EMSL-LV-0539-18
OFF-SITE ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING REPORT FOR THE NEVADA TEST SITE
AND OTHER TEST AREAS USED FOR UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR DETONATIONS
January through December 1977
by
Monitoring Operations Division
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Las Vegas/ Nevada 89114
July 1978
This work performed under a Memorandum of
Understanding No. EY-76-A-08-0539
for the
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
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This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by
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the Department of Energy, nor any of their employees, nor any
of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees,
makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal
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usefulness of any information, apparatus, product or process
disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe
privately-owned rights.
AVAILABLE PROM THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
SPRINGFIELD, VA 22161
PRICE: PAPER COPY $8.00 MICROFICHE $3.00
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EMSL-LV-0539-18
OFF-SITE ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING REPORT FOR THE NEVADA TEST SITE
AND OTHER TEST AREAS USED FOR UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR DETONATIONS
January through December 1977
by
R. F. Grossman
Monitoring Operations Division
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Las Vegas, Nevada 89114
July 1978
This work performed under a Memorandum of
Understanding No. EY-76-A-08-0539
for the
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
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PREFACE
The Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) used the Nevada Test Site
(NTS) from January 1951 through January 19, 1976, as an area for
conducting nuclear detonations, nuclear rocket-engine develop-
ment, nuclear medicine studies, and miscellaneous nuclear and
non-nuclear experiments. Beginning on January 19, 1976, these
responsibilities were transferred to the newly-formed U. S. Ener-
gy Research and Development Administration (ERDA) , which was
later merged with other energy-related agencies to form the U.S.
Department of Energy on October 1, 1977. Atmospheric nuclear
tests were conducted periodically from 1951 through October 30,
1958, at which time a testing moratorium was implemented. Since
September 1, 1961, all nuclear detonations have been conducted
underground with the expectation of containment except for four
slightly above-ground or shallow underground tests of Operation
Dominic II in 1962 and five nuclear earth-cratering experiments
conducted under the Plowshare program.
The U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) , from 1954 through 1970,
and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), from 1970 to
the present, have maintained facilities at the NTS or in Las
Vegas, Nevada, for the purpose of providing an Off-Site Radiolog-
ical Safety Program for the nuclear testing program. In addi-
tion, off-site surveillance has been provided by the PHS/EPA for
nuclear explosive tests at places other than the NTS. Prior to
1953, the surveillance program was performed by the Los Alamos
Scientific Laboratory and U.S. Army personnel.
The objective of the Program since 1954 has been to measure
levels and trends of radioactivity in the off-site environment
surrounding testing areas to assure that the testing is in com-
pliance with existing radiation protection standards. To assess
off-site radiation levels, routine sampling networks for milk,
water, and air are maintained along with a dosimetry network and
special sampling of food crops, soil, etc., as required. For the
purpose of implementing protective actions, providing immediate
radiation monitoring, and obtaining environmental samples rapidly
after a release of radioactivity, mobile monitoring personnel are
also placed in areas downwind of the NTS or other test areas
prior to each test.
Analytical results showing radioactivity levels above natu-
rally occurring levels have been published in reports covering
a test series or test project. Beginning in 1959 for reactor
tests, and in 1962 for weapons tests, surveillance data for each
iii
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individual test which released radioactivity off site were re-
ported separately. Commencing in January 1964, and continuing
through December 1970, these individual reports for nuclear tests
were also summarized and reported every 6 months. The individual
analytical results for all routine or special milk samples were
also included in the 6-month summary reports.
In 1971, the AEG implemented a requirement (now referred to
as the DOE Manual, Chapter 0513) for a comprehensive radiological
monitoring report from each of the several contractors or agencies
involved in major nuclear activities. The compilation of these
various reports since that time and their entry into the general
literature serve the purpose of providing a single source of in-
formation concerning the environmental impact of nuclear activi-
ties. To provide more rapid dissemination of data, the monthly
report of analytical results of all air data collected since July
1971, and all milk and water samples collected since January 1972,
were also published in Radiation Data and Reports, a monthly
publication of the EPA which was discontinued at the end of 1971.
Beginning with the first quarter of 1976, air and milk sample
data have been reported quarterly. Dosimetry data were included
beginning with the third quarter 1976.
Since 1962, PHS/EPA aircraft have also been used during nu-
clear tests to provide rapid monitoring and sampling for releases
of radioactivity. Early aircraft monitoring data obtained im-
mediately after a test are used to position mobile radiation
monitoring personnel on the ground, and the results of airborne
sampling are used to quantify the inventories, diffusion, and
transport of the radionuclides released. Beginning in 1971, all
monitoring and sampling results by aircraft have been reported in
effluent monitoring data reports in accordance with the DOE
Manual, Chapter 0513.
iv
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
PREFACE iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS V
LIST OF FIGURES vi
LIST OF TABLES ±X
ACKNOWLEDGMENT xi
INTRODUCTION 1
NEVADA TEST SITE 1
Site Location 1
Climate 2
Geology and Hydrology 3
Land Use of NTS Environs H
Population Distribution 5
OTHER TEST SITES 7
SUMMARY 8
MONITORING DATA COLLECTION, ANALYSIS, AND EVALUATION 11
AIR SURVEILLANCE NETWORK 13
NOBLE GAS AND TRITIUM SURVEILLANCE NETWORK 14
DOSIMETRY NETWORK 17
MILK SURVEILLANCE NETWORK 19
LONG-TERM HYDROLOGICAL MONITORING PROGRAM 22
Nevada Test Site 22
Other Test Sites 23
WHOLE-BODY COUNTING 26
DOSE ASSESSMENT 28
REFERENCES 29
APPENDIX A. TABLES 59
APPENDIX B. RADIATION PROTECTION STANDARDS FOR 104
EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL EXPOSURE
APPENDIX C. DETECTION OF AIRBORNE RADIOACTIVITY FROM 106
THE ATMOSPHERIC NUCLEAR TESTS BY THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
APPENDIX D. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS 138
V
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LIST OF FIGURES
Number Page
1 Nevada Test Site Location 31
2 Nevada Test Site Road and Facility Map 32
3 Groundwater Flow Systems - Nevada Test Site 33
4 General Land Use, Nevada Test Site Vicinity 34
5 Location and Number of Family Milk Cows and Goats 35
6 Location and Number of Dairy Cows 36
7 Distribution of Beef Cattle by County 37
8 Distribution of Sheep by County 38
9 Population of Arizona, California, Nevada, and 39
Utah Counties Near the Nevada Test Site
10 Air Surveillance Network - Nevada 40
11 Air Surveillance Network - Outside Nevada 41
12 Noble Gas and Tritium Surveillance Network 42
13 Dosimetry Network 43
14 Milk Surveillance Network 44
15 On-Site Long-Term Hydrological Monitoring 45
Program, Nevada Test Site
16 Off-Site Long-Term Hydrological Monitoring 46
Program, Nevada Test site
17 Long-Term Hydrological Monitoring Program, 47
Carlsbad, New Mexico, Project Gnome/Coach
18 Long-Term Hydrological Monitoring Program, 48
Fallen, Nevada, Project Shoal
VI
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LIST OF FIGURES (continued)
Number Page
19 Long-Term Hydrological Monitoring Program, 49
Project Dribble/Miracle Play (vicinity of Tatum
Salt Dome, Mississippi)
20 Long-Term Hydrological Monitoring Program, 50
Project Dribble/Miracle Play (Tatum Salt Dome,
Mississippi)
21 Long-Term Hydrological Monitoring Program, 51
Rio Arriba County, New Mexico, Project Gasbuggy
22 Long-Term Hydrological Monitoring Program, 52
Rulison, Colorado, Project Rulison
23 Long-Term Hydrological Monitoring Program, 53
Central Nevada Test Area, Faultless Event
24 Long-Term Hydrological Monitoring Program, 54
Project Rio Blanco, Rio Blanco County, Colorado
25 Long-Term Hydrological Monitoring Program, 55
Project Cannikin, Amchitka Island, Alaska
26 Long-Term Hydrological Monitoring Program, 56
Project Milrow, Amchitka Island, Alaska
27 Long-Term Hydrological Monitoring Program, 57
Project Long Shot, Amchitka Island, Alaska
28 Long-Term Hydrological Monitoring Program, 58
Background Sampling, Amchitka Island, Alaska
C-1 Gross Beta Radioactivity Concentrations 110
in Air at Vernal, Utah
C-2 Gross Beta Radioactivity Concentrations 110
in Air at Ely, Nevada
C-3 Infant Thyroid Dose Equivalents (mrem) Estimated 111
from Air Sampling Results of Air Surveillance
Network (Nevada), September-October 1977
vii
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LIST OF FIGURES (continued)
Number Page
C-4 Infant Thyroid Dose Equivalents (mrem) Estimated 112
from Air Sampling Results of Air Surveillance
Network (Western United States), September-
October 1977
05 »3»I concentrations in Milk Samples Collected 113
in Las Vegas, Nevada
C-6 »3»I Concentrations in Air Samples collected 113
in Las Vegas, Nevada
viii
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LIST OF TABLES
Number page
1 Characteristics of Climatic Types in Nevada 2
2 Total Airborne Radionuclide Releases at 11
the Nevada Test Site
3 Annual Average Concentrations of 8»Kr 1972-1977 15
U Concentrations of Airborne »33Xe Detected 16
On and Off NTS
5 Dosimetry Network Summary for the Years 1971-1977 18
6 Summary of Radionuclide Concentrations for 21
Milk Surveillance Network and Standby
Surveillance Network
7 Detectable Concentrations of »<>Sr and «3»Pu 25
in Water Samples
8 Estimated Dose Commitment from 133Xe 28
Concentrations
A-1 Underground Testing Conducted Off the Nevada 60
Test Site
A-2 Summary of Analytical Procedures 62
A-3 1977 Summary of Analytical Results for the 64
Noble Gas and Tritium Surveillance Network
A-»» 1977 Summary of Radiation Doses for the 67
Dosimetry Network
A-5 1977 Summary of Analytical Results for the 71
Milk Surveillance Network
A-6 Analytical Criteria for Long-Term Hydrological 76
Monitoring Program Samples
ix
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Number Page
A-7 1977 Summary of Analytical Results for the 77
Nevada Test Site Monthly Long-Term Hydrological
Monitoring Program
A-8 1977 Analytical Results for the Nevada Test Site 79
Semi-Annual Long-Term Hydrological Monitoring
Program
A-9 1977 Analytical Results for the Nevada Test Site 84
Annual Long-Term Hydrological Monitoring Program
A-10 1977 Analytical Results for the Off-NTS Long- 86
Term Hydrological Monitoring Program
C-1 Air Sampling Stations Having Maximum Radio- 108
nuclide Concentrations in Air
C-2 1977 Summary of Analytical Results for Air 114
Surveillance Network, Active Stations
C-3 1977 Summary of Analytical Results for Air 122
Surveillance Network, Standby Stations
C-4 Special Milk Sampling Results for Las Vegas, 134
Nevada
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to acknowledge the contribution of Mr. Philip
C. Nyberg, who prepared the section of this report pertaining
to the Dosimetry Network.
xi
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INTRODUCTION
Under a Memorandum of Understanding, No. EY-76-A-08-0539*,
with the U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration
(ERDA) and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), the U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency (EPA), Environmental Monitoring and Sup-
port Laboratory-Las Vegas (EMSL-LV), continued its Off-Site Radio-
logical Safety Program within the environment surrounding the
Nevada Test Site (NTS) and at other sites designated by the DOE
during CY 1977. This report, prepared in accordance with the DOE
Manual, Chapter 0513, contains summaries of the EMSL-LV dosimetry
and sampling methods and analytical procedures, and the analytical
results of environmental samples collected in support of the DOE
nuclear testing activities. Where applicable, dosimetry and sam-
pling data are compared to appropriate guides for external and in-
ternal exposures to ionizing radiation. In addition, a brief sum-
mary of pertinent, including demographical, features of the NTS
and the NTS environs is presented for background information.
NEVADA TEST SITE
The major programs conducted at the NTS in the past have been
nuclear weapons development, proof-testing and weapons safety,
testing for peaceful uses of nuclear explosives (Project Plow-
share) , reactor-engine development for nuclear rocket and ram-jet
applications (Projects Pluto and Rover), basic high-energy nu-
clear physics research, and seismic studies (Vela Uniform) . Dur-
ing this report period these programs were continued with the ex-
ception of Project Pluto, discontinued in 196«, Project Rover,
which was terminated in January 1973, Project Plowshare nuclear
tests which were terminated in 1970, and Vela Uniform studies
which ceased in 1973. All nuclear weapons tests since 1962 were
conducted underground to minimize the possibility of the release
of fission products to the atmosphere.
Site Location
The Nevada Test Site (Figures 1 and 2) is located in Nye
*Previously, this memorandum was with the U.S. Energy Research and
Development Administration (ERDA). On October 1, 1977, the ERDA
was merged with other energy-related agencies to form the DOE.
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County, Nevada, with its southeast corner about 90 km northwest
of Las Vegas. The NTS has an area of about 3500 km* and varies
from 40-56 km in width (east-west) and from 64-88 km in length
(north-south). This area consists of large basins or flats about
900-1200 m above mean sea level (MSL) surrounded by mountain
ranges rising to 1800-2100 m above MSL.
The NTS is surrounded on three sides by an exclusion area
collectively named the Nellis Air Force Range. The Range, par-
ticularly to the north and east, provides a buffer zone between
the test areas and public lands. This buffer zone varies from 24-
10U km between the test area and land that is open to the public.
Depending upon wind speed and direction within the accepted range
of testing criteria, this provides a delay of from 1/2 to more
than 6 hours before any accidental release of airborne radio-
activity could pass over public lands.
Climate
The climate of the NTS and surrounding area is variable, pri-
marily due to altitude and the rugged terrain. Generally, the
climate is referred to as continental Arid. Throughout the year,
there is not sufficient water to support tree or crop growth
without irrigation.
The climate nay be classified by the types of vegetation
which grow under these conditions. According to Houghton et al.
(1975), this method, developed by Koppen's classification of dry
conditions, is further subdivided on the basis of temperature and
severity of drought. Table 1, from Houghton et al., summarizes
the different characteristics of these climatic types in Nevada.
TABLE 1. CHARACTERISTICS OF CLIMATIC TYPES IN NEVADA
Climate
Type
Alpine
tundra
Humid
continental
Subhumid
continental
Mid- lati-
tude steppe
Mid- lati-
tude desert
Low-lati-
tude desert
Mean Temperature
°C
<°F)
Winter Summer
-180
( 0°
-120
(10°
-120
(10°
-7°
(20°
-7°
(20«
U°
(ttO°
— 90
- 15°)
1°
- 300)
_ _10
- 300)
- 40
- <»0°)
_ 40
- 40°)
- 10°
- 500)
1,0
(40°
10°
(500
10°
(500
18°
(65°
18°
(650
270
(80°
- 100
- 500)
- 21°
- 70°)
- 21°
- 70°)
- 270
- 80°)
- 270
- 80°)
- 32°
- 90°)
Annual Precipitation
cm
(inches)
Total* Snowfall
38 -
(15 -
64 -
(25 -
30 -
(12 -
15 -
( 6 -
8 -
( 3 -
5 -
( 2 -
114
45)
114
45)
64
25)
38
15)
20
8)
25
10)
Medium to
heavy
Heavy
Moderate
Light to
moderate
Light
Negligible
Dominant Percent
Vegetation of Area
Alpine
meadows
Pine-fir
forest
Pine or scrub
woodland
Sagebrush,
grass, scrub
Greasewood,
shadscale
Creosote
bush
—
1
15
57
20
7
•Limits of annual
which affect the
precipitation
water balance.
overlap because of variations in temperature
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As pointed out by Houghton et al., 90 percent of Nevada's
population lives in areas with less than 25 cm of rain per year
or in areas which would be classified as mid-latitude steppe to
low-latitude desert regions.
According to Quiring (1968), the NTS average annual precipita-
tion ranges from about 10 cm at the 900-m altitude to around 25
cm on the plateaus. During the winter months, the plateaus may
be snow-covered for periods of several days or weeks. Snow is
uncommon on the flats. Temperatures vary considerably with ele-
vation, slope, and local air currents. The average daily high
(low) temperatures at the lower altitudes are around 10° (-U°) C
in January and 35° (12°) C in July, with extreme daily averages
of HH° and -26° C. Corresponding temperatures on the plateaus are
20 (-40) c in January and 26° (18°) C in July with extremes of 38°
and -29° C. Temperatures as low as -3U° C and higher than 46° C
have been observed at the NTS.
The direction from which winds blow, as measured on a 30-m
tower at an observation station on Yucca Flat, the location of
many past nuclear tests, is predominantly northerly except for
the months of May through August when winds from the south-south-
west predominate. Because of the prevalent mountain/valley winds
in the basins, south to southwest winds predominate during day-
light hours during most months. During the winter months south-
erly winds have only a slight edge over northerly winds for a few
hours during the warmest part of the day. These wind patterns
may be quite different at other locations on the NTS because of
local terrain effects and differences in elevation (Quiring,
1968) .
Geology and Hydrology
Geological and hydrological studies of the NTS have been in
progress by the U.S. Geological Survey and various other organi-
zations since 1956. Because of this continuing effort, including
subsurface studies of numerous boreholes, the surface and under-
ground geological and hydrological characteristics for much of
the NTS are known in considerable detail. This is particularly
true for those areas in which underground experiments are con-
ducted. A comprehensive summary of the geology and hydrology of
the NTS was edited and published by Eckel (1968).
There are two major hydrologic systems on the NTS (Figure 3).
Groundwater in the northwestern part of the NTS or in the Pahute
Mesa area has been reported (ERDA-1551, September 1977) to travel
somewhere between 2 and 80 m per year to the south and southwest
toward the Ash Meadows discharge area in the Amargosa Desert. It
is estimated that the groundwater to the east of the NTS moves
from north to south at a rate not less than 2 nor greater than
220 m per year. Carbon-14 analyses of this eastern groundwater
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indicate that the lower velocity is nearer the true value. At
Mercury Valley, in the extreme southern part of the NTS, the
groundwater flow direction shifts to the southwest toward the Ash
Meadows discharge area in the southeastern Amargosa Valley.
The water levels below the NTS vary from depths of about 100
m beneath the surface at valleys in the southeastern part of the
site to more than 600 m beneath the surface at highlands to the
north. Although much of the valley fill is saturated, downward
movement of water is extremely slow. The primary aquifer in
these formations is the Paleozoic carbonates which underlie the
more recent tuffs and alluviums.
Land Use of NTS Environs
Figure 4 is a map of the off-NTS area showing general land
use. A wide variety of uses, such as farming, mining, grazing,
camping, fishing, and hunting, exist due to the variable ter-
rain. For example, within a 300-km radius west of the NTS, ele-
vations range from below sea level in Death Valley to 4420 m
above MSL in the sierra Nevada Range. Additionally, parts of two
valleys of major agricultural importance (the Owens and San
Joaguin) are included. The areas south of the NTS are more uni-
form since the Mojave Desert ecosystem (mid-latitude desert) com-
prises most of this portion of Nevada, California, and Arizona.
The areas east of the NTS are primarily mid-latitude steppe with
some of the older river valleys, such as the Virgin River Valley
and Moapa Valley, supporting small-scale but intensive farming of
a variety of crops by irrigation. Grazing is also common in this
area, particularly to the northeast. The area north of the NTS
is also mid-latitude steppe where the major agricultural-related
activity is grazing of both cattle and sheep. Only areas of
minor agricultural importance, primarily the growing of alfalfa
hay, are found in this portion of the State within a distance of
300 km.
In the summer of 1974, a brief survey of home gardens around
the NTS found that a majority of the residents grow or have ac-
cess to locally grown fruits and vegetables. Approximately two
dozen of the surveyed gardens within 30-80 km of the NTS boundary
were selected for sampling. These gardens produce a variety of
root, leaf, seed, and fruit crops (Andrews and Vandervort, 1978).
The only industrial enterprises within the immediate off-NTS
area are 28 active mines, as shown in Figure 4, and several chem-
ical processing plants located near Henderson, Nevada (about 23
km south of Las Vegas). The number of employees for these opera-
tions varies from one person at several small mines to several
hundred workers for the chemical plants at Henderson. Most of
the individual mining operations involve less than 10 workers per
mine; however, a few operations employ up to 100-250 workers.
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The major body of water close to the NTS is Lake Mead (100 km
southeast) a man-made lake supplied by water from the Colorado
River. Lake Mead supplies about 60 percent of the water used for
domestic, recreational, and industrial purposes in the Las Vegas
Valley and a portion of the water used by southern California.
Smaller reservoirs and lakes located in the area are primarily
for irrigation and for livestock. In California, the Owens River
and Haiwee Reservoir feed into the Los Angeles Aqueduct and are
the major sources of domestic water for the Los Angeles area.
As indicated by Figure 4, there are many places scattered in
all directions from the NTS where such recreational activities as
hunting, fishing, and camping are enjoyed by both local residents
and tourists. In general, the camping and fishing sites to the
northwest, north, and northeast of the NTS are utilized through-
out the year except for the winter months. Camping and fishing
at locations southeast, south, and southwest are utilized
throughout the year with the most extensive activities occurring
during all months except the hot summer months. All hunting is
generally restricted to various times during the last 6 months
of the year.
Dairy farming is not extensive within the 300-km-radius area
under discussion. From a survey of milk cows during this report
period, 8800 dairy cows, «»19 family milk goats, and 46U family
milk cows were located. The family cows and goats are found in
all directions around the test site (Figure 5), whereas the dairy
cows (Figure 6) are located southeast of the test site (Moapa
River Valley, Nevada; Virgin River Valley, Nevada; and Las Vegas,
Nevada) , northeast (Lund area), and southwest (near Barstow,
California).
Grazing of beef cattle and sheep is the most common use of
the land in this area. Approximately 330,000 beef cattle and
267,000 sheep were produced within the 300-km radius surrounding
the test site during this report period. Figures 7 and 8, re-
spectively, show the distribution of the beef cattle and sheep
by county.
Population Distribution
The populated area of primary concern around the NTS which is
sampled and monitored by surveillance networks is shown in Figure
9 as the area within a 300-km radius of the NTS Control Point
(CP-1), except for the areas west of the sierra Nevada Mountains
and in the southern portion of San Bernardino County. Based upon
the projections for the year 1976 by the U.S. Bureau of the Cen-
sus and the 1977 projections for Washoe and Clark Counties by the
University of Nevada (Reno), Figure 9 shows the current population
of counties in Nevada and pertinent portions of the States of
Arizona, California, and Otah. Las Vegas and vicinity is the only
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major population center within the inscribed area of Figure 9.
With the assumption that the total populations of the counties
bisected by the 300-ktn radius lie within the inscribed area,
there is a population of about 528,800 people living within the
area of primary concern, about 70 percent of which lives in the
Las Vegas urbanized area. If the urbanized area is not con-
sidered in determining population density, there are about 0.6
people per km2 (1.5 people per mi2). For comparison, the United
States (50 states, 1970 census) has a population density of 22
people per km*, and the overall Nevada average from the 1976 pro-
jection is 2.3 people per km*.
The off-site areas within about 80 km of the NTS are predom-
inantly rural. Several small communities are located in the area,
the largest being in the Pahrump Valley. This growing rural com-
munity, with an estimated population of about 3500, is located
about 72 km south of the NTS. The Amargosa Farm area has a pop-
ulation of about UOO and is located about 50 km southwest of the
center of the NTS. The Spring Meadows Farm area is a relatively
new development consisting of approximately 10,000 km2 (4000 m2)
with a population of about 130. This area is about 55 km south-
south-west of the NTS. The largest town in the near off-site area
is Beatty with a population of about 500; it is located about 65
km to the west of the site.
In the adjacent states, the Mojave Desert of California,
which includes Death Valley National Monument, lies along the
southwestern border of Nevada. The population within the Monu-
ment boundaries varies considerably from season to season with
fewer than 200 permanent residents and tourists in the area during
any given period in the summer months. However, during the win-
ter as many as 15,000 tourists and campers can be in the area on
any particular day during the major holiday periods. The largest
town in this general area is Barstow, located 265 km south-south-
west of the NTS, with a population of about 18,200. The Owens
Valley, where numerous small towns are located, lies about 50 km
west of Death Valley. The largest town in Owens Valley is Bishop,
located 225 km west-northwest of the NTS, with a population of
about 3800.
The extreme southwestern region of Utah is more developed
than the adjacent part of Nevada. The largest town. Cedar City,
with a population of 10,000, is located 280 km east-northeast of
the NTS. The next largest community is St. George, located 220
km east of the NTS, with a population of 8500.
The extreme northwestern region of Arizona is mostly undevel-
oped range land with the exception of that portion in the Lake
Mead Recreation Area.
Several small retirement communities are found along the
Colorado River, primarily at Lake Mojave and Lake Havasu. The
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largest town in the area is Kingman, located 280 km southeast of
the NTS, with a population of about 7500.
OTHER TEST SITES
Table A-1 lists the names, dates, locations, yields, depths,
and purposes of all underground nuclear tests conducted at loca-
tions other than the NTS. No off-NTS nuclear tests were conduct-
ed during this report period.
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SUMMARY
During 1977, the monitoring of gamma radiation levels in the
environs of the NTS was continued through the use of an off-site
network of radiation dosimeters and gamma-rate recorders. Con-
centrations of radionuclides in pertinent environmental media
were also continuously or periodically monitored by established
air, milk, and water sampling networks. Before each underground
nuclear detonation, mobile radiation monitors, equipped with ra-
diation monitoring instruments and sampling equipment, were on
standby in off-NTS locations to respond to any accidental release
of airborne radioactivity. An airplane was airborne near the
test area at detonation time to undertake tracking and sampling
of any release which might occur.
All radioactivity from the underground nuclear tests was
contained except for a total of about 36 curies (Ci) of radio-
activity which was reported by DOE/NV as being released inter-
mittently throughout the year and small undetermined amounts of
radioxenon, tritium, and 85Kr which slowly seep to the surface
from the underground test areas. The only off-NTS indication of
this radioactivity was 133Xe in several air samples of the Noble
Gas and Tritium Surveillance Network collected at Beatty, Diablo,
Hiko, Las Vegas, and Tonopah during the period August 2 to Sep-
tember 28. The highest concentration of »«xe detected (1.4x
10-** pCi/ml) was in a sample collected at Beatty. The estimated
whole-body dose to a hypothetical receptor at this location was
calculated as 2.5 microrem (prem), which is 0.001 percent of the
Radiation Protection Standard of 170 millirem (tnrem) to a suit-
able sample of the exposed population. Based upon this dose and
the population of Beatty, the estimated dose commitment* * > with-
in a 80-km radius of the NTS Control Point was estimated to be
0.0013 man-rem. Due to the greater population density within
the Las Vegas area, the highest dose commitment, 0.36 man-rem,
was for this area, which is approximately 100 km from the NTS.
