EMSL-LV-0539-24
   SUMMARY REPORT OF THE GRAZING STUDIES CONDUCTED
        ON A PLUTONIUM-CONTAMINATED RANGE IN
           AREA 13 OF THE NEVADA TEST SITE
Monitoring Systems Research and Development Division
  Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
        U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
              Las Vegas, Nevada  89114
                      May 1979
       This study performed under a Memorandum
         of Understanding No. EY-76-A-08-0539
                       for the
              U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

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                                                        EMSL-LV-0539-24
         SUMMARY REPORT OF THE GRAZING STUDIES CONDUCTED
              ON A PLUTONIUM-CONTAMINATED RANGE IN
                 AREA 13 OF THE NEVADA TEST SITE
                                by
                           D. D. Smith

      Monitoring Systems Research and Development Division
        Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
              U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                    Las Vegas, Nevada  89114
                            May 1979
 This report was prepared for the Nevada Applied Ecology Group.
This research was performed as a part of the Animal Investigation
 Program under a Memorandum of Understanding No. EY-76-A-08-0539
                             for the
                    U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

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                                  ABSTRACT
     Actinide concentrations in the tissues of beef animals periodically sac-
rificed and sampled during a 3-year grazing study on a plutonium-contaminated
range of the Nevada Test Site are tabulated and discussed.  The primary objec-
tive of this study was to determine the uptake and tissue distribution of the
plutonium by ruminants.  Other objectives were to evaluate maternal-fetal
transfer, to determine uptake and distribution differences in young versus
mature animals, and to compare these data with those collected from other
contaminated areas.  Steers with surgically prepared rumen fistulas served as
biological samplers to determine grazing habits (quantity and type of forage
ingested) as a function of seasonal plant availability and preference, to
estimate intake of actinides over specified periods of time, and to determine
the actinide ratios within these ingesta.

     Food habit analyses of ingesta from rumen-fistulated steers and sacri-
ficed cattle revealed that shrub species made up the major portion of their
diet during most seasons of the year.  Grasses were preferred during the
spring months.  An apparent relationship between actinide concentrations in
these ingesta and Eurotia lanata was noted.

     Using activity levels found in the rumen contents, it was estimated that
a study cow ingested 100 microcuries of plutonium-239 prior to sacrifice.  Of
this, 16.4 microcuries was in rumen fluids from which a combined retention
factor of 0.0034 percent was calculated for the bone, muscle, and liver.
Comparisons of plutonium-239/plutonium-238 ratios in ingesta and tissues
indicate that the plutonium-238 is more readily absorbed and retained.

     All animals sacrificed were necropsied, and selected tissue and organ
samples were collected for histopathological examination and actinide analy-
ses.  No radiologically significant lesions were found.

     The gonadal concentrations of the actinides were significantly higher
than those of blood and muscle and approached those of bone.  These data
indicate that consideration should be given to the plutonium-239 dose to
gonads as well as that to bone, liver, and lungs of man.

     Actinide concentrations in the skeletons of cows originally introduced
into the study areas showed little increase with increased time of exposure,
while those of animals born in the study areas showed an increasing trend
with time.

     Concentrations of plutonium-239 in the lung, liver, muscle, and  femur
tissues of the Area 13 cattle were significantly higher than in tissues

                                     iii

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collected from grazing cattle from other Nevada Test Site areas, from Rocky
Flats, Colorado, or from Searchlight, Nevada.

     The plutonium-239 concentrations in bones, lungs, and livers collected
from wildlife with free access to and from the contaminated zones ranged from
1 to 10 percent of those found in cattle restricted to the area.  These les-
ser concentrations obviously reflect the "dilution" resulting from these
animals ranging into less contaminated areas around the study sites.
                                    iv

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                              TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                                                         Page
ABSTRACT                                                                  ill
LIST OF FIGURES                                                           vii
LIST OF TABLES                                                           viii
INTRODUCTION                                                                1
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN                                                         2
  General Procedures                                                        2
  Routine Husbandry Procedures                                              3
  Rumen-Fistulated Steer Study Procedures                                   5
  Sacrifice and Tissue-Collection Procedures                                5
  Sample-Preparation, Storage, and Transportation Procedures                6
  Waste Disposal Procedures                                                 7
  Special Study to Determine Soil in Ingesta Procedures                     7
ANALYTICAL METHODS                                                          8
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION                                                     10
  Rumen-Fistulated Steers                                                  10
  Plutonium Concentrations in Tissues                                      20
  Plutonium-239 in Gonads                                                  27
  Comparison of Tissue Concentrations of Plutonium-239 with
  Those Reported in Other Herds                                            34
  Area 13 Wildlife                                                         35
NECROPSY AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS                                35
SUMMARY                                                                    37
REFERENCES                                                                 39

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                        TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

APPENDIXES                                                              Page

   I     Summary of Analytical Procedures and Minimum Detectable
         Activities                                                       44

   II    Quality Assurance Results                                        45

   III   Botanical Analysis of Ingesta Collected from Rumen-Fistulated
         Steers Grazing on the Area 13 Range                              51

   IV    Botanical Analysis of Ingesta Collected from Sacrificed
         Animals Grazing on the Area 13 Range                             57

   V     Actinide Concentrations in the Vegetative Component of the
         Rumen Contents from Steers Grazing Area 13                       59

   VI    Actinide Concentrations in the Fluid Component of the Rumen
         Contents from Steers Grazing Area 13                             62

   VJI   Actinide Concentrations in the Reticulum Sediment from Steers
         Grazing Area 13                                                  65

   VJII  Radionuclide Concentrations in Tissues Collected from Animals
         Grazing the Inner Compound, Area 13, NTS                         67

   IX    Radionuclide Concentrations in Tissues Collected from Cattle
         Grazing the Outer Compound, Area 13, NTS                         74

   X     Radionuclide Concentrations in Tissues Collected from Cattle
         Grazing Areas Near Area 13 or Area 5, NTS                        92

   XI    Actinide Concentrations in Selected Tissues from Wildlife
         Area 13, NTS                                             '       97

   XII   Gross and Microscopic Pathology Found in Necropsied Animals      99

DISTRIBUTION
                                      vi

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                               LIST OF FIGURES


Figure                                                                   Page

  1     Sketch of Area 13 study compounds and holding corrals              4

  2     Botanical composition of rumen contents from rumen-fistulated
        steers grazing Area 13, NTS                                    *   11

  3     Mean 239Pu concentrations in vegetative component of rumen
        contents from rumen-fistulated steers                             13

  4     Mean 239Pu concentrations in fluid component of rumen
        contents from rumen-fistulated steers                             14

  5     Relationship of 239Pu/2ttlAm ratios in tissues from Area 13
        cattle to those of the rumen vegetation from the rumen-
        fistulated steers                                                 16

  6     Relationship of 239Pu/238Pu ratios in tissues from Area 13
        cattle to those of rumen vegetation from the rumen-
        fistulated steers                                                 17

  7     239Pu concentrations in femur tissues from Area 13 cattle         25

  8     239Pu concentrations in femurs of cattle born within the
        outer compound versus time                                        26

  9     Comparison of 239Pu concentrations in selected tissues from
        cow-calf pairs from Area 13 inner compound (#10 & //18) and
        outer compound (#14 & #19)                                        28

 10     Histogram of gonadibone concentration ratios                      32

 11     Comparison of 239Pu concentrations in selected tissues from
        various wildlife to those from cow-calf pairs from Area 13
        inner compound (#10 & #18) and outer compound (#14 & #19)         36
                                     vii

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                               LIST OF TABLES


Table                                                                    Page

  1    Quality Assurance Results                                            9

  2    Average Botanical Composition of Rumen Contents from Rumen-
       Fistulated Steers                                                ,   12

  3    Average Botanical Composition of Rumen Contents from
       Sacrificed Animals—Area 13                                         12

  4    Soil Sediments in Ingesta                                           18

  5    Plutonium-239 Burden in Selected Tissues of a 409-kg Cow
       (376-kg empty)                                                      20

  6    Sampling Information for Area 13 and Area 5 Study Animals           21

  7    Plutonium-239 Data from Gonads of Area 13 Cattle                    29

  8    Probability Percentage from the Sign Test That Actinide Levels
       in Area 13 Cattle Gonads Exceed Those from Selected Tissues         29

  9    Relative Concentrations of Plutonium-239/240 in Various Organs
       Compared to That in Bone                                            30

 10    Plutonium-239 Ranges in the Tissues of Area 13 Cattle               33

 11    Plutonium-239 Activity in Selected Tissues from Area 5 Cattle       34
                                    viii

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                                INTRODUCTION
     In recent years, there have been several reports published that listed
data on actinide levels in the tissues of grazing or browsing animals that
periodically ranged over plutonium-contaminated areas or were exposed to
worldwide fallout (Fountain, 1961; Brechbill, 1969; Hakonson et al. , 1973;
Smith and Giles, 1974; Smith and Giles, 1975; Smith and Black 1975;  Smith
et al., 1976b; Smith et al., 1976c; and Brown et al., 1976).  Other studies
have been conducted in which actinides were administered either orally,
intravenously, or by inhalation (McClellan et al., 1962; Moskalev et al.,
1969; Stanley et al. , 1974; Stanley et al. , 1975; and Sutton, 1976).  However,
as far as is known, only one study has been conducted in which reproducing
beef cattle were restricted for an extended period of time to a plutonium-
contaminated range whose native vegetation supplied all subsistence.  This
study, conducted under the auspices of the Nevada Applied Ecology Group
(NAEG), took place within the fenced compounds of the Project 57 site in
Area 13 of the Nevada Test Site (NTS) and extended from May 1973 to April
1976.

     The primary objective of this study was to determine the uptake and tis-
sue distribution of plutonium by ruminants maintained in an actual contami-
nated area.  Other objectives were to compare tissue levels found in grazing
animals (cattle) with those found in browsing animals (goats); to compare
the relative contributions in grazing animals of plutonium incorporated with-
in the plant and that on the plant surface or ingested as foreign matter
during the grazing process; to evaluate maternal-fetal transfer; to determine
any uptake and distribution differences observed in young versus mature
animals; and to compare these data with data collected from other contami-
nated areas, and from control areas.  The relation of food habits to tissue
distribution was also evaluated.  It was intended that data collected from
the tissues and ingesta of these animals would provide an assessment of
plutonium movement through an ecosystem contaminated by "real" plutonium
releases, and that appropriate data collected would be used to evaluate
transport and dose models being developed from controlled plutonium metabo-
lism studies. .

     Rumen-fistulated steers (steers with a capped tube inserted into a perma-
nent surgical opening into the stomach) served as biological samplers for
determining grazing habits as a function of plant availability and season,
estimating plutonium intake over specified periods of time, and determining
the ratio of the actinide isotopes in the ingesta.  Through a contract with
the University of Nevada, Reno  (UNR), ingesta from the steers were analyzed
to determine the digestibility and dry matter of the forages consumed at
various seasons of the year.  Plutonium intake was also partitioned into
organic and inorganic plutonium; i.e., plutonium incorporated with the plant

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tissues versus that on the exterior of the plant.

     In addition to the ingested samples collected periodically from the
rumen-fistulated steers, tissue samples were collected from 20 cattle,
4 fetuses, 2 goats, and selected wildlife.  The goat portion of the study
was abandoned after predators (coyotes) destroyed two bands of goats.

     As data became available during the course of these studies, they were
tabulated and presented at the periodic information meetings of NAEG or other
symposia and published as part of the transactions of these meetings.  In
order to summarize all of the data from the entire study, this report will
present modified excerpts from these published reports as well as all data
not previously reported.  However, data collected by the UNR are not cur-
rently available and will be published as a separate report at a later date.
                             EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
General Procedures
     In April 1973, nine pregnant beef cows (three in each trimester of preg-
nancy) were procured from a control herd pastured near Kingman, Arizona.
These animals and their descendants grazed within the Area 13 compound for
the duration of the study.  After 6 months, a pregnant mature cow, a cow
nursing a male calf (less than 3 months old) , and a cow and grazing male calf
(3 to 6 months old) were removed from the herd, sacrificed, necropsied, and
sampled.  Thereafter, animals were periodically selected for sacrifice, nec-
ropsy, and sampling.

     Tissues analyzed for plutonium content included bones (femurs and verte-
brae) , lung, liver, muscle, tracheobronchial lymph nodes, blood, gonads,
rumen contents, and reticulum sediment.  In addition, tissues were analyzed
for other radionuclides of interest, i.e., americium and uranium.  Botanical
and radionuclide data collected from the rumen contents supplemented data
collected from the rumen-fistulated steer portion of the study.

     Monthly for the first 6 months, and quarterly thereafter, four rumen-
fistulated steers were placed in the inner compound of Area 13 for a 48-hour
acclimation period.  The rumen was then completely emptied of all ingesta and
the steers were allowed to graze for a specific period of time.  All ingesta
were then removed for various analyses.

     During 1974, a contract (number 68-03-2047) was awarded to UNR for a
study that complemented the grazing studies conducted by the Environmental
Monitoring and Support Laboratory-Las Vegas (EMSL-LV).  The contractor is
determining (1) the dry matter and plutonium intake in the diet of grazing
animals sampled at various seasons of the year, (2) the digestibility of
range plants grown on plutonium-contaminated soils, and (3) the fractions of
the total plutonium intake originating from plants, i.e., "plant plutonium,"
and the fraction that came from soil ingested incidentally during the

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mechanical grazing process, "soil plutonium."  As mentioned previously, the
final report concerning these data is still being prepared.

     Wildlife were collected as targets of opportunity during routine opera-
tions at the Area 13 site.  Species collected included jackrabbit, coyote,
and fox.  These animals were collected by shooting.  Tissues sampled and
analyzed corresponded to those collected from the cattle.
Routine Husbandry Procedures

     The Area 13 study area is shown in Figure 1.  Originally, seven of the
study cows were maintained within the outer fence and the remaining two cows
within the inner fence.  The outer fence enclosed an area of approximately
400 hectares and consisted of four strands of barbed wire attached to steel
                                                                       *
tee posts.  A single strand of electrified fence wire was added at the
0.8-meter level of this fence.  The inner fence enclosed approximately
100 hectares and consisted of six strands of barbed wire attached to steel
tee posts.

     The holding corral was 4.9 meters by 14.6 meters with a 52-meter wing.
The corral and wing were constructed of commercial 4.9-meter metal panels.
Each panel was constructed of steel pipe and was 1.5 meters high.

     The main waterer was located within the holding corral so that it could
be filled from outside the fenced area.  The pipe and pressure pump used to
fill the waterer within the inner compound were located at the same position.
The filling pipe was run through Transite® pipe lying on the surface of the
ground near the wing.  The Transite® pipe protected the waterline from ffeez-
ing and damage from livestock.  Waterers were galvanized stock tanks which
were partially covered to reduce evaporation loss.

     Placement of the animals and other entries into Area 13 were coordinated
with the NAEG of the U.S. Department of Energy, Nevada Operations Office
(DOE/NV), and with the Operations Coordination Center at the NTS control
point.

     The study area was designed so that personnel would not be required to
enter either fenced area during periodic replenishment of water and salt.
Personnel entering the fenced areas were accompanied by a certified monitor.
Appropriate anti-contamination (anti-c) protective clothing (coveralls,
gloves, and prptective footwear) were worn.  Respirators were required if
entry was on windy, dusty days or when activities involved soil disturbances.
If contamination of personnel and/or equipment was found by the monitor,
standard decontamination procedures were conducted.  Used protective clothes
were placed in plastic bags and returned to the NTS Radiation Safety laundry
facility.
©Registered Trademark

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                                                      Q    1500
                               Inner Fence
            Outer _\.
            Fence^A
                                     Ground Zero
             ^Waterer
        \ V*	
        Holding Corral
Waterer
        (Not to Scale)
Figure 1.  Sketch  of Area 13 study compounds and holding corrals

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Rumen-Pistulated Steer Study Procedure

     According to the sampling schedule mentioned previously, the rumen-
fistulated steers were loaded in a trailer, transported to Area 13, and
released in the inner compound.  After a 48-hour acclimation period, the
steers were corralled within the holding chute, all ingesta were removed
from the rumen, and the rumen was washed.  (A portion of these ingesta was
saved as an inoculum of rumen microflora and fauna for the steers prior to
their return to Area 15.)  They were then released to graze freely for an
additional 24 hours.  The animals were again corralled and all ingesta
removed.  These ingesta were separated into fluid and solid components and
any sediment collected.  These different fractions were weighed.  Samples of
all three fractions were packaged and transported to the analyzing laboratory
in accordance with procedures outlined below.  All ingesta surplus to sam-
pling requirements were left within the Area 13 fenced areas.

     Personnel involved in each initial release followed the radiation safety
procedures outlined for the routine animal husbandry.  A certified monitor
accompanied personnel involved in the activities of 48-hour ingesta removal,
and during the final capture and return to Area 15.  Personnel involved in
capture activities wore anti-c clothing.  Respirators were worn if conditions
were windy or dusty.  In addition to this clothing, rubber obstetrical (OB)
sleeves covered by disposable OB gloves were worn by personnel removing con-
taminated rumen ingesta.

     Upon their return to Area 15, the steers and horses used during the
roundup were placed on the individual pen pad (which drains into the radi-
ation waste sump) and thoroughly washed with the Clean King® high pressure
washer.  The horses were then released into their normal corral.  Trailers
used in transporting the animals were also decontaminated on the pad.  Swipe
tests were conducted on all returned animals and vehicles.

     Upon completion of the sampling and decontamination activities, the
personnel involved showered in the Area 15 barn.  After sampling, the steers
were maintained in individual pens on the pad for 3 days.  All wastes were
washed from the pad into the radioactive waste sump.  The steers were then
released into their pens.


Sacrifice and Tissue-Collection Procedures

     At the end of the first 6 months, a pregnant cow and two cow-calf pairs
were removed from the compound and transported to Area 15 for sacrifice and
sampling.  Thereafter, at approximately 6-month or 1-year intervals, selected
animals were removed for sacrifice and sampling.

     Personnel involved in the capture efforts followed the radiation safety
procedures outlined above.  The horses and transport equipment were decon-
taminated as described previously.

	Upon arrival at Area 15, the study animals were placed in holding
©Registered Trademark

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facilities on the individual pen pad.  They were then decontaminated with the
Clean King® and held overnight in pens on the pad.  The next morning they
were again washed with high-pressure water.

     Following their final decontamination, the animals were transferred to
the slaughter facility where they were sacrificed by firing a .243-caliber
bullet into the brain.  They were then hoisted and exsanguinated by severing
the jugular vein.  The skin was removed in such a manner that the hair side
never touched the flesh.  Equipment (knives and gloves) that touched the skin
was not used for any other procedure.

     Selected tissue samples were then collected.  As tissue concentrations
could be expected to be several orders of magnitude lower than the concen-
trations found in the ingesta, all tissue samples were collected prior to
collection of samples from the digestive tract.

     Personnel assisting in the sacrifice and sample collection and prepara-
tion were dressed in protective footwear, anti-c coveralls, and latex gloves.
Liquid wastes (blood and wash water) were flushed into the radioactive waste
sump.  Any other materials not collected for analysis were disposed of as
solid wastes as described below.  Following each sacrifice, the area was
decontaminated and monitored under supervision of the EMSL-LV Radiation
Safety Officer.  The personnel involved then showered in the Area 15 facility.
Sample-Preparation, Storage, and Transportation Procedures

     All samples for actinide analysis were placed within a 1-gallon (3.8
liter) paint can lined with a plastic bag.  The can was closed and double-
bagged and each bag individually heat-sealed.  The samples were stored in
the Area 15 freezers until they were transported to the laboratory for
analysis.

     The soft tissues of sufficient volume were prepared for gamma analysis
by grinding and sealing in a 200-milliliter (ml) aluminum can.  They were
preserved with 10-percent buffered formaldehyde.  Those of smaller volume,
e.g., thyroid, were prepared for analysis by macerating in a blender and
were suspended in agar in a 200-ml container.  Sample preparation was done
within the controlled area of the Area 15 barn.  All equipment (blender,
grinder, etc.) was thoroughly decontaminated under the supervision of a
certified monitor.

     All sample containers were sealed and packaged for shipment to the
analyzing laboratory in accordance with U.S. Department of Transportation
regulations and were coordinated with Reynolds Electrical and Engineering
Company (REECo) Radiation Materials Control.  The samples for gamma and
tritium analyses were counted at the EMSL-LV.  Samples for actinide analysis
were shipped to the EMSL-LV or to independent contractor laboratories.

     Samples of rumen contents collected for botanical analysis were frozen
until analyzed.  They were prepared for botanical analysis by washing and
screening a random aliquot at the sample-preparation area of the Area 15 barn.

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The samples were then transported to the EMSL-LV for botanical examination.
Waste Disposal Procedures

     All anti-c clothing used in animal husbandry, rumen-fistulated steer
study, and sacrifices were placed in plastic bags at Area 15 and transported
to the NTS Radiation Safety laundry facility for decontamination.  If deemed
necessary by the EMSL-LV Radiation Safety Officer, disposable equipment used
in these procedures and the solid waste, i.e., rumen contents, tissues, fe-
ces, etc., were placed in plastic-lined, 55-gallon (208 liter) drums for
disposal.  The carcasses and wastes were transported to the sanitary landfill
for disposal.

     Liquid wastes  (blood, wash water, etc.) were flushed into the radio-
active waste sump at Area 15.  Contaminated equipment (knives, trailers,
etc.) were decontaminated by washing in areas that drain into the radioactive
sump.  The adequacy of decontamination was determined by certified monitors
under the direction of the EMSL-LV Radiation Safety Officer.
Special Study to Determine Soil in Ingesta Procedures

     At several of the early information meetings of NAEG, there were fre-
quent questions and discussions about the amount of soil a cow ingested dur-
ing the grazing processes.  Estimates of soil ingestion have been in excess of
2 kilograms per day.  A simple study was devised to provide an indication of
the amount of soil ingested.

     After the rumens of two rumen-fistulated steers were completely emptied
of all ingesta, the rumen and reticulum were rinsed with water and the wash
water bailed out to remove any residual sediments.  This cleansing process
was repeated three times.  The animals were allowed to graze for 24 hours on
the selected range.  Areas grazed included the well-grazed inner compound of
Area 13 and an ungrazed range near White Rock Spring.

     Following the grazing period, the ingesta were removed and agitated with
water.  The ingesta were washed through a screen (1.2- x 1.6-mm mesh) and the
wash water saved.  The rumen and reticulum were flushed with water three
times and this wash water added to the ingesta wash water.  The supernatant
liquid was poured off and the sediments collected and heated at 450° C for
3 hours.  Thistprocedure oxidized any residual bits of vegetation.  The
residues were weighed.

     The same procedures were followed in the examination of the entire
gastrointestinal tract for a cow sacrificed on January 28, 1976.  This cow
had grazed the outer compound of Area 13 her entire life.

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                             ANALYTICAL METHODS
     Tissues were prepared for actinide analysis by ashing.  The actinides
were eluted by using ion exchange and then analyzed by alpha spectrometry
using plutonium-236, americium-243, and uranium-232 as internal tracers.
Details of these analytical procedures have been published previously by
Talvitie (1971 and 1972), Wish and Rowell (1956), Mitchell (1960), Hagan and
Arrhenius (1963), and Major et al.  (1975).

