EMSL-LV-0539-20 EMSL-LV-0539-20
ANIMAL INVESTIGATION PROGRAM 1976 ANNUAL REPORT:
NEVADA TEST SITE AND VICINITY
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
Las Vegas, Nevada 89114
November 1978
Prepared under
Memorandum of Understanding
No. EY-76-A-08-0539
for the
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
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EMSL-LV-0539-20 EMSL-LV-0539-2G
ANIMAL INVESTIGATION PROGRAM 1976 ANNUAL REPORT:
NEVADA TEST SITE AND VICINITY
by
D. D. Smith, K. R. Giles,
D. E. Bernhardt*, and K. W. Brown
Monitoring Systems Research and Development Division
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
*0ffice of Radiation Programs, Las Vegas Facility
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Las Vegas, Nevada 89114
November 1978
This study was performed under a Memorandum
of Understanding No. EY-76-A-08-0539
for the
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
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ABSTRACT
Data are presented from the radioana1ysis of tissues collected from
cattle and mule deer, desert bighorn sheep, feral horses, and other wildlife
that resided on or near the Nevada Test Site during 1976. Routine activities
and special investigations of the Animal Investigation Program are also
discussed.
Other than the naturally occurring potassium-40, gamma-emitting radio-
nuclides were detected infrequently with the exception of iodine-131 in
animal thyroid samples collected after September 25 (the date of a nuclear
test by the People's Republic of China).
Strontium-90 concentrations in bones from deer, cattle, and desert
bighorn sheep continued the downward trend of recent years. Tritium concen-
trations were generally within ambient limits with the exception of animals
exposed to sources of contamination; e.g., Sedan Crater, drainage ponds from
Area 12 tunnels, etc.
Analysis of actinide in tissues was emphasized during 1976. Graphs illus-
trate the p1utonium-239 levels in lungs, livers, and femurs from Nevada Test
Site beef cattle for the years 1971 through 1976. Femur and lung residue
data are nearly identical for each year with liver concentrations being a
factor of 2 or 3 lower. .
Hypothetical dose estimates to man were calculated on the basis of the
daily consumption of 0.5 kilogram of liver or muscle from animals that con-
tained peak actinide levels. The highest postulated dose was 11 millirem
from tritium from tissues for a mule deer. This dose is about 2 percent of
500 mil1irems/year guide for radiation doses to an individual in the general
public. All other postulated doses for consumption of the tissue containing
other radionuc1ides are less than 0.1 percent of this guide.
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The food habits of desert bighorn sheep were discussed according to the
geographic locations of the animals at time of collection. Grasses made up
approximately 60 percent of the diet at all locations, with shrubs content
approaching 30 percent and the remainder consisting of various forbs.
The movement of
transmitter unit was
several deer did not
others moved over 50
13 mule deer fitted with collars containing a radio-
monitored on a weekly basis. Durinq the winter months,
leave the general area of their original capture while
kilometers to the Timber Mountain area.
No gross or microscopic lesions were found in necropsied animals that
could be directly attributable to the effect of ionizing radiation.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
I NTRODUCTI ON
SAMPLE COLLECTION
ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES AND METHODS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
NEVADA TEST SITE CATTLE
NEVADA TEST SITE MULE DEER
DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP
NEVADA TEST SITE HORSES
NEVADA TEST SITE COYOTE
NEVADA TEST SITE RABBITS
AREA 18 RABB ITS
AREA 15 RABBITS
NEVADA TEST SITE CHUKAR AND QUAIL
NEVADA TEST SITE WATERS
NECROPSY AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS
HYPOTHETICAL DOSE ESTIMATES
FOOD HABIT ANALYSIS
OTHER ACTIVITIES
BEEF HERD
DEER MIGRATION STUDY
INVESTIGATIONS, SURVEYS, AND OTHER STUDIES
PUBLIC INFORMATION
REFERENCES
LIST OF APPENDIXES
APPENDIXES
DISTRIBUTION
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Number
1
, 2
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LIST OF FIGURES
Location of sampling sites and facilities on the Nevada
Test Site
Page
5
Approximate collection sites of 1976 desert bighorn sheep
Annual averages of 90Sr in bones of cattle, deer, and
desert bighorn sheep 1956-1976
11
16
Ranges and median values of 239pu in fresh lung tissues
from Nevada Test Site beef cattle 1971-1976
19
Ranges and median values of 239pu in fresh liver tissues
from Nevada Test Site beef cattle 1971-1976
20
Ranges and median values of 239pu in fresh femur tissues
from Nevada Test Site beef cattle 1971-1976
21
40
1976 deer migration areas
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Number
1
, 2
3
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7
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LIST OF TABLES
Sampling Information for Nevada Test Site Cattle, 1976
Sampling Information for Nevada Test Site Wildlife, 1976
Sampling Information for Desert Bighorn Sheep, 1976
Quality Assurance Results
5
Median Values of Plutonium Concentrations in Selected Tissues
from Nevada Test Site Cattle (pCi/kg wet wt.)
Median Values of Plutonium Concentrations in 1976 Nevada Test
Site Deer Tissues (pCi/kg wet wt.)
Median Values of Plutonium Concentrations in 1976 Desert
Bighorn Sheep Tissues (pCi/kg wet wt.)
Median Values of Plutonium Concentrations in 1976 Nevada Test
Site Rabbit Tissues (pCi/kg wet wt.)
Tritium and Gamma Analysis of Spring Water and Algae, Nevada
Test Site, 1976
Summary of Peak Radionuc1ide Concentrations in Edible Tissue
from Nevada Test Site Cattle and Mule Deer, 1976
(pCi/kg wet wt.)
Postulated Dose to Man Following Ingestion of Selected Tissues
for 1 Year, 1976
The Plant Species and the Percent Composition of Forage Eaten
by Desert Bighorn Sheep Harvested from the Desert National
Wildlife Range During November and December 1976
The Plant Species and the Percent Composition of Forage Eaten
by Desert Bighorn Sheep Harvested from Southern Nevada During
November and December 1976
The Plant Species and the Percent Composition of Forage Eaten
by Desert Bighorn Sheep Harvested from Central Nevada During
November 1976
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INTRODUCTION
During 1976, as since 1964, the U.S. Energy Research and Development
Administration~s* Nevada Operations Office assigned the responsibility for
the operation of the Animal Investigation Program to the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency's Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory-Las Vegas.
The basic objectives of this program are summarized as follows:
1.
To conduct surveillance of domestic and wild animals on and around
the Nevada Test Site to assess the radionuc1ide burden present in
their tissue and to detect any pathological effects from the burdens.
2.
To investigate alleged damage to domestic animals and wildlife
resulting from the activities of the Nevada Operations Office
of the U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration.
3.
To maintain public relations through education and veterinary
advice to the off-site population.
4.
To conduct special ad hoc investigations.
Progress during 1976 in achieving these objectives and summaries of the
data collected are presented in this report. Previous reports (Fountain 1961;
Smith and Giles 1970, 1974, and 1975; and Smith et al., 1976, 1977a, 1977b,
and 1978) have detailed the history, evaluation, and accomplishments of the
Animal Investigation Program since its beginning in 1957.
*Effective October 1, 1977, the U.S. Energy Research and Development Adminis-
tration was designated the U.S. Department of Energy. Prior to January 19~
1975, the U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration was designated
as the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.
1
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SAMPLE COLLECTION
Animals sampled during 1976 included cattle, feral horses, mule deer,
rabbits, quail, chukar, and a coyote from the Nevada Test Site, and desert
bighorn sheep that range the mountainous areas to the south and east of the
Nevada Test Site. Animals sampled included those that died from natural
causes or by accident, those collected through the cooperation of licensed
hunters, as well as those that were sacrificed as part of the routine
sampling activities of the Program.
Sacrificed animals were killed either by rifle or shotgun fire and were
usually necropsied immediately after death and any gross pathological changes
noted. Animals collected by other means were also necropsied if a prosector
was available. If advanced postmortem changes had not occurred, the adrenals,
eyes, heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, muscle, spleen, thyroid, gonads, and
lesions (if any) were sampled and prepared for histopathological evaluation.
Tissues collected for radioana1ysis from large animals included rumen or
stomach contents, liver, lung, tracheobronchial lymph nodes, muscle, thyroids,
blood or urine, kidney, fetus (if present), and bone (femurs or hock). Tis-
sues collected for radioana1ysis from each rabbit included bone from entire
skeleton, muscle, skin, testicles, entire gastrointestinal tract, and com-
posited internal organs (liver, lung, kidneys, and spleen). Similar tissues
were collected from the quail and chukar but, in order to provide sufficient
volume for analysis, the same tissue samples from each species collected at
the same time were composited.
Rumen contents from desert bighorn sheep were collected for botanical
analysis. If fresh blood was available, heparinized samples were collected
for hematological examination.
Cattle sampled during the year included 12 from the Nevada Test Site
beef herd, 1 from the Area 15 dairy herd, and 3 from Area 5. Sampling
information for all the cattle sampled is presented in table 1. Unless
2
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otherwise noted, each animal sampled spent its entire life grazing on the
Area 18 range of the Nevada Test Site.
Figure 1 shows the locations of the herds and facilities. The manageme~t
of the beef herd and soil and range surveys of the Area 18 grazing area have
been published previously (Smith 1970, Leavitt 1970, and Brown and Mason
1 968) .
Tissue samples were collected from six Nevada Test Site mule deer
,(Odocoileus hemionus) during 1976. (See table 2 for sampling information.)
Two of the deer were collected after being struck by a motor vehicle, and
three died during a capture attempt. Collection locations are noted on
figure 1.
Ten cottontail rabbits (Sylvi~us audubonii), one jackrabbit (Lepus
Califomicus), one coyote (Canis latrans), and several Gambel's quail
(Lophortyx gambeli) and chukar (Alectoris chukar) were collected at the
Area 15 farm. Other Nevada Test Site animals sampled included seven jack-
rabbits and two feral horses (Equus caballus).
Through the cooperation of State and Federal wildlife officials and
participating hunters, tissue and/or rumen ingesta samples were collected
from 30 mature desert bighorn sheep (OVis canadensis nelsoni) rams during
the annual hunt. The sampling information for these animals is presented in
table 3 and the collection sites are shown in figure 2. Most of the animals
were collected from Clark County in southern Nevada with 17 coming from the
Desert National Wildlife Range or the Nellis Air Force Range which are
contiguous to the Nevada Test Site. Two rams were collected from west-central
Nevada near Lone Mountain in Esmeralda County.
-; i
3
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TABLE 1. SAMPLING INFORMATION FOR NEVADA TEST SITE CATTLE, 1976
Animal Sex Age Breed Weight Date Remarks
No. (yrs) (kg) Sampled
1 F 6 Hereford 436 04/08/76 Pregnant cow--8-month-old fetus.
2 F 1. 75 Hereford 225 04/08/76 Beginning actinobacillosis.
3 M 9 Hereford 702 04/08/76 Steer in excellent condition.
4 M 3 Hereford 418 04/08/76 Steer in excellent condition.
5 M 2 Hereford 332 04/08/76 Steer in excellent condition.
6 M 3 Hereford 446 04/08/76 Steer in excellent condition.
7 M 3.5 Hereford 368 10/21/76 Steer in good condition.
8 F 2.5 Hereford 293 10/21/76 Very wild, in good condition, not pregnant but
~ lactating.
9 F 14.5 Hereford 357 10/21/76 Aged, barren cow in fair condition with actinobacil-
losis.
10 M 0.5 Hereford 152 10/21/76 Bull calf in good condition.
11 M 0.5 Hereford 182 10/21/76 Bull calf in good condition.
12 M 0.5 Hereford 141 10/21/76 Bull calf in good condition.
A5-l F 1.5 Hereford 186 05/06/76 Yearling heifer in fair condition. Wandered into
Area 5 of NTS from off-site areas. In area "'1. mo.
A5-2 F 8 Hereford 295 05/06/76 Mature cow in fair condition. Wandered into Area 5
of NTS from off-site areas. In area "'1 mo.
A5-3 M 0.7 Angus- 169 05/06/76 Steer calf in fair condition. Wandered into Area 5
Cross of NTS from off-site areas. In area "'1 mo.
286 F 2.5 Holstein 590 05/17/76 Dairy cow born and raised in Area 15. Was eutha-
nized as was not responsive to treatment for
progressive paralysis of the rear legs.
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Scale in Feet
W"'..."'-
0000 0
Scale in Meters
.
3000
- - .
- . . . .
o
CD Tonopah (240 kilometers from Mercury)
(2) Las Vegas (105 kilometers from Mercury)
. Animal Collection Location
Figure 1.
Location of sampling sites and facilities on the Nevada Test Site.
5
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TABLE 2. SAMPLING INFORMATION FOR NEVADA TEST SITE WILDLIFE, 1976
Animal Sex Estimated Estimated Date Remarks
No. Age Weight Collected
(yrs) (kg)
Mule Deer-l F 1 32 03/24/76 Road kill on N. Tunnel Access Road, Area 12.
Mule Deer-2 M 4 to 5 79 07/13/76 Collected Echo Peak, Area 19. Outfitted with
radiotransmitter collar in 1975.
Mule Deer-3 F 2 to 3 40 08/06/76 Capture attempt fatality, Echo Peak, Area 19.
Mule Deer-4 M 3 to 4 64 08/12/76 Capture attempt fatality at trap site, Echo
Peak, Area 19.
Mule Deer-5 F 3 to 4 45 08/18/76 Capture attempt fatality, U-19-V, Area 19.
Mule Deer-6 F 3 to 4 47 12/18/76 Road kill ~ mi. from G. Tunnel on Stockade
0'\ Wash Road.
Horse-l F 10+ 350 04/13/76 Road kill 5 mi. N.of shaker plant on Tippipah
Highway.
Horse-2 M 3 350 11 /20/76 Road kill on Topopah Highway, near Captain
Jack Spring turnoff.
Coyote F 13 OS/25/76 Collected Airport Road, Area 18, in good
physical condition.
Qua i 1- 1 & 2 M & F Mature ~0.3 09/09/76 Collected Microplots Area 15 farm.
Chukar-l, 2, & 3 M & F Mature <0.5 09/09/76 Collected Area 15 farm.
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TABLE 2.
SAMPLING INFORMATION FOR NEVADA TEST SITE WILDLIFE, 1976 (continued)
An i ma 1 Sex Estimated Estimated Date
No. Age Weight Collected Remarks
(yrs) (kg)
Rabbit-l-A15 M Mature 0.8 03/30/76 Cottontail, collected Area 15.
Rabbit-2-A15 F Mature 0.9 03/30/76 Cottontail, collected Area 15.
Rabbit-3-A15 F Mature 0.9 03/30/76 Cottontail, collected Area 15, pregnant.
Rabbit-4-A15 F Immature 0.6 03/30/76 Cottontail, collected Area 15.
Rabbit-5-A15 M Young 2.2 03/30/76 Jackrabbit, collected Area 15.
Rabbit-A-A15 F Mature <1 09/09/76 Cottontail, collected Area 15
Rabbit-B-A15 F Mature <1 09/09/76 Cottontail, collected Area 15.
....... Rabbit-C-A15 F Mature <1 09/09/76 Cottontail, collected Area 15.
Rabbit-D-A15 F Mature <1 09/09/76 Cottontail, collected Area 15.
Rabbit-E-A15 M Mature <1 09/09/76 Cottontail, collected Area 15.
Rabbit-F-A15 F Mature <1 09/09/76 Cottontail, collected Area 15. Apparent tapeworm
cyst in subcutaneous tissue.
Rabbit-l-A18 M Immature 1.4 OS/25/76 Jackrabbit, collected Buckboard Mesa Road, Area 18.
Rabbit-2-A18 M Mature 2.5 OS/25/76 Jackrabbit, collected Airport Road, Area 18.
Rabbit-3-A18 F Immature 1.5 OS/25/76 Jackrabbit, collected Buckboard Mesa Road junction
with 18-03, Area 18.
Rabbit-4-A18 F Mature 2 OS/25/76 Jackrabbit, collected 1 mi. ~ of corrals~ Airport
Road, Area 18, lactating.
Rabbit-5-A18 F Mature 1.9 OS/25/76 Jackrabbit, collected 18-03 Road 2 mi. W. of corral s ,
lactating.
Rabbit-6-A18 M Immature 1.7 OS/25/76 Jackrabbit, collected W. of Airport Road, Area 18.
Rabbit-7-A18 F Mature 2 OS/25/76 Jackrabbit, collected Airport Road, Area 18, lactating.
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TABLE 3. SAMPLING INFORMATION FOR DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP, 1976
Animal Estimated Sex Date Samples Remarks
No. Age Collected Collected
(yrs)
8 M 11 /21 /76 Bone, kidney, liver, Hunter kill, Mormon Peak, N. end of Range.
lungs, rumen ingesta
2 11 M 11/20/76 Bone, kidney, liver, Hunter kill, Meadow Valley, N. end of Tri-
lungs, rumen ingesta Canyon. Desert National Wildlife Range (DNWR)*
3 7 M 12/18/76 Ki dney, 1 i ver, 1 ungs, Hunter kill, Quail Spring,DNWR.
rumen ingesta
4 10 M 11/20/76 Bone, kidney, liver, Hunter kill, Las Vegas Range, S. end of El bows,
lungs, rumen ingesta DNWR.
(X) 5 5 M 11/20/76 Bone, kidney, lungs Hunter kill, Disappointment Canyon, DNWR.
6 10 M 11/21/76 Kidney, liver, lungs Hunter kill, Sheep Range, DNWR.
rumen ingesta
7 5 M 12/05/76 Bone, kidney, liver, Hunter kill, Las Vegas Range.
lungs, rumen ingesta
8 7 M 12/02/76 Bone, kidney, liver, Hunter kill, Black Mountain, Boulder Wash.
lungs, rumen ingesta
9 10 M 12/19/76 Kidney, 1 iver, 1 ungs, Hunter kill, Forlorn Hope.
rumen ingesta
10 8 M 12/07/76 Bone, kidney, liver, Hunter kill, Mormon Mountains, Hackberry Spring.
lungs, rumen ingesta
11 5 M 11 /28/76 Bone, kidney, liver, Hunter kill, Black Mountain, Pinto Ridge.
lungs, rumen ingesta
12 8 M 11/27/76 Ki dney, 1 i ver, 1 ungs, Hunter ki 11, Lone Mountain.
rumen ingesta
13 7 M 11/20/76 Kidney, liver, 1 ungs, Hunter kill, Eldorado Mountains, N. of Forlorn
rumen ingesta Hope.
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.
TABLE 3. SAMPLING INFORMATION FOR DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP, 1976 (continued)
Animal Estimated Sex Date Samples Remarks
No. Age Co 11 ec ted Collected
(yrs)
14 5 M 12/07/76 Bone, kidney, liver, Hunter kill, S.W. of Cathedral Cove.
lungs, rumen ingesta
15 9 M 12/05/76 Bone, kidney, liver, Hunter ki 11, Sheep Range, Dead Hills.
lungs, rumen ingesta
.
16 1 M 12/23/76 Bone, kidney, liver, Hunter kill, Quartz Spring, DNWR.
lungs, rumen ingesta
17 11 M 12/27/76 Ki dney, 1 i ver, 1 ungs, Hunter kill, Pint Water Range, S. of Tim Spring.
rumen ingesta
18 5+ M 12/13/76 Bone, kidney, liver, Hunter kill, Sheep Range, Shale Cut Spring.
1.0 lungs, rumen ingesta
19 8 M 11/24/76 Bone, kidney, liver, Hunter kill, Alpine Mine Area, DNWR.
lungs, rumen ingesta
20 11 M 12/07/76 Bone, kidney, liver, Hunter kill, Sheep Range, Cherry Canyon, DNWR.
lungs
21 10 M 12/18/76 Rumen ingesta Hunter ki 11, Meadow Valley, Tri-Canyon, ONWR.
22 7 M 12/04/76 Rumen ingesta Hunter ki 11, Highland Range, ONWR.
23 8 M 11/23/76 Rumen ingesta Hunter k i 11, Sheep Range, Mule Deer Ridge, DNWR.
24 9 M 11 /23/76 Rumen ingesta Hunter ki 11, Sheep Range, Cow Camp Spring, ONWR.
25 10 M 12/07/76 Rumen ingesta Hunter kill, N.W. Sheep Range, Rug Mountain,
DNWR.
26 6 M 12/07/76 Rumen ingesta Hunter kill, Muddy Mountains, DNWR.
27 7 M . 12/12/76 Rumen ingesta Hunter kill, S.W. Sheep Range, Joe May Canyon,
DNWR.
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TABLE 3. SAMPLING INFORMATION FOR DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP, 1976 (continued)
An i ma 1 Estimated Sex Date Samples
No. Age Co 11 ec ted Collected
(yrs )
28 9 M 11/20/76 Rumen ingesta
29 9 M 11/23/76 Rumen ingesta
30 8 M 11/23/76 Rumen ingesta
* DNWR = U.S. Desert National Wildlife Range.
......
0
Remarks
Hunter kill, S.W. Sheep Range, Quijinump
Spring, DNWR.
Hunter kill, S.W. Sheep Range, Wagon Spring,
DNWR.
Hunter kill, Black Mountain, Cathedral Cove.
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12
19
---~" ~
,. ,
, ,
TTR '- Q.C. SMT. ,
, '
. I
---I TEMPIUTE,
15 .
HIKO
COYOTE SMT. ,,~
~
I
HANCOCK SMT. J. (
I
LID A .
10
\
SEARCHLIGHT'
\
Figure 2.
Approximate collection sites of 1976 desert bighorn sheep.
11
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ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES AND METHODS
Samples of soft tissues and rumen contents were analyzed by gamma
spectroscopy. A sample of blood~ urine~ or tissue was collected from each
'animal and analyzed for tritium. The bone was analyzed for strontium-89 and
-90, and plutonium-238 and -239. Selected soft tissues were also analyzed
for plutonium content. A portion of the actinide analyses and all of the
analyses for strontium~ tritium~ and the gamma-emitting radionuclides were
performed by the Methods Development and Analytical Support Branch of the
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory-Las Vegas. The remainder of
the actinide analyses was performed by the Albuquerque Laboratory of the
Eberline Instrument Corporation.
Rumen contents and soft tissues of sufficient volume (the latter were
ground) were placed in 200-milliliter aluminum containers which were sealed
and stored for gamma analysis. Those of smaller volume, i.e., thyroid,
tracheobronchial lymph nodes~ etc., were first macerated in a blender, then
brought to volume by suspending in agar, and sealed in 200-milliliter aluminum
containers. All samples were analyzed for approximately 1,200 minutes on
lithium-drifted germanium detectors calibrated at approximately 0.5 kilo-
electronvolts per channel in the 60-kiloelectronvolts to 2-megaelectronvolts
range. These detectors were connected to a POP 11/20 computer for ~amma
spectral data accumulation and analysis.
