4>EPA
                 States
              Environmental Protection
              Agency
              Environmental Monitoring
              Systems Laboratory
              P.O. Box 15027
              Las Vegas NV 89114-5027
EPA 600/3-83-014
DOE/DP/00539-047
              Research and Development
Animal
Investigation Program
1981  Annual  Report:
              Nevada Test Site
              and Vicinity
              prepared for the
              U.S. Department of Energy
              under Interagency Agreement
              Number DE-A108-76DP00539

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ANIMAL  INVESTIGATION  PROGRAM  1981 ANNUAL REPORT
Nevada  Test Site and  Vicinity
by

D. D. Smith and K. R. Giles
Nuclear Radiation Assessment Division
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
prepared for the
U.S. Department of Energy
under Interagency Agreement
Number DE-AI08-76DP00539
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING SYSTEMS LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
LAS VEGAS, NEVADA 89114

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                                    NOTICE
     This report has been reviewed in accordance with the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency's peer and administrative review policies and approved for
publication.   Mention of trade names or commercial products does not
constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.

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                                   CONTENTS
Figures	    iv
Tables 	     v

Introduction 	     1

Sample Collection	     2

Analytical Procedures and Methods	     9

Results and Discussion 	    11

     Quality assurance samples 	    11
     Nevada Test Site cattle	    11
     Nevada Test Site mule deer	    12
     Desert bighorn sheep	    12
     Nevada Test Site horse	    12
     Nevada Test Site chukar	    14
     Offsite goat	    14
     Nevada Test Site spring waters	    14
     Necropsy and histopathological examinations 	    14
     Hypothetical dose estimates 	    15

Other Activities	    19

     Deer migration study	    19
     Public information	    24
     Investigations	    24

Decommissioning Activities 	    25

     Area 15 Farm	    25
     NTS Beef Herd	    25

References	    26

List of Appendix Tables	    29
                                     m

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                                    FIGURES

Number                                                                    Page

  1     Sampling locations  on  the  Nevada  Test  Site	    °>

  2     Approximate  collection locations  of 1981  desert  bighorn  sheep .  .    8

  3     Annual  averages  of  strontium-90 in  bones  of  cattle,  deer,
          and  desert  bighorn sheep,  1956-1981  	   13

  4     Mule deer capture and  wintering areas,  1981	   23
                                    IV

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                                    TABLES

Number                                                                    Page

  1     Sampling Information for Nevada  Test  Site  Cattle,  1981	     3

  2     Sampling Information for Nevada  Test  Site  Animals,  1981  	     5

  3     Sampling Information for Desert  Bighorn  Sheep,  1981  	     6

  4     Tritium and Gamma Analyses  of Nevada  Test  Site
          Spring Waters,  1981	   15

  5     Summary of Peak  Radionuclide Concentrations  in  Selected  Tissues
          from Nevada Test Site Animals,  1981	   16

  6     Postulated Dose  to Man Following Ingestion of Selected
          Tissues for 1  year	   18

  7     Deer Capture Information,  1981	   20

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                                 INTRODUCTION
    Since 1964, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) Environ-
mental Monitoring Systems Laboratory at Las Vegas (EMSL-LV) has conducted the
Animal Investigation Program (AIP) for the Nevada Operations Office of the
U.S. Department of Energy.  During 1981, the major objectives of the AIP
continued to be:

     1.  To conduct surveillance of domestic and wild animals on and
         around the Nevada Test Site (NTS) in order to assess the radio-
         nuclide burden present in their tissues and to monitor for possible
         pathological effects from the burdens.

     2.  To investigate alleged damage to domestic animals and wildlife
         resulting from the activities of the Nevada Operations Office
         of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).

     3.  To provide public information through education and veterinary
         advice to the offsite population.

     4.  To conduct special  ad hoc investigations.

     Progress during 1981 in achieving these objectives and summaries of the
data collected are presented in this report.  Previously published reports
(Fountain 1961; Smith and Giles 1970, 1974,  and 1975; and Smith et al. 1976,
1977a, 1977b, 1978a, 1978b,  1979, 1980, 1981, and 1982) have detailed the
history,  evolution, and accomplishments of the AIP since its beginning in
1957.   As the AIP was terminated in December of 1981, this report will be the
last in the series which began in 1958.

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                               SAMPLE COLLECTION


     Nevada Test Site animals sampled during 1981 included cattle, mule deer,
a chukar, and a horse.   Desert bighorn sheep that range the mountainous areas
to the south and east of the NTS were also sampled.   Animals sampled included
those that died from natural causes or through accidents, those collected
through the cooperation of licensed hunters, and those that were sacrificed as
part of the routine sampling activities of the program.

     Animals collected by rifle or shotgun fire were necropsied immediately
after death and any gross pathological conditions noted.   Animals collected by
other means were also necropsied if a prosector was  available.  If advanced
postmortem changes had not occurred, the adrenals,  eyes,  heart, kidneys,
liver, lungs, muscle, spleen, thyroid, gonads, and  gross  lesions (if any) were
sampled and prepared for histopathological evaluation.   Tissues collected from
large animals for radioanalyses included rumen or stomach contents, liver,
lungs, tracheobronchial lymph nodes, muscle, thyroids,  blood,  kidneys, fetus
(if present), and bone (femurs or hocks).   Tissues  collected from the chukar
for radioanalyses included bone from the entire skeleton, muscle,  and
composited internal organs (liver, lungs,  kidneys,  and  GI tract).

     Fourteen beef cattle from the NTS herd were sampled  during 1981.
Sampling information is presented in Table 1.   Except for a brief weaning
period, when the calves were maintained at the Area  15 farm, each animal
sampled spent its entire life grazing on the Area 18 range of  the NTS
(Figure 1).  The management of the beef herd and soil and range surveys of the
Area 18 grazing area have been published previously  (Smith 1970, Leavitt 1970,
and Brown and Mason 1968).

     NTS animals sampled included four adult mule deer  (Odocoileus hemionus),
a chukar (Alectoris chukar) and a horse (Equus caballus)^Also sampled was a
domestic goat from Rachel, Nevada.  Collection locations  are noted on Figure 1
and sampling information is listed in Table 2.

     Through the cooperation of State and Federal wildlife officials and
participating hunters, bone and kidney samples were  collected  from 17 mature
desert bighorn sheep rams (Ovis canadensis nelsoni)  during the annual hunt
Sampling information for these animals is presented  in  Table 3 and the
collection sites are shown in Figure 2.  The majority of  the sheep were
collected from Clark County in southern Nevada, with seven from the Desert
National Wildlife Range  (DNWR).  Two animals were collected in Esmeralda
County which is north and west of the NTS.

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TABLE 1.  SAMPLING INFORMATION FOR NEVADA TEST SITE CATTLE, 1981
Animal
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Sex
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
M
M
F
F
M
M
Age
(Years)
5.0
1.0
0.25
7.0
13.0
7.0
14.0
9.0
0.5
1.5
1.5
4.0
1.5
1.5
Weight
(kg)
550
235
90
570
532
523
432
420
148
254
250
375
227
214
Date
Sampled
05/14
05/14
05/14
05/14
10/20
10/20
10/20
10/20
10/20
10/21
10/21
10/21
10/21
10/21
Remarks
Mature pregnant cow.
Extremely wi Id.

Mature barren cow.
Pre-cancerous placque right eye.

"Lumpy jaw" abscess.
Pregnant (2-month fetus).
Bull calf—excellent condition.
Bui l--very wi Id.

Pregnant (1 1/2-month fetus).
Bull.
Bull.

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                                 •  Animal Collection Location
                                 •  NTS Spring
                                MD Mule Deer
        Nuclear Rocket
      Development Station
                                                    Desert Game
                                                      Range
Figure 1.   Sampling locations  on the Nevada  Test Site.

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      TABLE 2.  SAMPLING INFORMATION FOR NEVADA TEST SITE WILDLIFE, 1981
  Animal
  Number
Sex
Estimated
   Age    Weight
 (Years)   (kg)
         Date
      Collected
                    Remarks
Mule Deer-1     F      1.0      35
Mule Deer-2     M      1.0      40
Mule Deer-3     F      1.5      50
Mule Deer-4     F      1.0      30
Horse-1
Chukar-1
Goat-1
 F     15-18    550
 ?    mature    0.7
 M
   0.1
12
 3/11     Collected Area 19,  1 km west
          of Echo Peak repeater.

 6/23     Accident victim 1 km east of
          Holmes Road on the  Stockade
          Wash Road,  Area 12.

10/5      Accident victim at  U19C, 3 km
          south of reservoir  on Pahute
          Mesa Road in Area 19.

10/28     Collected 1.5 km east of G
          tunnel in Area 12.

 5/14     Hit by bus  on Tippipah
          Highway, 5 km south  of  Area
          12 camp.

12/18     Collected on N. Rainier Mesa
          Rd. above T.  Tunnel, Area 12

 6/2      Kid belonged to E.  Fallis,
          Rachel, NV.   Sampled because
          of sudden death.
          Enterotoxemia was diagnosis.

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TABLE 3.   SAMPLING INFORMATION  FOR  DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP,  1981
Animal
Number
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13
Sex
M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M
Estimated
Age
(Years)
8

8

11

7

5

6

6

7

6

7

6

6

10
Date
Collected
11/15

11/15

11/15

11/22

11/22

12/21

11/17

11/17

11/17

11/26

11/26

11/19

11/19
Remarks
Killed Management Area 69*,
Range, Lincoln Co.
Killed Management Area 70*,
Cristo Range, Esmeralda Co.
Killed Management Area 71*,
Mountain, Esmeralda Co.
Killed Management Area 72*,
Canyon Range, Clark Co.
Killed Management Area 73*,
National Wildlife Range, Li
Killed Management Area 74*,
water Range, Lincoln Co.
Killed Management Area 75*,
Range, Lincoln Co.
Killed Management Area 76*,
Range, Lincoln Co.
Killed Management Area 77*,
Range, Lincoln Co.
Killed Management Area 78*,
Range, Clark Co.
Killed Management Area 79*,
Valley Range, Lincoln Co.
Killed Management Area 81*,
Mountain, Clark Co.
Killed Management Area 83*

Sheep

Monte

Lone

Arrow

Desert
ncoln Co.
Pint-

Sheep

Sheep

Sheep

Las Vegas

Meadow

Black

Sorina
                                Mountain Range, Clark Co.
                                                          (continued)

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                             TABLE 3.  (Continued)
                Estimated
Animal              Age       Date
Number     Sex    (Years)   Collected
                                              Remarks
 14
 15
                 11/19
                 11/14
             Killed Management Area 84*,
             McCullough Mountains,  Clark Co.

             Killed Management Area 85*,
             Eldorado Mountain Range,  Clark Co.
 16
 17
M
                 12/12
12/20
Killed Management Area 86*, South
Eldorado Mountain Range, Clark Co.

Killed Management Area 87*, Newberry
Mountain, Clark Co.
*Nevada Department of Wildlife Bighorn Sheep Management Area

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                  dicates collection site
                      dual animals
Figure  2.   Approximate collection locations of 1981 desert  bighorn  sheep.

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                        ANALYTICAL  PROCEDURES  AND METHODS
      Gamma-emitting  radionuclides  in  samples  of  soft  tissues  and  rumen
 contents  were  analyzed  by  high  resolution  qamma  spectroscopy.   A  sample of
 blood or  tissue was  collected from  each  animal and  the  tissue  water  was
 extracted  and  analyzed  for tritium.   Bone  samples were  analyzed for
 strontium-89 and  -90 and plutonium-238 and -239.  Selected  soft tissues were
 also  analyzed  for plutonium content.  The  EMSL-LV performed all of the
 analyses  for tritium and the  gamma-emitting radionuclides.  The DOE  contractor
 laboratory  performed the plutonium  and strontium analyses.

      Rumen  contents  and soft  tissues  of  sufficient  volume were placed in
 300-milliliter aluminum containers  with  a  10-percent  Formalin® solution as  a
 preservative.  The containers were  then  sealed and  stored for  gamma  spectral
 analysis.   Those  tissues of smaller volume, i.e., thyroid gland,  tracheo-
 bronchial  lymph nodes,  etc.,  were  first  macerated in  a  blender and then
 brought to  a standard volume  by suspending  in agar.   These samples were also
 sealed  in  300-mil 1iliter aluminum  containers.  All  samples for gamma spectral
 analysis  were  analyzed  for approximately 1,200 minutes  on either  lithium-
 drifted germanium or high  purity germanium  detectors  calibrated at approxi-
 mately  0.5  kilo-electronvolts (keV) per  channel  in  the  40-keV  to  2-mega-
 electronvolts  (MeV)  range.   These  detectors are  connected to a Nuclear  Data
 6620 computerized  gamma spectral accumulation and analysis system.

     Tissues collected  for  strontium  and plutonium  analyses were  placed  in
 plastic bags and  kept frozen  until  submitted  to  the analytical  laboratory.
 The samples were  prepared  for analyses by  ashing and  radiochemical separation.
 Plutonium was  analyzed  by  alpha spectrometry  using  plutonium-236  as  an
 internal tracer.  Analytical  procedures  used  by the contractor laboratory  are
 similar to  those  described  by Talvitie 1971,  1972; Wish and Rowell 1956;
 Mitchell  1960; Hagan and Arrhenius  1963; and  Major et al. 1975.   The EMSL-LV
 radionuclide analytical  procedures were  those described by Johns  et  al.
 (1979).

     All data are reported  with the 95 percent confidence interval based on
 counting statistics  and are decay corrected to time of  sample  collection.   The
minimum detectable activity (MDA) is  defined  as  3.3 times the  standard
deviation of the  background counting  error.   Results  which show a net sample
activity less than the MDA  are reported  as such.  The approximate MDAs  and
analytical  procedures are  summarized  in  Appendix Table  A-l.

