4>EPA
States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Environmental Monitoring
Systems Laboratory
P.O. Box 15027
Las Vegas NV 89114-5027
EPA 600/3-83-014
DOE/DP/00539-047
Research and Development
Animal
Investigation Program
1981 Annual Report:
Nevada Test Site
and Vicinity
prepared for the
U.S. Department of Energy
under Interagency Agreement
Number DE-A108-76DP00539
-------
ANIMAL INVESTIGATION PROGRAM 1981 ANNUAL REPORT
Nevada Test Site and Vicinity
by
D. D. Smith and K. R. Giles
Nuclear Radiation Assessment Division
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
prepared for the
U.S. Department of Energy
under Interagency Agreement
Number DE-AI08-76DP00539
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING SYSTEMS LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
LAS VEGAS, NEVADA 89114
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NOTICE
This report has been reviewed in accordance with the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency's peer and administrative review policies and approved for
publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not
constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
-------
CONTENTS
Figures iv
Tables v
Introduction 1
Sample Collection 2
Analytical Procedures and Methods 9
Results and Discussion 11
Quality assurance samples 11
Nevada Test Site cattle 11
Nevada Test Site mule deer 12
Desert bighorn sheep 12
Nevada Test Site horse 12
Nevada Test Site chukar 14
Offsite goat 14
Nevada Test Site spring waters 14
Necropsy and histopathological examinations 14
Hypothetical dose estimates 15
Other Activities 19
Deer migration study 19
Public information 24
Investigations 24
Decommissioning Activities 25
Area 15 Farm 25
NTS Beef Herd 25
References 26
List of Appendix Tables 29
m
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FIGURES
Number Page
1 Sampling locations on the Nevada Test Site °>
2 Approximate collection locations of 1981 desert bighorn sheep . . 8
3 Annual averages of strontium-90 in bones of cattle, deer,
and desert bighorn sheep, 1956-1981 13
4 Mule deer capture and wintering areas, 1981 23
IV
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TABLES
Number Page
1 Sampling Information for Nevada Test Site Cattle, 1981 3
2 Sampling Information for Nevada Test Site Animals, 1981 5
3 Sampling Information for Desert Bighorn Sheep, 1981 6
4 Tritium and Gamma Analyses of Nevada Test Site
Spring Waters, 1981 15
5 Summary of Peak Radionuclide Concentrations in Selected Tissues
from Nevada Test Site Animals, 1981 16
6 Postulated Dose to Man Following Ingestion of Selected
Tissues for 1 year 18
7 Deer Capture Information, 1981 20
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INTRODUCTION
Since 1964, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) Environ-
mental Monitoring Systems Laboratory at Las Vegas (EMSL-LV) has conducted the
Animal Investigation Program (AIP) for the Nevada Operations Office of the
U.S. Department of Energy. During 1981, the major objectives of the AIP
continued to be:
1. To conduct surveillance of domestic and wild animals on and
around the Nevada Test Site (NTS) in order to assess the radio-
nuclide burden present in their tissues and to monitor for possible
pathological effects from the burdens.
2. To investigate alleged damage to domestic animals and wildlife
resulting from the activities of the Nevada Operations Office
of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).
3. To provide public information through education and veterinary
advice to the offsite population.
4. To conduct special ad hoc investigations.
Progress during 1981 in achieving these objectives and summaries of the
data collected are presented in this report. Previously published reports
(Fountain 1961; Smith and Giles 1970, 1974, and 1975; and Smith et al. 1976,
1977a, 1977b, 1978a, 1978b, 1979, 1980, 1981, and 1982) have detailed the
history, evolution, and accomplishments of the AIP since its beginning in
1957. As the AIP was terminated in December of 1981, this report will be the
last in the series which began in 1958.
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SAMPLE COLLECTION
Nevada Test Site animals sampled during 1981 included cattle, mule deer,
a chukar, and a horse. Desert bighorn sheep that range the mountainous areas
to the south and east of the NTS were also sampled. Animals sampled included
those that died from natural causes or through accidents, those collected
through the cooperation of licensed hunters, and those that were sacrificed as
part of the routine sampling activities of the program.
Animals collected by rifle or shotgun fire were necropsied immediately
after death and any gross pathological conditions noted. Animals collected by
other means were also necropsied if a prosector was available. If advanced
postmortem changes had not occurred, the adrenals, eyes, heart, kidneys,
liver, lungs, muscle, spleen, thyroid, gonads, and gross lesions (if any) were
sampled and prepared for histopathological evaluation. Tissues collected from
large animals for radioanalyses included rumen or stomach contents, liver,
lungs, tracheobronchial lymph nodes, muscle, thyroids, blood, kidneys, fetus
(if present), and bone (femurs or hocks). Tissues collected from the chukar
for radioanalyses included bone from the entire skeleton, muscle, and
composited internal organs (liver, lungs, kidneys, and GI tract).
Fourteen beef cattle from the NTS herd were sampled during 1981.
Sampling information is presented in Table 1. Except for a brief weaning
period, when the calves were maintained at the Area 15 farm, each animal
sampled spent its entire life grazing on the Area 18 range of the NTS
(Figure 1). The management of the beef herd and soil and range surveys of the
Area 18 grazing area have been published previously (Smith 1970, Leavitt 1970,
and Brown and Mason 1968).
NTS animals sampled included four adult mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus),
a chukar (Alectoris chukar) and a horse (Equus caballus)^Also sampled was a
domestic goat from Rachel, Nevada. Collection locations are noted on Figure 1
and sampling information is listed in Table 2.
Through the cooperation of State and Federal wildlife officials and
participating hunters, bone and kidney samples were collected from 17 mature
desert bighorn sheep rams (Ovis canadensis nelsoni) during the annual hunt
Sampling information for these animals is presented in Table 3 and the
collection sites are shown in Figure 2. The majority of the sheep were
collected from Clark County in southern Nevada, with seven from the Desert
National Wildlife Range (DNWR). Two animals were collected in Esmeralda
County which is north and west of the NTS.
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TABLE 1. SAMPLING INFORMATION FOR NEVADA TEST SITE CATTLE, 1981
Animal
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Sex
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
M
M
F
F
M
M
Age
(Years)
5.0
1.0
0.25
7.0
13.0
7.0
14.0
9.0
0.5
1.5
1.5
4.0
1.5
1.5
Weight
(kg)
550
235
90
570
532
523
432
420
148
254
250
375
227
214
Date
Sampled
05/14
05/14
05/14
05/14
10/20
10/20
10/20
10/20
10/20
10/21
10/21
10/21
10/21
10/21
Remarks
Mature pregnant cow.
Extremely wi Id.
Mature barren cow.
Pre-cancerous placque right eye.
"Lumpy jaw" abscess.
Pregnant (2-month fetus).
Bull calf—excellent condition.
Bui l--very wi Id.
Pregnant (1 1/2-month fetus).
Bull.
Bull.
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• Animal Collection Location
• NTS Spring
MD Mule Deer
Nuclear Rocket
Development Station
Desert Game
Range
Figure 1. Sampling locations on the Nevada Test Site.
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TABLE 2. SAMPLING INFORMATION FOR NEVADA TEST SITE WILDLIFE, 1981
Animal
Number
Sex
Estimated
Age Weight
(Years) (kg)
Date
Collected
Remarks
Mule Deer-1 F 1.0 35
Mule Deer-2 M 1.0 40
Mule Deer-3 F 1.5 50
Mule Deer-4 F 1.0 30
Horse-1
Chukar-1
Goat-1
F 15-18 550
? mature 0.7
M
0.1
12
3/11 Collected Area 19, 1 km west
of Echo Peak repeater.
6/23 Accident victim 1 km east of
Holmes Road on the Stockade
Wash Road, Area 12.
10/5 Accident victim at U19C, 3 km
south of reservoir on Pahute
Mesa Road in Area 19.
10/28 Collected 1.5 km east of G
tunnel in Area 12.
5/14 Hit by bus on Tippipah
Highway, 5 km south of Area
12 camp.
12/18 Collected on N. Rainier Mesa
Rd. above T. Tunnel, Area 12
6/2 Kid belonged to E. Fallis,
Rachel, NV. Sampled because
of sudden death.
Enterotoxemia was diagnosis.
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TABLE 3. SAMPLING INFORMATION FOR DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP, 1981
Animal
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Sex
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
Estimated
Age
(Years)
8
8
11
7
5
6
6
7
6
7
6
6
10
Date
Collected
11/15
11/15
11/15
11/22
11/22
12/21
11/17
11/17
11/17
11/26
11/26
11/19
11/19
Remarks
Killed Management Area 69*,
Range, Lincoln Co.
Killed Management Area 70*,
Cristo Range, Esmeralda Co.
Killed Management Area 71*,
Mountain, Esmeralda Co.
Killed Management Area 72*,
Canyon Range, Clark Co.
Killed Management Area 73*,
National Wildlife Range, Li
Killed Management Area 74*,
water Range, Lincoln Co.
Killed Management Area 75*,
Range, Lincoln Co.
Killed Management Area 76*,
Range, Lincoln Co.
Killed Management Area 77*,
Range, Lincoln Co.
Killed Management Area 78*,
Range, Clark Co.
Killed Management Area 79*,
Valley Range, Lincoln Co.
Killed Management Area 81*,
Mountain, Clark Co.
Killed Management Area 83*
Sheep
Monte
Lone
Arrow
Desert
ncoln Co.
Pint-
Sheep
Sheep
Sheep
Las Vegas
Meadow
Black
Sorina
Mountain Range, Clark Co.
(continued)
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TABLE 3. (Continued)
Estimated
Animal Age Date
Number Sex (Years) Collected
Remarks
14
15
11/19
11/14
Killed Management Area 84*,
McCullough Mountains, Clark Co.
Killed Management Area 85*,
Eldorado Mountain Range, Clark Co.
16
17
M
12/12
12/20
Killed Management Area 86*, South
Eldorado Mountain Range, Clark Co.
Killed Management Area 87*, Newberry
Mountain, Clark Co.
*Nevada Department of Wildlife Bighorn Sheep Management Area
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dicates collection site
dual animals
Figure 2. Approximate collection locations of 1981 desert bighorn sheep.
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ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES AND METHODS
Gamma-emitting radionuclides in samples of soft tissues and rumen
contents were analyzed by high resolution qamma spectroscopy. A sample of
blood or tissue was collected from each animal and the tissue water was
extracted and analyzed for tritium. Bone samples were analyzed for
strontium-89 and -90 and plutonium-238 and -239. Selected soft tissues were
also analyzed for plutonium content. The EMSL-LV performed all of the
analyses for tritium and the gamma-emitting radionuclides. The DOE contractor
laboratory performed the plutonium and strontium analyses.
Rumen contents and soft tissues of sufficient volume were placed in
300-milliliter aluminum containers with a 10-percent Formalin® solution as a
preservative. The containers were then sealed and stored for gamma spectral
analysis. Those tissues of smaller volume, i.e., thyroid gland, tracheo-
bronchial lymph nodes, etc., were first macerated in a blender and then
brought to a standard volume by suspending in agar. These samples were also
sealed in 300-mil 1iliter aluminum containers. All samples for gamma spectral
analysis were analyzed for approximately 1,200 minutes on either lithium-
drifted germanium or high purity germanium detectors calibrated at approxi-
mately 0.5 kilo-electronvolts (keV) per channel in the 40-keV to 2-mega-
electronvolts (MeV) range. These detectors are connected to a Nuclear Data
6620 computerized gamma spectral accumulation and analysis system.
Tissues collected for strontium and plutonium analyses were placed in
plastic bags and kept frozen until submitted to the analytical laboratory.
The samples were prepared for analyses by ashing and radiochemical separation.
Plutonium was analyzed by alpha spectrometry using plutonium-236 as an
internal tracer. Analytical procedures used by the contractor laboratory are
similar to those described by Talvitie 1971, 1972; Wish and Rowell 1956;
Mitchell 1960; Hagan and Arrhenius 1963; and Major et al. 1975. The EMSL-LV
radionuclide analytical procedures were those described by Johns et al.
(1979).
All data are reported with the 95 percent confidence interval based on
counting statistics and are decay corrected to time of sample collection. The
minimum detectable activity (MDA) is defined as 3.3 times the standard
deviation of the background counting error. Results which show a net sample
activity less than the MDA are reported as such. The approximate MDAs and
analytical procedures are summarized in Appendix Table A-l.