     Selected soft tissues were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed for
gamma-emitting radionuclides through 1,200-minute counts on lithium-drifted
germanium detectors.  Blood samples were analyzed for tritium content.  Bones
were analyzed for strontium-89 and -90.  Details of these analytical proce-
dures were published by Johns (1975).

     Tissue and lesion samples collected for histopathological examination
were first fixed in a 10-percent Formalin® solution.  They were then dehy-
drated with alcohol and embedded in paraffin prior to sectioning with a
microtome.  A 5-micrometer section was placed on a glass slide, stained with
hematoxylin and eosin, and delivered to a pathologist for interpretation.

     When available, 2 milliliters of fresh blood was withdrawn from the
jugular vein and placed in a heparinized tube.  Two blood-smear slides were
then made.  These were airmailed to the United Medical Laboratories, Inc.,
of Portland, Oregon, where a complete blood-cell count and a differential
count were made.  Other analyses performed included hemoglobin, hematocrit,
and packed cell volume.

     Botanical analyses of the rumen-content samples were done by washing
random aliquots of the ingesta with water.  After washing, the samples were
placed in a shallow pan and suspended in approximately 200 milliliters of
water.  Identification of the vegetation was completed by examining each
fragment with the aid of a binocular microscope.  Following the identifica-
tion, a visual estimate of the percentage composition for each species was
made and recorded.  The shrubs and forbs were identified according to
Munz and Keck (1965) and McMinn (1964) and the grasses according to Hitchcock
(1950).

     Actinide analyses were performed by the Monitoring Systems Research and
Development Division of the EMSL-LV; by LFE Environmental Analysis Labora-
tories Division, Richmond, California; or by the Eberline Instrument Corpora-
tion, Albuquerque, New Mexico.  All of the analyses for strontium, tritium,
and the gamma-emitting radionuclides were performed by the EMSL-LV.
©Registered Trademark

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     The activity values for plutonium-239 listed in this report actually are
the sum of the individual isotopic activities of plutonium-239 and -240.  The
alpha emissions of these two isotopes cannot be separately identified (re-
solved) by alpha spectrometric analysis (Bernhardt, 1976).  As LFE Environ-
mental Analysis Laboratories Division performed total uranium analyses, the
uranium-238 concentrations listed in this report were calculated assuming
that the uranium isotopes were present in the same ratios as found in nature.

     All data are reported with the 95 percent confidence level counting error
and are corrected to time of sample collection.  Results which show a net
sample activity less than the two-sigma counting error are reported as less
than the minimum detectable activity.  The approximate minimum detectable
activities and the analytical procedures are summarized in Appendix I.

     Quality assurance samples were included in each group of samples sub-
mitted for plutonium analyses.  These were either duplicate tissue or ash
samples collected from sacrificed animals and submitted under a blind identi-
fication number, or they consisted of similar tissues purchased at a local
meat market to which a known amount of plutonium was added.  Data from the
duplicate quality assurance samples are included in data tables of Appendix II
while data from the spiked samples are presented in Table 1.
 TABLE 1.  QUALITY ASSURANCE RESULTS
ACTIVITY ADDED
Tissue
Liver1
Liver 1
Liver1
Liver1
Liver l
Muscle1
Muscle1
Muscle1
Muscle1
Muscle1
Muscle2
Muscle2
1 Source of
2Composite
238pu
(pCi/Sample)
0.536
0.536
0
0
0.536
0.536
0
0.536
0
0.536
1.07
1.07
tissue was from
sample from two
239pu
(pCi/Sample)
1.487
3.457
0
1.34
0
0.992
0
0.67
0
3.35
0
0
ACTIVITY
238pu
(pCi/Sample)
1.5 ± 0.75
0.514 ± 0.257
<0.618
<0.568
<0.500
<0.744
<0.348
<0.148
<0.446
0.46 ± 0.23
5.5 ± 0.8
4.5 ± 0.7
REPORTED
239pu
(pCi/Sample)
3.5 ± 1.25
3.855 ± 0.514
<0.618
1.704 ± 0.568
<0.500
1.116 ± 0.372
0.348
0.666 ± 0.222
0.669 ± 0.223
3.45 ± 0.69
2.9 ± 0.5
0.9 ± 0.3
local meat markets
NTS mule deer

-------
                          RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Rumen-Fistulated Steers

     Four rumen-fistulated steers were placed in the inner compound at
monthly intervals during the first 6 months and quarterly thereafter (Smith,
1979).  Summaries of the botanical composition of the ingesta collected from
these steers are presented graphically in Figure 2.  Shrub species made up
the bulk of the diet except during the spring and early summer months when
grass species were preferred.  Forb species were a minor component of the
diet at all times of the year.

     Comparison of the botanical composition of the diets of the rumen-
fistulated steers (Table 2) with that of sacrificed resident Area 13 beef
animals (Table 3) reveals only one major difference.  This was in July 1974
when grasses made up the majority of the diet of the sacrificed animals.
However, these animals were all from the outer compound which contained a
greater concentration of grasses than did the inner compound where the
rumen-fistulated steers grazed.  Grasses also made up the major portion of
the diet of animal number 30 which was sacrificed at a location near Bald
Mountain approximately 22 kilometers northeast of the study areas.

     As listed in Appendixes III and IV, the preferred shrub species of both
the rumen-fistulated steers and the resident cattle were shadscale (Atriplex
oonfertifolia), four-winged saltbush (Atriplex canesaens), and winter fat
(Eurotia lanata).  The most consumed grass species was Indian ricegrass
(Ovyzopsis hymenoides), while Russian thistle (Salsola paulsenii) was the
most sought after forb.

     The actinide concentrations in the solid or vegetative component of the
rumen contents are listed in Appendix V, those in the fluid component are
listed in Appendix VI.  Appendix VII contains the values reported for the
reticulum sediment.

     The mean plutonium-239 concentrations in the rumen vegetation and rumen
fluids are displayed in Figures 3 and 4.  Generally, the mean plutonium-239
values in the vegetation ranged between 10 and 30 nanocuries per kilogram,
while the concentrations in the fluid components ranged between 1 and
5 nanocuries per kilogram.  Concentrations in both components were several
times higher in August 1974.  It has been postulated that this increased
activity was related to the vegetative state of the Eurotia lanata which made
up the bulk of the diet.  The foliage of this perennial plant is covered with
a dense coating of star-shaped and unbranched hairs that might serve as traps
for resuspended soil particles.  Moreover, during the reproduction phase


                                     10

-------
  100
        J J  A S O  N D  J FMAMJJAS  ND
              1973    I            1974
     0
Figure 2.  Botanical composition of rumen contents from rumen-fistulated  steers grazing
          Area 13, NTS

-------
 TABLE 2.   AVERAGE BOTANICAL COMPOSITION OF RUMEN CONTENTS FROM RUMEN-
           FISTULATED STEERS (Modified from Smith 1979)
Date
Collected
06/12/73
07/10/73
08/08/73
09/08/73
10/01/73
11/06/73
02/20/74
05/21/74
06/30/74*
08/07/74
10/03/74+
11/05/74
01/19/751=
03/12/75
08/23/75
11/13/75
02/19/76
Number
of Animals
2
4
4
4
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Grasses
(%)
64.5
59.3
28.8
13.0
16.4
43.0
2.3
49.0
12.6
31.7
1.0
9.0
5.4
11.0
4.5
1.0
1.8
Forbs
(%)
2.0
4.7
1.5
1.3
1.3
4.2
4.7
20.0
14.3
0.3
1.7
2.8
1.0
2.0
6.5
1.2
10.4
Shrubs
(%)
33.5
36.0
69.7
85.7
82.3
52.8
93.0
31.0
73.1
68.0
97.3
88.2
93.6
87.0
89.0
97.8
87.8
*Average of three collections on 06/28, 06/30, and 07/02.
tAverage of three collections on 10/01, 10/03, and 10/05.
^Average of three collections on 01/17, 01/19, and 01/21.
 TABLE 3.  AVERAGE BOTANICAL COMPOSITION OF RUMEN CONTENTS FROM SACRIFICED
           ANIMALS—AREA 13 (Modified from Smith 1979)
Date
Collected
08/09/73
10/25/73
10/25/73
07/09/74
01/29/75
01/28/76
03/31/76
Number
of Animals
1*
4
1*
3
3
4
3
Grasses
(%)
19.0
43.5
53.0
73.2
15.3
7.5
19.0
Forbs
(%)
71.0
3.3
2.0
3.3
3.5
2.0
0.7
Shrubs
(%)
10.0
53.2
45.0
23.3
81.2
90.5
80.3
*Goat
                                     12

-------
     80-
     70-
     60-i
         JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
                  1973
1974
JFMAMJJASOND  JFMAMJ
        1975        I   1976
Figure 3.  Mean 239pu concentrations in vegetative component of  rumen contents from
          rumen-fistulated steers (wet wt)

-------
    30-
    25-
    20-
 O)
 c
 3
Qu

O>
CO
CN
15-
     o-
        JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJ
                1973
                                   1974
1975
1976
   Figure 4.  Mean 239pu concentrations in fluid component  of rumen contents from

             rumen-fistulated steers (wet wt)

-------
which may occur from April through August, dense masses of flowers and fruits
are produced which are also covered with hairs.

     The plutonium-239/americium-241 and plutonium-239/plutonium-238 ratios in
both the fluid and vegetation components of the ingesta were quite constant
with mean ratios of 8.4 and 41.8, respectively, for the fluid and 7.6 and
41.4, respectively, for the vegetation.  These ratios were apparently unaf-
fected by season or vegetative makeup.

     As shown in Figure 5, the mean plutonium-239/americium-241 ratio for the
rumen vegetation from the steers was quite consistent with these activity
ratios  (listed in Appendixes VIII and IX) found in selected tissues collected
from the cattle that resided in the Area 13 study compounds.  This suggests
that there is little differentation in the gastrointestinal absorption of
plutonium-239 and americium-241 by cattle.  However, as shown in Figure 6,
these median values of plutonium-239/plutonium-238 ratios in all tissues
except  the lungs were about one-half to one-twentieth of those of the ingesta.
This may suggest that plutonium-238 is more readily absorbed than plutonium-
239.  Brown and McFarlane (1977) and Brown (1978) also reported that
plutonium-238 is more readily taken up and translocated to the aerial portion
of plants than is plutonium-239.  These observations are probably the result
of higher specific activity of the plutonium-238 as reported by Raabe et al.
(1973)  and Patterson et al. (1974).  These higher ratios in the lung tissue
might indicate that these tissues contained inhaled soil particles with the
same ratio of plutonium-238/plutonium-239 as those particles ingested with
the plants.

     Reticulum sediment samples are essentially soil samples with comparable
sampling and analytical problems and therefore might be expected to show
highly  variable results.  This proved to be true as there was a wide range in
concentrations in samples collected for different animals during the same time
period.  The plutonium-239/americium-241 ratios in all samples were fairly
consistent with a mean ratio of 8.2, which compares closely with those report-
ed in the fluid and vegetative components of the ingesta.  However, these
plutonium-239/plutonium-238 ratios in the reticulum sediment were quite vari-
able with a mean ratio of 28 compared to that of approximately 41 found in
the other two components.

     As discussed by Smith (1977a), a special soil-in-ingesta study was car-
ried out to provide information on the amount of soil ingested during grazing
by the  study animals.  Determined were the soil weights in the rumen contents
of rumen-fistulated steers that grazed different ranges and the soil weights
in the portions of the gastrointestinal tract from cow number 10.  The find-
ings from both the rumen-fistulated steers and the sacrificed cow are sum-
marized in Table 4.  It must be recognized that the sediment weights are
approximate in that only those soil particles heavier than water were collect-
ed and  undoubtedly some particles were entrapped in the villi or vegetation
and were not released during the washing processes.  Moreover, the data apply
only to the individual animals on the day collected.  However, the data from
the permanent resident of the area (cow number 10) are considered to be sig-
nificant as there would not be any reason to believe that her grazing habits
and patterns would change significantly from day to day.

                                      15

-------
    100.-
      10
  03
 DC
                                     I Range of Ratio
                                     • Median Ratio
                                     () Number of Values
                                     -Median Ratio in Rumen
                                       Vegetation — Fistulated Steers
             K20)
 CM
 \
  D
 a.

 o>
 CO
 Csl
1.0
                K15)
                                          • (16)
                                                   K9)
     0.1
Figure 5.
          Bone    Lungs
                              (16)
                                                   I
                                                      I
                         Liver
Muscle  Gonads   Rumen   Rumen
                Vegetation  Liquid
      Relationship  of  239Pu/2ttlAm ratios in tissues from Area 13

      cattle  to  those  of the rumen vegetation from the rumen-
      fistulated steers
                                    16

-------
100
                             X Range of Ratio
                             • Median Ratio
                             0 No. of Values
                           — - Median Ratio in Rumen
                               Vegetation — Fistulated Steers
   CO
  DC
   3
  CL-

  OD
  00
  CNI
  \
   3
  CL

  O)
  CO
      10
                         T
                           '(18)
               (18)
      1.0
                                    (21]
         (17)
                                                       (16)
                                 (15)
                                              • (11)
     0.1
Figure 6.
                  I
                      I
I
I
I
I
I
            Bone   Lungs   Liver   Muscle  Gonads  Rumen   Rumen
                                                  Vegetation Liquid

       Relationship of 239Pu/238Pu ratios in tissues from Area 13
       cattle to those of the rumen vegetation from the rumen-
       fistulated steers  <*
                                      17

-------
          TABLE 4.   SOIL SEDIMENTS IN  INGE.STA (Modified from Smith 1977a)
00
Animal
No.
761
774
729
707
10
10
10
10
Date Sampled
01/21/76
01/21/76
01/30/76
01/30/76
01/28/76
01/28/76
01/28/76
01/28/76
Area Grazed
Inner compound
Area 13
Inner compound
Area 13
White Rock Springs
White Rock Springs
Outer compound
Area 13
Outer compound
Area 13
Outer compound
Area 13
Outer compound
Wet Weight
of Ingesta
(kg)
14.0
22.0
9.3
6.4
Not weighed
^25
Not weighed
Not weighed
Not weighed
Location of
Sediment
Reticulum & Rumen
Reticulum & Rumen
Reticulum & Rumen
Reticulum & Rumen
Reticulum & Rumen
Omasum
Ab omasum
Intestines
Weight of
Sediment
(g)
57.3
278
2.0
28.9
8.5
8.6
8.2
8.9

-------
     These data suggest that the total amount of soil ingested is less than
2 kilograms per day, and that a reasonable estimate would be between 0.25 to
0.5 kilograms.  These values agree with those reported by Mayland and Florence
(1975) from a study conducted with cattle grazing a semiarid range in Idaho.
By analyzing titanium in the feces, they estimated that the amount of soil
ingested ranged from 0.1 to 1.5 kilograms with a median of 0.5 kilograms of
soil per day.

     This is still a significant amount, as some of the sand particles
ingested could remain in the gastrointestinal tract for more than a week.
This residence time was shown in retention studies using silica sand labeled
by fusion with a gamma-emitting radioisotope, Smith et al. (1976a) and Patzer
et al. (1977).  Even if the soil particles contain relatively insoluble trans-
uranic elements, this period would provide more time for reactions involved
in gastrointestinal absorption, and could result in greater uptake than would
be derived from conventional ruminant digestion studies.

     When these rumen-fistulated steer data are examined, it is obvious that
more soil is ingested from a heavily grazed area than from an ungrazed area.
Also, the amount of soil increased with the amount of vegetation ingested.
Neither of these observations is surprising.  The greater amount of sediment
found in the rumens and reticula of the rumen-fistulated steers probably
results from overeager grazing to fill the empty rumens.  The steers begin
grazing with empty rumens whereas the resident cow's rumen always contains
some ingesta from the day before.

     Cow number 2, whose weight was 409 kilograms, was sacrificed 177 days
after being placed into the inner study compound.  As discussed by Smith
et at. (1976a), her calculated intake of plutonium-239 from ingestion during
this period was approximately 100 microcuries or 0.565 microcurie per day.
This was calculated by multiplying the average daily intake of 30 kilograms of
vegetation times the average activities found in components of the rumen con-
tents of the rumen-fistulated steers.  This estimate of the ingested dose of
plutonium agrees fairly well with those reported by other investigators
(Gilbert et al. , 1977).  Their estimates were based on the average plutonium-
239 concentration in the vegetation and/or on mathematical models.

     Activity levels in selected tissues are presented in Table 5.  The calcu-
lated total plutonium-239 burden in each tissue is also shown in Table 5.

     The rate of increase of activity in the bone and soft tissues can be
expressed as a formula:

               rate of change = retention factor x intake - loss

                                      or

                               dN = kAdt-ANdt

If Teff is long, then X is very small and AN can be neglected.  Integrating
the remainder of the expression yields N = kAt:  where N = amount in organs,
k is organ retention factor, and At = intake of 100 micorcuries for cow

                                      19

-------
number 2.  The retention factor can be calculated from k = N/At.
     For bone + muscle + liver, k
                                    561 *10  =5.6x10   =5.6x10
or a retention factor of 0.00056 percent.  If it is assumed that the assimi-
able plutonium-239 is related more closely to the concentration in the liquid
fraction of these rumen ingesta, then the same calculations can be made using
16.4 microcuries, rather than 100 microcuries, as the total intake.  The com-
bined retention percentages for bone, muscle, and liver would then be 0.0034
percent.  This retention percentage compares closely to those of approximate-
ly 0.03 percent and 0.004 percent as reported by Stanley et al.  (1975) fol-
lowing a study using dairy cows that had been administered oral doses of
Plutonium-238 in the citrate and oxide forms, respectively.  The latter re-
sult might suggest that the retention in the range cow was due to ingestion
of plutonium oxide.

TABLE 5.  PLUTONIUM-239 BURDEN IN SELECTED TISSUES OF A 409 kg COW (376 kg
          EMPTY)* (Modified from Smith et al., 1976a)
                                                   Tissue
Skeleton
Tissue
(% of
body weight)
Calculated tissue weight (kg)
239pu
239pu
pCi/kg
pCi/kg
Net activity
239Pu
wet weight
in control cattle
(pCi/kg)
in total organ (pCi)
15%
56.
5.
0.
5.
291
(empty)
4
38
22
16

Muscle
50%
188
0.
0.
0.
32.
(empty)

19
02
17
0
1
6
39
0
38
238
Liver
.63%
.13
.0
.15
.85
.2
(empty)





 *empty defines the total animal carcass less the contents of the gastro-
  intestinal tract.
Plutonium Concentrations in Tissues

     During the course of this study, tissue samples were collected from
animals that resided in or adjacent to the study compounds.  Animals sampled
included 20 cattle, 4 bovine fetuses, 2 goats, and selected wildlife.  Also
sampled were three cattle that wandered through another plutonium-
contaminated area in Area 5 of the NTS.  Sampling information on all these
animals is presented in Table 6.

     Analytical data from the tissues of cattle and goats that resided within
the inner compound are listed in Appendix VIII, data for tissues from the
cattle that lived within the outer compound are listed in Appendix IX, and
data from cattle that were collected away from the study compounds are listed
in Appendix X.
                                     20

-------
TABLE 6.  SAMPLING INFORMATION FOR AREA 13 AND AREA 5 STUDY ANIMALS (Modified from Smith and Bernhardt,
          1977)
Animal
No. Species
1 Bovine

2 Bovine
3 Bovine

4 Bovine
5 Bovine

6 Bovine

7 Bovine

8 Bovine
9 Bovine

10 Bovine

11 Bovine
12
Date of Birth or
Entry into Study Area
May

May
May

May
May

May

May

May
May

2,

2,
2,

2,
2,

2,

2,

2,
2,

Born April


October
May
15
1973

1973
1973

1973
1973

1973

1973

1973
1973

26, 1973.

20, 1973
, 1973
Sex
F

F
F

F
F

F

F

F
F

F

F
F
Wt
(kg)
252

409
432

300
298

325

Unk

328
382

285

32
93
Compound
Location
Outer

Inner
Outer

Outer
Outer

Outer

Outer

Outer
Outer

Inner

Inner
Outer
Date of
Sampling
07/09/74

10/25/73
10/25/73

07/09/74
01/29/75

07/09/74

04/17/75

10/25/73
03/31/76

01/28/76

10/25/73
10/25/73
Duration in
Study Area
431 days

176 days
176 days

431 days
636 days

431 days
-
730 days*

176 days
1,064 days

1,001 days

5 days
163 days
Age
at Sampling
12 yrs.*

10 yrs.*
10-11 yrs.*

11 yrs.*
8-9 yrs.*

12 yrs.*



10 yrs.*
10 yrs.*

2.8 yrs.

5 days
5.5 mos.

Breed
Angus-Hereford

Angus-Hereford cross
Angus-Hereford cross

Hereford
Angus-Hereford cross

Angus-Hereford cross

Angus-Hereford cross

Angus-Hereford cross
Angus

Angus-Hereford cross

Angus-Hereford
Hereford-Angus

Remarks
30-day fetus — entire
fetus submitted as sample.

8-month fetus — tissues
sampled.

Delivered ealf evening of
01/28/75— #17.
45-day fetus — entire fetus
submitted as sample.
Died in compound early AprO.
1975. No samples collected.

8-month fetus — tissues
sampled.
Lived in inner compound
entire life. Dam #7.
Dam was #2.
Brachycephalic dwarf. Dam
                                                                                    was #8.

-------
TABLE 6.   SAMPLING INFORMATION FOR AREA 13 AND AREA  5  STUDY ANIMALS  (Modified from Smith and Earnhardt,
           1977)  (Continued)
Animal
No. Species
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
30
1
2
1
Bovine
Bovine
Bovine
Bovine
Bovine
Bovine
Bovine
Bovine
Bovine
Goat
Goat
Coyote
Date of Birth or
Entry into Study Area
Augus t 3 ,
Born October
July 2
Born August
Born January
Born June 16
Born June 16
1973
7, 1973.
, 1973
26, 1973.
28, 1975.
, 1975.
, 1975.
Born November 10, 1973.
Unknown
May 6
May 6
, 1973
, 1973
Unknown
Sex
M
F
M
M
F
F
F
M
F
F
F
M
Wt
(kg)
250
405
311
409
24
184
173
302
205*
27
32
12
Compound
Location
Outer
Outer
Outer
Outer
Outer
Inner
Outer
Outer
Outer
Inner
Inner
Area 13
Date of
Sampling
01/29/75
01/28/76
01/29/75
03/31/76
01/29/75
01/28/76
01/28/76
03/31/76
01/16/76
08/07/73
10/25/73
10/09/74
Duration in
Study Area
544 days
843 days
576 days
948 days

226 days
226 days
872 days
10-30 days*
93 days
172 days
Unknown
Age
at Sampling
1.5 yrs.
2.4 yrs.
1.5 yrs.
2.5 yrs.
1 day
7 . 5 mos .
7 . 5 mos .
2.25 yrs.
1-1.5 yrs.*
1 yrs.*
3 yrs . *
Adult
Breed
Angus-Hereford
Angus
Angus-Hereford
Angus
Angus-Hereford cross
Hereford
Angus
Angus-Hereford
Hereford-Charolais
cross
Mixed
Mixed

Remarks
Dam was #5 .
Dam was #6.
Dam was #4.
Dam was //9.
Dam was #5. Died from
exposure to elements.
Dam was #10.
Dam was #14.
Dam was #1 .
Wandered into Area 13 in
November-December 1975.
Periodically observed in
outer compound. Was
purchased and sampled.


