EMSL-LV-0539-10 EMSL-LV-0539-10
ANIMAL INVESTIGATION PROGRAM 1974 ANNUAL REPORT:
NEVADA TEST SITE AND VICINITY
Monitoring Systems Research and Development Division
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Las Vegas, NV 89114
Published June 1977
This study performed under a Memorandum
of Understanding No. EY-76-A-08-0539
for the
U.S. ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION
-------
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and Development Administration, nor any of their employees, nor any of their
contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes any warranty, express
or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy,
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PRICE: PAPER COPY $6.00 MICROFICHE $2.25
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EMSL-LV-0539-10 ' EMSL-LV-0539-10
ANIMAL INVESTIGATION PROGRAM 1974 ANNUAL REPORT:
NEVADA TEST SITE AND VICINITY
by
D. D. Smith, K. R. Giles,
D. E. Bernhardt,* and K.vR."Brown
Monitoring Systems Research and Development Division
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Las Vegas, NV 89114
Published June 1977
This research was performed as a part of the Animal Investigation
Program under a Memorandum of Understanding No. EY-76-A-08-0539
for the
U.S. ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION
Mr. Bernhardt is Program Manager for Dose Assessment,
Office of Radiation Programs, Las Vegas Facility
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ABSTRACT
Data are presented from the radioanalysis of tissues collected from
cattle, deer, desert bighorn sheep, and other wildlife that resided on or
near the Nevada Test Site during 1974. Routine activities and special
investigations of the Animal Investigation Program are also discussed.
Other than the naturally occurring potassium-40, gamma-emitting radio-
nuclides are detected infrequently. For example, cesium-137 is found only
in the muscle tissues from 3 of the 12 Nevada Test Site cattle sampled during
1974.
Tritium concentrations in the tissues from most of the animals sampled
are at background levels. Animals from the experimental farm tended to have
slightly higher concentrations than those sampled at other locations on the
Nevada Test Site.
Strontium-90 levels in bones from deer, desert bighorn sheep, and cattle
are slightly lower than those reported for the preceding year. A graph
depicts the average levels found in the bones of the three species from
1956 through 1974.
The appendices of this report list actinide concentrations (plutonium-238,
plutonium-239, uranium-234, uranium-235, and uranium-238) found in the tissues
of all animals sampled. Graphs compare the plutonium-239 levels in lungs,
livers, and femurs from Nevada Test Site cattle for the years 1971 through
1974. Levels reported appear to be relatively constant for these years with
bone and lung data being nearly identical each year. Concentrations in liver
are generally a factor of 2 or 3 lower than values for bone and lung.
Hypothetical dose estimates to man are calculated on the basis of the
daily consumption of 0.5 kilogram of liver or muscle from Nevada Test Site
animals that contained peak activity levels. The highest postulated dose is
0.6 millirem: from cesium-137 in muscle from an aged beef cow. All other
iii
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postulated doses from other radionuclides are less than 0.1 millirem, except
for a plutonium-239 concentration in liver from a range cow.
The dietary habits of desert bighorn sheep are determined through botani-
cal analysis of rumen contents and are discussed according to the geographical
locations of the animals at time of collections. In general, grasses made up
about 60 percent of the diet with approximately 25 percent provided by shrubs
and the remainder coming from forbs.
Gross and microscopic lesions found in necropsied animals are discussed.
In general, these lesions are consistent with the physical condition of the
animal and type of population sampled. No gross or microscopic lesions were
detected that could be directly attributed to the effects of ionizing
radiation.
IV
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT i i i
LIST OF FIGURES vi
LIST OF TABLES vii
INTRODUCTION 1
SAMPLE COLLECTION 2
ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES AND METHODS 11
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 13
NEVADA TEST SITE CATTLE 13
MULE DEER 21
DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP 22
NEVADA TEST SITE HORSE AND DEATH VALLEY BURRO 23
NEVADA TEST SITE CARNIVORES 23
NEVADA TEST SITE RABBITS 24
NEVADA TEST SITE WATERS 24
NECROPSY AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS 24
HYPOTHETICAL DOSE ESTIMATES 25
FOOD HABITS ANALYSIS 28
OTHER ACTIVITIES 32
BEEF HERD 32
DEER MIGRATION STUDY 32
INVESTIGATIONS AND SURVEYS ' 33
PUBLIC INFORMATION 33
REFERENCES 34
APPENDICES
DISTRIBUTION
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LIST OF FIGURES
Number Page
1 Location of sampling sites and facilities on the Nevada Test
Site. 4
2 Approximate collection sites of 1974 desert bighorn sheep. 10
3 Annual averages of strontium-90 in bones of desert bighorn
sheep, deer, and cattle 1956-1974. 14
4 Ranges and median values of plutonium-239 in fresh lung
tissues from Area 18 range cattle 1971-1974. 18
5 Ranges and median values of plutonium-239 in fresh liver
tissues from Area 18 range cattle 1971-1974. 19
6 Ranges and median values of plutonium-239 in fresh femur
tissues from Area 18 range cattle 1971-1974. 20
VI
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LIST OF TABLES
Number Page
1 Vital Statistics of Nevada Test Site Cattle Sampled During
1974 3
2 Vital Statistics of Nevada Test Site Wildlife Sampled During
1974 6
3 Vital Statistics of Nevada Test Site Bighorn Sheep Sampled
During 1974 8
4 Median Values of Actinide Concentrations in Tissues from
Nevada Test Site Cattle (pCi/kg wet wt.) 17
5 Median Values of Actinide Levels in 1974 Nevada Test Site
Deer Tissues.(pCi/kg wet wt.) 21
6 Median Values of Actinide Levels in 1974 Desert Bighorn
Sheep Tissues (pCi/kg wet wt.) 23
7 Summary of Peak Radionuclide Concentrations in Edible
Tissue from Nevada Test Site Cattle and Deer (pCi/kg
fresh wt.) 26
8 Postulated Dose to Man Following Ingestion of Selected Tissues
for 1 Year 27
9 Summary - Food Habits of 12 Desert Bighorn Sheep in Nevada
During November and December 1974 29
vn
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INTRODUCTION
Since 1964, the Animal Investigation Program has been conducted for the
U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration by the Environmental
Monitoring and Support Laboratory-Las Vegas, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. The history, evaluation, and the findings of the Animal Investiga-
tion Program since its beginning in 1957 through 1973 have been reported
previously (Fountain 1961, Smith and Giles 1970, 1974, and 1975, and Smith
et al., 1976 and 1977). The basic objectives of this program are summarized
as follows:
1. To conduct surveillance of domestic and wild animals on and around
the Nevada Test Site to assess the radionuclide burden present in
their tissue and to detect any pathological effects from the
burdens.
2. To investigate alleged damage to domestic animals and wildlife
resulting from the activities of the Nevada Operations Office
of the U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration.
3. To maintain public relations through education and veterinary
advice to the off-site population.
4. To conduct special ad hoc investigations.
The progress in achieving these responsibilities and the data collected
during 1974 are presented in this report.
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SAMPLE COLLECTION
Animals from the Nevada Test Site sampled during 1974 included beef
cattle, dairy cattle, mule deer, a feral horse, coyotes, a bobcat, and
jackrabbits. Samples were also collected from a feral burro from Death
Valley National Monument, and from desert bighorn sheep that inhabit moun-
tainous areas adjacent to the Nevada Test Site.
Animals sampled included those sacrificed as part of the routine sam-
pling activities of the Program, those collected by hunters, and those that
died of other causes. Sacrificed animals were killed by either rifle or
shotgun fire. Animals collected by other means were also necropsied if a
prosector were available at the time and gross pathological conditions were
noted. If advanced postmortem changes had not occurred, the adrenals, eyes,
heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, muscle, spleen, thyroid, gonads, and lesions
(if any) were sampled and prepared for histopathological evaluation. Tis-
sues collected for radioanalysis included rumen or stomach contents, liver,
lung, tracheo-bronchial lymph nodes, muscle, thyroids, blood or urine,
kidney, fetus (if present), and bone (vertebrae and/or femur). Rumen con-
tents from desert bighorn sheep were collected for botanical analysis. If
fresh blood was available, heparinized samples were collected for hemato-
logical examination.
Twelve animals from the Nevada Test Site beef herd were sacrificed and
sampled during the year. Also sampled were two fetuses found during necropsy.
Three dairy cattle maintained in the corrals of th'e Area 15 farm were sam-
pled. One dairy cow was euthanized because of obturator paralysis and the
other two were sacrificed to provide muscle, liver, and bone tissues for a
Plutonium standard reference library. The vital statistics of all the Nevada
Test Site cattle sampled during 1974 are presented in table 1. Unless other-
wise noted, each animal spent its entire life grazing on the Area 18 range of
the Nevada Test Site or was maintained in the Area 15 corrals. Figure 1 shows
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TABLE 1. VITAL STATISTICS OF NEVADA TEST SITE CATTLE SAMPLED DURING 1974
co
Animal
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
21
139
Sex
M
F
M
F
F
F
M
M
F
F
M
F
F
F
Age
(yrs)
1
6
3
15+
3
2 wks
3.5
1.5
9
2.5
0.5
5.5
12
5.5
Breed
Hereford
Hereford
Hereford
Hereford
Hereford
Hereford
Hereford
Hereford
Hereford
Hereford
Hereford
Hereford
Hoi stein
Hoi stein
Weight
(kg)
210
415
550
265
320
38
509
296
414
386
159
332
750
820
Date
Sampled
05/15/74
05/15/74
05/15/74
05/15/74
05/15/74
05/15/74
10/24/74
10/24/74
10/24/74
10/24/74
10/24/74
10/24/74
01/07/74
03/13/74
Remarks
Steer, good condition*
Barren, excellent condition.
Steer, excellent condition.
Lactating, poor condition, incisors worn to gums
Good condition.
Calf of No. 4, fair condition.
Steer, excellent condition.
Steer, excellent condition.
Ocular squamous cell carcinoma, fair condition,
fetus.
Excellent condition, 90-day fetus.
Steer, good condition.
Poor condition. Ocular squamous cell carcinoma.
Cow unable to rise, obturator paralysis.
•
90-day
Sacrificed to provide tissues for plutonium standard
216
M
Hoi stein 1140 03/13/74
reference library.
Sacrificed to provide tissues for plutonium standard
reference library.
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^
I
I
M. DEER 2
•(« V*
1 I
<*'•
4^\ I
Pahute CP ^/D.EER
^TNTS BEEF HERD'
'
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the locations of the herds and facilities. The management of the beef herd
and soil and range surveys of the Area 18 grazing area have been published
previously (Smith 1970a, Leavitt 1970, and Brown and Mason 1968). Reports
have also.been published on the management of the dairy herd (Smith and Engel
1969, Smith 1970b, and Smith 1973).
Tissue samples were collected from five Nevada Test Site mule deer during
1974. (See table 2 for vital statistics.) Two of the deer were collected by
hunting, two were collected after being struck by a motor vehicle, and one
died during a capture attempt. Collection locations are noted on figure 1.
Other Nevada Test Site animals sampled included four jackrabbits collected
at the Area 15 farm, and eight jackrabbits collected in the beef grazing area
of Area 18. Also collected were three coyotes at the Area 15 farm, a bobcat
sampled following a road kill near Gate 700, and a horse that died of natural
causes in Area 30.
Through the cooperation of State and Federal wildlife officials and
participating hunters, tissue and/or rumen ingesta samples were collected from
19 desert bighorn sheep (Ovis oanadensis nelsoni) during the annual hunt. The
vital statistics of these animals are presented in table 3 and the collection
sites are shown in figure 2. Most of the animals were collected from Clark
County in southern Nevada with five coming from the Desert National Wildlife
Range. Two rams were collected from west-central Nevada near Lone Mountain
in Esmeralda County.
Samples were also collected from a feral burro that expired during
capture efforts. These samples were collected by Dr. Charles Douglas of
the National Park Service. The collection location is noted on figure 2.
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TABLE 2. VITAL STATISTICS OF NEVADA TEST SITE WILDLIFE SAMPLED DURING 1974
CT>
Animal
No.
Mule Deer-1
Mule Deer-2
Mule Deer-3
Mule Deer-4
Mule Deer-5
Horse
Burro
Coyote-1
Coyote-2
Coyote -3
Bobcat
Rabbit-l-A-15
Rabbit-2-A-15
Rabbit-3-A-15
Rabbit-4-A-15
Sex
F
M
M
M
M
F
M
F
F
M
M
F
F
F
F
Estimated
Age
(yrs)
Unk
Unk
Unk
2.5
8-9
Aged
Unk
Adult
0.5
0.5
Adult
Adult
Adult
Adult
Adult
Estimated
Weight
(kg)
51
23
Unk
55
85
400
Unk
12
5
6
8
—
—
—
--
Date
Collected
01/30/74
05/02/74
07/18/74
10/18/74
11/25/74
01/16/74
01/24/74
02/19/74
07/01/74
07/01/74
10/21/74
04/16/74
05/24/74
05/09/74
05/09/74
Remarks
Collected Area 30, pregnant.
Collected near U12N tunnel, Area 12.
Road kill, Area 12, partly eaten by predators.
Died from overdose of nicotine alkaloid fired from
capture gun, Echo Peak, Area 19.
Road kill, 0.5 mi. W. of junction of Road 19-03 and
Pahute Mesa Road, Area 19.
Found in shallow arroyo in Area 30, 5 to 6 miles
SW. of C.P. along jeep trail.
Johnson -Canyon, SW. end of Death Valley National
Monument. Samples collected from animal who died
during capture efforts by Dr. Douglas, National
Park Service.
Collected 1.5 mi. S. of Area 15 farm.
Struck in head by truck, alfalfa lands, Area 15
farm.
Struck in head by truck, alfalfa lands, Area 15
farm.
Road kill, 1 mi. W. of Gate 700.
Jackrabbit, collected Area 15 farm, lactating.
Jackrabbit, collected Area 15 farm.
Jackrabbit, collected Area 15 farm, lactating.
Jackrabbit, collected Area 15 farm, lactating.
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TABLE 2. CONTINUED
An i ma 1
No.
Rabbit-l-A-18
Rabbit-2-A-18
Rabbit-3-A-18
Rabbit-4-A-18
Rabbit-5-A-18
Rabbit-5-A-18
Rabbit-7-A-18
Sex
M
M
M
F
F
F
M
Estimated
Age
(yrs)
Adult
Adult
Adult
Adult
Adult
Young
Young
Estimated
Weight Date
(kg) Collected
05/11/74
05/11/74
05/11/74
05/11/74
05/11/74
05/11/74
' -- 05/11/74
Remarks
Jackrabbit, collected junction Buckboard Mesa
Road and Airport Road, Area 8. Severe trauma of
gastrointestinal tract with contents contamina-
ting tissues.
Jackrabbit, collected Road 18-03 between Airport
Road and Buckboard Mesa Road.
Jackrabbit, collected Road 18-03 between Airport
Road and Buckboard Mesa Road.
Jackrabbit, collected intersection of Buckboard
Mesa Road and Road 18-03, lactating.
Jackrabbit, collected intersection of Buckboard
Mesa Road and Road 18-03, lactating.
Jackrabbit, collected % mi. W. of Pahute airstrip
on Buckboard Mesa Road.
Jackrabbit, collected % mi . N. of Pahute airstrip.
Unk = Unknown
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TABLE 3. VITAL STATISTICS OF DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP SAMPLED DURING 1974
Animal
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
00
7
8
9
10
11
Estimated
Age Date
(yrs) Collected
8
11
7
7
8
6
7
6
5
8
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2/14/74
2/09/74
1/25/74
2/15/74
1/29/74
1/19/74
1/27/74
1/16/74
1/27/74
2/12/74
1/28/74
Ki dney
Ki dney
Ki dney
Lung,
Ki dney
Samples
Collected
, lungs, rumen ingesta
, rumen ingesta
, lung, rumen ingesta
rumen ingesta
, lung
Bone, kidney, lung, rumen
ingesta
Bone,
Bone
Kidney
Ki dney
Bone
kidney, rumen ingesta
, rumen ingesta
Remarks
Hunter
Hunter
Hunter
Hunter
Hunter
Hunter
Range.
Hunter
Valley.
Hunter
Hunter
Hunter
Hunter
(DNWR).
ki
ki
ki
ki
ki
ki
11,
1
1
1
1,
1,
1,
11,
1
kil
ki
1
1,
1,
1,
kill,
ki
ki
1
1
1,
1,
Eldorado Mountains.
N. McCul lough Mountains.
Devi 1 s
Devils
Meadow
Peak.
Peak.
Valley.
Blue Myer Tank, N. Highland
Black
Mountain in Pinto
E. Mormon Peak.
Muddy
Black
0.5 mi
Mountain.
Mountain, Pinto Valley.
W. of Sawmill Junction
12
12/16/74 Bone, liver, lung, rumen
ingesta
Hunter kill, one canyon S. of Indian Canyon
Reservoir, Desert National Wildlife Range
(DNWR).
13
8
12/05/74 Kidney, liver, rumen ingesta Hunter kill, Cherry Canyon, DNWR.
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TABLE 3. CONTINUED
Estimated
Animal Age Date
No. (yrs) Collected
Samples
Collected
Remarks
14
15
16
17
18
19
5 11/16/74 Bone, kidney, liver, rumen
ingesta
7 11/24/74 Kidney, rumen ingesta
5 11/15/74 Lung
6 11/16/74 Lung
11/15/74 Bone, kidney, liver, lungs,
rumen ingesta
11/17/74 Lungs
Hunter kill, 3 mi N. of Callville Bay,
Lake Mead.
Hunter kill, White Rock Spring, DNWR.
Hunter kill, Ice House Canyon west side
of Silver Peak Mountain.
Hunter kill, Eagle Canyon, 7 mi N. of
Nelson, Nevada.