The activity values for plutonium-239 listed in this report are actually
the sums of the individual isotopic activities of plutonium-239 and -240. The
alpha emissions of these two isotopes cannot be separately identified
(resolved) by alpha spectrometric analysis.
-------
Quality assurance samples were included in each group of samples sub-
mitted for plutonium or strontium analyses. These were either liver, muscle,
or bone samples purchased at a local meat market and to which a known amount
of the nuclide was added, or they were duplicate samples collected from
sacrificed animals and submitted for analyses under blind identification
numbers. The purchased bone samples were ashed prior to spiking. The data
from the quality assurance samples are presented in the Appendix Tables B-l
and B-2.
Quality assurance procedures for the tritium and gamma spectral analyses
were both external (e.g., intercomparison study samples, duplicate and
replicate analyses, etc.) and internal (e.g., blank reagent or internal
standards analyses, etc.). Details of these procedures and statistical
analyses of the data produced are detailed by Black et al., 1982.
Tissue and lesion samples collected for histopathological examination were
fixed with a 10-percent Formalin® solution and delivered to a pathologist for
interpretation.
10
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
QUALITY ASSURANCE SAMPLES
As shown in the Tables B-l and B-2 of the Appendix, analyses of duplicate
muscle and bone samples indicate an average precision of analyses of 70
percent for plutonium-239 in muscle and 29.5 percent for strontium-90 in bone.
The accuracy of analysis, expressed as bias, is also shown in those tables.
Based on the precision and bias data for strontium-90 analyzed, the 95 percent
confidence interval for the true value was calculated to range from 0.47 to
1.07 times the reported value in bone. The 95 percent confidence interval for
the true value for plutonium-239 in bone ranged from 0.59 to 1.99 times the
reported value. These confidence intervals were considered when conclusions
were drawn from the data.
NEVADA TEST SITE CATTLE
The analytical results from tissues collected from the Area 18 beef
cattle are presented in Tables C-l through C-5 and D-l through D-6 of the
Appendix.
Naturally occurring potassium-40 was the only gamma-emitting radionuclide
consistently detected in all samples. Cesium-137 was generally detected in
the muscle and kidney samples. If detected, the cesium-137 levels were within
a narrow range of activity; for example, twelve of fourteen muscle samples
contained detectable levels ranging from 15 to 65 picocuries per kilogram
(pCi/kg) wet weight.
Tritium was not detected in the blood of any of the cattle sampled during
May, but was detected in 7 of 10 samples collected in October with a range of
490-1900 pCi/1 of water. This range is similar to that measured in atmos-
pheric moisture from air samples collected in Areas 12 and 15 of the NTS
(Black et al. 1982).
Strontium-90 concentrations in the femur samples from the Area 18 cattle
ranged from 1.6 to 4.8 picocuries per gram (pCi/g) of ash with an average of
2.4. As shown in Figure 3, this average value is similar to those reported in
recent years. Strontium-89 was detected in only one of the 1981 bone samples.
Liver and lung samples collected in both May and October generally
contained detectable levels of plutonium-239 as did the muscle and tracheo-
bronchial lymph node samples collected in May. Tracheobronchial lymph node
samples were not collected in October. Plutonium-239 was detected
infrequently in bones and gonad samples from both sampling periods. The
reported plutonium-239 tissue concentrations were similar to those reported
11
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previously (Smith et al. 1982). Plutonium-238 was detected occasionally in
the lungs and tracheobronchial lymph nodes.
NEVADA TEST SITE MULE DEER
The analytical results from tissues of the NTS mule deer are presented in
Tables E-l through E-5 of the Appendix. As was the case for the NTS cattle,
naturally-occurring potassium-40 and cesium-137 were the only gamma-emitting
radio-nuclides that were frequently detected in the tissue samples.
Additional gamma-emitting radionuclides (7Be, 95Nb, 95Zr, 103Ru,
141Ce, and l44Ce) were occasionally detected in the ingesta from the
rumens of sampled deer.
Nanocurie levels of tritium were found in the tissues of deer #2 and #4.
Both were collected in Area 12 and it is believed that they drank from
contaminated waters draining from the tunnel test area of Rainier Mesa
(Scoggins, 1982). Similar levels have been seen in deer previously (Smith et
al. 1980).
Strontium-90 concentrations in hock bones ranged from 1.1 to 1.8 pCi/g of
ash with an average of 1.6 pCi/g of ash (Figure 3). This is similar to the
average of 1.7 pCi/g of ash reported in 1980. Strontium-89 was reported in
the bone sample from deer #1. However, it is thought that this value is an
artifact.
Detectable levels of plutonium-238 and -239 were found in all rumen
content samples. In addition, measureable amounts of plutonium-239 were found
in one lung and two liver samples. None of the bone samples contained
detectable levels of either radionuclide.
DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP
Analytical data from bone and kidney samples are listed in Tables F-l and
F-2 of the Appendix. The average strontium-90 concentration in the hock bones
was 2.1 pCi/g of ash (Figure 3). Detectable levels of strontium-89 and
plutonium-238 were not present in any of the animals sampled. Detectable
levels of plutonium-239 were found in only one sample this year.
Cesium-137 concentrations ranging from 41 to 130 pCi/kg wet weight were
detected in the kidneys of 5 of the 16 sheep sampled. The reported values for
tritium in the 6 kidney samples which had detectable levels ranged from 430 to
1800 pCi/1, which are within the range of values reported in atmospheric
moisture in air samples collected at various off-site locations from thp Nnhio
Gas and Tritium Surveillance Networks (Black et al. 1982).
NEVADA TEST SITE HORSE
An aged female feral horse was struck and killed by a bus in Are 1?
May 14. Bone and muscle samples were collected despite advanced decay Th"
12
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i^B Bighorn Sheep
CZIDeer
•m Canle
O (Number of Bone Samples)
1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1S68 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981
Figure 3. Annual averages of strontium-90 in bones of cattle, deer,
and desert bighorn sheep, 1956-1981.
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analytical results from these samples are listed in Appendix Table 6-1-
Potassium-40 and cesium-137 (38 _+ 12 pCi/kg) were the only gamma-emitting
radionuclides detected in muscle. The strontium-90 concentration of 4. /
0.63 pCi/g of bone ash is of the same magnitude found in other horses sampled
in previous years (Smith et al. 1981 and 1982). Plutonium-238 and -239 were
not detected in either sample.
NEVADA TEST SITE CHUKAR
One chukar was collected in Area 12. The analytical data from this
bird's samples are listed in Appendix Table H-l. Muscle concentration of
tritium (760 + 300 pCi/1) and cesium-137 (48 +_ 17 pCi/kg) were similar to
those observed in other NTS animals sampled during 1981. The strontium-90
concentration (7.1 _+ 0.98 pCi/g ash) in the bone is several times greater than
that observed in most NTS mammals but is similar to chukar sampled in 1979
(Smith et al. 1980).
OFFSITE GOAT
The sudden death of a goat kid alarmed its Rachel, NV owners, who
requested an examination to determine if its death was related to the NTS
testing activities. A diagnosis of enterotoxins was made which was based on
the history and necropsy results. Tissue samples were collected and analyzed
for radionuclide content (Appendix Table 1-1). Potassium-40 was the only
gamma-emitting radionuclide detected. Strontium-89 and plutonium-238 and -239
were not detected. The strontium-90 concentration of 4.1 _+ 0.96 pCi/g of bone
ash is within the range of values reported for other offsite animals, i.e.,
desert bighorn sheep, which were sampled during 1981.
NEVADA TEST SITE SPRING WATERS
Several natural springs that serve as a source of water for wildlife were
sampled during 1981. The spring locations are shown in Figure 1. The waters
were analyzed for gamma-emmiting radionuclides and tritium. The results are
shown in Table 4. Detectable levels of gamma-emitting radionuclides were not
found in any of the waters and the tritium levels were detectable only through
tritium enrichment analytical methods.
NECROPSY AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS
Sacrificed animals were necropsied and selected tissue and lesion samoles
were collected for histopathological evaluation. The gross and microscooir
pathologies observed are summarized in Appendix Table J-l.
Sarcocystis spp. were detected in the skeletal muscle of only one depr
In past years, this ubiquitous protozoan parasite was found in an Pctima^'flK
percent of all muscle (both cardiac and skeletal) samples from deer and
cattle. The reason for this apparent decline in infectious rate is not known
14
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TABLE 4. TRITIUM AND GAMMA ANALYSIS OF
NEVADA TEST SITE SPRING WATERS, 1981
Spring Name
White Rock
Captain Jack
Green
Tippipah
Topopah
Cane
Kawitch Valley
Tub
Date
Sampled
5/6
5/6
5/6
5/6
5/6
5/6
5/6
5/6
Tritium
pCi/L
26.0 +_ 7.0
38.0 + 7.5
35.0 + 7.3
34.0 _+ 7.3
73.0 +_ 7.9
<110
180.0 + 9.4
39.0 _+ 7.5
Gamma Analyses
GSN
GSN
GSN
GSN
GSN
GSN
GSN
GSN
GSN = Gamma Spectrum Negligible
Unusual lesions were not noted during necropsy. Occasionally observed
histopathologic findings, e.g., hemosiderosis of the spleen and mild liver and
kidney changes, were felt to be within normal limits by the examining pathol-
ogists. No pathology, gross or microscopic, was observed that could be
attributed to ionizing radiation.
HYPOTHETICAL DOSE ESTIMATES
Although meat from animals living on the Nevada Test Site is not avail-
able for human consumption, the various doses to a standard man based on
postulated consumption of the edible tissues has been calculated. The dose
estimates are not presented as an implication of potential doses, but rather
to place the reported radionuclide concentrations in perspective. The dose
estimates are based on the techniques and parameters of the International
Commission for Radiological Protection (1959, 1968, 1977) and Dillman (1969).
The estimates were calculated using the maximum observed concentrations of the
radionuclides in edible tissues of the cattle, deer, and chukar sampled
(summarized in Table 5). It was assumed that 500 grams (about 1 pound) of the
meat were consumed each day for a year, and that the radionuclide concentra-
tion remained constant for that time. The minimum detectable values of Table
5 were used in the dose calculations when they were the maximum value for a
given tissue.
15
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TABLE 5. SUMMARY OF PEAK RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN SELECTED
TISSUES FROM NEVADA TEST SITE ANIMALS, 1981
Nuclide
Plutonium-238
Plutonium-239
Cesium-137
Tritium
Plutonium-238
Plutonium-239
Cesium-137
Tritium
Radionuclide
Muscle
Area
0.054+_ 0.087*
0.48 + 0.11
65 +_ 13.0
NA
NTS
0.11 + 0.18*
0.082 + 0.089*
28 +_ 13
2.4 x 106
+4.1 x 103**
Concentrations (pCi/kg Wet
Liver
18 Cattle
0.21 +_ 0.26*
2.3 +_ 0.62
27 +_ 14
NA
Mule Deer
0.35+_ 0.76*
1.1 + 0.24
27 + 12
2.2 x 106 8.8 x
+3.6 x 103** +7.4 x
Jjeijhll
Blood
(pCi/1)
NA
NA
NA
1900 + 320
NA
NA
NA
106
103**
Plutonium-238
Plutonium-239
Cesium-137
Tritium
Area 12 Chukar
1.4 + 0.38
0.35 +_ 0.41*
48 + 17
760 + 300**
NA = Not analyzed
* = Counting error exceeds reported activity
** = pCi/1 - aqueous portion of liver or muscle
16
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Although doses are calculated for ingestion of tissues from a chukar,
these doses are not compared to the dose guide. Furthermore, these doses are
not used in discussing the maximum hypothetical doses because it is doubtful
that enough similar tissue could be obtained to provide the 1-year intake
quantities.
The International Commission for Radiological Protection (1959) and the
U.S. Department of Energy (1977) present different dose criteria for various
parts of the body, based on estimates of relative radiosensitivity. The
National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) (1971)
recognizes this philosophy, but recommends simplifying the guides for the
general population, and uses the minimum guide (0.5 rem per year to the whole
body for an individual in an uncontrolled area) for all body organs. The NCRP
emphasizes that this is a simplifying administrative decision, rather than a
reduction of the guides based on new technical information.
The indicated confidence intervals in Table 5 are twice the standard
deviation (2s) based on counting statistics. The total analytical uncertain-
ties at two standard deviations for the plutonium results are estimated to be
about 0.2 pd'/kg for results of several tenths of a pCi/kg, or several times
the indicated counting uncertainties. Thus, differences between values, when
the values are under several tenths of a pCi/kg, have limited statistical
significance given the total analytical uncertainties of the results.