Suspected goat killer
                                                                                          confirmed by stomach
                                                                                          contents.

-------
     TABLE  6.   SAMPLING  INFORMATION FOR AREA 13 AND AREA 5 STUDY ANIMALS (Modified from Smith and Bernhardt,
                1977)   (Continued)
GJ
Animal Date of Birth or Wt Compound Date of
No. Species Entry into Study Area Sex (kg) Location Sampling
I Fox
2 Fox
3 Fox
1 Rabbit
BOV-1-A5 Bovine
BOV-2-A5 Bovine
BOV-3-A5 Bovine
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
F 1.8 Area 13 05/20/74
M 2 Area 13 05/20/74
M 1 Area 13 05/20/74
M 1 Area 13 05/20/74
F 186 Area 5 05/06/76
F 295 Area 5 05/05/76
M 169 Area 5 05/06/76
Duration in
Study Area
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Age
at Sampling Breed Remarks
Adult South side of compound.
Adult South side of compound.
6 mos.* South side of compound.
Adult Jackrabblt Hunter kill NW corner of
outer compound.
1.5 yrs.* Hereford Belonged to a private citizen
in Alamo, NV. Found in Area
5, NTS, on April 9. Kept in
Area 15 corrals until May 6.
Ingesta samples not collected.
8 yrs,* Hereford Remarks same as for BOV-1-A5.
0.75 yr.* Angus-Hereford Remarks same as for BOV-1-A5.
*Estimated

-------
     The plutonium-239 activities in femur tissue from each animal versus
days in the study area are plotted in Figure 7.  Other factors shown in this
graph are the study area grazed and whether the animal was introduced as. an
adult or whether it was born into the study area.

     As discussed by Smith and Bernhardt (1977), this graph indicates that
Plutonium concentrations in the femurs from the original mature animals show
little increase with length of exposure.  Conversely, concentrations in the
femurs from adult animals born within the study areas are consistently higher
than those of the original cows and show a continuing upward trend with
increased time of exposure.  These observations are based on statistical tests
of these data, i.e., a regression line gives a better fit to the data for
cattle born in the area than an averaging of the data.  A weighted mean is the
best way to describe the data for the original, imported cows.

     A log-log plot (Figure 8) of plutonium-239 concentrations in the femurs
of animals born within the outer compound shows that the increase in concen-
tration follows a power function.  The equation for this function was:

                                           T2.216
                     Concentration ' K"~" '
                                           3V1287 x 10-5


where T is time in days in the outer compound (including time ~in utevo) .
This indicates that deposition of plutonium-239 began -In ut&vo and continued
throughout the lifetime of the animals.  The muscle and liver of a near-term
fetus from a cow that had grazed the outer compound for 1% years contained
nearly identical levels of plutonium-239 as did the dam.  Activity in the
muscle of the dam was 0.22 ± 0.05 picocuries per kilogram and that of the
fetus was 0.16 ± 0.06 picocuries per kilogram, while the activity in the dam's
liver was 5.4 ± 0.4 picocuries per kilogram and that of the fetus was
2.7 ± 0.4 picocuries per kilogram.  These findings indicate placental transfer
of the plutonium.

     For a given length of exposure, with one exception, higher concentra-
tions were found in the femurs of those animals grazing the area of higher
contamination (inner compound).   The plutonium-239 activity levels in the
vertebrae and femur in a 6-month-old calf from the outer compound were found
to range from 200 to 1,000 picocuries per kilogram.  This value probably
should be discounted as the calf was a brachycephalic dwarf and its metabolism
could have been abnormal.   This  type of achondroplasia is of genetic origin
and probably results from the presence of one or more recessive genes.  This
calf was born approximately 1 week after the cows were placed in the study
compound.

     Similar plots, not included in this report, of plutonium-239 burdens in
other tissues (i.e., muscle, liver, lungs, etc.) indicate that there was no
consistent increase in concentrations with increased exposure time and that
there was  little variation between the aged cows and the mature animals born
within the compound.  The  fetal-dam relationships in their tissues were simi-
lar to those for femurs except for muscle where fetal levels were nearly


                                      24

-------
          239 Pu Concentrations in Fresh Femur

                 Tissues from Area 13 Cattle

                	         Inner Compound
         1000
          100
       4=
       O)

       i
       *-
       O)

       \

       O
       a

       3
       a.
      CM
           10
 0.1



1000
I
i

_

"
PU



(1*8)
D
M2)

1
A Entered as Adult
• Born in Compound
( ) Animal Number













(10)
•


•1






          100
           10
          1.0
          1.0
            Outer Compound
-
-
-
-
E
-
-
-

.(12)


•M<
,»
^
A E
• B
• F
/ \A
I /"

i)
M4
A(1
A(6
"(Fetus of 3)
I
ntered as
orn in Co
etuses
nimal Nu
Minimun

•(13)
) .(15)
A(5
' -d

Adult
mpound
n Detecta
(14). m
(20)
(Feti
7)



ble Activ
•(16)

s of 9)f




ty


J)

_
100   300    500   700    900

          Days in Study Area
                                               1100
Figure 7.  239Pu concentrations in femur tissues from Area 13 cattle
                            25

-------
    20
O)  10
'o>


+••
0)


O)
O
 Q.
3
Q.
05
CO
CM
    1.0
    0.1
                                    •(17)
                                           ( } = Animal Numbers
                                                                     I
      10
                          100                 1000

               Days in Outer Compound (including in utero)
10000
 Figure 8.  239Pu concentrations in femurs of cattle born within

           the outer  compound versus  time
                                   26

-------
identical with their dams.  Again, tissue burdens were higher in the animals
that grazed the area of higher contamination.

     In January 1976, two nearly identical cow-calf pairs which had grazed
the two different study compounds were sacrificed.  The pair that grazed the
inner compound consisted of a 2.8-year-old cow and her 7.5-month-old female
calf.  The pair that grazed the outer compound consisted of a 2.4-year-old
cow and her 7.5-month-old male calf.  All four of these animals were born
within their respective compounds and spent their entire lives there.  Data
from their tissues are displayed in Figure 9.  It is obvious that the tissue
concentrations are higher in the animals that grazed the inner compound.
Tissue concentrations are slightly lower for the calves than for their dams,
which may imply a general increase in tissue concentrations with time.
Unfortunately, the gonad tissues from both of the calves were lost during the
analytical procedures.
Plutonium-239 in Gonads

     As discussed by Smith and Bernhardt  (1977), there is only a limited
amount of data on the deposition of plutonium in various organs of the human
body (ICRP, 1972).  Although it is recognized that there are differences
between bovine and human metabolisms, some insights on the deposition of
plutonium in the human body may be obtained by  considering the data from
bovine studies.  This is especially true  for the gonads, for which reliable
human data are very scarce (Richmond and  Thomas, 1975).  The greater mass of
hundreds of grams for bovine testes tissues versus about 35 grams for humans
allows for a much greater sensitivity of  analysis for the bovine tissues.
Although bovine ovary tissue masses of 5  to 20  grams are similar to the
11 grams for humans (ICRP, 1975), the concentrations (and thus the quanti-
ties) of plutonium in the Area 13 cattle  are generally greater than those
reported for humans (Richmond and Thomas, 1975).  The following comments are
predicated on the hypothesis that after plutonium is taken up into the blood
system, the transfer of plutonium to different  organs within the body is
similar for bovine and humans.

     Data related to the sensitivity of analysis for the gonad samples are
summarized in Table 7.  The minimum amount of recovered plutonium-239 on the
alpha-counted planchet for reasonable alpha spectroscopy analysis is 20 fem-
tocuries (Bernhardt, 1976).  Although several of the samples for ovaries were
at or below the detection level, most of  the samples were well above the
minimum level pf detection.

     The relative concentrations of radionuclides in the various organs were
evaluated on a fresh-weight basis by using the  Sign Test as described by
Siegel (1956) and Dixon and Massey (1969).  For this test, the actinide lev-
els listed in Appendixes VIII and IX for  each animal's gonads were compared
with those reported from the muscle, liver, lung, femur, blood serum, and
blood cell tissues of the same animal and the expected probability percent-
age calculated that gonad levels could exceed the tissue levels.  These
probability percentages are listed in Table 8 and show that a nearly 100 per-
cent probability exists that levels in the gonads are greater than those

                                     27

-------

1000

100
+••
D)
'53
§
+••
0)
0) 10
o
Q.
3
A
QL
O)
CO
" 1.0
0.1
—
-

— s.
E T
__ JL
: i
-
o.
^
—

-



• #10, 2.8 Year Old Cow - Inner Compound
a #18, 7.5 Month Old Female - Inner Compound
• #14, 2.4 Year Old Cow - Outer Compound
0 #19. 7.5 Month Old Male - Outer Compound
X Range (2 Sigma)

D


-r


D
±
2.









~r
D
T
i T
i
o


T
1
T
1


JL


            Bone
Lungs
Liver
Muscle
Gonads
Figure  9.  Comparison of  239Pu concentrations in selected tissues from
          cow-calf pairs from Area 13 inner compound (#10 &  #18) and
          outer compound (#14 & #19)
                                   28

-------
detected in muscle or in blood elements.  This latter observation tends to
confirm that the gonadal levels must be the result of some concentration
mechanism rather than due to the presence of circulating blood in the organ.
Conversely, there is approximately a 100 percent probability that plutonium-
239 and americium-241 levels in lungs will exceed that of the gonads.  This
probability is 100 percent if the fetal lung tissues are eliminated from con-
sideration.  In the six tissue types submitted to the Sign Test, only
plutonium-239 and americium-241 in the lungs and livers have a significant
probability of being higher than the levels found in the gonads.

TABLE 7.  PLUTONIUM-239 DATA FROM GONADS OF AREA 13 CATTLE (Modified from
          Smith and Bernhardt, 1977)
Animal
No.
1
4
6
9
10
14
18
9 fetus
15
16
19
20
13
Sex
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
M
M
M
M
M
M
Weight
of Gonad
(g)
14.6
5.8
19.4
4.0
14.0
13.0
12.0
8.0
393
568
206
579
538
Chemical
Yield
(%)
39.0
61.0
59.0
100
25.0
94.0
—
100
65.0
40.0
—
79.0
49.0
Plutonium
Concentration
(pCi/kg)
1.8
6.9
<1.3
<10.0
32.0
6.9
Lost
11.0
45.0
3.1
Lost
0.56
2.5
Plutonium Counted
Total Sample
(fCi)
10.0
24.0
<15.0
<40.0
110
84.0
—
90.0
11,500
700
—
260
660
TABLE 8.  PROBABILITY PERCENTAGE FROM THE SIGN TEST* THAT ACTINIDE LEVELS IN
          AREA 13 CATTLE GONADS EXCEED THOSE FROM SELECTED TISSUES (Modified
          from Smith and Bernhardt, 1977)
Tissue
                       238Pu
                                            Actinides
239
   Pu
*Siegel  (1956); Dixon and Massey  (1969
xAm
238'
   U
Muscle
Lungs
Liver
Femur
Blood Cells
Blood Serum
^100
72.6
72.6
88.7
98.9
98.0
VLOO
0.3
3.3
72.6
99.9
99.8
VLOO
1.9
38.7
92.7
VLOO
VLOO
99.8
95.4
95.4
95.4
VLOO
^100
                                      29

-------
      The data for plutonium-239 concentrations in various bovine tissues are
 summarized in Table 9.   This summary is limited to plutonium-239 not only for
 simplicity of the comparison, but also because this is the actinide analysis
 of greatest reliability.

      The ratios of the  plutonium-239 concentrations in bone to those in
 various other tissues are compiled into different data groups  at the bottom
 of Table 9.  These compilations are based on the geometric mean and geometric
 standard deviation (ratio of the 84.1 percent probability value divided by
 the geometric mean or 50  percent probability value).   These ratios  generally
 indicate that the lung  has the highest tissue concentration (e.g.,  about
 4.3 times the femur), and the liver has the  next highest  concentration (e.g.,
 about 1.7 times the femur).

 TABLE 9.   RELATIVE CONCENTRATIONS OF PLUTONIUM-239/240 IN VARIOUS ORGANS
           COMPARED TO THAT IN BONE (Modified from Smith and Bernhardt,  1977)
Animal
No.
1
4
6
9
9 fetus
10
13
14
15
16
18
19
20
Sex
F
F
F
F
M
F
M
F
M
M
F
M
M
Cone, in Bone
(pCi/kg)
1.4
3.0
0.59
<2.9
<2.0
100
8.3
17.0
2.9
12.0
69.0
5.4
14.0
Ratio
Gonad
1.3
2.3
<2.2
>3.4
>5.6
0.32
0.30
0.41
16.0
0.26
Lost
Lost
0.04
of Cone.
Lung
53.0
17.0
30.0
>11.0
—
5.8
2.1
1.2
5.2
1.2
0.65
2.3
1.0
in Organ to That
Liver
11.0
5.3
18.0
>1.8
>0.15
1.5
1.6
0.71
2.5
1.2
0.43
1.3
1.0
in Bone*
Muscle
0.04
0.07
—
0.21
0.13
0.02
0.03
0.09
0.06
0.05
0.07
0.06
0.011
Data Summary:

Female


Male
(except 9 fetus)
Geometric Mean (Geometric Standard Deviation)

                      1.2
                     (2.7)

                      0.47
                    (12.0)
Total
0.98
(5.5)
4.3
(4.2)
1.7
(3.6)
0.05
(2.2)
*These ratios are based on the data in Appendixes VIII and IX.  Minimum
detectable activities (MDA) were assumed to be equal to the MDA.
                                     30

-------
     Because of the large difference in masses between female and male gonads,
these gonad ratios were broken into several subgroups.  The geometric mean
for all of the data indicates that the concentration in the gonads nearly
equals that in the femur and thus is slightly greater than one-half of that
in the liver.  The relationship with the lung concentration would not appear
to pertain to man because much of the dust that grazing cattle inhale would
appear to be related to grazing.  The concentration ratios for gonads pre-
sented in Table 9 indicate that the relative concentration in the ovaries
(1.2 times bone) is higher than that in the testes (0.47 times bone).  How-
ever, the ratios are not statistically different.  Furthermore, the highest
concentration ratio observed for the gonadrbone was for the testes (16.0).
This high value seems questionable but there is no reason to disregard this
point.

     Figure 10 is a histogram of all of the gonad:bone concentration ratios.
It is evident that, although the highest frequency is less than one,  the
distribution is skewed to the left, inferring the applicability of a lognormal
versus normal distribution.

     The dose to the various organs is generally relatable to the observed
concentrations of radionuclides in the tissue mass.  An exception to this is
the factor of five in the quality factor for bone, which compensates for
nonuniform deposition (ICRP, 1959).  Including this factor of five, the dose
guides for the general population of ICRP (1959 and 1965) are similar for the
bone and gonads, and indicate a reduced sensitivity of about three for the
liver and lung.  Thus, given the ratios in Table 9, it appears that concen-
trations of plutonium in the liver, bone, and gonads of cattle are of similar
significance, i.e., the bone or liver is not clearly the critical organ in
relation to the gonads.

     Ellett et dl. (1976) in a recent review of the health risks of plutonium
have proposed a "distribution factor" for plutonium in bone of 30 versus 5
(ICRP, 1959).  This distribution factor is actually a ratio of the relative
toxicity of plutonium versus radium-226 in bone.  The use of a factor of 30
for these bovine data makes the bone the critical organ.

     For large populations, the ICRP (1965) recommends reducing the yearly
gonad dose guide by a factor of three (e.g., 5 rem in 30 years).  There is
also the consideration that there should be a distribution factor of greater
or less than one in gonads, depending on where plutonium is distributed in
the gonads.

     Also, there is the uncertainty as to whether the bovine data have an
applicability to man.  Nevertheless, data summarized by Richmond and Thomas
(1975) indicate somewhat similar ratios to those reported here.

     In summary, these data and the previous data of Smith and Black  (1975)
indicate plutonium concentrations in bovine gonads similar to those in bone
and liver, and greater than that which can be explained by the presence of
plutonium in the blood contained in the gonads.  Assuming this information
has some pertinence to plutonium deposition in man, consideration should be
given to the dose to the gonads, as well as the doses to liver, bone, and  lung.

                                     31

-------
1      2     3      4      5      6   15
 Ratio Gonad:  Bone concentration
                                                        16
Figure 10.  Histogram of gonadrbone concentration ratios
                            32

-------
     In general, the plutonium-239 concentrations measured in tissues col-
lected from the Area 13 cattle, on a wet weight basis, fell within the ranges
listed in Table 10.  The elevated activities observed in the hair and skin
samples are thought to be the result of external contamination, i.e., soil
and dust particles remain trapped in the hair even after the cattle are washed.

TABLE 10.  PLUTONIUM-239 RANGES IN THE TISSUES OF AREA 13 CATTLE
                         (Modified from Smith, 1979)
Activity Range
 , „. ,,     _   .                              Tissues
 (pCi/kg wet wt)

 
-------
  TABLE 11.   PLUTONIUM-239 ACTIVITY  IN SELECTED TISSUES  FROM AREA 5 CATTLE
                       (Modified  from  Smith  and Bernhardt,  1977)
                                         239Pu Activities
 Tissues                                   ,  „. .,         .
                                          (pCi/kg wet  wt)

 gonads                     <1.8  and  <5.1,  not  collected  from the steer
 femurs                     <0.05,  <0.7,  and  <0.02
 liver                     <0.07,  0.4  ±  0.1, and 0.5 ± 0.1
 lung                        1.6  ±  0.3, 0.5 ± 0.1, and  0.3 ±  0.1
 muscle                      0.3  ±  0.1, <0.07,  and <0.02.


      With  the  exception  of  one  muscle value,  the validity of which  is ques-
 tionable,  these  tissues  concentrations  are substantially lower  than comparable
 tissue concentrations  reported  for  the  Area 13 study  cattle.

      Also  included  in  Appendix  X  are analytical data  from animal number  30,
 which periodically  grazed  the outer compound  during the last quarter of  1975.
 Again the  levels  seen  in ingesta, femur,  liver, lungs, and  skin are lower
 than  those observed in the  tissues  collected  from the permanent residents  of
 the study  compounds.


 Comparison of  Tissue Concentrations of  Plutonium-239  with Those Reported in
 Other Herds

      Concentrations of plutonium-239 in lung, liver,  muscle, and femur tissues
 collected  from cattle  grazing the inner and outer compounds of  Area 13 and
 Area  5 were compared with the same  tissues collected  from cattle grazing on
 Plutonium-contaminated ranges in Area 18  of the NTS (Smith  et al. ,  1978) and
 Rocky Flats, Colorado, (Smith and Black,  1975); and from a  control  herd  near
 Searchlight, Nevada (Smith et al.,  1976b).  Initial statistical examination
 of these data  indicated  that they best  fit a lognormal distribution rather
 than  normal distribution.  A one-way analysis of variance showed significant
 differences between groups.  Duncan's Multiple Range  Tests  (extended for
 unequal sizes) were then applied to all the log-transformed data from all
 four  tissue types.  It was found that in all tissues  the plutonium-239 activ-
 ity was significantly higher for the cattle from the  inner  compound  of
Area  13.   For  lungs and liver the next significant activity group was from
 cattle of the  outer compound of Area 13 followed by another significantly
different group from Area 18.  The lung and liver concentrations were not
significantly different from the Rocky Flats,  Searchlight,  and  Area  5 herds.

     Activities in  the muscle and femur tissues fell  into three significantly
different groups, the highest being from the inner compound of  Area  13.  The
intermediate group consisted of tissues from cattle grazing the outer com-
pound  of  Are 13 and Areas 18 and 5 of the NTS.  The lowest  group consisted of
tissues  from cattle from Rocky Flats and Searchlight.


                                     34
-------
Area 13 Wildlife

     Several species of wildlife were periodically observed at the Area 15
study compounds.  Three foxes, one coyote, and one jackrabbit were collected
from the study area.  The foxes were collected near the air-sampling station
just outside the south fence of the outer compound, the coyote and rabbit
were collected near the northwest corner of the outer compound.  The foxes
and rabbit were collected in May 1974 and the coyote in October 1974.  These
animals were necropsied and selected tissues collected for actinide analyses.
These analytical data from these samples are listed in Appendix XI.

     As was expected, those samples subject to external contaminants, i.e.,
the skin and digestive tract, contained elevated concentrations of the acti-
nides.  Levels in the stomach contents were approximately 5 percent of those
reported from ingesta of the steers sampled at a similar period of time.
However, the wildlife were not restricted to the higher contaminated areas
as were the steers, and the predators do not subsist to a significant degree
on forage.

     A comparison of plutonium-239 levels found in the bones and soft tissues
of these animals to those in several beef cattle that were permanent resi-
dents of study compounds is depicted in Figure 11.  The plutonium-239 concen-
trations in the bones, lungs, and liver from the wildlife generally~ranged
between 1 and 10 percent of those found in the cattle.  The elevated
plutonium-239 values observed in the wildlife muscle tissues are probably
from gross contamination introduced into the muscles by the shotgun pellets
passing through the contaminated pelts.
                 NECROPSY AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS
     All sacrificed animals were necropsied, with selected tissue and lesion
samples collected for histopathological evaluation.  The gross and micro-
scopic pathology observed is listed in Appendix XII.  Also included in this
appendix are the results of the hematology examinations.  Some of the blood
values may not be representative, as most of the samples were collected after
death.

     Sarcocysts were frequently detected in both skeletal and cardiac muscle.
This is a ubiquitous parasite of both warm- and cold-blooded vertebrates and
is considered to have little clinical significance(Merck and Company, 1973).

     Ocular squamous cell carcinoma, seen in cow number 4, is frequently
observed in aged Hereford cattle exposed to the sun (Moulton, 1961).

     Several animals had lesions associated with traumatic reticulitis
(hardware disease), i.e., liver abscess, adhesions between diaphragm and
reticulum, pericarditis, etc.  As stated by Merck and Company (1973), foreign
objects are common in the stomach of cattle because they do not discriminate
against foreign bodies in the feed and incompletely masticate food at time

                                      35
-------
       1000
                •  #10, 2.8 Year Old Cow - Inner Compound         * Fox  1
                D  #18, 7.5 Month Old Female  Inner Compound      * Fox - 2
                •  #14, 2.4 Year Old Cow Outer Compound         ^ Fox - 3
                O  #19, 7.5 Month Old Male - Outer Compound       ifc Coyote
                I  Range (2 Sigma)                             A Rabbit
        100
     .c
      O)
     '53
      o>  10
     X
     O
      a
      3
     a.
     o>
     CO
         1.0
         0.1
-
-
T
I T
_ a
JL



T
_L
—
I 2

I
•# T
_>_ -j-
T
—
:
-

T
j.