Hunter kill, east side Gass Peak (DNWR).
Hunter kill, Lone Mountain W. of Tonopah,
Nevada.
DNWR = Desert National Wildlife Range
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Q.C. SMT /
TEMPIUTE /
GOLDFIELD
HANCOCK "SMT.
COYOTE SMT,
I
I
NELLIS
AIR FORCE
RANGE
|DESERT
I NATIONAL
JWILDLIFE
RANGE
PRINGDALE
LATHROP WELLS
FURNACE
CREEK
CACTUS SPRINGS SPRINGS
IS
PAHRUMP
BURROH \ DEATH
VALLEY JCT.
LAS VEGAS
SHOSHONE
RIDGECREST
SEARCHLIGHT
Figure 2. Approximate collection sites of 1974 desert bighorn sheep.
10
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ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES AND METHODS
Samples of soft tissue and rumen contents were qualitatively and quanti-
tatively analyzed by gamma spectroscopy. A urine or blood sample from each
animal was analyzed for tritium. The bone was analyzed for strontium-89 and
-90, uranium-234, -235, and -238, and plutonium-238 and -239. Selected soft
tissues were also analyzed for plutonium and uranium content.
Rumen contents and soft tissues of sufficient volume (the latter were
ground) were placed in 1,000-milliliter polyethylene Marinelli beakers prior
to gamma analysis. Those of smaller volume, i.e., thyroid, tracheo-bronchial
lymph nodes, kidneys, etc., were first macerated in a blender, then suspended
in agar, and finally placed in 200-milliliter sealed aluminum containers. All
samples were analyzed for approximately 1,200 minutes on lithium-drifted
germanium detectors calibrated at approximately 0.4 KeV per channel between
the 0 to 2 MeV range. These detectors are connected to a POP 11/20 computer
for gamma spectral data accumulation and analysis.
Tissues for strontium, plutonium, and uranium analysis were prepared by
dry ashing. Plutonium and uranium were analyzed by alpha spectroscopy
(Talvitie 1971, 1972). Other radionuclide analytical procedures used at the
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory-Las Vegas were described
previously (Johns 1975).
Activity values for plutonium-239 listed in this report are actually the
sum of the individual isotopic activities of plutonium-239 and plutonium-240.
The alpha emissions of these two isotopes cannot be separately identified
(resolved) by alpha spectrometric analysis.
All data are reported with the 95 percent confidence level counting error
and are corrected to time of sample collection. Results which show a net
sample activity less than the two-sigma counting error are reported as less
than the minimum detectable activity. The approximate minimum detectable
activities and analytical procedures are summarized in appendix A.
11
-------
Tissue and lesion samples collected for histopathological examination
were first fixed in a 10-percent formalin solution. They were then dehydrated
with alcohol and embedded in paraffin prior to sectioning with a microtome.
A 5-microraeter section was placed on a glass slide, stained with hematoxylin
and eosin, and delivered to a pathologist for interpretation.
When fresh blood was available, two milliliters were withdrawn from the
jugular vein, placed in a heparinized tube, and two blood-smear slides made.
These were airmailed to the United Medical Laboratories, Inc., of Portland,
Oregon, where a complete blood-cell count and a differential count were
made. Other analyses performed included hemoglobin, hematocrit, and packed
cell volume.
If available, a 200- to 400-gram sample of rumen ingesta was collected
from each desert bighorn sheep. These samples were frozen until prepared
for analysis by washing and screening. An aliquot was then examined under
a binocular microscope for identification of individual species of browse,
forbs, and grasses (Munz and Keck 1965 and Hitchcock 1950). After the
species in the sample were identified, a visual estimate of the percentage
of each species was made and recorded (Leach 1956).
12
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
NEVADA TEST SITE CATTLE
The analytical results from tissues collected from the Nevada Test Site
grazing beef cattle during May and October of 1974 are presented in the tables
of appendix B anc C, respectively. Data from tissues of animals maintained in
the corrals of the Area 15 Farm are presented in the tables of appendix D.
The only gamma-emitting radionuclide that was consistently detected was
the naturally occurring potassium-40. Occasionally, detectable levels of
cesium-137 were found in the rumen contents and soft tissues of the Area 18
range cattle. The highest level of cesium-137 reported was 53 ± 39 picocuries/
kilogram of muscle from an aged Area 18 cow sampled in May of 1974.
Tritium levels in the blood collected from the Area 18 cattle ranged from
less than 240 picocuries/liter to 530 picocuries/liter. Tritium values for
the Area 15 corralled cattle were slightly higher with a range of 500 to
800 picocuries/liter, which is somewhat lower than the values for corralled
cattle during 1971, 1972, and 1973 (Smith and Giles 1975, Smith et al., 1976,
and 1977).
As shown in figure 3, strontium-90 values in femur samples from grazing
cattle averaged 3.4 picocuries/gram of ash which is nearly the same as the 1972
and 1973 averages. The peak strontium-90 value of 9.2 picocuries/gram of ash
was found in the femur of an aged cow (15+ years) that was sacrificed in May.
Strontium-89 was not detectable in any femurs.
Plutonium-238 is present in the environment primarily as a result of the
burnup of the SNAP-9A power source (Krey and Krajewski 1972, Hardy et. al.,
1972). The expected ratio of plutonium-239 to plutonium-238 is roughly 25.
However, Patterson et al. (1974) and Matlack et al. (1976) have reported that
plutonium-238 may be more rapidly solubilized and thus potentially more mobile
in the environment than plutonium-239. Thus, it is possible that the plutonium
239:238 ratios for animal tissue (intake results are in part from plutonium
13
-------
-s
fD
CO
BJ >
3 3
Q. 3
a
r> 01
QJ - 1
<-t-
c-h OJ
UD Cd
en fD
LJJ
1_
CO
2: s
o
-s
fD
^•BIGHORN SHEEP
CZZ1DEER
ZZZ CATTLE
(NUMBER OF BONE SAMPLES FROM
EACH SPECIES IS LISTED ADJACENT
TO THE CORRESPONDING BAR)
1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
CL
fD
fD
-5
-------
intake from plants) may be lower than the ratios for fallout and soil. Data
tables in the appendices tend to support this assumption. During this report
period, alpha spectrometry analyses were made on several counting systems,
some of which had high background count rates. This is reflected by abnormally
high minimum detectable activities or "less than" values reported for certain
samples in the tables of this report. Differences in sample size and chemical
yield may result in wide variation in the "less than" values.
The uranium isotopic ratios for some of the samples in the appendices are
different from the expected natural ratios (uranium-234, -235, and -238, approxi-
mately 1:0.05:1). These differences may relate to varying enrichment of the
contaminating nuclear material, analytical or sampling error, and/or solubility
differences. Several investigators (Osmund 1974, Thurber 1962) have found that
the 1:1 ratio of uranium-234 to uranium-238 found in natural uranium does not
hold true for samples that have undergone leaching or partial dissolution. It
is thought that uranium-234 becomes more soluble than uranium-238 because of
recoil fractionation of the isotopic matrix during the decay process. Results
of the long term hydrological monitoring program at the Nevada Test Site
reported in the annual Environmental Monitoring reports (Monitoring Applications
Laboratory 1975, and Monitoring Operations Division 1976) show relative
activity ratios for isotopes on the order of 4:0.05:1.
The median values of actinide data from the tables in appendices B, C, and
D are summarized in table 4. The increased actinide levels during October that
were observed in rumen contents were also noted in 1973. This may be related
to the range conditions at that time of the year, i.e., forage is scant and dry
and more soil is probably ingested during the grazing processes.
Figures 4, 5, and 6 show comparisons of plutonium-239 levels in lungs,
livers, and femurs from the Area 18 beef herd from the years 1971 through 1974.
As there is considerable overlapping of the ranges reported, no clear trends
are readily apparent and levels reported appear to remain relatively constant.
Femur and lung data are nearly identical for each year with liver being a
factor of 2 or 3 lower.
Tissues from Nevada Test Site deer collected during these years also show
similar ranges in values. However, tissues from cattle maintained at the
15
-------
Area 15 Farm are usually two to three times higher than for the Area 18 beef
cattle. This is probably a reflection of a higher degree of contamination
at this facility. Plutonium-239 levels in seven soil samples collected from
Area 18 during 1973 ranged from 0.18 ± 0.045 picocuries/gram to 1.8 ± 0.18
picocuries/gram with a median of 0.42 ± 0.078 picocuries/gram. Two soil
samples from Area 15 Farm were 1.1 ±0.12 picocuries/gram and
33 ± 2.2 picocuries/gram, respectively.
16
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TABLE 4. MEDIAN VALUES OF ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN TISSUES
FROM NEVADA TEST SITE CATTLE (pCi/kg wet wt.)
ACTINIDE AND HERD
Tissue
Lungs
Tracheo-Bronchial
Lymph Nodes
Muscles
Livers
Rumen Contents
Reticulum Sediments
Vertebrae
Femurs
May1
<0.41
<1.9
0.11
0.24
0.57
<16
0.75
0.79
238Pu
Oct2
<0.32
<3.9
<0.12
<0.6
2.8
<28
NS
<0.7
CC3 May
<0.26 1.9
<1.6 <5.7
<0.08 0.2
0.2* 0.4
0.37* 4.3
660* 36
NS 1
<1.3* 1.3
239pu
Oct
1.7
<27.3
<0.22
<1.1
25
115
NS
1.1
CC
0.5
2.4
<0.05
1.4*
3.3*
3,400*
NS
*
<1.4
May
0.39
1.4
0.17
<0.29
3.1
1,700
0.3
0.7
23tu
Oct
0.58
3.3
0.18
0.32
7.5
380
NS
7.8
SAMPLED
CC
0.33
2.1
0.28
1.4*
7.9*
310*
NS
2.5
May
<0.11
<0.45
<0.06
<0.07
0.15
130
<0.08
<0.18
23E|J
Oct
0.07
<1.2
0.03
<0.18
0.34
41
NS
<2.2
CC
0.03
<0.6
<0.06
0.21*
0.26*
*
10
NS
<0.6
May
0.41
1.4
<0.11
<0.3
2.2
610
0.15
0.57
238(J
Oct
0.35
<1.5
0.07
0.31
7.3
400
NS
7.7
CC
0.21
2.7
0.2
0.36*
5.5*
330*
NS
1.5
= Beef cattle sampled'in May
20ct = Beef cattle sampled in October
3CC = Corralled cattle from Area 15 which are sampled throughout the year.
*Samples from only Cow No. 21 analyzed
NS = Not sampled.
-------
10.0-
1.0-
o>
at
CO
CM
0.1-
18 pCi
[14]
[10]
0
o
[9. [
0
[11]
0
)= RANGE AND MEDIAN OF DATA >MDA
I RANGE AND MEDIAN WHEN VALUES
|= NO. OF SAMPLES
001-
1971
1972
1973
1974
Figure 4.
Ranges and median values of 239Pu in fresh lung tissues from Area 18
range cattle 1971-1974.
18
-------
10.0—*
[10]
1.0
CM
0.1—
[11] [12]
m
s
[4
m
' T
1 [6] [10
I I
1
1
1
1
(
N 1 [8] [10]
(•) 1
i
1 (
L I
\
1
•
' T
1
) 1
" T
1
I
i
i
i
> i
1
$
i
i
i
. ±
Y
1
>= RANGE AND MEDIAN OF DATA>MDA
I RANGE AND MEDIAN WHEN VALUES
9=
-------
10.0i
ffl
1.0-
o
3
CO
csj
[1
fi
m
G [12] [
7
i
i
i
1 C
I
i
i
i
. J.
G C1
• 1
L
•
•
a
H
>
L
•
• T
Q
<*
1
•
0.1—
I
; = RANGE AND MEDIAN OF DATA >MDA
1
I RANGE AND MEDIAN WHEN VALUES
Y'= NO. OF SAMPLES
001-
1971
1972
1973
1974
Figure 6.
Ranges and median values of 239Pu in fresh fenur tissues from Area 18
range cattle 1971-1974
20
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MULE DEER
The analytical results from tissues of the Nevada Test Site mule deer are
presented in the tables of appendix E. In general, these data are similar to
those reported for the Nevada Test Site beef cattle. Other than potassium-40,
the only gamma-emitting radionuclide detected was cesium-137 which was found
in one muscle sample (20 picocuries/kilogram) and one sample of rumen contents.
The average strontium-90 level in back bones from these deer was
2.6 picocuries/gram of ash which is nearly identical to the 2.7 picocuries/
gram of ash reported in 1973 (see figure 3).
Actinide levels in antlers collected from two deer are generally higher
than those found in the bones from the same animal. Perhaps this is a
reflection of the rapid mineral metabolism required to form the antlers.
The median values of actinide levels in Nevada Test Site mule deer are
shown in table 5. Levels are of the same magnitude as those reported in 1973
(Smith, et. al, 1977). Actinide levels in the rumen contents of the mule
deer were lower than those reported for the Nevada Test Site cattle. This is
probably a reflection of their eating habits, as deer are browsers rather than
grazers. Also, in general, their habitat is less contaminated than the
Area 18 range.
TABLE 5. MEDIAN VALUES OF ACTINIDE LEVELS IN 1974 NEVADA
TEST SITE DEER TISSUES (pCi/kg Wet wt.)
Tissue
Lungs
Muscle
Liver
Rumen Contents
Bone
238pu
0.43
<0.21
<0.35
0.12
<0.8
239pu
0.13
<0.14
<0.31
1.5
0.77
234U
0.26
<0.4
0.18
1.8
1.1
235u
<0.04
<0.11
0.06
0.07
<0.3
238U
0.32
<0.22
0.12
1.6
0.6
21
-------
DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP
Analytical data from the tissues of desert bighorn sheep are listed in
the tables of appendix F. The only gamma-emitting radionuclides detected,
other than the naturally occurring potassium-40, was cesium-137 which was
found occasionally in rumen contents and kidney tissue. Muscle tissues were
not collected.
Tritium levels in the aqueous portion of kidney tissues ranged from
230 to 1,400 picocuries/liter with a median value of 580 picocuries/liter.
This was slightly higher than that reported for 1973 when the range and median
were 240 to 730 picocuries/liter and 390 picocuries/liter, respectively.
However, these are still considered to be within environmental concentrations
as water samples collected during 1974 from the Vegas Wash area of Lake Mead
averaged 910 picocuries/liter with a range of 680 to 1,200 picocuries/liter
(Monitoring Applications Laboratory 1975).
The average strontium-90 concentration from seven bone samples was
3.9 picocuries/gram of ash as shown in figure 3. This is not significantly
different from the 4.1 picocuries/gram of ash average from 1973. As in most
previous years, strontium levels were higher in the desert bighorn sheep than
the other two ruminant species sampled. This result is probably due to their
habitat being at higher elevations (more precipitation) and to the older age
of sampled animals which is higher because of hunting regulations.
The median values of actinide levels in liver, lung, and bone tissues
from desert bighorn sheep are shown in table 6. Detectable levels of
plutonium-238 were found in only one of seven bone samples and plutonium-239
was found in two of the seven. As in 1973, uranium levels were of higher
magnitude in all tissue samples from these sheep than from ruminants on the
Nevada Test Site. This is ascribed to the presence of higher levels of
naturally occurring uranium in the soils of the desert bighorn sheep habitat
(Garside 1973).
22
-------
TABLE 6. MEDIAN VALUES OF ACTINIDE LEVELS IN 1974 DESERT
BIGHORN SHEEP TISSUES (pCi/kg wet wt.)
Tissue
Lungs
Liver*
Bone
238pu
<0.22
<0.8
<0.98
239pu
0.27
2.9
0.9
234y 235y
1.5 0.19
6.1 <1.1
7.3 <2.1
238y
0.7
4.9
9.2
*0nly one sample analyzed
NEVADA TEST SITE HORSE AND DEATH VALLEY BURRO
Selected tissues from these*two animals were submitted for the various
analyses listed in the tables of appendix G. As the horse was in advanced
stages of decay when found, only muscle and bone samples were collected. Com-
parison of these two tissues with those from the burro reveals few differ-
ences except that plutonium-239 activity in femur from the horse was 4.7 pico-
curies/kilogram of wet weight, while none was detected in the burro femur.
Strontium-90 concentration in the horse femur was 14 picocuries/kilogram which
is probably related to its advanced age. Similar levels have been observed
in old cattle from the Area 18 range.
NEVADA TEST SITE CARNIVORES
Available data from the tissues of Nevada Test Site carnivores are listed
in the tables of appendix H. At the present time, many of the tissues are
still in analysis with a complete set of data from only muscle and bone tissues
The wide spread in these available data does not permit meaningful interpreta-
tion. The bone data from the two young coyotes collected at Area 15 are
remarkably similar. However, this is not true for the muscle tissues of the
same animals. Strontium values from all four carnivores are considerably
higher than that observed in herbivores sampled.
Of the gamma-emitting radionuclides, only potassium-40 and cesium-137 were
routinely detected in soft tissue. However, zirconium-95, ruthenium-103 meta-
stable rhodium-102, and americium-241 were detected on the pelt and in the
stomach contents of certain of these animals. The source of the relatively
23
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short-lived radionuclides (zirconium-95 and ruthenium-103) is thought to have
been the atmospheric nuclear tests conducted by the People's Republic of China
on June 26, 1973, and June 17, 1974. Both of these radionuclides were found
in air filters collected by the Air Surveillance Network, Monitoring Applica-
tions Laboratory (1975).