Table 6 lists postulated doses based on the data summarized in Table 5.
The column on the right shows the respective fraction of the radiation pro-
tection guide of 500 millirems (mrem) per year for the various postulated
doses. The doses for plutonium and, to a lesser extent, cesium-137 are not
delivered in 1 year. For practical purposes, however, the integrated doses
for a 1-year ingestion period are related to the yearly guide.
The highest postulated dose (in edible tissue), 43 millirems (mrem),
would result from ingesting muscle from the deer that drank from the
contaminated Area 12 ponds. This dose is nearly 9 percent of the guide of 500
mrem per year. Tissues of deer collected away from the Area 12 ponds
contained environmental levels of tritium. All of the other postulated doses
are 0.1 mrem or less and are similar to or lower than those estimated for 1980
(Smith et al. 1981).
17
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TABLE 6. POSTULATED DOSE TO MAN FOLLOWING INGESTION OF SELECTED TISSUES FOR 1 YEAR
Nuclide
Tritium
Tritium
Cesium-137
Dose
Calculated
For
Body
water
Body
water
Whole-
body
tissue
Animal Tissue
Containing Maximum pCi/kg (wet weight) or
Concentration pCi/1 of Tissue Water
NTS mule deer, blood 8.8 x 106 + 7.4 x 103
NTS mule deer, muscle 2.4 x 106 + 4. 2 x 103
Area 18 cattle, 65 + 13
muscle
Dose Factor Per-
mrem:pCi/day cent
(1-year Dose of 500
ingestion)* (mrem) mrem
3.6 x ID'5 158 31.6
3.6 x 10-5 43 8.6
0.022 0.72 0.1
00 Plutonium-238 Bone
Area 12 chukar,
muscle
1.4 + 0.38
0.54
0.38 t
Plutoni
Plutoni
um-238
um-239
Bone
Bone
NTS mule
Area 18
deer, 1
cattle,
i ver
liver
0.35
2.3
+ 0.76
± 62
0.
0.
54
63
<0.1t
0.7
0.1
*The doses from plutonium-238 and -239, and to a lesser extent cesium-137, are not delivered within the
1-year ingestion period, but, for simplification, the doses have been related to the guide for 1 year.
The doses for plutonium are actually for a 50-year period, but it should be recognized that the doses
are resulting from ingestion over a 1-year period. The dose factors are based on quality factor (QF)
of 1 for tritium and cesium-137 and 20 for plutonium-238 and -239 (ICRP, 1977). The QF of 20 used
for plutonium is twice the value used in reports for the program prior to 1979 (Smith et al. 1978b,
1979, 1980).
tThe percent of the 500 mrem dose guide is not calculated for these tissues because it is not
reasonable to assume that someone could consume 500 g of meat per day from NTS chukar.
fSince the analytical counting error term is much larger than the mean, the postulated dose is
calculated for the mean plus the error term and is stated as a "less than" value.
-------
OTHER ACTIVITIES
DEER MIGRATION STUDY
A sizeable mule deer herd resides in the mountainous reqions of the NTS
during the summer; in unrestricted lands, these deer may be hunted by the
public. A study to determine migration patterns of the herd (through tracking
of individual deer fitted with collars containing miniature radio trans-
mitters) was begun in 1975 and continued through 1981.
From June through November 1981, 25 NTS mule deer (Table 7) were
captured, either by chemical restraint of free-ranging animals (Smith et al.
1978a) or by trapping at a water site (Giles 1979). Ten deer were fitted with
collars containing new radio transmitters, ear tags, and reflective numbers.
Five deer were fitted with re-conditioned radio transmitter collars that had
been recovered from deer captured prior to 1981. This brought the total
number of working transmitters in the field to 19 (4 from previous years).
AIP personnel monitored the movements of the deer weekly with hand-held
receivers and directional antenna. Ten other deer were captured but found
unsuitable for collaring and were released after visible markers (ear tags and
reflective collars) had been attached.
Fourteen of the deer were captured at the Area 12 trapsite on Rainier
Mesa and immobilized with M-99® (etorphine). The other eleven deer were
free-ranging animals (five in Area 12 and six in Areas 19 and 20) and were
immobilized with Sernylan® (phencyclidine hydrochloride), and acepromazine
maleate (Ayerest Laboratories, Inc.) injected via a syringe-dart fired from a
Cap Chur™ gun (Palmer Chemical Company).
The 1981 summer and winter ranges of the NTS deer are shown in Figure 4.
Deer captured in Area 12 remained there until late December when weather
forced them onto their wintering ranges. Most of the marked deer went south
to the Shoshone Mountain and Timber Mountain areas. One deer moved off of the
mesa and spent the winter in the area around Captain Jack Spring and N Tunnel
where he was seen on several occasions. One deer went north from Rainier Mesa
into the deep canyons in the southern part of the Belted Range where it
remained throughout the winter and most of the following summer. The last
deer went south onto the Eleana Range where it stayed until its death in March
of 1982. Deer from Areas 19 and 20 wintered in the Timber Mountain, Forty
Mile Canyon, and the Beatty wash areas.
In the past year, by mid-July, most deer returned to the summer range
where they were originally tagged. However, during the spring and early
summer of 1982, many of the deer did not return to the areas or Rainier Mesa
where they normally frequented. They have stayed around the edges of the mesa
19
-------
TABLE 7. DEER CAPTURE INFORMATION, 1981
ro
o
I.D.
1 Yellow
2 Yellow
3 Yellow
4 Yellow
5 Yellow
6 Yellow
7 Yellow
8 Yellow
Age
Estimate
3-4
1-2
3-4
5-6
3-4
1-2
1-2
1-2
Weight
Estimate
Sex (kg)
F 64
M 42
M 65
M 86
F 42
F 42
M 34
F 34
Date
Captured
06/09
06/19
06/19
06/24
06/26
07/21
07/22
07/22
Location
Area 12, Trapsite
1 mile N.W. Echo Peak
Area, Repeated Site
U19C Water Reservoir,
Area 19
2.4 km S.W. of Area 20
camp
Area 12, Trapsite
Area 12, Trapsite
N. Tunnel Pond, Area
12
Area 12, Trapsite
Comments
Pregnant doe in good
condition.
Spike buck in good
condition.
Large buck in good
condition, 3x3 antlers.
Large buck in good
condition, 4x4 antlers.
Lactating doe in fair
condition.
Young doe in fair condition.
Found dead 3/10/82, 2.4 km
N. Area 16 camp, radio
recovered.
Young buck in fair
condition, 3x3 antlers.
Young non-1 actating doe in
good condition.
(continued)
-------
TABLE 7. (Continued)
I.D.
9 Yellow
10 Yellow
7 Blue
5 White
4 Red
7 Red
10 Red
Age
Estimate
2-3
1-2
3-4
5-6
2-3
4-6
3-4
Sex
M
M
F
M
F
M
F
Weight
Estimate
(kg)
56
42
46
90
46
65
45
Date
Captured
08/13
08/19
09/16
09/10
10/24
11/04
10/29
Location
Rainier Mesa, N.
Central , Area 12
U19C Water Reservoir,
Area 19
Intersection Holmes
Rd. and Rainier Mesa
Rd. , Area 12
0. 2 km S. of E. Tunnel
turnoff, Area 12
Area 12, Trapsite
Area 12, Trapsite
0.8 km west of Holmes
Comments
Mature buck in good
condition, 4x3 antlers.
Young buck in good
condition, 3x3 antlers.
Mature lactating doe with 1
fawn.
Mature buck in excellent
condition, 4x4 antlers.
Mature lactating doe in good
condition.
Mature buck in fair
condition, 4x4 antlers.
Non-lactating doe in fair
R.G.
1-2
M
34
Rd. & Stockade Wash
Intersection
06/11 Area 12, Trapsite
condition.
Young buck in fair
condition, one antler broken
in trap.
(continued)
-------
TABLE 7. (Continued)
ro
ro
I.D.
D.S.
H.6.
C.M.
J.T.
D.G.
J.G.
C.G.
M.M.
Age
Estimate
1-2
2
5-6
5-6
5-6
7-8
1
3-4
Weight
Estimate
Sex (kg)
M 35
M 36
M 92
M 94
M 94
M 98
M 17
F 68
Date
Captured
06/20
07/23
07/29
07/30
08/08
08/24
11/05
11/05
Location
Area 12, Trapsite
Area 12, Trapsite
Area 12, Trapsite
Area 12, Trapsite
Echo Peak turnoff,
Area 19
0.8 km south of Echo
Peak substation, Area
19
Area 12, Trapsite
Area 12, Trapsite
Comments
Young buck in fair
condition.
Young buck in fair
condition, spike antlers.
Large buck in good
condition, 4x4 antlers.
Large buck in good
condition, 4x4 antlers.
Large buck in good
condition, 4x4 antlers.
Large buck in good
condition, 6x5 antlers.
Small buck in good
condition, spike antlers.
Non-lactating doe in good
H.M.
2-3
80
11/20 Area 12, Trapsite
condition.
Mature buck in good
condition, 4x4 antlers.
-------
___ Summer Capture Areas
•"""• Winter Areas
\- \ /•'
-A' YX ; 7
Figure 4. Mule Deer Capture and Wintering Areas, 1981.
23
-------
and in the foothills on the west and northern sides of Rainier Mesa. This is
thought to be due to increased traffic and frequent rains that have resulted
in drinking water being widely available.
PUBLIC INFORMATION
The offsite public information program continued by direct contact with
ranchers, and by briefings of groups touring the EMSL-LV or the NTS
Experimental Farm. During 1981, the objectives and findings of the AIP were
presented to over 700 NTS visitors in 38 different tour groups. Approximately
200 additional drop-in visitors to the farm received informal briefings.
"Big Sam," the rumen-fistulated steer, was a featured exhibit at the
April 11 field day of the Nevada Cooperative Extension Services' Southern
Nevada Field Laboratory in Logandale, Nevada. Approximately 100 people
visited the exhibit and were briefed on the activities and findings of
the AIP.
INVESTIGATIONS
There was one offsite livestock damage report during 1981. The sudden
death of a goat kid in Rachel, Nevada, was investigated as the owners were
concerned the death was related to the testing program. However, the cause of
death was diagnosed as due to enterotoxemia. This was made on the basis of
history and necropsy findings.
24
-------
DECOMMISSIONING ACTIVITIES
AREA 15 FARM
The Area 15 farm, in addition to its major function as a research
facility, also served as the field station for the NTS operations of the AIP.
As such it provided the facilities for the maintenance of the horses,
rumen-fistulated steers, and beef bulls; weaning of calves; and production of
alfalfa hay. Lloyd Enterprises, a contractor, operated the farm, maintained
the beef herd, and supplied support for studies conducted at the farm.
On May 11, the electric motor of the irrigation well pump was short
circuited from a lightning strike. The high cost of repairs ($75,000), the
frequency of occurrence (motor and pump replaced in May 1980), and the infre-
quent experimental use of the facilities in recent years led DOE officials to
decide to decommission the farm as of December 31, 1981. As the farm workers
and facilities provided required support for the AIP and as most NTS surveil-
lance data provided by the AIP had been essentially negative in recent years,
it was decided to discontinue all NTS AIP activities as of December 31, 1981.
The only exception was the deer migration study which is to continue through
1983.
During November and December, all farm equipment, supplies, and facili-
ties were prepared for decommissioning. The entire farm was put into standby
condition with only the slaughter facility occasionally used. The contract
for farm operation with Lloyd Enterprises was terminated December 31, 1981.
NTS BEEF HERD
All animals of the beef herd were maintained on the Area 18 range until
October 1981. While on the range, all animals subsisted on the native
vegetation supplemented with cottonseed oil meal during the winter months.
The herd was rounded up in May and October. At each roundup, all
captured animals were identified, weighed, and sprayed for ectoparasites.
Health problems were treated. Selected animals were removed from the herd for
sacrifice or transfer. Following the October roundup, the entire herd was
transported to Area 15 and subsequently 75 Hereford cattle, 5 Holstein
heifers, and 12 goats were surplussed to the University of Nevada, Reno. The
two saddle horses were transferred to the Corn Creek Station of the U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service's Wildlife Range.