This dose commitment is small compared to the 26,000 man-rem,
which residents of Las Vegas and nearby communities received from
natural background radiation.
All other measurements of radioactivity made by the Off-Site
Radiological Safety Program were attributed to naturally occur-
ring radioactivity or worldwide fallout and not related to under-
ground nuclear test operations during this report period.
Product of estimated average dose equivalent and population.
8
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Radioactivity from the atmospheric nuclear test by the People's
Republic of China on September 17, 1977, at 0300 hours, EOT, was
detected on filter samples of the Air Surveillance Network be-
ginning on samples collected on September 21 and continuing
throughout this report period. The tests resulted in increases
of airborne radioactivity which were identified by the Air Sur-
veillance Network as the radionuclides »*Zr, »«MO, »°3Ru, »'»i,
i32Te, »«OBa, nice, »*«Ce, and
The Long-Term Hydrological Monitoring Program used for the
monitoring of radionuclide concentrations in surface and ground-
waters which are down the hydrologic gradient from sites of past
underground nuclear tests was continued for the NTS and eight
other sites located elsewhere in Nevada, Alaska, Colorado, New
Mexico, and Mississippi. Beginning this year, the EPA began the
annual collection and analysis of water samples from Project Rio
Blanco near Meeker, Colorado, and Projects Long Shot/Milrow/
Cannikin, on Amchitka Island, Alaska, which were previously col-
lected by the U.S. Geological Survey.
Higher than normal concentrations of radioactivity were
observed in samples collected at wells known to be contaminated
by the injection of radioactivity for tracer studies (Wells C
and C-1 at the NTS and OSGS Wells 4 and 8 near Malaga, New
Mexico) ; however, no migration of the radioactivity was observed
in samples collected from other wells nearby. Above background
levels of 3H radioactivity were also observed in water samples
collected from Wells O3CN-5 and B at the NTS, from the Half Moon
Creek Overflow (Project Dribble) near Baxterville, Mississippi,
and from several locations at the Project Long Shot site on
Amchitka Island, Alaska.
Three out of eleven water samples collected from Well O3CN-5
had 3H concentrations of 2.0x10~7 pCi/ml, 1.6x10~7 pCi/ml, and 2.3
x10~* jiCi/ml; the concentration average of all samples was <7.0x
10~8 fjCi/ml. The six samples collected this year from Well B were
consistently higher than other well samples with a concentration
range of 1.5x10-* jiGi/ml to 3.3x10-* pCi/ml. All samples from
U3CN-5 Well B were <0.01 percent of the Concentration Guide (3x
10-3 pci/ml) for occupational exposures and <3 percent of the
maximum contaminant level of the EPA Drinking Water Regulations
for this nuclide. As the water from these wells is not used for
human consumption, these concentrations were compared to the reg-
ulatory guides only as an aid in interpreting the significance of
the concentrations. The annual sample collected from Half Moon
Creek had a 3H concentration of 1.8x10-* pCi/ml, (<0.06 percent
of the Concentration Guide for 3H) , which was again higher than
other surface water samples, as samples have been from this loca-
tion for the previous 3 years. Further exploratory surveys during
this year identified sub-surface soil contaminated with 3H from
post-shot drill-back operations. An investigation to determine
whether the contamination reached an acquifer used for drinking
-------
water is continuing. A report on the findings of these surveys
will be reported separately at a later date.
At five locations near the Project Long Shot GZ, 3H attri-
buted to the Long Shot test and/or post-shot operations was
found in water samples collected from shallow wells or surface
waters. The range in concentrations was 1.8x10~6 pCi/ml to 5.3x
10-* jiCi/ml, the highest being 0.2 percent of the Concentration
Guide. The concentrations of 3H at both locations. Project
Dribble and Project Long Shot, were also <27 percent of the maxi-
mum contaminant level of the EPA Drinking Water Regulations for
this nuclide. None of the sampled water sources are used for
drinking purposes.
10
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MONITORING DATA COLLECTION, ANALYSIS, AND EVALUATION
The major portion of the Off-Site Radiological Safety Program
for the NTS consisted of continuously operated dosimetry and air
sampling networks and scheduled collections of milk and water sam-
ples at locations surrounding the NTS. Before each nuclear test,
mobile monitoring personnel were positioned in the off-site areas
most likely to be exposed to a possible release of radioactive
material. These monitors, equipped with radiation survey instru-
ments, gamma exposure-rate recorders, thermoluminescent dosim-
eters (TLD^), portable air samplers, and supplies for collecting
environmental samples, were prepared to conduct a monitoring pro-
gram directed from the NTS Control Point (CP-1) via two-way radio
communications. In addition, for each event at the NTS, a U.S.
Air Force aircraft with two Reynolds Electrical and Engineering
Company monitoring personnel equipped with portable radiation sur-
vey instruments was airborne near surface ground zero to detect
and track any radioactive effluent. One EMSL-LV cloud sampling
and tracking aircraft was also available to obtain in-cloud sam-
ples, assess total cloud volume, and provide long-range tracking
in the event of a release of airborne radioactivity.
During this report period, only underground nuclear detona-
tions were conducted. All detonations were contained. However,
during re-entry drilling operations, occasional low level re-
leases of airborne radioactivity, primarily radioxenon, did
occur. According to information provided by the Nevada Opera-
tions Office, DOE, the following quantities of radionuclides
were released into the atmosphere during CY 1977:
TABLE 2. TOTAL AIRBORNE RADIONUCLIDE RELEASES AT THE
NEVADA TEST SITE
Quantity Released
Radionuclide (Ci)
3R 6.880
28.286
0.621
0.819
i3ii 2.6 (pCi)
Total 36.636
11
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Continuous low-level releases of 3H and »'Kr occur on the
NTS. Tritium is released primarily from the Sedan crater and by
evaporation from ponds formed by drainage of water from tunnel
test areas in the Rainier Mesa. Krypton-85 slowly seeps to the
surface from underground test areas. The quantities of radio-
activity from seepage are not quantified, but are detected at on-
site sampling locations and sometimes at off-NTS locations.
Contained within the following sections of this report are
descriptions for each surveillance network and interpretations
of the analytical results which are summarized (maximum, minimum,
and arithmetic average concentrations) in tables. Where appro-
priate, the arithmetic averages in the tables are compared to
the applicable DOE Concentration Guides (CG»s) listed in Appen-
dix B. Unless specifically stated otherwise, all concentration
averages are arithmetic averages.
For "grab" type samples, radionuclide concentrations were
extrapolated to the appropriate collection date, concentrations
determined over a period of time were extrapolated to the mid-
point of the collection period. Concentration averages were
calculated assuming that each concentration less than the mini-
mum detectable concentration (MDC) was equal to the MDC, except
for the airborne radionuclide concentration averages determined
for the Air Surveillance Network. Due to the large number of
airborne radionuclides that can be present below the MDC, those
concentrations less than the MDC were assumed to be zero for the
computation of concentration averages, and only those radio-
nuclides detected above the MDC sometime during the year were
averaged and reported.
All radiological analyses referred to within the text are
briefly described in Table A-2 and listed with the minimum de-
tectable concentrations (MDC's). To assure validity of the data,
analytical personnel routinely calibrate equipment, split se-
lected samples (except for the Air Surveillance Network) for
replicate analyses, and analyze spiked samples prepared by the
Quality Assurance Branch, EMSL-LV, on a bi-monthly, quarterly,
semi-annual, and annual basis (EPA, in press) . None of the
quality assurance checks for the year identified problems which
would affect the results reported here.
For the purpose of routinely assessing the sampling replica-
tion error plus analytical/counting errors associated with the
collection and analysis of the different types of network sam-
ples, a replicate sampling program for all sample types was
initiated at the end of CY 1975 and continued through 1977. A
description of the procedures and results for 1976 was presented
in last year»s report (EMSL-LV, 1977). An evaluaion of this
year's results will be reported at a later date. From the re-
sults of the program in 1976, the variances observed in all
surveillance data were found to be greater than the sampling and
12
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analytical/counting errors except for the "Rr sampling and the
monitoring of environmental gamma radiation with TLD's. Appar-
ently the majority of the variation in »5Rr concentrations ob-
served in the past has been primarily due to the sampling and
analytical/counting errors. As there are not sufficient TLD data
for any given station in 1 year, a proper assessment of total
variances in TLD results for a given station could not be made to
compare to the precision error determination of this program.
AIR SURVEILLANCE NETWORK
The Air Surveillance Network (ASN) was operated by the EMSL-
LV to monitor environmental levels of radioactivity and to detect
any airborne releases of radioactivity from NTS operations. The
Network consisted of H8 active and 73 standby sampling stations
located in 21 Western States (Figures 10 and 11). Samples of
airborne particulates were collected continuously at each active
station on 10-cm diameter, glass-fiber filters at a flow rate of
about UOO m3 of air per day. The filters, which are 99.9 percent
efficient for particles ^0.3 pm in diameter, were collected three
times per week, resulting in 48- or 72-hour samples from each
active station. Activated charcoal cartridges directly behind
the glass-fiber filters were used regularly for the collection
of gaseous radioiodines at 21 stations near the NTS. Charcoal
cartridges could have been added to all other stations and all
standby stations could have been activated, if necessary, by a
telephone request to station operators or by field personnel. All
air samples (filters and cartridges) were mailed to the EMSL-LV
for analysis. Special retrieval could have been arranged at
selected locations in the event a release of radioactivity
occurred.
During the year, the standby stations were activated quarter-
ly to check the operation of the samplers and to maintain an
understanding of Network procedures by station operators. In
anticipation of airborne radioactivity from the atmospheric
nuclear tests by the People1s Republic of China on September 17
at 0300 hours EOT, 67 of the standby stations were activated with
filters and charcoal cartridges during the period September 18
through October 19.
During the report period, no airborne radioactivity related
to the underground nuclear testing program at the Nevada Test
Site was detected on any sample from the ASN. However, radio-
activity from the nuclear test by the People1s Republic of China
was detected on filters and charcoal cartridges. Appendix C
summarizes the analytical results of those samples containing
radioactivity from this test.
13
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NOBLE GAS AND TRITIUM SURVEILLANCE NETWORK
The Noble Gas and Tritium Surveillance Network, which was
first established in March and April 1972, was operated to moni-
tor the airborne levels of radiokrypton, radioxenon, and tritium
(*H) in the forms of tritiated hydrogen (HT), tritiated water
(HTO) , and tritiated methane (CH3T). The Network consists of
four on-NTS and seven off-NTS stations shown in Figure 12. Area
51, which appears to be off NTS, is considered to be on NTS as it
is an access-controlled area with radiological safety support
provided by NTS personnel.
The equipment used in this Network is composed of two sepa-
rate systems, a compressor-type air sampler and a molecular
sieve sampler. The compressor-type equipment continuously sam-
ples air over a 7-day period and stores it in two pressure tanks.
The tanks together hold approximately 2 m» of air at atmospheric
pressure. They are replaced weekly and returned to the EMSL-LV
where the tank contents are separated and analyzed for 85Kr,
radioxenons, and CH3T by gas chromatography and liquid-scintil-
lation counting techniques (Table A-2). The molecular sieve equip-
ment samples air through a filter to remove particulates and then
through a series of molecular sieve columns. Approximately 5 m?
of air are passed through each sampler over a 7-day sampling
period. Prom the HTO absorbed on the first molecular sieve col-
umn, the concentration of 3H in jiCi/ml of recovered moisture and
in pCi/ml of sampled air is determined by liquid-scintillation
counting techniques. The 3H, passing through the first column
as free hydrogen (HT), is oxidized and collected on the last
molecular sieve column. From the concentration of 3H for the
moisture recovered from the last column, the 3H (in pCi/ml of
sampled air) as HT is determined.
Table A-3 summarizes the results of this Network by listing
the maximum, minimum, and average concentrations for «5Kr, total
Xe or 133Xe, *H as CH3T, 3H as HTO, and 3H as HT. The annual
average concentrations for each station were calculated over the
time period sampled assuming that all values less than MDC were
equal to the MDC. All concentrations of «*Kr, xe or *33Xe, 3H as
CHjT, 'H as HTO, and 'H as HT are expressed in the same unit, pCi/
ml of air. Since the 3H concentration in air may vary by factors
of 15-20 while the concentration in pCi/ml of atmospheric water
varies by factors up to about 7, the 'H concentration in jiCi/ml
of atmospheric moisture is also given in the table as a more re-
liable indicator in cases when background concentrations of HTO
are exceeded.
As shown by Table A-3, the average 8SKr concentrations for
the year were nearly the sane for all stations, ranging from 1.9x
10-** fiCi/ml to 2.1x10-ii pCi/ml, with an overall average of
1.96x10-i» >iCi/ml. AS shown by the following table, the «'Kr
levels for all stations have been gradually increasing. Since
14
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this happened for all locations, the increase is probably a re-
sult of an increase in the ambient concentration worldwide, pri-
marily as a result of nuclear reactor operations. Based upon the
Network average concentrations over a 5-year period, this increase
amounts to 3x10-»a to 1.5x10-»2 pCi/ml/y.
TABLE 3. ANNUAL AVERAGE AIR CONCENTRATIONS OF «'KR, 1972-1977
Concentration, 10 ~ * *
Location 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977
Death Valley Jet., Calif. 1.6 1.5 1.8 1.7 2.0 2.0
Beatty, Nev. 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.9 2.0 2.0
Diablo, Nev. 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.9
Hiko, Nev. 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.9
Indian Springs, Nev. - - - 2.0 2.0 2.0
Las Vegas, Nev. 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.8 2.0
Mercury, NTS, Nev. 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.8 1,9 2.0
Area 51, NTS, Nev. 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.8 2.0 1.9
BJY, NTS, Nev. 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.1
Area 12, NTS, Nev. 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.8 2.0 1.9
Tonopah, Nev. 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.7 1.9 1.9
Total Network 1.62 1.61 1.76 1.81 1.93 1.96
The maximum concentrations of 8'Zr for all stations ranged from
2.3x10-»» pCi/ml to 3.5x10~»» pCi/ml (Table A-3). From the ex-
pected geometric standard deviation resulting from the sampling
and analytical/counting errors, as determined from the Replicate
Sampling Program (EMSL-LV, 1977), the 99 percent upper confidence
limits (UCL's) on the geometric mean concentrations of "Rr would
be 3,4x10-»» jiCi/ml or 3.8x10~»» pCi/ml depending upon whether
one is considering the location having the lowest geometric mean
concentration (l.89x10-»» pCi/ml at Diablo and Hiko) for the year
or the location with the highest geometric mean concentration
(2.09x10-»» pCi/ml at BJY). Based upon the UCL's, all the Network
stations had variations one would expect from the total errors of
sample collection and analysis determined from the Replicate Sam-
pling Program.
Xenon-133 was detected above its MDC of about 2x10-»2 pCi/ml
at the locations, periods, and concentrations shown in the
following table.
15
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TABLE 4. CONCENTRATIONS OF AIRBORNE » 33XE DETECTED
ON AND OFF NTS
Location
Beatty, Nev.
Diablo, Nev.
Hiko, Nev.
Las Vegas, Nev.
Me r cur y , NTS , Nev .
BJY, NTS, Nev.
Area 12, NTS, Nev.
Tonopah, Nev.
Sampling
Period
08/02-09
09/20-27
09/21-28
09/21-28
09/21-28
08/08-15
10/25-31
11/14-21
08/22-29
09/20-27
1 33Xe Concentration
±2-Sigma Counting Error
(10-* 2 uci/ml)
12
14
12
11
10
7.1
100
30
18
15
t 4.0
± 5.2
± 4.3
± 4.6
± 8.2
± 4.0
± 4.0
± 4.0
± 7.5
± 7.8
As shown by the table, detectable concentrations occurred only in
one or two samples at each location. The highest of these con-
centrations at an off-NTS location was 1.5x10-** pCi/ml at Tonopah,
Nevada. If this level had persisted throughout the year, the re-
sult would have been 0.02 percent of the CG (Appendix B).
As in the past, concentrations of 3H as HTO in atmospheric
moisture were generally at background levels at all off-NTS sta-
tions and at the on-NTS stations Mercury and Area 51 except for
occasional increases in individual samples. The on-NTS stations
of BJY and Area 12 continued to have concentrations consistently
above background; the concentration averages for these stations
for this year were about a factor of 5 greater than the average
concentrations for all off-NTS stations. All of the off-NTS sta-
tions had concentrations of 3H as HTO in atmospheric moisture
which were below the expected upper limit of background (approxi-
mately 1.0x10-* pCi/ml H2O) used in the past.
The average concentrations of 3H as HT (Table A-3) at off-NTS
Network stations were comparable to the averages for these lo-
cations last year. This year the averages ranged from <6x10-*3
yCi/ml to <2x10~*z pCi/ml, whereas last year the averages ranged
from <6x10-*3 pCi/ml to <3x10-** jiCi/ml. From a review of the
cumulative frequency distributions of the data for each station
and for the whole Network, all concentrations appeared to be
part of the environmental background.
Concentrations of 3H as CH3T were generally below the MDC at
all locations as normally observed. Detectable concentrations
did occur at Diablo, Hiko, Las Vegas, and Tonopah during the
months of January, March, August, and December. The maximum con-
centrations for all locations ranged between 5.0x10-** pCi/ml to
16
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1.4x10-»» jiCi/ml. The total of the average 'H concentrations
(HTO*HT+CH3T) for the locations having the highest CH3T concen-
tration (1.4x10~»» »jCi/ml at Indian Springs) was <0.009 percent
of the CG for exposure to a suitable sample of the exposed popula-
tion. Since the detectable concentrations occurred generally
throughout the Network both on NTS and off NTS at the same level,
the concentrations were not attributed to NTS operations.
DOSIMETRY NETWORK
During 1977, the Dosimetry Network consisted of 78 locations
surrounding the Nevada Test Site which were monitored continuously
with thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD's) . The function of the
Dosimetry Network is to measure the radiation dose, if any, due
to releases of radioactivity from the NTS. To do this task accu-
rately requires an accurate estimate of the environmental back-
ground radiation rate at each monitoring location so that any ex-
posure in excess of background may be noted. The ability to mea-
sure the background rate, while both interesting and necessary,
is of secondary importance to the measurement of radiation doses
due to NTS activities.
As shown in Figure 13, all the stations are located within a
270-km radius of the center of the NTS and these include both in-
habited and uninhabited locations. Each Dosimetry Network sta-
tion was routinely equipped with three Harshaw Model 2271-G2
(TLD-200) dosimeters which were exchanged on a quarterly basis.
Within the general area covered by the dosimetry stations, 25
cooperating off-site residents each wore a dosimeter which was
exchanged at the same time as the station dosimeters. No radia-
tion exposures due to the current nuclear testing program at the
NTS were detected by the Dosimetry Network during 1977.
The Model 2271-G2 dosimeters consist of two small "chips" of
dysprosium-activated calcium fluoride, designated TLD-200 by the
manufacturer, mounted in a window of Teflon plastic attached to
a small aluminum card. An energy compensation shield of 1.2-mm
thick cadmium metal is placed over the chips, and the whole card
is then sealed in an opaque plastic container. Three of these
dosimeters are placed in a rugged plastic housing located 1 meter
above the ground at each station location to standardize the ex-
posure geometry and to prevent tampering or pilferage.
After appropriate corrections were made for background ex-
posure accumulated during shipment between the laboratory and the
monitoring location, the dosimeter readings for each station were
averaged, and this average value for each station was compared
to the values from the past year to determine if the new value
was within the range of previous background values for that sta-
tion. Any values significantly greater than previous values
would have led to calculations of net exposure, while values
17
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significantly less than previously would have been examined to
determine possible reading or handling errors. The results from
each of the personnel dosimeters were compared to the background
value of the nearest station to determine if a net exposure had
occurred.
The smallest exposure in excess of background radiation
which may be determined from these dosimeter readings depends
primarily on variations in the natural background exposure
rate at the particular station location. In the absence of
other independent exposure rate measurements, it is necessary to
compare present exposure rates with past data which have been
accepted as representing the natural background. Typically,
the smallest net exposure observable for a 90-day monitoring
period would be 5-15 mR in excess of background, which ranges
from 15-35 mR depending on location. The term "background,"
as used in this context, refers to naturally occurring radio-
activity plus a contribution from residual man-made fission
products.
Table A-4 lists the maximum, minimum, and average dose equiv-
alent rate (mrem/day) measured at each station in the Network
during 1977 due to penetrating gamma radiation. No allowance was
made for the small additional dose due to the neutron component
of the cosmic ray spectrum. No station exhibited an exposure in
excess of background, which under present criteria is defined as
the 99 percent confidence limit of the environmental background.
It was noted in the 1976 report (EMSL-LV, 1977) that the station
at Mammoth Mountain, California, may have shown a small net ex-
posure. Additional data have continued to show the unusually
large and cyclic variation at that location which is believed to
be due to the heavy winter snow cover.
TABLE 5. DOSIMETRY NETWORK SUMMARY FOR THE YEARS 1971-1977
Environmental Radiation Dose Rate (mrem/y)
Year Maximum Minimum Average
1971
1972
1973
1971
1975
1976
1977
250
200
180
160
140
140
170
102
84
80
62
51
51
60
160
144
123
114
94
94
101
As shown in the above table, the average annual dose rate for
the Dosimetry Network increased in 1977 over 1976. Part of this
increase, approximately 3 mrem per year, was due to the addition
18
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of eight new stations in 1977, most of which exhibit dose rates
above the average. The station with the highest dose rate was
one of these: Stone Cabin Ranch, Nevada, with 170 mrem per year.
Part of this increase may have resulted from biased data due to
equipment problems. During the readout of the data for the sec-
ond calendar quarter, severe mechanical problems were encountered
in the automatic TLD reader, causing many invalid readings. This
is believed to have resulted in a data set for that quarter which
is noticeably dissimilar from the remaining three quarters. There
has been insufficient time to analyze the effect of these pro-
blems, but preliminary indications are that the dose estimates
for that quarter may have been inflated.
In order to assure the continuing validity of the data from
the Dosimetry Network, dosimeters were submitted to the Third
International Intercomparison of Environmental Dosimeters, con-
ducted at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in July and August
1977. For dosimeters given a controlled exposure in the labora-
tory, the calculated exposure was 91.7±7.3 mR; the mean exposure
estimated by all participants was 86.2±12.0 mR; the average for
the EMSL-LV dosimeters was 86.3±8.9 mR, essentially equal to the
mean for all participants and about 6 percent below the calculated
value. For dosimeters exposed under rather unusual field condi-
tions, the calculated exposure was 31.9*2.4 mR; the mean exposure
for all participants 31.5±6.5 mR; the average for the EMSL-LV
dosimeters was 29.1±2.2 mR, 7 percent less than the mean value
for all participants and 17 percent less than the calculated
value. These results tend to indicate that the present calibra-
tion techniques used by EMSL-LV underestimate the exposure. In-
vestigations are continuing into the source of this bias.
A network of 11 full-time and 19 standby stationary gamma ex-
posure rate recorders (Figure 13) was also used at selected air
sampling locations to document any changes in the ambient expo-
sure rate. These units use a 2.5- by 30.5-cm constant-current
ionization chamber (filled with methane) as the detector, operate
on either 115V a.c. or a self-contained battery pack, and record
on a paper strip chart. They have a range from 0.004 mR/h to
tO mR/h with an accuracy of about ±10 percent. The standby re-
corders were exercised at the same time as the standby air sam-
pling stations, and were run continuously during the expected per-
iods of fallout from the atmospheric nuclear tests by the People's
Republic of China. No increase in exposure rates attributable
to current NTS operations was detected by these recorders.
MILK SURVEILLANCE NETWORK
Milk is only one of the sources of dietary intake of environ-
mental radioactivity. However, it is a very convenient indicator
of the general population's intake of biologically significant
radionuclide contaminants. For this reason it is monitored on a
19
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routine basis. Few of the fission product radionuclides become
incorporated into the milk due to the selective metabolism of the
cow. However, those that are incorporated are very important
from a radiological health standpoint and are a very sensitive
measure of their concentrations in the environment. The six most
common fission product radionuclides which can occur in milk are
3H, »»Sr, »osr, »3»l, »3»Cs, and »*°Ba. A seventh radionuclide,
*<>K, also occurs in milk at a reasonably constant concentration
of about 1.2x10-* jjCi/ml. Since this is a naturally occurring
radionuclide, it was not included in the analytical results sum-
marized in this section.
The milk surveillance networks operated by the EMSL-LV were
the routine Milk surveillance Network (MSN) and the standby Milk
Surveillance Network (SMSN). The MSN, during 1977 (Figure 14),
consisted of 23 different locations where 3.8-liter milk samples
were collected to represent family cows, commerical pasteurized
milk producers, Grade A raw milk intended for pasteurization, and
Grade A raw milk for local consumption. In the event of a release
of activity from the NTS, intensive sampling would have been con-
ducted in the affected area within a 480-km radius of CP-1, NTS,
to assess the radionuclide concentrations in milk, the radiation
doses that could result from the ingestion of the milk, and the
need for protective action. Samples are collected from milk
suppliers and producers beyond 480 km within the SMSN.
During 1977, 85 milk samples were collected from the MSN on
a quarterly collection schedule. During this report period, two
changes were made in the Network. The Stanford Ranch at Trona,
California, replaced the Riley Ranch in Olancha, California.
Also, a family cow located in Alamo, Nevada, was added to the
Network.
Each MSN milk sample was analyzed for gamma-emitters and
•«,«osr. Samples collected at six locations from the MSN were
also analyzed for 3H. Table A-2 lists the general analytical
procedures and detection limits for these analyses.
The SMSN consisted of about 140 Grade A milk processing
plants in all States west of the Mississippi River. Managers of
these facilities could be requested by telephone to collect raw
milk samples representing milk sheds supplying milk to the plants.
