EMSL-LV-0539-14 EMSL-LV-0539-14
ANIMAL INVESTIGATION PROGRAM 1975 ANNUAL REPORT:
NEVADA TEST SITE AND VICINITY
Monitoring Systems Research and Development Division
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Las Vegas, NV 89114
Published February 1978
This study was performed under a Memorandum
of Understanding No. EY-76-A-08-0539
for the
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
-------
This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States
Government. Neither the United States nor the Department of Energy, nor any
of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their
employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal lia-
bility or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of any
information, apparatus, product or process disclosed, or represents that its
use would not infringe privately owned rights.
AVAILABLE FROM THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
SPRINGFIELD, VA 22161
PRICE: PAPER COPY $6.00 MICROFICHE $3.00
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EMSL-LV-0539-14 EMSL-LV-0539-14
ANIMAL INVESTIGATION PROGRAM 1975 ANNUAL REPORT:
NEVADA TEST SITE AND VICINITY
by
D. D. Smith, K. R. Giles,
D. E. Bernhardt,* and K. W. Brown
Monitoring Systems Research and Development Division
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Las Vegas, NV 89114
Published February 1978
This research was performed as a part of the Animal Investigation
Program under a Memorandum of Understanding No. EY-76-A-08-0539
for the
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
*Mr. Bernhardt is Program Manager for Dose Assessment,
Office of Radiation Programs, Las Vegas Facility
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ABSTRACT
Data are presented from the radioanalysis of tissues collected from
cattle, deer, desert bighorn sheep, and other wildife that resided on or
near the Nevada Test Site during 1975.
Routine activities and special
investigations of the Animal Investigation Program are also discussed.
Other than the naturally occurring potassium-40, gamma-emitting radio-
nuclides are detected infrequently.
Tritium concentrations in the tissues
from most of the animals sampled are at background levels.
Strontium-gO levels in bones from deer and cattle are slightly lower
than those reported for the preceding year while levels in desert bighorn
sheep bones were elevated.
A graph depicts the average levels found in the
bones of the three species from 1956 through 1975.
The appendices of this report list actinide concentrations (p1utonium-238.
plutonium-239, uranium-234, uranium-235, and uranium-238) found in the tissues
of all animals sampled.
Graphs compare thep1utonium-239 levels in lungs,
livers, and femurs from Nevada Test Site cattle for the years 1971 through
1975.
Levels reported appear to be relatively constant for these years with
bone and lung data being nearly identical each year.
Concentrations in liver
are generally a factor of 2 or 3 lower than values for bone and lung.
Hypothetical dose estimates to man are calculated on the basis of the
daily consumption of 0.5 kilogram of liver or muscle from Nevada Test Site
animals that contained peak activity levels.
The highest postulated dose is
i i i
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2.2 millirems from plutonium-239 in liver from a mule deer.
All postul ated
doses from other radionuclides are less than 1 millirem, except for
cesium-137 in muscle from a mule deer.
All of these postulated doses are
less than 1 percent of the 500 millirems/year guide for radiation doses to
the general population.
A deer migration study was initiated with the successful capture of
eight mule deer which were outfitted with radiotransmitter-equipped collars,
then released, and their movements followed on a weekly basis.
A number of Nevada Test Site springs were renovated to provide cleaner
and more dependable water sources for wildlife.
The dietary habits of desert bighorn sheep were determined through the
botanical analysis of rumen contents and are discussed according to the
geographical locations of the animals at time of collections.
In general,
grasses made up about 50 percent of the diet with approximately 45 percent
provided by shrubs and the remainder coming from forbs.
The gross and microscopic lesions found in necropsied animals are
discussed.
In general, these lesions are consistent with the physical
condition of the animal and type of population sampled.
No gross or micro-
scopic lesions were detected that could be directly attributed to the effects
of ionizing radiation.
,/
iv
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
i i i
vi
LIST OF TABLES
INTRODUCTION
vii
SAMPLE COLLECTION
ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES AND METHODS
2
10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
NEVADA TEST SITE CATTLE
NEVADA TEST SITE MULE DEER
DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP
NEVADA TEST SITE RABBITS
NEVADA TEST SITE COYOTE
NEVADA TEST SITE WATERS
NECROPSY AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EXAMINATION~
HYPOTHETICAL DOSE ESTIMATES
FOOD HABIT ANALYSIS
13
13
16
22
23
23
25
26
27 '
31
OTHER ACTIVITIES
BEEF HERD
DEER MIGRATION STUDY
NEVADA TEST SITE SPRING RENOVATION
INVESTIGATIONS, SURVEYS, AND OTHER STUDIES
PUBLIC INFORMATION
36
36
36
39
40
40
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
42
DISTRIBUTION
v
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Number
_.-
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
1
Location of sampling sites and facilities on the Nevada
Test Site
5
9
2
3
Approximate collection sites of 1975 desert bighorn sheep
4
Annual averages of YOSr in bones of cattle, deer, and
desert bighorn sheep 1956-1975
Ranges and median values of 239pU in fresh lung tissues
from Nevada Test Site beef cattle 1971-1975
18
14
5
Ranges and median values of 239pU in fresh liver tissues
from Nevada Test Site beef cattle 1971-1975
19
6
Ranges and median values of 239pU in fresh femur tissues
from Nevada Test Site beef cattle 1971-1975
20
7
Nevada Test Site deer migration patterns - fall and
winter 1975
38
vi
-------
Number
10
11
12
LIST OF TABLES
1
Vital Statistics of Nevada Test Site Cattle Sampled
During 1975
Vital Statistics of Nevada Test Site Wildlife Sampled
During 1975
Vital Statistics of Desert Bighorn Sheep Sampled
During 1975 .
Median Values of Actinide Concentrations in Tissues
From Nevada Test Site Cattle (pCi/kg wet wt.)
Median Values of Actinide Levels in 1975 Nevada Test Site
Deer Tissues (pCi/kg wet wt.)
Median Values of Plutonium Levels in 1975 Desert Bighorn
Sheep Tissues (pCi/kg wet wt.)
Radionuclide Concentrations in Tissues Collected From
Area 15, Nevada Te~t Site, Coyote
Radionuclide Concentrations in Nevada Test Site
Spring Waters
Summary of Peak Radionuclide Concentrations in Edible
Tissue from Nevada Test Site Cattle and Deer (pCi/kg fresh wt.)
Postulated Dose to Man Following Ingestion of Selected
Tissues for 1 Year
The Plant Species and the Percent Composition of Forage Eaten
by Desert Bighorn Sheep Rams Harvested from the U.S. Desert
National Wildlife Range During November and December 1975
The Plant Species and the Percent Composition of Forage Eaten
by Ten Desert Bighorn Sheep Rams Harvested in Southern Nevada
During November and December 1975
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
vii
Page
3 -
6
7
17
21
23
24
26
28
30
33
34
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INTRODUCTION
During 1975, the operation of the Animal Investigation Program continued
to be the responsibility of the U.s. Environmental Protection Agency's
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory-Las Vegas.
The responsibi1i-
ties assigned to the Animal Investigation Program by the U.S. Energy Research
and Development Administration's* Nevada Operations Office include the
fo 11 owi ng :
1.
To conduct surveillance of domestic and wild animals on and around
the Nevada Test Site and to assess the radionuc1ide burden present
in their tissues and to detect any pathological effects from these
burdens.
2.
To investigate alleged damage to domestic animals and wildlife
resulting from the activities of the Nevada Operations Office of
the U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration*.
3.. To maintain public relations through education and veterinary advice
to the off-site population.
4.
To conduct special ad hoc investigations.
The progress in achieving these responsibilities and summaries of the
data collected during 1975 are presented in this report.
The history, evo1u-
tion, and accomplishments of the Animal Investigation Program from its incep-
tion in 1957 through 1975 have been published previously (Fountain 1961;
Smith and Giles 1970, 1974, and 1975; and Smith et a1., 1976, 1977a, and
1977b).
*Effective October 1, 1977, the U.S. Energy Research and Development (
Administration was designated the Department of Energy.
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SAMPLE COLLECTION
The animals sampled during 1975 included beef cattle, mule deer, rabbits,
and a coyote from the Nevada Test Site. and desert bighorn sheep that range
the mountainous areas to the south and east of the Nevada Test Site.
The
animals sampled included those that were collected through the cooperation of
licensed hunters, and those that died from natural causes or by accident, as
well as those that were sacrificed as part of the routine sampling activities
of the program.
The sacrificed animals were killed either by rifle or shotgun fire, were
necropsied immediately after death, and any gross pathological changes were
noted.
Animals collected by other means were also necropsied if a prosector
was available.
If advanced postmortem changes had not occurred, the adrenals,
eyes, heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, muscle, spleen, thyroid, gonads, and
lesions (if any) were sampled and prepared for histopathological evaluation.
Tissues collected for radioanalysis included rumen or stomach contents, liver,
lung, tracheobronchial lymph nodes, muscle, thyroids, blood or urine, kidney,
fetus (if present), and bone (femurs or hock).
Rumen contents from desert
bighorn sheep were collected for-botanical analysis.
If fresh blood was
available, samples were collected and heparinized for hematological examination.
Thirteen animals from the Nevada Test Site beef herd were sacrificed and
sampled during the year.
The vital statistics of all the Nevada Test Site
cattle sampled during 1975 are presented in table 1.
Each animal sampled
spent its entire life grazing on the Area 18 range of the "Nevada Test Site.
2
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TABLE 1. VITAL STATISTICS OF NEVADA TEST SITE CATTLE SAMPLED DURING 1975
Animal Date
No. Sex Age Breed Weight Sampled Remarks
(yrs) (kg)
1 F 4 Hereford 327 OS/22/75 Cow, ba rren, fair condition.
2 F 13 Hereford 445 OS/22/75 Cow, ba rren, excellent condition.
3 M 1 Hereford 227 OS/22/75 Steer, fair condition.
4 M 2 Hereford 430 OS/22/75 Steer, excellent condition.
5 M Hereford 240 OS/22/75 Steer good condition.
6 M 5 Hereford 661 OS/22/75 Steer, excellent condition.
(N
7 F 1-2 Hereford 200 07/29/75 Killed by motor vehicle, Pahute Mesa Road, near
Camp 17.
8 M 0.3-0.5 Hereford 170 10/16/75 Calf, excellent condition.
9 M 0.3-0.5 Hereford 153 10/16/75 Calf, excellent condition.
10 M 0.3-0.5 Hereford 95 10/16/75 Calf. excellent condtion.
11 F 6-7 Hereford 454 10/16/75 Cow, excellent condition, barren.
12 F 9.5 Hereford 452 10/16/75 Cow, fair condition, squamous cell carcinoma of
left eye and orbital tissue.
13 F 5.8 Hereford 520 10/15/75 Cow, fair condition.
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Figure 1 shows the locations of the herds and facilities.
The management of
the beef herd and soil and range surveys of the Area 18 grazing area have
been published previously (Smith 1970 , Leavitt 1970, and Brown and Mason 1968).
Tissue samples were collected from eight Nevada Test Site mule deer during
1975.
(See table 2 for vital statistics.)
Seven of the deer were collected
after being struck by a motor vehicle, and one died during a capture attempt.
Collection locations are noted on figure 1.
Other Nevada Test Site animals sampled included six cottontail rabbits
(SyZviZagus audubonii) collected at the Area 15 farm.
was also collected at the Area 15 farm.
A coyote (Canis Zatrans)
Through the cooperation of State and Federal wildlife officials and par-
ticipating hunters, tissue and/or rumen ingesta samples were collected from
25 mature desert bighorn sheep (OVis canadensis neZsoni) rams during the
annual hunt.
The vital statistics of these animals are presented in table 3
and the collection sites are shown in figure 2.
Most of the animals were col-
lected from Clark County in southern Nevada with 13 coming from the Desert
National Wildlife Range or the Nellis Air Force Range which are contiguous
to the Nevada Test Site.
One ram was collected from west-central Nevada near
Lone Mountain in Esmeralda County.
4
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SCALE IN FEET I SCALE IN METERS
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Figure 1.
Location of sampling sites and facilities on the Nevada Test Site
5
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Animal
No.
Coyote-1
Mu1 e Deer-1
Mule Deer-2
Mule Deer-3
C'\
Mule Deer-4
Mule Deer-5
Mule Deer-6
Mule Deer-7
Mule Deer-8
TABLE 2.
Sex
F
F
M
M
M
M
F
F
M
Rabbits 1-6 Unk
unK = Unknown
VITAL STATISTICS OF NEVADA TEST SITE WILDLIFE SAMPLED DURING 1975
Estimated
Age
(yrs)
0.25
3-3.5
2-4
5.5
5.5-6
Unk
3
4
2-2.5
Unk
Date
Weight Collected
(kg)
34
50-55
70-73
75-80
Unk
59
64
80-85
Unk
4
07/23/75
01/21/75
OS/22/75
06/16/75
08/03/75
08/21/75
09/10/75
09/11 /75
11 /11 /75
04/06/75
Remarks
Collected at NTS farm, partly digested rabbit tissue
in stomach.
Road kill, Tippipah Highway between Areas 12 and 4
fair to good condition.
Road kill, Area 17, Pahute Mesa Road, 3 miles west
of sand and gravel plant.
Road kill, Area 17, Stockade Wash Road, 1 mile past
Holmes Road turnoff.
Road kill, Stockade Wash Road by substation.
Road kill, Stockade Wash and Holmes Roads, Area 12,
eaten by predators.
Road kill, Area 20, 20 miles west of first aid
station.
Capture attempt kill, syringe penetrated lung,
Area 20, 3 miles from first aid station.
Road kill, Dead Horse Flat Road and Pahute Junction
by reservoi r.
These cottontail rabbits were collected by shotgun
fire at the Area 15 farm. Unfortunately, necropsy
records were lost so vital statistics are unknown.
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TABLE 3. VITAL STATISTICS OF DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP SAMPLED DURING 1975
Animal Age Date
No. and Sex Collected Samples Collected Remarks
(yrs)
1 8-M 11 /20/75 Bone, kidney, lung Hunter kill, Tri Canyon Area, Meadow Valley Range.
2 3-M 11/17/75 Kidney, lung Hunter kill, Fossil Ridge, Las Vegas Range.
3 10-M 12/05/75 Bone, kidney, lung Hunter kill, Elbow Canyon Area, Las Vegas Range.
4 8-M 11/24/75 Bone, kidney, lung Hunter ki 11, South end of Arrow Canyon Range.
5 9-M 12/06/75 Bone, kidney, lung Hunter kill, Gas Peak Area, Las Vegas Range.
6 5-M 11 /15/75 Bone, kidney, lung Hunter kill, Central Highland Range.
7 9-M 12/11/75 Bone, kidney, lung Hunter kill, Grapevine Canyon, Sheep Range.
8 5-M 11/15/75 Bone, kidney, lung Hunter kill, Cathedral Cove, Black Mountains.
....... 9 5-M 11/16/75 Bone, kidney, lung Hunter ki 11, Cathedral Cove, Black Mountains.
10 7-M 11/15/75 Bone, kidney, lung Hunter ki 11, Lonesome Wash, Eldorado Range.
11 7-M 12/08/75 Bone, kidney, lung Hunter kill, Central Eldorado, near powerline.
12 5-M 11/15/75 Bone, kidney, lung Hunter kill, Pyramid Peak, Black Mountains.
13 6-M 11/25/75 Bone, kidney, lung Hunter kill, Cabin Spring, Sheep Range
14 6-M 11/17175 Ki dney, 1 ung Hunter kill, Pyramid Peak, Black Mountains.
15 5-M 12/1 0175 Bone, kidney, lung Hunter kill, Monkey Hole, E1dorado Range.
16 5-M 11 /20175 Bone, lung Hunter kill, Mormon Peak, Mormon Mountains.
17 8-M 12/14/75 Bone, kidney, lung Hunter kill, Quartz Peak, Pintwater Range.
18 10-M 11 /15/75 Bone Hunter kill, Disappointment Canyon, Sheep Range.
19 8-M 12/11175 Kidney, lung Hunter ki 11, Sha1ecut Spring, Sheep Range.
20 7-M 12/19/75 Bone, 1 ung Hunter kill, Tim Spring, Pintwater Range.
21 11-M 12/22/75 Bone Hunter kill, Quartz Spring, Pintwater Range.
.-
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TABLE 3.
VITAL STATISTICS OF DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP SAMPLED DURING 1975 (continued)
Animal Age Date
No. and Sex Co 11 ec ted Samples Collected Remarks
(yrs )
22 5-M 12/20/75 Kidney, 1 ung Hunter kill, Sand Spring, Pintwater Range.
23 7-M 11/17/75 Ki dney, 1 ung Hunter kill, Twin Buttes, Sheep Range.
24 8-M 12/08/75 Lung Hunter kill, Sheep Canyon, Lone Mountain.
25 5-M 12/20/75 Lung Hunter kill, Sand Spring, Pintwater Range.
co
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24
LONE MT.
---'1 "
, "
TONOPAH' ~QUEEN CITY SUMMIT,'
TEST -----, .TEMPIUTE!
RANGE I" HIKO
HANCOCK SMT.,~
..,
I
CO VOTE SMT.J(
I
NEVADA
TEST
SITE
NELLIS
AIR FORCE
RANGE
11
I .
I
I
11-21
20
25-22
I
I DESERT
'NATIONAL
IWILDLIFE
RANGE
Figure 2.
Approximate collection sites of 1975 desert bighorn sheep.
9
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ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES AND METHODS
Samples of soft tissues and rumen contents were qualitatively and quanti-
tative1y analyzed by gamma spectroscopy.
Either a blood or a urine or a
tissue sample was collected from each animal and was analyzed for tritium.
The bone was analyzed for strontium-89 and -90, uranium-234 and -238, and
p1utonium-238 and -239.
