c/EFA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Water
Regulations and Standards
20460
Water
April. 1986
Radioactivity of
Municipal Sludge
-------
823R86101
RADIOACTIVITY OF MUNICIPAL SLUDGE
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Water Regulations and Standards
Wastewater Solids Criteria Branch
April, 1986
-------
PREFACE
Section 405 of the Clean Water Act requires the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency to develop and issue regulations which: (1) identify uses
for sludge including disposal; (2) specify factors to be taken into account in
determining the measures and practices applicable to each use or disposal
(including costs); and (3) identify concentrations of pollutants which
interfere with each use or disposal. In order to comply with this statutory
mandate, EPA has embarked on a major program to develop four major technical
regulations: land application including distribution and marketing,
landfilling, incineration, and ocean dumping. EPA has also developed proposed
regulations which govern the establishment of state sludge management programs
to implement both existing and future criteria.
During the regulatory development process, questions related to
radioactivity in sewage sludge were presented:
(a) What radioactive compounds are present in sewage sludge and at what
levels;
Is there the potential for health problems from the reuse and
disposal of such sludges; and
(c) Are there ways of limiting r~dioactivity in sewage sludges.
The purpose of this document is to summarize the available data on the
radioactive constituents and levels found in sewage sludges. This compilation
of data may be used in the future to evaluate any potential health concerns
once risk assessment methodologies for radioactive materials in sludges are
developed. EPA would appreciate any comments and additional data on
radioactive compounds in sewage sludge. Any questions related to this document
may be directed to:
(b)
Ell i ot Lomn itz
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Wastewater Solids Criteria Branch (WH-585)
Washington, DC 20460
Qrtdz hi ~
Patrick M. Tobin, Director
Criteria and Standards Division
Office of Water Regulations
and Standards
-------
INTRODUCTION. . .
APPROACH
RESULTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
. . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . 18 . .
SUMMARY. .
REFERENCES.
. . . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . .
. . . . .
. . . .
. . . .
APPENDIX A
. . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . .
APPENDIX B . . . .
APPENDIX C
. . . .
APPENDIX D
. . . .
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1
1
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2
21
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23
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-I
. . . B-1
. . . .
. . . .
. . . C-l
. . 0-1
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INTRODUCTION
Section 405 of the Clean Water Act requires EPA to issue and
publish regulations related to the reuse and disposal of municipal sludge.
The Criteria and Standards Division is responsible for publishing regulations
on four major reuse/disposal options: land application including distribu-
tion and marketing, landfilling, incineration, and ocean dumping. During the
course of the regulatory development process, the issue of radioactivity in
sludges has been raised as being sufficiently important to warrant investiga-
tion. The reasons for concern were the public or occupational health risks
that could potentially result from the various disposal options if radio-
nuclides were found at high concentrations in sludge. For example,
landspreading of contaminated sludges on agricultural crops could result in
exposure to humans through bioaccumulation of radionuclides in the foodchain.
The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of existing
data on levels of radioactivity in municipal wastewater treatment sludge.
Assessment of the available data will be conducted by the U.S. EPA in the
future to determine if radionuclides in sludge constitute a problem. This
assessment would commence once risk assessment methodologies for radioactivi-
ty in municipal sludge are developed.
APPROACH
Two methods were used to identify and obtain data on radionuclides
in municipal wastewater treatment sludges. The first consisted of searching
computerized literature data bases for pertinent articles. The data bases
searched included Agricola, Aqualine, Aquatic Science Abstracts, Biosis
Previews, Chemical Abstracts, DOE Energy Data Base, Enviroline, NTIS,
Pollution Abstracts, and Water Resources Abstracts. The years covered by
each data base are given in Appendix A. In most cases the data bases were
searched as far back as the data base extended, usually the late 1960s or
early 1970s.
The search strategy consisted of matching the keywords "sludges"
and "wastewater treatment" against "radioactive", "radionuclide", "beta",
-------
2
"gamma", "ionizing", and "radiation". The search was further narrowed by
limiting with the keywords "municipal" and "city". In some data bases,
numerous articles appeared in the searches which examined the use of gamma
irradiation to sterilize sewage sludge. In these cases, a further screening
was performed to eliminate studies keyed as "irradiation".
The computer searches identified several studies containing data on
radioactivity associated with municipal wastewater treatment sludges. Perti-
nent articles were obtained from local libraries, where possible, and through
interlibrary loan. Upon receipt, the articles were reviewed further for any
pertinent references cited in them.
The second method used to obtain data was a telephone survey. The
purpose of the telephone survey was to identify additional data not identi.
fied in the computer data base searches, particularly those data which were
not available in the published literature. To conduct the telephone survey.
a form containing a standard set of questions was developed. This form
appears in Appendix B. Interviewees were identified by contacting agencies
known to regulate municipal wastewater or radionuclides and by requesting
recommendations from other interviewees. Approximately 90 individuals were
interviewed in the telephone survey. A list of interviewees is also provided
in Appendix B. These interviewees represented U.S. EPA regional offices, the
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, U.S. Department of Energy, national
laboratories, state environmental and health protection agencies, munici-
palities, and sludge distributors. The telephone survey was successful in
identifying additional information on radioactivity in sludge, including both
published and unpublished data.
The staff involved in data collection and preparation of this
document are listed in Appendix D.
RESULTS
The potential sources of radioactivity in sludges are shown in
Figure 1. Studies containing data on radioactivity levels in municipal
wastewater sludges are summarized in Table 1. The studies ranged from those
reporting data for numerous radionuclides to those examining specific radio-
nuclides from specific sources. The studies presented in Table 1 were
-------
Water
Source
Agricultural
land.
Non-
Agricultur al
land
low Radium
Aquifers
High Radium
Aquifers.
Drlnklnq Water Treatment
Water
Treatment
Facilities
Drinking
Water Sludge
Disposal
Surf ace
Water
Bodies
Groundwater
. Sources 01 potential concern
FIGURE 1.
Waste-
water
Source
Medicall
Industrial
Wastes.
Water
Treatment
Sludge.
Other
Municipal
Wastes
Wastewjlter Treatment
Waste-
water
Treatment
Wastewater
Sludge
Disposal
GENERALIZED DIAGRAM OF RADIOACTIVITY SOURCES ENDING IN
MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT SLUDGES
Sludge
Disposal
Options
land
Application
Incineration
w
Ocean
Disposal
-------
TABLE
1.
SUMMARY OF RADIOACTIVITY LEVELS
IN MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT SLUDGES
Type of Sa"", Ie Radlo- Analytical Soun es of Conment sl
Study Loc aUon Sludge Pertod nuc tide Tl/2 Radloact I..,lly Tee hI! t que Contamlnat 100 Cone 'us ions
Prtchard et aI., S 1m') 84YOU Sewage Conventional activated 8S daysu 1311 8d "-I pCI/g tu "-180 pCI/g (mosl data Gamna 9 'osl itut loos .tth nuc len 131) doodndted gNi1n.t
1981 Treatment Facilitv. sludge--tlash drted Spr Ing to points' 50 pCl/g, estlmaled from spectroscopy. med Ie loe progrJms ser'led by spectrd tor dried sludge
Houston. IUds SUlTITIer I graph) (ove II's method sewdige plant t~ eft luen!. Rat 11 of
1915 for net count J I In sludge to I \1
under pholopedk tn effluent ...as 1-1.1.
Study focused on esLt-
mating ddlly discharge
(CI/day) ralher than
(00(. IC I/g) - (OO( luded
00 slgnlflednt dose La
populctllon fr()n sludge
used as 5011 cond It loner
~'jf I to shurl T I/? of
Total discharge froo IJ\I 8d 4_4 mCI/day
treatment plant (s ludge ggmT c 6h 2-6-11.8 mCl/day
+ effluent) i . 6-9 mCl/day
A 1bert 50 and Chicago Metropolitan Sediment from InilOff Sunme r. 2J9,240pu 28_5 fC'/g ..h (21.4 f(l/g dry wt) Samp les dr led then None ':.pec I fled Rat 10 of ZJ9,240pu/241Am
Wah 19ren, Santtary District, Process, atr-dried and 1914 ashed (l5X ash/dry mo..-e r~presenl.st Ive of
1911 St Idn.y, Illinois aged I" hrge open-air 241Am 4JZy 4_4 fCI/g ash (J.J fC'/g dry wt I ~~: ~~~~2~3;~YI.d <,011 than lake sedlll"lfnl.
pt1es, dtstrlbuted to
publtc tor tree as 2J9,240pu/241Am . 6.5 and 241Am Concentrallons be 10101
-Nu [arlh- fert 11 her bddground leve Is. -Po
(one luded there to)
Sprtng, 2J9,240pu 11.0 fCl/g ash (12_8 f(l/g dry wt) H~ ~Jio~: 1~~n2S11:d ~..-om
1915 sludge pose a hea Hh
241Am 4J2y 2.0 fCI/g ash (1.5 fCI/g dry wi) hUdrd.
ZJ9,240pu/241Am . 8.5
----~
Alberts et a I. , (h 1(ago Hetropo 11 tan Sediment frCJTI Imhoff November. ZJ9,240pu 28-5 fCI/g ash (21.5 fCI/g dry wt) Samp les dr ied then None spec I fled (one luded thal a Jthough
1914 Sanitary Olstrlct. Proces'.io, a1r-dded and 1914 ashed (15X ash/dry ':. ignH leant 4Innunl<, of
St ICkney, 111 tnols aged tn large open-air IJICs JOy 1.4J pCI/g ash (1.06 pCt/g dry wt) ~~: m~2~a;~Yled rddio1solopes may be
pt le'.io. distributed to cone. In s ludye. mate-
pub He for tree as 1J1Cs/2J9,240pu " 50.0 and 1 J1Cs rial appear':. to be tn
"Nu Earth" fed111ier form not reaJlly 3V4tl.
able for rt:'ffloval and h
un I j k e I y to remobll j Ie.