25
-------
REFERENCES
Black, S. C., R. F. Grossman, A. A. Mullen, G. D. Potter, D. D. Smith and
J. L. Hopper. 1982. Offsite Environmental Monitoring Report: Radiation
Monitoring around United States Nuclear Test Areas, Calender Year 1981.
EPA-600/4-82-061, DOE/DP/00539-046 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. Ill pp.
Brown, K. W. and B. J. Mason. 1968. Range Survey, Area 18, Nevada Test Site.
SWRHL-52r. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 42 pp.
Dillman, L. T. 1969. "Radionuclide decay schemes and nuclear parameters for
use in radiation-dose estimation." Medical Internal Radiation Dose
Committee. J. Nucl. Med. Supplement No. 2.
Fountain, E. L. 1961. Offsite Animal Investigation Project. Fourth Annual
Report. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Nevada Operations Office, Las
Vegas, Nevada. 32 pp.
Giles, K. R. 1979. A summer trapping method for mule deer. EMSL-LV-0539-27.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring and
Support Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 5 pp.
Hagan, V. I. and G. Arrhenius. 1963. "Ion exchange in mixed solvent."
Talanta 10:865.
International Commission on Radiological Protection. 1959. Report of
Committee II on Permissible Dose for Internal Radiation. ICRP Report
No. 2.
International Commission on Radiological Protection. 1968. Evaluation of
Radiation Doses to Body Tissues from Internal Contamination Due to
Occupational Exposure. ICRP Report No. 10.
International Commission on Radiological Protection. 1977. Recommendations
of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP Report
No. 26. v
Johns, F. B., P. B. Hahn, D. J. Thome and E. W. Bretthauer. 1979. National
Environmental Research Center - Las Vegas Handbook of Radiochemical
Analytical Methods. EMSL-LV-539-17. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada
109 pp.
26
-------
Leavitt, V. D. 1970. Soil Survey of Area 18, Nevada Test Site. SWRHL-74.
U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Southwestern
Radiological Health Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 119 pp.
Major. W. J., K. D. Lee, and R. A. Wessman. 1975. "Analysis of 239Pu and
241Am in NAEG Large-Sized Bovine Samples." NVO-153. In: The
Radioecology of Plutonium and Other Transuranics in Desert Environments.
M. G. White and P. B. Dunaway (eds.). U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.
Mitchell, R. F. 1960. "Electrodeposition of actinide elements at tracer
concentrations." Anal. Chem. 32:326.
National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements.
Radiation Protection Criteria. Report No. 39.
1971. Basic
Scoggins, W. A. 1982. Environmental Surveillance Report for the Nevada Test
Site (January 1981 through December 1981). DOE/NV/00410-67. Reynolds
Electrical and Engineering Co., Inc. Las Vegas, Nevada. 181 pp.
Smith, D. D. 1970. Management History of the AEC Beef Herd - 1 June 1964 - 1
June 1969. SWRHL-80r. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare, Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada.
26 pp.
Smith, D. D. and K. R. Giles. 1970. Animal Investigation Program 1969 Annual
Report. SWRHL-102r. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 20 pp.
Smith, D. D. and K. R. Giles. 1974. Animal Investigation Program 1970 Annual
Report. NERC-LV-539-16. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National
Environmental Research Center, Las Vegas, Nevada. 53 pp.
Smith, D. D. and K. R. Giles. 1975. 1971 Animal Investigation Program Annual
Report. NERC-LV-539-20. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National
Environmental Research Center, Las Vegas, Nevada. 39 pp.
Smith, D. D., K. R. Giles, and D. E. Bernhardt. 1976. Animal Investigation
Program 1972 Annual Report. NERC-LV-539-35. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, National Environmental Research Center, Las Vegas,
Nevada. 82 pp.
Smith, D. D., K. R. Giles, and D. E. Bernhardt. 1977a. Animal Investigation
Program 1973 Annual Report: Nevada Test Site and Vicinity.
EMSL-LV-0539-3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental
Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 31 pp.
Smith, D. D., K. R. Giles, D. E. Bernhardt, and K. W. Brown. 1977b. Animal
Investigation Program 1974 Annual Report: Nevada Test Site and Vicinity.
EMSL-LV-0539-10. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental
Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 37 pp.
27
-------
Smith, D. D., K. R. Giles, D. E. Bernhardt, and K. W. Brown. 1978a. Animal
Investigation Program 1975 Annual Report: Nevada Test Site and Vicinity.
EMSL-LV-0539-14. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Environmental
Monitoring and Support Laboratory. Las Vegas, Nevada. 48 pp.
Smith, D. D., K. R. Giles, D. E. Bernhardt, and K. W. Brown. 1978b. Animal
Investigation Program 1976 Annual Report: Nevada Test Site and Vicinity.
EMSL-LV-0539-20. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental
Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. Ill pp.
Smith, D. D., K. R. Giles, D. E. Bernhardt, A. B. Crockett, and R. R.
Kinnison. 1979. Animal Investigation Program 1977 Annual Report:
Nevada Test Site and Vicinity. EMSL-LV-0539-26. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Las
Vegas, Nevada. 90 pp.
Smith, D. D., D. E. Bernhardt, and K. R. Giles. 1980. Animal Investigation
Program 1978 Annual Report: Nevada Test Site and Vicinity.
EPA-600/3-80-096, DOE/DP/0059-038. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 65 pp.
Smith, D. D., K. R. Giles, and D. E. Bernhardt. 1981. Animal Investigation
Program 1979 Annual Report: Nevada Test Site and Vicinity.
EPA-600/3-81-035, DOE/DP/00539-042. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada.
65 pp.
Smith, D. D., K. R. Giles, and D. E. Bernhardt. 1982. Animal Investigation
Program Annual Report: Nevada Test Site and Vicinity.
EPA-600/3-82-077, DOE/DP00539-049. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada.
55 pp.
Talvitie, N. A. 1971. "Radiochemical determination of plutonium in
environmental and biological samples by ion exchange." Anal. Chem.
43:1827-1830.
Talvitie, N. A. 1972. "Electrodeposition of actinides for alpha
spectrometric determination." Anal. Chem. 44:280-282.
U.S. Department of Energy. 1977. "Standards for Radiation Protection
Manual." U.S. Department of Energy Transmittal Notice. Chapter 0524.
Wish, L. and M. Rowel 1. 1956. Sequential Analysis of Tracer Amounts of Np,
U, and Pu in Fission-Product Mixtures by Anion Exchange. USNRDL-TR-117.
Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory, San Francisco, California.
34 pp.
28
-------
LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES
Table Page
A-l Summary of Analytical Procedures and Minimum Detectable
Activities 31
B-l Quality Assurance Results Spiked Samples 32
B-2 Quality Assurance Results Duplicate Samples 33
C-l Plutonium Concentrations in Lungs and Tracheobronchial Lymph
Nodes, Beef Cattle, Area 18, NTS, May 1981 34
C-2 Plutonium Concentrations in Muscles and Livers, Beef Cattle,
Area 18, NTS, May 1981 36
C-3 Plutonium Concentrations in Gonads, Beef Cattle, Area 18,
NTS, May 1981 38
C-4 Plutonium and Strontium Concentrations in Femurs,
Beef Cattle, Area 18, NTS, May 1981 39
C-5 Gamma-Emitting Radionuclide and Tritium Concentrations in
Selected Tissues, Beef Cattle, Area 18, NTS, May 1981 40
D-l Plutonium Concentrations in Lungs, Beef Cattle, Area 18,
NTS, October 1981 41
D-2 Plutonium Concentrations in Muscles, Beef Cattle, Area 18,
NTS, October 1981 42
D-3 Plutonium Concentrations in Livers, Beef Cattle, Area 18,
NTS, October 1981 43
D-4 Plutonium Concentrations in Gonads, Beef Cattle, Area 18,
NTS, October 1981 44
D-5 Plutonium and Strontium Concentrations in Femurs, Beef
Cattle, Area 18, NTS, October 1981 45
D-6 Gamma-Emitting Radionuclide and Tritium Concentrations in
Selected Tissues, Beef Cattle, Area 18, NTS, October 1981 ... 47
E-l Plutonium Concentrations in Muscles and Lungs, Mule Deer,
NTS, 1981 49
29
-------
Table Page
E-2 Plutonium Concentrations in Liver and Rumen Contents,
Mule Deer, NTS, 1981 50
E-3 Plutonium and Strontium Concentrations in Hock Bones,
Mule Deer, NTS, 1981 51
E-4 Gamma-Emitting Radionuclide and Tritium Concentrations in
Selected Tissues, Mule Deer, NTS, 1981 52
E-5 Gamma-Emitting Radionuclide and Tritium Concentrations in
Rumen Contents, Mule Deer, NTS, 1981 53
F-l Plutonium and Strontium Concentrations in Hock Bones, Desert
Big Horn Sheep, 1981 54
F-2 Gamma-Emitting Radionuclide and Tritium Concentrations in
Kidneys, Desert Bighorn Sheep, 1981 56
G-l Plutonium, Strontium, and Gamma-Emitting Radionuclide
Concentrations in Selected Tissues, NTS Horse, 1981 57
H-l Plutonium, Strontium, Tritium, and Gamma-Emitting Radionuclide
Concentrations in Selected Tissues, Chukar, NTS, 1981 58
1-1 Plutonium, Strontium, and Gamma-Emitting Radionuclide
Concentrations in Selected Tissues, Goat, 1981 59
J-l Gross and Microscopic Pathology Found in Necropsied
Animals, 1981 60
30
-------
TABLE A-l. SUMMARY OF ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES AND MINIMUM DETECTABLE ACTIVITIES
Type of
Analysis
Gamma
Spectrom-
etry
89-90Sr
Counting
Period
Analytical Equipment (m1n)
Lithium-drifted germanium or 1,200
high purity germanium detectors
calibrated at approximately 0.5
KeV per channel input to 4096
channels resident In the core of
the Nuclear Data 6620 computer-
based gamma spectrometry system.
Low-background thin-window, gas- 200
flow proportional counter with a
2.54-cm diameter window (900
ng/cm2).
Sample
Analytical Procedures Size
Radionuclide concentrations 300-rol
quant Itated from gamma spec- aluminum
trum by Nuclear Data 6620 cans
computer-based gamma spectrom-
etry system using vendor
supplied software.
Chemical separation by Sr 10 g of
(N03)-> precipitation and ash
Fe(HO}3 scavenge 89-9°Sr
was counted as SrC03.
9"Sr was determined by 9^Y
counting. Purity was checked
by two successive counts at
14-day intervals for 89-90sr
and 3 separate counts at 24-
hour Intervals for 9^Y.
Minimum Detectable Activities
(pCi /total sample)*
For: 54Mn,
137f«:
,or^S»
For: !25Sb,
For: 65Zn
For: 18IM -
For: 7Be -
For: 89Sr -
90Sr .
60rQ 95Zr 103Ru>
iSSfe. 13li, 134,,
HOfia - 7 pCi
1 Ce, - 30 pCi
106Ru,'144Ce - 20 pCi
85 pCi
45 pCi
.5 pCi
.3 pd
3H Automatic liquid scintillation 200
counter with output printer.
238 - Alpha spectrometer with silicon 1,000
239pu surface barrier detectors
operated in vacuum chambers.
Sample prepared by
distillation.
Ash sample is digested with
acid, purified by ion
exchange, electroplated on
stainless steel planchet, and
counted by alpha spectrometer.
5 ml 0.4 pCi/ml H20
0.1-1 kg For all isotopes - 0.04 pCi
wet weight
1-10 g
of ash
*The minimum detectable activities in terms of total activity per sample for standard geometries and counting times are defined as those
activities which equal 3.29 times the standard deviation based on counting only [Environmental Measurements Laboratory (EML-formerly
HASL) Procedures Manual, HASL-300, pages D-08-02 through D-08-06, August 1974]. These values are approximations and are applicable to
ideal conditions and simple complexes of nudldes. Complex spectra or spectra showing naturally occurring radionuclldes can raise the
minimum detectable activities considerably.
-------
TABLE B-l. QUALITY ASSURANCE RESULTS, SPIKED SAMPLES
Sample and
Shipment No.