D
•""

-L.
O








Ti
T


I


-T
i

I
"o"
•*~



-T-
A
_L

i
IT*



T
i
T"
•H-




T
D
1
T
A H


o

                  Bone
Lungs
Liver
Muscle
Figure 11.  Comparison of 239Pu concentrations in selected  tissues from
            various  wildlife to those  from cow-calf pairs from Area 13
            inner  compound (#10 & #18)  and outer compound (#14 & #19)
                                      36
-------
of ingestion.  Swallowed metallic objects such as nails or pieces of wire are
gravitated to the reticulum where the digestive contractions may cause them
to penetrate the reticulum wall and diaphragm which results in peritonitis
and/or pericarditis.

     Other occasionally observed histologic findings, e.g., hemosiderosis of
the spleen, capsular melanosis of the adrenal, emphysema and atelectosis of
the lungs, etc., were  felt to be within normal limits by the examining
pathologist or were due to agonal struggles.  No pathology was observed that
could be directly attributed to ionizing radiation.
                                   SUMMARY
     A  long-term  (3-year)  grazing study was conducted on a plutonium-
contaminated  range  to  determine the uptake and tissue distribution of acti-
nides by  ruminants.  A reproducing herd of beef cattle and a small band of
goats obtained  all  subsistence from the native vegetation on this range.
Periodically, rumen-fistulated steers were placed in the study area and
samples of  rumen  ingesta collected for botanical and actinide analyses.  Also
sampled were  wildlife  that  frequented the study area.

     Food habit analyses of the rumen content indicate that shrub species
made up the bulk  of the diet except during the spring and early summer months
when grasses  were preferred.  Forbs made up a minor portion of the diet.
Increased concentrations of the actinides were noted during months in which
Eurotia lanata made up the  bulk of the diet.

     Plutonium-239/americium-241 ratios in tissue and ingesta suggest little
differentiation in  the uptake of these radionuclides.  However, the
plutonium-239/plutonium-238 ratios indicate that plutonium-238 is more
readily absorbed.

     Data collected suggest that the Area 13 cattle ingested soil at the rate
of 0.25 to  0.5 kilograms per day.

     A plutonium-239 retention factor of 0.00056 percent for bone plus muscle
plus liver  was calculated on the basis of these total rumen ingesta levels.
The retention factor for the same tissues would be 0.0034 percent if it were
based on  the pl,utonium-239  level in the liquid portion of these rumen ingesta.
This retention percentage compares closely to those of approximately
0.03 percent and  0.004  percent observed in dairy cows administered oral doses
of plutonium-238  in  the citrate and oxide forms, respectively.

     In general,  the plutonium-239 activities measured in tissues on a wet
weight basis fell within the following categories:
                                      37
-------
  
-------
                                 REFERENCES
1.   Earnhardt, D. E.  1976.  "Evaluation of Sample Collection and Analysis
    Techniques for Environmental Plutonium."  U.S. Environmental Protection
    Agency, Las Vegas Facility, Las Vegas, Nevada.  ORP/LV-765.

2.   Brechbill, R. A.  1969.  "Special Bovine Sampling Study:  Project Roller
    Coaster Sites."  U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,'
    Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada.  SWRHL-
    53r.  23 pp.

3.   Brown, K. W.  1979.  "Plutonium-239 and Americium-241 Uptake by Plants
    from Soil."  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research
    and Development, Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Las
    Vegas, Nevada.   (in press)

4.   Brown, K. W., and J. C. McFarlane.  1977.  "Plutonium Uptake by Plants
    from Soil Containing Plutonium-238 Dioxide Particles."  U.S. Environ-
    mental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Environ-
    mental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada.  EPA-600/3-
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5.   Brown, K. W., D. D. Smith, D. E. Bernhardt, K. R. Giles, and J. B. Helvie.
    1976.  "Food Habits and Radionuclide Tissue Concentrations of Nevada
    Desert Bighorn Sheep 1972-1973."  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
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    EMSL-LV-539-6.  23 pp.

6.   Dixon, W. J., and F. J. Massey, Jr.  1969.  Introduction to Statistical
    Analysis.  Third Edition.  McGraw-Hill Book Company.

7.   Ellett, W. H., N. S. Nelson, and W. A. Mills.  1976.  "Allowed Health
    Risk for Plutonium and Americium Standards as Compared with Standards for
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    601.

8.   Fountain, E. L.  1961.  "Off-Site Animal Investigation Project.  Fourth
    Annual Report."  U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Nevada Operations Office,
    Las Vegas, Nevada.  32 pp.
                                     39
-------
 9.   Gilbert,  R.  0.,  L.  L.  Eberhardt,  and D.  D.  Smith.   1977-   "An Initial
     Synthesis of Area 13 239Pu Data and Other Statistical Analyses."  In:
     Environmental Plutonium on the Nevada Test Site and Environs.  M. G.
     White,  P- B. Dunaway,  and W.  A.  Howard (Eds.).   U.S. Energy Research and
     Development  Administration, Nevada Operations Office, Nevada Applied
     Ecology Group, Las Vegas, Nevada.   NVO-171.  pp. 237-275.

10.   Hagan,  V. I., and G. Arrhenius.   1963.  "Ion Exchange in Mixed Solvent."
     Talanta 10:865.

11.   Hakonson, T. E., J. W.  Nyhan, L.  J. Johnson, and K. V. Bostick.  1973.
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     Areas at Los Alamos for the Period July  1,  1972, Through March 31,
     1973."   In:   Radionualide Studies.  Los  Alamos Scientific Laboratory,
     Los Alamos,  New Mexico.  LA-5282-MS.  pp. 8-34.

12.   Hitchcock, A. S.  1950.  "Manual of the  Grasses of the United States."
     U.S. Department of Agriculture.   U.S. Government Printing Office,
     Washington,  D.C.  Misc. Publ. 200.  1,051 pp.

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                                      40
-------
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                                      41
-------
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                                      42
-------
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                                      43
-------
 APPENDIX  I.   SUMMARY  OF ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES  AND MINIMUM DETECTABLE  ACTIVITIES
Type of Analytical Counting Analytical Sample Minimum Detectable Activities
Analysis , Equipment Period Procedures Size (pCi/total sample)*
(Min)
Gamma Lithium-drifted vl_,200 Radionuclide concentrations 200-ml For:
spectrometry germanium detectors
calibrated at
approximately
0.5 keV per channel
input to 4096 chan-
nels resident in the
core of the PDF
11/20 computer.


quantitated from gamma spec- aluminum
trum by PDF 11/20 computer cans
using a least squares
technique. For:
For:

For:
For:
For:
For:
5"Mn, 6°Co, 95Zr, 103Ru,
124Sb,
137Cs,
125Sb,
65Zn,

181W _
21tlAm -
22Na -
K -
132Te, 131I, 134I
ll4°Ba - 7 pCi
141Ce - 30 pCi
106Ru> lt4Ce _ 20 pCi

85 pCi
35 pCi
4 pCi
0.08 g
   89-90
       Sr
   238-239pu
   234,235,
   238IT
Low-background  thin-    50
window, gas-flow
proportional counter
with a 5.7-cm dia-
meter window
(80 ug/cm ).

Automatic liquid       200
scintillation counter
with output printer.
Alpha spectrometer
with silicon surface
barrier detectors
operated in vacuum
chambers.
  400-
1,400
                                           Chemical separation by  ion
                                           exchange.  Separated sample
                                           counted successively;
                                           activity calculated by
                                           simultaneous equations.
                                           Sample prepared by
                                           distillation.
Ash sample is digested with
acid, purified by solvent
extraction and/or ion
exchange, electroplated on
stainless steel planchet,
and counted by alpha spec-
trometer.
                                  2 g of
                                  ash
                                                                       5 ml
                                       For:  89Sr - 5 pCi
                                             90Sr - 2 pCi
                                                .2 pCi/ml H20
100 g - 1 kg  For all isotopes - MD.02 pCi
wet weight

1-10 g ash
*The  minimum detectable  activities  (MDA) in terms of total  activity  per sample  for standard geometries
and counting times are based on a combination  of a number of technical experiments and operational  ex-
perience.   By means of experimentation,  the MDA were defined as those activities which produced ± 100
percent deviations at the  95 percent  confidence level.  These values are approximations  and are applica-
ble to  ideal conditions  and simple  complexes of nuclides.   Complex spectra or spectra showing naturally
occurring radionuclides  can raise the MDA considerably.  The detection limit for each sample is defined
as that radioactivity which equals  the two-sigma counting error.
-------
APPENDIX II.  QUALITY ASSURANCE RESULTS
Animal Sample
No . Type
Femur
2
Ash
Femur
11
Ash
Femur
8
.p. Ash
Ln
Femur
12
Ash
Vertebrae
2
Ash
5 Liver
Analytical
Laboratory
EMSL-LV
LFE
EMSL-LV
LFE
EMSL-LV
LFE
EMSL-LV
LFE
EMSL-LV
LFE
LFE
Analytical Results
238pu
(pCl/g Ash)
(PCi/kg*)
0.08 + 0.006
0.04 + 0.003
<0.009
0.006 + 0.001
<0.004
0.004 + 0.001
0.11 + 0.008
0.098 + 0.005
<0.0051
0.002 + 0.001
0.0048 + 0.002
0.14 + 0.05
0.004 + 0.001
0.19 + 0.02
239pu
(PCi/g Ash)
(pCl/kg*)
<0.006
0.012 + 0.001
0.047 + 0.007
0.06 + 0.003
<0.0056
0.001 + 0.0008
1.0 + 0.084
0.63 + 0.02
0.021 + 0.010
0.04 + 0.002
0.18 + 0.013
5.4 + 0.04
0.013 + 0.003
5.7 + 0.11
241Am
(pCl/g Ash}
(pCl/kg*)
NA 0.
0.005 + 0.001
NA
0.006 + 0.002
NA 0.
0.0004 + 0.0002
NA
0.09 + 0.003
NA 0.
0.006 + 0.001
-------
APPENDIX II.  QUALITY ASSURANCE RESULTS  (Continued)
Animal Sample Analytical
No . Type Laboratory
238pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
0.010 + 0.002
0.35 + 0.067
13 Liver LFE
-------
APPENDIX II.  QUALITY ASSURANCE RESULTS  (Continued)
Animal Sample Analytical
No. Type Laboratory
238pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
0.0021 + 0.0008
0.62 + 0.25
5 Femur LFE
.3
0.0083
2.1 3'4
Duplicate blind samples.
0.01
3.2 24'4
0.014 2
3.5 D'J
Duplicate blind samples.
o.oi
2.6 26'5
0.46+0.09
4.5+0.9 U'ay
Duplicate blind samples.
0.38 + 0.07
5.1 + 0.9 I-J
-------
APPENDIX II.  QUALITY ASSURANCE RESULTS  (Continued)
Animal Sample Analytical
No. Type Laboratory
238pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
0,0023 + 0.002
0.11 + 0.09
9 Liver Eberline
0.02 + 0.02
0.6 + 0.36
0.89 + 0.56
24 + 16
10 Lung Eberline
2.0 + 0.34
15.2 + 2.6
00 <0.55
9 Lung Eberline
0.07 + 0.018
1.1 + 0.3
<0.005
<0.05
10 Muscle Eberline
<0.001
<0.02
<0. 007
<0.02
9 Muscle Eberline
<0.017
<0.62
Analytical Results
239pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
0.11 + 0.02
5.3 + 0.86
0.13 + 0.034
3.9 + 1
22 + 6.2
580 + 170
43.6 + 6.4
328 + 48
9.5 + 1.9
32 + 6.4
1.9 + 0.25
30 +3.9
0.22 + 0.054
2.3 + 0.55
0.046 + 0.014
1.0 + 0.3
0.019 + 0.009
0.6 + 0.28
0.026 + 0.015
1.0 + 0.6
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
0.029 + 0.02
1.4 + 0.92
0.02 + 0.016
0.57 + 0.47
1.7 + 0.43
46 + 12
13.6 + 3
103 + 23
5.6 + 1.9
75 + 6.6
0.27 + 0.09
4.1 + 1.3
0.021 + 0.01
0.22 + 0.1
0.009 + 0.005
0.19 + 0.1
<0.0017
<0.05
<0.02
<0.8
Type of
Quality Assurance
238U Ash Analysis
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*) (%)
0.012 + 0.007 ,
0.55 + 0.32
Duplicate blind samples.
<0.006
<0.16
0.54 + 0.19
15 +5.4
Duplicate blind samples.
S:,1^:?3 «•»
;o°:f 0.33
Duplicate blind samples.
0.09 + 0.03
1.5 + 0.4 -^
0.14 + 0.03
1.4 + 0.34 L
Duplicate blind samples.
0.01 + 0.006
0.23 + 0.12 ^'l
0.025 + 0.009
0.76 + 0.3 J-1
Duplicate blind samples.
<0.01
<0.4 3'8
-------
APPENDIX II.  QUALITY ASSURANCE RESULTS  (Continued)
Animal Sample Analytical
No. Type Laboratory
238pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
<0.003
<0.94
10 Femur Eberline
<0.012
<3.3
<0.003
<0.98
9 Femur Eberline
<0.0001
<0.03
<0.0006
<0.12
9 Vertebrae Eberline
<0.0004
<0.08
1.5 + 0.43
Rumen 5Q j 1Q
20 Eberline
1.5 + 0.56
Vegetation ._ — 1(.
2.5 + 0.41
Skin and „„„ — , ,
ZoU T 4D
18 Eberline ~
2.1 + 0.34
alr 240 + 38
Analytical Results
239pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
0.33 + 0.05
100 + 16
0.22 + 0.07
63 + 19
<0.01
<2.9
0.0092 + 0.0067
2.9 + 2.1
0.044 + 0.013
9.1 + 2.7
0.067 + 0.037
12.8 + 7
67 + 10
2200 + 350
67 + 14
2300 + 420
110 + 17
11000 + 1900
130 + 20
14000 + 2200
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
0.03 + 0.008
9.9 + 2.7
0.068 + 0.034
19.2 + 9.6
<0.003
<0.84
<0.015
0.0091 + 0.005
1.9 + 0.96
<0.016
8.9 + 1.8
300 + 60
7 + 1.2
240 + 40

Type of
Quality Assurance
238U Ash Analysis
(PCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*) (/°>
<0.008
<2.6 31'6
Duplicate blind samples.
0.04 + 0.02
11.2+5.5 28'2
<0.013
<3.8 y'^
Duplicate blind samples.
0.0029 + 0.0026
0.94 + 0.84
^|°°4 20.8
Duplicate blind samples.
0.009 + 0.008
1.7 + 1.5 y
0.57 + 0.47
19 + 16
3.4 Laboratory rerun of sample.
0.23 + 0.21
7.7 + 7.0
11.1 Laboratory rerun of sample.
-------
APPENDIX  II.  QUALITY ASSURANCE RESULTS  (Continued)
Animal Sample Analytical
No. Type Laboratory
238pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(PCi/kg*)
0.9 + 0.14
Rumen 11+1.8
14 Eberline
\r+i\i
1.6 + 0.2
63 + 7.1
19 Lung Eberline
1.1 + 0.17
44+6.7
EMSL-LV 
0.12 + 0.05
1.5 + 0.6
1.3 Laboratory rerun of sample.
0.13 + 0.04
1.7 + 0.52
3.9 Laboratory rerun of sample.
0.02 + 0.005
0.6+0.3 2'6
Duplicate blind samples.
* Wet weight
NA = Not analyzed
-------
APPENDIX III.
BOTANICAL ANALYSIS OF INGESTA COLLECTED FROM RUMEN-FISTULATED STEERS GRAZING ON
THE AREA 13 RANGE
Percentage of
Grasses
CO CO
o> cj
^ CO
•^> co
O g tfl
•^ £ 3 vj
•s-i 05 4J Q -60
CO S G CO CX
05 S5 rQ O 10 13
§ >CT> y co -H


Steer
No.
707
729
761*
774*
707
729
761
774
707
729
761
774
707
729
761
774


Date
Collected

06/12/73


07/10/73


08/08/73


09/05/73

*^~5
Hilavia



8

17
49
1
43
11
11
9
7



CO 05 3 IH
•^ S CXj t-i -i-t
CO O CO O 4J
ftj "^ rQ C
0 £ G 0 OJ
M O fX £H T)
Sj -W '^ O -H
^ -^ 4i CX, fl
O Co Co Co p



32 1
88
41 T
42
12 1
31
29
19
13 T
16
16
19
8 1
6 2
Percentage of
Forbs
1 1
05 & • CX CX 4-^
CO 5 CX CO CO £
r~i fl, co (3
Cb
Salsola




1
2
14


1


1

o
Sphaeral



T
T
T


1





g «^i '^ ^
3 4^ t3 ^ .«
s o o 4^. v
o G si, o co
Gi K o 3 rQ
A rC rSi « £
Eq G O § ^
- - .. ^AMPTT? \THT

. . - O A MPT T? MHT
oAMI Lli LNU1
1

T


T


T 1

^
CO
o
14-1
T)
0)
•H
. . 14-1
cx ex -H
CO CO 4-1
a
H y a)
O -^ 13
rs; -^i c
PLJ. CJJ t3
PHT T T?r'T'Cl'n

/~T\T T T?r1rPT?'n
2

1
T
2
T
1
2
1-
1
2

Percentage of
Shrubs
«
•<>>
V-J
O W
co ^K ^i
S '^ M 3
05 -W M « !-i
^ ?H S S rC
tJ Co 05 O (3 tS CO
4^ 05 ^t-, CO 03 O
y n « ••<-* -^ . 01 .r-i
t-J
Eurotia



44
8
24
5
29
26
5
27
15
10
29
38
43
15
S" O. CL 5^ OJ
Atriplex



13
2
15
3
41
1
53
41
62
65
54
42
46
76
Atriplex
r,7./^''7 urn rt










1

T
1
5 to co 8 -H
•u
; <3 IB G G
1 V ^3 '^ 
-------
APPENDIX III.  BOTANICAL ANALYSIS OF INGESTA COLLECTED FROM RUMEN-FISTULATED STEERS GRAZING ON
               THE AREA 13 RANGE (Continued)
Percentage of
Grasses
CO W
03 0)
tJ to
O S; Efl
•s-i Q3 •S O 'to
CO E y co ft
03 ^ rQ O (0 13





Steer Date
No. Collected
707
711 10/01/73
774
707
77Q
'/. 11/06/73
/Ol
774
707
76? °2/20/74
774
707
7M °5/21/74
774
t^ ,4^ "3
*^a to


•^ Cu '^
tS -1 -P
tC! O Co
10 4

14 2
16
32 5
36
79
16 4

2

1 2 70
3 42
6 26
13 23
M 0)
O W -H
Cu «-* "H
CO 0 •!->
I-Q a
o o cu
•^ o *H
•P Cu fi
CO Co S3


1
2



3 1
1
2

3
3
Percentage of
Forbs
3 y w
:^ .^ .° •£
S rQ • ^ 0
0) ^ • ft ft ~P 'W
co 8 • & to w s
cS Cj
Cu 0

C3 tj
O Q)
CO «
cH ^




4
1
2

10
3 1
2 T


T
6
T
co £ H y g; O £3 t
•P 03 *!—>. CO CO .^
£
vS

Cj
'-P
Q
^
19

23
18
49
54
13
65
76
85
83
85
6
26
38
33

0
£^
Q)
^Cu

^
65

58
62
7
7
7

9
3
4
5

O 0) ,K S
S Cu ft 5
H Q co to c
03
,Cu ,§ V "XJ '^
*g '^ g3 §• ^
-P S> £< S C
2






T 8
2 6
2 4
3 6
T 1
T 3
12
2 1
CO
5 to
-i CU
|3 -H
1 >H

•I-1
i a
i Q)
J -H
i a
•* ^~~>
~-t i-"1





T
6




2
4
-------
APPENDIX III.  BOTANICAL ANALYSIS OP INGESTA COLLECTED FROM RUMEN-FISTULATED STEERS GRAZING ON
               THE AREA 13 RANGE (Continued)
Percentage of
Grasses
03 CO
0) 0)
'XS W
*^ CO
O £ o)
•<^ 0) -C y .60
co £ G co &
0) Si r£5 O CO 13
P rS >•' '^ 01




Steer Date
No. Collected
707
72^ 06/28/74
774
707
79Q
761 °6/30/74
774
707
70Q
761 °7/02/74
774
707
700
761 °8/°7/74
774
9
%r-a to
G co
•^ si,
?H O
^ Si
M £>
H3 O
4 28
2
3
3
5 5
T 2
2
2

3
39-
23
29
26
"^>
K
^O

£
3
03
15
3
4
6
7
8
3
6
5
3
1
2

8
T
2
•a co *H
 ^
65 Q CX co co S
to (x co G 13
3 « co £ H t) 0)

y
to
O
to
^
32
6
10
T
4
1

14
16
16
16
1

T
o g
G S
SM O
cs Gi
r§ '§
^ ^


T
T 4
11
1
1
2
1
T T
T
T
T
T
T
CO S '^ G -H
•0 -0 ?H . 14-1
•+i ts r« G p. e, -H
O O 4^ M CO CO 4J
G sx, o co a
S 0 <3 O H G 01
Q) 5^ G ?H O "^ T3
-------
APPENDIX III.
BOTANICAL ANALYSIS OF INGESTA COLLECTED FROM RUMEN-FISTULATED STEERS GRAZING ON
THE AREA 13 RANGE (Continued)











Steer Date
No. Collected
707
700
761 10/01/74
774
707
7^ 10/03/74
774
707
729
761 10/05/74
774
707
729
761 11/05/74
774
Percentage of
Grasses
CO CO
CO OJ
"XS to
•fi SO
O it tfl
M £ 3 H
•si Q> -w G • oo
co E G co ex
<» Si t-Cs O CO T3
E f£ 3 "^ OJ
•ti co '^ § § ^
•r* £ CU f-^ -rt
G CO O CO 0 4->
•^ a, '^ rQ ti
?i O £ G O Q)
G &3 G a, ^ T3
f-^ Si 4^ -^ O -H
•r^ 5k V -W CL, 0
f-tl O ^0 CQ C/^, fD

1
T

8

1 T
1
T

19 2
5
10

Percentage of
Forbs
tS ?H
3 a co
£ rQ

co 8
V<1
3 a
Q Q)
a* ^

Q Q
\~--i ^
Ci <»
to y
^ rSJ
e a,
CQ CQ
3

1

3


T
6
6
T
2
• v£ O
• cx ex -P m
. pt CO CO £
D, to Q 13
CO ^ ^ ^ Q)
CO ,3 "^ Q -H
s-^'xSt^.a acu-H
K O O ~t~^ *T^ tO CO 4—1
o ts cu o co a
tft£Q«OHQco
O
£ a, &. s
G co co 9

