1
Sol. YellOII 88 E , "V 1
9>1. Yel1011 95 F f i' ,.1 (1
I ,I' '(
'. I
~- -1..~
\' ~.
I I ,~,I
I.h~i.
'. ;f'
~ )J" (Continued)
-------
TABLE A-5 (Continued)
Hax\JuD
Heat lIIe 'lem- III.gmtlon Applicability to Folymer Type (See First Page of Table for IUIh!r Code)SS
Resis- perature Resis- 1bx1c- 0:I1oama:
Colorant ColorIndext bmceS ~ tsnceI ~ Use Costtt ~22~~~2~~~~UI3141516£~~W~n232425~~
YEL\J]/ (0:Int1med)
BrHUsnt Sllfofavine kid Yelloi 7 2 2
[2, 3-dlhydro-{Mnlno-
1, 3-di0x0-2~olyl)-
1H Benz(de)lso-qulno-
llne-~foolc scld,
nnmood1... salt I
""tsnH Yellai kid Yelloi 36 2
Ib1a1Eth1ne 5:11. Yelloi 93 E >2OO 2 2 2 2
I\dacet Ye1lcw SF7861 Ills. Yelloi 13, 58ZOO 2 2 2 2
Pa 1acet Yellcw SF7862 Ills. Yell... 116 2
Qrlool.ene YeUcw 5:11. Ye1lcw 33, 47!xx) E 200-2OO N 0 0 0 0 000 0 0 0 000 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0
N IIW«E
W
0 h1I:hraquimne ~ 5:11. Ora¥ oo E >2OO H A H 2 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 1 0 2 2 0 0 2
A.rlnooe
['lImt Si!Jl81 Color)
AzD~ 5:11. ~ I, 119lO It" A L 1 2 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 000 0 1 0 2 1 1 0 2
[1-(2, 4-xy1ylam)- 5:11. Ora¥ 7 F N 2 2 1
2-napht:1n1) It; I;
AzD ""tel O:JqIlex 5:11. Ora¥ 54 E H A H 1 000 0 ' :' ° 0l'O 2 0
I¥'s 5:11. (k8¥ 56 E H A H 1 0 0 0 0 000 2 0
5:11. Ora¥ 59 E I .1 1,1
.
Xanthene ~ 5:11. Ora¥ 63 2 2 2 ;, )1( 2 2 ;'
RED I ".
, tt ~I. :.
. t'
h1I:hraquioone Re:Is 5:11. Reel 135 E H A H 2 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 OOOl'b'i2\2 0 0 2
A.rinone 5:11. lei 195 E H A H 2 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 \111 9 k. 2 0 0 2
I .r I:
[13Hllg/1t Redl 5:11. Red 111, OO'j)5 E >2OO N 2 2 1 0 1 000 2 2 0 0 0 ,1 0 2;2 2 0 2
':,./
. AnspJast Ibbloo1 R 5:11. Red 52, W10 E 200-200 2 2 2 2 2,. 2 2
t: 'il
(Continued)
, .
-------
i
j TABLE A-5 (Continued)
i
I
!
" ItIxIm.n
,
Heat \Be rem- Hlgmtloo Applicability' to 1'I>1~ Type (See Firat Page of Table for IbiJer Code)SS
". ~ 1I",l1s- perature 1les1s- 1bx1c- O:IIDnmt
O:IlDrant Color Indext tanceS .,..f£L tanceI ~ Use Costtt ~~2~2~2~~10~U13~~~Q18~~~~~~~~~
RED (-to 1yJazo)- Sol. 1BI 24. 26105 I! 200-2(,0 It" A L 2 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 2 1 0 2
<>-tolyl)azo)-2-
naphtrol)
Sol. Red 3. UOlO It" A L 1 200 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 2 1 0 2
(N-ethy 1-1-( (I>"' Sol. Red 19 E 200-2(,0 It" A L 2 2 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 2 1 0 2
«(h!nyJazo)phenyl)
szo)-2"113phthyla-
mine)
Sol. Red 22 I! 200-2(,0 It" A L 2 2 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 2 1 0 2
Sol. 1BI 40 It" A L 1 2 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 1 1 0 2
N
W Sol. 1BI 26 I! 200-2(,0 N 2 1
I-'
Am "'tal Couplex 9>1. 1BI 118 F 151r200 H A H 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 2 0
~ Sol. Red 119 I! H A H 1 000 0 000 2 0
9>1. led 122 I! H A H 1 000 0 000 2 0
Sol. 1BI 125 I! 1 1
0:I11!P Red 2
(Sodhn d1(h!nyl-
bls-alpha"1l3phtha-
1auI.ne suUomte J
P.o1acet Pl,* Sll-7867 Ills. 1BI 4. (,0755 E >2(,0 2 2 2 2
[1, 5-iIIsm1no- 11s. Red 11. 62015 2
anthraqulmne)
P.o1acet Red SF-7ffl4 Ills. 1BI 60 E >2(,0 2 2
RhodamIne B IBse Sol. 1BI 49, 4517CJ1 2
Vat Red \Bt Red 1, 7336> I! 200-2(,0 N 0 2 0 0 0 0 000 1 0 0 0 002 1 0 0 0 0
(Continued)
-------
TABLE A-5 (Continued)
HaxImJm
&at \lie Tem- Hl.gratloo AppUcab1Uty to FolyaEr Type (See First Page of Table for Ibd>er Code)SS
.! Resis- perature Reds- 1bx1c- O>lorsnt
O>lorant 0>1or InIext tsnceS ~ tanceI ~ Use Costtt ~~2~~~2~~~~12U~lS~Q~~~~~23~~~21
RID (Omtlrued)
Xanthene Acld lie:! S2 2 2 1 2
[0-( 6-{ethylaaino)- Bss1c lied 1 2
3(ethyUndm)-2,l-
d1methy 1-:11.......-
t~lHlenzo1c
add, ethyl ester,
audtydrochloride)
"
VIOIEl'
Anthraquimne Dls. Violet 31 g >260 H A H 2 2 1 0 1 000 1 2 000 1 0 2 2 0 0 2 .'
[l-llydroxy-'t-(p- Sol. Violet 13, 60nl g H A H 2 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 200 0 0 2 2 2 2 t,'
Tohddim)anthrs-
quimnel Sol. Violet 14, 61105 >260 2
Carlnzole Dlmraz1ne Sol. Violet 23, 51319 2
N Palscet lied Violet Dls. Violet 1, 61100 2 2 2 2
v.1 SF-l868
N [ 1,4 DIa1dno-
anthraquimne)
Palacet Vio let Dls. Violet 4, 61105 2
SF-781O
Palscet Blue SF-78n Sol. Violet 13, 60nS g N 2 ,2 1 0 1 000 1 2 000 1 0 2 2 0 0 2
See Anthraquimne dye
RtodamineB !Bsle Violet 10 P <150 2 2 2 2 2
[Xanthene)
[9-( o-Carboxyphe-
nyl)-+(Dlethyla-
mlro)-)(-Jranthen-3-
yUdme)dlethyl
anmn1... chloride)
BU.E AND 260 N 2 200 1 000 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 2 2 0 2 0
(Allzarlne) Sol. 260 N 2 200 000 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 0
Sol. ~een 28 g H A H 2 2 1 0 1 000 1 2 000 1 0 2 2 0 0 2 1
..
(Continued)
-------
TABLE A-5 (Continued)
It1xIDuu
!eat \lie Teor Hlgratloo Applicability to Fol,..,r Type (See First Page of Table for Ib2i>er Code)SS
.' ! Res1s- perature Beds- 'Jbx1c:- 1. 81... 16 2 I,; I;
"
[Anthraquinone J ,it l'
Almplast IbrdeaJx BI'S 2 I .
Az.o D,oes &>1. 81... 35 E 200-260 II" L 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ;,lti 1 I 0 2
Azo li!tal Qxq>lex &>1. m... 48 F { .
Dim ~~. '{
:-~ f
&>1. m... 67 E 200-260 ;' V ~ .~ 1
Sol. Blue 53 F 1'1 ,(,I 1
1 ,~ ~ t
, '
I'htlelocyan1ne &>1. m... 70 E 200-260 H A H 0 0 0 0 t.O,;'O 0 2 0
Palacet Blue SF-7871 Dl.s. m... 3 >260 2 "
[1-( (2-llydroxy- .~,~
N
v.> ethyl)am1oo)-J,-
v.> (methy 1am1no)
anthraquinone J
Thenmplast BrUIant &>1. G\'een 5, 5~75 >260 2 2 2 2
Yellow HJ;
[AnthraqullD1e J
Trlpheny lmethane Die Vlctorts Bl... B 2
U1specl Ho:! Sol. Blue 3, 61505 2
J(ant1e1e Dim &>1. O:een 4 >260 2 2 2 2
F1J.JEES(DIl'S
Blsazo1es
Vlny 1eneblsbenzumrtns F 200 E H 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
HD'C ["-thy 1-7-
dlethylaml.oo
coumrtn)
[3 phenyl-7 amloo
coumrtns J
(Continued)
-------
"
.'
TABLE A-5 (Continued)
HaxInun
neat lIIe TBu- HLgratloo Applicability to Folyaer Type (See First ~ of Table for IUmer Code)SS
Res1s- perature Reds- 'Ibx1c- O:>lDrnnt 11 '
O:>lDrant O:>lDrln:lext tanoeS ~ taooeI ~ Use O:>sttt ~2~~2~2~~~~Ul31415~Q18r9~~n~~~~27
~ I
(O>nt1nued) : '
Stilbenes ;, )'(
o,rlvatlves of I .
st ilbene-<1apht1o- I .1'"
trlazole (4-"aph- . ~'!I
tlo-trlazoly 1- {, ,U
stilbene) I.h~i,
- I
Fhnrescmt P H N H 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 ~~ 2 1 2 1
(dyed om). yPb(0I1)2)
(Continued)
-------
, I
TABLE A-5 (Continued)
ItIxtDun
It!at UIe Tea- Mlgratlon ApplicabUit! to Polymer Type (See First l'a8e of Table for IbIt>er Code)SS
Resls- perature Res1s- 'lbdc:- O:>lomnt
Colomnt Color IndEort taID!S ~ tanceI ~ Use Cost tt ~~2~2~~~~~£U13~1516Q~19~~un~~~~
ft'AI!U3Ern!
(OJnt1nue:l)
Iead Carbomte II F N H 2 0 2 0 0 0 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2
(opae pearl)
[xPIa)3.
yA>(OO)2)
Metallic Odele Brown- E N C L 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
FD\ (high heat
stable)
[x-Ferric oxide
crystallized frtID a
borax melt I ani
otrer COIp)Sltlom
Metallic Odele Braro.1s E N A L 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2
(high heat stable)
N ntan1\111 Dloxlde/Hica E N A H 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2
UJ Coq>oslte (pearly
Ln luster)
ntan1\111 Dlodde/Hica E N A H 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2
IInorganic PlglB1t
I£L\I.Llffi
AlwlUll; Plast1c Rg. Metal 1, 17000, E N H 2 1 2 2 2 0 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2
-------
N
v.)
0\
.
,i
I
Colorant
l!eat
ResIs-
tanceS
Hax10uD
lIIe Tear-
p'rature
~
ColorIndext
I£fA1LlCS (ContllU!d)
G>pper; Plastlc
ChIdEs
(cowery red)
E
RXJlID11!S:
TABLE A-5 (Continued)
Uigratlon
ResIs-
tara!'
Applicability to Folyuer Type (See FIrst Page of Table for IUJi>er Code)SS
'lbxic- Colorant
~ ~~ttt~~2~2~~~~~~UQ~~~Q~~~~~23~~26~
N
2 2
2 1
2
012221111
1 0
1 1
H
m.y to G>lor IDiex abbrevlstlons: FIg. - PlI}1El1t; [)ls. - Dlsp'rse, Sol. - Solvent; A. - Acid: B. - Base.
~ to Iblt ResIstance G>d1~: E - E>ccelIent; F - FaIr to Cbod; P - lOOr.
llfey to Hlgratlon ResIstance G>d1ng: N - Colorant will not migrate at IIDmal concentrations In use;. H - Colorant wIll migrate at IIDmal concentrations
In lBe; HO - Colorant with migrate 10 vinyl, polyethylenes, aM 1npIct polystyrene.
"Key to Toxicity: A - .leet Auertcan Sbmlards Association Spec Z66.l-1964; T - I})es not ..,.,t SP'clflcatlon; B - ContaIns 1Brtum, does not ..,.,t DepartDalt of AgrIculture
requirel1El1ts for plastic lorant Is IIDt
recamaned for lBe in resIn. lDilcated.
-------
TABLE A- 6 . COUPLING AGENTS
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS WITH POLYMER APPLICATION
Specific 801lil1\ Solubility teat Stability
er Coded Below)
CwpUng Agent (at 2O"C) ~ Water Akd101 Benzene at 2CII: loss) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
SIL\ll!S
N-6""1'm1noethylaniOODethylphenylethy 1- 435 (25% Ioos) X X X
trlDEtll:lXysliane
[H:ztnI:zOI~HJI4Ol:!01~1 (0013)3 )
N-6-m1noethyl-Y.....m.noprq>yltriJlEth- 3'lJ X X X X X X X X
oxysUane
[NI:zOI:zOIifI(0I2)j>1(00I3)31
; Imlmphenyltrleth>xysilane 485 X X X
[(ItI2)Cd!t,Sl (OCilY31
Y-lImlnoprq>yltrletll:lXysllane X X X X X X X X
[III:zOI:zOI:zOI~I(OCil5)21
Imjltr1aeth>xysllane
[C9'llSl(00I3)31
N Bls(JHlydroxyethyl)-Y-smInoprq>yltrl-
W eth>xysllane
....., [(\IDI:zOI2)iI(0I2)j>I(~H5) 31
Y~orolsohd:yltrletll:lXysllane X
[CIOl:zOl(0I3)Q1~(OCil5)3J
Chloranethylpheny lethy Itr1meth>xys11ane 165 495 (25% loss)
[CIOIi=dI4OIpI~1 (0013)31 (200 r..)
Y~orq>rq>yltrlDEth>xysllane 360 X X X X
[CIOlplpl~I(OOIY31
ITCyclohexylethyltr1meth>xysllane
[Cd!1l0l:zOl~(00I3)3J
1t{3, ~)'Clcnexyl)ethyltrlDEthJxy- X X X X X X X
sIlane [OCd!cplpI~(00I3)31
'f{;lyddoxypropyltr1meth>xysilane 1.070 120 app. I!eacts Soluble X X X X X X X
[012(0 )aDl;i>(0I2)j>1 (OOIY3 ) (25"C) (260 r..)
!lrn:: I - Acrylic Resl...; 2 - Acry1onltrlle~lene~yrene; 3 - Alkyd Resl",,; 4 -.nino Res"", 5 - EngIneerlog TheravpJastics (lOlyphenylene Oxide anllblyphenylene Sulfide), 6 - ~
Resl"", 7 - Fluoropol~rs, 8 -Ibenolic Resl"", 9 - fulyacetals; 10 -Iblyamlde Resins; II - fulyhltylene; 12 -lbl)'CSrbomte; 13 -High n,,,,,lty Iblyethy1ene; 14 -LInear low
IRnslty IOlyethylene; 15 - low IRnslty Iblyethylene; 16 - 1b1yethylene 1&ephthalate/lblyhltylene tl!rephthalate; 17 - IOIY.J>ropylene; 18 - IOlystyrene/ol; 23 -.fulyvinyl Chlorlde; 24 - fulyvinylidene Otlorlde; 25 - Styr~rylooitrUe;
26 - lI1saturated IOlyester Resin.
(Continued)
-------
TABLE A-6 (Continued)
Specif 1c 801li'1l Solubility !eat Stabllity
Q-avity !blnt (T""""rature (OC) Applicability to Polymer Type (See First Page of Table for IbJD!r Code)
Coupling Agent (at 2O"C) ~ Water AlcdIol Benzene at 20Z 1osa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
SIlANES (xysllane XX X X
[IL'nI:PJ;Pfi>l (0CII3)3]
Ht!tlecryloxypropyltriDEth>xysl1ane 10045 00 appo Soluble Soluble 395 X X X X X X X X X X
[0I2:C(0I3)O:XJ(0I2)j31«()]f3)3) (250) (l32 18)
~hylphenyltrlmeth>xysllane
[OI:ftJl4S1 (0CII3)3]
Hetb>xyphenyltriDEtlnxysl1ane 510
(lDD:dl4S1«()]f3)3]
xysllane
ltoenyltrleth>xysUane
[CdI~1(OCifS>3)
<
, N Sulfonyl azide sllane (proprietary) X
W
00
't-Ureldcpropyltrieth>xysl1ane X XX X X X X X X
..{ [NlzC«JI)tDf;PI;PIzSl (OCif5)3)
I
Vlnylbenzyl catioo1c allane X X X X X X X X
Vlnylbenzy IpropyltriDEtl-oxysllane 185 460 (25% loos) X X X X X
[HZ; :OICdl4(0I2)j31 (0CII3)3) (400 18)
Vlnyltrletlnxysllane X X X X X X X
[0I2:0I51(OCif5)3)
VlnyltriDEth>xysllane X X X X X
[012: 0IS1 (0CII3)3)
Vlnyl-1:rla-(2"11JetlDxyetlnxy)sl1ane X X X X X
[012 :0151 «()]f;PIP3)3)
TlTANATES
lcrylam100 pyroplolptste tltanate loll Soluble 149 (l5% IIBX 1000)
(I
-------
.1
I
1
.
1
j
I
I
J
N
W
\0
Coupling Agent
Tl1J\No\IES (s!i>ato) ethYlene
titanate lIDRO(d1octyl, hydrogen
jh>spIute) (KR-2621$)
W(hJtyl, ..,thyl I1f1"OIh>spluto)
l,",propyl titanate lIDnO(d1octyl,
h)'irogen) p/Dsjirlte (KR~J
W(dloctyl jh>spIuto)ethylene titanate
1Iemture ('I:) AppUcability to I'olyuer Type (See Flmt Page of Table for IUnber Code)
at :zaz: loss) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
149
149 (12% IIIIX loss)
149 (251 IIBX lais)
149 (5% IIBX lais)
149 (12% IIBX lais)
149 (8% IIBX loss)
149 (51 IIBX lais)
149 (7% losS)
x
x .
'x
x
x
x
x x x
x
x
x
x
(Continued)
-------
TABLE A-6 (Continued)
Specific 8otl1~ SoWbtl1ty leat Stabtl1 ty
(bvtty lbtnt (1'eq:1erature ("c) Applicability to Polyoer Type (See First Page of Table for tbnI>er Code)
Coopling Agent: (at 2O"c) ...r£L IBter Almhol Benzene at 201: lcsa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
-
TlTANA1ES (OxII:trued)
Isopropyl dttsastearoyl acryl titanate 0.99 IbIemte Soluble 149 (51: DBX loss)
1ldemte Soluble 121 (5% DBX loss)
1l
-------
.1
I
j
!
, TABLE A-6 (Continued)
.1
1 !.
,
.,.{
,
.j Speclf 1c BoIU'1I SolubiUty Imt StablUty
t IDethy1ene dl(b.Ityl, octyl pyropl¥J8- 1.05 Soluble Soluble 149 (15% IIBX loss') .. ,
phato) titanate dlJJethylaml.m-I.-tutanol
adcb:t [IIDethy1ene di(d1octyl pyropImphato) 1.06 Soluble Hoderate 149 (8% IIBX loss)
titanate dlJJethylaml.m-I.-tutanol adIDethy1ene dl(dioctyl) pyroprosphato 1.13 Soluble Soluble 149 (11% IIBX loss)
titanate di(dlJJethylaml.nopropyl aeth-
acrylaml.de) [IIDethy1ene dl(dioctyl) pyroprosphate 1.05 Soluble
titanate triethy1am1ne cmplex II
-------
1
i
I
I
i
j
TABLE A-6 (Continued)
Spec1f1c 8oili'1l Solubility Imt Stability
Iksvity RJint cr""""rature (.C) Applicability to FolyoEr Type (See First Page of Table for tblb!r Code)
Coupling Agent (at 20"<:) ~ IoBter A1cobIl Benzene at 2at loaa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
~ (lbntiBJed)
'letmisopropyl, di(dioctyl plmphito) 0.96 ItJderatll IbIerate 149 (4% DBX loss) X X X
titanate [lsphito) 0.94 ItxIerate Soluble 149 (4% DBX loaa)
titanate [l J
TltanlllD 4-amlmbenzoate, l!106tearate, 1.00 Soluble Soluble 149 (5% DBX 1088)
oxyacetate [1Jsp..te) 1.11 Soluble Soluble X X X X
dl(dloctyl, hydr., phosphite) oxyace-
tate [1CR-151FS)
TltanillD di(hltyl. octyl pyrop/Dsp..te)
oxyacetate [lsplmte) 1.0667 Ibderate Soluble 149 (25% DBX loss) X X X X
oxyacetate [l
-------
. ,
Coopting Agent
TlTANt\1ES (O>nt:1nued)
T1tani... isasteamte methacrylate
oxyacetate (1sJi1ato, ethyIened10I bis 3-tkIi-
methylamlm iooh1tanol (1J
Titani\ID (IV) tr1smetlucrylato metmxy-
glycolato (Xl1nation of anionic and cationic 1
!
I
!
TABLE A-6 (Continued)
Specific Boili...:
G-svity Ibint
(st 20"(:) ..l£L.. Water
Solubility
AkdIo.l
0.99 IbIerate
1.06 80nislly
105 Soluble Soluble
1.16 Sl1ghI:
1.14 SUg/1t
1.07 Soluble Soluble
1.1 1l"ace
Insoluble
SUg/1t
0.8390
(W")
Insoluble
Soluble
Benzene
Imt Stability
cr,":,~~;) ~~c;~~t~ ;"8~1~1~1~~ ~~~~ ~8o~9~~/~ ~2~)
, '.
~ '
f
149 (35% IIIIX laIs)
149 (101: IIIIX laIs)
149 (5% IIIIX laIs)
149 (5% IIIIX laIs)
149
149 (2% IIIIX laIs)
It>lts at 179"
x X X
X
X
(Continued)
-------
"
"
: 1
.1
,',
",.;
J
:
"
j
I
i
I
;1
,'I
j
'J
Coupling Agent:
FRJHUEIARY I!SIJ!R) (Ibntlrued)
w-m (1Dw IIDleoJJar we1gj1t pol)'1Dedc
salt I
W-'AJ5 (IDw ani DEdi... IIDleoJJar we1gj1t
pol)'1Der1c salt ani an1arlc pol)'1Derlc
salt)
W-910 (!bIi... lID1.ecu1ar we1gj1t fatty
acid 18881 an1oo1c)
W-98J (Hed1... lID1.ecu1ar weight wsabJ-
rated acid ester neutralized with
polyand.no amine)
W-960 (!bIi... lID1.ecu1ar weight unsabJ-
rated acid ester)
N
~
~
HlSCEIJAItDS FRJHUEIARY
FRJHUEIARY Il!GAIOSILlaRI
Ihton Carbide Y-9578
Ih10n Carbide Y-9602
Ih10n Carbide Y-7676
Ih10n Carbide Y-9674
Ih10n Carbide Y-4935
Ih10n Carbide y-'J682
0IlLIUNA1I!D PABAFFII6
awn-ez 700 (OIlodmted pmlfft.... 701:
Cl)
OIlorez no (Ollodnated Jllrafft.... 700
Cl)
a.lorez 7W (OIlodmted pmlfft.... 700
Cl)
Speclf 1c Ibi lil1\
-------
'j
,
1
;
,
, ,
"
..i
;
,
"
"
. ~
'j
!
"
. ,
"j
,I
J
,I
'I
,
1
'1
j
!
Coopl1ng Agent
QIU£-1nt
(at 2O'C) ~ Water
li!thacryJato chrtmI.c
N
.I:-
\J1
TABLE A-6 (Continued)
Solub1Uty
Alrohol
li!at StabiUty
(T...,.,rature ('C) AppUcabiUty to Pol)'U21' Type (See'First Page of Table for tbJi>er Code)
at 211% loss) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Benzene
.'
-------
TABLE A-70 CURING AGENTS AND CATALYSTS FOR THERMOSETTING RESINS
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS WITH POLYMER APPLICATION
"
,
"
,
Typical BoI.Uqj
Coocen- Rl1nt Bes1n/l'olymer
j tmtion (Melti'1l Specific Rllyurethane
) It>lecu1ar in !lie Rl1nt) (Dv1ty Solubility FOIOD
1 0Iem1cal ~ ~ "C (at 2O"C) Ieter Alochol ~ ~ AmIm ~ ~l1c Flexible ~ CcImI!IIts
,1
j AHIN!S
'.l AlkamJaulne (See EthamJaulne, X '
TriethamJaulne)
m-Mimbenzy1antne X
p-<\mlnobenzy1aIdnoaniline X
N-.\m1noethylethamJaulne lor.. 1 20 243.8 1.0304 Soluble 'x
[H~(W2)jfi(0Iz)1JI)
N-Rn1methyl piperazine 129.2 0.5 222 0.9837 Soluble X X
[Hz!CL'I4N(OIz)zIIDI:PI2)
N Benzyl dimethyl.amlm 135.2 6 IlD-l82 0.894 (270) X
.po (Cd\;1I;tN(W3)z) 0.1-1.0 Ikethanes
0\ jtJp
X
Bis(d1methylaa1noethyl) ether 11;0.3
X
Bis(hexmnethy1.ene)trlBm1ne
[H~(W2)dH(0Iz)dH2)
4-ow.roorthJpheny 1.ene dimdne
i N-OIcaIDrplDl1ne 0.5-1.3 X Acts 8S a processi'1l aid as
;1 jtJp X well
,
Cyclchexylpropy1.ene dism1ns
.3
'" D1allylte~l X
j
'"
; IIIadrxx:yclche (Cd\1O(tII2)2) 114.1 X
J ma.1md1jh!nyl methane 198.3 28 (87.5- SlIgI1t Soluble Soluble X O:m1Dnly bleBled with
,1 [Hz!Cdl4WzC(#IIJti2) 91.5) ..,teny1.ene dism1ns
'i
D1amimdirfetyl !IJlfone (DIJ!) [Sulfonyl 248. 3 20 (17i>-1I1I) 1ery Soluble X
,; dianlline) SlIgI1t
[Hz!C~(#IIJti2) 248.2
:
(Continued)
-------
TABLE A-7 (Continued)
1W1cal Bo~
Qn:eo- 1b1nt Res1n/Folyuer
tratJoo (Heltf.r8 Spec1f1c Iblyurethane
., It>lecular In \.lie 1b1nt) Gravity -__~_~.J!.9____- FO!III
,
~ ~ ~ "c (at 2O"c) \later A.1aJhol Benzene ~~~ 1'hem.J!.E. F1ex1Iili.-~ CaIIII!nts
i AKIH!S (1an1ne [\III(CI:PIiH)21 105.1 12 268 1.092 (:Jf) Soluble Soluble Insoluble X
IJ.ethyIan1ne [(C1l5)z!ti1 73.9 12 55.5 0. n2 (15°) Soluble Soluble Soluble X X
lJ.ethy1an1methaml 117.2 8 161 O. 88-(). 89 Soluble Soluble Soluble X
[(C1fS>~:PI1
I N D1ethylantmpropy1an1.ne [1EA8\1 lJO.2 4-8 169.4 ().Ill Soluble X
I +:- [(CljlI2)1I(CIz)jfl21
I
'.I -...J
i 1J.ethy1.metrlan1ne [~I 103.2 8-11 206. 7 0. 9542 Soluble Soluble Soluble X
i [H1I(CIz>z!ti(Cl2>z!ti21
I
Dlm!thylazdne [(C!J>z!ti1 45.06 7.4 0.6865 (-6°) Soluble Soluble X
D1aet:hy1an1methaml 74.0 134.6 0. 8879 Soluble Soluble Soluble X X
" [(Cly~1
D1methylan1methyl plperazine 0.5 Urethanes
Ot.raethylaullUll!thyl Jheml 151.1 1.OZ0 (25°) Soluble Soluble X
[Cdl4<1D111(Cl3)21
N,!HIIm!thy1an1mpropy1m1.re 102.1 6 123 0.8100 ()00) Soluble Soluble X
[(C!J>zN(Cl2)jflzl
1,1'(3(DIm!thylantno)Propyl)1mIm b1s(2- ). 0-5. 0 X low density psckag1J18 fOllll!l
propoml) Ji1>
D1methy1snlnopyddine 0.5 Urethanes
N,IHIInethy1benzylazdne 121.1 0.5 X Iblyester urethanes
[ (ClYzIC8I51
(Continued)
-------
,
/
i
!
j
:.
,
J
.1
1
TABLE A-7 (Continued)
,
"
Typical BoiUI18
Concen- Point Res1n/Pol,...r
tratloo (Heltir8 Specific Polyurethane
i Ho1eaJJar in Use Point) Gravity So1ub1l1ty FOIID
I OIemical ~ ~ ~ (at 2IJ"c) ~ AlcdJol IIEnzeIIe ~~~ Phenolic: Flexible ~ ~
i ~ (OXtt1med)
Dlmethy1cyclCJl1exylauine 127.1 0.1-1.0 157-100 0.8490 Partly Soluble Soluble X
I (DI3htI:(,HuJ p.p Soluble
A Dlmet'" lethano1am1ne 89.14 0.1-1.0 133 0.8879 Soluble Soluble X X
j 1«(}\3h~J ptp
'j 5 X X
j N ,1H!1me~lhexadecy1am1ne 0.H).3 X Acta aa a p-ocesair8 aid as
:!
'., ..... well
.:~
j
J N,N-Dlmethylpiperazin! 114.13 1-2 p.p 131 0.8565 lns>1ubl.e So1ubl.e X X
., 1«(}\3~J
: N Di(nnrplDUtIIJI!I4r 1)etter 0.7-1.0 X
" .j:>-
! 00 E~ld1ethano1am1ne 133.2 24~200 1.015 Soluble Soluble X
ICzIIsN(Cz!I4WhJ
, ~ IH!thylmediaDl.ne (iIzN(luble Urethanes
X
IH!thylDDrplD1ine 115.2 1-2!i1P 1J8 0.916 So1ubl.e So1ubl.e Soluble X X
(OIJ6N4J limes)
.' 130.Z 6 246.4 1.0614 Soluble X
N-(/!-iI)'drox}'ethy1)p1perazin!
{IIX]IzOIzN( (
-------
1
I
j TABLE A-7 (Continued)
j
!
~
j
~ '1)p1cal BoWl1l
0x1cen- Ibint Bes1n/l'o1J1Er
tmt10n (Heltll1l Specific Ibly\ftiime-
ftJ1.eculIlr In \lie Ibint) /}"avlty __~~1.11_tL____.. ..- Foom
CIem1cal ~ ~ "C (at 2O"C) IiIter AlaJhoI I!erv.ene ~ AmIm ~ ~Uc F1exlble ~ CoaIIe1ts
AHII£5 (llne 1-2 jiIp X
a-ft!thylbenzyld1methylaulm 149.1 195.6 0. 'iI44 Slf.ght x
[C/II9I«(]I3)N«(]I3>2J
N p, p' -ft!thy1enedtan11Jne [p ,p '-dtaJdncd1- 198.1 27-JO (!ll-93) Slight Soluble Soluble X
+:-
\0 ph!nylmethane J
[tflt::/lliPlt::fII4NI2J
N-ft!thy blDrp/Dllne 101.2 115.4 0.!ll1 Soluble Soluble X X
[~3J
It!I:hylplperzine (H:pi( (~)2)zNlJ 100.2 138.0 0. 9OJ8 X
~1aD1ne [HethylaulneJ 31.1 -6.79 Soluble Soluble X Caq>1exed with BF3
[(]Ijfl2J
ItJroethamlauine [2~IJ 61.1 1-3 170.5 Soluble Soluble X Caq>1exed with BF 3
(lmlplzNl2J (<:air
p1ex)
Ibmethylaulne [CH:PIifl2J 45.0 16.6 Soluble Soluble .X
(Continued)
-------
,1 oj/
'>/
01
.:-!
.J
. j TABLE A-7 (Continued)
.'.1
. .'
J
1 Typ1ca1 Bo1J.q
Oxx:en- Ibint BesJn/Folymer
tration (Heltq Specific Iblyurethane
"1 Ho1ecular In UIe Ibint) ~av1ty SolubUity Foam
. j a.eml.ca1 ~ ~ .C (at 20"1:) Water AlaD:Il ~ ~ Amloo ~ Phenol~- F..1exI.b1i~ CameIta
~ (O>ntlmed)
Olefin ax1de-p>lymdne ad2J X
1HI!n.....thy1-1.:Huanediadne 144.3 o.s 16S.1 0.1JJZO Soluble X
[CHjBi(CHy~(CHY2J
'D!tr~~ U5.0 o.s lS9;-l6J Soluble Soluble 1b1yuretlunes
(CH3)zIC{lfI)N(al3)2J 2 X
Tri.am1naII!thy lbenzere X
Trl( dimethyl.au1nalEthy1) phenol 265.2 3 X
[«CH3);!OI2)j:dlptl
(Continued)
-------
TABLE A-7 (Continued)
Typical 1Io~
Qn:en- Ibint Bes~~____-
tmtLJ<1 (r',lt ('11 Speclf1c Iblyurethme
Iblecular In \lie Ibint) (bvlty ---__~~~_1.1~--_-- roam
a.emLcal ~ ~ "C (8£ 20"(:) Water AlccI10l Benzene ~ Aadm ~ Pheool1c rlexl.bl.e ~ CaIm!nts
AHII£') (!bnt1nued)
'l.'rLethano1aulne mmte lS1.0 235-238 Soluble SU8k x
Triethy1aulne (C:tHs)jjJ 101.1 o.s 89.S 0.73 In,»lubLe Soluble x
X X
TrtethylenedJBmlne (N(11IpI2)jjJ 0.1-1.0 x x
Trtethylmetetrlllllne 146. 3 10-14 271.4 0. 9818 Soluble Soluble x
(H:tH( (W2)zNI)z(%)iflzJ
1,2, 4-'l'rb1ethylpiperaztne 128.1 151 0. 851 (250) Soluble X
(W3)j:tJIJNzJ
2,4, H'r1s(diaethylaJl1noethyl) p.eool X Isocyanate fOlllS
2,4, H'r1s( d1methyl.aa1romthyl) pi."" 1 265.S X
N 1,3, 5-Tr1s( (N,N-d1JJethyl- 3-&m1no)propyl)- Isocyanate fOlllS
lJ1
t-' 5-reoIhydrotrisztne
"",XYliden8limIlne X
AKII£ OXIIES
DimethyLblecenylaJdne+oxi.de X
~ (ClI1CJ 9S.1 (61.0 Soluble X
(f))
Tr1methylaD1ne-N-mdde X
AKlIES
l,l-iJlmethy1urea X
1,J.iJLmethylurea [{OIjII)zO>J 88.0 (106) 1.14 Soluble Soluble X
210
I, :HJI.pI1enylurea (carban1l1de I 212.1 (23S) 1.239 \ery Soluble x
(tH:dls)CO(tH:dlS> J zoo Slight
l-tlethylurea X
l-ft1enylurea 136. 2 X
Urea (carbamide J ((til2)2 J 81.1 (132.1) 1.335 Soluble Soluble Insoluble X
(Continued)
. .
-------
.1
J
. J
! TABLE A-7 (Continued)
Typical BoWI1!I
Qn:en- Ibiilt --~~lyoer
trat1cn (HeltiI1l Specific R)1.Y'on;t~--
Iblecular in ISe 1b1nt) Gravity --- .~lub1lity FOIIII
01eulcal ~-- -~)t "c (at 2O"c) \later A1.cd>o1 Benzene ~~~ I'heooUc F1ex1ble ~ CamI!nts
IKID\2DU!S
I I
Benzlnddazole (CdllPfCN: NI 118.6 (170) Soluble Soluble X
I-fl-a.tyllml.clazole (H4=t/I(OI):zIO!1 124.0 X
l-11-Cycld>exy l1m1dazole X
2-ahy 1-4-111!thyl1m1dazole 110.1 3 (45) X
(Cil1=~ilpt31 154
(at l300
Pa) X
N-Propyllml.clazole
Hrn\L sphate (Cslcl... ph>sphate, 310.2 (1670) U8 Insoluble Insoluble X IeutraUzes acid catalyst
tribasic I (Ca3(R>4>21
QlUlIIII
01ra0hn (Ill) trlacetyl acetonate 349.2 (216) Insoluble Soluble X
(0IjIDC(0I3)O):P=1 340
0Irani... (Ill) tri -2-acetylcycl.mexamate X
~. (Continued)
-------
TABLE A-7 (Continued)
Typical Boi11r4l
Careen- l\)int Res1n/~lyaer
tratfm (Helt~ Specific l\)lyurethane
It>lecular in IiIe l\)int) Gcavity Solub1Uty Foam
QeuI.ca1 ~ ~ "C (at 2O"c) Water A1mInl IIEIIzere ~ ~ ~ 1'heno11e Flexible ~ CamEnts
QIOIDJt (O>nttwed)
0mmI.\JD (III) trl(dibenzoylDEthane) X
0mmI.UD (III) tr1(l.3-01jftnyl-I.3- X
pentane:l1oate)
0mmI.UD (III) trl(l,)-df.jftnyl-l,3- X
pmpmeJiaate)
0mmI.\JD (III) trl-2-ethy1he>camate X
0mmI.\JD (III) trl(l-phenyI-l.:H>ut.ane- X
d1one)
0mmI.UD (III) tr1pl.coltnoate X
aJW.T
N Q>balt I:enzoate 0.05 l\)lyurethanes
VI
W Q>balt ~thylhemate (Cobalt oc:toate ) 345.1 0.05 1.013 (25°) l\){yurethlnes
(CtJl41l(C2l5) )
Cobalt t18ji1thenate (Inleftn1te ) 0.05 Insoluble Soluble Soluble l\)lyurethanes
U!AD
lead benzoate 0.05 l\)lyurethanes
lead 2-ethylhe>cmte 0.02 l\)lyurethanes
lead t18ji1thenate (InleftnlteJ 2 (100) Soluble X
lead oleate 769.6 0.05 Insoluble Soluble Soluble l\){yurethanes
(0I3(<1I2)JO!:Q\(<1I2)J!D» PbJ
Utharge, subl1med (PtO J 223.2 0.01- (888) 9.:>1 Insoluble. X
0.10
III
Hi\IG\It!SE
~ 2-ethylhe>cmte ~ 371.1 0.05 Soluble l\)lyurethanes
oct08te J (}b(
-------
TABLE A-7 (Continued)
Typical Bolling
Cancen- fu1nt Res1n/Polyaer
tmt1at (I1eltl'1l Speclfk fulyureii........ - -
ltllecular in Ole Iblnt) Gc'lvtty Solub1l1ty Foam
01em1ca.l ~ ~lt "I: (at 20"1:) Witer Alaml 1!enzIft,- ~~~ Pheoolk Flexible ~ CamI!nts
ftDII'IDU.5
1Bam!thy1p/Dipiork trtmdde (""""I 179.0 230-232 1. all (15°) Soluble Soluble X Oxatalyst with Cr(Ul)
(N(OIY2)jQI s~ 2O'l.1 21,() &100 Insoluble Soluble Soluble X O>catalyst with Cr(lll)
(OIjHzOIzOI2)j'1 CCIIp)UDI
Trihltyldodecylp/DlplDnlWl lod1de X Oxatalyst with Cr(lll)
s~ arlde 386.2 (55) X Oxatalyst with Cr(IU)
(Cdl17)jQl c1I:1I15)21
Ilibutylt1nblal8OOCty1maleate X
I,I
Ilibutylt1nblal8OOCty1mereaptoacetate X
llibutyltinblslaury IDercapt1de 635.1 Soluble X
«CtJl9)z5n(SCli'2s)21
Dln2t11)'ltlnbls18OOCtylmaleate X
Dln2t11)'ltin lsooctylDercaptoa::etate X
Dln2t11)'ltlnblslaurylDercaptlde X
StanID.JS chloride (SnCl.21 189.6 0.05 (246. 8) 3.95 (250) Soluble Soluble Ibl}'\11'ethanea
X
(Continued)
;
,
-------
TABLE A-7 (Continued).
typical BotliJ1!