- - ----~~--
-------
TABLE
Study
loed! ion
The Metropo l' t an
SaoHary District
of Greater Chicago,
1979
The HetropotHan
Sanitary D1stdct
of Gredter Chicago,
1982
The Hetropo lltan
Sdnttary 0lStl'"l(t
of Greater Chkago.
1964
- - --------
Ch 1(490 - lawndale
lagoons and Har lem
Avenue disposal sHe
Ch 1(490 - lawnda Ie
lagoons and Harl~m
Avenue disposa I sHe
Chlcogo - lASMA
ond itA SMA
~ ----------~--
1.
SUMMARY OF RADIOACTIVITY
LEVELS
Type of
S I udye
Somp Ie
Per iad
Rddlo-
nuc 1 ide TI/2
lotol NA
o Ipho
Totol NA
beta
Toto' NA
olpho
Totol NA
beta
Tot.l NA
alpha
Toto I NA
bel.l
Tota I NA
alpha
Totol NA
hela
ToLl1 NA
alpha
10t4 1 NA
beta
Total NA
.lph.
loto' NA
beta
lagoon s 1udge - "dded
(non-volat lie) mdl~ria'"
lagoon s Judge - "dried
(non-volatile) material"
lagoon sludge - "dried
(non-vo1at11e) material"
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1982
----------
--~- -~~----~----
IN MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT SLUDGES
(Continued)
Rad toaell" Hy
~- ------------------
Sources of
(onloimlndllnn
---------
AverAge ~ 7.46 pCI/g dry .t
n ~ 47
(R.nge 3.89 - 10.67 pC'/9 dry .t)
Average ~ 54.5 pCI/g dry wt
n < 47
(Ronge 39.9 - 102.6 pCI/y dry .1)
AverAge ~ 10.00 pCI/9 dry .t
n . 10
(R.nge 6.24 - IJ.12 pCI/9 dry .t)
AverAge. 78.9 pC'/g dry .t
n ~ 10
(R.nge 45.7 - 102.5 pC'/g dry .t)
Averoye ~ 9.82 pCI/9 dry .t
n . 25
(R.nge 7.43 - 13.41 pCt/9 dry .t)
AVH.ge ~ 59.6 pC'/9 dry wt
n ' 39
(R.nye 48.3 - 126.0 pr'/9 dry .t)
AverAge ~ 29.30 pCI/y dry .t
n . 39
(R.nge 16.19 - 39.12 prt/g dry wt)
A'o'erilge ~ 44.1 p(l!g dry wl
n ~ 39
(Ronye 30.R - 56 4 pC'/g dry wt)
Average ~ 15.6t pCi/g dr.y wt
n ~ 50
(R.nge 4.79 - 20.17 pLt/g dry.1)
AverAge ~ 42.1 pC1/g dry .t
n . 50
(Ronge 25.3 - 46.8 pCI/9 dry .t)
AverAge ~ 16./9 pC./g dry .t
II co 11
(R.nge 14.09 - 20.17 pC'!9 dry.1)
Averdge - 41.5 pCi/g dr-y wt
n ~ II
(R.nge 31.8 - 45.7 pCI/y dry wt)
-----~~--~-
---------.
Andlylicdl
Technique
----~---
--- ---~---~--------------
(o!TlTlpnl s!
(onc ,.,\ lon<;.
-------
Bedmdn Wldebeld
II propor-llond)
counler
(dnberra d Ipha/
betd proport lood. I
counter
(anoerra a Ipha/
belel proport 100d I
counter
------ ----
None spec If ied
None speL If led
P'4one spetltled
------------
[..peeterl fluctudllons
obSf'r'o'..d; no surge of
rdrllodflivlty In dny
one Sdmp Ie.
flue luat lon5 in rad 10-
activity conL. otJse..-ved.
00 'Jurge of radloddlv-
Ity In dny one '.>dmp Ie.
Ul
f luctudt log I "dleJMl Iv-
Ity [oncentrdt wns
Nut~ 19H2 dJtd
reported 10 both
1982 dnd 19A4 AnnlJ d I
Reports.
----- -- ---- --
-------
Study
The Hetropolll"n
Sanitary Ohtrlcl
of Greater Chicago,
1984 (cont'd)
TABLE
Location
1.
SUMMARY OF RADIOACTIVITY LEVELS
IN MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT SLUDGES
(Continued)
Type 01
Sludye
So"", Ie
Per iod
1983
1984
.-----
RcH.tIoad tv Hy
----~--- - --------~-
-----~~-
Ana Iyt lea I
Ter-hnlQue
Rodlo-
nue 11de Ilil
Totol NA
olpho
lotol NA
beta
Totol NA
olpho
Totol NA
beta
--------"---
Averoge ~ 7.75 pC ./g d,"y wt
n . 7l
(Ronge 3.46 - lJ.83 pCI/g dry .t)
Averoge ~ 45.5 pCl/g dry wt
n 0 74
(Ronge JI.5 - 63.3 pCI/g dry .t)
Averoge - lO.40 pCI/g dry wt
n . 45
(Ronge g.JI - 31.93 petty dry wt)
Averoge . 47.5 pCI/g dry wt
n ~ 46
IRonge 17.g - 69.7 pCt/g dry wt)
Durham and
Jo.hl, 1979
144Ce
l84d Il48 , 5l pCl/kg dry .t
(NO ,n effluent)
37. 5d 145' 10 pCt/kg dry .t
(NO In effluent)
16l2y 1074' 106 pC Ilk Y dry .t
(NO ,n effluent)
I. gy l36 , 14 pCl/kg dry .t
(NO In effluent)
170d NO
(NO In effluent)
lI.8d lI05 ~ 13l pCI/kg dry wt
(l.l4 ! 0.06 peril In eff luent)
8.06d 45' 10 pCI/kg dry wt
INO'ln effluent)
7 .Iy 143 , 19 pCt/kg dry .t
(NO In effluent)
5 1.6d llll' 13g pCI/kg dry wt
(O.l]" 0.05 pC,1I In effluent)
40d l2g . IS pC Ilk 9 dr y wt
(NO In effluent)
Hamt Hon Sewage
Treatment Phnt
00 lake Ontado
tn Canada
Otge!.ter s 1udge,
freeze dried for
ana 1Y5 ts
-----------
NR
141Ce
ll6Ro
ll8Th
75Se
51Cr
1311
Il5Sb
'Be
103Ru
-- --~_.._---
- - ---------- ---
--- --- --------
Garrma-ray
spec troscopy
-----------~.
Sounes of
Contaminat 100
--- ---
Host rcSdlOnucltdes of natural
origin or fallout from
nuc leu 'lfeapons te~t iog
~,I(,ept SICr. 7551." and
1311 whtch are used in
nuc1ectr medlctne
------ -~--
------
COlJloentsl
Coor Ius luns
Overall medns (or 191tl
lo 1984 dn.
Toldl dlphf'ot rdd left 10f!
hdl.!1 d.
-------
TABLE
1.
SUMMARY OF RADIOACTIVITY LEVELS
IN MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT SLUDGES
(Continued)
Study
locat Ion
Typ. ur
Sludge
Durham and
JO'hl, 1919
(cont'd)
Hamt Iton Sewage
Treatment Plant
(cont'd)
Dundas Sewage
Treatment Plant
on lake Ontar io
In (aoad,)
Digester sludge, freeze-
drted for analysis
--- -----
S.mp I.
Period
NR
Rad io.
nue Iide TII2
106Ru Iy
1 JIC, JOy
9510- 64d
95N6 J5.ld
144Ce 284d
141Ce J2.5d
226R. 1622y
228Th 1. 9y
/55. 120d
51Cr 2/.8d
IJII 8.60d
12556 7. IY
IBe 53.6d
103Ru 40d
106Ru 1y
-----~~-------
R.dloact Iv Ity
- --------~---
Analytical
Technique
----- ----------
-------
951 t 113 pCI/k? dry .t
(NO 1n effluent)
210 t 1/ pCi/kg dry .t
(0.025! 0.005 pCo/i In effluent)
254 t 2/ pCI/kg dry .t
(NO In effluent)
364 . 22 pCI/kg dry .t
(NO 1n effluent)
6/6 t 53 pC'/kg dry .t
(NO 1n eff luent)
NO
(NU In effluent)
634 . 91 pCI/kg dry .t
(NO 1n effluent I
2B4 t 20 pCI/kg dry .t
(O.O~! 0.01 pCI/I In effluent)
II J t 12 pCI/kg dry .t
(NO 1n effluent)
NO
(NO In eff luent)
185 . 19 pCI/kg dry .t
(NO 1n effluent)
NO
(NO In effluent)
82/ t 14U pCI/kg dry .t
(NO 1n effluent)
NO
(NO In eff luent)
NO
(NO In eff luent)
~--
----~ -
GdlM1a-ray
spec troscopy
~ - ----- ------------- --- ~
Soun es of
Contamination
(oameo t <../
(OO( Ius ions
- ----~-- -------- - ----
Same d':> for Hamlltun STP
-.....J
-- --- ---------------- -- ---- ---- -"
-------
TABLE
1.