Since there were no releases of radioactivity from the NTS or
other test locations, this network was not activated except to
request one sample from most of the locations to check the readi-
ness and reliability of the network. During the months of April
and May, 116 milk samples were collected and analyzed by gamma
spectrometry. Samples selected from all Western States were also
analyzed for 3H and *»»»°Sr. During the months of September and
October, an additional 69 milk samples were collected from the
same SMSN stations in the states of Arizona, Arkansas, California,
Colorado, Minnesota, and Nevada, due to concern for the fallout
20
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from the atmospheric nuclear test conducted by the People's Re-
public of China on September 17, 1977. These samples were ana-
lyzed only by gamma spectrometry.
The analytical results of milk samples collected from the MSN
during 1977 are summarized in Table A-5, where the maximum, mini-
mum, and average concentrations of the *37Cs, »3»l, «», »°Sr, and
3R in samples collected during the year are shown for each sam-
pling location. As shown by the following table, the average
radionuclide concentrations for the whole Network are comparable
to those for the SMSN, if not slightly lower.
TABLE 6. SUMMARY OF RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS
FOR MILK SURVEILLANCE NETWORK AND STANDBY
SURVEILLANCE NETWORK
Concentration
(10-»
Network
MSN
Radionculide
i*oBa
13TCS
131J
89Sr
90ST
'H
No. of
Samples
21
85
85
84
64
20
C
Max
<20
<13
140
4.0
2.5
<400
C
Min
<3
<3
<4
<0.6
<0.5
<300
C
Aver
<6
<6
<10
<2
<2
<10
SMSN
1 * °Ba 116
13TCS 116
i3ii 69
«»Sr 21
*®Sr 21
3H 21
22
8.2
100
<5
7.1
450
<2
<2
<5
<2
<0.7
<300
<8
<5
<14
<4
<3
<400
The concentrations of »"Cs, is*I, »»Sr, «<>Sr, and ^H for the
MSN shown in Table 6 were for all samples collected during the
entire year. The »3*Cs, 8'Sr* *°Sr, and 'H results for the SMSN
are for samples collected during April and May 1977, during the
annual Network activation. The *'»! levels for the SMSN are for
samples collected during September and October 1977. The only
i3ii results for the MSN were for samples collected in October
during the fourth quarter routine collection. As similar levels
of i3ii were observed in the samples from the SMSN, all *31I
concentrations were attributed to the Chinese test of September
17, 1977.
21
-------
LONG-TERM HYDROLOGICAL MONITORING PROGRAM
During this reporting period, EMSL-LV personnel continued the
collection and analysis of water samples from wells, springs, and
spring-fed surface water sources which are down the hydrologic
gradient of the groundwater at the NTS and at off-NTS sites of
underground nuclear detonations to monitor for any migration of
test-related radionuclides through the movement of groundwater.
The water samples were collected from wellheads or spring dis-
charge points wherever possible. Prior to each sampling at a
wellhead, water was pumped from the aquifer to assure the collec-
tion of representative samples. If pumps were not available, an
electrical-mechanical water sampler capable of collecting 3-liter
samples at depths to 1800 m was used.
Nevada Test Site
For the NTS, attempts were made to sample 10 locations month-
ly and 20 locations semi-annually (Figures 15 and 16). Addition-
ally, samples were collected annually from 12 locations. Not all
stations could be sampled with the desired frequency because of
inclement weather conditions and inoperative pumps.
During the year, sampling at Test Well B was changed from
semi-annual to monthly collection, sampling at Watertown No. 3
was terminated, Shoshone Spring was changed from semi-annual col-
lection to annual, and the Union Carbide Well at Tempiute was
added to the annual collection.
For each sampled location, samples of raw water, filtered
water, and filtered and acidified water were collected. The raw
water samples were analyzed for 'H. Portions of the filtered and
acidified samples were given radiochemical analyses by the cri-
teria summarized in Table A-6. Table A-2 summarizes the ana-
lytical techniques used. Each filter was also analyzed by gamma
spectrometry.
Tables A-7, A-8, and A-9 list the analytical results for all
samples collected and analyzed during this reporting period and
compare them to the CG's (Appendix B). As indicated by Table
A-6, the analyses for «»,»<>Sr, zz«Ra, 23*0, "su 238O, 238Pu,
and 23»Pu, which were normally done at least once during the year
on a sample from each location, were not made unless the levels
of gross alpha and gross beta radioactivity in any sample showed
an unexpected increase. As no increases were observed in the
gross alpha and gross beta radioactivity during the year, no addi-
tional analyses were required. The ranges in radioactivity were
<2x10-» fiCi/ml to 1.9x10-« »iCi/ml and <3x10~« pCi/ml to 2.0x10~«
respectively.
As in the past, 'H was detected in NTS Wells C (Table A-7)
22
-------
and C-1 (Table A-8) due to tracer experiments conducted prior to
the commencement of this surveillance program. All 3H concentra-
tions were below 0.01 percent of the Concentration Guide for an
occupationally exposed person.
As observed last year, those locations from which samples
were collected having 3H concentrations greater than normal were
well U3CN-5 and Well B (Table A-7) located on NTS. Well U3CN-5
had three out of eleven samples during the year which had 3H con-
centrations of 2.0x10-» jiCi/ml, 1.6x10-* pCi/ml, and 2.3x10-* yCi/
ml; all other concentrations ranged from <8x10-» jiCi/ml to 2.5x
10-« jiCi/ml. The six samples from Well B consistently had 3H con-
centrations higher than normal, ranging from 1.5x10-* pCi/ml to
3.3x10-* nCi/ml. No explanation for the levels is available. All
3H concentrations were below 0.01 percent of the Concentration
Guide for an occupationally exposed person. All 3H concentrations
were also <3 percent of the maximum contaminant level of the EPA
Drinking Water Regulations for this nuclide (Appendix B).
Other Test Sites
The annual collection and radiological analysis of water
samples were continued for this program at all off-NTS sites of
underground nuclear detonations. The project sites at which sam-
ples were collected are Project Gnome near Carlsbad, New Mexico;
Project Faultless in Central Nevada; Project Shoal near Fallon,
Nevada; Project Gasbuggy in Rio Arriba County, New Mexico; Pro-
ject Rulison near Rifle, Colorado; Project Dribble at Tatum Dome,
Mississippi; Project Rio Blanco near Meeker, Colorado; and Pro-
jects Long Shot/Milrow/Cannikin on Amchitka Island, Alaska. The
latter four sites, which were previously sampled by the U.S.
Geological Survey, were sampled by the EPA for the first time in
1977. Figures 17 through 28 identify the sampling locations, and
Table A-1 lists additional information on the location of each
site and tests performed at these locations.
All samples were analyzed in accordance with the same criteria
(Table A-6) as for samples collected on and around the NTS. Sam-
ples were collected for the first time at the Project Rio Blanco
site and Projects Long Shot/Milrow/Cannikin sites, and therefore
were analyzed for «»/»°Sr, «*Ra, 23*,23s,23«u, and 238,239pu.
The results of all analyses are listed or summarized in Table
A-10 and compared to the appropriate CG»s (Appendix B) except for
Project Rio Blanco. As the special analyses (*»,«°Sr, «*Ra,
234,833,3380, and 23«/23»Pu) for samples from this location were
not initiated until the latter part of the year, the analyses
were not completed in time for this report.
The ranges in concentrations of gross alpha radioactivity,
gross beta radioactivity, and 3H in samples collected from all
project sites were <8x10-»o pCi/ml to <2x10~» pCi/ml, <4x10~«
23
-------
MCi/ml to 4.7x10-« jiCi/ml, and <7x10-« MCi/ml to 5.3x10~*
respectively. The observed radioactivity concentrations were
similar to those observed in the past. No analytical results of
samples collected previously at Project Rio Blanco were avail-
able; however, the concentrations of gross alpha radioactivity,
gross beta radioactivity, and 3H in this year's samples were com-
parable to those observed in the samples collected at the Project
Rulison site near Rifle, Colorado. The gross alpha and gross
beta radioactivity concentration in samples collected at the Pro-
jects Long Shot/Milrow/Cannikin sites were comparable to those
observed in samples from other sites and in samples collected in
August 1973, May 1974, and August 1974 by the U.S. Geological
Survey (Ballance, 1974; Thordarson and Ballance, 1976) and in sam-
ples collected in August 1976 by University of Washington (Nelson
and Seymour, 1977). The 3H concentrations in several samples
collected at the Project Long Shot site were higher than normal,
i.e., 5.3x10-* pCi/ml at Well GZ No. 1, 1.8x10-* MCi/ml at Well
GZ No. 2, 2.0x10-* MCi/ml at Mud Pit No. 1, 2.5x10-* nCi/ml at
Mud Pit No. 2, and 3.4x10-* pCi/ml at Mud Pit No. 3, The highest
of these concentrations, 5.3x10-* nCi/ml, was 0.2 percent of the
of the CG for 3H« As these samples were collected near the Long
shot GZ, the higher than normal levels of 3H were attributed to
the Long Shot test. The fl.S. Geological Survey (Ballance, 1974;
Thordarson and Ballance, 1976) also reported 'H concentrations of
this magnitude (concentration range of 1.3x10-* yCi/ml to 1.3x
10-* MCi/ml) in surface water and well samples collected at three
locations near the Project Long Shot GZ. The University of Wash-
ington (Nelson and Seymour, 1977) reported 3H concentrations as
high as 1.13x10~s MCi/ml in surface waters near the GZ.
one surface water sample from Half Moon creek Overflow, near
Baxterville, Mississippi, had a 3H concentration (1,8x10-* >iCi/
ml) higher than concentrations observed in other surface water
samples collected near the Project Dribble site. The 3H concen-
trations at this location have been consistently high (2.4x10-*
MCi/ml in 1976, 2.2x10-* »iCi/ml in 1975, 5.1x10-* MCi/ml in 1974)
over the previous 3 years. Further exploratory surveys during
this year identified sub-surface 3H soil contamination left from
post-shot drill-back operations as the source of the 3H. A re-
port on the findings of these surveys will be reported separately
at a later date.
As reported in previous annual reports, concentrations of
radioactivity above background were observed in samples collected
from DSGS Wells 4 and 8 near Malaga, New Mexico (Table A-10).
These wells, which are fenced, posted, and locked to prevent their
use by unauthorized personnel, were contaminated by the injection
of high concentrations of 3H, ««Sr, and »3*Cs (USGS Well No. 8
only) for a tracer study.
Several samples collected from the Projects Long Shot/Milrow/
Cannikin sites had concentrations of »<>Sr and «3«Pu that were
24
-------
above the MDC»s for these radionuclides. The locations and re-
sults for these samples are as follows:
TABLE 7. DETECTABLE CONCENTRATIONS OF »<>SR AND 238PO
IN WATER SAMPLES
Location
Radio-
nuclide.
Concentration ±3-Sigma
Counting Error
(10-» uci/ml)
Project. Cannikin
South End of
Cannikin Lake
North End of
CanniRin LaXe
Well HTH-3
Ice Box Lake
White Mice Creek
Pit South of
Cannikin GZ
238pu
23«pU
90Sr
«osr
1.8 ± 0.80
0.011 ± 0.015*
2.2
± 3.3*
1.7 ± 0.77
0.040 ± 0.039*
1.6 ± 0.93
0.029 t 0.033*
2.3 ± 0.98
0.042 ± 0.024
2.3 ± 0.90
0.043 1 0.036
Project Milrow
Heart Lake
Rifle Range Creek
2.0 ± 0.92
0.046 ± 0.035
1.5 ± 0.77
0.034 ± 0.027
Proiect Long Shot
Reed Pond
Well GZ No. 1
Well WL-1
Mud Pit No. 1
2.1 ± 1.0
1.5 ± 0.77
0.042 ± 0.039*
0.042 ± 0.051*
0.030 ± 0.041*
(continued)
25
-------
TABLE 7. (continued)
Concentration ±3-Sigma
Radio- Counting Error
Location nuclide 1Q-»
Mud Pit No. 3 zsepu 0.032 ± 0.038*
Amchitka Background Sample
Jones Lake ««Sr 0.70 ± 0.67
O.OU2 ± 0.032
Several of these concentrations annotated with an asterisk
(*) were less than or sufficiently close to the three-sigma count-
ing error whereby they were considered to be the result of sta-
tistical error and not necessarily a true indication of the pre-
sence of these radionuclides. Those concentrations which were
greater than the three-sigma counting error were for samples from
surface waters and shallow wells which could possibly have been
affected by atmospheric fallout.
WHOLE-BODY COUNTING
Twenty families consisting of 60 residents from 13 locations
near the NTS were examined twice during the year to determine
their body burdens of radioactivity and to watch for any physiolo-
gical changes that could be attributable to the effects of acute
or chronic exposure to radiation or radioactivity. When possible,
all members of a family were included in the examinations. The
home locations of these individuals were Pahrump, Lund, Beatty,
Caliente, Pioche, Nyala, Round Mountain, Ely, Tempiute, Goldfield,
Lathrop Wells, Tonopah, and Spring Meadow Farms, Nevada.
Each examination consisted of a measurement of the body bur-
den of radioactivity with the whole-body counting facility de-
scribed previously (NERC-LV, 1971), a complete hematological ex-
amination, and a thyroid profile. A urine sample was also col-
lected from each individual for 'H analysis, and a composite of
urine samples from each family was analyzed for 23»Pu and *3»Pu.
From the results of the whole-body counting, the fission pro-
duct »'*Cs was detected above the detection limit in 94 out of
117 measurements. The maximum, minimum, and average body burdens
for this radionuclide were 3.9xlO-«, 5.0x10-*, and 1.«*x10-» nCi/g
body weight, respectively, which were similar to last year's con-
centrations (maximum of 2.8x10~« MCi/g; minimum of 5.0x10~»; and
26
-------
average of 1.2x10-* pCi/g body weight).
In regard to the hematological examinations and thyroid pro-
files, no abnormal results were observed which could be attributed
to past or present NTS testing operations.
From the analytical results for urine samples, ««Pu con-
centrations slightly above the detection limit were observed in
four composite samples, which had a maximum concentration and
two-sigma counting error of 1.0x10-»°±0.56x10-»° »iCi/mlf a mini-
mum of 2.2x10-it ± 2.2x10-»> fiCi/ml, and an average of 5.5x10-»»
jjCi/ml. Plutonium-239 was reported in only one composite sample.
Its concentration was 2.9x10-*»±1.8x10-»* jiCi/ml. The concen-
trations of 3H observed in urine samples (average of 7.0x10~7
with a range of 2.0x10~7 to 2.0x10-* pCi/ml) were within the
range of background concentrations normally observed in surface
waters or atmospheric moisture.
27
-------
DOSE ASSESSMENT
The only radionuclide ascribed to NTS operations detected
off-NTS was »"Xe at Beatty, Diablo, Hiko, Las Vegas, and
Tonopah, Nevada, where the »«Xe concentrations in air occurred
during the months of August and September. The highest whole-body
dose calculated for these locations was at Beatty, Nevada, where
the dose equivalent was estimated to be
(7 days) (1.2x10-** uCi/ml+1. Ux1Q-** uCi/mU (500 mrem/year) = 2.5 »jrem
(10-* MCi/ml)(365 days/year)
which is 0.001 percent of the Radiation Protection standard of
170 mrem (Appendix B). The estimated doses for all locations are
shown in Table 8 with the estimated dose commitment (product of
estimated average dose equivalent and population).
TABLE 8. ESTIMATED DOSE COMMITMENT FROM »"XE CONCENTRATIONS
Location
Population
Estimated Dose
Dose Dose Commitment
Equivalent Commitment Within 80 km
(urem) (man-rem) (man-rem)
Beatty, Nev.
Diablo, Nev.
Hiko, Nev.
Las Vegas, Nev.
Tonopah, Nev.
Total
500
6
60
370,500*
2,000
2.5
1.2
1.1
0.96
1.4
0.0013
0.0000072
0.000066
0.36
0.0028
0.36
0.0013
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0013
*Population is for Las Vegas and nearby communities within Clark
County.
Due to the greater population density within the Las Vegas area,
the highest dose commitment (0.36 man-rem) was for this area,
which is approximately 100 km from the NTS. This dose commitment
is small compared to the 26,000 man-rem, which residents of Las
Vegas and nearby communities received from natural background
radiation during this reporting period.
28
-------
REFERENCES
Andrews, V. E.r and J. C. Vandervort. "Fruit and Vegetable
Radioactivity Survey, Nevada Test Site Environs.11 EMSL-LV-0539-
13. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada.
April 1978.
Ballance, W. C. "Radiochemical Monitoring of Water After the Can-
nikin Event, Amchitka Island, Alaska, August 1973." USGS-474-205.
Available from Dept. of Commerce, NTIS, Springfield, VA. October
1974.
Eckel, E. B., ed. Nevada Test Site. Memoir 110. The Geologi-
cal Society of America, Inc. Boulder, Colorado. 1968.
EMSL-LV. "Environmental Monitoring Report for the Nevada
Test Site and Other Test Areas Used for Underground Nuclear
Detonations." EMSL-LV-0539-12. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada. May 1977.
EPA. "Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory Intercomparison Studies
Program," Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada. Available from U.S.
Dept. of Commerce, NTIS, Springfield, VA 22161. (In preparation).
ERDA Manual, Chapter 0513. "Effluent and Environmental Monitoring
and Reporting." U.S. Energy Research and Development Administra-
tion. Washington, D.C. March 20, 1974.
ERDA. "Final Environmental Impact statement, Nye County Nevada."
ERDA-1551. Nevada Operations Office, U.S. Energy Research and
Development Administration, Las Vegas, Nevada. Available from
U.S. Dept. of Commerce, NTIS, Springfield, VA, 22161. September
1977.
Houghton, J. G., C. M. Sakamoto, and R. O. Gifford. Nevada's Weather
and Climate. Special Publication 2. Nevada Bureau of Mines and
Geology, Mackay School of Mines, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno,
Nevada, pp 69-74. 1975.
Nelson, V. A., and A. H. Seymour. "Amchitka Radiological Program
Progress Report January 1976 to December 1976." NVO-269-31.
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Available through
U.S. Dept. of Commerce, NTIS, Springfield, VA, 22161. May 1977.
29
-------
NERC-LV. "Environmental Monitoring Report for the Nevada Test
Site and Other Test Areas Used for Underground Nuclear Detonations."
NERC-LV-539-31. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas,
Nevada. May 1974.
Quiring, Ralph E. "Climatological Data, Nevada Test Site,
Nuclear Rocket Development Station (NRDS)." ERLTM-ARL-7. ESSA
Research Laboratories. August 1968.
University of Nevada (Reno). Population projections for Washoe
and Clark Counties and the State of Nevada for 1977, according
to telephone conversation between D. L. Wait, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada, and Dr. Chu, Bureau of
Business and Economic Research. April 13, 1978.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. "Estimates of Population of California
Counties and Metropolitan Areas, July 1, 1975 and 1976." Federal"
State Cooperative program for Population Estimates. Series P-26.
No. 76-5. U.S. Department of Commerce. Washington, D.C. Septem-
ber 1977.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. "Estimates of the Population of Nevada
counties and Metropolitan Areas, July 1, 1975, and July 1, 1976."
Federal-State Cooperative Program for Population Estimates.
Series P-26. No. 76-28. U.S. Department of Commerce. Washington,
D.C. July 1977.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. "Estimates of the Population of
Arizona Counties and Metropolitan Areas, July 1, 1975, and July 1,
1976." Federal-State Cooperative Program for Population Estimates.
Series P-26. No. 76-3. U.S. Department of Commerce. Washington,
D.C. August 1977.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. "Estimates of the Population of Utah
Counties and Metropolitan Areas, July 1, 1975, and July 1, 1976."
Federal-State Cooperative Program for Population Estimates.
Series P-26. No. 76-44. U.S. Department of Commerce.
Washington, D.C. August 1977.
Thordarson, W., and W. C. Ballance. "Radiochemical Monitoring of
Water After the Cannikin Event, Amchitka Island, Alaska, May
1974." USGS-474-225 and USGS-474-226. Geological Survey.
Available from U.S. Dept. of commerce, DTIS, Springfield, VA,
22161. March 1976.
30
-------
AIR FORCE
RANGE
Figure 1. Nevada Test Site Location
31
-------
EXPERIMENTAL FARM
Nuclear Rocket Development
SCALE IN FEET
SBES^^SSPS
10OCO O 30CX»
Figure 2. Nevada Test Site Road and Facility Map
32
-------
SCALE IN MILES
0 10 20 30 40
SCALE IN KILOMETERS
SILENT CANYON CALDERA
TIMBER MOUNTAIN CALDERA
FLOW DIRECTION «^-
GROUND WATER
SYSTEM BOUNDARIES
Figure 3. Groundwater Flow Systems - Nevada Test Site
33
-------
A CAMPING & RECREATIONAL
AREAS
MINE
O HUNTING
• FISHING
SCALE IN MILES
50 100
0 50 100 150
SCALE IN KILOMETERS
Figure 4. General Land Use, Nevada Test Site Vicinity
34
-------
STOREY
Ml
ORMSBY
10]
DOUGLAS
[49)
EUREKA
160] (
WHITE PINE
1971
SAN BERNARDINO
[2021
Figure 5. Location and Number of Family Milk Cows and Goats
35
-------
ORMSBY
185)
NELLIS
> AIR FORCE
k RANGE
MILK DAIRIES
• GRADE A MILK COWS
A GRADE B MILK COWS
• GRADE A&B MILK COWS
Figure 6. Location and Number of Dairy Cows
36
-------
STORE
(200)
ORMSB
(0)
DOUGLAS
(27,000)
HUMBOLT
(64,000)
BOX ELDER
(87,000)
ELKO
(195,000)
PERSHIN6
(32,000)
(26,000)
WASHOE..
CHURCHILL
(54,000)
LYON
JUAB (16,326)
NYE
(28,000)
MERALDA
(6,000)
.(10,000)
MONO
LINCOLN
(17,000)
WASH
(19,900)
CLARK
(16,000)
ARIZONA
KERN
(75,000)
BERNARDINO
(8,500)
Figure 7. Distribution of Beef Cattle by County
37
-------
STOREY
(0)
ORMSB
(0)
DOUGLAS
(6.000)
BOX ELDER
(57.400)
HUMBOLT
(4.000)
ELKO
(45.000)
TOOELE
(32.000)
PERSHING
(13.000)
JUAB (6.700)
EUREKA
(8.400)
CHURCHILL
(4.000)
LYON LANDER
(14.000)
I WHITE PINE
(26,000)
MILLARD
(15,764)
BEAVER (3.626)
ESMERALDA
(0)
(54.438)
IRON \
(5,000
MONO
LINCOLN
(0)
WASH
(1.650)
ARIZONA I
N
KERN
(150,000)
SAN BERNARDINO
(10.000)
Figure 8. Distribution of Sheep by County
38
-------
ORMSBY')
[26.600)
Figure 9. Population of Arizona, California, Nevada, and
Utah Counties Near the Mevada Test Site
39
-------
• ACTIVE ASN STATION
A STAND-BY STATION WITH TELEPHONE
• STAND-BY STATION WITHOUT TELEPHONE
Figure 10. Air Surveillance Network - Nevada
40
-------
SPOKANE Aj
WASHINGTON
A R*PID CITY
SOUTH DAKOTA
jBOISE
I A IDAHO FALLS I
MOUNTAIN HOME A
TWIN FALLS A
[CALIFORNIA "*" I «^AP.RESTON
f /LOGAN A
I WENDOVERA
NEVADA DUGWAY A
DELTAS • ""•« • »
BISHOP \ """''""f.MILVo™ JA GRAND JUNCTION
•\ PAROWANj ACAPITOL REEF NAT'L MON
LONE PINE m ^ENTERPRISESk«A AjMONTICELLO
FJIRNACECRElK f^™ ^^'BRYCE CAHYON ^niiatm
ST GEORGE* / """"
• SELIGMAN /NEW MEXICO
'KINGMAN A '
WINSLOW
RIOGECREST
BAKER A
BARSTOW •
A DODGE CITY
I MISSOURI^ ;'
ijOPLIN _J'*
OKLAHOMA f—""'T/*"
MUSKOGEEA lARKANSAS/
IM» • • • •
A /
LITTLE ROCKf
FORT WORTH \ MONROE/
LOUISIANA*
• ACTIVE ASN STATION
A STAND-BY STATION WITH TELEPHONE
Figure 11. Air Surveillance Network - Outside Nevada
41
-------
CURRANT MAINT STA
CURRANT
FURNACE CREEK
/ DEATH VALLEY JCT
Figure 12. Noble Gas and Tritium Surveillance Network
42
-------
• KIRKEBYRN
GARRISON
OUCKWATER
ROUND MTN CURRANT
-t-K »
.HOT CREEK RN /
BLUE •-•"-^ •
MANHATTAN •
."' X --A^
\.tPINE CREEK RN
•?
MAMMOTH MTN
CEDAR
•ENTERPRISE
NEVADA FARMS
ROBINSON'S
SCOTTY'S JCT *" '• I *AREA
SPRINGOALE
X'BEATTY
NUCLEAR ENG CO
LATHROP WELL
/SELBACH RN«r7Slr^~^*INDIAN SPGS
FURNACE CREEKlC ^* 'SPRING MEADOWS
-^ ^ VN— TTENNECO
DEATH VALLEY JCT
) PAHRUMP
SHOSHONE
NEVADA INELLISAIR
TEST i FORCE
SITE I RANGE
INDEPENDENCE
LONE
» •DESERT GAME RANGE
SCALE IN MILES
50 100
• TLO STATION ONLY
A ACTIVE GAMMA RATE RECORDER WITH TLD STATION
• STAND-BY GAMMA RATE RECORDER WITH TLO STATION
* STAND-BY GAMMA RATE RECORDER ONLY „
100 150
SCALE IN KILOMETERS
Figure 13. Dosimetry Network
43
-------
WESTERN
GENERAL DAIRY
ST GEORGE
SHflHP HtS. I I ST
\ '-' La'
/ n^
UMH.P. _ ^MESDUIT
f^ ""Mr V-alHUGHES 8
SPRINGDALE
'SIEOENTOPF ,,„
\xv
LATHROP WELLS
*~ KIRKER
HUGHES BROS DAIRY
LWUrlllwrikl.
VEGAS'VALLEY DAIRY
•
LDS DAIRY FARM
MILK SAMPLING LOCATIONS
SCALE IN MILES
0 SO 100
NOTE: WHEN SAMPLING LOCATION OCCURRED IN CITY OR TOWN:
THE SAMPLING LOCATION SYMBOL WAS USED FOR SHOWING
BOTH TOWN AND SAMPLING LOCATION.