     The activity values for plutonium-239 listed in  this report  are actually
the sums of the individual   isotopic activities of plutonium-239 and  -240.   The
alpha emissions of these two isotopes cannot  be  separately identified
(resolved) by alpha spectrometric analysis.

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     Quality assurance samples were included in each group of samples sub-
mitted for plutonium or strontium analyses.  These were either liver, muscle,
or bone samples purchased at a local meat market and to which a known amount
of the nuclide was added, or they were duplicate samples collected from
sacrificed animals and submitted for analyses under blind identification
numbers.   The purchased bone samples were ashed prior to spiking.  The data
from the quality assurance samples are presented in the Appendix Tables B-l
and B-2.

     Quality assurance procedures for the tritium and gamma spectral analyses
were both external  (e.g., intercomparison study samples, duplicate and
replicate analyses, etc.) and internal  (e.g., blank reagent or internal
standards analyses, etc.).  Details of these procedures and statistical
analyses  of the data produced are detailed by Black et al., 1982.

    Tissue and lesion samples collected for histopathological  examination were
fixed with a 10-percent Formalin® solution and  delivered to a pathologist for
interpretation.
                                     10

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                            RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 QUALITY ASSURANCE SAMPLES

     As shown in the Tables B-l and B-2 of the Appendix, analyses of duplicate
 muscle and bone samples indicate an average precision of analyses of 70
 percent for plutonium-239 in muscle and 29.5 percent for strontium-90 in bone.
 The accuracy of analysis, expressed as bias, is also shown in those tables.
 Based on the precision and bias data for strontium-90 analyzed, the 95 percent
 confidence interval for the true value was calculated to range from 0.47 to
 1.07 times the reported value in bone.  The 95 percent confidence interval for
 the true value for plutonium-239 in bone ranged from 0.59 to 1.99 times the
 reported value.  These confidence intervals were considered when conclusions
 were drawn from the data.
NEVADA TEST SITE CATTLE

      The analytical results from tissues collected from the Area 18 beef
cattle are presented in Tables C-l through C-5 and D-l through D-6 of the
Appendix.

     Naturally occurring potassium-40 was the only gamma-emitting radionuclide
consistently detected in all samples.  Cesium-137 was generally detected in
the muscle and kidney samples.  If detected, the cesium-137 levels were within
a narrow range of activity;  for example, twelve of fourteen muscle samples
contained detectable levels ranging from 15 to 65 picocuries per kilogram
(pCi/kg) wet weight.

     Tritium was not detected in the blood of any of the cattle sampled during
May, but was detected in 7 of 10 samples collected in October with a range of
490-1900 pCi/1 of water.  This range is similar to that measured in atmos-
pheric moisture from air samples collected in Areas 12 and 15 of the NTS
(Black et al.  1982).

     Strontium-90 concentrations in the femur samples from the Area 18 cattle
ranged from 1.6 to 4.8 picocuries per gram (pCi/g) of ash with an average of
2.4.  As shown in Figure 3, this average value is similar to those reported in
recent years.   Strontium-89 was detected in only one of the 1981 bone samples.

     Liver and lung samples collected in both May and October generally
contained detectable levels of plutonium-239 as did the muscle and tracheo-
bronchial lymph node samples collected in May.  Tracheobronchial lymph node
samples were not collected in October.  Plutonium-239 was detected
infrequently in bones and gonad samples from both sampling periods.  The
reported plutonium-239 tissue concentrations were similar to those reported

                                     11

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previously (Smith et al. 1982).  Plutonium-238 was detected occasionally in
the lungs and tracheobronchial lymph nodes.


NEVADA TEST SITE MULE DEER

     The analytical  results from tissues of the NTS mule deer are presented in
Tables E-l through E-5 of the Appendix.  As was the case for the NTS cattle,
naturally-occurring  potassium-40 and cesium-137 were the only gamma-emitting
radio-nuclides that  were frequently detected in the tissue samples.
Additional gamma-emitting radionuclides (7Be, 95Nb, 95Zr, 103Ru,
141Ce, and l44Ce) were occasionally detected in the ingesta from the
rumens of sampled deer.

     Nanocurie levels of tritium were found in the tissues of deer #2 and #4.
Both were collected  in Area 12 and  it is believed that they drank from
contaminated  waters  draining from the tunnel test area of Rainier Mesa
(Scoggins, 1982). Similar levels have been seen in deer previously (Smith et
al.  1980).

     Strontium-90 concentrations in hock bones ranged from 1.1 to 1.8 pCi/g of
ash with an average  of 1.6 pCi/g of ash (Figure 3).  This is similar to the
average of 1.7 pCi/g of ash reported in 1980.  Strontium-89 was reported in
the bone sample from deer #1.   However, it is thought that this value is an
artifact.

     Detectable levels of plutonium-238 and -239 were found in all rumen
content samples.  In addition, measureable amounts of plutonium-239 were found
in one lung and two  liver samples.   None of the bone samples contained
detectable levels of either radionuclide.
DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP

     Analytical data from bone and kidney samples are listed in Tables F-l and
F-2 of the Appendix.  The average strontium-90 concentration in the hock bones
was 2.1 pCi/g of ash (Figure 3).  Detectable levels of strontium-89 and
plutonium-238 were not present in any of the animals sampled.   Detectable
levels of plutonium-239 were found in only one sample this year.

     Cesium-137 concentrations ranging from 41 to 130 pCi/kg wet weight were
detected in the kidneys of 5 of the 16 sheep sampled.  The reported values for
tritium in the 6 kidney samples which had detectable levels ranged from 430 to
1800 pCi/1, which are within the range of values reported in atmospheric
moisture in air samples collected at various off-site locations from thp Nnhio
Gas and Tritium Surveillance Networks (Black et al. 1982).


NEVADA TEST SITE HORSE

     An aged female feral horse was struck and killed by a bus in Are  1?
May 14.  Bone and muscle samples were collected despite advanced decay   Th"

                                     12

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                                               i^B Bighorn Sheep
                                               CZIDeer
                                               •m Canle
                                                O (Number of Bone Samples)
1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964  1965  1966  1967 1S68  1969  1970  1971  1972  1973 1974 1975  1976  1977  1978  1979  1980  1981
        Figure  3.   Annual  averages  of  strontium-90 in  bones of cattle,  deer,
                            and desert  bighorn  sheep,  1956-1981.

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analytical results from these samples are listed in Appendix Table 6-1-
Potassium-40 and cesium-137 (38 _+ 12 pCi/kg) were the only gamma-emitting
radionuclides detected in muscle.  The strontium-90 concentration of 4. /
0.63 pCi/g of bone ash is of the same magnitude found in other horses sampled
in previous years (Smith et al.  1981 and 1982).  Plutonium-238 and -239 were
not detected in either sample.


NEVADA TEST SITE CHUKAR

     One chukar was collected in Area 12.  The analytical data from this
bird's samples are listed in Appendix Table H-l.   Muscle concentration  of
tritium (760 + 300 pCi/1) and cesium-137 (48 +_ 17 pCi/kg) were similar  to
those observed in other NTS animals sampled during 1981.  The strontium-90
concentration (7.1 _+ 0.98 pCi/g  ash) in the bone is several times greater than
that observed in most NTS mammals but is similar to chukar sampled in 1979
(Smith et al. 1980).


OFFSITE GOAT

     The sudden death of a goat  kid alarmed its Rachel, NV owners, who
requested an examination to determine if its death was related to the NTS
testing activities.  A diagnosis of enterotoxins  was made which was based on
the history and necropsy results.  Tissue samples were collected and analyzed
for radionuclide content (Appendix Table 1-1).   Potassium-40 was the only
gamma-emitting radionuclide detected.  Strontium-89 and plutonium-238 and -239
were not detected.  The strontium-90 concentration of 4.1 _+ 0.96 pCi/g  of bone
ash is within the range of values reported for other offsite animals, i.e.,
desert bighorn sheep, which were sampled during 1981.


NEVADA TEST  SITE SPRING WATERS

     Several natural springs that serve as a source of water for wildlife were
sampled during 1981.  The spring locations are shown in Figure 1.  The waters
were analyzed for gamma-emmiting radionuclides and tritium.  The results are
shown  in Table 4.  Detectable levels of gamma-emitting radionuclides were not
found  in any of the waters and the tritium levels were detectable only through
tritium enrichment analytical methods.


NECROPSY AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS

     Sacrificed animals were necropsied and selected tissue and lesion  samoles
were collected for histopathological evaluation.   The gross and microscooir
pathologies  observed are summarized  in Appendix Table J-l.

     Sarcocystis  spp. were detected  in the skeletal muscle of only one depr
In  past years, this  ubiquitous protozoan parasite was found in an Pctima^'flK
percent  of all muscle  (both cardiac  and skeletal) samples from deer and
cattle.  The reason  for this apparent decline in infectious rate is not known

                                      14

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                     TABLE  4.   TRITIUM  AND  GAMMA  ANALYSIS  OF
                      NEVADA TEST  SITE  SPRING  WATERS,  1981
Spring Name
White Rock
Captain Jack
Green
Tippipah
Topopah
Cane
Kawitch Valley
Tub
Date
Sampled
5/6
5/6
5/6
5/6
5/6
5/6
5/6
5/6
Tritium
pCi/L
26.0 +_ 7.0
38.0 + 7.5
35.0 + 7.3
34.0 _+ 7.3
73.0 +_ 7.9
<110
180.0 + 9.4
39.0 _+ 7.5
Gamma Analyses
GSN
GSN
GSN
GSN
GSN
GSN
GSN
GSN
       GSN = Gamma Spectrum Negligible
     Unusual lesions were not noted during necropsy.  Occasionally observed
histopathologic findings, e.g., hemosiderosis of the spleen and mild liver and
kidney changes, were felt to be within normal limits by the examining pathol-
ogists.  No pathology, gross or microscopic, was observed that could be
attributed to ionizing radiation.


HYPOTHETICAL DOSE ESTIMATES

     Although meat from animals living on the Nevada Test Site is not avail-
able for human consumption, the various doses to a standard man based on
postulated consumption of the edible tissues has been calculated.  The dose
estimates are not presented as an implication of potential doses, but rather
to place the reported radionuclide concentrations in perspective.  The dose
estimates are based on the techniques and parameters of the International
Commission for Radiological Protection (1959, 1968, 1977) and Dillman (1969).
The estimates were calculated using the maximum observed concentrations of the
radionuclides in edible tissues of the cattle, deer, and chukar sampled
(summarized in Table 5).   It was assumed that 500 grams (about 1 pound) of the
meat were consumed each day for a year, and that the radionuclide concentra-
tion remained constant for that time.  The minimum detectable values of Table
5 were  used in the dose calculations when they were the maximum value for a
given tissue.

                                     15

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     TABLE  5.   SUMMARY OF PEAK RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN SELECTED
                TISSUES FROM NEVADA TEST SITE ANIMALS, 1981
Nuclide

Plutonium-238
Plutonium-239
Cesium-137
Tritium

Plutonium-238
Plutonium-239
Cesium-137
Tritium
Radionuclide
Muscle
Area
0.054+_ 0.087*
0.48 + 0.11
65 +_ 13.0
NA
NTS
0.11 + 0.18*
0.082 + 0.089*
28 +_ 13
2.4 x 106
+4.1 x 103**
Concentrations (pCi/kg Wet
Liver
18 Cattle
0.21 +_ 0.26*
2.3 +_ 0.62
27 +_ 14
NA
Mule Deer
0.35+_ 0.76*
1.1 + 0.24
27 + 12
2.2 x 106 8.8 x
+3.6 x 103** +7.4 x
Jjeijhll
Blood
(pCi/1)

NA
NA
NA
1900 + 320

NA
NA
NA
106
103**
Plutonium-238

Plutonium-239

Cesium-137

Tritium
               Area  12 Chukar

  1.4   +   0.38

  0.35  +_   0.41*

 48     +  17

760     + 300**
NA = Not analyzed
 * = Counting error exceeds reported activity
** = pCi/1 - aqueous portion of liver or muscle
                                     16

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     Although doses are calculated for ingestion of tissues from a chukar,
these doses are not compared to the dose guide.  Furthermore, these doses are
not used in discussing the maximum hypothetical doses because it is doubtful
that enough similar tissue could be obtained to provide the 1-year intake
quantities.

     The International Commission for Radiological Protection (1959) and the
U.S. Department of Energy (1977) present different dose criteria for various
parts of the body, based on estimates of relative radiosensitivity.  The
National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) (1971)
recognizes this philosophy, but recommends simplifying the guides for the
general  population, and uses the minimum guide (0.5 rem per year to the whole
body for an individual in an uncontrolled area) for all body organs.  The NCRP
emphasizes that this is a simplifying administrative decision, rather than a
reduction of the guides based on new technical information.

     The indicated confidence intervals in Table 5 are twice the standard
deviation (2s) based on counting statistics.  The total analytical  uncertain-
ties at  two standard deviations for the plutonium results are estimated to be
about 0.2 pd'/kg for results of several tenths of a pCi/kg,  or several  times
the indicated counting uncertainties.  Thus, differences between values, when
the values are under several tenths of a pCi/kg, have limited statistical
significance given the total analytical uncertainties of the results.

     Table 6 lists postulated doses based on the data summarized in Table 5.
The column on the right shows the respective fraction of the radiation  pro-
tection  guide of 500 millirems (mrem) per year for the various postulated
doses.   The doses for plutonium and, to a lesser extent, cesium-137 are not
delivered in 1 year.  For practical purposes, however, the integrated doses
for a 1-year ingestion period are related to the yearly guide.