Selected soft tissues were also analyzed for p1uto-
nium and uranium content.
A portion of the actinide analyses and all of the
analyses for strontium, tritium, and the gamma-emitting radionuc1ides were
performed by the Methods Development and Analytical Support Branch of the
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory-Las Vegas.
The remainder of
the actinide analyses were performed by the Albuquerque Laboratory of the
Eber1ine Instrument Corporation.
Rumen contents and soft tissues of sufficient volume (the latter were
ground) were placed in 200-mi11i1iter aluminum containers which were sealed
and stored for gamma analysis.
Those of smaller volume, i.e., thyroid,
tracheobronchial lymph nodes, kidneys, etc., were first macerated in a
blender, then brought to volume by suspending in agar, and placed and sealed
in 200-mi1liliter aluminum containers.
All samples were analyzed for
approximately 1,200 minutes on lithium-drifted germanium detectors calibrated
at approximately 0.5 ki10e1ectronvo1ts per channel in the 60-ki10e1ectronvo1ts
to 2-megaelectronvo1ts range.
These detectors are connected to a POP 11/20
computer for gamma spectral data accumulation and analysis.
10
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Tissues for strontium, plutonium, and uranium analyses were prepared by
dry ashing.
Plutonium and uranium were analyzed by alpha spectroscopy using
p1utonium-236 and uranium-232 as internal tracers (Tal vi tie 1971, 1972).
Other radionuc1ide analytical procedures used at the Environmental Monitoring
and Support Laboratory-Las Vegas were described previously (Johns 1975).
The activity values for plutonium-239 listed in this report are actually
the sum of the individual isotopic activities of plutonium-239 and -240.
The
alpha emissions of these two isotopes cannot be separately identified
(resolved) by alpha spectrometric analysis.
All data are reported with the 95 percent confidence level counting error
and are corrected to time of sample collection.
Results which show a net
sample activity less than the two-sigma counting error are reported as less
than the minimum detectable activity.
The approximate minimum detectable
activities and analytical procedures are summarized in appendix A.
Tissue and lesion samples collected for histopathological examination
were first fixed in a la-percent Forma1in@ solution.
They were then dehy-
drated with alcohol and embedded in paraffin prior to sectioning with a micro-
tome.
A 5-micrometer section was placed on a glass slide, stained with
hematoxylin and eosin, and delivered to a pathologi~t for interpretation.
When fresh blood was available, 2 milliliters was withdrawn from the
jugular vein and placed in a heparinized tube, and two blood-smear slides
were made.
These were airmailed to the United Medical Laboratories, Inc.. of
Portland, Oregon, where a complete blood-cell count and a differential count
were made.
Other analyses performed included hemoglobin, hematocrit, and
packed cell volume.
@Registered trademark
11
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Botanical analyses of the rumen-content samples were accomplished by washing
random a1iquots of the ingesta with water.
After washing, the samples were each
placed in a shallow pan and suspended in approximately 200 milliliters of
water.
Identification of the vegetation was completed by examining each
fragment with the aid of a binocular microscope.
Following the identification,
a visual estimate of the percentage composition for each species was made and
recorded.
The shrubs and forbs were identified according to Munz and Keck
(1965) and McMinn (1964) and the grasses according to Hitchcock (1950).
12
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
NEVADA TEST SITE CATTLE
The analytical results from tissues collected from the Nevada Test Site
grazing beef cattle during May and October of 1975 are presented in the tables
of appendix Band C, respectively.
No corralled cattle from the Area 15 farm
were sampled during 1975.
The only gamma-emitting radionuclide that was consistently detected
was naturally occurring potassium-40.
Occasionally, detectable levels of
cesium-137 were found in the rumen contents and soft tissues of the Area 18
range cattle.
The highest level of cesium-137 reported was 60 i 14 picocuries/
kilogram of muscle from a 4-year-old Hereford cow sampled in May of 1975.
Tritium levels in the blood collected from the Area 18 cattle sampled in
May ranged from less than 210 picocuries/liter to 620 picocuries/liter with
a median value of 280 picocuries/liter.
Tritium levels were slightly higher
for the cattle sampled in the fall with a range of 220 picocuries/liter to
1,100 picocuries/1iter and
a median value of 440 picocuries/liter.
However.
tritium values from both groups of cattle were well below values of up to
2,200 picocuries/liter of atmospheric moisture which were detected in Beatty.
Nevada, during 1975 (Monitoring Operations Division 1976).
As shown in figure 3, strontium-90 values in femur samples from grazing
cattle averaged 3.8 picocuries/gram of ash which does not vary significantly
from levels reported in 1972, 1973, and 1974 (Smith et a1., 1976, 1977a, and
1977b) .
As in previous years, the peak strontium-90 value (15 picocuries/gram
13
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30 _BIGHORN SHEEP
C=:J DEER
~ 25 IZZ2J CATTLE
o (NUMBER OF BONE SAMPLES)
ex:
U.J
2:
0 20
c:c CiD
en
U @
+:> Co 15
2: CD
CI)
.....
U.J 10 @
:> @
U.J CiD
..... CD
~
CI)
Q 5 0
CTJ @
o
1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
1965
1967
1968
1966
1969
1971
1972
1913
1974
1970
Fi gure 3.
Annual averages of 90Sr in bones of cattle, deer, and desert bighorn sheep 1956-1975.
@
@
CD
1975
-------
of ash) was found in the femur of an aged cow (13+ years).
not detectable in any femurs.
Strontium-89 was
Plutonium-238 is present in the environment primarily as a result of the
burnup of the SNAP-9A power source (Krey and Krajewski 1972; Hardy et al..
1972 ) .
The expected ratio of plutonium-239 to plutonium-238 is roughly 25.
Although plutonium-238 was not frequently detected in the tissues sampled. the
expected p1utonium-239jplutonium-238 ratio of approximately 25 was seldom
reached.
Usually the ratios were in the 5 to 10 range.
It has been postu-
lated (Patterson et a1.. 1974; and Matlack et al.. 1976) that plutonium-238
may be more rapidly solubilized and thus potentially more mobile under
environmental conditions than is p1utonium-239.
Thus. it is possible that
the plutonium 239:238 ratios for animal tissue (plutonium tissue concentrations
are in part a result of uptake by plants) may be lower than the ratios for
fa 11 out and soi 1. , There were severa 1 instances (see appendi ces B-3. 8-7. and
0-1) in which p1utonium-238 values exceeded plutonium-239 values.
Although
these values were verified. they are suspect and may have resulted from sample
contamination either during processing at the Area 15 farm where p1utonium-238
studies have been conducted or during the analytical processes.
During this report period. alpha spectrometry analyses were made on
several counting systems in different laboratories.
Differences in sample
size and chemical yield may account for the wide variations in the IIless than II
values.
The uranium isotopic ratios for some of the samples in the appendices are
different from the expected natural ratios (uranium-234. -235. and -238.
approximately 1:0.05:1).
These differences may relate to varying enrichment of
the contaminating nuclear material. analytical or sampling error. and/or solu-
bility differences.
Several investigators (Osmund 1974. Thurber 1962) have
15
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found that the 1:1 ratio of uranium-234 to uranium-238 found in natural
uranium does not hold true for samples that have undergone leaching or partial
dissolution.
It is thought that uranium-234 becomes more soluble than
uranium-238 because of recoil fractionation of the isotopic matrix during the
decay process.
Results of the long-term hydrological monitoring program at
the Nevada Test Site reported in the annual Environmental Monitoring reports
(Monitoring Applications Laboratory 1975, and Monitoring Operations Division
1976) show relative activity ratios for uranium isotopes on the order of
4: 0.05: 1 .
The median values of actinide data from the tables in appendices Band C
are summarized in table 4.
The increased actinide levels during October that
were observed in rumen contents were also noted in 1973 and 1974.
Thi s may be
related to the range conditions at that time of the year, i.e., forage is
scant and dry, and more soil is probably ingested during the grazing process.
Figures 4, 5, and 6 show comparisons of plutonium-239 levels in lungs,
livers, and femurs from the Area 18 beef herd from the years 1971 through
1975.
As there is considerable overlapping of the ranges reported, no clear
trends are readily apparent and levels reported appear to remain relatively
constant.
Femur and lung data are nearly identical for each year with liver
being a factor of 2 or 3 lower.
NEVADA TEST SITE MULE DEER
The analytical results from tissues of the Nevada Test Site mule deer are
presented in the tables of appendix D.
As was the case for the Nevada Test
Site beef cattle, the only gamma-emitting radionuclide detected, other than
naturally occurring potassium-40, was cesium-137 which was occasionally found
in tissue and rumen-content samples.
The highest level of cesium-137 reported
16
-------
TABLE 4.
MEDIAN VALUES OF ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN TISSUES
FROM NEVADA TEST SITE CATTLE (pCi/kg wet wt.)
ACTINIDE AND HERD SAMPLED
238pu 239pu 234U 235U 238U
Tissue .J. Oct'
May* Oct' May* Oct' May* Oct' May* Oct' May*
Lungs 0.44 0.1 2.6 0.95 0.33 1 <0.02 <0.02 0.39 0.45
Tracheobronchial <2.9 6 26.5 16.5 25.5 NA <9.2 NA 36.5 NA
Lymph Nodes
Muscles 0.26 <0.02 0.55 0.1 0.29 0.52 0.05 <0.02 <0.15 0.37
..... Livers 0.19 <0.03 0.71 <0.69 0.19 <0.83 <0.05 <0.03 <0.07 <0.79
"'-J
Rumen Contents 0.53 2.2 4.9 10.4 2 NA <0.09 NA 1.2 NA
Reticulum 9 38 40.5 180 390 NA 17 NA 285 NA
Sediments
Femurs <0.9 0.33 <1.8 <0.9 2.6 <0.23 <0.12 0.56 1.8
*May = Beef cattle sampled in May
tOct = Beef cattle sampled in October
NA = Not analyzed
-------
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1975
Figure 5.
Ranges and median values of 239pU in fresh liver tissues
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1973
1914
19
-------
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-------
was 140 picocuries/kilogram in a muscle sampled from deer number 8.
The average strontium-90 level in bones from these deer was 2.3 pico-
curies/gram of ash which is not significantly different from the levels of
2.6 and 2.7 picocuries/gram of ash reported in 1973 and 1974 (see figure 3).
The median values of actinide levels in Nevada Test Site deer are shown
in table 5.
These levels are of the same magnitude as those reported in 1973
and 1974 with one exception; for some unknown reason the plutonium-239 concen-
trations in the lung, liver, and bone samples from animal 8 were significantly
elevated.
In order to verify the results, the analytical laboratory recalcu-
lated and/or reanalyzed the samples and reported similar levels.
Actinide
levels in the rumen contents of the mule deer were lower than those reported
for the Nevada Test Site cattle.
This is probably a reflection of their
eating habits, as deer are browsers rather than grazers.
Also, their habitat,
in general, is less contaminated than the Area 18 range.
TABLE 5.
MEDIAN VALUES OF ACTINIDE LEVELS IN 1975 NEVADA
TEST SITE DEER TISSUES (pCi/kg wet wt.)
Tissue 238pU 239pu 234U 235U 238U
Lungs <0.13 0.47 0.45 <0.03 0.45
Muscle <0.07 0.15 0.45 <0.03 0.36
Liver <0.16 0.48 0.53 <0.04 0.35
Rumen Contents 0.43 2.2 2.4 0.2 2
Bone <1.4 <3 3.3 <0.25 3
21
-------
DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP
Analytical data from selected tissues of desert bighorn sheep are listed
in the tables of appendix E.
The only gamma-emitting radionuclide detected,
other than naturally occurring potassium-40, was cesium-137 which was found
occasionally in lung and kidney tissues.
Muscle and liver tissues were not
collected as they were retained by the hunters who furnished the samples.
Tritium levels in the aqueous portion of kidney tissues ranged from
<240 to 620 picocuries/liter with a median value of <310 picocuries/liter.
While the median strontium-90 concentration in 18 bone samples was
3.5 picocuries/gram of ash, the average concentration was 8.6 picocuries/
gram of ash as shown in figure 3.
Although this average is nearly twice
that observed in recent years, if the data from four animals (numbers 8, 16,
20, and 21) were not included, the average would 3.4 picocuries/gram of ash
which would be similar to that reported each of the last 4 years.
Strontium-90 surveillance in milk (ICR Report No. 19) and air (HASL-321)
gave no indication of significantly increased worldwide or localized fallout
during 1974 or 1975 so the elevated levels in these four animals are thought
to be anomalies.
As in most of the previous years, strontium levels were
higher in the desert bighorn sheep than the other two ruminant species
sampled.
This result is probably due to their habitat being at higher eleva-
tions (more precipitation) and to the older age of sampled animals due to
hunting regulations.
The median values of plutonium levels in lung and bone tissues from
desert bighorn sheep are shown in table 6.
Although both plutonium-238 and
plutonium-239 were frequently found in the lungs, detectable levels of
plutonium-238 were found in only 2 of 18 bone samples and plutonium-239 was
found in 7 of the 18.
22
-------
TABLE 6.
MEDIAN VALUES OF PLUTONIUM LEVELS IN 1975 DESERT
BIGHORN SHEEP TISSUES (pCi/kg wet wt.)
Ti ssue 238pU 239pU
Lungs 0.22 0.65
Bone <0.53 <0.76
NEVADA TEST SITE RABBITS
Selected tissues from six Area 15 cottontail rabbits were collected and
analyzed.
The soft tissues were analyzed for gamma-emitting radionuclides
and the bones for strontium and plutonium.
tables of appendix F.
These data are tabulated in the
Plutonium-238 and -239, and cesium-137 levels detected in these tissues
were of the same magnitude as those found in Nevada Test Site cattle and
deer.
However, the strontium-90 levels in the bones averaged 19.7 picocuries/
gram of ash, which is a factor of 6 to 10 higher than that observed in the
Nevada Test Site ruminants.
These values are also a factor of three greater
than those reported for Area 15 rabbits in 1974 (Smith et a1., 1977b).
The
highest values found in two of the rabbits (37 picocuries/gram of ash) were
verified by the analytical laboratory.
NEVADA TEST SITE COYOTE
An immature female coyote was collected at the Area 15 farm and selected
tissue samples submitted for analysis.
The analyzed data are presented in
table 7.
Gamma-emitting radionuc1ides detected in the tissues of this animal
include naturally occurring potassium-40, cesium-137, and metastable
rhodium-102. The cesium-137 levels were about 10 times the magnitude of the
23
-------
TABLE 7. RAOIONUCLIOE CONCENTRATIONS IN TISSUES COLLECTED
FROM AREA 15, NEVADA TEST SITE, COYOTE
Tissue 3H 238pu 239pu 89Sr 90Sr Ash K 137Cs 102mRh
Type
(pCil1) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (%) (g/kg) (pCi/kg) (pCi/kg)
(pCi/kg*) (pCi/kg*) (pCi/kg*) (pCi/kg*)
...
Bone' NA 0.006 :t 0.003 0.009:t 0.003 <74 9.6 :t 1.3 23 NA NA NO
1.3 :t 0.6 2.1 :t 0.77 <17000 2,200 :t 310
MuscleT NA 0.085 :t 0.04 0.05:t 0.03 NA NA 3.8 :t 0.6 350:t 8 NO
0.85 :t 0.36 0.48:t 0.3
LungsT NA <0.03+ 1. 6 :t O. 19t NA NA 1 ND 150 :t 20 NO
<0.25 16 :t 1.9
N Kidney 8,400:t 350+ NA NA NA NA NA 3.4:t 0.7 340:t 50 ND
~
Liver NA <0.01 0.09 :t 0.02 NA NA 3.8 2.4:t 0.3 250:t 15 NO
<0.38 3.4 :t 0.8
Stomach NA NA NA NA NA NA 4.7:t 0.5 110:t 17 52:t 25
Contents
Skin NA NA NA NA NA NA NO 520 :t 34 NO
~Wet weight
'Actinide analysis by Eberline Instrument Corporation.
NA = Not analyzed
~O = Not detected
Recounts verified original results.
-------
levels seen in the herbivore animals sampled (ruminants and rabbits).
The
source of the metastable rhodium-J02 is unknown; however, this radionuclide
was also found in the stomach contents of two coyotes collected from the
Area 15 farm during 1974 (Smith et al., 1977b).
Also detected was an
unexpectedly elevated tritium level of 8,400 picocuries/liter in the aqueous
portion of the kidneys.
The counting calculation for this value was verified
by the analytical laboratory.
This level might be related to a series of
studies in which fish were exposed to tritium which were conducted in fish
tanks located in a greenhouse at the Area 15 farm (Patzer et al., 1973).
The level found in the coyote's kidney was about 1 percent of the exposure
level maintained in the fish tanks which in turn was about 1 percent of the
Maximum Permissible Concentration of tritium for occupational exposure as
stated in the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission's regulation 10-CFR-20.
The
plutonium-239 lung burden of 16 picocuries/kilogram is nearly identical to
data reported for coyote lungs in 1974 (Smith et al., 1977b).
NEVADA TEST SITE WATERS
Several natural springs that serve as a source of water for wildlife
were sampled during 1975.
These waters were analyzed for gamma-emitting
radionuclides and for tritium.
The analytical results are presented in
table 8.
Detectable levels were only found in two samples; Captain Jack
Spring contained 7.1 i 2 picocuries/liter of cesium-137 and a sample from
the Tub Spring contained 250 i 230 picocuries/liter of tritium.
25
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TABLE 8.
RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN
NEVADA TEST SITE SPRING WATERS
Spring Date 137CS 3H
Name Sampled (pCi/l) (pCi/l)
Captain Jack 05/03/75 7. 1 :t 2 <230
Tub Spring 03/20/75 GSN 250 :t 230
Ti ppi pah 04/09/75 GSN <230
Green 04/08/75 GSN <230
Wh ite Rock 03/20/75 GSN <230
Topopah 05/07/75 GSN <230
GSN = Gamma spectrum negligible
NECROPSY AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS
All sacrificed animals were necropsied and selected tissue and lesion
samples were collected for histopathological evaluation.
Animals that died
from natural causes were also necropsied if a prosector was available and
histopathological specimens were collected if unaffected by postmortem
changes.
The gross and microscopic pathologies observed are summarized in
appendix G.
Also included are the results of hematology examinations when
performed.
The total white blood cell count levels may be depressed as most
of the blood samples were collected after death.
As in previous years, sarcocysts were detected' in muscle tissues (cow
number 1).
This ubiquitous parasite is commonly found in cattle from other
areas and has little clinical significance.
Other histopathological findings
were usually consistent with the general condition of the individual animal
or were the result of agonal struggling.
Ocular squamous cell carcinoma
(cow number 12) is frequently observed in aged Hereford cattle exposed to
the sun (Moulton 1961). No pathology, gross or microscopic, was observed
that could be directly attributed to ionizing radiation.
26
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HYPOTHETICAL DOSE ESTIMATES
Although meat from animals living on the Nevada Test Site is not avail-
able for consumption by the general public, the dose to a standard man based
on postulated consumption of the meat can be calculated.
The dose estimates
are not presented as an implication of potential doses, but rather to place
the reported radionuclide concentrations in perspective.
The dose estimates
are based on the techniques and parameters of the International Commission
for Radiation Protection (1959, 1968) and Dillman (1969).
The estimates were
from the maximum observed concentrations of the radionuclides in edible tis-
sues of the cattle and deer sampled (summarized in table 9), and the postu-
lated consumption of 500 grams (about 1 pound) of the meat each day for a
year.
The International Commission for Radiation Protection (1959) and the
U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration (1975) present different
dose criteria for various parts of the body, based on estimates of relative
radiosensitivity.
The National Council on Radiation Protection and Measure-
ments (1971) recognizes this philosophy, but recommends stmp1ifying the
guides for the general population, and uses the minimum guide (0.5 rem per
year for the whole body) for all body organs.
The National Council on
Radiation Protection and Measurements emphasizes that this is a simplifying
administrative decision, rather than a reduction of the guides based on new
technical information.
Table 9 presents a summary of the maximum observed concentrations in
edible tissues of the animals.
The indicated error terms are the two-sigma
counting error.
The total analytical errors or uncertainties (two-sigma)
for the plutonium and uranium results are estimated to be about
27
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TABLE 9.
SUMMARY OF PEAK RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN EDIBLE TISSUE FROM
NEVADA TEST SITE CATTLE AND DEER (pCi/kg fresh wt.)
N
CD
AREA 18 CATTLE AREA 18 CATTLE NTS MULE DEER
May 75 Oct 75
Muscle Liver Blood Muscle Liver Blood Muscle Liver Blood
Nuclide (pCi/l ) ( pC i /1 ) (pCi /1)
234U 0.5 0.36 NA 5.6 0.68 «1.1) NA 0.93 0.62 NA
235U 0.05 «0.065)* 0.012 «0.07) NA <0.9 <0.4 NA 0.07 <0.07 NA
238U 0.33 0.31 NA 1. 73 0.6 «1.3) NA 0.64 0.65 NA
238pU 0.85 0.32 NA <0.04 0.016 «0.3) NA 0.09 «0.28) 1.1 NA
239pu 1.3 1.6 NA 0.38 3.1 NA 2.3 14 NA
137CS 71 ND NA 29 ND NA 140 29 NA
3H NA NA 620 NA NA 1,100 NA NA 990
*Both values are listed when a less than minimum detectable
than a detectable value from a similar tissue.
NA = Not analyzed
NO = Not detected
activity value is reported as being higher
-------
200 femtocuries/kilogram for results of several hundred femtocuries/kilogram,
or several times the indicated counting errors.
Thus, values under several
hundred femtocuries/kilogram have limited statistical significance.
Table 10 indicates postulated doses on the maximum concentrations for
the various nuclides taken from the data summarized in table 9.
The column
on the right indicates the respective fraction of the guide of 500 mil 1 irems/
year for the various postulated doses.
The doses from plutonium, uranium,
and to a lesser extent, cesium-137, are not delivered in 1 year.
For prac-
tical purposes, however, the integrated doses for a l-year ingestion period
are related to the yearly guide.
The highest postulated dose, 2.2 millirems, is for plutonium-239 and
for ingestion of liver from a mule deer.
All of the other postulated doses
are less than 1.5 millirem.
Due to the low level of the uranium results,
some of the "less than" results were greater than actual values.
Thus,
postulated doses were calculated for the actually detected values and for the
listed "less than" values.
Values were also calculated for both bovines and
mule deer.
The postulated dose to man from any single radionuclide is less than
1 percent of the guide of 500 mil 1 irems/year.
The maximum values are
0.3 and 0.4 percent for cesium-137 in mule deer muscle and plutonium-239 in
mule deer liver, respectively.
The maximum values for bovines are about
0.1 percent, which are about the same values as for 1974 (Smith et al.,
1977b).
Hence, one would assume that an insignificant potential health
hazard would exist for humans consuming the postulated doses.
29
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TABLE 10.
POSTULATED DOSE TO MAN FOLLOWING INGESTION OF SELECTED TISSUES FOR 1 YEAR
Nuclide Human Organ for Which Animal Tissue Containing pCi/kg of Dose Factor Dose Percent of
Dose was Calculated Maximum Concentration Ti ssue mrem:pCi/day 0.5 rem*
(l-y ingestion) (mrem)
3Ht Body water Area 18 cattle, Oct 75, blood 1 , 1 00 -5 0.02 <0.01
3.6 x 10
137CS Whole body tissue HTS mule deer, muscle 140 0.022 1.5 0.3
137CS Whole body tissue Area 18 cattle, May 75, muscle 71 0.022 0.8 0.16
234U Bone Area 18 cattle, Oct 75, liver 5.6 0.019 0.05 0.01
235U Bone Area 18 cattle, May 75, muscle <0.9 0.018 <0.008 <0. 01
w 235U Bone HTS mule deer, muscle 0.07 0.018 <0.001 <0.01
o
238U Bone Area 18 cattle, Oct 75, muscle 1.7 0.017 0.01 <0.01
238pU Bone HTS mule deer, liver 1.1 0.27 0.1 0.03
23SPU Bone Area 18 cattle, May 75, muscle 0.85 0.27 0.1 0.02
239pU Bone Area 18 cattle, Oct 75, liver 3.1 0.32 0.5 0.1
239pu Bone HTS mule deer, liver 14 0.32 2.2 0.4
*The doses from uranium and p1utonium-238 and -239, and to a lesser extent cesium-137, are not delivered
within the l-year ingestion period, but, for simplification, the doses have been related to the guide for
1 year. The doses for uranium and plutonium are actually for a 50-year period, but it should be
recognized that the doses are resulting from ingestion over a l-year period.
tThe tritium concentration was for blood. It is assumed the muscle concentration{water plus or gani c) per
kilogram was equal to the blood concentration per liter.
-------
FOOD HABIT ANALYSIS
In addition to the tissue samples obtained from the desert bighorn sheep
for radionuclide analysis, ingesta from 20 of the 24 animals were collected
for food habit determination (see appendix H).
All of the ingesta examined
were from rams which were estimated to be from 3 to 11 years of age and had
been harvested during the yearly fall hunting season.
The geographical regions represented by the harvested sheep, as
described by Brown et al. (1977), include the U.S. Desert National Wildlife
Range and the extreme southern Nevada region.
Ten of the animals were col-
lected from the Las Vegas, Pintwater, and Sheep Ranges located within the
boundaries of the U.S. Desert National Wildlife Range.
The remaining animals
were harvested from the Meadow Valley, Highland, and Eldorado Ranges, and
from the Black Mountains.
The vegetation of these two regions ;s similar in that they both have
a well-developed, lower sonoran flora represented by desert riparian, creo-
sote bush, blackbrush, and saltbush communities.
Even though many areas
within the extreme southern Nevada region have well-developed and extensive
areas of woodland or forested plant communities, the four mentioned extreme
southern mountain ranges do not.
The woodland vegetative type is, however,
quite extensive in all three of the mountain ranges located on the U.S. Des-
ert National Wildlife Range.
The woodland types are generally found at the
mid-elevations, 1,700 to 2,100 meters, and include the juniper-pinyon,
riparian, and cliff communities.
Above 2,100 meters elevation, a coniferous
forest consisting of fir-pine communities is common in addition to small
pseudo-alpine communities found at the summits of the higher peaks.
31
~
-------
The botanical composition of the forage utilized by the desert bighorn
sheep collected on the Desert National Wildlife Range is shown in table 11.
Grasses were the preferred forage type contributing 54 percent of the diet,
with shrubs contributing 40 percent, and forbs the remaining 6 percent.
Preferred species included the grasses, Indian rice (Opyzopsis hymenoides),
squirrel tail (Sitanion hystpix), cheat (Bpomus tectoPUm), and desert needle
(Stipa speciosa), accounting for approximately 25,11,6, and 5 percent of
the total diet, respectively.
Fifteen different shrub species were identified
with little-leaved mountain mahogany (Cepcocappus intpicatus) contributing
nearly 9 percent of the diet and brittle-bush (EnceZia faPinosa), big sagebrush
(Aptemisia tpidentata), and Nevada joint-fir (Ephedra nevadensis) accounting
for approximately 6, 5, and 3 percent of the total diet, respectively.
Forb
species were the least utilized by the sheep with the desert buckwheat
(Epiogonum sp.) contributing 1 percent.
Table 12 shows the food habit results of the 10 animals harvested from the
four mountain ranges located in the extreme southern Nevada region.
The forage
preference of these sheep, similar to those collected from the Desert National
Wildlife Range, was grasses which accounted for 43 percent of their total diet.
Six identified grass genera comprised 33 percent of the diet, with Indian rice
and squirrel tail dominant, contributing in excess of 16 and 8 percent, respec-
tive1y.
The slightly higher utilization of the grasses by the sheep harvested
on the Desert National Wildlife Range is perhaps due to the greater abundance
of grasses at the higher elevations.
Shrubs were well represented in the diet, with 10 species identified.
Preferred shrubs included barrel cactus (Echinocatus acanthodes), silk tassel
(Gappya fZavescens), and Nevada joint-fir (Ephedra nevadensis) contributing
32
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TABLE 11 .
THE PLANT SPECIES AND THE PERCENT COMPOSITION OF FORAGE EATEN
BY THE DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP RAMS HARVESTED FROM THE U.S. DESERT
NATIONAL WILDLIFE RANGE DURING NOVEMBER AND DECEMBER 1975
Species Average Frequency of
Composition Percent Occurrence Percent
Or>yzopaia hymenoides 25.2 90.0
Sitanion hystrix 10.7 90.0
Br>OTr1US tectoPU1Tl 5.6 60.0
Stipa speciosa 4.7 50.0
Hilaria jameaii 0.9 10.0
Hilaria rigida 0.5 10.0
Unidentified Grasses 6.4 50.0
Total Percent Grasses 54.0 1 00. 0
CercocarpuB intricatuB 8.7 60.0
EnceZia farinosa 6.2 10.0
Ar>temisia tridentata 4.7 50.0
Ephedra nevadensia 3.1 50.0
Purshia glanduZosa 2.6 10.0
AtripZex confertifolia 2.5 40.0
Coleogyne ramosissima 2.5 40.0
Thamnoama montana 2.8 10.0
Garrya fZavescenB 0.8 10.0
Rosa sp. 0.3 10.0
Cowania mexicana 0.3 10.0
Er>iogonum microthecum 0.2 10.0
Eurotia Zanata 0.2 20.0
EnceZia fputeacens o. 1 10.0
A trip lex caneacena O. 1 10.0
Unidentified Shrubs 4.9 80.0
Total Percent Shrubs 40.0 1 00. 0
Eroiogonum sp. 1.0 70.0
Ciraium mohavenae 0.6 10.0
Chaenactis S p. 0.4 20.0
Euphorbia sp. 0.1 10.0
Sphaeralcea ambigua o. 1 10.0
Unidentified Forbs 3.8 10.0
Tota 1 Percent Forbs 6.0 100.0
33
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TABLE 12.
THE PLANT SPECIES AND THE PERCENT COMPOSITION OF FORAGE EATEN BY
TEN DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP RAMS HARVESTED IN SOUTHERN NEVADA
DURING NOVEMBER AND DECEMBER 1975
Species Average Frequency of
Composition Percent Occurrence Percent
Oryzopsis hymenoides 15.0 100.0
Sitanion hystrix 8.3 90.0
Stipa speciosa 4.0 30.0
Br'omua tectoPUT11 2.5 30.0
Hi lar'ia rigida 2.5 30.0
Stipa sp. 0.9 20.0
Unidentified Grasses 9.8 90.0
Total Percent Grasses 43.0 100.0
Eehinocactus acanthodes 10.0 20.0
Garrya flavescens 9.0 20.0
Ephedra nevadensis 8.6 70.0
CercocarpuG intricatus 2.0 30.0
Artemisia arbuscula 1.0 10.0
Eriogonum fasciculatum 1.0 10.0
Atriplex sp. 1.0 10.0
Quercus turbinella 1.0 10.0
E~iogonum microtheum 0.3 10.0
Atriplex confertifolia 0.1 10.0
Unidentified Shrubs 11. 0 80.0
Total Percent Shrubs 45.0 100.0
Euphorbia setiloba 3.4 30.0
E'urphorbia sp. 1.6 20.0
Ey'iogonum s p. 1.2 60.0
Sphaeralcea ambigua T* 10.0
Unidentified Forbs 5.8 100.0
Total Percent Forbs 12.0 1 00. 0
*T = Trace, less than 0.1%
34
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approximately 10, 9, and 9 percent, respectively.
The overwhelming shrub
species preference per number of animals, however, was Nevada joint-fir which
was identified in the ingesta of 7 of the 10 animals examined.
Forb species which contributed 12 percent of the total diet of these
animals were made up primarily of two identified genera, the spurges (Euphopbia)
and the desert buckwheats which contributed about 5 and 1 percent,
respectively.
As previously reported by Brown et al. (1976 and 1977) and Smith et al.
(1977b) and further illustrated by the data in tables 11 and 12, bighorn sheep
inhabiting the mountain ranges of Nevada prefer grasses.
The utilization of
shrubs by sheep during 1975 was 16 percent greater than that observed during
the 1974 hunting season (1975 average was 42.5 percent and 1974 average was
26.5 percent).
35
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OTHER ACTIVITIES
BEEF HERD
During 1975, the Animal Investigation Program's beef herd continued to
subsist on the natural vegetation of Area 18.
Semiannual roundups of the 'herd
were conducted in May and October.
At each roundup, all captured animals were
examined, weighed, and sprayed for ectoparasites.
The 1975 calves were branded,
vaccinated, identified with tattoos and ear tags, and when indicated were
castrated and dehorned.
Sixteen calves were weaned.
Ninety-one animals were
accounted for during the October roundup.
DEER MIGRATION STUDY
During the summer months, a sizable mule deer herd resides in a mountainous,
lightly forested section in the northern one-third of the Nevada Test Site.
As
winter approaches, this herd leaves the higher elevations of its summer range
(normally above 1,500 meters elevation) in the pinion-juniper vegetation range
and migrates to an unknown destination.
During the summer of 1975, a study was
begun to determine the migration patterns of this deer herd by tracking
individual deerwhi~h were captured and outfitted with collars containing miniature
radiotransmitters.
The deer were released and their movements were followed on
a weekly basis.
Initially, capture efforts involved the use of immobilizing drugs
(Sernylan@ and Acepromazine@) injected by a syringe projectile fired from a
@ Registered trademark.
36
-------
powder driven Cap-Chur@ gun (Palmer Chemical and Equipment Company, Inc..
Doug1asvi11e, Georgia).
The target deer were momentarily transfixed by
hand-held spotlights at night.
Although several deer were successfully
captured in this manner, many man-hours were required to locate, approach,
and immobilize these deer.
Late in the season, an attempt was made to
increase the efficiency of capture through the use of traps (Clover 1954 and
1956).
Traditional baits such as alfalfa, apples, grain, etc., failed;
therefore, a technique using water as a bait was developed (Giles 1977).
An initial problem of high mortality (probably from respiratory distress)
in captured deer during the first few days following release was overcome
through the prophylactic administration of atropine, corticosteroids, and
antibiotics at time of capture.
Eight mule deer were successfully captured
and outfitted with identification tags and radiotransmitting collars.
Their movements were monitored on a weekly basis via either ground or aerial
vehicles.
During the fall and winter months, deer tagged in the Echo Peak area
(see figure 7) moved in a southwesterly direction toward Timber Mountain while
those tagged on Rainier Mesa moved south to Shoshone Mountain.
Unfortunately,
a defect in the transmitting collars (breakage of leads between battery and
transmitter) led to early failure of all but two of the transmitters.
This
problem was corrected in the improved version of the collars used during 1976.
Several of the tagged deer were observed during the summer of 1976 in the same
areas where they were originally captured.
Despite the difficulties encountered, much was achieved during the sum-
mer. This included the development of a new trapping technique, increased
proficiency in the use of drugs and capture equipment, the increased
@ Registered trademark
37
-------
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* t4 DOE CAPTUIlED SEPT. 24, 75 LDIT WIO CDITACT IDV. II. 75
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NTS Mule Deer Migration Patterns - Fall and Winter 1975
38
-------
awareness of the capabilities and limitations of the telemetry equipment, and
the development of a regimen of postcapture treatment to assure survival of
the animal.
