TASK ANALYSIS
OF STATE AND LOCAL AIR
POLLUTION CONTROL
AGENCIES,AND
DEVELOPMENT OF STAFFING
GUIDELINES
Technical Report
UNITED STATES
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Manpower Development Staff Office of Air Programs
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
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United States
Environmental Protection Agency
Contract No. 68-02-0306
Applied Science
Associates, Inc.
Technical Report
TASK ANALYSIS
OF STATE AND LOCAL AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL AGENCIES,
AND DEVELOPMENT
OF STAFFING GUIDELINES
K. I. Rifkin, Senior Staff Scientist, ASA
R. L. Dueker, Staff Scientist, ASA
W. F. Diggins, Staff Scientist, ASA
F. C. Foss, Staff Scientist, ASA
and
Michael Senew, Project Officer, USEPA
Prepared for the
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Manpower Development Staff
Office of Air Programs
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
November 1972
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This is not an official policy and standards
document. The opinions, findings, and conclusions
are those of the authors and not necessarily those
of the United States Environmental Protection Agency.
Every attempt has been made to represent the
present state of the art as well as subject areas
still under evaluation. Any mention of products,
or organizations, does not constitute endorsement
by the United States Environmental Protection Agency.
-------
1:HIS IS:
TECHNICAL REPORT
Task Analysis of State and Local
Air Pollution Control Agencies, and
Development
of Staffing Guidelines
Additional books available are:
VOLUME A:
VOLUME B:
VOLUME C:
VOLUME D:
VOLUME E:
VOLUME F:
VOLUME G:
Guidance and Supporting Information for Staffing and Training
Decisions in an Air Pollution Control Agency - Introduction and
Directions for Using These Guidelines
Guidance and Supporting Information for Staffing and Training
Decisions in an Air Pollution Control Agency - Engineering
Guidance and Supporting Information for Staffing and Training
Decisions in an Air Pollution Control Agency - Field Enforcement
Guidance and Supporting Information for Staffing and Training
Decisions in an Air Pollution Control Agency - Laboratory Report
Guidance and Supporting Information for Staffing and Training
Decisions in an Air Pollution Control Agency - Air Monitoring
and Meteorological Support
Guidance and Supporting Information for Staffing and Training
Decisions in an Air Pollution Control Agency - Source Testing
Guidance and Supporting Information for Staffing and Training
Decisions in an Air Pollution Control Agency - Agency Management,
Program Development, and Public Information Support
For complete sets, or individual titles, or the Technical
Report please address your request to:
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Manpower Development Staff
Research Triangle Park, N. C. 27711
-------
S~A~
In order to begin to answer questions relevant to manpower planning
and development, a data base was prepared which describes the tasks to
be performed by control agency personnel and the skills and knowledge
they must have to perform those tasks effectively. In addition, guidance
concerning the use of the data base in making staffing decisions was
prepared.
The project was performed in two phases. Phase I resulted in the
development of a detailed data base describing the major tasks performed
by agency personnel in terms of the procedural components of the tasks and
the skills and knowledge required to perform them. Phase II resulted in
production of a guidance document which integrates and structures data
developed in Phase I and presents it in a form designed to assist agency
manpower developers.
The basic approach taken to identify and initially describe the
tasks performed at control agencies was to interview agency personnel and
have them describe their jobs in detail.
The control agencies selected
to visit and the people to interview were chosen to maximize the likelihood
that:
1.
Coverage of tasks would be relatively complete and results of
the skill and knowledge analysis would apply to both com-
prehensive and non-comprehensive agencies (the latter by
inclusion).
2.
Task performers interviewed would be re1ativelv proficient
in their work such that the resulting task descriptions would
reveal a thorough and effective means of performing the task.
3.
The tasks described would be representative of those performed
in state and local agencies across the country.
The data supplied from interviews with over 200 agency personnel in
a11 areas of agency activity were submitted to task analysis.
The purpose
11
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of the analysis was to identify representative tasks, describe them in
detail, and identify required skills and knowledge.
The resulting data base detailed findings in task areas including:
1.
High Level Administration
2.
Emission Inventory
3.
Episode Control
4.
Plan Review and Permits
5.
Source Testing
6.
Complaint Handling
7.
Patrolling
8.
Inspection
9.
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring
10.
Laboratory Analysis
11.
Meteorology
12.
Development of New Regulations
13.
Public Information
14.
Compliance and Enforcement
The second phase of the project was aimed at organizing and ampli-
fying the task data collected in Phase I.
The goal was to develop an
information system which could be used by agency planners to support decision
making in the areas of staffing and training.
in solving problems including:
Specifically, the system assists
1.
Determining the type of person to hire to perform
a specific task and the content of the required
training.
2.
Identifying the tasks to which a current staff
member may be assigned and the training which
will be needed to support the transition.
Phase II of the project included the following basic activities:
1.
Review of the task data amassed in Phase I in order
iii
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to determine groups of related tasks which could be
performed by identifiable occupational categories.
2.
Development of a group of occupational categories which
are capable of efficiently learning to perform sets
of related tasks within agency function.
3.
Assignment of the occupational categories to the appropriate
tasks.
Whexever possible, tasks were restructured so that
they were suitable to one occupational category.
4.
Preparation of staffing and training guidelines and sup-
porting data in a form which would be useful to agency
manpower planners.
The result of Phase II was a seven-volume document entitled
"Guidance and Supporting Information for Staffing and Training Decisions
in an Air Pollution Control Agency," which is available from the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Air Programs.
iv
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FOREWORD
This report was prepared by Applied Science Associates, Inc., of
Valencia, Pennsylvania, to meet the requirements of Contract No.
68-02-0306 with the Environmental Protection Agency.
The project staff consisted of the following:
K. I. Rifkin, Senior Staff Scientist, ASA
R. L. Dueker, Staff Scientist, ASA
W. F. Diggins, Staff Scientist, ASA
F. C. Foss, Staff Scientist, ASA
and
Michael Senew, Project Officer, EPA
The project staff would like to express its gratitude to the many
individuals who contributed to the project.
The Appendix contains a
listing of the over 200 people who participated in the data collection
phase of the contract effort and the members of the National Air Pollu-
tion Manpower Development Advisory Committee who reviewed the final pro-
ducts.
Their help is sincerely acknowledged.
Special appreciation is extended to the members of the staff of
Applied Science Associates who closely supported the project group: to
Mr. George R. Purifoy. Jr., who as Program Scientist provided invaluable
guidance, and to Mrs. Jeane Heath, whose consistent and expert effort
made production of this document possible.
v
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TABLE QF CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION
A.
Objectives
.......
.......
. . . .
. . . . .
1
B.
General Project Overview.
. . . II
. . . . .
2
C.
Technical Report Sections. . .
. . . . .
........
2
PHASE I.
Description and Skill and Knowledge Analysis of
Tasks Performed by Personnel in State and Local
Air Pollution Control Agencies
A.
Basic Concepts and General Overview.
.......
3
B.
Approach
.....
.....
. . . . .
5
C.
Results.
.....
.....
. . 13
PHASE II.
Development of Guidance Materials for Staffing
and Training Decisions
A.
Basic Concepts and General Overview.
. . . . . . . . . 18
B.
Approach.
. . . .
.....
...,.
. . . . .
. . . 20
C.
Results.
. . . .
......
.......
. . . .
. . 27
APPENDIX
List of Individuals Who Provided Expe~t Judgments
in Selecting Agencies to Visit for Data Collection. . 33
List of Personnel Interviewed During Collection
Phase
............
. . . . . .
. . . 34
Membership List - National Air Pollution Manpower
Development Advisory Committee. .
. . . . .
. . 41
Occupational Category Descriptions.
.......
. . 42
vi
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INTRODUCTION
One of the pressing problems in the air pollution control effort at
Federal, state, and local levels is planning manpower requirements and
developing manpower resources. Questions are being asked such as, how
many people are needed, what kind of past experience and education should
they have, how should their jobs be structured, what do they need to know
to do their jobs, what special abilities do they need, and what kind of
training should they receive to do their jobs? These questions are
becoming increasingly meaningful as the control effort broadens with the
creation of more and more local agencies and as existing agencies in-
crease the scope and depth of their programs. Adequate answers are
required if progress is to continue toward the goal of clean air.
In order to begin to answer questions relevant to manpower planning
and development, a data base describing the tasks to be performed by
control agency personnel and the skills and knowledge they must have to
perform those tasks effectively must be available. Guidance concerning
the use of the data base in making staffing decisions must be prepared.
It is the purpose of this study to provide such a data base and the
appropriate guidance.
A.
Objectives
The objectives of this project were the following:
1.
To identify as great a proportion as possible of the
population of tasks currently being performed by air
pollution control agency personnel at the state and
local level throughout the country.
2.
To describe the identified tasks in terms of component
behaviors and the skills and knowledge required to perform
J.
those behaviors.
To identify and describe categories of air pollution con-
trol agency personnel who would perform the tasks mentioned
~o~.
continued
1
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4.
To structure and communicate the data which resulted
from achieving the above objectives in a form which could
be used by agency management in planning and developing
manpower resources.
B.
General Project Overview
The project was performed in two phases.
Phase I dealt with achieving
the first two project objectives, and resulted in the development of a
detailed data base describing the major tasks performed by agency personnel
in terms of the procedural components of the tasks and the skills and
knowledge required to perform them. Phase II dealt with achieving the
last two major objectives, and resulted in production of a guidance docu-
ment which integrates and structures data developed in Phase I and presents
it in a form designed to assist agency manpower developers.
2
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PHASE I
Description and Skill and Knowledge Analysis
of Tasks Performed by Personnel in
State and Local Air Pollution Control Agencies
As mentioned earlier, the goal of Phase I was to identify and describe
in detail as great a proportion as possible of the population of tasks cur-
rently performed in state and local air pollution control agencies.
In devising and performing Phase I the general goal of developing a
data base to support manpower planning and manpower resource development
was emphasized.
be used to support activities including:
It was intended that such a data base could ultimately
1.
Identifying training requirements and training objectives
for agency personnel.
2.
Identifying agency personnel selection criteria and
developing selection procedures or guidelines.
3.
Identifying the need for performance aids to assist
on-the-job performance of agency personnel.
4.
Assisting agencies in developing their activities and
services in terms of scope and depth.
5.
Assisting agencies in developing their functional
organization.
6.
Providing guidance to agencies in defining their staff-
ing requirements (e.g., in terms of what numbers and
types of personnel to acquire).
A.
Basic Concepts and General Overview
analysis.
Briefly, the method taken to develop the required data base was task
Task analysis is the process of examining a task and describing
3
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it in terms of certain attributes.
In the present case tasks were to
be described in terms of their operational components and the skills
and knowledge required to perform those components.
definitions were used:
The following
1.
A task is considered a group of unitary operations
having a common purpose, directed toward the same
specific output, and usually occurring in close temp-
oral proximity.
2.
Knowledge is the information required by the task per-
former to successfully complete the task.
This infor-
mation usually includes task procedures; resource data;
and special knowledge such as equipment nomenclature,
technical j~rgon, hazards to be avoided, etc.
Task
information can be made available through a number of
media, including books, tape recordings, and conversa-
tion.
3.
Skills are behaviors with unique requirements for speed
and accuracy such that they typically must be learned
and practiced before they can be performed adequately.
The basic approach taken to identify and initially describe the
tasks performed at control agencies was to interview agency personnel
and have them describe their jobs in detail.
The control agencies se-
lected to visit and the people to interview were chosen to maximize
the likelihood that:
1.