NEVADA TEST SITE RABBITS
Tissues from jackrabbits from both the Area 15 and Area 18 ranges were
collected and analyzed. These data are tabulated in the tables of appendices I
and J. Ranges of actinide analyses of individual bone and muscle samples from
the two areas showed much overlapping. The elevated plutonium levels in the
muscle of Area 15 rabbit no. 3 might be due to contamination of the tissues
with soil as a result of the trauma of collection by shotgun fire. Comparisons
of composite samples of liver, lungs, skin, and stomach contents also revealed
few differences. However, uranium and plutonium-239 levels in Area 15 samples
tended to be somewhat higher. Gamma-emitting radionuclides in gastrointestinal
contents of Area 15 rabbits also showed a greater variety with sodium-22,
cobalt-60, and americium-241 reported. The tritium level in water from muscle
of an Area 15 rabbit was 6,000 picocuries/liter. Levels of this magnitude
have been reported in Area 15 animals in the past (Smith et al., 1976 and
1977).
NEVADA TEST SITE WATERS
Several natural springs and drainage ponds that serve as a source of
water for wildlife were sampled during 1974. Detectable levels of gamma-
emitting radionuclides or tritium were not found in any natural springs.
However, water samples collected from Haines Pond which receives drainage
from E tunnel, Area 12, contained 4.2 x lo6 ± 5.6 x 103 picocuries/liter of
tritium and 45 ± 9.7 picocuries/liter of cesium-137. Elevated levels in
samples from these waters have been detected previously (Smith et al., 1976
and 1977).
NECROPSY AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS
All sacrificed animals were necropsied and selected tissue and lesion
samples were collected for histopathological evaluation. Animals that died
24
-------
from natural causes were also necropsied if a prosector was available and
histopathological specimens collected if unaffected by postmortem changes.
The gross and microscopic pathologies observed are summarized in appendix L.
Also included are the results of hematology examinations when performed.
As in previous years, a frequent histopathological finding was the
presence of sarcocysts in muscle tissue. This ubiquitous parasite is com-
monly found in cattle from other areas and has little clinical significance.
Other histopathological findings were usually consistent with the general con-
dition of the individual animal. Ocular squamous cell carcinoma (Cow no. 12)
is frequently observed in aged Hereford cattle exposed to the sun (Moulton
1961). No pathology, gross or microscopic, was observed that could be directly
attributed to radiation.
HYPOTHETICAL DOSE ESTIMATES
Although meat from animals living on the Nevada Test Site is not available
for consumption by the general public, the dose to a standard man based on
postulated consumption of the meat can be calculated. The dose estimates are
not presented as an implication of potential doses, but rather to place the
reported radionuclide concentrations in perspective. The dose estimates are
based on the techniques and parameters of the International Commission on
Radiation Protection (1959, 1968) and Dillman (1969), the maximum observed con-
centrations of the radionuclides in edible tissues of the cattle and deer sam-
pled (summarized in table 7), and the postulated consumption of 500 grams
(about 1 pound) of the meat each day for a year. As shown in table 8, the
hypothetical dose to man from any one radionuclide would never exceed 0.1 per-
cent of the minimum guide. Hence, one would assume little human health hazard
exists under these circumstances.
The International Commission on Radiation Protection (1959) and the
U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration (1975) present different
dose criteria for various parts of the body, based on estimates of relative
radiosensitivity. The National Council on Radiation Protection and Measure-
ments (1971) recognizes this philosophy, but for the general population
recommends simplifying the guides, and uses the minimum guide (0.5 rem per
year for the whole body) for all body organs. The National Council on
25
-------
TABLE 7. SUMMARY OF PEAK RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN EDIBLE TISSUE
FROM NEVADA TEST SITE CATTLE AND DEER (pCi/kg fresh wt.)
Nuclide
23tU
235U
238U
238pu
239pu
137Cs
3H
Area 18 Cattle
May 1974
Muscle Liver
0.21 (<2.5)t 0.63
0.093 (<1.2) <0.22
0.15 (<2.3) 0.52
0.43 (<4) 0.31 (<0.39)
0.66 (<3.1) 1
53
-------
TABLE 8. POSTULATED DOSE TO MAN FOLLOWING INGESTION OF SELECTED TISSUES FOR 1 YEAR
f\3
Isotope
3Hb
137Cs
234U
234U
235u
235J
238J
238U
238pu
238pu
239pu
Human Organ for Which
Dose was Calculated
Body water
Whole body tissue
Bone
Bone
Bone
Bone
Bone
Bone
Bone
Bone
Bone
Animal Tissue Containing
Maximum Concentration
NTS mule deer
Area 18 cattle, May 74, muscle
NTS Corralled cattle, liver
Area 18 cattle, May 74, muscle
NTS Corralled cattle, liver
Area 18 cattle, May 74, muscle
Area 18 cattle, May 74, liver
Area 18 cattle, May 74, muscle
Area 18 cattle, May 74, muscle
Area 18 cattle, May 74, muscle
Area 18 cattle, Oct 74, liver
pCi/kg of
Tissue
940
53
1.4
<2.5
0.2
<1.2
0.52
<2.3
0.43
<4
3.1
Dose Factor
mrem:pCi/day
(1-y ingestion)
3.6 x 10"5
0.022
0.019
0.019
0.018
0.018
0.017
0.017
0.27
0.27
0.32
Dose
(mrem)
0.02
0.6
0.01
<0.02
0.002
<0.01
0.004
<0.02
0.06
<0.5
0.5
Percent of
0.5 rema
<0.01
0.1
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.01
<0.1
0.1
aThe doses from uranium and plutonium-238 and -239, and to a lesser extent cesium-137 are not delivered
within the 1-year ingestion period, but, for simplification the doses have been related to the guide for
1-year. The doses for uranium and plutonium are actually for a 50-year period, but it should be recognized
that the doses are resulting from ingestion over a 1-year period.
The tritium concentration was for blood. It is assumed the muscle concentration (water plus organic) per
kilogram was equal to the blood concentration per liter.
-------
Radiation Protection and Measurements emphasizes that this is a simplifying
administrative decision, rather than a reduction of the guides based on new
technical information.
Table 7 presents a summary of the maximum observed concentrations in
edible tissues of the animals. The indicated error terms are the two-sigma
counting error. The total analytical error or uncertainty (two-sigma) for
the plutonium and uranium results is estimated to be about 200 femtocuries/
kilogram for results of several hundred femtocuries/kilogram, or several
times the indicated counting errors. Thus, values under several hundred
femtocuries have limited statistical significance.
Table 8 indicates postulated doses based on the maximum concentrations
for the various nuclides taken from the data summarized in table 7. The
column on the right indicates the respective fraction of the guide of
500 millirems/year for the various postulated doses. The doses from pluto-
nium, uranium, and to a lesser extent, cesium-137, are not delivered in
1 year. For practical purposes, however, the integrated doses for a 1-year
ingestion period are related to the yearly guide.
The highest postulated dose, 0.6 millirem, is for cesium-137. This is
for muscle from a cow in Area 18. All of the other postulated doses are less
than 0.1 millirem except for a value for plutom'um-239 from bovine liver and
for plutonium-238 from bovine muscle. Due to the low level of the uranium
and plutonium results, many of the "less than" results were greater than
actual values. Thus, postulated doses were calculated for the actually
detected values and for the listed "less than" values.
FOOD HABITS ANALYSIS
In addition to tissue samples from desert bighorn sheep that were col-
lected for radionuclide analyses, rumen ingesta samples were collected for
food habit analyses. These data are presented for each individual animal
sampled in appendix K and are summarized in table 9.
The animals collected on the Desert National Wildlife Range (see
figure 2) are discussed and presented as a single grouping because of their
geographical relationship. The data from the remaining animals are composited
28
-------
TABLE 9. SUMMARY - FOOD HABITS OF 12 DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP IN
NEVADA DURING NOVEMBER AND DECEMBER 1974
Species
Grasses
Oryzopsis hymenoides
Sitanion hystrix
Unidentified grasses
Bromus tectorum
Poa spp.
Hilaria jamesii
Festuoa spp.
Bromus spp.
Grasses Subtotal 62.2
Forbs
Eriogomm spp.
Unidentified forbs
Euphorbia spp.
Chaenaotis spp.
Sphaeraloea ambigua
Er odium oioutarium
Gilia spp.
Helianthus spp.
Amsinokia spp.
Forbs Subtotal 7.3
Shrubs
Ephedra nevadensis
Unidentified shrubs
Eriogomm miarotheeum
Coleogyne ramosissima
Eurotia lanata
Artemis-la spp.
Artemisia tridentata
Ceanotkus spp.
Eriogomm fasoioulatum
Atriplex oonferti folia
Atriplex aanesaens
Ambrosia dumosa
Cowania mexiaana
Edhinooaotus acanthodes
Enoel'La farinosa
Garry a f laves cens
Shrubs Subtotal 26.5
Average
Volume
Percent
27.5
23.1
10.6
2.3
1.3
0.5
0.5
0.4
Percent
2.9
2.6
0.6
0.3
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.1
Percent
7.4
6.1
2.6
2.0
1.5
0.5
1.5
1.6
0.1
0.7
0.1
0.2
0.5
0.1
0.5
0.1
Percent
Frequency
Percent
100
100
67
33
25
8
8
8
58
58
25
25
17
8
8
8
8
50
75
25
25
17
17
17
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
Animals
12
12
8
4
3
1
1
1
7
7
3
3
2
1
1
1
1
6
9
3
3
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
29
-------
and presented as another separate group. The compositing of data from the
latter group was done because of the small sample size collected from any
specific geographical area.
The botanical composition of forage utilized by the desert bighorn sheep
collected on the Desert National Wildlife Range in the fall and winter 1974
showed that grasses exceeded 60 percent of the diet in all of the animals
examined. Browse species contributed slightly more than 23 percent with
animal number 18 having a high of 31 percent. The forbs in the rumen content
of these animals averaged nearly 7 percent of the total diet. However, no
forb species were found in the rumen of animal number 15. The principal grass
species consumed included Indian ricegrass (Oryzopsis hymenoides) with
37 percent, and squirrel tail grass (Sitanion hystvix) providing 19 percent of
the total diet. The major browse species consumed included Nevada joint fir
(Ephedra nevadensis), big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), winter fat
(Eurotia lanata), and shadscale (Atriplex confertifolia) contributing approxi-
mately 4.0, 4.0, 3.0, and 2.5 percent, respectively, of the total diet. The
forb that was most preferred by these animals was wild buckwheat (Eriogomm
spp.) which contributed slightly more than 2 percent of the diet.
The plant species utilized by the desert bighorn sheep collected in
southern Nevada, excluding the Desert National Wildlife Range, consisted pri-
marily of grasses with an average composition of 64 percent followed by browse
species contributing approximately 27 percent, and forbs providing 7 percent
of the total diet. The primary grass species utilized were squirrel tail grass
(Sitanion hystrix) with 25 percent, and Indian ricegrass (dryzopsis hymenoides)
contributing slightly more than 22 percent of the total diet. The major shrubs
consumed Nevada joint fir (Ephedra nevadensis}, Great Basin buckwheat brush
(Eriogonum microthecwn], blackbrush (Coleogyne ramosissima), and Ceanothus
(Ceanothus spp.) providing approximately 9.1, 2.8, 2.9, and 2.6 percent,
respectively. The principal forb consumed was wild buckwheat (Eriogonum spp.)
contributing 3.2 percent of the total diet.
In 1974, the type of vegetation consumed by the animals collected on the
Desert National Wildlife Range was comparable to that utilized by the sheep
collected during the fall of 1973 as reported by Brown et al. (1976). The
30
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primary difference was the presence of desert needle grass (Stipa speaiosa]
which contributed 13.9 percent of the total diet in 1973 but was not utilized
in 1974. Another interesting difference was the great amount of Mohave yucca
(Yuaaa sohidigera] found in the rumen content of the 1973 animals (17.4 percent
by composition), whereas this species wats absent in the 1974 animals.
A comparison between the food habits of the 1973 and 1974 desert bighorn
sheep collected from the Desert National Wildlife Range again shows the large
preference for grasses. Both the grass and forb composition percentage in
1973 was slightly higher than that exhibited by the 1974 sheep. The browse
species in 1973 were utilized to a much lesser degreee (14.9 percent) than in
1974. Perhaps one of the more interesting species utilized by the 1974
animals was barrel cactus (Eshinocactus acanthodes).
31
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OTHER ACTIVITIES
BEEF HERD
Semiannual roundups of the Area 18 beef herd were conducted in May and
October. At each roundup, all captured animals were examined, weighed, and
sprayed for ectoparasites. The 1974 calves were branded, vaccinated, identified
with tattoos and eartags, and when indicated were castrated and dehorned.
Twenty-one calves were weaned. The herd consisted of 99 animals at the end of
1974.
Nine yearling heifers from the beef herd were utilized for a study to
determine whether excretion of salts in urine and feces of feedlot animals
could be significantly reduced by varying the concentration of added NaCl in
their ration from 0.5 percent (accepted level) to 0 percent without affecting
their rate of weight gain. Data indicated that the group receiving 0.25 percent
added salt showed the best rate of gain and carcass yield. Results of this
study have been presented (Shuyler et al., 1975).
Two Hereford cows with a clinically diagnosed ocular squamous cell carci-
noma were treated with an extract from the creosote bush (Larrea divarlctata].
This experimental anticarcinogenic drug is being field tested as part of a
cooperative study with Dr. R. S. Pardini of the University of Nevada, Reno,
who developed the extract. Remission did not occur in the first animal
and it was sacrificed. The second animal is still being observed, but
remission has apparently occurred.
DEER MIGRATION STUDY
A protocol was developed to study the winter migration patterns of mule
deer that reside on the Nevada Test Site by placing collars containing a
radio transmitter around their necks. The senior investigator was trained in
the use of immobilizing drugs and equipment. Telemetry equipment (transmitter,
receiver, and antennas) was received and placed in the required configuration.
As this equipment was received after the deer began their winter migration
32
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efforts to capture deer were fruitless. Therefore, a transmitter collar was
placed on a free ranging beef animal so that familiarity with the equipment
and tracking procedures could be developed.
INVESTIGATIONS AND SURVEYS
During 1974, there were no livestock damage claims that required inves-
tigations.
PUBLIC INFORMATION
The off-site public information program continued by direct contact with
ranchers, by lectures to civic organizations, by public displays featuring a
fistulated steer, and by presentations to groups touring the Environmental
Monitoring and Support Laboratory-Las Vegas or the Nevada Test Site facili-
ties. During 1974, the objectives and findings of the Animal Investigation
Program were described to over 700 Nevada Test Site visitors in 25 different
tour groups.
Slides of various Nevada Test Site activities were included in a slide
and sound exhibit in the Federal government pavillion at EXPO 74 held from
May through October in Spokane, Washington.
33
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REFERENCES
Brown, K. W., and B. J. Mason. Range Survey. Area 18, Nevada Test Site.
SWRHL-52r. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, South-
western Radiological Health Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 42 pp. 1968
Brown, K. W., D. D. Smith, D. E. Bernhardt, K. R. Giles, and J. B. Helvie.
"Food Habits and Radionuclide Tissue Concentrations of Nevada Desert
Bighorn Sheep 1972-1973." pp. 61-68. Desert Bighorn Council 1975
Transactions. 72 pp. 1976. Also, EMSL-LV-539-6. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory,
Las Vegas, Nevada. 23 pp. 1976
Dillman, L. T. "Radionuclide decay schemes and nuclear parameters for use
in radiation-dose estimation." Medical Internal Radiation Dose
Committee. J. of Nucl. Med. Supplement No. 2. March 1969
Fountain, E. L. Off-Site Animal Investigation Project. Fourth Annual
Report. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Nevada Operations Office,
Las Vegas, Nevada. 32 pp. 1961
Garside, L. J. "Radioactive Mineral Occurrences in Nevada." Nevada Bureau
of Mines and Geology. University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada.
Bulletin 81. 121 pp. 1973
Hardy, E., P. Krey, and H. Volchok. Global Inventory and Distribution of
238Pu from SNAP-9A. HASL-250. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.
March 1972
Hitchcock, A. S. Manual of the Grasses of the United States. Misc. Publ.
200. U.S. Department of Agriculture. U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, DC. 1,051 pp. 1950
International Commission for Radiation Protection. Report of Committee II
on Permissible Dose for Internal Radiation. ICRP Report No. 2. 1959
International Commission for Radiation Protection. Evaluation of Radiation
Doses to Body Tissues from Internal Contamination Due to Occupational
Exposure. ICRP Report No. 10. 1968
Johns, F. B. National Environmental Research Center - Las Vegas Handbook of
Radiochemical Analytical Methods. EPA-680/4-75-001. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, National Environmental Research Center, Las Vegas,
Nevada. 140 pp. 1975
34
-------
Krey, P. W., and B. T. Krajewski. "Plutonium Isotopic Ratios at Rocky Flats."
pp. 1-67. HASL-249. Health and Safety Laboratory Fallout Program
Quarterly Summary Report. E. P. Hardy, Jr. 1-1 - F-l pp. 1972
Leach, H. R. "Food habits of the Great Basin deer herds of California."
California Fish and Game 42:243-308. 1956
Leavitt, V. D. Soil Survey of Area 18. Nevada Test Site. SWRHL-74r. U.S.
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Southwestern Radiological
Health Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 119 pp. 1970
Matlack, 6. M., J. H. Patterson, G. B. Nelson, and G. R. Waterburg. Dis-
solution Rates of 238PuQ2 and 239Pu02 in 1 M Perchloric Acid. UC-4.
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. 1976
Monitoring Applications Laboratory. Environmental Monitoring Report for the
Nevada Test Site and Other Test Areas Used for Underground Nuclear Deto-
nations. January Through December 1974. NERC-LV-539-39. U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, National Environmental Research Center, Las
Vegas, Nevada. 106 pp. 1975
Monitoring Operations Division. Environmental Monitoring Report for the
Nevada Test Site and Other Test Areas Used for Underground Nuclear Deto-
nations. January Through December 1975. EMSL-LV-539-4. U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring and Support Labora-
tory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 98 pp. 1976
Moulton, J. E. Tumors in Domestic Animals. University of California Press,
Berkeley and Los Angeles. 279 pp. 1961
Munz, P. A., and D. D. Keck. A California Flora. University of California
Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. 1,681 pp. 1965
National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. Basic Radiation
Protection Criteria. Report No. 39. 1971
Osmund, J. K. "Analysis of ground-water regimes by use of natural uranium
isotope variations." Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida.