These accomplishments were used in good stead during the studies
conducted during 1976.
NEVADA TEST SITE SPRING RENOVATION
During 1975, the Animal Investigation Program was charged by the U.S.
Energy Research and Development Administration's Nevada Operations Office to
improve the natural springs of the Nevada Test Site for the benefit of the
wildlife to the extent that manpower and resources were available.
Renovation
efforts were based on the findings of a survey by Giles (1976).
Geographic
location, waterflow, spring condition, and usage were also noted in this
report.
Springs deemed appropriate for renovation efforts included White Rock,
Tub, Oak, and Cane.
Debris were removed from the source tunnels at White Rock Spring
(Area 12).
A new pipeline was installed from the water sources to the exist-
ing water tank.
Oak Spring (Area 15) required extensive excavation.
The entrance was
overgrown with Gambel's Oak and filled in with dirt.
Dirt and brush were
removed by hand down to the level of the existing pipeline.
The old pipeline
was removed and replaced with plastic pipe with a dirt screen placed inside
the spring to prevent debris from plugging the pipeline.
The existing water
tanks were replaced with a galvanized water tank.
maintenance-free year-round water supply.
This system provides a
Tub Spring (Area 15) was renovated by excavating a rock slide which had
plugged the pipeline.
A wire screen was placed over the pipe entrance to
prevent recurrence of the blockage.
The original pipeline and reservoir
tanks were reused.
39
-------
Cane Spring (Area 27) was renovated by laying a 16-meter plastic pipeline
to a plastic reservoir.
This spring now provides a year-round water source.
Captain Jack Spring (Area 12) was in good condition and was checked
periodically to ensure that it remained so.
Renovation of Topopah (Area 29), Green (Area 7), and Tippipah (Area 16)
Springs was determined to be either too expensive or not feasible due to
inadequate waterf10w.
INVESTIGATIONS, SURVEYS, AND OTHER STUDIES
During 1975, there were no livestock damage claims that required
investigation.
The Animal Investigation Program's rumen-fistu1ated steers were used in
a study to determine plutonium uptake by animals grazing a contaminated range.
Details and data from this study, conducted under the auspices of the Nevada
Applied Ecology Group, are presented elsewhere (Smith 1974, and Smith et a1.,
1976) .
Portions of thyroids collected as part of the Animal Investigation
Program routine surveillance activities were analyzed for iodine-129 by
neutron activation.
Details and data from this study were published elsewhere
(Smi th 1977).
PUBLIC INFORMATION
The off-site public information program continued by direct contact with
ranchers, by lectures to civic organizations, by public displays featuring a
fistu1ated steer, and by presentations to groups touring the Environmental
Monitoring and Support Laboratory-Las Vegas or the Nevada Test Site facili-
ties.
During 1975, the objectives and findings of the Animal Investigation
40
-------
Program were described to over 700 Nevada Test Site visitors in 21 different
tour groups.
A rumen-fistulated steer served as a feature attraction at an
educational exhibit displayed at the annual Earth Day open house at the
Environmental Monitoring and Research Laboratory-Las Vegas in April and
at the Southern Nevada Youth Fair held in March at the Las Vegas Convention
Center.
An estimated 20,000 people visited the exhibit at these locations
and received information on the Animal Investigation Program's objectives
and findings.
41
-------
REFERENCES
Brown, K. W., and B. J. Mason. Range Survey, Area 18, Nevada Test Site.
SWRHL-52r. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, South-
western Radiological Health Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 42 pp. 1968
Brown, K. W., D. D. Smith, D. E. Bernhardt, K. R. Giles, and J. B. Helvie.
"Food Habits and Radionuclide Tissue Concentrations of Nevada Desert
Bighorn Sheep 1972-1973." pp. 61-68. Desert Bighorn Council 1975
Transactions. 72 pp. 1976. Also, EMSL-LV-539-6. u.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory,
Las Vegas, Nevada. 23 pp. 1976
Brown, K. W., D. D. Smith, and R. P. McQuivey. "Food Habits of Desert Big-
horn Sheep in Nevada 1956-1976." Desert Bighorn Council 1977 Trans-
actions. Meeting held in Las Cruces, New Mexico, April 6-8, 1977.
Clover, M. R. "A portable deer trap and catch net. II
Game 40:367-373. 1954
California Fish and
--
Clover, M. R. "Singl e gate deer trap. II
201 . 1956
California Fish and Game 42(3):199-
Dillman, L. T. "Radionuclide decay schemes and nuclear parameters for use
in radiation-dose estimation." Medical Internal Radiation Dose
Committee. J. Nucl. Med. Supplement No.2. March 1969
Fountain, E. L. Off-Site Animal Investigation Project. Fourth Annual Report.
U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Nevada Operations Office, Las Vegas,
Nevada. 32 pp. 1961
Giles, K. R. ~rings on the Nevada Test Site and Their Use by Wildlife.
NERC-LV-539-26. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Environ-
mental Research Center, Las Vegas, Nevada. 14 pp. 1976
Giles, K. R. "A summer trapping method for mule deer. II U.S. Environmental
Protection AgencY9 Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Las
Vegas, Nevada. (to be pub 1 i shed) 1977
Hardy, E., P. Krey, and H. Volchok.
238pu from SNAP-9A. HASL-250.
1972
Global Inventory and Distribution of
U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. March
42
-------
Hitchcock, A. S. Manual of the Grasses of the United States. Misc. Pub1.
200. U.S. Department of Agriculture. U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, DC. 1,051 pp. 1950
International Commission for Radiation Protection. Report of Committee II
on Permissible Dose for Internal Radiation. ICRP Report No.2. 1959
International Commission for Radiation Protection. Evaluation of Radiation
Doses to Body Tissues from Internal Contamination Due to Occupational
Exposure. ICRP Report No. 10. 1968
Johns, F. B. National Environmental Research Center - Las Vegas Handbook of
Radiochemical Analytical Methods. EPA-680j4-75-001. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, National Environmental Research Center, Las Vegas,
Nevada. 140 pp. 1975
Krey, P. W., and B. T. Krajewski. "Plutonium Isotopic Ratios at Rocky Flats."
HASL-249. pp. 1-67. Health and Safety Laboratory Fallout Pro~
guarterly Summary Report. E. P. Hardy, Jr. 1-1 - F-l pp. 1972
Leavitt, V. D. Soil Survey of Area 18, Nevada Test Site. SWRHL-74r. U.S.
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Southwestern Radiological
Health Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 119 pp. 1970
Matlack, G. M., J. H. Patterson, G. B. Nelson, and G. R. Waterburg.
solution Rates of 238pu02 and 239pU02 in 1 M Perchloric Acid.
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. 1976
McMinn, H. E. An Illustrated Manual of California Shrubs. University of
California Press, Berkeley arid Los Angeles. 1964
Dis-
UC-4.
Monitoring Applications Laboratory. Environmental Monitoring Report for the
Nevada Test Site and Other Test Areas Used for Underground Nuclear Deto-
nations. January Through December 1974. NERC-LV-539-39. U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, National Environmental Research Center, Las
Vegas, Nevada. 106 pp. 1975
Monitoring Operations Division. Environmental Monitoring Report for the
Nevada Test Site and Other Test Areas Used for Underground Nuclear Deto-
nations. January Through December 1975. EMSL-LV-539-4. U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring and Support Labora-
tory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 98 pp. 1976
Moulton, J. E. Tumors in Domestic Animals. University of California Press,
Berkeley and Los Angeles. 279 pp. 1961
Munz, P. A., and D. D. Keck. A California Flora.
Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. 1,681 pp.
University of California
1965
National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements.
Protection Criteria. Report No. 39. 1971
Basic Radiation
43
-------
.
Osmund, J. K. Analysis of Ground-Water Regimes by Use of Natural Uranium
Isotope Variations. Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida.
32306. 1974
Patzer, R. G., A. A. Moghissi, and D. N. McNelis. IIAccumu1ation of Tritium
in Various Species of Fish Reared in Tritiated Water. II CONF-730503.
Environmental Behavior of Radionuc1ides Released in the Nuclear Industry.
IAEA, Vienna. 1973
Patterson, J. H., G. B. Nelson, and G. M. Matlock. The Dissolution of
P1utonium-238 in Environmental and Biological Systems. LA-5624.
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. 6 pp. 1974
Smith, D. D. Management History of the AEC Beef Herd - 1 June 1964 - 1 June
1969. SWRHL-80r. u.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 26 pp.
1970
Smith, D. D. IIGrazing Studies on Selected Plutonium-Contaminated Areas in
Nevada. II NVO-142. pp. 151-161. The Dynamics of Plutonium in Desert
Environments. Nevada Applied Ecology Group Progress Report, July 1974.
P. B. Dunaway and M. G. White, eds. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission,
Nevada Operations Office, Las Vegas, Nevada. 369 pp. 1974
Smith, D. D. 1291 in Animal Thyroids from Nevada and Other Western States.
EPA-600j3-77-067. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental
Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 39 pp. 1977
Smith, D. D., and K. R. Giles. Animal Investigation Program 1969 Annual
Report. SWRHL-102r. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 20 pp.
1970
Smith, D. D., and K. R. Giles. Animal Investigation Program 1970 Annual
Report. NERC-LV-539-16. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National
Environmental Research Center, Las Vegas, Nevada. 53 pp. 1974
Smith, D. D., and K. R. Giles. 1971 Animal Investigation Program Annual
Report. NERC-LV-539-20. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National
Environmental Research Center, Las Vegas, Nevada. 39 pp. 1975
Smith, D. D., K. R. Giles, and D. E. Bernhardt. Animal Investigation Program
1972 Annual Report. NERC-LV-539-35. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, National Environmental Research Center, Las Vegas, Nevada.
82 pp. 1976
Smith, D. D., K. R. Giles, and D. E. Bernhardt. Animal Investigation Program
1973 Annual Report: Nevada Test Site and Vicinity. EMSL LV-0539-3.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring and Sup-
port Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 89 pp. 1977a
44
-------
Smith, D. D., K. R. Giles, D. E. Bernhardt, and K. W. Brown. Animal Investi-
gation Program 1974 Annual Report: Nevada Test Site and Vicinity.
EMSL-LV-0539-10. u.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental
Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 95 pp. 1977b
Talvitie, N. A. "Radiochemical determination of plutonium in environmental
and biological samples by ion exchange. II Anal. Chern. 43:1827-1830. 1971
Talvitie, N. A. "Electrodeposition of actinides for alpha spectrometric
determination. II Anal. Chern. 44:280-282. 1972
Thurber, D. L. "Natural Variations in the Ratio of U234 to U238." STI Publ.
68. pp. 113-120. Proceedings of the Symposium on Radioactive Dating.
IAEA in Cooperation with the Joint Commission on Applied Radioactivity
(ICSU) in Athens, Greece, November 19-23, 1962.
u.s. Energy Research and Development Administration. "Standards for Radiation
Protection Manual. II U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration
Transmittal Notice. Chapter 0524. April 8, 1975
u.S. Energy Research and Development Administration. ~~endix to Health and
Safety Laboratory Environmental Quarterly. HASL-3 Appendix.
U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration, Health and Safety
Laboratory, New York, New York. July 1,1977
World Health Organization.
mental Radioactivity.
1975
Environmental Health Monitoring. Data on Environ-
IRC-19. World Health Organization. 4th Quarter
45
-------
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix
A Summary of Analytical Procedures and Minimum Detectable
Acti viti es
B Radionuc1ide Concentrations in Tissue Samples Collected
from Area 18 Cattle, May 1975
Table
B-1
Actinide Concentrations in Lungs, Area 18 Cattle, May 1975
B-2 Actinide Concentrations in Tracheobronchial Lymph Nodes,
Area 18 Cattle, May 1975
B-3 Actinide Concentrations in Muscles, Area 18 Cattle,
May 1975
B-4 Actinide Concentrations in Livers, Area 18 Cattle,
May 1975
B-5 Actinide Concentrations in Rumen Contents, Area 18
Cattle, May 1975
B-6 Actinide Concentrations in Reticulum Sediments, Area 18
Cattle, May 1975
B-7 Actinide and Strontium Concentrations in Femurs, Area 18
Cattle, May 1975
B-8 Gamma-Emitting Radionuc1ides and Tritium Concentrations
in Selected Tissues, Area 18 Cattle, May 1975
C Radionuc1ide Concentrations in Tissue Samples Collected from
Area 18 Cattle, October 1975
Table
C-1
Actinide Concentrations in Lungs, Area 18 Cattle,
October 1975
C-2 Actinide Concentrations in Tracheobronchial Lymph Nodes,
Area 18 Cattle, October 1975
Page
A-1
B-1
B-2
B-3
B-4
8-5
8-6
8-7
B-8
C-1
C-2
-------
LIST OF APPENDICES (continued)
Tab 1 e
C-3 Actinide Concentrations in Muscles, Area 18 Cattle,
October 1975
C-4 Actinide Concentrations in Livers, Area 18 Cattle,
October 1975
C-5 Actinide Concentrations in Rumen Contents, Area 18
Cattle, October 1975
C-6 Actinide Concentrations in Reticulum Sediments,
Area 18 Cattle, October 1975
C-7 Actinide and Strontium Concentrations in Femurs,
Area 18 Cattle, October 1975
C-8 Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides and Tritium Concentrations
in Selected Tissues, Area 18 Cattle, October 1975
.BP~ndi x
D Radionuclide Concentrations in Tissue Samples Collected from
Nevada Test Site Mule Deer, 1975
Table
D-l
Actinide Concentrations in Lungs, NTS, Mule Deer, 1975
D-2 Actinide Concentrations in Muscles, NTS, Mule Deer, 1975
D-3 Actinide Concentrations in Livers, NTS, Mule Deer, 1975
D-4 Actinide Concentrations in Rumen Contents, NTS, Mule Deer,
1975
D-5 Actinide and Strontium Concentrations in Hock Bones,
NTS, Mule Deer, 1975
D-6 Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides and Tritium Concentrations
in Selected Tissues, NTS, Mule Deer, 1975
E Radionuclide Concentrations in Tissue Samples Collected from
Desert Bighorn Sheep
E-l
Actinide Concentrations in Lungs, Desert Bighorn Sheep,
1975
E-2 Actinide and Strontium Concentrations in Bone, Desert
Bighorn Sheep, 1975
Page
C-3
C-4
C-5
C-6
C-7
C-8
0-1
0-2
0-3
0-4
0-5
0-6
E-l
E-2
-------
LIST OF APPENDICES (continued)
Table
E-3 Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides and Tritium Concentrations
in Selected Tissues, Desert Bighorn Sheep, 1975
fu>"p'endi x
F Radionuclide Concentrations in Tissue Samples Collected from
Nevada Test Site, Area 15, Rabbits, 1975
Table
--
F-l
Actinide and Strontium Concentrations in Bone,
NTS, Area 15 Rabbits, 1975
F-2 Gamma-Emitting Radionuclide Concentrations in Selected
Tissues, NTS, Area 15, Rabbits, 1975
G Gross and Microscopic Pathology Found in Necropsied Animals
H Botanical Analyses of Desert Bighorn Sheep Rumen Contents, 1975
Page
E-3-1
F-l
F-2
G-l
H-l
-------
A.
SUMMARY OF ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES AND MINIMUM DETECTABLE ACTIVITIES
Type of
Analysis
Gamma
spectroscopy
89-90Sr
:P
,
~
3H
238-239pU
234,23S,
238U
Analytical
Equipment
L i thi um-dri fted
gennanium detectors
calibrated at
approximately
0.5 keY per channel
input to 4096 chan-
nels resident in the
core of the PDP
11/Z0 computer.
Low-background thin-
window, gas-flow
proportional counter
with a 5.l-em dia-
meter win~ow
(80 \lg/m ).
Automatic liquid
scintillation counter
with output printer.
A1 pha spectrometer
with silicon surface
barrier detectors
operated in vacuum
chad>ers.
Counting
Period
(Min)
Analytical
Procedures
'" 1,200
Radionuc1ide concentrations
quantitated from gamma spec-
trOOI by PDP 11/20 computer
using a least squares
technique.
50 Chemical separation by ion
exchange. Separated sample
counted successively;
activity calculated by
simultaneous equations.
200 Sample prepared by
distillation.
400- Ash sample is digested with
1,400 acid, purified by solvent
extraction and/or ion
exchange, electroplated on
stainless steel planchet,
and counted by alpha spec-
trometer.
. --,--- ---_.--- .._-..---------.- --.-
---.-.-
Samp 1 e
Size
Minimum Detectable Activities
(pCi/tota1 samp1e)*
200-m1
aluminum
cans
For: sltMn, 60Co, 9SZr, 103Ru,
124Sb, 132Te, 1311. 131tl,
137CS, 11t°Ba - 1 pC;
For: 12SSb. 141Ce - 30 pC;
For: 6SZn, 106Ru, 144Ce - 20 pCi
For: 181W - 85 pCi
For: 21tiAm - 35 pCi
For: 22Na - 4 pCi
2 g of
ash
For: 89Sr - 5 pCi
90Sr - 2 pCi
5 m1
'" 1 pCi
100 g - 1 kg For all a1pha-
wet weight emitting rad;o-
nuc1 ides
- '" 0.02 pCi
1 - 109 ash
*The minimum detectable activities in terms of total activity per sample for standard geometries
and counting times are based on a combination of a number of technical experiments and operational
experience. By means of experimentation, the minimum detectable activities have been defined as
that activity which produced a t 100 percent deviation at the 95 percent confidence level. These
values are approximations and are applicable to ideal conditions and simple complexes of nuclides.
Complex spectra or spectra showing naturally occurring radionuclides can raise the minimum detectable
activities considerably. The detection limit for each sample is defined as that radioactivity which
equals the two-sigma counting error.