Coverage of tasks would be relatively complete and results
of the skill and knowledge analysis would apply to both
comprehensive and non-comprehensive agencies (the latter
by inclusion).
2.
Task performers interviewed would be relatively proficient
in their work such that the resulting task descriptions
would reveal a thorough and effective means of performing
the task.
3.
The tasks described would be representative of those per-
formed in state and local agencies across the country.
4
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B.
Approach
The approach taken to develop task descriptions and analyze them for
skill and knowledge requirements consisted of four activities:
a pilot
study; selection of agencies to use in data collection; data collection;
and data synthesis and analysis.
Pilot Study. The goal of the pilot study was to make a preliminary
survey of the daily operations of a representative comprehensive control
agency to learn the types of tasks the staff performed.
This preliminary
data would be useful in developing a strategy and method for selecting the
agencies to visit to obtain task information during data collection.
Also,
if of sufficient quality, the pilot data could be combined with data col-
lected in the larger data collection effort.
The agency surveyed was the Allegheny County Air Pollution Control
Bureau located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
The rationale for selecting
this agency was that it was judged to be comprehensive in its basic func-
tions, representative of that class of agency. and readily accessible
for daily observation by the project staff from Applied Science Associates,
Inc. (ASA).
The data collected in the pilot study resulted from a series of in-
terviews with staff members working in all the major functional areas of
the agency's activity.
The people interviewed are included on the list
in the Appendix (page 34).
The first interview was with a member of the
agency management staff, who described the history, organization, and
general activities of the agency.
Following this, a series of interviews
was held.
Each of the interviews was aimed at gathering the following
information from the respondent:
1.
The tasks he routinely performed.
2.
The objective of each task.
3.
A brief outline of the elements or steps involved in
each task.
4.
A brief summary of the equipment, materials, and resource
materials used.
5
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From the information collected during the pilot study, the project
staff was able to construct a preliminary list of task areas which could
be used to categorize the activities of control agency personnel.
Also,
it was possible to gain an early appreciation for the scope, organization,
and complexity of tasks routinely performed at a comprehensive air pollution
control agency.
Agency Selection.
The goal of the agency selection effort was to
identify a group of state and local comprehensive air pollution control
agencies which could be visited for data collection purposes.
At these
agencies the project staff would carry out a series of interviews similar
to those performed in the pilot study but on a broader scale and aimed at
gaining greater detail.
following:
The criteria for selecting agencies would be the
1.
The agency's program should be comprehensive, that is,
it should incorporate a wide range of services and
activities.
Such comprehensive agencies would offer
the most efficient data collection in that all of the
task areas of interest could be covered with the fewest
agency visits.
2.
Each of the services or activities of the agency should
be performed thoroughly, that is, the tasks should be
performed at an adequate level of detail.
3.
The agency's activities and methods should be relatively
effective in accomplishing the goals of air pollution control.
To the best knowledge of the project staff, there is no concise,
objective, and easily accessible source of information ranking air pol-
lution control agencies on the above criteria.
Therefore, it was decided
to gather independent judgments from various experts with experience
observing and evaluating agencies throughout the country.
From these
judgments it was anticipated that a consensus listing of comprehensive,
thorough, and relatively effective agencies could be developed.
6
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The process of selecting agencies to visit consisted of four steps.
1.
Contact was made with personnel of the Division of Control
Agency Development (CAD) of the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA). This organization has been and is currently
involved in evaluating air pollution control agencies
throughout the nation. A meeting was held with a group
of CAD evaluators (listed in the Appendix, page 33) at
which they suggested relatively effective, thorough, and
comprehensive agencies for each of the task areas identi-
fied in the pilot study.
the following:
The task areas considered were
a.
High Level Administration
b.
Emission Inventory
c.
Episode Control
d.
Plan Review and Permits
e.
Source Testing
f.
Complaint Handling
g.
Patrolling
h.
Inspection
1. Ambient Air Quality Moni"Coring
j. LaboratQry Analysis
k. Meteorology
1. Development of New Regulations
m. Public Information
n. Compliance and Enforcement
o. Applied or Basic Research
7
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As a result of this meeting a list of 22 "candidate"
agencies was identified as having met the criteria in
the selected task areas, with some of the agencies
being more proficient in more areas than the others.
2.
The next step was to make telephone contact with the
EPA Regional Air Pollution Control Offices for the
regions containing the agencies suggested by CAD. The
purpose of the contact was to ask the Assistant RegionaJ
Directors the same questions asked of CAD, however, with
the judgments constrained to the director's region.
That
is,
for each of the task areas, the judges were &sked to
suggest the agencies in their region which performed in
that area effectively. Generally, the choices of the
regional officers agreed with the suggestions made by the
CAD judges.
The regional people surveyed are listed in
the Appendix, page 33.
3.
The final set of expert judges was a group of individuals
who were familiar with agency activities in specific task
areas.
They were asked to suggest agencies which were
relatively thorough and effective in performance for those
task areas familiar to the judge.
The group of individuals
used for this survey are also listed in the Appendix, on
page 33.
4.
After all the judgments were in from the above surveys, the
project staff assembled a consensus list of 14 comprehensive
state and local agencies.
Due to budgetary, temporal, and
other practical constraints, the list was narrowed down to
the following agencies:
a.
Allegheny County (Pennsylvania) Bureau of Air Pollution
Control
b.
New Jersey State Bureau of Air Pollution Control
c.
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Bureau of Air Pollution
Control
d.
City of Chicago Department of Environmental Control
8
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e.
Wayne County (Michigan) Air Pollution Control Division
f.
State of Michigan Air Pollution Control Section
g.
California Air Resources Board
h.
Puget Sound Air Pollution Control Agency (State of
Washington)
i.
Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control District
It should be noted that the above agencies should not be
construed as the "most" thorough, comprehensive, or
effective agencies in the country.
use for the following reasons:
They were selected for
a.
They were judged to be relatively proficient in
several of the relevant task areas.
b.
As a grou~ they complemented one another in terms
of effective task areas such that the combination
provided ample coverage of all task areas.
c.
They included a variety of geographic areas, topo-
graphical and meteorological conditions, and
pollution problems.
d.
They could all be included in data collection within
the time and budgetary constraints of the project.
Data Collection. Generally, the approach taken in data collection was
for members of the project staff to visit each of the agencies and to con-
duct interviews with selected personnel. The interviews were conducted with
people working in the task areas for which the agency was judged to be pro-
ficient. Managers, supervisors, and operating staffs were covered in these
areas.
In addition, as time permitted, interviews were held with personnel
working in the remaining task areas. In all cases the agency director was
interviewed. A total of some 200 individuals were interviewed, many of whom
met with the project staff on several occasions. The respondents are listed
in the Appendix (starting on page 34) by agency and task area discussed.
9
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The interviews were relatively unstructured and open-ended.
However,
all interviews were directed toward identifying the tasks performed by the
respondent and the specific steps or elements of behavior involved in eacll
Jf these tasks.
In addition, the interview sought to identify all of the
equipment, materials, and supporting documentation used in performing the
task and how these items were used.
Wherever possible, samples of working
materials and documents were secured for later analysis.
Because of the scope of the data collection effort (in terms of the
number and variety of jobs involved) and the level of detail required to
identify skills and knowledge, a cumulative approach to data collection
was adopted. This approach required each data collection interview to
build on the data base acquired in previous interviews with the respondent
or with personnel in the previously covered agencies.
That is, questions
were asked to identify and describe task characteristics not already de-
termined in earlier interviews.
When all of the data relevant to a par-
ticular task area (e.g., plan review) was collected, the evolving task
descriptions and the skill and knowledge analysis could be based on a
composite of data collected across all respondents in that task area.
In addition to the task data collected directly through interviews,
the project staff was able to gather an extensive library of resource
documents &nd performance aids (e.g.. equipment maintenance manuals) used
by agency p~rsonnel on the job.
After determining how and when these
materials were used, they could be analyzed to identify the skills and
knowledge implied by their use in task performance.
Data Analysis. The data analysis process consisted of identification
of the tasks to include in the analysis, development or identification of
an adequate task description, and analysis of the description to identify
required skills and knowledge.
1.
Identification of Tasks. The goal of this aspect of the
analysis was to determine which of the reported activities
and behaviors should be grouped as a task unit.
The criterion
for defining the limits on tasks was both logical and pragmatic.
The objective of identifying a task was to describe its elements
so that skills and knowledge required to perform those tasks
could be derived later.
Most of the probable uses for the
10
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resulting skill and knowledge descriptors (e.g., training
development, manpower planning) required that they be at a
relatively molar level of detail. If the behaviors these
descriptors reflected were too minute (e.g., small arm
movements or specific arithmetic calculations) they would be
of relatively little value for their ultimate use.
There-
fore, in order for an activity or behavior to be classified
as a task it had to be divisible into elements or steps that
could be described at a level of detail judged appropriate
for the ultimate uses of the task analysis data.
If the
activity did not satisfy this criterion it was considered
to be an element or step within a task rather than a task
itself.
In addition to the above general criterion, the following
additional guidelines were used for selecting tasks for
detailed description and analysis:
a.
Clerical tasks were not included.
b.
Only tasks that were currently performed at the
agencies visited were included.
That is, tasks
that had been discontinued or were planned for
the future were not included.
2.
Task Description.
The skills and knowledge required to perform
a task must be derived from a detailed description of the steps
or elements of the task.
The purpose of this component of data
analysis was to identify or develop a task description which
was suitable to support skill and knowledge analysis. The type
of task description developed or identified depended on the
degree to which the tasks reported were performed in a pro-
ceduralized manner.
The following types of task description
were used for skill and knowledge analysis:
a.
Empirically Determined Descriptions.
In cases where
respondents were able to describe their tasks as pro-
cedures, a step-by-step description for accomplishing
the task was prepared.
11
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b.
Reference Based Descriptions. In some cases
respondents reported that they adhered to a
formal procedure presented in a reference docu-
ment (e.g., a manual of chemical testing
procedures).
In such tasks the written pro-
cedure was secured and was used as the basis
for further analysis.
c.
Rationally Determined Descriptions.
In many
cases tasks were performed routinely by agency
personnel which they could not adequately describe
as a step-by-step procedure. They may perform the
task in a different manner each time it is done, or
the task may be performed by several people all
contributing to the product (e.g., in developing an
emission inventory). In such cases it was neces-
sary for the project staff to synthesize a systematic
set of steps or elements for the task.
For example,
in preparing a public information presentation there
is no set procedure to follow.
However, for the
purposes of identifying the skill and knpwledge
requirements, a systematic description of the task
in terms of its elements was developed. These
descriptions were prepared from the collected task
data on a rational, rather than on an empirical,
basis.
3.
Skill and Knowledge Analysis.
Each task was next analyzed to
identify the skills and knowledge required to effectively per-
form it as described. Briefly. the knowledge required was
represented by the information (either learned, in the form
of resource data, or in performance aids) needed by the task
performer. Skills were those task behaviors which had to be
practiced before they could be performed adequately. That
is, assuming the task performer had all the required infor-
mation, he would still have to practice certain components
12
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of the task before he could do them effectively. These
components were considered skills. Throughout the skill
and knowledge analysis, the base level of ability and
knowledge assumed for the task performer on all tasks was
that of a high school graduate.
c.
Results
The results of Phase I provided a fundamental data base of task
information describing the efforts of air pollution control agencies.