221248
16
221249
16
221413
20
221414
20
221415
20
221416
20
221448
25
221449
25
Activity Added
(pCi/g Ash) - Bone
Nuclide (pCi/kg)* - Muscle
239Pu
90Sr
239Pu
90Sr
90Sr
90Sr
90Sr
90Sr
90Sr
90Sr
Bone Ash
0.055
7.3
0.0
0.0
1.58
1.69
1.62
1.85
0.0
7.87
Activity Reported
(pCi/g Ash) - Bone
(pCi/kg)* - Muscle
0.077 +
5.6 _+
0.0063 +
1.4 +
3.02 +
3.04 +
3.03 +
2.82 +
1.95 +
9.21 +
0.017
0.75
0.0089
0.75
0.42
0.43
0.42
0.395
0.271
1.23
Percent
Bias**
-29
+42
-
-15
-19
-16
-38
—
-8
* Wet Weight /x.\
** Bias (B) = Recovery -1; Recovery is average recovery ( —J
\u /
where x-j = net activity reported
u = activity added
32
-------
TABLE B-2. QUALITY ASSURANCE RESULTS DUPLICATE SAMPLES
Animal No./
Tissue Type
#5 Muscle
#5 Muscle duplicate
#11 Muscle
#11 Muscle duplicate
#5 Bone
#5 Bone duplicate
#11 Bone
#11 Bone duplicate
* Wet weiqht
** Precision (Cv) =
Nuclide
239Pu
239PU
239pu
239Pu
9°Sr
90Sr
9°Sr
9°Sr
, /(xi - x2n
\ xi + x'2 /
Activity Reported
(pCi/kq - muscles)* Precision of
(pCi/q ash - bone) Analysis**
0.049
0.12 0.74
0.035
0.016 0.66
1.6
3.2 -0.59
1.9
1.9 0.0
x where X} = first value
1-128 x,, = second value
The formulas for 95% confidence interval limits:
L upper = XT (1 + B + 2CV)
L lower = x, (1 + B - 2CV)
33
-------
TABLE C-l. PLUTONIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN LUNGS AND TRACHEOBRONCHIAL
LYMPH NODES, BEEF CATTLE, AREA 18, NTS, MAY 1981
Animal
Number
238Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
239Pu
(pCi/g Ash) Ash
(pCi/kg)* (%)
Lungs
1
2
3
4
Median
Range
#1 Fetus
1
2
3
4
0.009 +
0.11 +
0.00062 +
0.005 +
0.011 +
0.10 +
0.019 +
0.24 +
0.01
0.11
0.009
; 0.11
0.0029**
0.023**
0.014**
0.13**
0.0059
0.075
0.00062**-0.019
0.005**-0.24
-0.0017 +
-0.02 +
0.02 +
1.2 +
0.0 +
0.0 +
-0.0097 +
-0.39 +
0.12 +
3.6 T
0.0056**
0.067**
Tracheobronchial
0.055**
3.2**
0.0078**
0.3
0.045**
1.8**
0.12
3.6
0.12
1.4
0.071
0.57
0.12
1.1
0.26
3.4
0.12
1.3
0.071-0
0.57-3.
0.20
0.017
Lymph Nodes
0.17
9.9
0.23
8.7
0.4
16.0
2.0
59.0
+ 0.019
+ 0.23 1.2
+ 0.015
+ 0.12 0.8
+ 0.024
+ 0.21 0.9
+ 0.035
+ 0.44 1.3
1.0
.26
4 0.8-1.3
+ 0.22**
+ 0.018**
+ 0.071
±4.2 5.8
+ 0.088
+ 3.4 3.6
+ 0.13
+ 5.3 4.0
+ 0.28
+ 8.4 3.0
(continued)
34
-------
TABLE C-l. (Continued)
238Pu 239Pu
Animal (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) Ash
Number (pCi/kg)* (pCi/kg)*
Tracheobronchial Lymph Nodes
Median 0.01** 0.31
0.6** 13.0 3.8
Range -0.0097**-0.12 0.17-2.0
-0.39**-3.6 8.7-59.0 3.0-5.
* Wet Weight
** Counting Error exceeds Reported Activity
35
-------
TABLE C-2. PLUTONIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN MUSCLES AND LIVERS,
BEEF CATTLE, AREA 18, NTS, MAY 1981
Animal
Number
1
2
3
4
Median
Range
#1 Fetus
1
2
3
4
238Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
Muscles
0.00032 + 0.0015**
0.0037 + 0.017**
0.0038 + 0.005**
0.041 + 0.055**
0.0031 + 0.0044**
0.035 _+ 0.051**
0.0054 + 0.0087**
0.054 + 0.087**
0.0035**
0.038**
0.00032**-0.0054**
0.0037**-0.054**
0.0022 + 0.0059**
0.033 + 0.089**
Livers
0.003 + 0.0073**
0.041 + 0.098**
0.0032 + 0.0061**
0.042 + 0.082**
0.005 + 0.0064**
0.06 + 0.077**
0.015 + 0.019**
0.21 + 0.26**
239Pu
(pCi/g Ash) Ash
(pCi/kg)* (%)
0.026
0.3
0.044
0.48
0.013
1.15
0.037
0.37
0.0315
0.335
0.013-0
0.15-0.
0.016
0.24
0.083
1.1
0.047
0.63
0.027
0.32
0.044
0.61
+ 0.0065
+ 0.075 1.2
+ 0.0097
+ 0.11 1.1
+ 0.0039
+ 0.046 1.2
+ 0.012
_+ 0.12 1.0
1.15
.044
48 1.0-1.2
+ 0.016
+ 0.25** 1.5
+ 0.026
+ 0.34 1.3
+ 0.013
±0.17 1.3
+ 0.007
+ 0.083 1.2
+ 0.016
± 0.23 1.4
(continued)
36
-------
TABLE C-2. (Continued)
An i ma 1
Number
238Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
239Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
Ash
Li vers
Median
Range
#1 Fetus
0.0041**
0.051**
0.003**-0.015**
0.0.041**-0.21**
0.0006 + 0.0028**
0.0089 + 0.042**
0.055
0.61
0.027-0
0.32-1.
0.036
0.53
.083
1
+ 0.0099
+ 0.15
1.3
1.2-1.4
1.5
* Wet Weight
** Counting Error exceeds Reported Activity
37
-------
TABLE C-3. PLUTONIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN GONADS, BEEF CATTLE,
AREA 18, NTS, MAY 1981
Animal
Number
1
2
3
4
Median
Range
238Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
-0.013 + 0.02**
-0.8 +_ 1.2**
0.009 + 0.03**
0.45 + 1.5**
-0.0057 + 0.026**
-0.25 + 1.2**
-0.015 + 0.068**
-0.49 + 2.3**
-0.014**
-0.37**
-0.0057**-0.009**
-0.8**-0.45**
239Pu
(pCi/q Ash) Ash
(pCi/kg)* (%)
0.067 + 0.082**
4.0 + 4.9** 6.0
0.032 + 0.056**
1.6 + 2.8** 5.0
0.085 + 0.1**
3.8 +_ 4.6** 4.4
0.011 + 0.029**
0.36 + 0.98** 3.3
0.0485**
2.7** 4.7
0.011**-0.085**
0.36**-4.0** 3.3-6.0
* Wet Weight
** Counting Error exceeds Reported Activity
38
-------
TABLE C-4. PLUTONIUM AND STRONTIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN FEMURS, BEEF CATTLE, AREA 18, NTS, MAY, 1981
CO
238Pu
Animal (pCi/g Ash)
Number (pCi/kg)*
1 0.0016
0.45
2 -0.0029
-0.51
3 -0.0019
-0.35
4 -0.0043
-1.0
+ 0.0044**
+ 1.2**
+ 0.0091**
+ 2.4**
+ 0.009**
+ 1.6**
+ 0.02**
+ 4.8**
Median -0.0024**
-0.43**
Range -0.0043**-0.0016**
-1.0**-0.45**
#1 Fetus -0.00055
-0.0037
+ 0.00026**
+ 0.017**
239Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
0.0022 +
0.6 +
0.0058 +
1.5 +
-0.001 +
-0.17 +
0.0059 +
1.4 +
0.004**
1.0**
-0.001**-0
-0.17**-1.
0.005 +
0.33 +
0.0051**
1.4**
0.0091**
2.4**
0.0045**
0.81**
0.0084**
2.0**
.0059**
5**
0.0079**
0.52**
89Sr
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
1.8 + 4.5**
490.0 + 1200.0**
4.9 + 5.8**
1300*. 0 T 150o!o**
-0.65 + 8.9**
-120.0 +_ 1600.0**
2.1 + 3.8**
500.0 +_ 900.0**
1.95**
495.0**
-0.65**-4.9**
-120.0**-1300.0**
NA
90Sr
(pCi/g Ash) Ash
(pCi/kg)* (%)
1.8 + 0.25
490.0 + 70.0 28
2.1 + 0.29
550.0 + 77.0 26
2.3 + 0.41
410.0 + 74.0 18
1.3 + 0.19
300.0 _+ 45.0 24
1.95
450.0 25
1.3-2.3
300.0-550.0 18.0-28.0
NA 6.6
*Wet Weight
**Counting Error exceeds Reported Activity
-------
TABLE C-5. GAMMA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDE AND TRITIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN SELECTED TISSUES,
BEEF CATTLE, AREA 18, NTS, MAY 1981
Muslces
Animal K(g/kg)*
Number 137Cs(pCi/kg)*
1
2
3
4
Median
Range
#1 Fetus
7.2 + 0.35
35.0 _+ 15.0
6.9 + 0.31
48.0 + 13.0
6.3 + 0.34
65.0 + 13.0
6.3 + 0.3
36.0 _+ 12.0
6.6
42
6.3-7.2
35-65
4.9 + 0.26
36.0 + 9.9
Lungs Livers
K(9/kg)* K(g/kg)* Thyroids
137Cs(pCi/kg)* 137Cs(pCi/kg)* K(g/kg)*
7.1 + 0.65
<64
7.9 + 0.48
<45
6.7 + 0.6
<47
2.3 + 0.43
690.0 + 220.0
6.9
<56
2.3-7.9
<45-690
2.8 + 1.9
<25
6.5 + 0.32 2.6 + 1.7
<27
5.4 + 0.31 GSN
<30
5.4 + 0.29 5.0 + 2.9
<26
5.3 + 0.27 GSN
22.0 +8.5
5.4 GSN
<27
5.3-6.5 GSN-5.0
22-<30
4.0 + 0.3
50.0 +_ 12.0 NA
Kidneys
K(g/kg)*
137Cs(pCi/kg)*
5.4 + 0.29
31.0 + 14.0
2.7 + 0.29
36.0 + 14.0
5.4 + 0.31
36.0 + 13.0
5.7 + 0.31
26.0 _+ 13.0
5.4
33.5
2.7-5.7
26-36
NA
Blood
3H(pCi/L)
<310
<310
<310
<310
<310
<310
NA
* Wet Weight
GSN = Gamma Spectrum Negligible
NA = Not Analyzed
-------
TABLE D-l. PLUTONIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN LUNGS, BEEF CATTLE,
AREA 18, NTS, OCTOBER 1981
Animal
Number
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Median
Range
— — .