0 50 100 150 ?00
2/77 SCALE IN KILOMETERS
Figure 14. Milk Surveillance Network
44
-------
WATERTOWN NO. 3|
i
EXPERIMENTAL FARM
WELL UE15d
Nuclear Rocket Development
Station ff
SCALE IN FEET
BV
100CX) O 3CXX»
Figure 15.
On-Site Long-Term Hydrological Monitoring
Program, Nevada Test Site
45
-------
• TWIN SPRGS RN
CRYSTAL SPGS
• ALAMO
ROAD 0 WINDMILL
PCS I
COFFER'S IIS/48-ldd
NEVADA TEST SITE
NRDS
NELLIS AIR FORCE RANGE
r
USAF # 2
INDIAN SPGS AFB
SEWER CO WELL** I
LATHROP WELLS
N
I FAIRBANKS SPGS
WELL17S/50E-I4CAC"
\ I • CRYSTAL POOL
SEMI ANNUAL
ANNUAL
WEUJ8S/51E-7db^ASHMEAOOWS
\
DEATH VALLEY JCT
30 40 50 6.0 70 80
SCALE IN KILOMETERS
10 20 30 40
I I I
SCALE IN MILES
2/77
SHOSHONE
SPRING
Figure 16.
Off-Site Long-Term Hydrological Monitoring
Program, Nevada Test Site
46
-------
SGZ
-------
FALLON
\
FRENCHMAN
FLOWING WELU
• H-3
HUNTS STATION!
SGZ
HS-1|
NEVADA
RENO
LAS VEGAS
CHURCHILL COUNTY
A.
MINERAL COUNTY
WATER SAMPLING LOCATIONS
SCALE IN MILES
0 5
SCALE IN KILOMETERS
8
2/77
Figure 18.
Long-Term Hydrological Monitoring Program,
Fallen, Nevada, Project Shoal
48
-------
LOWER LITTLE CREEKC\
T SPEIGHTS
N LOWE
• R. L. ANDERSON
/•PURVIS
W DANIELS JR
XR READY
BAXTERVILLE
WELL ASCOT 21
NORTH LUMBERTO
LUMBERTON
LAMAR
CO
SGZ0
TATUM DOME L .1 LAMAR
\^__C
LOCATION MAPS
WATER SAMPLING LOCATIONS
SCALE IN KILOMETERS
5 1O 15 2O 25 3O 35 4O
15 2O 25
SCALE IN MILES
Figure 19.
Long-Term Hydrological Monitoring Program,
Project Dribble/Miracle Play (vicinity of Tatum
Salt Dome, Mississippi)
49
-------
WELL HT-1
HALF MOON CREEK
eHALF MOON CREEK
OVERFLOW
LAMAR
CO
SGZ©
TATUM DOME
LAMAR
Y__COUNTY
LOCATION MAPS
WATER SAMPLING LOCATIONS
SCALE IN FEET
SCALE IN METERS
0 100 200 100 400 300 600
2/77
Figure 20.
Long-Term Hydrological Monitoring Program,
Project Dribble/Miracle Play (Tatum Salt Dome,
Mississippi)
50
-------
TO DULCE-
RIO ARRIBA COUNTY
LOCATION MAPS
BUBBLING SPG
EPNG WELL 1O-36
WINDMILL 82
TO BLANCO
SG2
CAVE SPG
ARNOLD RN
LOWER BURRO
CANYON
APACHE RESERVATION
WELL SOUTH •
| WATER SAMPLING LOCATIONS
SCALE IN KILOMETERS
0
SCALE IN MILES
0 5
2/77
Figure 21.
Long-Term Hydrological Monitoring Program,
Rio Arriba County, New Mexico, Project Gasbuggy
51
-------
t
I
I
\
I
POTTER RN
GRAND VALLEY
CITY WATER
GRAND
'^'RULJSON^'
HWARD RN
mlB
•'
ATTLEMENT CREEK
'CER TEST WELL
SPRING
SQZ
WATER SAMPLING LOCATIONS
SCALE IN KILOMETERS
8
SCALE IN MILES
0 5
2/77
VEGA RES
N
I
I
t
GARFIELD COUNTY
X SGZ
Figure 22.
Long-Term Hydrological Monitoring Program,
Rulison, Colorado, Project Rulison
52
-------
NEVADA
RENO
\
LAS VEGAS
TONOPAH
0SGZ
CENTRAL NEVADA
* TEST AREA
SGZ/
'• HTH 1
X /
/ I
I
I
-*•'
I
I
I WATER SAMPLING LOCATIONS
SCALE IN KILOMETERS
O1 2345678
SCALE IN MILES
O 1 2 3 4 5
2/77
SIX-MILE WELL • »
UIM BIAS WELL
BLUE JAY
MAINT STA
Figure 23.
Long-Term Hydrological Monitoring Program,
Central Nevada Test Area, Faultless Event
53
-------
JOHNSON
ARTESIAN
FAWN CR No. 1
Emplacement
Well
O ARTESIAN WELL
WINDMILL
O WATER WELL (SAMPLED)
SPRING (PLUMED & SAMPLED)
STREAM
RIO BLANCO COUNTY
"SARFIELD COUNTY
SCALE IN KILOMETERS
Figure 24.
Long-Term Hydrological Monitoring Program,
Project Rio Blanco, Rio Blanco County, Colorado
54
-------
\
Sand Beach Cove
Sampling Locations
Figure 25.
Long-Term Hydrological Monitoring Program,
Project Cannikin, Amchitka Island, Alaska
55
-------
179°10'46"
tn
(Ti
5,698,500
5,698,000
179° 11'30"
• Sampling Locations
200 400 800 1200 Feet
100 200 300 400 Meters
51°25'00"
652,000
652,500
51°25'22"
Figure 26. Long-Term Hydrological Monitoring Program,
Project Milrow, Amchitka Island, Alaska
-------
179°10'57"
5,701,000
• Sampling Location
0 150 300 Feet
m=jmm=t
25 50 75 100 Meters
51°26'17'
51°26'13'
652,000
5,700,500
Figure 27.
651,500
Long-Term Hydrological Monitoring Program,
Project Long Shot, Amchitka Island, Alaska
-------
•MILE 27 STREAM
BERING SEA
PACIFIC OCEAN
• Sampling Locations
Q 1_2_3 4 5 Miles
10 Kitomeier
N
MAIN CAMP
•Sampling Locations
Feet
PACIFIC OCEAN
Figure 28.
Long-Term Hydrological Monitoring Program
Background Sampling, Amchitka Island, Alaska
58
-------
APPENDIX A. TABLES
59
-------
Table A-1. underground Testing Conducted Off the Nevada Test Site
Name of Test,
Operation or
Proiect
Project Gnome/
Coach< » >
Project Shoal* z>
Project Dribble<*>
(Salmon Event)
Operation Long
Shot<*>
Project Dribble<*>
(Sterling Event)
Project Gasbuggy<«>
Faultless Event<3>
Project Miracle
Play (Diode Tube)C«>
Pro ject Rul ison< > »
Operation Milrow* »>
Project Miracle
Play (Humid
Water) <*>
Operation
Cannikin<»>
Project Rio
BlancoC i >
Date
12/10/61
10/26/63
10/22/64
10/29/65
12/03/66
12/10/67
01/19/68
02/02/69
09/10/69
10/02/69
04/19/70
11/06/71
05/17/73
Location
48 km (30 mi) SE of
Carlsbad, N. Hex.
45 km (28 mi) SE of
Fallen, Nev,
34 km (21 mi) SW of
Hattiesburg, Miss.
Amchitka island.
Alaska
34 km (21 mi) SW of
Hattiesburg, Miss.
88 km (55 mi) E of
Farmington, N. Mex.
Central Nevada Test
Area 96 km (60 mi) E
of Tonopah, Nev.
34 km (21 mi) SW of
Hattiesburg, Miss.
19 km (12 mi) SW of
Rifle, Colo.
Amchitka Island,
Alaska
34 km (21 mi) SW of
Hattiesburg, Miss.
Amchitka Island,
Alaska
48 km (30 mi) SW of
Meeker, Colo.
Yield* «>
(kt»
3.1<«>
12
5.3
80
0.38
29
200-
1000
Non-
nuclear
explosion
40
1000
Non-
nuclear
explosion
<5000
3x30
Depth
m
(ft)
360
(1184)
366
(1200)
823
(2700)
716
(2350)
823
(2700)
1292
(4240)
914
(3000)
823
(2700)
2568
(8425)
1219
(4000)
823
(2700)
1829
(6000)
1780
to
2040
(5840
to
6690)
Purpose of
the Event <« »>
Multi-purpose
experiment.
Nuclear test
detection re-
search experi-
ment.
Nuclear test
detection re-
search experi-
ment.
DOD nuclear
test detection
experiment.
Nuclear test
detection re-
search experi-
ment.
Joint Government-
Industry gas
stimulation ex*
periment.
Calibration
test.
Detonated in
Salmon/Sterling
cavity. Seismic
studies.
Gas stimulation
experiment.
Calibration test,
Detonated in
Salmon/Sterling
cavity. Seismic
studies.
Test of war-
head for
Spartan
missile.
Gas stimula-
tion experi-
ment.
60
-------
Table A-1. (continued)
plowshare Events
cz»Vela Uniform Events
<*>weapons Tests
<«'Information from "Revised Nuclear Test Statistics," dated September 20, 197i», and
"Announced United States Nuclear Test Statistics," dated June 30, 1976, distributed by
David G. Jackson, Director, office of Public Affairs, Energy Research 6
Administration, Nevada Operations Office, Las Vegas, Nevada.
<9>News release AL-62-50, ABC Albuquerque Operations office, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
December 1, 1961.
<*>«The Effects of Nuclear Weapons," Rev. Ed. 196U.
61
-------
Table A-2. Summary of Analytical Procedures
Type of
Analysis
Gamma
Spectroscopy* » >
• «-«0SrO>
JH
3H Enrichment
(Long-Term
Hydrological
Samples) « *>
Z3« Z3»pu
234239
Analytical
Equipment
Gamma spectro-
meter with
10-cm-thick
by 10-cm-di-
ameter Nal
(T1-activated)
crystal cali-
brated at 10
kev per
channel (0-2
MeV range) .
Low- ba ck gr ou nd
thin-window.
gas- flow pro-
portional
counter with a
5. 7- cm diameter
window (80 pg/
cm*) .
Automatic
liquid
scintillation
counter with
output printer.
Automatic
scintillation
counter with
output printer.
Alpha spectro-
meter with 450
Counting
Period
(Min)
100 min for
milk, water.
Long-Term
Hydro, sus-
pended sol-
ids; 10 min.
for air
charcoal
cartridges
and air
filters.
50
200
200
1000 -
1400
Analytical
Procedures
Radionuclide
concentra-
tions quan-
titated from
gamma spec-
trometer
data by com-
puter using
a least
squares
technique
Chemical
separation by
ion exchange.
Separated sam-
ple counted
successively;
activity cal-
culated by
simultaneous
equations.
Sample pre-
pared by
distillation.
Sample concen-
trated by
electrolysis
followed by
distillation.
Sample is
digested with
Sample
Size
/Liter)
3.5 for
routine milk
and water
samples;
800-1200 m3
for air fil-
ter samples;
7.3 liter
for Long-
Term Hydro.
Water sus-
pended
solids.
1.0
0.005
0.25
1
Approximate
Detection
For routine milk
and water gen-
erally, 5x10-»
pCi/ml for most
common fallout
rad ion ucl ides in
a simple spec-
trum. For air
filters.
2x1 0~* • pCi/ml.
For Long-Term
Hydro, sus-
pended solids.
3.0x10-» jiCi/ml.
•«Sr = 2x10-»
pCi/ml
*osr - 1x10~*
pCi/ml.
2x1 0~7 pCi/ml
6x10"' MCi/ml
23spu = 4x10-"
MCi/ml
226Ra<3>
mm*, 300-(im
depletion depth,
silicon surface
barrier detectors
operated in
vacuum chambers.
Single channel
analyzer
coupled to
P.M. tube
detector.
30
acid, separated
by ion exchange,
electroplated
on stainless
steel planchet
and counted by
alpha spectro-
meter.
Precipitated 1.5
with Ba, con-
verted to
chloride.
Stored for
30 days for
equilibrate.
Radon gas
pumped into
scintillation
cell for alpha
scintillation
counting.
23»pU,
"•U = 2x10-»
1x10-»o
62
-------
Table A-2. (continued)
Type of
Analysis
Gross alpha
Gross beta
in liquid
samples < 3>
Analytical
Equipment
Low- background
thin-window,
gas- flow pro-
portional
counter with a
5 . 7-cm-diameter
window (80 pg/
cm*) .
Counting
Period
(Mini
50
Analytical
Procedures
Sample eva-
porated;
residue
weighed and
count ed ;
corrected for
self-attenu-
ation.
Sample
Size
(Liter)
0.2
Approximate
Detection
Limit* *>
o = 3x10~9 pCi/ml
P = 2x10-« (jCi/ml
Gross beta
on air
filters<»>
•»Kr
Xe
CH3T<»>
Low-level end
window, gas
flow propor-
tional counter
with a 12.7-
cm-diameter
window (100
mg/cm*) .
Automatic
liquid scintil-
lation counter
with output
printer.
20
200
Filters
counted at 7
and 14 days
after col-
lection; two
counts can
be used to
extrapolate
concentration
to mid-col-
lection time
assuming T—••*
decay or using
experimentally
derived decay.
Physical 000-
separation by 1000
gas chroma-
tography; dis-
solved in
toluene "cock-
tail" for count-
ing.
10-cm
diameter
glass fiber
filter ^am-
ple collected
from 800-
1200ms.
2x10-»s
•*Kr = 2x10-"
MCi/ml
Xe = 2x10-»*
MCi/ml
CH3T = 2x10-»*
MCi/ml
<>>Lem, P. N., and snelling, R. N. "Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory Data
Analysis and Procedures Manual," SWRHL-21. southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, NV. March 1971
The detection limit for all samples is defined as that radioactivity which equals
the 2-sigma counting error.
<3>Johns, F. B. "Handbook of Radiochemical Analytical Methods," EPA 680/«-75-001.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, NERC-LV, Las Vegas, NV. February 1975.
63
-------
Table A-3. 1977 Summary of Analytical Results
for the Noble Gas and Tritium Surveillance Network
Sampling
Location
Death
Valley
Jet.,
Calif.
Beatty,
Nev.
Diablo,
Nev.
Hiko,
Nev.
Indian
Springs,
Nev.
No.
Days
Sampled
335.7
349.6
315.5
342.7
315.5
308.5
337.6
337.6
324.7
337.6
324.7
324.7
350.4
350.4
325.4
343.4
325.4
325.4
358.6
364.5
329.3
364.4
329.3
329.3
350.2
350.2
316.5
350.2
316.5
316.5
Radio-
nuclide
•»Kr
Total
3H as
3H as
3H as
'H as
"Kr
133xe
'H as
3H as
'H as
3R as
«*Kr
t aaxe
3H as
3H as
3R as
3H as
•»Kr
i33Xe
3H as
3H as
'H as
3H as
•«Kr
Total
'H as
3H as
3H as
3H as
Xe
HTO
CHjT
HTO
HT
HTO
CH3T
HTO
HT
HTO
CH3T
HTO
HT
HTO
CH3T
HTO
HT
Xe
HTO
CH3T
HTO
HT
Radioactivity Concentrations
C C C
Units Max Min Avg
10-t^Ci/ml
10-»znCi/ml
10-*pCi/ml
lO~iapCi/ml
10* * ^pCi/ml
1 0"" * ^uCi/ml
10*™ * ^pCiXml
10-»2MCi/ml
10-*MCi/ml
10~lzpCi/ml
^ Q— 1 2 uCi/ml
10~ * 2pCi/ml
10~* ^pCi/ml
10~l2nCi/ml
10~6yCi/ml
10*"* 2fiCi/ml
^ Q— • 1 2 uCi/ml
10~* *jjCi/ml
10*"* 2pci/nvl
10^* 2pCi/ml
10" '*pCi/oil
10- * zpCi/ml
10~l2(jCi/ml
10-»^Ci/ml
10" * *fiCi/ml
10-» zpCi/ml
10-*»iCi/ml
•\Q-I 2jjCi/ml
10~I2pCi/ml
10-»ZpCi/ml
air
air
H2O
air
air
air
air
air
H8O
air
air
air
air
air
H20
air
air
air
air
air
HaO
air
ait
air
air
air
H2O
air
air
air
25
15
0.6
10
< 5
2.3
26
14
0.6
12
< 4
1.2
29
12
0.8
5
< 5
1.9
23
11
0.4
< 2
< 5
26
30
< 6
0.8
14
3.6
3.2
14
< 4
< 0.
< 2
0.
< 0.
15
< 4
< 0.
< 2
0.
< 0.
12
< 4
< 0.
< 2
< 0.
0.
13
< 4
< 0.
< 2
0.
< 0.
14
< 4
< 0.
< 2
< 0.
< 0.
3
5
2
3
2
1
3
5
4
3
7
3
3
5
2
20
< 6
< 0.4
< 3
< 2
< 0.7
20
< 6
< 0.4
< 3
< 2
< 0.6
19
< 5
< 0.4
< 3
< 2
< 0.7
19
< 5
< 0.3
< 2
< 2
< 2
20
< 5
< 0.4
< 3
< 2
< 0.9
)
1
(
)
V
1
)
\
J
\
\
)
)
% Of
Cone.
Guide*
0.02
<0.01
—
<0.01
0.02
<0.01
-
<0.01
0.02
<0.01
-
<0.01
0.02
<0.01
-
<0.01
0.02
<0.01
—
<0.01
64
-------
Table A-3. (continued)
Sampling
Location
Las Vegas,
Nev.
NTS, Nev.
Mercury
NTS, Nev.
Area 511
NTS, Nev.
BJY
NTS, Nev.
Area 12
No.
Days
Sampled
345.2
352.2
303.1
352.2
303.1
303.1
345.6
358.5
323.6
358.6
323.6
323.6
343.4
364.5
323.7
344.5
323.7
316.7
306.4
336.6
323.2
330.5
323.2
317.3
337.7
351.6
343.7
351.6
343.7
350.7
Radio-
nuclide
*H as
'H as
3H as
3H as
«Kr
»33Xe
3H as
SH as
SH as
3H as
•»Kr
Total
SH as
3H as
3H as
3R as
•«Kr
»33Xe
3H as
3H as
SH as
SH as
•*Kr
1 33Xe
3H as
3H as
3H as
3H as
HTO
CH3T
HTO
HT
HTO
CH3T
HTO
HT
Xe
HTO
CH3T
HTO
HT
HTO
CH3T
HTO
HT
HTO
CH3T
HTO
HT
Radioactivity Concentrations
C C C
Units Max Min Avq
10-i2nCi/ml air
10-»2pCi/ml air
10~6pCi/ml H2O
10-*z>jCi/ml
10-»zMci/ml
10-»2pCi/ml
10-»2pCi/ml
10-»«>4Ci/ml
air
air
air
air
air
10-*pCi/ml H2O
10-i*MCi/ml
10-iZpCi/ml
10-»zpCi/ml
10-»SyCi/ml
10-i2pCi/ml
10~'pCi/ml
10-i2»iCi/ml
10-»2nCi/ml
10-»*»iCi/ml
10-»*MCi/ml
10-»«fjCi/ml
10-*pCi/ml
10-i*fiCi/ml
10-t«»iCi/ml
10-»z»jCi/ml
10-»2jiCi/ml
10-»*pCi/ml
10~6pCi/ml
10-»«MCi/ml
10-»*»jCi/ml
10-»2pCi/ml
air
air
air
air
air
H20
air
air
air
air
air
H20
air
air
air
air
air
H2O
air
air
air
23
10
0.7
< 6
4.5
2.2
24
7.1
4.4
9
7.6
4.5
28
< 6
10
7
45
6.5
35
100
7.1
6
35
7.7
25
18
14
6
50
12
15
< 4
< 0.
< 2
< 0.
< 0.
13
< 2
< 0.
< 2
< 0.
< 0.
14
< 2
< 0.
< 2
< 0.
0.
13
< 2
< 0.
< 2
< 2
< 0.
12
< 4
< 0.
< 2
< 2
< 0.
3
3
3
20
< 5
< 0.4
<
<
<
3 )
2
0.7J
20
3
3
3
3
4
2
3
5
3
2
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
5
0.5
3 )
2 I
0.8)
19
5
0.6
3 |
3 }
0.7)
21
7
2
3 )
11 >
2 )
19
5
2
3 \
10
2 )
X of
Cone.
Guide*
0.02
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
-
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
-
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
—
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
—
<0.01
65
-------
Table A-3. (continued)
No.
sampling Days Radio-
Location Sampled nuclide
Radioactivity Concentrations % of
C C c Cone.
Units Max Min Avg Guide*
Tonopah,
357.8
364.5
336.7
356.6
336.7
329.7
•»Kr
laaxe
'H as HTO
'H as CH3T
'H as HTO
'H as HT
10-»z»jCiXml air 23 14
10-i*MCi/ml air 15 < 4
10-*pCi/ml H2O 0.5 < 0.3
10-»*nCi/ml air < 7 < 2
10-tZjjCi/ml air < 5 < 0.7
10-»*»iCi/ml air 1.8 < 0.4
19 0.02
< 5 <0.01
< 0.4
< 3 )
< 2 } <0.01
< 0.8
* Concentration Guides used for NTS stations are those applicable to expo-
sures to radiation workers. Those used for off-NTS stations are for
exposure to a suitable sample of the population in an uncontrolled area.
See Appendix B for Concentration Guides.
f Also known as Groom Lake.
66
-------
Table A-4. 1977 Summary of Radiation Doses for the Dosimetry Network
Station
Location
Measurement
Period
Dose
Equivalent Rate
(mrem/d)
Max. Min. Avq.
Annual
Adjusted
Dose
Equiv-
alent
(mrem/v)
Adaven, Nev.
Mamo, Nev.
Area 51-NTS, Nev.
Austin, Nev.
Baker, Calif.
Barstow, Calif.
Beatty, Nev.
Bishop, Calif.
Blue Eagle Ranch, Nev.
Blue Jay, Nev.
Cactus Springs, Nev.
Caliente, Nev.
Carp, Nev.
Casey »s Ranch, Nev,
Cedar City, Utah
Clark Station, Nev.
Complex I, Nev.
Coyote Summit, Nev.
Currant, Nev.
Death Valley Jet., Calif.
Desert Game Range, Nev.
Desert Oasis, Nev.
1/10/77 - 1/10/78 0.40 0.38 0.39 140
1/04/77 - 1/09/78 0.33 0.25 0.28 100
1/10/77 - 1/09/78 0.21 0.18 0.19 72
1/12/77 - 1/11/78 0.44 0.38 0.42 150
1/10/77 - 1/09/78 0.24 0.23 0.23 84
1/10/77 - 1/09/78 0.27 0.25 0.26 96
1/04/77 - 1/31/78 0.32 0.28 0.28 120
1/11/77 - 1/10/78 0.31 0.26 0.27 100
1/13/77 - 1/11/78 0.23 0.17 0.18 67
1/13/77 - 1/10/78 0.39 0.32 0.35 120
1/03/77 - 1/16/78 0.19 0.16 0.17 64
1/06/77 - 1/10/78 0.39 0.34 0.37 140
1/05/77 - 1/10/78 0.34 0.27 0.30 110
1/10/77 - 1/11/78 0.22 0.19 0.20 75
1/11/77 - 2/01/78 0.25 0.21 0.22 87
1/13/77 - 1/10/78 0.33 0.30 0.32 120
1/10/77 - 1/10/78 0.32 0.29 0.30 110
1/10/77 - 1/09/78 0.34 0.31 0.33 120
1/12/77 - 1/11/78 0.29 0.25 0.28 98
1/13/77 - 1/12/78 0.23 0.20 0.21 79
1/03/77- 1/16/78 0.21 0.16 0.17 64
1/10/77 - 1/31/78 0.21 0.18 0.18 72
67
-------
Table A-4. (continued)
Station
Location
Measurement
Period
Dose
Equivalent Rate
(mrem/d)
Max. Min. Avq.
Annual
Adjusted
Dose
Equiv-
alent
(mrem/v^
Diablo Maint. Sta., Nev.
Duckwater, Nev.
Elgin, Nev.
Ely, Nev.
Enterprise, Utah
Eureka, Nev.
Furnace Creek, Calif.
Garrison, Utah
Geyser Maint. Sta., Nev.
Goldfield, Nev.
Hancock Summit, Nev.
Hiko, Nev.
Hot Creek Ranch, Nev.
Independence, Calif.
Indian Springs, Nev.
Kirkeby Ranch, Nev.
Koynes, Nev.
Las Vegas (Airport), Nev.
Las Vegas (Placak) , Nev.
Las Vegas (USDI) , Nev.
Lathrop Wells, Nev.
Li da, Nev.
1/10/77 - 1/12/78
1/12/77 - 1/11/78
1/05/77 - 1/10/78
1/13/77 - 1/11/78
1/11/77 - 2/01/78
1/12/77 - 1/11/78
1/13/77 - 1/12/78
1/11/77 - 1/09/78
1/11/77 - 1/09/78
1/10/77 - 1/09/78
1/10/77 - 1/09/78
1/04/77 - 1/09/78
1/13/77 - 1/10/78
1/11/77 - 1/10/78
1/03/77 - 1/16/78
1/11/77 - 1/09/78
1/10/77 - 1/12/78
1/03/77 - 2/06/78
1/05/77 - 2/06/78
1/03/77 - 2/06/78
1/04/77 - 1/16/78
1/10/77 - 1/09/78
0.36 0.34 0.35 130
0.32 0.29 0.30 110
0.36 0.33 0.35 130
0.29 0.21 0.23 84
0.31 0.28 0.30 110
0.39 0.30 0.33 120
0.19 0.16 0.17 65
0.26 0.20 0.21 78
0.35 0.28 0.30 110
0.29 0.26 0.27 97
0.47 0.38 0.42 150
0.24 0.20 0.21 81
0.26 0,25 0.25 91
0.29 0.27 0.28 100
0.21 0.18 0.18 69
0.26 0.20 0.22 81
0.28 0.24 0.26 95
0.19 0.14 0.16 64
0.22 0.14 0.17 60
0.17 0.15 0.17 67
0.26 0.26 0.26 98
0.30 0.28 0.28 100
68
-------
Table A-4. (continued)
Station
Location
Measurement
Period
Dose
Equivalent Rate
(mrem/d)
Max. Min. Avq.