The Form of the Results. The product of Phase I was a collection of
task descriptive information covering all of the major functional areas
of agency ac~ivity. Each of the tasks or activities identified was
described in terms of:
1.
A title for the task or activity.
2.
A detailed description of the component operations and
behaviors required for the task. This task description
reflects the approaches of a composite of agencies surveyed.
Thus, it is possible that no one of the agencies surveyed
performs all of the tasks identified in precisely the man-
ner described.
3.
A list of the skills required to effectively perform the
activity.
4.
A list of knowledge elements required to perform the activity.
5.
References to source materials which provide some of the
information used to perform the activity.
The actual findings of Phase I comprise the major portion of the
seven volumes of the integrated product of both Phase I and Phase II.
This
document will be described in some detail at the conclusion of the section
of this report dealing with Phase II of the project.
A Note on Air Monitoring Equipment Maintenance Tasks.
the population of equipment maintenance tasks is extensive.
It is clear that
There are many
13
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manufacturers and each produces various models.
It is not unusual that
equipment be modified to suit the specific needs of a particular agency.
thus producing virtual "one of a kind" tasks. The task data developed
in Phase I relevant to operation and maintenance of ambient air monitoring
equipment is representative of such tasks as they are performed in the
agencies. The strategy followed here to identify and describe equipment
operation and maintenance tasks was the following:
1. Table 1 adopted the data collection effort. I
was to structure
2. During data collection the equipment used at each agency was
identified in terms of pollutant. measurement principle, make
and model.
3.
The manufacturers of equipment representative of that described
in Table 1 and currently used by agencies visited were contacted.
Operation and maintenance manuals for the equipment of interest
were requested.
The following manufacturers were contacted:
a.
Beckman Instruments
b.
Bendix Environmental
c.
Clayton Manufacturing Co.
d.
Climet Instruments Co.
e.
Davis Instrument Co.
f.
Hartmann and Braun
g.
Intertech Corporation
h.
Mine Safety Appliances Co.
i.
Research Appliance Co.
j.
Technicon Instruments Co.
4.
The manufacturers whose manuals provided task descriptions which
were detailed enough to provide a basis for skill and knowledge
analysis were used for that purpose.
The specific equipment
1
LThis table is adopted from a
Episode Avoidance. Research
Protection AgE:I,:Y, Office of
1971, p. 35.
table published in Guide for Air Pollution
Triangle Park. North Carolina: Environmental
Air Programs, Publication No. AP-76, Junp
14
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Table 1
A Summary of Air Sampling and Monitoring Equipment
As a Function of Pollutant and Measurement Principle
Pollutant
Measurement Principle
Equipment Analyzed
Aldehydes
Colorimetric
co
Non-Dispersive IR
MSA Lira Infrared Analyzer
(Model 300)
Detector Tube
Fluoride
Colorimetric
Technicon Air Monitoring
IV System (Part No. 181-
A001-03)
Hydrocarbons
Flame Ionization
Beckman Hydrocarbon
Analyzer (Model 400)
Gas Chromatography
MSA Process Gas Chroma-
tographic Analyzer
(Model 650) and Program~er
(Model 525)
Hydrogen Sulfide
Chemisorption on
tape
RAC A.I.S.I. Automatic
Sampler (Model G-2)
Colorimetric
Technicon Air Monitoring
IV System (Part No. 181-
A001-03)
Detector Tube
Wet Chemical Method
RAC Sequential Sampler
(Model PV)
Nitrogen Oxides
Colorimetric
Technicon Air Monitoring
IV System (Part No. 181-
A001-03)
Coulometric
Beckman NO Analyz~r (Model
909)
Beckman N02 Analyzer (Model
910)
15
-------
Table 1 (continued)
Pollutant
Measurement Principle
Oxidants
Colorimetric
Coulometric
Particulates
Transmission or Reflec-
tance Gravimetric
Sulfur Dioxide
Conductivity
Colorimetric
Coulometric
Flame Photometric
16
Equipment Analyzed
Technicon Air Monitoring
IV System (Part No. 181-
A001-03)
Beckman Oxidants Analyzer
(Model 908)
RAC A.I.S.I. Automatic
Sampler (Model G-2)
RAC High Volume Sampler
(Model GMWL)
Technicon Air Monitoring
IV System (Part No. 181-
AOOI-03)
Beckman Sulfur Dioxide
Analyzer (Model 906)
-------
covered in the analysis is listed in Table 1. The ability
to use common hand tools and knowledge of the equipment
configuration and operation are assumed to be required for
all maintenance tasks included in the analysis.
17
-------
PHASE II
Development of Guidance Materials
for Staffing and Training Decisions
This phase of the project was aimed at organizing and amplifying the
task data collected in Phase I. The goal was to develop an information
system which could be used by agency planners to support decision making
in the areas of staffing and training. Specifically the system would
assist in solving problems including:
1.
Determining the type of individual to hire to perform a spe-
cific agency task or activity and identifying the content of
the training that person would require to adequately perform
the task.
2.
Identifying the tasks to which current agency personnel could
be assigned and determining the training content they would
require for the new assignment.
A.
Basic Concepts and General Overview
The approach taken in Phase II was intimately related to several key
concepts. An early effort was made to structure the concepts of an
"Occupational Category" and of a "task" to reveal their interrelationship.
1.
Occupational Cate~ory - a category of agency personnel who,
with the appropriate training is capable of effectively perform-
ing one or more of a group of related tasks. These tasks are
related in the sense that they require skills and knowledge
which are relatively similar in terms of factors including con-
tent area, required academi~ background, and basic abilities.
2.
Task - as defined earlier, a group of unitary operations
having a common purpose, directed toward the same output,
and usually occurring in close temporal proximity. A further
requirement was added at this point. Tasks should be suffi-
ciently homogeneous with regard to associated skills and
knowledge that they are performable by a single occupational
18
-------
category.
Also, a task should be internally consistent with
regard to the level of capability required within the occu-
pational category, thus permitting a high level of efficiency
in assigning personnel to specific tasks.
With these concept definitions, it was clear that an appropriate
approach for identifying the pool of occupational categories required for
agency tasks and for assigning these categories to specific tasks was to
perform the following activities:
1.
Review the task data amassed in Phase I in order to deter-
mine groups of related tasks which could be performed by
identifiable occupational categories.
2.
Develop a group of occupational categories which would be
capable of efficiently learning to perform sets of related
tasks within agency function.
3.
Assign the occupational categories to the appropriate tasks.
Whenever possible, tasks should be structured so that they
are suitable to one occupational category.
4.
Prepare staffing and training guidelines and supporting
data in a form which would be useful to agency manpower
planners.
Each of the above activities is described in detail in the Approach
section of this report.
19
-------
B.
Approach
Detailed Review of Task Data. The first step in implementing the
strategy for Phase II was to closely inspect the tasks identified in
Phase I and their associated skills and knowledge chararacteristics.
The purpQse of this effort was to determine how tasks cluster with regard
to similarities in their skill and knowledge requirements.
These clusters
form the basis of work to be accomplished by specific types of personnel
and must be identified in order to define the occupational categories.
The review of task data was accomplished in the following steps:
.1.
The total population of skills and knowledge identified
in Phase I was combined into a single, non-repetitive
listing.
activity.
This list was used as a tool for the following
2.
The skill and knowledge requirements were identified for
each task on a step-by-step basis (whereas in Phase I the
requirements were identified for the task as a whole). using
the exhaustive list as the range of alternatives.
Because
of the more specific focus and the broadened range of pos-
sible abi~ities, the number of skills and knowledge associated
with each task was increased.
Also, the skill and knowledge
requirements for each step or element within the tasks were
now known.
Development of Occupational Categories.
As a result of the detailed
review of tasks, task elements, and their associated skill and knowledge
requirements, it was possible to parcel out the work responsibilities
to discernable occupational categories (as defined above). Generally,
the tasks and ability requirements appeared to cluster in terms of
relatively homogeneous technical/scientific disciplines (e.g., engineer-
ing, meteorology, dhemistry) or more diverse functional groups (e.g.,
management, field enforcement, program planning). Also, it was clear
that some tasks within each cluster would be more efficiently learned
and effectively performed by college-trained people. In the project
20
-------
staff's opinion, tasks demanding a college level individual are those
with the following characteristics:
1.
Tasks which are typically unproceduralized.
tasks have the following characteristics:
Unproceduralized
a.
They are not standardized in terms of how they are
to be performed; complete, detailed instructions
for them are not available; and creativity and abil-
ity to meet a wide variety of unpredictable contin-
gencies are required to perform them. Evaluation of
plans in a permit processing system is an unprocedura-
lized task. On the other hand, inspection of a pri-
vate residence incinerator is an example of a re1a-
tive1y proceduralized task.
b.
They demand broad-based conceptual level knowledge
in order to make decisions or solve problems.
c.
They require heavy emphasis on judgment rather than
concrete rules.
2.
Tasks which require credibility in order to be effectively
performed. The term "credibility" as used in this project
refers to the extent to which a college degree is expected
by the agency's constituency (e.g., the general public,
industry. citizen groups, lawmakers). For certain tasks
in the agency a college degree is a "credential" which
greatly enhances the individual's ability to perform his
function, for example: negotiating a compliance program
with representatives of an industry; addressing legislators
regarding new regulations; forecasting pollution conditions
which legally limit industrial activity. To be maximally
effective an individual performing such tasks must be
accepted as an authority in his field, and in our society
a formal education is a minimum. however critical. require-
ment for such acceptance.
At this point it was possible t~ hypothesize a minimum number of
OCC'.Jt'B t janal categories which appeared suitable to cover all of the tasks
21
-------
identified. Each category (loosely defined) referred to the type of
individual capable of efficiently learning to perform a set of related
tasks within an air pollution control agency. At a later stage in this
Phase they would be described in greater detail.
were the following:
The categories selected
1.
Air Pollution Control Director - a college-trained
individual involved in high level management of the
agency.
2.
Resources Administrator - a college-trained individual
capable of managing the agency's financial, personnel,
and material resources.
3.
Program Planning and Development Specialist - college-
trained personnel involved in high level problem solving
and policy development.
4.
Engineer - college-trained personnel involved in agency
engineering tasks.
5.
Engineering Technician - para-professionals who support the
agency's engineering efforts.
6.
Chemist - college-trained individuals involved in tasks
requiring broad knowledge and skill in chemistry and
allied fields.
7.
Chemical Laboratory Technician - para-professionals who per-
form proceduralized chemical analyses.
8.
Meteorologist - college-trained personnel involved in
certain meteorological support tasks.
9.
Meteorological Technician - para-professionals involved
in certain meteorological support tasks.
10.
Field Enforcement Officer - non-college-level individuals
involved in routine, relatively proceduralized enforce-
ment activities.
22
-------
11.
Public Information Specialist - a college-trained
individual who prepares public information presentations.
12.
Equipment Technician - non-college-level individuals
who operate, calibrate, and maintain selected agency
instruments and other equipment.
Assignment of Occupational Categories to Tasks.
At this point
each task identified in Phase I was reviewed to determine which of the
above occupational categories was appropriate for it.
Since the skill
and knowledge requirements were known at the level of steps or task
elements, it was possible to identify the tasks which contained steps
or elements which were suitable to more than one occupational category.
Wherever possible, such tasks were restructured into two separate
activities, each suitable to one occupational category.
The criteria used for assigning occupational categories to tasks
were the following:
1.
Specialized Content Area.
Was the task an engineering
task, a chemical task, a field enforcement task, etc.?
This question was answered by characterizing the skill
and knowledge requirements and overall task objectives.