Qxx:en- Ibint __~1n/I'o1~
t"'t L~1 (It!ltt'1l Specific 1b1yuret""""--
1t>1.eculsr InUle' Ibint> Gravity SolublUty Fan
C1emlcal -~- ~ "c (at 2I!"!:1 Water -- AlaJhol Benzene ~ Am1no ~ 1'heml1c Flexible ~ ~
TIN (2>2J P'I' carrier such as d1octy1-
jilthalate
StamJus oleate JSn(CU#lJ:P2)2J 681.7 o.~ Insoluble Insoluble Soluble X
1.75
ZOC
Zinc acetate 219.5 (200(d» 1.735 Soluble Soluble X
(Zu(CiI:P2}z' :aJ;PJ
Zinc-2-ethylhexmte (Zinc octoateJ 351.5 0.02 1.16 Insoluble Soluble 1b1yurethanes
(Zu(OOlll(CilS>CtJl9}zJ
. Zinc naphthenste (Zn(CfllpD>2J 0.05 1b1yurethanes
N Ztnc adde J~J 81.4 (1975) 5.47 Insoluble Insoluble X
VI
VI ZIlCmlH Al...ys used as a catalyst
Ztreonhn 2-ethylhexoate 1.0 1b1yurethanes
ZlrconiuD t\ajtotIEnate 1.0 1.05 Soluble 1b1yurethanes
Z1rconiuD toluene 1.0 1b1yuret:haoes
HISElANn5 IErAL a:tIUH6
Aluu1nua 180propox1de (Al(OCjl7>3J 204.3 2 (128-132) 1.035 ~ Soluble Soluble X
138-148
(at 1300
Pa)
A1un1JUJr-sec-b.Jtoxlde (Al(OC4119)3J 246. 3 2 (l0l.5) Soluble X
2'0-310
Barlun carbonate (BaO:IJJ 197.4 (811) 4.275 Insoluble Insoluble X
Cerlun napht/e1ate X
lantharuD DSji1I:hsnate X
Uthiun acetate (UCil:P2.:aJ;PJ 102.1 0.05 (70) Soluble Soluble 1b1yurethanes
!bgneslun acetate [~(00lll3)2J 142.4 (323) 1.42 Soluble Soluble X
(Continued)
-------
TABLE A-7 (Continued)
typical Ib~
Colan- fufnt ll.estn/Polymer
tmtial (Heltir8 Specific fulyurethane
IID1ecular In UIe fufnt) ~av1ty Solub1lity FOIIII
IhmIcal ~ ~ "c (at lQ"!:2 Water Alcd10l Benzene ~ Am1m ~ l'IeIoUc ~~bie ~ CameIts
HISa!IJAIBU) I£1'AL nn X
Bemyltr1.uethylamarluo chloride (US( d» 1.07 Soluble Soluble X
[C(#I~(Ql3)3)
Cresylic scid 220-250 X X
Df.cyaMJandde [tflj:(tfI)(IH:N») 6 (207-209) 1.400 (250) Soluble Soluble X
Dl.mthyld1laury1 IIII!DDhJD chloride .15 X
6-llydroxyethyltr1nethyl 8IIIDI1h.n X
hydrox1'"
Pamformaldehyde (IO(Qlj»nH 11>8) (120-170) Soluble Insol..b1e Insoluble X Cr."ssl~ l1(M)laks
'D:!tnII1ydroxyd1lx>nn X
'D:!tmpropylammnluu chlor1de X
Tc1Jmthylbor
-------
TABLE A-7 (Continued)
'lYPtcal BoWrw
O:n:en- a,1nt --~~~
tIatiDn (Heltlrw SpeclffJ: a,lyurethane
It>l.ecular In !lie a,1nt) (l-avlty SohJb1l1ty Foam , .
~ ~ .JE!! "c (~~l \later Alccho1 Bemene ~ ~~ ftJem11c F1exI.ble ~ CcmIe1ts
.v;m; !.
ketfJ: acid (aljDJI) (16.63) 1.0992 Soluble Soluble X
118
AamJn1ua d1lorfde (1IIt,Cl) 51.5 5 (350) 1.54 Soluble SlJgh£ X I'I
sublimes
hmDnl... fhDrfde (wq') 37.0 (d) 1.31 Soluble Soluble X
Bode acid (HjK)J) 61.8 IoIeter- 1.4347 (15°) Soluble Soluble X X
adnant
Boron trUluorfde [SF3) 67.8 -i0l Soluble I8:OIpIgeS x !lied with annnethy1aadne
Carbon dfox1de [00:z) [HiDJ) 44.0 -7&5 Soluble Soluble X Iittra11zes base (e .g.
N
VI (sub- Ba(aI)z)
-...J limes)
C1maI1c Idd [Cdl12f: (17°) Soluble Soluble Insoluble X X
mt.ydrws
FI¥>s(bIgypsUD x.
Pmsji1orfJ: a:1d [H)R>4) 9&0 (42.35) 1.834 (18") Soluble Soluble X X X ~l-fotllB1dehyde
c:mt1Jt!s
R1thalfJ: mtoydr1de [C8'4(OO),p) 285 1.527 (4°) SlJght Soluble X
I I
&Jccln1c ritydrfde [HP:(O )J:(Q)aIz) (120) 1. lor. Insoluble Soluble X
261
&JlfurfJ: acid [HpI)4) 9&1 pit 1-2 (10.4) 1.Wi Soluble ~ X x
315-338
(Continued)
-------
j
I
j TABLE A-7 (Continued)
.j
.i
J Typical Bo1li11!
. i C1111:) Gravity SolubUity Foam
a.emtcal ~ ~ 0c (at ZO"c) Water AlaJhol ~. ~ AmIno ~ Phemlli Fi.ex1bJe ~ CaIIII!nts I'
. ~ (lhntlnued)
. , p-'lbluenesu1fonic acid 172.2 (107) !bluble !bluble
X X
! (Cdl4(SOjI)(Q!y J 140 1,1
(2700 Pa)
'Ihl~ycolic acid X
BASfS
Immnia (Nl3J 17.4 -33. 5 0. 77 (0") !blubJe !bluble !bluble X X
Barb.. hydroxide (Ba«()\)2.H;PJ 2.18 (16°) !bluble ~ X X
Calcl... hydrOIClde (01«()\>2J 74.1 o.ror 2.34 SllgJlt Insoluble X X
0.01 (88
neW)
Ume (0.0 see CalclLa hydroddel 56.1 (258» 3.2~3.38 SllgJlt X
N
VI UthbJD carlxlnate (U:P>31 73.9 o.ror (-735)
CO 2.111 SpIrl~y Insoluble X
0.01 (88
netal)
Uthi... hydroxide (LUIII 24.0 (462) 1.46 ~ SllgJlt X
924
(d)
Mi8Jles1... hydroxide (~«()\>21 58.3 35O(d) 2.36 Insoluble Insoluble X
It>msodi... phcs&tBte (lWIpI)41 120.0 (235) 2.338 !bluble Insoluble X X
R>tassi... hydrOIClde (lOll 56.1 (405) 2.044 !bluble !bluble X
SocIi... a1UD1nate (No;lAl;P4 or 82.0 (lID) !bluble Ij1soluble X
NoAlOzI
!bdbJD bicarbonate (NoIDJ:JI ~.O (27O(d» 2.159 !bluble Insoluble X X
!bdluu hydroxide (NaIJII 40.0 (318) 2.B S'> hlble !bluble X X X
13~
Strontluu hydroxide (St(aI)21 121.6 (375) 3.625 !bluble X
(Continued)
-------
! .
I
I
j'
I
,
j
,
j
,
i
I
,
I
I
I
N
lJ1
-0
0Iem1cal
CATAL'iSr II!IJIlIALIZI!B
/mines
1bJsph>1."OUI penta>dde (ph>sph>dc
affiydr1de) IPPS)
Sod1uD hydrod.de (See Bases)
Tr1calc1... p.osp.ate (Ca3(R>4>2)
Triethaoo1anlne (~)jI)
RJ!SIN SI'AIIILImIS
2-.\mI.ID-2--thyl-l.."rnponol
(QliXQl3)N1p1p1)
D1methylan1methaml
( (QlYiDlplpI)
m-f'henylmEdla1l1ne (See /mines)
Triethy1anlne (See Am1nes)
NJl1!S:
1t>1ecular
~
141.9
Typical
0ancEn-
tIat1an
in tile
.J2!ill
TABLE A-7 (Continued)
Bolling
Ibtnt
(Heltil1J
Ibtnt)
"C
(5ID-585) 2. 385
3D( d)
134.6
Specific
Gravity
(at 2O"C)
3.18
1.126
0. 8819
Water
D!caIpIses
Soluble
Soluble
'llrey for typical arcenttat1an in IIII!: p,r - ""no per Iu1dre:l ream; """ - ""m per Iu1:Ire:I 101101.
Solubi1,J,ty
Alaiol
In90luble
Soluble
Soluble
Benzene
In90luble
Sli8tIt
Soluble
Ilestn/FOlymer
Iblyurethme
Foam
~AmIm ~ ~l1c FJeXitili. ~
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Came1ts
-------
,
TABLE A-B. FILLERS AND REINFORCERS FOR PLASTICS
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS WITH POLYMER APPLICATION
Filler
Form
Rlrtfcle
Size/Fiber
DL_ter
. (microns)
'!ensUe Ibblus of Sped fie Oil
~ Elasticity lnv1ty Absorptlont
~..e!. ,,106 J!! (at 20"(:) %
lef...,U ""
Wex
n/zm
AppUcability to 1'o1yoEr Type (IbJtJer Coded Belew)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
IIOG\NIC EXI1!NIDS
AltJDI.na. h)'drated
[Ali>3' ]Ii»
Ii1ground
(ZyatalUoo
0.05
2.4-2. 7
1.58
XXXX X
X
X X X
X X X
X
X
lbIoder
100
22-23
Ground
lbIoder
20
24-26
Superfine '
lbIoder
1.5-12
2.42
27-37 .
1.57
AllllliIuD [Al)
lbIoder
Flakes
2.55
X X
X X X
X
AltJDI.IUD hydroxide [See
AltJDI.na. h)'drated]
. .
N
0-
o
AltJDI.lUD oxide [Ali>31
[I'hery). [Sapphire)
(ZyatalUoo
8-50
15-52
:).4~.0
\3
1.6
X X
X
AluuInuD siUcate [See Clay I
Ant1mxty trioxide
lbIoder
0.8-2.5
5.45-5.67
9-12
XX
X X X
X X X X
X
X
Bariun csrlonate. precipitated lbIoder
(BaOO]I. (W1t1Erlte)
4.275-
4.43
14
1.6
Barbo ferrite
1.6-1.8
5.28
X
Bariun titanate [1Ia1103)
Bariun sulfate [BaS04)
lbIoder
5.91-5.95
lbIoder
2-25
X
X X
X
X
X X
X
llaryt...
O:IIIular
(ZyataUioo
2.5
4.46
6-7
1.64
X
X
Blanc fixe [Barlun !UUate.
precipitated)
RIcmb1c H1cro-
crystalline
4.35-4.46
13-14
1.64
rum: I -Acrylic Besins; 2 -Acry1oo1trUe-I!utadiene-5tyrene; 3 -Alkyd ResIns; 4 -Amim Resins; 5 -Engineering Ther1lDplastlca (l'olyphenylene Oxide ard 1b1yphenylene !Ulfide); 6-Epoxy
Reslre; 7 - Flwropo1yuers; 8 - It1emUc Besins; 9 - 1b1yacetals; 10 - Iblyantlde Resins; 11 - IblybJtylene; 12 - Iblycarlonate; 13 - H1gj> lS1sity Iblyethylene; 14 - Linear lew lS1sity
Iblyethy1ene; 15 -low n.n&ity 1'o1yethy1ene; 16 -1'o1yett.y1ene Terepht"'1ate/Poly1utylene Terepht..,1ate; 17 -l'olypropylene; 18 -l'olystyr_/Generall\.orpose; 19 - Iblystyrme/lq>Jct
lixlified; 20 - Iblyurethane; 21 - 1b1yvinyl Acetate; 22 - 1b1yvinyl Alcohol; 23 - Iblyvinyl QUorlde; 24 - IblyvinyUdene QUoride; 25 - Styrene Acrylonitrile; 26 - lhsaturated 1b1Y'"'ter
Resin.
(Continued)
-------
,"
TABLE A-8 (Continued)
Birt1cle
51ze/Fiber 'll!nsile Ibblus of Specl flc au lefractl YI! AppUcah1Uty to I'oI,..,r Type (See Ftrst Page of Table for tblD!r Code)
Dlaueter ~~ l!1astlelty Q-avity Absorptloot Index
Filler Fom (microns) " 106 -R!!! (at 20"1:) % nI'JJD 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
IN:EG\NlC Em2iIEIS
(wder 4.25 X
BenlDn1te clay R>wder X X X
[Ali>3' 45i1
BerylU... axide [BeO I !\oder 2. 86-3.02 X
Brooze [1-10% So in Ibl Ibrous R>wder 8.0 X
Cadm1... sulfide [CdS 1 !\oder 4.82 X
Calel... carbonate [CaID)I ~talUne Virtually 0. 0025 2.6-2.65 15-f>5 XXX XX X X X X X X X X X X X X
any
precipitated 0.06 1.63
UmesbJne 10.5-15 1.60 X
N Iob1ting [d1aJk1 ~talUne 2-12 2.17 6.5-15 1.60 X X X X X X
0\ (Gran:! Umestonel
......
ltirble Gran:I!\oder X X X X X X
SheIla Gran:I !\oder
CalellD fllDrlde [a.F21 3.18 1.43
Calel... hydroxide [limel. R>wder 2.33 375
(Ca(OO)21
Calel... siUcate, precipitated !\oder 2.33 375 1.4
(Ca51031
Calel... sulfate [CaS>41 Q-yptlx:rystal- 2 2.964 X X X X
Une
Anhydrite Ibwder 1-10 2.95 25 1.59
~ Ibwder 2.35 21 1.53
I'recipltatol Ibwder 2.95 SO 1.59
Clay [((soUn I, IAhmlrun nun Plate 0. 5-10 0.0015- 2.58 26-40 1.56 XXXX X X X X X X X X X
siUcatel 0.009
(Ali>' 25102' 2I1i>1
CalelnEd Platelike 2.0 0.0015- 2.63 45-'XJ 1.62
0.003
(Continued)
I,; i
, '.
l'
-------
j
.,
"J
TABLE A-8 (Continued) !
I
lIIrticle (
Size/Fiber Th...Ue Ibblus of ~ific au RefracUve Applicability to Polyaer Type (See First Page of Table for IUIiJer Code) ! :
maueter S~h "Elasticity Ckavity Absorptiont Io:Iex
Filler Fona (microos) .!.!.. ~ ,,106 ---'!!!. (at 20"(;) % n/2m 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 11 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
IIUIGANIC EJCmIIEIS
(Omtinued)
(bpper ftJwder 8.94 X X
BIEry [See Aluniruu Oxide)
Fel.dslBr (ft>tassillD alllDino- 4-12 2.6 16-24 1.53 X X X X X
silicatel (KAlSi 1>81
Glass
Cellular n:xbles
Flakes 'Jhin Flakes 2. 5 DID 24.9 2.01-2.56 1.5
Average
GronI Flne RJwder 2.50 1$1- 1.5
Ibll"" SpherES 45-75 0.12-0. 1 35 1.5 XXX X X X X
Solid ~res )-30 2.0-2. 9 JO 1.5 X X' X X X X X X X X
Q-sphi te Flakes 0.4-2 2.0-2.25
N
(j\ Iron [Fe I ftJwder JO 7.87 X X
N
Iron oxide (Fei>31 5.12-5.24 X
Kiesel3Jhr [See DiatalBcecus
Earth 1
"1 Kryolite [SodillD F1wro- X
aluninate 1
IJ!ad (I'l>l Irr"8lJlar U.34 X X X X X
!boder
lead oxide (MI ftJwder 9.53 2. 51-2.61
UthlllD alllDiDllD silicate X
U tlDpone [72% BaS04 + 28% Rlwder 4.2 14 1.8
lnSl
Hagnesiuu carbJnate. ftJwder 2.20 8) 1.5-1.71
precipitated [Hg(D31
Hagnes1l1D hydroxide Rlwder 2.36 1. 55'}-1. 58)
I, ,
"
(Continued)
,
I
1
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"1
!
, II
t'
,
.
:i
I' )',
, .
-------
TABLE A-8 (Continued)
\
8Irtlde
S1ze/F1ber 'n....lle IbiJlus of ~lflc OLl IefllEthe Appl1mb1lity to 1'o1yuer Type (See Pirst I'a8e of Table for IbJb!r Code)
DlaJeter :~ Elastlclty lkavtty. Absorpt1Dnt In1ex
Filler Form (adcrons) x 106 -.f!!. (at 20"(;) % nJ'lfJ} 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
IKIIGANlC I!XlBU1IS
(dde J. (See Iron O>dde J
Hica [1'otasalUD AI.uD1nn 1hI.n Plates 125 25 2.75-2.9 55 1.6 XX xxx X X X X X X X X X
Sllicate I
Blotite
ItJscov1te 25 2.76-3.2 47 1.55-1.61
IJ!ptdolite
lilite
lhlog>pt te 25 2.74-2.95 24 1.54-1.69
'krmf.cuUte Eiqanded Plates 2.25 1.60
N
0' 1b1ytx\enUD d1sulHde lbwder 4.8> X XX X
UJ
tephe11ne lbwder 4. 5-16 2.55-2.65 20 1.6 X X X X X
[(Ns ,K)(Al,Sl):P4J
Nickel, powder lbwder 8. 9J8 X
Perlite [See SiUca I
IUnice [67-75% SiOz + 10-20% X
Al:P3)
Pyrophyllite 2.85 27 1.59
[AlzSitPUj{OO) I
Rottel6tone
SiUca X XXXX X X X X X X X X X X X
hlDrpIDus Q.Drtz ~tal 2.65 38
Colloidal 1.3 1.4 X
lllataIIJceaJs "" rth lllatan lnw to 2.0-2.6 81-120 1.4-1.5 X X X X
DEdIUD
micron
FUntq.ortz Q.Drtzl te 2-9 2.65 40-63 1.547 X X X
funOO 0.001
(Continued)
-------
TABLE A-8 (Continued)
Fart1cle
stze/Ftber '!ensUe Ibblus of !p!clfie Oll lefracUve Applimbility to l'olyoer Type (See First Fall" of Table for IbJiJer Code)
lIamter Str~ Elast1c1ty Cbvity Aboorpttont InIex
Filler Form (memos) !'-.L:.I!! x 106 -R!!!. (at 20"c) % n!2CD 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
IHEG\NIC I!Xl»IDS
(lhnt1mxd)
Sl1ica (Qmt1mxd)
Fused "0
~el an! aerogel Sp>rw 0.1 2.0 180
IbvaeuUte ~talUne Ihrious 2.65 20 1.55
It!ornMIclte H1crocrystalUne 2.69 16
A!rUte 0.17
Freclpitated ImorplnJa 0.002 2.05 164 1.46 X
IYrogen1e *""rical 0. 000l- 2.1-2.2 150 1.4 X
0.0014
Q.lartznoor 2.65 32 1.55 X
San! ~r 2001- 2.65 19 X
SiUca gel ~rpInJa 2-25 2.1 so- 310 1.46 X
TrlpoUte ~talUne 1-44 2.65 31 1.55
VltrE1JU9 2.18 15 1.4 X
Wet proceaa 1.9-2.2 ltiO 1.4
N S1ltoon mrbide (SiC) ~talUne 68 3.217 2.65-2. 70
(J\
.p.
Slate flour
Sodiuu aluuI..... hydroxy-
carbonate [~te)
Sodi... allBinoslUcate lbwder 2.1
Sodi... alIBi.... fluoride 2.95 1.3
Steel, atainless lbwder X X X X
Talc lbwder 1-75 2. 7-2.8
(lJBI!1I'!SiUD aiUmte) Flat 3 2.7-2.9 27-49 1.6 XX X X X X X X X X X X
(Mgjii 4>10(00)21
0mad1an Ctyptocryatal- IS 2.88 34
Une
Utaniuu dioxide, rutile ~tala 12-15 4.26 2.7 X X
Anatase ~talUne 0.4 12-15 3. 8-3. 9 24 2.55 X X
Zinc, pcu:ler Irregular 7.0 X X X X X
Zinc adde [ZoO) ~talUne 5.47-5.6 13 2.0 X X X X X X
(Continued)
-------
i
..!
,
I
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!
i
I
I:
j
'I
I
I
,
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"'
!
"/
Filler
IIDIGANIC I!m2iIDS
(errystone floJr lbwder
OIrbon h:>llGol spherea [See Fly
MhJ
OIseln
CocORJt-shell flwr Ibwder
Coffee, grant lbwder
Cellulose, h)er Code)
Index
n!2Q)
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 8 9 lO 11 12 l3 14 15 16 11 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
lbwder 4.0-4.1 l3 2.31
lbwder 5.13 2.2 X X
lbwder 4.H.68 1.9S (avg) X
Ctushed
Ibwder
Ruler
lbwder
Ibwder
lbwder
lbwder
Ibwder
'!
"
, .
O.3H.5
0.01-0.03
0. 013-
0.01
O.OH.1
0.1H.5
0. 2-2. 3
1.35
1.25-1.31
0.25
300-350
11Xr570
65-200
UXH70
30-50
15
X
X
XX X X X X X X X X X X X
X
II; I;
, II
\:
I
f
X
XX
''{
II I' ,;: ,(
/tl
\' ~ I
\ I I 'i ,~
.I,h~i.
to. !
X
.." i
(Continued)
-------
,
,
,
,1
j TABLE A-8 (Continued)
i
i
'i
!
! Blrtlcle
! Size/Flber '!ensUe tbIulus of Specific au a.fracthe Applicability to Polyuer Type (See First Page of Table for NImi>er Code)
j DIameter Str~ Elasticity Q-avity AbsJrptioot IoIex
I Filler Form (microns) !..!- ~ x 106 ~ (at 20"1:) % n/'lJD 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 11 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
!
I N.\1UIAL EXml-fomBldehyde 1.1 1"'1 ,U
I' t' Vi
Polyflmroethylene RJwder ! . ~ j
':' .;'
Polyethylene l\MIer " X X
0,','1)'
: Polystyrene l\MIer 1.05 1.59 X
IIDIG\NlC FIBFBS
AlIIDina (cemm1c) (Al;!J3J Fiber 11 250 22 2.5-4 X X X X
(Continued)
-------
i' TABLE A-8 (Continued)
1
'I
~ 1
J Budde
S1ze/Fiber 'l!!nsl1e Ibi1lus of ~flc 011 Iefracti "" AppUcabiUty to "'lyuEr TYPe (See First Page of Table for limber Code)
Dlaueter :~~ E1ast1clty -'XI 10.6 2.70
J
Ribl>on 10-100
AlUDinun ni tride lid.akers 2000-3000 50 3.3
! AlUDinun oxide [Al:P3J Fiber 3 100 76 3.97
lid.skers !hbnicron 100-350 3.9 X.
2000-400O
'.
Aluuin.n siUaote Fiber 2.5-11 10,000 15 3.!n X
[Al:P3'SI.~J lid.skers
Asbestos Fiber 0.02 200 25 2.50 XX XXX X X X X X X X X X X
" ActimUte Fiber .. 3.0-3.2 1.63
. hmsite Fiber 0. 06-0. 09 287-374 23.6 3.1-3.25 1.64
" AnttophylUte Fiber '0.~09 356 22.5 2.85-3.1 ca 1.61
, O1ryaotl1e Fiber 0. 016- SOO-550 23.2 2.lt-2. 6 1.50-1.55
N 0.03
0\ CrocldoUte Fiber 0. 06-0. 09 200-700 27.1 3.2-3.3 1.7
~
'lkeooUte Fiber 2.9-3.2 1.61
, BerylUa (ceraUc) Fiber 7.5 1000-2700 S4~ 3.0 X X
lid.skers 7.5 X X
! BeryIU... Fiber 185 35-44 1.83
BerylUlD aorbide [Be1= J Fiber 150 45 2.44
BerylU... oxide lid.sker 2000-2!OO 50-100 2.85-3. 30
Boron Fiber 75-125 300-500 55-64 2. 3-2. 6 X X X
Boron carbide [BiPJ lid.sker 1-24 'l34 70 2.52 X
Boron nitride [BNJ Fiber 5-7 200 13 1.lt-2. 25
Boron IUngsten filauEnt Fiber 350 55-60 2.63
Calcl... sulfate [Franklin Fiber 2-3 1.585 X X X
fiberJ
Cartxn Fiber 5-15 260-450 30-(,() 1.6-2. 5
(Continued)
-------
'",/'
" '~"!.
..,
':1
.'1
.! TABLE A-8 (Continued)
P.1tt1cle
She/Fiber '!ImsUe IbIulus of !\>eCtftc Oll Iefrsctlve ApplicsbUlty to I'olyuer Type (See First Page of Table for tbnber Code)
lIl...,ter Str~ Elast1clty Q'avlty Absorptiont Imex
Filler ~ (microns) ~~ " 106 -1!!!! (at 20"1:) % n/2ID 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 11 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
IIIEGWC FIIDS (OmtiBJed)
Carbcn-d1aDxnl Fiber 28,(0)
-,
ChromillD IIdsker 1290 35 1.20
Copper Fiber 500 18 8.92
"::'J IIt1sker 421 18 8.92
Fybex [See l'otassillD titanite 1
Glass Fibers 2.54 XXX XXX XX X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
Aluuina-511ics glass Fiber 5-50 150
I!-{;)ass Fiber 5-15 350-500 10.5 2.55
4-10. -Glass Fiber 10-12 130 14 2. 55
H1croqwrtz Fiber 1 2.16
Hilled I!-Glass Fibers 5-15 500 10. 5 2.54
-, R-I08 Glass Fiber 12 289
RefrssU Fiber 10-12 2.16
N S-Glass Fiber 5-15 100 12.4 2.49-2.55
0"\ S-1014 Glass Fiber 10-100 660 12.6 2.49
00 S11~ Fiber 10 -2.22
'lit- 31-.\ Glass Fiber 10 500 16 2.49
I
-------
TABLE A-8 (Continued)
Rirtlc1e
51ze/Fiber 'Donsile Ib1Jlus of ~f1c a.1 aafractl \Ie Applicability t.o l'olyuer Type (See First ~ of Table for !bIb!r Code)
a.8meter St:reI:Bth Elast1c1ty (hvlty Aboorptlont Irdex
Filler Fom (mlcrrnl) "103~ ,,106 --1!!! (at 2O"c) % n/'JJD 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
IKIIG\NIC FlIUS (
-------
,
TABLE A-8 (Continued)
8Irt1cle :
Size/Fiber Thnslle ItWlus of ~1f1c Oll Iefract1\11! Applicability to Fo1yuer Type (See First Pa~ of Table for IimtJer Code)
l1aneter Stret:6th E1asticitY IblvitY Abeorptloot 1nIex
Filler Fom (mlcroos) x 103 ~ x 106 -R!! (at 2O"C) Z n/2(J) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Cl!G\NIC FlBERS
Nm1W.
Abaca [ltlnils Ieq» Fiber .20 93
Broauroot Fiber 1(00
a-cellulose [Paper pulp) Fiber 15 1.58 XX X X X
Cair Fiber
Cam cobs and stalks QJt 1.2 X X X
Catton flock Fibers 17 50-110 1.54 X X
lintem
CottonseEd Wlls
N Crtn vegetal
'-J
0 Flax [Bast f1beml Fiber 23 96
IBIp Fiber 16-50 X
76
lEnequen Fiber 125-500
56
Istle ['I!Iq>1co)
46
: .lite [Bast f1bem) Fiber 15 X
57
trap1 Fiber 2>-75
97
RaUls Fiber
(Continued)
'1
I
j
J
J
I
-------
.,
TABLE A-8 (Continued) . t~
1~ r
ftlrtfc1e
5ize/Fiber 'II>...Ue ttxfulus of !P!c1fic 011 ~racti"" Applicability to I'I>lyaer Type (See First Page of Table for Number Code) . ':
IJIaJEter :~ Elasticity 1ypropyiene Fiber 0. OS-I 70 1.5
Polyvinyl alcoml Fiber <22 X X
Polyvinyl d1lor1de Fiber
RajOR Fiber 10-40 10 0.4 1.50-1.55
.1
.'
FOOlNJ1E:
1011 absorption chta reported is frail two different analytical uetlDds. We infornation slDu1d therefore be used only as a gdde.
,
:'!
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I
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.!
J .
-------
!
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.,
. ,
J
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"
"
.,
. !
FlaDe Retardant
IHEGAIIICS
Aluntna trthydmte
1muJni... brou1de
1muJni... flwrobomte
AimDni... orth>pbJs-
phate (AimDn1UD ph>s-
phate. dltes1c J
1muJni... pentalomte
Aom:1n1UD polyp/K>S-
phate
1muJni\D sulf8llBte
N
-..J
N
AntInrJoy pentoxl.de
AntlnDny trioxide
Bartun Ul!talomte
Ibrax
Ibrlc Acid
DlmmDniun plmphate
(See AImooiun Orth>-
p/DIphate J
Disodlun octalomte
Fernxene
~lun sulfate
heptah)'dmte
R.epreaentati ""
Trade IIaue
R¥>IMh!kp/JO
IBrio.JS
Bunsan ll-Kl
"-"1
:~~ , I
TABLE A-9. FLAME RETARDANTS
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS WITH POLYMER APPLICATION
CaIposltion
Al2(ltyrene 16 - IblyurethanelF1ex1ble; 17 - Iblyurethane/Rigld; l8 - Iblyvinyl Acetate; 19 - Iblyvinyl
-------
. j
. J
I
.,
!
-1 TABLE A-9 (Continued)
.j
'J
j
.;
.: Speclf1c . Appl1cab1lity to Ibl)'lll!r
'1 Representatl ve Vl""""ity or (hvity Soh1hl.lity (See First l'a8e of Tables for Ibnber Code)
; Flame IIet.anIaDI: Trade Halle Ca1positlon Fom Part1cleS1zet (at 20"1:) Water Akdlol Benzene 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
"
.j IHlIGANICS
j (Q>ntlrued)
)
,'J Iblybdates O:taDOlybdate . Solid 3.0 3.1 X X
I Iblybdena oxide 1t>03 Solid 0.4-5.0.... 4.692 Sl1gIIt X X X X X X
Iblybdena amplex
j
',I IbmaIllllXli... phos- Illi,HzI04 Solid 1.8>3 Ibderste Slight Insoluble
I plute [lm1on1wI
.. plmsplute. 1IIJI1OIBsic:)
I
ItJltl"'1lEl:Bl amplex OIfprd 2 (bora ins Sb Solid 4.4
1hetllll¥Brd CPA O>ntains Sb Solid 1.0... (avg.)
Ib::or series O>ntains Sb Solid 1.0-2.0... 3. 3-4. 1
Red p-osp.orus 100% P Solid 2.34 Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble X
N Sodi... antlmnate 61.7% Sb Solid 9HZ < 74... 4.8 Insoluble XX X X X X X X X X X
I .....,
(.oJ Zinc oxide 1n) Solid 5.47 Insoluble Insoluble X X X X X X
.'fj Zinc borste XFtre Zn(8)2)2 Solid X X X
:J
,1 [Zinc oxide + Ibr1c Flrebmke Z8 2ZrO:IIP3' Solid 2-10... 2.89 ~ XX X X X
:t oxide) 3.~P
"..1
0I1.CIUNA1ED IIHttH:6
Ollortnated hydro- O!reclor S45 1.00-1.7 Insoluble Slight MIscible XX XX X X X X X X X X X X X
carbons O!redor 5S2
O!reclor S62 XX XX X X X X X X X X X X X
Fsoof lex QP XX XX X X X X X X X X X X X
F1ecd1lor 0010 5S% Cl Uqu1d
Flexd1lor 0018 5S% Cl Uqu1d
Flexd1lor 0013 5S% Cl Uqu1d
Plast1chlor X XX X X X X X X
OtlorlnatBi paraffl... O!reclor 42 XX XX X X X X X X X
O!reclor S45 XX XX X X X X X X X
O!reclor SS2 XX XX X X X X X X X
Cereclor 70 XX XX X X X X X X X
0U0rez7oo 70% Cl Solid 9HZ througjl ~ 1.7 XX X X X X X X X X X X X X X
III!Sh
Otlorez 7l$ 70% Cl Solid 9HZ througjl ~ 1.7 XX X X X X X X X X X X X X X
III!Sh
.~~ (Con tinued)
-.
,
,
!
"j
"
j
-------
,.
j
TABLE A-9 (Continued)
Speclflc Applicability to Iblyuer
Representathe Vlscadty or (hvity SolubUity (See First Page of Tables for Imber Code)
Flaim Retardant Trade IIaDe CalpJsition Form Particle Sizet (at 20"<:) \liter AlaIhol ~ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 1920
0Il1IUN0\'lED 13. 75 lb/gal Insoluble Insoluble Soluble XX X X X X X X X X X X X
20 mesh
OIloroax 100 401: C1 liquid 3.0 p at 25"<: 1.125 Insoluble Insoluble Soluble XX X X X X X X X X X X X
Kloro-&rtes Ii1r1cua Ii1r1cua XX X X X X X X X X X X X
N (\reU)
--.J (R!srsal1) 40-58% Cl 0. >-6XI p at 1.10-1.41 Soluble X X X X
~ 25"<:
lllroU 140\ 401: Cl liquid 28p 1.17 X
RJroU 170 70% Cl Uquid lOp Vi2 X
lllroil 1100 fmC1 liquid 20p 1.D X X
\h1ch]or liquids XX XX X X X X X X X X X'X
ani solids
Oechlorsne Plus 25 65% C1 Solid <5um 1.8-2.0 InsJluble \ery Sligjlt X X X X X X X X X X X X X
515 65% Cl Solid <15 ... 1.8-2.0 InsJluble \ery Sltgjlt XX X X X X X X X X X X X
2520 65% Cl Solid <5... 1.8-2.0 Insoluble \ery SUgjlt XX X X X X X X X X . X X X
Disperslono Mertchela' XX X X X X X X X X X X X
(OIlortmtel ~ 11128 X X X X
aret 11341 X X X X
hq:Bcet 11371 X X X X
AqtaWc X XX X X X X X X
le1 vet 65 Solids: 65% a.uls1on 10, (X» cp' 11.2 1b/gal. Soluble X X X X X X X
0Il0r0wax 70
Bez~rse Al 70% C1 a.uls1on 50p 1.6 X X X
Bez -Q-£perse 3 70% Cl a.ulsion 200-300 p 1.54 X X X
Bez-Q-£perse 4 X X X
Hethy1 pentachloro- OIS 32 32% liquid 1.17 X
stearate
(Continued)
-------
.f
TABLE A-9 (Continued)
Speclftc Applicability to lbl)'IEr
Rt>presentatl "" \I1scosity or (bvlty SohJbI.Uty (See First Page of Tables for IiIIi>er Code)
Flame Retardant Trade Naae Ccq>osit1nt1wed)
.
.; 1.4649 S:>luble
., Tr1chloroethylene &c:of1ex (D' liquid S11gI1t
j
:,) BmIINo\]I!I) aHaIII)
1 I, 2;l1s(2, 4, 6-tri- 70% 8r S:>l1d 2.58 X X X.
b.~""Ii1X'f)ethane
Bis (2, 4, kribraJo-
'1 phenyl)carbomte
i
1 I, 2-Bis(tetrabroan-
phthalim1do )etbme
Braulmte:l o~ BP-43 43% Br S:>l1d \ery S14/1t SlJgj1t
~ 6II'B 68% Dr S:>l1d 2.8 XX X X X X X X X X X
~7i11 77% Br S:>l1d 2.8 Insoluble XX X X X X X X X X X
N 8!68 68% Br S:>Ud Slight S:>luble X X X X
...... S3ytex BCL-462 74% Br S:>Ud 2.27 S:>luble X X X X
VI Saytex BN-21 X X X X X X
S3ytex BN-451 45% Dr S:>Ud 1.5 \JIll 2.07 Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble X X X X X X
S3ytex BT-93 66% Br S:>Ud 2-5 UIII 2.66 Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble X X X X X X X X X
FlRllBSt:er 611>, X XX X X X
'lS\
m; 'R1J7 (1bI) 43% Dr liquid UO) cp 1.48-1. 49 X
) Decabrom:>b1phenyl 84. 7% 8r
Decabroanliphenyl IE 83 83. 3% Dr S:>Ud 3. 2 ... 3.04 \ery Slight 'kry Slight X X XX X X X X X X X X X X X X
oxide (0!cabraID- IE B:R 83.3%Br S:>l1d 3.2 UIII 3.04 \ery Slight \ery Slight XX XX X X X X X X X X X X X X
dlphenyl ether! FR-3OOiIA 7&-83% Dr S:>Ud 35, 15, 10... 3.04 X XX X X X X X X X X X X X X
S3ytexl02 83%Br S:>l1d 3.2-5 UIII 3.0 X XX X X X X X X X X X
1-( I, 2-o1bnJlDethyl)-
3, ~brt1IDC)'clo-
hexane
li!xabrambenzene S:>Ud Insohsble S14/1t S:>luble X X X
~ C>-75 75% Br S:>Ud \ery Slight Slight X X X X X X X
FlrBlBBter 100 X
Octabroanl1phenyl IE-79 79% Dr S:>lid 2.6 \ery Slight Slight X X X X X X X X X X
oxide
(Continued)
-------
"
TABLE A-9 (Continued)
Specific Applicability to a,l)'ll'r
Representative V18C011Ity or 19.8% Sr !bUd SUg/lt !bluble X XX X X X X
zene Slytex10S X XX X X X
Pentabmootoluene 82. 1% Br
Tetrabl"OlllJX11ene BDery 9345 'DIX XX X
HDIED IIWXEN
IXJIUNI;
BraII1nated orprlcs BramklorSO 30% Sr, 20% Cl liquid 1.38 X X X X X X X X X X
lIraIddor 60 20% Br, 40% Cl liquid 1.40
Bramklor 70 ,35% Sr, 35% Cl liquid 1.65
N 1D8l19 22% Cl, 36% Br liquid 1.5 P X X X
'-oJ Fyarestor 100 40% Cl, 20% Sr liquid 130 p at 25"C 1.46 S>luble X XX X X X
(J'\ FyarestorUXE X X
HiXED K\IJXEN/lWI-
RIlU.5 aJ1RXIUI
Pentabrluble X X X X
Ihlorlmted mlXBI Fscof1ex 2 X X
pMsphate liIIc..lex 3 X X
Fscoflex 4 X X
Facof lex ~ X X
Rmflex 200 X X X
Rmflex 300 X X X
Rmf1ex 400 X X X
H10sflex 500 X X X
Qa10rlnated 0l1!iD\1C Antiblaze 78 12% P; 32% C1 Uquid or X XX X X X X X X
p/DsphJnate !b1ld
B1s(2~methyl)2- 39.5%Cl liquid ~ cpa st 25°C
chloroethyl ~
nate
(Continued)
-------
/"
,/'
..~
1 TABLE A-9 (Continued)
.,
1
'1 Speclftc Appl1cability to Ibl)'lll!r
-1 \!epregentatl... Vl9CQll1ty or ():avlty Solubility (See Pim1: Page of Tables for IiDb!r Code)-
.1 FUme IIetanIant Trade Name CoopJa1t1co ~ Particle Sizet (at 2O"C) ~ Alcob:Il ~ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
.,
MIXED IW.I)(EII/HIJ)-
HIlII6 eplate
-;
.~ (chlornneopentyl Iboa~ 211:-20 10% P; 36% Cl Uneopent- Velscol \U:48 53-54.5% Dr; 7.3% P Solid X
mrr2,4,8,Hk:etm-
oxa-3.~ji>a-
spl.ro(5.5~
3, 'hI1oxI.de
'lrts(2-chloroethyl)- 10.8% P; 36. 7% CI. Uqu1d 40 cpa at 25"C 1.425 Slight Soluble Soluble X XX X X X X X X
ptosji>ate
L Tr1s(l-chlom-2- Antlblaze 80 9.5% P; :m: Cl U
-------
TABLE A-9 (Continued)
Specific Applicability to lblyaer
Bepresentati "" Vl8C081 ty or Ikavlty SoJubllity (See First l'a8e of Tables for IUIi>er Code)
F1aDe Retatdant Trade Name Coap>sition Fom Particle S1zet (at 200C) Water Akdol ~ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
KlXED INJXEN/Hm-
l'IIlU.6 sphate 25"1: I
,
Hml'lllU.6 sIh>r1nsnyl)ox1de , '(l ,
t-tlutyl p.enyl SBnt1c1zer 154 8.4% P lJ.quid 58 cs at 25"1: 1.175-1.185 Insoluble X II,,, f.11 X X X X
rICh"
d1plEnyl plJJBplBte t ~ 'I
33 ca at 25"1: ,..,',J:
cresyl d1p.enyl Fscoflex aJP 1.20 Insoluble Soluble X X X' X X X X X
ph:>sjmte ,,~i
N D1~1~1Jh>s- Weston 1O/-!m9 10. 6% P
"-J pinnate
00
D1methy llll!thy 1- FYrol DtIP 25% P Uquld 1.150 Soluble Soluble X X X
ph>sjiIomte
2-1!thylb!xyl dip.enyl lJ.quid IDJ cp at 29"1: 1.088-1.092 X
plJJBplBte [lktyl (25°C)
dJ¥Ienyl Jh>sphate)
Isopropyl tri(dioctyl lI'errlIeact 1(R-12 X X X X X X X
plJJBplBte) titanate
Isopmpyl trt(d1octyl lI'errlIeact I(R-)IB X X X X X X X X
pyt'Oltx>splBte)-
titanate
IsocIecyl dip.enyl Ssnticber 148 7.9% P 1J.qu1d 22.5 ca at 1.~1.079 Insoluble X XX X X X X
pOOsphate 25"1:
Isopropylp.enyl Kron1tex 100 lJ.quid 243 cp at 25"1: 1.15-1.17 X
dip.enyl plJJBplBte
ltenyl plJJBplDnate8
ltenyl plJJBplnnate X
fran sulfonyl-b1s-
pheml
(Continued)
j
I
-------
I
. j
I
j
! TABLE A-9 (Continued)
I
j
;
Speclf tc Appltcab~Uty to Ibl)'lll'r
Representative VllIC08ity or Ikavity SolubiUty (See Firat ~ of Tablea for IbOOer Code)
Flam lIetardant Trade Name Calp:lsiUoo Form Particle Sizet (at 20"1:) Water A1aJhol Benzene 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 i910
I'IIJSPIIIII5 a:JIRX.tUj
(Contirned)
Ibosphine oxides ~ X
RF-699
Iktyl dip1enyl Santidzer 141 IJ.quld 16.4 C8 at 1.1118-1.093 Insoluble X XX X X X X X
pI¥>sji1ate 25"1:
IIsf.....U DID XX X X X
Ibosli1onate eatera Facof lex X X X
laoflrex X XX X X X X X X
(~Uc jh>sjhJnate) Antlblaze 19 21.5% P IJ.qu1.d XX X X
RBd p,oopmrua !!mUt 505
treate:l with c:apnr
1actam
N Trib.itoxyethy1 Jf1os- ICP-I. 40 IJ.quld 12. 2 cpa at 1.018 \ery Low Soluble X X X X X
" plnte 20"1:
\0
Triluty1 pOOsphate Krnnltex TIB lJquid 3.7 cpa at 0. 978 Soluble Hladble Hlsdble X X X X
2O"c
Trlcresy1 plDspinte Krnnltex 1t:P 8.4% P 1Jquid W cpa at 20"1: 1.1«;0-1.175 X X X X X X X
Trlcreay1 ptmplnte
disperalom
Triethy1 pI¥>sji1ate 17% P IJ.qu1.d 1-2 cp at 2D"I: 1.0725 (19"1:) Soluble Soluble Soluble X
TrHaopropyl rJ>eny1 KrooJ.tex 50 IJ.quld 70 cpa at 2O"c 1.17o-1.1W X XX X X X X X X
plmplnte Krnnltex 100 1Jquid !KJ cpa at 20"1: 1.150-1.165 X XX X X X X X X
Tr1octy1 Jf10spInte 8Icoflex 'DF 0. 924 (26"1:) Soluble X
TrirJ>enyl Jf10spInte kof lex TPP 9.5%P SoUd 1.268 (600) Insoluble ItxIerate Soluble XX X X X X X X
Tripheny1 ~
oxide
Trixyleny1 ptmplnte Krnnltex TXP 1Jquid 1!KJ cpa at 1.142-1.152 \ery Slight X X X X X X X
ITrl( diDethylrJ>eny1) 2O"c
rtxsplnte )
(Continued)
-------
TABLE A-9 (Continued) ,
(
Spedf ic Applicability to lblymer
Representati "" VlSCQ8ity or Q.-avity So1ub1lity (See First Page of Tablea for Ibih!r Code)
FJmre Retardant Trade !/alii! Calp>sitioo Form Particle Sizet (at 20"<:) W3ter AlaJhol Benzene 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
RFN:l'1VE otch1oroeRlaoethy- SA-SO
l.....-tetrahydro-
phthalic amydrldel Fireaoster CA
[HET lI1h}Urldel
OIlotine-antain1ng 1het1DJlin RF-2~ X
polyol
(Continued) .