§G G G
;^ 'Xj M
•^ Si Q> ^
O G G <0


12
7


16
26


2
12



(0
,0
(-H
to

T3
cu
•H
•H
4J
(3
QJ
TD
•H
a
:=>












-------
APPENDIX III.
                     BOTANICAL ANALYSIS OF  INGESTA  COLLECTED  FROM RUMEN-FISTULATED STEERS GRAZING ON
                     THE AREA 13 RANGE  (Continued)
Ol
Ln
Percentage of
Grasses
CO W
co cu
*XJ to
'^ CO
o g ea
•^ £ 3 . M







Steer Date
No. Collected
707
7?9
761 °1/17/75
774
707
729
761 °1/19/75
774
707
770
761 °1/21/75
774
707
729
761 °3/12/75
774
*^-i Q)
co £
co sj
g ^5?
Q
CS CO
•^ fi,
£i O
G 02
«-^ Si
tt) O

3

3



4
8

27
4
•*r>
Q
i-Q
5J
"r-^
§
•^
-P
£



1
1

6
6
2

T

<3 • 60
CO O.
O to T3
"^ QJ
O CO -H
CO S ^
£X ^ -H
CO O 4J
fQ G
a ci cu
CU ?H t)
M O  '^> to
o a sx, o co
ts> K O <*} O H
_o co s B ,?^ o
tl o § i |. "£
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
1
T T
T
T
1
to
f
o


r^
0)

Ci -r4
(0 i-l
a
,Q cu
•^ T3
'c§ M

2

7



3
T
-
1


Percentage of
Shrubs
r-i
O
CO Vv
K V- -^
Q> -f~^ *^
<3

^
S
^

;^-
-P
o
ty

14
18
16
2
10

T
34
61
48
39,
52
32
38
CO

s
^
o
H
CO

^




4

7
9,
4
9
1


CO O Q
*£-». CO CO
S ^ o
o 
Kfx,.ru
B « co to
i i •? ^
t 'g cf §
T-^ i-^i" 
-------
APPENDIX III.
                     BOTANICAL ANALYSIS OF INGESTA COLLECTED FROM RUMEN-FISTULATED STEERS GRAZING ON
                     THE AREA 13 RANGE (Continued)
Ul
Percentage of
Grasses
CO CO
CO 01
'XJ co
•^ (0
o g «o
•^i Q3 -p Q • 00
co E G to P.
Q) 3j rf5 .O to T3
& ^ ^ •** V



Steer Date
No. Collected
707
761 °5/29/75
774
707
76? °8/23/75
774
707
?61 11/13/75
774
707
7OO
761 °2/19/76
774
8
•«-a
Hi laria
4
7
6
3










CO
CO
§•
14
66
33
21
17
15

1


2
1
T

"r^ U CO iH
Q> 3 <4-<
S fXi *^ "H

•** rQ C
K O 0 cu
tt JX, *t "«
-^ -^ O -A
18
29
40
28
1
1

1
1

T
4
2
Percentage of
Forbs
§ I.
•ti CJj O ^
K rCl • • rS! O
Q) g • O- D. +i M-c
to 8 d. co co S
t^*^ p, (0 Q rQ
sow £ « 
-------
APPENDIX  IV
                        BOTANICAL ANALYSIS OF INGESTA COLLECTED FROM SACRIFICED ANIMALS GRAZING ON
                        THE AREA 13 RANGE
01














Animal
No.
^oat
2Cow
^ow
1Cow
1Calf
^oat
Cow
Cow
Cow
Cow
15 U J- J-
IjU _L J.
3Calf

#1
#2
#3
#8
#12*
#2
#1
#4
#6
#5
#15
#13
#30







Date
Collected
08/09/73


10/25/73



07/09/74


01/29/75

01/18/76
Percentage of
Grasses
i ts; o O 1-1
"?->' St i< £Xj ~t~^ "rH
O to ,O O CO 4-1

?k O K S G 3  H-i -P ^' O -rl
^> ?^H ^ ^* 7° N w
03 O- CQ CQ, CQ cq |3
19
37
31
33 T
70 3
53
92 4
41 9
1 69 4 T
17 8
11 2
6 2
27 49 8 6
Percentage of
Forbs
G
3 Cfl
S «-Q o
CO Q • CU
v-~i Qj. 10 T3
s a
« «
Cu- U

G Q

O 0)

c§ t^'
68

2



T
1
4 3
2
4
2

en
P
3
K
O

^
£
T






1
1
T

1
1
0
CO -H
-P -H

P> ^ S

Q tj G

rtj -W S

fel fel O
4
4
4
6

6

8
8
36
24
'34
3 3
«
o
H
0)

KU

^
6
43
54
44
22
39
3
38
10
15
9
13

0
o
H
0)

•ti

^

7
3
12
3




16
34
40

(-1
<3 co
CO
S 0)
?X M-j
CO iH

,ti C
V a)
? ?
& £

5
2
3
1

1
2

6
15
2
2
-------
APPENDIX IV
                         BOTANICAL ANALYSIS  OF INGESTA COLLECTED FROM SACRIFICED ANIMALS GRAZING ON
                         THE AREA 13  RANGE (Continued)
Ln
00
Percentage of
Grasses
































Animal Date
No.
2Cow
2Calf
!Calf
lCow
^ow

Collected
#10
*ll8 °1/28/76
#19
#9
#16 03/13/76
#20
CO
CD

•fi
o

•^i CD
co S
CD S>
c?
•«T> CO

Q co

SH O
Q ^^
.^ g3'
tu o
3
4
8
5
5
3
2




JJO
• ^ C;
?^ ^5 ^
Q 4i CO S
rQ CO O O
C^ S^ *^ """"^

Q) Qi
S? Si £Xi "^
,O ,O CO

^ S C3 rS
-ti -W -^ Q
^^ rf^i -f~i ^

1
3
3
3
18
15
8
CO
i
S tQ
CO S
co 8
^ Q
s ^>
a, o
T^
C5 Cj
t-i SH
o CD
CO «
CO Co
T












.
of



CO
,0
^t
o

a
ex  V-i

C5 C3
?H *^
'Q 4i
H 1
^ ^
8
1

26
36
23



CO
5<
tS CO
S O
<3 co
o CD
•^- £
CD O
£ ,
H

•^i T^i
s a,
1 '1
Co -^
12


3


e
1^
o
H — ^
*v^
H-^
jLj
Q)
^i— ^.
§
o

5-^
Q)
t-i
.a,

^
76
86
85
88
43
35
65


(0
pO
3
t-i
^
« to
CO
O T3
S OJ
•ri -rl
a, 4-1
CO -rl
4-1
o a
•^i dj
? 1
0 |3

4
1
1
4
6

          1Grazed outer compound
          2Grazed inner compound
          3Animal sampled at Bald Mountain.
          *This  sample contained rubberized and cloth material.
          T =  Trace,  less than 1 percent.
-------
   APPENDIX V-  ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN THE VEGETATION COMPONENT OF THE RUMEN CONTENTS FROM  STEERS

                GRAZING AREA 13 (wet wt 1
Ln
vo
Animal Date
No. Collected
707
729
761*
774*
707
7^ 07/10/73
774
707
7^ 08/07/73
774
707
H9. 09/05/73
/ol
774
707
761 10/°1/73
774
707
761 U/°6/73
774
238pu
CnCt/kg}



0.0020
0.0051
0.56
0.38
0.33
0.91
0.27
0.32
1.1
0.48
0.16

0.64
0.12
0.23
0.24
0.14
0.37
0.61
1.0
0.-78
0.04



± 0.0007
± 0.0009
± 0.039
± 0.015
± 0.037
± 0.091
± 0.011
± 0.032
± 0.056
± 0.043
± 0.023

± 0.045
± 0.036.
± 0.007
± 0.026
± 0.011
± Q. 0.7
± 0.03
± 0.09
± 0.085
± 0.028
239pu
OttCt/kgl



0.060.
0.20-0
22.2
16.7
13.5
39.1
11.7
14.7
48.3
20.7
6.0

25.8
5.0
a. 8
10.1
5.7
15.9
25.3
43.5
27.3
17.2
. , , r> A>
«jAt
0 Afl
vJAt
± 0.004
± 0.01
± 1.6
± 0.67
± 0.81
± 2.7
± 0.35
± 0.74
± 2.4
± 1.7
± 0.9

± 1.3
± 1.4
± 0.2
± 1.0
±0.4
± 2.9
± 1.3
± 3.0
± 2.2
± 1.0
CnCi/kgl
CPLE NOT C(
4PLE NOT C(
0.0091 ±
0.047
3.2
2,6
1.9
6.7
1.9
2.1
7.5
3.5
1.6
SAMPLE
2.9
1.8
2.0
2.1
1.5
1.9.
4.8
5.4
4.2
4.2
+
+
+
*
+
+
+
+
+
+
L0£
+
+
+
+
±
±
+
±
±
±
•\T T T?PTT7T\
)Lii-il±\jLiUJ
•\T T T?PTT?'n
JLiLiUi\ji\W
0.007
0.028
0.097
0.052
0.076
0.067
0.058
0.083
0.075
0.07
0.032
'T
0.11
0.018
Q.04
0.08
0.046
0.039
0.048
Q.054
0.042
0.17
239pu.238pu
Ratio



30
39
39.
43.
40.
43
43.
45.
43.
43.
37.

40.
41.
42.
.42.
40.
43
41.
43.
35
43





6
9
9

3
9
9
1
5

3
7
6
1
7

5
3

Ratio



6
4
6
6
7
5
6
7
6
5
3

8
2
4
4
3
8
5
8
6
4



.6
.3
.9
.4
.1
.8
.2
.4
.9
.8

.9
.8
.9
.8
.8
.4
.3
.1
.5
.1
-------
APPENDIX V.
ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN THE VEGETATION COMPONENT OF THE RUMEN CONTENTS FROM STEERS
GRAZING AREA 13 (wet wt ) (.Continued)
Animal Date
No. Collected
707
729 02/20/74
774
707
729
761 °5/21/74
774
707
761 °8/07/74
774
707
770
76? 11/05/74
774
707
761 °3/12/75
774
707
770
76? °5/29/75
77A
'238pu
(nCi/kg)
0.21 ± 0.013
0.14 ± 0.017
0.23 ± 0.011
0.21 ± 0.013
0.20 ± 0.008
0.21 ± 0.024
0.25 ± 0.025
0.20 ± 0.02
2.5 ± 0.98
2.4 ± 0.14
0.11 ± 0.005
2.6 ± 0.16
0.51 ± 0.026
0.77 ± 0.038
0.72 ± 0.043
0.17 ± 0.012
0.38 ± 0.03
0.15 ± 0.012
0.33 ± 0.023
0.22 ± 0.011
0.16 ± 0.011
0.40 ± 0.02
0.18 ± 0.01
< 	
239pu
CnCi/kg)
8.8 ± 0.44
6.5 ± 0.65
9.9 ± 0.39
9.3 ± 0.47
8.5 ± 0.25
9.1 ± 0.91
11.3 ± 1.0
8.0 ± 0.56
105.0 ± 4.2
100.0 ± 6.0
4.3 ± 0.21
116.0 ± 5.8
22.3 ± 1.1
33.2 ± 1.3
31.7 ± 1.6
7.3 ± 0.37
15.3 ± 0.92
6.7 ± 0.36
14.2 ± 0.71
9.6 ± 0.38
6.4 ± 0.32
17.8 ± 0.72
6.9 ± 0.28

24
JAm
CnCi/kg)
1.3
0.25
1.4
1.6
1.2
1.6
2.0
1.2
12.7
14.7
10.6
20.6
4.7
6.9
5.9
1.2
3.4
1.2
4.2
1.6
1.1
2.8
1.5
- RAMPT.F
± 0.03
± 0.005
± 0.03
± 0.05
± 0.037
± 0.096
± 0.02
± 0.05
± 0.13
± 0.15
± 0.11
± 0.21
± 0.8
± 0.55
± 0.12
± 0.05
± 0.34
± 0.059
± 1.2
± 0.11
± 0.054
± 0.11
± 0.073
TART 	
239pu.238pu
Ratio
41.9
46.4
43
44.3
42.5
43.3
45.2
40
42
41.7
39.1
44.7
43.7
43.1
44
42.9
40.3
44.7
"43
43.6
40
44.5
38.3

239Pu:2.1Am
Ratio
6.8
26
7.1
5.8
7.1
5.7
5.7
6.7
8.3
6.8
0.4
5.6
4.8
4.8
5.4
6.1
4.5
5.
3.4
6
5.8
6.4
4.6

-------
APPENDIX V.  ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN THE VEGETATION COMPONENT OF THE RUMEN CONTENTS FROM STEERS
             GRAZING AREA 13  (wet wt.) (Continued)
Animal
No.
707
729
761
774
707
729
761
774
707
729
761
774
Date 238Pu
Collected (nCi/kg)
0.38 ± 0.08
08/23/75 °;°9° * ^02
1.1 ± 0.19
0.38 ± 0.09
»«/" 2:u ^S:o2
0.71 ± 0.19
0.020 ± 0.01
02/19/76 °;f * °;^
0.31 ± 0.09
239Pu 2^Am
CnCi/kg)
16.5 ±
3.7 ±
24.4 ±
47.3 ±
16.5 ±
5.5 ±
4.3 ±
32.5 ±
0.45 ±
20.3 ±
141.0 ±
10.4 ±
2.9
0.74
3.1
6.7
3.0
1.1
0.49
6.6
0.1
4.7
15.0
1.6
CnCi/kg)
0.75 ± 0.14
0.38 ± 0.05
1.7 ± 0.5
5.2 ± 0.7
1.9 ± 0.26
0.56 ± 0.06
0.4 ± 0.01
2.1 ± 0.8
0.05 ± 0.02
2.0 ± 0.31
6.2 ± 1.1
0.94 ± 0.18
239pu.238pu
Ratio
43.4
41
34.4
43
43.4
42.3
35.9
45.8
22.5
39
42.7
33.5
239pu:2.1Am
Ratio
22
9.7
14.4
9.1
8.7
9.8
10.8
15.5
9
10.2
22.7
11.1
*Steers grazed outer compound  this date.  All other collections from inner compound.
-------
APPENDIX VI.
ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN THE FLUID COMPONENT OF THE RUMEN CONTENTS FROM STEERS
GRAZING AREA 13 (wet wt )
Animal Date
No. Collected
707 <

761* 06/12/73
774*
707
7gJ 07/10/73
774
707
7gJ 08/07/73
774
707
]% 09/05/73
774
707
7^ 10/01/73
774
707
76? 11/06/?3
774
238pu
(nCI/kg)


239pu
CnCi/kg)

C1 A*
(nCi/kg)
,/mr f XT^T"
h>Aru. j-ir> J.MVJ.
0 Aurnr -n XT/MTI
0.0043
0.00046
0.075
0.034
0.0042
0.024
0.10
0.021
0.023
0.017
0.12
0.0097
0.054
0.099
0.13
0.068
0.057
0.019
0.040
0.041
0.065
0.059
± 0.0006
± 0.0002
± 0.007
± 0.003
± 0.0007
± 0.001
± 0.004
± 0.003
± 0.0009
± 0.0007
± 0.009
± 0.00097
± 0.003
± 0.006
± 0.011
± 0.003
± 0.005
± 0.002
± 0.003
± 0.003
± 0.008
± 0.007
0.22
0.021
3.1
1.5
0.16
0.98
4.5
0.76
1.0
0.76
4.6
0.36
2.3
3.8
5.3
3.0
2.5
0.79
1.8
1.8
2.8
2.8
UJ^T-U- J-iJA 1NU-L
± 0.009 0.031
± 0.001
± 0.18
± 0.07
± 0.006
± 0.03
± 0.13
± 0.045
± 0.03
± 0.015
± 0.14
± 0.011
± 0.091
± 0.12
± 0.21
± 0.089
± 0.13
± 0.032
± 0.053
± 0.09
± 0.23
± 0.19
0.0037
0.48
0.22
0.026
0.14
0.81
0.11
0.18
0.14
0.46
0.042
0.28
0.52
0.56
0.42
0.34
0.12
0.26
0.27
0.40
0.36
239pu.238pu
Ratio
239Pu:241Ain
Ratio
POT T T7PrPT?'n >

L»UljJ-i
± 0.
± 0.
± 0.
± 0.
± 0.
± 0.
± 0.
± 0.
± 0.
± 0.
± 0.
± 0.
± 0.
± 0.
± 0.
± 0.
± 0.
± 0.
± 0.
± 0.
± 0.
± 0.
002
0002
014
004
0008
004
024
005
007
007
014
002
009
016
028
013
01
002
005
008
012
Oil
51
46
41.
44.
38.
4Q.
45
36.
43.
44.
38.
37.
42.
38.
40.
44.
"43.
41.
45
43.
43.
47.


3
1
0
8

2
5
7
3
1
6
4
8
1
9
6

9
1
5
7.
5.
6.
6.
6.
7
5.
6.
5.
5.
10
8.
8.
7.
9.
7.
7.
6.
6.
6.
7
7.
1
7
5
8
2

6
9
6
4

6
2
3
5
1
4
6
9
7
8
-------
APPENDIX VI.
ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN THE FLUID COMPONENT OF THE RUMEN CONTENTS  FROM STEERS
GRAZING AREA 13 (fret wt > (.Continued)
Animal Date
No. Collected
707
79Q
7g* 02/20/74
774
707
72Q
761 °5/21/74
774
707
72.^ 08/07/74
774
707
72^ 11/05/74
774
707
7^ 03/12/75
774
707
72? 05/29/75
/ol
774
'238pu
(nCi/kg)
0.075
0.061
0.031
0.14
0.020
0.085
0.079
0.049
0.55
0.88
0.49
0.84
0.15
0.31
0.37
0.78
0.22
0.097
0.24
0.10
0.56
0.24
0.64
0.34
± 0.005
± 0.003
± 0.003
± 0.010
± 0.001
± 0.003
± 0.006
± 0.002
± 0.039
± 0.026
± 0.020
± 0.067
± 0.011
± 0.022
± 0.048
± 0.063
± 0.02
± 0.01
± 0.02
± 0.01
± 0.033
± 0.027
± 0.032
± 0.017
239pu 2klM
(jiCi/kg).
3.3
2.7
1.3
5.0
0.88
3.6
3.4
2.1
23.8
38.6
21.5
36.0
6.2
12.8
17.1
32.8
8.1
4.1
9.8
4.4
24.5
10.7
27.4
14.7
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
±
±
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
±
0.13
0.08
0.05
0.25
0.018
0.11
0.17
0.062
1.4
1.2
0.86
2.5
0.31
0.64
0.86
2.3
0.5
0.25
0.59
0.27
1.2
0.86
1.1
0.59
(nCi/kg)
0.47
0.40
0.20
0.82
0.16
0.51
0.46
0.29
3.4
5.3
3.4
5.2
0.95
0.26
5.9
4.6
1.4
0.14
0.75
0.70
4.3
0.81
4.5
2.0
± 0.014
± 0.02
± 0.004
± 0.025
± 0.003
± 0.015
± 0.014
± 0.006
± 0.2
± 0.16
± 0.13
± 0.05
± 0.038
± 0.019
± 0.12
± 0.32
± 0.08
± 0.01
± 0.03
± 0.056
± 0.086
± 0.016
± 0.22
± 0.14
239Pu:238Pu 239Pu:2ttlAm
Ratio
44
44
42
35
44
42
43
42
43
43
43
42
41
41
46
42
36
42
• 40
44
43
44
42
43

.3
.7

.3
.9
.3
.9
.9
.9
.3
.3
.2
.1
.8
.3
.8

.8
.6
.8
.2
Ratio
7
6.
6.
6.
5.
7.
7.
7.
7
7.
6.
6.
6.
49.
2.
7.
5.
29.
13.
0.
5.
13
6.
7.

8
5
1
5
1
4
2

3
3
9
5
2
9
1
8
3
1
62
7
.2
1
4
-------
APPENDIX VI.
ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN THE FLUID COMPONENT OF THE RUMEN CONTENTS FROM STEERS
GRAZING AREA 13 Cwet wt ) (.Continued)
Animal Date
No.
707
729
761
774
707
729
761
774
707
729
761
774
Collected
0.
08/23/75 °;
0.
0.
11/13/75 °;
0.
0.
02/19/76 Q'
0.
'238pu
(nCi/kg)
040 ±
080 ±
040 ±
010 ±
010 ±
030 ±
080 ±
020 ±
10 ±
12 ±
040 ±
030 ±
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.05
0.02
0.01
0.01
9 3 QT^ 9U1 1
ZJyPu ^ Am
CnCi/kg)
1.6
2.3
1.6
0.61
0.34
1.3
3.4
0.64
2.3
5.1
1.6
1.3
± 0.17
± 0.47
± 0.17
± 0.08
± 0.06
± 0.21
± 0.68
± 0.1
± 0.76
± 0.68
± 0.25
± 0.21
(nCi/kg)
0.080
0.24
0.18
0.080
0.060
0.16
0.36
0.090
0.49
0.99
0.15
0.24
± 0.
± 0.
± 0.
± 0.
± 0.
± 0.
± 0.
± 0.
± 0.
± 0.
± 0.
± 0.
02
05
04
02
01
01
04
03
1
11
04
05
239pu.238pu
Ratio
40
28.8
40
61
34
43.3
42.5
32
23
42.5
40
43.3
239pu:24
Ratio
20
9.
8.
7.
5.
8.
9.
7.
4.
5.
10.
5.
1^


6
9
6
7
1
4
1
7
7
7
4
*Steers grazed outer compound this date.  All  other  collections  from inner compound.
-------
APPENDIX VII.  ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN THE RETICULUM SEDIMENT FROM STEERS GRAZING AREA 13  (wet wt.)
Animal Date -238Pu
No. Collected* (nCi/kg)
707 <•
7^9 <
761t 06/12/73 o.002 ± 0.0008
774t 
-------
APPENDIX VII.  ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN THE. RETICULUM SEDIMENT FROM STEERS GRAZING AREA 13  (vet wt.)
               (.Continued)
Animal
No.
707
729
761
774
707
729
761
774
Date 238Pu
Collected* (nCi/kg)
<0.08
11/13/75 0.52 ,0.20
0.81 ± 0.26
0.020 ± 0.010
«/»"« JJo ±S:l6
0.82 ± 0.26
239pu
CnCi/kg)
5.0 ± 1.1
11.0 ± 2.2
140.0 ± 15.0
21.0 ± 3.2
0.45 ± 0.10
55.0 ± 11.0
10.0 ± 1.5
5.1 ± 0.87
(nCi/kg)
<0.18
1.6
17.0
2.3
<0.20
5.4
1.5
0.94

± 0.85
± 3.2
± 0.7

± 1.7
± 0.6
± 0.18
239pu.238pu
Ratio

21
43.8
17
22.5
39.3
20
6.2
239Pu:2I+1Am
Ratio

6.9
8.2
9.1

10.2
6.7
5.4
*Sediment samples not collected on 09/05/73, 10/01/73, 11/06/73, 02/20/74, 05/21/74, 03/12/75, and
05/29/75.
tSteers grazed outer compound this date.  All other collections from inner compound.
NA = Samples not analyzed.
-------
    APPENDIX VIII.  RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN TISSUES COLLECTED FROM
                      ANIMALS GRAZING THE INNER COMPOUND, AREA 13,  NTS
Notes:

*
.All strontium, tritium, and gamma spectral analyses by EMSL-LV.
 Wet weight
rActivity expressed in pCi/1
^ctinide analyses by LFE
2Actinide analyses by EMSL-LV
3Actinide analyses by Eberline
NA = Not analyzed
-------
00
     APPENDIX VIII.  RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS*IN TISSUES COLLECTED FROM ANIMALS GRAZING THE INNER
                     COMPOUND, AREA 13, NTS

     Cow Number 2  Data collected 10/25/73
Tissue Type
Rumen
vegetation1
Rumen
fluid1
Reticulum
sediment2
Liver1
Lung2
Tracheobronchial
lymph nodes2
Muscle 2
Gonads
Blood cells2
Blood serum2
Femur 1
Vertebrae1
Skin2
Skin and
hair2
Kidney2
Thyroid2
238pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)
13.0
270
4.5
46.0
-------
APPENDIX VIII.  RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS  IN TISSUES COLLECTED FROM ANIMALS GRAZING THE INNER
                COMPOUND, AREA 13, NTS (Continued)

Calf Number 11  Data collected 10/25/73
Tissue Type
Rumen
vegetation
Rumen
fluid
Reticulum
sediment
Liver1
Lung1
Tracheobronchial
lymph nodes2
Muscle1
Gonads
Blood cells2
Blood serum2
Femur2
Vertebrae2
Skin2
Skin and
hair2
Kidney2
Thyroid2
238pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)



0.020 ± 0.006
0.36 ± 0.11
0.65 ± 0.5
31 i 24.0
0.38 ± 0.03
4.4 ± 0.3
<0.031
<0.34
<0.025
<0.22
<0.009
<0.005
<0.47
5.7 ± 0.47
43.0 ± 3'.6
22.0 + 5.2
280 ±69.0
NA
NA
239pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)



0.24
4.4
<0.71
<34
16.0
180
0.043
0.47
0.074
0.65
0.047
7.1
0.038
3.4
78.0 -
590



+
+

+
±
+
+
+
+
+
±
+
+



0
0

0
5
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0



.017
.3

.48
.5
.035
.38
.032
.28
.007
.0
.011
.9
± 5.7
± 43.0
770 ±
10,000 ±


NA
NA
180
2,400




21)1Am
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)



-------
APPENDIX VIII.  RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS  IN TISSUES COLLECTED FROM ANIMALS GRAZING THE INNER
                COMPOUND, AREA 13, NTS (Continued)

Cow Number 10  Data collected 01/28/76
Tissue Type
Rumen
vegetation3
Rumen
fluid3
Reticulum
sediment3
Liver3
Lung3
Tracheobronchial
^-4 lymph nodes3
Muscle3
Gonads3
Blood cells3
Blood serum3
Femur 3
Vertebrae3
Skin and
hair3
Kidney3
238pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt )
0.29 ±
4.8 +
<0.14
<0.17
<0.2
<80.0
0.54 ±
5.3 ±
0.89 ±
24.0 ±
2.0 ±
71.0 ±
<0.005
<0.05
<0.157
<4.3
<0.002
<0.05
<0.0074
<0.14
<0.003
<0.94
0.014 ±
1.4 ±
0.18 ±
3.6 ±
0.047 ±
0.47 ±
0.14
2.3


0.094
0.93
0.56
16.0
0.76
27.0




0.007
0.7
0.13
2.6
0.033
0.3
239pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)
8.3
140
30.0
37.0
1.2
500
15.0
150
22.0
580
66.0
2,300
0.22
2.3
1.1
32.0
0.021
0.47
0.15
2.8
0.33
100
0.67
68.0
4.1
83.0
1.1
11.0
± 1.8
± 30.0
± 7.1
± 8.7
± 0.43
± 180
± 2.0
± 20.0
± 6.2
± 170
± 16.0
± 570
± 0.054
± 0.55
± 0.55
± 16.0
± 0.01
± 0.27
± 0.04
± 0.79
± 0.05
± 16.0
± 0.067
± 6.7
± 1.1
± 21.0
± 0.3
± 3.0
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)
23.0 ±
380 ±
14.0 ±
17.0 ±
13.0 ±
5,400 ±
1.7 ±
17.0 ±
1.7 ±
46.0 ±
18.0 ±
650 ±
0.021 ±
0.22 ±
<0.35
<12.0
<0.015
<0.33
<0.013
<0.25
0.03 ±
9.9 ±
0.043 ±
4.4 ±
<0.023
<0.4
<0.018
<0.18
3.2
54.0
3.8
4.7
2.9
1,300
0.23
2.2
0.43
12.0
7.1
250
0.01
0.1



0.008
2.7
0.015
1.5


238U 89Sr
(pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt) (pCi/kgt)
<0.009
<0.17
<0.56
<0.64
1.4 ± 1.1
610 ± 470
0.46 ± 0.09
4.5 ± 0.9
0.54 ± 0.19
15.0 ± 5.4
<0.043
<1.5
0.14 i 0.03
1.4 ± 0.34
<0.025
<0.71
<0.001
<0.02
0.017 ± 0.013
0.32 + 0.25
<0.008
<2.6
<0.015
<1.5
<0.1
<2.0
<0.015
<0.15
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
90Sr
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Ash
1.7
0.1
43.3
0.99
2.7
3.5
1.0
2.9
2.2
1.9
31.6
10.1
2.0
1.0
3H K
(pCi/1) (g/kgt)
NA 1.8 ± 0.58
NA NA
NA NA
NA 3.0 ± 0.32
NA 5.0 ± 0.44
NA NA
NA 4.2 ± 0.44
NA NA
NA NA
800 ± 260 NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
137Cs
(pCi/kgt)
42.0 ± 7.1
NA
NA
-------
APPENDIX VIII.  RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS" IN TISSUES COLLECTED FROM ANIMALS GRAZING THE INNER
                COMPOUND, AREA 13, NTS (Continued)

Calf Number 18  Data collected 01/28/76
Tissue Type
Rumen
vegetation3
Rumen
fluid3
Reticulum
sediment3
Liver3
Lung3
Tracheobronchial
lymph nodes 3
Muscle
Gonads3
Blood cells3
Blood serum3
Femur 3
Vertebrae 3
Skin and
hair3
Kidney3
238Pu 239Pu
(pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg ) (pCi/kgt)
37.0
460
4.3
50.0
1.7
120
<0.033
<1.7
0.52
70.0

0.048
0.48

<0.014
<0.7

0.008
1.9
<0.006
<0.91
2.1
240
0.078
1.1
± 1.3 1,900
± 170 24,000
±0.8 200
± 8.8 2,300
± 0.4 46.0
± 30.0 3,300
0.58
30.0
± 0.08 0.33
± 13.0 45.0

± 0.016 0.48
± 0.16 4.8

0.75
36.0
CAMPT F T HQT —

± 0.007 0.27
± 1.8 69.0
0.42
58.0
± 0.34 130
±38.0 14,000
0.04 1.4
0.56 20
± 680
± 85,000
± 34.0
± 380
± 5.0
± 360
±0.08
± 4.1
± 0.07
± 8.8

± 0.16
± 1.6

± 0.26
±12.0
	 1-
± 0.056
± 14.0
± 0.09
± 13.0
± 20.0
± 2,200
± 0.63
± 8.9
2l(1Am
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)
170 ± 121
2,200 ± 260
28.0 ± 3.8
317 ± 43.0
10.0 ± 3.0
720 ± 200
0.16 ± 0.03
8.2 ± 1.7
0.19 ± 0.03
26.0 ± 4.5
9.3 ± 1.9
120 ±24.0
<0.035
<0.35
<0.4
<3.3
0.067 ± 0.026
3.2 ± 2.7
<0.006
<0.09
0.039 ± 0.01
9.7 ± 2.6
0.041 ± 0.014
5.8 ± 2.0
12.0 ± 1.5
1,300 ± 170
0.062 ± 0.027
0.87 ± 0.38
238U "Sr
(pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt) (pCi/kgt)
0.50
6.2
0.12
1.3
<0.43
<31.0
0.056
2.9
<0.006
<0.84
<0.33
<3.8
3.6
36.0
<0.1
<0.83
<0.001
<0.06
0.013
0.21
0.017
4.3
0.017
2.4
0.045
4.9
0.58
8.1
± 0.11
± 1.4
± 0.06
± 0.62

± 0.02
± 0.9
± 0.5
± 5.4
± 0.008
± 0.13
± 0.01
± 2.5
± 0.005
± 1.1
± 0.021
± 2.3
±0.09
± 1.3
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
90Sr Ash
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt) w
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA-
NA
1.25
1.1
7.3
5.2
13.5
1.3
0.99
0.8
4.8
1.6
25.6
14.2
11.1
1.4
3H
(pCi/1)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
450 ± 260
NA
NA
NA
NA
K 137Cs
(g/kgt) (pCi/kgt)
0.9 ± 0.2 41.0 ± 5.7
NA NA
NA NA
NA 
-------
     APPENDIX VIII.  RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS  IN TISSUES COLLECTED FROM ANIMALS GRAZING THE INNER
                     COMPOUND, AREA 13, NTS (Continued)
     Goat Number 1  Data collected 08/07/73
N3
Tissue Type
Rumen
vegetation1
Rumen
fluid1
Reticulum
sediment
Liver i
Lung1
Tracheobronchial
lymph nodes i
Muscle
Gonads
Blood cells if
Blood serum1^
Femur 1
Vertebrae
Skin and
hair1
Kidney1
238pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)
2.9
67.0
0.97
12.0

0.042
0.42
0.030
0.3
0.35
370
0.021
0.52
0.20
0.15
0.0079
1.3
3.5
29.0
0.060
0.66
± 0.3
± 7.0
± 0.14
± 1.6

± 0.01
± 0.13
+ 0.01
± 0.1
± 0.32
± 335
± 0.003
± 0.07
± 0.1
± 0.074
± 0.001
± 0.2
± 0.4
± 3.4
± 0.03
± 0.3
239pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)
130
2,900
460
500

0.18
1.8
1.2
14.0
11.0
1,100
0.071
1.7
1.1
0.83
0.0050
0.80
120
1,000
0.17
1.9
± 7.6
± 170
± 2.3
± 28.0

± 0.02
± 0.2
± 0.05
± 0.6
± 0.76
± 803
± 0.005
± 0.1
± 0.28
± 0.15
± 0.001
± 0.2
± 8.4
± 70.0
± 0.05
± 0.5
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)
20.0
450
7.4
90.0

0.21
2.2
0.12
1.3
0.56
59.0
0.02
0.4
0.2

± 0.8
+ 18.0
± 0.3
± 3.6

± 0.01
± 0.2
± 0.03
± 0.3
± 0.16
± 17.0
± 0.004
± 0.1
± 0.85
-------
APPENDIX VIII.  RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS  IN TISSUES COLLECTED FROM ANIMALS GRAZING THE INNER
                COMPOUND, AREA 13, NTS (Continued)
Goat Number 2  Data collected 10/25/73
Tissue Type
Rumen
vegetation1
Rumen
fluid
Reticulum
sediment
Liver
Lung1
Tracheobronchial
lymph nodes2
Muscle1
Gonads
Blood cells2
Blood serum2
Femur
Vertebrae2
Skin2
238Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)
3.4
57.0



0.091
1.0
<0.7
<38.0
0.032
0.38
0.35
2.8
<0.02
<0.24
0.33
100
0.0052
0.62
3.7
45.0
±0.58
± 9.7



± 0.02
± 0.3

± 0.005
± 0.06
± 0.03
± 0.4

± 0.032
± 9.5
± 0.0046
± 0.55
± 0.2
± 2.1
239Pu
(PCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)
150 ±
2,500 ±



0.63 ±
6.9 ±
<58.0
1.1 ±
14.0 ±
0.063 ±
0.50 ±
0.042 ±
0.40 ±
0.006 ±
1.8 ±
0.042 ±
5.0 ±
150 ±
1,900 ±
15.0
250



0.05
0.56

0.03
0.4
0.01
0.2
0.01
0.2
0.006
1.8
0.01
1.2
6.5
65.0
2l(1Am 238U 89Sr 90Sr Ash 3H K
(pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/1) (g/kg )
(pCi/kgt) (pCi/kgt) (pCi/kgt) (pCi/kgt)
20-° * °'8 °'« NA NA 1.7 NA NA
240 ± 130 8.1



S:l3* o:"5 i:5 - - ^ NA 2-2
NA *°'g6 NA NA 5.6 NA NA
°-*5 * I'f 
-------
APPENDIX IX.  RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN TISSUES COLLECTED FROM CATTLE
              GRAZING THE OUTER COMPOUND, AREA 13, NTS
Notes:

A
 All strontium, tritium, and gamma spectral analyses by EMSL-LV.
 Wet weight
rActivity expressed in pCi/1                                          '
^ctinide analyses by LFE
2Actinide analyses by EMSL-LV
3Actinide analyses by Eberline
NA = Not analyzed
-------
APPENDIX IX.  RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS  IN TISSUES COLLECTED FROM CATTLE GRAZING THE OUTER COMPOUND,
              AREA 13, NTS

Cow Number 3  Data collected 10/25/73
Tissue Type
Rumen
vegetation1
Rumen
fluid1
Reticulum
sediment2
Liver1
Lung2
Tracheobronchial
lymph nodes2
Muscle2
r A
Blood cells2
Blood serum2
Femur2
Vertebrae2
Skin and
hair2
Kidneys2
Thyroid2
238pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)
6.2 ±
16.0 ±
0.56 ±
78.0 ±
0.30 i
78.0 ±
0.0094 ±
0.15 ±
0.027 ±
0.30 ±
<0.23
<3.0
0.0065 ±
0.13 t

<0.018
<0.16
<0.017
<0.25
<0.006
<0.004
<0.88
4.5 ±
2,000 t
NA
NA
0.8
1.6
0.056
10 ."0
0.08
19.0
0.00078
0.13
0.004
0.05

0.007
0.13





0.22
9.5


239Fu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)
250 ±
3,100 ±
21.0 ±
610 ±
0.8 ±
220 ±
0.38 ±
6.1 ±
0.78 ±
8.6 ±
<0.45
<5.8
<0.004
<0.08

0.055 ±
0.48 ±
0.030 ±
0.45 +
<0.007
<2.0
<0.006
200 *
8,800 ±
NA
NA
20.0
250
0'. 6
18.0
0.1
36.0
0.027
0.4
0.035
0.38



0.023
0.2
0.013
0.19


7.5
340


(pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt) (pCi/kgt)
34.0 ±
430 ±
3.1 ±
86.0 ±
NA
0.16 l
2.5 ±
NA
NA
NA

NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1.0 1.9
13.0 25-0
0.09 0.83
2.5 25.0
3.2
830
0.022 0.65
0.36 10.0
0.055
0.60
0.17
2.2
0.0027
0.055
mmT r. W.T
0.0095
0.084
0.0041
0.062
<0.002
<0.54
0.0029
0.64
0.84
37.0




± 0.16
i 41.0

± 0.007
i 0.08
+ 0.11
i 1.4
± 0.0026
± 0.052
COLLECTED
± 0.008
± 0.072
± 0.002
± 0.03

± 0.02
± 0.47
± 0.048
+ 2.1
NA
NA
89Sr 9°Sr
(pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt) (pCi/kgt)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA

NA
NA
<310
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA

NA
NA
3.9 ± 1.0
1,100 ± 280
NA
NA
NA
NA
Ash
1.3
2.9
26.0
1.6
1.1
1.3
2.0

0.88
1.5
28.0
22.0
4.4
NA
GAMMA
H
(pCi/1)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA

NA
410 ± 240
NA
NA
NA
NA
(g/kgt) (pCi/kgt)
NA
NA
NA
1.4
0.9
NA
1.4

NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2.7
SPECTRUM
NA
NA
NA
-------
APPENDIX IX.  RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS  IN TISSUES COLLECTED FROM CATTLE GRAZING THE OUTER COMPOUND,
              AREA 13, NTS (Continued)
Fetus of Cow Number 3  Data collected 10/25/73
238pu 239pu 21*1^
Tissue Type (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pC
(pCi/kgt) (pCi/kgt) (pCi/kg+) (p
Rumen
vegetation
Rumen
fluid '
Reticulum
sediment

Tracheobronchial
lymph nodes
Muscle2 0.032 ± 0.020 0.10 + 0.33 0.00
0.30 ± 0.19 0.96 ± 0.31 0.09


Femur1 0.002 ± 0.001 0.08
-------
APPENDIX IX.  RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS  IN TISSUES COLLECTED FROM CATTLE GRAZING THE OUTER COMPOUND,
              AREA 13, NTS (Continued)
Cow Number 8  Data collected 10/25/73
Tissue Type
Rumen
vegetation1
Rumen
/luid1
Reticulum
sediment2
Liver1
Lung1
Tracheobronchial
lymph nodes2
Muscle1
Gonads
Blood cells2
Blood serum2
Femur
Vertebrae1
Skin2
Skin and
hair2
Kidney2
238pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)

4.4
52.0
<0.073
<16.0
0.016
0.18
0.090
1.2
<0.23
<6.3
0.0074
0.072
<0.009
<0.07
0.026
0.24
0.0043
1.1
0.0015
0.33
9.3
790
7.1
320


± 0.3
± 3.7
± 0.005
± 0.053
± 0.08
± 1.0

± 0.006
± 0.06

± 0.008
± 0.14
± 0.00098
± 0.25
± 0.00061
± 0.13
± 2.4
1 200
± 1.9
± 84
NA
239pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)

190
2,300
<0.09
<21.0
0.15
1.7
3.3
44.0
<0.23
<6.2
0.037
0.36
0.027
0.21
0.028
0.26
0.0014
0.35
0.0063
1.4
360
31,000
290
13,000


± 5.
± 68
± 0.
± 0.
± 0.
± 3.

± 0.
± 0.
± 0.
± 0.
± 0.
± 0.
± 0.
± 0.
± 0.
± 0.
± 93
i 1,
± 67
± 3,
NA

7
.0
014
16
3
9

009
09
007
11
009
17
00084
21
00082
18
.0
200
.0
000

21tlAm 238U 89Sr
(pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt) (pCi/kgt) (pCi/kgt)



330° ± 13*0 
-------
     APPENDIX IX.   RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS  IN TISSUES  COLLECTED FROM CATTLE GRAZING THE OUTER COMPOUND,
                   AREA 13,  NTS'(Continued)
     Calf Number 12  Data collected 10/25/73
00
238pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)
Rumen
vegetation
Rumen
fluid2
Reticulum
sediment2
Liver 1
Lung1
Tracheobronchial
lymph nodes
Muscle1
Gonads
Blood cells2
Blood serum2
Femur1
Vertebrae1
Skin2
Skin and
hair2
Kidney2
Thyroid2
1.6
31.0
0.19
1.6
<0.05
<0.25
0.011
0.14
<0.5
<7.5
± 0.2
± 4.0
± 0.037
± 0.3

± 0.007
± 0.09

0.0039 ± 0.003
0.043 ± 0.031
<0.08
<0.7
<0.03
<0.8
0.098
3<»0
0.39
55.0
2.7
35.0
1.9
26.0




± 0.0049
± 1.7
± 0.012
± 1.7
± 0.14
± 1.9
± 0.96
± 1.4
NA
NA
239pu
(PCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)
54.0 ±
1,000 ±
6.8 ±
56.0 ±
0.7 ±
360 ±
0.29 ±
3.8 ±
<0.8
<12.0
0.028 +
0.32 ±
0.10 ±
0.92 ±
<0.04
0.63 +
220 ±
16.0 ±
2,300 ±
120 ±
1,500 ±
66. 0 ±
930 ±
NA
NA
4.3
83.0
0.2
1.7
0.05
26.0
0.033
0.42

0.005
0.057
0.043
0.38

0.019
6.7
0.33
46.0
4.6
60.0
2.4
34.0


2'*1Am 238U 89Sr 90Sr
(pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt) (pCi/kgt) (pCi/kgt) (pCi/kgt)
9.6 ± 0.
190 ± 5.
0.94 ± 0,
8.3 ± 1.
NA
0.059 ± 0.
0.77 ± 0.
NA
0.014 ± 0,
0.15 ± 0,
NA
NA
0.087 ± 0,
30.0 ± 0.
2.2 ± 0.
308 ±9
NA
NA
NA
NA
,29 0.29
.6 5.5
.2 3.0
.0 24.0
1.0 ±
510 ±
.011 0.21
.15 2.7
<0.15
<2.3
.004 0.17
.044 1.9
<0.031
<0.27
<0.01
<0.26
.0026 <0.034
•91 <12.0
.066 <0.034
.2 <4.1
0.35 ±
4.5 ±
0.79
11.0
NA
NA
NA
NA
°;!o
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
<0.9
<310
mo2
°-°38 NA
0.5 NA
°'06 NA
0.75
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2.3 ± 0.8
790 ± 280
<850
NA
NA
NA
NA
Ash
m
1.9
0.8
50.0
1.3
1.5
1.1
0.88
2.6
35.0
14.0
1.4
1.4
NA
NA
3H
(pCi/1)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
GAMMA
K
(g/kgt)
NA
NA
NA
1.4
NA
1.0
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2.0
SPECTRUM
137Cs
(pCi/kgt)
NA
NA
NA
^MDA
NA
20.0
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
-------
APPENDIX IX.  RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS  IN TISSUES COLLECTED FROM CATTLE GRAZING THE OUTER COMPOUND,
              AREA 13, NTS (Continued)

Cow Number 1  Data collected 07/09/74
Tissue Type
Rumen
vegetation1
Rumen
fluid1
Reticulum
sediment2
Liver1
Lung1
Tracheobronchial
lymph nodes1
Muscle1
Gonads1
Blood cells1?
Blood serum1 T
Femur 1
Vertebrae1
Skin and
hair1
Fetus1
Kidney2
Thyroid2
238pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)
3.7
83.0
1.6
19.0
0.12
69.0
0.031
0.43
0.048
2.1
0.74
7.6




± 0.4
± 9.2
t 0.13
± 1.5
± 0.04
± 23.0
± 0.015
± 0.2
± 0.004
± 0.17
± 0.3
± 3.2
-------
APPENDIX IX.  RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS  IN TISSUES COLLECTED FROM CATTLE GRAZING THE OUTER COMPOUND,
              AREA 13, NTS (Continued)
Cow Number 4  Data collected 07/09/74
Tissue Type
Rumen
vegetation1
Rumen
fluid1
Reticulum
sediment ]
Liver1
Lung1
Trachebronchial
00 lymph nodes1
° Muscle1
Gonads 1
Blood cells4
Blood serum1!
Femur1
Vertrebrae1
Skin1
Kidney1
Thyroid2
238pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)
3.4 ± 0.57
52.0 ± 8.9
1.6 ± 0.11
16.0 ± 1.1
-------
     APPENDIX IX.
RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS  IN TISSUES COLLECTED FROM CATTLE GRAZING THE OUTER COMPOUND,
AREA 13, NTS (Continued)
     Cow Number 6  Data collected 07/09/74
00
Tissue Type
Rumen
vegetation
Rumen
fluid1
Reticulum
sediment1
Liver1
Lung1
Tracheobronchial
lymph nodes1
Muscle1
Gonads1
Blood cells 4
Blood serum T
Femur 1
Vertebrae1
Skin1
Kidney1
Fetus1
Thyroid2
238pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)
2.9 ± 0.26
46.0 ± 4.1
2.8 ± 0.3
12.0 ± 1.4