SUMMARY OF RADIOACTIVITY LEVELS
IN MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT SLUDGES
(Continued)
Siudy
Type of
S ludye
Hddioacllvlty
lac at ton
Durh4m and Josh j.
1919 (eonl'd)
OunddS Sewdge
Treatment Phnt
( eonl'd)
Slron9. 1973
as C 1ted to
Prichard et 011.,
1981
William,. 1985
Denver
B.lllmore
Ch 1C ago
Houston
Boston
Phlhdelphh
New 'fork
l05 Ange les
San Franc tsco
Colby. Wisconsin
Congregat lun of
St. Agnes, W1sc'Jnstn
-~----- ----
-- -~--
fiR
~
NR
NR
~
~
NR
NR
NR
Olgested s ludye
(Contact st05blltzdtlon
act tvated s ludqe-
.erub Ie d 1gen ton)
Olge,led ,Iudye
(Convent land I
det Ivdted s ludye-
aerob Ie digest Ion)
----- ---
----~-~_._-------
S.mp Ie
Per tad
Rddto-
nuc Iide
Till
_.~~--~---- -----
~
I HC,
100' 20 pCI/k9
(NO in eff luenl)
JOy
95Zr
64d
NO
(NO In effluent)
95Nb
J5.ld
NO
(NO In eff luenl)
197J
197J
1973
1973
19/J
197J
19/J
197J
19/J
1 JlI
IJlI
IJII
IJl1
IJ11
HII
Hll
ml
HII
57 pCI/k9 ...t wt
54 pCI/k9 wel wi
46 pCI/k9 wel wi
467 pC I /k9 ...1 wi
NO
NO
142 pCI/k9 ...1 wi
674 pCI/k9 ...1 wi
J28 pCI/ky ...t wi
Bd
HdHh.
1985
226R.
J6.1 pCI/y dry wi
(1085 pClII ."umln9
)1 ,Iudye ,olld,)
1622y
Sn~~n:d
228R.
Gross alpha NA
Gross bet d NA
March, 226R. 1672y
1905
~n~~n:d
nOR.
Gross & Ipha NA
Gross beLt NA
J8.5 pCI/9 dry wi
(1157 pCIII ."umlny
JI ,Iudye ,olld,)
184.0 pCI/9
188.5 pCI!9
14.6 pCt/9 dry wt
(440 pCIII ."umtn9
:n: sludye solids)
24.9 pCt/9 dry wi
(ISO pClII ."..mln9
JI ,Iudge ,ol'd,)
J82.4 pCt/9
J89.2 pCt/9
---- -- --
'- .---- ------- ~ -- ---~ _._~---- .
-- -~- --~~ -- ~~-- --- ----
---------
----- -~-----
An.lytle .1
Technique
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
G4111114-r4Y
spec troscopy
A I pha count
Oet,) count
G4HJTld-rdY
spt'c troscopy
Aluhd count
Otc'td efliint
~-------
~our-(es of
(ontamUldllon
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Dr Ink Ing w,)ter
lredlmelll -regeneral Ion
&. bdckwdSh Ing
ion t:'J(chdnye medld
Orlnklng w4ler
lredtment-regenerdt Ion
&. bdckw,)shlng ton
el(chdng€ ml'd 1"
Lo~ntsl
(on( III':. Ions
--------
(ooc. for e4th ( Ity
bdsed on d ') Ing Ie
s4ffip1e. Other nUflldes
Identlf led tn the nine
sludges samp led ioc luded
20JH9. 2J2Th.
IJlC, 21481 106Ru
and 4~ (COO(. nol '
given) .
--.._---
1 grab '>dm~le of slurl'1e
at edell city (study
gives conI. In Ion
e.change hdCkwd':.h, rr un
f II te, backwash.
Inf lut'nt
to sE.'wJge p I Jot s,
ef fluent, &. '"dW S lur1f)e
CD
(on{ I u'> Ions
1. Rddlum h LOllCen-
trdted III ':.lu19f"..
Occurs Uflder derail Ie
dnd dndt'rob IC
(01111 It 1011':.
2. ACtumuldt10n of Rd
nCL urs In lIolh
t hed growt h S ys t !'ms
&. suspell.1elt ':I' ow! h
(dctlvdred s1ud'Je)
sySotems. Addltlon.)1
cone. of Rd In s lud'lE.'
rhrough dlge':.llon 0'"
hedl tredtment
proceSS.
J. 0101U91(dl s1udge
.111 remove 1tiS-
0:.0 I\/eo fld f'!..In
wdsle ')(rt-'dm (e.g.,
St. Agl1l's, fond du
l., & l.ke Mil],)
dS well dS IOSon1uhle
Rd very effedtvely.
4. AcculT1u blloll of Rd
jn sludt]e o({urs dt
both 10,," & high (Onl.
In Inf 1Ul'nt.
S. RddlulTI In SollJd4t?
dppcdn to be In In-
o:.olubl~ 'Oflll In blo-
10') ICd I so lids.
-------
TABLE
1.
SUMMARY OF RADIOACTIVITY
LEVELS
IN MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT SLUDGES
(Continued)
-~------------ --~- ---- -- ----~---- -~------ ----
Type of Samp Ie Radio And lyttcd I 50urct's of (olTlTlenls/
Study local ton Siudy Period Nuc I Ide TI/2 Hddlodcltvlly Technique Contamlndt ion (OO( Ius Ions
---~------------
William,. fond du lac. Heat trealed sludge March. 226R a 1622y 22.4 pCl/g dry wt GdlrtUd-rdY Cmrmunity waler supply
1985. Wt SCDns tn (Oxygen acltvated 1985 (6/3 pCl/l assuming spectroscopy
(onl 'd) sludge - limpro 31 ,Iudge ,0Iid')
Wel Air dlg",llon)
~~~~n:d 31.9 PCl/y dry wt
(958 pCi/ assuming
228Ra 3t ,Iudge ,oltd,)
Gross alpha NA /6.9 pCi/g A Ipha count
Gross beta NA 83.9 pCl/g Betd count
Juneau. Wise on) 10 Olge
-------
TABLE
1.
SUMMARY OF RADIOACTIVITY LEVELS IN MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT SLUDGES (Continued)
Type 01 Sa.., Ie Radlo- Analytical SOLJrc es of COIJ11It'nt"
Study Local ion S lullge Per iod nuell de 11/2 Radioactivity Technique Contamin.at ion Con( lu\ ions
Texas [}eparlment Webs ler Was tewater Dr ied processed slud!Je 3-22-8) 241Am H?y 6.61 . 10-6 ~ 2.40 . 10-6 "Ci/g Gama sc an Gu If Hue lear, Inc. Raw data fnJfn idb
01 Hea Ilh. 1986 Treatment Plant In sheets.
Webster~ Tel(.as 137C5 30y 2./9 . 10.5 ~ I.JJ . 10-6 ,,(j/g
IJlI Wehster WWTf' h a
8d 1.6] x 10-6 ~ 3./4 x 10-7 "Cl/g 4contdct stabHildtion
1921r 9./J x 10.6 ~ 1.20 x 10-6" Cl/g proces'5 (modi f ical ion of
/4d act ivated s IlJd~JP.I.
IBGd 242d ' 1.0/ . 10-6" Ci/g
Gr055 alpha HA 1.0 . 10-5 ~ 7.3 . 10-6 "CI/g Alpha count
Gros.s. bela HA 5.8 . 10-5 ~ 1.5 x 10-5 "CI/g Beta count.
Surface 5 ludge 3-22-83 241Am 432y 1.90 x IP-6 ~ 8.25 x 10-7 "CI/g Gallll1i1 "SoC an
lJ7C 5 30y 1.89 x 10-5 ~ 1.04 x 10-6 "CI/g
]92lr I4d 1.58 . 10-5 ~ 1.98 x 10-6 "CI/g
IJlI 8d <6.08 . [0-6" C;/g
Surf de e sludge )-22-83 241Am H2y 2.60 . 10-5 ~ 8.49 x 10-6 "(I/g Gama scan
13/C5 JOy 6.18 x 10-5 ~ 2.70 x 10-6 "CI/9 a
1921r /4d 2.5/ . 10-5 ~ 2.98 . 10-6 "CI/g
In I 8d <1.16 x 10-6 "CI/g
Process s1udge )-22-83 241Am 4J2y 1.95 x 10-5 ~ 6.66 . 10-6 "CI/g Gama scan-
137C5 JOy 5.25. 10-5 ~ 2.82. 10-6 "(I/g
1921r /4d ).23 . 10-5 ~ 4.11 . 10-6 .. Ci/g
1311 8d < 1. 11 x 10.6" C 1 Ig
-------
TABLE
1.