32306. 1974
Patterson, J. H., G. B. Nelson, and G. M. Matlack. The Dissolution of
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Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, pp. 1-6. 1974
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by Feedlot Cattle in Response to Variations in Concentrations of Sodium
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Presented at the 3rd International Symposium on Livestock Wastes--1975
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1975. 1975
35
-------
Smith, D. D. Management History of the AEC Beef Herd - 1 June 1964-1 June
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1970a
Smith, D.-D. Status of the Bioenvironmental Research Experimental Dairy Herd •
July 1. 1966.through December 31, 1968. SWRHL-67r. U.S. Department of
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Smith, D. D. Status of the Environmental Protection Agency's Nevada Test Site
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Smith, D. D., and R. E. Engel. Progress Report for the Bioenvironmental
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36
-------
Thurber, D. L. "Natural Variations in the Ratio of U234 to U238." pp. 113-
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37
-------
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix
A Summary of Analytical Procedures and Minimum Detectable
Activities A-l
B Radionuclide Concentrations in Tissue Samples Collected
from Area 18 Cattle, May 1974
Table
B-l Actinide Concentrations in Lungs, Area 18 Cattle, May 1974 B-l
B-2 Actinide Concentrations in Tracheo-Bronchial Lymph Nodes,
Area 18 Cattle, May 1974 B-2
B-3 Actinide Concentrations in Muscles, Area 18 Cattle,
May 1974 B-3
B-4 Actinide Concentrations in Livers, Area 18 Cattle,
May 1974 B-4
B-5 Actinide Concentrations in Rumen Contents, Area 18
Cattle, May 1974 B-5
B-6 Actinide Concentrations in Reticulum Sediments,
Area 18 Cattle, May 1974 B-6
B-7 Actinide, Strontium, and Calcium Concentrations in
Vertebrae, Area 18 Cattle, May 1974 B-7
B-8 Actinide, Strontium, and Calcium Concentrations in
Femurs, Area 18 Cattle, May 1974 B-7
B-9 Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides and Tritium Concentrations
in Selected Tissues, Area 18 Cattle, May 1974 B-8
C Radionuclide Concentrations in Tissue Samples Collected from
Area 18 Cattle, October 1974
Table
C-l Actinide Concentrations in Lungs, Area 18 Cattle,
October 1974 C-l
-------
LIST OF APPENDICES CONTINUED
Table Page
C-2 Actinide Concentrations in Tracheo-Bronchial Lymph Nodes,
Area 18 Cattle, October 1974 C-2
C-3 Actinide Concentrations in Muscles, Area 18 Cattle,
October 1974 C-3
C-4 Actinide Concentrations in Livers, Area 18 Cattle,
October 1974 C-4
C-5 Actinide Concentrations in Rumen Contents, Area 18 Cattle,
October 1974 C-5
C-6 Actinide Concentrations in Reticulum Sediments, Area 18
Cattle, October 1974 C-6
C-7 Actinide Concentrations in Whole Fetuses, Area 18 Cattle,
October 1974 C-7
C-8 Actinide, Strontium, and Calcium Concentrations in Femur,
Area 18 Cattle, October 1974 C-8
C-9 Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides and Tritium Concentrations
in Selected Tissues, Area 18 Cattle, October 1974 C-9
Appendix
D Radionuclide Concentrations in Tissue Samples Collected from Nevada
Test Site Corralled Cattle, 1974
Table
D-l Actinide Concentrations in Lungs, Nevada Test Site Corralled
Cattle, 1974
D-2 Actinide Concentrations in Tracheo-Bronchial Lymph Nodes,
Nevada Test Site Corralled Cattle, 1974
D-3 Actinide Concentrations in Muscles, Nevada Test Site Corralled
Cattle, 1974 D-3
D-4 Actinide Concentrations in Livers, Nevada Test Site Corralled
Cattle, 1974 D-4
D-5 Actinide Concentrations in Other Tissues, Nevada Test Site
Corralled Cattle, 1974 D-5
-------
LIST OF APPENDICES CONTINUED
Table Page
D-6 Actinide, Strontium, and Calcium Concentrations in Femurs,
Nevada Test Site Corralled Cattle, 1974 D-5
D-7 Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides and Tritium Concentrations
in Selected Tissues, Nevada Test Site Corralled Cattle,
1974 D-6
Appendix
E Radionuclide Concentrations in Tissue Samples Collected from
Mule Deer, 1974 E-l
Table
E-l Actinide Concentrations in Lungs, Mule Deer, 1974 E-l
E-2 Actinide Concentrations in Muscles, Mule Deer, 1974 E-2
E-3 Actinide Concentrations in Livers, Mule Deer, 1974 E-3
E-4 Actinide Concentrations in Rumen Contents, Mule Deer, 1974 E-4
E-5 Actinide, Strontium, and Calcium Concentrations in Bones
(Hock), Mule Deer, 1974 E-5
E-6 Actinide, Strontium, and Calcium Concentrations in
Vertebrae, Mule Deer, 1974 E-6
E-7 Actinide, Strontium, and Calcium Concentrations in Antlers,
Mule Deer, 1974 E-7
E-8 Actinide Concentrations in Whole Fetus, Mule Deer No. 1,
1974 E-7
E-9 Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides and Tritium Concentrations
in Selected Tissues, Mule Deer, 1974 E-8
F Radionuclide Concentrations in Tissue Samples Collected from
Desert Bighorn Sheep
Table
F-l Actinide Concentrations in Lungs, Desert Bighorn Sheep,
1974 F-l
F-2 Actinide Concentrations in Liver, Desert Bighorn Sheep,
1974 F-2
-------
LIST OF APPENDICES CONTINUED
Table Page
F-3 Actinide, Strontium, and Calcium Concentrations in Bone,
Desert Bighorn Sheep, 1974 F-3
F-4 Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides and Tritium Concentrations
in Selected Tissues, Bighorn Sheep, 1974 F-4-1
Appendix
G Radionuclide Concentrations in Tissue Samples Collected from
Horse and Burro, 1974
Table
G-l Actinide and Strontium Concentrations in Tissue Samples
Collected from Horse and Burro, 1974 G-l
G-2 Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides and Tritium Concentrations
in Selected Tissues, Horse and Burro, 1974 G-2
H Radionuclide Concentrations in Tissue Samples Collected from
Nevada Test Site Carnivores
Table
H-l Actinide Concentrations in Muscles, Nevada Test Site
Carnivores, 1974 H-l
H-2 Actinide, Strontium, and Calcium Concentrations in
Bone, Nevada Test Site Carnivores, 1974 H-2
H-3 Actinide Concentrations of Selected Tissues, Nevada
Test Site Carnivores, 1974 H-3-1
H-4 Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides and Tritium Concentrations
in Selected Tissues, Nevada Test Site Carnivores, 1974 H-4
I Radionuclide Concentrations in Tissue Samples Collected from
Nevada Test Site, Area 15, Rabbits, 1974
Table
1-1 Actinide Concentrations in Muscles, Nevada Test Site,
Area 15, Rabbits, 1974 1-1
1-2 Actinide, Strontium, and Calcium Concentrations in
Bone, Nevada Test Site, Area 15, Rabbits, 1974 1-2
-------
LIST OF APPENDICES CONTINUED
Table Page
1-3 Actinide Concentrations in Composited Tissues, Nevada
Test Site, Area 15, Rabbits, 1974 1-3
1-4 Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides and Tritium Concentrations
in Selected Tissues, Nevada Test Site, Area 15, Rabbits,
1974 1-4
Appendix
J Radionuclide Concentrations in Tissue Samples Collected from
Nevada Test Site, Area 18, Rabbits, 1974
Table
J-l Actinide Concentrations in Muscles, Nevada Test Site,
Area 18, Rabbits, 1974 J-l
J-2 Actinide Concentrations in Whole Fetus, Nevada Test
Site, Area 18, Rabbit,No. 4, 1974 J-l
J-3 Actinide, Strontium, and Calcium Concentrations in
Bone, Nevada Test Site, Area 18, Rabbits, 1974 J-2
J-4 Actinide Concentrations in Composited Tissues, Nevada
Test Site, Area 18, Rabbits, 1974 J-3
J-5 Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides in Selected Tissues,
Nevada Test Site, Area 18, Rabbits, 1974 J-4
K Botanical Analyses of Desert Bighorn Sheep Rumen Contents,
1974 K-l
L Gross and Microscopic Pathology Found in Necropsied Animals L-l
-------
APPENDIX A. SUMMARY OF ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES AND MINIMUM DETECTABLE ACTIVITIES
Type of
Analysis
Gamma
spectroscopy
Analytical
Equipment
Lithium-drifted
germanium detectors
calibrated at
approximately
0.4 KeV per channel
input to 4096 chan-
nels resident in
the core of the POP
11/20 computer.
Counting
Period Analytical
(Min) Procedures
1- 1,200 Radionuclide concentrations
quantitated from gamma spec-
trum by POP 11/20 computer
using a least squares
technique.
Sample
Size
1,000-ml
Marinelli
beakers or
200-ml
aluminum
cans
Minimum Detectable Activities.
(pCi/total sample)
for" Mn. EOCO gszr IIMRU
12"Sb, 132Te, Isil, l^I,
I37Cs, 1<4°Ba, - 7 pCi
for 125Sb, ll(1Ce - 30 pCi
for 65Zn, 106Ru, '^Ce - 20
for i81H - 85 pCi
for 21*'Am - 35 pCi
for 32NA - 4 pCi
pCi
89-90$r
3H
Low-background 50
thin-window,
gas-flow propor-
tional counter
with a 5.7-cm
diameter window
(80 ug/cm2).
Automatic liquid 200
scintillation
counter with
output printer.
Chemical separation by 2 g of ash 89Sr
ion exchange. Separated 90Sr
sample counted successively;
activity calculated by
simultaneous equations.
5 pCi
2 pCi
Sample prepared by 5 ml •x 0.2 pCi/ml H20
distillation.
238t239pu
231* 235
238U
Alpha spectrometer
with 45 mm2, 300- ym
depletion depth
silicon surface
barrier detectors
operated in
vacuum chambers.
1,000- Ash sample is digested
1,400 with acid, separated
by ion exchange, elec-
troplated on stainless
steel planchet and
counted by alpha spec-
trometer.
100 g-1 kg
wet weight
1-10 g ash
^ 0.02 pCi
The minimum detectable activities in terms of total activity per sample for standard geometries and counting times
are based on a combination of a number of technical experiments and operational experience. By means of experi-
mentation, the minimum detectable activities have been defined as that activity which produced a ± 100 percent
deviation at the 95 percent confidence level. These values are approximations and are applicable to ideal conditions
and simple complexes of nuclides. Complex spectra or spectra showing naturally occurring radionuclides can raise
the minimum detectable activities considerably. The detection limit for each sample is defined as that radioactivity
which equals the two-sigma counting error. ..
-------
B-l. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN LUNGS, AREA 18 CATTLE, MAY 1974
DO
I
Animal
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Median
Range
238pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<320
12 ± 7.8
480 ±310
<5.3
<280
25 ± 9
500 ± 180
<6.5
<410
12
<410
<5,3-25
<280-480
239pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
95 ± 34
1,900 ± 680
32 + 10
1,300 ± 410
210 ± 7.2
1,100 ± 380
410 ± 41
8,100 ± 820
30 ± 11
1,900 ± 700
95
1,900
30-410
1,100-8,100
234U 235U
(fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*)
40 ± 17 <1.5
810 ± 350 <30
9.7 ± 9 <2.7
390 ± 360 <110
<4.2 <2.1
<220 <110
37 ± 8.5 <1.6
740 ± 170 <32
4.8 ± 3.8 <2.1
300 ± 240 <130
SAMPLE IN ANALYSIS
9.7 <2.1
390 <110
<4.2-40 <1.5-<2.7
<220-810 <30-<130
238U
(fCi/g Ash) Ash
(fCi/kg*) (%)
37+17 2
740 ± 340
9 ± 6.3 4
360 ± 250
<3 5.3
<160
31+8 2
630 + 160
6.5 + 4.6 6.3
410 ± 290
9 4
410
<3-37 2~ ,
<160-740 °"*
Wet weight
-------
B-2. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN TRACHEO-BRONCHIAL LYMPH NODES, AREA 18 CATTLE, MAY 1974
CO
I
ro
Animal
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Median
Range
238pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
<0.15
<1.7
<0.017
<2.1
<0.25
<1.3
0.67 ± 0.23
14 ± 5.6
<0.16
<1.4
<2.1
<6.4
<0.21
<1.9
-------
B-3. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN MUSCLES, AREA 18 CATTLE, MAY 1974
03
Animal
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Median
Range
238pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
26 ± 18
110 ± 77
<67
<4,000
5.6 ± 3.9
90 ± 63
<3.8
20 ± 7.1
430 ± 150
20
110
<3.8-<67
<17-<4,000
239pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
48 ± 20
200 ± 86
<52
<3,100
41 ± 8.1
660 ± 130
14 ± 5.1
62 ± 23
<4.8
<100
SAMPLE
41
200
<4.8-<52
62-<3,100
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
15 ± 10
61 ± 43
<42
<2,500
11 ± 4.1
170 ± 66
47 ± 9.6
210 ± 43
<3.4
<72
NOT ANALYZED
15
170
<3.4-47
61-<2,500
235y
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg )
<3.6
<20
<1,200
5.8 ± 3.1
93 ± 50
4.2 ± 2.9
19 ± 13
<2.8
<58
4.2
<58
<2.8-<20
<15-<1,200
238y
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg )
9.3 ± 7.4
39 ± 31
<38
<2,300
9.4 ± 3.9
150 ± 62
17 ± 5.6
78 ± 25
<5.2
9.4
<5.2-<38
39-<2,300
Ash
/ Ql \
\ h J
0.42
6
1.6
0.45
2.1
1.6
0.42-
6
Wet weight
-------
B-4. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN LIVERS, AREA 18 CATTLE, MAY 1974
Animal
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Median
Range
238pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
11 ± 7
310 ± 190
<15
<390
11 ± 7.9
160 + 110
<6
<47
SAMPLE IN
11
235
<47-<390
239pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
37 ± 13
1,000 ± 360
18 ± 8.5
470 ± 220
23 ± 7.9
320 ± 110
23 ± 7.6
180 ± 59
ANALYSIS
23
395
18-37
180-1,000
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
23 ± 11
630 ±310
<16
<410
12 ± 9.3
170+130
SAMPLE LOST
7.4 ± 4.4
58 ± 34
<5
<150
12
170
<5-23
58-630
235(J
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<2.6
<70
<8.5
<220
<4.2
<59
<1.5
<12
<2.1
<63
<2.6
<63
<12-<220
238U
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
19 ± 10
520 ± 280
<13
<340
11 ± 9.3
150 ± 130
4.7 ± 3.6
37 ± 28
5.0 ± 4.3
150 ± 130
11
150
4.7-19
37-520
Ash
(*)
2.7
2.6
1.4
2.3
0.78
3.0
2.3
0.78-
2.6
Wet weight
-------
B-5. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN RUMEN CONTENTS, AREA 18 CATTLE, MAY 1974
Animal
No.
1
2
3
4
co
c!n 5
6
MM J * —
Median
D «* vs r* r\
Kange
238pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
0.037 ± 0.011
0.7 ± 0.21
0.031 ± 0.009
0.58 ± 0.17
0.03 ± 0.011
0.57 ± 0.2
0.028 ± 0.01
0.54 ± 0.18
0.013 ± 0.008
0.24 ± 0.16
0.031
0.57
0.013-0.037
0.24-0.7
239pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
1.1 ± 0.1
20 ± 1.9
0.23 ± 0.026
4.3 ± 0.49
0.24 ± 0.028
4.3 ± 0.5
0.63 ± 0.063
12 ± 1.2
0.2 ± 0.025
3.8 ± 0.48
SAMPLE
0.24
4.3
0.2-1.1
3.8-20
23t(J
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
0.16 ± 0.019
3.1 ± 0.37
0.18 ± 0.023
3.4 ± 0.44
0.38 ± 0.041
6.8 ± 0.73
0.12 ± 0.016
2.2 ± 0.31
0.058 ± 0.011
1.1 ± 0.21
NOT COLLECTED
0.16
3.1
0.058-0.38
1.1-6.8
235U
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
0.012 ± 0.005
0.23 ± 0.099
0.008 ± 0.005
0.16 ± 0.085
0.008 ± 0.005
0.15 ± 0.096
0.006 ± 0.004
0.11 ± 0.066
<0.002
<0.042
0.008
0.15
<0.002-0.012
<0. 042-0. 23
238[J
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
0.12 ± 0.016
2.3 ± 0.31
0.12 ± 0.018
2.2 ± 0.34
0.19 ± 0.026
3.5 ± 0.46
0.079 ± 0.013
1.5 ± 0.25
0.014 ± 0.005
0.26 ± 0.098
0.12
2.2
0.014-0.19
0.26-3.5
Ash
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.8-
1.9
Wet weight
-------
B-6. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN RETICULUM SEDIMENTS, AREA 18 CATTLE, MAY 1974
UJ
Animal
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Median
Range
238pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
<0.02
<0.016
<0.033
<25
<0.018
<0.028
<0.02
<0.016-<0.033
<12-<25
239pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
0.038 ± 0.02
30 ± 16
0.047 ± 0.023
36 ± 18
<0.032
<24
0.26 ± 0.05 -
220 ± 42
0.28 ± 0.055
210 ± 41
SAMPLE
0.047
36
<0. 032-0. 28
<24-220
23^
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
0.53 ± 0.07
420 ± 55
2.2 ± 0.14
1,700 ± 110
4.7 ± 0.89
3,600 ± 680
420 ±6.7
35,000 + 5,600
1.4 ± 0.18
1,000 ± 130
NOT COLLECTED
2.2
1,700
0.53-42
420-35.000
235U
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
0.11 ± 0.033
90 ± 26
0.078 ± 0.026
60 + 20
*0.17 ± 0.12
130 ± 90
0.95 ± 0.27
800 ± 230
0.23 ± 0.061
170+45
0.17
130
0.078-0.95
60-800
238U -
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
0.22 ± 0.046
170+36
0.75 ± 0.082
580 ± 63
4.3 ± 0.83
3,300 ± 630
2.6 ± 0.56
2,200 ± 470
0.82 + 0.13
610 ± 95
0.82
610
0.22-4.3
170-3,300
Ash
/ Ql \
V /
79
77
76
84
74
77
74-
84
Wet weight
-------
B-7. ACTINIDE, STRONTIUM,AND CALCIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN
VERTEBRAE, AREA 18 CATTLE, MAY 1974
Animal
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Median
Range
*Wet
Animal
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Median
Range
•'"Pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fC1/kg*)
4.4 > 3.7
610 • 520
2.8 • 2.3
510 • 420
19 t 8.7
3,000 ' 1,400
5 ± 4.3
750 i 640
-4.2
750
8 t 5
1,200 ± 750
4.7
750
2.8-19
510-3,000
weight
B-8.
238pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fC1/kg*)
3 ± 2.8
760 ± 690
<3.3
<1,000
22 ± 11
6,500 ± 3,300
3.1 + 2.8
810 ± 730
<430
<120
3
785
<1.6-22
<120-6,500
•' ' 'Pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
•1.9
-270
5 ± 2.4
900 i 430
20 i 8.7
3,200 i 1,400
35 ± 11
5,200 t 1,700
6.1 i 4.4
1,100 ± 790
4.2 ± 3.3
630 i 500
5.3
1,000
-1.9-35
<270-5,200
ACTINIDE
239pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<0.84
<210
4.7 + 4
1,400 ± 1,200
32 + 13
9,500 ± 4,000
320 ±8.5
8,400 ± 2,200
4.1 + 1.7
1,100 ± 470
1.9 + 1.5
130 ± 0.99
4.4
1,250
<0.84-320
130-9,500
.'J'.U 23SJ
(fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg )
3.6 i 1.4
500 i 200
1.6 • 1.2
280 ' 210
1.5 i 0.87
240 t 140
2.1 ± 1.1
320 ± 160
2.2 ± 1.1
320 ± 160
-1.2
-18U
1.9
300
-1.2-3.6
< 180- 500
-0.56
-79
<0.44
•80
-0.44
<0.32
<48
-0.31
56
-0.63
<94
-0.44
<0.31-<0.63
<56-<94
, STRONTIUM, AND
FEMURS, AREA 18
23-U
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
3.9 ± 2.2
970 ± 540
<2.7
<820
2.5 ± 1.2
750 + 370
2.7 ± 1.2
710 ± 310
2.5 ± 1.3
670 ± 340
-------
B-9. GAMMA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDES AND TRITIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN
SELECTED TISSUES,* AREA 18 CATTLE, MAY 1974
Animal
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Median
Range
Rumen Contents
K (g/kg)
137Cs (pCi/kg)
1.2 ± 0.52
45 ± 38
0.91 ± 0.81
-------
C-l. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN LUNGS, AREA 18 CATTLE, OCTOBER 1974
o
I
Animal
No.
7
8
9
10
11
12
Median
Range
238pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<8.5
<440
<3.9
<280
25 ± 9.4
400 ± 150
<8.8
<230
<7.7
<200
7.3 ± 6.5
350 ±310
<8.1
<315
<3.9-25
<200-<440
239pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
15 ± 7.3
760 ± 380
17 ± 11
1,200 ± 770
230 ± 33
3,700 ± 530
46 ± 11
1,200 ± 280
81 ± 23
2,100 ± 600
46 ± 11
2,200 ± 580
46
1,650
15-230
760-3,700
234|J
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
13 ± 6.2
690 ± 320
10 ± 4.9
730 ± 350
47 ± 11
750 ± 170
14 ± 5.4
370 ± 140
18 ± 6.9
470 ± 180
8.3 ± 1.9
400 ± 90
13.5
580
8.3-47
370-750
235U
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<2.3
<120
<1.5
<110
3.8 ± 3.3
61 ± 53
2.7 ± 2.6
71 ± 67
<1.5
<38
0.73 ± 0.69
35 ± 33
<1.9
66
0.73-3.8
35-<120
238(J
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<3.8
<200
6.3 ± 3.7
450 ± 270
34 ± 8.7
540 ± 140
13 ± 5.4
350 ± 140
13 ± 5.8
350 ± 150
6.7 ± 1.6
320 ± 76
9.9
350
<3.8-34
<200-540
Ash
(X)
5.2
7.2
1.6
2.6
2.6
4.8
3.7
1.6-
7.2
Wet weight
-------
C-2. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN TRACHEO-BRONCHIAL LYMPH NODES, AREA 18 CATTLE, OCTOBER 1974
o
1
Animal
No.
7
8
9
10
11
12
Median
Range
238pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
<0.48
<3.2
<0.27
<4.6
<0.24
<0.57
<2.9
<0.73
<4.5
2.4 ± 1.3
4.8 ± 2.7
<0.53
<3.9
<0.24-2.4
<1.8-4.8
239pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
0.46 ± 0.39
3.1 ± 2.6
<0.22
<3.8
6.6 ± 1
50 ± 7.8
47 ± 4.5
240 ± 23
<0.73
<4.5
160 ± 14
320 ± 29
<3.7
<27.3
<0. 22-160
3.1-320
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
0.25 ± 0.24
1.7 ± 1.6
0.22 ± 0.15
3.7 ± 2.6
0.38 ± 0.21
2.9 ± 1.6
0.57 ± 0.37
2.9 ± 1.9
<0.61
<3.8
<4!s
0.48
3.3
0.22-<2.1
1.7-<4.3
235u
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
<0.15
<0.99
<0.076
<0.059
<0.45
<0.15
<0.74
<0.27
<3.1
<0.15
<0.059-<1.8
<0.45-<3.7
238y-
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
<0.15
<0.99
<0.059
0.18 ± 0.14
1.4 ± 1.1
<0.29
1 ± 0.6
6.4 ± 3.7
3.2 ± 2.9
6.4 ± 5.8
<0.24
<0. 059-3. 2
<0.99-6.4
Ash
(*)
0.67
1.7
0.76
0.51
0.62
0.20
0.65
0.20-
1.7
Wet weight
-------
C-3. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN MUSCLES, AREA 18 CATTLE, OCTOBER 1974
o
I
CO
Animal
No.
7
8
9
10
11
12
Median
Range
238pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<7.4
<350
<2.4
<100
<3.3
<93
<37
<3.8
<130
<6.6
<200
<3.6
<2.4-<7.4
<37-<350
239Pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<6
<280
<5.9
<240
<3.9
2.6 ± 2.2
310 ± 26
<2.7
<93
<6.3
<190
<4.9
<215
2.6-<6.3 '
03-310
23^
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
8.5 ± 5.7
400 ± 270
2.9 ± 1.8
120 ± 74
3.9 ± 2.1
110 ± 59
23 ± 5.1
280 ± 61
2.5 ± 1.9
84 ± 64
8 ± 1.7
240 ± 52
5.9
180
2.5-23
84-400
235U
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<3.2
<150
<0.94
<39
<0.71
<20
2.3 ± 1.7
28 ± 20
<0.65
<22
0.87 ± 0.73
26 ± 22
0.9
27
<0.65-<3.2
<20-<150
238U
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
6.2 ± 5.1
290 ± 240
2.2 ± 1.6
89 ± 66
<37
<23
1.6 ± 1.5
54 ± 51
4 ± 1.2
120 ± 35
7l'.5
<1.3-6.2
<23-290
Ash
(*)
4.7
4.1
2.8
1.2
3.4
3
3.2
1.2-
4.7
Wet weight
-------
C-4. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN LIVERS, AREA 18 CATTLE, OCTOBER 1974
Animal
No.
7
8
9
10
o
-p.
n
12
Median
Range
238pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<11
<1,000
<6.4
<460
<6.7
<580
<7.3
<660
<7.1
<650
<5.4
<450
<6.9
<615
<5.4-
-------
C-5. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN RUMEN CONTENTS, AREA 18 CATTLE, OCTOBER 1974
o
i
en
Animal
No.
7
8
9
10
11
12
Median
Range
238pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
0.074 ± 0.014
3.2 ± 0.6
0.053 ± 0.015
2.3 ± 0.64
0.074 ± 0.016
2.3 ± 0.51
0.068 ± 0.014
2.3 ± 0.47
0.14 ± 0.025
5.4 ± 0.96
0.12 ± 0.021
4.8 ± 0.83
0.074
2.8
0.053-0.14
2.3-5.4
239pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
0.56 ± 0.056
24 ± 2.4
0.42 ± 0.047
18 ± 2
0.71 ± 0.071
22 ± 2.2
0.76 ± 0.076
26 ± 2.6
1.4 ± 0.14
53 ± 5.4
1.2 ± 0.13
47 ± 5
0.74
25
0.42-1.4
18-53
234u
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
0.28 ± 0.03
12 ± 1.3
0.28 ± 0.033
12 ± 1.4
0.19 ± 0.023
5.8 ± 0.7
0.16 ± 0.021
5.5 ± 0.72
0.14 ± 0.018
5.3 ± 0.72
0.24 ± 0.028
9.2 ± 1.1
0.22
7.5
0.14-0.28
5.3-12
235y
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
0.013 ± 0.006
0.56 ± 0.24
0.01 ± 0.005
0.45 ± 0.23
0.007 ± 0.004
0.23 ± 0.13
0.005 ± 0.004
0.18 ± 0.12
0.005 ± 0.003
0.18 + 0.13
0.013 ± 0.005
0.5 ± 0.21
7.5
0.34
5.3-12
0.18-0.56
238U
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
0.26 ± 0.03
11 ± 1.3
0.23 ± 0.028
9.7 ± 1.2
0.16 ± 0.021
5 ± 0.64
0.13 ± 0.018
4.5 ± 0.62
0.13 ± 0.018
4.9 ± 0.69
0.25 ± 0.028
9.9 ± 1.1
&.2
7.3
0.13-0.26
4.5-11
Ash
(*)
4.3
4.3
3.1
3.4
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.1-
4.3
Wet weight
-------
C-6. ACTINIDE.CONCENTRATIONS IN RETICULUM SEDIMENTS, AREA 18 CATTLE, OCTOBER 1974
Animal
No.
7
8
9
10
o
cr>
11
12
Median
Range
238pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
<0.008
<6.6
0.068 ± 0.023
56 ± 19
<0.015
<11
0.085 ± 0.02
70 ± 16
0.09 ± 0.037
44 ± 18
<0.005
<3.8
<0.042
<28
<0. 005-0. 09
<3.8-70
239pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
<0.016
<13
0.21 ± 0.044
170 ± 36
0.056 ± 0.02
40 ± 14
0.29 ± 0.041
240 ± 34
0.51 ± 0.094
250 ± 46
0.073 ± 0.015
60 ± 12
0.14
115
<0. 016-0. 51
<1 3-250
23<+U
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
0.2 ± 0.024
160 ± 19
0.63 ± 0.08
520 ± 66-
1 + 0.097
710 ± 69
0.45 ± 0.043
370 ± 35
0.47 ± 0.051
230 ± 25
0.48 ± 0.051
390 ± 42
0.48
380
0.2-1
160-710
235u
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
0.029 ± 0.008
23 ± 6.2
0.17 ± 0.032
140 ± 26
0.068 ± 0.015
48 ± 11
0.046 ± 0.01
38 ± 8.4
0.016 ± 0.007
7.7 ± 3.6
0.055 ± 0.013
45 ± 11
0.05
41.5
0.016-0.17
7.7-140
238u -
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
0.24 ± 0.027
190 ± 21
0.5 ± 0.067
410 ± 55
0.7 ± 0.073
500 ± 52
0.48 ± 0.045
390 ± 37
0.49 ± 0.053
240 ± 26
0.52 ± 0.055
430 ± 45
0.495
400
0.24-0.7
190-500
Ash
79
82
71
82
49
82
80.5
49-
82
Wet weight
-------
C-7. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN WHOLE FETUSES, AREA 18 CATTLE, OCTOBER 1974
O
Animal
No.
F-9
F-10
Median
Range
238pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<7.8
<290
<5.6
<140
<6.7
<215
<5.6-<7.8
<140-<290
239pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<4.9
<180
<290
<8.5
<235
<4.9-<12
<180-<290
23^
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<3
-------
C-8. ACTINIDE, STRONTIUM, AND CALCIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN FEMUR, AREA 18 CATTLE, OCTOBER 1974
o
CO
Animal
No.
7
8
9
10
11
12
Median
Range
238pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<2.7
<550
<4.2
<970
<2.4
<640
<2.3
<650
<3.6
<760
<4
<1 ,000
<3.3
<705
<2.3-<4.2
<550-<1,000
239pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<2.3
<470
<4
<930
5.6 ± 3.6
1,500 ± 970
<1.7
<470
6.7 ± 3.6
1,400 ± 760
4.8 ± 3.1
1 ,200 ± 780
<4.4
<1,065
<1.7-6.7
<470- 1,500
234J
2351J
(fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*)
33 ± 25
6,600 ± 5,000
4.3 ± 2.6
1,000 ± 600
33 ± 20
8,900 ± 5,500
54 ± 26
15,000 ± 7,200
32. ± 26
6,700 ± 5,400
44 ± 22
11,000 ± 5,400
33
7,800
4.3-54
1,000-15,000
<17
<3,400
<1.2
<280
<6.7
<1,800
•?9.3
<2,600
<10
<2,100
<9.6
<2,400
<9.5
<2,200
<280-<3,400
238U
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<25
<5,100
3.2 ± 1.9
740 ± 430
26 + 19
7,000 ± 5,200
57 + 26
16,000 ± 7,400
40 ± 23
8,300 + 4,800
38 ± 20
9,500 ± 5,100
32
7,650
3.2-57
740-16,000
89Sr
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
<1.5
<300
<3.6
<820
<2.2
<600
<2.2
<600
<3.7
<770
<5.2
<1,300
<2.9
<685
<300-
-------
C-9. GAMMA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDES AND TRITIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN
SELECTED TISSUES,* AREA 18 CATTLE, OCTOBER 1974
Animal
No.
7
8
9
10
11
12
Median
Range
Rumen Contents Liver
K (g/kg)
137Cs (pCi/kg)
No data GSN
0.03 ± 0.02 GSN
-------
D-l. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN LUNGS, NTS CORRALLED CATTLE, 1974
Animal
No.
21
216
139
Median
Range
238pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
70 ± 12
570 ± 100
<9.6
<260
11 ± 4.9
81 ± 37
11
<260
<9.6-70
81-570
239pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
2,000 ± 150
16,000 ± 1,200
19 ± 14
500 ± 370
23 ± 8.1
170 ± 61
23
500
19-2,000
170-16,000
23
-------
D-2. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN TRACHEO-BRONCHIAL LYMPH NODES, NTS CORRALLED CATTLE, 1974
Animal
No.
21
216
139
Median
Range
238pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
0.32 ± 0.12
5.4 ± 2.1
<0.19
<0.08
<0.69
<0.19
<0. 08-0. 32
<0.69-5.4
239pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
1.1 ± 0.21
19 ± 3.5
<0.29
<2.5
0.29 ± 0.11
2.4 ± 0.94
0.29
2.4
<0. 29-1.1
2.4-19
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
0.65 ± 0.15
11 ± 2.5
<0.17
0.26 ± 0.09
2.1 ± 0.72
0.26
2.1
<0. 17-0. 65
235U
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
<0.03
<0.58
<0.13
<0.02
<0.2
<0.03
<0.58
<0.02-<0.13
238U
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
0.59 ± 0.14
10 ± 2.3
0.31 ± 0.22
2.7 ± 1.9
0.23 ± 0.08
1.9 ± 0.62
0.31
2.7
0.23-0.59
1.9-10
Ash
1.7
0.86
0.82
0.86
0.82-
1.7
*
Wet weight
-------
D-3. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN MUSCLES, NTS CORRALLED CATTLE, 1974
a
GO
Animal
No.
21
216
139
Median
Range
238pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
2.3 ± 1.7
28 ± 21
<7.7
<230
<2.3
<76
2.3
<76
<2.3-<7.7
28-<230
239pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
3.7 ± 2.4
45 ± 29
14 ± 9.3
410 ± 280
<1.6
<53
3.7
<53
<1.6-14
45-410
234U
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
NA
6 ± 5
180 ± 150
12 ± 3.6
380 ± 120
9
280
6-12
180-380
235U
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
NA
<3.3
<100
<0.67
<22
<1.9
<61
<0.67-<3.3
<22-<100
238u
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
NA
9.7 ± 5
290 ± 150
3.6 ± 2.1
120 ± 70
6.7
205
3.6-9.7
120-290
Ash
(X)
1.2
3
3.3
3
1.2-
3.3
Wet weight
NA = Not analyzed
-------
D-4. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN LIVERS, NTS CORRALLED CATTLE, 1974
Animal
No.