Tissues for strontium and plutonium analyses were prepared by ashing.
Plutonium was analyzed by alpha spectroscopy using plutonium-236 as an
internal tracer. Details of these analytical procedures have been published
by Talvitie 1971,1972; Wish and Rowell 1956; Mitchell 1960; Hagan and
Arrhenius 1963; and Major et al" 1975. Other radionuclide analytical
procedures used at the Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory-
Las Vegas were described previously (Johns 1975).
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Quality assurance samples were included in each group of samples sub-
mitted for plutonium analyses. These were either duplicate samples collected
from sacrificed animals and submitted under a blind identification number or
similar tissue samples purchased at a local market and to which a known
amount of plutonium was added. The data from the former type of quality
assurance samples are included in the data tables of the appendixes while the
data from the spiked samples are presented in table 4.
TABLE 4. QUALITY ASSURANCE RESULTS
ACTIVITY ADDED ACTIVITY REPORTED
Tissue
238pu 239pU 238pu 239pU
(pCi/Sample) (pCi/Sample) (pCi/Sample) (pCi/Sample)
Liver 0.536 1.487 1.5 :t 0.75 3.5 :t 1.25
Liver O. 536 3.457 0.514 :t 0.257 3.855 :t 0.514
Li ver 0 0 <0.618 <0.618
Li ver 0 1. 34 <0.568 1. 704 :t 0.568
Li ver 0.536 0 <0.500 <0.500
Muscle 0.536 0.992 <0.744 1.1l6:t0.372
Muscle 0 0 <0.348 <0.348
Muscle 0.536 0.67 <0.148 0.666 :t 0.222
Muscle 0 0 <0.446 0.669 :t 0.223
Muscle 0.536 3.35 0.46 :t 0.23 3.45 :!: 0.69
The activity values for plutonium-239 listed in this report are actually
the sum of the individual isotopic activities of plutonium-239 and -240. The
alpha emissions of these two isotopes cannot be separately identified
(resolved) by alpha spectrometric analysis.
All data are reported with the 95 percent confidence level counting
error and are corrected to time of sample collection. Results which show a
net sample activity less than the two-sigma counting error are reported as
less than the ~ctivity calculated. That activity in this report is defined
as the minimum detectable activity. The approximate minimum detectable
activities and analytical procedures are summarized in appendix A.
13
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Tissue and lesion samples collected for histopathological examination
were first fixed with a 10-percent Formalin@ solution. They were then dehy-
drated with alcohol and embedded in paraffin prior to sectioning with a
microtome. A 5-micrometer section was placed on a glass slide, stained with
hematoxylin and eosin, and delivered to a pathologist for interpretation.
When fresh blood was available, 2 milliliters was withdrawn from the
jugular vein and placed in a heparinized tube, and two blood-smear slides
were made. These were airmailed to the ICN Medical Laboratories, Inc., of
'Portland, Oregon, where a complete blood-cell count was made.
Botanical analyses of the rumen-content samples were accomplished by
washing random aliquots of the ingesta with water. After washing, the
samples were each placed in a shallow pan and suspended in water. Identifi-
cation of the vegetation was completed by examining each fragment with the
aid of a binocular microscope. Following the identification, a visual
estimate of the percentage composition for each species was made and recorded.
The.shrubs and forbs were identified according to Munz and Keck (1965) and
McMinn (1964), and the grasses according to Hitchcock (1950).
@Registered trademark
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
NEVADA TEST SITE CATTLE
The analytical results from tissues collected from the Area 18 Nevada
Test Site beef cattle during April and October are presented in the tables
of appendix B. Data from other Nevada Test Site cattle are presented in
appendix C.
The only gamma-emitting radionuclide that was consistently detected was
the naturally occurring potassium-40. Occasionally, detectable levels of
cesium-137 were found in the rumen contents and soft tissues. The highest
level reported was 41 I 4.7 picocuries/kilogram found in kidney from a
3-year-old Hereford steer sampled in April of 1976. Zirconium-95
(650 I 110 picocuries/kilogram) was detected in only one rumen sample.
Detectable levels of iodine-131 were found in the thyroids from all six
animals sampled in October. These values, ranging from 21 to 150 picocuries/
gram and the zirconium-95 value mentioned previously, were probably the
result of an atmospheric nuclear test conducted by the People's Republic
of China on September 25 at 2200 hours POT (Monitoring Operations Division
1977 ) .
Tritium levels were nondetectable in the blood collected from the
Area 18 beef cattle and the Area 15 dairy cow. Blood from two of the three
Area 5 animals contained 250 and 270 picocuries/liter, respectively. For
comparison purposes the average tritium values in Beatty and Hiko, Nevada,
were less than 400 picocuries/liter of atmospheric water as reported by
the Monitoring Operation Division (1977).
As shown in figure 3, strontium-90 values in femur samples from the beef
herd grazing Area 18 averaged 4.1 picocuries/gram of bone ash which is con-
sistent with values reported in recent years and reflects the general downward
trend observed since the cessation of atmospheric nuclear tests. Again, as
15
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~ 25
<
~
z
~ 20
en
.....
C"I
c.J
=- 15
z
en
...J
~ 10
~
...J
-
en
C)
en
Figure 3.
30
_BIGHORN SHEEP
c:::J DEER
IlZ2I CATTLE
o (NUMBER OF BONE SAMPLESJ
@
'\c'
(j'
5
o
1973
1974
1975
1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965
1969
1970
1971
1972
1966
1967
1968
1976
\"
Annu~l averages of 90Sr in bones of cattle, deer, ~nd desert bighorn sheep 1956-1976.
-------
in previous years, the peak strontium-90 value reported (11 picocuries/gram
of ash) was from an aged animal (a 14.5-year-old cow). Strontium-89 was
detected in femurs from only two animals. Because the reported concentra-
tions of strontium-89 are so near the detectable level (less than the two-
sigma counting error) in each case, they are probably not statistically
significant.
Plutonium-238 is present in the environment primarily as a result of the
burnup of the SNAP-9A power source (Krey and Krajewski 1972; Hardy et al.,
'1972). The expected ratio of p1utonium-239 to plutonium-238 is roughly 25.
It has been postulated (Patterson et a1., 1974; and Matlock et al., 1976)
that plutonium-238 may be more rapidly solubilized and thus potentially more
mobile under environmental conditions than is p1utonium-239. Thus, it is
possible that the plutonium 239:238 ratios for animal tissue (intake results
are in part from plutonium uptake by plants) may be lower than the ratios for
fallout and soil. Data tables in appendixes Band C tend to support this
assumption as the expected ratio of 25 was seldom reached. The ratios are
highly variable even from similar tissues but generally were less than 10.
Moreover, unpublished data from soil samples collected on and around the
Nevada Test Site by the Monitoring Operations Division, the Environmental
Monitoring and Support Laboratory -Las Vegas, generally show plutonium
239:238 ratios of less than 10. Only occasional soil samples are reported
in the 20 to 25 range.
The median values of actinide data from the tables in appendixes Band C
are summarized in table 5. The increased actinide levels observed in rumen
contents during October were also noted in 1973, 1974, and 1975. This may be
related to the range conditions at that time of the year, i.e., forage was
scant and dry, and more soil was probably ingested during the grazing process.
Figures 4, 5, and 6 show comparisons of p1utonium-239 levels in lungs,
livers, and femurs from the Area 18 beef herd from the years 1971 through
1976. As there is considerabl~ overlapping of the ranges reported, no clear
trends are readily apparent and levels reported appear to have remained
relatively constant. Femur and lung data are nearly identical for each year
with liver generally being a factor of 2 or 3 lower.
17
-------
-TABLE 5. MEDIAN VALUES OF PLUTONIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN SELECTED TISSUES
FROM NEVADA TEST SITE CATTLE (pCi/kg wet wt.)
ISOTOPE AND HERD SAMPLED
Tissue 238pu 239pU
Area 15a Area 15b Area 5c Area 1 Sd Area 15a Area 15b Area 5c Area 15d
Lungs 0.33 0.25 <0.03 0.13 1 1.2 0.48 0.1
Tracheobronchial
Lymph Nodes <5 <0.35 <1.4 NC 6.9 <0.5 <1.6 NC
Muscles <0.06 <0.03 <0.02 0.11 <0.08 <0.03 <0.02 0.41
Livers <0.085 0.4 0.15 <0.06 <0.11 1.2 0.34 0.43
-J Rumen Contents 0.3 0.87 NC NC 0.9 4.6 NC NC
00
Reticul um Sediments 3.9 3.6 NC NC 24 150 NC NC
Femurs <0.53 0.51 <0.05 12 1.04 <1. 1 <0.05 <0.59
aArea 18 beef cattle sampled in April
bArea 18 beef" cattle sampled in October
cArea 5 beef cattle sampled in May
dNumber 286--a dairy cow sampled in May
NC = Not collected
-------
t 18pCi [12) 10.6 PCi~ + 10.6 pCi
10.0 ""ffi= [Ii] =~
[I4J [14] : [15]
I
I
DQ1 I
I
(9] [11] I
T . I
I I
. I . I
. I I
I @ @
1.0 I I
@ I
. I I
I I
01 I I
.:it I I
"
U I I
Co
:I I I
Q. I I
en
I") I I
N
I I
I I
I I
I I
0.1 I I
.1 I
I
I
I
I Range and median 01 data )MDA I
I
I
T I
I Range and median when values
+ < MDA are included I
I (expressed as 'Iz 01 MDA) I
.J.. ......
[] No. 01 samples
0.01 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976
Figure 4.
Ranges and median values of 239pu in fresh lung tissues from
Nevada Test Site cattle 1971-1976.
19
-------
10.0
Dt! (12)
[6] D ([] [11J [13]
T
[10] T I [1 ij ff 5.J
I I T
I I . I
I I I
I I I
1.0 I I I
I @ I I
. . I @ @ I
I I
I @
C) @ [81 DID @ I I
.:.I: @ 1 T I
" 1 I I
u I I I I
Q, I I
::J I I
Q. @ I I
en I I
M I 1. I I
N @
. I I
I I I
0.1 I I I
I I I
I I I
..L I I
f Range and median of data )MDA I I
I I
I I
T Range and median when values 1 -
$ < MDA are included I
I (expressed as Y2 of MDA)
..L. I
0 No. of samples .L
0.01
1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976
Figure 5.
Ranges and median values of 239pU in fresh liver tissues from
Nevada Test Site beef cattle 1971-1976.
20
-------
Figure 6.
0)
~
"-
u
C.
:I
0-
en
M
N
10.0
1.0
0.1
0.01
IJIJ
.
00 02]
T
I
I
I
I
I
@ !
I I
f Range and median of data> MDA
I Range and median when values
'f < MDA are included
I (expressed as % of MDA)
...
[] No. of samples
1971
1972
(jJ 02]
r r
@ @
I i
I
I
I
1973
[aJ [l2l
T
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
@ I
@
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
.1
1974
16pCi 16 pCi
~&
~~
[&] I Dn
I
(i) I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
@
I
I
I
I
I
I
1975
28 pCi ~ pCi
..
=;B.. ~
02] 105]
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
@ I
@
I
r
I
I
I
~
1976
Ranges and median values of 239pu in fresh femur tissues from
Nevada Test Site beef cattle 1971-1976.
21
-------
Several incongruous plutonium-238 values were reported (i.e. 40 pico-
curies/kilogram in tracheobronchial lymph nodes from cow number 6 and
708 picocuries/ki1ogram from the ovaries of cow A5-2). These values were
verified by the analytical laboratory but are thought to be anomalies related
to sample size (only 7.8 grams for ovaries) or to contamination of the sample
during collection as several metabolism stud~es utilizing plutonium-238 have
been conducted at the Area 15 facility (Stanley et al., 1974 and 1975).
Plutonium was generally not detected in the gonads. However, composited
, testicles from the 1976 male calves for Area 18 (sample weight of 380 grams)
had values for plutonium-238 of 0.25 I 0.15 picocuries/kilogram and for
plutonium-239 of 2.27 I 0.49 picocuries/kilogram. These values are similar
to those reported for the lungs and livers of Area 18 cattle and surpass that
of the muscles. Similar findings have been reported previously (Smith 1977a,
1977b; Smith and Bernhardt 1977; and Smith and Black 1975).
NEVADA TEST SITE MULE DEER
The analytical results from tissues of the Nevada Test Site mule deer
are presented in the tables of appendix D. As was the case for the Nevada
Test Site cattle, the naturally occurring potassium-40 was the only gamma-
emitting radionuclide that was consistently detected. A deer sacrificed
in December had detectable levels of iodine-13l (44 I 2.2 picocuries/gram)
in its thyroid and 260 I 62 picocuries/kilogram of zirconium-95 in its
rumen contents. The source of this radionuclide is thought to be the
atmospheric nuclear test conducted by the People's Republic of China on
September 25. Detectable levels of cesium-137 were occasionally found in
the rumen contents and kidney samples.
Tritium levels were elevated in the blood from two deer which were
sampled near the tunnel complexes of Area 12. Animal number 6 had levels
of 600,000 picocuries/liter and animal number 1 had 23,000 picocuries/liter.
The source of this tritium is thought to be the waters that drain from
E tunnel into Haines pond as elevated tritium levels from these waters
(4.2 x 106 picocuries/liter) have been reported previously (Smith et al.,
1977b).
The average strontium-90 level in bone ash from these deer was
22
-------
2.1 picocuries/gram which is similar to levels of 2.6 and 2.3 picocuries/gram
of ash reported in 1974 and 1975 (see figure 3).
The median values of plutonium levels in tissues from Nevada Test Site
deer are shown in table 6. These levels are similar to 'those reported in
1975.P1utonium-239 was detected in the testicles from one of two male deer
sampled. This level of 1.6 f 0.76 picocuries/kilogram is slightly higher
than levels reported in other soft tissues.
TABLE 6.
MEDIAN VALUES OF PLUTONIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN 1976
NEVADA TEST SITE DEER TISSUES (pCi/kg wet wt.)
Tissue 23BpU 239pu
Lungs <0.035 0.26 f 0.11
, Muscle <0.07 <0.28
Liver <0.04 0.14fO.13
Rumen Contents 0.65 5.5 f 1.1
Bone 1 f 0.7 1.2 f 1.1
DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP
Desert bighorn sheep were the third large ruminant species sampled
during 1976. These animals were sampled through the cooperation of licensed
hunters. Analytical data from selected tissues are listed in the tables of
appendix E. Muscles were not sampled as the meat was retained by the
participating hunters.
The only gamma-emitting radionuclides reported, other than the naturally
occurring potassium-40, were cesium-137 and zirconium-95. Cesium-137 was
occasionally reported in the kidney and rumen contents with one value of
14 f 4.6 picocuries/kilogram wet weight reported in the liver from animal
number 12. Zirconium-95 was frequently reported in the ingesta of the
animals and may be related to the atmospheric test conducted in September by
the Peop1e1s Republic of China.
Tritium levels in the aqueous portion of the kidney tissues ranged from
<277 to 560 picocuries/1iter with a median value of 307 picocuries/1iter.
23
-------
The average strontium-90 concentration in bone (hock) was 2.9 pico-
curies/gram of ash which is similar to that reported in the years immediately
prior to 1975 (see figure 3).
The median values of plutonium levels in selected tissue samples from
desert bighorn sheep are shown in table 7. Detectable levels of p1utonium-
238 were seldom found in all tissues sampled, whereas plutonium-239 was
usually detected in the rumen contents (12 out of 18) and in about 25 percent
of the lung, liver, and bone samples.
Food habit analyses of the ingesta were performed to provide management
data for the Nevada Department of Fish and Game and are discussed in another
section of this report. Few definite trends are apparent, when diet, loca-
tion, and activities are compared, other than that in most years the
strontium-90 levels are usually higher in the desert bighorn sheep than in
deer or cattle. This may be related to increased age of the sampled popula-
tion or to the fact that the higher elevations where the desert bighorn sheep
reside receive more precipitation.
TABLE 7.
MEDIAN VALUES OF PLUTONIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN 1976
DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP TISSUES (pCi/kg wet wt.)
Ti ssue 238pU 239pU
Lungs <0.73 1
Liver <0.68 <0.68
Bone <0.58 <0.71
Rumen Contents <0.28 0.74
NEVADA TEST SITE HORSES
During 1976, two feral horses died after being struck by vehicles.
Only bone and muscle samples were collected from these animals as they were
in advanced stages of decomposition when found. The analytical data from
these tissues are presented in appendix F. The muscle tissues from these
animals did not contain detectable levels of tritium or plutonium. Cesium-
137 (27 I 11 picocuries/kilogram) was detected in the muscle for animal
24
-------
number 1. Strontium-90 levels in the bones were 9 I 1.1 and 8.7 I 1.2 pico-
curies/gram of ash, respectively. Plutonium-239 was detected in the bones of
both animals, but was higher in the aged animal; i.e., 9.9 I 1.5 picocuries/
kilogram as compared to 0.87 I 0.49 picocur1es/ki1ogram which was reported
for the 3-year-old animal.
NEVADA TEST SITE COYOTE
An immature female coyote was collected in Area 18 and selected tissue
'samples submitted for analysis. The data are presented in appendix G. The
only gamma-emitting radionuc1ides detected in the tissues of this animal were
potassium-40 and cesium-137. The cesium-137 level for all internal tissues
was approximately 50 picocuries/ki1ogram while the skin contained 210 I 20
picocuries/ki1ogram. The tritium concentration in the aqueous portion of the
muscle tissue was 4,600 picocuries/1iter.
The amount of strontium-90 in the femur was 1.6 I 0.7 picocuries/gram
of ash. Plutonium was either nondetectab1e or slightly above the minimum
detectable limits in all tissue except the skin, which showed a burden of
16 I 8.3 picocuries/ki1ogram of p1utonium-239, and the stomach contents with
13 I 1.3 picocuries/ki1ogram.
NEVADA TEST SITE RABBITS
Area 18 Rabbits
Selected
and submitted
appendix H.
Concentrations of gamma-emitting radionuclides (naturally occuring
potassium-40 and cesium-137), tritium, and strontium detected in the tissues
of these animals were of similar magnitude to those found in the beef cattle
which also graze this area. Gamma analysis of the skin from rabbit number 5
indicated the presence of americium-241. Radiochemical analysis of this
sample revealed a level of 64 i 12 picocuries/ki1ogram of americium-241.
tissues from seven Area 18 jackrabbits were collected in May
for analysis. These data are tabulated in the tables of
The median values of plutonium in selected tissues are shown in table 8.
Plutonium levels in the Area 15 rabbit bones were also similar to those
25
-------
reported for the beef cattle.
were several times higher than
from the beef cattle in April.
Plutonium levels in the other tissues sampled
that reported for similar tissue collected
TABLE 8.
MEDIAN VALUES OF PLUTONIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN 1976
NEVADA TEST SITE RABBIT TISSUES (pCi/kg wet wt.)
AREA 18 MAY AREA 15 MARCH AREA 15 SEP
. Ti ssue
238pU 239pu 238pu . 239pU 238pU 239pu
Muscles <0.65 0.93 <0.33 <0.33 <0.16 0.31
Internal Organs <0.13 1.6 1.2 3.7 1.7 7.7
G. 1. Tract 1.3 11 1.5 36 13.5 310
Skin 10 70 19.3 290 2.6 33
Bone <0.4 <0.35 0.47 1.7 1.4 1.8
The median p1utonium-239 value in muscle from the rabbits was
0.93 picocuries/ki1ogram compared to <0.08 for the cattle, and the median
value of rabbit internal organs was 1.6 picocuries/kilogram compared to
0.4 picocuries/kilogram for cattle livers. The plutonium-239 levels were
also higher in rabbit ingesta as reflected by a median value of 11 pico-
curies/kilogram for the gastrointestinal tract as compared to 0.87 pico-
curies/kilogram for rumen contents from cattle.
Area 15 Rabbits
Rabbits (predominantly cottontails) residing on the Area 15 experimental
farm were collected in March and September. Data from these samples are
presented in the tables of appendixes I and J.
Levels of cesium-137 in the tissues collected at both times were similar
to those found in the Area 18 rabbits and in other Nevada Test Site species.
However, tritium levels in the muscle samples collected in September were
nearly 10 times greater than those collected in March, the median values
being 5,300 picocuries/liter versus 680 picocuries/liter. Positive
zirconium-95 levels were reported only in September (three gastrointestinal
tract samples).
26
-------
Median values shown in table 8 reveal that the tissues from Area 15
rabbits contained higher p1utonium-239 values than did the Area 18 rabbits.
The p1utonium-239 levels in the gastrointestinal tract, internal organs, and
skin samples from the Area 15 rabbits showed considerable variability between
the two sampling periods while the levels for muscle and bone were quite
consistent.
A detectable level of p1utonium-239, 3.8 t 2.1 picocuries/ki10gram, was
found in the testicles of one of two male rabbits sampled. Again this level
. is higher than those reported for muscle tissue and is similar to those
reported for bone.
NEVADA TEST SITE CHUKAR AND QUAIL
Three chukar and two quail were collected from the fields of the Area 15
farm in September. The feathers, viscera, bone, and muscle from each species
of bird were composited in order to provide adequate volume for analysis.
The data from these birds are presented in appendix K.
The strontium, tritium, and gamma-emitting radionuc1ide levels reported
from these samples were of the same magnitude as those reported for similar
tissues from other Nevada Test Site species. As with the Area 15 rabbits,
those samples subjected to soil contamination (feather and viscera)
frequently had p1utonium-239 levels in the 100- to 1,000-picocuries/kilogram
range. These values indicate that Area 15 is more highly contaminated than
Area 18.
NEVADA TEST SITE WATERS
Several natural springs that serve as a source of water for wildlife
were sampled during 1976. Also sampled were algae growing in these springs.
These waters and algae were analyzed for gamma-emitting radionuc1ides and
tritium and the analytical results are presented in table 9. The taxonomic
identification of the algae and chemical content of the waters will be
published as a separate report.
No gamma-emitting radionuc1ides were found in any of the spring waters
and tritium levels were either nondetectab1e or at ambient levels. Three of
27
-------
four algae samples contained detectable levels of cesium-137 and the sample
from Captain Jack Spring (2,500 picocuries/kilogram) was about 10 times
higher than the algae sampled at the other springs. However, this might be
partially due to differences in the moisture content of the respective
samp 1 es.
TABLE 9.