-------
8-1. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN LUNGS, AREA 18 CATTLE, MAY 1975
238pu 239pU 234U 235U 238U
Animal (fCi/g A~h) (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (fCi /g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) Ash
No. (fCi/kg ) (fCi / kg *) (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (%)
1 47 :t 13 200 :t 31 37 :t 8.7 <1.5 26 :t 7.3 1.5
71 0 :t 190 3,000 :t 460 550:t 130 <23 390 :t 11 0
2 19 :t 11 480 :t 56 16 :t 6.7 4.3 :t 3.4 29 :t 7.8 1.8
350 :!: 200 8,600:t 1,000 290 :!: 120 77 :!: 62 520 :t 140
3 SAMPLE LOST
4 34 :t 14 350 :t 43 NA NA NA 2.1
710 :t 290 7,400:t 910
c:g
I 5 <6 85 :t 19 9.5 :t 1.8 <0.75 7 :t 1.4 2
-'
<120 1,700:t 390 190 :t 37 <15 140 :t 29
6t 25 :t 10 100 :t 23 23 :t 6.8 <1.4 18 :t 5.9 2.2
540 :t 220 2,200 :t 500 510 :t 150 <30 400 :t 130
.1. .1. +
7' <1.8+ 13 :t 8.2t 30 :t 12 <1.8 13 :!: 7.3 1.1
<20 140 :!: 90 330 :!: 130 <20 140 :!: 80
Median 22 150 23 <1.8 18 1.9
445 2,600 330 <23 390
Range <1.8-47 13-480 9.5-37 <0.75-4.3 7-29 1. 1-
<20-71 0 140-8,600 190-550 <15-77 140-520 2.2
*Wet weight
~A = Not analyzed
=Ana1ysis by Eber1ine Instrument Corporation
+Recount verified original result.
-------
~
I
B-2. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN TRACHEOBRONCHIAL LYMPH NODES, AREA 18 CATTLE, t1AY 1975
238pu 239pu 234U 235U 238U
An i ma 1 (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Aih) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) Ash
No. (pCi/kg*) (pCi /kg ) (pCi/kg*) (pCi/kg*) (pCijkg*) (%)
1 <0. 14 3.2 :t 0.47 3.5 :t 2.2 <0.91 4.5 :t 2.2 1.1
<1.5 35 :t 5.2 39 :t 24 <10 49 :t 24
2 0.27 :t 0.11':' 11:t1.1t 2 :t 0.86 <0.26 1.8 :t 0.76 2.1
5.7 :t 2.3 230 :t 23 42 :t 18 <5.4 37 :t 16
3 <0.09 0.81 :t 0.16 0.96 :t 0.58 <0.35 1.4:t 0.69 2.6
<2.2 21 :t 4.2 25 :t 15 <9 36 :t 18
4 1.1 :t 0.46 1. 8 :t 0.54 <2 <0.92 3 :t 2.2 1.3
14 :t 6 24 :t 7 <26 <12 39 :t 28
c:I
I <1.8 <1.9 0.91
N 5 <0.41 <0.29 <1
<3.7 <2.6 <16 <9.4 <17
6 <0.3 4.1 :t 0.97 2.5:t 1.7 <0.66 2.1 :!: 1.4 0.71
<2.1 29 :!: 6.9 18 :t 12 <4.7 15 :t 10
7 SAMPLE NOT COLLECTED
Median <0.29 2 2.3 <0.79 2 1.2
<2.95 26.5 25.5 <9.2 36.5
Range <0.09-1.1 <0.29-11 0.96-3.5 <0.26-<1 1 .4-4.5 0.71-
<1.5-14 <2.6-230 <16-42 <4.7-<12 15-49 2.6
~Wet weight
TRecount verified original result.
-------
---------------~~~~-~~---------- ---
8-3. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN MUSCLES, AREA 18 CATTLE, MAY 1975
238pu 239pU 234U 235U 238U
Animal (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (fCi /g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) Ash
No. (fCi/kg*) (fCi / kg*) (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (%)
1 7.8:t5.1 33 :t 9.4 16 :t 8.9 <2.9 11 :t 7.2 1.8
140 :t 92 590 :t 170 280 :t 160 <53 190 :t 130
2 13 :t 3.7 23 :t 5.4 21 :t 5.8 2.1:t 1.7 14 :t 4.6 2.4
300 :t 90 550 :t 130 500 :t 140 50 :t 40 330 :t 11 0
3 <3.1 <4.8 20 :!: 4.9 3.3 :t 2.2 4.8 :!: 2.5 1.3
<40 <62 260 :t 64 43 :t 28 63 :t 32 ""
4 17 :t 8.3 54 :t 1 6 2.4
400 :t 200 1 ,300 :t 390 NA NA NA
OJ
I 5 30 :t 10 <5.7 5.7 :t 5 <2.3 <3.9 2.8
w
850 :t 290 <160 160 :t 140 <65 <110
6t 1 7 :t 8.7 50 :t 15 20 :t 6.7 <2 18 :t 6 1.5
260 :t 130 750 :t 230 300 :t 100 <30 270 :t 90
7t . . -
<1.8 15 :!: 7.3 35 :t 18 <1.8 <9.1 1.1
<20 170 :!: 80 380 :t 200 <20 <100
Median 13 23 20 <2.2 <10 1.8
260 550 290 48 <150
Range <1.8-30 <4.8-54 5.7-35 <1.8-3.3 <3.9-18 1. 1-
<20-850 <62-1,300 160-500 <20-<65 63-330 2.8
*Wet weight
~A = Not analyzed
'Analysis by Eberline Instrument Corporation
-------
8-4. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN LIVERS, AREA 18 CATTLE, MAY 1975
238pU 239pU 234U 235U 238U
Animal (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) Ash
No. ( fC i / kg *) (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (%)
1 <6.5 52 :t 17 10 :t 4.5 <1.7 3.9 :t 2.8 3.1
<200 1,600:t 530 320 :t 140 <53 120 :t 88
2 <7.5 25 :t 8.2 5 :t 3.9 <1. 7 <2.6 2.8
<210 700 :t 230 140 :t 11 0 <47 <74
3 <5.9 41 :t 10 7 :t 4.4 <2 <2.6 2.7
<160 1,100:t 280 190 :t 120 <53 <69
4 17 :t 8.3 68 :t 15 16 :t 6.5 <3.6 5.8 :t 5.2 1.1
190 :t 91 750 :t 170 1 80 :t 72 <40 64 :t 57
cc
I 5 <5.9 47 :t 15 4.2 :t 1.1 0.8 :t 0.51 2.9 :t 0.93 1.5
~
<89 710 :t 230 63 :t 16 12 :t 7.6 44 :t 14
6t 8.9:t 3.1 17 :t 6.9 10 :t 5.6 <1.9 6.1 :t 4.2 3.6
320 :t 11 0 620 :t 250 360 :t 200 <70 220:t 150
7t ---
<1. 7 37 :t 20 30 :t 8.3 <1. 7 26 :t 6.7 1.2
<20 450 :t 290 360 :t 100 <20 310 :t 80
Median <6.5 41 10 <1. 7 3.9 2.7
190 710 190 <47 . <74
Range <1.7-17 17-68 4.2-30 0.8-<3.6 <2.6-6.1 1. 1-
<20-320 450-1,600 63-360 12-<70 44-310 3.6
:tWet Weight Instrument Corporation
Analysis by Eberline
-------
8-5. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN RUMEN CONTENTS, AREA 18 CATTLE, MAY 1975
238pU 239pu 234U 235U 238U
Animal (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) Ash
No. (pCi/kg*) (pCi/kg*) (pCi/kg*) (pCi/kg*) (pCi/kg*) (%)
1 <0.04 0.51 :t O. 11 0.5 :t 0.05 0.05 :t 0.01 0.18:t 0.02 1.7
<0.66 8.7:t 1.9 8.5:t 0.79 0.82:t 0.17 3.1 :t 3.8
2 0.34 :t 0.05 6.2 :t 0.69 0.11 :t 0.02 <0.003 0.08 :t 0.01 1.6
5.4 :t 0.75 1 00 :t 11 1.8 :t 0.25 <0.05 1.2 :t 0.2
3 0.01 :t 0.01 0.17 :t 0.03 0.21 :t 0.02 0.04 :t 0.01 0.04 :t 0.01 1.6
0.17:t 0.17 2.8 :t 0.42 3.3 :t 0.39 0.63:t 0.15 0.64:t 0.15
4 <0.03 0.1 :t 0.04 0.15:t 0.03 <0.01 0.15:t 0.03 1.3
<0.34 1.3:t 0.56 2 :t 0.39 <0.09 1.9 :t 0.38
cc
I
U1 5 <0.01 0.41 :t 0.06 NA NA NA 1.2
<0.15 4.9 :t 0.69
6 0.04 :t 0.01 0.15:t 0.02 0.08 :t 0.02 <0.01 0.03 :!: 0.01 1.2
0.53 :t 0.12 1.8 :t 0.24 0.98 :t 0.28 <0.07 0.35 :t 0.16
.--- - - - --- -
7' O. 11 :t O. 02 0.35 :t 0.04 NA NA NA 3.4
3.9 :!: 0.61 12 :!: 1.3
<0.04 0.35 0.15 <0.01 0.08 1.6
Median 0.53 4.9 2 <0.09 1.2
<0.01-0.34 0.1-6.2 0.08-0.5 <0.003-0.05 0.03-0.18 1.2-
Range <0.15-5.4 1 . 3- 1 00 0.98-8.5 <0.05-0.82 0.35-3.1 3.4
*Wet weight
~A = Not analyzed
-Analysis by Eberline Instrument Corporation
-------
B-6. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN RETICULUM SEDIMENTS, AREA 18 CATTLE, MAY 1975
238pU 239pu 234U 235U 238U
Animal (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi /g Ash) Ash
No. . (pCi/kg*) (pCi /kg*) (pCi /kg*) (pCi/kg*) (pCi/kg*) (%)
1 <0.01 O. 04 :t O. 01 0.47 :t 0.04 0.02 :t 0.01 0.3 :t 0.03 88
<6.4 37 :t 11 410 :t 39 15 :t 5.3 260 :t 28
2 <0.01 0.04 :t 0.02 0.88 :t 0.07 0.02:t 0.01 0.91 :t 0.07 82
<7.9 31 :t 13 720 :t 60 19 :t 5.9 750 :t 61
3 0.01 :t 0.01 0.11 :t 0.03 0.25 :t 0.03 0.007 :t 0.006 0.25 :t 0.03 100
10 :t 9.2 11 0 :t 28 250 :t 32 7.4 :t 5.6 250 :t 320
4 <0.01 0.03 :!: 0.02 0.34 :t 0.01 <0.02 0.2 :!: 0.07 85
<6.8 23 :t 15 290 :t 85 <15 1 70 :t 58
to
I
0\ 5 <0.08 0.8 :t 0.45 0.42 :t 0.14 <0.02 0.35 :t 0.13 88
<67 700 :t 400 370 :t 120 <14 310:!: 110
6 <0.01 0.05 :t 0.03 0.56 :!: 0.09 0 . 02 :t O. 01 0.51 :!: 0.09 81
<10 44 :t 24 450 :t 75 14 :t 9.6 410 :t 69
7 SAMPLE NOT COLLECTED
Median <0.01 0.05 0.45 0.02 32.5 86.5
9 40.5 390 17 285
Range <0.01-<0.08 0.03-0.11 0.25-0.88 0.007-0.02 0.2-0.91 81-
<6.4-<67. 23-700 250-720 7.4-<14 170-750 100
*Wet weight
-------
8-7.
ACTINIDE AND STRONTIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN FEMURS, AREA 18 CATTLE, MAY 1975
238pU 239pU 23..U 235U 238U 89Sr 90Sr
Animal (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) Ash
No. (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) '(pCi /kg*) (pCi/kg*) (%)
1 9 :t 6.7 <4.4 4.8 :!: 2.3 <0.7 3 :t 1.8 <3.9 3.4 :t 1 21
1.900:t 1.400 <930 1.000 :!: 490 <140 630 :!: 380 <820 710 :!: 210
2 <3.9 15 :t 4.5 1.9:t 1.9 <0.7 2.6 :t 1.8 <6.1 15 :t 1.7 31
<1.200 4.800:t 1.400 600 :t 590 <230 800 :t 570 <1.900 4.500 :!: 520
3 <3.9 5.2 :t 3.5 7.6 :t 3.2 <2.1 2.7 :t 2.4 <3 1.8:t 0.76 21
<820 1.100:t 740 1.600 :!: 680 <440 560 :t 500 <630 380 :t 160
4 <3.6 10 :t 4.4 2 :t 1.9 <0.88 <1.8 <1.1 3.2 :t 0.88 25
c::J <890 2,500:!: 1,100 510 :t 480 <220 <440 <280 800 :t 220
I
-..J
5 <3.6 <2.7 6.2 :t 3.2 <0.85 <1.7 <3.7 4.2 :t 1 26
<930 <700 1.600 :!: 820 <220 <450 <950 1 . 1 00 :t 260
6 <2.6 <6 2.2 :t 1.1 <1.2 <1.8 <3.7 2.6 :t 0.93 30
<770 <1,800 660 :t 660 <350 <530 <1.100 780 :t 280
7 <8.6 36 :t 17 15 :t 4.2 <1 15:t 4.1 <43 3.3 :t 0.86 22
<1 ,900 7.900 :!: 3.800 3,400 :t 930 <230 3,300 :!: 910 <9.400 730 :t 190
Median <3.9 <6 4.8 <0.88 2.6 <3.7 3.3 25
<930 <1.800 1,000 <230 560 <950 780
Range <2.6-9 <2.7-36 1. 9- 15 <0.7-<2.1 <1. 7-15 <1.1-<43 1.8-15 21-
<770-1.900 <700-7.900 510-3,400 <140-<440 <440-3,300 <280-<9.400 380-4,500 31
*Wet weight
-------
B-8. GAMMA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDES AND TRITIUM CONCENTRATIONS
IN SELECTED TISSUES,* AREA 18 CATTLE, MAY 1975
Animal No. Rumen Contents Liver Lungs Muscle Kidneys Blood
K (g/kg) K (g/kg) K (g/kg) K (g/kg) K (g/kg) 3H (pCi/l)
137CS (pCi/kg) 137Cs (pCi/kg) 137CS (pCi/kg)
1 No analysis 4.6:t 3.9 2.8:t 0.6 3.6 :t 0.5 2.1 :t 0.2 <240
60 :t 14
-------
C-1. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN LUNGS, AREA 18 CATTLE, OCTOBER 1975
238pu 239pu 234U 235U 238U
Animal (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) Ash
No. (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (%)
8+ <4.5 44 :t 16 117.3 :t 74.5 <1.8 117.3 :t 74.5 1.1
<50 480 :t 180 1 ,290 :t 820+ <20=1= 1 ,290 :t 820:f
9t <5 38 :t 1 7 32 :t 13 <1. 7 25 :t 11 1.2
<60 460 :t 200 380 :t 150 <20 300 :t 130
lOt <3.6 13 :t 7.3 91 :t 47 <3.6 41 :t 26 1.1
<40 140 :t 80 1 ,000 :t 520 <40 450 :t 290
11' 25 :t 13 380 :t 62 45 :t 12 <1.8 36 :t 10.9 1.1
270 :t 140 4,200 :t 680 500 :t 130 <20 400 :t 120
("") 12t
I 9.1 :t 4.5 86 :t 13 31 :t 8.2 <1.8 36 :t 7.3 1.1
....
100 :t 50 950 :t 140 340 :t 90 <20 400 :t 80
13t 9 22.7 :t 9. 1 220 :t 20 570 :t 80 <7.3 187 :t 41 . 3 1.5
340 :t 100 3,300 :t 300 8,500 :t 1 ,200 <11 0 2,800 :t 620
Dup1r 34 :t 23.3 449 :t 109 638 :t 79 <12 223 :t 43 1.5
13' 510 :t 350 6,730 :t 1,640 9,570:t 1,180 <180 3,390 :t 640
9.1 86 91 <1.8 41 1.1
Median 100 950 1 ,000 <20 450
<3.6-34 13-449 31-638 <1.7-<12 25-223 1. 1-
Range <40-510 140-6,730 340-9,570 <20-<180 300-3,340 1.5
*Wet weight
tAna1ysis by Eberline Instrument Corporation
fLow tracer yield
sSample split at collection and submitted for analysis as blind duplicate
-------
C-2. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN TRACHEOBRONCHIAL LYMPH NODES, AREA 18 CATTLE, OCTOBER 1975
238pu 239pu 234U 235U 238U
Animal (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) Ash
No. (pCi/kg*) (pC;/kg*) (pCi/kg*) (pCi/kg*) (pCi/kg*) (%)
8 <0.12 <0.16 NA NA NA 1.8
<2.1 <2.8
9 <0.05 0.1 :t 0.08 NA NA NA 4
<1.8 4.1 :t 3
10 0.33 :t 0.22 <0.10 NA NA NA 2.5
8.3 :t 5.4 <2.4
11 0.7 :t 0.3 5.4 :t 0.9 NA NA NA 0.54
3.7 :t 1.8 29 :t 5.3
n 12 5.4 :t 3.3 31 :t. 6 NA NA NA 1
I
N 54 :t 33 310 :t 60
. 13 8.3 :t 3.8 19 :t 4.5 NA NA NA 2.9
240 :t 11 0 550 :t 130
Median 0.52 2.8 2.15
6 16.5
Range <0.05-8.3 <0.1-31 0.54-
<1.8-240 <2.4-550 4
*Wet weight
NA = Not analyzed
-------
C-3. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN MUSCLES, AREA 18 CATTLE, OCTOBER 1975
238pU 239pU 234U 235U 238U
Animal (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) Ash
No. (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (;0
8+ <3.6 24 :t 1 3 12 :t 8.2 <1.8 14 :t 10 1.1
<40 260 :t 140 1 30 :t 90 <20 1 50 :t 11 0
.J.