Annual
Adjusted
Dose
Equiv-
alent
(mrem/v)
Lone Pine, Calif.
Lund, Nev.
Mammoth Mtn., Calif.
Manhattan, Nev.
Mesquite, Nev.
Nevada Farms, Nev,
Nuclear Eng. Co., Nev.
Nyala, Nev.
Olancha, Calif.
Pahrump, Nev.
Pine Creek Ranch, Nev.
Pioche, Nev.
Queen City Summit, Nev.
Reed Ranch, Nev.
Ridgecrest, Calif.
Robinson's Tr. Park, Nev.
Round Mountain, Nev.
Rox, F!ev.
Scotty's Junction, Nev.
Selbach Ranch, Nev.
Sherri's Bar, Nev.
Shoshone, Calif.
1/11/77 - 1/10/78 0.31 0.25 0.27 99
1/10/77 - 1/10/78 0.29 0.21 0.24 87
1/12/77 - 1/11/78 0.39 0.28 0.31 110
1/11/77 - 1/10/78 0.36 0.33 0.35 130
1/10/77 - 1/31/78 0.20 0.18 0.18 71
1/10/77 - 1/12/78 0.35 0.30 0.33 120
1/05/77 - 1/31/78 0.40 0,32 0.35 140
1/10/77 - 1/11/78 0.27 0,20 0.24 87
1/11/77 - 1/10/78 0.26 0,24 0.25 91
1/06/77 - 1/17/78 0.21 0.18 0.18 70
1/10/77 - 1/10/78 0.37 0.33 0.36 130
1/05/77 - 1/11/78 0.28 0.22 0.24 88
1/10/77 - 1/09/78 0.44 0.33 0.39 140
1/10/77 - 1/09/78 0.34 0.31 0.32 120
1/11/77 - 1/10/78 0.26 0.22 0.24 84
1/10/77 - 1/12/78 0.36 0.32 0.34 130
1/11/77 - 1/10/78 0.34 0.30 0.32 120
1/10/77 - 1/31/78 0.26 0.23 0.24 92
1/10/77 - 1/09/78 0.35 0.29 0.31 110
1/05/77 - 1/31/78 0.32 0.28 0.30 120
1/04/77 - 1/09/78 0.23 0.21 0.22 81
1/13/77 - 1/12/78 0.33 0.27 0.30 110
69
-------
Table A-4. (continued)
Station
Location
Measurement
Period
Dose
Equivalent Rate
(mrem/d)
Max. Min. Avg.
Annual
Adjusted
Dose
Equiv-
alent
Springdale, Nev.
Spring Meadows, Nev.
St. George, Utah
Stone Cabin Ranch, Nev.
Sunnyside, Nev.
Tempiute, Nev.
Tenneco, Nev.
Tonopahr Nev.
Tonopah Test Range, Nev.
Twin Springs Ranch, Nev.
Warm Springs, Nev.
Young's Ranch, Nev.
1/04/77 - 2/01/78 0.35 0.31 0.32 130
1/01/77 - 1/17/78 0.18 0.17 0.17 69
1/12/77 - 2/02/78 0.22 0.18 0.20 76
1/13/77 - 1/11/78 0.50 0.45 0.47 170
1/10/77 - 1/10/78 0.23 0.18 0.20 72
1/10/77 - 1/12/78 0.31 0.27 0.30 110
1/04/77 - 1/17/78 0.30 0.29 0.29 110
1/10/77 - 1/09/78 0,31 0.29 0.30 110
1/11/77 - 1/10/78 0.28 0.26 0.27 100
1/10/77 - 1/12/78 0.32 0.29 0.30 110
1/13/77 - 1/11/78 0.32 0.30 0.31 120
1/11/77 - 1/10/78 0.27 0.25 0.26 95
70
-------
Table A-5. 1977 Summary of Analytical Results for the
Milk Surveillance Network
Radioactivity Cone.
Sampling Sample
Location Type< 4 >
Hinkley, Calif. 12
Bill Nelson Dairy
Keough Hot Spgs., 13
Calif.
Yribarren Ranch
Trona, Calif. 13
Stanford Ranch
Alamo, Nev. 14
A. J. Sharp
Austin, Nev. 13
Young fs Ranch
Caliente, Nev. 13
June Cox Ranch
No. of Radio- C
Samples nuclide Max
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
1
1
1
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
J37CS <8
"Sr <2
»osr 2.5
»37CS 7.6
89Sr 4
»osr 3.1
137CS <7
•»Sr <2
»osr 2.5
»37CS <6
««Sr <3
»°Sr <0. 9
137CS <12
8»Sr 4. 1
•°Sr 2.8
3fl 550
»37CS <6
*«Sr <3
90Sr <1
C
Min
<4
<0.6
<0.7
<4
1.8
<4
<2
<0.7
<6
<3
<0.9
<4
1.2
<300
<4
<0.6
<0.6
C
Aver
<5
<2
<2
<6
<3
2.3
<5
<2
<2
<6
<3
<0. 9
<6
<3
2.1
<400
<5
<2
<0. 8
71
-------
Table A-5. (continued)
Radioactivity Cone.
-» pCi/ml)
Sampling Sample
Location Type< * >
Currant, Nev. 13
Blue Eagle Ranch
Currant, Nev. 13
Manzonie Ranch
Hiko, Nev. 13
Darrel Hansen
Ranch
Las Vegas, Nev. 12
LDS Dairy Farm
Lathrop Wells, 13
Nev.
Kirker Ranch
Lida, Nev. 1 3
Lida Livestock Co.
No. of
Samples
4
4
4
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Radio- C
nuclide Max
8»Sr <2.6
««Sr 2.3
*37CS <5
•«Sr <1
»<>Sr 1.2
137CS <6
«»Sr <3
»°Sr 1.7
3H <300
1 37CS <6
•»Sr <2
»°Sr 2.3
3H <400
»37CS <5
•»Sr <3
»osr 1.1
»37CS <5
•»Sr <3
9Oc?-r- O *•%
wOi X* • +J
C
Min
<4
<0.9
0.9
<4
<1
1
<4
<2
<0.7
<300
<4
<0.9
<0.7
<300
<4
<2
<0.7
<3
<0.7
<-,
C
Avq
<5
<2
<2
<4
<1
1
<5
<2
<1
<300
<5
<2
<2
<300
<5
<3
<2
<4
<2
<2
72
-------
Table A-5. (continued)
Radioactivity Cone.
(10-» Mci/ml)
Sampling Sample
Location Type<*>
Logandale, Nev. 12
Vegas Valley Dairy
Lund, Nev. 12
McKenzie Dairy
Mesquite, Nev. 12
Hughes Bros. Dairy
Moapa, Nev. 12
Agman Seventy-Five,
Inc.
Nyala, Nev. 13
Sharp's Ranch
No. of
Samples
4
4
4
4
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Radio-
nucl ide
»37CS
•»Sr
••Br
137CS
e«sr
90Sr
3H
•9Sr
90Sr
3H
89Sr
90Sr
89sr
90Sr
3H
C
Max
<6
<3
2.4
<3
2
<400
<6
<3
<0.9
<400
<3
2.8
<5
<4
<2
<400
C
Min
<4
0.7
<4
<0.8
<300
<4
<0.7
<0.5
<300
<4
<0.8
<4
<0.7
<300
C
Avq
<5
<2
<2
<6
<2
<2
<300
<5
<2
<0.
<300
<6
<2
<2
<4
<2
<0.
<300
7
,9
73
-------
Table A-5. (continued)
Radioactivity Cone.
Sampling Sample
Location Type* » >
Pahrump, Nev. 13
Bur son Ranch* 3>
Pahrump, Nev. 13
Oxborrow Ranch
Round Mountain, 13
Nev.
Berg Ranch
Shoshone, Nev. 13
Kirkeby Ranch
Springdale, Nev. 13
Boiling Pot Ranch
Cedar City, Utah 12
Western General Dairy
No. of Radio- C
Samples nuclide Max
3
3
3
1
1
1
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
137CS <4
e'Sr <2
«°Sr <0.7
137 <6
««Sr <2
*°Sr 1.3
."C. <13
•«Sr <2
»°Sr 1.6
»37CS <6
«»Sr <3
«osr 2.2
»37Cs <6
•*Sr <2
«osr 1.2
»37CS <5
•«Sr <3
»<>Sr 2.1
C
Min
<4
<0.6
<0.7
<6
<2
1.3
<5
<2
1.4
<4
<'
<4
<0.7
<4
<0.7
-------
Table A-5. (continued)
Radioactivity Cone.
Sampling
Location
St. George , Utah
R. Cox Dairy
Sample
Type< l '
12
NO. Of
Samples
4
4
4
Radio-
nuclide
e«Sr
90Sr
C
Max
<6
<2
1.1
C
Min
<0.9
<0.7
C
Avq
<5
<2
<0. 8
<»>12 = Raw Milk from Grade A Producer(s)
13 = Raw Milk from family cow(s)
14 = other than Grade A Producer (Raw)
<2>A. J. Sharp replaced Alamo Dairy.
<3>Burson Ranch replaced by Oxborrow Ranch, Pahrump, Nev.
75
-------
Table A-6. Analytical Criteria for Long-Term Hydrological
Monitoring Program Samples
Gross alpha All samples
Gross beta All samples
Gamma scan All samples
> All samples
89,90Sr
u
238
Only samples collected at locations for the first
time during CY77.
Only samples collected at locations for the first
time during CY77 if gross alpha exceeded 3x10-«
jjCi/ml.
Only samples collected at locations for the first
time during CY77.
Only samples collected at locations for the first
time during CY77.
<»'All samples were first analyzed by the more rapid conventional
technique (MDC of about 2x10-* ^iCi/ml) . Those samples having
tritium concentrations
-------
Table A-7.
1977 Summary of Analytical Results for the NTS Monthly
Long-Term Hydrological Monitoring Program
Sampling Samples
Location Collected
NTS 11
Well 8
NTS 11
Well U3CN-5
NTS 11
Well A
NTS 11
Well C
NTS 11
Well 5c
NTS 11
Army Well
No. 1
NTS 11
Well 2
NTS 6
Test Well B
NTS 10
Well J-13
No. Type of
Samples Radio-
Analyzed activity
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
6
6
6
10
10
10
Gross a
Gross p
3H
Gross a
Gross p
3H
Gross a
Gross p
3R
Gross a
Gross p
3H
Gross a
Gross p
3H
Gross a
Gross p
3H
Gross a
Gross p
3H
Gross a
Gross p
3H
Gross a
Gross p
3H
Radioactivity Cone.
(10~* fiCi/ml)
Max Min Avg
<3
<4
<10
9.7
20
230
7.5
7.5
<9
15
20
150
8.5
15
13
6.1
<4
9.5
4.4
5.5
CIO
5.5
6.3
330
8.5
<4
<2
<4
<7
<3
<4
<8
<3
<4
<7
<4
7.0
33
3.6
<3
<7
<3
<3
<7
<3
<4
<7
<3
<4
150
<3
<3
<7
<3
<4
<9
<5
<20
<70
<6
<5
<8
<9
11
58
<6
<5
<9
<4
<4
<9
<3
<4
<8
<3
<4
230
<4
<4
<8
% of
Cone.
Guide* 2 >
<7
<20
<0.01
<20
<40
<0.01
<20
<20
<0.01
<30
40
<0.01
<20
<20
<0.01
<20
<20
<0.01
<10
<20
<0.01
<10
<20
<0.01
<20
<200
<0.01
77
-------
Table A-7. (continued)
<»>NO.
Sampling Samples
Location Collected
NTS 5
Well U19c
No. Type of
Samples Radio-
Analyzed activity
5
5
5
Gross
Gross
3H
a
P
Radioactivity Cone.
(10-» pCi/ml)
Ma x Min Avq
H.
8.
48
9
1
<2
<4
<7
<4
<5
<20
% of
Cone.
Guide* z)
<20
<20
<0.0
1
<»>Samples could not be collected every month due to weather
conditions or inoperative pumps.
<2'Concentration Guides for drinking water at on-NTS locations are the
same as those for off-NTs locations. See Appendix B for Concentra-
tion Guides.
78
-------
Table A-8. 1977 Analytical Results for the NTS Semi-Annual
Long-Term Hydrological Monitoring Program
Sampling
Locat ion
NTS
Well UElSd
NTS
Well UE15d
NTS
Test Well D
NTS
Test Well D
NTS
Well UE1c
NTS
Well UElc
NTS
Well 01
NTS
Well c-1
NTS
Well UE5C
Type of Radioactivity
Depth Sample Radio- Cone.
Date Cm)<*> Type<«> activity (10-»uCi/ml)
1/04 23 Gross a
Gross ft
3R
6/08 23 Gross a
Gross ft
3R
1/25 571 23 Gross a
Gross ft
3R
6/09 571 23 Gross a
Gross ft
3H
1/27 500 23 Gross a
Gross ft
3R
6/09 500 23 Gross o
Gross ft
3R
1/04 23 Gross a
Gross ft
3R
6/13 23 Gross o
Gross ft
3R
2/02 23 Gross a
Gross ft
3R
19
<3
44
10
14
<9
<3
<4
31
<3
<4
17
<3
8.5
<7
8.6
9.7
<8
4.0
12
22
6.5
11
20
8.9
<4
<9
% of
Cone.
Guide
63
<10
<0.01
33
47
<0.01
<10
<20
<0.01
<10
<20
<0.01
<10
28
<0.01
29
32
<0.01
13
40
<0.01
22
37
<0.01
30
<20
<0.01
79
-------
Table A-8. (continued)
Sampling
Locat ion
NTS
Well UE5C
NTS
Well UE18r
NTS
Well UE18r
NTS
Well 5B
NTS
Well 5B
NTS
Test Well F
NTS
Test Well F
Ash Meadows,
Nev.
Crystal Pool
Ash Meadows,
Nev.
Crystal Pool
Depth
Date (m) < » >
6/13
1/26 507
6/08 507
2/02
6/13
1/24 1006
6/06 1006
1/18
6/15
Type of Radioactivity
Sample Radio- Cone.
Tvpe activity MO-«uCi/mll
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
27
27
Gross
Gross
3H
Gross
Gross
3H
Gross
Gross
3H
Gross
Gross
3R
Gross
Gross
3H
Gross
Gross
3H
Gross
Gross
3H
Gross
Gross
3H
' Gross
Gross
3R
a
0
a
0
a
0
a
0
a
0
a
0
a
0
a
0
a
0
5.1
<4
<8
<3
<4
8.2
3.7
<4
<9
4.0
6.4
<9
5.5
8.5
<9
<3
<4
7.3
7.2
8.6
<9
9.1
11
<8
12
15
<10
X of
Cone.
Guide
17
<20
<0.01
<10
<20
<0.01
12
<20
<0.01
13
21
<0.01
18
28
<0.01
<10
<20
<0.01
24
29
<0.01
30
37
<0.01
40
50
<0.01
80
-------
Table A-8. (continued)
Type of Radioactivity
Sampling Depth Sample Radio- Cone.
Location Date (art*1* Tvoe<2> activity (10-»uCi/ml)
Ash Meadows, 1/18
Nev.
Well 18S/51E-7DB
Ash Meadows, 6/15
Nev.
Well 18S/51E-7DB
Ash Meadows, 1/18
Nev.
Well 17S/50E-1UCAC
Ash Meadows, 6/15
Nev.
Well 17S/50E-HICAC
Ash Meadows, 1/18
Nev.
Fairbanks
Springs
Ash Meadows, 6/15
Nev.
Fairbanks
Springs
Beatty, 1/20
Nev.
City Supply
Beatty, 6/16
Nev.
City Supply
Beatty, 1/20
Nev.
Nuclear
23 Gross a
Gross p
3H
23 Gross a
Gross p
3R
23 Gross a
Gross p
3H
23 Gross a
Gross p
3H
27 Gross a
Gross p
27 Gross a
Gross p
3H
23 Gross a
Gross p
3fl
23 Gross a
Gross p
3fl
23 Gross a
Gross p
3H
4.9
<8
5.8
16
<20
<3
<9
6.7
8.1
<8
<3
<8
15
<3
<8
15
10
20
12
<3
<8
% of
Cone.
Guide
<20
16
<0.01
19
53
<0.01
<20
<0.01
22
<20
<0.01
27
<20
<0.01
<20
<0.01
50
<0.01
50
33
<0.01
ao
<0.01
Engineering Co.
81
-------
Table A-8. (continued)
Type of Radioactivity
Sampling Depth Sample Radio- Cone.
Location Date (m)<»> Tvoe<«> activity (10-»uCi/ml)
Beatty, 6/14
Nev.
Nuclear
Engineering Co.
Beatty, 6/15
Nev.
Coffers Well
Indian Springs, 1/17
Nev.
USAF No. 2
Indian Springs, 6/14
Nev.
USAF No. 2
Indian Springs, 1/17
Nev.
Sewer Co. Inc.
Well No. 1
Indian Springs, 6/14
Nev.
Sewer Co. Inc.
Well No. 1
Lathrop Wells, 1/18
Nev.
City Supply
Lathrop Wells, 6/14
Nev.
City Supply
Springdale, 1/20
Nev.
Goss Springs
23 Gross a
Gross p
3H
2 3 Gross a
Gross p
3H
23 Gross a
Gross p
3R
23 Gross a
Gross p
3H
23 Gross a
Gross p
3H
23 Gross a
Gross p
3H
23 Gross a
Gross p
3fl
23 Gross a
Gross p
3H
27 Gross a
Gross p
3fl
8.4
7.8
<9
3.7
13
<9
7.8
<3
17
<4
5.3
<8
12
<3
<8
4.0
<4
<7
<3
<4
<9
<3
<4
<10
11
<3
<9
% of
Cone.
Guide
28
26
<0.01
12
43
<0.01
26
<10
<0.01
<20
18
<0.01
40
<10
<0.01
13
<20
<0.01
<10
<20
<0.01
<10
<20
<0.01
37
<1 0
<0.01
82
-------
Table A-8. (continued)
Sampling
Locat ion Date
Springdale, 6/14
Nev.
Goss Springs
Springdale, 8/11
Nev.
Goss Springs
Springdale, 2/02
Nev.
Road D Windmill
Springdale, 6/14
Nev.
Road D Windmill
Depth Sample
(m)<»> Type<«>
27
27
23
23
Type of
Radio-
activity
Gross a
Gross p
3H
3H
Gross a
Gross p
3H
Gross a
Gross p
3fl
Ra d i oa ct iv it y
Cone.
(10-«MCi/ml)
<4
5.2
<8
<9
5.1
4.3
<9
<4
4.4
11
% of
Cone.
Guide
<20
17
<0.01
<0.01
17
14
<0.01
<20
15
<0.01
<»>If depth not shown, water was collected at surface
<2>23 - Well
27 - Spring
83
-------
Table A-9. 1977 Analytical Results for the
NTS Annual Long-Term Hydrological Monitoring Program
Type of Radioactivity % of
Sampling Sample
Location Date Type<*>
Shoshone, Calif. 6/23 27
Shoshone Spring
Hiko, Nev. 6/21 27
Crystal Springs
Alamo, Nev. 6/21 23
City Supply
Warm Springs, Nev. 6/22 27
Twin Springs Ranch
Diablo, Nev. 6/21 23
Highway Maint.
Station
Nyala, Nev, 6/22 23
Sharp Ranch
Adaven, Nev. 6/22 27
Adaven Spring
Pahrump, Nev. 6/23 23
Calvada Well 3
Tonopah, Nev. 6/22 23
City Supply
Radio-
activity
Gross a
Gross ft
'H
Gross a
Gross ft
3H
Gross a
Gross ft
3H
Gross a
Gross ft
SH
Gross a
Gross ft
3R
Gross a
Gross ft
3H
Gross a
Gross ft
3H
Gross a
Gross ft
3H
Gross a
Gross ft
'H
Cone.
(10-9 uCi/ml)
<5
13
<7
6.5
19
<20
5.5
20
<8
4.8
20
<7
<3
17
<7
<3
9.2
<10
5.9
<4
110
7.4
<4
<9
2.9
17
<7
Cone.
Guide<2>
<20
43
<0.01
22
63
<0.01
18
67
<0.01
16
67
<0.01
<10
57
<0.01
<10
31
<0.01
20
<20
<0.01
25
<20
<0.01
10
57
<0.01
84
-------
Table A-9. (continued)
Type of Radioactivity % of
Sampling Sample Radio-
Location Date Type<»> activity
Clark Station, 6/22 23
Nev.
Tonopah Test
Range Well 6
Las Vegas, Nev. 6/23 23
Water District
Well No. 28
Tempiute, Nev. 6/21 23
Union Carbide Well
Gross
Gross
3H
Gross
Gross
3H
Gross
Gross
3H
a
ft
a
ft
a
0
Cone. Cone.
MO-9 uCi/ml) Guide<«5
<3
17
<7
2.7
<4
<8
<3
13
36
<10
57
<0.
9.
<20
<0.
<10
43
<0.
01
0
01
01
23 - Well
27 - Spring
<25see Appendix B for Concentration Guides.
85
-------
Table A-10. 1977 Analytical Results for the Off-NTS
Long-Term Hydrological Monitoring Program
Type of Radioactivity % of
Sampling
Locat ion Date
Malaga, 4/28
N. Mex.
TJSGS Well
NO. 1
Malaga, 4/28
N. Mex.
USGS Well
No. 4
Malaga, 4/28
N. Mex.
USGS Well
NO. 8
Malaga, 4/27
N. Mex.
PHS Well NO. 6
Malaga, 4/27
N. Mex.
PHS Well No. 8
Malaga, 4/27
N. Mex.
PHS Well No. 9
Depth Sample Radio-
(mi < * > Type* « > activity
PROJECT GNOME
161 23 Gross a
Gross ft
3H
89Sr
»osr
148 23 Gross a
Gross ft
3H
89Sr
90Sr
144 23 Gross a
Gross ft
3H
89Sr
90Sr
137CS
23 Gross a
Gross ft
3H
23 Gross a
Gross ft
3R
23 Gross a
Gross ft
3H
Cone.
(10-« yci/ml)
<20
<20
<7
<4
0.84
15
18,000
830,000
<1 10
10,000
<8
23,000
750,000
<1 10
12,000
87
<3
8.8
110
<7
<5
10
<3
<4
<8
Cone.
Guide* 3 >
_
—
<0.01
<2
0.03
.
—
28
<0.4
3,300
_
—
25
<0. 4
4,000
0.44
_
—
<0. 01
—
—
<0.01
—
—
<0.01
86
-------
Table A-10. (continued)
Type of Radioactivity % of
Sampling
Locat ion Date
Malaga, 4/27
N. Mex.
PHS Well No. 10
Malaga, 4/28
N. Mex.
Pecos River
Pumping station
Loving, 4/27
N. Mex.
City Well No. 2
Carlsbad, 4/27
N. Mex.
City Well No. 7
Frenchman, 3/22
Nev.
Frenchman
Station
Frenchman, 3/23
Nev.
Well HS-1
Frenchman, 3/22
Nev.
Well H-3
Frenchman, 3/22
Nev.
Flowina Well
Depth Sample Radio-
Cm) <»> Tvpe< 2 > activity
23 Gross a
Gross p
3H
23 Gross a
Gross p
3H
23 Gross a
Gross p
3R
23 Gross a
Gross p
3H
PROJECT SHOAL
23 Gross a
Gross p
3H
23 Gross a
Gross p
3H
23 Gross a
Gross p
3H
23 Gross a
Gross p
3H
Cone.
MO-» uCi/ml)
<10
10
<7
<5
<4
<8
3.4
<4
<8
<3
<4
12
<5
7.9
<8
<3
7.7
<9
<6
5.6
<7
<0.7
<32
<9
Cone.
Guide* 3 >
-
<0.01
_
—
<0.01
_
—
<0.01
_
—
<0.01
_
—
<0.01
-
—
<0.01
_
—
<0.01
—
—
<0.01
87
-------
Table A-10. (continued)
Type of Radioactivity % of
Sampling
Location
Frenchman,
Nev.
Hunts Station
Baxterville,
Miss.
City Supply
Baxterville,
Miss.
Lower Little
Creek
Baxterville,
Miss.
Well HT-1
Baxterville,
Miss.
well HT-2c
Baxterville,
Miss.
Well HT-4
Baxterville,
Miss.
Well HT-5
Baxterville,
Miss.
Well E-7
Depth Sample Radio-
Date (m)<» Tvpe<2> activity (
3/22 23 Gross
Gross
PROJECT DRIBBLE
4/22 23 Gross
Gross
3H
4/22 22 Gross
Gross
3H
4/23 378 23 Gross
Gross
3R
4/16 108 23 Gross
Gross
3H
4/17 122 23 Gross
Gross
3H
4/17 183 23 Gross
Gross
4/16 282 23 Gross
Gross
3H
a
P
a
a
P
a
P
a
P
a
P
a
P
a
P
Cone.
10-« yCi/ml)
^4
^4
<9
<0.9
89
<0.4
55
^4
^4
39
<2
28
<3
9.0
<2
<9
13
Cone.
Guide* 3 >
<0.01
-
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
88
-------
Table A-10. (continued)
Type of Radioactivity % of
Sampling Depth
Location Date (m)
Baxterville, 4/19 651
Miss.
Well Ascot
No. 2
Baxterville, 4/20
Miss.
Half Moon
Creek
Baxterville, 4/20
Miss.
Half Moon
Creek Overflow
Baxterville, 4/21
Miss.
T. Speights
Residence
Baxterville, 4/19
Miss.
R. L. Anderson
Residence
Baxterville, 4/22
Miss.
Mark Lowe
Residence
Baxterville, 4/22
Miss.
R. Readv
Sample Radio-
Type< 2 > activity
23 Gross a
Gross ft
3H
22 Gross a
Gross ft
3H
22 Gross a
Gross ft
3H
23 Gross a
Gross ft
3H
23 Gross a
Gross ft
3R
23 Gross a
Gross ft
3H
23 Gross a
Gross ft
3H
Cone.
(10-» uCi/ml)
<30
7.8
<0.9
<4
80
<3
<4
1,800
<0.8
<4
130
1.6
<4
<«)
<0.7
<4
71
0.78
<4
54
Cone.
Guide<3>
-
<0.01
<0.01
0.06
<0.01
-
<0.01
<0.01
Residence
89
-------
Table A-10. (continued)
Type of Radioactivity * of
Sampling
Location Date
Baxterville, 4/16
Miss.
W. Daniels
Residence
Lumber ton, 1/22
Miss.
City Supply
Well No. 2
Purvis, 4/20
Miss.