TRITIUM AND GAMMA ANALYSIS OF SPRING WATER
AND ALGAE, NEVADA TEST SITE, 1976
WJlrTER ANALYSIS ALGAE ANALYSIS*
Spring Gamma 3H K 137CS
Name Date Analysis (pCi/l) Date ( g/ kg) (pCi/kg)
Cane 05/04 GSN <230 06/16 4.4:t 0.36 350:t 8.3
Captain Jack 05/04 GSN <230 06/16 14:t 4.8 2,500 :t 72
Green 05/04 GSN <230
Oak 05/04 GSN <230 06/16 1.9:t 0.27 170:t 19
Ii ppi pah 05/04 GSN 270 :t 260
Topopah 05/04 GSN 910 :t 240
Tub 05/04 GSN <230
White Rock 05/04 GSN <230 06/16 GSN GSN
*Wet weight
GSN = Gamma spectrum negligible
NECROPSY AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS
All sacrificed animals were necropsied and selected tissue and lesion
samples were collected for histopathological evaluation. The gross and
microscopic pathology observed are summarized in appendix L. Also included
in this appendix are the results of hematology examination when performed.
Some of these latter values may be depressed as most of the blood samples
were collected after death.
As in previous years, sarcocysts were detected in both cattle and deer
heart or muscle tissues. This is a ubiquitous parasite of both warm- and
cold-blooded vertebrates and is considered to have little clinical signi-
ficance (Merck and Company 1973).
28
-------
The incidence of other clinical conditions encountered, actinobacillosis
(cow number 2 and cow number 9) and liver abscesses (animal A5-3), was felt
to be within normal limits for the populations examined. Occasionally
observed histologic findings; e.g., hemosiderosis of the spleen, capsular
melanosis of the adrenal, and hyperplasia of the tracheobronchial lymph
nodes, were felt to be within normal levels by the examining pathologist.
No pathology, gross or necroscopic, was observed that could be directly
attributed to ionizing radiation.
HYPOTHETICAL DOSE ESTIMATES
Although meat from animals living on the Nevada Test Site is not
available for consumption by the general public, the dose to a standard
man based on postulated consumption of the meat can be calculated. The dose
estimates are not presented as an implication of potential doses, but rather
to place the reported radionuclide concentrations in perspective. The dose
estimates are based on the techniques and parameters of the International
Commission for Radiation Protection (1959, 1968) and Dillman (1969). The
estimates were from the maximum observed concentrations of the radionuclides
in edible tissues of the cattle and deer sampled (summarized in table 10),
and the postulated consumption of 500 grams (about 1 pound) of the meat each
day for a year.
The International Commission for Radiation Protection (1959) and the
U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration (1975) present different
dose criteria for various parts of the body, based on estimates of relative
radiosensitivity. The National Council on Radiation Protection and Measure-
ments (1971) recognizes this philosophy, but recommends simplifying the
guides for the general population, and uses the minimum guide (0.5 rem per
year to the whole body for an individual in an uncontrolled area) for all
body organs. The National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements
emphasizes that this is a simplifying administrative decision, rather than
a reduction of the guides based on new technical information.
Table 10 presents a summary of the maximum observed concentrations in
edible tissues of the animals. The indicated error terms are the two-sigma
counting error. The total analytical errors or uncertainties (two-sigma)
29
-------
TABLE 10.
SUMMARY OF PEAK RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN EDIBLE TISSUE FROM
NEVADA TEST SITE CATTLE AND MULE DEER, 1976 (pCi/kg wet wt.)
I AREA 18 CATTLE AREA 18 C.~TTL£ NTS MULE DEER
I April 1976 Oc tobe r 1976 1976
Muscle Li ver Thyroid Blood Muscle Li ver Thyroid Blood Muscle Li ver Thyroid Blood
Nucl ide (pCi/g) (pCill) (pCi/g) (pCill) (pCi/g) (nCill)
.----.,--------
I"I[ I
-------
for the plutonium and uranium results are estimated to be about 200 femto-
curies/kilogram for results of several hundred femtocuries/kilogram, or
several times the indicated counting errors. Thus, differences between
values, when the values are under several hundred femtocuries/kilogram, have
limited statistical significance given the total analytical uncertainties
of the results.
Table 11 indicates postulated doses based on the data for maximum con-
centrations for the various nuclides summarized in table 10. The column on
, the right indicates the respective fraction of the guide of 500 millirems/
year for the various postulated doses. The doses from plutonium, uranium,
and to a lesser extent, cesium-137, are not delivered in 1 year. For
practical purposes, however, the integrated doses for a l-year ingestion
period are related to the yearly guide. Postulated doses for iodine-131
have not been calculated since its presence is a short-term transient
resulting from foreign testing and would not be present in the indicated
concentration over a period of a year.
The highest postulated dose, 11 millirems, is for tritium as a result
of ingesting meat from a mule deer. All, of the other postulated doses are
less than 1 millirem and are similar to those estimated for 1975 (Smith
et al., 1978). The observed tritium concentrations probably resulted from
the mule deer ingesting contaminated waters that drain from the tunnels in
Area 12.
The maximum postulated dose to man from any single radionuclide is about
2 percent of the guide of 500 millirems/year, based on tritium from mule deer
muscle and liver. The maximum values for bovines are less than 0.1 percent,
which are about the same values as for 1975 (Smith et al. t 1978).
FOOD HABIT ANALYSIS
Evidence indicates that the selection of foods by desert bighorn sheep
(Ovis canadensis neZsoni) can be attributed primarily to plant availability
and secondarily to the habitat being occupied. Over 450 plant species are
utilized by bighorn sheep as reported by Brown et al. (1977) and Browning
(1971). These data also indicate that grasses are generally preferred, with
more than 70 species represented. Other important families, in order of
31
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TABLE 11.
POSTULATED DOSE TO MAN FOllOWING INGESTION OF SELECTED TISSUES FOR 1 YEAR, 1976
Human Organ for
Nuclide Which Dose was
Calculated
Animal Tissue Containing
Maximum Concentration
pCi/kg of
Tissue
Dose Factor Dose
mrem:pCi/da
(l-yr ()
ingestion)* mrem
Percent
O. 5 rem
3Ht
Body water
NTS Mule Deer, August, blood
600,000 I 2,300 3.6 x 10-5
239pU
Bone
0.32
11 2
0.43 0.09
0.16 0.03
0.18 0.04
137CS
Whole body tissue Area 18 Cattle, April, muscle 39 I 12
238pU
Bone
Area 18 Cattle, April, muscle 1.2 I 0.19
Area 18 Cattle, April, muscle 1.1 I 0.38
0.022
0.27
W
N
*The doses from uranium and plutonium-238 and -239, and to a lesser extent cesium-137, are not delivered
within the l-year ~ngestion period, but, for simplification, the doses have been related to the'guide
for 1 year. The doses for uranium and plutonium are actually for a 50-year period, but it should be
recognized that the doses are resulting from ingestion over a l-year period.
tThe tritium concentration was for blood. It is assumed the muscle concentration (water plus organic)
per kilogram was equal to the blood concentration per liter.
-------
preferred species, have been shown to be in the sunflower (Compositae), the
pea (Leguminosae), and the rose (Rosaaeae) families. Appendix M lists the
plant species ingested by the desert bighorn sheep during 1976.
In addition to the tissue samples collected from the bighorn sheep for
radionuclide analysis, rumen ingesta from 28 sheep were collected and ana-
lyzed for their botanical composition (see appendix N). All of these animals
were rams collected in the months of November and December during the 1976
annual hunting season. Thirteen of these rams were collected from the
. Las Vegas, Pintwater, and Sheep Ranges that are all located within the
boundaries of the Desert National Wildlife Range. An additional 13 animals
were collected from 6 different mountain ranges located in the extreme
southern portion of Nevada, and the remaining 2 were collected from Lone
Mountain located in central Nevada.
The Desert National Wildlife Range, located approximately 64 kilometers
north of Las Vegas, contains about 910,543 hectares of a highly diversified
flora. The flora of this and the surrounding area was identified and classi-
fied by Bradley (1964). He reported that this area is made up of four
different vegetative types: the desert shrub type represented by the four
lower Sonoran plant communities--desert riparian, creosote bush, blackbrush,
and saltbush; a woodland type represented by the three upper Sonoran plant
communities--juniper-pinyon, riparian, and cliff; a coniferous forest type
represented by the fir-pine communities; and a small alpine tundra type
represented by a pseudo-alpine community.
The Desert National Wildlife Range provides the largest
of bighorn habitat in the state and undoubtedly supports the
desert bighorn sheep population in the United States.
Table 12 shows the plant species and the percentage composition of
forage eaten by the 13 animals harvested .on the Desert National Wildlife
Range. Grasses consumed by these animals made up 61.4 percent of the total.
Of this total more than two-thirds consisted of Indian ricegrass (Oryzopsis
hymenoides) and squirrel tail (Sitanion hystrix) contributing 23.8 percent
and 20.9 percent, respectively. Shrubs were represented by 20 species con-
tributing 28.8 percent of the total diet. Preferred shrub species included
cliff rose (Cowania mexiaana) with 4.3 percent and little-leaved mountain
continuous block
largest single
33
-------
TABLE 12.
THE PLANT SPECIES AND THE PERCENT COMPOSITION OF FORAGE EATEN
BY DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP HARVESTED FROM THE DESERT NATIONAL
WILDLIFE RANGE DURING NOVEMBER AND DECEMBER 1976
Species
Average
Composition Percent
Frequency of
Occurrence Percent
Oryzopsis hymenoides
Sitanion hystrix
Unidentified grasses
Poa sp.
Festuca sp.
MuhZenbergia sp.
8tipa speciosa
MuhZenbergia porteri
HiZaria jamesii
Bromus tectorum
Total Percent Grasses
23.8
20.9
8.2
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.3
1.3
0.7
0.2
61.4
5.4
1.7
1.6
0.6
0.3
0.2
9.8
100
85
92
23
8
8
31
8
15
8
100
100
92
8
31
8
8
100
Unidentified forbs
Eriogonum sp.
SphaeraZcea ambigua
Chaenactis sp.
AstragaZus sp.
Euphorbia sp.
Total Percent Forbs
Unidentified shrubs
COlJania mexicana
Cercocarpus intricatus
AtripZex confertifoZia
Ceanothus greggii
Eurotia Zanata
Artemisia tridentata
Ceanothus sp.
AtripZex canescens
AtripZex hymeneZytra
EnceZia sp.
EnceZia farinosa
Ambrosia dumosa
Purshia gZanduZosa
Chrysothamnus sp.
Ephedra nevadensis
A trip Zex sp.
Pinus monophyZZa
AmeZanchier aZnifoZia
CoZeogyne ramosissima
Juniperus osteosperma
Total Percent Shrubs
T = trace, less than O. 1
7.8
4.3
3.2
2.6
1.7
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.2
O. 1
O. 1
T
28.8
100
23
38
38
23
8
23
8
15
8
8
23
8
8
8
15
15
8
8
15
8
100
percent
34
-------
mahogany (Cepcocar-pus intpicatus) contributing 3.2 percent of the total diet.
Forbs made up the remaining 9.8 percent of the diet with desert buckwheat
(Epiogonum sp.) and desert mallow (SphaepaZcea ambigua) contributing 1.7 per-
cent and 1.6 percent of the diet.
As previously stated, 13 animals were harvested from 6 different moun-
tain ranges. These ranges, Eldorado, Mormon, Black, Muddy, Meadow Valley,
and Highland, are all located in the extreme southern portion of Nevada.
These mountain ranges are similar floristically each having well-developed
. creosote (Larpea divapicata), blackbrush (CoZeogyne pamosissima), and desert
riparian plant communities. In addition to these communities, the Mormon
Range has a fairly extensive pinyon-juniper plant community. Additional
descriptive habitat data are available for each of these mountain ranges
(Brown et al., 1978).
Table 13 shows the plant species and percentage composition of the
forage eaten by the 13 animals harvested on the 6 southern Nevada mountain
ranges. The preferred forage was grasses which made up 50 percent of the
total diet. Similar, to findings for sheep harvested on the Desert National
Wildlife Range, the two preferred species were squirrel tail and Indian
ricegrass, each contributing 23.4 percent and 14.2 percent of the total diet,
respectively. Shrubs contributed 32.6 percent of the diet with little-
leaved mountain mahogany, burro bush (Ambposia dumosa), and four-winged salt-
bush (AtPipZex canescens) contributing a total of 13.1 percent of the total
diet. Forbs were represented by nine genera making up 17.4 percent of their
diet. Preferred forbs included desert spurge (Euphopbia sp.), desert buck-
wheat, desert mallow, and desert pincushion (Chaenactis sp.) contributing
2.8 percent, 2.5 percent, 1.8 percent, and 1.2 percent of the total diet,
respectively.
The Lone Mountain region provides some of the roughest and most inacces-
sible bighorn sheep habitat in Nevada. It is located about 24 kilometers
west of Tonopah and provides about 77 square kilometers of bighorn sheep
habitat.
The three plant communities commonly found in the Lone Mountain region
include the saltbush (AtpipZex sp.), the big sagebrush (Aptemisia tpidentata),
and the woodland pinyon-juniper. All three are extensive and well-developed.
35
-------
TABLE 13.
THE PLANT SPECIES AND THE PERCENT COMPOSITION OF FORAGE EATEN
BY DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP HARVESTED FROM SOUTHERN NEVADA DURING
NOVEMBER AND DECEMBER 1976
Species
Average
Composition Percent
Frequency of
Occurrence Percent
Sitanion hystpix
OY'yzopsis hymenoides
Unidentified grasses
Poa sp.
(filaria jamesii
Stipa speaiosa
Festuaa sp.
Total Percent Grasses
Unidentified forbs
Euphopbia sp.
EY'iogonum sp.
SphaeY'alaea ambigua
Chaenaatis sp.
Amsinakia sp.
Stanleya pinnata
Astpagalus sp.
Penstemon sp.
Epodium aiautarium
Total Percent Forbs
Unidentified shrubs
CeY'aoaaPpus intY'iaatus
Ambposia dumosa
Atpiplex aanesaens
Enaelia fapinosa
EphedPa nevadensis
Eupotia lanata
Ceanothus sp.
EnaeUa sp.
Ceanothus gpeggii
GaPY'ya flavesaens
ChPysothamnus nauseosus
Coleogyne Y'amosissima
Co~ania mexiaana
ChPysothamnus sp.
ChY'ysothamnus visaidifloY'Us
. EphedPa viY'idia
Atpiplex aonfeptifolia
Enaelia fputesaens
Pinus monophylla
Total Percent Shrubs
T = trace, less than 0.1 percent
23.4
14.2
9.5
1.2
0.8
0.7
0.2
50.0
7.4
2.8
2.5
1.8
1.2
0.6
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.2
17.4
100
92
100
23
15
23
8
100
100
54
85
46
46
8
8
15
8
8
100
8.6
5.9
4.3
2.9
2.0
1.9
1.5
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
O. 1
O. 1
O. 1
0.1
T
32.6
92
23
23
46
8
31
23
8
15
8
8
8
15
15
8
8
8
8
8
8
100
36
-------
Table 14 shows the plant species and the percentage composition of the
forage eaten by the two sheep harvested on Lone Mountain. Similar to the
forage preferred by the sheep harvested from the two other regions, grasses
were dominant. More than 50 percent of their diet consisted of three grass
species. Squirrel tail, galleta (Hi~aria jamesii), and Indian ricegrass were
preferred contributing 35.0 percent, 10.5 percent, and 8.5 percent of the
total diet, respectively. Shrubs made up 30.5 percent of the total diet with
big sagebrush and antelope-brush (Purshia g~nduZosa) preferred. Forbs con-
, tributed 5.5 percent of the total diet with desert spurge contributing
1.5 percent of the total diet.
TABLE 14.
THE PLANT SPECIES AND THE PERCENT COMPOSITION OF FORAGE EATEN
BY DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP HARVESTED FROM CENTRAL NEVADA DURING
NOVEMBER 1976
Average Frequency of
Speci es Composition Percent Occurrence Percent
Sitanion hystrix 35.0 100
HiZaria jamesii 10.5 100
Oryzopsis hymenoides 8.5 50
Unidentified grasses 7.0 100
Bromus teatorum 3.0 50
Total Percent Grasses 64.0 100
Unidentified forbs 2.5 100
Euphorbia s p: 1.5 50
Sphaera~aea sp. 1.0 50
Chaenaatis sp. 0.5 50
Total Percent Forbs 5.5 100
Artemisia tridentata 11.5 100
Purshia gZanduZosa 10.5 100
Unidentified shrubs 4.0 50
Ceanothus sp. 3.5 50
AtripZex aonfertifoZia 1.0 50
Total Percent Shrubs 30.5 100
37
-------
OTHER ACTIVITIES
BEEF HERD
During 1976, the Animal Investigation Program's beef herd continued to
subsist on the natural vegetation of Area 18. Semiannual roundups of the
herd were conducted in April and October. At each roundup, all captured
animals were examined, weighed, and sprayed for ectoparasites. The 1976
calves were branded, vaccinated, identified with tattoos and ear tags, and
when indicated were castrated and dehorned. Twenty-nine calves were weaned.
One hundred and eight animals were accounted for during the October roundup.
DEER MIGRATION STUDY
As described previously (Smith et al., 1978), during the summer months,
a sizable mule deer herd resides in the mountainous regions of the Nevada
Test Site. The location of this herd during the winter months is of interest
to both the U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration and the
Nevada Department of Fish and Game as these animals could be harvested by the
general public if they eventually reach unrestricted lands. A study designed
to determine the migration patterns of this herd through tracking of indi-
vidual deer outfitted with collars containing miniature radio transmitters
was begun in 1975 and continued through 1976.
Between July 1 and October 31,14 deer were captured either by chemical
restraint of free-ranging animals (Smith et al., 1978) or by trapping
(Giles 1978). Thirteen of these deer were outfitted with radiotransmitting
collars, ear tags, and reflective identification numbers suspended from a
collar. One deer that was too large for the transmitter collar was released
with visual markings only.
An additional three animals were captured but were euthanized because of
injuries suffered during the capture process. There were no losses due to
38
-------
the immobilizing drugs. Two of the marked animals were killed by mountain
lions, one about 4 hours after it was released and the other 13 months later.
Of the 13 radio transmitters placed in the field, 6 were still working
12 months later. Two of the radios that failed were recovered and examined.
It was found that the wires between the battery and the transmitter had
parted, probably from repeated flexing of the collar assembly during the
normal movements of the deer. The manufacturer eliminated the long leads
and this problem should not recur during 1977.
The movements of the 13 deer were monitored weekly via either ground or
aerial vehicles using a receiver and directional antenna. The movements of
these deer are shown in figure 7. Three deer did not leave the general area
of their original capture. However, they were able to descend from the
2,200-meter elevation to another meadow at 2,000 meters by moving approxi-
mately 1.5 kilometers. Three animals migrated off the Nevada Test Site at
the western boundary in the Beatty Wash area of Timber Mountain. The
remainder of the animals moved south to Timber Mountain or 40-Mi1e Canyon
or the western edge of Shoshone Mountain in Area 30.
There appeared to be no set pattern to the migration as individual deer
left the Echo Peak area from October 7 through January 31, 1977, and
returned from late April 1977 through late June 1977. The winter of 1976
was quite mild and probably a more definite pattern would be observed in
years of higher snowfall and lower temperatures.
Individual deer dispersed over a wide area within their winter ranges
and extensive movements occurred between the weekly sightings. This
contrasts markedly with the summer pattern in which deer seldom moved a
kilometer between weekly sightings.
INVESTIGATIONS, SURVEYS, AND OTHER STUDIES
During 1976, there were no livestock damage claims requiring investi-
gation.
The Animal Investigation Program's rumen-fistu1ated steers were used in
a study to determine plutonium uptake by animals grazing a contaminated range.
Details and data from this study, conducted under the auspices of the Nevada
39
.
-------
.,
rA'
J,
o
Desert
Game
Range
,:::s
i ~~~:'
dsul.
I
I
--_J.
Scale in Feet
~-
0000 0
Scale in Meters
~..-- I
o 5000 10000
.
3000
CD Tonopah (240 kilometers from Mercury)
(3) Las Vegas (105 kilometers from Mercury)
Figure 7.
1976 deer migration areas
40
-------
Applied Ecology Group, are presented elsewhere (Smith 1974, 1977b, and 1978).
Maintenance continued on the natural springs of the Nevada Test Site
that were renovated in 1975 as described by Smith et ale (1978). This work
consisted of removal of debris and repair of broken pipes.
During August, 27 mourning doves (Zenoida maaro~a) were captured at
the Area 15 farm and leg bands were applied. Hunter returns of these bands
should give an indication of the migratory patterns of this bird from the
. Nevada Test Site. Knowledge gained as to proper baiting and trapping tech-
niques should allow an expanded trapping program during the fall of 1977.
PUBLIC INFORMATION
The off-site public information program continued by direct contact with
ranchers, by newspaper articles and television interviews, by public displays
featuring a rumen-fistulated steer, and by presentations to groups touring
the Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory-Las Vegas or the Nevada
Test Site facilities. During 1976, the objectives and findings of the
Animal Investigation Program were described to over 400 Nevada Test Site
visitors in 30 different tour groups. A rumen-fistulated steer served as
a feature attraction at an educational exhibit displayed at the annual Earth
Day open house at the Environmental Monitoring and Researh Laboratory-
Las Vegas in April and at the Pahrump Fall Fair held in September at
Pahrump, Nevada. An estimated 5,000 people visited the exhibit at these
locations and received information on the Animal Investigation Program's
objectives and findings.
An interview with an Associated Press reporter resulted in many news
releases throughout the country. Clippings were received from newspapers
as far away as Florida. The Animal Investigation Program's activities were
also featured in a newspaper article in the Las Vegas Review Journal and in
a television news report filmed by KATU-TV of Portland, Oregon.
41
-------
REFERENCES
Bradley, W. G. liThe Vegetation of the Desert Game Range with Special Refer-
ence to the Desert Bighorn." pp. 43-67. In: Desert Bighorn Council
1964 Transactions. 181 pp. 1964 -
Brown, K. W. and B. J. Mason. Range Survey, Area 18, Nevada Test Site.
SWRHL-52r. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, South-
western Radiological Health Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 42 pp. 1968
Brown, K. W., D. D. Smith, and R. P. McQuivey. "Food Habits of Desert Big-
horn Sheep in Nevada 1956-1976.11 pp.32-61. l!!.: Desert Bighorn
Council 1977 Transactions. 63 pp. 1978
Browning, B. M. liThe Desert Bighorn: Its Life History, Ecology, and Manage-
ment. II Food. Chapter 4. Edited for the Desert Bighorn Council by
Lowell Sumner and Gale Monson. 1971
Dillman, L. T. "Radionuclide decay schemes and nuclear parameters for use in
radiation-dose estimation. II Medical Internal Radiation Dose Committee.