,
:. I
. ~ 1
j
j
'I
1
.1
-------
(.
.
"
TABLE A-9 (Continued)
Speclf Ic Applicability to lbl)'IEr
Representatl "" Vl.SCer Code)
F1anE Retardant Trade IIaD2 Coq>osit1on Form Particle Sizet (at 20"(;) Water Almhol Benzene 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 U 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
mw:rI\IE -2- Q\F 65% Br
butEne-1,4-d101
O1bro1vneopentyl fR-U38 6l%Br S:>Ud 2 X XX X X X
gl)'<:ol
O1b~l BIery 9331 DIP
O1btOllDpropmol DIP 73% Br liquid 2.14 Slight S:>luble S:>luble X X
O1bttJOlJpnJpyl Q-eat lakes AE59 X X
acrylate
N
CO 0, o-o1ethy 1-1, N,IH>ls fYro1 6 X
...... (2-11ydroxyethyl)
aminmethy 1
plDsph>nate
Di (polyoxyethylene) fYrol ItIP 12. 6Z P X X X X
hydraJl!thyl pros-
piDnate
Ethylene oxide alcb:t BIery 935.BJD1&\ X X X X
of 'lBB1I\. Q-eat lakes X X X X
M-50
£pi broJJJhydrln Insoluble S:>luble S:>luble
llexabraJDhJtene '!I!nooco 89% Br
lIexachlorocydo- C-56 1.7019 (25"(;) X X X
pentadlene
Oligaoorlc plmphlte fYrol 51 S:>lubl.e X X X
eaters Fyrol 58 X X
011gsPdte IIUtro II!F lIquid 6IXXHnXJ cps X
Pentab~l Q-eat lakes ftl82 XX
.1
(Continued)
'. j
t
,:'j
.
. J
-------
TABLE A-9 (Continued)
Specific ApplicabiUty to 1b1)'1111!l"
RepcesentaUve Vlscosity or Q-avity So1ub1Uty (See Firat Page of Tables for IbIb!r Code)
Flame Retardant Trade Name CaIposit1oo Form l'IIrt1cle Sizet (at 2O"c) Water AlaJho1 ~ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 .
RFACl'lVE finct1oml1ty Pluraco1 648 4.5% P X
po1yo11
tl!trabraJDbiapheno1 A (hat 1sIces 58.8%8r 9:>Ud Insoluble 9:>luble X X X X
(TB118\ J SA-59
(hat 1sIces 58.8%8r 9:>Ud Insoluble 9:>lub1e
SA-5!1'
TetrabrolllJphthal1c Saytex RB-49 68% Br 9:>Ud X X
aMydrlde (188\ J 8Dery 1BBo\
FirEllll8ter Hl1'4
FlrSlBllter 8PIIA
N tl!trabralDviny1 FR65lA 74.7% 8r 9:>Ud
00 c)'dche>me
N
tl!trachlorophthaUc tl!trathal 9:>Ud Slight X X X
I. ariJydrlde
[Cd=14(OO)i>J
Tetralds(hydroxy- tl!trathal
methy1)plDSplDnhm '11IPS
sulfate
TrIb""""""",ty 1 FR-l300
a1coID1 FR-2249
Tribrampheool (hat 1sIces 9:>Ud 2.55 Insoluble 9:>luble X
[8r(JJl)lJ, 81-73
[CdlzBrjllJ
..; :\ Trls(dipropy1me Weston 430 X
1 81)'<:01) pIJ>sjt1ate :
'. ! Vlny1 bromide luble 9:>luble X
[OIplBrJ
':'1 FaJl1{JlE;:
m.y for Vlscosityanl IIIrticle Slze:
ViscosIty: p - poIse; CPo cpa - centIpoise; cs = centlstokes
furticle Slze: microns. lID
!
. ~
-------
, I
,
I
TABLE A:"10. FREE RADICAL INITIATORS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS WITH POLYMER APPLICATION
j
IIeltit1l 10-
Ibint/ !bur Flash Use in Po1~
Bo~ 1Blf- Ib1nt 'D......,.lastks ~.-
It>1eo.dar Ibint Ufe "c I&ter Iqan1c 1b1y- kry1- Plmro- PS- PS- 1Jric-
WUator ~ ~ .CS (ax:)' So1ub1l1cy So1ub1lity esters ~ ~ ~ UI'E ~ ~ PiAl: PIC IW: SAN ..3..... CaIIImts
IJQHIC 1NlTIA1IIIS
AUaL mIOXIIES
a,a,Bl.s(t~lpemxy) 120 X X
dllsopropy11eJzene
BI.1I(jMII!tID~l pertvdde)
t-futy1 cuuy1 peradde 121 X X
D1-t~1 peradde 146.2 -40/111 126-7 18 0. 01% Soluble X X X X X X X X
D1cuuy1 peradde (B1s(ap- 210.4 113- Soluble X X X X
d1methy11eJzy1)peradde ) 117
2, 5-nlmethy1-2, s-b1s(t~l- 29) 8(f)/SO- 119 85 Insaluble Alcoh>l X X X X X X
pemxy)lExane. 52
N 2, H!ImetIIYl-2, s-b1s( t-bJtyl- 128 X X
00
V-J peroxy)""""",,"""3
~l peradde 85 X
O::tyl peradde (capry1y1 258. S 631 Insaluble X X
peradde)
DIN:EM. IfBOXIIfS
Acetyl l'erodde 118 Dl63 ffil 4S Slight Soluble X
(21ro
Pa)
Acetyl benzoyl peradde Un2 36.6/ !bIerate ItxIerate X
130
(2500
Pa)
, J
. ~
I
I
!
, I
. ~ 1
. i
'j
'"I
. .1
.,
.. 'I
Benzoyl peroxide (vario.s
forms)
242.2
103-105/ 72-73 III
10S( d) alto-
ig-
nites
S1J&k
(kpn1c
SolVB1t8
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Paste forms in
plastl.c1zers
used for emss-
Uridng
WnEthyIan1l1ne
sets 88 011101-
tlJltor in
polystyrene
(Continued)
, ,
.- "1
, J
.' ,
. .
. -::
-------
,,'
, ]
I
, j
,
J
'j
j
!
j
I
!
Ho1ecWar
~
~
. )
;
Duam. l'IRJKIIE (O>ntimed)
Bis(4-:t-hd:y1 benzoyl peroxidi.)
Bis( o-braIobenzoyl peroxide) 402
Bis(ar-braIobenzayl peroxide) 402
Bis(p-bramben:wyl peroxide) 402
Bis(p-1II!tIoxy benzoyl peroxide) 302
Di-p-chlorobenzoyl peroxide
Decamyl peroxide 342
Dic:h1orobenzoyl peroxide (0 on!
N p)
00
,~ Di-2,Hichlorobenzoyl peroxide
(in various mixtures)
Dilsonooaooyl pemx1de
lauroyl peroxide [DIdodecamyI 398.6
Pemdde)
.
': !
:. i
, j
',,' ,-1
, :'1
": 1
".': -1
,", ./
...j
,:'1
TABLE A-lO (Continued)
1Ielt~ llr
Point/ IbJr Flash
Bo1l1~ Half- Point
Point Ute "C
~ ~ (ax:)I
Water Orgsnk
So1ub1Uty SoluhiUty
Poly-
~
Use in Pol~
Thenooplsst1.cs Cross-
kryl- Flmnr I'S- I'S- 11dc-
~ ~ ~ !!!'! ~ ~ PlAt: PiC PVOC SAN ...3-
~
:JI
explodes
Soluble
Insoluble 0rpn1c X
Solvents
Insoluble Ether, X
Benzem
75
:JI-.\2/42 62
(d)
~
54
X
59
49/(d)
x
x
61-62
Insoluble
Soluble
Pe1atgOl1yl pemdde 290 101 62 Insoluble Soluble
Propionyl pemdde ' 146 64-65 51.7
DIBASlC JICID Pf1I!IKIIPS
Sucdnlc kid Pemdde 234 127(d)/ IbIerstely Insoluble
. ~
i Aa!tyl ,",elDne pemdde [2,Ir- 130
" pentaned10ne peroxide)
'''''.''
t--AiJ!y1 hydroperox1de 154
Hkltyl hydroperox1de ~ ~/75(d) 16S- 54 IbIerste 0rg/inIc
In Solvents
Soluble '
t-i!utyl ~draxyet""l pemdde
X
x
X
x
X
X
X X
X
X
X X
X
x X X X
X
X
X
X
x X X X X X X
(Continued)
-------
TABLE A-lO (Continued)
1tilii'1l u>-
Ibint/ IbJr Flash Use in Iblyaers
Boiling .Half- Ib1nt "Dvo....,.,1astJcs* CtaIs-
HD1ecu1ar Ibint Ufe "C Water (kganfc Ibly- Al:Iyl- Fluoro- (5- (5- Urit-
lnltJator ~ .3L ~ (ax:)' SolublUty SolublUty esters ~ AIlS ~ 1lR General .!!!E!!. l'V"" PIoC l'IIOC SAN 3- CamI!nts
. . JMB:IfI!lIJXIIE (0InI:1wed)
Qmne hydroperoxide (a,a -di- 152 158 79 SlJ&k IkpnJcs X X X X X
methylbenzylh)'droperoxide )
Cycld1exanooe peroxide 246 913 Insalubl.e Salubl.e X X X G!nerally a 40-
, 50% solutfoo in
i d1met:hyl ~
late
::. J DI.1aoprnpylbenzene 195.3 G!nerally as a
it)'droperox1de S2% solut1nn
...
"i 2, s-ot.methy1hexane-2, s-dihydro- 178 l!lH04/ 154 SlJgj1t Insalubl.e X m solution
. , perod.de
I
'~'.
. p~ hydroperod.de 172.3
'J
.: j
, 1 tt.thyl ethyl ketone perod.de 176 100 X X X Available in
j various IJI1x-,
.
j tures
N 1Iept. of 'D:ans-
00 portatfDn re-
V> quires shipping
at maxiJJuD of
9% act1w
a>exyl)pera-49 \ery SlJgj1t H1sc1ble X X X X X
(Continued)
-------
.~.'
"
TABLE A-tO (Continued)
Italti'1l 1G-
fuint/ !bur Flash Use in fu1r.:a
Ik>WQ8 Half- fuint 1bermJplastial n <26. 7 X X X X X n-75% solu1:fDn
ncate) in benzene
t-futyl peraxyisohJtyrste )'()-8) X X
t-futy1 peroxy1sopropy1 176 -3(0/ 97 44-48 \ery Sltght Hlsc1ble X
carbonate (T(X:)
t-futy1 peroxymalelc add 188 114-U6/ 88 SUak X 95% pure
. t-a,ty1 peroxy-2-..ethy1 97
benzoate
t-futy1 pero>
-------
/
.>
.,.}'
J
-:1
. 1
I
:
~ II>-
lb1nt/ IbJr
Ik>w. IIalf-
lblnt Ufe
~ .eS
Ioit1ator
Iblecu1ar
~
l'flIIJXmi'I1!B (0xItiJu!d)
. I
- .
-; ,
:. )
- i
, ~
. .
.!
,
,
TABLE A-10 (Continued)
Flash
~
'\:
(ax:)1
Water mne carboxylate
lbly-
esters
Use in l'olymers
- 'D1enmplsst1cs* _n_- cross-
kryl- ftmm- 1'5- 1'5- ~-
~ ASS ~ UR General ~ PVAc P\IC PVOC SAN ..3-
CaIments
95% pure
X X X 15% 801ut1oo in
adneral spirits
X
X X
X
X X In d1bJtyl
lkh11ate (m)
X X
x X X
x X X X
X X
X
X
(Continued)
-------
I
J TABLE A-lO (Continued)
j
I
!
Melting 10-
lbint/ Ii:Jur Flash Use in l'olyuers
Bolling 1Ialf- lb1nt 'lberuq>Jast1cs* Ctoss-
HDleculsr lbint Ufe "c IGter Ikgan1.c lbly- kryl- Fluoro- PS- PS- lint-
'. In1t1ator ~ ~ "cS (00::)' Solub1Uty Solub1Uty esters ~ ~ ~ !!!!. Ceueral ~ l'VAc PI.c PYIX: SAN ~ Caments
SlUUM. AamL ~
, 38
Acetyl cycld1exyl sulfonyl X
peroxide
: 1 'IEITIARY AUCn. PI!1UCEOOS
: 2,2-B1s(t-bJtylpenmy) Iutane lor.
X X X
"
,
, 1, HI1s(t-bJtylpenmy) 93-4 x
cycld>emn>
l,l-111s(t-bJtylpenmy)3,3,>-' 92 x X
tr1methylcycld1emne
~yl-4, 4-b1s(t-bJtylpenmy) 107
valerate
i
, .~ Cyclic peraxy\<.etsls 130-
N 138
00
,! 00 1, HJi(t-bJtylpenmy) en
,
cycld>exane
ahy 1- 3, :Hd.s( t-butylpenmy) 110 X X X X
b.d:yrste
A2JJ CXIIRUOJ
2,2 '-.\zob1s(2, 4-.!imethyl-4- 3i'
ueth:Jxyva1eron1tr1le)
2, 2' -.\zob1s( 2, 4-.!imethyl- 5'J!4 X
valeron1trlle)
2, 2'"'I\zob1s-2-..ethylb.d:yro- 164 Solub1e X X X
nitrile
2,2' -azob1s(uethylleobutyrste) 230 X X
2, 2' -.\zob1s(1eobutyron1tr1le) 164 105(d)/ 644 1ns:>lub1e 0rg;In1c x x x x x X
Solvents
~1ohex:ane carbon1tr1le
(Continued)
-------
i
, i
i
i
" {
,
. ,
: .:
Helti'tl
Iblnt/
Bolli'tl
Ibint
~
Ur
!bur Flash
1Ialf- Ib1nt
Ufe "c
"cS (ax:)1
. "
. .
Initiator
HDlecular
~
Am aJIWU (a1e 96
2~-lUty1azo-2-c}'bOO 4 .oetlmy- 55
"-thylpentane
2~-ikJty1azo-2-cyar0-4"111!thyl- 70
pent51e
2-5-1Uty1azo-2-cyanopropane 79
2~-ikJty1azo-:MethD;y-4- 135
IlEl:hylpentane
N a,a-iJl.JilenYl-6-p1crylll)'draz1ne 3C)1,.4
0)
\0 IHlIG\NIC IIIlTIA111IS
lm1Dn1ua RmIulfate 228.2 12O(d)/
Ferrous ImmnitD !bJ.fate Hexa- 392 lQrUO
hydrate (d)/
I\ydmgEn ieraId.de 34 ~41(f)
/lso.2
Oxygen 32 -211V
~8J
PotasshJn Bisulfate 136. 2 214/(d)
PotassiuD Persulfate 270.3 /
-------
~ 10-
1b1nt/ !bur Flash Use in Folr.='
BoW. 1tIlf- 0 Ib1nI: 'DIenDj>1astJcs ~
Ii>leodar Ibint Ute "c Water (kgsnfc Ibly- kryl- -- nOOn>- 1'5- 1'5- lJrit-
~ .:£L "cS (ax:)1 So1ub1Uty Solubility ~ "~ AIlS ~ !!!!. ~ ~ P\IAc P'oC PVIX: ~...!!!L Caaaents
l~).l )15O(d)/ 9>luble SlJ&hI: X
238. 2 /(lOO(d) 9>luble X X X
X lIetb:1ng agent
X lIetb:1ng agent
Insoluble 9>hm1e X G!nerally IIIII!d
with methyl
ettvl ketnne
per0d.de9 and
cycld1examne
peroxides
N
\0 G>balt O::toate 144 X Oanerally used
a with I£[(p and
cyclohexamne
perax1de
6% G>balt O::toate + 14% Ibtas- X lIIed with I£[(p
nun O::toate + 1tljietyl
Rxlsphlte
Dlettvl Anil1ne 149.2 -38. 81 85 Sltal1t 9>luble X G!nerally IIIII!d
216.3 with benzoyl-
peroxide
N.IH!lmet:hy1an1l1ne 121.2 2.45/ 61 SltaI1t 9>lub1e X X X Q!nera11y IIIII!d
194.2 with benzoyl
peradde balt Mlji1ttenate
N,lH!lmet:hyl,..-tolu1d1ne
i
, I
TABLE A-IO (Continued)
X
(Continued)
-------
",
TABLE A":'lO (Continued)
Helt1qj 1t}-
Point/ Hcur Flash Use in Po1~
Bo~ Half- Point '1beraq>Jastlcs Cross-
Ho1eaJ1ar Point Life 0c \later 0rgsn1c Poly- Acryl- Pluoro- PS- PS- Udt-
~ ~ ..:EL 0<.1 (ax:)I SolubiUty SolubiUty ~ ~ ~ ~ UI'£ ~ ~ ~ P\IC Pnx: SAN..3.- ~
l'IUDltlIS/ACl'lVAmI. (Cmtin.Jed)
Ferrous PyropiDIphate X IIeducU8 88"'It
Ferrous Sulfate 152 Soluble Insoluble X Reduciz1! 88"'It
Ferrous Sulfide X Beduclrg 88"'It
Hydraztne 150.2 2.0/ 270 Miscible Insoluble X ' Reducirg 88"'It
113.5 (-
tg-
nites)
IIydroqulnooe 110.1 170/285 165 Soluble Generally X Beducl'1! 88"'It
Insoluble
~1aIdne 33 33/ Soluble X Reduci'1! agent
laay1 "=aptide -7/147:- 127.8 Insoluble Soluble X
!-oJ 145
\0 (2 kPa)
......
2-Hercaptobenzot1e + 180 164-175/ Insoluble Soluble X Used with t-
Qqrlc O1lorfde 134.5 620/ Soluble hJty1 perben-
zoate
2.4-i'EntanedJme [bty lace- 1(1).l -23/139 40.5 Soluble Soluble X
tone)
l'yrqJal1ol 126.1 132.5/ Soluble Generally X IIeducU8 agent
309 Inso1...le
SodillD Formaldehyde Sulfoxylate 124 64/ Soluble X X
SodillD lIydrcsulfite (sodillD 210 55(d)/ Soluble Insoluble X
dU:lwmite)
SodillD Hyposulfite X Beducl'1! 88"'It
Sodiuu Sulfide 18 920(d)/ Soluble Insoluble X Beduclrg 88"'It
SodiuD Thiosulfate 158 Soluble Insoluble X X Beducl'1! 88"'It
Sugar (dextrose) ,[gluccee) 180 146/ Soluble X X Beduclrg 88"'It
(used In con-
.).n:tJon with
iroo salts)
(Continued)
-------
:,,'
. ;/
.~ TABLE A-lO (Continued)
j
HelUl1l Ur
PoUlt/ IbJr Flash Use in Po1r.='
Bo11f.r8 Half- PoUlt ".eI"""lasttcs Cross-
Ho1ecWar PoUlt Ute 0c Water Organfc Poly- Acryl:- Fluoro- PS- PS- lliio-
~ ~ ~ 0($ (aJe)l So1uh11ity Soluh111ty .!!!!:!! ~ AIlS ~ !!!!. ~ ~ PVAc PVC PVIX: ~....!!L- ~
PIDODES/ICrtVAmi (0XIt1roed)
'Ihicg1ycoUc Acid. [Hen:apto- 92.1 -16.5(f) Hlsclble Soluble X Redudl1! agent
acetk E1d) /105
Vanadyl Acetyl AcelDne X
Vemene Iron X
IRIIJII1tIIS
BenZaldehyde 106 -56(f)/ 61 Slight Soluble X
178
p-I!eozoqu1mne 182 47.5/YJ5 38-93 Insoluble Soluble X X X X
p-t-futylCateclml 166 5fr-57/ 129 SlJgt1t X x X
285
N Catech>l 110.1 105/ 127 Slight Soluble X
1.0 245.5
N
adoroanil X
:
Copper 63.5 11133/ Insoluble Insoluble X
2595
2 ,~orobenzoqulnone X
2 ,6-D1chlorobenzoqulnone X
ur-01nit:robenzene X X
01rhmYlamine X
2, 5-I>1phenyl-p-benzoqu1none 260 2UH14/ Slight X
Ferric Salts X X
FurfuryUclene malomnitrile X
Hyclroqu1none [see PromtDrs/ X X
Activators J
(Continued)
-------
TABLE A-10 (Continued)
1Ielti'1! ur
Point/ IbJr Flash Use in Pol~
Bo~ Half- Point 'n.e1'lDOplast1cs CrIJs..-
Ho1eaJ1ar Point Life .c Water :n! X
N-AIeny~thylaDlne 219.3 1a1/39~ Insoluble Soluble X
400
P1crk kid 12r-123/ 150 Soluble Soluble X
N PriaBry and Secondary lIIIII.nes X
I.C
W Pyridine 79.1 -42/ 20 MisclbJe Miscible X
1~1l6
\'yrq!allol (see Prammrs/ x
Activators)
~ X
Sulfur 32 106.8/ 207 Insoluble Soluble X X X X
444.6
Trinittotol..",., 80.1/2«1 Ex- Insoluble Soluble X X
(ex- plodes
plales)
F1yvinyl a.lorlde; PVJX: - PolyvinyUdene a.lorlde; !WI - Styrene-1\crylonitr1le.
..1
-------
.1
1
TABLE A-It. HEAT STABILIZERS
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS WITH POLYMER APPLICATION
"'lUng ftllyuer Applicat1m
(BoW,*) Specific Refracthe 'l)p1cal [lie Flexi-
Ho1ecu1ar So1JJb1lity ftl1nt, 2>Z' 2Hp J
Bar1un b1a( 4-mnyljh!mx1de)
Barb.. caprate
Barm caprylate
Barb.. carbonate [Basea 811 4.275 1.529 X X X
N BarbID 2~thylhexamate
\0
~ Bar1un 1aurate [Ba(Clil:z:P2>zJ 536.0 !bM>le lery 2(,1) X
Sll&ht
Bart... II!Yr1atate [Ba(C141zjJz)2J 592.1 Insoluble Iery X
sll&ht
Barm nq:htlEnate
Bart... mnylji1enate
Barl... oleate
. { Bart... phenate X X
. ~
.j BarbID phenox1de
Barluu rlclmleate
Barluu sIlicate (BaS10)1 213.4 Insoluble !bluble (1604) 4.4 1.673
BarbID stearate [Ba(CUll:31>2)2J 704.13 Insoluble Iery 2.5
Sll&ht
(Continued)
'. ,
,
-------
I
i
. ,
.
-. .;
. _1
)
"I
.!
!
Heat Stabilizer
CAOOlIt
CadIduD benza1te
[Cd(C;fl~)2':alP J
Caristate
CadIduD naphth!Dllte
N
\.0
lJ1
CadIduD oleate
Cadn1un p.mate
CadniuD ~te
OIduiUD ricinoleate
[Cd(~«(}I2)pDD1zat: (}I«(}I2)J002>2 J
CadniuD stearate
CAI.ClIM
audIO benzoate
ICa(C;fl~>Z' 3IPJ
Calc1UD caprate
Calcb... 2-ethylhexanoate
CalciUD laumte
ICa(CllHzjJz)2'HpJ
Calc1\J11 naphtlenate
1b1ecu1ar
~ Water
366. 36
390.6
SUgjlt
399.0
681.. 5
SUgj1t
456.7
'kry
Sligltt
Insoluble
TABLE A-II (Continued)
SolubiUty
Add
Soluble
~
Itoltl.ng
(lbiUng)
Ibtnt ,
~
1&1-183
Specific RefracU""
G-avity Index,
at 20"(: 20/0
1bl}'llEl" Applicaticxt
Typical lB:! Flex1-
(bn::entration, m ble Rigid Plaati-
'" Sanctimt ~ m:: ~
104
1.11
1.436
x
x
x
0. 5-1. 5
Camenta
Ugj1t stabilizer
x
Ugj1t stabilizer
(Continued)
-------
N
1.0
0\
/;
I
;.:')
,
. ;
". :
'." .
: :'1
Heat Stabilizer
oo.cIIJI (0Intlnued)
Calclun oleate (CB(Cldl3Pz>2J
CBletIJD Jh!mdde (CB(OCdl5>2J
WetIJD ricimleate
(Ca(0I3(0I2>SaDDIfXH(0I2>7J>2'4IP]
Hajp!slIJD stearate
!M8(Cldl31>2)2J
H\OO\N!SE
~ carbonate 1IttDJ]
~ oxide, hydroxide [ItIj!4]
RJrASSlIH
lbtasstun benzoate
(((C)II~'3\P]
R>tsss1\JD Iaurate (IDOCC11H2J]
R>tassl\JD Dajitthenate
R>tsss1l1D oleate (Cl1'JjXXItassl\JD salicylate (((C)II1>3]
R>tassl\JD stearate (((Cldl31>2]
TABLE A-ll (Continued)
Holecular
~ Water
It!ltlng
(BoWng)
R>int.
~
CcmII!nta
Polyuer Appl1caticn
Typical I.i!e F1ex1-
(bn:entratlon, PD\ hie Rigid PJast1-
phr Sancticnt ~ P\IC sola
Specific RefracU\II!!
Il"avity Index,
at 2O"C 20/0
Solubility
Add
~
603.0 Iery Sl1s/1t 8HI4
Slll1/1t
226. 3 Slill/lt
8ft 1.1010
607.0 Insoluble D!cmp>ses Insoluble 179-110 Wbr1.cant
459.0 lery lery 150. 4
SligJlt Slll1/1t
370.6 Soluble Soluble
591.3 Insoluble Insoluble 86-68 1.028 X X X
115.0 Insoluble Soluble D!cmp>ses 3.125
228. 8
214.3 Soluble
2J8. 4 Soluble
Soluble
321.6 Sob~le Slight 1.452
176.2 Soluble
328.6 Soluble Insoluble
( Con ti nued )
-------
, TABLE A-ll (Continued)
It!lting ft>lyaer Appltcat10n
(IIoWI18> Specific llefracti,., Typ1cal Uie Flex1-
HDlecuIM 501ubWty l\)1nt, Q:av1ty Index, O>tantrat1on, FIA ble Rl.g1d P1asti-
Heat Stab1l1zer ~ Water Acid ~ ~ at 20"1: 20/0 Pu" SaII:tlmt ~ ~ sols Ccm!ents
, &XJI1J1
!
t Sodiuu benzoate (CdI;m1h1 144.1 !i>luble
i !i>d1UD borate (1b2,ll4>7.101;P) 381.4 !i>luble Insoluble 1.73 1.4~1.47
'j
1 Sodiuu carbonate (1b:P>31 !i>luble 1B:mp>ses 851 1.55
Sodiuu laurate 223.4
Sodi... phasptste (IbJlO4.101;p) 344.1 !i>luble 100 2.536
SodiUD phasp.ite (2IbII2R)3. ~;PI 298.0 !i>luble (100) 1.42-1.45
SodiUD sa11cylate (HOCdl4OO>lb) 160.1 !i>luble !i>luble
Sodi... steamte (1bOOX111)51 307.5 !i>1uble Jnsoluble
snamt.H
N
\0 StrontiUD 2-ethylhexamate
--.J
Strontiuu lsurate
Strooti... RajOthenate
, ,
; ~ ! StrontiUD steamte !i>luble l3O-i40 !Bed with lesd and
. i ca21 307.6 !i>1uble
,
: Zire caprate
. ,
'1 Zire caprylate (Zn(Cdl11J2>21 351.8 SUgJd: 136
Zire 2-ethyllExaooate (Zire a:toatel, Insohble !i>hi>le 1.16
(Zn(mxH(CilS>CtJl9>21
, ,
(Continued)
" ,
, J
,
.. ,
.1
-------
,
I
1
, j
!
,
j
,1
1
I
,
I '
I
. ;
. ~ ~
I
,
. ',.1
, /:1
", I
N
\0
00
"'j
, .
:.: i
, .
I
1
. j
,
j
I
j
, .
I
Heat StabUJzer
ZItI: (3)
Bart... cadDhm laumte
Bari... cadni... steamte
Uthi... steamte [UClIII31!2)
TIN
Dl.butyltin bls(n-butyl maleate)
[(CtJI9)~(1s(isooctyl thiogl,.,.....
late) [(CtII9)~(SOI~17~)'
[DUttyltin bls(isooctyllll!lalpCO-
acetate»)
Dl.butyltin bls(lsuryl mercaptide)
«CtJI9)~(SCli12s>2)
DlbJtyltin bls(n-octyl lIIIleste)
[(ctII9)~(2)
TABLE A-ll (Continued)
1b1ecular
~ Water
telting ,
(Bolling)
!blot,
~
SolublUty
Acid
~
464.0
Slight
Specific Refracthe
-------
j
. ~
]
I
,j
!
1
: i
TABLE A-ll (Continued)
It!I.tlng I\)].yuer Appl1catica .
(IbWog) Specl.f1c lIefracti\e Typical u.e F1ex1-
Itlleo1lar Solubility lbint, (hvlty . Index, (bncentratlon, FIA b1e Rlgid PlasU-
Heat Stsb1l1zer ~ Water Acid ~ ~ at 2O"c 20/0 phr Ssn:t1ont ~ m:: sols CanIEnta
TIN (CbnI:fnued)
DlhJtyltin diacetate 351.0 Insoluble !b1uble 10 1.32 1.482
(CiJI9):zSD( C:!":P2)2) (1~
(260 81»
DlhJtyltin dimprylate (IIIh1tyltin 519.4 Insoluble 9:>luble Sl~
dioctoate)
Dltu:yltin dUaurate 631.6 Insoluble 9:>lmle 22-24 1.066 1.47 x x
(C4l9):zSD(OO:X:l111z3)2)'
(Dl.tu:yl tin laurate)
Dl.tu:yltin Iaurate-uBleste
Dltu:yltin IIIIleste 365.0 Insolmle 9:>lmle 1.01 0. 5-2.0 X U!nds to exu:Je
( (C4I9)z.'WCXDI:CHXD~
n-lto3
N Dltu:yltin lI"1II!1"captopropI.onate 337.1 0.25-<1.75
\0
\0
Dl.tu:yltin octoate (see Dltu:yltin
caprylate)
DlhJtyltin succlnste
Dlhutyltin sulfide (C4I9):zSD:S) 265.0 1.417 1.58
Dlmethyltin bls(i""""tyl aereaptoacelate) 2.G-).0
Dl.methyltin bls(lhtlkaronyl OX}'!thyl
~ide)
Dlmethyltin b1s(ditu:yl ditldocarllEllmte) 557.6
DI.~ltin S,~s(iSDOCtyl 751.9 1.085 1. 5005 3 X X X X
th1~ycolate) (Dl-rM>Ctyltin S.~s-
(1SDOCtyI men:aptoacetate»
I
". !
J
, .
f j
" ,
.' A
':1
"..1
.. 1
: 'I
. ,
. .
. .!
.:,;
I
.. !
. ,
; j
,
!
. j
. ,
(Continued)
-------
,/'-
,:J
,
TABLE A-ll (Continued)
,
Ii!lting Folyuer AppUcation
(IbWng) Specific llefracthe 'l)p1cal \lie Flexi-
Molecular Solubility R>1nt. (hvity bIex. (OOh I. [lfdte lead I
~ leal d1l0r0sll1cste [47% SI~ + 3.9 :l.l
3% ell
1Ios1c leal sll1cste 2.67 4-7
[31W" 2SI~. 311>1
~c leal AtH~~...",.lfate [lDIiac1aJed 5.55 2.1 X X X
caq>lex. 24% S1~ + 60% SOJI
~ ~ i
I
,
,: -<~
;
I
j
J
. . I
"j
'. ~
j
i
" :
: "
j
I
, j
. ,
I .
I
j
I
(Continued)
-------
./
,,~/
'; f
:, "j
:. J
..' ::1
'J
TABLE A-ll (Continued)
IWting Pblyaer Applicatial
(BoiU1I8) 5peclUc Refractbe Typical !lie F1ex1-
1Io1ecular So1ub1l1ty Ibint. Q-avity Indez. «hrrentratlon. nr. bl.e Rl.g1d Aasti-
Heat Stabilizer ~ Water Acid ~ ~ at 20"1: 20/0 p,r Saxx:t1ont ~ PIC sols CamI!I1ts
lJ!'AD (1bnt1nued)
Basic lead sulfate 526.4 SligtIt SligtIt 911 6.92 1.93-2.02 X X
Basic lea:! sulfate p.thalate H X
DllBsic lead phosphate (lbH1041 (d) 5.66 X X X iJ!!IIt stabilizer
(15"1:)
, Dibasic lead Jh>siidte 143 Insoluble Insoluble 6. 1-{,.91> 2.25 3-1 X X X Ant1ox1dant. UI!/1t
(2BO'lbH103'I/at:pI stabilizer. actiwlDr
for ABFA
Dlbasic lead p.thslate 818 Insoluble 4.5-4.6 1.99 X X
[2BO'1b(-2.08 X
lead chlorosUicate (lectro 601 5-1 X X
lead chlorosU1cate sulfate cmplex 3-8 X
(1.ectro 00 1
Leaf-2-ethyliExamate 493 Soluble 1.10 Act! vator for ABFA
[Ib(Cjll1JX!)21
leal D8jJhthenate 1.00
leal salicylate [(1b(00C(1JI)CdI4>21 481 2.36 1.18 X \JWIt stabilizer.
dElating COIpIIDI
used wlth f Ulers
contaIn1ng iron
leal silicate' suUste 5-1 X
. i
, j
, j
j
. ,!
~~ ..;
" ,
, I
.' ~
,J
, I
, ,
(Continued)
-------
Heat Stab:I.llzer
lEAD ((4)
L1 thsrge 1M)
Hombasic leal sulfste IM'1bS(4)
Nozmal leal ort:Iosillcate (S1~
3H5%) , (IbSiDJ)
Ibzmal leal stearate
(Pb(Cljl3~)2)
.
. !
Tetrsbas1c leal fumrate
(41bO'1b(IXJ:);tCil2' 2IIP)
UJ
a
N
Tetrabasic leal sulfate
(4PbO" 1bS04' HP)
Tribasic leal maleate
(3M' Pb(IXJ:);tCil2'l/2IIP)
Trf.bastc leal sulfate
(31bO' R6)4'HP)
ANrDOIY If1!O\Pl1IJ!S
Antilll:Jny thicglya>late
Antilll:Jny S,S' .S.-i:r1s(1~1 mercapto-
acetate) (Sb(SCHP:XX:dl17)3J
Antilll:Jny tr1s(lauryl Dl!n:aptide)
ISb(!£liI2S)3J
TABLE A-ll (Continued)
Soluble lao-US 1.24-1.4 I.S9
6.S 2.1
7.2
.. ,
6. le Insoluble
774.3
Slight
HXX>
991
n6.0
It!lting
(Boiling)
Ibint .
~
Specific l!efracU,.,
(hvlty 1RIex,
at 2O"C 20/0
UIO
6.12-
6.29
8.0
2.S1-2. n
977
6.92
1.93-2.02
6. 107 2.050-2.010
lblyoEr Application
Typ1csl UIe F1ex1-
lbn:ent:ratJon, ro\. b1e Rigid Plasti-
P>r Ssnctiont ~ P\C sols
CamIents
x
x
low opICity
2-4 X X X I\'ocessing aid
1.">-7 X X X Semirigid
X X UV screener
2-4 L1gj1t stabilizer
HI X X X
0.3-o.S
ItiF
X
(Continued)
-------
-,
>. I
-,
- I
-1
. "
- >
-: 1
'~'" !
: j
,
-- ,
J
," j
i
. 'J
. i
w
a
w
Heat Stabilizer
IIISCEIl/\It!D.
2-An1.nocrobJnJc acid
Benz~
[CdI~:P3(Y12)2J
D1<:yanUamLde [III~(III)(NI:N) J
IXpentaerythrttol
[(OIpI)jX1!;P]I;tC( 0IjII)3J
Dip.enylth1oureo [Th1ocarbsn1lideJ.
[CS(lICdl5>2J
Glycerol
R!ntaerythrt tol (C(OIpI)4J
a-R!nyUnble
Sorbitol [Cdl8lecular
~ Water
121t1ng
(8011108) Speclf1c RefracUIO:!
Ibtnt. Ckav1ty Index,
~ at 2O"c 20/0
SolubiUty
Add
~
187.2 Soluble AIIIIJst 227-228 1.40
Insoluble (25."c)
84.1 Soluble Slight 207-2IJJ 1.400
(25"c)
212-220 1.33
(25"c)
228. 3 Insoluble Soluble 148 1.32
Soluble Insoluble (290) 1.249
136.2 Soluble Reacts Insoluble 262 1.399 1.54-1.56
(276 (41XX1 (25"c)
18»
Soluble ~ Inaoluble 93 1.47
(-5"c)
12112 Soluble Soluble Insoluble. :zor.
Soluble
Ibl)'lll!r AppUcatioo
Typ1cal !he F1ex1-
(bllBtttatlon, Fm ble R1aid l'1astl-
jiJr San:tiont ~ N: sola
CaaIEnts
(Continued)
-------
. .f'
/
i
'j
'1
" .~
.;
,
'!
,
:
, .
;
Heat Stab1l1zer
1RAIE !WE II"AT STABIlJZtRI
Sa/Cd RMnS
Interstab BC-12
Interstab ClB-!m
Interstab H-85
Interstab H-loo
Interstab H-l200
Interstab H-1210
Marl< IC)
w
o
~
HarIt TI' (Da/OI D!frlstate)
HarIt WS {Ba/OI cmplex soap)
HarIt wsx
HarIt XI [Sa/OI laurste)
HarIt 99
HarIt 153 [Sa/OI cmplex soap)
HarIt 426 [Ha/OI """'ex soap)
Marl< 1314
Marl< 8100 series [Sa/OI ani Sa/Fb)
Molecular
~ Water
TABLE A-ll (Continued)
Solubility
Add
~
Itolting
(Bolling)
Ibint ,
~
Specific lIefracti""
Gravity ~,
lit 20"(: 20ID
1.18
1.25
1.22
1.43
1.25
1.25
I\:>lyom- Application
Typical l8e Flexl-
(bn:entratfon, FD\ bIe Rigid' P1asti-
jiIr Sanctiont ~ I"o'C sols
x x
X
0.5-2.5 X X
X
X X
x
x
x x
x x
x
x
x x
x
X
1-3 X X
CamI!nts
Wbricant
lubricant
lubricant
OUorlnated polyethy-
!me '
lubricant
lubricant
lubricant, blodng
agent catal)'Bt
I!Ktremely effident,
lubricant
lubricant
Iubricant
lubricant, clarity
low plateo
-------
J
.!