     The highest postulated dose (in edible tissue), 43 millirems (mrem),
would result from ingesting muscle from the deer that drank  from the
contaminated Area 12 ponds.   This dose is nearly 9 percent of the guide of 500
mrem per year.  Tissues of deer collected away from the Area 12 ponds
contained environmental levels of tritium.   All of the other postulated doses
are 0.1  mrem or less and are similar to or lower than those  estimated for 1980
(Smith et al. 1981).
                                     17

-------
               TABLE 6.   POSTULATED DOSE TO MAN FOLLOWING INGESTION  OF  SELECTED TISSUES FOR 1 YEAR

Nuclide
Tritium

Tritium

Cesium-137


Dose
Calculated
For
Body
water
Body
water
Whole-
body
tissue
Animal Tissue
Containing Maximum pCi/kg (wet weight) or
Concentration pCi/1 of Tissue Water
NTS mule deer, blood 8.8 x 106 + 7.4 x 103

NTS mule deer, muscle 2.4 x 106 + 4. 2 x 103

Area 18 cattle, 65 + 13
muscle

Dose Factor Per-
mrem:pCi/day cent
(1-year Dose of 500
ingestion)* (mrem) mrem
3.6 x ID'5 158 31.6

3.6 x 10-5 43 8.6

0.022 0.72 0.1


00   Plutonium-238   Bone
Area 12 chukar,
 muscle
1.4 + 0.38
0.54
0.38    t
Plutoni
Plutoni
um-238
um-239
Bone
Bone
NTS mule
Area 18
deer, 1
cattle,
i ver
liver
0.35
2.3
+ 0.76
± 62
0.
0.
54
63
<0.1t
0.7
0.1
     *The doses from plutonium-238 and -239, and to a lesser extent cesium-137, are not delivered within the
      1-year ingestion period,  but,  for simplification, the doses have been related to the guide for 1 year.
      The doses for plutonium are actually for a 50-year period, but it should be recognized that the doses
      are resulting from ingestion over a 1-year period.  The dose factors are based on quality factor  (QF)
      of 1 for tritium and cesium-137 and 20 for plutonium-238 and -239 (ICRP, 1977).  The QF of 20 used
      for plutonium is twice the value used in reports for the program prior to 1979  (Smith et al. 1978b,
      1979,  1980).
    tThe percent  of the 500 mrem dose guide is not calculated for these tissues because  it is not
     reasonable to assume that someone could consume 500 g of meat per day from NTS chukar.
    fSince  the analytical counting error term is much larger than the mean, the postulated dose is
     calculated for the mean plus the error term and is stated as a "less than" value.

-------
                                OTHER ACTIVITIES
 DEER MIGRATION STUDY
     A sizeable mule deer herd resides  in the mountainous  reqions  of  the  NTS
 during the summer; in unrestricted  lands, these  deer may be  hunted by the
 public.  A study to determine migration patterns of the herd  (through tracking
 of  individual deer fitted with collars  containing miniature  radio  trans-
 mitters) was begun in 1975 and continued through 1981.

     From June through November  1981, 25 NTS mule deer  (Table 7) were
 captured, either by chemical restraint  of free-ranging  animals  (Smith et  al.
 1978a) or by trapping at a water site (Giles 1979).  Ten deer were fitted with
 collars containing new radio transmitters, ear tags, and reflective numbers.
 Five deer were fitted with re-conditioned radio transmitter collars that  had
 been recovered from deer captured prior to 1981.  This  brought  the total
 number of working transmitters in the field to 19 (4 from  previous years).
 AIP personnel monitored the movements of the deer weekly with hand-held
 receivers and directional antenna.  Ten other deer were captured but  found
 unsuitable for collaring and were released after visible markers (ear tags  and
 reflective collars) had been attached.

     Fourteen of the deer were captured at the Area 12  trapsite on Rainier
 Mesa and immobilized with M-99®  (etorphine).  The other eleven  deer were
 free-ranging animals (five in Area  12 and six in Areas  19  and 20)  and  were
 immobilized with Sernylan® (phencyclidine hydrochloride),  and acepromazine
 maleate (Ayerest Laboratories, Inc.) injected via a syringe-dart fired from  a
 Cap Chur™ gun (Palmer Chemical Company).

     The 1981 summer and winter  ranges of the NTS deer  are shown in Figure  4.
 Deer captured in Area 12 remained there until late December when weather
 forced them onto their wintering ranges.  Most of the marked  deer  went south
 to the Shoshone Mountain and Timber Mountain areas.  One deer moved off of  the
 mesa and spent the winter in the area around Captain Jack  Spring and  N Tunnel
 where he was seen on several  occasions.   One deer went  north  from  Rainier Mesa
 into the deep canyons in the southern part of the Belted Range  where  it
 remained throughout the winter and most of the following summer.   The last
 deer went south onto the Eleana Range where it stayed until  its death in  March
 of 1982.  Deer from Areas 19 and 20 wintered in the Timber Mountain,  Forty
 Mile Canyon, and the Beatty wash areas.

     In the past year, by mid-July, most deer returned  to  the summer  range
where they were originally tagged.  However, during the spring  and early
 summer of 1982, many of the deer did not return to the  areas  or Rainier Mesa
where they normally frequented.  They have stayed around the  edges of the mesa


                                     19

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                                 TABLE 7.  DEER CAPTURE INFORMATION,  1981
ro
o
I.D.
1 Yellow
2 Yellow
3 Yellow
4 Yellow
5 Yellow
6 Yellow
7 Yellow
8 Yellow
Age
Estimate
3-4
1-2
3-4
5-6
3-4
1-2
1-2
1-2
Weight
Estimate
Sex (kg)
F 64
M 42
M 65
M 86
F 42
F 42
M 34
F 34
Date
Captured
06/09
06/19
06/19
06/24
06/26
07/21
07/22
07/22
Location
Area 12, Trapsite
1 mile N.W. Echo Peak
Area, Repeated Site
U19C Water Reservoir,
Area 19
2.4 km S.W. of Area 20
camp
Area 12, Trapsite
Area 12, Trapsite
N. Tunnel Pond, Area
12
Area 12, Trapsite
Comments
Pregnant doe in good
condition.
Spike buck in good
condition.
Large buck in good
condition, 3x3 antlers.
Large buck in good
condition, 4x4 antlers.
Lactating doe in fair
condition.
Young doe in fair condition.
Found dead 3/10/82, 2.4 km
N. Area 16 camp, radio
recovered.
Young buck in fair
condition, 3x3 antlers.
Young non-1 actating doe in
                                                                            good  condition.
                                                                                              (continued)

-------
                                      TABLE 7.   (Continued)
I.D.
9 Yellow

10 Yellow

7 Blue


5 White

4 Red

7 Red

10 Red
Age
Estimate
2-3

1-2

3-4


5-6

2-3

4-6

3-4
Sex
M

M

F


M

F

M

F
Weight
Estimate
(kg)
56

42

46


90

46

65

45
Date
Captured
08/13

08/19

09/16


09/10

10/24

11/04

10/29
Location
Rainier Mesa, N.
Central , Area 12
U19C Water Reservoir,
Area 19
Intersection Holmes
Rd. and Rainier Mesa
Rd. , Area 12
0. 2 km S. of E. Tunnel
turnoff, Area 12
Area 12, Trapsite

Area 12, Trapsite

0.8 km west of Holmes
Comments
Mature buck in good
condition, 4x3 antlers.
Young buck in good
condition, 3x3 antlers.
Mature lactating doe with 1
fawn.

Mature buck in excellent
condition, 4x4 antlers.
Mature lactating doe in good
condition.
Mature buck in fair
condition, 4x4 antlers.
Non-lactating doe in fair
R.G.
1-2
M
34
        Rd.  & Stockade Wash
        Intersection

06/11   Area 12,  Trapsite
                                                                       condition.
Young buck in fair
condition, one antler broken
in trap.
                                                                                        (continued)

-------
                                           TABLE  7.   (Continued)
ro
ro
I.D.
D.S.
H.6.
C.M.
J.T.
D.G.
J.G.
C.G.
M.M.
Age
Estimate
1-2
2
5-6
5-6
5-6
7-8
1
3-4
Weight
Estimate
Sex (kg)
M 35
M 36
M 92
M 94
M 94
M 98
M 17
F 68
Date
Captured
06/20
07/23
07/29
07/30
08/08
08/24
11/05
11/05
Location
Area 12, Trapsite
Area 12, Trapsite
Area 12, Trapsite
Area 12, Trapsite
Echo Peak turnoff,
Area 19
0.8 km south of Echo
Peak substation, Area
19
Area 12, Trapsite
Area 12, Trapsite
Comments
Young buck in fair
condition.
Young buck in fair
condition, spike antlers.
Large buck in good
condition, 4x4 antlers.
Large buck in good
condition, 4x4 antlers.
Large buck in good
condition, 4x4 antlers.
Large buck in good
condition, 6x5 antlers.
Small buck in good
condition, spike antlers.
Non-lactating doe in good
     H.M.
2-3
80
11/20   Area 12, Trapsite
condition.


Mature buck in good

condition, 4x4 antlers.

-------
                                    ___ Summer Capture Areas



                                    •"""• Winter Areas
                              \-   \  /•'
                            -A'    YX  ;   7
Figure 4.  Mule Deer Capture and  Wintering Areas, 1981.
                          23

-------
and in the foothills on the west and northern sides of Rainier Mesa.  This  is
thought to be due to increased traffic and frequent rains that have resulted
in drinking water being widely available.


PUBLIC INFORMATION

     The offsite public information program continued by direct contact with
ranchers, and by briefings of groups touring the EMSL-LV or the NTS
Experimental  Farm.   During 1981, the objectives and findings of the AIP were
presented to  over 700 NTS visitors in 38 different tour groups.  Approximately
200 additional  drop-in  visitors to the farm received informal briefings.

     "Big Sam,"  the rumen-fistulated steer, was a featured exhibit at the
April  11 field  day of the Nevada Cooperative Extension Services' Southern
Nevada Field  Laboratory in Logandale, Nevada.   Approximately 100 people
visited the exhibit and were briefed on the activities and findings of
the AIP.
INVESTIGATIONS

     There was one offsite livestock damage report during 1981.  The sudden
death of a goat kid in Rachel,  Nevada,  was investigated as the owners were
concerned the death was related to the  testing program.  However, the cause of
death was diagnosed as due to enterotoxemia.   This was made on the basis of
history and necropsy findings.
                                     24

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                          DECOMMISSIONING ACTIVITIES
AREA 15 FARM

     The Area 15 farm, in addition to its major function as a  research
facility, also served as the field station for the NTS operations  of the AIP.
As such it provided the facilities for the maintenance of the  horses,
rumen-fistulated steers, and beef bulls; weaning of calves; and production of
alfalfa hay.   Lloyd Enterprises, a contractor, operated the farm, maintained
the beef herd, and supplied support for studies conducted at the farm.

     On May 11, the electric motor of the irrigation well pump was short
circuited from a lightning strike.  The high cost of repairs ($75,000), the
frequency of occurrence (motor and pump replaced in May 1980), and the infre-
quent experimental use of the facilities in recent years led DOE officials to
decide to decommission the farm as of December 31, 1981.  As the farm workers
and facilities provided required support for the AIP and as most NTS surveil-
lance data provided by the AIP had been essentially negative in recent years,
it was decided to discontinue all NTS AIP activities as of December 31, 1981.
The only exception was the deer migration study which is to continue through
1983.

     During November and December, all farm equipment, supplies, and facili-
ties were prepared for decommissioning.  The entire farm was put into standby
condition with only the slaughter facility occasionally used.  The contract
for farm operation with Lloyd Enterprises was terminated December  31, 1981.


NTS BEEF HERD

     All animals of the beef herd were maintained on the Area  18 range until
October 1981.   While on the range, all animals subsisted on the native
vegetation supplemented with cottonseed oil  meal  during the winter months.

     The herd was rounded up in May and October.   At each roundup, all
captured animals were identified, weighed, and sprayed for ectoparasites.
Health problems were treated.   Selected animals were removed from  the herd for
sacrifice or transfer.   Following the October roundup, the entire  herd was
transported to Area 15 and subsequently 75 Hereford cattle, 5  Holstein
heifers, and 12 goats were surplussed to the University of Nevada, Reno.  The
two saddle horses were transferred to the Corn Creek Station of the U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service's Wildlife Range.
                                     25

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                                  REFERENCES


Black, S. C., R. F. Grossman, A. A. Mullen, G. D. Potter, D. D. Smith and
     J. L. Hopper.  1982.  Offsite Environmental Monitoring Report:  Radiation
     Monitoring around United States Nuclear Test Areas, Calender Year  1981.
     EPA-600/4-82-061, DOE/DP/00539-046 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
     Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada.  Ill  pp.

Brown, K. W.  and B. J. Mason.  1968.  Range Survey, Area 18, Nevada Test Site.
     SWRHL-52r.  U.S.  Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
     Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada.  42 pp.

Dillman,  L.  T.   1969.   "Radionuclide decay schemes and nuclear parameters  for
     use  in  radiation-dose estimation."  Medical Internal Radiation Dose
     Committee.  J. Nucl. Med.  Supplement No. 2.

Fountain, E.  L.  1961.  Offsite Animal Investigation Project.  Fourth Annual
     Report.   U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Nevada Operations Office,  Las
     Vegas,  Nevada.  32 pp.

Giles, K. R.   1979.  A summer trapping method for mule deer.  EMSL-LV-0539-27.
     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring and
     Support Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada.  5 pp.