SUMMARY OF RADIOACTIVITY LEVELS
IN MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT SLUDGES
Study
Locat Ion
Samp Ie
Per lad
Type of
S I udye
(Continued)
- - --- ~---------- -------- ----- -- --- - ---
lOITmt'nl\/
(one lu') IOn'j
---------~- -. -- -- -----
Rad 10-
nuc 1 ide 'Ill Rad10dcl 'v 11)'
241Am 4JZy 1.3A x }O-5 . 5.0 It 10-6 '.(l/g
-
1 H(s 30y 5.36 x 10-5 ~ 3.2 x }O-6 ,.(l/g
241Am 4JZy 9.8 x 10-6 ~ 3.4 x 10-6 "(l/g
137(s 30y 3.1 . 10-5 ~ 2.0 x 10-6" (l/g
Ig21r 74d 1.1 It )0-5 .! 1.6 x 10-6 "(./g
153Gd 242d 1.5 x 10-6 "(I/g
137(s 30y 8.0 . 10-5 ~ 5.0 x 10-6 "(l/g
Ig21r 74d 1.40 x 10-4 ! 9.7 x 10-6 "('/g
241Am 4JZy 8. 9 . 10.6 "(l/g
1311 8d 6.2 x 10-6 ~ 1.1 x 10-6" (1/g
153Gd 242d ' 4.4 x 10-6 "(l/g
Gross alpha NA 2.1 x 10-5 ~ 1.3 . }O-6 p(t/g
Gross betd NA 3.65 x 10-4 ~ I. 9 x 10-5 ,. (1/9
I H(s 30y 7.5 x 10-5 t 4.4 x }O-6 ,,(I/g
1921r 14d 3.7 , 10-5 ~ 2.1 x 10-6 "('/g
241Am 432y 6.5 x 10-6 "(I/g
1311 Bd 6.4 , 10-6 t 8.3 x 10-7 "('/9
153Gd 242d . 3.0 x 1O.6"(./g
40K 1.28 x 7.9 x 1O-6! 3.5 , 10-6 "(;/g
109y
Gross alpha NA 2.4 x 10-5 ~ 6.A. 1O-6"(l/g
G"055 beta NA 9.5 . 10-5 ~ 1.2 x 10-5" (1/g
Texas O~pdrtment
of Health, 1 986
(cont'd)
Webster Wastewater
Treatment Phnt in
Webster. Texas
(cont'd)
-- --- -- ---
-----.
Process OJ ludge
3-28-83
Sludge
3- 31-83
Sludge bin (sol1)
(2 samples)
8-11-83
8-11-83
-----.---
------~---
Anal)'t ICdl
Technique
- -~--~----
GJl1JTId ')( an
Gdnmd sc dn
Gumld scan
A Ipha count
Beta count
Gallll1d sc dn
Alpha count
8et do count
Sources of
(onlamlnat Ion
- - ---------
-- - -- ----- ----
----~-----~ ------~-----~----------~- .---- ----
- -- ---- -.-
-------
TABLE 1. SUMMARY OF RADIOACTIVITY LEVELS IN MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT SLUDGES (Continued)
Type of Sample Radio-
Study Location Sludge Period nucllde
Texas Department Webster Wastewater Sludge on floor of drier 9-29-83 13'Cs
uf Health. 1966 Treatment Plant In building
(cont'd) Webster, Texas l'2|r
(cont'd)
'Be
60Co
129|
131,
3||
»C
Sludge on drier belt 9-29-83 2?6Ra
2«l«m
'Be
13'cs
60Co
129|
131,
192, r
JH
14C
Tl/2
30y
74 d
432y
53d
5.3y
1.59 x
10'y
Bd
12. 3y
5730y
1622y
432y
53d
30y
5.3y
1.59 x
10'y
8d
74d
12. 3y
5730y
4.87
4.1
LIOL
LLOL
LLDL
LIDL
LLOL
•5.0
2.0
7.23
LLDL
ILDL
LIDL
LLOL
LIDL
LtDL
LLOL
• 5.0
• 2.0
Analytical Sources of Comments/
Radioactivity Technique Contamination Conclusions
x 10-5 * 1.7 x 10-6.1 Ci/g Raima scan
x 10-6 * 4 „ 10-' I. Ci/g
7.4 x 10-Si'Ci/g
1.12 x ID"5 i.Ci/9
8 x 10-' "Ci/g
8.87 x I0-s i. Cl/g
2.2 x 10-6 ,. ci/g
x 10'7 I'CI/ml Beta count
x 10-&i
-------
TABLE
1.
SUMMARY OF RADIOACTIVITY LEVELS
IN MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT SLUDGES
(Continued)
Study
Type of
S1udge
._~-~-- ~----~-- -----~---~-----~-----<---------
loc at 100
Texas Oepart.renl
of Health, 1986
(cont'd)
Webster Wastewater
Treatment Plant In
Webster, TeJ(as
(cont'd)
S 1m') Bayou WWTP
Oried,ludge
Heat treated sludge
Or led, ludge
SalOp I.
Period
1-14-86
9-29-8J
9-29-8J
Rad 10- Analyt leal Sources of (Ort1T)t~nls/
nuc) Ide TI/2 Radlodctiwlty Technique Contdrnjnal10n Cone Ius Ions
-~_._._--------- --- ----- -
I 228Ac 6h 1.0 . 10-6 '2 .10-7"('19 Gdllma SCdn
241Am 4J2y 6 . 10-7 .! 5 )( 10-7, (./9
7Be 5Jd 2.8 . 10-6 + 4 . 1O-7"(l/g
D7(, JOy 1. 9 . 10-6 ! 2 . 10-7" (1/9
DII 8d 2.9.1O-6!2 . 10-7"(119
1921r 74d 2.2 . 10 -6 , 2 . 10-7" ('/9
40K 1. ~8. 4.1 . 10-6 ! 8. 10-7"(1/9
10 y
212Pb 10 .6h 4 . 10-7 .!. 2 II 10-7 "('/9
214Pb 26.Am 2. 1O-7 ! 1 II 1O-7pCi/g
Gross beta NA 1. J . 10-5 , 5 . 10-6 '(1/9 Betd count
228Ac 6h 1.8 x 10-6 . 5 I( 10-7 "(1/9 GalTJoa scan
1311 8d 8.0 . 10-6 ! 9. 10-7,,(1/9 Same (dC 1 J Ity
HC 5.0 . 10-6" (1/9 Invest IgJted by
57JOy Beta count Pr ichard et d1., l~BI. W
1311 8d 4.0J . 10-5 , 4.0 . 10-6" (1/9 GdfJJ11d sc an
JH 12. Jy 7.9xlO-7!8. 10-8,. Cl/ml Betd count
HC 57JOy 4.7 x 10-6 + 4 . 10-7" CI/9
New York Stale
Departrr.ent of
lI'd1th, 1986
CAD I1etdllur91cal, Inc.,
producer of (oi) elements
10 smoke detec tors
Tonawanda, NY
-~----
Sludge, Tonawanda Sewage
Iredtment Pld"t (1S1P)
Act Ivated S ludqe, ISIP
5ludQe. bottom of settling
lank I f~ TP
5-11-84
5-17-84
5-1'-B4
241Am
4J?y
5.2 .': 1.2 pC'/g
FIOLER (Field
Instrument for
nelec t Ion of Low
[nergy RadLJt ion)
sc tnt I' lat ion
probe
RadIOlogical monitor log
perfo.-med fo 110""lng
1ns.peet Ion at fAD 00
4-26-84 Ind leat log
coolamlndt Ion of sewer
1 ine. Data from
(~uter pr Intnut dnd
drdft report by NY Oept.
of Iledlth.
241Am
241 Am
12 iJ j J 0 pC, / q
5 B . I. > pC'1 II
----~------- ---------
-------
TABLE
1.
SUMMARY OF RADIOACTIVITY LEVELS
IN MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT SLUDGES
(Continued)
Type of SO"" Ie Rodlo- Analytical Soure es of Conmf'n t <; I
Study Locat 100 Sludge Per lad nue 1 Ide TI/2 Radjoact Iv Ity Technique (ontamlnatton (00( tlJ~ Ion')
-----~~--~-- -----
New York St.te Tonawanda, NY Sludge ofter 11mbro 5-17-84 241Am 432y 5.4 ~ 1.4 pCl/g
Department of (cont'd) Proce". TSTP
Heolth, 1986 241Am
(cont 'd) Sludge before 11mbro 6-19-84 4.5 ~ 1.6 pCl/g
Process. TSTP
Sludge, TSTP 6-84 to 241Am x ~ 3.5 pCl/g, n ~ n x exc ludes one 0;, amp Ie
12-84 (Ronge 1.8 - 5.0 pCI/g) of 100 pC'/g token
8-07 -fl4.
Sludge, T~rp 1-85 to 241Am x . 2.5 pCl/g. n ~ 26
1-86 (Ronge o.g - 12 pCI/g)
Ash, loe 'nerator '2. TSTP 4-26-84 241Am 500 ~ 150 pC'/g Conldmlnatef1 ash cone.
of 24] Am r dnged from
Ash from 1 andf j II 4-26-84 241Am 300 ! 100 pC 1Ig 160 - 750 pCI/g. currenl
( 2 yeors old) ~t2~Y;.~~ Ins In", (one.
Truck bed clinker (froo 5-07-84 241Am 420 ~ 100 pC'/g
lo( inerated ash)
Ash, I ne 1nerator '2. TSTP 5-07-84 241Am 180 ~ 40 pCl/g
(2 so",,'es) 241Am
5-07-84 750 ~ 190 pCl/g
(1 toker from Ine 1nerator 5-07-84 241Am 620 ~ 160 pCI/g +:>
'2, TSTo
Ash from TSIP 5-84 to 241Am i. 1l.7 pCl/g. n . 25
12-84 (Ronge 6.0 - 22 pC '/g)
Ash from IS1P 1-85 to 241Am x ~ 6.1 pCl/g, n ~ 24 x ele ludes 2 ,>amp If's
1-86 (Ronge 2.2 - 23 pCI/g) of 63 pC'/g on,1 AD p(l/g
takpn 2-07-AS ,wd
12-26-85. resped IVl'ly.
Ash fron Niagara londflll 5-16-84 241Am 10 ! 3 pCl/g
(2 s""'p 1..)