IIeat Stabil1zer
Ba/ed RJIDS (0xtt1med)
IbJstabe Y-L13 [Ha/Oi emplex)
IbJstabe Y-121S [Ba/Cd/7n emp1ex)
lUostabe Y-1541
lUostabe Y-1767
IbJstabe Y-1917
Synpmn140
Synpron 240 [Ha/Oi (lIDdif1ed»)
Synpron 11al
l.U
o
VI
Synpron 1157
Synpron 11 n
Synpmn 1377
Synpron 1470
Synpmn 1536
Theror-01elt 8.1-2
Therm-01ek 1820
Therm-01ek 1825 [Ba/0i fatty add soap,
organk irf1ib1lDr)
Therm-01ek 1827 [Ba/0i fatty add soap,
organk irf11b1lDr)
. ,
ltlleeular
~ Water
TABLE A-II (Continued)
Solubility
Add
~
It>lting
(Bolling)
Ibint .
~
Spedf k IIefractllle
lymer AwUeat.ian
Typ1eal \Be F1exi-
(b!l:eOtrUlon. roo. ble Rigid P1asti-
!iIr Sanetiont . l"o'C l"o'C sola
x
x
x
x
x
X
1.0-3.0 X
X
X
X
X
X
X
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
1-3
x
x
Cmm:!nts
Wbriamt
(bod e1eetrleal
properties
ABS. ehlnr1nated
p>l)'ethy1ene. low fOS
ABS/l"o'C bleRIs
Wbricant
lubricant
low cbIting, low
platenIL
iOr ra:ords,
hmr1eant
R>aII set! vator
lubricant. blowing
agent catalyst
Wbricant
(Continued)
-------
&at Stab1Uzer
Ba/Cd RJm!S (
i.
Interstab R-4a22
,
.'
ImI< IL [Ba/Oi phenate)
ImI< 18> [Ha/Oi stabUizer)
ImI< 462 [Ha/Oi stabllizer)
Molecular
~~
TABLE A-ll (Continued)
Solubility
Acid
~
Italti'll!
(Bolli'll!)
Ibint ,
~
Speclf1c ~fracthe
Q.-avity Index,
at 20"1: 20ID
1.18
1.20
1.26
1.28
1.28
Iblyuer Applicstion
Typical !be Flexi-
Ibncentratton. FD\ ble Rl.g1d Plastl-
IiIr Sanctiont ~ ~ sols
x
x
x x
X
x x
X
1.0-3.0 X
x
2-3 X
X
0.997 1.495 X
0.995 1.4~ 1.>-3.0 X
1.033 1.501 X
~
Wbrlcsnt
Wbr1csnt
Wbr1cant. ~ plate-
o.f:
ABS/N; bleals. poly-
vinyl acetate, .
lubr1cant
ABS/N; bleals.
lubrlmtl'11!. law
plate...-:
ABS/N; bleals. low
plsteolt:
ABS/PVC blenla, law
plate...-:
ABS/N; bleJds. low
plst~
x
x
x
x
E>o:e11ent c1sr1ty
x
(Continued)
-------
Heat Stabilizer
Ba/Cd UCJJIIS (stahe V-i34 (Balm cmplex)
IbJstahe V-iOO9 (Ha/0l cmplex)
Ib>stahe V-i399 (Ba/m cmp1ex)
Synpron 357
w
o
....,
Synpron l3n
Synpron 1567
Therm-O¥!k. 6/-i0
Therm-ek 5469 (Ha/Ol, organic
lrtdbltor)
Therm-lecular
~ Water
TABLE A-II (Continued)
Solub1lity
Add
~
1t!lt1na
(1b1l1ng)
Iblnt ,
~
Speclfic RefracU""
Q,avity IrxIex,
at 20"(: 20/0
1.107-
1.127
1.11-
1.13
1.roo-
1.050
1.010
1.040
1.01
1.07
1.040
1.040
1.00
1b1ymer AppUcatioo
Typ1cal lIIe F1ex1-
1
extrusion
2-4 X X
x IDw lubricant
X IDw lubricant,
clarity
X IDw lubricant,
clar1ty
IbImi
X X X IDw lubricant
X X IDw lubricant
X X X IDw lubricant, good
clarity
X X X IDw lubr1cant
X X FOIIII9
FOIIII9
2-4 X X IDw pla_, pxI
clar1ty
X X IDw pla_, good
1'1' clarity
I'"
,11 l'
I (Continued)
: '
;, ~~(
I "
I '~'"
"I,!
Vi.
"', . ~ II
. r . \
l,h~i,
" ,
-------
,
1
1
I
t
!
i
1
,
, : ~
. . ~
"
,
. !
'!
.. ,
':' 'I
Heat Stabil1zer
Ba/Cd U1ex1ng
~tJ
Ba/Cd/Zn RHUS
Jnterstab !HiS
Jnterstab H-341
Imk 503
\.A)
o
00
Hark '$)7
Imk lm4
NJostabe V-12l8 (Ba/G!/Zn c~exJ
NJostabe V-1541
Synpron 278
Synpron 1434
'II1erm-Q1E!k. 5764
\lmstBy Ii\ (Ba/Cd/Zn mixture)
Molecular
~ Watet
TABLE A-ll (Continued)
Solubility
Acid
~
!felting
(Bolling)
lb1nt .
~
'.
Specific RefracU....
/kavlty Index.
u 20"(; 20/0
ft>lyuer Application
'1)p1.cal tile F1ex1-
ut. g>od
clarity
1.00 2-4 X X ut
0.5-2.5 X X lubriC31t
X X lubrlmnt
X IDw plat~,
ht>rl.cant
X IDw plate<>ut,
lubrlcant
X IDw plateout,
lubricant
X X
X
X X ABS/FVC blenls.
IIBIhID lubricant
X X lubricant, low plate-
out
X X lubrlmnt
1.41 X HlnimaI. color drift
I,; ,;
, ;j l'
I
,' .
'y
I' " (
I '
I '''''i (Continued)
",. I
I' v '~ I
I . , . ,I
.' ,
,I ,h~l,
I" 'I'
"
0:11
-------
/
I
1
,
. ,
'.. .
,
.' .~
. ,
. ,
Heat StahU1zer
Ba/Cd/Zn RJD!IIS (unls )
Vanstay IDF (Be/0l/7n COJpU1ds )
lanstay 3027
Ba/Cd!Zn U1ecular
~ Water
TABLE A-ll (Continued)
Soluld.Uty
Acid
~
M!1t1ng
(Bolling)
Ib1nt ,
~
Spec:iflc lIefractiw
(hvity Index,
at 20"(: 20/0
lblyaer AppUcation
Typical u.e Flex1-
IblD!llttation, FIA ble Rlg1d l'Iasti-
phr Sanct10nt ~ M: sols
1.25 1.$-2.5 X
1.22 2.5-4.0 X
1.5 X
x
x
X
2-3 X
X
X
X
X
X
X
~
1bnfc:g1ng, NJS!M:
blerds. l.mrtcant
Refrigerator J!ilSket
c~. lubrlamt
P\'C/ NJS/n! td1e rub-
ber caqnnIs,
lubdcant
X
X
X
X low zinc. lubricant
X
X
X lubdcant
X
X
X
(Continued)
-------
'1 :
: ~
: I
, I
" I
- .
,,:,!
." "!.
> i
Heat Stabilizer
Ba/Cd/Zn u~ (Qmt1nued)
Interstab CIB-J,91
Interstab CIB-510
Interstab CIB-516
Interstab CIB-528
Interstab CIB-533
Interstab CIB-561
Interstab CIB-'r-1l9
Interstab R-J,Un
l.U
I-'
o
Interstab R-J,10l
Interstab R-J,101J
Interstab R-J,1l4
Interstab R-J,137
Interstab R-J,237
Interstab R-J,276
Interstab R-5lecular
~ Water
TABLE A-II (Continued)
SolubUity
Acid
~
ItUtina
(Bo111ng)
Ibint ,
~
Specific IlefracU""
~av1ty Index,
at 20"1: 2O/D
1b1ymr Application
1)p1cal UIe Flexi-
-------
. ,
. i
i
,
,: ~
" .
TABLE A-ll (Continued) I
tt.ltlng R>lymer Appl1catioo
(Bolling) Specific RefrscU"" ~1cal UIe F1ex1-
1t>1ecu1ar So1ubl.Uty R>1nt, lkav1ty Index, Qmcentrstton. PIA ble Rigid Plastl-
Ileal: Stab11J.zer ~ Water Acid ~ ~ at 20"<: 20/0 !in" Sanct10nt P£ P£ sols Camenta
--
Ba/Cd/'ln U xl ,; f; X Resistant to sulfide
sta1n1£8
. II ~'
H3rlt 189\ 1.OZ0 1.488 1.S-3.0 X X High clarity. low
w I I , plateol£
...... I
...... Harltl&11 1.014 1.487 1.S-3.0 I~' y( X IU.gIJ clarity, 1011
plateout
Hark 18'1: 1.005 1.48) 3 \ X~\'" X High clarity. low
{l.\ plateol£
I- ~,
Hartt 1~ 1.015 1.489 \ I I , ,i
t~' (:, X IU.gIJ clarity, 1011
plateout
': ~
Hark 28IA 0.918 1.448:1 X Foam activator
",
.; .1)
Hark 463\ X X High clarity. low
plateol£
Hartt 71 JE 0. 937 1.4743 X X IU.gIJ clarity. low
plateout
Hark 755 0.937 1.4743 X X low cost, MgIJ clar-
ity, 1011 plsteout
: ..~
:- .i
- '
: ,
, '.
I
,
(Continued)
-------
" .i
/
Heat Stab1lJzer
Ba/Cd/1n U(pIIB (stabe V-I2S5
Ib>stabe V-1313
Ib>stabe V-1397
Holecu1ar
~ Water
TABLE A-ll (Continued)
Solubility
Add
~
1i!1t1ng
(Bolling)
Ibint ,
~
Specific \!eftacthe
Ckavity Index,
at 20"1: WID
Iblymer App1icatlon
Typical UIe Fl.ex1-
(bll:81ttat1on, F11\. bJe Rlgld Plaati-
phr Sanctiont ~ N: sola
Coom!nta
x X HIg/I clatity, loiI
plate
-------
.'
i
. I
. j
. '0
,. j
. I
" ,
.d
~ i
. ,
..." .,
i
i
. J
;
.' ,
: !
Heat Stabilizer
Ba/Cd/Zn Ll~ ( clarity
(Continued)
-------
'1
, i
. j
..
j
J
..1
'.-i
,
, ,
Heat Stab1Uzer
Ba/Cd/Zn u~ (
I-'
.J:-
Synpron 1420
Synpron 1428
Synpron 1499
Synpron 1506
Synpron 1509
'lherm-lecular
~ Water
SolubiUty
Acid
TABLE A-II (Continued)
~
I2lting
(Bolling)
Ibint,
~
Speclf1c Refracthe
Cbvity bIex,
at 20"1: 20/0
lI:I1yuer AppUcatim
typical \he Flexi-
Chreentration, FD\ bIe Rigid Piasti-
.m Sanctioot ~ ~ sols
Carm!nts
1.00>
2.G-5.0
X (bod urethane foam
stain resistmx:e, 1...
viscosity
X low viscosity
X
X
X
Rnlphate plsstic1zed
systeDB
X IU.gI1 clarity
X IU.gI1 efficu".,y, 1...
pJatEO\t:
low cost
X IU.gI1 eff1c18¥:)', lCJI
plster:u:
X low viscosity
X IU.gI1 efficJ.eg,y, 1...
plsteolL
X BlOOng agmt
catalyst
X
X
X ~
x
x
1.03
2-4
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
X
1.018 X
1.00> X
0.960 X
0.99\ X
0.99\ X
1.042 X
(Continued)
,I
-------
7'
.1
Heat Stabilizer
Ba/Cd/Zn UIPIIB (ek 5212
Therm-O>ek 5221
Therm-O>ek-5413
Therm-O>ek 5649
Therm-O>ek 5868
Therm-O>ek 58!12
Therm-O>ek 5918
\..o.J
......
IJ1
Therm- clar1ty, 1011
plateout
1.06 1. S-3. 0 x X Air release, hi8/1
clarity, 1011 plsteooL
1.00 2-4 X X 1U.8/> clar1ty, 1011
plateout
2 X X IU.sJ> clarity, low
plateout, 1011 cost
1.m 2-4 X X !bod ";P rests-
tanre, high clarity,
1011 plateooL
0.993 X X Ibr fllm, hi8/> clar-
1ty, 1011 p1steout
X X IU.sJ> c1sr1ty, 1011
plateout
(Cont.inued)
-------
Heat Stab1l1zer
Ba/Pb RWEIS
Harl< 2331
I
i
1
Harl< 550
Harl< 556
IImstay 5563 [Ba/lb, c~Iex1. 'l8ll"'t J
Ba 1ElIN:«S
IiJostahe V-'J1Il
1herm-Olek 170
1herm-Olek 541-A [Iii, Ba, orpmp/lls-
pilate )
w
......
0\
1her:m-
-------
J
j
Heat Stabilizer
Ba/Zn RIIDS (stabe H2
1b1ecular
~ Iilter
.1
'.i
TABLE A-ll (Continued)
Solub1.lity
Acid
~
MUting
(IbWng)
!bioi; ,
~
Specific \lefraotbe
Q-avity Index,
at 2O"C 20/0
R>lyuer Appl1cation
Typ1cal. I.IJe Flexf.-
O>n::entration, FIA ble Rlgid PIBSt!-
!fir SIm::tiont ~ P\C ~
1.14
x
x
x
x
x x
x
X
3-,5 X
3-,5 X
1.50
1.37-
1.42
0mIe1ts
IDw pJateout
tbmtaining
tbmtaining
x X
1.030 1-3 X X Stain resistant
X X HIgh clarity
0. 945 1.4775 X X
0.91.6 1.4515 X Foao aotivator
i'
1.5-2.5
X
X X Activator 1"
0.95- X X
0.98
(Continued)
-------
TABLE A-ll (Continued)
KUting I\)lyoer Appl1cation
(Bo1l1n8) Speclf1c llefracti,., Typical. UJe Flex1-
HD1ecu1ar Soh.IbtUty Ibint, Ikavity bIex,
-------
Heat Stabil.1zer
!b1ecular
~ Water
Cd/1n wpm; (stabe v-i 916
Vanstay 137
Ca RKEIS
CA-18-1
1J-erm-OEk 5043
Ca/Sn/Zn HIXlUIP.S
H1RaStab 922-K
\.A)
I-'
\0
N.nstabe V-1766
Ca/1n B\SlES
Ibstastab VP CIZn3
Interstab ClC-(,45
Interstab Cl-11
Interstab Cl-IID
Irdrstab Cl-ll1LV
Interstab H-57
Interstab H-l95
TABLE A-II (Continued)
Solubility
Add
~
tt.lttna
(Bolling)
lbint .
~
Specific Refract!""
Ikavlty bIex.
II!: 20"<: 20/0
1\)1,..... Appl1cat1on
Typkal UIe . Flex1-
(btaSltration. FIA ble Rigid P1ast!-
.m San:t1ont ~ l"JC sols
Cammts
l.(12~
1.0115
x
x
lbaIB
1.01
1-4
x
x
Blaw1ng agent
catal)'St
x x X lubricant
1.011 X
X X
X X
X X ..".
X X X
'.,
X X X lubricant
X X X X .'/':t
1-2 X X X lDw v19008!ty
'h
X X ~
X X
(Continued)
-------
TABLE A-ll (Continued)
'J
I
I
1 KUting l'I:>lyuer Application
(Bolling) Specific Refracti"" 1)pical I.I3e F1exi-
.' It>lecular So1ubility Ibint. Ikavity Index, OmI:enI:ration, m b1e Rigid P1asti -
Heat Stabilizer ~ Water Acld ~ ~ at 20"1: 2O/D Ii1r Sanctloot N: N: sols Coaments
--
Ca/Zn 8\SlES (
-------
j
I
00 j TABLE A-ll (Continued)
oj
!
.
It!ltlng fulymer AppUcat1an
(BoWng) Specific llefractbe 'l)p1cal \.lie F1exi -
It>lecuIar So1uh1Uty fuin!;. Ibvlty Imez. Chn:entratlon. Pm ble aLgid l'1asti-
Heat Stabilizer ~ \later Add ~ ~ at 20"(; 20/0 (hr Sanctiont ~ ~ ~ CaIIIents
Ca/Zn RWEIS
OO\D 50 X X
InterBtab 12-1 ~ 0.5-1.0 X ~ X X
Interstab F~ X X III
InterBtab H-181 X
Interstab H-211 X
Interstab lIP X X X x
: Interstab 22 X X X X
o> !
Interstab 23 X X X X
Interstab 9If3-9-B X X X
v.>
N Mn1t IJD 1.26 X X X Wbr1cant
~
Mn1t 495 1.055 0.25-1.0 X X X
Mn1t 57)\ 1.18 1.2 X X
Mn1t 1034 1.15 0. 5-1.0 X X X
tmkl043\ 1.18 1.3 X X
Mn1t 2326 X X X
H1RaStab l30iC X X X Wbricant
H1Ra5tab l40iC X X X Wbr1cant
H1Ra5tab 154;c. 0.5-2 x x X
-Stab 156;c. X X X Wbr1cant
(Continued)
-------
j
i
I
,}
,\
. I
!
: ~
,
'.
!
j
.~. :
W
N
N
. i
.- i
Heat Stabilizer
Ca/Zn RKH!S (Cbnt1nued)
II1RaS1:ab 2aH{
II1RaSI:ab ~-I{
II1RaS1:ab 919-K
IUastabe V-i250
IUastabe Y-1546
IUastabe V-1913
IUastabe V-1930
Synpron 1151
Synpron 1375
Synpron 1465
Synpron 1537
Synpron 1553
'DeDll'"OEk 59-\'-11
'DeDll'"OEk 633
'DeDll'"OEk 765\
'DeDll'"OEk 7631 1a./7n, org;anic
Inhibitor)
'DenrO>ek 7651: ICa/7n, organic
imibltor)
'DeDll'"OEk 5615
'DeDll'"OEk 5711
Ca/Zn U(JJDE
Ibstastab VP Caln 21
It>lecular
~ I8ter
TABLE A-II (Continued)
Solubility
Add
~
tt.lting
(Boiling)
lbint ,
~
Specific l!efr""the
(bvity bIa,
at 20"1: 20/0
1.09
1.300
1.10
1.10
0.307
0.307
lblymer Applicatioo
'lYPical u.e . Flexi-
ams
x
x
(Continued)
-------
.." j
j
. I
I
f
, j
!
1
I
Heat Stabilizer
It>lecular
~ Water
Ca/Zn u~ (CbnUmel)
Interstab CU:-6J6
Interstab Cl-lO
Interstab CZL-70l
Interstab CZL-702
Jnterstab CZL-731
Interstab cr-2OCO
Interstab cr-2OOl
Interstab H-171
Interstab H-260
IN
N
IN
Jnterstab H-3500
Interstab R~52
ItI1tt 133
Mldt 565>\
HiRaStab 928-W
HiRaStab 950iC
HiRaStab 954-it
HiRaStab 956-K
HiRaStab 957-it
HiRaStab 95IHC.
HiRaStab 959-K
HiRaStab 96O-IC
HiRaStab 961-it
TABLE A-ii (Continued)
SoJubillty
Acid
~
Itolting
(Bo~)
Ibint ,
~
Speclf k IIefracti '"'
Chvity Index,
at 20"(: 20ID
0.896
1.454
'.-rl'
lblyuer Applicat1m
1)pkal LIIe F1exi-
CblD!rltrat1on, FIA ble Rigid PlasU - '
phr Sanctiont ~ PIC sols
1.5-3
1.5-3
1.5-3
1.5-3
1.5-3
1.5-3
1.5-3
1".
CamEnts
!.
, ~,.
1-3
x X
x x X
x x x X
x x x X
x x x X
x x X Stain reslstsnt
X X X
x X
x X
x X
x X Stain reslstsnt
X X Clsrtty
X X Clarity
X X FOIIIIS
X X FUle:! fomulstions
X X N> platEOJt
X X FUle:! fomulstions
X X FUle:! fomulst ions
X X N> platEOJt
X X N> platEOJt
X X
x X
~~
"1.,
1-3
(Con tinued )
i.
-------
. I
j
J
. 1
I
I
,
. !
1
i
i
W
N
~
. ~
Heat Stabilizer
Ca/Zn U (
-------
TABLE A-ll (Continued)
It>lUng A>lymer Appllcat100
(Bolling) Speclf1c IefracU"" Typical u.e Fled-
ltllecu1ar Solubl.llty Ibint, (hvlty Index, Q",centration, FD\ b1e Rigid P1aati-
Heat Stab1llzer ~ Water Add ~ ~ at 20"(: 20/0 .m Sanct10nt ~ fIA: aols CamEnta
Ca/Zn !D.IIS
12-23 o.~l X X X X
Ibstastab VP Ca1nl0 X X X
Ibstaatab VP 0J2nW X X
.,
Mg/'l.n RHEIS
HiR1Stab 154-K X X X
Synprnn 1S14 X X
Sn/Ca/Zn IIIXlUU!S
Synpron 221 1.05 1.()-4.0 X X X X
Synprnn 1314 X X
v.>
N Sr/Zn. IIIXlUU!S
\J1
Jnterstab a;r-710 X low platoout
Intefstab a;r-nl X low platoout
tbostabe V-1768 X
'Iherm-OEk 135 X X
sn/lia IIIXlUU!S
tmk 1922 X
tbostabe V-1957 X X X
Synprnn 1m3 [Bart... Un mercaptide) 0.4-0. 8 I&' X X X IbIerate lubricant
Synprnn Hll8 [Bart... tin mercapt ide) o.4-{).8 I&' X
'Iherm-OEk 810 1.102 X X IbIemte lubricant
(Continued)
i.
. j
I
I,; :'
.11
l'
I
. ,
-------
,-
: .
, i
" !
',:1
. "
',' j
I
Heat Stabilizer
It>lec:ular
~ Water
sn/ea
1be11ll"
1.44&
0.J-{). 6
IU'
R!ndlna
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
1'1
"
. Ii
\'
I
, I
;, 'r"'t
,I ,
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
~
x
IbIerate lubricant
x
IbIerate luhr1aInt
x
Blow1na agent cata-
l)'11t. m...ta1n1,.g
x
x
Air release
x
Mflde stain
resIstant
x
fban activator
x
fban activator
x
fban activator
x
x
(bstabWzer. blow1na
agent catalyst
x
(bstsbIl1zer. blow1na
agent attal)'llt
Wbr1csnt
x
(bstabWzer
x
Solvent-free. blow1na
agent catal)'llt
(Continued)
-------
.1
.,
,
. !
1
. ,
"
, ,
,
. ,
.', i
.,
'J
",
IIeitt Stabilizer
Zn All) Zn ernJ-O>ek 5622
'II1erm-OEk 6005
1,.0.)
N
"
IAmstay 5995 [Zinc soap ani COlp1eJd.~
agmt)
IAmstay m15
Vanstay mn
\Amstay mil
IAmstay m13 [ztn:: cmplex)
\Amstay mn
IAmstay 8202
IAmstay 8JOO (w/ant1mddar1;s)
IAmstay 8J08
16% Zinc Q,m,Ul
Zlnatabe 2418
Z1natabe 2422
1Iol.e<:ular
~ Water
TABLE A-II (Continued)
So1uh1Uty
Acid
~
Itoltlng
(Bo1l1ng)
Ib1nt .
~
Speclfic lefractlve
Ikavlty Index.
at 2O"c 2O/D
Folyaer AppUcat1.cn
Typ1cal UIe F1ex1-
-------
: ,
Heat Stabilizer
Zn All) Zn 0JIl'IEX (!hntinued)
ZilIItabe 2425
Zinstabe 2426
Zlnstabe 2500
Zinstabe 250l
ZIH8-1
TIN 1ecular
~ \later
TABLE A-II (Continued)
Soluhillty
Acl.d
~
Soluble
Heltina
(Bolling)
lbint,
~
Specific Refract!,.,
(hv1.ty Index,
at 20"(: 20/0
0.&0
1.00()-
1.000
(24.C)
1.19
lblYllJl!r AppUcatla1
'l)p1cal l8e F1ex1-
(bncentratlon, m>. ble Rigid Plastl-
IN" Sanct1alt ~ PIC sola
~
x x III.ow1na 8!J!I1t
catalyst
X X BlCJdna 8!J!I1t
catalyst
X X III.ow1na 8!J!I1t
catalyst
X X III.ow1na 8!J!I1t
catalyst
X X X Wbr1c:ant
2-2.4 IH' X Wbr!c:ant
2-2.4 IH' X Wbr1c:ant
X X X Ibnsulfur
0.~2
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
I\BS
low cost
I\BS
x Ibnsulfur
X Ibnsulfur
Ibrsulfur
IH'
0.~2
IH'
0.2~1.5
IH'
(Continued)
-------
.. ,
. 1
'(1
.::.1
: .1
. i
.: .J
. ,
." i
.j
.1
Heat Stab1lJzer
TIN IIIG\NlCS AND TIN ~
(
-------
"
TABLE A-ll (Continued)
I2ltJng ft>lymar Application
(Bollioa) Specific llefracthe Typical UIe F1ex1-
Molecular 5olub1Uty Ibtnt, (hvity Infex. Ibnoentratlon, m\ ble R1g1.d f!asti-
Heat Stab11J.zer ~ Water Acid ~ ~ at 20"1: '1J)/D p.r Sanct10nt ~~ sols Caments
TIN CI!GANI(S AND TIN IUO\Pl1JES
(Ibntf.rned)
Canlinal Clear lnl [aJtyltln m=.apt1deJ 0. )-(). 4 X
Canlinal Clear R2 X
Canlinal CS-51 0.7 X lubricant
Cardinal SIr-21 x. lubricant
CanlinalSIr-22 0.6 X lubricant
Cardinal SIr-24 X lubricant
lbltastab SnS 1 X X Iblyurethanes
IbJtastab SnS 10 X
I.J.) Hostastab SnS 11 I,; I: X
I.J.) .lj l'
0 Hostastab SnS 12 X
I
I
lbltastab SnS 15 X '~~ X
lbltastab SnS 16 X I' ( x
I'.
lbltastab SnS 42 I ,'I'.. x
. V ,n
lbltastab SnS 61 I' ~ I X AIlS
I .' \ ~ \1
lbltastab SnS 61 I.H~ii X AIlS
'.-. 'I'
lbltastab VP !it) 61 X X
"
....iI
lbltastab VP aD 91 X X
lbltastab VP 9"aI 661 X AIlS
Interntab A-121 X law cost
Hark A (organotln lsuryl """"'ptide) 1.005 1.498 X AIlS
Hark 01M (di-n-octyltln~.S'-bl.s(lso- 1.085 1.5005 3 X x X X
octyl men:apt:oa:etate)
(Continued)
-------
.'/
:' j
I
'):j
'" j
",
, ,
."!
: i
. ,
, .
, .
, ,
,
,
, .
.1
Heat Stab1Uzer
TIN 1
Hark 1'1>5
Iblecular
~ \later
TABLE A-II (Continued)
Solubility
Acid
~
It!lttna
(lbiltng)
lbint .
~
Specific lefracthe
Q,avity fRIex.
at 20"(: 20/0
lblyuer Applimtion
Typical UIe Fli!xi-
1-3 X X X 9.1lf.n-free
1.127 1.5052 IS' X ADS
1.140 1.4930 X
1. 1:JJ 1.SOSO X ADS
X
X
1.220 1.5310 IS' X ADS
1.(127 1.4735 X X X
1.068 1.4830 2.0-4.0 X X X AIlS
(25"(:)
1.148 1. SOlO X ADS
1.158 1.4935 X X X 9.1lfur free
1.243 1.5275 X ADS
1-2 X lubricant
X ADS
1.091 1. 508J X ADS
1.076 1. 5176 X
1.088 1.5135 X
X ADS
X Rigid fOlml
X
(Continued)
-------
"..Y
I
: ~
. j
!
'j
v.J
v.J
N
. ."1
lleat: Stabilizer
TIN a!G\II1C) All> TINI£BQ\Pl'IIJ!S
(0mtlr0ecI)
ItIrk 1m
Hark 1910
Hark 1915
Hark 1922
Hark 1923
Hark 1924
Hark 1925
Hark 1928 ptothyltin Dl!rCapl:1de)
Hark 1939
Hark 2100 [Nomu1.fur tin)
ItIrk 2201 (&Jt:yltin 112reapt:ide)
Ibost:abe Y-l225 (dibJtyltin maleate
ester)
IbJstabe Y-1528 (th1ot:in)
Hx>st:abe Y-1562 (a.tylt:in t:h1oester)
Hx>stabe Y-1766
Hx>stabe Y-l em
It>lecular
~~
TABLE A-11 (Continued)
Solub1Uty
Acid
~'
It!lting
(IbWng) . Specific
lbint, Ckavity
~ at 2O"C
lblyal!r AppUcat:ion
Typ1cal IIIe Flex1-
F
1-2
1.230 1-3
(25"C)
1.142 1-3
(25"C)
1.115- 0.4
1.135
(250C)
(Continued)
-------
.
.. !
" '
, ' .
Heat Stabilizer
TIN CJIG\NKS All) TIN I£BQ\PfIIES
(
-------
. "
. i
"
.
,
,
,
i
j
j
'J
i
1
i
.1
, ,
1
.,
"'1
,{
, .
Heat Stabil1zer
TIN llIGANIai AND TIN I£BCAPl'IIES
(1bnt:inJed)
Stanclere T-2J:E (Fstertin mercaptide)
Stanclere T-23:I>
Stanclere T-25Q)D [Fstertin DEttaptide)
Stanclere T-25Q;JJC
Stanclere T-8X>
Stanclere T-ool [Un DEttapt1de)
Stanclere T-Im [Un DEttaptide)
Stanclere T-8J4 [Un DEttaptide)
VJ
VJ
~
Stanclere T-8JS [Un mercaptide)
Stanclere T-816 [Un carbaKylate)
Stanclere T-ff11 [nn carbaKy late)
Stanclere n. [Un carboxylate)
Stanc1ere 111 [Tin carboxylate)
Synpron lOOZ (Butyltin mercaptide)
Synpron um (Butyltin mercaptide)
Synproo 100'. (Butyltin carboxylate)
Synpron 1005 [ikltyltin DEttapt1de)
Synpron 1009
Synproo 1010 (Butyltin mercaptide)
Synpron 1011 (Butyltin mercaptide)
1t>1ecular
~ IiIter
TABLE A-ll (Continued)
So1ub1l1ty
Acid
~
Itolting
(Bolling)
lbint ,
~
Specific 1Iefractbe
(hvlty In:Iex,
at 200e 20/0
1'1'
I! "
, II
\'
I
,
I
I
,'{
....\'~" LH~"-
~
'1)p1cal I1!Ie Fljix1-"., " '
Ibncentration, PIA ble; "'!!l1\1d P1asti-
phr Sanct100t PIf;: v, ~PW: ~
--r;-. ~
I,h~i.
:j
'i'/'
,1\
t:, .i
1.S-2
0.3-1.2
0.3-1.2 I&'
1-2.5 I&'
0.3-1.2
0.S-1. 5
0.S-2.5
0.S-2.5
0. S-2
1-2
ItiF
ItiF
2
2
2
Caments
Ught stab1l1zer,
lubricant -
x
X IDW cost
X
X X
x X
x X
X
X X X
x X X
x X Wbrlcant, polyure-
thanes
I&'
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
/fiF
x
x
x
ASS
ASS, lubricant
x
Vinyl copolymers,
polyurethanes
Clarity
x
Wbricant, polyure-
tmne
x
ASS, c larlty
(Continued)
'.~
".
-------
.'
/'
!
'.j
, 1
j
'!
,
. I
,
,.,
Beat Stah1llzer
TIN !lIG\NUS All> TIN ~
(erm-OElt 1D7
'D>erm-OElt 81.4 (Dlhutyltin d1laurate)
'D>erm-OElt 8lO (Dlhutyltin dUaurate)
UJ
UJ
lJ1
'D>erm-OElt 822
'D>erm-OElt 8Z4
'D>erm-OElt 812 (lblified dtbJtyltin
d11aJrate )
'lherm-1ate)
'D>erm-OElt 871 (a.d:yltin mercaptide)
'D>erm-OElt 873 ('Ih1ot1n)
'D>erm-OElt 876\ (Un mercaptide)
'D>erm-OElt 881. (ltthyltin merca~ide)
'D>erm-1eoular
~~
TABLE A-II (Continued)
SolubiUty
Add
~
!lUting
(IbWng)
Ibint .
~
Specific Iefrad;1\e
Q-avity bIex.
at 20"(: 20/0
Ibl)'lll!r Appllcatlm
Typ1.cal UIe F1ex1-
Cbncentratinn. FIA ble Rigid 1'Iaati-
p,r Sancdcnt ~ l'\I: sols
CaIments
1-3
1.2S-2
0. 4-2
1.054
1.035
0.588
1.341
1.126
1.126 0.3-0.5 IH'
1.078
1.114
0.>-2.0
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
X A8S
Ught stabilizer
X Vinyl copol~.
l1g/1t stabilizer
X
x
-------
. ,
. ,
,/
TABLE A-II (Continued)
It!ltlng Polymer AppUcat1m
(IIotUng) Sped.fJc lefractt"" Typ1cal UIe F1ex1-
Iblecular SoluhUity Point, (kavtty Index,
v.> 1hennl1te 35 [lkItylttn mercaptide) 1.5-2.5 X ABS, vinyl copolymers
0\
1hennl1te 42 (lkItyltin carboxylate) Insoluble Soluble o"c 1.14 2 X X X Vinyl copolymers,
(25"c) polyurethanes
1hennUte 49 (altyltin carboxylate) a10 2 X X Vinyl copol}'lll!lB,
lubricant
1hennl1te 66 [lkItyltin mercaptide) Insoluble IU.sclble (-37"c 1.1~ 1.5 X Vinyl copolymers
1.15
(25"c)
1hennl1te 73 [lkItyltin mercaptide) Inso1le IU.sctble -30 1.25 1-2 X X Vinyl copol}'lll!lB
(25"c)
1hennl1te 101 (alty1tln mercaptide) 1-2 X AIlS
1hennUte 1a1 (alty1tin mercaptide) 1.5 X Vinyl copolymers
1hennUte 133 (lkItyltin mercaptide) 2 16" X
(Continued)
. .
-------
Heat Stab1l1zer
TIN 1nt ,
~
~
Speclfic Refrsct1""
Q-avity Index,
at 20"1: 20/0
ftIlymer ApplliatInn
Typ1csl UIe F1ex1-
luble 1.D 0.5 X
Insoluble S:>luble 1.074 1.~2 X
(25"1:)
0.7 x
IG'
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
Vinyl cq>Olymers
Vinyl cq>Olymers,
f""",
x
Nltr1le pol)'lller
x
x X X
x X X
lIa:ords ..,..
x' 1,.
X X X
,.
X X I~-?
X X X
'I.
~
(Continued)
-------
TABLE A-ll (Continued)
K.ltina Polyuer Appl1cat1on
(lbiling) Specific Ilefractbe Typical UIe Flex1-
1t>1ecular Sol11bU1ty Ibiot, Ikavity Index, (bB:ellttatJon. FIr. ble Rigid P1asti-
Heat StabU1zer ~ lilter Acid ~ --1L.. at 20"<: 20/0 p.r Sanct10nt ~~ sols ~
lEAD aI!lWI:6 (
-------
."
TABLE A-ll (Continued)
KUting I\>lymer Applicat10n
(Bolling) Specific ~be 'l)p1cal \lie Flex1-
Iblecular SoluhUlty Ibint. Q-avity Jo:Iex. Iln:entration. Pm b1e R1gt.d Plasti -
Heat Stahilizer ~ Water Add ~ ~ st 20"(: 20/0 phr Sanct.1ant ~ f\C sols ~
lFAD aJ!lWIlS (
-------
'J
i
. ,
"
'\1
Heat Stabilizer
U!AD lex lead silt)
Halstab 6O-I!P [Ccq>lex lead silt)
w
~
o
Halstab 70 [Proprietary)
Halstab 600-EP [Ccq>lex lead silt)
llalthal [Dlbssic lead p.thalste)
Halthal-£P [c:mtad d1basic lead
phthalate)
Hostastab IbFl
Hostastab lbP2
Hostastab IbPl
lbitastab lbSl
lbitastab VP IbFl
Interstab L-'JJ
Interstab L-lm
Interstab L-lor.
Interstab L-14l
It>leculsr
~ Water
TABLE A-II (Continued)
Solubility
Add
~
Malting
(a,iling)
Ibint ,
~
Specific llefrsctb"
(hvlty Index,
at 20"1: 20/0
5.m
5.(0)
5.400
4.400
3.88>
4.6
Polyuer AppUcstim
Typical !lie Flex1-
aD acti valor
X X FoaII acti valor
X Antibloddng
X
X X R>aD acti valor
X X lDw cost, foam
acti valor
X
X X
x X X QJtdoor service
X X X
x X
X
X X X
x X X
x
(Continued)
~ . .
-------
- i
j
Heat StablUzer
IJW) OH«HI) (lbnttrood)
Jnterstm L-200
Jnterstab L-2)9
Jnterstm L-31SO (lead carboxylate)
Interstm L-31S3 (lead carboxylate)
Jnterstm L-3155 (lead carboxylate)
Interstm L-J28)
Jnterstm L-3281
Jnterstm L-3Wl
Interstm L-J(,O)
UJ
~
......
Jnterstm L-3610
Interstm L-3615
Jnterstm L-3617
Jnterstm L-3620
Interstm L-J62]
Jnterstm L-3624
Jnterstm L- 36Z5
Jnterstab L-3626
Jnterstm L-3635
Interstab 1.0-24
1ea:Istar
24% Lea:! Thnstab1Uzer .
1mrtcant
X X X
(Continue d)-
-------
,j
TABLE A-ll (Continued)
KUting ft>lyuer Application
(BoWng) Spec1Uc J!efracU... Typ1cal UJe Flmd- .,
Iblecular So1ub1Uty lb1nt. (bv1ty 1iIIex. Ibtrentration. m. ble Rigid PlaaU-
Heat Stah1lJzer ~ Water Acid ~ ~ at 20"1: 20/0 !i1r Sanct10nt ~ ~ soJa ~
U'AD IDIRX.NI1I (1bnt1nued) 1).1
I.ectro 00 [leal chlorosU1cate) 3.!m S-7 X X Iblyester based I
urethanes 7r
I.ectro 6O-XL [leal <:h1orosilli:ate Inso1m1e Insoluble 3.3 X lb1)"!8ter I:Baed "
cmp1ex) urethanes
I.ectro 75 X
. , I.ectro 78 [tetrabaa1c leal f\lll8rate) 6.5 2.1 1.S-7 X
I.ectro 8J [leal chlorosWcate sulfate) )-8 X
I.ectro 9) X
I.ectro U:H [Ib/BalOi cmplex) ~ X FUler
I.ectro 125J1U> X
W 1.S-3
~ H1RaStab 4OO-K X X X ActivalDr
N
MlBaStab 964~ X X X
MlBaStab 965-« X X X
lUJatabe Y-l [dibas1c leal steamte) 1221 300 (d) 2.0 1.00 o.S-2 X X X lubr1csnt
lUJatabe Y-2 [leal stearate) 744.3 Slight Soluble 104 1.37 o.S-2 X X lubr1cant
IU>stabe V-l1Jl6 [leal otprlc) 1.10 X X
PlssUfloII LlC [lb/a. 1I>8p) 69 1.28 o.S-1.5 X lubdcant
1henr-Olelt lJ-Y-57 1.41 J!ecorda
1henr-Olelt 5046 X X X
Tribsse [tribas1c leal sulfate) 991 "6.400 2.1 2-10 X X X ActivalDr
Tr1lBse E [lead sU1cate sulfate) 4. !m S-7 X
(Continued)
-------
"
'1
..
"'
Heat Stabilizer
lEAD (DIRllIII) (lecular
~ Water
TABLE A-II (Continued)
So1ub1l1ty
Acid
~
It>lting
(BoWng)
lbInt,
~
Specific llefra::the
(ksvlty Index,
at 20"1: 20/0
3. 9:XI
3. 9:XI
4.(,00
1.48
1.39
1.33
0.92
lblymer ApplicaticJn
Typical !Be Flex1-
Qnreotrstton, Pm ble Rigid ftasti-
Iia" SaD:tiont ~ ~ sols
~
x
x
x
x X
Otlorosulfonate:t
pol)'ethy1ene
X X X
1.~2.5 X X X
0.S-3.0 X X
2.~.0 X. X
x O1lorosulfonated
pol)'ethylene
X X X
Foam
X X
0.4 t6F X
0.3 rtiF X
0.4 X
0.4 rtiF X
(Continued)
-------
"
Heat Stabilizer
ANl'IKM I6O\Pl'IIES (1ate)
Hark 21150 (antiamy thiogl)la>1ate)
Hark !OX! (antiamy/tin thiogl)la>1ate)
Hark 9101 (antiDDny thiogl)la>1ate)
Synpron 1021
Synpron HD4
Synpron 1042
'lheI1ll"01ek 1514
'lheI1ll"01ek 1522
UJ
.p.
.p.