2.
Educational Background.
Was a college degree required?
Did the task have substantial credibility requirements?
Was the task typically proceduralized?
At the completion of this step, each task in the data base had an appropriate
occupational category assignment.
Table 2 presents a list of the tasks in
the data base and the occupational category(s) suggested for each task.
Preparation of a Staffing and Training Guidance Document.
The final
project activity was aimed at integrating all of the data, concepts, and
judgments developed throughout the project into a document which would
assist agency management in decisions relevant to training and staffing.
The resulting document, entitled "Guidance and Supporting Information for
Staffing and Training Decisions in an Air Pollution Control Agency,"
contains seven separately bound volumes--a user's manual and six volumes
of detailed task data and staffing guidance.
The Results section of this
23
-------
Table 2
Task Titles and Suggested Occupational Categories
Engineering
Task Title
Development and Production of an Emission Inventory
Reception and Preliminary Screening of Plan Review/
Permit System Applications and Supporting Materials
Review of Plans and Application Forms in a Plan
Review/Permit System
Engineering Inspection
Design and Construction of an Episode Control System
Review of Application for Tax Exemption on Air Pol-
lution Control Equipment
Field Enforcement
Routine Inspection
Complaint Investigation
Patrol of Assigned Areas or Routes and Citation of
Violators of Air Pollution Control Regulations
Assist the Legal Staff in Preparation of Enforce-
ment Actions
Serving as a Witness in Court or at a Hearing
Organization and Operation of a Smokeschool
Laboratory Support
Determination of Nitrogen Dioxide and Nitric Oxide
Concentrations in the Atmosphere Using the
Saltzman Method
Determination of Sulfur Dioxide Concentration in
the Atmosphere Using the West-Gaeke Method
Determination of Sulfur Dioxide and Sulfur Trioxide
Concentrations in Stack Gases
Determination of Suspended Particulate Concentration
in the Atmosphere by Means of High Volume Sampling
Determination of Hydrogen Sulfide Concentration in
the Atmosphere Using the Methylene Blue Method
Determination of Nitrate Concentration in Suspended
Atmospheric Particulates Using the 2, 4 Xylenol Method
Determination of Sulfate Concentration in Suspended
Atmospheric Particulates Using the Turbidimetric
Barium Sulfate Method
Determination of Metal Concentration in Suspended
Atmospheric Particulates by Means of High Volume
Sampling
Determination of Particulate Concentration in
Stack Emissions
Identification of the Constituents of Dust Particles
Maintenance of Laboratory Devices
Supervision of Laboratory S~pport Tasks
Development of New Methods for the Analysis of
Air Pollutanta
'I'
Occupational Category
Engineer
Engineering Technician
Engineer
Engineer
Engineer
Engineering Technician
or Engineer
Field Enforcement Officer
Field Enforcement Of ficer
Field Enforcement Officer
Field Enforcement Officer
Field Enforcement Officer,
Engineer, Chemist, Meteorol-
ogist, Air Pollution Control
Director, Resources Adminis-
trator
Field Enforcement Officer
Chemical Laboratory Technician
Chemical Laboratory Technician
Chemical Laboratory Technician
Chemical Laboratory Technician
Chemical Laboratory Technician
Chemical Laboratory Technician
Chemical Laboratory Technician
Chemical Laboratory Technician
Chemical Laboratory Technician
Chemical Laboratory Technician
or Equipment Technician
Equipment Technician
Chemist
Chemist
-------
Table 2 (continued)
Air Monitoring and Meteorological Support
Task Title
Operation and Maintenance of the Flame Ionization
Hydrocarbon Analyzer
Operation and Maintenance of the Infrared Analyzer
Operation and Maintenance of the Coulometric Titration
Analyzers for 502' NO, N02' or Oxidants
Operation and Maintenance of the Gas Chromatograph
Analyzer Programmer
Operation and Maintenance of the Gas Chromatograph
Analyzer
Operation and Maintenance of the Colorimetric Air
Monitoring System
Operation and Maintenance of the Sequential Sampler
Operation and Maintenance of the High Volume Air
Sampler
Operation and Maintenance of the A.I.S.I. Automatic
Sampler
Occupational Category
Equipment Technician
Equipment Technician
Equipment Technician
Equipment Technician
Equipment Technician
Equipment Technician
Equipment Technician
Equipment Technician
Equipment Technician
Operation and Maintenance of the Wind Speed Transmitter Equipment Technician
Operation and Maintenance of the Wind Direction
Transmitter
Supervision of Air Monitoring Equipment Operation
and Maintenance Tasks
Use of the Smog Chamber as a Tool in Photochemical
Smog Research
Design of an Air Monitoring Facility
Routine Forecast of Meteorological Conditions and
Pollution Levels or Effects
Assemble Meteorological Data and Describe Clima-
tological Conditions
Problem Solving Using Mathematical Models
Source Testing
Performance of a Stack Test
Managing a Stack Test
Determination of Odor Concentration in the
Atmosphere or in Stack Emissions
Performing a Used Car Inspection
Performing the Idle and ACID Tests
Planning the Dynamometer Installation
Operation and Maintenance of the Engine Dynamometer
Operation and Maintenance of the Chassis Dynamometer
Equipment Technician
Chemist
Equipment Technician
Chemist
Meteorologist
Meteorological Technician
Meteorologist
Equipment Technician
Engineer
Equipment Technician
Equipment Technician
Equipment Technician
Engineer
Equipment Technician
Equipment Technician
Agency Management, Program Development, and Public Information Support
High Level Agency Management
Agency Resources Management
Technical Management
Literature Review and Data Summary Regarding Ambient
Air Quality Standards
Development of New or Modified Regulations
Support of Development of Local Control Programs
Preparation of a Public Information Presentation
25
Air Pollution Control Director
Resource Administrator or
Program Planning and Development
Specialist
Engineer, Chemist, Meteorol-
ogist, Field Enforcement Officer
Program Planning and Development
Specialist
Program Planning and Development
Specialist
Program Planning a~d Development
Special is t
Public Information Specialist
-------
report contains a brief description of the seven volumes which were
prepared.
At the conclusion of Phase II the guidance document was submitted
to review and critique by the eleven-member National Air Pollution
Manpower Development Advisory Committee (See Appendix, Page 41, for
the list of members). The Committee evaluated the document in terms
of the accuracy of its content and its usefulness as an aid for staff-
ing and training decisions. To the extent possible, all of the com-
mittee's comments were incorporated in the final version of the
document.
26
-------
c.
Resul ts
The following is a brief description of the seven-volume document
entitled "Guidance and Supporting Information for Staffing and Training
Decisions in an Air Pollution Control Agency":
Volume A:
Introduction and Directions for Use
This volume contains information of the following types:
1.
A brief overview of the project which produced the
guideline document, including project objectives,
working concepts, methodology. and information outputs.
2.
A set of Occupational Category Descriptions (OCD),
one for each of the twelve categories identified in
Phase II.
Each OCD was designed to identify the type
of individual who, if provided the appropriate train-
ing or education, could perform specific agency tasks
and to describe such an individual in a manner which
would help the agency secure the proper person to learn
each task. The OCD's were not designed to match any
particular local merit system or civil service personnel
description system, but should be generally relatable
across such systems.
Each OCD contains the following information about the
individuals in the category:
a.
Category Title.
Whenever the category is referred
to throughout the guide.and data volumes, the
title is used (e.g., Engineer, Associate Chemist).
b.
General Duties.
This segment of an OCD describes
the general role of personnel in that category
within agency activities.
Major functional areas
of agency activity in which such individuals par-
ticipate are identified and their tasks described
generally.
27
-------
c.
Representative Assignments. This portion of the OCD
presents a list of specific tasks to which members of
the category may be assigned. The list, in most cases,
contains tasks which were studied carefully and which
are detailed in the task data volumes.
The list is
meant to be representative, rather than exhaustive.
d.
Representative Skill and Knowledge Qualifications.
These are the general skills and knowledge which a
member of the category should have to serve as a basis
for acquiring the skills and knowledge required for
the specific tasks he will be assigned.
e.
Minimum Acceptable Educational Background. This sec-
tion of the OCD states the minimum acceptable level
of formal education suggested to efficiently learn to
perform the tasks to which members of the category may
be assigned.
In all cases this suggested level will
have to be augmented with training or education to
supply the specific skills and knowledge required to
perform the assigned tasks. Volume A provides a list
of possible sources of this advanced training but
does not suggest specific programs for each task.
Finally, with regard to level within a category, each OCD
applies to both senior and junior members of the category.
Senior members are individuals who have broadened and deep-
ened their abilities through comprehensive experience on the
job.
quiring increased abilities, including:
As such, they could be called on to perform tasks re-
a.
Developing, evaluating, or applying new techniques.
b.
Preparing procedures to be used by junior members of
the staff.
c.
Training junior staff members.
d.
Performing job-related tasks requiring unusually high
credibility.
28
-------
e. Supervising junior staff members.
f. Planning and coordinating job-relevant tasks.
g. Performing job relevant tasks characterized
by unusual contingencies.
h. Performing job-relevant tasks for which
unusual time constraints are imposed.
i. Performing job-relevant tasks requiring
skill or knowledge not currently available
in the junior level staff.
A full set of the OCD's is included in the Appendix of
this technical report, beginning on page 42.
3. Volume A also contains a matrix which lists each task
identified in the project, the occupational category
assigned to it, and a page number in the guidance
document where the reader can find relevant task
descriptive data and staffing guidance.
4. Volume A contains directions for use of the total
guidance document (all seven volumes) to answer
specific questions regarding training and staffing.
The major issues the document deals with are:
a. Determining the type of person to hire
to perform a specific task and the
content of the required training.
b. Identifying the tasks to which a current
staff member may be assigned and the training
that will be needed to support the transition.
5. Finally, Volume A contains a. discussion of the limitations
on the uses of the materials contained in the data volumes
(e.g., types of tasks not included in the data base.)
Volumes B through G; Detailed Task Data and Staffing Guidance
These six volumes contain the descriptive task data and staffing
guidance provided for all of the tasks identified in the project, and
accompany the user's manual (Volume A). Each data volume deals with
one or more functionally related sets of agency tasks, as follows:
1. Volume B: Engineering
29
-------
2.
Volume C:
Field Enforcement
3.
Volume D:
Laboratory Support
4.
Volume E:
Air Monitoring and Meteorological Support
5.
Volume F:
Source Testing
6.
Volume G:
Agency Management, Program Development,
and Public Information Support
The descriptive information and staffing guidance presented for
each task contains the following:
1.
Task Overview. A general overview of the activities
included in the task covered and any special directions
for interpreting and using the information included.
2.
Occupational Category.
The occupational category sug-
gested to perform the task.
If a senior member of thB
category is recommended, that is clearly indicated.
3.
Task Description. A detailed description of activities
included in the task in terms of its component operations.
4.
Skill Requirements.
A list of the skills required for the
activities included in the task.
5.
Knowledge Requirements.
A list of the knowledge required
to perform the activities.
6.
References.
A list of source materials which provide
some of the information required for performance of the
activities.
7.
Special Staffing Guidance. This section of the information
provided for most of the tasks contains additional staffing
information specific to the task being described.
The
kind of information presented varies from task to task and
includes:
a.
The level of individual within the suggested
occupational category and the justification
for the assignment.
Whenever a senior level
individual is required, that fact is mentioned
and the rational for requiring such a person
is provided.
30
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b.
Special training emphasis required for the
task (e.g., emphasis on communication skills).
c.