Grand Is hod, NY Pressed sludge 8-84 to 241Am x . 83.7 pCl/g. n . 12 Unspec tf led NRO (manufacturer of Am-?41
12-84 (Ronge 57 - 120 pCl/g) rolls) In Grand Island. NV
. -~------- ._---------~---
-------
TABLE
1.
SUMMARY OF RADIOACTIVITY LEVELS
Study
Type of
S I udge
locatIon
New York State
Department of
Health, 1986
(cont'd)
Grand Island, NY
(cunt'd)
Pressed sludge (cont'd)
Unpressed sludge
Digester s ludye
Sd~le Rad 10-
Per iad nuc 1 ide
1-85 to 241Am
6-85
7-85 to 241Am
11-85
1-15-86 241Am
9-84 to 241Am
11-84
10-10-84 241Am
IN ~1UNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATfIENT SLUDGES
---~ ----~-~ -- -----
(Continued)
---------
----
TII2
Analytlcdl
Technique
-------------------- -------~----
- --------- ~--~
Rdd 10de t IV I ty
432y
i 0 39.7 pCt/g, n' 12
(Rdnge JJ - 53 pCI/g)
i . 24.8 pCI/g, n . 10
(Rdnge 15 - 43 pCt/g)
Salines of
(onl.:tmlndt Ion
(ollfl1l'nt../
(OO( Ius 100<,.
5.7 ~ 1.5 pCt/g
i . 76.8 pCI/g, n . 5
(Range 56 - 100 pCI/g)
17 ~ 6 pC./g
NA . Not Applicable
NO . Not Detected
NR . Not Reported
mCI " mlll1cudesd .. 10-3 curtes
I' C 1 " m Ie roeudes := 1 .. 10-6 curies
pC1 = plcocudes - 1 A 10-12 curtes
tei = femtocurles = 1 .. 10-15 curtes
llOl " lower limit Detectable
. Tl/2 for 239pu . 2.411 , 104 years, TI/2 for 240pu . 6537 years
.. TI/2 for 228Ra . 5.75 yedrs
Ul
-------
16
limited to those which contained data on concentrations of radionuclides in
sludges from the United States and Canada. Related studies of sludge from
foreign countries and studies which contained information on concentrations
of radionuclides in wastewater treatment effluents or in soils treated with
sludges were not included in Table 1. However, these studies are discussed
in relation to the results of sludge studies when appropriate.
One source of radioactivity in municipal wastewater sludge is
medical treatment and research. Radionuclides are released to the sewage
system through isotope releases in handling and through excretion by
patients. In sludges from a Texas sewage treatment plant serving nine
institutions with active nuclear medicine programs, Prichard et al. (1981)
found that iodine-131 (1311) dominated the gamma spectra. Concentrations of
1311 ranged from approximately 7 pCi/g to 180 pCi/g in flash dried sludge and
approximately 1 pCi/g to 27 pCi/g in vacuum dried sludge (an earlier step in
the sludge drying process). The authors noted that none of the activity was
lost in the flash drying process. The ratio of 1311 in sludge to 1311 in
liquid effluent from the plant was 1:3.3 indicating that some, though not
all, of the 1311 was retained in the sludge. The authors also noted that the
sludge would not be expected to produce a significant population dose when
used as a soil conditioner because the time required to process the sludge
and to plant and harvest a crop in treated soil greatly exceeded the 8-day
half-life of 1311.
Strong (1973, as cited in Prichard et al., 1981) reported 1311
concentrations for ten major U.S. cities (Table 1). These concentrations
ranged from levels below detection to 0.674 pCi/g of wet sludge. The amount
of moisture in these sludges was not reported, making comparison to
Prichard's results difficult. A Swedish study by Erlandsson and Mattsson
(1978) detected 1311 in all samples from a sewage. treatment plant serving an
area containing one hospital and where most patients treated at that hospital
lived in the district. Concentrations ranged from 0.03 pCi/g to 0.12 pCi/g
of 1311 in digested sludge (23 percent dry substance). Moss (1973) found
that 1311 and technicium-99m (99mTc) constituted 95 percent of the total
activity (13-15 pCi/l) in effluent from a sewage plant in Pennsylvania. Sodd
et al. (1975) sampled effluents from a sewage treatment plant near
-------
17
Cincinnati, Ohio, and found measurable concentrations of 99mTc and 131r.
Concentrations of 99mTc ranged from 4 pCi/l to 217 pCi/l; concentrations of
131r ranged from 18 pCi/l to 134 pCi/l. The study by Erlandsson and Mattsson
presented data from outside the United States and Canada, and the studies of
Moss (1973) and Sodd et al. (1975) did not present data for sludges.
Therefore, these studies were not included in Table 1.
Durham and Joshi (1979) sampled digested sludge from the sewage
t~eatment plants in Hamilton and Dundas, Ontario, on the western shore of
lake Ontario. This study was performed in response to concern raised by the
Great lakes International Joint Commission (GlIJC) that the discharge of
radionuclides might affect the water quality of the Great lakes. Results of
this study are also presented in the Great lakes Water Quality Seventh Annual
Report (GlIJC, 1979). Fourteen radionuclides were detected in sludges from
the two treatment plants. Most radionuclides were present at very low
concentrations. The authors noted that most were of natural origin or
resulted from fallout of nuclear weapons testing. However, three of the
radionuclides detected -- chromium-51 (51Cr), selenium-75 (75Se), and 131r --
were used locally in nuclear medicine. Thirteen radionuclides were detected
in sludge from the Hamilton plant. The radionuclides with the highest
concentrations were 51Cr, 2.705 i 0.132 pCi/g; beryllium-7 (7Be), 2.227 i
0.139 pCi/g; cerium-144 (144Ce), 1.248 i 0.052 pCi/g; radium-226 (226Ra),
1.024 i 0.106 pCi/g; and ruthenium-106 (106Ru), 0.951 i 0.113 pCi/g. All
other radionuclides were below 0.5 pCi/g. Seven radionuclides were detected
in sludge from the Dundas plant. The highest concentrations were 7Be, 0.827
i 0.140 pCi/g; 144Ce, 0.676 i 0.053 pCi/g; and 226Ra, 0.634 i 0.097 pCi/g.
51Cr, 7Be, and cesium-137 (137Cs) were detected in effluent from the Hamilton
plant and thorium-228 (228Th) was detected in effluent from the Dundas plant.
51Cr was the only radionuclide found to. reach lake Ontario.
The Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago has conducted
a program of radiological monitoring of sludges from its sewage lagoons since
1978. Data were obtained for the years of 1978 through 1984 (Metropolitan
Sanitary District of Greater Chicago, 1979, 1982, and 1984). Radioactivity
was analyzed only as "total alpha" and "total beta" concentrations. Annual
means were computed from data presented in annual reports of the Metropolitan
-------
18
Sanitary District and are. presented in Table 1. Concentrations were shown to
fluctuate within a particular year and between years, but no exceptional
surges in radioactivity levels were recorded. For example, between 1978 and
1984, the total alpha concentrations ranged from 3.89 to 39.12 pCi/g dry wt.
and total beta concentrations ranged from 25.3 to 126 pCi/g dry wt.
The organic fertilizer product "Nu Earth", distributed free to the
public by the Metropolitan Sanitary District in Stickney, Illinois was
analyzed for radioactivity in 1974 and 1975 (Alberts et al., 1974; Alberts
and Wahlgren, 1977). The organic fertilizer consisted of air dried sediment
from an Imhoff Process. The radionuclides analyzed were plutonium-239,240
(239,240pu), americium-241 (241Am), and 137Cs. Sludge samples collected ih
Summer, 1974 contained 21.4 fCi/g dry wt. of 239,240pu and 3.3 fCi/g dry wt.
of 241Am. Samples collected the following year in Spring, 1975 contained
12.8 fCi/g dry wt. of 239,240pu and 1.5 fCi/g dry wt. of 241Am. The ratios
of 239,240pu/241Am for the 1974 and 1975 samples were 6.5 and 8.5, respec-
tively. These ratios were considered to be more representative of the soil
environment than of lake sediment. Therefore, the source of 239,240pu and
241Am was thought to be runoff from the metropolitan area rather than
transport from sediments of Lake Michigan introduced through drinking water
(Alberts and Wahlgren, 1977). 137Cs and 239,240pu were detected in a
November, 1974 sample at concentrations of 1.08 pCi/g dry wt. and 21.5 fCi/g
dry wt., respectively (Alberts et al., 1974).
Another source of radionuclides in sludge is drinking water
containing elevated concentrations of radium. These elevated concentrations
of radium are found in areas of the county where the water is taken from
wells in high radium formations such as granite. Many of the cities in these
areas are required under the Safe Drinking Water Act to treat their drinking
water to reduce radium concentrations to acceptable levels (5 pCi/l) (40 CFR
141). In the water treatment process, some systems such as ion exchange
columns require backflushing to clean the radium removal columns, and water
from backflushing is often discharged to the sewers. Other water treatment
systems produce sludge which may be discharged to the sewers. Thus, radium
can enter the sanitary sewers through untreated drinking water or through
discharge of backflushed water or sludges from water treatment systems.
-------
19
Williams (1985) recently completed a study which analyzed sludge
from municipal sewage treatment plants in several Wisconsin cities where
drinking water was known to contain elevated concentrations of 226Ra and
228Ra. Concentrations of 226Ra in sludges from the five communities sampled
ranged from 14.6 pCi/g dry wt. to 36.1 pCi/g dry wt., and combined
concentrations of 226Ra and 228Ra ranged from 20.9 pCi/g dry wt. to
38.5 pCi/g dry wt. Although the study is based on limited sampling (one
sample per city), the author made several interesting observations. The
results indicated that activated sludge effectively adsorbed 226Ra and 228Ra.