City Supply
Columbia, 4/22
Miss.
City Supply
Lumberton, 4/22
Miss.
North Lumberton
City Supply
Baxterville, 4/17
Miss.
Pond W of GZ
Gobernador, 5/24
N. Mex.
Arnold Ranch
Depth Sample Radio-
Cm) <*> Type<2> activity
23 Gross a
Gross 0
3H
23 Gross a
Gross 0
3H
23 Gross a
Gross 0
3H
23 Gross a
Gross 0
3H
23 Gross a
Gross ft
3H
21 Gross a
Gross 0
3H
PROJECT GASBUGGY
27 Gross a
Gross 0
3H
Cone.
MO-» uCi/ml)
<0.9
<4
54
<3
<4
<7
<2
<4
<7
<2
26
11
<2
<4
<7
<2
<4
37
<7
<5
<8
Cone.
Guide* 3>
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
90
-------
Table A-10. (continued)
Type of Radioactivity % of
Sampling Depth
Location Date (m)
Gobernador, 5/23
N. Mex.
Apache Reservation
Well South
Gobernador, 5/23
N. Mex.
Lower Burro
Canyon
Gobernador, 5/24
N. Mex.
Fred Bixler
Ranch
Gobernador, 5/23
N. Mex.
Cave Springs
Gobernador, 5/23
N. Mex.
windmill No. 2
Gobernador, 5/24
N. Mex.
Bubbling Springs
Gobernador, 5/24
N. Mex.
La Jara Creek
Gobernador, 5/22 1097
N. Mex.
PPW: w*»l 1 10-36
Sample Radio-
Type<2> activity (
23 Gross a
Gross p
3H
23 Gross a
Gross p
3R
23 Gross a
Gross p
3H
27 Gross a
Gross p
3H
23 Gross a
Gross p
3H
27 Gross a
Gross p
3H
22 Gross a
Gross p
3H
23 Gross a
Gross p
3H
Cone.
<6
<4
93
<6
<5
<9
<5
<4
11
5.8
<4
12
<6
<4
<30
<4
<4
110
<20
47
110
7.6
<5
17
Cone.
GuideC3>
-
<0.01
« .
-
<0.01
_
—
<0.01
_
—
<0.01
_
—
<0.01
_
—
<0.01
—
—
<0.01
—
—
<0. 01
91
-------
Table A-10. (continued)
Type of Radioactivity % of
Sampling
Locat ion Date
Rulison, 5/20
Colo.
Lee L. Hayward
Ranch
Rulison, 5/20
Colo.
Glen Schwab
Ranch
Grand Valley, 5/20
Colo.
Albert Gardner
Ranch
Grand Valley, 5/19
Colo.
City Water
Suppy
Grand Valley, 5/19
Colo.
Spring 300 Yds.
NW of GZ
Rulison, 5/20
Colo.
Felix Sefcovic
Ranch
Grand Valley, 5/19
Colo.
Battlement Creek
Depth Sample Radio-
Cm) <»> Tvoe< z > activity
PROJECT RULISON
23 Gross a
Gross 0
3H
23 Gross or
Gross 0
23 Gross a
Gross 0
3R
27 Gross a
Gross 0
27 Gross a
Gross 0
3H
23 Gross a
Gross 0
22 Gross a
Gross p
3H
Cone.
(10-« pCi/ml)
10
440
14
430
7.5
390
2.9
<4
56
<3
170
<2
520
<2
330
Cone.
Guide* 3 >
0.01
0.01
0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.02
<0.01
92
-------
'Table A-10. (continued)
Type of Radioactivity % of
Sampling
Location
Grand Valley,
Colo.
CER Well
Rulison,
Colo.
Potter Ranch
Blue Jay,
Nev.
Highway Maint.
Station
Blue Jay,
Nev.
Sixmile Well
Blue Jay,
Nev.
Jim Bias Well
Blue Jay,
Nev.
Well HTH-1
Blue Jay,
Nev.
Well HTH-2
Depth Sample Radio-
Date (m)tj> Type<2> activity
5/19 23 Gross o
Gross (3
3H
5/20 27 Gross a
Gross p
PROJECT FAULTLESS
6/15 23 Gross a
Gross p
3R
6/15 23 Gross a
Gross p
3R
3/04 27 Gross a
Gross p
3R
3/03 259 23 Gross o
Gross p
3R
3/03 184 23 Gross a
Gross p
3H
Cone.
(10-9 uci/ml)
<2
560
6.1
5.6
460
3.4
<8
<3
<4
<9
5.5
<4
<3
<4
<9
14
<4
<9
Cone.
GuideOJ
-
0.02
0.02
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
93
-------
Table A-10. (continued)
Type of Radioactivity % of
Sampling Depth Sample Radio-
Location Date (m)<*> Type<2> activity (
Cone. Cone.
10-« uCi/ml) Guide<3>
PROJECT RIO ELANCO
Rio Blanco, 5/17
Colo.
Fawn Creek
6800 ft Upstream
Rio Blanco, 5/17
Colo.
Fawn Creek
500 ft Upstream
Rio Blanco, 5/17
Colo.
Fawn Creek
500 ft Downstream
Rio Blanco, 5/17
Colo.
Fawn Creek
8400 ft Downstream
Rio Blanco, 5/18
Colo.
Fawn Creek No. 1
Rio Blanco, 5/17
Colo.
Fawn Creek No. 3
Rio Blanco, 5/18
Colo.
CER NO. 1
22 Gross
Gross
3H
22 Gross
Gross
3H
22 Gross
Gross
3H
22 Gross
Gross
3H
27 Gross
Gross
3H
27 Gross
Gross
3H
27 Gross
Gross
3H
a
ft
a
ft
a
ft
a
ft
a
ft
a
ft
a
ft
<5
<4
85
<4
<4
51
<5
<4
52
<5
-------
Table A-10. (continued)
Type of Radioactivity % of
Sampling
Location Date
Rio Blanco, 5/18
Colo.
CER NO. 4
Black Sulphur
Rio Blanco, 5/18
Colo.
B-1 Equity Camp
Rio Blanco, 5/18
Colo.
Brennan Windmill
Rio Blanco, 5/18
Colo.
Johnson Artesian Well
Rio Blanco, 5/17
Colo.
Well RB-D-01
Rio Blanco, 5/18
Colo.
Well RB-S-03
Amchitka, Alas. 10/11
South End of
Cannikin Lake
Depth Sample Radio-
Cm^ » > Type* 2 > activity
27 Gross a
Gross p
3H
27 Gross a
Gross p
3R
23 Gross a
Gross p
3H
23 Gross a
Gross p
3R
23 Gross a
Gross p
3H
23 Gross a
Gross p
3H
PROJECT CANNIKIN
2 1 Gross a
Gross p
3H
e»sr
90Sr
23*U
23SU
238U
asepu
239pu
Cone.
(10-« uCi/ml)
-
<0.01
_
—
<0.01
_
—
<0.01
—
—
<0.01
—
—
<0.01
-
—
<0.01
—
•""
<0.01
<0.07
0.6
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
95
-------
Table A-10. (continued)
Sampling Depth
Locat ion Date (m) < * >
Amchitka, Alas. 10/11
North End of
Cannikin Lake
Amchitka, Alas. 10/11 41
Well HTH-3
Amchitka, Alas. 10/11
Ice Box Lake
Type of Radioactivity
Sample Radio- cone.
Type<2> activity (10-« uCi/ml)
21 Gross a
Gross p
3H
•»Sr
9osr
23»U
23SU
238JJ
238pu
23»pu
2 3 Gross a
Gross 0
3H
8»Sr
«osr
23*U
235U
238U
238pu
23«pu
2 1 Gross a
Gross 0
3H
s«sr
»osr
234^
23SQ
238U
238pu
239pu
—
<0.01
<0.07
0.7
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
_
—
<0. 01
<0.07
0.6
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
_
—
<0.01
<0.1
0.53
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
96
-------
Table A-10. (continued)
Type of Radioactivity
Sampling Depth Sample Radio- Cone.
Location Date (m) Tvpe<2> activity (10-9 uci/ml)
Amchitka, Alas. 10/11
White Alice
Creek
Amchitka, Alas. 10/11
Pit South of
Cannikin GZ
22 Gross a
Gross p
3H
89sr
90gr
23*U
235U
238U
238pu
239pu
2 1 Gross a
Gross p
3H
9OSr
234^3
23SU
238U
238pu
239pu
<2
83
<3
2.3
0.019
<0.02
0.023
0.042
<0.02
<2
31
<2
2.3
0.034
<0.02
0.034
0.043
<0.02
% of
Cone.
Guide* 3)
<0.01
<0. 1
0.77
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.07
0.8
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
PROJECT MILROW
Amchitka, Alas. 10/12
Heart Lake
21
Gross a
Gross p
3H
235U
238O
239pu
<2
45
<2
2.0
0.042
<0.03
<0.03
0.046
<0.03
<0.01
<0.07
0.7
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
97
-------
Table A-10. (continued)
Type of Radioactivity % of
Sampling Depth Sample Radio- Cone. Cone.
Location Date activity (1Q-* pCi/mH Guide<3)
Amchitka, Alas. 10/12 0.83 23 *U 35 <0.01
Well W-5
Amchitka, Alas. 10/12 0.94 23 3R 91 <0.01
Well W-6
Amchitka, Alas. 10/12 1.6 23 SH 96 <0.01
Well W-8
Amchitka, Alas. 10/12 1.1 23 SH 53 <0.01
Well W-15
Amchitka, Alas. 10/12 2.0 23 3H 27 <0.01
Well W-10
Amchitka, Alas. 10/12 1.5 23 'H 88 <0.01
Well W-11
Amchitka, Alas. 10/12 1.1 23 3H 79 <0.01
Well W-3
Amchitka, Alas 10/12 0.30 23 3H 77 <0.01
Well W-2
Clevenger 10/12 22 Gross a <3
Creek Gross 0 <4
SH 72 <0.01
89sr <2 <0.07
1.5 0. 5
0.038 <0.01
23su <0.02 <0.01
assy 0.044 <0.01
0.034 <0.01
<0.008 <0.01
98
-------
Table A-10. (continued)
Sampling
Location
Type of Radioactivity % of
Depth Sample Radio- Cone. Cone.
Date fm)<*> Type<2> activity (1Q-« uCi/mll Guide
PROJECT LONG SHOT
Amchitka, Alas. 10/12 3.0 23
Well WL-2
730
0.02
Amchitka, Alas. 10/12 7.9 23 Gross a
EPA well-1 Gross p
3H
<2
-------
Table A-10. (continued)
Type of Radioactivity
Sampling Depth Sample Radio- Cone.
Location Date (m) < » > Tvpe<*> activity (10-9 uCi/ml)
Well GZ No. 2 10/12 15 23 Gross a
Gross B
3H
•»Sr
90Sr
234U
23«U
238JJ
238pu
239pu
Well WL-1 10/12 1.7 23 Gross a
Gross 0
'H
89sr
90Sr
226Ra
23*O
235U
238U
238pu
239pu
Mud Pit No. 1 10/12 21 Gross a
Gross (3
3R
89Sr
9osr
234U
235U
238U
238pu
239pu
<3
-
0.06
<0.2
<0. 3
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
«.
—
<0.01
<0. 2
<0.3
0.5
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
_
—
0.07
<0.2
<0. 3
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
100
-------
Table A-10. (continued)
Type of Radioactivity % of
Sampling
Location Date
Mud Pit No. 2 10/12
Mud Pit No. 3 10/12
Amchitka, Alas. 10/1
Constantine
Spring
Depth Sample Radio-
(m) < » > Type< 2 > activity ( 1 '
21 Gross a
Gross ^
3H
«»Sr
90Sr
23«X3
235X3
238XJ
238pu
239pU
2 1 Gross a
Gross 0
3fl
89Sr
9osr
23*XJ
235U
238XJ
238pU
239pu
AMCHITKA BACKGROUND SAMPLES
3 27 Gross a
Gross 0
3H
89Sr
90sr
23*X3
235XJ
238X3
238pu
239pu
Cone.
0-» uCi/ml)
<2
<4
2500
<5
<0.7
<0.03
<0.02
<0.03
<0.03
<0.02
<2
<4
3400
<5
<0.7
-------
Table A-10. (continued)
Type of Radioactivity
Sampling Depth Sample Radio- Cone.
Location Date (m)<*> Type<2> activity (10-» uCi/ml)
Amchitka, Alas. 10/13
Jones Lake
Duck Cove 10/13
Creek
Mile 27 Stream 10/1 U
21 Gross a
Gross p
3H
89sr
9<>sr
23«{J
23StJ
238U
238pu
239pu
22 Gross a
Gross 0
3H
««Sr
«osr
234JJ
23SU
238U
238pu
Z3»pu
22 Gross a
Gross $
3fl
89Sr
90sr
234U
235U
238U
238pu
239pu
<2
-------
Table A-10. (continued)
Sampling
Locat ion
Date
Depth
Type of Radioactivity % of
Sample Radio- Cone. Cone.
Tvpe<2> activity (10~« uCi/ml) Guide<3>
Amchitka, Alas. 10/14
Base Camp Maint. Bldg.
26
Gross a
Gross ^
3H
23SU
238U
239pu
<0.6
U5
78
<5
<0.7
19
<0.03
<0.02
<0.02
<0.04
<0.02
<0.01
<0.2
<0. 3
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
depth not shown, water was collected at surface
<2>2l - Pond, lake, reservoir, stock tank, or stock pond
22 - Stream, river, or creek
23 - Well
26 - Rain
27 - Spring
< 3 Concentration Guides (CG) for drinking water at on-site locations
are the same as those for off-site locations. See Appendix B for
Concentration Guides. As gross a and gross ^ radioactivity con-
centrations were used only for identifying gross radioactivity
concentration increases and as more complete radionuclide analyses
were made in the past, the calculation of % CG's was not considered
appropriate.
<*>High MDC due to high concentration of dissolved solids.
observed in suspended solids only.
<«>Sample lost in analysis.
103
-------
APPENDIX B. RADIATION PROTECTION STANDARDS
FOR EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL EXPOSURE
DOE ANNUAL DOSE COMMITMENT »>
Type of Exposure
Dose Limit to
Critical Individuals
in Uncontrolled Area
at Points of Maximum
Probable Exposure (rem)
Dose Limit to
Suitable Sample
of the Exposed
Population in an
Uncontrolled Area (rem)
Whole Body, gonads
or bone marrow
Other organs
0.5
1.5
0.17
0.5
DOE CONCENTRATION GUIDES (CG«S)<»>
Network or Program
Air Surveillance Network
Noble Gas and Tritium
Surveillance Network,
On- NTS
Noble Gas and Tritium
surveillance Network,
Off-NTS
Sampling
Medium
air
air
air
Radio-
nuclide
*Be
«»Zr
1311
iszTe
»3»CS
»«°Ba
•»Kr
'H
i«Xe
•»Kr
'H
»"Xe
CG
(uCi/ml)
1.1x10-«
3.3x10-»o
3.3x10-i»
1.0x10-«
1.7x10-»o
3.3x10-»o
1.0x10-'
5.0x10-*
1.0x10-»
1.0x10-*
6.7x10-»
1.0x10-'
Basis of Exposure
Suitable sample
of the exposed
population in
uncontrolled area
Individual in
controlled area.
Suitable sample
of the exposed
population in
Long-Term Hydrological
Program
water
3H
•»Sr
Z3SU
8380
238pu
Z3»pU
3.0x10-'
3.0x10-*
3.0x10-'
2.0x10-«
3.0x10-«
3.0x10-s
3.0x10-»
U.0x10-s
5.0x10-*
5.0x10-*
uncontrolled area.
Individual in a
controlled or an
uncontrolled area.
EPA DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS FOR RADIONUCLIDES<«>
Maximum Contaminant Levels for Beta Particles and Photon Radioactivity from
Man-Made Radionuclides in Community Water Systems*3>
(a) The average annual concentration of beta particle and photon radio-
activity from man-made radionuclides in drinking water shall not
produce an annual dose equivalent to the total body or any internal
organ greater than H millirem/year.
104
-------
APPENDIX B. (continued)
(b) Except for the radionuclides listed in Table B-1, the concentration of
man-made radionuclides causing 4 mrem total body or organ dose
equivalents shall be calculated on the basis of a 2-liter per day
drinking water intake using the 168 hour data listed in "Maximum
Permissible Body Burdens and Maximum Permissible concentration of
Radionuclides in Air or Water for Occupational Exposure," NBS
Handbook 69 as amended August 1963, U.S. Department of Commerce.
If two or more radionuclides are present, the sum of their annual
dose equivalent to the total body or to any organ shall not exceed
4 millirem/year.
TABLE B-1. AVERAGE ANNUAL CONCENTRATION ASSUMED TO PRODUCE A
TOTAL BODY OR ORGAN DOSE OF 4 MREM/YP
pCi
Radionuclide Critical Organ per liter
Tritium Total body 20,000
Strontium-90 Bone marrow 8
<»>"Radiation Protection Standards," DOE Manual, chapter 0524.
<«>"Drinking Water Regulations Radionuclides." Title 40 Code of
Federal Regulations, Chapter 1, Part 141. Federal Register, Vol. 41,
No. 133. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. July 9, 1976.
<'>Conununity water system is a public water system which serves a population
of which 70 percent or greater are residents. A public water system is
a system for the provision to the public of piped water for human con-
sumption, if such system has at least 15 service connections or reg-
ularly serves an average of 25 individuals daily at least 3 months out
of the year.
105
-------
APPENDIX C. DETECTION OF AIRBORNE RADIOACTIVITY PROM
ATMOSPHERIC NUCLEAR TEST BY THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
Following the atmospheric nuclear test by the People's Republic
of China on September 17, 1977, at 0300 hours EDT, samples of air-
borne radioactivity within the Western United States were obtained
from the Air Surveillance Network of the Environmental Monitoring
and Support Laboratory, Las Vegas. Samples were collected to deter-
mine the effect of the Chinese test on ambient levels of airborne
radioactivity, which are routinely monitored around the Nevada Test
Site in support of underground nuclear tests. Special samples of raw
milk and cow feed were also collected from a local milk producer to
determine whether radioiodine from the test could be detected in
milk. From the concentration of radioiodine observed in the air and
milk samples, an estimate of the radiation dose equivalent to the
thyroid gland of a hypothetical infant receptor at each sampling loca-
tion was calculated. The following is a summary of the procedures and
results.
PROCEDURE
In addition to the 48 active stations of the Air Surveillance
Network (ASN), 67 of the 73 standby stations were activated for the
period September 18 through October 19, 1977. All operators of active
and standby stations were requested to use a charcoal cartridge behind
the particulate filter for the collection of gaseous radioiodine. Com-
plete sampling over the desired period was performed by 89 out of the
115 total stations; 26 of the stations had equipment problems or did
not mail in one or more samples during the period.
The particulate filters from all stations were counted for gross
beta radioactivity at 7 days and 14 days after collection to allow
for the decay of naturally occurring radioactivity and for the pur-
pose of extrapolating the concentration to the midtime of collection.
About 5 days after collection, the filters from each station were
analyzed for gamma-emitting radionuclides by gamma spectrometry
techniques. The charcoal cartridges were initially counted for gross
gamma radioactivity; those cartridges having a count rate greater
than 300 cpm were then quantitated for specific radionuclides.
During the period September 27 to October 31, raw milk samples
were collected daily from the LDS Dairy Farm, a local milk producer in
106
-------
Las Vegas, and analyzed for gamma-emitters by gamma spectrometry.
Three samples were also selected for radiostrontium analysis. Cow feed
samples were collected; however, the presence of radioiodine could
only be qualitatively determined.
RESULTS
The airborne concentration of gross beta radioactivity estimated
from the analysis of filters collected from the ASN stations over
the period September 18 through October 19 was detected at most sta-
tions throughout the Network and reached its peak over the period
September 21-30. Typical time series plots of the gross beta radio-
activity concentrations in air are in Figures C-1 and C-2 for Vernal,
Utah, and Ely, Nevada, where the maximum individual concentration of
gross beta radioactivity occurred (1.2x10-»° pCi/ml) and the maximum
quarterly average concentration of gross beta radioactivity occurred
(3.5x10~»2 pCi/ml) at a continuously operating active station.
As indicated by the results of gamma spectrometry analyses on air
samples, airborne fresh fission products from the Chinese test were
first detected on September 21-22 in Idaho and Utah. The ASN sta-
tions in Washington, Oregon, and southeastern California first de-
tected the radioactivity during the period September 22-23 (Washington
and California). Air sampling stations farthest to the east in the
Network (Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, and Louisiana) first
detected radioactivity in samples collected during the period Septem-
ber 23-26 (Missouri). Fresh fission products («*Zr, ««Mo, »°'Ru, »'»!,
iszTe, »"Cs, **°Ba, »«*Ce, »**Ce, and »«*Nd) , an activation product
(23«Np), and naturally occurring *Be were detected in various combina-
tions on the filters. Only 131I was detected on the charcoal cartridges,
Due to the counting workload and interferences within the gamma spectra,
only the radionuclides *Be, ««Zr, »»»i, i32Te, »3*Cs, and »*osa were
quantitated. Tables C-2 and C-3 summarize the radionuclide concentra-
tions detected in filter samples collected at all sampling locations
for CY 1977. The locations and sampling periods during which the maxi-
mum concentrations of each radionuclide was detected are shown in the
following table:
107
-------
TABLE C-1. AIR SAMPLING STATIONS HAVING THE
MAXIMUM RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS
Location
Ely, Nev.
Ridgecrest, Calif.
Vernal, Utah
Milford, Utah
Ely, Nev.
Sampling
Period
09/20-09/21
09/28-09/29
09/23-09/24
09/05-09/07
09/26-09/28
Radio-
nuclide
»*Zr
131J
l32Te
137CS
t*oBa
Half
Life
(days)
65
8.04
3.3
30. 1 (y)
13
Maximum
Cone.
(pCi/m3)
8.5
8.8
14
0.031
17
% CG*
3
30
1
0.02
5
*Percents of Concentration Guides (CG), as specified in DOE Manual,
Chapter 0524 for suitable sample of the exposed population, were
determined assuming that the maximum concentration persisted for a
full year.
From the concentrations of *31I and *32Te determined in samples
from each air sampling location, the radiation dose equivalent (D.E.)
to the thyroid gland of a hypothetical 1-year-old infant receptor was
calculated for each sampling location*. The resultant D.E.'s for each
sampling location are shown in Figures C-3 and C-4 with isopleth lines
for the D.E.»s of 0.5 mrem, 1.0 mrem, and 1.5 mrem. The highest infant
thyroid D.E. from air was estimated to be 1.6 mrem from the samples
collected at Lund and Hiko, Nevada. This dose is 0.3 percent of the
Radiation Protection Standard of 500 mrem for the general population, as
specified by the DOE Manual, Chapter 0524.
Table C-4 lists the gamma spectrometry results for the milk samples
collected at the LDS Dairy Farm near Las Vegas, Nevada. As indicated
by this table, »3»I was detected in 26 of the total of 31 samples
collected; the maximum concentration measured was 57 pCi/1 in the
sample collected September 29. Samples of cow feed (green chop)
were collected during the period September 27 through October 31.
Those samples collected during the period September 27 through
October 23 were qualitatively positive for »'»!. Two of the three
milk samples selected for radiostrontium analysis had concentrations
of radiostrontium that were barely above the minimum detectable con-
centration. One sample collected on September 29 had a »«Sr con-
*Calculational procedures were the same as those specified in Appendix
B, "Final Report of Off-Site Surveillance for the Baneberry Event,"
Report No. SWRHL-107r. WERL/EPA, Las Vegas, Nevada. Feb. 1972.
108
-------
centration and two-sigma counting error of 6.2±3.3 pCi/1. The other
collected on October 1 had a »°Sr concentration and counting error
of 1.3±0.78 pci/1.
Figures C-5 and C-6, respectively, show how the 1311 concentrations
in milk and air samples from Las Vegas varied with time. Decay curves
for 8-day and 5-day half-lives are superimposed on the graph for com-
parison. Normally the decrease in »3ii concentrations in milk
following a single contaminating event follow the curve for a 5-day
half-life. Due to the fact that significant airborne concentrations
of »3ii (> 1 pci/m3) persisted for 5 consecutive days, the decrease
of the »3ii concentration in milk samples initially followed the curve
for the 8.Oft-day half-life. The noticeable departure from this curve
observed for samples collected October 9 and 12 and during the period
October 1U-19 cannot be explained by the »3ti concentrations in air
samples. The air concentrations of tsij were well below the level
(3-5 pCi/m3) required on or after October 7 to have caused the levels
observed in milk (19-12 pCi/1).
Based on the time-integrated concentrations of i3»i in the Las
Vegas milk and the air samples, the estimated D.E. to the thyroid
gland of a hypothetical 1-year-old infant receptor was 12 mrem and
1,2 mrem, respectively. These doses, collectively, are 3 percent of the
Radiation Protection Standard of 500 mrem for exposures to the general
population. The estimated D.E. from milk is 0.1 percent of the Protec-
tive Action Guide* of 10 rads (or rem) at which protective actions would
be necessary to reduce human intake of the radioiodine.
*"Background Material for the Development of Radiation Protection
Standards," Report No. 2, Federal Radiation council. Superintendent
of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.,
September 1961, P. 8.
109
-------
CO
\
a
J2
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-
-
-
-
-
_"
-
-
-
-
^J 1 Iw 1 1 1 1 1 >"'
(120)
k
1(16)
(13)
I i
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
1977
Figure C-l. Gross Beta Radioactivity Concentrations
in Air at Vernal, Utah
(28)
10
9
8
n 7
1 6
a s
4
3
2
1
0
(25)
•
•
_
-
-
•
-
' t t i / >AAK>WV^S^^.
I
1
,s ovwi
IAKI CCD H/IAD ADD kJlAV II IMC II II V Al irj QPPT nrT ND\/ nPP
1977
Figure C-2. Gross Beta Radioactivity Concentrations
in Air at Ely, Nevada
110
-------
0.91
Numbers represent estimated dose equivalent (mrem)
to thyroid gland of hypothetical infant receptor with
one-gram-thyroid weight. Jfc represents locations at
which sampling was incomplete over the period of
September 18 through October 19.
Scale in Miles
0 100 200 300
0 100 200300400
Scale in Kilometers
Figure C-3.