'lheI1lDUte 1(0
'lheI1lDUte 164
'lheI1lDUte 110
IIlS(EJ.IA!ftUJ AND lRJHUl!:D\RY
AMIIIXl!Ol'CtIA
Interstab C-16
IIl'IHJ();H CD1RJtIIrS
Interstab C-16
Interstab C-26
Interstab C-21
1t>1ecular
~ Water
TABLE A-ll (Continued)
So1ub:l.Uty
Acid
~
Iiolting
(Bolling)
lbint,
~
Specific Refractbe
Q-avity Index,
at 20°C 20/0
I'Olyuer Application
TypJca1 UJe Flexi-
-------
Ileal: StabW.zer
IIIJ1IIX»I -
VI
Stanclere C-26
RIOHUEDIRY
Fstabex Al!P
Interstab Man
Interstab MlOOl
Mu:tr. at! [Ba/OI ,",lid]
Mu:tr. 2331
Mu:tr. 255
Mu:tr. 550 [Ba/lb soap]
It>lecu1ar
~ Water
'!I
~
TABLE A-!! (Continued)
Solubility
Add
~
M>lting0
(801l1ng)
Ibint ,
~
Specific lIefractiw
Q-avity JnIex,
at 2O"C 20ID
Polyoer App1icatton
1)p1cal UJe F1exi-
lbrce1tration. FIA bI.e Rigid Plasti-
Iiu" Sanct10nt ~ l\C ,",Is
CaIIII!nts
1.43
x X Asbestos tile
X X Asbestos tile
Asbestos tUe
Asbestos tUe
Asbestos tile, low
IXIIt
X X X
X X X
x X
2.50
2.03
X X m: copolyoEr
X
X X
1.G-3.5 X
1.30 1.G-1.5 X Records
1.30 1.G-l.5 X Records
1.30 X X
(Continued)
-------
/
I
, "
..1
"",!
'\
!
J
I
'I
, ,
!
TABLE A-II (Continued)
Heat Stabilizer
Iblecular
~ Water
Solub1l1ty
Add
Iti!lting
(1Io1ii~)
R>int,
~
~
RIORUErARY (OxttJnued)
Hark 1117
Hark 1600 Serles(cadnb.. free)
lbtaasiun Hex-Jnt: d - dec"""""",.
5peclflc Refracti...
Q:av1ty Index,
at 20"1: 20/0
R>lyuu Appl1catim
'lYP1csl lie F1ex1-
r Ssnctiont ~ N: sola
Cametts
FDfD catsl)'St
Air release
Tile, air release"
viscosity control
Tile, air release,
viscosity control
x
I'\IC copo1)'IIEr
X
2-8 X X X
X
x X
0.96 X
0.95
X
X
I'\IC copo1)'IIEr
0.9'+
X
t'lbe Federal Register aal Code of Federal Reg1lst1ons detaU ll!at Stsbilizer ccmp>nents approIII!d for food contsct app1imtfoos. FM ssnctlons are given for specific ch
-------
I
4
:
TABLE A-12. LUBRICANTS AND OTHER PROCESSING AIDS
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS WITH POLYMER APPLICATION
Wbricant/Processfng Aid ~
FAITY ACIl6 AND AI.aHIS
8eIenic a::id
Oleic a:id
Palmity1 alcdn1 (cetyl
alcoto1)
Stearic a::id
Steary1 alcoto1
AKIIJ!S
v.> I2henan1de (Ibc<>sananide)
.po
'-J Erucau1de
Ii1:hyle1e bisoJean1de
1i1:hyle1e bisstearan1de
Ii1:hy le1e blshydroxystearan1de
12-flydroxy-N-(2~hy1)
stearan1de
"'thy1ene bisstearan1de
01ea:dde
Saturated fatty mdde
Stearmdde
Stearoguanam1ne
run,Uont
Ik'opp1ng
(It!1t1ng)
lbW
~ ViscosIty'
FD\
Sanction
App11cah1Uty to lb1ymer TYPe (tb>b!r Coded Below)
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 11 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
x X X
'i!s X X X
X X
X X X
X X
YEs
YEs X
YEs X
YEs X
Yes
X
Yes X
Yes
X X X
x X X X
X X X X X
X X X X
X X
X
Lubr1cst1on
Int. En.
--
Antl-
Ibid blodt-
lIelesse ~ Fom
X X X
X X X
X
X X
X
X
SoUd 11).0
Uqu1d 13.2
SoUd 49.3
Solid 69.6
SoUd 59
X Solid
X SoUd 1t>-8J
SoUd
X SoUd
Solid 104
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
SoUd
n
IUIE: 1 - kryUc ResI...; 2 - kry1on1tr11e-iUad1ene-5tyrene; 3 - Alkyd Res1IB; 4 - tm1no Res1IB; 5 - Fl1gIneerll18 'lhenmplsst1cs (lblyplEnyle1e Sulfide sat lb1yplEnyle1e Odde); 6 - Epoxy Res1IB;
1 - FllDrop>lymem; 8 - R>eml1c Res1IB; 9 - fu1yacetals; 10 - fu1yam1de Res1IB; 11 - fu1y1utylene; 12 - fu1ycsrbonate; 13 -lUgh n....Ity fu1}'ethylene; 14 - L1near low n....1ty fu1}'ethy1ene;
15 - low n....1ty lb1}'ethyle1e; 16 - lb1}'ethyle1e Threptthalste/lb1y1utyle1e ThreptthsJate; 11 - lb1ypropyle1e; 18 - lb1ystyrene; 19 - lblyurethane; 20 - lb1yvlny1 Acetate; 21 - lb1yvlny1
Alcdn1; 22 - fu1yvlny1 O1lor1de/Flex1ble; 23 - fu1yvlny1 O1lor1de/B1gld; 24 - lb1yvlnyUdene O1lor1de; 25 - Styrl!l1l!-l\crylon1tdle; 26 - Ibsaturated lb1)'e8ter Resin.
. i
i
j
I
X
SoUd
1
-------
,
I
!
TABLE A-12 (Continued)
Funct10nt
i Ik"opp1ng
, Anti- (ltUting) AppUc:abil1ty to lblyu2r Type (See First Page of Table for IUd>er 0Ide)
Wbrtcation ibid blodt- lb~ FD\
Wbrtcant/Processing Aid ~ Int. Ext. Release 3- FOIID ~ Viscasity' Sanction 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
ES1't1!S
Acerylated plrtlal esters X X X
12*"ryl~odecenoic
acid, butyl ester
AlkoxylatEd fatty acid esters X X X
, Myl ester of 12.".,.,tyloxy- X Uquid -32 "'S
9-octadecam1c scid (sol.)
Myl stearate (ikd:yl X Uquid 19.5-20 X X X
octadecam1te J
UJ OIstor oU X Uquid -10 X
~
CD Oatyl paJm1tste (Oat1nJ Solid 50 X X
Olethylene gl)'C01lIDmStearate X X X Solid 55 (sol.) Yes X X
(digl)'COllIDmStearateJ
Olethylene glycol o1este Uquld X X
(digl)'COl oleate)
Olethylene gl)'COl r1clnnleate Uquid X X
(digl)'COl r1clm1este)
"i Ethylene glJC?l distearate X X Solid 56 (sol.) Yes
,
J
Ethylene gl)'COl IIDmStearate X X Solid 570W Yes
Ethyl stearate X X X
Glycerol IIIn)Oleate Solid 11,-19 Yes X X
Glycerol DDmr1clmleste X Uquld <-5 X X X X
Glycerol ""III)RJ-12-bydmcy- X
stearate
"I
j
",j
\ (Continued)
-------
..,
j
I TABLE A-12 (Con ti nued)
;1
!
i f\mctiont
I Ikopp1na
Anti- (}t!lting) AppUcab1Uty to I\>lyoer Type (See First I'aI!/! of Table for IbItJer COOe)
Wbrlcation ibid blodt- 1\>1~ FIA
Lubricant/Processing Aid ~ Int. Ext. Release 3- Form ~ Vi scool ty' Sanction 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 2S 26
~ (Cbot1wed)
Glyocero1 IIIXDStearate X X X X SoUd 5&-59 nos x x x x x
., [a-stear1nl
;
,
GLycerol tr101eate lIquid -4
Glycerol tr1s(l2-bydraxy- X X Solid 86-68 nos x x x x
stearste)
1)UX}'ethylene glycollllXO- X X
stearate
Sorbi tan trio1eate Uquid 53 (pour) X X
(Continued)
-------
"f
TABLE A-12 (Continued)
\
Functioot
IkoppI.ng
Antl- ~t1ng) App11cab1Uty to ft>lyuer Type (See First l'II# of Table for IUIi>er Code)
Whr1catioo ibid b1ock- lb1R: FIA
" Wbrlcant/Processing Aid ~ Int. Ext. Release ...!!'L F011D ~ V1scoeity' ~ 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 11 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
ESmIS ( X X
Calc1... stearate Fast (bast r X X X Solid 160 Yes XXX X X X X X X X X X
Dibas1c lea:! stearate [see
lea:! stearate)
lead oleate X SoUd
lead stearate X X X SoUd 100-115 X X
IJthi... stearate X X Solid 220 X X X
~i... oleate X Sani-
solid
(Continued)
-------
!
i
j TABLE A-12 (Continued)
I
!
)
Functiont
Jk'opp1ng
Anti - (}Wtlng) Appl1cah1lity to ft>lymer Type (See First l'a8e of Table for IUIb!r Code)
Wbrication Ibld blodt- ~ m
Wbricant/Prooessing Aid ~ Int. Ext. Be1ease ...!!!L Fom ~ Vi e<:r'8t ty' Sanction 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 2S 26
'j i£rAu.IC SW'S (Omtirued)
., 1togpes1\JD stearate X X Solid 88.5 X X X X X X X
". J ft>tass1\JD stearate X Solid
:,
Sod1... d10ctyl BJlfosucclnate X Solid
(Dloctyl scd1un sulfOStCCi-
nateJ
Sod1... stearate X X Solid 205 X X X X
StaJDJUS octoate (stanmus X lIquid X
2-uhyl.hemste )
5tamJus r1clmleste X X
UJ
\J1 79
..... 5tarnJus stearate r X X Solid Ym X
Un<: oleste X Solid 70
Zin<: stearate r X X X Solid 120 Ym X X X X X X X X X X X X
\
NA1UW.. IlIJa!S
CarnauIB wax X X X Solid 84-86 Ym X X X X X
OIstorwax X X X Solid as X X X X X
Dmmr wax X Solid X
SpelllDCleti wax X Solid 42-50
mmoJ.EIIH!ASEI) IlIJa!S
OmIllills wax X SoUd 67-68 X
Ceresin wax Solid 68-72 X
H1crocrysta1Une wax X SoUd
!lJrsffin wax X X X Solid \l3r1oos \I3r1aJs Ym X X X
(4.1-05)
(Continued)
-------
:/
.-
"
TABLE A-12 (Continued)
Functtmt
Ikopp1ng
Anti - Otlymer Type (See First ~ of Table for IbJb!r Code)
Lubrlcat10n Ibld blodt- Ib1nt Pm
Wbricant/Processing Aid ~ !!!t:. Ext. ~ ...!!L Form ~ Viscosity' Sanct10n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 U 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
RIL'IIOIC WiUlyethylene """ X Solid \Br1ous IBrious 1es X X X X X
ft>lypropy1ene """ X X Solid \Br1ous IBrious . X X X X
ft>lytetrafluoroethylene """ X X liquid \Br1ous IBrious 1es
or Solid
VJ lblyvinyl acetate X liquid X X
VI
N Iblyvinyl alcoh>l X X X
SUIcooe grease (see SUIcooe X Semi - IBrious IBrioos
all) solid
Silicone all X liquid X X . X X X X
RIL'iID FIIHi AND SID!El'5
Cell"lhme X Solid 177-204 X X
(d)
CelluJose acetate X S:>lid
Oillu1ose acetate butyrate
"'thyl cellulose X S:>lid X X
Nylon X X Solid
Iblyethylene X X Solid
Iblyethylene Thr"lkha1ate X Solid Yes (sane X X
grades)
(Continued)
-------
i
i.
I
. !
I
lubricant/Processing Aid ~
R1'IM!R FIl}f; AND !HErS
(Omt1nued)
Iblyester
Iblytetrafluoroethylene
Iblyvinyl acetate
fulyvinyl alcxml
IbljllEthyacrylate
IblydinEthyl sll"""""
Iblytetrafluoroethylene
IN Iblyvinyl chloride
'U'I
IN . Ib1yvinyl1dene chloride
Sil1.cooe resim
HISa!IlA/I!XU!
Dl.b.Jtyl jiIthalate
lecithin
IKEG'IIIla;
AlUllirun sllicate [see Clay J
CalclllD carbonate
CalclllD sllicate
Clay (((aolin]
Q::aphite
~illD silicate
TABLE A-12 (Continued)
Functiont
lubricatJ.on
1Dt. Ext.
--
Anti -
ibid bJ.ock-
Release ~ FOnD
[kopp1ng
OIalttng)
lbirE
~ Viscooity'
Appl1cah1lity to fuljllEr Type (See First ~ of Table for IUJi>er Code)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 2J 24 25 26
FD\.
Sanct1an
X Solid
X Solid
X Solid Yes (Ball! X
grales)
X Solid ..... (BOllI! X
grsdes)
X Solid
X X Solid
X Solid
X Solid
Uquid -35 X
X X X
x
x
x x
x
x
X Solid X X
Solid X X X X
Solid
X X Solid X X
Solid X X X X
(Continued)
-------
"
./
. ,
, .
I
. ;
,
. 1
. !
Lubricant/Processing Aid
IlIl!G\NID) (Cbntirud)
Mica
Holybdenm d1su1ftde
futassi... silicate
Silica (fuJEd)
Talc
1BAIE NAH! l.IJIIIICAIm)*
FAlTY ACIIII AND AIJJHJIS
W
IJ1
.p.
a.clBlot S-53r3 [fatty
akoIDls)
Glyron S-70 [fatty acids)
Glyron s-8) [fatty acids)
Glyron S~ [fatty acids)
Glyron TP [fatty adds)
IhIWldt F-300 [fatty acids)
IhIWIdt F-Um [fatty adds)
1hrw1dt F-15OO [fatty acids)
Ibstalub A-I [fatty akoIDls)
Ibstalub F-l [fatty acids)
SoUd
SoUd X
SoUd X X X X
X SoUd
X SoUd
TABLE A-12 (Continued)
Functiont
D:opping
(}tolting)
an..:
~ Viacasity'
"
m
Sanction
AppUc:ability to fulyo>!r Type (See First Page of Table for IbJi>er Code)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
i
i
. f.
~
Anti-
Lubrication Hold block-
Int. Ext. ~ ~ Form
1Ii!s X X
1Ii!s X
1Ii!s X
1Ii!s X
1Ii!s X
1Ii!s
X
X
X
X
Hlchel X X SoUd 53
Glyro X Solid ~1
Glyoo X Solid 6H5
Glyoo X SoUd 65--68
Glyoo X 'SoUd 54-56
IbIWIdt X Solid 58
Ihrw1ck. X Solid 56-60
IhIWIdt X SoUd 54-60
AlEr. IbedIsr X SoUd 52 (app.)
AlEr. Ibi.mst X r
X X
"These crnp:>urded lubricants ...y contain mny of tIE specific chBn1cals Uste:l in tIE inltial portion of thia appendix.
(Continued)
..
-------
"
. .
TABLE A-12 (Continued)
Functiont
Ikopping
Anti- ~t1ng) AppUcabiUty to R>lyaer ~ (See First Pafp of Table for /UJi>er Code)
WIrlcat10n !bId block- ft>1nt FD\
LubricanI:/Processing Aid ~ Int. Ext. ~ 3- FOl1D ~ Visa>sity' Sanction 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
1lWE IW£ 1.I.BUCAIII'S*
(er"" X Solid 54-61 ...s X
acids)
I1Ydrofol Acid 1870 [fatty 91er"" X Solid 58-6l 1IEs X
acids J
Hystrene 9n8 [fatty acids) Ilmi8 ...s X
Hystrene 5016 [fstty acids J IlmiJ
VI ft!trac 270 [fatty acids) R!trochem1cals X SoUd 55 X
VI
AKUE;
krawax C [ethylene II1s- Glyro X X Solid 140-146 0.5 cp at 1IEs X X X X X
stearamlde) 149'1:
Adogm 58 [Eru:yl auIde) 9>ereI< X X SoUd II> '4!s X X X
Advm.ox 240 [ethylene biB- O1rstab X X Solid 11H18 '4!s X X
ol.eaIdde)
Advawax 275 [ethylene 1I1e- Olrstab X X Solid 135 X X
stearamlde)
Ad- 211> [amide """') O1rstab X X Solid 138 'ms X X X
Ad- 2'X1 [amide """') O1rstab 14)-146 '4!s X X
ArunsUp 18 [fatty acid amide) Noury X X X Solid 104 'ms X X X X
*These caqnn:IaI lubricants may contain IIBI1}' of tIE specific chemI.ca1s listed in tIE initial portion of this appen11x.
(Continued)
I
.1
, j
-------
}'
TABLE A-12 (Continued)
Functiont
Ikopping
Anti- Qt.lt1ng} AppUcab1Uty to ft)lymer Type (See First ~ of Table for IUIiJer Code)
Lubrtcation ibid blodt- ~ FIA
Lubr1cant/Proo!ssing Aid ~ ~ Ext. Release ...!!!L FOnD ~ Visoasityl ~ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 U 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 2S 26
1lWE NAI£ UII!IUCAIIJS*
(lid 70 1&!s X X X
amide)
:
ArnDsUp I!XP [fatty acid !bay X X S:>l1d II) ''lea X X X
" IIIII.de)
BDery 9301 [fatty acid amide) BDery X S:>lid 191 7fJXJ cp at X X
220"(:
Eramlde [amide """) Ii!xcel X S:>l1d ID-Wt 'lea X X X X X
; W Glycoluhe VI. [amide wax 1 Gl}":O X X S:>1id lllr1l8 1&!s X
" \J1
0\
Ibstalub FAl [lIIII.de wax) mer. IbedISt X 14Ud 66-70 'lea X X X
.. ~ [amide """I Ii!xcel X S:>Ud TY-n 'lea X X X
, '
Inrerstsb G-8257 [ethylene Inrerstab X X S:>l1d 141-146 X X X X X
I bisstearamlde)
'I
!rantstilt S lbwder [amide wax) Speclalty X X S:>l1d 138-140 'lea X X X
I'tocb:ts
KeIaD1de B [DxosanaoIde 1 Ibdl1d 98 'lea X X X
KeIaD1de E [ErucauIde) Ibdl1d 7(}-75 'lea X X X X X
:,1
"\
, j
, ~
"These ~ lubr1cants lIB}' contain IIIIlIY of too 8p'clftc chemicals listed in tIE 1n1t1al portion of thia spjEnlix.
I
,'j
" J
: j
, 'I
4
,
(Continued)
-------
TABLE A-12 (Continued)
. !
!
. ,
. i
Functioot
Itopp1ng
Anti- (It!ltlng) '&ppH....hfHty to ft>lymer Type (See First Paae of Table for IUIber Code)
Lubricatioo ibid blDck- Ibim: Fm
Wbr1.cant/I'nxessing Aid ~ Int. Ext. Belease ~ Form ~ Viscosity' ~ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
'IRAIE NAI£ UI!IUCAIIl'S*
( Yes X X X X
\Yri'ze (anicle wax) Ii=el X Solid 100-104 Yes X X X X X
ESlUIS
Advawax 140 (MJnester with OIrstsb X Solid (,() Yes X
1,2, 3-propsnetio1 octadecsnoic
acidl
"These c~ lubricants my a>ntsin IIWIY of the specific chemicals llste:l in the 1n1tW portion of this sppemix.
I .
(Continued)
"I
-------
TABLE A-12 (Continued)
Functioot
Ikopping
Anti- (}i!lting) App1J.cab1lity to ft>lyaer tYPe (See First ""'" of Table for IbIiJer Code)
Wbrlcatlcn ibid blodr.- Ib1It FD\.
Wbr1cant/Processb1g Aid ~ Int. Ext. ~ ...!!L Form ~ V1scoslty' Sand:ioo 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
1lWE !WI! W!RICAII1'S*
(Ud (sol.)
Aldo 16 (glyaoro1 esters) Glyco X X &>Ud 57-61 '4!s X X X X
OIstorwax (glycery1 tr1s-12- NL InIustr1es X &>l1d 87 '4!s X X X X
hydroxystearste)
CHI-37-fIA. (ethylene glyo::ol CP 1hl1 X X Solid 57 (sol.) Yes
IIDI108tearate)
CHI-~ [glyaorol CP Hall X X X X &>l1d 56 (sol.) '4!s X X X X X
IIIJroStearste)
CHI-1or.-OC-SE [d1glyco1 CP 1hl1 X X X &>lid 55 (sol.) Yes X X
W IIDI108tearate)
VI
00 CH\-)(,()-fi [ethylene glyo::ol CP IIall X X &>l1d 56 (sol.) ""S
d1stearste)
~117 [glyaorollllJro"" furIlid 5(}-58
oleate)
Boerest 2326 [glyaorol tri- BIery liquid
oleate)
Flexr1c1o P-l ~thyl ester of NL InIustrles X liquid -29 27.7cpat ""S X
12-hydrox;y...JJ-.:Jdadecamk (so~.) 25"<:
acid)
Flexr1c1o P-6 [Butyl ester of NL InIustr1es X liquid -32 18.6 at ""S
121Oetyloxy~k (sol.) 25"<:
acid)
, '
i. .
*these ~ lubr1cants l1li}' contain IIBII)' of tIE 8f"clflc chemicals listed 10 tIE 1n1t1al portion of th1s appenIix.
1,.1
(Continued)
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/
..
. !
.j
.,
'j
I
, j
Wbrican£/Processtng Aid
~
1lWE IW£ UI!IIICAIIJ'S*
( l ester) mer. Ibed1st
Ibstalub FEl [a1cob:>l ester) mer. Ibed1st
Ibstalub FE2 [gl~ro1 esters I mer. Ibed1st
Ibstalub FE) [gl~ro1 esters) mer. Ibed1st
IIostalub FE6 [glJ"UOl esters I AllIer. Ibechst
IIostalub FE-n [DDOtsn ester) Amer. lbechst
IIostalub VP 0IW3 [...x ester) mer. Ibechst
IIostalub VR/e2 [wax ester) mer. lbechst
TABLE A-12 (Continued)
Fmct.imt
~
(Itolting)
IbiIc;
~ Viscosity'
FlA
SsDctim
Appl1csb1l1ty to Folyaer Type (See First ~ of Table for IUIiJer Code)
1 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 lS 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 2S 26
Wbrlc:atim
lot. Ext.
--
Anti-
ibid blodt-
~ 2!!L ~
x liquid -40 232 cp at X X
(sol.) 2S"c
X SoUd S9-64 Yes X
x X liquid "'s X
X X liquid -IS Yes X
(sol.)
X Solid 19-26 'Es X
x Solid IiO-64 'Es X
X X Solid 79-85 'Es X X
X X X Solid 98-104 'Es X X
X Solid 44 (app.) Ronliq! X
X liquid x
x X Solid 'XI 'x X
x X Solid 70 X X
*lhese ~ lubr1csnts OIly emtsln mny of tie specific d1emica1s listed In tie Initial portion of this spperdix.
.' .
.j
(Continued)
-------
.,
TABLE A-12 (Continued)
Functioot
1 Ikopp1ng
.) Anti - Otllting) App1l....hllt ty to ftl1ymer Type (See First I'aIJ! of Table for IbIiJer Code)
i Wbricat100 Ibld bJ.od<- Ib1JE Fm
j Wbricant/Pnxessing Aid ~ Int. E>d:. lI.e1ease ~ Fom ~ Viscosity' ~ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 2S 26
1 '1lIAIE !WE UBUCANIS*
(
-------
.'
TABLE A-12 (Continued)
!
I
:1 Functiont
Ikopp1ng
.~ Antl- (Ittlting) App1icabUity to ftllyoer Type (See First Pq! of Table for IbJt>er Code)
.: 1 Wlrication ibid bloc:k- Ibid: FII\
. "I lubricant/Processing Aid ~ Int. Ext. Release ...!!!L Form ~ Yhcoel ty' Sanction 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
." ,
1lWE - UI!RICANl'S*
(OJntinued)
ESmIS (OJntinued)
lDxiol 0-33 [waxy elur of IB1kel X X Solid 50-65 X X
s\.q>le fatty acids ani
slcolDls)
IDxiol G-4O [s1q>le elur fran IB1kel X r Uquid 2 (sol.) 28 cp at Yes X X
br...d.,d dWn fatty slaml 2O'C
ani fatty acid)
IDxiol G-47 [slcob>l elters) IB1kel r X Solid 6G-Q 10 cp st X X X i'
JO'C
w
0\ 1Dxio1 G-«I [slam1 eltem) ""*"l X Solid 42-44 Rording X X
...... III
1Dxio1 0-70 (polyoeric cooplex ""*"l r X X SoUd 45-55 X
elter of ...turate! fatty
sclds)
IDxiol o-n [cmplex elur IB1kel r X X Uquid (-l2)-{) X
fran msatursted fatty acids) (sol.)
1Dxio1 J111-7OSS Icmplex elter ""*"l X X Uquid U
of unsaturate! fatty acid)
laxiol !la!-7087 Icmp1"" I51kel X Uquid -19 466 cp at X X
esters) 100'C
1Dxio1 lIII-n07 [po1}'111ertc 12'*"1 X SoUd 70-95 Yes X
ester of ...turate! fatty
acids)
1Dxio1 l1li-7108 Ib1erd of 12'*"1 X X SoUd 77.5-97.5 Yes X
mixed glycerol esters ani
coop1"" po1yoeric fatty acid
esters)
"These calpJUrde! lubricaIt:s my mntain mny of too specific chenicsls Uste! in too init1sl ponton of this spperdtx.
(Continued)
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I
/
,
. j
.1 j
'.:(
::j TABLE A-12 (Continued)
.1
..1
. i
.1 Funct10nt
I Ikopp1ng
i Antl- ~t1ng) Appl1cah11ity to I\Ilyoer Type (See FIrst Page of Table for IUJiJer Code)
! Wbr1catlon Ibld blod<- Ib1rc; Fm
Wbr1cant/Procesa1ng Aid ~ Int. Ext. Release 2!L Form ~ VisaJsIty' ~ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
'1l!AIE NAIl! UBUCANIS*
( [glycerol FBstmm X SoUd 73 39 cp at Yes X
N esters] 75"c
Parac1n 8 (glj<:&Ol esters) !II. Industries X liquid -1 (901.) In q> at X X X
38"c
R!trac Q6 [glyaoml esters) R!tmc:hen1ca1s X Solid 60 Yes X X X
Santone H-ii [tr1glyaorol IlJrkee Solid 52-55
IID1OStearate)
Santone H-iiH (polyglj<:&Ol Ibrkee Solid 32-35
ester)
Spm 65 [90rbitan trloleate) ICl liquid 53 (JDUl")
Spm 85 (90rbitan trloleate) ICl Uquid 53 (JDUl")
Zelec 1£ [akolnl ester) Ib lbnt X X liquid 35,IXXI q> X X X X X
at 38"c
*These CXJIpUIded lubr1cants rmy conta1o IIB11Y of tte specific chemicals Uated in tte tn1t1al portion of this appenIlx.
(Continued)
-------
".>""
/
,
. [
.,
j
I A-12 (Continued)
TABLE
.,
.1 Fuoctlont
,
, It'opp1ng
j Antt- (It!ltlng) ~ppH.."hfHty to Rllyaer TYPe (See First ~ of Table for IUJi>er Code)
1 Wbrlcatloo ibId blodt- 1b1<1: m
Wbrlcant/l'rocessing Aid ~ Int. Ext. lIelease 2!L Fam ~ V1""""ttyl ~ 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 11 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
i
I 'IBAIE Nt\I£ ~*
.,
:,~ (em1cal o.v. X X SoUd X X X I
(unspeclfte:l )
*lhese cmpuded lubricants lIB}' c:onta.1n IIIIDy of the specific chemI.cala Uste:l in the initisl portion of this appenIix.
(Continued)/ ,I
-------
',1
,j TABLE A-12 (Continued)
'.
:,
,',
- j
::'1 Functicnt
,
.:i Ikopp1ng
Anti - (Ii!lting) Appl1cab1Uty to Rl1yoer Type (See Fint PaIJ! of Table for IbdJer Code)
i Lubrlcaticn Ibld block- Ibid: FIll
Lubrlcant/Processing Aid ~ Int. Ext. Release ...3- Fom ~ Vtsmslty' ~ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 ;
TRAIE NI\I£ UBIICANfS*
, (
-------
'.
...
TABLE A-12 (Continued) I'I
.!
J Functloot
Ikopping
I Anti- Oiolting) AppUcabiUty to l\)J.yoer Type (See First Page of Table for IbIIJer Code)
,j Wbrtcation II:>ld blod<- lb1nt FD\
i Wbriamt/Processing Aid ~ Int. ~ IIelease .l!!L FOI1II ~ Viscmity' Sanction 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
i
1BAIE NAI£ UIIIUCANlS*
(ld WI.z INr-IE-llS (8Iulsi- A1re1 X Uqu1d -w. 6cpat X X
fied h1gJt polyoer1c aJRIensa- (801.) 25"1:
tion pmb:t of cCllp1ex
synthetic resins]
It>msu1f1de CUIIIIX X SoUd X'
It>lybdeluu
PlastiflDw (w-2 (ester """'I Associated lead X Solid 81 15 cp at x
100"1:
v.> Plastin"" RIP (....pec1fiedl Associated lead X SoUd llf\ 111:1 cp at X X
(7\
U1 120"1:
Rim WI.z (wspeclfted] A1re1 X liquid 9cpat X
25"1:
Synpron 1300 (....pecifted] Syrdetic r X Uqu1d 100 cp at X
InxIucta 25"1:
Synpron Ln (mapeclftedl Synthetic r X Uquid 100 cp at X X
InxIucta 25"1:
Vlnylube 36 (....pec1fiedl Gl)' X Solid 66 (app.) Yes X
Vlnylube 37 (....pecif1ed) Gl)' X X SoUd 64 (app.) Yes X
Vlnylube 38 (....pecif1edl Gl)' X Solid 60 (app.) Yes X
*Ihese cOIpJUrl!ed lubr1cart:a my contain IIIUIY of the specific chemicals listed in the initial portion of thia appenllx.
(Continued)
'I
, !
-------
. :; ~
I'I
" ""
"I
"1
:1
TABLE A-12 (Continued)
Functiont
Ikopp1ng
Anti- (MUting) AppUcab1Uty to ftllymer Type (See FIrst Paae of Table for IUIt>er Code)
lulr1cat1on ibId blDdt- Ib11t FIJI.
LuIrlcant/Proa!ssing Aid ~ lilt. Ext. Bel.ease .l!!L Fom ~ V1 """,,1 tyl Sanct1m 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 8 9 10 11 U 13 14 15 16 11 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
'IBAIE IW£ lJ.I!IUCANlS*
(s X X X
stearate)
Synpro 303 (aluntnm IImddt r X SoUd 154 YaI X X X
"I".) distearate)
0\
0\ Synpro 4or. (aluuIJuD Rirw1ck r X SoUd 110 oms X X X
tr1stearate)
Synpro 505 (aluntnm IiIrw1ck r X SoUd 241 YaI X X X
IIIJm9tearate)
Witen 18 (sluntnm dlstearate) Witco r X SoUd 145 X X X
Witco 22 (aluntnm stearate) Wttco r X Solid 160 X X X
IWUIM
"'tssap tsr1uD stearBte ~t1c X X SoUd 160 X X
InxIuc:ts (sol.)
Synpro Type 159 (tsr1uD IImddt X X Solid 111 X X
stearate) (B01.)
Wltco (tsriUD stearate) Wttco r X SoUd 110 X
(801.)
*These cmp>unled 11m-ICBMS IIBY ronta1n IIB11Y of the specific d1en1cals listed in the lnlt1al portlnn of this appemlx.
, "
(Continued)
-------
TABLE A-12 (Continued)
I
I
'j Functimt
Ikopp1ng
Anti- 0t>1t1ng) Applicabllity to fu1yuer Type (See First ~ of Table for IUJiJer Code)
Wbrlcat10n ibid blodt- RI1m: Fm
lubrlcant/l'rocessing Aid ~ Int. Ext. Release .J!!L Form ~ VisaJsity' Sanct1m 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 11 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 2S 26
'DWE K\I£ UElUQ\NIS*
(Cbntirud)
00JffiJI
It!tasap cadll:hm steamte ~hetic X Solld 104 X X
Products (sol.)
Synpro cadnhm steamte IiIrwidt X Solld un x x
CAIJ:llM
011ei... stearate Fast !bast r X X X Solid 160 'll!s X X X X X X X X X X
Coa:I 10 lcalei... steamte ] !time r X Solld 155 (s) 'II!s X X :
IIostslub 01F 1 I calei... -... Ibechst X Solld 154 'II!s X
steamte) (app.)
W ~n.nse UP Q:aw1sr I calei... HallJrdaodt X X Solid 160 1i!s X /'1
0\ stearate I
-...J
~n.nse RSII Ibwder I calei... HallJrdaodt X X Solid 160 '6!s X X X X X
steamte)
Interstsb CA 1&-1 lcalei... Interstsb r X Solld 145-163 'II!s X X X X
stearate)
IfalliJK:Icrodt ~ RSII 11-4 Ha1.1.J.rekrodt r X Solid 160 Yes X X X X X
IfalliJK:Icrodt ~ RSII n.nse KallJnckrodt r X Solid 160 '6!s X X X X X
I calei... steamte)
HalliR:krodt RSII 248 lcalei... Halllid:rodt r X Solld 160 'II!s X X X X
steamte)
IfalliJK:Icrodt RSII 2411> lcalei... Hall1nckrodt r X Solid 160 Yes X X X X
stearate)
HalliR:krodt 'II:!dn1c:al IWky HalliR:krodt r X Solid 160 'II!s X X X X X
Q,ade A lcalclllD stearate)
*'1hese c
-------
TABLE A-12 (Continued)
Functiant
Itopp1JI8
Anti- (Itolting) Applicah1Uty to ft>I}1112r Type (See First P8iI' of Table for IbdJer Code)
Wbricatian Ibld bl.ock- Ibid; FIA
Wbricant/Prooessing Aid ~ Int. Ext. Release -3- Form ~ Viscosity' ~ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
'IBAIE IW£ UllUQ\NIS*
(1bntinueJ)
CALClUI (pe 12 I calcl... IImdck r X SoUd 154 Yes X X X X X
00 stearate)
Synpro 'l}>pe 1211 lca1ei... Ihrw1dt r X Solid 154 'd!s X
stearate. pJider)
, Synpro 15 lcalei... stearate. Synthetic r X SoUd 148 X
, , poo.der) ~
Synpro 17 IcalclUD stearate. Synthetic r X Solid 155 X
graru1ar) ~ts
Synpro 'l}>pe 24-46 lca1ei... Ihrwidt r X SoUd 154 Yes X X X X X
stearate)
Synpro 26-46 lca1ei... r X Solid 155 X
stearste. pcMIer)
Synpro 'l}>pe 114-36 lcalei... Ihrwidt r X SoUd 154 Yes 'X
stearate)
*These cCllf'JUD!ed lmricsnts my contain IIBRY of the specific ch6u1cals Usted in the initial p>rtton of this sppemix.
(Continued)
-------
TABLE A-12 (Continued)
Functioot
ItDpp1ng
Anti - (It>ltlng) Appl1cab1Uty to Rl1yuer Type (See First Page of Table for IbJi>er Code)
Wbricatioo ..,ld blodt- 1bI4 m
Wbricaot/Prooessing Aid ~ Int. Ext. Release .l!!L ~ ~ VI e<:nel ty' Sanctioo 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
1lWE IiAI£ 11BUCAN1'S.
(1bnt1nued)
rAlCIlJI (1bnt1nued)
. Synjxo Type 158) [ca1eiIJD Iimddt r X Solid 154 "ii!s X X X
stearate)
Synpro Type, Type 15 [calei... Iilrwldt r X Solid 154 'I2s X
st.earste)
Wltco F. a.perfine [ca1eiIJD Wltco X X Solid 160 X X X X X
stearate)
Wltco FP [calei... stearate) Wlt.c:o X X Solid 160 (s) X X X X X X
W
0\ Witco IH [caleiIJD stearate J Witco X X Solid 130 X X'
\0
Wltco Ib1)'11& crade [ca1ciUD Wit.c:o X X Solid 160 X
stearate)
Witco REP [calei... stearate) Witco X X Solid 160 X
lEAD
11)-207, lead stearate [dibas1c Asaoclat.ed lead X Solid >300 (d) X X
leal steamte)
1Ial-illb-{) [leal stearate) IIalstab X Solid X X
lIal-iub-ll [leal st.earste) IIalstab X Solid X X
Ibstalub ft>Fl [leal st.earste) ""'r. Ibed1st r X Solid X X
lea!star-m11llal lead st.earste Aa9Jclated leal X Solid 100-115 X X
Wlt.c:o 30 [leal st.earsteJ Wit.c:o X X Solid 103 X X
I,;: .
,11
l'
I
I
*These c~ lubricants my contain IIBIIY of tIE specific chanica1s listed in tIE initial portion of this app...:lbo:.
''{
I I' ,,;
I .(, \
tii
I' ~ I
\ ; , , . :1
I,h~;,
': ,;'
(Continued)
j
;
I
J
t; . 'Ii"
-------
TABLE A-12 (Continued)
Fun::t1ont
Ik'opp1I18
Anti - 0t>lt1ng) App11cab1l1ty to Iblyal!r Type (See First Pa", of Table for Ibi>er Code)
Wbrtcat:1on Hold block- Ibid;, m
lubrtamt/Processtng Aid ~ Int. ~ lIelease ..!!!L Form ~ V1sa>sity' Sanct10n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 2S 26
1lWE !WE WllUCe\NI'S*
«bnUnued)
~
IIaU1nckrodt U St (lithiuD Hall1ndcrodt r X Solid 213 X X
stearate)
Synpro lith1\ID stearate Ihrwick. Solid 216 X
Witro 306 (lithiuD stearate) Witco X X 212 X
~
Hall1nckrodt RSNi-l (DBgJII!8iID Hall1nckrodt r X Solid 163 X
W stearate)
.....
0 HalUndaodt: IBP (1IIIjp!81\1D IIsll1ndaodt r X Solid 163 X X
stearate)
H!tassp ~1\ID stesmte Syrd1etic X X Solid 145 X X
Froducts
Rottack 1D-25 (lIIIgI>I!8i\ID Rotrochem1cals X X Solid 149 X
stesmte)
Synpro Type 90, IBP (kade Ihrw1dt Solid 143 Yes X X
(1IIJ811'!8iUD stesmte)
, Witro 0 (lIIIjp!8ilD stearate) Witro X X Solid 145 (s) X I,; I' X
I
I'
~ , II l'
Witro H!st-5tsble (sodilD Wltco X X Solid 20S X I X X
stesmte) : '
Witco 7-1 (sodi\ID sterate) Witro X X Solid 205 (s) X ;, 'r'( X X
I "
1'1',"(
',,-l'
*1hese c
-------
,
.,
TABLE A-12 (Continued)
Ftn:Umt
Ikopp1ng
Anti- (I2lt1ng) Appllcab1Uty to Folyuer Type (See First PagI! of Table for IUJi>er Code)
Wbrlcatim ibid blocIt- lb~ pm
LubriCSDt/Pnx:ess1ng Aid ~ Int. Ext. Release ~ Fom ~ Vil!a>sity' ~ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
'IRAIE NAI£ UIIUO\NIS*
(Qxtt.inued)
TIN
Synpro stamous stearate IBrw1d< r X X Solid 79 '6!s X
zm::
Chad 20 Iztn: stearate) Ibra:: r X SoUd 123 (s) '6!s X X
~D!nse Cbmlsr Iz1re IfalllirknxIt X X Solid 160 '6!s X X X X X
stearate)
~n.nse JtI Iboder Inn: HUUn:kra:lt X X SoUd 160 '6!s X X X X
stearate)
~n.nse JtI lO.traf1ne I ztn: HalUnckrodt r X Solid 160 '6!s XX X X X
stear8te)
l.U
'-J Interstab
-------
I'I
TABLE A-12 (Continued)
f\Jnctioof
Ikopping
Anti- (}t!lttng) App1icabUJty to l'b1yaer Type (See First l'B3! of Table for Ibmer Code)
Lubrication Ibld blod<- lbil£ Fm .
Wbricant/Prooessing Aid ~ Int. ~ Release ...!!L. Form ~ ViscxJsity' Sanction 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 89 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 2526
j 1lIAIE III\II! 1lBUCAIIlS*
o! (Cl>nt1nued)
ZOC ( stearate) ImIucts
. -..J
N ,
, , Synpro ~ flIP [zinc SyntlEttc r X SoUd 121 X X X t'
; i steaIate) IhIducts
. ~
Witco 11 [ztn:, steaIate) Wi tco X X Solid 120 X
Witco 42 [ztn:, steaIate) Wi tco X X SoUd UO X X
Witco LV [ztn:, steaIate) Witco X X Solid 120 X
WI. tco Ib1ymer ~ade [ztn:, Witco X X Solid 120 X
stearate)
Witco REF [zinc stearate) Witco X X Solid 120 X
IIh1taJn 5 [zinc -..rate) IeI X X Solid >315 X X X X X
"These COIpJUIded lubricants moy conts1n IIBI1Y of tIE specific deo1ca1s listed in tIE Initial portion of this appenIix.