Removal of radium occurred at both high and low influent concentrations and
was effective for both soluble and insoluble forms of radium. Accumulation
of radium in sludge occurred under aerobic and anaerobic conditions and in
fixed growth and suspended growth systems. Also, accumulation of radium in
sludge was observed both in cities in Wisconsin that discharge backflush
waters from water treatment and in cities where the radium was from the
untreated community water supply itself.
In 1984, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) issued
notices to state radiation control agencies and to NRC materials licensees
raising concern for the potentially significant problem of discharging
radionuclides into sanitary sewage systems (Nussbaumer, 1984; Grace, 1984).
In these notices, NRC cited three incidents of contamination of sewage sludge
attributable to releases from licensed industrial users of radionuclides.
Two incidents of contamination of sludge with 241Am from companies producing
foils for smoke alarms occurred in New York State. Sludge data for these
incidents were obtained from the New York State Department of Health (1986).
The sewage treatment facilities involved were the Tonawanda Sewage Treatment
Plant which incinerates its sludge to reduce the volume for landfilling and
the Grand Island Sewage Treatment Plant which landfills its sludge.
The concentrations reported in contaminated ash from Tonawanda
ranged from 180 ! 40 pCi/g ash to 750 ! 190 pCi/g ash between April 17 and
May 7, 1984. Concentrations measured recently have dropped to approximately
10 ! 2 pCi/g ash. Sampling of sludges did not begin until May 11, 1984,
approximately two weeks after the initiation of ash sampling. At this time,
concentrations of 241Am in ash had dropped from the aforementioned elevated
-------
20
concentrations to 13 pCi/g on May 11, 1984. The corresponding sludge con-
centration on this date was 5.2 pCi/g. Presumably the lower concentrations
indicate that the release of 241Am to the sewage system had ceased. The mean
concentrations in sludge were 3.5 pCi/g for the last half of 1984 and
2.5 pCi/g for 1985. Concentrations of 241Am in sludge at Grand Island were
as high as 120 i 30 pCi/g in 1984 and have dropped progressively since that
time. Sludge samples taken at Grand Island in the last half of 1985 averaged
24.8 pCi/g and a sample taken in January of 1986 contained 5.7 i 1.5 pCi/g.
A third incident of sludge contamination reported by NRC (Grace,
1984; Nussbaumer, 1984) occurred in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, where the sludge
was being landspread as fertilizer at a U.S. Department of Energy refores-
tation project. The apparent source of contamination was a state licensee
who occasionally discharged a few thousand gallons of liquid per day into the
sanitary system containing cobalt-60 (60Co) at 66-110 disintigrations per
minute (dpm) per milliliter. The principal sludge contaminant was 60Co,
although 137Cs and 134Cs were also identified. Sludge samples contained 10
to 100 pCi/g gross activity (20,000 - 200,000 dpm/kg) (Grace, 1984;
Nussbaumer, 1984) No further information was available on sludge concentra-
tions and, therefore, this study was not included in Table 1. However, Oakes
et al. (1984a and 1984b) performed a study examining the concentrations of
radionuclides in the soils at the 65-acre landspreading site and analyzing
potential pathways of exposure. Concentrations in the top three inches of
soil were considered to be most representative of the sludge applied.
Concentrations of 60Co ranged from 0.08 to 44.8 pCi/g dry wt. with a mean of
2.96 pCi/g. Concentrations of 137Cs ranged from 0.09 to 15.4 pCi/g with a
mean of 1.72 pCi/g. Mean concentrations for other radionuclides in the soil
were as follows: strontium-90 (90Sr), 0.6 pCi/g; uranium-234 (234U),
1.12 pCijg; 235U, 0.09 pCi/g; 238U, 0.47 pCi/g; 238pu, 8 x 10-3 pCi/g; and
239pu, 0.039 pCi/g. The authors estimated that a total of 170 mCi of
activity was present in the top three-inch layer of soil at the 65-acre site,
69 percent of which was contributed by 60Co and 137Cs, 23 percent by 234U and
90Sr, and 8 percent by other radionuclides including 238U, 235U, 239pu, and
238pu.
-------
21
The Texas Department of Health (1986) provided raw data on radio-
nuclide concentrations in sludge samples taken during 1983 and 1986 at the
Webster and Sims Bayou Wastewater Treatment Plants. The Webster Treatment
Plant receives sanitary waste from the Gulf Nuclear, Inc. facility, and an
environmental survey was performed in 1983 to monitor the release of
radionuclides from this facility. The laboratory analysis sheets noted
suspected contaminants as being iridium-192 (192Ir), gadolinium-153 (153Gd),
137Cs, 241Am, and 1311. Data were also available for the Sims Bayou Treat-
ment Plant. Concentrations at the two facilities were reported for a variety
of radionuclides and are presented in Table 1.
Mumma and coworkers sampled sludges from cities in central New York
State (Mumma et al., 1983) and from cities across the United States (Mumma
et al., 1984). Radioactivity was measured as gamma emission, and data were
reported as counts per minute (cpm) above background. However, no data were
presented on specific radionuclides or energies. Both studies concluded that
gamma emission from sludge did not present a problem. Since the data were
not in a form which could easily be compared to the estimated limits or
standards, results of these studies are not presented in Table 1. The
results are, however, presented for reference in Tables C-1 and C-2 of
Appendix C.
SUMMARY
Results of the literature search and telephone survey identified
nine sources containing data on radioactivity concentrations in municipal
wastewater treatment sludges (Table 1). The obtained data varied widely with
respect to purpose of collection, types of sludges sampled, number of
samples, and radionuclides analyzed. In many cases, these factors made
direct comparison of the data difficult or impossible. Review of the data
indicated that some radionuclides were reported more often than others.
Generally, the radionuclides most frequently reported were those associated
with suspected or known contamination problems.
The four radionuclides reported most often in the available data
were 1311, 226Ra, 241Am, and 137Cs. Of these four, three originated from
-------
22
human use of radionuclides (131I, 241Am, and 137Cs) and one (226Ra) origina-
ted from natural sources. 131I, which is widely used in nuclear medicine,
was reported in sludge from 11 sewage treatment plants (approximately 20
samples). Reported concentrations of 131I ranged from 0.045 to 180 pCi/g.
226Ra was reported in sludge from eight sewage treatment plants (approxi-
mately eight samples). For four of the plants, sludge was analyzed specif-
ically for radium due to its natural presence at high concentrations in
drinking water. Concentrations of 226Ra ranged from 0.634 to 72.3 pCi/g.
241Am was reported at four sewage treatment plants (approximately 164 samples
of sludge and ash from sludge incineration). At two locations where approxi-
mately 150 of the samples were taken, 241Am had been released to the sewage
systems by manufacturers of foils used in smoke detectors. Concentrations in
sludge ranged from 0.002 to 100 pCi/g while concentrations in contaminated
ash were as high as 750 pCi/g. Concentrations of 137Cs were reported in
sludges from four sewage treatment plants (approximately 14 samples).
Concentrations ranged from 0.10 to 80 pCi/g. The apparent sources of 137Cs
were the Gulf Nuclear facility and fallout.
-------
23
REFERENCES
Alberts, J. J., and M. A. Wahlgren. 1977. Concentrations of Pu-239,240 and
Am-241 in Drinking Water and Organic Fertilizer. Health Physics 32:295-
297.
Alberts, J. J., P. J. Jehn, D. M. Nelson, J. S. Marshall, and M. A. Wahlgren.
1974. Effect of Municipal Treatment Processes on Pu-239,240 and Cs-137.
In: Radiological and Environmental Research Division Annual Report,
Ecology, January through December 1974. ANL-75-3, Part III. Argonne
National Laboratory, Argonne, IL.
Durham, R. W., and S. R. Joshi. 1979. Radionuclide Concentrations in Two
Sewage Treatment Plants on Western Lake Ontario, Canada. J. Radio-
analytical Chern. 54 (1-2):367-370.
Erlandsson, B., and S. Mattsson. 1978. Medically Used Radionuclides in
Sewage Sludge. Water, Air, Soil Pollution 9:199-206.
Grace, J. N. 1984. Information Notice No. 84-94 to All NRC Materials
Licensees Other than Licensees that Use Sealed Sources Only. Regarding
Reconcentration of Radionuclides Involving Discharges into Sanitary
Sewage Systems Permitted under 10 CFR 20.303. Issued by J. N. Grace,
Director, Div. of Quality Assurance, Safeguards and Inspection Programs,
Office of Inspection and Enforcement, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commis-
sion, Washington, DC, December 21, 1984.
Great Lakes International Joint Commission. 1979. Great Lakes Water
Quality, Seventh Annual Report, Appendix D, Annual Report of the Radio-
activity Subcommittee. Great Lakes Regional Office International Joint
Commission, Windsor, Ontario.
Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago. 1979. Research and
Development Department 1979 Annual Report. Chicago, IL.
Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago. 1982. Research and
Development Department 1982 Annual Report. Chicago, IL.
Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago. 1984. Research and
Development Department 1984 Annual Report. Chicago, IL.
Moss, C. E. 1973. Control of Radioisotope Releases to the Environment from
Diagnostic Isotope Procedures. Health Physics 25:197-198.
Mumma, R. 0., D. R. Raupach, J. P. Waldman, J. H. Hotchkiss, W. H. Gutenmann,
C. A. Bache, and D. J. Lisk. 1983. Analytical Survey of Elements and
Other Constituents in Central New York State Sewage Sludges. Arch.
Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 12:581-587.
-------
24
Mumma, R. 0., D. R. Raupach, J. P. Waldman, S. S. C. Tong, M. L. Jacobs,
J. G. Babish, J. H. Hotchkiss, P. C. Wszolek, W. H. Gutenmann, C. A.
Bache, and D. J. Lisk. 1984. National Survey of Elements and Other
Constituents in Municipal Sewage Sludges. Arch. Environ. Contam.
Toxicol. 13:75-83.
New York State Department of Health. 1986. Data on Americium-241 Levels in
Sludges from the Tonawanda and Grand Island Sewage Treatment Plants
Following Contamination From Industries Using Americium-241 in Smoke
Detector Foils. Obtained through personal communications with Dr.
Rimawi, NY Department of Health, Albany, New York.
*
Nussbaumer, D. A., 1984. Memorandum to All Agreement
Sewer Sludge Contamination, from D. A. Nussbaumer,
Agreements Program, Office of State Programs, U.S.
Commission.
States regarding
Assist. Dir. State
Nuclear Regulatory
Oakes, T. W., H. M. Braunstein, K. L. Daniels, W. F. Ohnesorge, J. T.
Kitchings, and W. A. Alexander. 1984a. Report on the Oak Ridge Sewage
Sludge Land-Farming Experience. Part I - Data Presentation. ORNL-
6062/P1. Department of Environmental Management, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
Oakes, T. W., W. F. Ohnesorge, K. L. Daniels, H. M. Braunstein, J. T.
Kitchings, and W. A. Alexander. 1984b. Report on the Oak Ridge Sewage
Sludge Land-Farming Experience. Part II - Pathways Analysis. ORNL-
6062/P2. Department of Environmental Management, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
Prichard, H. M., T. F. Gessell, and E. Davis. 1981. Iodine-131 Levels in
Sludge and Treated Municipal Wastewaters Near a Large Medical Complex.
Am. J. Public Health 71(1):47-52.
Sodd, V. J., R. J. Velten, and E. L. Saenger. 1975. Concentrations of the
Medically Useful Radionuclides, Technetium-99m and Iodine-131 at a Large
Metropolitan Waste Water Treatment Plant. Health Physics 28:355-359.
Strong, A. B. 1973. Municipal Sludge Samples. Memorandum to Charles Weaver
from Chief, Analytical Services Branch, Eastern Environmental Research
Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, March 22, 1973. (As
cited in Prichard et al., 1981).
Texas Department of Health. 1986. Data on Radioactivity in Municipal
Wastewater Treatment Plants; Webster Plant, 1983 and 1986 and Sims Bayou
Plant, 1983. Obtained through personal communication with J. Thiel,
Radiation Control, Texas Department of Health, Austin, Texas.
*
Memorandum undated, received by Texas Department of Health, Bureau of
Radiation Control on September 25, 1984.
-------
25
Williams, M. 1985. The Fate of Radium-226 and Radium-228 in the Wastewater
Treatment Process. A Survey. Wisconsin Department of Natural
Resources, Bureau of Solid Waste Management. August, 1985.
-------
APPENDIX A
LIST OF COMPUTER DATA BASES
AND YEARS SEARCHED
-------
A-I
APPENDIX A
LIST OF COMPUTER DATA BASES AND YEARS SEARCHED
Agricola, 1970 - 1985
Aqualine, 1964 - 1985
Aquatic Science Abstracts, 1978 - 1985
Biosis Previews, 1969 - 1985
Chemical Abstracts Search, 1967
1985
DOE Energy Data Base, 1974 - 1985
Enviroline Data Base, 1970 - 1985
National Technical Information Service (NTIS), 1970
Pollution Abstracts, 1970 - 1985
Water Resources Abstracts, 1958
1985
1985
-------
APPENDIX B
TELEPHONE SURVEY FORM AND
LIST OF INTERVIEWEES
-------
APPENDIX B
IELEPHONE SURVEY FORM
STUDY OF RADIOACTIVITY IN MUNICIPAL SLUDGE
TELEPHONE SURVEY
Date:
Person Contacted:
Phone #:
Agency/Municipality:
For Battelle:
Summa ry:
Questions:
1.
Does the "agency" have any reports or maintain a data base containing
data on radioactivity levels in municipal sludges?
2.
What cities or area of the country do the reports/data base cover?
3. Does the "agency"
A. Radium?
B. Gross Alpha?
C. Gross Beta?
have data on wastewater or sludge concentrations of
-------
B-2
TELEPHONE SURVEY FORM (continued)
o.
Individual radionuclides?
E.
Gross Gamma?
4.
What analytical methods were used?
What are the limitations of the data?
5.
Has the "agency" performed any special studies, for example, studies of
uptake of radionuclides in crops grown in sludge amended soil?
6.
Has the agency done any dose analysis for the sludge?
7.
Is there any other information that you think would help with this work?
8.
Can you send copies of any reports, data base information, special reports,
etc? ,Emphasize that our time frame is short so we'll need the reports/
data soon .'1
9.
00 you know of any other agencies or other groups that have reported on or
maintain a data base on radioactivity in municipal sludge?
Additional Notes:
-------
B-3
LIST OF TELEPHONE SURVEY INTERVIEWEES
Federal Aqencies and National Laboratories
Dr. Domy Adriano
Savannah River Ecology
Laboratory
Aiken', SC
(803) 450-2475
Dr. Rufus Chaney
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Agricultural Research Service
Beltsville, MD
(301) 344-3324
Sam Aoki
Idaho Falls Nuclear Facility
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)
Idaho Fall s, ID
(208) 526-0583
Ben Chen
U.S. EPA
Region IV
Atlanta, GA
(404) 881-4347
Stan Arlt
Public Works Department
U.S. DOE
Richland, WA
(509) 575-2491
Frank Costello
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory
Commission (NRC)
King of Prussia, PA
(215) 337-5000
Bob Bastian
U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA)
Washington, DC
(202) 382-7378
Tony Drypolcher
Los Alamos National
Los Alamos, NM
(505) 667-6378
Laboratory
Tom Blumer
U.S. EPA
Region IX
San Franci$co, CA
(415) 974-8338
Daniel Forger
U.S. EPA
Region II
New York, NY
(212) 264-0958
Mr. Stanley Borys
Waste Treatment Department
Argonne National Laboratory
Chicago, IL
(312) 972-2000 (6677)
Don Galleogos
Los Alamos National
Los Alamos, NM
(505) 667-5288
Laboratory
Norbert Golchert
Argonne National
Chicago, IL
(312) 972-3912
Laboratory
-------
B-4
LIST OF TELEPHONE SURVEY INTERVIEWEES (Continued)
Federal Aqencies and National Laboratories
(Continued)
Tom Gunderson
Environmental Surveillance
Los Alamos National Laboratory
Los Alamos, NM
(505) 667-5201
J. R. Metzger
U.S. NRC
Washington, DC
(202) 492-7432
Tom Hakonson
Los Alamos National
Los Alamos, NM
(505) 667-3331
Laboratory
Donald M. Nelson
Industrial Hygiene
Argonne National Laboratory
Argonne, I L
(312) 972-4981
Dick Hetherington
U.S. EPA
Region X
Seattle, WA
(206) 442-1941
Mario Nunzio
U.S. EPA
Region VII
Kansas City, MO
(913) 236- 2813
Dick Lauch
U.S. EPA
Cincinnati, OH
(513) 569-7237
Tom Oakes
Oak Ridge National
Oak Ridge, TN
(615) 576-8499
Laboratories
Russ Lease
Idaho Falls Nuclear Facility
U.S. DOE
Idaho Falls, ID
(208) 526-1668
Max Richards
U.S. EPA
Region V
Chicago, IL
(312) 886-0122
Paul Lohouse
U.S. NRC
King of Prussia, PA
(215) 337-5246
Bob Schumaker
U.S. NRC
Office of Inspection and
Enforcement
Washington, DC
(202) 492-7432
Peter Ludzia
U.S. EPA
Region III
Philadelphia, PA
(215) 597-9226
Stanley Smith
U.S. EPA
Region VIII
Denver, CO
(303) 293-1563
-------
8-5
LIST OF TELEPHONE SURVEY INTERVIEWEES (Continued)
Federal Aqencies and National Laboratories
(Continued)
Wa 1t Smith
Argonne National
Chicago, IL
(312) 972-3322
Laboratory
John Trax
Office of Drinking
U.S. EPA
Washington, DC
(202) 382-5526
Water
-------
8-6
LIST OF TELEPHONE SURVEY INTERVIEWEES (Continued)
State Aqencies
Ken Arnold
Missouri Department of
Natural Resources
Jefferson City, MO
(314) 751-3241
Lavoy Haage
Waste Water Permits Branch
Iowa Department of Water, Air
and Waste Management
Des Moi nes, IA
(515) 281-8975
Stuart Blydenburgh
Office of Public Wastewater
Ohio Environmental Protection
Agency
Columbus, OH
(614) 466-8945
Marty Hanrahan
Radiation Control Division
Colorado Department of Health
Denver, CO
(303) 320-8333