J. Nuc1. Med. Supplement No.2. March 1969
Fountain, E. L. Off-Site Animal Investigation Project. Fourth Annual Report.
U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Nevada Operations Office, Las Vegas,
Nevada. 32 pp. 1961
Giles, K. R. "A summer trapping method for mule deer. II Submitted to the
California Fish and Game for review for publication. 1978
Hagan, V. 1. and G. Arrhenius.
10:865.1963
IIIon exchange in mixed solvent. II Talanta
Hardy, E., P. Krey, and H. Volchok.
238pU from SNAP-9A. HASL-250.
1972. .
Global Inventory and Distribution of
U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. March
Hitchcock, A. S. Manual of the Grasses of the United States. Misc. Publ.
200. U.S. Department of Agriculture. U.S. Government Printing Office.
Washington, DC. 1,051 pp. 1950
International Commission for Radiation Protection. Report of Committee II
on Permissible Dose for Internal Radiation. ICRP Report No.2. 1959
42
-------
International Commission for Radiation Protection. Evaluation of Radiation
Doses to Body Tissues from Internal Contamination Due to Occupational
Exposure. ICRP Report No. 10. 1968
Johns, F. B. National Environmental Research Center - Las Vegas Handbook of
Radiochemical Analytical Methods. EPA-680/4-75-001. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, National Environmental Research Center, Las Vegas,
Nevada. 140 pp. 1975
Krey, P. W. and B. T. Krajewski. "P1utonium Isotopic Ratios at Rocky F1ats."
HASL-249. pp. 1-67. ~: Health and Safety Laboratory Fallout Program
Quarterly Summary Report. E. P. Hardy, Jr. 1-1 - F-1 pp. 1972
Leavitt, V. D. Soil Survey of Area 18, Nevada Test Site. SWRHL-74r. U.S.
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Southwestern Radiological
Health Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 119 pp. 1970
Major, W. J., K. D. Lee, and R. A. Wessman. "Ana1ysis of 239pU and 241Am in
NAEG Large-Sized Bovine Samples. II pp. 449-463. lD.: The Radioecology
of Plutonium and Other Transuranics in Desert Environments. Nevada
Applied Ecology Group Progress Report, June 1975. NVO-153. M. G. White
and P. B. Dunaway (eds.). U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Nevada Oper-
ations Office, Las Vegas, Nevada. 504 pp. 1975
Matlock, G. M., J. H. Patterson, G. B. Nelson, and G. R. Waterburg. Dissolu-
tion Rates of 238pu02 and 239Pu02 in 1 M Perch10ric Acid. UC-4. Los
Alamos Scientific Laboratory. 1976
McMinn, H. E. An Illustrated Manual of California Shrubs.
California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. 1964
Merck and Company, Inc. The Merck Veterinary Manual. Fourth Edition. O. H.
Siegmund (ed.). Merck and Company, Inc., Rahway, New Jersey. 1,618 pp.
1973
University of
Mitchell, R. F. "E1ectrodeposition of actinide elements at tracer concentra-
tions." Anal. Chern. 32:326. 1960
Monitoring Operations Division. Off-Site Environmental Monitoring Report for
the Nevada Test Site and Other Test Areas Used for Underground Nuclear
Detonations. EMSL-LV-539-12. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada.
130 pp. 1977
Munz, P. A. and D. D. Keck. A California Flora.
Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. 1,681 pp.
University of California
1965
National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements.
Protection Criteria. Report No. 39. 1971
Basic Radiation
43
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Patterson, J. H., G. B. Nelson, and G. M. Matlock. The Dissolution of
Plutonium-238 in Environmental and Biological Systems. LA-5624. Los
Alamos Scientific Laboratory. 6 pp. 1974
Smith, D. D. Management History of the AEC Beef Herd - 1 June 1964 - 1 June
1969. SWRHL-80r. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.
Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 26 pp.
1970
Smith, D. D. "Grazing Studies on Selected Plutonium-Contaminated Areas in
Nevada. II pp. 151-161. 1.!!.: The Dynamics of Plutonium in Desert
Environments. Nevada Applied Ecology Group Report, July 1974. NVO-142.
P. B. Dunaway and M. G. White (eds.). U.S. Atomic Energy Commission,
Nevada Operations Office, Las Vegas, Nevada. 369 pp. 1974
Smith, D. D. "Grazing Studies on a Contaminated Range of the Nevada Test
Site. II pp. 139-149. In: Environmental Plutonium on the Nevada Test
Site and Environs. Nevada Applied Ecology Group Report, June 1977.
NVO-171. M. G. White, P. B. Dunaway, and W. A. Howard (eds.). U.S.
Energy Research and Development Administration, Las Vegas, Nevada.
322 pp. 1977a
Smith, D. D. "Review of Grazing Studies on Plutonium-Contaminated Range-
lands." pp. 407-417. In: Transuranics in Natural Environments.
Nevada Applied Ecology Group Report, June 1977. NVO-178. M. G. White
and P. B. Dunaway (eds.). U.S. Energy Research and Development Adminis-
tration, Las Vegas, Nevada. 1977b
Smith, D. D. "Area 13 Grazing Studies--Additiona1 Data.1I To be published in
Proceedings of the Plutonium Information Conference of the Nevada
Applied Ecology Group held at Bahia Motor Hotel, San Diego, California,
February 28 - March 2, 1978. NVO-192. 1978
Smith, D. D. and D. E. Bernhardt. "Actinide Concentrations in Tissues from
Cattle Grazing a Contaminated Range." pp. 281-303 In: Transuranics in
Desert Ecosystems. Nevada Applied Ecology Group Report, November 1977.
NVO-181. M. G. White, P. B. Dunaway, and D. L. Wireman (eds.). U.S.
Energy Research and Development Administration, Nevada Operations
Office, Las Vegas, Nevada. 469 pp. 1977
Smith, D. D. and S. C. Black. Actinide Concentrations in Tissues from Cattle
Grazing Near the Rocky Flats Plant. NERC-LV-539-36. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, National Environmental Research Center, Las Vegas,
Nevada. 47 pp. 1975
Smith, D. D. and K. R. Giles. Animal Investigation Program 1969 Annual
Report. SWRHL-102r. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 20 pp.
1970
44
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Smith, D. D. and K. R. Giles. Animal Investigation Program 1970 Annual
Report. NERC-LV-539-16. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
National Environmental Research Center, Las Vegas, Nevada. 53 pp.
1974
Smith, D. D. and K. R. Giles. 1971 Animal Investigation Program Annual
Report. NERC-LV-539-20. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
National Environroental Research Center, Las Vegas, Nevada. 39 pp.
1975
Smith, D. D., K. R. Giles, and D. E. Bernhardt. Animal Investigation Program
1972 Annual Report. NERC-LV-539-35. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, National Research Center, Las Vegas, Nevada. 82 pp. 1976
, Smith, D. D., K. R. Giles, and D. E. Bernhardt. Animal Investigation Program
1973 Annual Report: Nevada Test Site and Vicinity. EMSL-LV-0539-3.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring and Sup-
port Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 89 pp. 1977a
Smith, D. D., K. R. Giles, D. E. Bernhardt, and K. W. Brown. Animal Investi-
gation Program 1974 Annual Report: Nevada Test Site and Vicinity.
EMSL-LV-0539-10. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental
Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 95 pp. 1977b
Smith, D. D., K. R. Giles, D. E. Bernhardt, and K. W. Brown. Animal Investi-
9ation Program 1975 Annual Report: Nevada Test Site and Vicinity.
EMSL-LV-0539-14. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental
Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 88 pp. 1978
Stanley, R. E., E. W. Bretthauer, and W. W. Sutton. IIAbsorption, Distribu-
tion, and Excretion of Plutonium by Dairy Cows. II pp. 163-185. In: The
Dynamics of Plutonium in Desert Environments. Nevada Applied EcOTogy---
Group Progress Report, July 1974. NVO-142. M. G. White and P. B.
Dunaway (eds.). U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Nevada Operations
Office, Las Vegas, Nevada. 369 pp. 1974
Stanley, R. E., E. W. Bretthauer, and W. W. Sutton. IIAbsorption, Distribu-
tion, and Excretion of Plutonium by Dairy Cows. II pp. 97-124. In: The
Radioecology of Plutonium and Other Transuranics in Desert Environments.
Nevada Applied Ecology Group Progress Report, June 1975. NVO-153.
M. G. White and P. B. Dunaway (eds.). U.S. Energy Research and Develop-
ment Administration, Nevada Operations Office, Las Vegas, Nevada.
504 pp. 1975
Talvitie, N. A. IIRadiochemical determination of plutonium in environmental
and biological samples by ion exchange. II Anal. Chern. 43:1827-1830.
1971
Talvitie, N. A. IIElectrodeposition of actinides for alpha spectrometric
determination. II Anal. Chern. 44:280-282. 1972
45
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U. S. Energy Research and Development Admini strati on. "Standards for Radi-
ation Protection Manual." U.S. Energy Research and Development Adminis-
tration Transmittal Notice. Chapter 0524. April 8, 1975
Wish, L. and M. Rowell. Sequential Analysis of Tracer Amounts of Np, U, and
Pu in Fission-Product Mixtures by Anion Exchange. USNRDL-TR-117. Naval
Radiological Defense Laboratory, San Francisco, ~alifornia. 34 pp.
October 11, 1956
46
-------
LIST OF APPENDIXES
Appendix
A Summary of Analytical Procedures and Minimum Detectable
Acti viti es
B Radionuc1ide Concentrations in Tissue Samples Collected
from Beef Cattle, Area 18, Nevada Test Site, 1976 .
Table
B-1
Plutonium Concentrations in Lungs, Beef Cattle, Area 18,
NTS, 1976
B-2 Plutonium Concentrations in Tracheobronchial Lymph Nodes,
Beef Cattle, Area 18, NTS, 1976
B-3 Plutonium Concentrations in Muscles, Beef Cattle, Area 18,
NTS, 1976
B-4 Plutonium Concentrations in Livers, Beef Cattle, Area 18,
NTS, 1976
B-5 Plutonium Concentrations in Gonads, Beef Cattle, Area 18,
NTS, 1976
B-6 Plutonium Concentrations in-Rumen Contents, Beef Cattle,
Area 18, NTS, 1976
B-7 Plutonium Concentrations in Reticulum Sediments, Beef Cattle,
Area 18, NTS, 1976
B-8 Plutonium and Strontium Concentrations in Femurs, Beef Cattle,
Area 18, NTS, April 1976
B~9 Plutonium and Strontium Concentrations in Femurs, Beef Cattle,
Area 18, NTS, October 1976
B-10 Gamma-Emitting Radionuc1ides and Tritium Concentrations in
Selected Tissues, Beef Cattle, Area 18, NTS, 1976
47
Page
51
52
53
54
55
56
57 .
58
59
60
61
-------
LIST OF APPENDIXES (continued)
Appendix
C Radionuc1ide Concentrations in Tissue Samples Collected from
Other Cattle, Nevada Test Site, 1976
Table
C-1
Plutonium Concentrations in Lungs, Other Cattle, NTS, 1976
C-2 Plutonium Concentrations in Tracheobronchial Lymph Nodes,
Other Cattle, NTS, 1976
C-3 Plutonium Concentrations in Muscles, Other Cattle, NTS, 1976
C-4 Plutonium Concentrations in Livers, Other Cattle, NTS, 1976
C-5 Plutonium Concentrations in Gonads, Other Cattle, NTS, 1976
C-6 Plutonium and Strontium Concentrations in Femurs, Other Cattle,
NTS, 1976
C-7 Gamma-Emitting Radionuc1ides and Tritium Concentrations in
Selected Tissues, Other Cattle, NTS, 1976
Appendix
D Radionuclide Concentrations in Tissue Samples Collected from
Mule Deer, Nevada Test Site, 1976
Tabl e
D-l
Plutonium Concentrations in Selected Tissues, Mule Deer,
NTS, 1976
D-2 Plutonium Concentrations in Gonads, Mule Deer, NTS, 1976
D-3 Plutonium and Strontium Concentrations in Bones (Hock),
Mule Deer, NTS, 1976
D-4 Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides and Tritium Concentrations
in Selected Tissues, Mule Deer, NTS, 1976
Appendix
E Radionuc1ide Concentrations in Tissue Samples Collected from
Desert Bighorn Sheep, 1976
48
Page
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
-------
LIST OF APPENDIXES (continued)
Table
E-l
Plutonium Concentrations in Selected Tissues, Desert Bighorn
Sheep, 1976
E-2 Plutonium and Strontium Concentrations in Bones (Hock),
Desert Bighorn Sheep, 1976
E-3 Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides and "Tritium Concentrations
in Selected Tissues, Desert Bighorn Sheep, 1976
Appendix
F Plutonium, Strontium, Tritium, and Gamma-Emitting Radionuc1ides
Concentrations in Bones and Muscles, Horses, Nevada Test Site
1976
G Plutonium, Strontium, Tritium, and Gamma-Emitting Radionuc1ides
Concentrations in Selected Tissues, Coyote, Area 18, Nevada Test
Site, 1976
H Radionuclide Concentrations in Tissue Samples Collected from
Rabbits, Area 18, Nevada Test Site, May 1976
Table
H-l
Plutonium Concentrations in Selected Tissues, Rabbits, Area 18,
NTS, May 1976
H-2 Plutonium and Strontium Concentrations from Bone and Skin,
Rabbits, Area 18, NTS, May 1976
H-3 Gamma-Emitting Radionuc1ides and Tritium Concentrations in
Selected Tissues, Rabbits, Area 18, NTS, May 1976
Appendix
I Radionuc1ide Concentrations in Tissue Samples Collected from
Rabbits, Area 15, Nevada Test Site, March 1976
Table
1-1
Plutonium Concentrations in Selected Tissues, Rabbits,
Area 15, NTS, March 1976
1-2 Plutonium and Strontium Concentrations in Bone and Skin,
Rabbits, Area 15, NTS, March 1976
1-3 Gamma-Emitting Radionuc1ides and Tritium Concentrations
in Selected Tissues, Rabbits, Area 15, NTS, March 1976
4~
Page
73
76
78
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
-------
LIST OF APPENDIXES (continued)
Appendix
J Radionuc1ide Concentrations in Tissue Samples Collected from
Rabbits, Area 15, Nevada Test Site, September 1976
Table
J-1
Plutonium Concentrations in Selected Tissues, Rabbits,
Area 15, NTS, September 1976
J-2 Plutonium and Strontium Concentrations in Bone and Skin,
Rabbits, Area 15, NTS, September 1976
J-3 Gamma-Emitting Radionuc1ides and Tritium Concentrations in
Selected Tissues, Rabbits, Area 15, NTS, September 1976
Appendix
K Plutonium, Strontium, Tritium, and Gamma-Emitting Radionuc1ides
Concentrations in Selected Tissues, Chukar and Quail, Area 15,
Nevada Test Site, 1976
L Gross and Microscopic Pathology Found in Necropsied Animals
M Plant Species Ingested by Desert Bighorn Sheep During 1976
N Botanical Analyses of Desert Bighorn Sheep Rumen Contents, 1976
50
Page
89
90
91
92
93
102
103
-------
APPENDIX A.
SUMMARY OF ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES AND MINIMUM DETECTABLE ACTIVITIES
Minimum Detectable Activities
Type of
Analysis
Analytical
Equipment
Counting
Period
(min)
Analytical
Procedures
Sample
Size
(pCi/total sample)~
Garrma
Spectroscopy
. 89,,90Sr
<.n
--
3H
238-239pU
23'+ 235
. .
238U
Lithi um-dri fted
germanium detectors
calibrated at
approximate ly
0.5 keY per channel
input to 4096 chan-
nels resident in the
core of the PDP
11/20 computer.
Low-background thin-
window. gas-flow
proportional counter
with a 5.7-cm dia-
meter wi n~ow
(80 \lg/cm ).
Automatic liquid
scintillation counter
with output printer.
Alpha spectrometer
with silicon surface
barrier detectors
operated in vacuum
chambers.
"'1.200
400-
1.400
Radionuclide concentrations
quantitated from gamma spec-
trum by POP 11/20 computer
using a least squares
technique.
50
themical separation by ion
exchange. Separated sample
counted successively;
activity calculated by
simultaneous equations.
200-ml
aluminum
cans
For: 5'+Mn. GOCo. 95Zn l03Ru.
12'+Sb. 132Te. IJtl. 13'+1.
137CS. l'+0Ba - 7 pCi
For: 125Sb. l'+lCe - 30 pCi
200
Sample prepared by
distillation.
For: 65Zn. l06Ru. l'+'+Ce - 20 pCi
For: 181W - 85 pCi
For: 2'+lAm - 35 pCi
For: 22Na - 4 pCi
2 g of
ash
For: 89Sr - 5 pCi
90Sr - 2 pCi
Ash sample is digested with
acid. purified by solvent
extraction and/or ion
exchange. electroplated on
stainless steel planchet.
and counted by alpha spec-
trometer.
5 ml
"-0.2 pCi/ml H20
100 g - 1 kg For all isotopes - ",0.02 pCi
wet weight
1 - 109 ash
*The minimum detectable activities in terms of total activity per sample for standard geometries
and counting times are based on a combination of a number of technical experiments and operational
experience. By means of experimentation, the minimum detectable activities have been defined as
that activity which produced a t 100 percent deviation at the 95 percent confidence level. These
values are approximations and are applicable to ideal conditions and simple complexes of nuclides.
Complex spectra or spectra showing naturally occurring radionuc1ides can raise the minimum detectable
activities considerably. The detection limit for each sample is defined as that radioactivity which
equals the two-sigma counting error.
-------
-
TABLE B-1. PLUTONIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN LUNGS, BEEF CATTLE, AREA 18, NTS, 1976*
April 1976 October 1976
Animal 238pU 239pu Ash 239Pu:238pu Animal 238pu 239pu Ash 239Pu:238pU
No. (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (%) Ratio No. (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (%) Ratio'
(fCi/kgt) (fCi/kgt) (fCi/kgf) (fCi/kg'f)
1 13.7 :t 4.4 137:t 18 3 9.9 7 8.4:t5.1 209 :t 30 5.1 24.7
410 :t 130 4,060:t 550 430 :t 260 10,600 :t 1,500
Fetus <20 80 :t 32 0.6 >4 Dupl. 10.8:t 7.7 29.7:t 13.3 3.9 2.7
1 <120 500 :t 200 7f 420:t 300 1,150 :t 510
2 13.8 :t 6.2 40:t 11. 2 2.7 2.9 8 5.2:t 3.9 44 . 5 :t 11 4.8 8.4
370 :t 170 1,080:t 300 250 :t 180 2, 11 0 :t 520
3 18.2:t 7.7 69. 1 :t 17.5 4 3.8 9 9.5:t 4.5 1 32 :t 18 5 14.1
CJ1 720 :t 310 2,740:t 700 470 :t 220 6,610:t 910
N
4 <3.8 25 :t 10.6 4.6 >6 10 <0.65 <0.65 4.6
<170 1,200 :t 490 <30 <30
5 8.4:t 5.3 24.9:t 9.9 3.8 3 11 <2.3 2.9 :t 2.6 4.9 Al
320 :t 200 950:t 380 <110 140 :t 1 30
6 3.6:t 2 18.3 :t 5.3 4.6 5.3 12 5:t 2.2 11.6 :t 3.4 4.6 2.3
160 :t 90 840 :t 240 230 :t 100 530 :t 160
Dupl. 12.5:t 8.2 32 . 6 :t 14. 1 1. 97 2.7
6f 230:t 150 610 :t 260
Median 13.1 36.5 3.4 >4.6 Median 5.2 29.7 4.8 5.5
325 1,005 250 1 , 1 50
3.6-<20 18.3-137 0.6- 2.7- Range <0.65-10.8 <0.65-209 3.9- >1-
Range <120-720 500-4,060 4.6 9.9 <30-470 <30-10,600 5. 1 24.7
*A11 plutonium analyses by Eber1ine Instrument Corporation.
tWet weight
fDuplicate blind sample
-------
TABLE B-2.
PLUTONIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN TRACHEOBRONCHIAL LYMPH NODES, BEEF CATTLE, AREA 18, NTS, 1976*
Apri 1 1976 October 1976
Animal 238pu 239pu Ash 239Pu:238pu Animal 238pu 239pu Ash 239Pu:238pu
No. (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (%) Ratio No. (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (%) Ra t i 0
(pCi/kgt) (pCi/kgt) (pCi/kgt) (pCi/kgt)
1 0.17 :t 0.08 1.03:t 0.2 2.6 5.9 7 <0.03 <0.03 1.3
4.61 :t 1. 97 27:t 5.3 <0.33 <0.33
2 <0.02 <0.02 4.1 8 <0.008 <0.008 4.6
<0.82 <0.82 <0.36 <0.36
3 <0.09 o. 11 .:t o. 06 5.6 >1 9 <0.1 <0.1 . .0.6
<5 6.11 :t 3.33 <0.63 <0.63
U'1 4 <0.05 <0.05 10 <0.05 <0.1 3.8
w 1.2
<0.61 <0.61 <0.33 <0.66
5 0.01 <0.01 3.8 11 <0.1 <0.1 0.6
0.54 <0.54 <0.64 <0.64
6 4.1:t 0.7 0.7:t 0.2 1 0.2 12 <0.002 <0.002 3.8
40.4 :t 6.9 6.9:t 1.97 <0.29 <0.29
Dupl. 5.1:t 1 0.7 1: 0.25 0.1
6"f 50.2:t 9.8 6.9:t 2.43
Median <0.09 0.07 2.6 >0.6 Median <0.04 <0.2 2.6
<5 6.9 <0.35 <0.50
Range <0.01-5.1 <0.01-1.03 1- 0.1- Range <0.1 <0.1 0.6...,
<0.54-50.2 <0.54-27 5.6 5.9 <0.64 <0.64 4.6
*Al1 plutonium analyses by Eberline Instrument Corporation.
tWet weight
fDuplicate blind sample
-------
TABLE B-3. PLUTONIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN MUSCLES, BEEF CATTLE, AREA 18, NTS, 1976*
April 1976 October 1976
Animal 238pU 239pu Ash 238Pu:239pu An i mal 238pu 239pU Ash 238PU:239pu
No. (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (%) Ra t i 0 No. (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (%) Ratio
(fCi/kgt) (fCi/kgt) ( fC i / kg t) (fCi/kgt)
1 35.7 :t 5.5 5.4:t 1.9 3.4 0.15 7 <0.7 6.8 :t 3 5
1,200 :t 190 180:t 60 <40 340 :t 150
Dupl. 35.7:t 5.3 4.4:t 1.6 3.4 0.12 Dupl. 7.2:t 3.6 22:t 5.6 2.5
1=t 1 ,200 :t 180 150:t 50 t!= 180:t 90 550 :t 140
Fetus <1.4 <1.4 2.7 8 <0.3 <0.3 5.2
1 <40 <40 <10 <10
2 <1.20 <1.20 5.1 9 <1. 3 <1. 3 4.7
<60 <60 <60 <60
3 <1.20 <1.20 3.8 10 <0.36 <0.36 5.5
U'I <50 <20 <20
.j::o <50
4 <0.8 <0.8 4.3 11 <0.45 <0.45 5.4
<30 <30 <20 <20
5 <1.5 <1. 5 5 Dupl. <0.63 <0.63 5.4
<80 <80 ll:f <30 <30
6 <0.7 8 :t 3.4 5.1 12 <0.97 <1.95 4.2
<30 410 :t 170 <40 <80
Dup1. <1.6 8.1 :t 5.1 3.7
6.;. <60 300 :t 190
f
<1.4 <1. 5 <1. 3 <0.96 5.1
Median <60 <80 3.8 Median <3.5 <0.45
Range <0.7-35.7 <0.8-8.1 2.7- Range <0.3-7.2 <0.3-22 2.5-
<30-1,200 <30-410 5.1 <10-180 <10-550 5.5
~All plut~nium analyses by Eberline Instrument Corporation.