(Continued)
-------
, ; TABLE A-12 (Continued)
Funct1aIt
Ikopp1ng
i Anti- (}i>lting) AppUc:ah1Uty to ft>lyoer Type (See FIrst I'a8> of Table for IUJiJer Code)
Wbrlcatlm ibId bladt- lb1II: m
Lubr1canI:/Pnx:ess1ng A1d ~ Int. Ext. Release .l!!L Form ~ V1sa>slty' Sanct1m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
'IlIAlE NAI£ ll.I!IIIrANl'S*
(1bnt1met)
KIJ!I!D IElAL
Fnv1.rostab (z1re steaml:e, &tv1rostrard X X SolId 49 X X
ca1c1,.. stearate sod d1bas1c (birder)
lead stearste) II; I'
I
,! ~1AXtS
, :, l'
41111 (psrsffin wax) Bsreco X SoUd 59 3.3 cp at '1m X X
loo"C I I
, .
'j 4110 (psrsffin leX) Bareco X SoUd 61 3.3 cp at "'S ti' '(( X X
100"(:
4158 (paraffin wax) Bsreco X SoUd 59 3.3 cp at '1m , "\1,;. X X
:',r!
loo"C ' ~ ~,
w f. ,~ II
..... """"""" 165 (paraffin leX) OIrstab X SoUd 74 Yes .I,h~i. X
w
Be Square 195 (m1crocrystal- Bsreco X SoUd 91 '1m '" ,;' X
l1ne wax) "
OJ ,)/
Ibstallb 114 (paraffin wax) AIDer. lbechst X SoUd 110 '4!s X X
(app.)
Ibstalub XLI65 (paraffin wax) ~r.- X SoUd 71-79 '1m X
Ibstalub J!Ll6591 ~r.- X Solid n-79 X
Ibstalub XL-2oo (paraffin wax) ~r. Ibechst: X SoUd 91-110 '1m X X
1IIL-1262 (paraffin wax) CP Hall X X SoUd 68-71 6.(}-7.2 cp X X
at loo"C
"These COIp)
-------
"
TABLE A-12 (Continued)
F\mct1mt
Ikopp1ng
Anti - (It!lttng) AppUcab1Uty to ft>lyuer Type (See First Paae of Table for IbItJer Code)
. , Wbricaticn ibid blodt- Ibia m.
I Wbricant/Prooess1ng Aid ~ Int. ~ Release .l!L ~ ~ VJeoos1ty' Sand:.tm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 2J 24 2S 26
I
J
! mAlE IW£ UBUCANlS*
j (Cbnt1med)
"J IEIlIOIEIIH!I\S Ii\XFS I,; I;
, . (Qmt1rned)
, II l'
IooboBx 0597 (plrsff1n) lbracheD X SoUd 71 I x
: '
I.oob.Bx 060S (syntlet1c ~ro- Ibr"""",,, X. SoUd n I' Y( x
; carbon)
.,
It1rkpet 1 R!trolatull (soft Wlto> Solid S2-!;7 I '
'lies I '1',( X
wax, grease) '. ,{
~ ~ I
II' .. I
Harlcpet 2 R!trolatull (soft Wltl:O SoUd 49-!;4 'J!!s . I ,;; I X
wax, w:ease) ;! .t' ~i,
It1rItpet D1 R!trolatull (soft Wlto> Solid 1,,1"
wax; po..ter) "
w .,. '11
..... Harkpet D2 R!trolatun (soft Wltco SoUd
~ wax, powder)
MElON IlUte (Microcrysta1Une Bsru:o X Solid 92 11 cp at 'lies X
wax) 99"1:
IarsfUnt 81, H1N6 (plrsffin It>ore & Itmger X X SoUd 109 9.5 c:p st 'lies X X
wax) 99"1:
R!trsc 165 (plrsff1n) 1I!t:ra:hem1cals X SoUd 71-74 'lies X
R!troUte C-iIDS (mh:rocry- Bareco X Solid 9J 11 cp at 'lies X
sts1Une wax) 99"1:
Ross IiIx 145 (plrsffin) Frd II. lbss X SoUd 60-66 41 c:p st ~ X
99"1:
Rcss Wax 165 (plrsff1n) Frsrit B. Rcss X SoUd 6&-74 'lies X
Rcss Wax 1J43 (plrsff1n wax) Frsrit II. Rcss X Solid 7G-74 'lies X X X X X X X
*1hese cmp>unled 1ubr1csnts I18Y oontsin IIBIIY of tIE specific dtanlca1s Usted in the Wtia1 p>rtlon of this appeoUx.
(Continued)
-------
;
'.'
TABLE A-12 (Continued)
-:,
.J
.1 Fuoctioot
Ikopp1ng
Anti- (}t!lt1ng) AppUcab1lity to fulyaer Type (See First ~ of Table for IUJi>er Code)
Lubricatloo ibid blodt- Ibm FIll
Lubr1cant/Processing Aid ~ lot. Ext. Release ~ Form ~ Vi BOO9f ty' 5aIx:tioo 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
. I 1RAIE !WE LIJBIUCAIIl'S*
(loob 0609 [paraffin/p>ly- Ibract1m SoUd 74 (c) i
ethylene blenl)
IbEchst Wax a.3 [synthetic wax laer. Ibed1st X r Solid 88-93 (s) X X
v.> soaps)
"-J
V1 lbechst Wax S [wax acid) Iaer. IbEchst X X SoUd 8HI7 X X
lbItalub 'lit (h W20 [synthetic laer. IbEchst X X Solid 110 X
wax soaps) (spp.)(s)
lIoraflint A2 [synthetic wax Ibore &!tq:er X X SoUd 182 132 cp at X X
soaps) 121"C
Paraflint A3 (synthetic """ Ibore & ~r X X SoUd 107 29 cp at X X
soaps J 149"(:
lIoraflint Ai> [syr1:hetic wax Ibore &!tq:er X X SoUd 87 22 cp at X X
soaps 1 121"C
Paraflint Al4 [synthetic """ Ibore & ~r X X SoUd 98 56 cp at X X
soaps J 121"C
ParafUnt HI [synthetic wax Ibore & IiJnger X X X Solid 111 9.8 cp at 'Es X X
soaps J 121"C
I,: I,
l'
I
, .
*These ~ lubricants II&Y contain IIIUI)" of the specific chemfcals Usted In the initial p>ttion of this app!rdtx.
, '-'
I' r,
" ,,:.~
v. .{ i
\' ~.
I I \ ~ ,I
I. \ Vi
, . .
','./
(Continued)
t; .i
. j
-------
i
.,
,
TABLE A-12 (Continued)
Functlont
Wbricant/Prooessing Aid
~
Antl-
Wbrlcatlon ibid bltx:k-
Int. ~ ~ ..E!L ~
Ikopplng
OtUting)
Iblr£
~, Vlsc:osltyl
rIP.
~
-'ppH....hI Hi}. to ftllymer Type (See First PII8' of Table for IiIIt>er Code)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 2S 26
1lWE NAI£ UBUCANl'S*
, «bnt1nued)
~ AND IWII!D
CDIRIHS (Omtltu!d)
Ross lbder OirnaJba Wax
[synthetic wax 1IOap8)
Frark II. Ibss
x
x
Solid
IIZ-«;
Yes
x
x
ibis lbder Ibntan Wax
[synthetic wax 1IOap8)
I'rmi< B. Ross
x
x
Solid
87-69
"1I!s
x
x
ItUImMJiH! Ir.xI!S
"
:
A-C Ibl)'l!thy1ene 60\ [po1)'1!thy- Allied X Solid 106 200 cp at 'Ea X X
1ene -) 140"1:
A-C Ibl)'l!thy1ene 31ft. [partl- Allied X Solid 140 (s) 30,
-------
I.
V'. ,I~: I
\' ~ '.
.! I I , \ ,I
A-12 (Continued) I . t. I:
TABLE t I 'j
t. "
Functimt t,; .'1)"
IkoppI.ng
Anti- ()tUting) Appl1cah111ty to 1b1yo21" type (See First P8EIJ! of Table for Iiut>er Code)
Wbrlcatloo ibid blDdt- Ibi.-: FIA
Wbrlcant/Processing Aid ~ Int. Ext. Release ~ Fom ~ V1sc:ooity' ~ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
mAlE NAI£ IJ.BUOOIl'S*
(Chnt1nued)
RLm1MJ?JE WWS (em X X
oxf.d1zaI po1,.,thy1ene """)
l\!trsc 215 (oxf.d1zaI po1,.,thy- l\!trod1emIcals X Solid 102 Yes X
1me waxl
PJastiflOil lUP [lIIXIified, Associated I.esd X Solid 112 (s) X X
pan.Ia1ly oxf.d1zaI po1,.,thy-
1me wax)
.. ,
Ib1yfin (po1:1<'thy1me waxes 1 Crowley x X Solid 110 X X
(sol.)
1b1ywax 500 (rorodd1zal poly- Bareca X X Solid 86 3 <:p st "'S X X
ethy1me waxl 149"(;
Ib1ywax 655 [mm>dd1za1 po1y- IIarEco X X Solid 102 6cpst Yes X X
ethylene '""'I 149"(;
*These COJpJUn!ed lubricants my cmtalo IIBI1y of tIE specific chemicals listed 10 tIE 1n1t\.al portion of this sppemix.
'....
(Continued)
t,.
~'t
,
'I.
~"
-------
1 1.ubr1cant/Process1ng Aid ~
.
,
'!BAlE IW£ UBUa\IIl'S*
(< E-2020 (axidized Bar"""
Iblyoex 2(xx»)
l.J
'-I leba AXl539 (pol)"!thylEne IlJrachID
00 -)
leba AXl550 (polyethylene Ibrachem
waxes)
IestoWaX AS-1550 (pol)"!thylEne lbradISD
waxes)
lestoo.ux C~ (cad.d1zed Ibrachem X
F1s1e~ pol)"!thylEne
'""')
ODI!R RUIt1UC UBUa\IIl'S
Fastobonl H-!iOO-S (anoqins
polypropylEne wax)
FJwn U69, U7l (FIFE wax)
lhrw1c1t
JCl
F\mctioot
Wbricatioo
Int. Ext.
--
X X
x X
x X
X X
X
r r
X r
X
X
X
TABLE A-12 (Continued)
Anti-
ibId block-
Release -!!!IL Form
Ik'oppill8
OtUting)
Iblrc
~ VISC09ityl
FD\
~
*Ihese cazp>URie:l lubr1aut:s my contain DBDY of the specific chen1cals Usted in the initisl portion of this 8Pp'Rlix.
Solid 109 9. cp st
149't
SoUd 113 11 cp at
149't
Solid 125 (s)
Solid U.. 7 cp at
149:'1:
Solid 116
Solid 108
Solid lor.
X Solid 102-107
Solid
SoUd
Solid
>316
, ~ '
L ,,\1
I.h~i,
I"~ ,.'
.,' ..,i'
Applf....htllty to Iblymr type (See First l'a8! of Table for IUItJer Code)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
"'"
X X
.....
X X
X X
.....
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
"'s
..~
'"
(Continued)
t.
, ~ 1
'h,
\;.,
-------
TABLE A-12 (Continued)
Ftn:tlont
Ikopp1ng
Antl- ~tlng) .APrU,.,.hflfty to l\:IlyaEr Type (See First 1'8# of Table for IUJiJer Code)
Wbrication ibId blod<- Ib1n: FD\.
Lubricant/Processing Aid ~ Int. Ext. Release ...!!L Form ~ Viscosity' ~ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
'II!AIE NA!£ 1J.B!RICANl'S.
(Ibntlnued)
0l1IfR RI.'JI&IC UI!RIO\NJS
(0:mt1nEd)
Ibstalub fP2X) [aJDqhJus o'ber. IbeI:hst X SoUd 150 I,,; it X X
polypropylene waxl (app.) ,11 l'
lblylube J (PIFI! waxl .m!1111 38J"C t '
, It \~. ..
lbl)'lliat F lbwders (PIFI! waxl AlUed X X SoUd 326 "~iI
\' ~ ~ '
lblytac, lblypol 19 [aJDrph>us [Pn'E wax 1 Ib lbnt X X IJ.qu1d
Vydax AR (PIFE wax in Freon Ib lbnt X X X IJ.qu1d
TF. 20% solids 1
IoIdtcon 5 (PIFI! wax) II:[ X X SoUd >316
SILI
-------
, ,
TABLE A-12 (Continued)
Functiont
!topping
Antl- (ltUtlng) Applicab1l1ty to Fol)'lll!1' Type (See First PajIJ! of Table for IbJi>er Code)
Whrtcation ibId blodt- Ibim FD\
Lubr1cant/Processing Aid ~ Int. ~ ~ ...!!1L Form ~ Yfeme1ty' Sanction 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
'IlWE NAIl!: UllUCANIS* 1'1;
(1bntinuEd) I. '
, II l'
SILIaH!S (BSh XXX (s1.licone Isoc:hem X Uquid I ",
" ...ter) I ! ~,..(
,{I
Isoc:hem su....m 11211 (sill - Isoc:hem X Uquid 76 11'llp
cone metsllic soap copo1)'1Der I I . \' II
i L-42 (Organic siJ.icooo I CP la11 X Uquid 400 dts I ," i
1 ':,l
i L-45 (D1Dethyl siJ.icooo oil I CP 1Bl1 X Uquid 10- "'.,
" 500,000 cs t;,.1t
at 25"1:
UJ
00 L-1l2 (Orpna-si1tcme CP IB1l X Uquid
0 copo1)'111!1')
1E-42 (Organo-1d.1icone I CP 1Bl1 X 8Iulsion 400 dts
1E-45 (D1Dethyl sil1cme oill CP tall X 8Iulsion 3~ dts at 'Es
25"1:
1E-46 (DImethyl sil1cone oU I CP I&ll X 8Iuls1on 10,000 dts
1E-410 (Orpna-si1tcme fluidl CP 1Bl1 X X 8Iulsion
1E-420 (lblif1ed dimethyl CP I&ll X X 8Iulsion .
si1tcme oil I
1E-460 (D1Dethyl sil1cme oil I CP 1Bl1 X X 8Iulsion
Ufft (lblif1ed silicone) Ibntoor
-------
'"
. !
,
/1
, j
~'. ~
:J
,I
. 1
, ,
"
--I
Wbricant/Prccess1ng Aid
TRAIE !WE UJiIIUCANl'S*
( Oxttinued)
SILIaH:!S (Oxttinued)
Ibl.cl IIelease AgIB ~n
[silicone ml.cl release)
Releasol [silicone)
SF-96 (DImethyl poljllilacane
sU1mne)
Sf-108J [sil1mne)
S1lrex [proprietary sU1mne)
w
00
......
FOJnDIES:
*These cmp>unled lmricsru IIBY axuin IIBRY of the specific chsIdcsla listed in the 1n1tW portion of this appenl1x.
Funct1mt
TABLE A-12 (Continued)
~
Wbrlcst:im
Int. Ext.
--
Antl-
Ibid blod<-
JIelease ...!!!a- FOIIII
CP Hall
x
x
x x
x
x
Aerosol
Uquid
Uquld
8D.Jlsion
!topping
(}tolting)
Ib1nt
~ Vtsroeity'
Fm
5mEt1m
IIuwicIt
Iiuwtd<
\\!ntron
s-5(XX) cs
ffl,y to FIn:don: Int. - 1ntemallubrlcant; ~. - -..mal hirlcant; r - re1Jced effectilO!nl!SB.
~y to Ikq>p1ng (Itoltlng) !bint: app. - approxlJlBte; sol - soUdlficstlon point; s - softening point; d - ds:axp>ses.
Irey to Vlscos1ty: cp - cent1poise; cs - cent1stokes.
-'Wll....hlllty to l'olyaer Type (See First PaiJ! of Table for IbIiJer Code)
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 11 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 2S 26
',.,.
I~ ,.
I,
o,!'!?
,
'i.
~"
-------
. .
TABLE A-13. PLASTICIZERS
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS WITH POLYMER APPLICATION
Spec1 fic Kelting Boi11ng Flash Viscosity Compatibi11tyS
Representative Molecular Gravity Point Range Point
Plastic1zer Trade Name Weight at 25.C -.:£L .C/kPa coe (.C)* cp/cs at.C A PS VA VB VC VCA Other Polymers
- ------
PHTHAIATES
Alkyl benzyl Santiclzer 261 368 1.065- -45 (p) 252/1.33 229 53 cs 25 X X X X X X Polyesters, alkyds,
phthalate 1.074 phenolics, epoxies,
nylons, polysul-
fides, polyure-
thanes
8is(tetrahydrofu- Plexol G-3l6 342 1.194 '''1'
fural) phthalate
Butyl benzyl Santiclzer 160 312.4 1. 11- -45 (p) 370/101 199 41.5 cs 25 X X X X X X Polyesters, alkyds, '".
phthalate 1.123 phenolics, epoxies,
nylons, polysul- J I
fides, polyure- "r.,
W thanes
00 . .',
N Butyl benzyl tetra- 450.2 1.385 . '.,~
chlorophthalate ~:,.i
Butyl cyclohexyl Blastex 50-B 304 1.076 -25 (p) 370/101 194 87 cp 25 X X X X
phthalate
Butyl decyl phthalate Santiclzer 603 0.977-
0.987
Butyl ethylhexyl Flexol 426 334 O. 9941 -37 (p) 224/0.66 210 60.7 cp 20 P X I P X X
phthalate
Butyl haxyl phthalate
8utyl lsodecyl PX-114 362 0.991- -50 (m) 220/0.66 202 60 cs 25 I X X X
phthalate 0.998
8utyl octyl phthalate PX-9l4 0.993 (-50 (m) 340/13.1 199 X X X X X X
[Butyl ethylhexyl
phthalate)
Cyclohexyl benzyl X
phthalate
Cresyl benzyl X
phthalate
(Continued)
-------
/
I
!
~ j
I
~
",
!
PlaatIcizer
PHTIIALATES
(Continued)
n-Decyl n-octyl
phthalate
Decyl tridecyl
phthalate
Diallyl phthalate
Di-n-amyl phthalate
V,)
00
V,)
Dibenzyl phthalate
Dibutoxyethyl
phthalate IDibutyl
Cellosolve phthalate)
Dibutyl phthalate
Dibutyl tetrachloro
phthalate
Dicapryl phthalate
IDL-2-octyl phtha-
late), (Bia(l-methyl-
heptyl phthalate)
Dicyclohexyl
phthalate
Didecyl phthalate
RepresentatI ve
Trade Name
Kroniao 1 DBEP
Uniflex DCP
TABLE A-13 (Continued)
Molecular
Weight
Specific
Gravity
at 25°C
Boiling
Range
.C/kPa
Hel tIng
Point
~
Flash
Point
COC (OC). cp/cs
Viacoaity
at °c
, ,
I' I , i \I
l,h~I,
t., l
..,' '...,"
! PS VA VB VC VCA
CompatIbilityS
Other Polymera
418.1 0.968 -30 (f) 239/1.33 232 X X 1 X X X
0.955 P X P X X X
246 1.120 -10 (f) 161/0.53 166 12 cp 20 X X X X Polyeatera
(20.C)
306 1. 022 (-55 (f) 342/L01 180 X
(20.C)
X
366 1. 051 -48 (p) 210-2331 208 42 cp 20 X X X X X X Phenolics
0.53
218.3 1.042- -40 (m) 340/101 184 15.4 cp 25 X X X X X X Polyvinyl alcohol,
1.049 nyloRs, polyesters,
alkyds, phenolics,
epoxies, polyure-
thane
416 1. 3125 350/101
390 0.965- (-60 (m) 221-234/ 200 55 cp 25 P X I P X X Polyurethanes
0.918 0.60
330.4
1.095
60 (p) '212-2181
0.66
446.1
261/0.66
0.961-
0.961
-)1 (p)
201
169 cp
232
81-108
60
XXXPXP
20
X X I
x X X
Nylons, polyesters,
alkyds, phenolics,
epoxies, polyure-
thanes
Polyurethanes
',...
.
(Continued)
'.,
~r !
'i>
~~ '
-------
j
, I
':j
" j
~
:,
. :'1
I
.J
'1
i
I'''' I,:,
" I'
i' '>j'
TABLE A-13 (Continued)
.1
Specific He! ting Bolling Flash V1scodty CompatibllltyS
Representa ti ve Holecular Gravlty Polnt Range Polnt
Plasticizer Trade Name Weight at 25.C ~ .C/kPa coe (.C). cp/cs at.C A PS VA VB VC VCA Other Polymers
------
PHTHALATES
(Continued)
Dl(2,3-epoxy propyl)
phthalate
Dlethoxyethoxy ethyl KPl77 398 1.131 -31 (p) 220-2601 201 82 cp 20 X X X X
phthalate (Dlcsrbltol (20.C) 0.53
phthalate)
Dl(2-ethylbutyl)
phthalate
Dl(2-ethylhexyl) 390.6 0.980- -47 (p) 231/0.66 218 58 cp 25 X X P P X X Polyethylenes,
phthalate (Dloctyl 0.9861 nylons, polyesters,
phthalate) alkyds, phenollcs,
polyurethanes
Dlethyl phthalate 222.2 1. 115- -4 (m) 298/101 152 9.8 cs 25 X X X X X X Polyesters, alkyds,
W 1.119 phenollcs, epoxles,
CO polyurethane
.t>-
Dl-n-beptyl phthalate B1soflex 71 362 0.987 -40 (p) 230/0.80 30 cp 25
(20.C)
Dlhexyl phthalate USS PX-306 334.5 1.008 -33 (f) 350/98 193 35 cp 20 1 X X
(20.C)
Dlhydroabletyl Cellolyn 21 771. 6 1.03 60-70 (s) X 1 P X P PolysuIfldea
phthalate
Dllsobutyl phthalate Kodeflex DIBP 278.3 1.040 -50 (f) 327/101 177 36.4 cp 25 X X X X X Polyurethanea
(20.C)
Dllsodecyl phthalate PX-120 446.7 0.966 -46 (p) 225/0.66 232 91 cs 25 X X 1 X X X Polyester~, alkyds,
phenollcs, polyure-
thanes
Dllsoheptyl phthalate 0.995 -40 (p) 210 48 cp 20 X X
(20.C)
.~,
.,
'.
I
'1';1'1
(Con ti nued) '1
\;
I
,
"I
.; !
,
" .
-------
- .
/
:~,/
". f
J
TABLE A-13 (Continued)
SpecifIc Helting 8o1Ung Flaah Viacoalty CompatiblUtyS
Representati ve Ho lecular Gravity PoInt Range PoInt
Plasticizer Trade Name WeIght at 250C ~ 0C/kPa coe (OC)* cp/cs at.C ! PS VA VB VC VCA . Other Polymers
PHTIIALATES
(Continued)
Dl1sohexyl phthalate PX-306 334 1. 002 (-50 (p) 211/0.67 193 22 cp 25' X X X X X
Dl1sononyl phthalate Jayflex DINP 418.6 0.982 -48 (p) 230 98 cs 20 X I X X
Dl1sooctyl phthalate 390.5 0.982 -46 (p) 228-2391 221 55 cs 25 X X P P X X Polyurethanes
0.66
Dllauryl phthalate X
Dlmethoxyethyl ICodaflex I14EP 282 1.171 -45 (f) 340/101 193 31.7 cp 25 X X P X X X PhenolIcs, polyure-
phthalate thanes
DImethyl phthalate 194.2 1.190 0.5 (p) 284/101 149 11.4 25 X i P X P X Polyesters, alkyds,
phenolIcs, poly-
urethanes
lU DImethyl Isobutyl Harflex 160 334 0.995 210/0.66 177 28.8 cp 37.8
ex> carblnyl phthalate (20°C)
VI
. i Dlnonyl phthalate 418.6 1.4812 205-2201 216 55.3 cs 37.8 X P P X X
101
Dl-n-octyl phthalate Horpel X-926 319 0.978 -25 (m) 234/0.53 214 110-120 20 X X I X X X
Dl-n-octyl, n-decyl 232-2671 X X I X X X
phthalate 0.53
Dlphenyl phthalate 318.3 128 68 (II) 405/101 224 X X X X X NyloDS, polyesters,
(soUd) alkyds, phenolIcs,
epoxIes, polyure-
thanes
Dlpropyl phthalate 1.494 129-1321 X
0.13
Dltrldecyl phthalate USS PX-126 530.8 0.9512 -37 (p) 285/0.47 232 160 25 P X I X X X NyloDs, polyesters,
alkyds, phenolIcs,
polyurethanes
(Continued)
-------
" 1.,
I !
; 'ft,.
TABLE A-13 (Continued) '1~
~,:
Spec if ic Helting BoiUng Flaah Viscosity CompatibllityS
RepresentaU ve Molecular Gravity Point Range Point
Plasticizer Trade Name Weight at 25.C ~ .C/kPa coe (.C)* cp/ca at.C ! PS VA VB VC VCA Other Polymers
PHTHALATBS
(Continued)
Di(3,5,5-trimethyl- 0.970 246/0.66 213 73 25
hexyl) phthalate
Diundecyl phthalate 475 0.954 -9 (p) 262/1.33 254 53.7 cs 25 P X 1 X X X Nylons, polyesters,
alkyds, phenolics,
polyurethanes
Bthylhexyl decyl 0.9729 -48 (p) 230
phthalate (20.C)
2-1!thylhexyl isodecyl SanUcizer 636 0.973 -48 (p) 240/0.66 445 509 cp 0 X X X
phthalate
Heptyl nonyl Santicizer 790 390 0.9778 235/0.8 204 51 cs 25 X 1 X X
phthalate
c....I n-Heptyl, n-nonyl, Santicizer 711 414 0.968 -50 (p) 252/1.33 227 41 cs 25 X X P X X X Nylons, polyesters,
00 n-undecyl phthalate alkyds, phenolics,
0\ polyurethanes
n-Hexyl, n-decyl
phthalate
Hexyl octyl decyl
phthalate
PO%/36%/44%) Kronisol 610 401 0.978 -48 (p) 177-259/ 224 42 cp 20 X X 1 X X X
(20.C) 0.53
(5%/56%/38%) Kronisol 810 418 0.969 -21 (f) 235-267/ 228 46 cp 20 X X 1 X X X
(20.C) 0.53
Isodecyl benzyl Santicizer 262 396.5 1.052 235 X X X X Polyurethanes
phthalate
lsooctyl isodecyl Blastex 18P 418 0.974 -45 (p) 234-252/ 211 34.5 "cs 37.8 P X P X X X
phthalate 0.66
Hethoxyethoxyethyl X
phthalate
(Continued)
-------
- -
- , ;
-;
.T
J TABLE A-13 (Continued)
'~.'
.. Specific Kelting Boiling Flash Viscosity CompatibilityS
i
, Representative Holecular Gravity I'olnt Range I'oint
. J Plaaticizer Trade Name Weight at 25.C ~ .C/kPa cae ("C)* cp/cs at.C ! PS VA VB VC VCA Other Polymers
PHTHALATES
, (Continued)
Hethoxyethoxyethyl Santicizer 263 358 1. 179 X X
benzyl phthalate
Octyl benzyl 1. 069 53 cp 25 X X X X X X
phthalate
n-octyl, n-decyl PX-3l4 0.970 -28 (m) 235-2671 227 X X X X X Polyester~, alkyds,
phthalate 0.53 phenolics, polyure-
thanes
7-(2,6,6,8-Tetra- Santicizer 278 455 1.097 -6.5 (p) 243/1.33 227 860 ca 25 X X X X X Nylona, polyesters,
methyl-4-oxa-3-oxo- alkyda, phenolica,
nonyl)benzyl epoxies, polysul-
phthalate fides, polyure-
thaneI'
W BISPHTHALATI!S
00
" Ethylene glycol bls- 470.5 1.1530 205 ca 378
(n-butyl)phthalate
HEXAHYDROPHTHALATES
DI-2-ethylhexylhexa- PIexol-CC-5 393.6 0.9586 -53 (p) 216/0.66 218 42.1 cp 20 P X P P X
hydrophthalate (20.C)
2-Ethylhexylhexa-
hydrolsophthalat~)
ISOPHTHALATES
Dlethyl lsophthalate
Dl-(2-ethylhexyl) Horflex 1121 390.6 0.9842 -46 (p) 241/0.66 232 86 cp 20 P X I X X X
isophthalate (Dloctyl
isophthalate)
DUsooctyl 0.983 P X P X X X
isophthalate (23.C)
.,.,.
'.,
I
"1':'1'
'~.
~'"
(Continued)
, .
I
-------
, ,
TABLE A-13 (Continued)
Specific Melting BoiUng Flash Viscosity CompstibiUty~
RepresentstL ve I'Iolecular Gravity POint Range 1'0 int
Plasticizer Trade Name Weight at 25.C _:£L .C/kPa co<: (.C)* epics at.C A PS VA VB VC VCA Other Polymers
--- ------
PHTIlALATE MIXTURES
AND UNSPECIFIED
(Continued)
Mixed Normal Alcohol 0.915 -30 (p) 221 X X I X X X
phthalates (20.C)
Straight Chain 0.916 238 X X X X
Alcohol phthalates
Straight Chain 0.968 243 X X X X ..
Alcohol phthalates
Mixed alkyl 0.913 218 42 cp 20 X X I X X X ~~ ,
phthalBtes
Mixed-n-alkyl PX-316 0.962- -20 (m) 221 48 cp 45 X X I X X X .' ~'r
phtha lilt"" 0.968
VJ Alkyl aryl phthalate 0.995 >150 P X X X I),
00 ~;
00 Alkyl aryl mod If ied 0.951 163 P X X X
phthalate
Alkyl aryl lDod1fied SantLclzer 213 1. 042 152/1. 33 P X P X X Polyesters, alkyds,
phthalate phenolics, polyure-
thsnes
High lDolecular weight 1.05 P X X X
phthalate
1. 033 243 X X
(23.C)
1.110 230 X X
(23.C)
1.045 350 X X
(23.C)
.. !
1.09-1.10 220 2000- 20 X
(20.C) 3000
.1
(Continued)
,
i
-------
j TABLE A-13 (Continued)
I
I
- 1
Spec1fic Kelting BoUing Plash Viscosity CompatibUityL ---
Representat lve Holecular Gravity Point Range Po int
Plasticizer Trade Name Weight at 25.C ~ .C/kPa coe (.C). cplcs at.C ~ PS VA VB VC VCA Other Polymers
PHTIIALA TE MIXTURES
AND UNSPECIFIED
(Continued)
High molecular weight Santicizer 462 583 1.015 18.4 (p) 380 cs 25 X P .p X Polyurethanes,
phthalates nylons, polyesters,
(continued) alkyds, phenolics
Staflex KA 5D6 1. 062 -15 (p) 199 13.3 100
High molecular weight 0.958
linear phthalates
I 0.991- -37 (p) 210
I High solvating
! phthalate 0.996
J
J Modified phthalate 0.980 -47 (m) 186 X X P X X
(20.C)
v.J Octyl fatty phthslate 0.96 -50 (m) 205 I P X X
IX'
\0 High molec~lar weight Scadoplast W-4 1.14 X
phthalate polyester"
TRlHELLlTATES
Dlisooctyl monoiso- 0.978 249 X P P X X
decyl trimellitate (23.C)
Heptyl nonyl Santlclzer 79TH 548 0.984 -50 (p) 263/1.33 . 263 113.3 cs 25 X X X X Polyesters, alkyds,
trlmelUtate phenolica, polyure-
thanes. nylons
Heptyl nonyl undecyl 0.972 X
j trimelUtate
,
I
-i laooctyl iaodecyl 0.983 263
trlmellitate (20.C)
n-OCtyl, n-decyl USS PX-336 0.972 -17 (m) 278 X X
trimellitate
Tricapryl UnlfleJ< TCTH 547 0.977 -40 (p) 246 242 cp 25 X P P X X
trimelUtate
(Continued)
-------
I TABLE A-13 (Continued)
: I
Spec if Ic Kelting BoU ing Flash Viscosity CompatibUityS
. Representative Holecular Gravity Point Range Point
Plasticizer Trade Name Weig.ht at 25.C ~ .C/kPa cae (.C). cp/cs at.C ~ PS VA "vB VC VCA Other Polymers
--
TRlHELLlTATES
(Continued)
Trl-(2-ethylhexyl) Horflex 510 547 0.984 -38 (p) 260/0.13 263 8.44 cp 17.8 X P P P X X
tdmelUtate
Trl -n-hexyl Horf lex 560 378.2 1.0060 -56 (p) 243/0.53 254 190 cp 20
trlmellltate
TrUsodecyl Horflex 530 630 0.969 -37 (p) 271 12 cp 99 X
t ~ lme lU tate
TrUsononyl 0.979 -40 (p) 266 421 cp 20 )( )(
trimelUtate (20.C)
TrUsooctyl PX-337 547 0.986 -45 (f) 272-2861 254 220 cp 25 X P P X X
trl,.el1itate (23.C) 101
Tri-n-octyl 546.8 0.987 -46 (p) 399 300 cp 20 X P P X X
W trlmelUtate
\0
0 Trl-n-octyl n-decyl 0.978 -35 (p) 266 U5 cp 20 P P X X
, trlmelUtate
~. ~ .! PYROHELLlTATES
: i Tetra-n-butyl X
. ,II
.., pyromelUtate
':..1
: Tetraethyl pyro- 366.4 54 (m)
: i
me1Utate
.'
. , Tetramethyl pyro- 310.2 141. 5 (II)
':! mel1itate
"
EPOXY TYPE
PLASTlCIZERS
Blsphenol A dl81ycl- EpiRez 510 380 1.16 13,000 cp 25 P P Epoxies
dyl ethers (8.0-9.4%
oxlrane)
Dl-2-ethylhexyl-4,5- Flexol 107D 410 1.0018 97 cp 20
epoxy tetrahydro- (20.C)
phthalate (3.6-3.9%
oxlrane)
(Continued)
. "
..
-------
./
.:
I TABLE A-13 (Continued)
I
.,
I
Specific Melting Bolling Flash Viscosity_-- Compatibili~~__--------
Represent..t l~e 1Io1ecuiar Gravity Point Range Po lnt
Plastic:1zer Trade Name Weight at 25.C ~ .C/kPa coe (.C). cp/cs at.C ! PS VA VB VC VCA Other Polymers
EPOXY TYPE PLASTI-
CIZERS (Continued)
0.975
Dl-isodecyl tetra- (23.C)
hydro-4. 5-epoxy
tallate
PEP 466.7 0.9867 -38 (p) 2oo(d)1 332 184 cp 20 P X P P X
Dilaodecyl-4,5-epoxy (20.C) 101
tetrahydrophthalate
(3.0% odrane)
Epoxol 9-5 980 1. 02-1. 03 -1.1 (p) 3l0-320 880 cp 25 P X X Alkyds, phenolics,
Epoxidized llnaeed epoxies, amlnes
011 (9.0-10.0%
odrane)
Paraplex G-62 1000 0.993 6.5 (m) >l50(d)1 315 350 cp 25 P P P X X Alkyds, pheno1lcs,
, I Epoxidized soybean 0.66 epoxies, amlnes
! 011 (6.5-7.0%
I oxlrane)
j W Drapex 4.4 420 0.920 -22 (m) )215(d)1 220 20 cp 25 P' X X X X
; \0 2-Ethy1hexyl epoxy 0.66
. i ...... tallate (4.4-4.9%
-I odrane)
1 Admex 746 0.9230 -20 (p) 232 45 cp 25 p X X
.1 Epoxy tallate
Admex 505 0.896 -10 (p) 201 0.7 cs 25
Epoxy fatty nitrlle
Drapex 3.2 400 0.900 -13.5 (p) 265 19.9 25
Dc:tyl epoxy stearate
(3.5-3.9% oxirane)
0.924 232 X X
Octyl epoxy ta1late
POLYESTERS AND OTHER
POLYMERIC PLASTI-
C1ZERS
Acrylic-type Monomer HG1 1.078 12.2 cp 25
polyester
(Continued)
,
I
I
.j
i.
i
-------
.. y'
I'
f
TABLE A-13 (Continued)
.,
Sped fic KeltIng Boiling Flash Viacosity COlllpatibilityS
Representative Holecular Gravity Point Range Point
Plasticizer Trade Name Weight at 25'C ~ 'C/kPa coe ('C). cp/cs at'C A PS VA VB VC VCA Other Polymers
------
POLYESTERS AND OTHER
POLYMERIC PLASTI-
CIZERS (Continued)
Adipic Acid Sant Iche r 405 1500 1.130 +1.1 (p) 290 12,000 cp 25 I X X X X Polyestera, alkyds,
:'1 Polyesters phenolics, polyure-
, thanes
I
i Santic1zer 409 1800 1.082 +4 (p) 277 3,200 cp 25 X X P X Polyesters, alkyds,
-'I phenolIcs, polyure-
thanes
Santicher 334F 2000 1. 083 +3 (p) 277 3,200 cp 25
: J
: 'J Santidzer 429 2200 1.095 -18 (p) 288 5,000 cs 25 I X X X X Polyurethanes
1
I Parsplex G-50 2200 1.08 +10 (III) 280 2,300 cp 25 P P P X
Paraplex G-54 3500 1.08 +4 (m) 300 5,000 cp 25 P P P X
1.U
\0 Psraplex G-41 5000 1.13 25 (f) 290 110,000 cp 25 P X I X
N
. Paraplex G-40 6000 1.15 15 (f) 290 200,000 cp 25 X I X
AdIpic Acid Polyes-
ters
Low Viscosity Santic1zer 412 1. 045 20 (p) 257 365 cs 25 I X X X X Polyurethanes
Ololpate 171 1.01 2,000 cp 20
~ J Adme" 433 1.09 8 (p) 235 590 cs 25
>1 MedIum Viscosity Diolpate 160 1.05 5,200 cp 25
MediulII Molecular Adllex 529 1.1217 0.0 (p) 280 3,800 cs 25
., Weight
MedIum HIgh Mole- Santicizer 411 1. 107 21.1 (p) 283 8,000 cs 25 I X P X Polyurethane a
cular WeIght
Alkyds Glyptol 2557 P X X X Alkyds, phenolics,
amines
(Continued)
-------
,
TABLE A-13 (Continued)
. i
.' j
! Specific Helting Roiling Flash Viscosity CompatibUityS
Representati ve Holecular Gravity Point Range Point
" Plasticizer Trade Name We1ght at 2S.C ~~ .C/ItPa cae (.C)* epIcs at .c ~ PS VA !! VC VCA Other Polymers
:'j POLYESTERS AND OTHER.
POLYMERIC PLASTI-
CIZERS (Continued)
:.! Azelaic acid Plastole1n 9720 8S0 1.03 -8 (sol) 260 148 ep 38
1 X X X
polyesters
Plastole1n 9730 1100 1.06 +7.2(sol) 266 1,100 cp 38
Plastolein 97S0 2200 1.06 0.0 (sol) 280 l,2S0 cp 38
Plastolein 9765 3500 1.08 1.7 (sol) 277 3,340 cp 38
I
Plastole1n 9787 4000-6000 X
Plastoleln 9789 SOOO 1.03 (-29(aol) 304 16,000 cp 38
Butadienescryloni- Hycar 1312 0.96 100,000 ep 30 X
trUe polymer
UJ Easy processing Harflex 300 X 1 P X X
1.0 polymeric
: 1 UJ
.1 2-Ethyl-l,3-hexane- Flexol R-2-11 2000 1.0S5 +5 (p) 288 16, S20 cp 20 P P X
1
diol polyadlpate (20.C)
Neopentyl glycol ICodaflex NP-I0 1250 1.066 280 2,100 cp 32 P 1 X X Phenolics, alkyds
polyadipate (20.C)
Polybutylene glycol Rucoflex BCA 2500 1.108 -10 (p) 290 14,000 cp
(20.C)
Polyester, acetylated Horflex P-SG\ 3000 1.124 +7.2 (p) 285 442 ep 99 X
(20.C)
Polyester, not acety- Horflex P-SO 3000 1.125 +1.7 (p) 288 479 cp 99
lated or not "terml- (20.C)
nated"
Polyester Admex 515 1.054
(23.C)
(Continued)
I
..J
,
-------
.:- .//
J
. j
:j
1
. i
i
; i
- j
Plasticizer
POLYESTERS AND OTHER
POLYMERIC PLASTI-
CIZERS (Continued)
Polypropylene glycol
polyadipate
Polystyrene resin,
polyalpha me£hyl
Polyurethane-based
PQly~eric powder
Resinous plaaticlzer,
EVA terpoly~er
Sebaeic acid poly-
ester
U>
\0
.f'
Sebacic acid poly-
ester 011 Modified
Representative
Trade Name
Rueoflex PGA
UltrallOll PU
Elvaloy 741
Paraplex G-25
Harflex 332
TABLE A-13
Molecular
Weight
Speci fic
Gravity
at 25.C
Helting
PoInt
~
2500 1.130 -10 (p)
(20.C)
1.07
(15. 6.C)
1.14
)250,000 1.00 45-66 (~)
8000 1.06 +15 (f)
Sulfona~ide-For~lde- Santol1te-HHP 600 1.35 62 (s)
hyde
ReactIve-type Santoset 1 1.049
plasticizer
Pliabrac 1'32 1.206
PHOSPHATES
. Alkyl aryl phosphate 1. 088-
1.093
p-t-Butylphenyl Santicizer 154 368.5 1. 180
diphenyl phosphate
(Continued)
Boiling
Range
.C/kPa
Flash
PoInt
coe (.C). epIcs
CompatibilityS___-------
V1seositJ1._-
at .C
A PS VA VB VC VCA
------
Other Polymers
274 19,000 23
I' X I' I'
Solid X X
X
315 220,000 ep 25 I' I' X
X X Amines
10,000 cp 100 X I' X X I' X
224
16.4 cp
25
X X X X
X
I'
263
58 ca
25
X X X
Nylons, polyesters,
alkyda, phenolics,
epoxies, polyure-
thanes
X X
(Continued)
-------
/
. .;'
/
f
1
. j
TABLE A-13
(Continued)
Specific Kelting Bo11ing Flash Viscosity CompatibilityS
Represents t 1 ve Holecular Gravity Point Bange Point
Plasticizer Trade Name Weight at 25.C --.::£.L .C/kPa COG (.C)* cplca at.C ! PS VA VB VC VCA Other Polymers
- ..