9' <1.8 9.1 :t5.5 26 :t 14 <1.8 21 :t 12 1.1
<20 100 :t 60 290 :t 150 <20 230 :t 130
... 0.89
10' <2.2 7.9 :t 5.6 42 :t 19 <2.2 29 :t 16
<20 70 :t 50 370 :t 170 <20 260 :t 140
11t <1.8 <1.8 78 :t 21 <8.2 48 :t 18 1.1
<20 <20 860 :t 230 <90 530 :t 200
("')
I 12+ <2.1 5.3 :t 4.2 55 :t 15 <2.1 39 :t 13 0.95
(N
<20 50 :t 40 520 :t 140 <20 370 :t 120
13+ 9 <2.1 27 :t 7 400 :t 51.4f <5.7+ 106 :t 23++ 1.4
<30 380 :t 100 5,600 :t 720 <80 1 ,490 :t 320
Dupl~ <2. 1 10.7 :t 5 386 :t 84.3+ <2.1+ 123.6 :t 43~ 1.4
13' <30 150 :t 70 5,400 :t 1,180 <30 1 ,730 :t 600
<2.1 9.1 55 <2.1 39 1.1
Median <20 100 520 <20 370
<1.8-<3.6 <1.8-27 12-400 <1.8-<8.2 14-123.6 0.89-
Range <20-<40 <20-380 130-5,600 <20-<90 150-1,730 1.4
*Wet Weight
iAnalysis by Eberline Instrument Coporation
tRecount verified original result.
9Sample split at collection and submitted for analysis as blind duplicate
-------
C-4. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN LIVERS, AREA 18 CATTLE, OCTOBER 1975
238pU 239pU 234U 235U 238U
Animal (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) Ash
No. (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (%)
8 . 2.2 :t 1.9 32 :t 5.3 NA NA 0.74
16 :t 14 240 :t 39 NA
9T <2 <2 <65 <2 <65 1.5
<30 <30 <980 <30 <980
lOt <19 1 90 :t 94 32 :t 21 <2.5 31 :t 19 1.6
<300 3, 1 00 :t 1,500 520 :t 330 <40 490 :t 310
llT <5.3 1 00 :t 25 <73 <2 <87 1.5
<80 1 ,500 :t 370 < 1 , 1 00 <30 <1 ,300
n 12t <2.1 <49 <79 <2.1 <79
I 1.4
~ <30 <690 < 1 , 1 00 <30 <1,100
13t 9 <2.3 47 :t 34 52 :t 25.4 <2.3 46 :t 23 1.3
<30 t 610 :t 440t 680 :t 330 <30 600 :t 300
Dupl.. <2.3 84 :t 41 31 .5 :t 16 <2.3 31 .5 :t 16 1.3
13T <30 1 ,090 :t 530 410 :t 210 <30 410 :t 210
Median <2.3 <49 <58.5 <2.2 <55.5 1.4
<30 <690 <830 <30 <790
Range <2-<19 <2-190 31.5-<79 <2-<2.8. 31-<87 0.74-
16-<300 < 30- 3, 1 00 410-<1,100 <30-<40 410-<1,300 1.6
*Wet weight
~NA = Not analyzed
~Analysis by Eberline Instrument Corporation
tLow tracer yield
9Sample split at collection and submitted for analysis as blind duplicate
-------
C-5. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN RUMEN CONTENTS, AREA 18 CATTLE, OCTOBER 1975
238pu 239pu 234U 235U 238U
An i ma 1 (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) Ash
No. (pCi/kg*) (pCi/kg*) (pCi/kg*) (pCi/kg*) (pCi/kg*) (%)
8 0.042:t 0.0096 0.150 :t 0.020 NA NA NA 4.8
2 :t 0.460 7.1 :t 0.960 .
9 0.003:t 0.009 0.1 :t 0.023 NA NA NA 2.1
0.490 :t 0.190 2.2 :t 0.480
10 0.032:t 0.008 0.420 :!: 0.039 NA NA NA 3.1
1 :t 0.250 13 :t 1.2
11 11:!: O. 09 0.56 :t 0.24 NA NA NA 36
40 :t 33 200 :t 85
("")
I 12 O. 080 :t O. 014 1.7 :t 0.13 3
U1 NA NA NA
2.4 :t 0.430 51 :t 4
13 0.035:t 0.010 0.350 :t 0.042 NA NA NA 2.2
0.780 :t 0.220 7.7 :t 0.920
Median 0.039 0.39 3.05
2.2 10.4
Range 0.003-0. 11 0.1-1.7 2.1-
0.49-40 2.2-200 36
*Wet weight
NA = Not analyzed
-------
C-6. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN RETICULUM SEDIMENTS, AREA 18 CATTLE, OCTOBER 1975
238pU 239pu 234U 235U 238U
An i ma 1 (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) Ash
No. (pCi/kg*) (pCijkg*) (pCi/kg*) (pCi/kg*) (pCi/kg*) (%)
8 0.07 :t 0.02 0.1 :t 0.03 NA NA NA 100
66 :t 22 100 :t 27
9 o. 02 :t O. 01 0.22 :t 0.03 NA NA NA 68
14 :t 6.4 150 :t 220
10 NA NA NA NA NA NA
11 0.150 :t 0.024 0.520 :t 0.059 NA NA NA 100
150 :t 29 520 :t 59
("") 12 <0.009 0.032 :t 0.012 NA NA NA 56
I <4.9 18 :t 6.7
0\
13 0.25 :t 0.047 3.2 :t 0.35 NA NA NA 15
38 :t 7. 1 480 :t 52
Median 0.07 0.22 68
38 150
Range <0.009-0.25 0.032-3.2 15-
<4.9-150 100-520 100
*Wet weight
NA = Not analyzed
.
-------
C-7.
ACTINIDE AND STRONTIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN FEMURS, AREA 18 CATTLE, OCTOBER 1975
2 39 Pu 23::.PU 23..U 235U 235U e9Sr 90Sr
Animal (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) Ash
No. (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (pCi/kg*) (pCi/kg*) ('<)
8 <3.8 31 :: 14 9.1 :: 3.7 <0.35 7 :: 3.2 <16 2.9:!: 1.3 23
<880 7,200:!: 3,200 2,100:: 840 <80 1,600 :: 740 <3,700 660 :: 300
9 <1.4 76 :!: 29 16 :: 6.2 <1.6 13 :: 5.7 <14 1.9 :: 1.2 21
<300 16,000 :!: 6,100 3,400:: 1,300 <340 2,800 :: 1,200 <3,000 400 !: 250
10 <1. 7 <2.6 13 :!: 4.7 <0.72 7.2 = 3.4 <27 2.6 :!: 1.2 18
<300 <470 2,400 :!: 840 <130 1 ,300 !: 620 <4,800 460 :!: 220
n <14
I 11 <3.6 <4 9.6 :t 3.6 <0.7 6.4 :!: 3 2.2 :t 1.2 25
....... <900 <1,000 2,400 :!: 910 <170 1 ,600 :!: 750 <3,600 550 :: 300
12 <1. 3 3.4 :t 3.1 16 :!: 5.6 <0.37 7.8 :!: 3.7 <13 2.4 :!: 1.1 27
<360 930 :!: 840 4,200 :!: 1,500 <100 2,100 :!: 1,000 <3,600 640 :: 290
13 <0.18 <1.1 10 :!: 3.9 <0.32 9.6 :!: 3.6 <14 3 :: 0.8 28
<50 <320 2,90011,100 <90 2,700:: 1,000 <3,800 850 :: 220
Median <1. 55 <3.7 11. 5 <0.535 7.5 <14 2.5 24
<330 <965 2,650 <115 1,850 <3,650 595
Range <0.18-<3.8 <1.1-76 9.1-16 <0.32-<1.6 6.4-13 <13-<27 1.9-3 18-
<50-<900 <320-16,000 2,100-4,200 <80-<340 1,300-2,800 <3,000-<4,800 400-850 28
*Wet weight
-------
1
C-8. GAMMA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDES AND TRITIUM CONCENTRATIONS
IN SELECTED TISSUES,* AREA 18 CATTLE, OCTOBER 1975
Animal No. Rumen Contents Liver Lungs Muscle Kidneys Blood
K (g/kg) K (g/kg) K (g/kg) K (g/kg) K (g/kg) 3H (pCi/l)
137CS (pCi/kg) 137CS (pCi/kg) 137Cs (pCi/kg)
8 1.8 j: 0.2 3.1 j: 0.2 2.2 j: 0.3 3 j: 0.6 No analysis 510 j: 210
27 :t 1.8 29 :t 7.5
9 2.3 j: 0.3 3.1 j: 0.4 2.9 j: 0.3 4.6 j: 0.3 2.8 j: 0.3 360 j: 210
-------
0-1. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN LUNGS, NTS, MULE DEER, 1975
239pu 239pu 234U 235U 238U
Animal (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) Ash
No. (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (%)
1 <6.5 23 :t 7.5 NA NA NA 2
<130 470 :t 150
2 26 :t 9.3 10 :t 8.6 NA NA NA 1.4
360 :t 130 140 :t 120
3t 27 :t 20 41 :t 25 19 :t 5.2 <1.4 16 :t 4.8 2.1
570 :t 420 870 :t 520 400 :t 11 0 <30 330 :t 100
4t <5.5 22:t9.1 40 :t 15 <2.7 21 :t 10 1.1
<60 240 :t 100 440 :t 160 <30 230 :t 110
c 5 SAMPLE NOT COLLECTED
I
.....
6t <3.6 11 :t 6.4 41 :t 25 <3.6 41 :t 25 1.1
<40' 120 :t 70 450 :t 270 <40 450 :!: 270
7t <10 62 :!: 20 41 :t 27 <2.5 47 :!: 28 1.2
<120 740 :t 240 490 :!: 320 <30 560 :!: 340
8t 67 :t 15+ 590 :t 55+ 89 :t 31 <2.7 82 :t 29 1.1
740 :t 160 6,500 :t 610 980 :!: 340 <30 900 :t 320
Median <10 23 41 <2.7 41 1.2
<130 470 450 <30 450
Range <3.6-67 10-590 19-89 <1.4-<3.6 16-82 1.1-
<40-740 120-6,500 400-980 <30-<40 230-900 2.1
*Wet weight
~A = Not analyzed
~Analysis by Eberline Instrument Corporation
+Recount verified original result.
-------
0-2. ACTINIDE CONCENTR~TIQ~S .IN MUSCLES, NTS, MULE DEER, 1975
238pu 239pu 234U 235U 238U
Animal (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) Ash
No. (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (%)
<3.1 <1.8 NA NA NA 1.4
<44 <25
2t 4.7 :!: 3.7 7.4 :!: 4.7 NA NA NA 1.9
90 :!: 70 140 :!: 90
3' <7.2 48 :!: 17 52 :!: 13 3.9 :!: 3.3 23 :!: 8.3 1.8
<130 860 :t 310 930 :t 240 70 :t 60 410 :t 150
... <25+ 210 :t 67+
4' 35 :t 1 7 <1.8 28 :t 15 1.1
<280 2,300 :!: 740 390 :!: 190 <20 310 :t 170
5t <2.7 11 :t 5.5 19 :!: 11 <1.8 24 :!: 14 1.1
o <30 120 :t 60 210 :t 120 <20 260 :t 150
I
N
6t <2.5 <4.2 42 :!: 17 <2.5 37 :t 16 1.2
<30 <50 510 :t 210 <30 440 :t 190
7t <2.5 13 :t 7.5 14 :t 9.2 <2.5 16 :t 10 1.2
<30 160 :t 90 170 :!: 11 0 <30 190 :!: 120
8t <14 56 :t 21 74 :t 32 <2.7 58 :t 32 1.1
<150 620 :!: 230 810 :!: 350 <30 640 :!: 350
Median <3.9 12 38.5 <2.5 26 1.2
<67 150 450 <30 360
<2.5-<25 <1.8-210 14-74 <1.8-3.9 16-58 1.1-
Range <30-<280 <25-2,300 170-930 <20-70 190-640 1.9
*Wet weight
NA = Not analyzed
tAnalysis by Eber1ine Instrument Corporation
tRecount verified original result.
-------
0-3. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN LIVERS, NTS, MULE DEER, 1975
238pu 239pu 234U 235U 238U
Animal (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) Ash
No. (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (fCi/g*) (n
1 <4.& <6.4 NA NA 2.8
<130 <180 NA
2t <9.1 7.6 :t 7.6 14 :t 8.4 <1. 1 7.6 :t 6.2 4.5
<410 340 :t 340 620 :t 380 <50 340 :t 280
3t <8.2 55 :t 23 24 :t 19 <3.2 24 :t 1 9 2.2
<180 1,200 :t 510 530 :t 410 <70 530 :t 410
47 <4.6 42 :t 28 39 :t 21 <4.6 27 :t 15 1.3
<60 540 :t 370 510 :t 270 <60 350 :t 200
o 5 SAMPLE NOT COLLECTED
I
v.J 6t
<4.3 30 :t 21 37 :t 18 <2.1 46 :t 21 1.4
<60 420 :t 300 520 :t 250 <30 650 :t 300
7t NA NA 24 :t 12 <2 21 :t 11 1.5
360 :t 180 <30 320 :t 170
8t t 1 ,000 :t 11 0+
79 :t 19' 38 :t 1 7 <1.4 24 :t 14 1.4
1,100 :t 270 14,000 :t 1,500 530 :t 240 <20 340 :t 190
Median <6.4 36 30 <2.1 24 1.5
<155 480 525 <40 345
Range <4.3-79 <6.4-1,000 14-39 <1.1-<4.6 7.6-46 1.3-
<60-1,100 180-14,000 360-620 <20-<70 320-650 4.5
*Wet weight
NA = Not analyzed
:~na1ysis by Eber1ine Instrument Corporation
~Recount verified original result.
-------
0-4. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN RUMEN CONTENTS, NTS, MULE DEER, 1975
2 38pU 239pU 234U 235U 238U
Animal (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) Ash
No. (pCi/kg*) (pCi/kg*) (pCi/kg*) (pCi/kg*) (pCi/kg*) (%)
1 O. 05 :!: O. 01 0.12 :!: 0.02 1 .2 :!: 0.37 0.06 :!: 0.06 1 . 1 :!: O. 34 0.89
0.43:!:0.1 1.1 :!: 0.15 11 :!: 3.3 0.56 :!: 0.52 10 :!: 3
2 0.01 :!: 0.01 0.06 :!: 0.01 0.08 :!: 0.03 <0.01 0.07 :!: 0.03 3.1
0.23 :!: 0.16 1.8 :!: 0.4 2.4 :!: 0.86 <0.22 2 :!: 0.78
3 0.16 :!: 0.0073 0.073:!: 0.015 0.059:!: 0.011 0.003:!: 0.0026 0.05:!: 0.0095 2.2
0.35 :!: 0.16 1 . 6 :!: O. 32 1.3 :!: 0.24 0.07 :!: 0.06 1.1 :!: 0.21
4 0.02 :!: 0.01 0.17 :!: 0.03 NA NA NA 1.3
O. 19 :!: O. 12 2.2 :!: 0.35
0
I 5 SAMPLE NOT COLLECTED
~
6 0.038 :!: 0.013 0.16:!:0.026 NA NA NA 2.6
0.99 :!: 0.33 4.2 :!: 0.67
7 O. 027 :!: 0.014 0.094:!: 0.025 NA NA NA 3.5
0.93 :!: 0.48 3.3 :!: 0.89
8 0.21 :!: 0.5 0.77 :!: 0.12 NA NA NA 2.2
4.7:!:1.1 17 :!: 2.7
I Median 0.038 0.12 0.08 <0.01 0.07 2.2
0.43 2.2 2.4 <0.22 2
Range 0.01-0.21 0.06-0.77 0.059-1.2 0.003-0.06 0.05-1 . 1 0.89-
0.19-4.7 0.094-17 1 .3-11 0.07-0.56 1.1-10 3.5
*Wet weight
NA = Not analyzed
-------
D-5.