Suggestions regarding the appropriate occupa-
tional category for individuals who supervise
the task performer or who assist the task
performer with the relatively routine or com-
plex portions of the task when the need exists.
31
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APPENDIX
List of Individuals Who Provided Expert Judgments in
Selecting Agencies to Visit for Data Collection. . . . 33
List of Personnel Interviewed During Collection
Phase
. . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 34
Membership List - National Air Pollution Manpower
Development Advisory Committee
. . . .
. . 41
Occupational Category Descriptions
. . . . . . . . .
. . 42
32
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Individuals Who Provided Expert Judgments
in Selecting Agencies to Visit for Data Collection
A.
Control Agency Development (CAD) personnel consulted:
N. Berg
K. Foster
J. Richards
H. Richter
G. Demarrois
R. Morrison
D. Smith
T. Williams
B.
Regional Air Pollution Control Directors contacted:
J. Busik~ Region II
L. Nagel, Region III
T. Gibbs, Region IV
W. Kovalick, Region V
R. Chanslor, Region VII
T. Harris, Region IX
G. Young, Region X
C.
Other individuals surveyed:
F. Burmann, specialist in air quality monitoring technology
(Division of Abatement, Bureau of Abatement and Control, EPA)
J. Dicke, specialist in meteorology (Institute for Air Pollution
Training, EPA)
W. Smith, specialist in source sampling (Institute for Air Pollution
Training, EPA)
T. Hartlidge, specialist in air quality monitoring (Institute for
Air Pollution Training, EPA)
B. Linsky, University of West Virginia
L. Rogers, Air Pollution Control Association
33
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Personnel Interviewed During Data Collection Phase
A.
Allegheny County Bureau of Air Pollution Control
Name
Task Area Discussed
R. Chleboski
C. Nim
Duties of the Agency Director
Coordination with Variance Board
R. Fuller
A. Bolger
J. O'Donnell
Instrument Maintenance (Supervisor)
Development of Regulations
W. Gore
Computer Operations
Data Analysis
A. Griglack
W. Popiel
D. Pasquerilli
W. Strang
J. Hawkins
Source Testing (Supervisor)
Air Monitoring (Supervisor)
Laboratory Analysis (Supervisor)
Data Processing
Public Information
M. Blair
Public Information
Episode Control
Plan Review
B. Bloom
M. Lebowitz
G. Miller
Plan Review
Field Engineering (Supervisor)
J. Chirico
M. Goldberg
C. McCoy
S. Feigenbaum
Field Engineering
Field Engineering
J. Graham
K. Karantonis
Field Engineering
Field Engineering
J. Connell
R. Meighan
Support to Legal Staff
Inspection (Supervisor)
Inspection
DeNardo and McFarland
Weather Service, Inc.
Meteorology
34
-------
B.
New Jersey State Bureau of Air Pollution Control
Name
Task Area Discussed
W. Monroe
Duties of the Agency Director
Agency Administration
H. Wortreich
T. Leonard
Field Control Operations (Director)
Local Program Development
J. Tozzi
P- Zigrand
Training Development
Legal Consultation
L. Goldshore
A. Corson
Public Information
Data Analysis
J. Depierro
C. Fleisher
Meteorology
Engineering
V. Marchesani
R. Pfannemstiel
Engineering
Engineering
Engineering
M. Green
J. Sekkies
J. Bowe
Plan Review
Plan Review
(Supervisor)
L. Ivy
N. Sanvito
R. Winchester
Episode Control
Enforcement and Inspection
J. Rziglinski
J. Skoviak
Enforcement and Inspection
Enforcement and Inspection
B. Tretheway
B. Lind
Enforcement and Inspection
Source Testing (Supervisor)
J. Elston
R. Lahey
Source Testing
Source Testing
Air Monitoring (Supervisor)
Laboratory Analysis
Laboratory Analysis
J. Marston
H. Smith
W. Ormond
C.
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Bureau of Air Pollution Control
V. Sussman
Duties of the Agency Director
Agency Administration
G. Triplett
D. Lohman
Meteorology
35
-------
Name
Task Area Discussed
M. Mallin
R. Kona
Enforcement and Support to Legal Staff
P Ian Review
D. Lesher
P Ian Review
P Ian Review
C. Lawson
L. DeHaven
R. Jordan
P Ian Review
Source Testing (Supervisor)
Laboratory Analysis (Supervisor)
M. Shah
D. City of Chicago Department of Environmental Control
H. Poston Duties of the Agency Director
T. Kasson Agency Administration
C. McGruder Agency Administration
M. Reidy Public Information
P. Harrison Technical Services (Director)
E. Klappenbach Meteorology (Supervisor)
D. Hanks Meteorology
E. Petkus Engineering (Director)
J. Ketchik Engineering (Supervisor)
R. Seely Emission Inventory
E. Linna Plan Review
F. Seefeldt Plan Review
R. Familiar Plan Review
J. Comella Enforcement (Director)
M. Shorr Inspection (Supervisor)
J. Boc Inspection
G. Wood Inspection
E. Pendergast Inspection
C. Carramusa Inspection
T. Spittler Laboratory Analysis (Supervisor)
T. Kowalski Laboratory Analysis
M. Crowley Laboratory Analysis
A. Wiorkewski Laboratory Analysis
36
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Name Task Area Discussed
J. Diaczun Laboratory Analysis
S. Wroblowski Laboratory Analysis
J. Delson Laboratory Analysis
D. Ferguson Elec.tronic Equipment Maintenance
E.
Wayne County (Michigan) Air Pollution Control Division
M. Sterling
F. Hodson
Duties of the Agency Director
Agency Administration
F. Calico
D. Cambel
Special Projects
Legal Consultation
H. Murry
M. Joice
Public Information
Public Inforamtion
E. Moranty
C. Andrus
Enforcement (Supervisor)
Enforcement (Field Supervisor)
Enforcement
A. Toth
A. Greenberg
B. Baskin
Meteorology
Engineering (Director)
P. Simmone
B. Esch
Plan Review
Emission
Inventory
A. Scheans
Plan Revie~.,
Plan Review
B. Zane
H. Rabbani
M. Maillard
Plan Review
Source Testing
J. Cutting
P. Warner
Electronic
Laboratory
Equipment Maintenance
Analysis (Supervisor)
Analysis
Analys is
Analysis
J. Jackson
Laboratory
Laboratory
L. Saad
S. Schaldenbrand
Laboratory
F.
State of Michigan Air Pollution Control Section
L. Jager
Duties of the Agency Director
37
-------
Name
B. Bennett
D. Meyer
A. Vander Kolk
J. Shaffer
C. Oviatt
Task Area Discussed
Instrument Maintenance (Supervisor)
Enforcement (Supervisor)
Laboratory Analysis (Supervisor)
Source Testing
Plan Review
G.
California Air Resources Board
Sacramento, California
J. Maga
G. Taylor
B. Lockett
E. Schmeider
H. Wong-Woo
T. McGuire
R. Bradley
E. Menuez
T. Xavier
R. Menebroker
J. Morgester
S. Hutchinson
L. Resnick
J. Suder
H. Samuals
S. Duckworth
R. McMullen
A. Lorenzen
J. Kinasian
K. Nishikawa
D. Crowe
Los Angeles, California
A. Hocker
J. Mayrsohn
Duties of the Agency Director
Agency Administration
Special Projects and Planning
Special Projects and Planning
Engineering (Supervisor)
Engineering
Engineering
Engineering
Engineering
Engineering
Engineering
Research Program Development (Supervisor)
Research Program Development
Research Program Development
Research Program Development
Data Processing and Meteorology (Director)
Meteorology (Supervisor)
Meteorology
Air Monitoring (Supervisor)
Air Monitoring (Supervisor)
Instrument Maintenance (Supervisor)
Data Evaluation (Supervisor)
Special Projects (Supervisor)
38
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Name
Task Area Discussed
A. Bordinaro
Technical Supervisor
Physicist (Supervisor)
A. Bokian
R. O'Brien
Chemist
J. Holmes
Spectroscopist
Engineering (Supervisor)
J. Shikiya
P. Newmark
Engineering
Engineering
H. Faigin
L. Lewis
Engineering
H.
Puget Sound Air Pollution Control Agency (Washington)
A. Dammkoehler
Duties of the Agency Director
Agency Administration
G. Gelderman
J. Beasley
Public Information
M. Svoboda
Meteorology (Supervisor)
Meteorology
K. Knechtel
H. Watters
Engineering (Director)
Episode Control
R. Kester
A. Wright
J. Roberts
Emission Inventory
P Ian Review
K. Anderson
Engineering
P Ian Review
J. Pearson
A. Kellogg
G. Hofer
Air Monitoring (Supervisor)
Source Testing
K. Sai to
Instrument Maintenance (Supervisor)
Laboratory Analysis (Supervisor)
Clerical Tasks
R. Pollock
M. Cheney
D. Rogers
J. Eng
Enforcement
Enforcement
1.
Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control District
R. Chass
P. Brumelle
Duties of the Agency Director
Planning and Special Projects
39
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Name
Task Area Discussed
Public Information
J. Bikakos
T. Wilkes
Enforcement
Enforcement
D. Martin
W. Olson
Enforcement
Enforcement
F. Darrington
J. Powell
Enforcement
Enforcement
E. Proctor
J. Dixon
Enforcement
Enforcement
J. Nance
M. Fykes
A. Damzig
R. Lippner
R. Keith
A. Wachtenheim
Enforcement
Enforcement
Enforcement
Meteorology
Meteorology
Engineering
Engineering
Plan R.eview
E. Lemke
R. MacKnight
J. Williamson
W. Krenz
S. Weiss
P Ian Review
Plan Review
R. Weimer
G. Thomas
(Supervisor)
(Supervisor)
(Supervisor)
(Supervisor)
(Director)
(Assistant Director)
(Supervisor)
(Supe rvisor)
(Supe rvisor)
Episode Control
Emission Inventory
E. White
R. Schaffer
Emission Inventory
Plan Review
Plan Review
M. Cohen
K. Vagassaris
P. Talens
Plan_Review
Plan Review
G. Rhett
J. Taylor
Plan Review
(Supervisor)
(Supervisor)
(Supervisor)
H. DeVorkin
R. MacPhee
Technical Services (Asst. Supervisor)
Source Testing (Supervisor)
A. Salo
Laboratory
Laboratory
M. Yozore
Laboratory
Laboratory
J. Higuchi
40
Analysis
Analysis
Analysis
Analysis
(Supervisor)
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NATIONAL AIR POLLUTION MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT ADVISORY COMMITTEE
MEMBERSHIP LIST
Ch ai rman
Acting Executive Secretary
Jean J. Schueneman, M.P.H.
Chief, Bureau of Air Quality
Maryland State Department of
610 N. Howard Street
Baltimore, Maryland
Control
Health
Harry P. Kramer, Sc.D.
Director, Office of Manpower Deve10pme
Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park
North Carolina
Charles R. Barden, M.S.
Deputy Commissioner for Air
Pollution Control
Texas State Department of Health
110 West 49th Street
Austin, Texas
Dade W. Moeller, Ph.D.
Head, Department of Environmental
Health Engineering
Harvard University
School of Public Health
665 Huntington Avenue
Boston, Massachusetts
Robert E. Carroll, M.D.
Professor and Chairman
Department of Preventive and
Community Medicine
The Albany Medical College
Albany, New York
Sheldon J. P1ager, L.L.M.