~et ~el~ t
f upllca e blind sample
-------
TABLE B-4. PLUTONIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN LIVERS, BEEF CATTLE, AREA 18, NTS, 1976*
Apri 1 1976 October 1976
Animal 238pu 239pu Ash 239Pu:238pu Animal 238pu 239pu Ash 239pU:238pU
No. (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (%) Ra t i 0 No. (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (%) Ratio
(fCi/kgt) (fCi/kg"t) (fCi /kgt) (fCi/kgt)
1 4.9 :t 2.8 17.8 :t 5.3 2.2 3.6 7 <0.96 3.7 :t 2.6 5.6 >3.8
11 0 :t 60 400 :t 120 <50 210 :t 150
Fetus <3.3 <3.3 1.9 8 2.3:t2.1 20.2 :t 6.2 3.8 8.5
1 <60 <60 90 :t 80 770 :t 240
2 23.2:t 6.9 19.6.:t 6.3 4.2 0.9 Dup1. 6.5:t 5.8 68.2:t 19.9 3.4 10.6
960 :t 280 820:t 260 8:j: 220:t 200 2,330 :t 680
3 <0.98 <0.98 4.8 9 2.3:t 2 35.8 :t 7.8 4.6 16
<50 <50 100 :t 90 1,660 :t 360
U"I
U"I 4 3.7:t 3 23.8 :t 7.9 10 <0.73 <0.73
180 :t 140 1,140 :t 380 4.8 6.3 <50 <50 7.4
5 <0.22 2.5 :t 1.5 8.1 >11 11 <1.8 <3.6 6
<20 200 :t 120 <110 <220
6 NA 6.8 :t 3.6 7.2 12 4:t 2.4 33.6 :t 7.3 6.2 8
NA 490 :t 250 250 :t 150 2,080:t 450
Dup1. 4.6:t 2.8 34.4:t 6.6 6.2 7
12+ 280:t 140 2,130 :t 410
Median 3.5 6.8 4.8 2.3 Median 2.3 32.3 5.8 8.3
<85 400 <105 1 ,215
<0.22-23.2 <0.98-23.8 1. 9- 0.9- Range <0.73-6.5 <0.73-68.2 3.4- >3.8-
Range <20-960 <50-1,140 8.1 >11 <50-280 <50-2,330 7.4 10.6
*A11 plutonium analyses by Eber1ine Instrument Corporation.
tWet weight
fDup1icate blind sample
NA = Not analyzed
-------
TABLE B-5.
PLUTONIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN GONADS, BEEF CATTLE, ARl" 18, NTS, 1976*
Apri 1 1976 October 1976
Animal Sex 238pU 239pU Ash Animal 238pu 239 Pu Ash
No. (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) No. Sex (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kgt) (fCi/kgt) (%) (fCi/kgt) (fCi /kg t) (%)
1 F Lost Lost 7 Steer NC NC
2 F <20 <20 3. 1 8 F <150 <150 0.6
<630 <630 <970 <970
3 Steer NC NC 9 F <167 <167 1.4
<2,270 <2,270
()"I 4 Steer NC NC
0'1 10 M <2.6 <2.6 4.6
5 Steer NC NC <120 <120
6 Steer NC NC 11 M <3.6 <3.6 2.6
<90 <90
12 M <3.1 <3.1 2.4
<80 <80
Composite
0.5 year-old 6.4 :!: 4 59 :!: 13 3.8
males 250 :!: 150 2,270:t 490
Median <5 <31.3 2.5
<185 <545
<2.6-<167 <2.6-<167 0.6-
Range <80-<2,270 <80-2,270 4.6
*A11 plutonium analyses by Eber1ine Instrume~t Corporation.
tWet weight
NC = Not collected
-------
TABLE B-6. PLUTONIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN RUMEN CONTENTS, BEEF CATTLE, AREA 18, NTS, 1976*
April 1976 October 1976
Animal 238pu 239pu Ash 2 39pU : 2 38pU Animal 238pu 239pU Ash 239Pu:238pu
No. (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (%) Ratio No. (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (%) Ratio
(pCi/kgt) (pCi/kgt) (pCi/kgt) (pCi/kgt)
<0.002 0.054 :t 0.02 2.6 >27 7 0.023:t 0.0065 0.17:t 0.021 3 7.5
<0.05 1.4 :t 0.55 0.69 :t 0.19 5.2 :t 0.63
2 NA 0.029 :t 0.012 3 8 0.011:t 0.0045 0.10:t 0.016 4 9.30
NA 0.87 :t 0.36 0.43 :t 0.18 4 :t 0.63
Dup 1. 0.02:t 0.006 0.029 :t 0.008 3 1.69 9 0.048 :t 0.008 0.20:t 0.014 3 3.93
2=1= 0.51:t 0.18 0.86 :t 0.24 1 .5 :t 0.24 5.9 :t 0.56
3 0.019:t 0.008 0.075:t 0.020 2.9 4.07 10 0.036:t 0.007 0.095:t 0.012 3.6 2.61
U1 0.54 i: 0.23 2.2 :t 0.57 1.3:t0.25 3.4 :t 0.44
'"
4 <0.001 0.014 :t 0.009 2.2 >14 11 0.047:t 0.012 0.26:t 0.034 2.4 5.64
<0.03 0.3 :t 0.2 1. 1 :t O. 29 6.2 :t 0.79
5 0.075:t 0.012 0.40 :t 0.04 1.8 5.14 12 0.011:t 0.004 0.12:t 0.015 2.6 11.43
1.4 :t 0.22 7.2 :t 0.77 0.28 :t 0.10 3.2 :t 0.4
6 <0.003 0.013 :t 0.008 2.7 >4.3
<0.09 0.35 :t 0.21
Medi an 0.011 0.029 2.7 > 4.7 Median 0.030 0.15 3 6.6
0.30 0.a7 0.90 4.6
Range <0.001-0.075 0.013-0.40 1.8- 1.69- Range 0.011-0.048 0.095-0.26 2.4- 2.6-
<0.03-1. 4 0.3-7.2' 3 >27 0.28-1.5 3.2-6.2 4 11.4
*A11 plutonium analyses by Eber1ine Instrument Corporation.
tWet weight
NA = Not analyzed
fDup1icate blind sample
-------
TABLE B-7.
PLUTONIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN RETICULUM SEDIMENTS,
BEEF CATTLE, AREA 18, NTS, 1976*
Apri 1 1976 October 1976
Animal 238pu 239pu Ash 239Pu:238pu Animal 238pU 239pU Ash 2 39Pu:2 38pU
No. (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (%) Ratio No. (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (%) Ratio
(pCi/kgt) (pCi/kgt) (pCi/kg t) (pCi/kg t)
0.024 :t 0.008 0.21 :t 0.028 16.7 8.4 7 0.0045 :t 0.0041 0.17:t 0.031 89 37.0
4.1 :t 1.4 34 :t 4.7 4 :t 3.7 150 :t 28
2 0.069:t 0.019 0.056:t 0.015 4.9 0.8 8 0.031:t 0.014 0.18 :t 0.04 81.5 5.8
3.3 :t 0.91 2.7 :t 0.76 25 :t 12 150 :t 33
3 0.016 :t 0.007 0.063:t 0.015 58 3.8 9 0.25:t 0.035 0.88 :t 0.098 79.4 3.6
9.6 :t 4.3 37 :t 9 200 :t 28 700 :t 78
4 0.048:t 0.031 0.17:t 0.068 30.9 3.4 10 2.1:t 0.16 3 :t 0.22 54.5 1.5
15 :t 9.5 51 :t 21 1 , 100 :t 80 1,600 :t 120
5 0.092:t 0.027 1.9:t 0.24 4 21 11 0.030 :t 0.016 0.14:t 0.038 72.7 4.5
(J1 3.7:t1.1 77 :t 9.6 22 :t 12 100 :t 27
ex>
6 0.008 1: 0.005 0.021 r- 0.009 40.7 2.6 12 <0.058 <0.058 33.3
3.2 :t 2.2 8,5 :t 3.5 <19 <19
Median 0.036 0.12 23.8 3.6 Median <0.045 0.18 76.1 5.2
3.9 36 24 150
Range 0.008-0.092 0.021-1.9 4- 0.8- Range 0.045-2.1 <0.058-3 33.3- 1.5-
3.2-15 2.7-77 58 21 4-1,100 <19-1,600 89 37
*All plutonium analyses by Eberline Instrument Corporation.
tWet weight
-------
TABLE B-8. PLUTONIUM AND STRONTIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN FEMURS,
BEEF CATTLE, AREA 18, NTS, APRIL 1976*
238pU 239pU 89Sr 90Sr Ash 239pU:238pu
Ani mal .(fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (%) Ratio
No. (fCi/kgt) (fCi/kgt) (pCi/kgt) (pCi/kgt)
1 <1. 5 4.1 :t 2.2 3 :t 2.4 1.9 :t 0.63 24 >2.7
<370 980 :t 530 710 :t 580 460:t 150
, Fetus-l <2. 1 8.6 :t 4.3 <0. 1 <0.65 9.7 >4.1
<200 830 :t 420 <980 <63
2 <2.9 26 :t 5.5 4 :t 2.8 2.3 :t 0.73 22 >9
<630 5,800 :t 1,200 890:t 610 500 :t 160
3 <4 4.6 :t 3.3 <5.4 2 :t 0.71 24 >1.1
<950 1,100 :!: 800 <1,300 480 :!: 170
4 <2.3 8.1:t2.9 <1.4 4.8 :!: 0.7 27 >3.5
<610 2,200 :!: 780 <380 1,300:t 190
5 <1.6 2.1 :t 1.7 <1. 3 3.3 :!: 0.65 23 >1.3
<360 490 :t 390 <310 760 ::!: 150
6 3.1::!: 3.1 7.5:t 3.8 <1.6 3.1 ::!: 0.70 20 2.38
630 :!: 620 1,500::!: 760 <320 620 :!: 140
Dupl. 1.6::!: 1.5 3.4:!: 2 <1.4 4.8 ::!: 0.7 27 2. 1
6=1= 440::!: 410 930:!: 530 <390 1,300:t 190-
Median <2.2 6. 1 <1.5 2.7 23.5 >3.1
. <525 1,040 <550 560
<1.5':'4 2. 1-26 <0.1-<5.4 <0.65-4.8 9.7- >1.1-
Range <200-<950 490-5,800 <310-<1,300. <63-1,300 27 >9
*All analyses by Eberline Instrument Corporation.
tWet wei ght
tDuplicate blind sample
59
-------
TABLE B-9. PLUTONIUM AND STRONTIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN FEMURS,
BEEF CATTLE, AREA 18, NTS, OCTOBER 1976*
238pU 239pU 89Sr 90Sr Ash 2 39pU: 2 38p.U
Animal (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (:t) Ratio
No. (fCi/kgt) (fCi/kgt) (pCi/kgt) (pCi/kgt)
7 <3.1 <3.7 <1. 7 2.8 :!: 0.77 30 <1.2
<0.92 <1,100 <520 850 :!: 230
DUP~T 1.7 :!: 1.2 2.8 :!: 1.6 <1.6 2.8 :!: 0.73 30 1.6
510 :!: 370 840 :!: 470 <470 830 :!: 220
8 2.1 :!: 1.7 <3.7 <18 3.2 :!: 0.84 31 <1.8
650 :!: 530 <1 ,100 <5,600 1,000 :!: 260
9 22 :!: 12 100 :!: 27 <3.1 11 :!: 1.4 28 4.6
6,100 :!: 3,300 28,OOO:!: 7,700 <860 3,100 :!: 400
10 <1.3 1.3 :!: 1.2 <2 3.8 :!: 0.88 24 >1
<310 310 :!: 300 <470 900 :!: 210
11 1.9 :!: 1.5 1.4 :!: 1.4 <1. 7 3.3 :!: 0.8 25 0.75
480 :!: 380 360 :!: 340 <430 830 :!: 200
12 3.1 :!: 1.9 19 :!: 4.2 <1. 7 2.4 :!: 0.77 22 5.94
690 :!: 410 4 , 1 00 :!: 920 <370 530 :!: 170
Median 2.1 <3.7 <1. 7 3.2 28 <1.2
510 <1,100 <470 850
Range <1.3-22 1. 3- 1 00 <1.6-<18 2.4-11 22- 0.75-
<0.92-6,100 310-28,000 <370-<5,600 530-3,100 31 5.9
*All analyses by EMSL-LV.
tWet weight
fDuplicate blind sample
60
-------
I-
I
TABLE B-10. GAMMA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDES AND TRITIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN SELECTED TISSUES,
BEEF CATTLE. AREA 18. NTS) 1976
MUSCLE LUNGS LIVER KIDNEY RUMEN CONTENTS THYROID BLOOD
Animal K (g/kg*) K (g/kg*) K (g/kg*) K (g/kg*) K ~9/k9*) 1311 (pCi/g*) 3H (pCil1)
NO. 137CS (pCi/kg*) 137Cs (pCi/kg*) 137Cs (pCi/kg*) 137CS pCi/kg*)
3.5 j: 0.28 11 j: 1.3 9.2 j: 0.82 2.4 :t 0.23 1. 1 :t 0.35 GSN <260
39 j: 12
-------
TABLE C-1.
PLUTONIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN LUNGS, OTHER CATTLE, NTS, 1976*
Animal 238pU 239pU Ash
No. (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (%)
(fCi/kgt) (fCi/kgt)
A5-1 <3.1 <6.9 0.9
<30 <70
A5-2 6.7:t 3.7 37 :t 8.9 1.7
90 :t 50 480 :t 120
A5-3 <2 31 :t 8.5 1.6
<30 480 :t 130
Median <3. 1 31 1.6
<30 480
Range <2-6.7 <6.9-37 0.9-
<30-90 <70-480 1.7
Cow 286 13:t 5.9 1 03 :t 16
1 30 :t 60 1 ,000 :t 160
*All plutonium analyses by Eberline Instrument Corporation.
tWet weight
239pU:238pU
Ratio
5.3
. 62
-------
TABLE C-2. PLUTONIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN TRACHEOBRONCHIAL LYMPH NODES,
OTHER CATTLE, NTS, 1976*
An i ma 1 238pu 239pu Ash 239Pu:238pU
No. (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (%) Ra t i 0
(pCi/kgt) (pCi/kg+)
A5-1 <0.09 <0.09 1.7
<1.6 <1.6
A5-2 <0.03 <0.09 1.6
<0.49 <1.5
A5-3 <0.08 <0.17 1.6
<1.4 <2.7
Median <0.08 <0.09 1.6
<1.4 <1.6
Range <0.03-<0.09 <0.09-<0.17 1.6-
<0.49-<1.6 <1.5-<2.7 1.7
Cow 286 NC NC NC
*All plutonium analyses by Eberline Instrument Corporation.
tWet weight
NC = Not collected
63
-------
TABLE C-3. PLUTONIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN MUSCLES, OTHER CATTLE, NTS, 1976*
Animal 238PU 239pU Ash 239PU:238pU
No. (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (%) Ratio
(fCi/kgt) (fCi/kgt)
A5-1 13:t 6.2 18.5 :t 7.3 1.8 1.4
230 :t 11 0 330 :t 130
A5-2 <0.34 <0.34 4.1
<10 <10
A5-3 <0.39 <0.39 4.8'
<20 <20
Median <0.39 <0.39 4.1
<20 <20
Range <0.34-13 <0.34-18.5 1.8-
<10-230 <10-330 4.8
Cow 286 5.3:t 4.9 19 :t 9.4 2. 1 3.7
11 0 :t 1 00 410 :t 200
. .
*A11 plutonium analyses by Eber1ine Instrument Corporation.
tWet weight
64
-------
TABLE C-4. PLUTONIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN LIVERS, OTHER CATTLE, NTS, 1976*
Animal 238pU 239pu Ash 239Pu:238pU
No. (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (%) Ratio
(fCi/kgt) (fCi/kgt)
A5-1 10.8 :t 5.8 113 :t22 1.4 10.5
150 :t 80 1,570 :t 300
A5-2 6.7 :t 3.7 37 :t 8.9 1.3 5.3
90 :t 50 480 :t 120
A5-3 8.2:t 4.7 14.8 :t 6.5 2.3 1.8
1 90 :t 11 0 340 :t 150
Median 8.2 37 5.3
150 340 1.4
Range 6.7-10.8 14.8-113 1.3- 1.8-
90-190 340-1,570 2.3 10.5
Cow 286 <4.6 30.5 :t 14.4 1.4 >6.6
<60 430 :t 200
*A11 plutonium analyses by Eberline Instr.ument Corporation.
tWet wei ght .
65
-------
TABLE C-5. PLUTONIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN GONADS, OTHER CATTLE, NTS, 1976*
Animal Sex 238pu 239pU Ash 239pU:238pU
No. (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (%) Ra t i 0
(pCi/kgt) (pCi/kgt)
A5-1 F <0.11 <0.11 1.7
<1. 9 <1. 9
A5-2 F 46. 5 :!: 1 3.8 <0.33 1.5 <0.007
708 :!: 211 <5.08
A5-3 Steer NC NC
Median
<0. 11-46. 5 <0.11-<0.33 1. 5-
Range <1.9-708 <1.9-<5.08 1.7
Cow 286 NC NC
*A11 plutonium analyses by Eber1ine Instrument Corporation.
tWet weight
NC = Not collected
66
-------
TABLE C-6. PLUTONIUM AND STRONTIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN FEMURS,
OTHER CATTLE, NTS, 1976*
238pU 239pU 89Sr 90Sr Ash
An i mal (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (%)
No. . (fCi/kgt) (fCi/kgt) (pCi/kgt) (pCi/kgt)
A5-1 <0.18 <0. 18 <14 3.3 :t 0.8 26
<50 <50 <3,800 880 :t 200
A5-2 <0.07 <0.91 <10 1.4 :t 0.5 73
<50 <67 <7,500 1 s100 :t 400
A5-3 <0.09 <0.09 <11 1.6 :t 0.5 18.9
<20 <20 <2,100 330 :t 120
Median <0.09 <0.09-<0.91 <11 1.6 26
<50 <20-<67 <3,800 880
Range <0.07-<0.18 <0.09-<0.91 <10-<14 1.4-3.3 18.9-
<20-<50 <20-<67 <2,000-<7,500 330-1,100 73
Cow 286 <7.6 <7.6 <9.1 1.1 :to.53 32
<2,400 <2,400 <2,900 340-170
*All plutonium analyses by Eberline Instrumen~ Corporation.
tWet weight
67
-------
TABLE C-7. GAMMA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDES AND TRITIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN
SELECTED TISSUES, OTHER CATTLE, NTS, 1976*
KIDNEY MUSCLE LIVER LUNG BLOOD
Animal K (g/kg*) K (g/kg*) K (g/kg*)
No. 137Cs (pCi/kg*) 137CS (pCi/kg*) 137CS (pCi/kg*) K (g/kg*) 3H (pCi/l)
A5-1 2.2 :!: 0.36 8.4 :!: 0.60 3.3 :!: 0.22 1.4:!:0.72 270:!: 220
-------
TABLE 0-1.
PLUTONIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN SELECTED TISSUES, MULE DEER, NTS, 1976*
LUNGS MUSCLES Ll VER RUMEN CONTENTS
238pU 239pu Ash 238pu 239pu Ash 238pu 239pu Ash 238pU 239pu Ash
Animal (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (%) (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (%) -(fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (%) (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (%)
(fCi/kgt) (fCi/kgt) (fCi/kgt) (fCi/kgt) (fCi/kgt) (fCi/kgt) (fCi/kgt) (fCi/kgt)
1 <2.4 14.6;!; 7.3 1.4 <0.9 13 ;!; 4.6 2 <2.8 ILl;!; 5.6 1.6 41.7;!; 15.6 308 ;!; 56
<30 210 ;!; 100 <20 250 ;!; 90 <40 180 ;!; 90 760 ;!; 280 5.600 ;!; 1.010 1.8
2 4.7;!; 2.9 9.7' ;!; 2.7 4.8 SL SL 3.8 <1.5 2.6 ;!; 2.4 5.4 1.6;!; 1.4 17.4 ;!; 4.9 4.6
230 ;!; 140 460 ;!; 130 SL SL <80 140 ;!; 130 70 ;!; 60 800 ;!; 230
3 <0.8 2.3 ;!; 1.6 5.3 <1.2 3.5 ;!; 2.4 2.2 <0.52 <0.52 2.9 230;!; 27 1.720 ;!; 140
<40 120 ;!; 80 <30 80 ;!; 50 <20 <20 4.090;!; 480 30.400 ;!; 2.600 1.8
4 <1.3 10 ;!; 3.8 1.4 15.2 ;!; 5.1 34;!; 8.5 1.7 <3.3 3.3 ;!; 1. 7 1 2 20.6;!; 7.8 248 ;!; 33 2.6
0\ <20 140 ;!; 50 250 ;!; 80 560 ;!; 140 <40 40 ;!; 20 . 540 ;!; 200 6.500 ;!; 880
~ 34.5 ;!; 13.2
5 <0.7 12.6 :t 5 2.4 <2.2 4.4 ;!; 2.9 3.3 <0.5 13.2 ;!; 4.23 1 115 t 26
<20 310 ;!; 120 <70 140 ;!; 100 <10 400 ;!; 130 . 1.560 ;!; 600 5.210 ;!; 1,190 4.5
6 <10 30 ;!; 10 2.2 <10 <10 2.8 SL SL SL <10 130 ;!; 30 2.9
<220 650 ;!; 220 <280 <280 SL SL <300 3.800 ;!; 900
<1.9 11.3 2.2 <10 1.5 11. 1 27.6 189
Median <35 260 2.3 <70 <280 2.8 <40 140 2.9 650 5,405 2.9
<0.7-<10 2. 3- 30 1.4- <0.9-15.2 3. 5- 34 1. 7- <0.5-<3.3 <0.52-13.2 1.2- 1.6-230 17.4-1.720
Range <20-230 120-650 <20-<280 80- 560 <10-<80 <20-400 70-4.090 800-30.400 1.8-
5.3 3.8 5.4 4.5
*All actinide analyses by Eberline Instrument Corporation.
tWet weight
SL = Sample lost
-------
TABLE 0-2. PLUTONIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN GONADS, MULE DEER, NTS, 1976*
238pU 239pu
Animal (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) Ash
No. (fCi/kgt) (fCi/kgt) (%)
2 <0.6 <2.3 19
<110 <430
4 <0.8 2.7 :t 1.3 60
<480 1 ,600 :t 760
*A11 actinide analyses by Eber1ine Instrument Corporation.
tWet weight
70
-------
TABLE 0-3. PLUTONIUM AND STRONTIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN
BONES (HOCK), MULE DEER, NTS, 1976*
238pU 239pU 89Sr 90Sr Ash
Animal (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (%)
No. (fCi/kgt) (fCi/kgt) (pCi/kgt) (pCi/kgt)
1 6.3 :t 4.7 <1.8 <14 2.3 :t 0.53 32
2,000:t 1,500 <590 <4,400 750 :!: 170
2 <7.8 <9 <6.9 1. 2 :!: 0.73 67
<5,200 <6,000 <4,600 790 :!: 490
3 3 :t 2.1 12 :!: 3.6 <4.5 1.5 :t 0.7 33
1,000:t 690 3,900:!: 1,200 <1,500 480 :!: 230
4 <0.84 <0.53 <4.4 1.9 ::!: 0.53 32
<270 <170 <1,400 600 :t 170
5 NA NA <4.3 2. 1 :!: O. 79 67
<2,900 1,400:!: 530
6 <2.9 3.8 :!: 3.4 <3.8 3.4:!: 0.78 32
<920 1 ,200 :!: 1, 100 <1,200 1,100:!: 250
Median 3 3.8 <4.35 2 32.5
1,000 1,200 <3,650 770
Range <0.84-<7.8 <0.53-12 <3.8-<14 1.2-3.4 32-
<270-2,000 <170-<6,000 <1,200- 480- 67
<4,600 1 ,400
*All actinide analyses by EMSL-LV.
t Wet wei ght
NA = Not analyzed
71
-------
TABLE D-4. GAMMA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDES AND TRITIUM CONCENTRATIONS
IN SELECTED TISSUES, MULE DEER, NTS, 1976*
RUMEN CONTENTS LIVER LUNGS KIDNEY MUSCLE THYROID BLOOD
K (g/kgt) K (g/kgt) K (g/kgt) K (g/kgt) K (g/kgt) 1311 (pCi/gt) 3H (pCi/l)
Animal 137CS (pCi/kgt) 137CS (pCi/kgt)
No. 95Zr (pCi/kgt)
3.2 :I: 0.25 2.9:1: 0.67
-------
TABLE E-l. PLUTONIUM CONCENTRATION IN SELECTED TISSUES,
DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP, 1976*
LUNGS LIVER RUMEN CONTENTS
238pU 239pU 238pu 239pU 238 Pu 239pu
Animal (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) Ash (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) Ash (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) Ash
No. (fCi/kg+) (fCi/kg'+) (%) (fCi /kg t) (fCi/kg't) (%) (fCi/kgt) (fCi/kg t) (%)
1 <10 <20 2.5 <10 <10 1.7 <10 <20 2.4
<250 <500 <170 <170 <240 <480
2 <10 30 1: 20 4.4 <20 <70 3.5 <10 120 :t 60 2.5
<430 1 ,300 :t 900 <700 <700 <250 2,900 :t 1,400
3 <20 90 :t20 <20 <20 2.2 <10 90 :t 40 2.4
< 1 , 1 00 4,900:t 1,100 5.4 <440 <440 <240 2,200 :t 1,000
....." 4 <20 20 :t 10 30 :t 20 70 :t 30 <20 <20 2.2
w 5.1 0.9
<1 ,000 1,000:t 500 260 :t 170 610:t 260 <440 <440
5 <10 <10 NC NC NC NC NC NC
<410 <410 4.1 NC NC NC ,NC
6 <10 <10 7.4 <10 <10 3.8 <20 160 :t 40 2.6
<740 <740 <380 <380 <520 4,200 :t 1,000
7 <20 <20 4 <20 <20 2.5 <10 30 :t 20 2.7
<790 <790 <500 <500 <270 810 :t 540
8 <20 30 :t 10 3.4 <10 <10 1.6 <10 <10 2.1
<690 1,000 :t 300 <160 <160 <200 <200
9 <20 <20 6.5 <20 <20 3.9 <10 30 :t 10 2.3
<1,300 <1 ,300 <780 <780 <220 680 :t 220
10 20 <20 <20 <20 3.3 <20 100 :t 30 2.3
<710 <710 ' 3.6 <660 <660 <450 2,200 :t 700
-------
TABLE E-l. PLUTONIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN SELECTED TISSUES,
DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP, 1976* (continued)
LUNGS LIVER RUMEN CONTENTS
238pU 239pU 238pu 239pU 238pu 239pU
Animal (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) Ash (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) Ash (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) Ash
No. (fCi/kgt) (fCi/kgt) (%) (fCi/kgt) ( fCi /kgt) (%) (fCi/kgt) (fCi/kgt) (%)
11 <20 <20 4.5 11 0 :t 20 <20 1.2 <10 <10 2.8
<900 <900 1,300 :!: 20 <240 <280 <280
12 <20 <20 5.8 SL SL <30 <20 2.7
-------
TABLE E-l. PLUTONIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN SELECTED TISSUES,
DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP, 1976* (continued)
LUNGS LIVER
238 Pu 239pU 238pU 239pU
(fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) Ash (fCi/g Ash) (. fC i / 9 As h) Ash
(fCi/kgt) (fCi/kgt) (%) (fCi/kgt) (fCi/kgt) (%)
<20 <20 3. 1 <20 20 :t 10
<630 <630 <1,400 1,400 :t 70 6.9
<10 <10 1.7 <10 50 :t 20 0.8
<170 <170 <80 400 :t 160
<20 <20 4.45 <20 <20
<725 <1,000 <680 <680 3.7
Animal
No.
19
20
.......,
(J"I
Median
238pU
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kgt)
RUMEN CONTENTS
239pU
(fCi/g Ash) Ash
(fCi/kgt) (%)
40 t 20 520 :t80 2.7
1,000 :t 500 14,000:t 2,000
NC
NC
<10
<275
NC NC
NC
30 2.5
740
<10-520 2-
<200-14,000 6.2
Range
<10-410 0.8- <10-40
<160-26,000 8.5 <200-1,000
<10-<20 <10-90 1.4- <10-110
<140-<1,900 <140-4,900 9.6 <80-1,900
*All analyses by Eber1ine Instrument Corporation.
+-Wet weight
NC = Not collected
-------
TABLE E-2. PLUTONIUM AND STRONTIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN BONES
(HOCK), DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP, 1976*
238pU 239pU 89Sr 90Sr
An i ma 1 (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) Ash
No. (fCi/kgt) (f~i/kgt) (pCi/kgt) (pCi /kg't) (%)
13:t4.1 2.5 :t 1.8 <2.8 3.5 :t 0.56 27
3,400:t 1,100 680:t 490 <760 950 :t 150
2 <2.6 <2.1 <3.4 3.4 :t 0.89 35
<900 <750 <1,200 1,200 :t 310
3 SAMPLE NOT COLLECTED
4 <1. 3 <1.3 <2.6 4.8 :t 0.9 33
<430 <430 <850 1 ,600 :t 290
5 <1. 3 <1. 1 <1.8 2 :t 0.45 31
<400 <350 <550 610 :t 140
6 SAMPLE NOT COLLECTED
7 1.6 :t 1.6 5.7 :t 2.3 <2 J . 8 :t O. 48 23
370 :t 370 1,300:t 540 <470 420 :t 11 0
8 < 1.5 <1.4 <7.9 2.1 :t 0.45 33
<480 <460 <2,600 690 :t 150
9 SAMPLE NOT COLLECTED
10 <1.4 <0.91 <1.6 2 :t 0.5 22
<300 <200 <350 430 :t 11 0
11 <1. 7 3.6 :t 2.2 <2 1.2 :t 0.43 28
<480 1,000 :t 620 <550 330 :t 120
12 SAMPLE NOT COLLECTED
13 SAMPLE NOT COLLECTED
14 <1.4 3.1 :t 2 <1. 1 0.7 :t 0.34 27
<370 840 :t 550 <290 190 :t 92
15 <1.6 <0.9 5:t2.1 1.9 :t 0.47 36
<570 <340 1,800 :t 740 680 :t 170
16 <1. 7 <1.2 <2.3 3.3 :t 0.67 36
<610 <430 <820 1,200 :t 240
17 SAMPLE NOT COLLECTED
76
-------
TABLE E-2. PLUTONIUM AND STRONTIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN BONES
(HOCK), DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP, 1976* (continued)
238pu 239pU 89Sr 90Sr
Animal (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) Ash
No. - (fCi/kgi:-) (fCi/kgt) (pCi/kgt) (pCi/kgt) (%)
18 6.1:t 2.2 7.5 :t 2.5 <8.9 3.9 :t 0.68 28
1,700 :t 630 2,100 :t700 <2,500 1,100 :t 190
19 <2.5 <2.1 <0.36 4.6 :t 0.72 39
<980 <800 <140 1 ,800 :t 280
20 3.4:t 1.8 1 00 :t 1 2 <2.8 5.6 :t 0.72 25
860 :t 460 25,000 :t 3,000 <700 1 ,400 :t 180
Median <1. 7 <2.1 <2 2.7 29.5
<528 <715 <730 820
Range <1.3-13 < 1 . 1 - 1 00 <0.36-<8.9 0.7-5.6 22-
<300-3,400 <200-25,000 <140-<2,600 190-1,800 39
tAll analyses -by EMSL-LV.
Wet weight
"
77
-------
TABLE E-3. GAMMA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDES AND TRITIUM CONCENTRATIONS
IN SELECTED TISSUES, DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP, 1976*
RUMEN CONTENTS LIVER LUNG KIDNEYS
K (g/kgt) K (g/kgt) K (g/kgt) K ( g/ kg t)
Amima1 137C5 (pCi/kgt) 3H (pCi/l)
No. 95Zr (pCi/kgt) 137CS (pCi/kgt)
1 6 :t 0.37 6.4 :t 0.48 11:t 0.96 3.9:t 0.39
62 :t 25 <277
630 :t 11 0
-------
TABLE E-3. GAMMA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDES AND TRITIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN
SELECTED TISSUES, DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP, 1976* (continued)
RUMEN CONTENTS
K (g/kgt)
Anima'1 137CS (pCi/kgt)
No. 95Zr (pCi/kgt)
11
4.6 :t 0.25
59 :t 12
-------
TABLE E-3. GAMMA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDES AND TRITIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN
SELECTED TISSUES, DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP, 1976* (continued)
An i ma 1
No.
RUMEN CONTENTS
K (g/kgt)
137CS (pCi/kgt)
Zr (pCi/kgt)
LIVER
K (g/kgt).
LUNG
K (g/kgt)
KIDNEYS
4.1
'Median 4.1
435
1.9-6.6
-------
APPENDIX F. PLUTON IUM, STRONTIUM, TRITIUM, AND GAMMA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDES CONCENTRATIONS
IN BONES AND MUSCLES, HORSES, NTS, 1976*
Animal No. 238pu 239pu 89Sr 90Sr K 137CS 3H
Ti ssue (fCi/g Ash) ("fCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) Ash (g/kgt) (pCi/kgt) (pCi/l)
Type (fCi/kgt) (fCi/kgt) (pCi/kgt) (pCi/kgt) (%)
Bone #1 18 :t 4.5 47 :t 7. 1 <2.8 9:t1.1 21 NA NA NA
3,700 :t 950 9,900:t 1,500 <580 1,900 :t 230
Bone #2 <,1.7 3.8:t2.1 <0.5 8.7 :t 1.2 25 NA NA NA
<390 870 :t 490 <11 2,000 :t 270
Muscle #1 <10 <10 NA NA 3.7 4:t 0.27 27 :t 11 <220
<370 <370
Muscle #2 <10 <20 NA NA 3.7 6.9:t 0.43
-------
APPENDIX G. PLUTONIUM, STRONTIUM, TRITIUM, AND GAMMA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDES CONCENTRATIONS
IN SELECTED TISSUES, COYOTE, AREA 18, NTS, 1976*
Animal 238pu 239pU 89Sr 90Sr K 137Cs 3H
Ti ssue (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) Ash (g/kgt) (pCi/kgt) (pCi/l)
Type (fCi/kgt) (fCi/kgt) (pCi/kgt) (pCi/kgt) (%)
Bone <3.4 <3.4 <11 1.6:t0.7 19 NA NA NA
<650 .<650 <2,000 310 :t 130
Kidney NA NA NA NA 4.9 :t 0.6 Contents 1,700:t 360 13,000:t 1,300
N
Muscle 0.4 :t 0.2 <0.1 NA NA 2.1 4.7:t 0.3 41 :t 3.4 4,600:t 360
8 :t 4.4 <2.3
Skin 30 :t 20 480 :t 100 NA NA 3.3
-------
TABLE H- 1. PLUTONIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN SELECTED TISSUES, RABBITS, AREA 18, NTS, MAY 1976
MUSCLES INTERNAL ORGANS G. I. TRACT
238Pu 239pu 238pU 239pU ~.H1pU Zj~pu
Animal (fCl/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) Ash (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) Ash (pCi/g Ash) (pCl/g Ash) Ash
No. (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*)' (%) (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (%) (pCi/kg*) (pCi/kg*) (%)
NA NA NA 11 :!: 1.2~ sO. 17 t 1 ,t <0.03 <0.03 2.7
120 :!: 13 <1.gt . <0.8 <0.8
2 17 :!: 7.5 26 :!: 9.5 2 9 :!: 1 t 90 :!: 30t lltO.l :!:0.03 0.71:!: 0.12 2.7
340 :!: 150 510 :!: 190 97 :!: 14t 940 :!: 320t . 2.7:!: 0.8 19:!: 3
3 <10 20 :!: 10 6.6 <30 1 00 :!: 40 2.2 <0.02 0.17 :!: 0.02 6
<650 1,300 :!: 600 <650 2,200 :!: 800 <1.2 10 :!: 1
4 <10 <60 1.5 <10 120 :!: 60 1.3 0.04:!: 0.02 0.42:!: 0.08 1.8
<150 <920 <130 1,600 :!: 0.8 0.7 :!: 0.35 '1.4:!: 1.4
5 360 :!: 90 9,900:!: 1,100 0.6 <20 340 :!: 70 0.72 :!: 0.15 10:!: 2 2.5
2,200 :!: 500 60,OOO:!: 7,000 <500 8,600 :!: 1,800 2.5 18:!: 4 250 :!: 50
00
w 6 93 10 19t 10 10 7.3t <10 <10 2 3 0.06 :!: 0.04 0.52:!: 0.12
1 ,200 :!: 240t130 :!: 95 t 1.3 <230 <230 . 1.4:!: 0.9 12:!: 3 2.3
7 <10 70 :!: 40 1.3 <10 160 :!: 60 1.2 SL SL SL
<130 930 :!: 530 <120 2,000 :!: 700
Median <10 <65 1.5 <10 100 1 3 0 . 05 0.47 2.7
<650 925 <130 1,600 . 1.3. 11
Range <10-360 <60-9,900 0.6- 9-30 <0.17-340 1- <0.02-0.72 <0.03-10 1.8-
<130-2,200 130-60,000 6.6 97-<650 <1.9-8,600 2.5 <0.8-18 <0.8-250 6
*Wet weight
tPlutonium analyses by EMSL-L V. All other plutonium analyses by Eberline Instrument
Corporation.
NA = Not analyzed
SL = Sample lost
-------
TABLE H-2.
PLUTONIUM AND STRONTIUM CONCENTRATIONS FROM BONE AND SKIN,
RABBITS, AREA 18, NTS, MAY 1976
Bone Skin
238pU 239pu 89Sr 90Sr Ash 238pu 239pu Ash
Animal (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (%) (~Ci/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (%)
No. (fCi/kg) (fCi/kg) (pCi/kg) (pCi/kg ) (pCi/kg ) (pCi/kg)
<3.2 17 :I:: 4 <17 5.3 :I:: 1 13 0.22 :I:: 0.03t 5.3 :I:: 0.39t t
<380 2,100 :I:: 480 <2,000 640 :I:: 120 22 :I:: 2.6t 530 :I:: 39t 1.8
2 <6.2 <6.2 <15 6.2 :I:: 1 12.4 0.19 :t 0.04 1.6 :t 0.2 3.8
<800 <800 <1,900 800 :t 130 7.3:t1.5 61 :I:: 8
3 <6.8 <1. 7 <15 4.8 :t 0.99 10 0.14 :t 0.04 0.95:t0.14 5.1
<680 <170 <1 ,500 480 :t 99 7.1 :t 2 48 :t 7
4 <2.9 <2.9 <13 3.8 :I:: 0.85 11 0.26 :t 0.06 1.9 :t 0.3 3.6
<320 <320 <1,400 420 :t 94 9.5 :t 2.2 69 :t 11
(XI
~ 5 9 :t 7.2 60 :I:: 20 <13 3.8 :t 0.86 5 0.16 :t 0.02 4.2 :I:: 0.2 10
450 :I:: 360 3,000:1:: 990 <650 190 :t 43 16 :I:: 2 430 :1::20
6 <4.4 <4.4 <19 6.9 :I:: 1.2 8 0.34 :I:: 0.08 6.2 :I:: 0.7 6
<350 <350 <1,500 550 :I:: 95 20 :I:: 5 370 :I:: 40
7 <4.2 <1.3 <11 2.6 :I:: 0.69 10 0.17 :I:: 0.05 1.1 :t 0.2 6.3
<420 <130 <1,100 260 :t 69 11 :I:: 3 70 :I:: 13
Median <4.4 <4.4 <15 4.8 10 0.19 1.9 10
<420 <350 <1,500 480 11 70
Range <2.9-9 <1.3-60 <11-<19 2.6-6.9 5- 0.14-0.34 0.95-6.2 1.8-
<320-800 <130-3,000 <650-<2,000 190-800 13 7.1-22 48-530 6.3
*Wet weight by Eberline
tPlutonium analyses by EMSL-LV. All other plutonium analyses Instrument
Corporation. Strontium analyses by EMSL-LV.
-------
TABLE H-3. GAMMA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDES AND TRITIUM CONCENTRATIONS
IN SELECTED TISSUES, RABBITS, AREA 18, NTS, MAY 1976*
Animal
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Median
MUSCLES
K (g/kgt)
137Cs (pCi/kgt)
3H (pCi/l)
4.1 I 1.9
-------
TABLE 1-1.
PLUTONIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN SELECTED TISSUES, RABBITS,
AREA 15, NTS, MARCH 1976
MUSCLES TESTICLES OR FETUS INTERNAL ORGANS G. I. TRACT
23BPU 239pU Ash 238pU 239pU Ash 238pU 239pU Ash 23BpU 239pU Ash
Animal (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (X) (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (X) (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (X) (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (X)
No. (fCi/kg.) (fCi/kg.) (fCi/kg.) (fCi/kg.) (fCi/kg.) (fCi/kg.) (fCi/kg.) (fCi/kg.)
'-1- 7.5! 5.6+ 12 :t 5.8+ 1 3+ <28 <28 5 50 :t 15+ 150 :t 27+ 2.4+ 14:t 7 200 t 27 8
98 :t 73+ 160 :t 75+ . <1.400 <1.400 1 .200 :t 370+ 3.700 :t 640+ 1,100 :t 560 16,000 t 2,200
2 -33 <33 <2~ <2st 1+ 1 ,400 :t 300 400 :t 140 1 37 t 13 570 :t 60 3
<330 <330 <23ot <2301' 14,000 :t 3,000 4.000:t 1 ,400 400 ! 390 12,000 :t 1,800
3 - <11 91 t 32 1 <101= <10+ t 140 :t 33+ 150 :t 31+ 2+ 3,000 :t 340 160,000 :t 12.000 1
<110 910 :t 320 <15Ot <15Ot 1.5 2,900:t 660+ 3.000 :t 630+ 30.000 t 3.400 1,600.000:t 120,000
4 240:t 100 <22 NC NC <5,000'" 130 :t 70+ 1.2+ 340:t 50 7,500 :t 500
2,400 :t 1,000 <220 NC NC <600+ 1,600 :t 840+ 22.000 :t 3.000 480,OOO:t 30,000 6.4
19 :t 13 37 :t 19 2 130 :t 70 470 :t 130 3 5:t 3.2 110 :t 16 8 75 :t 13 L,800 :t 80 2
390 :t 250 740 :t 390 3,800 :t 2,100 14,OOO:t 3,800 400 :t 260 8,500 :t 1,300 1,500 :t 270 36.000 :t 1,600
CP 19 <33 <26 <28 140 150 75 1,800
en Median <330 <330 <815 <815 4 1,200 3.700 2 1.500 36.000 3
Range 7.5-240 12-91 1- <10-130 <10-470 1 - 5-<5,000 11 0-400 0.012- 14-3,000 200-160,000 I-
I 98-2,400 160-910 2 <150-3.800 <150-14.000 5 400-14,000 1,600-8,500 8 400-30,000 12,000-1,600,000 8
*Wet weight
+Plutonium analyses
tFetus sample
NC = Not collected
by EMSL-LV.
All other analyses by Eberline Instrument Corporation.
-------
I
I
TABLE 1-2.