—
238Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
0.021 + 0.0053
0.23 _+ 0.059
0.025 + 0.0053
0.23 + 0.051
0.013 + 0.0046
0.13 + 0.046
0.014 + 0.0043
0.14 + 0.043
0.0058 + 0.0066**
0.058 _+ 0.066**
0.024 + 0.007
0.28 + 0.084
0.007 + 0.0076**
0.076 + 0.083**
0.0086 + 0.00035
0.087 + 0.036
0.01 + 0.0035
0.11 +0.039
0.0057 + 0.0075**
0.058 +_ 0.076**
0.012
0.12
0.0057**-0.025
0.058**-0.28
"
239Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
0.8 +0.1
8.9 +_ 1.1
0.49 + 0.052
4.7 +0.5
0.20 + 0.026
2.0 + 0.26
0.16 + 0.021
1.6 + 0.21
0.023 + 0.0059
0.23 + 0.059
0.22 + 0.036
2.6 + 0.43
0.35 + 0.042
3.8 +_ 0.45
0.07 + 0.012
0.71 +_ 0.12
0.27 + 0.03
3.0 + 0.33
0.028 + 0.0077
0.29 + 0.079
0.21
2.3
0.023-0.8
0.23-8.9
Ash
(%)
1.1
0.95
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.0
1.0
0.95-1.2
Error exceeds Reported Activity
41
-------
TABLE D-2. PLUTONIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN MUSCLES, BEEF CATTLE,
AREA 18, NTS, OCTOBER 1981
Animal
Number
5
Duplicate
#5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Duplicate
#11
12
13
14
Median
Range
238Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
0.0013 + 0.0029**
0.0099 + 0.023**
0.00 + 0.0038**
0.00 _+ 0.042**
-0.00046 + 0.0021**
-0.005 + 0.023**
0.00059 + 0.002**
0.0067 + 0.022**
0.0027 + 0.0048**
0.022 + 0.039**
0.0012 + 0.0027**
0.012 + 0.028**
0.0012 + 0.0032**
0.012 + 0.033**
-0.0004 + 0.0019**
-0.0044 + 0.02**
0.003 + 0.0058**
0.023 + 0.045**
0.00 + 0.0019**
0.00 + 0.018**
0.0022 + 0.0061**
0.019 + 0.053**
0.0024 + 0.0066**
0.017 + 0.047**
0.0012**
0.011**
-0.00046**-0.003**
-0.005**-0.023**
239Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
0.0062 + 0.0069**
0.049 _+ 0.054**
0.011 + 0.015**
0.12 + 0.18**
0.0028 + 0.0054**
0.03 + 0.058**
0.003 + 0.0045**
0.033 + 0.05**
0.0019 + 0.004**
0.015 +_ 0.033**
0.0015 + 0.0027**
0.012 +_ 0.028**
0.0024 + 0.0046**
0.024 + 0.047**
0.0032 + 0.0054**
0.035 + 0.059**
0.002 + 0.0047**
0.016 + 0.0036**
0.016 + 0.0056
0.16 + 0.054
0.0037 + 0.008**
0.032 +_ 0.068**
0.0048 + 0.0094**
0.035 + 0.068**
0.0031**
0.032**
0.0015**-0.016
0.012**-0. 16
Ash
(%)
0.79
1.1
1.1
1.1
0.81
1.1
1.0
1.1
0.77
0.96
0.86
0.72
0.98
0.72-1.1
* Wet Weight
** Counting Error exceeds Reported Activity
42
-------
TABLE D-3. PLUTONIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN LIVERS, BEEF CATTLE,
AREA 18, NTS, OCTOBER 1981
Animal
Number
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Median
Range
238Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
0.012 + 0.013**
0.13 + 0.13**
0.003 + 0.0042**
0.036 + 0.051**
0.00 + 0.0027**
0.00 + 0.029**
0.0026 + 0.0054**
0.041 + 0.088**
-0.00029 + 0.0014**
-0.0047 _+ 0.021**
0.0092 + 0.013**
0.061 +_ 0.086**
0.0022 + 0.006**
0.027 +_ 0.073**
0.0021 + 0.0071**
0.025 + 0.084**
0.011 + 0.016**
0.12 + 0.18**
0.0073 + 0.016**
0.089 + 0.2**
0.0028**
0.0385**
-0.00029**-0.012**
-0.0047**-0.13**
239Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
0.15 + 0.03
1.5 + 0.31
0.046 + 0.0089
0.55 +_ 0.11
0.073 + 0.02
0.79 + 0.21
0.04 + 0.012
0.64 +_ 0.19
0.029 + 0.0068
0.46 _+ 0.11
0.086 + 0.022
0.57 + 0.14
0.11 + 0.028
1.3 _+ 0.34
0.081 + 0.025
0.96 + 0.29
0.21 + 0.056
2.3 +_ 0.62
0.0023 + 0.0027**
0.028 +_ 0.033**
0.077
0.715
0.0023**-0.21
0.028**-2.3
Ash
(X)
1.0
1.2
1.1
1.6
1.6
0.66
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.2
0.66-1.6
* Wet Wei ght
** Counting Error exceeds Reported Activity
43
-------
TABLE D-4. PLUTONIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN GONADS, BEEF CATTLE,
AREA 18, NTS, OCTOBER 1981
Animal
Number
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Median
Range
238Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
0.18 + 0.23**
1.1 + 1.5**
0.00 + 0.09**
0.00 + 0.3**
0.15 + 0.36**
0.65 _+ 1.5**
0.077 + 0.25**
0.37 + 1.2**
0.023 + 0.063**
0.19 +_ 0.52**
-0.004 + 0.019**
-0.041 +_ 0.19**
0.12 + 0.31**
1.2 + 3.1**
0.14 + 0.24**
1.4 + 2.4**
0.014 + 0.021**
0.15 + 0.21**
-0.0081 + 0.038**
-0.079 + 0.36**
0.05**
0.28**
-0.0081**-0.18**
-0.079**-!. 4**
239Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
0.064 + 0.14**
0.41 + 0.85**
-0.019 + 0.09**
-0.064 + 0.3**
0.12 + 0.31**
0.45 _+ 1.3**
0.5 + 0.66**
2.4 + 3.2**
0.023 + 0.063**
0.19 _+ 0.52**
-0.001 + 0.0047**
-0.01 + 0.048**
0.15 + 0.36**
1.5 + 3.6**
0.077 + 0.18**
0.77 _+ 1.8**
0.048 + 0.017
0.49 + 0.17
0.0068 + 0.014**
0.066 + 0.14**
0.056**
0.43**
-0.019**-0. 5**
-0.064**-2.4**
Ash
(%)
0.63
0.33
0.42
0.48
0.83
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.97
0.9
0.33-1.0
* Wet Weight
** Counting Error exceeds Reported Activity
44
-------
TABLE D-5. PLUTONIUM AND STRONTIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN FEMURS, BEEF CATTLE,
AREA 18, NTS, OCTOBER 1981
Animal
Number
5
Duplicate
#5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Duplicate
#11
238Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
-0.
-0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
-0.
-0.
00076 +
19 +
00058 +
24 +
0013 +
39 +_
00 +
00 +_
0042 +
2 +
00055 +
11 +
00034 +
078 +_
00084 +
18 +
0004 +
14 +_
0.0025**
0.61**
0.0027**
0.11**
0.0034**
1.0**
0.0022**
0.63**
0.0067**
1.9**
0.0025**
0. 53**
0.0016**
0.36**
0.002**
0.42**
0.0018**
0.65**
239Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
0.051 +
13.0 +_
0.029 +
11.0 +
0.0013 +
0.39 +
0.011 +
3.1 +_
0.014 +
3.8 +
0.00053 +
0.11 +
0.0036 +
0.84 +
0.0066 +
1.4 +
-0.0016 +
-0.56 +
0.011
2.6
0.0091
3.7
0.0034**
1.0**
0.011**
3.2**
0.0054
1.5
0.0018**
0.37**
0.0052**
1.2**
0.0024
0.52
0.0075**
0.29**
89Sr
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
14.0
3500.0
-6.8
-2700.0
-8.5
-2600.0
-7.8
-2200.0
6.8
1900.0
1.4
280.0
-3.9
-910.0
-1.8
-390.0
-1.7
-580.0
+
7
+
7
+
+
+
7
+
7
+
7
+
7
+
+
+
7
5.4
1300.0
24.0**
9600.0**
26.0**
8000.0**
37.0**
11000.0**
21.0**
5800.0**
13.0**
2700.0**
13.0**
3000.0**
12.4**
2700.0**
13.0**
4500.0**
90Sr
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
1.6 +
390.0 +
3.2 +
1300.0 +
3.2 +
980.0 +
4.8 +
1400.0 ±
2.4 +
670.0 +
2.1 +
430.0 +
2.1 +
490.0 +
1.9 +
410.0 +
1.9 +
660.0 +_
0.22
50.0
0.46
190.0
0.46
140.0
0.7
210.0
0.35
98.0
0.3
62.0
0.3
69.0
0.28
60.0
0.27
930.0
Ash
f Of \
\ *® J
24.5
40.5
30.6
29.0
27.9
20.9
23.2
21.4
34.5
(continued)
-------
TABLE D-5. (Continued)
Animal
Number
12
13
14
Median
Range
238Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
0.00025 + 0.0012**
0.038 _+ 0.18**
-0.00067 + 0.0031**
-0.17 _+ 0.77**
-0.00083 + 0.0038**
-0.23 _+ 1.1**
0.000295**
0.058**
-0.0008**-0.0042**
-0.23**-1.2**
239Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
0.0044 + 0.0052**
0.74 + 0.78
0.0056 + 0.0065**
1.4 + 1.6**
0.0016 + 0.0031**
0.45 +_ 0.86**
0.0053**
1.12**
-0.0016**-0.051
-0.56**-13.0
89Sr
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
-0.97 + 13.0**
-150.0 + 1900.0**
-2.5 + 18.0**
-620.0 + 4500.0**
-5.4 + 19.0**
-1500.0 +_ 5300.0**
-1.75**
-435.00**
-8. 5**-14.0
-2700.0**-3500.0
90Sr
(pCi/g Ash) Ash
(pCi/kg)* (%)
2.0 + 0.29
300.0+ 44.0 15.0
2.7 + 0.38
670.0+ 93.0 24.6
3.0 + 0.40
810.0 + 110.0 27.4
2.25
665.0 26.0
1.6-4.8
300.0-1400.0 15.0-40.5
* Wet Weight
** Counting Error exceeds Reported Activity
-------
TABLE D-6. GAMMA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDE AND TRITIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN SELECTED TISSUES,
BEEF CATTLE, AREA 18, NTS, OCTOBER 1981
Muscles
Animal K(g/kg)*
Number 13/Cs(pCi/kg)*
5 4.8
25.0
6 4.0
25.0
7 4.8
15.0
8 3.8
55.0
9 4.2
19.0
10 4.7
21.0
11 4.9
41.0
12 5.1
13 5.2
+ 0.
+ 16.
+ 0.
+_ 10.
+ 0.
+ 12.
+ 0.
+ 15.
+ 0.
+ 14.
+ 0.
+ 16.
+ 0.
+ 16.
+ 0.
<28
± °-
38
0
31
0
29
0
36
0
3
0
4
0
39
0
33
42
Li vers
Lungs K(g/kg)*
K(g/kg)* 137Cs(pCi/kg)*
1.9 +_ 0.47 3.
2.3 + 0.52 3.
2.1 + 0.53 3.
2.1 + 0.47 3.
3.2 JH 0.48 4.
3.8 + 0.64 3.
5.3 + 0.63 3.
3.8 + 0.75 3.
2.5 + 0.34 3.
27.
6 +
<25
5 +
<25
4 +
<25
9 +
<28
1 +
<25
3 +
<25
3 +
<25
7 +
<27
4 +
0 +
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
14.
38
31
29
35
21
29
27
28
28
0
Kidneys
K(g/kg)*
137Cs(pCi/kg)*
2.
29.
3.
16.
2.
31.
3.
27.
3.
3.
23.
3.
2.
31.
0 + 0.26
<27
<3.4
0 + 15.0
0 + 0.28
0 + 10.0
6 + 0.33
0 + 15.0
5 + 0.34
0+14.0
5 + 0.35
<28
0 + 0.32
0 + 15.0
0 + 0.29
<29
8 + 0.29
0 + 11.0
0,
490
1900
520
1.
0.
670
0.
540
640
0.
600
Blood
K(g/kg)*
3H(pCi/L)*
.94 + 0
+ 290
GSN
+ 320
GSN
± 290
9+0.
<450
69 + 0.
+_ 290
74 + 0.
<450
GSN
+_ 290
GSN
HH 290
99 + 0.