PHOSPHATES
"j (Continued)
:1 Chlorophenyl diphenyl 360.8 1.29 251 16.1 cp 31.8
:i
'I phosphate
" Chlorinated diphos- Phosgard 2XC-20 583 1.485 232 3>00 cs 25 X X P X P Nylons, polyesters,
j phate alkyds, phenolics,
j epoxies, amines,
;
., polyurethanes
.,
,I Cresyl diphenyl Santicher 140 340.2 1.204- -38 (f) 390/101 232 33.0 cs 25 X X X X X X Polysulfides,
,.; phosphate 1.208 nylons, polyesters,
I alkyds, phenolics,
epoxies, polyure-
thanes
Di-(2-ethylhexyl)
phenyl phosphate
IJ.J
\0
VI
Diphenyl octyl
phosphste
362.2
1.08-1.09
-60 (10)
200
21-23 cp
20
X
X X X
X X
Polyurethanes
2-Ethylhexyl diphenyl
. phoshate
Santicher 141
362.4
1.091
-30 (m)
230/0.66
224
800 cp
29 X X X X X Polyolefins, poly-
vinyl alcohol,
nylons, polyesters,
alkyds, phenolics,
epoxies, polyure-
thanes
99 X X X X
38 X X X P X P
Halogenated organic
phosphste
1.482
1.45
Liquid st
rooal temp
232
233-23>
35 cp
100 cp
Isodecyl diphenyl
phosphate
Sant ic her 148
390.4
1.010
249(d)1
1.33
240
22.5 cs
25
X
X X X X
Nylons, polyesters,
alkyds, phenolics,
epoxies, polyure-
thanes
Isooctyl diphenyl
phosphate
(Continued)
-------
--:/'
f
"
TABLE A-13 (Continued)
Specific Kelting Boiling Plaah Viacoai9'. ._-- CompatibilityS. .._-
Representative Holecular Gravity Point Range Po int
Plasticizer Trade Name Weight at 25'C ~ 'C/ItPa cae ("C)* cp/ca at.C ! PS VA VB VC VCA Other Polymers
PHOSPHATES
(Continued)
Isopropylated phenyl Reofos 95 1.141 >235 95 cs 25
phosphate (20'C)
Isopropyl phenyl Kronitex 100 382 1.15-1.17 220-2701 243 100 cp 25 X X X X X
diphenyl phoaphate (20'C) 0.53
Phenyl isopropyl 1.135- I X X X
phenyl phosphate 1.171
o-Phenylphenyl Daw Plasticizer No. 5 402.4 1.25 +10 (m) 250-2851 225 42 cs 60 X X
diphenyl phosphate 0.66
Triaryl phosphate Kronitex 1 1.155 470 90 cp P X X X X X
(synthetic)
Tdbutoxyethyl KP-140 398 1.020 -94 (p) 215-2281 224 12.2 cp 20 X X X X X X Nylons, polyesters,
W phosphate 0.53 alkyds, phenolics,
\0 epoxies, polyure-
(j\ thanes
Tributyl phosphate Kroniflex TBP 266.3 0.973- (-100 (m) 289/101 193 3.8 cs 20 X X X X X X Nylons, polyesters,
0.983 alkyds, phenolics,
(20.C) epoxies, polyure-
thanes
Trlcresyl phosphate Phosflex 179A 368.2 1. 160- -33 (f) 265/0.66 243 89 cs 25 X X X X X X Nylons, polyesters;
1. 75 alkyds, phenolics,
(20'C) epoxies, polyure-
thanes
Tricresyl diphenyl Phosf1ex 112
phosphate
Triethyl phosphate 182.2 1.065- -56 (II) 261/101 116 1-2 cp 20 X X X X
1.072
(20.C)
(Continued)
-------
..;>
'.;./
:}
I TABLE A-13 (Continued)
Spec If lc Kelt iog Boi11ng Flaah Viscoaity --- Compatibi11tyS
Repreaentati ve Molecular Gravity Point Bange Point
Plaaticizer Trade Name Weight at 25'C -".£L 'C/ItPa cae ('C)* cp/ca at.C ~ PS VA VB VC VCA Other Polymera
PHOSPHATES
.i (Continued)
! Tri-(2-ethylhexyl) Plexol TOF 434.7 0.9260 -74 (p) 220/0.66 216 13-150 cp 20 X 1 X X X Nylons, polyure-
phosphate (20'C) thanes
!
Tri-n-hexyl phosphate
TrUsopropyl phenol 1. 150- Liquid at 230 P X X X X X
phosphate 1.165 room temp
Tri-2-methoxyethyl 1.151 290/101 X X
phosphate (20'C)
Triphenyl phosphate Phos flex TPP 326.3 1. 185- 49.2 (..) 370/101 225 7.8 cs 55 X X X X X Nylons, polyesters,
1.202 alkyds, phenolIcs,
(20'C) epoxies, polyure-
thanes
I.N TrIs(2-chloroethyl) O1sflamoll TCA 285.5 1.425 (-55 (m) 214/3.33 225 43 cp 20 X X X X X Polyesters, phenol-
\0 phosphate (20'C) ics, epoxIes, poly-
-..J urethanes
TrIs(chlorphenyl)
phosphate
Tris-chioropropyl 428.8 1.300 60 cp X X X X X Polyurethanes
phos pha te
TrIs(2,3-dichloro- 1.513 252 X X X X X X
propyl) phosphate
TrIs(tetrahydrofur- Kroniflex THFP 350 1.2074 163 64 cp 25 P P P P PolyvInyl alcohol
furyl) phosphate
TrIxy1enyl phosphate Kronitex TXP 400 1.130- -)5 (p) 243-2651 257 105 cs 25 X X X X
[trl(dlmethyl phenyl) 1.145 1.33
phos phite J
Unspecified phosphate Sant lclzer 140
(Continued)
-------
,-/
J
j
_\ A-13 (Continued)
_-I TABLE
1
I
Specific Kelting Boiling Plash Viscosity CompatibiUtyS
Representative Molecular Gravity Point Range Point
Plasticizer Trade Name Weight at 25.C ~ .C/kPa COC (.C). cp/cs at.C ~ PS VA VB VC VCA Other Polymers
PHOSPHONATES
Chlorinated organic 1.41 40 (II) 230 96 cp 23 X X X X X X
phosphonate
! Chlorinated polyphos- Phosgard C-22-R 630 (min) 1. 494 5 (p) None 40-60 cs 98.9 X P P P NYlons, polyesters,
I phonate (27% Cl, 15% alkyds, phenolics,
J P) epoxies, amines,
1 polyurethanes
-1
~ Di-(2-ethylhexyl n- X
octyl) phosphonate
1 Halogenated organic 1.494 None 40-60 cp 99 X P P P
polyphosphonate
PHOSPHlTES
Triphenyl phosphite 310.3 1.179 25 (m) 215/1.3 200 17.5 cs 25 P P P P Alkyds, phenolics,
W (30.C) epoxies, amines,
-, \0 polyurethanes
00
Tris(2-chloroethyl) 269.5 1. 353 119/2.0 158 X X
phosphite (20.C)
LINEAR PLASTICIZERS
GLUTARATES
Dialkyl diether 1.068 (-60 (m) 193 40 cp X X X X X
glutarate
Dibutoxyethyl 1.002 (-60 (m) 193 17 cp P X X ~
-. glutarate
Dibutoxyethoxyethyl 1.016 (-60 (II) 144 22 cp X I X X X X
glutarate
Dicumylphenyl 1.09 27 (m) 350 X P P X X
gll1tarate
. -
(Continued)
-------
J
.1'
/
.'
TABLE A-13 (Continued)
Specific Kelting Boiling Flash Viscosity CompaUbiUtyS
Representative Molecular Gravity Point Bange Point
Plasticizer Trade HaOle Weight at 25.C ~ .C/kPa coe (.C)* epIcs at.C ~ PS VA VB VC VCA Other Polymers
LINEAR PLASTICIZERS
GLlrrASATBS
(Continued)
Didecyl glutarate 0.918 6 (OI) 227 32 cp P X P P X X
Diisodecyl glutsrate 0.917 -65 (OI) 205 23 cp p X P P X X
Hixed dialkyl 0.92 -72 (OI) 200 8 cp P I X X X X
glutarates
ADIPATES
Benzyl octyl adipate AdiOlOll BO 348.5 0.998 -60 (p) 245/1.33 200 16 cp 20 X P X X
Butyl carbitol 1.0100- X X X X
adipate 1.0150
UJ Dialkoxyethyl adipate Natro-Flex BCA
\0
\0 Dibenzyl adipate
Dlbutoxyethyl adipate Adipol BCA 346.0 0.997 -30 (p) 208-2151 188 12.4 cp 20 P X P X X X
(20.C) 0.53
Dlbutoxyethoxyethyl BKA 434.6 1.010- -50 (OI) 205 15-20 cp X X
adlpate 1.015
Dlbutyl adlpate AdiOlOll DB 258.4 0.961 -20 (p) 168-1701 153 5.5 cp 20 X X X X
2.21 \
Dlcapryl adipate \!niflex DCA 370.0 0.914 -32 (f) 213-216.5 207 13 cp 25 P P P P X X
10.53
Dldecy1 adlpate 0.914- 245/0.66 219 P P P P X P Polyurethanes
0.922
(20.C)
(Continued)
-------
I
,
I.
)
1 TABLE A-13 (Continued)
Specific Kelting Bolling Plash Viscosity CompatibllityS
Representative Molecular Gravity Point Range Point
Plasticizer Trade Name Weight st 25.C ~ .C/kPa coe (.C)* cp/cs at.C A PS VA VB VC VCA Other Polymers
------
ADIPATES (Continued)
Di-(1.3-di-methyl- Rsrflex 260 314.0 0.926 -10 (f) 169/0.53 163 5.6 cp 37.8
butyl) adipate (20.C)
Diethyl adipate 202.2 1.4272 -14 (p) 240/!01 X X
(20.C)
DI-(2-ethylhexyl) Kodaflex DCA 370.6 0.921- -75 (II) 214/0.66 191.5 8.2 cs 37.8 P X I X X X Nylons, alkyda,
adipate 0.927 phenolIcs, polyure-
thanea
Di-n-hexyl adipate 314.0 0.956 183-192/ 160 19.0 cp 20 X P X X
(20.C) 0.53
Dl1sobutyl adipate Adipol D18A 258.4 0.950 0 (p) 135-1471 154 6.0 cp 20 X X X X X PolyvtnyUdene
(20.C) 0.53 chloride
Dl1aodecy1 adipate 426.7 0.920 -65 (p) 349/101 21g 14.5 cs 37.8 P ,P I P X Polyurethanes
.I:- (20.C)
0
0 Dl1sononyl adipate 398.6 0.917 -56 (p) 218 37 cp 20 X .x I X X
DUsooctyl adipate Adipol 10.\ 370.0 0.924 -70 (p) 214-226/ 203 17.7 cp 20 X X I P X X
J 0.53 \
-, i Diisopropyl adipate
Dillethyl adipate 174.2 1.058 -16 (p) 115/1.73 140 14 cp 20
Dinonyl adipate 0.915- -65 (II) 201-2101 202-232 .X X X X
0.9168 0.13
(20.C)
Dipropyl adipate
DltrIdec:y1 adipate
DI-(2.2,4-Trlmethyl- Texanol adipate 530 1.005 -34 (f) 331/101 235 144 cs 25
l,3-pentanedIol mono- (20.C)
Iaobutyrate) adipate
(Continued)
!
-------
TABLE A-13 (Continued)
Specific Helting Boiling Flash Viscosity COllpstibilityS
Representative Molecular Gravity Point Range Point
Plasticizer Trade Name Weight at 250C ~ 0C/kPa cae ("C)* cp/cs at.C A PS VA VB VC VCA Other Polymera
------
ADlPATES (Continued)
Heptyl nonyl sdipate Santicizer 97 370.0 0.920 -13 (p) 224/1. 33 204 12.8 cs 25 P X 1 P X Nylons, alkyds,
phenolics, polyure-
thanes (P)
n-Hexyl n-decyl
adipate
Isooctyl isodecyl Adipol 810 392.0 0.924 -35 (p) 2l5-240J 204 20 cp 20 I P X
adlpate 0.53
n-OCtyl n-decyl Adi pol ODY 398 0.913- 0 (p) 220-254/ 205 9.5 ca 37.8 I X I P X X
adipate 0.924 0.53
Tridecyl adlpate 0.912- -59 (11) 227 5.3 cp 99 X X X X X X
0.9l6
HlXED ADIPATES
.po
0 C7~9 linear 0.9l9 205 l2.8 cp 25 P X I P X X
~ adlpates
,
, .
; Straight chain 0.924 232 P X X P X X
alcohol adlpates (230C)
Straight chain 0.9l6 235 P X X P X X
alcohol adlpates (HOC)
POLYMERIC ADIPATES
Dl-(2-ethylhexyl) 0.921- -75 (11) 206 P X I X X X
adlpate (polymeric) 0.927
(Continued)
I
-I
-------
TABLE A-l3 (Continued)
Specific Kelting Boiling Plaah Viscoaity CompatibUityS
Repreaentative Molecular Gravity Point Range Point
Plaaticizer Trade Name Weight at 25°C ~ °C/kPa coe (OC). cp/cs at °c ~ PS VA VB VC VCA Other Polymers
POLYMERIC ADIPATES
(Continued)
High molecular weight 1.0B-l.09 300 (P-H 2000- X
adipate closed 3000 cp
cup)
..! 1.11-1.12 300 (P-H 2000- X X
j closed 3000 cp
.: cup)
. I
, . 1.10-1.11 200 (P-H 1000- X X
closed 1300 cp
cup)
Modified po1ypropy- 1.10 -25 (II) 200-800 cp X
lene adipate
I 1.10 -25 (m) 2200-3000 cp X
-'" 1.05 -25 (m) X
0
N Polypropylene adipate 1.15 -20 (m) 10,000- X
20,000 cp
~
Acetyl tri-n-butyl Cit roflex A -4 402.5 1.046 -80 (m) 112-114/ 204 42.1 cp 25 X X X X X
citrate b.13
Acetyl triethyl Citroflex A-2 318.3 1.135 -50 (m) 131-132/ 188 53.1 cp 25 X X X X X
citrate (230C) 0.13
Acetyl tri-(2-ethyl- Citroflex A-8 510.8 0.983 -55 (p) 225/0.13 224 X
hexyl) citrate
Acetyl tri-n-hexyl Cltroflex A-6 486.6 1.005 -59 (p) 225/0.13
citrate
Acetyl tri-(n-octy1, Horflex 1118 606 0.9111 -59 (p) 249 5.5 cp 99
n-decyl) citrate (200C)
(Continued)
-------
TABLE A-13 (Continued)
Sped fic Kelting Boiling Flash Viscoaity CompatibilityS
RepresentaU ve Molecular Gravity Point Range Point
Plasticizer Trade Name Weight at 25.C ~ .C/kPa cae (.C)* cp/cs at.C ~ PS VA VB VC VCA Other .Polymera
C1TRATES (Continued) \
Tribenzyl cItrate 462.5 -51 (m)
Tributyl citrate Cit roflex 4 360.4 1.042 -85 (m) 170/0.13 185 31. 9 cp 25 X X X X X Phenolics
Triethyl citrate Cit roflex 2 276.3 1.136 -55 (m) 126-1271 155 35.2 cp 25 P X X X X Phenolics
0.13
TrIs(-2-ethylhexyl)
citrate
. AZELATES
Dibenzyl azelate 1.072 4 (m) 218 38 cp P X X X
Dibutoxyethyl azelate 0.98 -25 (m) 210 20 cp P X X X
Diethyl azelate 244.3 0.9729 -18.5 (m) 291/101
(20.C)
.c-- DI-(2-ethylbutyl) 0.928 (-65 (m) 230/0.66 . 227 10.0 cp X
0
W azelate
I
, 237/0.66
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) Pisstoiein 9050 356.5 0.917 -45 (m) 213 10 cp 38 X X X I X
azelate
DI-n-hexyl azelate Plastoiein 9051 356.0 0.92- -23 (f) 216/0.66 204 7.8 cs 38 P I X X
0.977
(20.C)
Dllsobutyl azelate llallco 3880-A 300.4 0.932 -30 (f) 160 15 cp P X X X
Dllsooctyl sze late Piastoiein 9057 412.0 0.918- -68 (m) 237/0.66 213-219 20. 5 cs 25 P I X X
0.920
(20.C)
Dimethyl azelate 216.3 1.0069 156/2.67
(20.C)
Low temperature 0.917 -32 (m) 213 10.2 cp P I X X
azelate plastIcIzer (20.C)
(Continued)
-------
/
,
.-
,
J
.j
I TABLE A-13 (Continued)
j
,;
1
,
Specific Kelting Boiling Flash Viscosity CompatibUityS
Representa tl ve Molecular Gravity Point Range Point
Plssticizer Trade Name Weight at 25DC ---.:£L DC IkPa coe (DC)* cp/cs at DC A PS VA VB VC VCA Other Polymers
------
SI!BACATI!S
Butyl acetoxy
sebacate
Butyl benzyl sebacate Harflex 45 348 1.004 0(0 245-2851 201 8.6 cp 37.8
(20.C) 1.33
Dibenzyl sebacate Harflex 90 382 1.05 28 (0 265/0.53 232 22 cp 30 P X X X X P
Dibutoxyethyl 402 0.970 -20 (m) 255/1.33 238 25 cp P X X X
sebacate
Dlbutoxyethoxyethyl 0.99 . -6 (m) 157 27 cp X 1 X X X X
sebacate
Dibutyl sebacate ICoda flex DBS 314.5 0.934- -12 (m) 349/101 180 8.6 cp 25 P X P P X X Polyvinylidene
0.942 chloride
(20.C)
J>-
0 Di(-1.3-dimethyl- Harflex 60 370 0.911 184/0.13 213 9.2 37.8
J>- butyl) sebacate (20.C)
Dihexyl sebacate 203/0.53 213 X
Diisooctyl sebacate 0.915 -50 to 232-246/ 235-246 X .X P P X X
- ~ -42 (m) 0.53
Diisopropy1 sebacate 0.936 190
Dimethyl sebacate Hatcol illS 230.31 0.990 26.6 (m) 294/101 160 3.5 cp 30 P X X X X X
Dinony1 sebacate 0.909 249
Dioctyl sebacate Monoplex DOS 426.7 0.911- -48 (m) 256/0.66 277 25 cp 25 P X P P X X Polyurethanes
[di-(2-ethylhexyl) 0.913
sebacate)
Heptyl nonyl sebacate ReolDOl D79S 0.914 18.9 cs 25
(Continued)
, .
-------
...."
"
,.'
i TABLE A-13 (Continued)
j
Specific Helting BoUing Flash Viscosity CompatibUityS
Representative Molecular Gravity Point Range Point
Plasticizer Trade Nalle Weight st 25.C ~ 'ClkPa coe ('C)* cp/cs at.C A PS VA VB VC YCA Other Polymers
------
ISOSEBACATES
Di-n-butyl 314 0.932 -6D (p) 18010.53 174 7.5 cp 25 X X
isosebacate
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) 426 0.911 -fl0 (p) 236/0.53 213 19 cp 25 X
Isosebacate
SUCClNATES
Diethyl succinate 174.2 1. 0406 -22 (m) 217.7/101
(20'C)
Tetrabutyl thiosuc- Flexol 'NS 490.64 1.0543 -45 (p) 246/0:66 221 63.6 cp 20
cinate (20'C)
I FOIlKAL
Butyl carbitol formal O. 96-0.98 -25 (II) X X 1
.'1 .I::-
. i 0 Dibutoxyethoxyethyl Thiokol TP9-OB 336 0.965 170 (P-t!
VI formal closed
cup)
PELARGONATES
Isodecyl pelargoRate Emolein 2911 298 149 1.6 cs 99 Polyethylene
TARTRATES
DUsobutyl tartrate K.esacoflex DBT 263.3 1.090 292-3121 167 68 cp 25 X P P X Polyvinyl alcohol,
101 alkyds, phenolics
FUKARATES
Dibutyl fumarate 228 0.986 -20 (m) 285.2/101 138 X X X
Diisooctyl fumarate 182 X
Dioctyl fumarate 0.934 -62 (m) 211-2201 193 X X X
101
(Continued)
-------
I
I
i
j
,
!
TABLE A-13 (Continued)
Specific Melting Boiling Flash Viscosity CompatibUityS
Representstive Molecular Gravity Point Bange Po lnt
Plasticizer Trade Name Weight at 25.C ~ .C/kPa COC (.C)* cp/cs at 0c ~ PS VA VB VC VCA Other Polymers
ISOBUTYRATES
2,2,4-Trimethyl-l,3- Kodaflex TXIB 286.4 0.945 -70 (f) 180-1821 143 9 cp 25 X X P X Alkyds, phenolics
pentsndiol diiso- (20.C) 16.7
butyrste
i Sucrose acetate SUB 844 1.146 228/101 260 100,000 cp 30 X X X P I X Nylons, polyesters,
isobutyrate alkyds, phenolics,
epoxIes. amines
.,) HALEATES
-j
, Di-n-butyl maleate Staflex DHM 228 0.9944 (-80 to 280.6/101 141
X
! (-65 (m)
Dioctyl maleate 0.944 -50 (m) 209/1. 33 180 X
Honobutyl maleate 1.090-
1.105
~
0 PENTAERYTHRlTOL
0\
Pentaerythritol Hercoflex 600 0.997 -55 (p) 261/0.53 247 50 cs 25 P P 1 P X
fatty add ester
Hercoflex 707 1.010 -60 (p) 290/0.53 300 110 cp 25 P P I P X
Pentserythdtol 0.955 232 5.05 cp 99 X X X X
tetracaprylate- (16.C)
caprate
OTHER LINEAR ESTERS
Hixed dlbaslc ester
Sucrose octoacetate
0.944
XXIXX
1.28
(20.C)
260/0.013
X
0:- .
(Continued)
-------
"
TABLE A-13
(Continued)
Specific Melting BoiUng Flash Viscosity CompatibiUtyS
Re presentati ve Molecular Gravity Point Range Point
Plasticizer Trade Name Weight at 250C ~ 0C/kPa coe (OC)* cp/cs at 0c ! PS VA VB VC VCA Other Polymers
PETROLEUM DERIVATIVES
Alkyl aryl hydrocar- Leromo11 1.13 38 (p) 220 240 cp 20 X X X X Polysulfides, poly-
bons (20°C) esters, alkyds,
. , phenolics, amines
Aromatic hydrocarbons Dutrex 20 1.035 10 (m)' 407-4741 221 3300 cp 37.8 X Polyurethanes
(70% aromatic hydro- (l5.6°C) 101
carbons, 23% polar
compounds)
Biphenyl 154.2 O. 9927 69 (m) 254.9/101 113 1. J3 cp 71.7
Butyl naphthalene 184.3 0.917 19.8 (18) 289.3/101
(20°C)
Dl1sopropyl biphenyl 238 0.953 31 (p) 321-3331 171 12.5 cs 38
101
Naphthalene 128.2 0.94 78.9 (18) 218/101 82 0.5g cp 93
~ (930C)
0
...... Naphthenic OU HobUsol L 0.8905 -60 (p) 282-3781 11.7 cp 37.8 P P
(15.60C) 101
Polyalkyl naphthalene Panaflex BN-1 240 0.945 309-3191 160 45 cp 37.8 P X X Polyethylene,
101 nylons
Terphenyls, partially HB-40 245 1. 004 26 (p) 357/101 174 29 cs 37:8 P X X Polyvinyl alcohol,
hydrogensted polyurethane, poly-
sulfides, polyethy-
lene, alkyds,
phenoUcs
o,m,p-Terpheny1 Santovax R 230 1.133 60-145(18) 364-41gl 191 5.3 cp 71.7 P
mixture 101
Poly-alpha-methyl Dov Resin 276-V2 325 1.008 150-3001 150 150 cp 60 P X P X Polyesters, alkyds,
styrene 0.66 phenolics, amlnes
Dov Resin 276-V9 1.039 150-3001 182 850 cp 60 P Polyesters, alkyds,
0.66 phenolics, amlnes
Amoco Resin 18 685 1.075 210 100,000 cp 116 P X P Nylons
(15. 60C)
(Continued)
-------
!
.,/
..~.
,
j
1
i
! TABLE A-13 (Continued)
"
.,
'.
Specific Melting Boiling Flash Viscosity Compati bllityS
Representati ve Molecular Gravity Point Sange Point
Plasticizer Trade Name Weight at 25.C ~ .C/kPa cae (.C)* cp/cs at.C ~ PS VA VB VC VCA Other Polymers
-
CHLORINATED AROMATICS
Chlorobenzene 112.6 1.1064 -45 (f) 132/101 29
(20.C)
o-Dich10robenzene 147 1.3048 (-20 (f) 179/101 68
(20.C)
Chlorinated biphenyl
21% Cl 192 1,180 1.0 275-3201 145 2.6 cp 37.8 X X P Epoxies, polyethy-
101 lenes
32% Cl 223 1. 264 35.5 (p) 290-325/ 152 6 cp 37.8 Polyethylene,
101 alkyds
42% Cl 261 1.380 19 (p) 325-366/ 178 16 cp 38.8 X X X
101
48% Cl 292 1.445 7 (p) 340-375/ 194 40 cp 37.8 P X P X Polyurethanes,
101 polyvinyl alcohol,
.po polyethylene,
o nylons, polyesters,
00 alkyds, phenolics,
epoxies
54% Cl 323 1.538 10 (p) 365-390/ 365 440 cp 37.8 X X X Polyurethanes,
101 polyvinyl alcohol
60% Cl 1.62 31 (p) 385-420/ None 15 cp 98.9 X X Polyesters
101
68% Cl 1.81 147 (s) 435-450/ None X X Polyesters
101
Chlorinated Naphtha-
lene
22% Cl Halowax 1001 1.20 -25 (a) 255-275/ 121 3 cp 25 X P
101
50% Cl 1.58 93 (s) )308/101 141 1 cp 130
56% Cl Halowax 1013 1.67 120 (a) )328/101 180 2 cp 130 X P X Polyvinyl alcohol
70% Cl Halowax 1051 2.00 )310/4.0 185 X P X
(Continued)
-------
TABLE A-13
(Continued)
Specific Melting Bo11ing Flash Viscosity Compatib11ityS
Representative Molecular Gravity Point Range Point A PS VA VB VC VC).
Plasticizer Trade Name Weight at 25.C ~ .C/kPa cae (.C)* cplcs at.C Other Polymers
------
CHLORINATED AROMATICS
(Continued)
Chlorinated Terphenyl
60% Cl 558 1.668 103 (s) 280-3351 None X X X Polyethylene, poly-
0.66 esters
Chlorinated Paraffin
40% Cl Chlorowax 40 560 1.15 0 (p) 3200 cp X X X X Polyurethanes,
, polyvinyl alcohol,
polyesters, alkyds,
phenolics, epoxies,
smines
42% Cl Ch lorofin 40 517 1.15 None 3200 cp 25 X X X X Polyvinyl alcohol
52% Cl Cereclor S-52 405 1.230 )260(d)1 1200 cp 25 X X
101
10% Cl Chlorowax 10 1060 1.64 100 (II) X X X X Polyesters, alkyds,
.&>- phenolics, epoxies,
o amines
\0
PARAFFIN OILS
White paraffin oil, 210-418 0.18 360 193-221 25 cp 31.8 X P Polyethylene
highly refined
Petrolatum 0.82- 38-54
0.865
(60.C)
OTHER CYCLIC
PLASTICIZER
ABIETIC DERIVATIVES
Hydroabletyl alcohol Abitol 292 1.008 32-33 185 40,000 cp 40 P P X P Nylons, 8mtnes
Hydrogenated methyl Hercolyn D 320.5 1.02 362/101 182 4,000 cp 25 X X X X Nylons, polyesters,
abietate alkyds, amtnes
(Continued)
-------
?
TABLE A-13 (Continued)
SpecifIc KeltIng Bolling Flash VIscosity CompatibllItyS
Representative Itolecular Gravity PoInt Ilsnge PoInt
Plasticizer Trade Name Weight at 25.C ~ .C/lI.I!a cae ("C )* cp/cs at.C ! PS VA VB VC VCA Other PolYllers
ABIETIC DERIVATIVES
(Continued)
ltethyl abIetate Abalyn 316.5 1.03 365/101 180 2, 500 cp 25 P X X X X NYlons, polyesters,
(methyl ester of alkyds, amlnes
rosin)
BENZOIC ACID
DERIVATIVES
Benzyl benzoate 212.2 1.112 19.4 (II) 327/101 148 P
CUlly 1 phenyl 1.10 48-52 (II) 350 P X P P X X
dibenzoate
DIethylene glycol Benzoflex 2-45 314.3 1.178 16.3 (m) 230-242/ 232 (P-tI 160 cp 25 X X X X X X
dibenzoate 0.66 closed
cup)
+>- Dipropylene glycol Benzoflex 9-88 342.3 1.129 -40 (II) 222-235/ 212 120 cp 25 X X X ,X X X Polyurethanes
...... dibenzoate 0.66
a
DIethylene and Dipro- Benzoflex 50 328 1.154 O(f) 240/0.66 213 145 cp 20 X X X X X X Phenolics
pylene glycol
dibenzoate blend
Ethylene glycol Benzoflex E-60 270.2 SoUd 70 (II) 210/0.66 186 P P
dibenzoate
G1ycery1 tribenzoate Benzoflex S-404 404.0 1. 2619 71 (m) 490 X P P P X P
pO.C)
Neopentyl glycol Benzoflex 8-312 312.0 1. 2154 49 (m) 424 X P P X X P
dibenzoate (30.C)
Pentaerythrlto1 Benzoflex S-522 552.0 1.2801 99 (II) 600 X P P P X P
tetrabenzoate (30.C)
"
Octylene Glycol
Dibenzoate
, I
(Continued)
-------
f
/
TABLE A-13
(Continued)
Specific Kelting 8011ing Flash Viscosity CompatibiUtyS
Representative Molecular Gravity Point Range Point
Plasticizer Trade Name Weight at 25'C ~ 'C/kPa coe ('C). cp/cs at'C A PS VA VB VC VCA Other Polymers
------
BENZOIC ACID DERIVA-
TlVES (Continued)
Polyethylene glycol Benzoflex P-200 408 1. 158 -40 (m) 217/0.13 248 101 cp 20 X X X X P P Phenolics
(200) dibenzoate
Polyethylene glycol Benzoflex P-300 508 1.150 -30 (p) 300 (d) 258 130 cp 20
(300) dibenzoate
Polyethylene glycol Benzoflex P-400 608 1.145 -35 (p) 310 (d) 254 167 cp 20
(400) dibenzoste
Polyethylene glycol Benzoflex P-600 808 1.141 3.8 (f) 200 (d) 264 330 cp 20 P P P P Phenolics
(600) dibenzoste
Sucrose benzoate 1110 1.25 91 (s) 260 4000 cp 100 X X X X X
Triethylene glycol Benzoflex T-150 358.3 1.168 210-2231 237
dibenzoate 101
~
...... Trimethylolethane Benzoflex 5-432 432.0 81 (m)
...... Tribenzoate
2,2.4-Trimethyl-l.3- Texanol benzoate 320.2 1.023 75/0.001 163 26.7 cp 25 X X X X Alkyds, phenolics,
pentanediol iso- (20'C) polyurethanes
butyrate benzoate
Proprietary low stain , 1. 031 -31 (m) 22 cp 25 X X X X X
benzolc acid
derivative
POLYPHENYL
Hydrogens ted 1.001- X X X X
terphenyl 1.007
LACTA/!
2-PyrroUdone 8~.1 1. 107 25 (m) 245/101 129.4 13.3 cp 25
(Continued)i .
i"
,
, .
-------
,/'
/
TABLE A-13
(Continued)
Specific Melting Bolling Flaah Viscoslty CompatibUityS
Repreaentative Molecular Gravity !?olnt Range !?olnt
Plasticizer Trade Name Welght at 2S'C -.-:£L 'C/kPa coe ('C). cplca at'C ! !! VA VB VC VCA Other Polymera
ACETATES
Cumyl phenyl acetate 1.03 <0 (m) 250 X X X X X X
PHENOXYS
Acetyl paracumyl 1.08 0 (m) 182 140 cp 2S X X
phenol
KETONES
Benzophenone 182.2 47.S (m) 30S.9/10l X
GLYCOLATES
Butyl phthalyl butyl Santicizer B-16 336.4 1.097 -40 (p) 219/0.66 199 46 cs 2S .X X X X X Nylons, polyesters,
glycolate alkyds, phenollcs,
epoxles, polyure-
thanes
~
.' I-' Dlbutyl methylene Plasticator 88
'" blsthloglycolate
Dlcapryl dlg1ycolate X
Dloctyl thlodlglyco- X
late
Ethyl phthalyl ethyl Santlcizer E-1S 280.27 1.182 Super- 320/101 197 S8 cs 25 X X X X P Nylons, polyesters,
glycolate cools alkyds, phenollcs, ..
epoxles, polyure-
thanes
Methyl phthalyl ether Santicizer M-17 266.2 1.222 -26 (p) 189/0.66 193 82 cs 25 X X X X X Nylons, polyure-
glycolate thanes. polyesters,
alkyds, pheno 11cs,
epoxles
.' .
I.
(Continued)I"
. j
. i
I
-------
TABLE A-13 (Continued)
Sped fic Kelting Boll1ng Flash Viscosity Compatibil1tyS
Representative Molecular Gravity Point B.ange Point
Plasticizer Trade Name Weight at 25.C ~ .C/kPa coe (.C). cp/cs at.C ~ PS VA VB VC VCA Other Polymers
GLYCEROL DERIVATIVES
Glycerol 92.09 1.262 17.9 (f) 290/101 174 830 cp 20 Polysulfldes, poly-
(20.C) vinyl alcohol,
; nylona, phenolics
. ' Glycerol carbonate
Glycerol dlacetate ICesscoflex DlA 176 1.190 (-30 (..) 140/1. 33 146 36 cp 25 P I X P I X Phenolics
Glycerol mooacetate 134.1 1.186 (-30 (..) 129-1311 152 66.8 cp X I
(20.C) 1.0
Glycerol trlacetate Tlracetin 218.2 1.160 -50 (..) 258/101 143 17.4 cp 25 X X X X P Phenol1cs
Glycerol trlbutyrate Tributyrin 302 1.03 (-70 (..) 314/101 180 88 cp 25 P P P P
(20.C)
Glycerol trlrlcln- 358 211
.J:- oleate
I-'
W GLYCOL DERIVATIVES
GLYCOLS AND GLYCOL
ESTERS
l,3-Butanedlol 90.1 1. 0059 -50 (g) 207. 5/1 01 121 84.6 cp 25 P
(20.C)
2,3-Butanedlol 1,4- Rucoflex BD-8 342 0.929 211-2221 199 19 cp 23 Polyvinyl alcohol
Butanedlol dlcap- (20.C) 0.66
rylate
l,4-Butanedlol dl- Rucoflex BD-9 372 0.926 217-2321 199 19 cp 23
pelargonate (20.C) 0.66
Butyl carbltol Polyurethanes
acetate
~
::
(Continued)
-------
,
:i
;
1
j. TABLE A-13 (Continued)
. j
,
Specific Helt ing 8oi1108 Flash Viscosity CompatibUityS
Representstive Holeculsr Gravity Foint Range Foint
Plasticizer Trade Name Weight at 25.C ~ .C/ItPa COC (.C). cp/cs at.C ~ PS VA VB VC VCA Other Polymers
,
GLYCOLS AND GLYCOL
ESTERS (Continued)
Diethylene glycol Plastolein 9055 362 0.966 -15 (f) 299/0.66 210 9.5 cp 38 P X X
dipelargonate (20.C)
Oiethy1ene glycol 0.9810 -32.3 (f) 246.7/101 116 3.56 cp 20
mono butyl ether (20.C)
acetate [Butyl
i Carbitol Acetate)
!
i 2,2-Diethyl-l,3- 0.949 61. 3 (m) 160/6.67 102
I
j propanediol (61.C)
I
Ethylene glycol 1.10 -31 (II) 190-1911 88 I X
diacetate 101
Ethylene glycol
dipelargonate
.f'- 146.2 244.2/101
...... 2-Ethyl hexanediol 0.9422 -40 (f) 129 323 cp 20
, ~ (20.C)
:' i l,5-flexanediol 111.2 0.9617 -50 (g) 220.8/101 110 867 cp 20
:! (20.C)
..: ~i Polyethylene glycol Carbowax 200 200 1.124- Super 171 4.0-5.2 cs 99
..j 200 1.127 cools
.'.1 (20.C)
. . . ~ Polyethylene glycol 1.124- -15 (p) 196 5.5-6.0 cs 99
. 300 1.127
'.
(20.C)
Polyethylene glycol Carbowax 400 400 1.125- -6 (p) 224 7.3 ca 99 X Pol yaul fides ,
400 1.128 pheno11cs
(20.C)
Polyethylene glycol Carbowax 600 600 1. 12 5- 22 (f) 246 10.5 cs 99
600 1.128
(20.C)
Polyethylene glycol 1.204 32-36 (m) 254 (P~ 15-17 cs 99
900 closed
! cup)
(Continued)
~. !
-------
TABLE A-13 (Continued)
Specific Melting Boiling Plash Viscosity CompatibUityS
Representative Ho lecular Grsvity Point Range Point
Plasticizer Trade Name Weight at 25.C ~ .C/kPa coe (.C)* cp/cs at.C A PS VA VB VC VCA Other Polymers
------
GLYCOLS AND GLYCOL
ESTERS (Continued)
Polyethylene glycol 1.085 31-40 (p) 265
1000
Polyethylene glycol 1.104 43-46 (10) 221
1500 (55.C)
Polyethylene glycol 1.15 43-46 (p) 265
1450 (20.C)
Polyethylene glycol 1.151 38-41 (p) 22i 15.0 cs 99
1500 and 500B
i
I Polyethylene glycol 1.104 38-41 (10)
1 1530 (55.C)
,
1
j Polyethylene glycol 1.204 53-56 (p) 269 80.0 cs 99
'i ~ 3350 i
.1 ....
, \J1 Polyethylene glycol Carbowax 4000 4000 54 (f) 246 80 cs 99 X Polysulfides,
;
4000 nylons, phenolics
.. Polyethylene glycol 1.224 55-60 (m) 260 (P-K 140-200 cs 99 1,1
. 4500 closed
.1 cup)
Polyethylene glycol Carbowax 6000 6000 62 (f) 246 800 cs 99
6000
Polyethylene glycol 60-63 (p) 211 800 cs 99
8000
Polyethylene glycol Carbowax 201 18,.000 246
201
Polyethylene glycol Plexol 4-GO 446.0 0.989 -55 (p) 250/0.66 202 21. 5 cp 20 X X X I X X
(200) di-(2-ethyl-
hexoate) (Polyethy-
lene glycol
dioctoate)
(Continued)
'.
-------
,I
/
,
TABLE A-13 (Continued)
Specific Melting Boiling Flash Viscosity Compa~ibiUtyS
Representative Molecular Gravity Point Range Po int
Plssticizer Trade Name Weight at 25'C ~ 'C/ItPa coe (.C). cp/cs at.C A PS VA VB VC VCA Other Polymers
- ------
GLYCOLS AND GLYCOL
~ (Continued)
Polyethylene glycol X P
(600) monolaurate
Tetraethylene glycol 0.9B (-60 (II) 205 27 cp X X X X X X
di-(2-ethylene-
hexanoa te)
Tetraethylene glycol 0.99 (-60 (II) 206 25 cp X X X X X X
diheptanoate
Triethylene glycol 1.115 (-60 (m) 11-12 cp -20 X
diacetate I'
Triethylene glycol RucoHex TG-8 406 0.966 -3 (m) 212-2541 210 15 cp 23 P X X X
dicaprylate 0.6'6
.p- Triethylene glycol Plasticizer SC 430 0.965 -15 (p) 227-278/ 207 16 cp 20 X X X ,,,
I-' dicaprylate-caprate 0.80
'"
Triethylene glycol Flexol 3Q1 346.4 0.9946 -55 (p) 196/0.66 196 10.3 cp 20 X X X X X X
di-(2-ethylbutyrate)
Triethylene glycol Flexol 300 402.6 0.9679 -65 (p) 219/0.66 218 158 cp 20 P X P P X X
di-(2-ethylhexoate) (20'C)
Triethylene glycol 0.990 210 28 cp X X X
diheptanoate
Trlethylene glycol Plsstolein 9404 420 0.965 (-18 (m) 210 10 cs 38 P X X X X
diperlargonate (20.C)
Triethylene glycol 0.992 200 X X X X
ester of fatty scid
Trlglycol ester of Plasticizer SC 0.97 205 X . X X
vegetable 011 fatty
acid
(Continued)
-------
. ,
1
TABLE A-13 (Continued)
Spec 1 fic Heltill8 Bo1lill8 Flash Viscoaity _h CompatibUityS
j Representative Holecular Gravity Point Range Point
Plasticizer Trade Nallle Weight at 25.C --.:£L .C/kPa coe (.C). cp/cs at.C A PS VA VB VC VCA Other Polymers
------
GLYCOLS AND GLYCOL
~ (Continued)
Trimethylol ethane 0.9125 X X X X
tricarprylatecaprate (20.C)
.1
Trilllethylol propane 0.9608 X X X X
tr1heptanoate (20.C)
DERIVATIVES OF
FATTY ACIDS
LAURATES
Butoxyethyl lsurate ICesscoflex BCL 300 0.884 -10 to 160-2201 160 7 cp 25 P P 1 P P Phenolics
-15 (f) 0.53
Diethylene glycol Dlgiycol Laurate 0.960 9-11 (II) X X
monolaurate
"'"
...... Glycerol monolaurate 0.970 26-28 (II) 218 X X X X
--..