21
216
139
238pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
15 ± 36
210 ± 51
239Pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fd/kg*)
100 ± 11
1,400 ± 160
23-+U
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
100 ± 13
1,400 ± 180
SAMPLE NOT COLLECTED
SAMPLE NOT COLLECTED
235U
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
15 ± 4.1
210 ± 57
(fCi/g Ash)'
(fCi/kg*)
26 ± 5.5
360 ± 77
Ash
(%)
1.4
*
Wet weight
-------
D-5. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN OTHER TISSUES, NTS CORRALLED CATTLE*, 1974
o
i
en
238pu 239pu 23^
Tissue (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash)
Type (pCi/kgt) (pCi/kgt) (pCi/kgt)
Rumen 0.02 ± 0.
Contents 0.37 ± 0.
Reticulum 0.81 ± 0.
Sediment 660 ± 86
Abomasum 0.38 ± 0.
Sand 290 ± 51
*
All of these tissues
Wet weight
10 0.16 ± 0.02 0.39 ± 0.04
19 3.3 ± 0.47 7.9 ± 0.73
11 4.2 ± 0.37 0.38 ± 0.06
3,400 ± 300 310 ± 47
07 2.2 ± 0.22 0.53 ± 0.08
1,700 ± 170 400 ± 64
were collected from animal number 21
235u 238U
(pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) Ash
(pCi/kgt) (pCi/kgt) (%)
0.01 ± 0.01 0.27 ± 0.03 2
0.26 ± 0.09 5.5 ± 0.55
0.01 ± 0.01 0.41 ± 0.06 81
10 ± 8.8 330 ± 48
0.01 0.5 ± 0.08 76
10 380 ± 61
only.
D-6. ACTINIDE, STRONTIUM. AND CALCIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN FEMURS,
NTS CORRALLED CATTLE, 1974
238pu
Animal (fCi/g Ash)
No. (fCi/kg*)
21 <5.2
<1,300
216
139
239pu 234J 235[J
(fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*)
<5.6 10 ± 4.4 <2.5
<1,400 2,500 ± 1,100 <630
SAMPLE NOT COLLECTED
SAMPLE NOT COLLECTED
238[J 89Sr 90Sr
(fCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) Ash Ca
(fCi/kg*) (pCi/kg*) (pCi/kg*) (%) (mg/g)
6 ± 4 1.4 ± 0.96 2.7 ± 0.88 25 360
1,500 ± 1,000 340 ± 240 680 ± 220
Wet weight
-------
D-7o GAMMA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDES AND TRITIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN
SELECTED TISSUES,* NTS CORRALLED CATTLE, 1974
Animal
No.
21
216
139
Median
Range
Liver
K (g/kg)
1.2
NC
NC
Lungs
K (g/kg)
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9-0.9
Ki dneys
K (g/kg)
2.2
1.9
l.*3
1.9
1.3-2.2
Muscle
K (g/kg)
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.4
1.3-1.5
Blood
3H (pCi/1)
680 + 200
500 ± 260
880 ± 260
680
500-880
*
Wet weight
NC = Not collected
D-6
-------
E-l. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN LUNGS, MULE DEER, 1974
Animal
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Median
Range
238pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fd/kg*)
31 ± 9.2
370 ± 110
<20
<1,500
15 ± 7.9
1,000 ± 530
18 ± 1
490 ± 280
<6.5
<130
18
490
<6.5-31
<130r< 1,500
239pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
7.7 ± 4.5
92 ± 54
<15
<1,100
37 ± 9.6
2,500 ± 640
<6.3
<170
<4.6
<93
7.7
<170
<4.6-37
92-2,500
23tj
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
13 ± 4.2
160 ± 51
15 ± 13
1,100 ± 960
55 ± 15
3,700 ± 1,000
13 ± 5.6
340 ± 150
9 ± 4.9
180 ± 98
13
340
9-55
160-3,700
235U
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<1.2
<15
<7.3
<550
5.2 ± 4.9
350 ± 330
<0.93
<25
2.6 ± 2.6
53 ± 52
2.6
53
<0.93-<7.3
<15-<550
238|J
(fCi/9 Ash)
(fCi'/kg*)
6.7 ± 3
80 ± 36
21 ± 15
1,600 ± 1,100
45 ± 13
3,000 ± 900
16 ± 5.9
420 ± 160
11 ± 4.9
220 ± 98
16
420
6.7-45
80-3,000
Ash
(%)
1.2
7.5
6.7
2.7
2
2.7
1.2-
7.5
Wet Weight
-------
E-2. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN MUSCLES, MULE DEER, 1974
m
Animal
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Median
Range
238pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
5.7 ± 2.5
69 ± 30
<5.8
<250
<5.9
<300
<7.8
<210
<2.7
<70
<5.8
<210
<2.7-<7.8
69-<300
239pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
2 ± 1.5
24 ± 18
<4.7
<200
<8
<410
<5.2
<140
<3.3
<86
<4.7
<140
2-<8
24-<410
23-+U
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
NA
<4.7
<200
12 ± 5.3
600 ± 270
6.7 ± 4.1
180 ± 110
25 ± 18
660 ± 460
9.4
<400
<4.7-25
180-660
235J
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
NA
<2.6
-------
E-3. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN LIVERS, MULE DEER, 1974
CO
Animal
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Median
Range
238pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
12 ± 5.2
160 ± 68
<9.1
<410
<16
<610
<7.8
<290
<10.6
<350
<7.8-<16
160-<610
239pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
7.6 ± 4.2
99 ± 55
7.6 ± 7.6
340 ± 340
<12
<470
<7.6
<280
<7.6
<310
-------
E-4. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN RUMEN CONTENTS, MULE DEER, 1974
m
i
Animal
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Mf*Hi an
Range
238pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
0.004 ± 0.003
0.15 ± 0.096
0.006 ± 0.004
1.7 ± 1.1
0.028 ± 0.017
0.12 ± 0.072
0.027 ± 0.009
0.2 ± 0.068
0.017
0.135
0.004-0.028
0.12-1.7
239pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
0.04 ± 0.007
1.5 ± 0.23
0.03 ± 0.008
8.6 ± 2.3
0.74 ± 0.086
3.2 ± 0.37
0.19 ± 0.025
1.4 ± 0.18
0.12
2.35
0.03-0.74
1.4-8.6
23^
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
0.05 ± 0.007
1.8 ± 0.25
SAMPLE NOT COLLECTED
0.19 ± 0.02
0.8 ± 0.098
1.8 ± 0.47
13 ± 3.4
0.19
1.8
0.05-1.8
0.8-13
235(j
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
0.002 ± 0.001
0.072 ± 0.048
SAMPLE IN ANALYSIS
0.007 ± 0.005
0.03 ± 0.022
0.047 ± 0.037
0.34 ± 0.27
0.007
0.072
0.002-0.047
0.03-0.34
238y
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
0.04 ± 0.007
1.6 ± 0.24
0.16 ± 0.022
0.7 ± 0.09
1.6 ± 0.41
12 ± 3
0.16
1.6
0.04-1.6
0.7-12
Ash
(X)
3.5
28
0.43
0.73
2.1
0.43-
28
Wet weight
-------
E-5. ACTINIDE, STRONTIUM, AND CALCIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN
BONES (HOCK), MULE DEER, 1974
Animal
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Medi an
Range
238pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
2.3 ± 2.1
750 ± 690
<2.2
<710
<3.3
<800
<37
<850
<4
<1 ,400
<3.3
<800
<2.2-<37
<710-<1,400
239pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<1.4
<470
<1.6
<540
3.2 ± 3
770 ± 730
<48
<1,100
<2.5
<880
<2.5
770
<1.4-<48
<470-<1.100
23<*u
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
1.7 ± 0.97
560 ± 320
<1.6
<530
16 ± 12
3,800 ± 2,900
48 ± 21
1,100 ± 490
3.4 ± 2.4
1 ,200 ± 850
3.4
1,100
<1.6-48
<530-3,800
235U
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<0.33
<110
<0.88
<290
<5
<1,200
<8.7
<200
<1.1
<400
<1.1
<290
<0.33-<8.7
<110-<1,200
238y
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCiVkg*)
1.8 ± 1.1
600 ± 350
1.2 ± 1.1
380 ± 360
14 ± 11
3,400 ± 2,700
20 ± 16
450 ± 360
3.7 ± 2
1,300 ± 700
3.7
600
1.2-20
380-3,400
"sr
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
<1.3
<420
<1.4
<450
<2
<480
<14
<330
<1.5
<520
<1.5
<450
<1.3-<14
<330-<520
90Sr
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg1)
3.6 ± 1.1
1,200 ± 370
2.3 ± 0.85
760 ± 280
3.3 ± 0.3
790 ± 79
1.8 ± 0.87
420 ± 200
2 ± 0.6
690 ±210
2.3
760
1.8-3.6
420-1,200
Ash
(*)
33
33
24
23
35
33
23-
35
Ca
(mg/g)
380
380
330
370
310
370
310-
380
Wet weight
-------
E-6. ACTINIDE, STRONTIUM, AND CALCIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN
VERTEBRAE, MULE DEER, 1974
238pu 239Ru 23l+U 235U
Animal (fCi/g Ash) (fd/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (fd/g Ash)
No. (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*)
1 2.7 ± 1.2 3.2 ± 1.3 4.8 ± 1.7 0.75
320 ± 140 39.0 ± 160 580 ± 200 90 ±
2 8.1 ± 4.8 2.4 ± 2.4 9.4 ± 2.9 0.94
1,300 ± 770 390 ± 380 1,500 ±460 150
3 SAMPLE
4 SAMPLE
5 SAMPLE
± 0.71
85
± 0.87
± 140
238(j 89Sr 90Sr
(fCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) Ash Ca
(fCi/kg*) (pCi/kg*) (pCi/kg*) (%) (mg/g)
4.2 ± 1.5 <0.92
510 ± 180 <110
<0.75 <1.2
<120 <190
1.8 ± 0.77 12 350
220 ± 93
1.4 ± 0.75 16 370
230 ± 120
NOT COLLECTED
NOT COLLECTED
NOT COLLECTED
Wet weight
-------
E-7. ACTINIDE, STRONTIUM, AND CALCIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN
ANTLERS, MULE DEER, 1974
m
238pu 239pu
Animal (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g A
No. (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg
1
2 <9.9 19 ± 12
<670 1,300 ±
3
4 <2.5 9.2 ± 4.
<1,200 4,400 ±
5
*
Wet weight
sh) (fCi/g Ash)
*) (fCi/kg*)
7.2 ± 3.7
830 490 ± 250
4 31+27
2,100 15,000 ± 13,000
235J 238J 89Sr
(fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (pCi/kg*)
SAMPLE NOT COLLECTED
<0.76 5.4 ± 2.5 <1.2
<52 370 ± 170 <81
SAMPLE NOT COLLECTED
<11 58 ± 31 <1.6
<5,400 28,000 ± 15,000 <780
SAMPLE NOT COLLECTED
E-8. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN WHOLE FETUS, MULE DEER NO. 1,
238pu
Animal (fCi/g Ash)
No. (fCi/kg*)
Fetus-1 <5.6
<200
239pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<3.4
<120
23k[) 235|J
(fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*)
13 ± 6 <1.7
470 ± 210 <580
90Sr
(pCi/g Ash) Ash
(pCi/kg*) (X)
2.1 ± 0.76 6.8
140 ± 52
<0.96 48
<460
1974
238y
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
7.4 ± 4.6
260 ± 160
Ca
(mg/g)
340
370
Ash
3.5
*
-------
E-9. GAMMA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDES AND TRITIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN
SELECTED TISSUES,* MULE DEER, 1974
Animal
No.
1
2
3
4
m
00 5
Median
Range
Rumen Contents
K (g/kg)
137Cs (pCi/kg)
No data
2.9 ± 8
-------
F-l. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN LUNGS, DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP, 1974
Animal
No.
1
3
4
5
6
12
16
17
18
19
238pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg )
<18
<130
<300
<2,100
<6.7
<940
<10
<220
6.3 ± 6.2
69 ± 68
12 ± 7.2
210 ± 130
50 ± 30
1,100 ± 670
17 ± 12
220 ± 150
15 ± 9.4
260 ± 160
11 ± 7.2
190 ± 130
239pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
23 + 22
170 ± 160
270 ± 200
1,900 ± 1,400
16 ± 11
220 ± 150
<17
<350
4 ± 3.4
44 ± 37
120 ± 19
2,100 ± 350
<36
<800
20 ± 12
260 ± 150
<190
16 ± 8.9
280 ± 160
23HJ
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
180 ± 340
1,300 + 250
69 ± 21
490 ± 150
29 ± 9.3
400 + 130
130 ± 30
2,700 ± 640
120 ± 20
1,300 ± 220
120 ± 20
2,200 ± 360
110 ± 24
2,500 ± 530
45 ± 12
580 ± 150
190 ± 22
3,200 ± 370
89 ± 17
1,600 ±310
235U
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<8.8
<65
13 ± 10
91 ± 73
5 ± 4.4
70 ± 61
26 ± 14
550 ± 290
29+9.1
320 ± 100
26 ± a. 3
470 ± 150
9.5 ± 7.3
210 ± 160
11 ± 5.8
160+76
5.9 + 3.5
100 + 59
13 + 6.7
240 + 120
238U
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
190 ± 35
1,400 + 260
51 ± 18
360 ± 130
31 ± 9.3
430 + 130
38 ± 16
800 + 330
63 ± 14
690 ± 150
39 ± 11
700 ± 190
50 ± 16
1,100 + 360
37 ± 10
480 + 130
140 + 18
2,300 + 300
27 ± 9.4
490 ± 170
Ash
W
0.74
0.71
1.4
2.1
1.1
1.8
2.2
1.3
1.7
1.8
Wet weight
-------
F-l. CONTINUED
I
ro
Animal
No.
Median
Range
*
Wet weight
Animal
No.
12
238pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
13.5
<220
<6.3-<300
<130-<2,100
F-2.
238Pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<800
239pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<18.5
270
4-270
44-2,100
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
115
1,450
29-190
400-3,200
ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN LIVER,
239Pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
110 ± 36
2,900 ± 930
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
230 ± 110
6,100 ± 2,800
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
12.5
185
5-29
<65-550
DESERT BIGHORN
235U
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<42
(fCi/g Ash) Ash
(fCi/kg*) (%)
45 1.6
695
27-190 0.71-
360-2,300 2.2
SHEEP, 1974
238U
(fCi/g Ash) Ash
(fCi/kg*) (%)
190 ± 92 2.6
4,900 ± 2,400
Wet weight
-------
F-3. ACTINIDE, STRONTIUM, AND CALCIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN
BONE, DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP, 1974
Animal
No.
6
7
8
11
12
14
18
Median
Range
238pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<2.4
<980
<2.3
<610
<2.6
<920
<32
<12,000
<3
<1,100
<2.6
<900
18 ± 5.8
11,700 ± 3,800
<2.6
<980
<2.3-<32
<610-<12,000
239pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<1.9
<780
<3.4
<880
2.6 ± 2.1
900 ± 730
<25
<9,600
<8.4
<3,100
<1.7
<610
13 ± 4.4
8,500 ± 2,900
<3.4
900
<1.7-<25
<610-<9,600
23tu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
120 ± 41
48,000 ± 17,000
38 ± 20
1,000 ± 5,300
21 ± 4.9
7,300 ± 1,700
34 ± 25
13,000 ± 9,500
<16
<6,100
46 ± 24
16,000 ± 8,500
3.9 ± 2
2,500 ± 1,300
34
7,300
3.9-120
1,000-48,000
235J
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<10
<4,300
<5.8
<1,500
2.8 ± 1.9
970 ± 680
<9.7
<3,700
<8.4
<3,100
<6
<2,100
<0.61
<400
<6
<2,100
<0.61-<10
<400-<4,300
238(J
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
120 ± 41
49,000 ± 17,000
42 ± 21
11,000 ± 5,400
26 ± 5.4
9,200 ± 1,900
32 ± 22
12,000 ± 8,200
<19
<7,000
21 ± 15
7,200 ± 5,300
1.6 ± 1.2
1,000 + 780
26
9,200
1.6-120
1,000-49,000
89Sr
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
<1.2
<510
<1.8
<480
<1.7
<580
<1.5
<580
<2.5
<910
<1.2
<420
<3.8
<2,470
<1.7
<580
<1.2-<3.8
<420-<2,470
9°Sr
(pCi/g Ajh)
(pCi/kg )
1 ± 0.49
420 ± 200
3.8 ± 0.77
1 ,000 ± 200
1.9 ± 0.66
680 ± 230
3.7 ± 0.79
1 ,400 ± 300
11 ± 1.3
3,900 ± 470
1.5 ± 600
540 ±210
4.7 ± 1
3,055 ± 650
3.7
1,000
1-11
420-3,900
Ash
(X)
41
26
35
38
37
35
65
37
26-
65
Ca
(mg/g)
320
320
320
NA
NA
NA
NA
320
320
Wet weight
NA = Not analyzed
-------
F-4. GAMMA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDES AND TRITIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN
SELECTED TISSUES,* BIGHORN SHEEP, 1974
Animal
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Rumen Contents Lungs
K (g/kg) K (g/kg)
137Cs (pCi/kg)
2.7 ± 0.3 1.1 ± 0.05
-------
F-4. CONTINUED
Animal
No.