+ 290
.26
26
34
25
27
(continued)
-------
TABLE D-6. (Continued)
00
Animal
Number
14
Median
Range
Muscles
. K(g/kg)*
137Cs(pCi/kg)*
4.9 + 0.31
21.0 + 9.9
4.8
25
3.8-5.2
15-55
Livers
Lungs K(g/kg)*
K(g/kg)* 137Cs(pCi/kg)*
3.4 + 0.38 3.8 + 0.38
<25
2.9 3.55
<25
1.9-5.3 3.3-4.1
<25-<28
Kidneys
K(g/kg)*
137Cs(pCi/kg)*
Sample Lost
3.0
<29
2.0-3.5
16-31
Blood
K(g/kg)*
3H(pCi/L)*
0.81 + 0.23
<450
0.72
530
GSN-1.9
<450-1900
* Wet Weight
GSN = Gamma Spectrum Negligible
-------
TABLE E-l. PLUTONIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN MUSCLES AND LUNGS
MULE DEER, NTS, 1981
Animal
Number
1
2
3
4
Median
Range
1
2
3
4
Median
Range
238Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
0.0094 + 0.015**
0.11 + 0.18**
0.0004 + 0.0019**
0.0041 + 0.019**
0.0014 + 0.0033**
0.013 + 0.03**
0.0015 + 0.0036**
0.019 + 0.044**
0.00145
0.016
0.0004**-0.0094**
0.0041**-0.11**
0.00 + 0.0045**
0.00 +_ 0.048**
0.00 + 0.0017**
0.00 + 0.017**
0.0027 + 0.0064**
0.031 +_ 0.072**
-0.00061 + 0.0024**
-0.0075 +_ 0.035**
0.00**
0.00**
-0.00061**
-0.0075**-0.031**
239Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
Muscles
0.0042 + 0.0099**
0.05 +_ 0.12**
0.008 + 0.0087**
0.082 + 0.089**
0.0007 + 0.0023**
0.0064 + 0.021**
0.0019 + 0.004**
0.024 + 0.05**
0.003
0.037
0.0007**-0.008**
0.0064**-0.082**
Lungs
0.0068 + 0.012**
0.072 + 0.13**
0.011 + 0.0042
0.11 + 0.042
0.012 + 0.014**
0.13 +_ 0.15**
0.011 + 0.012**
0.14 +_ 0.15**
0.011**
0.12**
0.0068**-0.012**
0.072**-0. 14**
Ash
(X)
1.2
1.0
0.92
1.2
1.1
0.92-1.2
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.0-1.2
* Wet Weight
** Counting Error exceeds Reported Activity
49
-------
TABLE 1-2. PLUTONIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN LIVER AND RUMEN CONTENTS
MULE DEER, NTS, 1981
Animal
Number
1
2
3
4
Median
Range
1
2
3
4
Median
Range
238Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
0.025 + 0.054**
0.35 + 0.76**
0.0017 + 0.0033**
0.026 +_ 0.05**
0.011 + 0.023**
0.043 +_ 0.091**
0.00 + 0.0054**
0.00 _+ 0.066**
0.0064
0.035
0.00**-0.025**
0.00**-0.35**
Rumen
0.018 + 0.0045**
0.33 + 0.048**
0.044 + 0.0017**
1.2 +_ 0.017**
0.051 + 0.0064**
1.1 + 0.072**
0.038 + 0.0024**
0.7 + 0.035**
0.041
0.9
0.018-0.051
0.33-1.2
239Pu
(pCi/g Ash) Ash
(pCi/kg)* (%)
Liver
0.015 + 0.041**
0.21 + 0.58** 1.4
0.0067 + 0.0028
0.11 _+ 0.044 1.6
0.27 + 0.059
1.1 + 0.24 0.4
0.0058 + 0.012**
0.07 + 0.15** 1.2
0.011**
0.155** 1.3
0.0058**-0.27
0.07**-1.1 0.4-1.6
Contents
0.081 + 0.017
1.5 + 0.3 1.8
0.30 + 0.032
8.0 + 0.85 2.6
0.21 + 0.032
4.6+0.7 2.2
0.16 + 0.024
3.0 + 0.44 1.8
0.185
3.8 2.4
0.081-0.3
1.5-8.0 1.8-2.6
* Wet Weight
** Counting Error exceeds Reported Activity
50
-------
TABLE E-3. PLUTONIUM AND STRONTIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN HOCK BONES,
MULE DEER, NTS, 1981
Animal
Number
1
2
3
4
Median
Range
238Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
-0.
-0.
0.
3.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
00052 +
15 +
Oil +
2 +
00051 +
17 +
00056 +
21 +
00052**
19**
0.0024**
0.67**
0.015**
4.2**
0.0023**
0.8**
0.0026**
0. 94**
00056**-0.011**
21**-3.2**
0.
3.
0.
2.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
0.
0.
239Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
Oil +
2 +_
0079 +
2 +
001 +
34 +
0022 +
79 +_
005**
3**
001**-0
34**-3.
0.012**
3.4**
0.012**
3.5**
0.0033**
1.1**
0.0051**
1.9**
.011**
2**
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
5
1500
1
450
2
900
5
2100
4
1200
.2 +
.0 +
.6 +
.0 +
.7 +
.0 +
.8 +
.0 +
.0**
.0**
1.5
450.0
2.6**
730.0**
8.0**
2700.0**
10.0**
3600.0**
1.6**- 5. 8**
450.0**-2100.0**
(pCi/g Ash) Ash
(pCi/kg)* (%)
1.8 +
500.0 +
1.7 +
470.0 +
1.8 +
610.0 +_
1.1 +
390.0 +
1.75
485.0
1.1-1.8
390.0-610.
0.24
70.0 28
0.23
65.0 28
0.26
0.86 33.6
0.17
62.0 37
30.3
0 28.0-37.0
* Wet Weight
** Counting Error exceeds Reported Activity
-------
TABLE E-4. GAMMA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDE AND TRITIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN
SELECTED TISSUES, MULE DEER, NTS, 1981
en
An i ma 1
Number
1
2
3
4
Median
Range
Muscles
.„ K(g/kg)*
137Cs(pCi/kg)*
3H(pCi/L)**
<42
23.0 + 15.0
NA
5.8 + 0.3
28.0 + 13.0
NA
4.2 + 0.33
<27
NA
3.4 + 0.3
<26
2.4 x 106 + 4.2 x 103
5.0
<265
3.4-<42
23-28
2.4 x 106
Livers
. K(g/kg)*
Lungs 137Cs(pCi/kg)*
K(g/kg)* 3H(pCi/L)**
5.3 + 0.55 4.8 + 0.34
<29
NA
6.3 + 0.48 5.6 + 0.29
27.0 + 12.0
NA
3.7 + 0.47 3.3 + 0.3
<25
NA
2.4 + 0.52 3.9 + 0.34
<26
2.2 x 106 + 3.6 x 103
4.5 4.35
<265
2.4-6.3 3.3-5.6
<25-<29
2.2 x 106
Kidney
.,7 K(g/kg)*
137Cs(pCi/kg)*
3H(pCi/L)**
81.0 + 0.79
<78
450.0 + 250.0
6.7 + 0.44
67.0 + 19.0
8.8 x 106 + 7.4 x 103
3.3 + 0.46
22.0 + 15.0
<370
5.5 + 1.0
110.0 + 44.0
1.1 x 106 + 3.3 x 103
6.1
<73
4.4 x 106
3.3-81
22-110
<370-8.8 x 106
* Wet Weight
** Tissue Water
NA = Not Analyzed
-------
TABLE E-5. GAMMA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDE AND TRITIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN
RUMEN CONTENTS, MULE DEER, NTS, 1981
Animal K 3H
Number (g/kg)* (pCi/L)**
1 5.1+0.32 NA
2 13.0+0.74 NA
S3 4.3+0.37 NA
4 3.7 + 0.35 2.2 x 106
4.1 x 103
Median 5.7
Range 3.7-13.0 2.2 x 106
7Be
(pCi/kg)*
370 +_ 130
<167
1300 _+ 460
620 _+ 190
545
<167-1300
95Nb 95Zr 103Ru 137Cs 141Ce
(pCi/kg)* (pCi/kg)* (pCi/kg)* (pCi/kg)* (pCi/kg)*
310 +_ 250 130 + 29 43 + 16 32 -f 12 42 + 19
130 +_ 210 <26 <26 97 +_ 14 <110
<30 <30 <30 <30 <130
70 _+ 32 <30 <30 31 + 18 <130
100 <30 <30 31.5 <120
<30-310 <26-130 <26-43 <30-97 42-<130
144Ce
(pCi/kg)*
140 + 76
<74
<87
270 _+ 82
<110
<74-270
* Wet Weight
** Tissue Water
NA = Not Analyzed
-------
TABLE F-l. PLUTONIUM AND STRONTIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN HOCK BONES, DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP, 1981
tn
238Pu
Animal (pCi/g Ash)
Number (pCi/kg)*
1 0.0012
0.40
2 0.00098
0.47
3 0.0015
0.67
4 -0.00044
-0.18
5 -0.00051
-0.064
6 -0.00074
-0.21
7 0.0028
-1.2
8 0.002
0.7
9 0.0053
1.8
10 -0.00087
-0.27
+ 0.0025**
+ 0.84**
+ 0.0023**
+ 1.1**
+ 0.0028**
+ 1.3**
+ 0.0015**
+ 0.59**
+ 0.0017**
+ 0.21**
+ 0.0024**
_+ 0.7**
+ 0.0067**
+_ 2.8**
+ 0.0066**
+ 2.3**
+ 0.0085**
+ 2.8**
+ 0.004**
+_ 1.3**
239Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
0.0013
4.3
0.00049
0.23
0.0005
0.22
-0.00044
-0.18
-0.00051
-0.064
0.0033
0.95
0.0035
1.5
0.00
0.00
0.0018
0.59
-0.00029
-0.09
+
T
+
T
+
T
+
T
+
T
+
T
+
T
+
7
+
T
+
T
0.00038
1.3
0.0016**
0.77**
0.0017**
0.73**
0.0015**
0.59**
0.0017**
0.21**
0.0052**
1.5**
0.0075**
3.2**
0.0047**
1.6**
0.59**
16.0**
0.0013**
0.42**
89Sr
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
-2.6
-870.0
-0.23
-110.0
-3.0
-1400.0
-1.4
-550.0
0.74
92.0
1.9
550.0
-2.4
-1000.0
-2.4
840.0
-4.9
-1600.0
-3.8
-1200.0
+ 17.
+ 550.
+ 13.
^ 6300.
+ 33.
+ 15000.
+ 12.
_+ 4900.
+ 3.
i 560.
+ 15.
+. 4300.
+ 18.
+ 7500.
+ 18.
_+ 6500.
+ 21.
± 6800.
+ 10.
+ 3300.
0**
0**
0**
0**
0**
0**
0**
0**
7**
0**
0**
0**
0**
0**
5**
0**
0**
0**
5**
0**
90Sr
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
2.0
650.0
1.8
850.0
4.7
2100.0
1.8
720.0
0.77
96.0
3.0
860.0
2.2
930.0
2.6
910.0
2.8
940.0
1.3
410.0
+
+
+
T
+
T
+
T
+
T
+
T
+
T
+
T
+
T
+
T
0.28
90.0
0.26
120.0
0.64
290.0
0.26
100.0
0.12
15.0
0.41
120.0
0.32
140.0
0.36
1300.0
0.4
130.0
0.2
0.62
Ash
(%)
33.1
47.3
44.3
40.5
12.5
28.7
42.8
35.2
33.3
31.2
(continued)
-------
TABLE F-l. (Continued)
01
Animal
Number
11
238Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
239Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
0.0012 + 0.0027** -0.00058 +
0.4 +_ 0.93** -0.2 +
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Median
Range
-0.00072 + 0.0034**
-0.25 ± 1.2**
0.0012 + 0.0028**
0.42 +_ 0.99**
SAMPLE NOT COLLECTED
-0.00026 + 0.0012**
-0.07 _+ 0.33**
0.0013 + 0.0031**
0.32 + 0.75**
-0.00083 + 0.0039**
-0.3 +_ 1.4**
0.0017 + 0.0033**
0.47 + 0.89**
0.0012**
0.32**
-0.00087**-0.0053**
-1.2**-1.8**
0.00 +
0.00 +
0.0027 +
0.95 +
0.00078 +
0.21 _+
0.00 +
0.00 +_
0.0011 +
0.4 +
0.0029 +
0.77 +
0.0005**
0.23**
-0.00053**-0
-0.18**-4.3
0.0019**
0.66**
0.0011**
0.39**
0.0043**
1.5**
0.0021**
0. 56**
0.0016**
0.37**
0.0026**
0.93**
0.0043**
1.2**
.0035**
(pCi
(pC
-3.2
-1100.0
0.072
25.0
1.4
500.0
-5.4
-1500.0
-5.5
-1300.0
5.4
1900.0
-6.4
-1700.0
-2.4**
-870.0**
-6. 4**- 5
/g Ash)
i/kg)*
+ 18.0**
+ 6100.0**
+ 6.0**
_+ 2000.0**
+ 15.0**
+ 5000.0**
+ 10.0**
_+ 2700.0**
+ 8. 8**
+_ 2100.0**
+ 7. 5**
+_ 2700.0**
+ 26.0**
+ 6900.0**
.4**
-1700.0**-1900.0**
(pCi/g Ash) Ash
(pCi/kg)* (%)
2.6 +
890.0 +
0.74 +
260.0 +
1.7 +
600.0 +
1.1 +
300.0 +
1.5 +
350.0 +
1.3 +
460.0 +
3.1 +
830.0 +_
1.8
720.0
0.74-4.7
96.0-2100.