Hagan, V. I.  and G. Arrhenius.  1963.  "Ion exchange in mixed solvent."
     Talanta 10:865.

International Commission on Radiological  Protection.  1959.  Report of
     Committee  II on Permissible Dose for Internal Radiation.  ICRP Report
     No.  2.

International Commission on Radiological  Protection.  1968.  Evaluation of
     Radiation  Doses to Body Tissues from Internal Contamination Due to
     Occupational Exposure.   ICRP Report No. 10.

International Commission on Radiological  Protection.  1977.  Recommendations
     of the  International Commission on Radiological Protection.  ICRP  Report
     No.   26.                                                              v

Johns, F. B., P. B. Hahn, D. J. Thome and E. W. Bretthauer.  1979.  National
     Environmental Research Center - Las Vegas Handbook of Radiochemical
     Analytical Methods.  EMSL-LV-539-17.  U.S. Environmental Protection
     Agency,  Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada
     109 pp.
                                     26

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Leavitt, V. D.  1970.  Soil Survey of Area  18, Nevada Test  Site.   SWRHL-74.
     U.S. Department of Health, Education,  and Welfare,  Southwestern
     Radiological Health Laboratory, Las Vegas,  Nevada.   119  pp.

Major. W. J., K. D. Lee, and R. A. Wessman.   1975.   "Analysis  of  239Pu  and
     241Am in NAEG Large-Sized Bovine Samples."  NVO-153.   In:  The
     Radioecology of Plutonium and Other Transuranics in  Desert Environments.
     M. G. White and P. B. Dunaway (eds.).  U.S. Atomic  Energy Commission.

Mitchell, R. F.  1960.  "Electrodeposition  of actinide elements at tracer
     concentrations."  Anal. Chem. 32:326.
National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements.
     Radiation Protection Criteria.  Report No. 39.
1971.   Basic
Scoggins, W. A.  1982.  Environmental Surveillance Report for the Nevada Test
     Site (January 1981 through December 1981).  DOE/NV/00410-67.  Reynolds
     Electrical and Engineering Co., Inc.  Las Vegas, Nevada.  181 pp.

Smith, D. D.  1970.  Management History of the AEC Beef Herd - 1 June 1964 - 1
     June 1969.  SWRHL-80r.  U.S. Department of Health, Education, and
     Welfare, Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada.
     26 pp.

Smith, D. D. and K. R. Giles.  1970.  Animal Investigation Program 1969 Annual
     Report.  SWRHL-102r.  U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
     Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada.  20 pp.

Smith, D. D. and K. R. Giles.  1974.  Animal Investigation Program 1970 Annual
     Report.  NERC-LV-539-16.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National
     Environmental Research Center, Las Vegas, Nevada.  53 pp.

Smith, D. D. and K. R. Giles.  1975.  1971 Animal Investigation Program Annual
     Report.  NERC-LV-539-20.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National
     Environmental Research Center, Las Vegas, Nevada.  39 pp.

Smith, D. D., K. R. Giles, and D. E. Bernhardt.  1976.  Animal Investigation
     Program 1972 Annual Report.   NERC-LV-539-35.  U.S. Environmental
     Protection Agency, National  Environmental Research Center, Las Vegas,
     Nevada.  82 pp.

Smith, D. D., K. R. Giles, and D. E. Bernhardt.  1977a.  Animal Investigation
     Program 1973 Annual Report:   Nevada Test Site and Vicinity.
     EMSL-LV-0539-3.   U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental
     Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada.  31 pp.

Smith, D. D., K. R. Giles, D. E.  Bernhardt, and K. W. Brown.  1977b.  Animal
     Investigation Program 1974 Annual  Report:  Nevada Test Site and Vicinity.
     EMSL-LV-0539-10.   U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental
     Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada.  37 pp.
                                     27

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Smith, D. D., K. R. Giles, D. E. Bernhardt,  and  K.  W.  Brown.   1978a.   Animal
     Investigation Program 1975 Annual Report:   Nevada Test  Site  and  Vicinity.
     EMSL-LV-0539-14.  U.S. Environmental  Protection Agency.  Environmental
     Monitoring and Support Laboratory. Las  Vegas,  Nevada.   48 pp.

Smith, D. D., K. R. Giles, D. E. Bernhardt,  and  K.  W.  Brown.   1978b.   Animal
     Investigation Program 1976 Annual Report:   Nevada Test  Site  and  Vicinity.
     EMSL-LV-0539-20.  U.S. Environmental  Protection Agency,  Environmental
     Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Las  Vegas,  Nevada.   Ill pp.

Smith, D. D., K. R. Giles, D. E. Bernhardt,  A. B. Crockett,  and R.  R.
     Kinnison.  1979.  Animal Investigation  Program 1977  Annual Report:
     Nevada  Test Site  and Vicinity.   EMSL-LV-0539-26.   U.S.  Environmental
     Protection Agency,  Environmental Monitoring Systems  Laboratory,  Las
     Vegas,  Nevada.  90  pp.

Smith, D. D., D. E. Bernhardt, and K. R. Giles.  1980.  Animal  Investigation
     Program 1978 Annual Report:  Nevada Test Site  and Vicinity.
     EPA-600/3-80-096, DOE/DP/0059-038.  U.S. Environmental  Protection Agency.
     Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Las  Vegas,  Nevada.   65 pp.

Smith, D. D., K. R. Giles, and D. E.  Bernhardt.  1981.  Animal  Investigation
     Program 1979 Annual Report:  Nevada Test Site  and Vicinity.
     EPA-600/3-81-035, DOE/DP/00539-042.   U.S. Environmental  Protection
     Agency.  Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Las  Vegas,  Nevada.
     65  pp.

Smith, D. D., K. R. Giles, and D. E.  Bernhardt.  1982.  Animal  Investigation
     Program Annual Report:  Nevada Test Site and Vicinity.
     EPA-600/3-82-077, DOE/DP00539-049.  U.S. Environmental  Protection
     Agency.  Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Las  Vegas,  Nevada.
     55  pp.

Talvitie, N. A.  1971.   "Radiochemical determination of plutonium in
     environmental and biological samples  by ion exchange."   Anal.  Chem.
     43:1827-1830.

Talvitie, N. A.   1972.   "Electrodeposition of actinides for  alpha
     spectrometric determination."  Anal.  Chem. 44:280-282.

U.S. Department  of Energy.   1977.  "Standards for Radiation  Protection
     Manual."  U.S.  Department of Energy Transmittal Notice.  Chapter  0524.

Wish, L.  and M.  Rowel 1.  1956.   Sequential  Analysis of Tracer Amounts  of Np,
     U,  and  Pu in  Fission-Product Mixtures by Anion Exchange.   USNRDL-TR-117.
     Naval  Radiological Defense Laboratory, San Francisco, California.
     34  pp.
                                     28

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                            LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES

Table                                                                    Page

 A-l   Summary of Analytical  Procedures  and Minimum Detectable
         Activities	    31

 B-l   Quality Assurance Results Spiked  Samples	    32

 B-2   Quality Assurance Results Duplicate Samples  	    33

 C-l   Plutonium Concentrations  in Lungs and Tracheobronchial Lymph
         Nodes, Beef Cattle,  Area 18,  NTS, May  1981	    34

 C-2   Plutonium Concentrations  in Muscles and  Livers,  Beef Cattle,
         Area  18, NTS,  May 1981	    36

 C-3   Plutonium Concentrations  in Gonads, Beef  Cattle, Area  18,
         NTS,  May 1981	    38

 C-4   Plutonium and Strontium Concentrations in Femurs,
         Beef  Cattle, Area 18, NTS,  May  1981	    39

 C-5   Gamma-Emitting Radionuclide and Tritium Concentrations in
         Selected Tissues, Beef  Cattle,  Area 18, NTS, May  1981 	    40

 D-l   Plutonium Concentrations  in Lungs,  Beef Cattle,  Area 18,
         NTS,  October 1981	    41

 D-2   Plutonium Concentrations  in Muscles,  Beef Cattle, Area 18,
         NTS,  October 1981	    42

 D-3   Plutonium Concentrations  in Livers, Beef  Cattle, Area  18,
         NTS,  October 1981	    43

 D-4   Plutonium Concentrations  in Gonads,  Beef  Cattle, Area  18,
         NTS,  October 1981	    44

 D-5   Plutonium and Strontium Concentrations in Femurs, Beef
         Cattle,  Area 18,  NTS, October 1981	    45

 D-6   Gamma-Emitting Radionuclide and Tritium Concentrations in
         Selected Tissues,  Beef  Cattle,  Area 18, NTS, October 1981 ...    47

 E-l   Plutonium Concentrations  in Muscles and Lungs, Mule Deer,
         NTS,  1981	    49
                                     29

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Table                                                                    Page


 E-2   Plutonium Concentrations in Liver and Rumen Contents,
         Mule Deer, NTS,  1981	   50

 E-3   Plutonium and Strontium Concentrations in Hock Bones,
         Mule Deer, NTS,  1981	   51

 E-4   Gamma-Emitting Radionuclide and Tritium Concentrations in
         Selected Tissues,  Mule Deer,  NTS,  1981	   52

 E-5   Gamma-Emitting Radionuclide and Tritium Concentrations in
         Rumen Contents,  Mule Deer,  NTS, 1981	   53

 F-l   Plutonium and Strontium Concentrations in Hock Bones, Desert
         Big Horn Sheep,  1981	   54

 F-2   Gamma-Emitting Radionuclide and Tritium Concentrations in
         Kidneys, Desert  Bighorn Sheep, 1981 	   56

 G-l   Plutonium, Strontium,  and Gamma-Emitting Radionuclide
         Concentrations  in  Selected  Tissues,  NTS Horse,  1981 	   57

 H-l   Plutonium, Strontium,  Tritium,  and Gamma-Emitting Radionuclide
         Concentrations  in  Selected  Tissues,  Chukar,  NTS,  1981  	   58

 1-1   Plutonium, Strontium,  and Gamma-Emitting Radionuclide
         Concentrations  in  Selected  Tissues,  Goat,  1981	   59

 J-l   Gross  and  Microscopic  Pathology  Found  in Necropsied
         Animals,  1981	   60
                                    30

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              TABLE  A-l.   SUMMARY OF ANALYTICAL  PROCEDURES  AND MINIMUM  DETECTABLE  ACTIVITIES
Type of
Analysis
Gamma
Spectrom-
etry




89-90Sr








Counting
Period
Analytical Equipment (m1n)
Lithium-drifted germanium or 1,200
high purity germanium detectors
calibrated at approximately 0.5
KeV per channel input to 4096
channels resident In the core of
the Nuclear Data 6620 computer-
based gamma spectrometry system.
Low-background thin-window, gas- 200
flow proportional counter with a
2.54-cm diameter window (900
ng/cm2).






Sample
Analytical Procedures Size
Radionuclide concentrations 300-rol
quant Itated from gamma spec- aluminum
trum by Nuclear Data 6620 cans
computer-based gamma spectrom-
etry system using vendor
supplied software.

Chemical separation by Sr 10 g of
(N03)-> precipitation and ash
Fe(HO}3 scavenge 89-9°Sr
was counted as SrC03.
9"Sr was determined by 9^Y
counting. Purity was checked
by two successive counts at
14-day intervals for 89-90sr
and 3 separate counts at 24-
hour Intervals for 9^Y.
Minimum Detectable Activities
(pCi /total sample)*
For: 54Mn,
137f«:
,or^S»
For: !25Sb,
For: 65Zn
For: 18IM -
For: 7Be -
For: 89Sr -
90Sr .







60rQ 95Zr 103Ru>
iSSfe. 13li, 134,,
HOfia - 7 pCi
1 Ce, - 30 pCi
106Ru,'144Ce - 20 pCi
85 pCi
45 pCi
.5 pCi
.3 pd







3H          Automatic liquid scintillation       200
            counter with output printer.

238 -       Alpha spectrometer with silicon    1,000
239pu       surface barrier detectors
            operated in vacuum chambers.
Sample prepared by
distillation.

Ash sample  is  digested with
acid, purified by ion
exchange, electroplated on
stainless steel planchet, and
counted by  alpha spectrometer.
  5 ml       0.4 pCi/ml H20


0.1-1 kg    For all  isotopes - 0.04 pCi
wet weight
                                                                                     1-10 g
                                                                                    of ash
*The minimum  detectable activities in terms  of  total activity per sample  for standard geometries  and counting times are defined  as  those
 activities which equal 3.29 times the standard deviation based on counting only [Environmental Measurements Laboratory (EML-formerly
 HASL)  Procedures Manual, HASL-300, pages D-08-02 through D-08-06, August  1974].  These values are approximations and are applicable to
 ideal  conditions and simple complexes of nudldes.  Complex spectra  or spectra showing naturally occurring radionuclldes can  raise the
 minimum detectable activities considerably.

-------
          TABLE B-l.  QUALITY ASSURANCE RESULTS,  SPIKED SAMPLES
Sample and
Shipment No.