Infant Thyroid Dose Equivalents (mrem) Estimated
from Air Sampling Results of Air Surveillance
Network (Nevada), September-October 1977
111
-------
North Dakota 'Minnesota
Nebraska \ |owa
0'6
o'ro
' .V
' Missouri
Numbers represent estimated dose equi-
valent Imrem) to thyroid gland of hypothetical
infant receptor with one-gram-thyroid
weight $ represents locations at which
sampling was incomplete over the period
of September 18 through! October 19
0 100 200300400
Scale in Kilometers
Figure C-4.
Infant Thyroid Dose Equivalents (mrem) Estimated
from Air Sampling Results of Air Surveillance
Network (Western United States), September-
October 1977
112
-------
Infant thyroid dose equivalent calculated from
observed and estimated concentrations of 13'l =
O
Q.
C
O
+2
2
4-1
C
0>
o
o
o
60 1
50-
40.
30-
20-
10-
0
12 mrem.
n>
"•
••
'
L Missing samples; cone, estimated
^ ^
\
_._._ Decay based upon 5-day effective
._ half life
A
.
,
*m
.
T
•
i
'.
S
•l
\
-
s
V
Decay based upon I3'l physical half-
life of 8.04 days
r-
i
•
'•
S
•
•
S
s
•
-
s
..,
""
S
s
'•,
s
>
«,
^^
_
Tp s •„ , . _ -IVIDC
9/20 9/27 9/30 10/10 10/20 10/30
Date
Figure C-5. 131I Concentrations in Milk Samples Collected
in Las Vegas, Nevada
7.01
^. 6.0-
§. 5.0-
^-*
" 4.0-
C
0
% 3.0-
4->
C
® 9n-
0 2.0-
C
o
" 1.0-
r
"
0.
9/20 9/23
••
Calculated infant thyroid dose
equivalent = 1 .2 mrem.
Air
Sampler
-. Failure
I IT- — i n — —
9/30 10/10 10/20 10/30
Date
Figure C-6.
131I Concentrations in Air Samples Collected
in Las Vegas, Nevada
113
-------
Table C-2.
1977 Summary of Analytical Results for
Air Surveillance Network
Active Stations
Sampling
Location
Kingman, Ariz.
Seligman, Ariz.
Baker, Calif.
Bar stow, Calif.
Bishop, Calif.
*
Death Valley Jet.,
Calif.
No. Type of
Days Radio-
Detected activity
14.0
325.1
27.0
14.0
11.0
38.0
25.0
282.0
14.0
10.0
2.0
14.0
34.0
271.4
26.7
10.0
4.9
35.7
27.9
273.5
23.7
10.7
4.0
35.7
20.9
305.9
22.0
11.0
2.0
31.0
33.8
284.8
21.0
11.0
4.0
32.0
*Be
•«Zr
131J
i32Te
*"CS
»*0fia
»Be
«»Zr
131J
i32T€
»"CS
**°Ba
* Be
»»zr
1311
i32Te
»3*CS
i«OBa
*Be
»»Zr
1311
132-Te
«"CS
i*oBa
*Be
•»Zr
1311
I32«re
i3*Cs
i*OBa
^ Be
»»Zr
1311
1 32
Max Min Ava
0.36
3.0
3.2
2.6
0.027
7.1
0.49
1.4
1.4
1.5
0.020
4.3
0.53
2.4
2.2
2.0
0.017
4.3
0.72
2.6
2.2
2.2
0.023
3.9
0.6
5.4
5.3
6.0
0.028
9.2
0.28
3.6
2.7
2.8
0.023
5.3
0.20
0.013
0.029
0.036
0.020
0.037
0.15
0.015
0.074
0.14
0.020
0.18
0.13
<0.02
0.032
0.05
0.0073
0.061
0.15
0.016
0.054
0.089
0.015
0.056
0.043
0.021
0.068
0.087
0.028
0.046
0.11
<0.02
0.037
0.056
0.016
0.049
0.011
<0. 2
0.039
0.022
<0.001
0.067
0.021
<0.2
0.027
0.014
<0. 001
0.041
0.026
<0.2
0.034
0.020
<0.001
0.056
<0.03
0. 13
0.026
0.019
<0.001
0.051
<0.02
0.17
0.055
0.042
<0.001
0.077
0.019
<0. 2
0.044
0.026
<0.001
0.059
114
-------
Table C-2. (continued)
Sampling
Location
Furnace Creek, Calif.
Lone Pine, Calif.
Needles, Calif.
Ridgecrest, Calif.
Shoshone, Calif.
Alamo, Nev.
No.
Days
Sampled
33.0
264.1
23.1
7.0
13.7
30.6
2.7
179.9
9.0
4.0
6.0
18.0
8.4
246.0
21.1
7.3
7.4
32.8
31.9
299.5
17.9
12.9
4.0
34.9
12.9
308.1
26.0
12.9
2.0
32.5
19.9
302.7
26.0
12.1
1.9
38.0
Type of
Radio-
activity
*Be
»*Zr
1311
t32Te
137CS
i«oBa
7 Be
»SZr
131J
i32Te
»37CS
i»OBa
*Be
»«Zr
1311
132-ie
»3*CS
»*°Ba
*Be
»«Zr
1311
132T6
»37CS
i«oBa
7Be
95zr
1311
iszTe
»37CS
»*<>Ba
*Be
»»Zr
1311
i32Te
137CS
t«OBa
Radioactivity
Concentration < 10~»fK:i/ml>
Max Min Ava
0.91
3.4
2.1
2.1
0.030
5.3
0.52
0.63
0.35
0.20
0.034
0.78
0.22
3.2
1.9
1.5
0.023
4.1
0.46
1.5
8.5
1.6
0.03
2.7
0.32
3.5
2.4
2.2
0.024
6.2
0.43
4.1
3.8
3.1
0.025
8.4
0.12
0.015
0.029
0.40
0.021
0.071
0.52
0.02
0.019
0.031
0.0066
0.019
0.22
0.014
0.031
0.25
0.014
0.046
0.14
0.016
0.023
0.11
0.024
0.033
0.15
0.013
0.028
0.033
0.024
0.045
0.15
0.010
0.026
0.097
0.025
0.025
0.032
<0. 2
0.029
0.020
<0.001
0.055
0.0071
0. 15
0.004
0.0015
<0.001
0.011
0.0059
<0. 2
0.045
0.023
<0.001
0.076
0.025
<0.2
0.046
0.019
<0.001
0.038
0.0085
<0. 2
0.035
0.020
<0.001
0.064
0.015
<0.2
0.051
0.032
<0.001
0.080
115
-------
Table C-2. (continued)
Sampling
Location
Austin, Nev.
Beatty, Nev.
Blue Eagle Ranch, Nev.
Blue Jay, Nev.
Caliente, Nev.
Currant Ranch, Nev.
No.
Days
Sampled
21.9
226.2
19.8
7.0
7.0
27.7
29.9
282.8
26.0
15.1
.0
33.0
20.0
275.6
23.3
15.5
2.0
32.1
12.0
317.0
28.0
14.0
3.8
38.0
28.7
295.0
22.0
7.0
2.0
32.8
17.6
184.8
5.1
.0
2.5
5.1
Type of
Radio-
activity
*Be
»»Zr
1311
i32Te
»3*CS
»*°Ba
*Be
»«Zr
1311
iszTe
137CS
i«OBa
*Be
»»Zr
1311
iszTe
13TCS
i40Ba
7Be
9sZr
131J
i32T€
137CS
1*0 Ba
*Be
«szr
1311
132T6
137CS
»*<>Ea
»Be
95Zr
131!
132TC
»'TCS
i*OBa
Radioactivity
Concentration < 10-»»K;i/ml>
Max Min Avq
0.35
3.4
2.9
3.2
0.027
6.3
0.45
3.5
3.7
3.7
—
5.3
0.39
4.0
3.5
3.0
0.024
8.6
0.25
3.4
5.8
8.5
0.028
6.9
0.46
2.6
3.1
2.7
0.037
6.8
0.81
0.49
0.11
—
0.033
0.29
0.11
0.011
0.024
0.039
0.020
0.043
0.15
0.012
0.027
0.056
—
0.056
0.15
0.016
0.036
0.036
0.024
0.027
0.16
0.001
0.025
0.030
0.024
0.043
0.19
0.014
0.030
0.073
0.037
0.049
0.13
0.018
0.069
-
0.033
0.15
0.017
0. 13
0.031
0.028
<0.001
0.068
0.018
<0. 2
0.049
0.035
—
0.063
0.012
0.12
0.065
0.033
<0.001
0.079
0.0069
<0. 2
0.063
0.062
0.062
0.077
0.023
<0. 2
0.026
0.022
<0.001
0.059
0.027
0.015
0.0019
—
<0. 001
0.0047
116
-------
Table C-2. (continued)
Sampling
Location
Diablo, Nev.
Duckwater, Nev.
Ely , Nev.
Eureka , Nev.
Fallinils Ranch, Nev.
Geyser Ranch, Nev.
No.
Days
Sampled
11.1
162.6
21.6
7.3
.0
27.2
20.0
245.2
21.0
13.0
.0
29.0
17.7
278.0
21.0
10.1
16.9
31.0
20.0
285.1
15.0
2.0
1.0
24.0
20.4
305.2
17.2
15.2
.0
28.4
15.7
286.6
28.0
12.0
7.0
39.1
Type of
Radio-
activity
*Be
95Zr
1311
i32Te
137CS
i«OBa
* Be
9szr
1311
iszTe
»37CS
»*<>Ba
»Be
«3Zr
1311
i32Te
137CS
i40Ba
TBe
»szr
13H
i32Te
137CS
i*OBa
»Be
»sZr
1311
i32Te
*3*CS
»«°Ba
*Be
»»Zr
1311
i32Te
»37Cs
»*<>Ba
Radioactivity
Concentration < 10-«jjCi/ml>
Max Min Aver
0.41
1.4
1.6
1.4
—
2.4
0.37
4.9
4.5
5.1
-
10.0
0.41
8.5
7.0
6.7
0.024
17
0.35
0.41
0.11
0.12
0.041
0.21
0.37
5.7
6.8
7.6
—
9.9
0.4
4.2
4.3
7.0
0.024
7.3
0.20
0.015
0.031
0.12
—
0.030
0.15
0.015
0.029
0.088
-
0.04
0.12
0.014
0.046
0.030
<0.01
0.044
0.17
0.015
0.045
0.12
0.041
0.047
0.16
0.012
0.027
0.071
-
0.027
0.13
0.014
0.02
0.06
0.011
0.026
0.015
0.095
0.039
0.025
—
0.055
<0.02
0. 16
0.064
0.053
-
0.099
<0.02
<0. 2
0.068
0.066
<0.001
0.16
0.014
<0.09
0.0035
<0.001
<0.001
0.0081
0.014
<0. 2
0.071
0.055
-
0.083
0.009
<0. 2
0.066
0.05
<0.001
0.072
117
-------
Table C-2. (continued)
Sampling
Location
Goldfield, Nev.
Area 51, NTS, Nev. Cl)
Hiko, Nev.
Indian Springs, Nev.
Las Vegas, Nev.
Lathrop Wells, Nev.
NO.
Days
Sampled
27.0
294.4
26.0
10.0
8.0
34.0
13.7
245.4
16.9
15.1
4.1
28.1
20.9
299.1
21.8
8.9
8.0
32.7
24.0
299.9
26.0
7.0
4.0
33.0
23.0
168.1
24.0
12.0
.0
31.0
19.0
290.0
19.0
10.0
5.0
30.0
Type of
Radio-
activity
?Be
«szr
131J
i32Te
»37CS
i*osa
*Be
»5Zr
1311
iszTe
mCs
i*OBa
*Be
»«Zr
131X
132Te
137CS
i40Ba
*Be
««Zr
1311
i32Te
13TCS
i40Ba
*Be
»«Zr
1311
i32Te
137CS
l*0Ba
*Be
«»Zr
1311
i32Te
137C8
i*oBa
Radioactivity
Concentration <10~»MCi/ml>
Max Min Avq
0.49
3.6
3.1
3.2
0.025
6.0
0.44
2.6
1.9
1.6
0.0085
4.6
0.47
5.3
7.8
11
0.027
9.4
0.42
3.9
4.2
3.7
0.021
9.0
0.42
5.1
4.5
4.9
-
10
0.38
2.3
2.6
3.7
0.013
3.4
0.14
0.012
0.033
0.071
0.021
0.050
0.20
0.014
0.023
0.041
0.0085
0.038
0.14
0.015
0.032
0.060
0.019
0.54
0.11
0.013
0.030
0.75
0.020
0.052
0.25
0.017
0.033
0.045
—
0.038
0.21
0.020
0.034
0.082
0.012
0.054
0.020
<0.2
0.036
0.027
<0.001
0.061
0.012
0.014
0.063
0.031
<0.001
0.083
0.015
0.16
0.073
0.074
<0.001
0.085
0.015
<0.2
0.057
0.032
<0.001
0.083
0.030
0. 13
0.084
0.057
-
0.12
0.016
<0.2
0.042
0.030
<0.001
0.048
118
-------
Table O2. (continued)
Sampling
location
Lida, Nev.
Lund, Nev.
Mesquite, Nev.
Moapa, Nev.
Nyala, Nev.
Pah rump, Nev.
NO.
Days
Sampled
22.0
289.8
28.0
9.0
.0
37.0
21.8
295.6
28.0
12.0
4.0
36.0
34.0
280.5
27.0
9.0
2.0
36.0
13.1
96.3
21.0
9.0
.0
25.9
22.0
283.0
24.0
9.0
5.0
33.0
24.0
225.7
6.1
.0
.0
.0
Type of
Radio-
activity
*Be
»«Zr
131!
13ZT6
137CS
i*°Ba
*Be
»»Zr
1311
iszTe
»37CS
i*(>Ba
7Be
»»Zr
131!
i3z«re
»37CS
»*°Ba
7Be
»szr
131J
iszTe
137CS
i*0fia
*Be
9s2r
131!
iszTe
»3»CS
i*0fla
7 Be
»«Zr
131!
iszTe
»37CS
i*«Ba
Radioactivity
Concentration <10-»pCi/ml>
Max Min Avq
0.49
6.7
3.7
3.3
-
7.5
0.35
7.0
7.7
6.2
0.027
15
0.37
1.7
1.6
1.9
1.6
3.5
0.38
2.4
1.9
2.3
—
4.8
0.33
3.6
3.9
4.6
0.022
6.6
0.40
0.57
0.34
—
-
—
0.15
0.015
0.026
0.053
—
0.041
0.17
0.018
0.027
0.055
0.019
0.042
0.12
0.016
0.023
0.078
0.016
0.019
0.24
0.018
0.037
0.22
-
0.059
0.10
0.015
0.037
0.17
0.013
0.035
0.14
0.012
0.12
—
—
-
0.016
<0. 2
0.044
0.028
-
0. 10
0.018
0.20
0.080
0.057
<0.001
0.14
0.025
<0. 2
0.030
0.021
<0.001
0.056
0.034
0.17
0.12
0.085
-
0.20
0.014
<0. 15
0.064
0.063
<0.001
0.096
0.018
<0. 1
0.0048
••
•
—
119
-------
Table C-2. (continued)
Sampling
Location
Pioche, Nev.
Round Mountain, Nev.
Scotty's Junction, Nev.
Stone Cabin Ranch, Nev.
Sunnyside, Nev.
Tonopah, Nev.
No.
Days
Sampled
24.0
281.8
7.0
.0
9.0
15.0
22.8
293.3
22.5
11.1
3.0
32.3
19.8
298.9
22.0
17.0
.0
33.0
30.7
297.7
15.6
6.7
5.0
26.2
23.9
290.6
24.2
10.0
8.8
33.0
23.0
294.8
18.0
8.0
8.0
31.1
Type of
Radio-
activity
• SZr
i32Te
137CS
»*<>Ba
?Be
»»Zr
13»I
i32Te
1 3*CS
»*oBa
7Be
«5Zr
1311
432T6
13TCS
»*«Ba
7Be
95Zr
1311
i32
Max Min Avq
0.36
0.49
0.10
-
0.025
0.28
0.43
3.3
3.4
3.7
0.014
5.7
0.51
3.7
4.6
5.3
—
6.1
0.48
3.4
3.2
3.6
0.024
6.9
0.34
5.2
4.6
5.4
0.031
11.0
0.26
3.2
2.5
2.5
0.024
4.1
0.17
0.011
0.037
-
0.013
0.048
0.17
0.02
0.047
0.082
0.014
0.034
0.13
0.016
0.048
0.075
—
0.044
0.16
0.014
0.027
0.53
0.022
0.027
0.13
0.016
0.041
0.073
0.017
0.039
0.14
0.013
0.040
0.10
0.019
0.058
<0.02
<0.2
0.0013
-
<0.001
0.0052
0.016
<0. 2
0.047
0.030
<0.001
0.057
0.014
<0. 2
0.058
0.046
-
0.067
0.023
<0.2
0.040
0.026
<0.0001
0.055
0.017
<0. 2
0.071
0.049
<0.001
0.11
0.014
<0.2
0.031
0.016
<0.001
0.039
120
-------
Table C-2. (continued)
Sampling
Location
NO.
Days
Sampled
Type of
Radio-
activity
Tonopah Test Range, Nev. 10. 1 7Be
Cedar City, Utah
Delta, Utah
Garrison, Utah
Mil ford, Utah
St. George, Utah
236.0
22.9
10.8
1.9
28.9
11.8
274.2
27.0
16.0
.0
35.8
16.1
161.8
8.6
4.0
3.7
10.5
28.0
269.1
12.0
2.0
9.0
16.8
19.9
214.2
12.1
7.0
4.7
13.7
25.8
297.0
20.9
12.7
.0
34.9
9»zr
131J
i32Te
1 37CS
»«°Ba
7 Be
9szr
1311
132 T^
j 3 7 Cs
»*<>Ba
*Be
9szr
1311
132-ie
137CS
»*°Ba
*Be
95Zr
1311
i32jCi/ml>
Max Min Avq
0.49
2.9
4.0
4.7
0.028
6.0
0.31
3.6
3.0
4.6
—
0.057
0.32
4.2
4.6
5.7
0.045
8.7
0.53
0.53
0.057
0.087
0.020
0.26
0.37
3.2
2.5
2.8
0.031
5.5
0.31
1.7
1.5
1.4
-
3.3
0.15
0.012
0.045
0.086
0.028
0.040
0.18
0.015
0.021
0.041
-
0.035
0.16
0.017
0.19
2.7
0.027
0.23
0.17
0.013
0.026
0.087
0.0089
0.066
0.14
0.018
0.05
0.98
0.012
0.073
0.15
0.015
0.034
0.038
-
0.029
0.010
0. 14
0.42
0.037
<0.001
0.062
0.0089
<0. 2
0.074
0.056
-
0.095
0.018
<0.3
0.069
0.069
<0.001
0.14
0.020
<0. 2
0.0016
<0.001
<0.001
0.0064
0.002
<0. 2
0.042
0.043
<0.001
0.094
0.018
<0. 2
0.025
0.023
—
0.060
<*> Also known as Groom Lake.
121
-------
Table C-3.
1977 Summary of Analytical Results for
Air Surveillance Network
Standby Stations
Sampling
Location
Phoenix, Ariz.
Winslow, Ariz.
Little Rock, Ark.
Indio, Calif.
Denver, Colo.
Durango, Colo.
No.
Days
Detected
6.0
35.3
22.1
8.1
.0
24.1
.0
35.8
26.0
5.0
.0
24.0
1.5
30.6
9.1
11.8
.0
19.9
.0
36.7
23.0
14.0
.0
26.0
.0
40.7
18.0
11.0
.0
25.8
4.0
38.4
20.8
13.5
.0
25.9
Type of
Radio-
activity
1311
7 Be
»»Zr
1311
& 3 2 ^Ptf*
137 ^^^s
1 ^ O T^TI
* Be
«»Zr
1311
132 ^PdTfr
1 3 7^*c»
»*oBa
7 Be
»«Zr
131J
1 32Te
1 37CS
i»oBa
*Be
95Zr
131J
i32Te
137CS
»*oBa
*Be
95 Zr
1311
132 ^Pf*
137 f^Q
**°Ba
Radioactivity
Concentration <10-jjCi/ml>
Max Min Avg
0.18
0.81
0.65
0.55
1.8
0.61
0.56
0.49
—
1.2
0.22
0.89
1.0
1.4
-
1.7
—
1.4
1.3
1.2
—
2.7
—
2.3
2.9
4.0
—
6.4
0.21
1.4
2.0
2.6
-
3.7
0.18
0.032
0.029
0.039
0.065
0.029
0.023
0.21
-
0.044
0.22
0.039
0.048
0.019
—
0.022
—
0.089
0.032
0.03
-
0.092
—
0.017
0.023
0.075
-
0.063
0.19
0.024
0.036
0.076
—
0.072
0.023
0.15
0.13
0.045
0.23
0.12
0.099
0.033
-
0.18
0.0077
0.081
0.061
0.076
-
0.12
—
0.25
0.21
0.12
-
0.35
-
0.23
0.35
0.26
-
0.46
0.015
0.17
0.22
0.19
—
0.33
122
-------
Table C-3. (continued)
Sampling
Location
Grand Junction,
Colo.
Pueblo, Colo.
Boise, Idaho
Idaho Falls,
Idaho
Mountain Home,
Idaho
Pocatello, Idaho
No. Type of
Days Radio-
Detected activity
5.0
37.0
22.9
13.1
.0
27.0
.0
36.0
18.2
8.0
.0
27.1
.0
41.8
19.4
9.4
.0
23. 4
6.8
35.1
18.0
10.0
.0
26.0
.0
38.2
16.2
10.4
.0
24.0
4.8
37.5
23.8
16.3
.0
25.8
»Be
9szr
1311
i32Te
»37CS
i*°Ba
*Be
95Zr
1311
1 32Te
*37CS
i*0fia
*Be
9szr
131J
iszTe
137CS
i*«Ba
*Be
9szr
1311
132-re
137CS
»*°Ba
»Be
9SZr
1311
i32Te
»37CS
»*<>Ba
*Be
«*Zr
1311
i32Te
»37CS
»*°Ba
Radioactivity
Concentration < 10-»pCi/ml>
Max Min Avq
0.22
1.4
1.7
1.7
-
3.0
_
1.9
2.2
2.7
—
4.0
—
0.29
0.16
0.15
—
0.32
0.26
1.4
1.3
1.2
—
2.3
—
0.48
0.37
0.34
-
0.62
0.32
2.4
2.5
2.1
-
5.2
0.13
0.05
0.026
0.086
—
0.085
—
0.043
0.036
0.33
-
0.048
—
0.016
0.019
0.032
-
0.042
0.20
0.037
0.035
0.026
-
0.033
—
0.045
0.033
0.063
-
0.056
0.22
0.044
0.029
0.056
-
0.069
0.017
0.22
0.28
0.19
-
0.42
_
0.30
0.32
0.29
-
0.56
—
0.12
0.038
0.023
-
0.078
0.033
0.18
0.11
0.091
-
0.24
—
0.12
0.036
0.030
-
0.068
0.024
0.25
0.25
0.16
-
0.38
123
-------
Table C-3. (continued)
Sampling
Location
Preston, Idaho
Twin Falls, Idaho
Iowa City, Iowa
Sioux City, Iowa
Dodge City, Kans.
Lake Charles, La.
No. Type of
Days Radio-
Detected activity
6.0 *Be
38.9 »«Zr
19.0 »3ii
7.0 »32Te
.0 »37CS
24.0 i*OBa
3.0 *Be
37.0 »»Zr
24.0 »3ti
13.0 »32Te
.0 »37CS
26.0 **°Ba
.0 *Be
23.0 »'Zr
7.0 »3ti
7.0 »32Te
.0 »37CS
10.0 »«<>Ba
3.0 *Be
31.0 «»Zr
11.0 i3ii
7.0 »32Te
.0 137CS
18.0 i«oBa
.0 *Be
33.0 »«Zr
15.0 »3ii
10.0 132-re
.0 »37CS
24.0 »*OBa
.0 ^Be
25.3 ««Zr
4.0 »3ii
6.9 »32Te
.0 »37CS
11.9 »*OBa
Radioactivity
Concentration <• 10~»»jCi/ml )
Max Min Aver
0.41
3.2
2.7
3.0
-
6.3
0.21
0.62
0.53
0.66
—
1.1
—
0.23
0.25
0.18
-
0.42
0.15
0.15
0.18
0.21
-
0.42
—
0.77
0.53
0.79
—
1.3
-
0.17
0.067
0.068
—
0.21
0.29
0.015
0.025
0.048
—
0.07
0.21
0.059
0.031
0.087
—
0.045
_
0.03
0.055
0.083
—
0.059
0.15
0.03
0.031
0.042
—
0.041
—
0.021
0.019
0.026
—
0.024
—
0.019
0.059
0.042
—
0.05
0.042
0.32
0.27
0.20
_
0.51
0.013
0.14
0.076
0.060
_
0.13
—
0.051
0.017
0.018
—
0.037
0.0085
0.038
0.014
0.012
-
0.039
_
0.075
0.039
0.046
-
0.098
—
0.052
0.0071
0.0098
-
0.038
124
-------
Table C-3. (continued)
Sampling
Location
Monroe, La.
New Orleans, La.
Minneapolis, Minn.
Clayton, Mo.
Joplin, Mo.
St. Joseph, Mo.
No. Type of
Days Radio-
Detected activity
.0
26.9
13.0
10.9
.0
17.9
.0
26.1
8.1
6.0
.0
13.0
.0
9.0
2.0
2.0
.0
4.0
3.0
34.0
16.0
10.0
.0
21.0
.0
31.5
15.0
10.0
.0
19.9
.0
35.9
19.0
10.7
.0
20.7
»Be
««Zr
131!
iszTe
13*CS
»*°Ba
*Be
»«2r
1311
132Te
»'»CS
»*°Ba
»Be
««Zr
1311
tszTe
»37CS
i*oBa
*Be
«szr
131J
i32Te
»37CS
»*°Ba
*Be
»»Zr
131!
isaTe
»3*CS
»*°Ba
»Be
«5Zr
131!
i32Te
»37CS
1 * 0Ba
Radioactivity
Concentration < 1 0~ »pCi/ml >
Max Min Avq
^
3.5
4.0
3.7
-
7.7
_
1.6
1.9
2.8
-
4.8
_
0.14
0.038
0.061
-
0.17
0.15
0.22
0.16
0.17
-
0.3
—
0.3
0.39
0.50
-
0.99
—
0.17
0.010
0.13
-
0.21
.