150
240
28.0
130
0.042
30. "0
0.016
0.79
0.12
2.5
0.89
8.2
± 0.6
± 9.6
± 1.1
± 5.0
± 0.012
± 8.7
± 0.004
± 0.22
± 0.007
± 0.15
± 0.2
± 1.8
0.00075 ± 0.0005
0.043 ± 0.031
<0.02
0.12 ±
0.6 ±
0.0047 ±
0.59 ±
0.023 ±
4.7 ±
14.0 ±
110 ±
0.016 ±
0.33 ±
0.054 ±
0.43 ±
NA

0.072
0.16
0.001
0.17
0.001
0.23
0.7
5.5
0.01
0.2
0.047
0.38



0.28
-------
APPENDIX IX.  RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS  IN TISSUES COLLECTED FROM CATTLE GRAZING THE OUTER COMPOUND,
              AREA 13, NTS (Continued)
Bull Number 13  Data collected 01/29/75
Tissue Type
Rumen
vegetation1
Rumen
fluid1
Reticulum
sediment 1
Liver1
Lung1
Tracheobronchial
lymph nodes 1
Muscle1
Gonads1
Blood cells'
Blood serum1
Femur1
Vertebrae1
Skin1
Kidney1
239pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)
1.2 ± 0.035
23.0 ± 0.68
0.82 ± 0.41
8.4 ± 0.42
0.067 ± 0.023
28.0 ± 9.7
0.010 ± 0.002
0.35 ± 0.067
0.013 ± 0.002
0.52 ± 0.068
0.063 ± 0.023
6.4 ± 2.3
-------
APPENDIX IX.  RADIONUCUDE CONCENTRATIONS  IN TISSUES COLLECTED FROM CATTLE GRAZING THE OUTER COMPOUND,
              AREA 13, NTS (Continued)

Bull Number 15  Data collected 01/29/75
Tissue Type
Rumen
vegetation1
Rumen
fluid1
Reticulum
sediment1
Liver1
Lung'
2 Tracheobronchial
lymph nodes ]
Muscle1
Gonads1
Blood cells1!
Blood serum1 1
Femur '
Vertebrae 1
Skin1
Kidney1
238pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)
0.14
18.0
0.17
0.95

0.0085
0.29
0.036
0.55
0.12
12.0

1.4
22.0
0.06


0.0014
0.29
0.57
49.0

± 0.002
± 1.9
± 0.014
± 0.076

± 0.004
± 0.12
± 0.01
± 0.16
± 0.031
± 3.2
-------
APPENDIX IX.  RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS  IN TISSUES COLLECTED FROM CATTLE GRAZING THE OUTER COMPOUND,
              AREA 13, NTS (Continued)

Calf Number 17  Data collected 01/29/75
238pu 239pu 2-1^
Tissue Type (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash)
(pCl/kgt) (pCi/kgt) (pCi/kgt)
Rumen
vegetation
Rumen
fluid
Reticulum
sediment
Liver1 0.25 ± 0.03 0.13 ± 0.02 0.0081 ± 0.006
4.8 ± O.S 2.7 ± 0.38 0.17 ± 0.12
Lung1 0.020 ± 0.007
00 
-------
APPENDIX IX.  RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS" IN TISSUES COLLECTED FROM CATTLE GRAZING THE OUTER COMPOUND,
              AREA 13, NTS (Continued)
Cow Number 5  Data collected 01/29/75
Tissue Type
Rumen
vegetation1
Rumen
fluid1
Reticulum
sediment 1
Liver *
Lung1
QQ Tracheobronchial
Ul lymph nodes1
Muscle1
Gonads
Blood cells i:f
Blood serum1?
Femur1
Vertebrae^
Skin1
Kidney1
238Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg t)
2.7
46.0
0.94
8.5
0.057
36.0
0.0048
0.14
0.068
1.5
0.068
5.4
0.0017
0.085
4
+
+
+
+
-t-
+
+
+
±
+
+
±
±
0.11
4.1
0.05
0.5
0.006
3.6
0.002
0.05
0.005
0.12
0.04
3.7
0.001
0.042
-------
     APPENDIX IX.   RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS
                   AREA 13, NTS (Continued)

     Cow Number 14  Data collected 01/28/76
IN TISSUES COLLECTED FROM CATTLE GRAZING THE OUTER COMPOUND,
00
Tissue Type
Rumen
vegetation3
Rumen
fluid3
Reticulum
sediment
Liver
Lung
Tracheobronchial
lymph nodes
Muscle3
Gonads
Blood cells3
Blood serum3
Femur 3
Vertebrae3
Skin and
hair3
Kidney^
238Fu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)
31.0 ±
73.0 ±
1.1 ±
14.0 ±


0.13 ±
6.2 ±
0.14 ±
1.3 ±
<0.2
<2.86
0.034 ±
0.32 ±
<0.075
<2.3
<0.002
SAMPLE
<0.0004
<0.17
0.012 ±
1.9 ±
1.8 ±
180 ±
<0.003
<0.12
7.1
17.0
0.2
2.4


0.02
0.87
0.04
0.3

0.010
0.09


LOST

0.008
1.3
0.63
63.0

239pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)
1,100
2,600
35.0
440


0.25
12.0
2.2
20.0
14.0
210
0.17
1.6
0.23
6.9
0.0084
0.41
± 240
± 570
± 5.0
± 64.0


± 0.03
± 1.6
± 0.33
± 3.1
± 2.4
± 34.0
± 0.053
± 0.5
± 0.18
± 5.4
± 0.006
± 0.29
SAMPLE LOST
0.042
17.0
0.21
34.0
75.0
7,500
0.16
3.7
±0.01
± 4.2
± 0.05
± 7.4
* 240
± 2,500
± 0.024
± 0.86
2ltlAm
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)
480
110
4.1
540


0.035
1.7
0.26
2.5
0.85
12.0
<0.01
<0.2
± 78.0
1 18.0
± 0.8
± 10.0
i-

± 0.009
± 0.44
± 0.1
+ 0.9
± 0.55
± 7.9

238U 89Sr 90Sr Ash 3H K 137 Cs
(pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash) m fnCi/11 fe/ket) fDCl/kEt)
(pCi/kgt) (pCi/kgt) (pCi/kgt) ^"' W^'1-' ^'KS ' VP^/KS )
2.
6.
0.
1.
;AMPI
0.
3.
0.
0.
<°:
0.
0.
SAMPLE LOST *°'
<0.001
<0.07
<0.002
<0.03
0.0078
3.1
0.0089
1.4
6.6
660
<0.002
<0.06


± 0.004
± 1.7
± 0.004
± 0.6
±1.7
±170

-------
APPENDIX IX.  RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS  IN TISSUES COLLECTED FROM CATTLE GRAZING THE OUTER COMPOUND,
              AREA 13, NTS (Continued)
Calf Number 19  Data collected 01/28/76
Tissue Type
Rumen
vegetation3
Rumen
fluid3
Reticulum
sediment3
Liver3
Lung3
55 Tracheobronchial
lymph nodes3
Muscle3
Gonads3
Blood cells3
Blood serum3
Femur 3
Vertebrae3
Skin and
hair3
Kidney3
238pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)
3.1 ± 0.
28.0 ± 8.
0.93 ± 0.
17.0 ± 2.
0.31 ± 0.
160 ± 90
0.059 ± 0.
1.2 ± 0.
1.1 ± 0.
44.0 ± 6.
SAMPLE
<0.003
<0.03
SAMPLE
SAMPLE
SAMPLE
<0.006
-------
APPENDIX IX.  RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS  IN TISSUES COLLECTED FROM CATTLE GRAZING THE OUTER COMPOUND,
              AREA 13, NTS (Continued)
Cow Number 9  Data collected 03/31/76
Tissue Type
Rumen
vegetation3
Rumen
fluid3
Reticulum
sediment3
Liver3
Lung3
QQ Tracheobronchial
Oo lymph nodes 3
Muscle3
Gonads3
Blood cells3
Blood serum3
Femur3
Vertebrae3
Skin3
Kidney3
238Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)
3.4 ± 0.82
90.0 ± 20.0
<0.12
<0.2
0.94 ± 0.4
600 ± 240
0.0023 ± 0.002
0.11 ± 0.09
<0.55
1.1 ± 0.45
12.0 ± 4.7
<0.0007
<0.02
•=0.1
<0.003
0.020 ± 0.005
0.34 ± 0.08
<0.0001
<0.03
<0.0006
<0.12
<0.01
<0.005
<0.09
239pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)
100
2,700
5.4
8.7
16.0
10,000
0.11
5.3
9.5
32.0
42.0
450
0.019
0.60
<0.8
0.030
0.20
0.14
2.4
0.0092
2.9
0.044
9.1
0.45
58.0
0.068
1.3
± 17.0
± 450
± 1.9
± 3.0
± 2.3
± 3,600
± 0.02
± 0.86
i 1.9
± 6.4
± 6.3
± 66.0
± 0.009
± 0.28

± 0.01
± 0.08
± 0.02
± 0.3
± 0.0007
±2.1
± 0.013
± 2.7
± 0.09
± 12.0
± 0.021
± 0.4
21(1Am
(PCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)
8.1 ±
210 *
1.1 ±
1.8 ±
1.4 ±
900 ±
0.029 ±
1.4 ±
5.6 ±
17.0 ±
9.4 ±
98.0 ±
<0.0017
<0.05
<0.14
<0.04
<0.2
<0.01
<0.2
<0.015
0.0091 ±
1.9 ±
0.035 ±
4.5 ±
<0.021
<0.42
1.9
50.0
0.7
1.2
0.7
460
0.02
0.92
1.9
6.6
2.4
25.0





0.005
0.96
0.02
2.8

238;, 89Sr
(pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt) (pCi/kgt)
<0'62
<16.0
<0'14 NA
<0.22 N
<0'4 NA
<280
0.012 ± 0.007
0.55 ± 0.32
<0'23 NA
<0.8 WA
0.35 ± 0.25
3.7 ± 2.6 NA
0.025 ± 0.009
0.76 ± 0.3
<1Q70 NA
NA
0.047 ± 0.01
0.80 ± 0.2
0.0029 ± 0.0026
0.94 + 0.84
-------
    APPENDIX IX.  RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS   IN TISSUES  COLLECTED  FROM CATTLE GRAZING THE OUTER COMPOUND,
                  AREA 13, NTS (Continued)
    Fetus  from Cow Number 9  Data  collected  03/31/76
CO
238pu
Tissue Type (pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)
Rumen
vegetation
Rumen
fluid
Reticulum
sediment
Liver3
Lung3
Tracheobronchial
lymph nodes
Muscle3
Gonads 3
Blood cells
Blood serum
Femur 3
Vertebrae3
Skin3
Kidney3
Thymus 3
Placenta3




<0.004
<0.02
<0.001
<0.02


<0.01
<6.3

<0.01
<0.001
<0.05
<0.04
<0.6
<0.02
<0.02
<0.8
<0.005
<0.09
239pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)




0.047 ±
0.30 ±
<0.0029
<0.05


0.038 ±
0.3 ±
2.3 ±
11.0 ±

<0.02
<2.0
0.38 ±
2.0 ±
<0.04
<0.6
0.063 ±
0.44 ±
0.035 ±
1.4 ±
0.071 ±
1.2 ±




0.03
0.2



0.002
0.1
1.5
7.5


0.014
0.7

0.03
0.17
0.025
1.0
0.03
0.5
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)




<0.004
<0.03
<0.0004
<0.01


<0.001
<0.01
0.23 ± 0.2
1.1 ± 1.0

<0.003
<0.3
0.030 ± 0.026
1.6 ± 1.4
<0.02
<0.3
<0.01
<0.07
<0.005
<0.17
<0.003
<0.05
(pCl/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)




0.024
'0.16
SAMPLE NOT
SAMPLE NOT
SAMPLE NOT
± 0.021
± 0.13
0.0041 ± 0.003
0.070 ± 0.05


0.029
0.23
2.5
13.0

<0.06
<5.4
<0.04
<2.2
<0.08
<0.04
<0.3
<0.05
<0.008
<0.14
SAMPLE NOT
± 0.002
± 0.16
± 2.0
± 10.0
SAMPLE NOT
SAMPLE NOT





89Sr
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)




NA
NA


NA
NA

NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
90Sr Ash 3H K 137Cs
(pCi/g Ash) ,7, ci/1) t) C'/k t)
(pCi/kgt)




NA 0.64 NA NA NA
NA 1.7 NA NA NA


NA 0.8 NA NA NA
NA 0.5 NA NA NA

NA 9.4 NA NA NA
NA 5.3 NA NA NA
NA 1.7 NA NA NA
_NA 0.7 NA NA NA
NA 3.8 NA NA NA
NA 1.7 NA NA NA
-------
APPENDIX IX.  RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS  IN TISSUES COLLECTED FROM CATTLE GRAZING THE OUTER COMPOUND,
              AREA 13, NTS (Continued)

Bull Number 16  Data collected 03/31/76
Tissue Type
Rumen
vegetation3
Rumen
fluid3
Reticulum
sediment 3
Liver3
Lung3
Tracheobronchial
lymph nodes3
Muscle3
Gonads3
Blood cells3
Blood serum3
Femur 3
Vertebrae3
Skin3
Kidney3
238pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)
0.56
10.0
4.7
43.0
1.3
770
0.026
0.55
<0.12
3.1
30.0
0.022
0.23
<0.04
<0.25
1.0
0.80
0.078
0.75
0.043
16.0
0.011
2.1
<5.9
<130
0.022
0.18
± 0.23
± 5.0
± 1.0
± 10.0
± 0.7
± 390
± 0.008
± 0.17

± 2.4
± 22.0
± 0.008
± 0.08

± 0.67
± 0.5
± 0.05
± 0.48
± 0.017
± 6.2
± 0.009
± 1.7

± 0.011
± 0.09
239pu
(PCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)
15.0
360
43.0
390
7.3
4,500
0.64
14.0
1.3
14.0
44.0
410
0.051
0.56
0.48
3.1
3.4
2.8
0.19
1.9
0.032
12.0
0.13
25.0
24.0
510
0.24
1.9
± 2.5
± 60.0
± 18.0
+ 170
± 2.0
± 1,300
± 0.1
± 2.1
± 0.5
± 5.4
± 15.0
± 140
± 0.02
± 0.17
± 0.19
± 1.2
± 1.5
± 1.2
± 0.09
± 0.9
± 0.01
± 4.0
± 0.05
± 8.9
± 15.0
± 310
+ 0.05
± 0.4
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)
0.65
20.0
4.4
40.0
16.0
9,700
0.063
1.3
0.39
4.4
5.8
55.0
0.0036
0.04
0.030
0.18
1.1
0.88
<0.013
<0.12
0.0041
1.5
0.012
2.3
11.0
230
0.057
0.47
± 0.23
± 10.0
± 2.8
± 26.0
± 3.4
± 2,100
± 0.014
± 0.3
± 0.23
± 2.5
± 3.3
± 31.0
± 0.003
± 0.03
± 0.02
± 0.12
± 1.0
± 0.8

± 0.002
± 0.8
± 0.004
± 0.7
± 4.8
± 100
± 0.03
± 0.25
238u 89Sr/90Sr Ash 3H
(pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt) (pCi/kgt) w ^^'L>
<0.14
<3.3
8.5 + 7.0
78.0 ± 64.0
<0.79
<480
<0.02
<0.05
0.20 ± 0.15
2.2 ± 1.7
<0.25
<2.4
0.033 ± 0.023
0.36 + 0.25
0.12 ± 0.09
0.74 ± 0.56
<0.4
<0.32
<0.02
<0.2
<0.0007
<0.23
<0.002
<0.42
10.0 ± 7.8
220 ± 170
<0.004
<0.04
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2.4
0.9
61.3
2.1
1.1
1.0
1.1
0.6
0.08
1.0
36.7
19.3
2.1
0.8
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
K
(g/kgt)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
137Cs
(pCi/kgt)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
-------
APPENDIX IX.   RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS  IN TISSUES COLLECTED FROM CATTLE GRAZING THE OUTER COMPOUND,
              AREA 13, NTS (Continued)

Bull Number 20  Data collected 03/31/76
Tissue Type
Rumen
vegetation3
Rumen
fluid3
Reticulum
sediment3
Liver3
Lung3
Tracheobronchial
lymph nodes3
Muscle3
Gonads3
Blood cells3
Blood serum3
Femur 3
Vertebrae3
Skin3
Kidney3
238Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)
1.5 ±
50.0 ±
<3.2
<40.0
0.55 ±
370 ±
0.023 ±
0.85 ±
<0.14
1.2 ±
19.0 ±
<0.006
<0.05
<0.008
0.086 ±
0.55 ±
<0.22
<0.17
<0.002
0.006 ±
1.2 ±
<190
0.017 ±
0.12 ±
0.43
10.0

0.3
230
0.007
0.27

0.4
6.4


0.04
0.26


0.004
0.83

0.05
0.08
239Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)
67.0 ± 10.0
2,200 ± 350
22.0 ± 8.3
280 ± 110
2.7 ± 0.9
1,800 ± 630
0.38 ± 0.06
14.0 ± 2.1
1.6 ± 0.51
14.0 ± 1.7
20.0 ± 3.4
330 ± 55.0
0.019 ± 0.005
0.16 ± 0.04
0.045 ± 0.02
0.59 ± 0.25
0.34 ± 0.09
2.4 ± 0.62
0.021 ± 0.013
0.19 ±0.1
0.031 ± 0.013
14.0 ± 5.9
0.068 ± 0.02
14.0 ± 3.9
39.0 ± 14.0
3,700 ± 910
0.081 ± 0.02
1.3 ± 0.1
2LtlAm
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt) '
8.8
300
5.8
76.0
3.5
2,800
0.053
1.9
<0.19
2.4
44.0
<0.003
<0.02
<0.012
<0.15
<0.21
<0.09
<0.01
<0.09
<0.004
0.0043
0.87
12.0
770
<0.005
<0.08
± 1.8
± 60.0
± 4.5
± 57.0
± 1.1
± 760
± 0.013
± 0.5

± 0.6
±10.0





± 0.02
± 0.42
± 3.7
± 230

(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)
0.57 ± 0.47
19.0 ± 16.0
<14.0
2.7 ± 2.4
1,800 ± 1,600
<0.001
<0.05
<0.05
<0.46
<0.17
<2.7
0.0067 ± 0.006
0.06 ± 0.05
<0.012
<0.15
<0.02
<0.15
<0.004
<0.04
0.0022 ± 0.0020
1.0 ± 0.9
<0.001
<0.33
<0.74
<46.0
0.015 ± 0.007
0.24 ± 0.12
89Sr/9°Sr Ash
(pCi/g Ash) . .
(pCi/kgt) ^'
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
3.4
1.3
67.5
3.6
0.9
1.8
0.9
1.3
0.7
0.9
44.9
20.3
6.2
1.6
3H
(pCi/1)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
K
(g/kgt)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
137Cs
(pCi/kgt)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
-------
     APPENDIX X.  RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN TISSUES COLLECTED FROM
                  CATTLE GRAZING NEAR AREA 13 OR AREA 5, NTS
Notes:

*
 All strontium, tritium, and gamma spectral analyses by EMSL-LV.
 Wet weight
^Actinide analyses by Eberline
NA = Not analyzed
-------
     APPENDIX X.   RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS  IN TISSUES COLLECTED FROM CATTLE GRAZING NEAR AREA 13 OR
                  AREA 5,  NTS

     Calf Number  30  Data  collected 01/16/76
u>
Tissue Type
Rumen
vegetation3
Rumen
fluid
Reticulum
sediment
Liver3
Lung3
Tracheobronchial
lymph nodes
Muscle3
Gonads
Blood cells
Blood serum
Femur 3
Vertebrae
Skin3
Kidney3
238pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)
0.15 ± 0.11
10.0 ± 5.0


0.011 ± 0.010
0.12 ± 0.11
0.14 ± 0.08
3.2 ± 1.9

<0.003
<0.14


0.0043 ± 0.004
1.1 ± 0.96
0.31 ±0.2
5.2 ± 3.5
<0.003
<0.12
239pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)
0.95 ±
80.0 ±


0.
0.
0.
4.

0.
0.


0.
4.
0.
7.
0.
1.


087 ±
96 ±
19 ±
5 ±

0077 ±
34 ±


016 ±
1 ±
42 ±
3 ±
041 ±
5 ±
0.
20


0.
0.
0.
2.

0.
0.