221248
16
221249
16
221413
20
221414
20
221415
20
221416
20
221448
25
221449
25
Activity Added
(pCi/g Ash) - Bone
Nuclide (pCi/kg)* - Muscle

239Pu
90Sr
239Pu
90Sr
90Sr

90Sr

90Sr

90Sr

90Sr

90Sr

Bone Ash
0.055
7.3
0.0
0.0
1.58

1.69

1.62

1.85

0.0

7.87

Activity Reported
(pCi/g Ash) - Bone
(pCi/kg)* - Muscle

0.077 +
5.6 _+
0.0063 +
1.4 +
3.02 +

3.04 +

3.03 +

2.82 +

1.95 +

9.21 +


0.017
0.75
0.0089
0.75
0.42

0.43

0.42

0.395

0.271

1.23

Percent
Bias**

-29
+42
-
-15

-19

-16

-38

—

-8

 * Wet Weight                                          /x.\
** Bias (B)  = Recovery -1;  Recovery  is  average  recovery ( —J
                                                       \u /
                                  where x-j   =   net  activity reported
                                         u   =   activity added
                                     32

-------
         TABLE B-2.  QUALITY ASSURANCE RESULTS DUPLICATE SAMPLES
Animal No./
Tissue Type
#5 Muscle
#5 Muscle duplicate
#11 Muscle
#11 Muscle duplicate
#5 Bone
#5 Bone duplicate
#11 Bone
#11 Bone duplicate
* Wet weiqht
** Precision (Cv) =
Nuclide
239Pu
239PU
239pu
239Pu
9°Sr
90Sr
9°Sr
9°Sr
, /(xi - x2n
\ xi + x'2 /
Activity Reported
(pCi/kq - muscles)* Precision of
(pCi/q ash - bone) Analysis**
0.049
0.12 0.74
0.035
0.016 0.66
1.6
3.2 -0.59
1.9
1.9 0.0
x 	 where X} = first value
1-128 x,, = second value
The formulas for 95% confidence interval  limits:
     L upper  =  XT  (1 + B + 2CV)
     L lower  =  x,  (1 + B - 2CV)
                                  33

-------
TABLE C-l.   PLUTONIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN LUNGS AND TRACHEOBRONCHIAL
         LYMPH NODES, BEEF CATTLE,  AREA 18,  NTS, MAY 1981
Animal
Number
238Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
239Pu
(pCi/g Ash) Ash
(pCi/kg)* (%)
Lungs
1

2

3

4

Median

Range
#1 Fetus

1
2
3
4

0.009 +
0.11 +
0.00062 +
0.005 +
0.011 +
0.10 +
0.019 +
0.24 +
0.01
0.11
0.009
; 0.11
0.0029**
0.023**
0.014**
0.13**
0.0059
0.075


0.00062**-0.019
0.005**-0.24
-0.0017 +
-0.02 +

0.02 +
1.2 +
0.0 +
0.0 +
-0.0097 +
-0.39 +
0.12 +
3.6 T

0.0056**
0.067**
Tracheobronchial
0.055**
3.2**
0.0078**
0.3
0.045**
1.8**
0.12
3.6

0.12
1.4
0.071
0.57
0.12
1.1
0.26
3.4
0.12
1.3
0.071-0
0.57-3.
0.20
0.017
Lymph Nodes
0.17
9.9
0.23
8.7
0.4
16.0
2.0
59.0

+ 0.019
+ 0.23 1.2
+ 0.015
+ 0.12 0.8
+ 0.024
+ 0.21 0.9
+ 0.035
+ 0.44 1.3

1.0
.26
4 0.8-1.3
+ 0.22**
+ 0.018**

+ 0.071
±4.2 5.8
+ 0.088
+ 3.4 3.6
+ 0.13
+ 5.3 4.0
+ 0.28
+ 8.4 3.0
(continued)
                              34

-------
                            TABLE C-l.  (Continued)
                     238Pu                         239Pu
Animal            (pCi/g Ash)                   (pCi/g Ash)            Ash
Number             (pCi/kg)*                     (pCi/kg)*
                         Tracheobronchial Lymph Nodes
Median         0.01**                         0.31
               0.6**                         13.0                      3.8

Range         -0.0097**-0.12                  0.17-2.0
              -0.39**-3.6                     8.7-59.0               3.0-5.
 * Wet Weight
** Counting Error exceeds Reported Activity
                                     35

-------
TABLE C-2.   PLUTONIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN MUSCLES AND LIVERS,
            BEEF CATTLE,  AREA 18,  NTS,  MAY 1981
Animal
Number

1

2

3

4

Median

Range

#1 Fetus


1

2

3

4


238Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
Muscles
0.00032 + 0.0015**
0.0037 + 0.017**
0.0038 + 0.005**
0.041 + 0.055**
0.0031 + 0.0044**
0.035 _+ 0.051**
0.0054 + 0.0087**
0.054 + 0.087**
0.0035**
0.038**
0.00032**-0.0054**
0.0037**-0.054**
0.0022 + 0.0059**
0.033 + 0.089**
Livers
0.003 + 0.0073**
0.041 + 0.098**
0.0032 + 0.0061**
0.042 + 0.082**
0.005 + 0.0064**
0.06 + 0.077**
0.015 + 0.019**
0.21 + 0.26**

239Pu
(pCi/g Ash) Ash
(pCi/kg)* (%)

0.026
0.3
0.044
0.48
0.013
1.15
0.037
0.37
0.0315
0.335
0.013-0
0.15-0.
0.016
0.24

0.083
1.1
0.047
0.63
0.027
0.32
0.044
0.61


+ 0.0065
+ 0.075 1.2
+ 0.0097
+ 0.11 1.1
+ 0.0039
+ 0.046 1.2
+ 0.012
_+ 0.12 1.0

1.15
.044
48 1.0-1.2
+ 0.016
+ 0.25** 1.5

+ 0.026
+ 0.34 1.3
+ 0.013
±0.17 1.3
+ 0.007
+ 0.083 1.2
+ 0.016
± 0.23 1.4
(continued)
                             36

-------
                            TABLE C-2.  (Continued)
An i ma 1
Number
   238Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
 (pCi/kg)*
   239Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
 (pCi/kg)*
                                                                       Ash
                                    Li vers
Median
Range
#1 Fetus
0.0041**
0.051**
0.003**-0.015**
0.0.041**-0.21**
0.0006 + 0.0028**
0.0089 + 0.042**
0.055
0.61
0.027-0
0.32-1.
0.036
0.53

.083
1
+ 0.0099
+ 0.15
1.3
1.2-1.4
1.5
 * Wet  Weight
** Counting  Error  exceeds  Reported Activity
                                     37

-------
         TABLE C-3.   PLUTONIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN GONADS, BEEF CATTLE,
                            AREA 18, NTS, MAY 1981

Animal
Number
1

2

3

4

Median

Range

238Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
-0.013 + 0.02**
-0.8 +_ 1.2**
0.009 + 0.03**
0.45 + 1.5**
-0.0057 + 0.026**
-0.25 + 1.2**
-0.015 + 0.068**
-0.49 + 2.3**
-0.014**
-0.37**
-0.0057**-0.009**
-0.8**-0.45**
239Pu
(pCi/q Ash) Ash
(pCi/kg)* (%)
0.067 + 0.082**
4.0 + 4.9** 6.0
0.032 + 0.056**
1.6 + 2.8** 5.0
0.085 + 0.1**
3.8 +_ 4.6** 4.4
0.011 + 0.029**
0.36 + 0.98** 3.3
0.0485**
2.7** 4.7
0.011**-0.085**
0.36**-4.0** 3.3-6.0
 * Wet Weight
** Counting Error exceeds  Reported  Activity
                                    38

-------
    TABLE C-4.  PLUTONIUM AND STRONTIUM CONCENTRATIONS  IN  FEMURS,  BEEF  CATTLE,  AREA 18,  NTS,  MAY, 1981
CO
238Pu
Animal (pCi/g Ash)
Number (pCi/kg)*
1 0.0016
0.45
2 -0.0029
-0.51
3 -0.0019
-0.35
4 -0.0043
-1.0
+ 0.0044**
+ 1.2**
+ 0.0091**
+ 2.4**
+ 0.009**
+ 1.6**
+ 0.02**
+ 4.8**
Median -0.0024**
-0.43**
Range -0.0043**-0.0016**
-1.0**-0.45**
#1 Fetus -0.00055
-0.0037
+ 0.00026**
+ 0.017**
239Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
0.0022 +
0.6 +
0.0058 +
1.5 +
-0.001 +
-0.17 +
0.0059 +
1.4 +
0.004**
1.0**
-0.001**-0
-0.17**-1.
0.005 +
0.33 +
0.0051**
1.4**
0.0091**
2.4**
0.0045**
0.81**
0.0084**
2.0**

.0059**
5**
0.0079**
0.52**
89Sr
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
1.8 + 4.5**
490.0 + 1200.0**
4.9 + 5.8**
1300*. 0 T 150o!o**
-0.65 + 8.9**
-120.0 +_ 1600.0**
2.1 + 3.8**
500.0 +_ 900.0**
1.95**
495.0**
-0.65**-4.9**
-120.0**-1300.0**
NA
90Sr
(pCi/g Ash) Ash
(pCi/kg)* (%)
1.8 + 0.25
490.0 + 70.0 28
2.1 + 0.29
550.0 + 77.0 26
2.3 + 0.41
410.0 + 74.0 18
1.3 + 0.19
300.0 _+ 45.0 24
1.95
450.0 25
1.3-2.3
300.0-550.0 18.0-28.0
NA 6.6
     *Wet Weight
    **Counting  Error  exceeds Reported Activity

-------
       TABLE  C-5.   GAMMA-EMITTING  RADIONUCLIDE AND TRITIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN SELECTED TISSUES,
                                BEEF CATTLE, AREA 18, NTS, MAY  1981
Muslces
Animal K(g/kg)*
Number 137Cs(pCi/kg)*
1

2

3

4

Median

Range

#1 Fetus

7.2 + 0.35
35.0 _+ 15.0
6.9 + 0.31
48.0 + 13.0
6.3 + 0.34
65.0 + 13.0
6.3 + 0.3
36.0 _+ 12.0
6.6
42
6.3-7.2
35-65
4.9 + 0.26
36.0 + 9.9
Lungs Livers
K(9/kg)* K(g/kg)* Thyroids
137Cs(pCi/kg)* 137Cs(pCi/kg)* K(g/kg)*
7.1 + 0.65
<64
7.9 + 0.48
<45
6.7 + 0.6
<47
2.3 + 0.43
690.0 + 220.0
6.9
<56
2.3-7.9
<45-690
2.8 + 1.9
<25
6.5 + 0.32 2.6 + 1.7
<27
5.4 + 0.31 GSN
<30
5.4 + 0.29 5.0 + 2.9
<26
5.3 + 0.27 GSN
22.0 +8.5
5.4 GSN
<27
5.3-6.5 GSN-5.0
22-<30
4.0 + 0.3
50.0 +_ 12.0 NA
Kidneys
K(g/kg)*
137Cs(pCi/kg)*
5.4 + 0.29
31.0 + 14.0
2.7 + 0.29
36.0 + 14.0
5.4 + 0.31
36.0 + 13.0
5.7 + 0.31
26.0 _+ 13.0
5.4
33.5
2.7-5.7
26-36

NA
Blood
3H(pCi/L)
<310

<310

<310

<310

<310

<310


NA
  *   Wet Weight
GSN = Gamma Spectrum Negligible
 NA = Not Analyzed

-------
TABLE D-l.  PLUTONIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN LUNGS, BEEF CATTLE,
                AREA 18, NTS, OCTOBER 1981
Animal
Number
5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

Median

Range
— — . 	
— 	 	
238Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
0.021 + 0.0053
0.23 _+ 0.059
0.025 + 0.0053
0.23 + 0.051
0.013 + 0.0046
0.13 + 0.046
0.014 + 0.0043
0.14 + 0.043
0.0058 + 0.0066**
0.058 _+ 0.066**
0.024 + 0.007
0.28 + 0.084
0.007 + 0.0076**
0.076 + 0.083**
0.0086 + 0.00035
0.087 + 0.036
0.01 + 0.0035
0.11 +0.039
0.0057 + 0.0075**
0.058 +_ 0.076**
0.012
0.12
0.0057**-0.025
0.058**-0.28
"
239Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
0.8 +0.1
8.9 +_ 1.1
0.49 + 0.052
4.7 +0.5
0.20 + 0.026
2.0 + 0.26
0.16 + 0.021
1.6 + 0.21
0.023 + 0.0059
0.23 + 0.059
0.22 + 0.036
2.6 + 0.43
0.35 + 0.042
3.8 +_ 0.45
0.07 + 0.012
0.71 +_ 0.12
0.27 + 0.03
3.0 + 0.33
0.028 + 0.0077
0.29 + 0.079
0.21
2.3
0.023-0.8
0.23-8.9
Ash
(%)

1.1

0.95

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.2

1.1

1.0

1.1

1.0

1.0
0.95-1.2
    Error exceeds  Reported Activity
                              41

-------
          TABLE D-2.  PLUTONIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN MUSCLES, BEEF CATTLE,
                           AREA 18, NTS, OCTOBER 1981
Animal
Number
5

Duplicate
#5
6

7

8

9

10

11

Duplicate
#11
12

13

14

Median

Range

238Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
0.0013 + 0.0029**
0.0099 + 0.023**
0.00 + 0.0038**
0.00 _+ 0.042**
-0.00046 + 0.0021**
-0.005 + 0.023**
0.00059 + 0.002**
0.0067 + 0.022**
0.0027 + 0.0048**
0.022 + 0.039**
0.0012 + 0.0027**
0.012 + 0.028**
0.0012 + 0.0032**
0.012 + 0.033**
-0.0004 + 0.0019**
-0.0044 + 0.02**
0.003 + 0.0058**
0.023 + 0.045**
0.00 + 0.0019**
0.00 + 0.018**
0.0022 + 0.0061**
0.019 + 0.053**
0.0024 + 0.0066**
0.017 + 0.047**
0.0012**
0.011**
-0.00046**-0.003**
-0.005**-0.023**
239Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
0.0062 + 0.0069**
0.049 _+ 0.054**
0.011 + 0.015**
0.12 + 0.18**
0.0028 + 0.0054**
0.03 + 0.058**
0.003 + 0.0045**
0.033 + 0.05**
0.0019 + 0.004**
0.015 +_ 0.033**
0.0015 + 0.0027**
0.012 +_ 0.028**
0.0024 + 0.0046**
0.024 + 0.047**
0.0032 + 0.0054**
0.035 + 0.059**
0.002 + 0.0047**
0.016 + 0.0036**
0.016 + 0.0056
0.16 + 0.054
0.0037 + 0.008**
0.032 +_ 0.068**
0.0048 + 0.0094**
0.035 + 0.068**
0.0031**
0.032**
0.0015**-0.016
0.012**-0. 16
Ash
(%)