0.039
0.021
0.041
—
0.025
_
0.022
0.047
0.062
-
0.096
—
0.027
0.038
0.061
-
0.07
0.15
0.023
0.037
0.11
-
0.02
—
0.034
0.022
0.042
-
0.068
—
0.026
0.024
0.063
-
0.035
.
0.29
0.28
0.25
—
0.54
_
0.16
0.12
0.15
-
0.30
_
0.018
0.0024
0.0033
-
0.013
0.0092
0.057
0.037
0.026
-
0.057
-
0.073
0.040
0.034
-
0.096
-
0.066
0.022
0.024
-
0.046
125
-------
Table C-3. (continued)
Sampling
Location
Billings, Mont.
Bozeman, Mont.
Missoula, Mont.
North Platte,
Nebr.
Battle Mountain,
Nev.
Currant Maint.
Sta.r Nev.
No. Type of
Days Radio-
Detected activity
3.0
35.9
11.7
10.0
.0
24. 0
5.0
34.1
19.1
9.1
.0
26.2
.0
32.1
15.7
7.1
.0
25.0
.0
31.9
20.0
10.0
.0
21.9
2.0
2.0
.9
.9
.0
.9
2.3
27.9
24.2
3.0
.0
26.9
*Be
«»Zr
1311
i32Te
»37CS
»«°Ba
*Be
»SZr
1311
132Te
»37CS
i*«Ba
»Be
»szr
131 1
i32Te
»37CS
i*OBa
TBe
»szr
131J
i32Te
137CS
»*°Ba
*Be
«'Zr
1311
132Te
>37CS
»*«Ea
TEC
«5Zr
1311
132T6
»37CS
»*<>Ba
Radioactivity
Concentration < 10-9pCi/ml)
Max Min Aver
0.34
0.26
0.19
0.32
—
0.37
0.28
1.3
1.4
1.8
—
3.5
_
0.21
0.92
0,12
-
0.18
—
0.49
0.50
0.47
—
1.2
0.17
0.82
0.73
0.85
-
1.0
0.15
1.3
1.7
1.1
-
1.7
0.34
0.034
0.059
0.06
-
0.031
0.22
0.036
0.022
0.094
-
0.027
_
0.045
0.034
0.062
-
0.03
—
0.028
0.029
0.047
—
0.046
0.17
0.10
0.73
0.85
—
1.0
0.15
0.093
0.039
1.1
-
0.071
0.022
0.083
0.026
0.034
-
0.066
0.030
0.13
0.097
0.10
—
0.22
_
0.083
0.070
0.015
-
0.053
—
0.089
0.057
0.043
—
0.11
0.034
0.087
0.068
0.080
-
0.094
0.0099
0.28
0.40
0.094
—
0.36
126
-------
Table C-3. (continued)
Sampling
Location
Currie, Nev.
Elko, Nev.
Fallen, Nev.
Frenchman Sta.,
Nev.
Lovelock, Nev.
Reno, Nev.
No. Type of
Days Radio-
Detected activity
2.9
20.6
10.0
10.0
.0
10.0
.0
40.5
23.9
10.0
.0
25.9
2.0
24.9
14.0
9.0
.0
14.0
1.9
13.0
4.9
4.9
.0
4.9
.0
17.1
10.9
9,0
.0
10.9
4.8
34.1
25.7
11.8
.0
25.7
7Be
»«Zr
1311
i32Te
137CS
»*oBa
*Be
•5Zr
1311
1 32Te
137CS
i*oBa
7Be
»»Zr
1311
132T6
137CS
t*oBa
»»Zr
1311
i32Te
»37CS
»*oBa
»«Zr
1311
i32Te
137CS
»*oBa
»»Zr
1311
i32Te
» 3 7CS
i4OBa
Radioactivity
Concentration <10~9pCi/ml>
Max Min Avq
0.72
4.1
4.5
3.7
—
9.0
_
2.0
2.4
1.9
—
4.7
0.32
1.0
0.91
1.1
-
2.0
0.19
1.8
1.8
1.8
-
3.3
1.2
1.1
0.80
-
1.7
0.70
1.6
0.75
0.72
-
2.0
0.33
0.083
0.04
0.11
-
0.11
_
0.017
0.027
0.032
—
0.077
0.32
0.069
0.075
0.079
—
0.14
0.19
0.071
0.13
0.58
-
0.61
0.066
0.043
0.11
-
0.077
0.18
0.03
0.027
0.073
-
0.061
0.048
0.53
0.65
0.48
—
1.06
_
0.23
0.21
0.13
—
0.37
0.018
0.19
0.20
0.12
-
0.26
0.014
0.21
0.19
0.19
-
0.30
0.24
0.27
0.14
-
0.26
0.037
0.19
0.12
0.091
—
0.22
127
-------
Table C-3. (continued)
Sampling
Location
Warm Springs, Nev.
Wells, Nev.
winnemucca, Nev.
A 1 buquer que ,
N. Mex.
Carlsbad, N. Mex.
Muskogee, Okla.
No.
Days
Detected
.0
24.9
16.0
10.0
.0
16.0
3.0
17.7
8.0
7.0
.0
8.0
.0
29.7
18.0
12.3
.0
24.9
3.0
33.7
20.1
10.0
.0
25.9
.0
8.1
4.1
4. 1
.0
4.1
.0
34.9
14.0
7.0
.0
21.0
Type of
Radio-
activity
»»Zr
131J
132T6
137CS
»*0fia
•5Zr
131J
132-re
1 37CS
i*0fia
?Be
*sZr
1311
i32Te
137CS
t«OBa
7Be
9SZr
1311
i32Te
fl 3 7 ^^PC
1 4 Q T^ A
*Be
»«Zr
1311
i32Te
1 37CS
t*oBa
««Zr
131J
i32Te
1 37CS
i + OBa
Radioactivity
Concentration <10-»pCi/ml>
Max Min Avq
5.5
6.3
7.4
9.1
0.58
3.2
3.2
3.2
—
7.3
—
1.6
1.3
1.2
-
2.7
0.20
0.75
1.2
1.7
-
2.6
—
1.2
1.7
2.4
—
3.4
0.27
0.36
0.59
-
1.2
0.044
0.45
0.053
0.12
0.38
0.054
0.16
0.38
-
0.29
—
0.053
0.043
0.071
-
0.046
0.20
0.030
0.018
0.058
-
0.067
—
0.062
0.078
0.16
-
0.25
0.049
0.031
0.031
—
0.028
0.70
0.76
0.72
0.11
0.044
0.41
0.49
0.32
-
0.74
—
0.19
0.15
0.10
-
0.22
0.012
0.12
0.16
0.12
-
0.25
-
0.15
0.24
0.25
-
0.35
0.069
0.03
0.03
—
0.099
128
-------
Table C-3. (continued)
Sampling
Location
Norman, Okla.
Burns, Oreg.
Medford, Oreg.
Aberdeen, S. Dak.
Rapid City, S. Dak.
Abilene, Tex.
No. Type of
Days Radio-
Detected activity
2.0
34.6
14.9
10.9
.0
24.9
.0
30.0
14.0
12.0
.0
21.0
.0
23.8
4.9
1.0
.0
10.8
.0
26.0
5.0
4.0
.0
7.0
.0
34.7
14.1
7.2
.0
20.1
1.9
35.9
17.8
10.0
.0
25.9
7Be
•sZr
1311
132T6
137CS
i*«Ba
?Be
»szr
1311
i32Te
137CS
»*<>Ba
?Be
9SZr
1311
132T6
137CS
»*oBa
?Be
»»Zr
131J
1 32Te
137CS
»*°Ba
«Zr
131!
132 Trfi
\ 3 7^^c
1^0 'R si
*Be
«»Zr
1311
i32Te
137CS
»*°Ba
Radioactivity
Concentration < 1 0- »pCi/ml >
Max Min Avq
0.55
0.44
0.24
0.36
-
0.63
—
0.27
0.26
0.29
-
0.63
—
0.17
0.085
0.16
—
0.19
—
0.15
0.17
0.14
-
0.16
0.17
0.23
0.11
-
0.48
0.29
0.77
0.81
1.0
—
1.9
0.55
0.05
0.041
0.075
-
0.042
—
0.053
0.043
0.049
—
0.044
—
0.041
0.048
0.16
-
0.058
-
0.024
0.044
0.087
-
0.06
0.016
0.020
0.064
-
0.047
0.29
0.047
0.049
0.092
-
0.045
0.022
0.12
0.048
0.052
-
0.14
-
0.095
0.034
0.035
-
0.081
—
0.053
0.0069
0.0034
-
0.030
-
0.039
0.0088
0.0088
-
0.013
0.063
0.023
0.012
-
0.052
0.011
0.13
0.014
0.083
-
0.22
129
-------
Table C-3. (continued)
No. Type of
Radioactivity
Sampling
Location
Amarillo, Tex.
Austin, Tex.
Fort Worth, Tex.
Eryce Canyon, Utah
Capitol Reef, Utah
Dugway, Utah
Days Radio-
Detected activity
5.0
36.0
20.0
9.0
.0
26.0
3.1
17.0
12.0
7.1
.0
14.0
.0
17.0
7.0
5.0
.0
7.0
3.5
32.2
20.1
13.0
.0
21.9
.0
37.6
15.9
7.0
.0
23.8
3.0
12.5
6.5
4.5
.0
6.5
*Be
»szr
1311
i32Te
*3TCS
»*oEa
*Be
•»Zr
131!
i32Te
»3TCS
»«°Ba
*Be
9SZr
1311
i32Te
137CS
»«°Ba
»Be
«szr
1311
i32Te
»3*CS
nofia
*Be
»szr
131T
iszTe
»3TCS
»*«Ba
^Be
«szr
1311
iszTe
»37CS
»*OEa
Concentration <10-»MCi/ml>
Max Min Ava
0.32
0.26
0.52
0.19
-
0.5U
0. 12
0.20
0.11
0.15
—
0.29
-
0.26
0.22
0.31
—
0.66
0.27
1.7
2.5
2.6
—
3.7
-
1.6
1.7
1.8
-
3.5
O.U7
3.9
a. 3
4.0
-
8.7
0.16
0.035
0.018
0.042
—
0.028
0.12
0.05
0.032
0.11
-
0.053
—
0.026
0.05
0.15
—
0.042
0.17
0.046
0.039
0.084
-
0.047
—
0.025
0.044
0.14
-
0.10
0.43
0.063
0.27
0.54
-
0.61
0.024
0.087
0.080
0.022
-
0.097
0.010
0.05
0.056
0.023
-
0.053
_
0.067
0.043
0.039
—
0.075
0.015
0.26
0.34
0.24
-
0.46
—
0.26
0.27
0.18
-
0.39
0.056
0.50
0.50
0.40
—
0.96
130
-------
Table C-3. (continued)
Sampling
Location
Enterprise, Utah
Logan, Utah
Monticello, Utah
Pa rowan, Utah
Provo, Utah
Salt Lake City,
Utah
No. Type of
Days Radio-
Detected activity
7.1
37.8
26.0
7.0
.0
26.0
5.0
18.2
6.9
6.9
.0
7.9
.0
33.3
22.0
8.0
.0
26.0
3.0
7.9
1.9
1.9
.0
1.9
4.0
37.4
24.8
8.8
.0
24.8
4.9
29.8
17.3
7.3
.0
19,2
»«Zr
1311
132 ^P^i
1 3 7^^cs
»*OBa
?Be
95Zr
1311
i32Te
137CS
»«°Ba
?Be
99 Zr
1311
i32Te
137CS
»*<>Ba
?Be
»szr
1311
132 ^r f$
i 3 T^^cs
i«oBa
7Be
*'Zr
1311
132-re
137CS
i«°Ba
?Be
95 zr
1311
i32Te
137CS
i*oBa
Radioactivity
Concentration <10-'pCi/ml>
Max Min Avq
0.21
2.9
2.4
2.6
-
5.2
0.21
3.5
2.9
3.1
—
6.2
_
0.58
0.84
0.49
—
1.3
0.28
0.44
0.46
1.1
-
0.66
0.24
3.8
3.6
4.3
-
8.5
0.21
3.1
3.6
3.5
-
6.3
0.15
0.063
0.027
0.83
-
0.056
0.098
0.035
0.071
0.12
—
0.056
_
0.034
0.043
0.068
-
0.06
0.28
0.046
0.11
0.32
-
0.26
0.20
0.065
0.028
0.055
-
0.087
0.18
0.062
0.033
0.11
-
0.093
0.025
0.32
0.28
0.21
-
0.51
0.028
0.46
0.51
0.33
-
0.74
—
0.13
0.11
0.029
-
0.16
0.033
0.045
0.021
0.052
-
0.034
0.019
0.37
0.44
0.32
-
0.70
0.022
0.29
0.36
0.23
-
0.50
131
-------
Table C-3. (continued)
Sampling
Location
Vernal, Utah
Wendover, Utah
Seattle, Wash.
Spokane, Wash.
Casper, Wyo.
Rock Springs, Wyo.
No. Type of
Days Radio-
Detected activity
6.0
31.5
16.5
9.5
.0
20.5
2.0
14.0
5.0
.0
.0
7.0
.0
35.7
2.0
2.0
.0
12.1
.0
33.0
4.0
3.0
.0
7.0
2.0
37.0
21.0
11.0
.0
26.0
.0
10.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
137CS
'Be
9SZr
1311
i32Te
137CS
»*«Ba
?Be
«»Zr
131J
192 ^Pc&
t 3 7f^ is
140 "Rji
7Be
95 7 T"
131J
i32>£e
137CS
»*oBa
*Be
99 Zr
1311
132-xe
>37CS
i*oBa
«SZr
131X
i32Te
137CS
**°Ea
Radioactivity
Concentration < 1 0~ 9pCi/ml >
Max Min Avq
0.27
5.2
7.6
14
15
0.21
0.25
0.045
—
—
0.093
-
0.14
0.094
0.15
-
0.11
—
0.80
0.054
0.022
-
0.80
0.37
1.3
1.4
1.3
-
3.0
0.15
-
-
-
-
0.16
0.026
0.037
0.078
0.059
0.21
0.031
0.02
-
-
0.037
—
0.038
0.051
0.092
—
0.032
-
0.019
0.023
0.022
—
0.02
0.37
0.097
0.032
0.064
-
0.072
0.045
—
-
—
—
0.028
0.25
0.38
0.40
0.55
0.016
0.058
0.0059
-
-
0.014
—
0.046
0.003
0.0051
-
0.012
-
0.090
0.0027
0.0015
-
0.021
0.015
0.18
0.25
0.12
-
0.30
0.037
—
—
—
—
132
-------
Table C-3. (continued)
No. Type of Radioactivity
Sampling Days Radio- Concentration <10~*MCi/ml>
Location Detected activity Max Min Avq
Norland. Wyo. 3.0 TBe 0.25 0.25 0.019
32.0 «sZr 2.0 0.053 0.20
13.0 »»»I 1.9 0.018 0.12
3.0 »«Te 0.12 0.077 0.0071
.0 »**Cs -
19.0 »*OBa 3.8 0.055 0.29
133
-------
Table C-4. Special Milk Sampling Results for Las Vegas, Nevada
Radionuclide
Sampling
Location
Las Vegas, Nev.
LDS Dairy Farm
Las Vegas, Nev.
LDS Dairy Farm
Las Vegas, Nev.
LDS Dairy Farm
Las Vegas, Nev.
LDS Dairy Farm
Las Vegas, Nev.
LDS Dairy Farm
Las Vegas, Nev.
LDS Dairy Farm
Las Vegas, Nev.
LDS Dairy Farm
Las Vegas, Nev.
LDS Dairy Farm
Collection Sample
Date Type* » >
09/27/77 12
09/29/77 12
09/30/77 12
10/01/77 12
10/02/77 12
10/03/77 12
10/04/77 12
10/05/77 12
Radio-
nuclide
1 31J
137CS
•«Sr
»°Sr
1311
137CS
«»Sr
«osr
131 J
137 ^^^5
1 4 O T%A
89Sr
1311
137CS
»*o Ba
131J
137 ^"c
140 *Rji
1311
137 ^^c
1 4 O T% A
1311
137QS
1311
1*0 Ba
Concentrations
(10-» uci/ml)<2>
12 ± 4.6
<6
6.2 ± 3.3
<2
57 ±5.3
<5
<3
51 ± 5. 1
<5
<2
1.3 ± 0.78
49 ± 5.4
<5
<4
44 ± 5. 5
<5
<4
44 ± 5.0
<5
<4
35 ± 6.4
<7
5.2 ± 4.7
33 ± 4.0
<5
<3
134
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Table O4. (continued)
Radionuclide
Sampling
Locat ion
Las Vegas, Nev.
LDS Dairy Farm
Las Vegas, Nev.
LDS Dairy Farm
Las Vegas, Nev.
LDS Dairy Farm
Las Vegas, Nev.
LDS Dairy Farm
Las Vegas, Nev.
LDS Dairy Farm
Las Vegas, Nev.
LDS Dairy Farm
Las Vegas, Nev.
LDS Dairy Farm
Las Vegas, Nev.
LDS Dairy Farm
Las Vegas, Nev.
LDS Dairy Farm
Collection Sample
Date Type< » >
10/06/77 12
10/07/77 12
10/08/77 12
10/09/77 12
10/10/77 12
10/12/77 12
10/14/77 12
10/15/77 12
10/16/77 12
Radio-
nuclide
137CS
1311
137Cs
»+o Ba
131!
»+OBa
131!
»+o Ba
131!
i+o Ba
131!
137CS
131!
137CS
i+o Ba
131!
»+OBa
131!
Concentr at ions
{10-» uCi/ml)<2>
29 ±
<6
21 ±
<6
<4
26 ±
<5
42 ±
<6
<5
23 ±
<6
35 ±
<20
<9
28 ±
<6
<5
22 ±
<7
<5
36 ±
<6
<6
4.6
5.0
5.3
6.3
6.0
11
7.6
7.6
7.4
135
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Table C-4. (continued)
Radionuclide
Sampling
Location
Las Vegas, Nev.
LDS Dairy Farm
Las Vegas, Nev.
LDS Dairy Farm
Las Vegas, Nev.
LDS Dairy Farm
Las Vegas, Nev.
LDS Dairy Farm
Las Vegas, Nev.
LDS Dairy Farm
Las Vegas, Nev.
LDS Dairy Farm
Las Vegas, Nev.
LDS Dairy Farm
Las Vegas, Nev.
LDS Dairy Farm
Las Vegas, Nev.
LDS Dairy Farm
collection Sample
Date Type< * >
10/17/77 12
10/18/77 12
10/19/77 12
10/20/77 12
10/22/77 12
10/23/77 12
10/24/77 12
10/25/77 12
10/26/77 12
Radio-
nuclide
1311
137CS
1311
137CS
1311
1*0 Ba
131J
1*0 Ba
1311
137CS
1311
»37Cs
1311
137CS
1311
1*0 Ba
131 X
137CS
1*0 Ba
Concentr at ions
19 ±
<7
<4
26 ±
<5
19 ±
<5
8.8
<8
<5
8.5
<5
<4
15 ±
<5
6.5
<6
<6
<7
<5
12 ±
<5
6.2
4.0
4.5
± 6.2
±4.9
5.1
± 4.6
4.2
136
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Table C-4. (continued)
Radionucl ide
Sampling
Location
Las Vegas, Nev.
LDS Dairy Farm
Las Vegas, Nev.
LDS Dairy Farm
Las Vegas, Nev.
LDS Dairy Farm
Las Vegas, Nev.
LDS Dairy Farm
Las Vegas, Nev.
LDS Dairy Farm
Collection Sample
Date Type* » >
10/27/77 12
10/28/77 12
10/29/77 12
10/30/77 12
10/31/77 12
Radio-
nuclide
131!
i*oBa
1311
137CS
1*0 Ba
137CS
i*OBa
137CS
1*0 Ba
1311
137CS
1*0 Ba
Concentrations
(10-« uCi/ml)<2>
8.2 ± 4.4
<6
<4
9.1 ± 4. 1
<5
<4
<9
<9
<7
<8
<8
<6
<5
<6
<4
12 = Raw Milk from Grade A Producer(s)
<2>A11 concentrations above the minimum detectable concentration
(MDC) are shown with their 2-sigma counting error.
137
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APPENDIX D. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS
pm
prem
AEC
ASN
C
CG
Ci
cm
CP-1
CY
D. E.
DOE
EMSL-LV
EPA
ERDA
ERDA/NV
ft
GZ
h
kg
km
kt
LCL
LLL
LTHMP
m
MDC
mm
mrem/y
mrem/d
mR
mR/h
MSL
MSM
nCi
NTS
PHS
pCi
SMSN
TLD
micrometer
micro-rontgen-equivalent-man
microcurie per gram
microcurie per milliliter
Atomic Energy Commission
Air Surveillance Network
temperature in Celsius
Concentration Guide
Curie
centimeter
Control Point One
Calendar Year
Dose Equivalent
U.S. Department of Energy
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory-
Las Vegas
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Energy Research and Development Administration
Energy Research and Development Administration/
Nevada Operations Office
feet
Ground Zero
hour
kilogram
kilometer
kiloton
lower confidence limit
Lawrence Livermore Laboratory
Long-Term Hydrological Monitoring Program
meter
minimum detectable concentration
millimeter
milli-rontgen-equivalent-man per year
milli-rpntgen-equivalent-man per day
milIi-r8ntgen
milli-rontgen per hour
Mean Sea Level
Milk Surveillance Network
nanocurie
Nevada Test Site
Public Health Service
picocurie
Standby Milk Surveillance Network
thermoluminescent dosimeter
138
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UCL Upper Confidence Limit
USGS United States Geological Survey
WSN Water Surveillance Network
y year
3H tritium or hydrogen-3
FT tritiated hydrogen
HTC tritiated water
CH3T tritiated methane
Ba bar ium
Be berylium
Cs ces ium
I iodine
K potassium
Kr kry pton
Pu Plutonium
Ra radium
Pu ruthenium
Sr strontium
Te tellurium
U uranium
Xe xenon
Zr zirconium
139
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DISTRIBUTION
1-25 Environmental Monitoring 6 Support Laboratory, Las
Vegasr NV
26 Mahlon E. Gates, Manager, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
27 Troy E. Wade, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
28 David G. Jackson, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
29 Paul B. Dunaway, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
30-31 Bruce W. Church, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV (2)
32 Mary G. White, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
33 Roger Ray, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
34 Chief, NOB/DNA, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
35 - 36 Robert R. Loux, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV (2)
37 Arthur J. Whitman, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
38 Elwood M. Douthett, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
39 Shed R. Elliott, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
40 Ernest D. Campbell, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
41 Thomas M. Humphrey, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
42 - 43 Peter K. Fitzsimmons, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV (2)
44 Robert W. Newman, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
45 Harold F. Mueller, ARL/WSNSO, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
46 Virgil Quinn, ARL/WSNSO, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
47 - 49 Technical Library, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV (3)
50 Mail and Records, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
51 R. S. Brundage, CER Geonuclear Corporation, P.O. Box
15090, Las Vegas, NV 89114
140
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52 Hattie V. Carwell, DOE/SAN, San Francisco Operations
Office, 1333 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94616
53 - 57 Hal Hollister, DSSC, DOE, Washington, D.C. (5)
58 Major General J. K. Bratton, AGMMA, DOE, Washington,
D.C.
59 A. J. Hodges, DMA, DOE, Washington, D.C.
60 Gordon Facer, MA, DOE, Washington, D.C.
61 Andrew J. Pressesky, ROD, DOE, Washington, D.C.
62 James L. Liverman, BER, DOE, Washington, D.C.
63 Gilbert J. Ferber, ARL/NOAA, Silver Springs, MD
64 - 65 William Horton, Bureau of Environmental Health, State of
Nevada, 505 E. King St., Carson City, NV 89710 (2)
66 Stephen J. Gage, Assistant Administrator for Research
6 Development, EPA, Washington, D.C.
67 William D. Rowe, Deputy Assistant Administrator for
Radiation Programs, EPA, Washington, D.C.
68 William A. Mills, Director, Division of Criteria &
Standards, ORP, EPA, Washington, D.C.
69 David S. Smith, Director, Division of Technology Assess-
ment, ORP, EPA, Washington, D.C.
70 - 71 Floyd L. Galpin, Director, Environmental Analysis
Division, ORP, EPA, Washington, D.C. (2)
72 Gordon Everett, Director, Office of Technical
Analysis, EPA, Washington, D.C.
73 Regional Administrator, EPA, Region IV, Atlanta, GA
74 Regional Radiation Representative, EPA, Region IV,
Atlanta, GA
75 State of Mississippi
76 Regional Administrator, EPA, Region VI, Dallas, TX
77 Regional Radiation Representative, EPA, Region VI,
Dallas, TX
78 State of New Mexico
141
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79 Regional Administrator, EPAr Region VIII, Denver, CO
80 Regional Radiation Representative, EPA, Region VIII,
Denver, CO
81 State of Colorado
82 State of Utah
83 Regional Administrator, EPA, Region IX, San Francisco, CA
84 Regional Radiation Representative, EPA, Region IX, San
Francisco, CA
85 State of Arizona
86 State of California
87 State of Nevada
88 Eastern Environmental Radiation Facility, EPA,
Montgome ry, AL
89 Library, EPA, Washington, D.C.
90 Kenneth M. Oswald, LLL, Mercury, NV
91 Roger E. Batzel, LLL, Livermore, CA
92 James E. Carothers, LLL, Livermore, CA
93 John C. Hopkins, LASL, Los Alamos, NM
94 Jerome E. Dummer, LASL, Los Alamos, NM
95 B. P. Smith, REECo, Mercury, NV
96 Arden E. Bicker, REECo, Mercury, NV
97 A. W. Western, REECo, Mercury, NV
98 Savino W. Cavender, M.D., REECo, Mercury, NV
99 Carter D. Broyles, Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM
100 George E. Tucker, Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM
101 Albert E. Doles, Eberline Instrument Co., Santa Fe, NM
102 Robert H. Wilson, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
142
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103 Richard S. Davidson, Battelle Memorial Institute,
Columbus, OH
104 J. P. Corley, Battelle Memorial Institute, Richland, WA
105 John M. Ward, President, Desert Research Institute,
University of Nevada, Reno, NV
106 DOE/HQ Library, Attn: Eugene Rippeon, DOE, Washington,
D.C.
107-13U Technical Information Center, Oak Ridge, TN (for public
availability)
135-136 T. F. Cornwell, DMA, DOE, Washington, D.C.
143
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