ACTINIDE AND STRONTIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN HOCK BONES, NTS, MULE DEER, 1975
ndPu 2 39 Pu 234U 235U 23=U 9?Sr 9:Sr
Animal (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) Ash
No. (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (pCi/kg*) (pCi/kg*) (:t)
<3.2 <2.9 2.9 :!: 2.3 <1.2 2.6 :!: 2 <1.1 0.57 :!: 0.43 21
<680 <600 600 ::: 490 <260 540 :!: 430 <230 120 :!: 90
2 <7.1 <13 <5 <2.2 <4.2 <2.2 2.6 :!: 0.88 24
<1,700 <3,000 <1,200 <540 <1 ,000 <520 620 :!: 210
3 SAMPLE LOST
4-'- <3.2 8.6 :!: 7.9 16 :!: 4.6 <1.2 11 :!: 3.6 <1. 3 2.1 :!: 0.75 28
<910 2,400 :!: 2,200 4,400 :!: 1,300 <340 3,000 :!: 1,000 <360 580 :!: 210
5 -'- <4.8 <10 11 :!: 3.1 <0.86 10 :!: 2.9 <1.8 3 :!: 0.93 29
c <1,400 < 3,000 3,300 :!: 910 <250 3,000 :!: 830 <530 880 :!: 270
I
U1 6T <14 <17 21 :!: 5.2 <0.86 22 :!: 5.2 <1. 5 2.8 :!: 0.90 21
<3,000 <3,600 4,400 :!: 1,100 <180 4,700:!: 1,100 <320 590 :!: 190
7;' <5.3 11 :!: 6.3 17 :!: 6.3 <0.58 19 :!: 6.8 <1.4 2 :!: 0.84 19
<1,000 2,000 :!: 1,200 3,200 :!: 1,200 <110 3,600 :!: 1,300 <270 380 :!: 160
8~ 130:!: 46 2,700 :!: 570 27 :!: 5.7 <0.36 20 :!: 4.6 <1.4 3 :!: 0.86 28
35,00G :!: 13,000 750,000:!: 160,000 7,600:t 1,600 <100 5,500 :!: 1,300 <400 830 :!: 240
Median <5.3 11 16 <0.86 11 <1.4 2.6 24
<1,400 <3,000 3,300 <250 3,000 <360 590
Range <3.2-130 <2.9-2,700 2.9-27 <0.36-<2.2 2.6-22 <1.1-<2.2 0.57-3 19-
<680-35,000 <600-750,000 600-7,600 <100-<540 540-5,500 <230-<530 120-880 29
*Wet weight
tAct~nide analysis by Eberline Instrument Corporation (Reanalysis of sample #8, and recounts of samples
#4, 5, 6, and 7, verified original results reported, both for plutonium and u ra n i urn. )
-------
0-6. GAMMA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDES AND TRITIUM CONCENTRATIONS
IN SELECTED TISSUES, NTS, MULE DEER, 1975
Animal No. Rumen Contents Liver Lungs Muscle Kidney Blood
K (g/kg) K (g/kg) K (g/kg) K (g/kg) K (g/kg) 3H (pCi/l)
137CS (pCi/kg) 137CS (pCi/kg) 137Cs (pCi/kg) 137Cs (pCi/kg)
1 No analysis 2.3:t 0.4 GSN 3.4 :t 0.2 3.4 :t 0.7 990 :t 230
-------
E-1. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS* IN LUNGS, DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP, 1975
:> 38pU 239pU 238pU 2 3'JpU
Animal (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) Ash Animal (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) Ash
No. (fCi/kg"\") (fCi/kgoj.) (%) No. (fCi/kg"l-) (fCi /kgol.) (%)
1 6.25:t 2.08 34.4:t 5.2 1.8 15 64:t 20 100 :t 28 1.9
11 0 :t 40 610 :t 90 1 ,190 :t 370 1 ,860 :t 520
2 <8.33 20.8 :t 8.3 3.2 16 9 . 73 :t 4. 32 29.2:t 7.6 2.2
<260 660 :t 260 220 :t 100 650 :t 170
3 17.6:t 4 24.3 :t 5.4 1.7 17 6.32:!: 4.21 56.8:t 12.6 2
300 :t 70 410 1: 90 1 30 :t 90 1,160 :!: 260
4 21 :t 7.6 17.1 :t 7.6 2.6 19 27.7:!: 12.6 88.2 1: 25.2 2.6
540 :t 200 440 :t 200 580 :!: 320 2,240 :t 640
5 18.7:t 4.7 32.7:t 6.2 1.6 20 16.8:t 7 107 :!: 20 1.3
300 :t 80 530 :t 100 220 :!: 90 1,400 :!: 260
6 <2.56 6.7 1: 3.8 1.7 22 10 :!: 4 89 :t 12 2.1
<40 290 :!: 70 210 :!: 90 1,900 :t 260
7 5.56 1: 2.78 55.6:!:11.125 23 <6.9 <6.9 2.9
140 :!: 70 1 ,390 :!: 280 . <200 <200
8 22.2:t 8.9 40 :t 13.3 2.1 24 12.4:t 6.9 26.2 i 9.7 2.1
470 :t 190 840 :t 280 260 :!: 140 540 1: 200
9 12.5:t 3.6 24 :t 5.4 25 l 297:t 74l
1.7 51.4 :!: 28.6"
210 :!: 60 420 :!: 90 970 :t 540 5,629 :!: 1,4101.9
10 <18.8 <31.2 1.7 Median 12.4 34.4 2.1
<320 <530 220 650
11 3.09 :!: 2.06 47.3:!: 7.2 297 Range <2.56-64 <6.9-297 1. 3-
90 :t 60 1,410 :t 210 . <40-1,190 130-5,620 3.2
*
12 6.56:t 4.92 11.5:t 6.6 2.1 All analyzed by Eberline Instrument
140 :t 100 240 :t 140 ~ompany
..Wet weight
13 15.7:t 4.5 42.7 :t 9 3 1 +Recount verified original result.
480 :t 140 1 ,300 :!: 270 .
14 8.33:!: 3.57 79.8:!: 10.7 1 8
150 :!: 60 1,430 :t 190 .
E-l
-------
E-2. ACTINIDE AND STRONTIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN BONE, DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP, 1975
.._._._._-_.__._..~.._-_._----------~ ---- -- .----------
;o3HpU ;o-PlpU H"Sr "oSr
Animal (fCi/9 Ash) (fCi/9 Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/9 Ash) Ash
No. (fCi/kg.) (fCi /kg.) (pCi/kg.) (pCi/kg.) (1.)
- - .-.--------.-- --- ----~'- ------ ------------ ----------
,1 <1. 1 <9.1 2.4 t 0.85 34
'340 -:390 ,3,100 820 ! 290
2 SAMPLE NOT COLLECTED
3 <1. J 1.7 t 1.3 <7.6 3.8 \. 0.9 29
<390 5DO \. 370 <2,200 1,100 t 260
4 '1.4 <0.7 <8.6 3.2 t 0.86 37
<510 <260 "3.2DO 1,200 t 320
5 '0.9 .-0.7 <6.8 2.7 :I: 0.82 34
<310 .,240 ,2.300 920 t 280
6 ':2 '-1. 7 <7.4 1.910.67 27
<550 <450 <2,000 520 ~ 180
'-1.6 <2.2 "11 4.8 J 0.94 33
<530 ,740 <3,500 1,600 t 310
8 <2.3 <2.5 .4.5 24 1: 4.2 38
<890 <960 .1,700 9,100 ! 1 ,600
9 <1. 7 5.8 J 2.9 <6.5 3.2 t 0.58 26
<440 1,500 i, 750 ,1,700 840 i 150
10 <2 <1.8 <7.4 2.4 :I: 0.56 27
<530 <480 <2,000 660 1 150
11 <1.6 311.7 <4.8 2 :I: 0.56 27
<430 800 1 460 <1,300 540 1 150
12 <2.6 <2.8 <8.1 2.2 :!: 0.7 27
<690 <760 <2,200 590 1 190
13 <2 8.6 :!: 3.9 <8.6 5.2 1 0.81 21
<430 1,800 :!: 810 <1,800 1,100 :!: 170
14 SAMPLE NOT COLLECTED
15 <3.2 <2.2 .4.7 3. 2 i O. 56 34
<1,100 <750 <1,600 1,10D t 190
16 <2.7 <3.7 ..34 23 t 3.4 21
<570 <780 <7,20D 4,800 J 720
17 1. 7 .t 1.3 7.9 t 2.6 <7.6 6.5 \. 0.94 34
590 !. 440 2,700 t 890 <2.600 2.200 i 320
18 < 1. 6 <1.8 .14 4.5 t 1 33
<530 <610 <4,600 1.500 i 340
19 SAMPLE NOT COLLECTED
20 <0.96 17 i 3.8 ,5 40 \. 6.7 24
-.230 4,OOD ! 920 .1.200 9,600 I 1,600
21 <2.1 3.2 t 2.3 <7.6 19 t 6.1 31
.:650 990 i 700 <1,500 6,000 i 1,900
--------
Median <1. 7 <2.4 <7.6 3.5 30
<530 .:755 "2,200 1,100
--_._---- --------
Range <0.9-'-3.2 <0.7-17 <4.5-110 1 .9-40 21-
<230-.:1,100 <240-4,000 ,1,200-.-3,500 520- 9,600 38
.-----.----
---- - --_.- ----- --- ----_.--
*Wet weight
Note: Uranium-234, -235, and -238 were not analyzed,
£-2
-------
E-3. GAMMA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDES AND TRITIUM CONCENTRATIONS
IN SELECTED TISSUES,* DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP, 1975
Animal Lungs Kidneys Kidneys
No. K (g/kg) K (g/kg) 3H (pCi/l)
137CS (pCi/kg) 137CS (pCi/kg)
0.8 :t 0.5 2.7 :t 0.6 620 :t 250
-------
E-3. GAMMA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIUES AND TRITIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN
SELECTED TISSUES,* DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP, 1975 (continued)
Animal Lungs Kidneys Kidneys
No. K (g/kg) K (g/kg 3 H ( pC i!l )
137CS (pCi/kg) 137CS (pCi/kg)
15 0.9 :t 0.2 2.9 :t 1.2 <310
-------
F-l. ACTINIDE AND STRONTIUM CONCENTRATIONS
IN BONE, NTS, AREA 15, RABBITS, 1975
238pU 239pu 8'3Sr 90Sr
An i mal (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) Ash
No. (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (pCi/kg*) (pCi/kg*) (%)
<9 14 :!: 11 <10 8.3 :!: 1.6 11
<990 1,500 :!: 1,200 < 1 , 1 00 910 :!: 180
2 <2.3 24 :!: 6.8 <12 11 :!: 2 10
<230 2,400 :!: 680 <1,200 1,100 :!: 200
3 <6.2 <9.1 <11 10 :t 1.8 9.4
<580 <860 <1 ,000 980 .t 170
4 <3.5 15 .t 5.2 <20 37 :t 3.2 9.2
<320 1,400 :t 480 <1 ,800 3,400 :t 290
5 <10 55 .t 16 <21 37 .t 3.5 9.8
<1,000 5400 :t 1 ,600 <2,100 3,600 :t 340
6 <9.9 41 1: 13 <10 15t2.1 9.4
<930 3,900 1: 1,200 <950 1,400 :t 2,100
Median <7.6 19.5 <11 .5 13 9.6
<750 1,950 < 1 ,1 50 1 ,250
Range <2.3-<10 <9.1-55 <10-<21 8.3-37 9.2-
<230-<1 ,000 <860-5,400 <950-<2,100 910-3,600 11
*--
Wet weight
F-l
-------
F-2. GAMMA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN
SELECTED TISSUES,* NTS, AREA 15, RABBITS, 1975
An i ma 1 Muscle Pelt G. I. Tract
No. K (g/kg) K (g/kg) K (g/kg)
137CS (pCi/kg) 137CS (pCi/kg) 137CS (pCi/kg)
1 3.5 :t 0.5 4.7 :t 0.5 3.5 :t 0.8
58 :t 1 2 40 :t 11
-------
APPENDIX G.
GROSS* AND MICROSCOPIC PATHOLOGyt FOUND IN NECROPSIED ANIMALS
AREA 18 CATTLE, MAY
1
Necropsy findings:
Fibrinous adhesions between liver and diaphragm.
Histopathological findings:
of cardiac muscle.
Sarocysts and mild lymphocytic infiltration
Hematological findings: RBC/cmm 7.6 x 106, WBC/cmm 6 x 103, MCV/cu.~
57, Hb g% 15, Hematocrit % 43.
Clinical diagnosis:
Normal mature cow.
2 Necropsy findings: No gross lesions noted.
condition and barren.
Animal was in excellent
Histopathological findings:
agonal struggling.
Hematological findings: RBC/cmm 7.8 x 106, WBC/cmm 6.2 x 103, MCV/cu.~
59, Hb g% 16.4, Hematocrit % 46.
Slight emphysema of lungs probably from
Clinical diagnosis:
Normal aged cow.
3 Necropsy findings: No gross lesions noted.
rubber and twine foreign objects.
Rumen contents contained
Histopathological findings:
No lesions noted.
Hematological findings: RCB/cmm 7.3 x 106, WBC/cmm 7.8 x 103, MCV/cu.p
48, Hb g% 13, Hematocrit % 35.
Clinical diagnosis:
4 Necropsy findings:
struggling.
Normal yearling steer.
Emphysematous areas in lungs as result of agonal
Histopathological findings:
No lesions noted.
Hematological findings: RBC/cmm 7.2 x 106, WBC/cmm 5.9 x 103, MCV/cu.p
55, Hb g% 13.1, Hematocrit % 40.
Clinical diagnosis:
5 Necropsy findings:
Normal mature steer.
No gross lesions noted.
Histopathological findings:
No lesions noted.
G-l
-------
APPENDIX G. GROSS* AND MICROSCOPIC PATHOLOGyt FOUND IN NECROPSIED ANIMALS
(continued)
AREA 18 CATTLE, MAY (continued)
5 Hematological findings: RBC/cmm 8.04 x 106, WBC/cmm 4.5 x 103, MCV/cu.~
47, Hbg% 12.9, Hematocrit % 38.
Clinical diagnosis:
6 Necropsy findings:
struggling.
Normal yearling steer.
Emphysematous areas in lungs as result of agonal
Histopathological findings:
medulla of kidney.
Hematological findings: RBC/cmm 8.4 x 105, WBC/cmm 6.6 x 103, MCV/cu.~
59, Hbg% 17.8, Hematocrit % 50.
flinical diagnosis:
7 Necropsy findings:
Hemosiderosis of spleen, mineralized foci in
Normal mature steer.
Not necropsied because of extensive trauma.
Histopathological findings:
Hematological findings:
No samples collected.
No samples collected.
Clinical diagnosis: Normal yearling heifer.
sion with a motor vehicle.
Death as a result of colli-
AREA 18 CATTLE, OCTOBER
8 Necropsy findings:
No gross lesions noted.
Histopathological findings: Mild lipidosis of liver.
present in testes, no spermatids.
Spermatogonia
Hematological findings: RCB/cmm 10.8 x 106, WBC/cmm 6 x 103, MCV/cu.~
41, Hbg% 12.1, Hematocrit % 44.
Clinical diagnosis:
9 Necropsy findings:
Normal male calf.
No gross lesions noted.
Well developed follicles in the spleen.
Histopathological findings:
spermatogenesis in testes.
No
Hematological findings: RBC/cmm 6.9 x 10°, WBC/cmm 11 x 103, MCV/cu.~
63, Hbg% 12.6, Hematocrit % 44.
Clinical diagnosis:
Normal male calf.
G-2
-------
GROSS* AND MICROSCOPIC PATHOLOGyt FOUND IN NECROPSIED ANIMALS
(continued)
AREA 18 CATTLE, OCTOBER (continued)
APPENDIX G.
10 Necropsy findings:
No gross lesions noted.
Histopathological findings:
spermatogenesis in testes.
Well developed follicles in spleen.
No
Hematological findi~: RBC/cmm 7.8 x 10L, WBC/cmm 5.5 x 103, MCV/cu.~
49, Hb g% 10.5, Hematocrit % 38.
Clinical diagnosis:
Normal male calf.
11
Necropsy findings: Pregnant with 60-day fetus, slight adhesions between
rumen and diaphragm.
~is~opathological findings: Hemorrhage in lung, probably terminal
congestion. Cortical congestion of adrenal. Several developing follicles
in ovary. Hemosiderosis of spleen.
Hematological findings: RBC/cmm 7 x 105, WBC/cmm 5.5 x 103, MCV/cu.~
61, Hb g% 12.6, Hematocrit % 43.
Clinical diagnosis:
Normal mature cow.
12 Necropsy findings: Extensive squamous cell carcinoma of left eye and
orbit. No other gross lesions noted.
Histopathological findings: Squamous cell carcinoma of eye. Lipidosis
of liver, focal pleural fibrosis of lung, mineralization of pelvis of
kidney, focal ulceration and inflamation of eyelid.
Hematological findings: RBC/cmm 6.5 x 10f" WBC/cmm 5.6 x 103, MCV/cu.~
63, Hb g% 12.3, Hematocrit % 41.
Clinical diagnosis:
13 Necropsy findi~~:
Aged cow with squamous cell carcinoma.
No gross lesions noted.
Pregnant with 45-day fetus.
Histopathological findings:
No lesions noted.
Hematological findings: RBC/cmm 6.6 x lOb, WBC/cmm 6.3 x 103, MCV/cu.~
65, Hb g% 13.1, Hematocrit % 43.
Clinical diagnosis:
Normal mature cow.
MULE DEER
1-6 All these deer were victims of collision with motor vehicles. Necropsies
revealed extensive trauma in all cases. Histopathology and hematology
samples were not collected as advanced postmortem changes had occurred
G-3
-------
APPENDIX G.
GROSS* AND MICROSCOPIC PATHOLOGyt FOUND IN NECROPSIED ANIMALS
(continued)
MULE DEER (continued)
prior to necropsy. No disease conditions had occurred prior to necropsy.
All apparently normal at tiw.e of death.
7
Necropsy findings: Animal was euthanized following an unsuccessful
attempt to capture with immobilizing drugs administered by a syringe
projectile fired from a powder-powered capture gun. The syringe
penetrated the thoracic cavity and did extensive trauma to the lungs.
No other gross lesions noted.
Histopathological findings:
No lesions noted.
Hematological findings:
Blood sample not collected.
Clinical diagnosis:
Normal mature female deer.
8
Necropsy findings: Extensive trauma as a result of collision with a motor
vehicle. No disease conditions noted. Histopathology and hematology
samples not collected as advanced postmortem changes had occurred by time
of necropsy. Animal was apparently normal at time of death.
DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP
All sheep sampled were collected by participants in annual hunt. No
necropsies performed, but all animals appeared to be healthy. All were
mature males.
COYOTE
Necropsy findings: No gross lesions noted.
largely of rabbit tissue.
Stomach contents consisted
Histopathological findings:
No lesions noted.
Hematological findings:
Blood samples not collected.
Clinical diagnosis:
Normal immature female.
*As reported by senior author.
tAs reported by Dr. Billy C. Ward. College of Veterinary Medicine,
Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi.
G-4
Drawer V,
-------
APPENDIX H.