0.79

1.1

1.1

1.1

0.81

1.1

1.0

1.1

0.77

0.96

0.86

0.72

0.98

0.72-1.1
 * Wet Weight
** Counting Error exceeds  Reported Activity
                                     42

-------
         TABLE D-3.  PLUTONIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN LIVERS, BEEF CATTLE,

                          AREA 18, NTS, OCTOBER 1981
Animal
Number
5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

Median
Range
238Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
0.012 + 0.013**
0.13 + 0.13**
0.003 + 0.0042**
0.036 + 0.051**
0.00 + 0.0027**
0.00 + 0.029**
0.0026 + 0.0054**
0.041 + 0.088**
-0.00029 + 0.0014**
-0.0047 _+ 0.021**
0.0092 + 0.013**
0.061 +_ 0.086**
0.0022 + 0.006**
0.027 +_ 0.073**
0.0021 + 0.0071**
0.025 + 0.084**
0.011 + 0.016**
0.12 + 0.18**
0.0073 + 0.016**
0.089 + 0.2**
0.0028**
0.0385**
-0.00029**-0.012**
-0.0047**-0.13**
239Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
0.15 + 0.03
1.5 + 0.31
0.046 + 0.0089
0.55 +_ 0.11
0.073 + 0.02
0.79 + 0.21
0.04 + 0.012
0.64 +_ 0.19
0.029 + 0.0068
0.46 _+ 0.11
0.086 + 0.022
0.57 + 0.14
0.11 + 0.028
1.3 _+ 0.34
0.081 + 0.025
0.96 + 0.29
0.21 + 0.056
2.3 +_ 0.62
0.0023 + 0.0027**
0.028 +_ 0.033**
0.077
0.715
0.0023**-0.21
0.028**-2.3
Ash
(X)

1.0

1.2

1.1

1.6

1.6

0.66

1.2

1.2

1.1

1.2
1.2
0.66-1.6
 * Wet Wei ght
** Counting Error exceeds Reported Activity
                                      43

-------
          TABLE D-4.   PLUTONIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN GONADS, BEEF CATTLE,
                           AREA 18,  NTS,  OCTOBER 1981
Animal
Number
5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

Median

Range

238Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
0.18 + 0.23**
1.1 + 1.5**
0.00 + 0.09**
0.00 + 0.3**
0.15 + 0.36**
0.65 _+ 1.5**
0.077 + 0.25**
0.37 + 1.2**
0.023 + 0.063**
0.19 +_ 0.52**
-0.004 + 0.019**
-0.041 +_ 0.19**
0.12 + 0.31**
1.2 + 3.1**
0.14 + 0.24**
1.4 + 2.4**
0.014 + 0.021**
0.15 + 0.21**
-0.0081 + 0.038**
-0.079 + 0.36**
0.05**
0.28**
-0.0081**-0.18**
-0.079**-!. 4**
239Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
0.064 + 0.14**
0.41 + 0.85**
-0.019 + 0.09**
-0.064 + 0.3**
0.12 + 0.31**
0.45 _+ 1.3**
0.5 + 0.66**
2.4 + 3.2**
0.023 + 0.063**
0.19 _+ 0.52**
-0.001 + 0.0047**
-0.01 + 0.048**
0.15 + 0.36**
1.5 + 3.6**
0.077 + 0.18**
0.77 _+ 1.8**
0.048 + 0.017
0.49 + 0.17
0.0068 + 0.014**
0.066 + 0.14**
0.056**
0.43**
-0.019**-0. 5**
-0.064**-2.4**
Ash
(%)

0.63

0.33

0.42

0.48

0.83

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.97

0.9

0.33-1.0
 * Wet Weight
** Counting Error exceeds Reported Activity
                                     44

-------
TABLE D-5.   PLUTONIUM AND STRONTIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN FEMURS, BEEF CATTLE,
                         AREA 18, NTS, OCTOBER 1981
Animal
Number
5
Duplicate
#5
6
7

8

9

10

11

Duplicate
#11

238Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
-0.
-0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
-0.
-0.

00076 +
19 +
00058 +
24 +
0013 +
39 +_
00 +
00 +_
0042 +
2 +
00055 +
11 +
00034 +
078 +_
00084 +
18 +
0004 +
14 +_

0.0025**
0.61**
0.0027**
0.11**
0.0034**
1.0**
0.0022**
0.63**
0.0067**
1.9**
0.0025**
0. 53**
0.0016**
0.36**
0.002**
0.42**
0.0018**
0.65**

239Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
0.051 +
13.0 +_
0.029 +
11.0 +
0.0013 +
0.39 +
0.011 +
3.1 +_
0.014 +
3.8 +
0.00053 +
0.11 +
0.0036 +
0.84 +
0.0066 +
1.4 +
-0.0016 +
-0.56 +

0.011
2.6
0.0091
3.7
0.0034**
1.0**
0.011**
3.2**
0.0054
1.5
0.0018**
0.37**
0.0052**
1.2**
0.0024
0.52
0.0075**
0.29**

89Sr
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
14.0
3500.0
-6.8
-2700.0
-8.5
-2600.0
-7.8
-2200.0
6.8
1900.0
1.4
280.0
-3.9
-910.0
-1.8
-390.0
-1.7
-580.0

+
7
+
7
+
+
+
7
+
7
+
7
+
7
+
+
+
7

5.4
1300.0
24.0**
9600.0**
26.0**
8000.0**
37.0**
11000.0**
21.0**
5800.0**
13.0**
2700.0**
13.0**
3000.0**
12.4**
2700.0**
13.0**
4500.0**

90Sr
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
1.6 +
390.0 +
3.2 +
1300.0 +
3.2 +
980.0 +
4.8 +
1400.0 ±
2.4 +
670.0 +
2.1 +
430.0 +
2.1 +
490.0 +
1.9 +
410.0 +
1.9 +
660.0 +_

0.22
50.0
0.46
190.0
0.46
140.0
0.7
210.0
0.35
98.0
0.3
62.0
0.3
69.0
0.28
60.0
0.27
930.0

Ash
f Of \
\ *® J
24.5
40.5
30.6

29.0

27.9

20.9

23.2

21.4
34.5
(continued)

-------
                                         TABLE D-5.  (Continued)

Animal
Number
12

13

14

Median

Range
238Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
0.00025 + 0.0012**
0.038 _+ 0.18**
-0.00067 + 0.0031**
-0.17 _+ 0.77**
-0.00083 + 0.0038**
-0.23 _+ 1.1**
0.000295**
0.058**
-0.0008**-0.0042**
-0.23**-1.2**
239Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
0.0044 + 0.0052**
0.74 + 0.78
0.0056 + 0.0065**
1.4 + 1.6**
0.0016 + 0.0031**
0.45 +_ 0.86**
0.0053**
1.12**
-0.0016**-0.051
-0.56**-13.0
89Sr
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
-0.97 + 13.0**
-150.0 + 1900.0**
-2.5 + 18.0**
-620.0 + 4500.0**
-5.4 + 19.0**
-1500.0 +_ 5300.0**
-1.75**
-435.00**
-8. 5**-14.0
-2700.0**-3500.0
90Sr
(pCi/g Ash) Ash
(pCi/kg)* (%)
2.0 + 0.29
300.0+ 44.0 15.0
2.7 + 0.38
670.0+ 93.0 24.6
3.0 + 0.40
810.0 + 110.0 27.4
2.25
665.0 26.0
1.6-4.8
300.0-1400.0 15.0-40.5
 * Wet Weight
** Counting Error exceeds Reported Activity

-------
TABLE D-6.  GAMMA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDE AND TRITIUM CONCENTRATIONS  IN  SELECTED  TISSUES,
                         BEEF CATTLE, AREA 18, NTS, OCTOBER  1981
Muscles
Animal K(g/kg)*
Number 13/Cs(pCi/kg)*
5 4.8
25.0
6 4.0
25.0
7 4.8
15.0
8 3.8
55.0
9 4.2
19.0
10 4.7
21.0
11 4.9
41.0
12 5.1
13 5.2
+ 0.
+ 16.
+ 0.
+_ 10.
+ 0.
+ 12.
+ 0.
+ 15.
+ 0.
+ 14.
+ 0.
+ 16.
+ 0.
+ 16.
+ 0.
<28
± °-
38
0
31
0
29
0
36
0
3
0
4
0
39
0
33
42
Li vers
Lungs K(g/kg)*
K(g/kg)* 137Cs(pCi/kg)*
1.9 +_ 0.47 3.
2.3 + 0.52 3.
2.1 + 0.53 3.
2.1 + 0.47 3.
3.2 JH 0.48 4.
3.8 + 0.64 3.
5.3 + 0.63 3.
3.8 + 0.75 3.
2.5 + 0.34 3.
27.
6 +
<25
5 +
<25
4 +
<25
9 +
<28
1 +
<25
3 +
<25
3 +
<25
7 +
<27
4 +
0 +
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
14.
38
31
29
35
21
29
27
28
28
0
Kidneys
K(g/kg)*
137Cs(pCi/kg)*
2.
29.
3.
16.
2.
31.
3.
27.
3.
3.
23.
3.
2.
31.
0 + 0.26
<27
<3.4
0 + 15.0
0 + 0.28
0 + 10.0
6 + 0.33
0 + 15.0
5 + 0.34
0+14.0
5 + 0.35
<28
0 + 0.32
0 + 15.0
0 + 0.29
<29
8 + 0.29
0 + 11.0
0,
490
1900
520
1.
0.
670
0.
540
640
0.
600
Blood
K(g/kg)*
3H(pCi/L)*
.94 + 0
+ 290
GSN
+ 320
GSN
± 290
9+0.
<450
69 + 0.
+_ 290
74 + 0.
<450
GSN
+_ 290
GSN
HH 290
99 + 0.
+ 290
.26


26
34
25


27
                                                                                    (continued)

-------
                                           TABLE D-6.  (Continued)
00
Animal
Number
14
Median

Range
Muscles
. K(g/kg)*
137Cs(pCi/kg)*
4.9 + 0.31
21.0 + 9.9
4.8
25
3.8-5.2
15-55
Livers
Lungs K(g/kg)*
K(g/kg)* 137Cs(pCi/kg)*
3.4 + 0.38 3.8 + 0.38
<25
2.9 3.55
<25
1.9-5.3 3.3-4.1
<25-<28
Kidneys
K(g/kg)*
137Cs(pCi/kg)*
Sample Lost
3.0
<29
2.0-3.5
16-31
Blood
K(g/kg)*
3H(pCi/L)*
0.81 + 0.23
<450
0.72
530
GSN-1.9
<450-1900
       * Wet Weight
     GSN = Gamma Spectrum Negligible

-------
          TABLE E-l.  PLUTONIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN MUSCLES AND LUNGS
                             MULE DEER, NTS, 1981
Animal
Number

1
2
3
4
Median
Range

1
2
3
4
Median
Range
238Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*

0.0094 + 0.015**
0.11 + 0.18**
0.0004 + 0.0019**
0.0041 + 0.019**
0.0014 + 0.0033**
0.013 + 0.03**
0.0015 + 0.0036**
0.019 + 0.044**
0.00145
0.016
0.0004**-0.0094**
0.0041**-0.11**

0.00 + 0.0045**
0.00 +_ 0.048**
0.00 + 0.0017**
0.00 + 0.017**
0.0027 + 0.0064**
0.031 +_ 0.072**
-0.00061 + 0.0024**
-0.0075 +_ 0.035**
0.00**
0.00**
-0.00061**
-0.0075**-0.031**
239Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
Muscles
0.0042 + 0.0099**
0.05 +_ 0.12**
0.008 + 0.0087**
0.082 + 0.089**
0.0007 + 0.0023**
0.0064 + 0.021**
0.0019 + 0.004**
0.024 + 0.05**
0.003
0.037
0.0007**-0.008**
0.0064**-0.082**
Lungs
0.0068 + 0.012**
0.072 + 0.13**
0.011 + 0.0042
0.11 + 0.042
0.012 + 0.014**
0.13 +_ 0.15**
0.011 + 0.012**
0.14 +_ 0.15**
0.011**
0.12**
0.0068**-0.012**
0.072**-0. 14**
Ash
(X)

1.2
1.0
0.92
1.2
1.1
0.92-1.2

1.1
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.0-1.2
 * Wet Weight
** Counting Error exceeds Reported Activity

                                     49

-------
       TABLE 1-2.  PLUTONIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN LIVER AND RUMEN CONTENTS
                             MULE DEER, NTS, 1981
Animal
Number