Polyethylene glycol 0.97-0.99 18 (II) 249 X X
(400) dllaurate
1,2 Propylene glycol 0.911 0-12 (m) 188 19.4 cp 25 X X X
IIOnolaurate
HYRISTATES
n-Butyl myr1state 0.861 3 (m) 167-1971 174 X 1
0.66
Isopropyl myrlstate 270.4 0.849- -3 (m) 140/0.66 152-166 4.8 cp 25
0.853
Isopropyl myrlstate- 0.852 -3 (II) 182 X
palm1tate
(Continued)
-------
,.
,,.
','
,'j
-.:'1
TABLE A-13 (Continued)
Specific Kelting BoUing Flash Viscosity CompatibUityS
Repreaentative Holecular Gravity Foint Range Foint
Plasticizer Trade Name Weight at 25.C ~ .C/ItPa coe ("C). cpl ca at.C ~ PS VA VB VC VCA Other Polymers
OLEATES
Butoxyethyl oleate Kesscoflex BCO P I P P
Butyl oleate 338 0.865 -27 (p) 190-2301 185 8.2 cp 20 P X I X X I Alkyds
0.87
Diethylene glycol 0.938 (-10 (II) 193 37.5 cp 25
monooles te
Ethylene glycol mono- 0.887 (-45 (10) 202 10 cp 25 X I X, X
butyl ether oleate
Glycerol monooleate Dre_ulse QlO 356.6 0.950 6 (10) 238-2401 200 204 cp 25 P P P P P P
1.0
Glycerol trioleate 0.915 -4 to -5
[Olein J (10)
~ Isopropyl oleate 0.866 X P P
......
CO Lead oleate
,
Hethoxyethyl olea te Kapsol 340 0.920 -35 (II) 209/0.53 197 9.4 cp 20 P P I P Alkyds
(20.C)
Hethyl oleate Kellleater 105 0.875 -16 (..) 218.51 177 P X P P P P
2.67
n-Propyl oleate 0.869 -20 (10) 166 P X P P P P
Tetrahydrofurfuryl Plaatolein 9250 TUFO 366 0.928 -28 (f) 240/0.66 213 9.6 cp X X X X X
oleate
PALHITATES
Isooctyl palmitate Plasticizer 0-16 368 0.863 6-8 (III) 228/0.66 202 14 cp 23 X
(20.C)
Isopropyl palmitate 298.5 0.830- 13-14 (10) 16010.66 188
0.852
(Continued)
-------
TABLE A-13 (Continued)
Specific Helting BoUing Flaah Viscoaity CompatibUityS
Repreaentative Holecular Gravity Point Range Point
Plaaticizer Trade Name Weight at 25.C ~ .C/kPa coe (.C)* cplca at .C A PS VA VB VC VCA Other Polymers
------
1 PALMlTATES
(Continued)
.! Hyricyl palmitate Polyethylene o.
j [Beeawax)
RICINOLEATES I
n-Butyl acetyl Fleuicin P-6 0.928 -30 to 195/0.13 210 P P X X I X
ricinoleate -65 (m)
Butyl ricinoleate Flexdcin P-3 0.917 -10 (.) 275/1.73 207 P X X X
Diethylene glycol O1glycol Ricinoleate 0.972- (-60
!DOnor1cinoleate 0.980
Glycerol ricinoleate 933.4 0.981 -12 (aol) 230 700 cp 25. P X X Polyurethanea
[Caater OU)
Glycerol triacetyl Flexricin P-8 0.965 -35 (p) 290 P X X X
.t-- ricinoleate
......
\0
Hethyl acetyl Fleuicin P-4 355 0.938 -15 (ID) 185/0.13 196 P P X X X X
ricinoleate
Hethoxyethyl acetyl 1(p-120 P X X X
ricinoleate
Hethyl ricinoleate Flexdcin P-l 312 0.925 -30 (p) 170/0. 13 190 P X X
Propylene glycol Flexdcin P-9 0.960 (-16 (m) 221
!DOnor icinoleate
STEARATES
Butyl acetoxy- Parlein 6 398 0.922 -7 (ID) 207 P X X X X
stearate
Butoxyethyl stearate KP-23 384 0.882 11 (m) 210-233/ 210 13.3 cp 20 I P P P P Phenolic a
0.53
(Continued)
';
-------
,
J
.!
. j TABLE A-13 (Continued)
,
,
i
Specific Melting BoUing Flash Viscosity CompatibUityS r
Representa ti ve Molecular Gravity Point Range Point
Plasticizer Trade Name Weight at 25.C ~ .C/ItPa COC (.C)* cp/cs at °c ! PS VA VB VC VCA Other Polymers ,.
,
STEARATES (Continued)
Butyl epoxystearate 354 0.910 X
(20.C)
Butyl stearate lIniflex BYS-CP 340.6 0.855- 16 (..) 220-2251 188 7.9 cp 25 I P P Phenolics
0.862 3.33
Diethylene glycol 0.96 48 (m)
distearate
Ethyl stearate 312.5 1.057 33.9 (..) 214/2.0
(20.C)
Glycerol monostearate Drewmulse 0.970 55-57 (10) 210 Solid 25 Polysulfides
Glycerol triacetoxy- Paracin 8 0.955 1.1 (p) 300 470 cli 25 P X X X X
stearate
.p. Glycerol tri(epoxy Estynox 308
tV acetoxy stearste)
0
Hexadecyl stearate 508.0 56.6 (m)
[Cetyl Stearate)
Isobutyl stearate 340.6 0.8498 22.5 223/2.0
(20.C)
.' lsooctyl epoxy
stearate
Hethoxyethylscetoxy Paradn 4C 400 0.948
stearate
Methoxyethyl stearate Kesscoflex MCS 342 0.888 2l(f) 186-2051 200 9 cp 25 I X P P Phenolics
0.53
Methyl hydroxy- Paracin 1 1.018 52 (m) 213
stearate wax
Methyl pentachloro- MPS -500 470 1.19 -39 (f) 164 243 cs 37.8 X X X X X X Alkyds
stearate (stsbilized)
(Continued)
. i
-------
.'
TABLE A-13 (Continued)
Sped Hc Melting Bo11ing Flaah Viecosity Compatib11ityS
Repreaenta t1 ve' Holecular Gravity Point Range Point
Plasticizer Trade Name Weight at 25.C ~ .C/kI'a coe (.C)* cplca at.C A PS VA VB VC VCA Other Polymers
- ------
STEARATES (Cont1nued)
Methyl stearate 298.5 0.912' 39.1 (..) 215/2.0 210
Octyl stearate 0.851- 1-6 (a)
0.857
l,2-Propylene glycol 0.93 37-39 (..) 199
monostearate
Vinyl stearate 0.9037 175/0.40
(20.C)
TALL OILS
Isooctyl esters of 0.86 P X X X
tall oil
Methyl esters of tall 0.96 171 23 cp 38 P X X X
~ 011
N
~ FATTY NITRILES
Fatty ac1d nitrile 0.847 -4 (m) 180 X X X X
Oleyl n1 trile Plasticizer OLN
Tallow nitrile Kemam1ne N-97 4D
OTHER MISCELLANEOUS
PLASTICIZERS
CARBONATES
Bla-d1methyl benzyl KP-505 298.4 1.083 22 (f) 219/0.53 268 155 cp 20 X X X
carbonate (20.C)
D1nonyl phenyl car- P
bonate
(Continued)
"
.1
"!
, j
": ~
;
'j
-------
./
TABLE A-13
(Continued)
:'J
Specific Helti08 8oiu08 Flash Viscosity CompstibUityS
Representati ve Molecular Gravity Point Range Point
Plasticizer Trade Name Weight at 25.C ~ .C/kPa COC (.C)* cp/ cs at.C ~ PS ~ VB VC VCA Other Polymers
ETHERS
Bis(dimethylbenzyl) KP-S 55 254 1.OOB -50 (p) 184/0.53 188 30 cp 20 X X X X X
ether (20.C)
Cumyl phenyl benzyl 1.05 <0 (m) 192 P X X X X X
ether
Nonylphenol ethylene Sterox ND 396 1.022 -31 (p) 224 252 cp 23 X
oxide
Sterox NJ 625 1.0538 -33 (p) 283 241 cp 23
Tridecanol ethylene Sterox AJ-1OO 615 1.003 +2?8 (p) 196 58 cp 30
oxide adduc t
SULFONAHIOES
n-Cyclohexyl-p- Santicizer 1-11 253.4 1.125 82.5 (c) 231/1. 33 P P X X P Polyurethanes,
toluene sulfonamide (solid) nylons, polyesters,
.c- alkyds, phenolics, I
N epoxies, amines
N
n-Ethyl-o,p-toluene Santicizer 8 199.2 1.190 0.0 196/133 174 358 cs 25 X P X X P Polyurethanes,
sulfonamide nylons,' polyesters,
alkyds, phenolics,
epoxies, amines :
n-Ethyl-p-toluene Santiclzer 3 199.2 . 58 (c) 340/101 188 P X X P Polyurethanes
su lfonamide
Sulfonamide-formalde- Santolite HHP 600 1.35 62 (s) 10,000 cp 100 X P X X P Polyurethanes,
hyde resin nylons, polyesters,
alkyds, phenolics,
epoxies, 8IIines
o,p-Toluene sulfon- Santiclzer 9 171.2 105 (c) 214/1. 33 216 P P X X P Polyurethanes,
amide polyesters, alkyds,
phenolics, epoxies,
amines, nylons,
, ,
,',
.,
"
':
','
'.'
>1
,
. :1
'.~J
.1
...)
'.,
(Continued)
.1
.,
-------
"
TABLE A-i3 (Continued)
, Specific Kelting BnUing Flasb Viscnsity CnmpstibllityS
Represents t1 ve Ifoleculsr Grsvity Faint Range Fa int
Plssticizer Trsde Nsme Weigbt st 25.C ~ .C/ItPs coe (.C)* cp/cs st.C ~ PS VA VB VC VCA Otber Polymers
AKIDES
"
Benzsmide 1.341 130 (m) 288/101 X Amines. polysmide
., reSins
,,! Dibutyl lsursmide 0.861 200-230/ 191
(20.C) 0.40
'. 2,2'-(2-Ethylhexsmido Flexol 8N8 483.7 0.9564 ' 254/0.66 216 139.2 cs 20 P X X
diethy1)di-2-ethyl- (20.C)
hexoste
Ures 60.1 . 1.335 137.7 (II) X
NITRO COKPOUNDS
Nit robenzene 123.1 1.2037 5.7 (II) 210.8/1!?1 89 X
(20.C)
~ o-Ni trobipheny1 199.2 1.202 34.5 (c) 325/101 143 31.6 cs 25 X
N
W 2-Nitrodiphenyl ether 215.2 1.2539 -20 (m) 184/1.07 X X X
(22.C)
o-Nitrotoluene 137.1 1.1629 -2.9 (m) 220.4/101 106
(20.C)
SULFONATES
Phenol. cresol esters Mesamoll 376 1.05 (-10 (m) 210 115 cp 20 X
of pentsdecylsu1- (20.C)
fonic acid
"j Cresyl-p-toluene Ssnticizer 10 262 1.207 +51 (c) 182 Fa1ysmide resins
su Hons te (15.C)
"
':
:,
(Continued)
.,
-------
, i'
, ,
.
'/
I
, J
I
,
,J
!
i
,
"" J
, f
, I
"J
i
r
, j
I
I
!
I
, I
: ~ I
, 1
, 1
~
.po
N
.po
,: .~
0,.;]
.' ,:~
...:: }
. !
..
, .
" !
. ,
~. "
,I
TABLE A-13 (Continued)
Specific Kelting Boiling Flaah Viacoaity CompatibiUtyS '
, I
Representati ve Holecular Gravity Point Range Point I
Plssticizer Trade Nsme Weight at 2SoC ~ °C/kPa coe (OC)* cplcs at.C A PS VA VB'VC VCA Other Polymers
------
~
Camphor lS2.2 0.990 174 (10) 209 (sub- 93 X
lines)/
101
alphs-i!ethyl-D 1.46 168 (II) 200/0.026 Amines, alkyds,
glucoside (300C) phenolics !"
Sorbitol 182.2 1.47 93 (II) 292/0.46 110 cp 2S X X !
(-SOC)
. ;
NOTES:
flCey:
melting point (m); pour point (p), freezing point (f), crystsllization point (c); solidification point (sol), and softening point (s).
*COC . Cleveland Open Cup.
SlCey:
Acrylics (A); Polystyrene (PS); Polyvinyl Acetate (VA); Polyvinyl 8utyral (VB); Polrvinyl Chloride (VC); and Polyvinyl Chloride
Acetate (VCA). Compatible (X); Partially Compatible (P); Incompatible (I).
"
-------
.,
-,
1
j
TABLE A-14. PRESERVATIVES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS WITH POLYMER APPLICATION
F\n:t1m Speclf1c Bo~ Ib1rt UIe lI:Ilymer AppUcatlcn
Bacteria- ft-.g1 (bvity (lWtlng Ibfnt), lbocentratJon, lbly- lbly- Iblyv1nyl
Preservati "" Yom ~ Iddbitoc at 2O"c "ct % ~ urethan! 0110r1de CamI!nts
Bar1un metabomte (illsan 11-tH) X 2.HO pIr X Also imparts fire re..is~e
end Ug/1t stability
a.tyl p-hydroxybellmste (lkItyl psrsbm) SoUd X (6IH>9) X
Copper-8-qul.noUnste lbw:Ier X 0.1-i.0 X Alkyds
i'
l,:HI1bram-2,4-d1cyard>onne (Tektamer SoUd 0. m-o. 05 Iblyvinyl acetate, acrylics,
38) vinyl a::ryl1cs
3, 5-nbzethyltetrahydro-l, 3, s-t:h1sd1a- Solid X 1.30 (107)
zi....-2-tlUone (Mylone), (1m:aDet)
DiJie1yl antJ.mcny 2-ethylhexanoate X X 0.1-0.5 Ea approved
I
,I 2-1lydroxy-?-dllorobenmf.c-3, 4 '-dichloro-
I
.t- an1Ude
N
I..n IH\ydrCl>CJ"lul.noUne SoUd X 1.034 '11>7 X
( (209"c) (73-75)
J lnten:icle N-638 (tr1a1kyl oqpIIIOtin)
2-tt.thyH""""Ikhyl ma1e1m1cle
"'thyl p-hydroxybenzoate (It!thyl lbw:Ier X X 270-211> (d) X
parsben) (1~128)
2-IHJctyl-4-iaotldamUn-3-
-------
"
i
.-,
,
I
j
TABLE A-14 (Continued)
. i
i
1
i
Functtoo Specific BoWng 1bir1: Ole l'blyaer AppUcatioo
Bacteria- RIng1 Ibvity (li!lt1ng R>1nt). lbn:entratJon. Ibly- Ibly- Iblyvinyl
PreserwU W! FoOD Imib1tor Imib1tor at 20"1: 0et % ~ urethane OIloride ~
PIC [1H-501. (orgmfl>eml) X X
,j
"\
"j Trtbutyltin flIDride Ibwder X X 0.1-0.5 X Qmuerclal fomulatJoos con-
1 tain 97. 5% ..,U W! 1ngredJent
,.'
.:'--,! Tritd:yltin aodde Uquid X x un (2ID 81) 0. H). 5 X Ibnm!rclal fomulatwm car
',: i [(CtJI9)~(CtJI9)31 tain 12-100% scUW! ingredient
"1
", Tribltyltin sslJcylate (Ibtin PI X lIged in latex and Wlter 81111-
".';
+>- slon fomulatiom
i
'J N
! 0'1 TrtchloraJE~lDI!rI:apto-\-cyclcDexene- Ibwder X X 1. 6tH. 74 (UO-174) 0.2>-1.0 X X
1. 2-dicsrboxfmide [OIptanI, (1iInclde
891. (C!#'lPjDpJ. (H-trichlo-
rmethyhmrc.sptotetmhyc!rofhthalJJlide I
n-{TrlchlortllEthylthio)~ Ibwder X X 1.5>-1.75 (16)-170) 0.2>-1.0 X £8\ registered
(Folpetl, (B1altsnl. (25"1:)
(Cd!4(Q»;zrm:131
It-{TdchlortllEthylthio )tetrSjilthalimide X X Alkyds
Zinc bomte (3?n:Jo2B:.P31 Ibwder X 3.64 (98) X Acts as flaDe retsrdant
(poo.der)
4.22
(crystals)
"
.';
- '
RXJIHJlE:
1\(ey to Boiling R>1nt (IMting R>1nt): d-~.
.j
'I
-------
0'
TABLE A-15. SOLUTION MODIFIERS
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS WITH POLYMER APPLICATION
.0
BoW.
Ibint. "C ~flc Flash
1b1ecu1ar Solubility (Helti. Ibvlty !l:lint ~lJcab1lir to IbItTr WI (lUd>er Coded Beloi)
Chemical ~ Water Almhol Benzene Ibint)t (at 2O"C) "C (ax:)' 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 10 11 1 3 1 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
1ICII6. BASES. /III) BltR1IS
ACIOO
Formic Acid [/IXXJIJ 46.0 Soluble Soluble Soluble Un8 1.2201 69 X X
Hydrochloric acid [lI:i J 36.5 Soluble Soluble Soluble -65 1.19 (371 Itme X X X X X X
conceo-
tmted)
Lactic acid l(]JjHIDDI) !n.l Hlacible Hlacible 122 1.2 X
(2000 RI)
It>leic acid (llXIX:H:amJlJ 116.1 Soluble Soluble \ery Sligjtt (13.H31) 1.59 X
Illtric acid (HID3) 63.0 Hlacible Ia:oqx>ses 86(d) 1.504 X
2-tephthalenesuJ.fonic acid 208.2 Soluble Soluble (124-125) X
.j;>- IC uflp>jl J
N
--.J A10splnric acid [H3RJ4) 98.0 Soluble Soluble (42.35) 1.8)4 (18°) X X
fblfuric acId (H~4) 98.1 Hlaclble Ia:oqx>ses 31~338 1.84 X X
BASES
ImIDn1a 17.0 Soluble Soluble -33.5 0.77 (0°) 651 X
(autolg-
n1 tes)
AmIDn1\ID hydroxlde 11fI4II) 35.0 X
(See Ammnla)
Hetl-arolic rodl\ID ""tlrndde 118. 11 IEca:pJses Soluble 127(d) X
[Sodl\ID ""tlnx1de In _hy1
alcolvJ1J l(]JjJIb o(]Jjll) l'
IUIE: 1 -Acrylic Reslns; 2 -Acrylon1trlle-lk1tadlene-5tyrene: 3 -Aik)'l Reslns: 4 -Amlm ResIns; 5 -Engineering ThertlDplastlca (lbiyphenylene Oxide aa:llblypheny1ene Sulflde): 6-Epoxy
Resl...: 7 - Fluoropolynel'8: 8 - 1beno11c Resl...; 9 - Iblyacetala; 10 - lb1yanlde Resins: 11 - Iblyluty1ene; 12 - lb1ycarbcmte: 13 - Hlgl1 lB1sity lb1yethylme; 14 - Urear IDw IB1slty
lb1yethy1ene: 15 - Ww lB1sity 1b1yethy1ene; 16 - 1b1yethy1ene Terephthalate/lb1y1uty1ene Terephthalate: l7 - Iblypropy1ene; 18 - 1b1ystyrene/Generdl R.orpose: 19 - Iblystyrene/lnp1ct
IbJifled: 20 - lblyurethane; 21 - 1b1yviny1 Acetate; 22 - lb1yviny1 Almho1; 23 - lb1yviny1 OUor1de: 24 - lb1yvlnyUdene OUorlde; 25 - Styrene-ftcrylon1trHe; 26 - Il1satumted 1b1yester
Resln.
:,1
° :~
;1
.1
,'j
'1
oj
,:1
OJ
.1
'i
!
(Continued)
-------
J '
"
.'
I
. j
1
j (Continued)
1 TABLE A-15
.1
/j
...1 801U.
! Rl1nt, "C ~f1c Flash ApplicablUty to Rll)'lll'!r Type I
. J
" 1tJ1eos1ar SolubiUty (Heltlng Invtty Rllr£ (See First Page of Table for IbIi>er Code) ,
: ! CIemlcal ~ Water Akaho1 Benzene R>1nt )t (at 2O"C) "C (ax:)' 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1] 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 t
.j BASES (Q>nUrned)
.',
., Rltaasb.. hydroxide (II1II) 56.1 Soluble S>luble 1320-1324 2.044 X
1
. j Sodhn hydroxide (NaaI) 40.0 S>luble S>luble (]18) 2.1X1 X X X
. ! BlFf1!RS
AomJrdllD acetate 77.1 S>luble S>luble (114) 1.073 X X
[(tfI4)Ci\P2)
80rax [182'1tP7) 381.4 SUg/1t (n4) 2.367 X
Calc1l1D carbJnate (Caro]J 100.1 \ery SUg/1t (825(d» 2.7-2.9 X X X X
R>tassIl1D blcarbJnate [KIID]) 100.1 S>luble Insoluble (UXH2O 2.17 X
. 1 (d»
'j
. . "'" SodillD acetate [NaCi\P2) 263.2 S>luble Slig/1t (]24) 1.528 X X X
"oJ
N
j 00 SodIl1D bicarbonate (N3IID]) 84.0 S>luble Insoluble (270(d» 2.159 X X X
',;,'-1
: SodIl1D carbJnate 106.0 S>luble Insoluble (851) X X
(Na ;p>]' HP)
SodIl1D fonmte [1DXftI) 68.0 S>luble Sl1g/1t (253) 1.919 X X
SodIl1D hydrogen jh:>sphate 120. 0 S>luble Insoluble \ery SlIg/1t 204(d) 2.040 X X
-. [sodIl1D plDsphate, dIIDs1cJ
(NaH2RJ4J :
.
~ luble Hlscible 1.0830 49 X
(CH](OO)PJ
Acetone (CHpni]) 58.1 Hlscible MiscIble Hlscible 56.2 0.792 -9.4 X
Acetylene [troIJ 26.0 Sl1g/1t S>1uble ~ 0.91 -18 X
-I
(Continued)
-------
;,
/
'. . i
-.1
/1 TABLE A-15 (Continued)
. i
!
. 1
1
; lIoili'1l
Ibint. 'C ~f1c F1ash AppUcab1l1ty to 1b1)'111'l' Type
1b1ecular Solubility ~lti'1l IDYiry Ibint (See First I'agI! of Table for IbJt>er Code)
a..mtca1 ~ Water AIarnl Benzene Point)t (at 2O'C) 'C (ax:)' 1 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1S 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
i
. ! QfAIN "IlWQ"tR AaNIS
1 (Oxlt1nued)
. J Benzroe [CdI6) 78.1 Slight H1scible 80.1 0.87~ -11 X
.1
: j
-;j IIra1Dfom [Cll!r3J 252.8 Slig/1t 5:l1uble 5:lluble 1S1.2 2.887 X
_Of
: i n-futane [CtJl1OJ 58.1 5:l1uble 5:l1uble -o.S 0. S99 (O'C) ~ X X
'..
.'
,I 1-futanethio1 [CtJ¥H) 9G.2 Sl1ght 5:lluble 5:lluble 97.2- 0.8412 1.6 X X X X
,! 101.7
'. Butyl chloride [(at3)p:1) 92.6 lnaoluble H1acible 5:lluble 78.6 0. 887S X
t-futy1 aercaptan [2-.thyl-2- ~.2 \ery Slight 5:lluble fi1.-67 0. 79-0. 82 -26 X X X
propanethio1) (is'C)
,.
.; CartxJn tetrabroul.de [C8r4) 331.7 lnaoluble 5:lluble 189.S 3.42 NJne X X X
.r>-
N
\0 CartxJn tetrachloride [~) 1S]. 8 Insoluble H1scible H1acible 76.74 1.585 NJne XX X X X X X X
J
O1lorobenzene [CdI~l J 112.56 Insoluble 5:lluble H1scible 131.6 1. ~05 (2S') 29 X
O1lorofom [OC13) 119.4 Slight H1scible H1scible 61.2 1.48S NJne X
Crotonaldehyde [2-bJtena1J 70.1 5:lluble H1scible H1scible UX! 0.8531 13 X
[atj1l:aDD)
CyclOOexane [Cdl12J 84.2 Insoluble 5:lluble 5:lluble 80.7 0. 779 -18 X X
(close:!
cup)
n-!Jeey1 aereaptan 114 0.8410 X
[CUfl21S11) (170081)
trans-oichloroethy 1ene 96.9 Slight 5:lluble 47-49 1.257 3.9 X X
[C1II::CI£lJ
O1ethy1 zinc [Zn(Cil5)21 1nS 118 1.207 X X
Dlpentene [CUfl16J 136. 3 Insoluble H1acib1e 17~176 0.847 X
D:xIecylaercaptan [C1i12~) 2aZ.4 lnaoluble 5:lluble 5:lluble 143 0.8450 128 X X X X
(Continued)
-------
"
I
j
,
! TABLE A-lS (Continued)
,
" Bolling
"
," R>1nt. "C ~f1c Flash Applicabllity to R>lymer Type
,,,. 1 1b1ecuJar Solub1lity ~lting lnv1ty R>1nt (See Flrst Page of Table for IbJiJer Code)
':". a.emtcal ~ Water Alcohol Benzene R>1nt)t (at 2O"C) "C (ax:)' 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
, J
,. . ~ OIAIN 1lWm'PR A!Hfi'S
, j (Qx\l:1nuOO)
"
I amne [C:<"6J 30.1 Ins:>luble Soluble ~6 0.446 (0" -135 X
j
I liquid)
J Etmnethlol [CiI?lJ 62.1 Slight Soluble Soluble 36 0.83CXJ7 <27 X X
,',
"
! Ethyl acetate 88.1 Slight Soluble 77 -4.4 X
! [OIjDOCil5J
,'1
j ahylbenzene (CdI~il5J 106.2 Ins:>luble Soluble Soluble 136.2 0.867 15 X
\
, i ahy lu!rcaptoacetate 120.2 X
j
!
'I fbrm1c Acid [See Aclds J X
-J 1Iy~(H2J 2.0 ~ Slight Soluble -252 X X X X X X
~ 0.11>6 (15°)
W IsobJtaml 74.1 Solubl~ SoJuble Hlsclble 107 38 X
0 [(0I3>zCID!;PIJ
IsohJtane [(0I3)zCID!31 58.1 Soluble Sllght -11.13 0. 55n -63 X
IsoproplUDl [(0I3);pniJ 60.1 Soluble Soluble Soluble 82.4 0.7863 15 X
Isopropyl benzene [luble Soluble Soluble 152.7 0.8620 46 X X
[CdI~(0I3>2J
lauryl aercapt.an (Cli12?1J 1ns:>1ub1e Soluble S>luble 200-235 0.85 99 X
Hercaptoacetic acld Hlsc1ble Hlsclble 105 1.325 X
[1h1~yco11c ac1dl.
[1ISaI;PXII1
Htercaptoetl-srol 78.1 Soluble Soluble Soluble 157.1 1. 1168 74 X
[1ISaI;PI;PIJ
Hetmne [~J 16.1 Slight Soluble -161.6 -188 X
Hetlmlol [OIjIIl 30.1 Hlsclble Hlsclble Hlsclble 64.5 0.7924 12 X X
Hethy iacetate 74.1 Soluble Hlsc1ble 54.05 0. 92438 -9.4 X
(Continued)
-------
. -
. -
:1
TABLE A-IS (Continued)
.,
Boiling
Rliot, "c ~f1c flash AppUc:abiUty to Rl1}'IIEr Type !.
.j lbla:u1ar Solubility (Melting Invity R>1nt (See First Pase of Table for IUlier Code)
! OIemical ~ Water Alooho1 Benzene R>int )t (at 2O"c) "c (Q:x;)1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
,
j QIAIII 'IlW&'ER NEfi'S
,] (O:Intinued)
,
I
.; 2~hy1-2-propmethto1 (See
.! t-ibty1l11!rcaptanl
~
0' a-+lethy1 styrme dilJl![ X
2-t8phtla1methto1 [RI!'.J. 1ro.2 X
[CutljSHl
3--ft.ntam1 88.2 SUght S>1uble 115.6 0.1Il 34 X
[atj1lpnniP31
Pen:hloroethylme 165. 8 Insoluble Hlsc1ble Hlsclble Ul 1.625 /boo X
[C1;F:CC121
~ 1beoo1 (CfII?l1 94.1 S>luble S>1uble S>luble 111l 1.07 79 X
W
...... Rl1yb1uble -42.5 0. 531 (0") -104 X
2-ftopmethto1 [CjljSHl 76.2 67.73 0. S'IaI -21 X
Propy lme [atj:H:at21 42.1 S11.g/1t S>1uble -47.7 0.5139 -108 X
SOdi... acetate (liJCjljJz) X
[See a,ffers I
Terpinolme [CUtl161 136. 3 Insoluble S>1uble 183-185 0.864 (15°) 37 X
Thlop.eno1 [Cfllj>H1 110.2 Insoluble S>luble 168. 3 1.075 (250) X
Toluene [CdlfII31 92.2 Insoluble S>luble S>luble 110.7 0.866 4.4 X X X X
Tr1chloroethy1ene [OC1:CCl21 131.4 Slight Hlsclble Hlsclble 86.7 1.456-1.462 /boo X
(250)
Trtethy!am1ne [(Cjl5)jfl 101.2 S>luble S>1uble 89.5 O. 7293 -f>.7 X
Water X
(Continued)
-------
- ,
;./
J
j
-j
.1
-1
TABLE A-15 (Continued)
Bolling thst.
!blot."<: ~f1c AppUcablUty to !blymer '!Ype
Iblecular SolubiUty ~tlng Q'avlty R>1nt: (See FIrst Page of Table for ItmiJer Code)
a..m1cal ~ Water Alcchol Benzene R>lot)t (at 20"<:) "<: (ax:)1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
-------
TABLE A-IS (Continued)
I BoiUng
.1
j R>1nt. "c ~flc Flash AppltcabiUty to R>lymer '!We
lb1.ecuJar SoJubl.Uty (HelUng O:avtty R>1nt (See First PatP of Table for IUJiJer Code)
j O1BIdcal ~ Water AkdIoI ~ Potnt)t (at 2O"c) "c (ax:)' 1 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 lS 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 2S 26
1 ID'OAK\I/IS
I
! AluDtrun adde. hydrated [See X
j Protective
-------
r
'.
TABLE A-iS (Continued)
Bol Ung
Ibint. "I: !ipeclflc Flash AppUcablUty to Ibl,..,r ~
!b1ecuJar Solubility (li!lti,. er Code)
a.em1c:al ~ ~ AlaiJol IIEIIzene Point )t (at 20"1:) "I: (ax:)1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
EKJISIFII'1!S (Omt1med)
Ibdecyl benzene sodi... 348. 5 X
sulfonate
IC li12ffP4SO:ti')
Ibdecyl pyr1d1n1ta ""lodele X
lJresinate Ib1n soap) X
Ethyl crotooate 114.2 Insoluble &>luble 20') 0. luble (44) 0. 833 X
IQl3(Ql2)UPXIIJ
~ \Buryl tr1nethyl qmtemary X
W IJJIIJDOiUD bromide
~
lauroxypol~thy1me glyml X
~stic acid 228. 4 Insoluble &>luble 326.2 0. 8739 X
ICII3«(]\2)1:PXI1) (80°)
Palmitic a:ld 256.5 Insoluble &>luble 351.5 0. 8414 X
1(]\3«(]\2)ltPXIIl (111°)
Ibl>""'Y"thylme oleate X X
Ibtassl... capmte
Ibtassi... caprylate 183. 3
Ibtassi... dehydroabletate
Ibtassl... laumte 238.5 &>luble &>luble X
1((OOX1l"23)
Ibtassl... ovrlatste
Ibtassl... oleate 321.6 &>luble &> luble
IC1J'13jIXJ{!
..,
(Continued)
-------
"
-
,-
,
I
TABLE A-15 (Continued)
BoIU",
Ibint. "C ~1flc Flash AppUcablUty to Ibl}'Der Type
1b1ecular Sol.ub1Uty (Heltl", !bIvity Ib1nt (See First Pag,e of Table for ttmer Code)
OIem1cal ~ ~ Alcohol ~ Point)t (at 20"(;) "C (QX;)I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
! IHI11HYWIS (0Jntlrued)
.1
Ibtaaalm palm1tate 294.6
Ibtaaalm sodlm tartrate Soluble Insoluble (70-81) 1.77 X
.i [Ijb)
Sodi... oleate [Cl1H~) 30'1. 5 Soluble Soluble (232-235) X
Sodl... reslnate [Sod!... Soluble
abietate). [Cl'112
-------
.<"
.- .
TABLE A-15 (Continued)
.,
I 8oi11ng
j
! lbint, 0c ~1fIc Flash ApplicabIlity to lblYD'r Type
"1 ~1ecular Solubility (Melting Ibvlty . lbint (See First Pase of Table for IUnber Code)
J OIem1cal ~ Water Alcohol Benzene Polnt)t (at 2O"C) "C (ax:)' 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
.1 tHJI.SIFIt1IS (OontIrned)
] Sodi... stearate n.5 Soluble S>luble X
; [lIJO(£ClJ1I351
,j
I Sodi.. ~etradecyl sulfonate
..
,
i Stearic acid 284.5 Insoluble S>luble Slight 361.1 0.839:1 196 X X
[CII3(aJ2)1dID'1 (80°)
Stesryl trl.oetbyl 8IIIIIXIitJn 348. 1 X
chloride
! !Wfonatm caster 011 [1IJrkey S>luble 0.95 445 X
] Red 0111 (aJtOig-
I nltes)
I
:
.J Trtton X-loo X
. i
. ~ +:- Trt ton X-ZOO X X
.! w
j a- FEED SIRFAH 1ESSICAKl'S
.~ Ah.m1na [See Protective X X X
. ~ ColloIds I
Ah.m11U11 slkyls X
. Calel.. hydride [CaR21 ~ Di!caJp>ses (675(d» 1.7 X
,
.j
1 Calel.. sulfate (anhydrous) SlIght (1450) 2.964 X
j [a.oo41
i Caustic S>da (solid) [See !lases X
(Sodl... hydroxide) I
Copper, (aetal11c) [(1, I 63.5 Insoluble (Hm) 8.96 X
, lob 1ecular Be 1 "" X X X
.'.
SlUca gel X
Sodbn, (aetal) (Na) 23.0 IRcoop>ses Insoluble (97.6) 0. 9674 X
: Sodl... hydroxide on asbestos X
[See Bases)
(Continued)
.i
!
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/
TABLE A-iS (Continued)
BoiUng
Rlint. "I: Specific Flash AppUcablUty [0 RllyuEr Type
It:> 1.ecu1ar SolubiUty (HeltIng Cbvtty Rllnt (See First Page of Table for IUJi>er Code)
! Chemical ~ Water Almhol Benzene Point )t (at 20"1:) "I: (ax; )' 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
, IIti!T G\SES
'
:
, Carbon dtoxtde (00z1 44 Soluble 1.101 X X X
i (-31°)
i
-I Nitrogen (N21 28 SUght -195.5
i SUg/1t XXX X X X X X X X X X
I
I'BOl!X:l'lVE auDIl6
kryUc acid-2-..thylhexyl- X X X X
acrylate cqx>lyuEr
Almdna (AI 1>31 UIl.O Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble (2000) 3.4-4.0 X
Bart... persulfate 401.5 Soluble ~ (d) X
" (BaS1>8'/i!i>1
Bart... plDsphite (BaIIl\)41 233.3 Insoluble Insoluble (410(d» 4.1(>5 (150) X X X X
.po Bart... sulfate (BaS041 233.4 Insoluble Slight (158)) 4.25-4. 5 X X
W
.....
Calct... persulfate X
Calcl... phosphite 310.2 Insoluble Insoluble (1610) 3.18 X X X X X
., (Ca3(R)4)21
.i CarixlxylJEthyl celluloee 21,000- Soluble Insoluble 1.59 X X
500,000
Clay (KaoUnJ, 162.0 Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble 3.247 X X X
(AI i>yiOz 1
Ethyl celluloee Soluble Insoluble Soluble 1.01-1.18 X X X
Gelatin Siella X X X X X
o..m acacia
HydroxyalStite X
(CalO(1IJ4)6(
-------
./
./?
i
i
!
J
I
!
1
i
TABLE A-15 (Continued)
Bol11ng
Iblot, "C ~flc F1ash Applicabillty to IblYDl'r Type
Iblecular Solubility (li!lting Invlty Iblot (See First Page of Table for IbJb>r Code)
th:x:elJ 40,!XX)- Soluble Soluble Insoluble 300(d) X X X X X X
18J,1XX>
.j:'-
W """hyl(hydroxypropyl)cellulose X
00
R!ctln Soluble Insoluble X X
IblyacryJamide resin Soluble X
[(-<1Ipmlr>XJ
Iblyvlnyl al"",",l 25,!XX)- Soluble Insoluble 200(d) 1.27-1.31 XX X X X X X X X
[(-<1IpDI-)xJ 3OO,IXX>
Iblyvlnyl pyrroUdone 10,!XX)- Soluble SolUble Soluble 1.23-1.29 X X
[(-<:tMD->XJ 3fO,IXX>
IbtassblD persulfate 270.3 Soluble Insoluble «l00(d» 2.477 X
[K~P81
So:Il\ID polyacrylste X
Starch [(-<:tP1'ur)xJ Soluble Insoluble X X X X X
~lfomted polystyrme X X
Talc [l\IpL401O(ffi)2J 379.2 Insoluble 2.7-2.8 X
, or [~.t.sl~'HP]
..
"
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i
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I
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i
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,
j
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i
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"
1
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:.- "
,
, ,
~
(Continued)
-------
...c-..:-:;;o.-
"""""l1lI
"
TABLE A-iS (Continued)
Boiling
Ib1nt. "C ~f1c: F1ash AppUc:ab1Uty to Ib1ymer 'l)pe
It>IecuIar SolubiUty (He1ti.. Q-avity Ib1nt (See First Page of Table for IbdJer Code)
-------
,
"
,."."
!
1
, TABLE A-15 (Continued)
I
"
I
'., Bolling
J R>int, "<: ~f1c Flash AppUcability to R>lyner Type
i 1b1ecu]ar Solubility (Melting Il"avity R>1nt (See First Pajje of Table for IbDber Code)
'J OeJd.cal ~ Water AlaJhol Benzene I'o!ntH (at 20"<:) "C (00::)# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 ;.
SlLvmrs (lhntimed)
!
j Chlorobenzene [See 01a1n X X X X X X X
,'I Transfer Agents 1
i
OUoroform [See OBin Transfer X
Agents 1
. I
Qm!ne [Isopropyl Ie1zene I, X
[See OBin Transfer Agents 1
Cyc.lohe>ane [See OBin Transfer X X X X X X X
. j Agents 1
i
i CydOOexamne [Cdi1<$>1 98.2 Slight Hlscible Hlscible 156. 7 0. 948 44 X
.!
n-Decane [al3(0I2)fPl31 142.3 Insoluble SJluble 174 0.7298 44 X
o-nLchlorobenzene 147.0 Insoluble Hlsc1ble 172,179 1.284 66 X
.p. [Cdi4Cl21
I .p.
" 0 l,2-D1chloroethane 99.0 SU&ht Hlscible Miscible ,83.5 1.2554 13 X X
[C1alpij:1 1
Diesel fuel, hydrogenated Miscible X X
Dimethyl acetamide 87.1 Hlsclble SJluble Hlsclble 166 0.9366 77 X
[OIjDi(0I3)21 (250)
Dimethyl fonmml.de 73.1 Hlsclble Hlsclb1e 152.8 0.95:H1.954 58 X X X
[ID:N(0I3)21
Dimethyl aUfox1de 78.1 189 1.01 95 X
[(0I3):/!i01
p-nLoxane 88.1 Miscible Hlsclble 101.3 1.0056 18 X
~00I:PIP:UP,l2 1
, Ibdecane 170.4 Insoluble SJluble 213 0. 749 71 X
[al3(al2h1Pl31
aharo1 [C1I9I1 46.1 Hlsclble Hlsclble 78.3 13 X X X X
ahy1ene dichloride (See
I, 2-nLchloroetbane 1
(Continued)
./
i
,
'i
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