Professor of Law
University of Illinois
239 Law Building
Champaign, Illinois
Milton S. Heath, Jr., L.L.B.
Professor of Public Law and Government
and Associate Director
Institute of Government
University of North Carolina
Post Office Box 990
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Harvey D. Shell, B.S.
Acting Executive Secretary
Missouri Air Conservation Commission
Post Office Box 1062
Jefferson City, Missouri
Peter W. Hildebrandt, M.S.
Assistant Director
State of Washington Department
of Ecology
Post Office Box 829
Olympia, Washington
Oliver C. Taylor, Ph.D.
Department of Horticulture and
Air Pollution Research Center
University of California, Riverside
Riverside, California
Gerald J. McLindon, M.S.
DeaQ, School of Environmental
Room 304, Long Hall
Louisiana State University
Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Design
Paul Urone, Ph.D.
Professor of Atmospheric Chemistry
Department of Environmental Engineeri!
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida
41
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OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORY DESCRIPTIONS
ENGINEER
General Duties
Personnel in this category are responsible for tasks which generally
require engineering analysis and evaluation of basic and control equipment
used in industrial, commercial, and public sectors.
The primary areas of
agency activity in which engineers playa major role include:
1.
Plan review/permit processing
2.
Emission inventory
3.
Episode control
4.
On-site equipment examination
5.
Compliance program development and management
6.
Special studies (e.g., evaluation of new control techniques or
equipment).
7.
Source testing
The duties of Engineers typically involve detailed analysis and evalua-
tion of the effectiveness of proposed and existing air pollution control
equipment and determination of the potential emissions of controlled or
uncontrolled basic equipment in a wide variety of processes.
Engineers
are responsible for evaluating the feasibility and effectiveness of pro-
posed means for curtailing emissions during periods of adverse meteorological
conditions and for convincing managers of sources to accept reasonable
and effective curtailment methods.
The predominate characteristic of the
Engineer's activities is the need to solve a broad variety of multi-
disciplinary engineering problems under conditions of minimum structure,
a high contingency probability, and close public scrutiny.
Representative Assignments
1.
Review application forms, plans, and design data in order to evaluate
the acceptability of proposed basic equipment or control devices.
42
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2.
Perform detailed inspections of basic or control equipment instal-
lations with regard to plan review requirements (e.g., to assure
that equipment installed under a permit meets the conditions of
the permit).
3.
Develop spe~ific compliance programs for particular sources and
monitor their progress in meeting the requirements of the program.
4.
Analyze industrial processes to identify operations with pollution
potential and use emission estimation procedures to develop an
emission inventory.
5.
Evaluate source curtailment plans submitted by industrial/commercial
facilities in response to episode control system requirements.
6.
Provide engineering assistance (as required) to agency personnel and
public and private sectors relevant to air pollution control tech-
nology.
For example, serve on zoning commissions, provide technical
data to agency enforcement personnel in a complaint investigation, or
lecture citizen groups on local air pollution control efforts and
control technology.
7.
Appear in court or at hearings as an expert technical witness in
actions such as variance proceedings, enforcement actions, and in
support of the agency's position on new or modified regulations.
8.
Maintain direct contact with industry and commerce, and represent
the agency in its control and regulatory efforts.
Representative Skill and Knowledge Qualifications
1.
Ability to communicate in written and spoken form to a variety of
types of audiences (both technical and non-technical).
2.
Ability to apply general, systematic problem-solving techniques to
conceptual and technical problems.
3.
Ability to use data manipulation aids including desk calculators,
slide rule, nomographs, data tables, and graphs.
4.
Ability to prepare, read, and interpret engineering drawings, plans,
or technical specifications.
43
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5.
Ability to apply basic engineering skills and knowledge to the analysis
and evaluation of basic and control equipment used in industrial, com-
mercial, and public facilities.
6.
Basic knowledge of industrial processes, equipment, and practices which
are relevant to air pollution control.
7.
Knowledge of basic engineering principles, analytic procedures, and
applied techniques (including mathematical, statistical, or chemical
data manipulation methods).
8.
Knowledge of engineering resource materials.
Minimum Acceptable Educational Background
Bachelor's degree with a major in engineering.
Advanced education or
training will be required to provide the skills and knowledge necessary to
perform specific tasks to which the individual is assigned.
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ENGINEERING TECHNICIAN
General Duties
Personnel in this category perform relatively routine and proceduralized
tasks in support of the agency's engineering function. Their role is generally
one of asisting Engineers in areas including:
1.
Plan review/permit processing
2.
Emission inventory
3.
Episode control
4.
On-site equipment examination
5.
Compliance program development and nmnagement
6.
Special studies (e.g., evaluation of new techniques or equipment for
air pollution control)
The tasks performed by an Engineering Technician typically involve collection
of data or information, relatively standardized data analysis and manipulation,
straightforward calculations which can be easily proceduralized, basic screen-
ing of equipment designs, uncomplicated equipment inspections, and routine
communications with the agency constituency regarding engineering functions.
Representative Assignments
1.
Receive and make preliminary check on the completeness of permit appli-
cations and supporting descriptive materials.
2.
Calculate plan review/permit processing fees (if an adequately pro-
ceduralized routine exists).
3.
Perform proceduralized emission estimation calculations.
4.
Coordinate emission inventory data collection mailings, and record input
data as it comes in.
5.
Make routine check of ambient air and meteorological conditions and
detect when critical values are reached (with regard to episode control
procedures).
45
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6.
Prepare data collection formats for emission inventory or episode
control programs after the data requirements and method of collection
have been identified.
7.
Review applications for tax exemptions on air pollution control equip-
ment which has been granted a permit to operate.
8.
Routine recordkeeping of progress reported in compliance programs for
specific industries or facilities.
Representative Skill and Knowledge Qualifications
1.
Ability to accurately perform arithmetic calculations and perform
algebraic manipulations.
2.
Ability to use a desk calculator and use nomographs, data tables, and
other aids to data manipulation.
3.
General ability to read and interpret basic engineering drawings and
industrial process flow charts.
4.
Ability to communicate effectively in spoken and written form.
5.
Ability to follow procedures, being careful to accurately perform all
required steps.
6.
General knowledge of the basic equipment, practices, and operations
used in industrial and commercial processes, including:
a.
Metal melting
b.
Dry material handling (e.g., cement batching)
c.
Dry cleaning
d.
Surface coating
e.
Incineration
f.
Combustion (e.g., power generation)
g.
Storage vessels (e.g., open top tanks)
Minimum Acceptable Educational Background
High school diploma (0r equivalent) with course work in mathematics (through
algebra and basic a~alyt~c ~e0metry) and physical science (e.g., chemistry
46
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and physics). This formal education will have to be augmented with techni.
cal training to provide the skills and knowledge required for the specific
tasks to which the individual is assigned.
47
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CHEMIST
General Duties
Personnel in this category generally perform supervisory roles in a
chemical laboratory operation supporting the agency's air monitoring and
source testing efforts. In addition, Chemists are involved in the design
of air monitoring systems and in the development of new laboratory pro-
cedures, techniques, and equipment.
Representative Assignments
1.
Supervise Chemical Laboratory Technicians performing standard analyses
procedures.
2.
Develop new methods for the analysis of air pollutants.
3.
Supervise Equipment Technicians involved in maintenance of laboratory
equipment.
4.
Design air monitoring facilities and systems. This task may be per-
formed cooperatively with Engineers or agency planning personnel.
5.
Design, supervise, and report scientific or applied research (e.g.,
evaluation of the effectiveness of new analysis techniques or instru-
ments).
Representative Skill and Knowledge Qualifications
1.
Ability to communicate effectively in written and spoken form.
2.
Ability to apply general, systematic problem-solving techniques to
conceptual and technical problems.
3.
Detailed knowledge of chemical and physical techniques. procedures.
concepts, and equipment relevant to analysis of pollutant concentrations.
4.
Basic knowledge of general industrial processes and chemical and
physical nature of their effluents.
4R
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5.
Knowledge of basic scientific and technical resource literature
available which is relevant to the analyses commonly performed in
agency laboratories.
6.
Knowledge of the hazards to be observed in performing analyses in
the chemical laboratory.
7.
Detailed knowledge of the scientific method and of research design
principles.
8.
Detailed knowledge of the procedures and techniques for use of standard
laboratory devices.
9.
Knowledge of proper analytic procedures for obtaining valid results.
This knowledge should be sufficient to:
a.
Identify errors possible in each step of the procedure
and their effect on the final outcome of the analysis.
b.
A critical
Identify critical steps in the procedure.
step is one in which
(1) Errors are known to frequently occur
(2) Little margin for error exists
(3) Errors are likely to go undetected
c.
Revise procedures so as to reduce the possibility of error.
10.
Knowledge of the chemical, electrical, and me~hanical principles of
operation of the various analysis instruments sufficient to:
a.
Identify instrument malfunctions which could go undetected
and result in inaccurate read-out (to the extent not already
documented in existing service manuals).
b.
Develop procedures for the timely discovery of such malfunctions.
c.
Identify the effects of incorrect instrument operation on
instrument read-out.
Minimum Acceptable Educational Background
Bachelor's Degree in chemistry. Advanced education or training will be
required to provide the skills and knowledge necessary to perform specific
tasks to which the individual is assigned.
49
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CHEMICAL LABORATORY TECHNICIAN
General Duties
The Chemical Laboratory Technician performs proceduralized, standard wet
test chemical analyses of atmospheric pollutants in a laboratory setting
under close supervision of a Chemist.
The tasks performed by the Chemical Laboratory Technician typically
involve the following general activities:
1.
Preparing, labeling, standardizing, and storing reagents;
maintaining a record of their ages; and disposing of them
when their recommended shelf life has been exceeded.
2.
Distilling water required for chemical analyses.
3.
Cleaning and assembling apparatus.
4.
Conducting analyses according to detailed step-by-step
directions, receiving assistance from a Chemist as required.
5.
Recording the results of the analysis in a standard form
(including deviations from the standard procedure).
6.
Calculating pollutant concentration using detailed step-by-
step directions.
7.
Reporting all calculations in standard form to a Chemist.
8.
Disassembling, cleaning, and storing all apparatus.
Representative Assignments
The following tasks are representative of the type of tasks the Chemical
Laboratory Technician could perform with appropriate supervision:
1.
Determination of Nitrogen Dioxide and Nitric Oxide Concentrations
in the Atmosphere Using the Saltzman Method.
2.
Determination of Sulfur Dioxide Concentration in the
Atmosphere Using the West-Gaeke Method.
50
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3.
Determination of Sulfur Dioxide and Sulfur Trioxide
Concentrations in Stack Gases.
Representative Skill and Knowledge Qualifications
1.
Ability to perform basic laboratory operations typically required
for the type of chemical analysis procedures performed by the
Chemical Laboratory Technician.
Such operations include:
a.
Preparing reagents and handling caustic or otherwise
dangerous chemicals without splattering acid, precipi-
tating an explosion, or otherwise damaging personnel or
equipment.
b.
Obtaining definite volumes of solutions using apparatus
such as a pipette, syringe, volumetric flask, or burette.
c.
Using an analytical balance to obtain an accurate weight
of a dry reagent or filter.
d.
Cleaning glassware and other apparatus without breakage
or injury to oneself.
e.
Performing a quantitative transfer of a solution from one
container to another without losing any of the sample.
f.
Cleaning grease from the neck of a flask without contami-
nating the contained sample with the cleaning agent.
2.
Ability to read indicating devices, such as a thermometer, manometer,
dry gas meter, and flowmeter, and to interpret meter readings.