1

2

3

4

Median

Range


1

2

3

4

Median

Range

238Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*

0.025 + 0.054**
0.35 + 0.76**
0.0017 + 0.0033**
0.026 +_ 0.05**
0.011 + 0.023**
0.043 +_ 0.091**
0.00 + 0.0054**
0.00 _+ 0.066**
0.0064
0.035
0.00**-0.025**
0.00**-0.35**
Rumen
0.018 + 0.0045**
0.33 + 0.048**
0.044 + 0.0017**
1.2 +_ 0.017**
0.051 + 0.0064**
1.1 + 0.072**
0.038 + 0.0024**
0.7 + 0.035**
0.041
0.9
0.018-0.051
0.33-1.2
239Pu
(pCi/g Ash) Ash
(pCi/kg)* (%)
Liver
0.015 + 0.041**
0.21 + 0.58** 1.4
0.0067 + 0.0028
0.11 _+ 0.044 1.6
0.27 + 0.059
1.1 + 0.24 0.4
0.0058 + 0.012**
0.07 + 0.15** 1.2
0.011**
0.155** 1.3
0.0058**-0.27
0.07**-1.1 0.4-1.6
Contents
0.081 + 0.017
1.5 + 0.3 1.8
0.30 + 0.032
8.0 + 0.85 2.6
0.21 + 0.032
4.6+0.7 2.2
0.16 + 0.024
3.0 + 0.44 1.8
0.185
3.8 2.4
0.081-0.3
1.5-8.0 1.8-2.6
 * Wet Weight
** Counting Error exceeds Reported Activity
                                     50

-------
                TABLE E-3.  PLUTONIUM AND STRONTIUM  CONCENTRATIONS  IN HOCK BONES,
                                       MULE DEER,  NTS,  1981
Animal
Number
1

2

3

4

Median

Range
238Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
-0.
-0.
0.
3.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
00052 +
15 +
Oil +
2 +
00051 +
17 +
00056 +
21 +
00052**
19**
0.0024**
0.67**
0.015**
4.2**
0.0023**
0.8**
0.0026**
0. 94**


00056**-0.011**
21**-3.2**
0.
3.
0.
2.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
0.
0.
239Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
Oil +
2 +_
0079 +
2 +
001 +
34 +
0022 +
79 +_
005**
3**
001**-0
34**-3.
0.012**
3.4**
0.012**
3.5**
0.0033**
1.1**
0.0051**
1.9**


.011**
2**
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
5
1500
1
450
2
900
5
2100
4
1200
.2 +
.0 +
.6 +
.0 +
.7 +
.0 +
.8 +
.0 +
.0**
.0**
1.5
450.0
2.6**
730.0**
8.0**
2700.0**
10.0**
3600.0**


1.6**- 5. 8**
450.0**-2100.0**
(pCi/g Ash) Ash
(pCi/kg)* (%)
1.8 +
500.0 +
1.7 +
470.0 +
1.8 +
610.0 +_
1.1 +
390.0 +
1.75
485.0
1.1-1.8
390.0-610.
0.24
70.0 28
0.23
65.0 28
0.26
0.86 33.6
0.17
62.0 37

30.3
0 28.0-37.0
 * Wet Weight
** Counting Error  exceeds  Reported Activity

-------
                     TABLE  E-4.   GAMMA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDE AND TRITIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN
                                     SELECTED  TISSUES,  MULE  DEER,  NTS,  1981
en
An i ma 1
Number
1


2

3


4

Median

Range
Muscles
.„ K(g/kg)*
137Cs(pCi/kg)*
3H(pCi/L)**
<42
23.0 + 15.0
NA
5.8 + 0.3
28.0 + 13.0
NA
4.2 + 0.33
<27
NA
3.4 + 0.3
<26
2.4 x 106 + 4.2 x 103
5.0
<265
3.4-<42
23-28
2.4 x 106
Livers
. K(g/kg)*
Lungs 137Cs(pCi/kg)*
K(g/kg)* 3H(pCi/L)**
5.3 + 0.55 4.8 + 0.34
<29
NA
6.3 + 0.48 5.6 + 0.29
27.0 + 12.0
NA
3.7 + 0.47 3.3 + 0.3
<25
NA
2.4 + 0.52 3.9 + 0.34
<26
2.2 x 106 + 3.6 x 103
4.5 4.35
<265
2.4-6.3 3.3-5.6
<25-<29
2.2 x 106
Kidney
.,7 K(g/kg)*
137Cs(pCi/kg)*
3H(pCi/L)**
81.0 + 0.79
<78
450.0 + 250.0
6.7 + 0.44
67.0 + 19.0
8.8 x 106 + 7.4 x 103
3.3 + 0.46
22.0 + 15.0
<370
5.5 + 1.0
110.0 + 44.0
1.1 x 106 + 3.3 x 103
6.1
<73
4.4 x 106
3.3-81
22-110
<370-8.8 x 106
      * Wet Weight
     ** Tissue Water
     NA = Not Analyzed

-------
                  TABLE E-5.   GAMMA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDE AND TRITIUM CONCENTRATIONS  IN
                                    RUMEN CONTENTS, MULE DEER, NTS, 1981
Animal K 3H
Number (g/kg)* (pCi/L)**
1 5.1+0.32 NA
2 13.0+0.74 NA
S3 4.3+0.37 NA
4 3.7 + 0.35 2.2 x 106
4.1 x 103
Median 5.7
Range 3.7-13.0 2.2 x 106
7Be
(pCi/kg)*
370 +_ 130
<167
1300 _+ 460
620 _+ 190

545
<167-1300
95Nb 95Zr 103Ru 137Cs 141Ce
(pCi/kg)* (pCi/kg)* (pCi/kg)* (pCi/kg)* (pCi/kg)*
310 +_ 250 130 + 29 43 + 16 32 -f 12 42 + 19
130 +_ 210 <26 <26 97 +_ 14 <110
<30 <30 <30 <30 <130
70 _+ 32 <30 <30 31 + 18 <130

100 <30 <30 31.5 <120
<30-310 <26-130 <26-43 <30-97 42-<130
144Ce
(pCi/kg)*
140 + 76
<74
<87
270 _+ 82

<110
<74-270
 * Wet  Weight
** Tissue  Water
NA = Not Analyzed

-------
       TABLE F-l.  PLUTONIUM AND STRONTIUM CONCENTRATIONS  IN HOCK BONES,  DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP,  1981
tn
238Pu
Animal (pCi/g Ash)
Number (pCi/kg)*
1 0.0012
0.40
2 0.00098
0.47
3 0.0015
0.67
4 -0.00044
-0.18
5 -0.00051
-0.064
6 -0.00074
-0.21
7 0.0028
-1.2
8 0.002
0.7
9 0.0053
1.8
10 -0.00087
-0.27
+ 0.0025**
+ 0.84**
+ 0.0023**
+ 1.1**
+ 0.0028**
+ 1.3**
+ 0.0015**
+ 0.59**
+ 0.0017**
+ 0.21**
+ 0.0024**
_+ 0.7**
+ 0.0067**
+_ 2.8**
+ 0.0066**
+ 2.3**
+ 0.0085**
+ 2.8**
+ 0.004**
+_ 1.3**
239Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
0.0013
4.3
0.00049
0.23
0.0005
0.22
-0.00044
-0.18
-0.00051
-0.064
0.0033
0.95
0.0035
1.5
0.00
0.00
0.0018
0.59
-0.00029
-0.09
+
T
+
T
+
T
+
T
+
T
+
T
+
T
+
7
+
T
+
T
0.00038
1.3
0.0016**
0.77**
0.0017**
0.73**
0.0015**
0.59**
0.0017**
0.21**
0.0052**
1.5**
0.0075**
3.2**
0.0047**
1.6**
0.59**
16.0**
0.0013**
0.42**
89Sr
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
-2.6
-870.0
-0.23
-110.0
-3.0
-1400.0
-1.4
-550.0
0.74
92.0
1.9
550.0
-2.4
-1000.0
-2.4
840.0
-4.9
-1600.0
-3.8
-1200.0
+ 17.
+ 550.
+ 13.
^ 6300.
+ 33.
+ 15000.
+ 12.
_+ 4900.
+ 3.
i 560.
+ 15.
+. 4300.
+ 18.
+ 7500.
+ 18.
_+ 6500.
+ 21.
± 6800.
+ 10.
+ 3300.
0**
0**
0**
0**
0**
0**
0**
0**
7**
0**
0**
0**
0**
0**
5**
0**
0**
0**
5**
0**
90Sr
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
2.0
650.0
1.8
850.0
4.7
2100.0
1.8
720.0
0.77
96.0
3.0
860.0
2.2
930.0
2.6
910.0
2.8
940.0
1.3
410.0
+
+
+
T
+
T
+
T
+
T
+
T
+
T
+
T
+
T
+
T
0.28
90.0
0.26
120.0
0.64
290.0
0.26
100.0
0.12
15.0
0.41
120.0
0.32
140.0
0.36
1300.0
0.4
130.0
0.2
0.62
Ash
(%)

33.1

47.3

44.3

40.5

12.5

28.7

42.8

35.2

33.3

31.2
(continued)

-------
                                          TABLE F-l.   (Continued)
01
Animal
Number
11
238Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
239Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
0.0012 + 0.0027** -0.00058 +
0.4 +_ 0.93** -0.2 +
12

13

14
15

16

17

18

Median

Range

-0.00072 + 0.0034**
-0.25 ± 1.2**
0.0012 + 0.0028**
0.42 +_ 0.99**
SAMPLE NOT COLLECTED
-0.00026 + 0.0012**
-0.07 _+ 0.33**
0.0013 + 0.0031**
0.32 + 0.75**
-0.00083 + 0.0039**
-0.3 +_ 1.4**
0.0017 + 0.0033**
0.47 + 0.89**
0.0012**
0.32**
-0.00087**-0.0053**
-1.2**-1.8**
0.00 +
0.00 +
0.0027 +
0.95 +

0.00078 +
0.21 _+
0.00 +
0.00 +_
0.0011 +
0.4 +
0.0029 +
0.77 +
0.0005**
0.23**
-0.00053**-0
-0.18**-4.3
0.0019**
0.66**
0.0011**
0.39**
0.0043**
1.5**

0.0021**
0. 56**
0.0016**
0.37**
0.0026**
0.93**
0.0043**
1.2**


.0035**
(pCi
(pC
-3.2
-1100.0
0.072
25.0
1.4
500.0

-5.4
-1500.0
-5.5
-1300.0
5.4
1900.0
-6.4
-1700.0
-2.4**
-870.0**
-6. 4**- 5
/g Ash)
i/kg)*
+ 18.0**
+ 6100.0**
+ 6.0**
_+ 2000.0**
+ 15.0**
+ 5000.0**

+ 10.0**
_+ 2700.0**
+ 8. 8**
+_ 2100.0**
+ 7. 5**
+_ 2700.0**
+ 26.0**
+ 6900.0**


.4**
-1700.0**-1900.0**
(pCi/g Ash) Ash
(pCi/kg)* (%)
2.6 +
890.0 +
0.74 +
260.0 +
1.7 +
600.0 +

1.1 +
300.0 +
1.5 +
350.0 +
1.3 +
460.0 +
3.1 +
830.0 +_
1.8
720.0
0.74-4.7
96.0-2100.
0.37
130.0 34.3
0.12
40.0 34.7
0.25
86.0 34.9

0.17
45.0 26.7
0.22
52.0 23.7
0.2
72.0 36.0
0.43
1.2 26.9

34.3

0 12.5-47.3
       * Wet Weight
      ** Counting Error exceeds  Reported Activity

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      TABLE F-2.  GAMMA-EMITTING  RADIONUCLIDE AND  TRITIUM  CONCENTRATIONS
                     IN  KIDNEYS, DESERT  BIGHORN  SHEEP,  1981
Animal Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Median
Range
K
(g/kg)*
4.6 + 0.68

8.8 +_ 1.0
3.7 +_ 0.48
5.8 + 0.69
4.0 +_ 0.95
3.9 _+ 0.87
2.6 + 0.32
4.8 _+ 0.75
3.2 + 0.39
3.0 _+ 0.36
4.2 + 0.72
4.8 +_ 1.0
4.0 + 0.59
4.2 +_ 0.44
6.4 + 0.91
3.6 +_ 0.60
4.1
2.6-8.8
137Cs
(pCi/kg)*
<80
Not Sampled
<93
41 + 21
62 jf 28
130 +_ 50
78 + 43
<32
55 +_ 33
<37
<29
<74
<85
<69
<39
<88
<60
<65.5
<29-130
3H
(pCi/L)**
670 + 300

<480
<370
<480
<370
<370
730 + 240
950 + 250
<370
430 + 230
<370
<480
<480
<480
550 +_ 300
1800 +_ 330
<480
<370-1800
 * Wet Weight
** Aqueous portion of kidney tissue
                                      56

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        TABLE G-l.   PLUTONIUM, STRONTIUM, AND GAMMA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS
                              IN SELECTED TISSUES, NTS, HORSE, 1981

Tissue Type
Muscle

Femur Bone

238Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
<0.0025
<0.028
<0.011
<2.9
239Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
<0.0055
<0.061
<0.013
<3.2
89Sr 90Sr
(pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)* (pCi/kg)*
NA NA

<13 4.7 + 0.63
<32001200.0 + 160.0

Ash K(g/kg)*
(%) 137Cs(pCi/kg)*
1.1 7.7 + 0.37
38.0 +_ 12.0
26.0 NA

* Wet Weight

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             TABLE  H-l.   PLUTONIUM,  STRONTIUM,  TRITIUM, AND  GAMMA-EMITTING  RADIONUCLIDE  CONCENTRATIONS

                                        IN  SELECTED TISSUES, CHUKAR,  NTS, 1981
en
oo
Tissue Type
Muscle


Internal
Organs

Bone

238Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
0.08 + 0.02
1.4 + 0.38

NA


0.00076 + 0.0025**
0.066 _+ 0.21**
239pu 895p 9(3Sr
(pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)* (pCi/kg)* (pCi/kg)*
0.02 + 0.023** NA NA
0.35 + 0.41**

NA NA NA


-0.00038 + 0.0018** -10.0 + 37.0** 7.1 + 0.98
-0.033 ±0.15** -890.0 + 3200.0** 620.0 7 85.0
, K(g/kg)*
Ash 137Cs(pCi/kg)*
(%) 3H(pCi/L)t
1.8 8.5 + 0.43
48.0 + 17.0
NA
NA 11.0 + 0.85
<73
760.0 _+ 300.0
8.7 NA

    *Wet Weight

   **Counting Error exceeds Reported Activity

    tTissue Water

   NA = Not Analyzed

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           TABLE 1-1.  PLUTONIUM, STRONTIUM, AND GAMMA-EMITTING  RADIONUCLIDE  CONCENTRATIONS IN
                                        SELECTED TISSUES,  GOAT,  1981

Tissue Type
Muscle
Lung
Liver
Femur

238Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
NA
NA
NA
0.0019 + 0.0063**
0.44 + 1.4**
239Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
NA
NA
NA
0.0048 + 0.01**
1.1 +_ 2.3**
89Sr
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
NA
NA
NA
-14.0 + 18.0**
-3200.0 +_ 4000.0**
90Sr
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg)*
NA
NA
NA
4.1 + 0.96
940.0 + 220.0

Ash
(%)
NA
NA
NA

22.9

K(g/kg)**
5.4 + 0.39
6.8 + 0.47
3.6 + 0.31

NA
 *Wet Weight
**Counting Error  exceeds Reported Activity
NA = Not Analyzed

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                TABLE J-l.  GROSS* AND MICROSCOPIC PATHOLOGY**
                       FOUND  IN NECROPSIED ANIMALS,  1981
AREA 18 CATTLE

   1

Necropsy findings:  Lungs showed  some emphysema  resulting  from agonal
struggling.  Uterus contained 8-month male  fetus.