0.37
130.0 34.3
0.12
40.0 34.7
0.25
86.0 34.9
0.17
45.0 26.7
0.22
52.0 23.7
0.2
72.0 36.0
0.43
1.2 26.9
34.3
0 12.5-47.3
* Wet Weight
** Counting Error exceeds Reported Activity
-------
TABLE F-2. GAMMA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDE AND TRITIUM CONCENTRATIONS
IN KIDNEYS, DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP, 1981
Animal Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Median
Range
K
(g/kg)*
4.6 + 0.68
8.8 +_ 1.0
3.7 +_ 0.48
5.8 + 0.69
4.0 +_ 0.95
3.9 _+ 0.87
2.6 + 0.32
4.8 _+ 0.75
3.2 + 0.39
3.0 _+ 0.36
4.2 + 0.72
4.8 +_ 1.0
4.0 + 0.59
4.2 +_ 0.44
6.4 + 0.91
3.6 +_ 0.60
4.1
2.6-8.8
137Cs
(pCi/kg)*
<80
Not Sampled
<93
41 + 21
62 jf 28
130 +_ 50
78 + 43
<32
55 +_ 33
<37
<29
<74
<85
<69
<39
<88
<60
<65.5
<29-130
3H
(pCi/L)**
670 + 300
<480
<370
<480
<370
<370
730 + 240
950 + 250
<370
430 + 230
<370
<480
<480
<480
550 +_ 300
1800 +_ 330
<480
<370-1800
* Wet Weight
** Aqueous portion of kidney tissue
56
-------
TABLE G-l. PLUTONIUM, STRONTIUM, AND GAMMA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS
IN SELECTED TISSUES, NTS, HORSE, 1981
Tissue Type
Muscle
Femur Bone
238Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
<0.0025
<0.028
<0.011
<2.9
239Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
<0.0055
<0.061
<0.013
<3.2
89Sr 90Sr
(pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)* (pCi/kg)*
NA NA
<13 4.7 + 0.63
<32001200.0 + 160.0
Ash K(g/kg)*
(%) 137Cs(pCi/kg)*
1.1 7.7 + 0.37
38.0 +_ 12.0
26.0 NA
* Wet Weight
-------
TABLE H-l. PLUTONIUM, STRONTIUM, TRITIUM, AND GAMMA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS
IN SELECTED TISSUES, CHUKAR, NTS, 1981
en
oo
Tissue Type
Muscle
Internal
Organs
Bone
238Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
0.08 + 0.02
1.4 + 0.38
NA
0.00076 + 0.0025**
0.066 _+ 0.21**
239pu 895p 9(3Sr
(pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)* (pCi/kg)* (pCi/kg)*
0.02 + 0.023** NA NA
0.35 + 0.41**
NA NA NA
-0.00038 + 0.0018** -10.0 + 37.0** 7.1 + 0.98
-0.033 ±0.15** -890.0 + 3200.0** 620.0 7 85.0
, K(g/kg)*
Ash 137Cs(pCi/kg)*
(%) 3H(pCi/L)t
1.8 8.5 + 0.43
48.0 + 17.0
NA
NA 11.0 + 0.85
<73
760.0 _+ 300.0
8.7 NA
*Wet Weight
**Counting Error exceeds Reported Activity
tTissue Water
NA = Not Analyzed
-------
TABLE 1-1. PLUTONIUM, STRONTIUM, AND GAMMA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN
SELECTED TISSUES, GOAT, 1981
Tissue Type
Muscle
Lung
Liver
Femur
238Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
NA
NA
NA
0.0019 + 0.0063**
0.44 + 1.4**
239Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
NA
NA
NA
0.0048 + 0.01**
1.1 +_ 2.3**
89Sr
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
NA
NA
NA
-14.0 + 18.0**
-3200.0 +_ 4000.0**
90Sr
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
NA
NA
NA
4.1 + 0.96
940.0 + 220.0
Ash
(%)
NA
NA
NA
22.9
K(g/kg)**
5.4 + 0.39
6.8 + 0.47
3.6 + 0.31
NA
*Wet Weight
**Counting Error exceeds Reported Activity
NA = Not Analyzed
-------
TABLE J-l. GROSS* AND MICROSCOPIC PATHOLOGY**
FOUND IN NECROPSIED ANIMALS, 1981
AREA 18 CATTLE
1
Necropsy findings: Lungs showed some emphysema resulting from agonal
struggling. Uterus contained 8-month male fetus.
Histopathological findings: Mild fatty changes in the liver which are
characterized by cytoplasmic swelling. Moderate hemosiderosis of the spleen.
Moderate emphysema of lung.
Clinical diagnosis: Normal mature pregnant cow in excellent condition.
2
Necropsy findings: Lungs heavily traumatized by bullet.
Histopathological findings: Moderate intrapulmonary hemorrhage associated
with mode of death.
Clinical diagnosis: Normal yearling heifer.
3
Necropsy findings: No gross lesions noted.
Histopathological findings: Aspirated blood in large airways of lung
associated with agonal struggling. Mature active follicles in ovary.
Clinical diagnosis: Normal calf.
Necropsy findings: No gross lesions.
Histopathological findings: Mild accumulation of hemosiderin in the
macrophages of the red pulp of the spleen. One small granuloma characterized
by epitheloid cells surrounded by lymphocytes and fibroblasts is noted in the
parenchyma of the lung. This is a chronic lesion and probably represents the
site of a small foreign body.
* As reported by senior author.
** As reported by Dr. Billy C. Ward, College of Veterinary Medicine,
Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi.
(continued)
60
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TABLE J-l. (Continued)
Clinical diagnosis: Normal mature barren cow.
Necropsy findings: Precancerous plaque on lateral canthus of right eye. Cyst
on dorsal surface of right atrial-ventricular valve in heart.
Histopathological findings: Serous valvular cyst in heart, marked
hemosiderosis of spleen, squamous plaque (precancerous) on cornea,
pheochromocytoma of adrenal.
Clinical diagnosis: Normal aged barren cow with beginning cancer eye.
Necropsy findings: Fibrous adhesions between diaphragm and liver. Atelectic
areas in lungs.
Histopathological findings: Mild hemosiderosis of spleen. Focal chronic
inflamation of the liver which may be result of old reticulitis lesion.
Clinical diagnosis: Mature cow in excellent condition with healed traumatic
reticulitis lesions.
7
Necropsy findings: Small abscess below right mandible.
Histopathological findings: Actinobacillosis granuloma on jaw tissue.
Moderate hemosiderosis of spleen.
Clinical diagnosis: Normal aged cow with beginning "lumpy jaw."
8
Necropsy findings: Small abscess over right parotid salivary gland. Uterus
contained two-month old fetus. Abscess in udder. Lungs had area of emphysema
from agonal struggles.
Histopathological findings: Moderate hemosiderosis of spleen. Active
follicles in ovaries.
Clinical diagnosis: Normal mature cow.
(continued)
61
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TABLE J-l. (Continued)
9
Necropsy findings: No gross lesions noted.
Histopathological findings: Testes are inactive. No visible lesions in other
tissues.
Clinical diagnosis: Normal bull calf.
10
Necropsy findings: No gross lesions noted.
Histopathological findings: No visible lesions.
Clinical diagnosis: Normal yearling bull.
11
Necropsy findings: No gross lesions noted.
Histopathological findings: Active follicles in ovaries. No other visible
lesions.
Clinical diagnosis: Normal yearling heifer.
12
Necropsy findings: Uterus contained a 45-day male fetus. Lungs contained
scattered area of atelectasis.
Histopathological findings: Active follicles in ovaries. No other visible
lesions.
Clinical diagnosis: Normal cow.
13
Necropsy findings: No gross lesions noted.
Histopathological findings: Testes are inactive. No other visible lesions.
Clinical diagnosis: Normal yearling bull.
(continued)
62
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TABLE J-l. (Continued)
14
Necropsy findings: No gross lesions noted.
Histopathological finding^ Testes are inactive. No other visible lesions.
Clinical diagnosis: Normal yearling bull.
NEVADA TEST SITE MULE DEER
1
Necropsy findings: Trauma associated with passage of .50 caliber bullet
through lungs and heart. No other gross lesions noted.
Histopathological findings: Incidental findings as follows. A few multifocal
peri vascular lymphoid aggregates are observed in the lungs as well as one
small microgranuloma which probably represents parasite migration. Small
lymphoid aggregates near cortical-medullary junction of adrenal. There
appears to be a healed cornea! ulcer.
Clinical diagnosis: Normal yearling doe.
Necropsy findings: Trauma associated with collision with motor vehicle. Neck
was broken. Extensive warts on left side of body. Advanced post mortem
changes present so not sampled for histopathological examination.
Clinical diagnosis: Normal yearling male deer that died in collision with
motor vehicle.
Necropsy findings- Struck by a motor vehicle. A non-lactating female in good
condition with trauma in the cervical region. Veretebrae were fractured.
Advanced post mortem changes present so not sampled for histopathological
examination.
Clinical diagnosis: Normal mature doe that died in collision with motor
vehicle.
(continued)
63
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TABLE J-l. (Continued)
Necropsy findings: Young doe in good condition. Extensive lung trauma
associated with passage of .243 caliber bullet. Small cyst in thoracic
cavity.
Histopathological findings: Active follicles in overies, sarcocysts in
muscle, and mild focal mononuclear cell infiltrates in medulla of kidney.
Clinical diagnosis: Normal immature doe.
NEVADA TEST SITE HORSE
Necropsy findings: Struck by bus on right side caudal to front leg. Little
external evidence of trauma. Advanced decomposition of animal precluded
extensive necropsy and collection of histopathological samples.
Clinical diagnosis: Normal mature horse that died in collision with bus.
RACHEL, NV, GOAT
Necropsy findings: Rumen and abomasum full of hay and milk, mucosa of
abomasum was inflamed. Mucosa of large intestine was hemorrhagic. Kidneys
were soft and friable. Trachea and bronchi contained white frothy exudate and
mucosa contained petechial and ecchymotic hemmorrhages. Lungs were swollen
and edematous and appeared hepatized.
Histopathological findings: Spleen is congested. Mild autolysis of tubular
epithelium of kidney.
Clinical diagnosis: Enterotoxemia.
DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP
All of these animals were mature males that were killed by licensed hunters.
No necropsies were performed but all were apparently normal at time of death.
No samples were collected for histopathological or hematological examinations.
64
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
2.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
ANIMAL INVESTIGATION PROGRAM 1981 REPORT
Nevada Test Site and Vicinity
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
5. REPORT DATE
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
D. D. Smith and K. R. Giles
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
USEPA; Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
P.O. Box 15027
Las Vegas, NV 89114
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
X6EH10
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
IA
DE-AI08-76DP00539
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. Department of Energy
Nevada Operations Office
P.O. Box 14100
Las Vegas, NV 89114
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Response - 1981
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Interagency Agreement Number
DE-AI08-76DP00539.
16. ABSTRACT
Data are presented from the radioanalysis of tissues collected from animals
that resided on or near the Nevada Test Site (NTS). Other than naturally occurring
potassium-40, cesium-137 was the only gamma-emitting radionuclide frequently detected
and was within a narrow range of activity. For example, 12 of 14 cattle muscle
samples contained 15 - 65 pCi of cesium-137 per kilogram. Strontium-90 and
plutonium-238 or -239 tissue concentrations were similar to those of recent years.
Nanocurie levels of tritium were found in tissue from two deer that drank contaminated
water draining from the tunnel test areas.
Annual dose estimates to man were calculated based on the daily consumption of
0.5 kg of tissue with peak radionuclide levels. The highest postulated dose was 45
millirems to the whole body from ingestion of deer muscle that drank from the tritium
contaminated waters. This dose is about 9% of the radiation protection guide.
Movement of deer on the NTS is discussed. In general, deer from Pahute Mesa
winter in the Timber Mt. area with some movement off the NTS, while deer from Rainier
Mesa winter in the Shoshone Mt. area.
The sudden death of an offsite goat kid was investigated and death was attributed
to enterotoxemia.
No gross or microscopic lesions in necropsied animals were found that could be
attributed to the effect of ionizing radiation^
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED Tl
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO THE PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
IINP.I ASSTFTFD
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (Rev. 4-77) PREVIOUS EDITION is OBSOLETE
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Leo Bustad, Director, Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University
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