3.
Ability to follow directions for assembling sampling apparatus with
each component in proper sequence.
4.
Ability to read and interpret data from tables, psychometric charts,
or nomographs.
5.
Ability to perform arithmetic calculations and resolve algebraic
equations in four variables, using detailed step-by-step procedures.
6.
Ability to accurately and completely follow procedures and directions.
51
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7.
Knowledge of general damages and hazards common to work in a chemical
laboratory.
8.
Basic knowledge of chemical concepts and nomenclature (e.g., metric
units, reagents, common laboratory glassware).
Minimum Acceptable Educational Background
High school diploma (or equivalent) with courses in chemistry and
algebra.
training
tasks to
This formal education will have to be augmented with technical
to provide the skills and knowledge required for the specific
which the individual is assigned.
52
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METEOROLOGIST
General Duties
Personnel in this category are responsible for tasks which require
analysis or prediction of meteorological conditions and their effects on
concentrations, distribution, and diffusion of air contaminants.
The
primary areas of agency activity in which Meteorologists function include:
1.
Air monitoring
2.
Episode control
3. Plan review (in predicting emission concentrations at
ground level as a function of meteorological conditions)
4. Daily forecasts or reports of pollution conditions
5.
Research in pollution forecasting methods
6.
Source testing
7.
Modelling of pollution phenomena to solve large scale planning
problems (e.g., source siting).
The duties of the Meteorologist involve detailed analysis, forecasting,
and interpretation of meteorological factors and their impact on pollution
conditions. The Meteorologist is also involved in developing new and
improved methods for achieving his objectives.
His tasks are characterized
by high contingency probability, often inadequate technology for problem
solution, and close public attention to his pronouncements.
Representative Assignments
1.
Problem solving using mathematical models (e.g., diffusion models).
2.
Routine forecasting of meteorological conditions and pollution
level effects.
3.
Purchasing and evaluating meteorological instruments.
53
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4.
Developing objective methods for predicting pollution conditions
from known local emission characteristics, meteorological conditions,
and other factors (e.g., topographical features).
5.
Assisting in development of the episode control system.
6.
Determining locations for air monitoring stations.
Representative Skill and Knowledge Qualifications
1.
Ability to communicate effectively in written and spoken form.
2.
Ability to apply systematic problem-solving techniques to the solution
of conceptual and technical problems.
3.
Detailed knowledge of National Weather Service services and products
relevant to forecasting local meteorological conditions.
4.
Knowledge of accepted meteorological forecasting procedures and
techniques.
5.
Knowledge of probability theory, statistical methods, and appropriate
interpretation of statistical findings.
6.
Basic knowledge of industrial processes; the chemical or physical
properties of their effluents; and their interaction with atmospheric
and meteorological conditions.
7.
Basic knowledge of air pollution control technology and regulatory
activities.
8.
Knowledge of the state-of-the-art in areas including:
a.
Meteorological and air quality monitoring systems.
b.
Automatic data transmission, processing, and display equipment.
9.
Knowledge of basic principles of use and interpretation of mathematical
modeling methods and results.
Minimum Acceptable Educational Background
Bachelor's Degree in meteorology (with course work in mathematics or
eng inee ring) .
Advanced training or formal education may be required to pro.
vide the skills and knowledge necessary to perform specific tasks to which
the individual is assigned.
54
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METEOROLOGICAL TECHNICIAN
General Duties
Individuals in this occupational category support the agency's
Meteorologist by performing relatively proceduralized functions including:
1.
Assembly or collection of meteorological data.
2.
Manipulation or analysis of meteorological data.
3.
Preparation of routine announcements of weather and
pollution conditions.
4.
Routine maintenance of meteorological instruments.
5.
Preparation of findings for presentation in published
reports.
In performing the above functions, the Meteorological Technician inputs
directly to, and is supervised by, a Meteorologist. The tasks performed
by a Meteorological Technician typically involve collection of data or
information, relatively standardized data analysis and manipulation,
straightforward calculations which can be easily proceduralized, basic
monitoring of meteorological and ambient air equipment, and communications
with the public and news media to report current conditions and forecasts.
Representative Assignments
1.
Collect meteorological data from agency air monitoring stations.
2.
Assemble meteorological data (e.g., from daily teletype printout),
format it, and describe current or past climatological conditions
(e.g., presence and strength of inversions).
3.
Perform correlations and other standard statistical procedures in
support of Meteorologists investigating the relationship of meteoro-
logical conditions and pollution.
55
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4.
Document routine public information statements which describe
current or forecasted meteorological and pollution conditions
(e.g., format relevant information and make it available to
local news media).
5.
Perform proceduralized, routine maintenance on meteorological
monitoring equipment.
Equipment Technician.
This task can also be performed by the
6.
Carry out proceduralized tasks required in performing and report-
ing research in the areas of meteorology and air pollution control,
for example:
preparation of data tables, graphs, wind roses,
surface maps, etc., using data provided by the Meteorologist.
7.
In a sufficiently proceduralized Episode Alert System, monitor
ambient air or meteorological conditions for early signs of a
developing episode.
8.
In a sufficiently objective and proceduralized pollution condition
forecasting system, predict basic pollution levels as a function
of current or forecasted meteorological conditions or other factors
(e.g., time of year).
Representative Skill and Knowledge Qualifications
1.
Ability to accurately perform arithmetic calculations and algebraic
manipulations.
2.
Ability to use a desk calculator, nomographs, data tables, and other
data manipulation aids.
3.
Ability to accurately and completely follow procedures and directions.
4.
Knowledge of the meteorological terminology and concepts used in air
pollution control-related tasks and at a level of detail appropriate
to the type of proceduralized tasks in which the Associate Meteorologist
participates.
5.
A basic knowledge of the relationship of air pollution contaminarit
levels to general meteorological conditions.
56
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6.
Knowledge of the basic principles of graphing data on two-or three-
dimensional plotting systems and the ability to plot data neatly and
accurately.
Minimum Acceptable Educational Background
High school diploma, with emphasis on science and mathematics (including
algebra and analytic geometry). This formal education will have to be aug-
mented with technical training to provide the skills and knowledge required
for the specific tasks to which the individual is assigned.
57
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FIELD ENFORCEMENT OFFICER
General Duties
Personnel in this occupational category generally work to enforce agency
control and regulatory efforts through inspecting and policing activities.
In addition, they can perform a variety of administrative activities which
support the direct field enforcement operation. The areas of the Field
Enforcement Officer's activities include:
1.
Routine inspections
2.
Complaint handling and investigation
3.
Surveillance and Patrol
4.
Identification of violations and performance of appropriate
enforcement procedures
5.
Smokeschool administration
6.
Assist agency legal staff
The role of the Field Enforcement Officer typically does not require a
high level of technical expertise in areas of engineering, industrial pro-
cess, or air pollution control equipment design and performance character-
istics.
Most of their operations are
routine and usually standardized.
great deal of contact with the public,
not lend itself to proceduralization.
However, members of this group have a
and this element of their effort does
Representative Assignments
1.
Perform routine and partially proceduralized inspection of small com-
mercial or industrial facilities.
Such inspections can be in support
of:
a.
Complaint investigations.
b.
Enforcement of the agency's episode control system
requirements.
58
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c.
Enforcement of the agency's permit system requirements
d.
Annual boiler or incinerator inspection requirements
2.
Patrol areas of the agency's jurisdiction looking for violations
of the regulations relevant to mobile or stationary sources.
3.
Organize, prepare, and administer smoke-reading training for agency
personnel.
4.
Document complaints and pursue complaint investigations with the
objective of identifying legitimate complaints and satisfying the
complainant's requests.
J.
ioerform routine and proceduralized enforcement tasks, including
reporting and serving violation notices and testifying as a witness
in court as required.
6.
Assist the agency legal staff in preparing proceduralized and routine
documentation and evidence for use in legal actions.
ke~I_2ntative Skill and Knowledge Qualifications
1.
Ability to effectively interact and communicate with complainants and
the management of facilities to be inspected.
2.
Ability to read basic engineering or process flow diagrams.
3.
Ability to perform arithmetic computations.
4.
Ability to follow procedures, being careful to accurately perform
all required steps.
5.
Basic knowledge of small to medium size industrial or commercial pro-
cesses relevant to air pollution (e.g., paint spraying, dry cleaning,
incineration, and fuel combustion equipment).
6.
Basic knowledge of terminology used in air pollution control operations
Uinimum Acceptable Educational Background
High school diploma (or equivalent).
This formal education will have
to be augmented with technical
required for the speci'
craining to provide the skills and knowledge
to which the individual is assigned.
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PUBLIC INFORMATION SPECIALIST
General Duties
Personnel in this category implement the public information program
and policies of the agency. Their role is to prepare public information
presentations in various media and for a variety of audiences. Their
work requires them to articulate technical, legal, scientific, and
medical facts and concepts in a manner which is sensitive to the informa-
tion needs of the audience and the objectives of the communication.
Representative Assignments
1.
Prepare public information presentations.
2.
Contribute to development of an agency public information policy.
3.
Arrange public information events such as press conferences, television
appearances for staff members, and publicity activities (e.g., ex-
hibits or demonstrations).
Representative Skill and Knowledge Qualifications
1.
Ability to design and write effective prose.
2.
Ability to orally communicate effectively with individuals of widely
divergent professional or technical interests.
3.
Ability to quickly learn technical knowledge, legal requirements,
and scientific findings relevant to the area of air pollution control.
4.
Ability to research technical and scientific literature.
5.
Knowledge of media andproduction areas relevant to development of a
public information presentation.
6.
Knowledge of the procedures for developing, maintaining, and utilizing
contacts with personnel in mass media and other inf~rmation dissemina-
tion positions.
60
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Minimum Acceptable Educational Background
Bachelor's Degree with a major in an areas such as journalism, literature.
advertising, English, etc., with some background in physical sci~nce or
engineering.
61
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AIR POLLUTION CONTROL DIRECTOR
General Duties
The Air Pollution Control Director is responsible for leadership of
the agency's technical, administrative, and regulatory activities. As
such, his activities can be generally characterized to include:
1.
Collecting information required for guidance and develop-
ment of agency efforts.
2.
Making decisions concerning agency policy and objectives.
3.
Coordinating and directing the planning and development
of agency activities.
4.
Coordinating, directing, and evaluating agency activities and
progress.
5.
Representing the agency in interactions with its constituency
(public and private sectors) and with various governmental
bodies.
Representative Assignments
1.
Communicate with organized citizen groups to determine their goals
and desires with regard to air pollution control and the extent to
which they are satisfied by agency efforts.
2.
Identify the expectations and performance criteria of governmental
agencies (federal, state, or local) which provide funds or otherwise
support agency activities.
3.
Consult with attorneys and establish guidelines for the interpretation
of specific local regulations.
4.
Coordinate preparation of the agency's annual budget, evaluate it
with regard to agency objectives, and defend it before a governmental
funding agency. Provide liaison with controlling legislative bodies.
62
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5.
Direct development of the agency's position with regard to new or
modified regulations.
b.
Coordinate development of new techniques and materials required to
implement proposed or newly promulgated regulations.
7.
Routinely review and evaluate published materials depicting the state-
of-the-art in technical and management areas (e.g., air pollution
control technology. personnel management techniques, program planning
and budgeting methods, latest legal interpretations and precedents).
8.
Coordinate or direct agency personnel recruitment, training, and per-
formance evaluation systems.
9.