PLUTONIUM AND STRONTIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN BONE AND SKIN,
RABBITS, AREA 15, NTS, MARCH 1976
BONE SKIN
238 Pu 239 Pu 89Sr 90Sr Ash 238pU 239pu Ash
Animal (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (%) (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (%)
No. (fCi/kg*) (fCl/kg*) (pCi/kg*) (pCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*)
2.6 :t 1.9 10 :t3.3 <9.2 23 :t 4.8 12 530 :t not 3,700 :t 400t 3t
310 :t 230 1 ,200 :t 400 <1,100 2,700 :t 580 16,000 :t 3,400t 110,000 :t 12,OOOt
2 15:t 4.2 9.2 :t 3.2 6.8 :t 2.8 1.6 :t 0.65 13 700:t 130t 14,000 :t l,ooOt 2t
2,000 :t 540 1,200 :t 420 880:t 370 210 :t 85 14,000 :t 2,500t 290,000 :t 21,OOOt
3 51:t 10 9.4 :t 4.3 <3.1 2.9 :t 0.71 18 900 :t 230t 30,000 :t 4,ooot 3t
9,100 :t 1,800 l,700:t 720 <560 530 :t 130 27,000 :t 6,900t 890,000 :t 120,OOOt
4 4.8:t 3.2 30 :t 7.7 <12 16 :t 2.3 9.7 320:t 34t 2,500 :t 140t 8t
470 :t 310 2,900 :t 750 <1,200 1,600 :t 220 26,000 :t 2,700t 200,000 :t 11 ,ooot
OJ 5 <1 27 :t 5.1 <16 95 :t 8.4 19 134:t 17t 4,610 :t 370t 14.4t
...... <190 5,200 :t 960 <3,000 18,000 :t 1,600 19,300 :t 2,500t 663,000 :t 53,OOOt
Median 4.8 10 <16 95 13 530 4,610 3
470 1,700 <3,000 13,000 19,300 290,000
Range <1-51 9.2-30 <12-620 16-100 9.7- 134-900 2,500-30,000 2-
<190-9,100 1,200-5,200 <1,100-81,000 1,600-18,000 19 14,000-27,000 11 0,000-890,000 14.4
*Wet weight
tActinide analyses by Eberl ine Insturment Corporation. All other analyses by EMSL-LV.
-------
TABLE 1-3. GAMMA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDES AND TRITIUM CONCENTRATIONS
IN SELECTED TISSUES, RABBITS, AREA 15, NTS, MARCH 1976*
MUSCLES SKIN TESTICLES OR FETUS G. I. TRACT INTERNAL ORGANS.
K (g/kgt) K (g/kgt) K (g/kgt) K (g/kgt) K (g/kgt)
Animal 137CS (pCi/kgt) 137CS (pCi/kgt) 137CS (pCi/kgt) 137CS (pCi/kgt) 137CS (pCi/kgt)
No. 3H (pCi/l)
4.5 :t 0.3 GSN 5 :t 2.7 3 :t 0.57 2.3 :t 2
51 :t 8.2 GSN 5,100 :t 320
ex>
5 3.4:t 0.33 NA 6 :t 1.5 4.3 :t 0.36 2.8 :t 0.65
160 :t 4.9 NA 160 :t 21 120 :t 9.5 56 :t 10
2,400 :t 290
4.3 2.7 3.9 3.6 2.4
Median 91 165
-------
TABLE J-l.
PLUTONIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN SELECTED TISSUES, RABBITS, AREA 15, NTS, SEPTEMBER 1976
MUSCLES INTERNAL ORGANS G. 1. TRACT
238PU 239pU 238pU 239PU 238pU 239pu
Animal (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) Ash (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) Ash (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) Ash
No. (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (%) (pCi/kg*) (pCi/kg*) (%) (pCi/kg*) (pCi/kg*) (%)
A SL SL SL 0.065 t 0.014t 0.031 t O.Ol1t 2t 0.48 t 0.08 3.7 t 0.4 3:5
SL SL 1.3 :!: 0.28t 0.63 :!: 0.22t 17 :!: 3 1 30 :!: 1 5
t t 1. 3t 0.17:!: 0.11 1.5 :!: 0.4 0.05 :!: 0.01 0.54:!: 0.07
B <12 t 24 :!: 1 5 t 1.6 7.8
<160 310 :!: 190 2.7t1.7 23 :!: 6 3.9 t 0.8 42:!: 5
C t t 1.4t <0.01 <0.01 0.26 :!: 0.06 9.3:!: 0.9
<8.6 <8.6 2.2 2.5
I' <120 .<120 <0.22 <0.22 6.5 :!: 1.5 230 t 20
0 t t 1. 3t <0.01 0.18:!:0.12 0.46 t 0.09 20:!: 2
<18 t <19 t 1.3 4.1
I 00 <230 <250 <0.13 2.4 t 1.6 19 :!: 4 810 :!: 80
\.0
E t <7.( 1.4t 0.1:!: 0.05 3.1 t 0.4 1. 1 :!: 0.1 40 t 3
<6'f 2.1 2.4
<88 <99 2.1 t 1 64 :!: 8 27 :!: 2 970 :!: 70
F <20 <20 4.2 0.41:!: 0.17 0;84 t 0.15 1.6 0.48 :!: 0.08 18:t 2 2.2
<840 <840 6.4 :!: 2.7 13 :!: ,2 10 t 2 390 :t 40
Median <12 <19 1.4 0.083 0.52 1.8 0.47 13.6 3
<160 310 1.7 7.7 13.5 310
Range <6.3-<18 <1.l-24 1. 3- <0.01-0.41 <0.01-3.1 1 .,3-2. 2 0.05-1.1 0.54-40 2.2-
<88-<840 <99-<840 ..~ <0.13-6.4 <0.22-64 1 . 3-2 . 2 3.9-27 42-970 7.8
*Wet weight
tPlutonium analyses by EMSL-LV. All other analyses by Eberline Instrument Corporation.
SL = Sample lost
.
-------
L
TABLE J-2. PLUTONIUM AND STRONTIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN BONE AND SKIN, RABBII"S, AREA 15, NTS, SEPTEMBER 1976
BONE SKIN
238PU 239 Pu 89Sr 90Sr 238pU 239pU
Animal (fCi/g Ash) ( fC i / 9 Ash) (pCi/kg Ash) (pCi/kg Ash) Ash (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) Ash
No. (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (pCi/kg*) (pCi/kg*) (%) (pCi/kg*) (pCi/kg*) (%)
A 20:!: 5.3 9.5 :!: 3.7 <4.5 4.6 :!: 0.79 19 SL SL SL
3,800 :!: 1,000 1,800:!: 700 <850 870 :!: 150 SL SL
B 5.7:!: 2.8 25 :t 5.2 <5 6.3 :t 0.92 23 0.22:t 0.07t 3.4:t 0.4t 1.6t
1,300 :t 640 5,800 :!: 1,200 <1 ,200 1 ,500 :!: 220 3.5 :!: 1.1t 54:!: 6t
C <3.4 13 :!: 5.2 t 0.92:!: 0.19t
<4.6 5.2 :!: 0.86 21 0.08:!: 0.05 1.5t
<71 0 2,700 :!: 1,100 <960 1,100 :!: 180 1.2:!:0.7t 14:!: 3t
D 7.5:!: 5 8 :!: 5.5 <4.7 7 :!: 0.9 20 0.72:!:0.12t 30:t 2t 2.1 t
1.0 1,500 :!: 1,000 1,600:!: 1,100 <940 1,400 :!: 180 15 :!: 3t 640 :!: 40t
a
E 11:!: 3.9 8.6 :!: 3.3 <5.7 6.7 :!: 1 21 O. 12 :!: 0.04 t 3.9:!: 0.4t 1.3t
2,400 :!: 810 1,800 :!: 700 <1,200 1,400 :!: 210 1.6 :!: 0.5t 52:!: 5t
F 2.4:!: 0.76 1.2 :!: 0.54 NA 5.8 :!: 1 17 SL SL SL
410 :!: 13 210 :!: 91 NA 990 :!: 170 SL SL
Median 6. 1 9 <4.7 6 20.5 ~:r 2.7 1.6
1,400 1,800 <960 1 ,250 33
Range 2.4-20 1. 2-25 <4.5-<5.7 4.6-7 17- 0.08-0.72 0.92-30 1. 3-
410-2,400 210-5,800 <850-<1 ,200 870-1,500 23 1. 2-15 14-640 2.1
*Wet weight
SL = Sample lost
tP1utonium analyses by Eberline Instrument Corporation. All other analyses by EMSL-LV.
NA = Not analyzed
-------
TABLE J-3. GAMMA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDES AND TRITIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN
SELECTED TISSUES, RABBITS, AREA 15, NTS, SEPTEMBER 1976*
MUSCLES SKIN G. I. TRACT INTERNAL ORGANS
K (g/kg t) K (g/kgt) K (g/kgt) K (g/k9t)
Ani mal 137CS (pCi/kgt) 137CS (pCi/kgt) 137CS (pCi/kgt)
No. 3H (pCi/l) 95Zr (pCi/kgt)
A 2.9 :t 0.51 2.2 :t 1.4 17 :t 1.2 GSN
74 :t 5.7 92 :t 76 200 :t 59
4,800 :t 340 2,900 :t 390
B 2.6 :t 0.97 3.4 :t 0.97 7.2:t 0.4 2.7 :t 1.3
48 :t 8. 1 11 0 :t 50 120 :t20
4,300 :t 340 300 :t 200
C 3.4 :t 0.47 1. 5 :t O. 94 7.2 :t 0.62 4.8 :t 2.5
27 :t 5.6
-------
APPENDIX K.
PLUTONIUM STRONTIUM, TRITIUM, AND GAMMA-EMITTING RAuIONUClIDES CONCENTRATIONS
IN SELECTED TISSUES, CHUKAR AND QUAIL, AREA 15, NTS, 1976
238Pu 239 Pu 89Sr 90Sr K 137CS 3H
Tissue (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) Ash (g/kg*) (pCi/kg*) (pCi/l)
Type (pCi/kg*) (pCi/kg*) (pCi/kg*) (pCi/kg*) (%)
Chukar SL SL SL SL SL 9.7:!: 0.67 670:!: 36 NA
Viscera
Qua i1 <0. Olt 0.26 :!: 0.07t NA NA 16.6 18:!: 1.9 180 :!: 91 NA
Viscera <1. ]f 43 :t 12t
Chukar 0.16:!: 0.02Gf 5.3:!: 0.61t NA NA 9.5 NA NA NA
Feathers 15 :!: 2.5t 500 :t 58t
Qua i 1 0.73 :!: 0.20t 13:!: 2t NA NA 3 3.4:!: 3.2 390 :t 180 NA
Feathers 22 :t 6t 390 :t 60t
1.0 Chukar <0.0012 0.0053 :t 0.0025 6.7 8.7 :!: 1.2 15 NA NA NA
N
Bone <0.1 g. 0.79 :t 0.37 1 .000 1.300:t 180
Qua i 1 <0.01 0.091 :!: 0.025 3.8 3.6 :!: 0.74 11 NA NA NA
Bone <1. 1 10 :!: 2.7 420 400 :!: 81
Chukar 0.025 :!: 0.011 0.0092:!: 0.0072 NA NA 1.2 2.8:!: 0.45 49:!: 5.4 1 .600 :: 300
Muscle 0.3 :!: 0.13 0.11:!: 0.087
Quail 0.024 :!: 0.021 0.11:!: 0.032 NA NA 1.3 3.6:!: 0.67
-------
APpENDIX L.
GROSS* AND MICROSCOPIC PATHOLOGyt FOUND IN NECROPSIED ANIMALS
AREA 18 CATTLE, APRIL
1
Necropsy findings:
male fetus.
No gross lesions noted.
Uterus contained an 8-month-old
Histopathological findings:
in the cardiac muscle.
, Hematological findings:+ RBCjcmm 6.9 x 106, WBCjcmm 5 x 103, MCVjcu.~ 57,
Hb g% 14.7, Hematocrit % 39.
Mild hemosiderosis of the spleen and sarcocysts
Clinical diagnosis:
Fetus-l
Normal, pregnant, mature cow.
Necropsy findings: No gross lesions noted.
Histopathological findings: Extensive hematopoiesis of the spleen with foci
of hematopoiesis in the liver.
Hematological findings: Blood sample not collected.
Clinical diagnosis:
Normal 8-month-old male fetus.
2
Necropsy findings: A small abscess (1 to 2 cm in diameter) that contained a
creamy white exudate, was found in the intermandibular space. Rubber frag-
ments were found in reticulum sediment.
Histopathological findings: The abscess wall showed inflammatory reaction
with some bacterial colonies.
Hematological findings: RBCjcmm 9 x 106, WBC/cmm 9.1 x 103, MCVjcu.~ 74,
Hb g% 16.2, Hematocrit % 67.
Clinical diagnosis:
Normal heifer with beginning actinobacillosis (lumpy-jaw).
3
Necropsy findings: There was a small papilloma on the left cornea and some
emphysema of the lungs from agonal struggling.
Histopathological findings: Moderate hemosiderosis of spleen, mild fatty
changes in liver, capsular melanosis of the adrenal, hyperplasia of tracheo-
bronchial lymph node, and mild hyperplasia of the arterial muscular walls
in the lungs.
93
-------
APPENDIX L.
GROSS* AND MICROSCOPIC PATHOLOGyt FOUND IN NECROPSIED ANIMALS
(continued)
AREA 18 CATTLE, APRIL (continued)
3
Hematological findings: RBC/cmm 7 x 106, WBC/cmm 3.5 x 103, MCV/cu.~ 62,
H~ g% 15, Hematocrit % 44.
Clinical diagnosis:
Normal, mature steer.
4
Necropsy findings: No gross lesions noted.
diameter nylon rope in rumen.
Approximately 3 meters of 1.5-cm
Histopathological findings: Observations included moderate hemosiderosis of
the spleen, mild fatty changes in the liver, and lymphoid hyperplasia of a
tracheobronchial lymph node.
Hematological findings: RBC/cmm 7.3 x 106, WBC/cmm 5.2 x 103, MCV/cu.~ 64,
Hb g% 13.4, Hematocrit % 47.
Clinical diagnosis:
Normal 3-year-old steer.
5
Necropsy findings: No gross lesions noted.
Histopathological findings: Kidney contained focal interstitial lymphoid
aggregates.
Hematological findings: RBC/cmm 9 x 106, WBC/cmm 5.2 x 103, MCV/cu.~ 52,
Hb g% 14.2, Hematocrit % 47.
Clinical diagnosis:
Normal 2-year-old steer.
6
Necropsy findings:
No gross lesions noted.
Histopathological findings: There was melanosis of the adrenal capsule and
some lymphoid hyperplasia of the tracheobronchial lymph nodes.
Hematological findings: RBC/cmm 10 x 106, WBC/cm 3 x 103, MCV/cu.~ 43,
Hb g% 16.4, Hematocrit % 43.
Clinical diagnDsis:
Normal 3-year-old steer.
94
-------
APPENDIX L.
GROSS* AND MICROSCOPIC PATHOLOGyt FOUND IN NECROPSIED ANIMALS
(continued)
AREA 18 CATTLE, OCTOBER
7
Necropsy findings: Appears to have cirrhosis of the liver with ascites.
Lungs were emphysematous probably as a result of agonal struggling.
Histopathological findings: There was moderate hemosiderosis of the spleen,
thlckened pleura of the lung, and multifocal lymphoid aggregates in the liver.
Hematological findings: The CBC may be altered due to fibrin clots in
the sample. RBC/cmm 7.8 x 106, WBC/cmm 3.8 x 103, MCV/cu.~ 55, Hb g% 12.9,
Hematocrit % 43.
Cinicial diagnosis:
Norma 1 steer
8
Necropsy findings:
lobes of the lungs.
Atelectic areas in margins of left apical and cardiac
Histopathological findings: Focal area of hemorrhage in the lungs, moderate
hemosiderosis of the spleen, and melanosis of the capsule of the adrenals.
Hematological findings: The analytical laboratory noted that the complete
blood count may be altered due to many fibrin clots in the sample.
RBC/cmm 10 x 106, WBC/cmm 2.3 x 103, MCV/cu.~ 43, Hb g% 12.6, Hematocrit % 43.
Clinical diagnosis:
Normal cow.
9
Necropsy findings: Cow was nearly toothless. Had a draining abscess on
right intermandibular space. The rumen contained a large mass of ropes
(approximately 60 cm in diameter) that has become encapsulated with mineral
depos its.
Histopathological findings: Focal areas of chronic scar tissue were found
in the liver. The abscess wall consisted of fibrous tissues surrounding the
suppurative exudate. Ductular remanents of salivary tissue were incarcerated
by these fibrous elements. There is hemosiderosis observed in the spleen.
Hematological findings: The analytical laboratory noted that the reported
values might have been altered by fibrin clots present in the sample.
RBC/cmm 5.9 x 106, WBC/cmm 2.6 x 103, MCV/cu.~ '54, Hb g% 10.8, Hematocrit % 32.
Clinical diagnosis:
( 1 umpy jaw).
An aged, barren cow suffering from actinobacillosis
95
.
-------
APPENDIX L. GROSS* AND MICROSCOPIC PATHOLOGyt FOUND IN NECROPSIED ANIMALS
(continued)
AREA 18 CATTLE, OCTOBER (continued)
10
Necropsy findings:
No gross lesions noted.
Histopatholog)cal findings:
No lesions noted.
Testes undeveloped.
Hematological findings: RBC/cmm 10.3 x 106, WBC/cmm 5.2 x 103, MCV/cu.~ 46,
Hb g% 14.6, Hematocrit % 47.
Clinical diagnosis:
Normal, bull calf
11
Necropsy findings:
No gross lesions noted.
Histopathological findings: No lesions noted.
Testes undeveloped.
Hematological findings: Sample too clotted for analysis.
Clinical diagnosis:
Normal, bull calf.
12
N2cropsy findings:
No gross lesions noted.
Histopathological findings:
No lesions noted.
Testes undeveloped.
Hematological findings: RBC/cmm 8.9 x 106, WBC/cmm 7 x 103, MCV/cu.~ 48,
Hb g% 12.9, Hematocrit % 43.
Clinical diagnosis:
Normal, bull calf.
AREA 5 CATTLE, MAY
A5-1
Necropsy findings:
No gross lesions noted.
Histopathological findings: Those included focal interstitial lymphoid
agregates in the kidney, and lymphoid hyperplasic in the tracheobronchial
lymph nodes.
Hematological findings: Sample collected prior to death RCB/cmm 8.3 x 106,
WBC/cmm 6.5 x 103, MCV/cu.~ 55, Hb g% 16.2, Hematocrit % 46.
Clinical diagnosis:
Normal heifer.
96
-------
APPENDIX L.
GROSS* AND MICROSCOPIC PATHOLOGyt FOUND IN NECROPSIED ANIMALS
(continued)
AREA 5 CATTLE, MAY (continued)
A5-2
Necropsy findings: Fibrinous adhesions between reticulum and diaphragm.
Atelactic areas in left apical and cardiac lobes of lung. Prominent
round ligament of liver.
Histopathological findings: Spleen showed hemosiderosis, sarcocysts were
, present in the heart and there were areas of alveolar hemorrhage in the lungs.
Hematological findings: Sample collected prior to death. RBC/cm 6.7 x 106,
WBC/cmm 6.9 x 10j, MCV/cu.~ 57, Hb g% 13.3, Hematocrit % 38.
Clinical diagnosis:
Normal, mature cow.
A5-3
Necropsy findings: Adhesion between rumen and liver. Small abscess
3 em in diameter was found in the liver below the adhesions.
Histopathological findings: Random focal aggregates at neutrophils and
lymphocytes in the liver tissue indicate mild subacute plus chronic
focal hepatitis. Lung tissue contains parabronchial lymphoid nodules.
Hematological findings: Sample collected prior to death. RBC/cmm 8.2 x 106,
WBC/cmm 4.1 x 103, MCV/cu.~ 57, Hb g%16.2, Hematocrit % 47.
Clinicaldia~no~is:
Liver abscess possibly from traumatic reticu1itis.
Cow 286
History: This heifer was apparently pregnant with developing udder. It was
noted on May 7 that she was moving peculiar1y~-her rear feet were far under
her body and she walked on the tips of her hooves. Constant ~lopping or drib-
bling of urine was noted when moved. Animal became progressively weaker in
the back legs until completely paralyzed from below the hocks. On May 11,
the animal was examined, was bright and alert, was able to move on rear legs
but weight rested on hocks. Urinary incontinence was noted. Rectal examina-
tion revealed a greatly distended bladder and evidence of constipation. No
fetus was felt. Treated with 500 cc of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus
salts intravenously, and azium. Tent~tive diagnosis was pressure on spinal
cord from trauma or warble. .
Necropsy findings: Subcutaneous tissues of rear legs were very edematous.
Fibrous adhesions were found between reticulum and diaphragm. An infarct
was found in the liver. Uterus was swollen. Bladder was thickened and.
edematous. Lungs were emphysematous and contained a frothy exudate prob-
ably from agonal struggling. There was an area of ' edema in tissue around the
spinal cord at the least lumbar and first sacral vertebrae.
97
-------
APPENDIX L.
GROSS* AND MICROSCOPIC PATHOLOGyt FOUND IN NECROPSIED ANIMALS
(continued)
Cow 286 (continued)
Histopathological findings: Focal interstitial lymphoid aggregates were found
in the kidneys. The spinal cord exhibited mild Wa11erian degeneration. There
was mild inflammation of the uterus probably related to involution. There was
extensive hemorrhage and edema in the lungs. Sarcocysts were present in the
cardiac muscle. The bladder exhibited mild submucosal edema and inflammation.
Hematological findings: Sample was not collected.
Clinical diagnosis: Holstein cow suffering from paralysis as result of trauma
to spinal cord. The lesions in the spinal cord sample examined microscopically
were not of significant magnitude to explain the neurological signs exhibited.
The mild degenerative changes noted in the cord could have been related to
trauma at a more distant site.
NEVADA TEST SITE MULE DEER
1
Necropsy findings: Skin was grossly abraided.
Kidney and spleen extensively traumatized.
Four ribs broken on right side.
Histopathological findings:
congested.
Sarcocysts in muscle tissues and spieen was
Hematological findings:
Sample not collected.
Clinical diagnosis:
Normal doe killed in collision with motor vehicle.
2
History: Animal was wearing radiotransmitter-equipped collar number one.
Animal was captured with capture gun November 11, 1975, when collar was attached
and was ear tagged. Tracked to Timber Mountain on January 12, 1976. Radio
contact lost about February 4, 1976. No contact until animal was observed in
Area 12 on Stockade Wash Road and Power Substation June 2, 1976, and again in
Burn Valley July 2, 1976. Animal was collected on Echo Peak July 13, 1976.
Necropsy findings:
of bullet passage.
Histopathological findings: Alvelor hemorrhage in lungs probably from
aspiration. Testes undeveloped or hypoplastic.
No gross lesions noted except those associated with trauma
Hematological findings:
Sample not collected.
Clinial diagnosis:
Normal, mature male deer
98
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APPENDIX L.