12
13
14
15
18
Median
Range
Rumen Contents
K (g/kg)
137Cs (pCi/kg)
0.54 ± 0.07
-------
G-l. ACTINIDE AND STRONTIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN TISSUE SAMPLES
COLLECTED FROM HORSE AND BURRO, 1974
Animal &
Tissue
Type
Horse Femur
Burro Femur
Horse Muscle
Burro Muscle
Burro Liver
Burro Lungs
238pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
3.4 ± 2.5
610 ± 450
<1.3
<400
210 ± 23
1,100 ± 120
<11
<500
10 ± 6.3
250 ± 150
<5.8
<81
239pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
23 ± 5.2
4,200 ± 930
<0.5
<170
21 ± 5.4
110 ± 28
<5.2
<230
24 ± 10
580 ± 240
<6.4
<90
23<*U
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
1.4 ± 0.94
260 ± 170
2.5 ± 1.2
760 ± 360
37 ± 7.5
190 ± 39
NA
NA
NA
235y
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<0.3
<55
<39
<120
<1.5
<7.9
NA
NA
NA
238J 89Sr
(fCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*) (pCi/kg*)
1.1 ± 0.83 <2.1
200 ± 150 <370
0.77 ± 0.74 NA
240 ± 230
19 ± 5.4 NA
100 ± 28
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
9°Sr
(pCi/g Ash) Ash
(pCi/kg*) (%)
14 ± 1.8 18
2,600 ± 330
NA 31
NA 0.52
NA 4.4
NA 2.4
NA 1.4
Wet weiqht
NA = Not analyzed
-------
G-2. GAMMA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDES AND TRITIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN
SELECTED TISSUES,* HORSE AND BURRO, 1974
Animal
Horse
Burro
Liver
K (g/kg)
NC
0.6
Lungs
K (g/kg)
NC
0.6
Kidney
K (g/kg)
3H (pCi/D
NC
1.6
84 ± 72
Muscle
K (g/kg)
137Cs (pCi/kg)
1.1
30
1.4
20
Wet weight
NC = Not collected
G-2
-------
H-l. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN MUSCLES, NTS CARNIVORES, 1974
Animal
No.
Coyote- 1
Coyote -2
Coyote- 3
Bobcat-1
Median
Range
238pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<12
<170
7.5 ± 5.2
980 ± 670
61 ± 11
2,500 ± 460
10 ± 5.1
470 ± 230
<11
725
7.5-61
<1 70-2, 500
239pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
190 ± 27
2,600 ± 380
5.7 ± 3.8
740 ± 490
2,200 ± 230
91,000 ± 940
<5.6
<250
97.9
1,670
<5. 6-2, 200
<250-91,000
23tU
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
23 ± 7.9
320 ± 110
41 ± 22
5,300 ± 2,800
34 ± 5.9
1,400 ± 240
<3.3
<150
28.5
860
<3.3-41
<150-5,300
235U
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<4.4
<61
<7.5
<970
2 ± 1.5
83 ± 62
<2.4
'<110
<3.4
<96.5
2-<7.5
<61-<970
238U -
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
14 ± 7.9
190 ± 110
47 ± 23
6,100 ± 3,000
22 ± 4.6
910 ± 190
<2.4
-------
H-2. ACTINIDE, STRONTIUM, AND CALCIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN BONE,
NTS CARNIVORES, 1974
Animal
No.
Coyote- 1
Coyote- 2
Coyote- 3
Bobcat-1
Median
Range
238pu
(fCI/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
NA
<2.8
<540
<3.2
<510
<3.5
<900
<3.2
<540
<2.8-19
<510-5,400
239pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
NA
11 ± 6.8
2,000 ± 1,300
11 ± 7.5
1,800 ± 1.700
<2.9
<800
11
1,800
<2.9-ll
<800-2,000
23"*u
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
15 ± 3.5
3,200 ± 770
9.5 ± 2.9
1,800 ± 560
9.4 ± 2.9
1,500 ± 470
3.1 ± 2
880 ± 570
9.5
1,650
3.1-15
880-3,200
235(J
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<0.55
<120
<0.95
<180
<0.57
<92
<0.89
<250
<0.73
<150
<0.55-<0.95
<92-<250
238(J
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
6.4 ± 2.3
1,400 ±510
6.3 ± 2.4
1 ,200 ± 460
3.4 ± 1.8
550 ± 290
2.2 ± 1.6
630 ± 440
4.9
915
2.2-6.4
550-1 ,400
89Sr
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
<3.2
<700
<1.6
<300
<1.7
<270
<5.4
<1,500
<2.5
<500
<1.6-<5.4
<270-<1,500
9°Sr
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
17 ± 2
3,800 ± 450
5.8 ± 1.3
1,100 ± 240
8.1 ± 1.4
1,300 ± 220
36 ± 4.6
10,000 ± 1,300
12.6
2,050
5.8-36
1,100-10,000
Ash
(*)
22
19
16
28
20.5
16-
28
Ca
(mg/g)
380
360
360
NA
360
360-
380
Wet weight
NA = Not analyzed
-------
H-3. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS OF SELECTED TISSUES, NTS CARNIVORES, 1974
Animal &
Tissue
Type
Coyote- 1
Lungs
Coyote -2
Lungs
Coyote- 3
Lungs
Bobcat-1
Lungs
-------
H-3. CONTINUED
Animal &
Tissue
Type
Coyote- 2
SIC
Coyote- 3
SIC
Bobcat- 1
SIC
Coyote-1
Pelt
Coyote- 2
Pelt
Coyote- 3
Pelt
Bobcat-1
Pelt
238pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
2,300 ± 60
320,000 ± 84,000
<8.7
<560
1,300 ± 130
52,000 ± 5,300
239pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
71,000 ± 340
1,000,000 ± 48,000
SAMPLE
97 ± 30
6,200 ± 1,900
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
590 ± 60
82,000 ± 8,400
NOT ANALYZED
12 ± 12
740 ± 740
50,000 ± 4,000 NA
2,000,000 ± 160,000
SAMPLE
SAMPLE
SAMPLE
NOT ANALYZED
NOT ANALYZED
NOT COLLECTED
235|J 238(J
(fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) Ash
(fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (%)
46 ± 11 560 ± 57 14
6,400 ± 1,600 78,000 ± 8,000
<2.8 20 ± 16 6.4
<180 1,300 ± 1,000
NA NA 4
Wet weight
NA = Not analyzed
SIC = Stomach and intestinal contents
-------
H-4. GAMMA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDES AND TRITIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN SELECTED TISSUES*,
NTS CARNIVORES, 1974
Animal
Coyote 1
Coyote 2
Coyote 3
Bobcat
Median
Range
Li ver
K (g/kg)
L37Cs (pCi/kg)
NS
2.6 ± 2.1
260 ± 60
1.8 ± 0.24
-------
1-1. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN MUSCLES, NTS, AREA 15, RABBITS, 1974
Animal
No.
1
2
3
4
238pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
239pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
238J
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
Ash
/ Ql \
I fO J
SAMPLE NOT COLLECTED
<4
<170
6.2 ± 3.3
240 ± 130
12 ± 8.4
530 ± 360
190 ± 21
7,400 ± 830
11 ± 3.3
490 ± 140
17 ± 4.4
660 ± 170
SAMPLE NOT COLLECTED
<0.70
<30
1.6 ± 1.5
61 ± 58
6.5 ± 2.6
280 ± 110
9.2 ± 3.1
360 ± 120
4.3
3.9
Wet weight
-------
1-2. ACTINIDE, STRONTIUM, AND CALCIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN BONE,
NTS, AREA 15, RABBITS, 1974
ro
Animal
No.
1
2
3
4
Medi an
Range
238pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
3.6 ± 2.6
400 ± 290
<3
<480
2.1 ± 1.9
450 ± 390
4.4 ± 2.1
1,100 ± 520
<3.3
<465
2.1-4.4
400-1,100
239pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
35 ± 7.5
3,900 ± 820
<2.7
<430
20 ± 4.1
4,200 ± 860
14 ± 3.6
3,600 ± 900
17
3,750
<2.7-35
<430-4,200
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
10 ± 2.6
1,100 ± 290
3.7 ± 2
590 ± 320
2.8 ± 1.9
590 ± 400
7.6 ± 3
1,900 ± 740
5.7
845
2.8-10
590-1,900
235U
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<0.91
<100
<0.69
<100
<0.95
<200
<0.96
<240
<0.93
<150
<0.69-<0.96
<100-<240
238U
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
4.1 ± 1.7
450 ± 190
2.1 ± 1.6
330 ± 250
1.7 ± 1.4
350 ± 300
4 ± 2.2
1,000 ± 560
3.1
400
1.7-4.1
330-1,000
89Sr
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
<180
<190
<300
<350
<245
<180-<350
90Sr
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
6.1 ± 1.4
670 ± 150
4.9 ± 1
790 ± 160
8.1 ± 1.2
1,700 ± 260
6.4 ± 1.2
1,600 ± 290
6.25
1,195
4.9-8.1
670-1,700
Ash
(SO
11
16
21
25
18.5
11-
25
Ca
(mg/g)
340
350
360
350
350
340-
360
Wet weight
-------
1-3. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN COMPOSITED TISSUES, NTS, AREA 15, RABBITS, 1974
I
CO
Animal
No.
Liver
Stomach
Contents
Lung
Skin
238pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
5.5 ± 5.5
60 ± 66
41 ± 28
370 ± 250
<144
<10,000
NA
239pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
190 ± 44
2,100 ± 480
200 ± 72
1,800 ± 650
<16
<1,100
NA
23^
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
410 ± 100
4,500 ± 1,100
230 ± 67
2,100 ± 600
1,300 ± 16
88,000 ± 1,100
170 ± 44
11,000 ± 2,900
235U
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
15 ± 13
160 ± 140
<4.4
<40
16 ± 16
1,100 ± 1,100
23 ± 15
1 ,500 ± 970
238U
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
330 ± 87
3,600 ± 960
120 ± 43
1,100 ± 390
360 ± 70
25,000 ± 4,800
170 ± 44
11,000 ± 2,900
Ash
(%)
1.1
0.9
6.9
6.6
*
Wet weight
-------
1-4. GAMMA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDES AND TRITIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN SELECTED TISSUES, NTS, AREA 15,
RABBITS, 1974
Animal Liver
No. K (g/kg)
1 NA
2
-------
J-l. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN MUSCLES, NTS, AREA 18, RABBITS, 1974
Animal
No.
1
2
3
4
Median
Range
*
Wet weight
Animal
No.
4
238pu 239pu
(fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*)
<3.3
<100
<5
<160
<2.9
<100
5.8 ± 5.8
250 ± 250
<4.2
<130
<2.9-5.8
<1 00-250
J-2. ACTINIDE
238pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<100
27 + 7
800 ±210
28 ± 9.7
910 + 310
11 ± 6.6
390 ± 230
44 + 17
1,900 + 750
27.5
855
11-44
390-1 ,900
CONCENTRATIONS
239Pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<170
(fCi/g Ash)
(fC1/kg*)
21 ±4.7
620 ± 140
13 ± 3.4
400 ± 110
11 ± 3.1
390 + 110
23 + 5.1
1 ,000 ± 220
17
510
11-23
390-1,000
IN WHOLE FETUS,
23tu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
400 ± 33
3,900 ± 310
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
1.5 + 1.4
45 + 43
<45
<0.80
<28
<60
<45
<0.80-1.5
<28-<60
NTS, AREA 18,
235U
(fCI/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
10 + 5
98 ± 52
238J
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
7.3 + 2.8
220 ± 850
9.1 ± 3
290 + 95
8 ± 2.6
280 ± 92
19 ± 4.7
810 + 200
8.6
285
7.3-19
220-810
RABBIT NO. 4, 1974
238U
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi'/kg*)
110 + 18
1,100 ± 170
Ash
3
3.2
3.5 '
4.3
3.4
3-
4.3
Ash
0.95
Wet weight
-------
J-3. ACTINIDE, STRONTIUM, AND CALCIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN BONE,
NTS, AREA 18, RABBITS, 1974
Animal
No.
1
2
3
4
i
5
6
7
Median
Range
238Pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
330 ± 56
50,000 ± 8,400
3.8 ± 3
640 ±510
<2.8
<390
NA
<3.4
<470
15 ± 4.8
1 ,500 ± 480
<3
<390
<3.6
<555
<2.8-330
<390-50,000
239pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
12,000 ± 1,700
1,800,000 ± 260,000
49 ± 8.8
8,400 ± 1,500
<4.3
<600
NA
5.8 ± 2.7
810 ± 380
23 ± 6.6
2,300 ± 660
11 ± 3.3
1 ,400 ± 430
17
1,850
<4.3-12,000
<600- 1,800, 000
(fCI/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
3.7 ± 1.9
550 ± 290
4.1 ± 2.1
690 ± 360
6.9 ± 2.6
970 ± 370
4.8 ± 2.5
630 ± 320
8.6 ± 2.8
1,200 ± 390
6.7 ± 2.4
670 ± 240
4.5 ± 2.2
590 ± 290
4.8
670
3.7-8.6
550-1 ,200
235U
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<150
<0.82
<140
<140
<190
<0.79
-------
J-4. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN COMPOSITED TISSUES, NTS, AREA 18, RABBITS, 1974
Animal
No.
Liver
Intestinal
Contents
Intestinal
Tissue
Lung
£ Skin
238pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
9.4 ± 7.8
60 ± 50
34 ± 20
580 ± 340
<42
<420
42 ± 21
100 ± 50
120 ± 39
5,300 ± 1,700
239pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
48 ± 19
310 ± 120
76 ± 31
1,300 ± 520
190 ± 130
1,900 ± 1,300
180 ± 46
430 ± 110
590 ± 120
26,000 ± 51,000
23^
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
520 ± 170
3,300 ± 1,100
76 ± 20
1,300 ± 340
620 ± 200
6,200 ± 2,000
1,200 ± 120
3,000 ± 290
190 ± 64
8,400 ± 2,800
235u
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<16
<100
5.3 ± 4.1
90 ± 70
<35
<350
46 ± 13
110 ± 30
<17
<770
238y
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
190 ± 78
1,200 ± 500
5.2 ± 1.5
880 ± 260
350 ± 130
3.500 ± 1,300
420 ± 50
1,000 ± 120
210 ± 68
9,300 ± 3.000
Ash
(*)
0.64
1.7
1
0.24
4.4
*
Wet weight
-------
J-5. GAMMA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDES IN SELECTED TISSUES,*
NTS, AREA 18, RABBITS, 1974
Animal
No.
1
2
3
4
• 5
i
6
7
Median
Range
Liver
K g/kg)
137Cs (pCi/kg)
GSN
2.9 ± 1.5
-------
APPENDIX K. BOTANICAL ANALYSES OF DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP RUMEN CONTENTS, 1974
Animal
No.
Scientific
Name
Common
Name
Composition
Percent
1 Sitanion hystrix
Eriogonum microtheaum
Coleogyne ramosissima
Oryzopsis hymenoides
Eriogonum spp.
Ephedra nevadensis
Sphaeralcea ambigua
2 Oryzopsis hymenoides
Sitanion hystrix
Unknown grass
Eriogonum microtheeum
Coleogyne ramosissima
Eurotia lanata
Enoelia farinosa
Euphorbia spp.
3 Sitanion hystrix
Oryzopsis hymenoides
Unknown grass
Unknown shrub
Bromus tectomm
Eriogonum spp.
Unknown forb
Ambrosia dumosa
Ephedra nevadensis
Echinooaatus aeanthodes
Chaenaatis spp.
4 Unknown grass
Sitanion hystrix
Oryzopsis hymenoides
Unknown shrub
Festuaa spp.
Eriogonum spp.
Poa spp.
Sphaeralaea ambigua
Unknown forb
Euphorbia spp.
Squirrel tail grass
Great Basin Buckwheat brush
Blackbrush
Indian ricegrass
Buckwheat
Nevada joint fir
Desert mallow
Indian ricegrass
Squirrel tail grass
Great Basin Buckwheat brush
Blackbrush
Winter fat
Brittle-bush
Spurge
Squirrel tail grass
Indian ricegrass
Cheat grass
Buckwheat
Burro bush
Nevada joint fir
Barrel cactus
Pincushion
Squirrel tail grass
Indian ricegrass
Fescue
Buckwheat
Bluegrass
Desert mallow
Spurge
53
17
13
8
6
3
T
29
21
19
10
7
6
6
2
33
18
17
8
7
6
4
3
2
2
T
41
17
10
6
6
5
4
4
4
3
T = Trace
K-l
-------
APPENDIX K. CONTINUED
Animal
No.
Scientific
Name
Common
Name
Composition
Percent
6 Oryzopsis hymenoides
Ceanothus spp.
Sitanion hystrix
Unknown shrub
Unknown grass
Eriogonum miorothecum
Unknown forb
Eriogonum spp.
Ephedra nevadensis
Euphorbia spp.
7 Oryzopsis hymenoides
Sitanion hystrix
Bromus teotorwn
Unknown grass
Eriogonum spp.
Unknown forb
Artemisia spp.
10 Oryzopsis hymenoides
Sitanion hystrix
Unknown shrub
Bromus tectorvm
Unknown grass
Poa spp.
Amsinokia spp.
12 Oryzopsis hymenoides
Eurotia lanata
Unknown forb
Unknown shrub
Bromus teotorwn
Sitanion hystrix
Garrya flavesoens
Atriplex aanesaens
Chaenaotis spp.
13 Oryzopsis hymenoides
Poa spp.
Eriogonum spp.
Artemisia tridentata
Coleogyne ramosissima
Indian ricegrass
Ceanothus
Squirrel tail grass
Great Basin Buckwheat brush
Buckwheat
Nevada joint fir
Spurge
Indian ricegrass
Squirrel tail grass
Cheat grass
Buckwheat
Sagebrush
Indian ricegrass
Squirrel tail grass
Cheat grass
Bluegrass
Fiddleneck
Indian ricegrass
Winter fat
Cheat grass
Squirrel tail grass
Silk tassel
Four-winged saltbush
Pincushion
Indian ricegrass
Bluegrass
Buckwheat
Big sagebrush
Blackbrush
26
21
12
11
9
6
6
4
3
2
44
29
10
7
5
3
2
36
24
22
7
6
3
2
64
12
7
5
4
3
2
2
1
56
9
9
5
5
T = Trace
K-2
-------
APPENDIX K. CONTINUED
Animal
No.
13
Scientific
Name
Bromus spp. (probably rubens)
Sitanion hystrix
Unknown shrub
Helianthus spp.