Negotiate with representatives of a major pollution source to work
out a suitable compliance program (including equipment to be installed
and an acceptable timetable).
10.
Conduct press conferences with news media.
Representative Skill and Knowledge Qualifications
1.
Ability to effectively chair public or private meetings intended to
generate questions, comments, criticisms, or recommended modification
to proposed regulations or activities.
2.
Ability to communicate effectively in written or spoken form with
representatives of industry, citizen groups, or politicians to
accomplish functions including:
a.
Solicit criticisms, expectations, demands and
supporting technical information relevant to
development of new regulations or agency policy.
b.
"Sell" the agency's position on the proposed
regulation.
c.
Negotiate a compromise version of the regulation
which meets the requirements of the agency and
satisfies the pressure groups.
d.
Promote and explain an episode control system.
e.
Aid in development of local control programs.
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3.
Ability to judge current local political or economic conditions
and react to them accordingly in developing agency activities
or policy.
4.
Ability to systematically and effectively solve problems or make
decisions. This general skill includes:
a.
Ability to accurately define the problem in terms of
objective, desirable outcome.
b.
Ability to accurately and completely identify the
elements of the situation which affect selection or
development of a solution.
5.
Ability to integrate knowledge of agency capability, past experience,
local regulations, and knowledge of the state-of-the-art in air pol-
lution control ana regulatory technology to define and then seek to
achieve agency objectives.
6.
Ability to coordinate an on-going evaluation of local agency internal
training, procedure development, and external activities (e.g., per-
formance of control and regulatory efforts).
7.
Ability to select enforcement actions which are appropriate for specific
types of violations and circumstances.
This skill may require the
ability to interact with attorneys and enforcement personnel in select-
ing the appropriate enforcement action.
8.
Ability to evaluate the quantity and quality of work produced by the
staff and discriminate acceptable from unacceptable performance. This
skill assumes the ability to develop or use criteria of performance
9.
acceptability.
Knowledge of the technical areas of air pollution control and industrial
processes at a level of detail required for management activities,
including:
a.
Development or approval of new regulations.
b.
Response to questions and criticism regarding agency
activity from newsmen, the public, governmental bodies.
c.
Development or approval of specific compliance programs.
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d.
High level supervision of the agency's activities in
technical, engineering, and enforcement areas.
e.
Agency policy and program development.
10.
Knowledge of the types of situations which can occur and which
signal the need for developing new regulations or amending current
regulations.
11.
Such conditions include:
a.
A new Federal ambient air quality standard is promulgated
for a specific contaminant.
b.
Current emission standards are not achieving the desired
effect on air quality.
c.
A breakthrough in air pollution control technology has
occurred which makes a new generation of emission standards
achievab le.
d.
There has been an excessive number of single-chamber incinera-
tor smoke violations.
e.
Scientific evidence has been published showing significant
health effects due to a contaminant which is currently emitted
without being controlled by regulations.
f.
The penalty for a specific violation does not appear to be
having a significant deterrent effect.
Knowledge of systematic approaches which are useful for problem
solving and planning of work activities (e.g., the "systems"
approach to design).
12.
Knowledge of procedures for maintaining contact with the elements of
the agency's working context which affect or are affe~ted by its
performance.
These elements include:
a.
The public sector.
b.
The industrial/commercial community.
c.
Local governmental and quasi-governmental bodies which
interface with agency activities (e.g., advisory board,
variance board, public health department).
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Minimum Acceptable Educational Background
Bachelor's Degree in a technical or scientific area relevant to
air pollution control. Advanced education and training will be necessary
to acquire the skills and knowledge required to perform the Director's
tasks.
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EQUIPMENT TECHNICIAN
General Duties
The Equipment Technician operates and maintains the equipment and
instrumentation used for various agency activities (e.g., laboratory
analysis, source testing, meteorology).
His primary functions include:
1.
Performance of highly proceduralized standard installation,
service, troubleshooting, repair, and calibration procedures
on laboratory instrumentation and analyzers.
2.
Maintenance of specialized research tools (e.g., a Smog Chamber)
and the operation of them to carry out preplanned experimental
procedures.
3.
Collection of particulate and/or gaseous samples in con-
junction with stack and mobile source tests.
4.
Conduct of odor tests.
5.
Installation, operation, and performance of proceduralized
maintenance on the chassis and engine dynamometers.
Representative Assignments
1.
Maintenance of equipment such as the colorimeter, atomic absorption
spectrophotometer, and the X-ray defractometer.
2.
Perform operation and maintenance of equipment such as the A.I.S.I.
Automatic Sampler, High Volume Air Sampler, Coulometric Titration
Analyzer and the Colorimetric air monitoring equipment.
3.
Performance of a stack test, odor test, used car inspection, and
Idle or ACID test.
4.
Maintain a stock of spare parts as necessary to service and main-
tain the various instruments.
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5.
Establish and maintain a shop facility with the instrumentation,
tools, and reference manuals necessary to install, service, trouble-
shoot, and maintain the various instruments.
6.
Arrange for the return of malfunctioning instruments or components
for factory repair as necessary.
Representative Skill and Knowledge Qualifications
1.
Ability to quickly and correctly solve an algebraic equation in
several unknowns using a detailed step-by-step procedure.
2.
Ability to read and interpret basic equipment design drawings (e.g.,
electronic schematics, wiring diagrams, piping and tubing diagrams,
and troubleshooting charts).
3.
Ability to accurately and completely follow procedures and directions
4.
Ability to effectively use common hand tools and test instruments
required in equipment maintenance (e.g., screw drivers, wrenches,
ohmmeter, ammeter).
5.
Ability to solder and unsolder electrical terminals.
6.
Ability to determine and apply effective strategies for trouble-
shooting electronic equipment.
7.
Basic knowledge of electronic theory, sonic conductors and state-
of-the-art electronic devices and packaging.
Minimum Acceptable Educational Background
High school graduate (or equivalent) with course work in chemistry,
mathematics, or physics.
An alternate background would be a vocational
education course in high school \-lith emphasis on electronic equipment
operation and maintenance.
Further technical training will be necessary
to acquire the skills and knowledge required to perform the tasks to
which the individual will be assigned.
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RESOURCES ADMINISTRATOR
General Duties
Personnel of this type have a highly specialized function within the
agency. Their role is high level management of the agency's financial,
personnel, and material resources. Their role frequently allows them
only superficial involvement in the agency's technical or regulatory ef-
forts. The Resources Administrator's responsibilities primarily are in
areas including:
1.
Development and implementation of budgets.
2.
Administration of agency personnel selection, training,
and performance evaluation.
3.
Preparation of requests for grants and other forms of
financial aid.
4.
Development and implementation of the agency's purchasing
policy and procedures.
Representative Assignments
1.
Assist in the development and continuing refinement of the
agency's personnel policy and procedures.
2.
Work with technical and clerical supervisors to identify current
and anticipated manpower requirements.
3.
Assist in the solution of personnel relations problems (e.g.,
act as an arbitrator or counselor in problems involving individuals
and their supervisors, work with shop steward in unionized agencies).
4.
Supervise administration of employee benefits program (e.g., vaca-
tion leave, retirement plans, life insurance plans, sick leave, etc.).
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s.
Supervise administration of the personnel performance review/
evaluation system.
6.
Direct the development of purchasing procedures, materials, and
'lkpe~ flow.
7.
Supervise the proceurement of equipment and supplies.
the justification for all major purchases.
Evaluate
8.
Supervise the equipment inventory system and related records.
9.
Coordinate development of the agency's annual budget.
This requires
close interaction with supervisors of the agency's various operational
divisions.
10.
Manage actual expenditures to maintain the budget.
This effort may
result in a working budget which reflects the estimated expenditures
of the various divisions and groups within the agency.
11.
Maintain records and prepare reports describing expenditure of grant
funds.
12.
Supervise administration of accounting procedures.
Representative Skill and Knowledge Qualifications
1.
Ability to acquire sufficient knowledge of air pollution technology and
control agency activities at a level of detail sufficient to sUPFort
interaction with agency personnel in:
a.
Budget development and program planning
b.
Purchasing
c.
Development of job specifications
2.
Ability to communicate effectively in both written and spoken form to
a variety of technical and non-technical audiences.
3.
Ability to counsel agency personnel with grievances and to work with
union officials in cases in which they are involved.
4.
Ability to interpret agency policy in developing and planning agency
activities. This skill involves the ability to discriminate whether
or not planned activities are consistent with agency policy.
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5.
Ability to direct or coordinate development and implementation
of policies and procedures governing:
a.
Purchasing and inventory management.
b.
Personnel management.
c.
Financial management (e.g., budget planning and imple-
mentation).
6.
Knowledge of procedures and techniques for developing and implementing
programs in the areas of personnel selection, training, and perfor-
mance evaluation.
7.
Background knowledge sufficient to support evaluation and imple-
mentation of new techniques in areas including:
a.
Personnel management
b.
Organizational structure
c.
Program and budgetary planning
d.
Computerized data filing and acquisition systems
8.
Knowledge of accepted procedures and techniques for planning the use
of resources (personnel, material, and financial) to accomplish a
specific work goal.
This includes the ability to modify plans in
response to contingencies (e.g., delays caused by difficulty in ob-
taining required information such that the production schedule is
affected).
9.
Knowledge of the state-of-the-art methods in program planning and
budgeting (for example, Program Evaluation and Review Technique,
Plan Programming Budgeting System).
10.
Knowledge of basic accounting methods such as preparation of trial
balance and financial statements (using general journal and general
ledger methods).
11.
Knowledge of procedures for developing and administering employee
benefit programs including vacation leave, insurance plans, sick
leave, etc.
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12.
Knowledge of equipment accountability and inventory control rrocedur~~.
~1inimum Acceptable Educational Background
Bachelor's Degree in a relevant area of business or public administratiC1n
with some course work in physical science or engineering.
Advanced education
or training will be required to acquire the skills and knowledge needed for
tasks to which the individual will be assigned.
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PROGRAM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT SPECIALIST
General Duties
Personnel in this category perform a variety of staff level tasks
relevant to development and evaluation of the agency's programs, policies,
and regulations. Their duties typically require. systematic soluti.on of
problems requiring relatively broad knowledge and skills in the areas of
air pollution control and regulatory methods. Frequently, they will have
to represent the agency in interactions with high level officials in both
private and public sectors of the agency's constituency.
Representative Assignments
1.
Literature reviews and development of data summaries regarding ambient
air quality standards.
2.
Development of new or modified air pollution control regulations.
3.
Development of local control agencies within a coordinated state
program.
Representative Skill and Knowledge Qualifications
1.
Ability to communicate in written and spoken form to a variety of
audience types (both technical and non-technical) at all levels of
the private or public sector of the agency's constituency.
2.
Ability to apply general, systematic problem solving techniques to
conceptual and technical problems.
3.
Ability to use data manipulation aids including desk calculators,
slide rule, nomographs, data tables, and graphs.
4.
Ability to prepare, read, and interpret engineering drawings, plans,
or technical specifications.
5.
Basic knowledge of industrial processes, equipment, and practices
which are relevant to air pollution control.
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6.
Basic knowledge of air pollution control and regulatury technology
and procedures.
7 .
~nowledge of literature search methods and library resources in
areas relevant to air pollution control and regulatory activitie~.
Minimum Acceptable Educational Background
Bachelor's Degree in a technical or scientific field relevant to air
pollution control (e.g., engineering, physics, chemistry).
Advanced
education or training will be necessary to acquire the skills and knowledge
required to perform the tasks to which the individual will be assigned.
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