BOTANICAL ANALYSES OF DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP RUMEN CONTENTS, 1975
An i ma 1 Scientific Common Plant Composition
No. Name Name Part Percent
1 Ephedra nevadensis Nevada joint-fir stems 10
Unknown shrub stem-leaf fragments 16
Oryzopsis hymenoides Indian ricegrass seeds-sterns-leaves 18
Sitanion hystrix Squirrel tail grass stems-leaves 14
Bromus teatorum Cheat grass stems-seeds 2
Unknown grass stems-leaves 17
Euphorbia sp. Spurge leaves 12
Eriogonum sp. Buckwheat stems 2
Unknown forb herbaceous fragments 9
2 Enaelia farinosa Brittle bush stems-leaves-seeds 62
Ephedra nevadensis Nevada joint-fir stems 10
z Unknown shrub woody fragments 4
I Sitanion hystrix Squirrel tail grass stems-leaves 13
Stipa speaiosa Desert needlegrass stems-leaves 6
Unknown grass stems-leaves 2
Unknown forb herbaceous fragments 3
Eriogonum sp. Buckwheat stems T*
5 AtripZex aonfertifoZia Shadscale leaves 1
Eriogonum miapotheaum Great Basin buckwheat brush stems-leaves 2
Ephedra nevadensis Nevada joint-fir stems 7
Coleogyne ramosissima B1ackbrush stems-leaves 19
Artemisia tridentata Big sagebrush leaves 5
Oryzopsis hymenoides Indian ricegrass stems-leaves 41
Bromus teatorum Cheat grass seeds-sterns-leaves 7
Sitanion hystrix Squirrel tail grass stems-leaves 6
Unknown grass stems-leaves 9
Unknown forb stems-leaves 3
-------
APPENDIX H.
BOTANICAL ANALYSES OF DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP RUMEN CONTENTS, 1975 (continued)
Animal Scientific Common Plant Composition
No. Name Name Part Percent
6 Echinocatus acanthodes Barrel catus spines-tissue 31
Cercocappus intricatus Li ttl e-leaved mahogany stems-leaves 7
Quercus turbineZZa Scrub oak leaves 6
Oryzopsis hymenoides Indian ricegrass stems-leaves 22
Hi Zaria rigida Big ga11eta stems-leaves 6
Stipa speciosa Desert needlegrass stems-leaves 11
Unknown grass stems-leaves 8
Eriogonum sp. Buckwheat stems
Unknown forbs leaf fragments 9
7 Artemisia tridentata Big sage stems-leaves 22
Cercocarpus intricatus Little-leaved mahogany stems-leaves 11
:I: Ephedra nevadensis Nevada joint-fir stems 4
I
N Shrub sp. woody fragments 3
Hi Zaria rigida Bi g gall eta stems-leaves 5
Oryzopsis hymenoides Indian ricegrass stems-leaves 35
Sitanion hystrix Squirrel tail grass stems-leaves 12
Unknown grass stems-leaves 4
Unknown forb herbaceous fragments 3
Eriogonum sp. Buckwheat stems 1
8 Garrya fZavescens Silk tassel stems-leaves 63
Bromus tectorum Cheat grass stems-leaves-seeds 9
Oryzopsis hymenoides Indian ricegrass stems-leaves 7
Sitanion hystrix Squirrel tail grass stems-leaves 2
Stipa speciosa Desert needlegrass stems-leaves 9
Unknown grass stems-leaves 4
Unknown forb herbaceous fragments 6
9 Ephedra nevadensis Nevada joint-fir stems 6
Cercocappus intricatus Little-leaved mahogany stems-leaves 11
AtripZex sp. Sa ltbush stem-leaf fragments 10
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APPENDIX H. BOTANICAL ANALYSES OF DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP RUMEN CONTENTS, 1975 (continued)
An i ma 1 Scientific Common Plant Compos it i on
No. Name Name Part Percent
9 Unknown shrubs stem-leaf fragments 5
Oryzopsis hymenoides Indian ricegrass stems-leaves 23
Stipa sp. Desert need1egrass stems-leaves 2
Sitanion hystrix Squirrel tail grass stems-leaves 12
Unknown grass stem fragments 11
Euphorbia setiZoba Euphorbia stems-leaves 8
Eriogonwn sp. Buckwheat stems 4
Unknown forbs stem-leaf fragments 8
10 Ephedra nevadensis Nevada joint-fir stems 19
Eriogonum microtheaum Great Basin buckwheat brush leaves-stems 3
Unknown shrub woody fragments 6
~ Bromus tectorum Cheat grass stems-leaves-seeds 14
I Hi Uu>ia rigida Big galleta stems-leaves-seeds 12
eN
Oryzopsis hymenoides Indian ricegrass stem-leaves 9
Sitanion hystrix Squirrel tail grass stems-leaves 19
Unknown grass stems-leaves 9
Euphorbia sp. Spurge 1 ea ves 4
Unknown forb stems-leaves 5
11 Ephedra nevadensis Nevada joint-fir stems 23
Unknown shrub woody fragment 34
Hi Zaria rigida Big galleta stems-leaves 7
Unknown grass stems-leaves 24
Sitanion hystrix Squirrel tail grass stems-leaves 3
Oryzopsis hymenoides Indian ricegrass stems-leaves 4
Eriogonum s p. Buckwheat stems 2
SphaeraZcea ambigua Desert mallow leaf tissue T*
Unknown forb leaf fragments 3
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APPENDIX H.
BOTANICAL ANALYSES OF DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP RUMEN CONTENTS, 1975 (continued)
Animal
No.
Scientific
Name
Corrmon
Name
Plant
Part
Composition
Percent
12
::I:
I
~
Ephedra nevadensis
AtripZex aonfertifoZia
Unknown shrub
Oryzopsis hymenoides
Sitanion hystrix
Unknown grass
Euphorbia setiZoba
Unknown forb
13
Ephedra nevadensis
Thamnosma montana
EnaeZia frutesaens
Ceraoaarpus intriaatus
CoZeogyne ramosissima
Unknown shrub
Oryzopsis hymenoides
Unknown grass
Sitanion hystrix
Chaenaatis sp.
Eriogonum S p .
Unknown forb
14
Unknown shrub #1
Unknown shrub #2
Oryzopsis hymenoides
Stipa sp.
Unknown grass
Sitanion hystrix
Eriogonum sp.
Unknown forb
Nevada joint-fir
Shadscale
Indian ricegrass
Squirrel tail grass
Euphorbia
Nevada joint-fir
Rue
Ence1ia
Little-leaved mahogany
B1ackbrush
Indian ricegrass
Squirrel tail grass
Pincushion
Buckwheat
Indian ricegrass
Desert need1egrass
Squirrel tail grass
Buckwheat
stems
stems-leaves
stem fragments
stems-leaves
stems-leaves
stems-leaves
1 eaves
stem fragments
stems
stems
seeds
stems-leaves
leaves
woody fragments
seeds-sterns-leaves
stems-leaves
stems-leaves
seeds
stems
herbaceous fragments
fragments
fragments
stems-leaves
stems-leaves
stems-leaves
stems-leaves
stems
stem-leaf fragments
14
1
2
37
11
5
26
4
6
28
1
6
2
3
39
7
6
1
T*
1
20
19
21
7
15
6
3
9
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"-
APPENDIX H.
BOTANICAL ANALYSES OF DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP RUMEN CONTENTS, 1975 (continued)
Animal Scientific Common Plant Composition
No. Name Name Part Percent
15 Eahinoaaatus aaanthodes Barrel catus spines-tissue 74
Ephedra nevadensis Nevada joint-fir stems 12
Unknown browse (shrubs) woody fragments 1
Oryzopsis hymenoides Indian ricegrass stems-leaves 6
Sitanion hystrix Squirrel tail grass stems-leaves 4
Eriogonum sp. Buckwheat stems-leaves 1
Unknown forb stems 2
16 Garyya flavesaens Silk tassel stems leaves 29
Eriogonum fasaiauZatum Woody buckwhea t leaves 7
Artemisia arbusaula Sagebrush stems-leaves 8
Ephedra nevadensis Nevada joint-fir stems 2
:I:
I Unknown Shrub #1 leaves 7
U'1 Ceraoaarpus intriaatus Little-leaved mahogany leaf fragments 4
Unknown shrub #2 woody fragments 3
Stipa speaiosa Desert needlegrass stems-leaves 20
Sitanion hystrix Squirrel tail grass stems-leaves 10
Oryzopsis hymencrZdes Indian ricegrass stems-leaves 3
Unknown grass stems-leaves 4
Unknown forb herbaceous fragments 3
17 Purshia gZandulosa Antelope brush stems-leaves 26
Eurotia lanata Winterfat stems-leaves 1
Unknown shrub woody fragments 7
Bromus teatorum Cheat grass stems-leaves-seeds 19
Oryzopsis hymenoides Indian ricegrass stems-leaves 21
Unknown grass stems-leaves 9
Sitanion hystrix Squirrel tail grass stems-leaves 8
Unknown forb herbaceous fragments 5
Eriogonum sp. Buckwheat stems 3
Euphorbia sp. Spurge leaves 1
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APPENDIX H.
BOTANICAL ANALYSES OF DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP RUMEN CONTENTS, 1975 (continued)
Animal Scientific Common Plant Composition
No. Name Name Part Percent
19 Artemisia tridentata Big sagebrush stems-leaves 9
Ceraoaarpus intriaatus Little-leaved mahogany stems-leaves 19
Unknown shrub woody fragments 8
Oryzopsis hymenoides Indian ricegrass stems-leaves 15
Sitanion hystrix Squirrel tail grass stems-leaves 22
Stipa speaiosa Desert needlegrass stems-leaves 15
Unknown grass stems-leaves 2
Eriogonum sp. Buckwheat stems 2
Unknown forb herbaceous fragments 8
20 Artemisia tridentata Big sagebrush leaves 3
AtripZex aonfertifoZia Shadscale leaves 3
:J: AtripZex aanesaens Four-winged sa ltbrush leaves 1
,
0'\ Unknown shrub #1 woody fragments 5
Unknown shrub #2 woody fragments 8
Oryzopsis hymenoides Indian ricegrass stems-leaves 29
Bromus teatorwn Cheat grass leaves-seeds 14
Hilaria jamesii Galleta grass stems-leaves 9
Sitanion hystrix Squirrel tail grass stems-leaves 4
Unknown grass stems-leaves 6
Cirsium mohavense Thistle stems-leaves 6
SphaeraZaea ambigua Desert mallow stems-leaves-seeds 1
Unknown forbs herbaceous fragments 11
21 AtripZex aonfertifoZia Shadscale stems-leaves 16
Ceraoaarpus intriaatus Little-leaved mahogany stems-leaves 4
Oryzopsis hymenoides Indian ricegrass stems-leaves 28
Bromus teatorwn Cheat grass stems-leaves 8
Sitanion hystrix Squirrel tail grass stems-leaves 21
Stipa speaiosa Desert needlegrass stems-leaves 2
-------
APPENDIX H.
BOTANICAL ANALYSES OF DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP RUMEN CONTENTS, 1975 (continued)
Animal Scientific Common Plant Composition
No. Name Name Part Percent
21 Unknown grass stems-leaves 14
Unknown forb herbaceous fragments 4
Eriogonwn sp. Buckwheat stems-leaves 3
22 Ceraoaarpus intriaatus L ittl e-1 eaved mahogany stems-leaves 31
Cowania mexiaana Cliff rose leaves 3
AtripLex aonfertifoLia Shadscale stems-leaves 5
Coleogyne ramosissima Blackbush stems-leaves 3
Ephedra nevadensis Nevada joint-fir stems 4
Unknown shrub woody fragments 3
Bromus teatorwn Cheat grass stems-leaves 1
Stipa speaiosa Desert needlegrass stems-leaves 9
:I: Oryzopsis hymenoides Indian ricegrass stems-leaves 21
I Sitanion hystrix Squirrel tail stems-leaves 14
......, grass
Unknown grass stems-leaves 4
Unknown forbs herbaceous fragments 2
23 Ceraoaarpus intriaatus Little-leaved mahogany stems-leaves 16
Garrya fLavesaens Sil k tassel leaves 8
Artemisia tridentata Big sagebrush stems-leaves 8
Coleogyne ramosissima B1 ackbrush leaves 2
Eurotia Lanata Winterfat stems-leaves 1
Unknown shrub woody fragments 8
Rosa sp. Wild rose leaf fragments 3
Bromus teatorwn Cheat grass stems-leaves-seeds 6
Stipa speaiosa Desert needlegrass stems-leaves 14
Oryzopsis hymenoides Indian ricegrass stems-leaves-seeds 22
Unknown grass stems-leaves 6
Chaenoatis sp. Pincushion seeds 3
Eriogonwn sp. Buckwheat stems 1
Unknown forb herbaceous fragments 2
*T = Trace, less than U. I ~~.
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1 - 40
41
42
43
44
45
46 - 47
48 - 49
50 - 51
52
53
54
55
56
57 - 58
59
60
61
62
63 - 67
DISTRIBUTION
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Ernest D. Campbell, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
Paul B. Dunaway, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
Mary G. White, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
Roger Ray, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
Robert W. Taft, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
Leon Si1verstrom, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
Robert W. Newman, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
Bruce W. Church, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
Technical Library, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
Chief, NOB/DNA, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
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Major General Joseph K. Bratton, Asst. Gen. Mgr., DMA,
DOE/HQ, Washington, DC
68 Gordon F. Facer, DMA, DOE/HQ, Washington, DC
69 James L. Liverman, Director, DBER, DOE/HQ, Washington, DC
70 Robert L. Watters, DBER, DOE/HQ, Washington, DC
71 John S. Kirby-Smith, DBER, DOE/HQ, Washington, DC
72 Jeff Swine broad , DBER, DOE/HQ, Washington, DC
73 Robert W. Wood, DBER, DOE/HQ, Washington, DC
74 William S. Osburn, Jr., DBER, DOE/HQ, Washington, DC
75 Ray Brechbill, DOE/SAN, Oakland, CA
76 Marcie Williamson, HSL/INEL, DOE/ID, Idaho Falls, ID
77 Steven V. Kaye, Oak Ridge National Lab., Oak Ridge, TN
-------
78 Helen Pfuderer, ESIC, Oak Ridge National Lab., Oak Ridge, TN
79 P. Wahlgren, CARL, Oak Ridge National Lab., Oak Ridge, TN
80 H. E. Wa1burg, CARL, Oak Ridge National Lab., Oak Ridge, TN
81 Asst. Admin. for Research and Development, EPA, Washington, DC
82 Deputy Asst. Admin. for Radiation Programs, EPA, Washington, DC
83 Director, Div. of Criteria and Standards, ORP, EPA, Washington, DC
84 Director, Div. of Field Operations, ORP, EPA, Washington, DC
85 Director, Div. of Technology Assessment, ORP, EPA, Washington, DC
86 Director, Office of Technical Analysis, EPA, Washington, DC
87 Library, EPA, Washington, DC
88 Paul Defalco, Jr., Deputy Regional Admin., Region IX, EPA,
San Francisco, CA
89 James K. Channell, REgional Radiation Representative, Region IX,
EPA, San Francisco, CA
90 Richard L. Blanchard, Director, Radiochemistry and Nuclear
Engineering Branch, EPA, Cincinnati, OH
91 Charles R. Porter, Director, Eastern Environmental Radiation
Facility, EPA, Montgomery, AL
92 Peter Halpin, Chief, APTIC, EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC
93 Harold F. Mueller, ARL, NOAA, Las Vegas, NV
94 Gilbert J. Ferber, ARL, NOAA, Silver Spring, MD
95 K. M. Oswald, Mgr., Health and Safety, LLL, Mercury, NV
96 Bernard W. Shore, LLL, Livermore, CA
97 Richard L. Wagner, LLL, Livermore, CA
98 Howard W. Tewes, LLL, Livermore, CA
99 Paul L. Phelps, LLL, Livermore, CA
100 Mortimer L. Mendelsohn, LLL, Livermore, CA
101 J. C. Hopkins, LASL, Los Alamos, NM
102 Harry S. Jordan, LASL, Los Alamos, NM
103 Lamar J. Johnson, LASL, Los Alamos, NM
104 George E. Tucker, Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM
105 Carter D. Broyles, Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM
106 Melvin L. Merritt, Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM
107 R. Glen Fuller, Oracle, AZ
108 Richard S. Davidson, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH
109 Arden E. Bicker, REECo, Mercury, NV
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110 Savino W. Cavender, REECo, Mercury, NV
111 Auda F. Morrow, CETO, NTS, Mercury, NV
112 Billy Moore, NTSSO, DOE/NV, Mercury, NV
113 Leo Bustad, Director, Veterinary Medicine, Washington State
University, Pullman, WA
114 Vincent Schultz, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
115 Arthur Wallace, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
116 Wesley E. Niles, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV
117 Library, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV
118 Verle R. Bohman, University of Nevada, Reno, NV
119 Lloyd P. Smith, President, Desert Research Institute,
University of Nevada, Reno, NV
120 Paul R. Fenske, Desert Research Institute, University
of Nevada, Reno, NV
121 Thomas P. O'Farrell, Director, Applied Ecology and Physiology
Center, Desert Research Institute, Boulder City, NV
122 William S. Twenhofel, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO
123 Manager, Desert National Wildlife Range, U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Las Vegas, NV
124 Supervisor, Region III, Nevada Fish and Game Department,
Las Vegas, NV
125 Paul Lyons, Nevada Wildlife Research, Division of Archives,
Capitol Building Annex, Carson City, NV .
126 Deward W. Efurd, McClellan Central Laboratory, McClellan
Air Force Base, CA
127 L. L. Skolil, San Diego State
155 Technical Information Center,
(for public availability)
128 -
University, San Diego, CA
DOE, Oak Ridge, TN
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