Common
Name
Brome grass
Squirrel tail grass
Sunflower
Composition
Percent
5
5
3
3
14 Ephedra nevadensis
Sitanion hystrix
Oryzopsis hymenoides
Unknown shrub
Artemisia spp.
Unknown forb
Eriogonum fasoiculatum
Erodium aiautarium
15 Si tan-ion hystrix
Unknown grass
Artemisia tridentata
Cowania mexioana
Oryzopsis hymenoides
Unknown shrub
Ephedra nevadensis
18 Oryzopsis hymenoides
Sitonion hystrix
Unknown grass
Ephedra nevadensis
Atriplex oonfertifolia
Unknown shrub
Hilaria jamesii
Unknown forb
Gilia Spp.
Chaenaotis spp.
Eriogonum spp.
Nevada joint fir
Squirrel tail grass
Indian ricegrass
Sagebrush
Woody buckwheat
Heron's bill
Squirrel tail grass
Big sagebrush
Cliff-rose
Indian ricegrass
Nevada joint fir
Indian ricegrass
Squirrel tail grass
Nevada joint fir
Shadscale
Gall eta grass
Gilia
Pincushion
Buckwheat
65
11
9
5
4
3
2
1
50
15
12
7
7
6
3
23
19
13
13
10
8
6
4
2
2
T
T = Trace
K-3
-------
APPENDIX L. GROSS* AND MICROSCOPIC PATHOLOGY1" FOUND IN NECROPSIED ANIMALS
AREA 18 CATTLE, MAY
1 Necropsy findings: No gross lesions noted. Reticulum sediment contained
numerous fine monofilament wire fragments.
Histopathologic findings: Medial hypertrophy of pulmonary arteries.
Hematology findings: RBC/cmm 9.06 x 106, WBC/cmm 7 x 103, MCV/cu.y 41,
Hb g% 12.1, Hematocrit % 37.
Clinical diagnosis: Normal.
2 Necropsy findings: Left diaphragmatic lobe of lung contained scattered
areas of atelectasus.
Histppathologic findings: Sarcocysts in cardiac muscle, hemosiderosis
of the spleen and fibrosis of the ovary.
Hematology findings: RBC/cmm 7.36 x 106, WBC/cmm 3.7 x 103, MCV/cu.y 53,
Hb g% 12.9, Hematocrit % 39.
Clinical diagnosis: Normal.
3 Necropsy findings: Two small star-shaped scars in liver.
Histopathologic findings: Sarcocysts in cardiac muscle. Chronic local
capsulitis and fibrous scars in liver. Etiology undetermined for local
scars in liver.
Hematology findings: RBC/cmm 7.04 x 106, WBC/cmm 5.6 x 103, MCV/cu.y 53,
Hb % 12.1, Hematocrit % 37.
Clinical diagnosis: Normal.
4 Necropsy findings: Incisors worn to gum line, multiple fibrinous adhesions
between liver and diaphragm. Cysts, 1 mm in diameter, were located under
the capsule and scattered throughout the parenchyma of the kidney. Fatty
infiltrate, 1 to 2 mm, from capsule into parenchyma of kidney.
Histopathologic findings: Ovaries were fibrotic with few follicles.
Hemosiderosis of spleen.
Hematology findings: RBC/cmm 6.96 x 106, WBC/cmm 5.6 x 103, MCV/cu.p 47,
Hb g% 11.3, Hematocrit % 33.
Clinical diagnosis: Aged animal that had suffered from traumatic
reticulitis in the past. Etiology of kidney lesions undetermined.
5 Necropsy findings: RUmen contained 1.85 to 2.4 m of 1.25-cm hemp rope,
electricians tape, and a 2.5-cm brass eyelet. Small eroded area in
joint surface of patella.
As reported by senior author.
TAs reported by Dr. Billy C. Ward, Department of Pathology, Washington State
University, Pullman, Washington.
L-l
-------
APPENDIX L. CONTINUED
AREA 18 CATTLE, MAY CONTINUED
5 Histopathologic findings: Sarcocysts in cardiac muscle.
Hematology findings: RBC/cmm 8.88 x 106, WBC/cmm 7.5 x 103, MCV/cu.y 48,
Hb g% 14.2, Hematocrit % 43.
Clinical diagnosis: Normal.
6 Necropsy findings: No gross lesions noted.
Histopathologic findings: No lesions noted.
Hematology findings: RBC/cmm 9.74 x 106, WBC/cmm 7.2 x 103, MCV/cu.y 41,
Hb g% 13.8, Hematocrit % 40.
Clinical diagnosis: Normal 2-week-old calf.
AREA 18 CATTLE, OCTOBER
7 Necropsy findings: No gross lesions noted.
Histopathologic findings: Few sarcocysts in muscle tissue.
Hematology findings: Sample lost in mail.
Clinical diagnosis: Normal 3.5-year-old steer.
8 Necropsy findings: Large cyst in posterior lobule of left kidney.
Emphysema of lungs from agonal struggling.
Histopathologic findings: No lesions noted.
Hematology findings: Sample lost in mail.
Clinical diagnosis: Normal yearling steer.
9 Necropsy findings: Advanced squamous cell carcinoma of left eye. Rope in
the rumen. Ninety-day fetus in uterus.
Histopathologic findings: Mineralized foci in medulla of kidney. Sarco-
cysts in cardiac muscle.
Hematology findings: Sample lost in mail.
Clinical diagnosis: Ocular squamous cell carcinoma.
10 Necropsy findings: Ninety-day fetus in uterus. Areas of emphysema and
atelectasis in lungs as result of agonal struggling.
Histopathologic findings: Prominent lymphoid follicles in spleen.
Hematology findings: Sample lost in mail.
Clinical diagnosis: Normal pregnant 2.5-year-old cow.
L-2
-------
APPENDIX L. CONTINUED
AREA 18 CATTLE, OCTOBER CONTINUED
11 Necropsy findings: No gross lesions noted.
Histopathologic findings: Peri bronchial lymphoid cuffs observed in lung
tissue.
Hematology findings: Sample lost in mail.
Clinical diagnosis: Normal 6-month-old calf.
12 Necropsy findings: Left eye had advanced squamous cell carcinoma.
Right eye was opaque with point of infection on center of cornea. An
extremely large mass (0.61 meters in diameter) of tangled ropes of various
sizes was found in the rumen. Ovaries appeared inactive. Slight
endometri ti s.
Histgpathologic findings; Ocular squamous cell carcinoma composed of
neoplastic squamous cells of low grade malignancy. Hemosiderosis of
spleen.
Hematology findings: Sample lost in mail.
Clinical diagnosis: Advanced ocular squamous cell carcinoma.
CORRALLED NEVADA TEST SITE CATTLE
21 Necropsy findings: History of difficulty in rising for six months. Unable
to rise unassisted the last week. Massive contusion right flank area,
external oblique muscle edematous, friable, and hemorragic. Adhesions
between diaphragm and rumen. Uterus thickened and doughy to touch.
Fibrin clot in pericardial fluid. Slight erosion of articular surfaces
of both hock joints. Round ligament of right hip torn with blood clot
present in joint.
Histopathologic findings: Liver cells showed moderate fatty changes, mild
amyloid infiltrate in sinusoids. Spinal cord was swollen. Possibly
degenerating neurons with mild atonal degeneration. Muscle showed hyaline
degeneration, hemorrhage, and necrosis. Marked degenerative changes of
muscle fibers with minimal inflammatory changes.
Hematological findings: Blood sample not collected.
Clinical diagnosis; History, gross lesions, and microscopic changes are
consistent with obturator paralysis.
139 Necropsy findings: Fibrous adhesions between dorsal vault of rumen and
parietal peritoneum.
Histopathologic findings: Multiple sarcocysts in cardiac muscle. Chronic
proliterative fibrous capsulitis and mild hemosiderosis of spleen.
Hematological findings: Blood sample not collected.
Clinical diagnosis: Normal mature Hoi stein cow.
L- 3
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APPENDIX L. CONTINUED
CORRALLED NEVADA TEST SITE CATTLE
216 Necropsy findings; No gross lesions noted.
Histopathologic findings: Sarcocysts in muscle and cardiac muscle.
Numerous colloid staining follicles in thyroid. Active spermatogenesis
in testicles.
Hematological findings: Blood sample not collected.
Clinical diagnosis: Normal mature Hoi stein bull.
MULE DEER
1 Necropsy findings: Good to fair condition. Uterus contained a 60-day
fetus. A .243 caliber bullet traversed the rib cage causing extensive
trauma to the diaphragmatic lobes of the lung.
Histopatholoqic findings: No visible lesions except congestion of spleen.
Clinical diagnosis: Normal mature doe.
2 Necropsy findings: A .243 caliber bullet entered on midline 10 centi-
meters cranial to sterum and exited through right shoulder caudal to
scapula. Hair is shedding. Posterior medial and lateral surfaces of
left foreleg denuded of hair. Extensive trauma to right apical lobe of
lung. Right thyroid small, weighed 1 gram versus 4 grams for the left.
Hepatic lymph node contains dark pigment.
Histopathologic findings: Fibropapilloma of skin. Lymphoid hyper-
plasia of lymph node. Few spermatogenial cells, no mature spermatids
in testes.
Clinical diagnosis: Normal male deer.
3 Animal was an accident victim that was partially consumed by scavengers
and therefore was not necropsied. Advanced postmortem changes in all tissues,
4 Necropsy findings: A male deer in good condition that died from an over-
dose of nicotine alkaloid. Heart was dilated and contained a large clot.
Lungs were hemorrhagic and congested.
Histopathologic findings: Spleen was congested. Sarcocysts in muscle
tissue.Atelectasis of 1ungs.
Clinical diagnosis: Normal male deer.
5 Necropsy findings: Male deer in good flesh. Both left legs had multiple
compound fractures and four broken ribs on left side. Extensive trauma
to lobes of left lung from broken ribs. Liver, spleen, and rumen ruptured.
Rumen contents throughout abdominal cavity.
Histopathologic findings.: Not sampled due to extensive postmortem changes.
Clinical diagnosis: Normal male deer. Death from extensive trauma result-
ing from coinston with motor vehicle.
L-4
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APPENDIX L. CONTINUED
DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP
All sheep sampled were collected by participants in annual hunt. No necropsies
performed', but all animals appeared to be healthy. All were mature males.
BURRO
Not necropsied. Death caused by overdose of immobilizing drug during capture
attempt. Apparently healthy animal.
FERAL HORSE
Not necropsied as not found until several days after death. Death apparently
caused by complications of old age. Appeared to have lain down in a ditch
and was unable to get up.
NEVADA TEST SITE CARNIVORES
COYOTE
1 Necropsy findings: Adult female in fair to poor condition. Extensive
trauma to all abdominal and thoracic organs from passage of .243 caliber
bullet that entered anterior to left rear knee and exited through right
rib cage.
Histopathologic findings: No visible lesions except hemorrhage in lungs.
Clinical diagnosis: Normal coyote killed by rifle bullet.
2,3 Cause of death: run over by truck. Only trauma noted was in head region.
region. No other gross lesions noted. Histopathologic samples not
collected as animals frozen prior to necropsy.
BOBCAT
No gross pathology noted. Histopathologic samples not collected as
animal frozen prior to necropsy. Animal killed as a result of motor
vehicular collision.
AREA 15 JACKRABBITS
1 Necropsy findings: No gross lesions noted except trauma from passage
of .22 caliber Bullet through the thoracic cavity.
Histopathologic findings: Active spermatogenesis.
Clinical diagnosis: Normal.
2 Necropsy findings: No gross lesions noted except those associated with
trauma from 20-gauge shotgun pellets. Histopathologic samples not taken.
3 Necropsy findings: Mature lactating female rabbit in good condition. No
gross lesions noted except those assoicated with trauma from 20-gauge
shotgun pellets. . r
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APPENDIX L. CONTINUED
AREA 15 JACKRABBITS
3 Histopathologic findings: Pulmonary hemorrhage.
Clinical diagnosis: Normal.
4 Necropsy findings: Mature female lactating rabbit in good condition. Trauma
associated with passage of .22 caliber bullet through spine in lumbar
region.
Histopathologic findings: No visible lesions except pulmonary hemorrhage.
Clinical diagnosis: Normal
AREA 18 JACKRABBITS
All seven rabbits were collected by shotgun fire. No gross lesions were
observed except those associated with the trauma of the shot. Samples were
not collected for histopathologic examination. All rabbits appeared normal.
L-6
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DISTRIBUTION
1 - 40 Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory-Las Vegas
41 Mahlon E. Gates, Manager, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
42 Troy E. Wade, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
43 David G. Jackson, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
44 Paul J. Mudra, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
45 El wood M. Douthett, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
46 - 47 Ernest D. Campbell, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
48 - 49 Paul B. Dunaway, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
50 - 51 Mary G. White, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
52 Roger Ray, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
53 Robert W. Taft, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas,'NV
54 Leon Silverstrom, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
55 Robert W. Newman, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
56 Bruce W. Church, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
57 - 58 Technical Library, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
59 Chief NOB/DNA, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
60 Hal Hoi lister, DSSC, ERDA/HQ, Washington, DC
61 Tommy F. McCraw, DOS, ERDA/HQ, Washington, DC
62 L. Joe Deal, DOS, ERDA/HQ, Washington, DC
63 - 67 Major General Joseph K. Bratton, Asst. Gen. Mgr., DMA,
ERDA/HQ, Washington, DC
68 Gordon F. Facer, DMA, ERDA/HQ, Washington, DC
69 James L. Liverman, Director, DBER, ERDA/HQ, Washington, DC
70 Robert L. Watters, DBER, ERDA/HQ, Washington, DC
71 John S. Kirby-Smith, DBER, ERDA/HQ, Washington, DC
72 Charles L. Osterberg, DBER, ERDA/HQ, Washington, DC
73 Robert W. Wood, DBER, ERDA/HQ, Washington, DC
74 William S. Osburn, Jr., DBER, ERDA/HQ, Washington, DC
75 Ray Brechbill, ERDA/SAN, Oakland, CA
76 Marcie Williamson, HSL/INEL, ERDA/ID, Idaho Falls, ID
77 Steven V. Kaye, Oak Ridge National Lab., Oak Ridge, TN
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78 Helen Pfuderer, ESIC, Oak Ridge National Lab., Oak Ridge, TN
79 P. Wahlgren, CARL, Oak Ridge National Lab., Oak Ridge, TN
80 H. E. Walburg, CARL, Oak Ridge National Lab., Oak Ridge, TN
81 Asst. Admin, for Research and Development, EPA, Washington, DC
82 Deputy Asst. Admin, for Radiation Programs, EPA, Washington, DC
83 Director, Div. of Criteria and Standards, ORP, EPA, Washington, DC
84 Director, Div. of Field Operations, ORP, EPA, Washington, DC
85 Director, Div. of Technology Assessment, ORP, EPA, Washington, DC
86 Director, Office of Technical Analysis, EPA, Washington, DC
87 Library, EPA, Washington, DC
88 Paul DeFalco, Jr., Deputy Regional Admin., Region IX, EPA,
San Francisco, CA
89 James K. Channell, Regional Radiation Representative, Region IX,
EPA, San Francisco, CA
90 Richard L. Blanchard, Director, Radiochemistry and Nuclear
Engineering Branch, EPA, Cincinnati, OH
91 Charles R. Porter, Director, Eastern Environmental Radiation Facility,
EPA, Montgomery, AL
92 Peter Halpin, Chief, APTIC, EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC
93 Harold F. Mueller, ARL, NOAA, Las Vegas, NV
94 Gilbert J. Ferber, ARL, NOAA, Silver Spring, MD
95 K. M. Oswald, Mgr., Health and Safety, LLL, Mercury, NV
96 Bernard W. Shore, LLL, Livermore, CA
97 Richard L. Wagner, LLL, Livermore, CA
98 Howard W. Tewes, LLL, Livermore, CA
99 Paul L. Phelps, LLL, Livermore, CA
100 Mortimer L. Mendelsohn, LLL, Livermore, CA
101 J. C. Hopkins, LASL, Los Alamos, NM
102 Harry S. Jordan, LASL, Los Alamos, NM
103 Lamar J. Johnson, LASL, Los Alamos, NM
104 George E. Tucker, Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM
105 Carter D. Broyles, Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM
106 Melvin L. Merritt, Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM
107 R. Glen Fuller, Oracle, AZ
108 Richard S. Davidson, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH
109 Arden E. Bicker, REECo, Mercury, NV
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110 Savino W. Cavender, REECo, Mercury, NV
111 Auda F. Morrow, CETO, NTS, Mercury, NV
112 Billy Moore, NTSSO, ERDA/NV, Mercury, NV
113 'Leo Bustad, Director, Veterinary Medicine, Washington State
University, Pullman, WA
114 Vincent Schultz, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
115 Arthur Wallace, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
116 Wesley E. Niles, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV
117 Library, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV
118 Verle R. Bohman, University of Nevada, Reno, NV
119 Lloyd P. Smith, President, Desert Research Institute,
University of Nevada, Reno, NV
120 Paul R. Fenske, Desert Research Institute, University of
Nevada, Reno, NV
121 Thomas P. 0'Parrel!, Director, Applied Ecology and Physiology
Center, Desert Research Institute, Boulder City, NV
122 William S. Twenhofel, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO
123 Manager, Desert National Wildlife Range, U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Las Vegas, NV
124 Supervisor, Region III, Nevada Fish and Game Department,
Las Vegas, NV
125 Paul Lyons, Nevada Wildlife Research, Division of Archives,
Capitol Building Annex, Carson City, NV
126 Deward W. Efurd, McClellan Central Laboratory, McClellan
Air Force Base, CA
127 L. L. Skolil, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
128 - 155 Technical Information Center, ERDA, Oak Ridge, TN
(for public availability)
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ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND
SUPPORT LABORATORY
P.O. BOX 15027
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OFFICIAL BUSINESS
PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE, $300
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EPA-335
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