Histopathological findings:  Mild fatty changes  in the  liver  which  are
characterized by cytoplasmic swelling.  Moderate hemosiderosis of the  spleen.
Moderate emphysema of lung.

Clinical diagnosis:  Normal mature pregnant cow  in excellent  condition.


   2

Necropsy findings:  Lungs heavily traumatized  by bullet.

Histopathological findings:  Moderate intrapulmonary  hemorrhage associated
with mode  of death.

Clinical diagnosis:  Normal yearling heifer.


   3

Necropsy findings:  No  gross lesions noted.

Histopathological findings:  Aspirated blood in  large airways of lung
associated with  agonal  struggling.  Mature  active follicles in ovary.

Clinical diagnosis:  Normal calf.
 Necropsy findings:  No gross  lesions.

 Histopathological findings:   Mild accumulation of hemosiderin  in  the
 macrophages of the red pulp of the spleen.  One small granuloma characterized
 by epitheloid cells surrounded by lymphocytes and fibroblasts  is  noted  in the
 parenchyma of the lung.  This is a chronic lesion and probably represents the
 site of a small foreign body.
 * As  reported by senior author.
** As  reported by Dr. Billy C. Ward, College of Veterinary Medicine,
   Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi.
                                                                    (continued)

                                     60

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                             TABLE  J-l.   (Continued)
Clinical  diagnosis:   Normal  mature  barren  cow.
Necropsy  findings:   Precancerous  plaque  on  lateral canthus of right eye.  Cyst
on dorsal  surface of right  atrial-ventricular  valve in heart.

Histopathological findings:   Serous  valvular cyst in heart, marked
hemosiderosis  of spleen,  squamous  plaque (precancerous) on cornea,
pheochromocytoma of  adrenal.

Clinical  diagnosis:   Normal  aged  barren  cow with beginning cancer eye.
Necropsy findings:  Fibrous  adhesions  between diaphragm and  liver.  Atelectic
areas in lungs.

Histopathological findings:  Mild hemosiderosis of spleen.   Focal chronic
inflamation of the liver which may be  result of old  reticulitis  lesion.

Clinical diagnosis:  Mature  cow in excellent condition with  healed  traumatic
reticulitis lesions.
   7

Necropsy findings:  Small abscess below  right mandible.

Histopathological findings:  Actinobacillosis granuloma on jaw tissue.
Moderate hemosiderosis of spleen.

Clinical diagnosis:  Normal aged cow with beginning  "lumpy jaw."


   8

Necropsy findings:  Small abscess over right parotid salivary gland.  Uterus
contained two-month old fetus.  Abscess  in udder.  Lungs had area of emphysema
from agonal struggles.

Histopathological findings:  Moderate hemosiderosis  of spleen.  Active
follicles in ovaries.

Clinical diagnosis:  Normal mature cow.

                                                                    (continued)


                                     61

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                            TABLE J-l.   (Continued)
   9

Necropsy findings:  No gross lesions noted.

Histopathological findings:  Testes are inactive.  No  visible  lesions  in  other
tissues.

Clinical diagnosis:  Normal bull calf.


  10

Necropsy findings:  No gross lesions noted.

Histopathological findings:  No visible lesions.

Clinical diagnosis:  Normal yearling bull.


  11

Necropsy findings:  No gross lesions noted.

Histopathological findings:  Active follicles in ovaries.  No  other  visible
lesions.

Clinical diagnosis:  Normal yearling heifer.


  12

Necropsy findings:  Uterus contained a 45-day male fetus.  Lungs contained
scattered area of atelectasis.

Histopathological findings:  Active follicles in ovaries.  No  other  visible
lesions.

Clinical diagnosis:  Normal cow.


  13

Necropsy findings:  No gross lesions noted.

Histopathological findings:  Testes are inactive.  No other visible  lesions.

Clinical diagnosis:  Normal yearling bull.

                                                                    (continued)

                                     62

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                             TABLE J-l.   (Continued)
   14

 Necropsy  findings:   No gross lesions noted.

 Histopathological  finding^   Testes  are inactive.   No  other  visible  lesions.

 Clinical  diagnosis:   Normal  yearling bull.
 NEVADA TEST SITE MULE  DEER
    1

 Necropsy findings:  Trauma associated with  passage  of  .50  caliber  bullet
 through lungs and heart.  No  other  gross  lesions  noted.

 Histopathological findings:   Incidental findings  as follows.   A  few  multifocal
 peri vascular lymphoid aggregates  are observed  in  the  lungs  as  well as  one
 small microgranuloma which probably represents  parasite  migration.   Small
 lymphoid aggregates near cortical-medullary junction  of  adrenal.   There
 appears to be a healed cornea! ulcer.

 Clinical diagnosis:  Normal yearling doe.
Necropsy findings:  Trauma associated with collision with motor vehicle.   Neck
was broken.  Extensive warts on  left side of body.  Advanced post mortem
changes present so not sampled for histopathological examination.

Clinical diagnosis:  Normal yearling male deer that died in collision with
motor vehicle.
Necropsy findings-  Struck by a motor vehicle.  A non-lactating female in good
condition with trauma in the cervical region.  Veretebrae were fractured.
Advanced post mortem changes present so not sampled for histopathological
examination.

Clinical diagnosis:  Normal mature doe that died in collision with motor
vehicle.

                                                                   (continued)
                                     63

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                            TABLE J-l.  (Continued)
Necropsy findings:  Young doe in good condition.  Extensive  lung  trauma
associated with passage of .243 caliber bullet.  Small cyst  in  thoracic
cavity.

Histopathological findings:  Active follicles in overies, sarcocysts  in
muscle, and mild focal mononuclear cell infiltrates in medulla  of kidney.

Clinical diagnosis:  Normal immature doe.


NEVADA TEST SITE HORSE
Necropsy findings:  Struck by bus on right side caudal to front  leg.   Little
external evidence of trauma.  Advanced decomposition of animal precluded
extensive necropsy and collection of histopathological samples.

Clinical diagnosis:  Normal mature horse that died in collision  with  bus.


RACHEL, NV, GOAT

Necropsy findings:  Rumen and abomasum full of hay and milk, mucosa of
abomasum was inflamed.  Mucosa of large intestine was hemorrhagic. Kidneys
were soft and friable.  Trachea and bronchi contained white frothy exudate and
mucosa  contained petechial and ecchymotic hemmorrhages.  Lungs were swollen
and edematous and appeared hepatized.

Histopathological findings:  Spleen is congested.  Mild autolysis of  tubular
epithelium of kidney.

Clinical diagnosis:  Enterotoxemia.


DESERT  BIGHORN SHEEP

All of  these animals were mature males that were killed by licensed hunters.
No necropsies were performed but all were apparently normal at time of death.
No samples were collected for histopathological or hematological examinations.
                                     64

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                                   TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
                            (Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
                              2.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
  ANIMAL INVESTIGATION PROGRAM  1981 REPORT
  Nevada Test Site and Vicinity
                                                           3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
             5. REPORT DATE
             6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
  D.  D.  Smith and K. R. Giles
             8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
  USEPA;  Environmental Monitoring  Systems Laboratory
  Office  of Research and Development
  P.O.  Box 15027
  Las Vegas,  NV 89114
             10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
                X6EH10
             11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.

                IA
                DE-AI08-76DP00539
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
   U.S.  Department of Energy
   Nevada  Operations Office
   P.O.  Box  14100
   Las Vegas,  NV  89114
             13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
                Response - 1981
             14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
  Prepared  for the U.S. Department  of  Energy under Interagency Agreement  Number
  DE-AI08-76DP00539.
16. ABSTRACT
       Data  are presented from the  radioanalysis of tissues collected from  animals
  that resided on or near the Nevada  Test Site (NTS).  Other than naturally  occurring
  potassium-40, cesium-137 was the  only  gamma-emitting radionuclide frequently detected
  and was within a narrow range of  activity.   For example, 12 of 14 cattle muscle
  samples  contained 15 - 65 pCi of  cesium-137 per kilogram.  Strontium-90 and
  plutonium-238 or -239 tissue concentrations were similar to those of recent years.
  Nanocurie  levels of tritium were  found in tissue from two deer that drank contaminated
  water  draining from the tunnel  test areas.
       Annual  dose estimates to man were calculated based on the daily consumption of
  0.5 kg  of  tissue with peak radionuclide levels.  The highest postulated dose was 45
  millirems  to the whole body from  ingestion  of deer muscle that drank from the tritium
  contaminated waters.  This dose is  about 9% of the radiation protection guide.
       Movement of deer on the NTS  is  discussed.   In general,  deer from Pahute Mesa
  winter  in  the Timber Mt. area with  some movement off the NTS, while deer from Rainier
  Mesa winter  in the Shoshone Mt. area.
       The sudden death of an offsite goat kid was investigated and death was attributed
  to enterotoxemia.
       No  gross or microscopic lesions in necropsied animals were found that could be
  attributed to the  effect of ionizing radiation^		
17.
                                KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
                  DESCRIPTORS
                                              b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED Tl
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT


  RELEASE TO THE  PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)

     UNCLASSIFIED
                                                                         21. NO. OF PAGES
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)

     IINP.I ASSTFTFD
                           22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (Rev. 4-77)   PREVIOUS EDITION is OBSOLETE

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                                  DISTRIBUTION
 David  F.  Miller,  DOE/NV,  Las Vegas,  NV
 Paul J.  Mudra,  DOE/NV,  Las Vegas  NV
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 Winnie  Howard,  DOE/NV,  Las Vegas  NV
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 H. E.  Walburg, CARL, University  of Tennessee, Oak Ridge, TN
Assistant Administrator for  Research  and Development,
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  Washington, DC
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  Washington, DC
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Director, Radiochemistry and Nuclear  Engineering Branch, EPA,
  Cincinnati, OH
Director, Eastern Environmental  Radiation Facility,  Montgomery, AL
 Harold F.' Mueller, NOAA/WSNSO,  Las Vegas, NV
Gilbert J. Ferber, NOAA/WSNSO,  Silver Spring, MD
K  M  Oswald, Manager, Health and Safety, LLL, Mercury, NV

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Richard L. Wagner, LLL, Livermore, CA
Howard W. Tewes, LLL, Livermore, CA
Paul L. Phelps, LLL, Livermore, CA
Mortimer L. Mendelsohn, LLL, Livermore, CA
J. C. Hopkins, LASL, Los Alamos, NM
Harry S. Jordan, LASL, Los Alamos, NM
Lamar J. Johnson, INEL, Idaho Falls, ID
George E. Tucker, Sandia Lab., Albuquerque, NM
Carter D. Broyles, Sandia Lab., Albuquerque, NM
Melvin L. Merritt, Sandia Lab., Albuquerque, NM
R. Glen Fuller, Oracle, AZ
Arden E. Bicker, REECo, Mercury, NV
Auda F. Morrow, CETO, Mercury, NV
Joseph H. Dryden, NTSSO, DOE/NV, Mercury, NV
Billy Moore, D/AMD, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
Leo Bustad, Director, Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University
  Pullman, WA
Vincent Schultz, Wahington State University, Pullman, WA
Arthur Wallace, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
Wesley E. Niles, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV
Library, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV
Verle  R. Bohman, University of Nevada, Reno, NV
Lloyd  P.  Smith, President, Desert Research Institute, University  of
  Nevada, Reno, NV
Paul  R.  Fenske, Desert Research Institute, University of Nevada,  Reno,  NV
Gary L.  Dixon,  U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO
Manager,  Desert National Wildlife Range, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
  Las Vegas,  NV
Supervisor, Region  III, Nevada Wildlife Department, Las Vegas, NV
Glen  Griffith,  Nevada Wildlife Department, Reno, NV
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  Building Annex, Carson City, NV
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Barton R. House, Acting Assistant Secretary for Environmental Protection,
  Safety, and Emergency Preparedness, DOE/HQ, Washington, DC
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Technical Information Center, DOE, Oak Ridge, TN
  (for public availability ) (27 copies)

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