GROSS* AND MICROSCOPIC PATHOLOGyt FOUND IN NECROPSIED ANIMALS
(continued)
3
Necropsy findings: No gross pathology noted except trauma associated with
passage of capture syringe which entered the rumen, deflected downwards, and
exited abdominal cavity in front of udder. The large intestine was punctured
at least three times.
Histopathological findings:, No gross lesions noted except for congestion in
the spleen.
, Hematological findings:
Sample not collected.
Clinical diagnosis:
Normal, mature female deer.
4
Necropsy findings: Capture syringe penetrated right apical lobe of lungs.
Animal died as a result of internal bleeding. Lungs were filled with blood
and spleen was distended.
Histopathological findings: Hemorrhage in lungs and congestion of the spleen.
Numerous artifacts in tissues resulting from freezing of the tissues.
Hematological findings:
Sample not collected.
Clinical diagnosis:
Normal, mature male deer.
5
Necropsy findings: Left rear leg broken above hock by capture syringe.
Animal killed by shooting. Bullet passed through right side of body passing
through anterior portion of right kidney severing aorta and exited through
the rumen. No pathology noted that was not related to injury or bullet wound.
Histopathological findings:
Congestion of spleen.
Hematological findings:
Sample not collected.
Clinical diagnosis:
Normal, mature female deer.
6
Necropsy findings: Extensive trauma to abdominal organs and bones of rear
legs as result of collision with motor vehicle.
Histopathological findings:
changes.
Samples not collected as advanced postmortem
Hematological findings:
Sample hot collected.
Clinical diagnosis:
Normal female deer.
99
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APPENDIX L.
GROSS* AND MICROSCOPIC PATHOLOGyt FOUND IN NECROPSIED ANIMALS
(continued)
NEVADA TEST SITE HORSES
1 and 2
Both of. these horses were victims of collision with motor vehicles. Neither
were necropsied and samples were not collected for histopathology or hema-
tology as advanced postmortem changes had occurred. All were apparently
normal at the time of death.
, NEVADA TEST SITE COYOTE
Necropsy findings:
s~ge of bull et.
Histopathological findings: Most of samples showed postmortem autolysis.
Cross sections of nematode parasites were found in the alveoli. Not able to
identify but possibly Filoroides milksii.
No gross lesions noted except those associated with pas-
Hematological findings: Sample not collected.
Clinical diagnosis:
Normal female coyote.
AREA 15 RABBITS, MARCH
1 through 5
All of these rabbits were collected by shotgun fire. All were heavily
infested with fleas. No gross or histopathological lesions were noted that
were not associated with the trauma of collection except for cuterebra larva
found in rabbit number 5. Blood samples were not collected for hema-
tological examination. All were apparently normal at time of death.
AREA 15 RABBITS, SEPTEMBER
A through F
All of these animals were collected by shotgun fire on the evening of
September 9. Animals were placed in freezer until necropsied on October 23.
Histopatholog~cal and hematological samples were not collected. No gross
lesions were noted except for a parasitic cyst (possibly hydatidiform) which
was found in the subcutaneous tissues of the right thoracic area of rabbit F.
All were apparently normal at time of death.
100
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APPEND I X L.
GROSS* AND MICROSCOPIC PATHOLOGyt FOUND IN NECROPSIED ANIM;~~
(continued)
AREA 18 RABBITS, MAY
1 through 7
'A11 of these rabbits were Jackrabbits and were collected by shotgun fire on
the evening of May 25. No gross lesions were noted that were not associated
with the trauma of collection. Histopathological and hematological samples
were not collected. All were apparently normal at time of death.
CHUKAR 1, 2, & 3
QUAIL 1 and 2
All of these birds were collected with a 16-gauge shotgun at the Area 15
farm on the evening of September 9. They were placed in a freezer until
necropsied on October 23. No gross lesions were noted. Samples for histo-
pathological and hematological examinations were not collected. All were
apparently normal at time of death.
*As reported by senior author.
tAs reported by Dr. Billy C. Ward, College of Veterinary Medicine, Drawer V,
Mississippi State University, Starkvi11e, Mississippi.
tRBC/cmm = number of red blood cells per cubic millimeter of blood
WBC/cmm = number of white blood cells per cubic millimeter of blood
MCV/cu.~ = mean corpuscular volume per cubic micron
Hb g% = hemoglobin expressed in gram percent
101
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APPENDIX M.
PLANT SPECIES INGESTED BY
DESERT BIGHORN SHEE~ DURING 1976
Plant Scientific Conunon
Type Name Name
Grasses Bromus teato1'UTfl Brome grass
Festuaa sp. Fescue grass
Hilaria jamesii Ga 11 eta grass
HiZaria rigida Big galleta grass
MUhlenbergia porteri Bush muhly
Oryzopsis hymenoides Indian rice grass
Poa sp. Bluegrass
Sitanion hystrix Squirrel tail grass
Stipa speaiosa Desert needlegrass
Shrubs Ambrosia dumosa Burrobush
AmeZanahier alnifolia Serviceberry
Artemisia tridentata Big sagebrush
Atriplex aanesaens Four-winged saltbush
AtripZex aonfertifolia Shadscale
AtripZex hymenelytra Desert holly
Ceanothus greggii Ceanothus
Ceraoaarpus intriaatus Little-leaved mountain mahogany
Chrysothamnus nauseosus Big rabbitbrush
Chrysothamnus visaidifZorus Little rabbitbrush
CoZeogyne ramosissima Blackbrush
C01J)ania mexiaana Cliff-rose
EnaeZia farinosa Brittle bush
EnaeZia frutesaens Rayless encelia
Ephedra nevadensis Nevada joint fir
Ephedra viridis Mountain joint fir
Eurotia lanata Winter fat
Ga1'rya flavesaens Silk tassel
Juniperus osteospe~a Juniper
Pinus monophylla Pinyon pine
Pu1'shia glandulosa Antelope brush
Forbs Amsinakia sp. Fiddleneck
Astragalus sp. Loco weed
Chaenaatis s p. Pincushion
Eriogonum s p. Buckwheat
Erodium aiautarium Heron's bill
Euphorbia s p . Spurge
Penstemon sp. Penstemon
Sphaeralaea ambigua Desert mallow
Stanleya pinnata Princess plume
102
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APPENDIX N.
BOTANICAL ANALYSES OF DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP
RUMEN CONTENTS, 1976
Animal Area of Plant Plant Percent of
No. Co 11 ecti on Type Name Ingesta
6 Sheep Range Grasses Oryzopsis hymenoides 9
Unidentified species 6
Shrubs Artemisia tridentata 10
AtripZex aonfertifoZia 27
Ceanothus greggii 9
Eurotia Zanata 15
Unidentified species 13
Forbs Eriogonum sp. 4
Unidentified species 7
15 Sheep Range Grasses Oryzopsis hymenoides 28
Sitanion hystrix 19
Stipa speaiosa 8
Unidentified species 5
Shrubs Ambrosia dumosa 8
AtripZex aonfertifoZia 2
Ephedra nevadensis 2
Unidentified species 3
Forbs Eriogonum sp. 1
SphaeraZaea ambigua 21
Unidentified species 3
18 Sheep Range Grasses Oryzopsis hymenoides 9
Poa S p. 3
Sitanion hystrix 16
Unidentified species 13
Shrubs Ceraoaarpus intriaatus 9
Cowania mexiaana 29
Ephedra nevadensis 3
Unidentified species 9
Forbs Eriogonum sp. 6
Unidentified species 3
20 Sheep Range Grasses Festuaa sp. 22
MuhZenbergia sp. 19
Oryzopsis hymenoides 14
Unidentified species 17
103
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APPENDIX N.
BOTANICAL ANALYSES OF DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP
RUMEN CONTENTS, 1976 (continued)
An i ma 1 Area of Plant Plant Percent of
No. Collection Type Name Ingesta
20 Sheep Range Shrubs Enae Ua farinosa 6
Unidentified species 3
Forbs AstragaZus sp. 4
Eriogonum s p. 2
Unidentified species 13
23 Sheep Range Grasses Oryzopsis hymenoides 28
Poa sp. 7
Sitanion hystrix 8
Unidentified species 12
Shrubs Artemisia tPidentata 4
AtripZex aonfertifoZia 2
A trip Zex sp. 3
CoZeogyne ramosissima 1
Unidentified species 21
Forbs Eriogonum sp. 2
Euphorbia s p. 3
Unidentified species 9
24 Sheep Range Grasses Oryzopsis hymenoides 57
Sitanion hystrix 12
Unidentified species 3
Shrubs AtPipZex aanesaens 4
AtripZex aonfertifoZia 1
AtripZex hymeneZytra 12
PuY'shia gZanduZosa "7
Unidentified species 1
Forbs Eriogonum sp. 2
Unidentified species 1
27 Sheep Range Grasses MUhZenbergia porteri 17
Oryzopsis hymenoides 26
Poa sp. 12
Sitanion hystrix 31
Unidentified species 5
Shrubs Unidentified sp~cies 4
104
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APPENDIX N.
BOTANICAL ANALYSES OF DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP
RUMEN CONTENTS, 1976 (continued)
Animal Area of Plant Plant Percent of
No. Collection Type Name Ingesta
27 Sheep Range Forbs Chaenaotis s p. T
Eriogonwn sp. 1
Unidentified species 4
28 Sheep Range Grasses Oryzopsis hymenoides 19
Sitanion hystrix 36
Unidentified species 8
Shrubs AtripZex sp. 1
Ceanothus greggii 1
Ceroooarpus intrioatus 6
C07.J)ania mexioana 19
Juniperus osteospe~a T
Pinus monophyZZa 2
Unidentified species 6
Forbs Unidentified species 2
8 Black Mountains Grasses Oryzopsis hymenoides 13
Sitanion hystrix 19
Unidentified species 13
Shrubs AtripZex oanesoens 2
Chrysothamnus nauseosus 5
CoZeogyne ramosissima 1
Ephedra viridis 1
Garrya fZavesoens 7
Unidentified species 16
Forbs Chaenaotis sp. 2
Eriogonwn sp. 6
Euphorbia sp. 3
Unidentified species 12
11 Black Mountains Grasses Oryzopsis hymenoides 21
Sitanion hystrix 16
Unidentified species 10
Shrubs Ambrosia dwnosa 11
Ephedra nevadensis 6
Eurotia Zanata 6
Unidentified species 10
. r~5
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;--
APPENDIX N.
BOTANICAL ANALYSES OF DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP
RUMEN CONTENTS, 1976 (continued)
Animal Area of Plant Plant Percent of
No. . Collection Type Name Ingesta
11 Black Mountains Forbs Chaenactis sp. 4
ET'iogonwn sp. 4
EuphoT'bia S p. 4
SphaeT'alcea ambigua 3
Unidentified species 5
14 Black Mountains Grasses OT'Yzopsis hymenoides 24
Sitanion hystT'ix 9
Unidentified species 14
Shrubs AmbT'osia dumosa 14
AtT'iplex confeT'tifolia 1
Encelia sp. 3
Unidentified species 6
Forbs AstT'agalus sp. 3
EuphoT'bia sp. 8
SphaeT'alcea ambigua 6
Unidentified species 12
2 Meadow Valley Grasses OT'Yzopsis hymenoides 31
Sitanion hystT'ix 10
Unidentified species 8
Shrubs AtT'iplex canescens 8
EUT'otia lanata 14
Unidentified species 6
Forbs Chaenactis sp. 3
ET'iogonum sp. 13
SphaeT'alcea ambigua 1
Unidentified species 6
21 Meadow Valley Grasses HilaT'ia T'igido. 6
OT'yzopsis hymenoides 13
Poa S p. 3
Sitanion hystT'ix 26
Unidentified species 8
Shrubs Encelia fT'Utescens 26
E,phedT'a nevadensis 2
106
-------
APPENDIX N.
BOTANICAL ANALYSES OF DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP
RUMEN CONTENTS, 1976 (continued)
Animal Area of Plant Plant Percent of
No. Collection Type Name Ingesta
21 Meadow Valley Forbs Chaenactis sp. 2
ET'iogonwn sp. T
EuphoT'bia s p. 2
SphaeT'alcea ambigua 10
Unidentified species 2
26 Muddy Mountains Grasses OT'yzopsis hymenoides 12
Sitonion hystT'ix 32
Unidentified species 4
Shrubs AtT'iplex canescens 1
CeT'cocarpus intT'icatus 17
Co~ania mexicana 5
Ephedra nevadensis 14
Pinus monophylZa T
Unidentified species 6
Forbs ET'iogonwn sp. 1
EuphoT'bia sp. 2
Unidentified species 6
16 Pint Waters Range Grasses OT'yzopsis hymenoides 8
Sitanion hystT'ix 18
Stipa speciosa 5
Unidentified species 10
Shrubs Ceanothus sp. 15
, ChT'ysothamnus sp. 5
EnceUa sp. 10
Unidentified species 19
Forbs Chaenactis sp. 2
ET'iogonwn sp. T
Unidentified species 8
17 Pint Waters Range Grasses OT'hyzopsis hymenoides 5
Sitanion hystT'ix 64
Stipa speciosa 1
Unidentified species 4
Shrubs Ceanothus gT'eggii 12
Ence Ua faroinosa 2
Unidentified species 4
107
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.
APPENDIX N.
BOTANICAL ANALYSES OF DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP
RUMEN CONTENTS, 1976 (continued)
Animal Area of Plant Plant Percent of
No. Co 11 ecti on Type Name Ingesta
17 Pint Waters Range Forbs Eriogonwn sp. 2
Unidentified species 6
3 Las Vegas Range Grasses Bromus teatorwn 3
HiZar>ia jamesii 5
Oryzopsis hymenoides 21
Sitanion hystrix 30
Shrubs AtripZex aonfertifoZia 2
Ceraoaa:r>pus in triaatus 16
COlJJania mexiaana 8
Unidentified species 7
Forbs Eriogonwn sp. T
Unidentified species 8
4 Las Vegas Range Grasses HiZar>ia jamesii 4
Orhyzopsis hymenoides 38
Sitanion hystrix 11
Stipa speaiosa 3
Unidentified species 16
Shrubs AtripZex aanesaens 9
Ceraoaa:r>pus intriaatus 8
Unidentified species 4
Forbs Chaenaatis sp. 4
Eriogonwn sp. T
Unidentified species 3
7 Las Vegas Range Grasses Oryzopsis hymenoides 47
Sitanion hystrix 26
Unidentified species 8
Shrubs AmeZanahier aZnifoZia 2
Ceraoaarpus intriaatus 2
CoZeogyne ramosissima 1
Unidentified species 7
Forbs Chaenaatis sp. 2
Eriogonwn S p. 2
Unidentified species 3
108
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APPENDIX N.
BOTANICAL ANALYSES OF DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP
RUMEN CONTENTS, 1976 (continued)
An i ma 1 Area of Plant Plant Percent of
No. Collection Type Name Ingesta
12 Lone 'Mountain Grasses Hilaria jamesii 18
Sitanion hystrix 34
Unidentified species 6
Shrubs Artemisia tridentata 11
Ceanothus sp. 7
Purshia glandulosa 9
Unidentified species 8
Forbs Chaenactis sp. 1
Euphorbia sp. 3
Unidentified species 3
19 Lone Mountain Grasses Bromus tectoI'Um 6
Hilaria jamesii 3
OI'yzopsis hymenoides 17
Sitanion hystrix 36
Unidentified species 8
Shrubs Artemisia tridentata 12
Atriplex confertifoli. 2
PuI'shia glandulosa 12
Forbs Sphaeralcea sp. 2
Unidentified species 2
9 Eldorado Mountains Grasses Oryzopsis hymenoides 18
Sitanion hystrix 8
Stipa speciosa 3
Unidentified species 14
Shrubs AtI'iplex canescens 7
Chrysothamnus visaidifloI'Us 1
Unidentified species 12
Forbs Eriogonum sp. 1
Euphoroia sp. 15
Penstemon sp. 3
Stanleya pinnata 7
Unidentified species 11
109
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APPENDIX N.
BOTANICAL ANALYSES OF DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP
RUMEN CONTENTS, 1976 (continued)
Animal Area of Plant Plant Percent of
No. Co 11 ecti on Type Name Ingesta
13 Eldorado Mountains Grasses Festuaa sp. 2
Poa sp. 6
Sitanion hystrix 36
Unidentified species 8
Shrubs Ambrosia dumosa 17
Unidentified species 13
Forbs Amsinakia sp. 7
Eriogonum sp. T
SphaeraZaea ambigua . 1
Unidentified species 10
1 Mormon Mountain Grasses Oryzopsis hymenoides 13
Sitanion hystrix 18
Unidentified species 9
Shrubs AtripZex aanesaens 4
Ceraoaarpus intriaatus 39
Ephedra ~vadensi8 2
Unidentified species 9
Forbs Eriogonum sp. 3
Unidentified species 3
10 Mormon Mountain Grasses Hi Zaria rigida 4
Oryzopsis hymenoides 26
Poa sp. 7
Sitanion hystrix 19
Unidentified species 14
Shrubs AtripZex aanesaens 15
Unidentified species 2
Forbs Astragalus sp. 2
Chaenaatis s p. T
Erodium aiautarium 2
Sphaeralaea ambigua 2
Unidentified species 7
22 Highland Range Grasses Sitanion hystrix 29
Unidentified species 7
110
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APPENDIX N.
BOTANICAL ANALYSES OF DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP
RUMEN CONTENTS, 1976 (continued)
Animal
No.
22
Area of
Coll ecti on
Highland Range
Plant
Type
Shrubs -
Forbs
T = Trace, less than 1 percent
Plant
Name
Percent of
Ingesta
Ceroooarpus intrioatus
Coleogyne ramosissima
Cowania mexioana
Eurotia lanata
Unidentified species
19
4
17
4
7
3
2
8
Eriogonum sp.
Euphorbia sp.
Unidentified species
111
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1 - 40
41
42
43
44
45
46 - 47
48 - 49
50
51
52
53
54
55 - 56
57
58
59
60
61 - 65
DISTRIBUTION
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory-Las Vegas
Mah10n E. Gates, Manager, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
Troy E. Wade. DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
David G. Jackson, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
Paul J. Mudra, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
Elwood M. Douth~tt, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
Ernest D. Campbell, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
Paul B. Dunaway, DOE/NV, Las Vegas. NV
Roger Ray, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
Robert W. Taft, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
Leon Si1verstrom, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV -
Robert W. Newman, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
Bruce W. Church, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
Technical Library, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
Chief, NOB/DNA, Las Vegas, NV
Hal Hollister, DOEC, DOE/HQ, Washington, DC
Tommy F. McCraw, DOEC, DOE/HQ, Washington. DC
L. Joe Deal, DOEC, DOE/HQ, Washington. DC
Major General Joseph K. Bratton, Director, MAt DOE/HQ,
Washington. DC
66 Gordon C. Facer, MA, DOE/HQ, Washington, DC
67 Robert L. Watters, BER, DOE/HQ, Washington, DC
68 Jeff Swine broad , BER, DOE/HQ, Washington, DC
69 Robert W. Wood, BER, DOE/HQ, Washington, DC
70 William S. Osburn, Jr., BER, DOE/HQ, Washington, DC
71 Ray Brechbill, DOE/SAN, Oakland, CA
72 Marcy Williamson, HSL/INEL, DOE/ID, Idaho Falls, ID
73 Steven V. Kaye, Oak Ridge National Lab., Oak RidQ~, TN
74 Helen Pfuderer, ESIC, Oak Ridge National Lab., Oak Ridge, TN
-------
75 H. E. Wahlgren, CARL, Oak Ridge Natflonal Lab., Oak Ridge, TN
76 H. E. Walburg, CARL, Oak Ridge National Lab., Oak Ridge, TN
77 Asst. Admin. for Research and Development, EPA, Washington, DC
78 Deputy Asst. Admin. for Radiation Programs, EPA, Washington, DC
79 Director, Div. of Criteria and Standards, ORP, EPA, Washington, DC
80 Director, Div. of Field Operations, ORP, EPA, Washington, DC
81 Director, Div. of Technology Assessment, ORP, EPA, Washington, DC
82 Director, Office of Technical Analysis, EPA, Washington, DC
83 Library, EPA, Washington, DC
84 Regional Administrator, Region IX, EPA, San Francisco, CA
85 Regional Radiation Representative, Region IX, EPA, San Francisco, CA
86 Director, Radiochemistry and Nuclear Engineering Branch, EPA,
Cincinnati, OH
87 Director, Eastern Environmental Radiation Facility, EPA, Montgomery, AL
88 Harold F. Mueller, ARL, NOAA, Las Vegas, NV
89 Gilbert J. Ferber, ARL, NOAA, Silver Spring, MD
90 K. M. Oswald, Mgr., Health and Safety, LLL, Mercury, NV
91 Richard L. Wagner, LLL, Livermore, CA
92 Howard W. Tewes, LLL, Livermore, CA
93 Paul L. Phelps, LLL, Livermore, CA
94 Mortimer L. Mendelsohn, LLL, Livermore, CA
95 J. C. Hopkins, LASL, Los Alamos, NM
96 Harry S. Jordan, LASL, Los Alamos, NM
97 Lamar J. Johnson, LASL, Los Alamos, NM
98 George E. Tucker, Sandia Lab., Albuquerque, NM
99 Carter D. Broyles, Sandia Lab., Albuquerque, NM
100 Melvin L. Merritt, Sandia Lab., Albuquerque, NM
101 R. Glen Fuller, Oracle, AZ
102 Richard S. Davidson, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH
103 Arden E. Bicker, REECo, Mercury, NV
104 Savino W. Cavender, REECo, Mercury, NV
105 Auda F. Morrow, CETO, Mercury, NV
106 Billy Moore, NTSSO, DOE/NV, Mercury, NV
107 Leo Bustad, Director, Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University,
Pullman, WA
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108 Vincent Schultz, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
109 Arthur Wallace, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
110 Wesley E. Niles, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV
111 Library, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV
112 Verl e R. Bohman, Uni vers ity of Nevada, Reno, NV
113 Lloyd P. Smith, President, Desert Research Institute, University
of Nevada, Reno, NV
114 Paul R. Fenske, Desert Research Institute, University of Nevada,
Reno, NV
115 William S. Twenhofel, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO
116 Manager, Desert National Wildlife Range, U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Las Vegas, NV
117 Supervisor, Region III, Nevada Fish and Game Department,
Las Vegas, NV
118 Paul Lyons, Nevada Wildlife Research, Division of Archives,
Capitol Building Annex, Carson City, NV
119 Deward W. Efurd, McClellan Central Lab., McClellan Air Force
Base, CA
120 L. L. Skolil, San Diego State
147 Technical Information Center,
(for public availability)
121 -
University, San Diego, CA
DOE, Oak Ridge, TN
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