Bruce Denny
Minnesota Radiation
Minneapolis, MN
(612) 623-5323
Control
Al Hazale
Colorado Department of Health
Denver, CO
(303) 320-8333 (x6246)
Brad Everson
Washington State
of Energy
Olympia, WA
(206) 459-6291
Department
Dave Heed
Illinois Department
Safety
Springfield, IL
(217) 546-8100
of Nuclear
Helen Fahy
Pennsylvania Department of
Environmental Resources
P.O. Box 2063
Harrisburg, PA 17120
(717) 787-8184
Alice Hennigan
Radiation Control
Minnesota Radiation
Minneapolis, MN
(612) 623-5323
Agency
Akos Fekete
New Jersey Department of
Environmental Protection
Trenton, NJ
(609) 292-0424
George Johnson
Minnesota Water
Minneapolis, MN
(612) 296-7169
Quality Division
-------
B-7
LIST OF TELEPHONE SURVEY INTERVIEWEES (Continued)
State Aqencies
(Continued)
Francine Joyal
Bureau of Waste Management
Tallahassee, FL
(904) 488-0300
Ligia Mora
Solid Waste
Tallahassee, FL
(904)488-1344
Jerry Lane
Division of Environmental Quality
Missouri Department of Natural
Resources
Jefferson City, MO
(314) 751-3241
Roy Ney
Water Supply
Iowa Department
Air, and Waste
Des Moi nes, IA
(515) 281-8945
of Waste,
Management
Terry R. Lash
Illinois Department
Safety
Springfield, IL
(217) 546-8100
of Nuclear
Dan 0' Neil
State of Michigan
Lansing, MI
(517) 373-8410
Gene Leiter
Montana Health
Helena, MT
(406) 444-2821
Department
Ray Paris
Health Division
State of Oregon
Portland, OR
(503) 229-5797
Radiation Control
Paul Merges
New York Department of
Environmental Conservation
Albany, NY
(518) 457-6603
Dick Pederson
Water Quality
Montana Health
Helena, MT
(406) 444-2406
Department
Jim Milton
District Engineer for
Richland Area
Washington Department of
Ecology
Yacama, WA
(509) 456-2926
Tom Potle
Bureau of Waste Water Management
Wisconsin Department of Natural
Resources
Madison, WI
(608) 266-8343
Robert Qu i 11 en
Ohio Department
Columbus, OH
(614) 466-3543
of Health
-------
B-8
LIST OF TELEPHONE SURVEY INTERVIEWEES (Continued)
State Aqencies
(Continued)
Magg i e Reil ey
Radiation Protection Group
Pennsylvania Department of
Environmental Resources
Harri sburg, PA
(717) 787-3479
Dennis Sopich
Environmental Standards ~ivision
Wisconsin Department of Natural
Resources
Madison, WI
(608) 267-7570
Karim Rimawi
Director of Environmental
Radiation
New York State Department
of Health
Albany, NY
(518) 473-3613
Dr. Joseph Thiel
Texas Department of Health
1100 W. 49th Street
Austin, TX 78756-3189
(512) 835-7000
Milton Rose
Texas Department
Resources
Austin, TX
(512) 463-8468
of Water
Mark Williams
Wisconsin Department of
Natural Resources
Madison, WI
(608) 266-7278
Roger Selberg
Illinois Environmental
Protection Agency
Springfield, IL
(217) 782-9470
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B-9
LIST OF TELEPHONE SURVEY INTERVIEWEES (Continued)
Municipalities
Richard Borry
NY City Radiation
New York, NY
(212) 334-7774
Control
Dick Lanyon
Research & Development Section
Metropolitan Sanitary District of
Greater Chicago
Chicago, IL
(312) 751-5810
Tom Bottenberg
Industrial Pretreatment
of Sewage Sludge
Portland, OR
(503) 796-7125
Peter MacNo
Seattle Metropolitan
Quality Department
Seattle, WA
(206) 447-6869
Water
Jay Burnam
City of Portland
Treatment
Portland, OR
(503) 285-0205
Waste Water
Stan Vendetti
Environmental Health Director
Benton/Franklin Health District
Richland, WA
(509) 943-2614
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B-10
LIST OF TELEPHONE SURVEY INTERVIEWEES (Continued)
Sludqe Distributors
Owen Anderson
Amchemco Marketing
Houston, TX
(713) 580-7803
Mr. Don Gurda
Mil organ ite
735 North Water Street
Milwaukee, WI 53202
(414) 285-2266
Doug Boston
Kellogg Supply, Inc.
Wilmington, CA
(213) 830-2200
Joe Harvath
Eko-Kompost, Inc.
Missoula, MT
(406) 721-1423
Joe Damas
Compgro
Los Angeles, CA
(415) 465-3700 (X120)
Henry Lebee
Compgro
Los Angeles, CA
(415) 465-3700
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B-11
LIST OF TELEPHONE SURVEY INTERVIEWEES (Continued)
Other
L. L. Ames
Battelle Pacific
Northwest Division
Rich1and, WA
(509) 375-2121
Dr. Albert Bates
University of California
Riverside, CA
(714) 787-3654
Robert Buddermeier
Laurence Livermore
Livermore, CA
(415) 422-1100
Laboratory
Terry Devine
Conference of Radiation
Control Directors
Frankfort, KY
(502) 227-4543
S. R. Joshi
National Water Research
Institute
Canada Centre for Inland Waters
Burlington, Ontario, Canada
(416) 336-4573
Dr. M. B. Kirkham
Evaportranspiration Lab
Dept. of Agronomy, Water Annex
Kansas State University
Manhattan, KS 66506
(913) 532-5731
Dr. Donald Lisk
Cornell University
Agri cu1 tura 1 Experi ment
Ithica, NY 14853
(607) 256-4538
Station
Dr. Terry Logan
Ohio State University
Columbus, OH 43210
(614) 422-2001
C. W. Malody
Exxon Nuclear
Rich1and, WA
(509) 375-8100
P. M. McKee
Beak Consultants
6870 Goreway Dr
Missisaga, Ontario,
L4V1P1
(416) 671-2600
Canada
Dr. Albert L. Page
Department of Soil Science and
Agri cultura 1 Eng i neeri ng
University of California
Riverside, CA 92502
(714) 787-3654
Dr. Tony Peter1ie
Ohio State University
Columbus, OH 43210
(614) 422-5520
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B-12
LIST OF TELEPHONE SURVEY INTERVIEWEES (Continued)
Other, (Cont i nued)
Howard M. Prichard
School of Public Health
Health Science Center
University of Texas
Houston, TX
(713) 792-4431
Vincent J. Sodd
Nuclear Medicine Lab
Cincinnati General Hospital
Cincinnati, OH
(502) 872-3100
Ivan Schwabauer
Hygienics Laboratory
University of Iowa
Iowa City, IA
(515) 281-5371
M. D. Voss
Ames Laboratory
Ames, IA
(515) 294-2153
Vernon Snoeyink
University of Illinois
Urbana, I L
(217) 333-4700
-------
APPENDIX C
GAMMA EMISSIONS FROM SEWAGE SLUDGES
-------
APPENDIX C
GAMMA EMISSIONS FROM SEWAGE SLUDGES
Table C-1.
Results of a National Survey of Gamma Emissions
from Sewage Sludges*
City
Gamma Radiation
(cpm above background)
Baltimore, MD
Boston, MA
Dall as, TX
Denver, CO
Detroit, MI
Duluth, MN
Galveston, TX (Airport)
Galveston, TX (Main)
Houston, TX
Kalamazoo, MI
Knoxville, TN (Kuwahee)
Knoxville, TN (Fourth Creek)
Lexington, KY (Town Branch)
Lexington, KY (West Hickman Creek)
Los Angeles, CA
Memphis, TN (North)
Memphis, TN (T. E. Maxson)
Milwaukee, WI (South Shore)
Milwaukee, WI (Jones Island)
Philadelphia, PA (Northeast)
Philadelphia, PA (Southeast)
Phoenix, AZ
Port 1 and, OR
Salt. Lake City, UT
San Diego, CA
5.4
5.0
0.90
7.2
3.9
1.1
3.8
2.8
5.9
4.5
5.7
4.2
6.6
3.7
5.4
2.9
5.4
4.8
3.7
4.2
5.6
4.0
4.5
4.3
4.5
-------
C-2
Table C-1 (continued)
City
Gamma Radiation
(cpm above background)
San Francisco, CA (Richmond-Sunset)
San Francisco, CA (North Point)
Seattle, WA
Syracuse, NY
Toledo, OH
Groton, NY
1.7
1.8
2.6
3.9
2.3
3.2
* Source:
Mumma et al", 1984
-------
C-3
Table C-2.
Results of a Survey of Central New York State
Sewage Sludges*
City
Gamma Radiation
(cpm above background)
Batavia
Bath
Geneva
Henrietta
Holcomb
2.5
1.0
4.4
2.7
2.7
6.5
2.9
9.7
3.5
2.8
3.0
3.0
6.5
1.3
0.15
3.0
3.8
4.9
5.1
2.2
2.3
2.0
2.3
0.54
Canandaigua
Canisteo
Clyde
Corning
Geneseo
Honeoye Falls
Horne 11
Leroy
Lyons
Macedon
Manchester
Medina
Montour Falls
Mt. Morris
Newark
Palmyra
Phelps
Scottsvill e
Sodus
* Source:
Mumma et al., 1983
-------
APPENDIX D
BATTELLE STAFF CONTRIBUTING TO
PREPARATION OF DOCUMENT
-------
D-1
APPENDIX D
This document was prepared for the Criteria and Standards Division of
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under Contract No. 68-01-6986 to
Battelle Columbus Division, Columbus, Ohio. The following Battelle staff
contributed to the prepartion of this document:
Susan E. Brauning
Peter J. Ferron
Scott J. Maris
John T. McGinnis
Barney W. Cornaby
Andrea C. Hall
Kenneth M. Du.ke
- Work Assignment Leader
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