0.
2.
0.
4.
0.
0.
5
.0


031
33
09
2

005
22


008
0
24
2
015
52
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)
0.41 ± 0.19
70.0 ± 10.0


<0.037
<0. 4
<0.029
<0. 7

<0.002
<0.11


<0.002
<0.61
<0.031
<0. 5
<0.017
<0.6
2380 89Sr/90Sr Ash 3H K 137
/ (™) (pCi/l) Cs/^-J^ / vpCi/kfi " /
<0.05
- SAMPLE
- SAMPLE
<0.002
<0.061
- SAMPLE
<0.002
<0.08
- SAMPLE
- SAMPLE
- SAMPLE
0.0054
1.4
- SAMPLE
0.097
1.7
0.019
0.67
NA 4.3 NA 2.1 ± 0.7 140 + 15.0


NA 1.1 NA 2.3 ± 0.4 ? NA NA NA
NOT COLLECTED .- - - ^
* °'|?87 NA _ 1.7 NA 1.7 ± 0.5 NA
* °'°* NA 3.5 <310 2.2 ± 0.3 28.0 ± 4.0
± 0 . jtt
-------
APPENDIX X.  RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS  IN TISSUES COLLECTED FROM CATTLE GRAZING NEAR AREA 13 OR
             AREA 5, NTS (Continued)

Cow Number BOV-1-A5  Data collected 05/06/76
Tissue Type
Rumen
vegetation
Rumen fluid
Reticulum
sediment
Liver3
Lung3
VD Tracheobronchial
** lymph nodes3
Muscle3
Gonads3
Whole blood
Kidney
Femur 3
Vertebrae
Skin
238Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)



0.011 ± 0.057
0.15 ± 0.08
<0.0032
<0.032
<0.094
0.013 ± 0.0061
0.23 ± 0.11
u
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)



0.11 ± 0.021
1.6 ± 0.3
<0.0074
<0.0074
<0.094
0.018 ± 0.0072
0.33 ± 0.13
-------
APPENDIX X.  RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS  IN TISSUES COLLECTED FROM CATTLE GRAZING NEAR AREA 13 OR
             AREA 5, NTS (Continued)
Cow Number BOV-2-A5  Data collected 05/06/76
Tissue Type
Rumen
vegetation
Reticulum
sediment
Liver3
Lung3

Tracheobronchial
lymph nodes3
Muscle3

Gonads3

Whole blood
Femur 3

Kidney3
238pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)
239pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)
2l(1Am
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)
89Sr
(PCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)
90Sr
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)
Ash
3H
(pCi/1)
K
(g/kgt)
137Cs
(pCi/kgt)



0.0069 ± 0.0038
0.0090 ± 0.005
0.0024 ± 0.0018
0.041 ± 0.03
<0.031
<0.49
<0. 00024
<0.01
47.0 ± 14.0
710 ± 210
NA
<0. 000067
<0.05
NA

0.037 ± 0.0092 <0.0054
0.48 ± 0.12 <0.07
0.025 ± 0.0059 <0.0053
0.42 ± 0.1
<0.094
<1.5
<0. 00024
<0.01
<0.34
<5.1
NA
<0. 00089
<0.67
NA
<0.09
<0.062
<0.99
<0.0012
<0.05
<0.087
<1.3
NA
<0. 00004
<0.03
NA
0.018 ± 0.0092
23.0 ± 0.12
0.011 ± 0.0053 NA
0.
<0.
-------
APPENDIX X.  RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS  IN TISSUES COLLECTED FROM CATTLE GRAZING NEAR AREA 13 OR
             AREA 5, NTS (Continued)
Cow Number BOV-3-A5  Data collected 05/06/76
Tissue Type
Rumen
vegetation
Rumen fluid
Reticulum
sediment
Liver3
Lung3
Tracheobronchial
lymph nodes3
Muscle3
Whole blood
Femur3
Kidney
Skin
238Pu
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)




0.0083 ± 0.0048
0.19 ± 0.11
<0.0019
<0.03
<0.087
<1.4
<0. 00042
<0.02
NA
<0.0001
<0.02
NA
NA
9 q q 7 U 1
/dyPu 'i4JAm
(pCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt) (pCi/kgt)




0.015 ± 0.0065
0.34 ± 0.15
0.030 ± 0.0081
0.48 ± 0.13
<0.17
<2.7
<0. 00042
<0.02
NA
<0.0001
<0.02
NA
NA




<0. 00087
<0.02
<0.0094
<0.15
<0.042
<0.68
<0.0019
<0.09
NA
<0.0002
<0.04
NA
NA
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)




<0.0017
<0.004
<0.0012
<0.02
<0.042
<0.68
<0.0023
^0.11
NA
<0. 00015
<0.03
NA
NA
89Sr
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)
MPLE NOT COLI
MPLE NOT COLI
MPLE NOT COLI
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
tll.O
<0.0022
NA
NA
90Sr
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)




NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1.6 ± 0.6
330 ± 120
NA
NA
Ash




2.3
1.6
4.8
4.7
NA
20.0
NA
NA
3H
(pCi/1)




NA
NA
NA
NA
2,500 ± 2,200
NA
NA
NA
K *• Cs
(g/kgt) (pCi/kgt)




3.2+0.2 21.0 ±3.0
1.7 ± 0.34 
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APPENDIX XI.   ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN SELECTED TISSUES FROM WILDLIFE,  AREA 13, NTS (wet wt)

Animal
Fox 1
Fox 2
Fox 3
Coyote

X
LUNG
238pu 239pu
(pCi/kg) (pCi/kg)
0.3 ± 0.063 8.7 ± 0.26
 n 1 1 + n nfi°

LIVER
239pu
(pCi/kg)
0.63 ± 0.07
0.23 ± 0.07
0,16 ± 0.1
0.24 ± 0.032
1.3 ± 0.15

(pCi/kg)
0.23 ± 0.17
1.7 ± 0.55
0.33 + 0.072
NA
0.98 + 0.34
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    APPENDIX XI.  ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN SELECTED TISSUES FROM WILDLIFE, AREA 13, NTS (wet wt)
                  (continued)
00

Animal
Fox 1
Fox 2
Fox 3
Coyote
Rabbit
-
238pu
(pCi/kg)
1.1 ± 0.26
0.45 ± 0.22
T T? T n^T ....
o AiXLL ijii JjU tJ 1
800 ±24.0

241Am
(pCi/kg)
160 ± 9.9
200 ± 20.0
120 ± 6.1
120 ± 4.9







Animal
Fox 1
Fox 2
Fox 3
Coyote
Rabbit

238Pu
(pCi/kg)
0.83 + 0.28
1.4 ± 0.25
2.6 ± 0.26
INTESTINES AND CONTENTS
239Pu 241^
(pCi/kg) (pCi/kg)
0.63 ± 0.31 0.26 ± 0.15
^ AMTT T? T H^T
35.0 ± 1.4 5.9 ± 0.76
OAMPT T? KTHT rni T TrrTTm ...
80.0 ± 2.4 21.0 ± 1.9

238pu
(pCi/kg)
3.3 + 0.33
19.0 ± 1.5
0.23 ± 0.05
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APPENDIX XII.  GROSS* AND MICROSCOPIC PATHOLOGY^ FOUND IN NECROPSIED ANIMALS

Area 13 Cattle

!•  Necropsy findings:  No gross lesions noted.

    Histopathological findings:  Hemosiderosis of the spleen, cystic follicles
    in ovaries and sarcocysts in the cardiac muscle.

    Hematological findings:  Blood sample unsuitable for examination.
    Clinical diagnosis:  Normal mature lactating cow.

2.  Necropsy findings:  No gross lesions noted.

    Histopathological findings:  Cystic follicles in the ovaries, sarocysts
    in the muscles and melanosis in the adrenal.
    Hematological findings:  Blood sample clotted.
    Clinical diagnosis:  Normal mature lactating cow.

3.  Necropsy findings:  Adhesions and small abscess between reticulum and
    diaphragm, adhesions between lung and diaphragm, fibrinous pericardial
    eudate.  Uterus contains 8 month fetus.  No gross lesions noted in fetus.
    Histopathological findings;  Sarcocysts in cardiac muscle, melanosis of
    the adrenals and mononuclear cell infiltrate in the interstitial tissue
    of the kidneys.
    Hematological findings:  RBC/yl 8.3 x 106, WBC/yl 7.4 x 1Q3, MCV/fl 50,
    Hb g % 14.2, Hematocrit % 7.4, Neutrophils % 72, Lymphocytes % 25,
    Monocytes % 3.
    Clinical diagnosis:  Lesions of traumatic reticulitis.  Probably associ-
    ated with advanced pregnancy.

4.  Necropsy findings:  Small squamous-cell carcinoma on nictating membrane
    of right eye.  Adhesions between reticulum and diaphragm.
    Histopathological findings:  Squamous-cell carcinoma of conjuctiva,
    hemosiderosis of spleen and sarcocyst in cardiac and body muscles.
    Hematological findings:  RBC/yl 8.1 x 1Q6, WBC/yl 3.2 x 1Q3, MCV/fl 49,
    Hb g % 12.9, Hematocrit % 40.  Severe white cell destruction of sample
    so unable to obtain valid differential.
    Clinical diagnosis:  Normal mature cow with ocular squamous-cell
    carcinoma.

5.  Necropsy findings:  Cow is in poor condition and is lactating.  Recently
    gave birth.  Much of body fat has been replaced with mucoid material.
    Approximately 1,000 cc of serous fluid in abdominal cavity.
    Histopathological findings:  Mild peribronchial lymphoid cuffs, sarco-
    cysts in cardiac muscle, hemosiderosis of spleen, and lesions of a
    chronic endometrites.
                                      99
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 APPENDIX XII.   GROSS* AND MICROSCOPIC PATHOLOGYt FOUND IN NECROPSIED ANIMALS
                (Continued)

 Area 13 Cattle

 5.   Hematological findings:   RBC/yl 6.7 x 106, WBC/yl 4 x 106,  MCV/fl 49,
     Hb g % 11.6,  Hematocrit  % 11.6, Neutrophils % 66, Lymphocytes % 33,
     Eosinophils % 1.
     Clinical diagnosis:   Mature cow showing signs of malnutrition.

 6.   Necropsy findings:  Lactating cow in fair condition.  Is a diaphragmatic
     hernia present with protusion of liver into thoracic cavity, 45 day
     fetus in right horn of uterus.
     Histopathological findings:  Sarcocysts in cardiac muscle,  hemosiderosis
     of spleen, peribronchial lymphoid cuffs in lung.
     Hematological findings:   RBC/yl 6.3 x 1Q6, WBC/yl 4.1 x 1Q3, MCV/fl 58,
     Hb g % 11.1,  Hematocrit  % 37.  Severe white cell destruction of sample
     so unable to obtain valid differential.

     Clinical diagnosis:   Normal adult cow.

 7-   Animal found dead.  No necropsy was performed as the carcass was exten-
     sively decomposed and damaged by scavengers.  Cause of death not deter-
     mined .

 8.   Necropsy findings:  No gross lesions noted.
     Histopathological findings:  Melanosis of adrenals and hemosiderosis of
     spleen.
     Hematological findings:   RBC/yl 8.5 x ]_06, WBC/yl 7.3 x 1Q3, MCV/fl 48,
     Hb g % 14.3,  Hematocrit  % 41, Neutrophils % 67, Lymphocytes % 28,
     Eosinophils % 4,  Monocyte % 1.
     Clinical diagnosis:   Normal mature cow.

 9.   Necropsy findings:  Rubber booties in rumen, fibrinous adhesions between
     reticulum and diaphragm.  Liver contains several scars.  Uterus contains
     near-term male fetus.  No lesions noted in fetus.

     Histopathological findings:  Sarcocysts in cardiac muscle,  focal inter-
     stitial lymphoid  aggregates in kidneys, small microabscesses in liver.
     No significant lesions in fetus.
     Hematological findings:   RBC/yl 7.6 x 1Q6, WBC/yl 6 x 1Q3,  MCV/fl 59,
     Hb g % 14.7,  Hematocrit  % 45, Neutrophils % 43, Lymphocytes % 50,
     Monocytes % 7.

     Clinical diagnosis:   Normal pregnant mature cow that has had mild trau-
     matic reticulitis in the past.

10.   Necropsy findings:  No gross lesions noted.  Plastic bag in rumen.
                                      100
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APPENDIX XII.  GROSS* AND MICROSCOPIC PATHOLOGY* FOUND IN NECROPSIED ANIMALS
               (Continued)

Area 13 Cattle

10.  Histopathological findings;  Hemosiderosis of spleen, sarcocysts in
     cardiac muscle.

     Hematological  findings:  RBC/yl 6.6 x 1Q6, WBC/yl 7 x 103, MCV/fl 59,
     Hb g % 12.9, Hematocrit %  39, Neutrophils % 60, Lymphocytes % 27,
     Eosinophils %  7, Monocytes % 6.

     Clinical diagnosis:  Normal young cow.

11-  Necropsy findings:  No gross lesions noted.

     Histopathological findings:  Melanosis of adrenal.

     Hematological  findings:  RBC/yl 9.4 x 1Q6, WBC/yl 7.9 x 1Q3, MCV/fl 38,
     Hb g % 11.6, Hematocrit %  36, Neutrophils % 49, Lymphocytes % 39,
     Monocytes % 6, Eosinophils % 1.

     Clinical diagnosis:  Normal newborn calf.

12.  Necropsy findings:  6-month-old, brachycephalic dwarf female.  Forehead
     bulges, enlarged abdomen,  prognathic, short legs.  No gross lesions
     noted.

     Histopathological findings:  Diffuse hepatic lipidosis.
     Hematological  findings:  RBC/yl 11.3 x 1Q6, WBC/yl 12 x 1Q3, MCV/fl 40,
     Hb g % 15.6, Hematocrit %  45, Neutrophils % 10, Lymphocytes % 87.
     Three atypical lymphocytes.
     Clinical diagnosis:  Brachycephalic dwarf—genetic origin.

13.  Necropsy findings:  Atelectic lobule on left apical lobe of lung.

     Histopathological findings:  The lung shows focal hemorrhage, edema,
     emphysema and  atelectasis which are attributable to terminal agonal
     changes.
     Hematological  findings:  RBC/yl 9.3 x 1Q6, WBC/yl 5 x 1Q3, MCV/fl 42,
     Hb g % 12.9, Hematocrit %  40, Neutrophils % 36, Lymphocytes % 60,
     Eosinophils %  3, Monocytes % 1.
     Clinical diagnosis:  Normal yearling bull.

14.  Necropsy findings:  No gross lesions noted.  Plastic tape in rumen.

     Histopathological findings:  Hemosiderosis of spleen.

     Hematological  findings:  RBC/yl 7.7 x 1Q6, WBC/yl 5 x 1Q3, MCV/fl 53,
     Hb g % 13.9, Hematocrit %  41, Neutrophils % 41, Lymphocytes % 57,
     Eosinophils %  1, Monocytes % 2.
     Clinical diagnosis;  Normal 2-year-old cow.
                                    101
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APPENDIX XII.  GROSS* AND MICROSCOPIC PATHOLOGY1" FOUND IN NECROPSIED ANIMALS
               (Continued)

Area 13 Cattle

15.  Necropsy findings:  No gross lesions noted except small atelectic area
     on margin of left diaphragmatic lobe of the lung.
     Histopathological findings:  Hemosiderosis of spleen, lymphoid hyper-
     plasia of a lymph node.
     Hematological findings:  RBC/yl 9.6 x 1Q6, WBC/pl 4.5 x 103, MCV/fl 44,
     Hb g % 15.3, Hematocrit % 43, Neutrophils % 32, Lymphocytes % 62,
     Eosinophils % 4, Monocytes 2.

     Clinical diagnosis:  Normal yearling bull.

16.  Necropsy findings:  Mid-portion of right 13th rib has recent fracture.
     Rumen contained plastic bags, rope, and rubber booties.

     Histopathological findings:  Sarcocysts in cardiac muscle, mature sper-
     matozoa in testes.
     Hematological findings:  RBC/yl 9.5 x 1Q6, WBC/yl 6.9 x 103, MCV/fl 53,
     Hb g % 16.1, Hematocrit % 16.1, Neutrophils % 40, Lymphocytes % 57,
     Eosinophils % 2, Monocytes % 1.
     Clinical diagnosis:  Normal adult bull.

17.  Necropsy findings:  Full-term female calf.  Lungs are one-fourth
     atelectic so calf took a few breaths prior to death.

     Histopathological findings;  Lung is atelectic.

     Hematological findings:  Blood sample not collected.
     Clinical diagnosis:  Normal calf—died shortly after birth from
     exposure to the elements.

18.  Necropsy findings:  No gross lesions noted.
     Histopathological findings:  No lesions noted.  Follicular activity in
     the ovaries.
     Hematological findings:  RBC/yl 8.6 x 1Q6, WBC/yl 7 x 1Q3, MCV/fl 49,
     Hb g % 13.9, Hematocrit % 42, Neutrophils % 41, Lymphocytes % 52,
     Eosinophils % 6, Monocytes % 1.

     Clinical diagnosis:  Normal 6-month-old female calf.

19.  Necropsy findings:  No gross lesions noted.

     Histopathological findings;  No lesions noted.  No activity in testes
     which appear hypoplastic.

     Hematological findings:  RBC/yl 7.9 x 1Q6, WBC/yl 7 x 1Q3, MCV/fl 49,
     Hb g % 13.7, Hematocrit % 34, Neutrophils % 23, Lymphocytes % 65,
     Eosinophils % 6, Monocytes % 6.
                                    102
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APPENDIX XII.  GROSS* AND MICROSCOPIC PATHOLOGY1" FOUND IN NECROPSIED ANIMALS
               (Continued)

Area 13 Cattle

19.  Clinical diagnosis:  Normal male calf.

20•  Necropsy findings:  Small atelectic areas in diaphragmatic lobe of left
     lung, probably due to agonal struggling.

     Histopathological findings:  Mild hemosiderosis of the spleen.  Mature
     sperm in testes.

     Hematological findings;  RBC/yl 6.5 x 106, WBC/yl 4.3 x 103, MCV/fl 60,
     Hb g % 13.1, Hematocrit % 39, Neutrophils % 50, Lymphocytes % 46,
     Eosinophils % 2, Monocytes % 2.

     Clinical diagnosis:  Normal mature bull.

Area 13 Goats

 1.  Necropsy findings;  No gross lesions, lungs are congested and frothy
     which is the result of dyspnea associated with exsanguination.

     Histopathological findings:  Sample not collected.
     Hematological findings:  RBC/yl 8.5 x 106, WBC/pl 9.5 x 1Q3, MCV/fl 21,
     Hb g % 13.7, Hematocrit % 38, Neutrophils % 71, Lymphocytes % 28,
     Eosinophils % 1.

     Clinical diagnosis:  Normal mature female.

 2.  Necropsy findings;  Lungs are consolidated and frothy probably from
     dyspnea associated with exsanguination.

     Histopathological findings:  Spleen congested, lungs are hemorrhagic and
     heart shows fatty infiltration.

     Hematological findings;  RBC/yl 19.7 x 1Q6, WBC/pl 8 x 1Q3, MCV/fl 17,
     Hb g % 11.6, Hematocrit % 33, Neutrophils % 35, Lymphocytes % 62,
     Eosinophils % 1, Monocytes % 2.

     Clinical diagnosis:  Normal mature female.

Cattle from Adjacent Areas

30.  Necropsy findings;  No gross lesions noted.

     Histopathological findings;  Sarcocysts in cardiac muscle.

     Hematological findings:  Samples not collected.

     Clinical diagnosis;  Normal yearling female.
                                     103
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APPENDIX XII.  GROSS* AND MICROSCOPIC PATHOLOGY1" FOUND IN NECROPSIED ANIMALS
               (Continued)

Cattle from Adjacent Areas

1-A5  Necropsy findings:  No gross lesions noted.
      Histopathological findings;  Focal interstitial lymphoid aggregates in
      kidney, lymphoid hyperplasia of lymph node.

      Hematological findings:  RBC/yl 8.3 x IO6, WBC/yl 6.5 x 103, MCV/fl 55,
      Hb g % 16.2, Hematocrit % 46, Neutrophils % 14, Lymphocytes % 72,
      Eosinophils % 6, Monocytes % 8.
      Clinical diagnosis;  Normal female.

2-A5  Necropsy findings;  Mature cow in poor condition, fibrinous adhesions
      between reticulum and diaphragm, atelectric areas in left apical and
      cardiac lobes of the lungs.

      Histopathological findings;  Hemosiderosis of spleen, sarcocyst in
      cardiac muscle.  Alveolar hemorrhage in lungs.
      Hematological findings;  RBC/yl 6.7 x 1Q6, WBC/yl 6.9 x io3, MCV/fl 57,
      Hb g % 13.3, Hematocrit % 38, Neutrophils % 28, Lymphocytes % 65,
      Eosinophils % 3, Basophils % 1, Monocytes % 3.

      Clinical diagnosis:  Normal mature cow.

3-A5  Necropsy findings;  Adhesions between reticulum and liver which incor-
      porate an abscess 3 cm in diameter.

      Histopathological findings;  Random focal aggregates of neutrophils and
      lymphocytes in the liver which indicate mild subacute to chronic focal
      hepatitis, parabronchial lymphoid nodules in the lungs.
      Hematological findings:  RBC/yl 8.2 x io6, WBC/yl 4.1 x ]_o3, MCV/ fl 57,
      Hb g % 16.2, Hematocrit % 47, Neutrophils % 16, Lymphocytes % 83,
      Monocytes % 1.

      Clinical diagnosis:  Chronic traumatic reticulitis that has been walled
      off.

Wildlife Area 13 (3 foxes, 1 coyote, and 1 rabbit)

      Necropsy findings:  No gross lesions noted.

      Histopathological findings;  Samples not collected.

      Hematological findings:  Samples not collected.
      Clinical diagnosis:  Normal animals.
^As reported by author.
 As reported by Dr. Billy C. Ward, College of Veterinary Medicine, Drawer V,
Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi.

                                     104
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                                DISTRIBUTION

 1-40  Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory-Las Vegas
     41  Mahlon E. Gates, Manager, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
     42  Troy E. Wade, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
     43  David G. Jackson, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
     44  Paul J. Mudra, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
     45  Elwood M. Douthett, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
46 - 47  Ernest D. Campbell, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
48 - 49  Paul B. Dunaway, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
     50  Roger Ray, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
     51  Robert W. Taft, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
     52  Leon Silverstrom, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
     53  Robert W. Newman, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
     54  Bruce W. Church, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
55 - 56  Technical Library, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
     57  Chief, NOB/DNA, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
     58  Hal Hollister, GTN, DOE/HQ, Washington, DC
     59  Tommy F. McCraw, DOS, DOE/HQ, Washington, DC
     60  L. Joe Deal, DOS, DOE/HQ, Washington, DC
61 - 65  Major General Joseph K. Bratton, Director, MA, DOE/HQ,  Washington,  DC
     66  Gordon C. Facer, MA, DOE/HQ, Washington, DC
     67  Robert L. Watters, OHER, DOE/HQ, Washington, DC
     68  Jeff Swinebroad, OHER, DOE/HQ, Washington, DC
     69  Robert W. Wood, OHER, DOE/HQ, Washington, DC
     70  William S. Osburn, Jr., OHER, DOE/HQ, Washington, DC
     71  Ray Brechbill, DOE/SAN, Oakland, CA
     72  Marcy Williamson, RESL/INEL, DOE/ID, Idaho Falls, ID
     73  Steven V. Kaye, Oak Ridge National Lab., Oak Ridge, TN
     74  Helen Pfuderer, ESIC, Oak Ridge National Lab., Oak Ridge, TN
-------
 75  H.  E.  Walburg, CARL, Oak Ridge National Lab., Oak Ridge, TN
 76  Assistant Administrator for Research and Development, EPA, Washington, DC
 77  Deputy Assistant Administrator for Monitoring and Technical Support, ORD,
     EPA, Washington, DC
 78  Acting Deputy Assistant Administrator for Radiation Programs, EPA,
     Washington, DC
 79  Director, Monitoring Technology Division, Office of Monitoring and
     Technical Support, ORD, EPA, Washington, DC
 80  Director, Technical Support Division, Office of Monitoring and
     Technical Support, ORD, EPA, Washington, DC
 81  Director, Criteria Development and Special Studies Division, Office of
     Health and Ecological Effects, ORD, EPA, Washington, DC
 82  Library, EPA, Washington, DC
 83  Regional Administrator, Region IX, EPA, San Francisco, CA
 84  Regional Radiation Representative, Region IX, EPA, San Francisco, CA
 85  Director, Radiochemistry and Nuclear Engineering Branch, EPA,
     Cincinnati, OH
 86  Director, Eastern Environmental Radiation Facility; EPA, Montgomery, AL
 87  Harold F. Mueller, NOAA/WSNSO, Las Vegas, NV
 88  Gilbert J. Ferber, NOAA/WSNSO, Silver Spring, MD
 89  K.  M.  Oswald, Manager, Health and Safety, LLL, Mercury, NV
 90  Richard L. Wagner, LLL, Livermore, CA
 91  Howard W. Tewes, LLL, Livermore, CA
 92  Paul L. Phelps, LLL, Livermore, CA
 93  Mortimer L. Mendelsohn, LLL, Livermore, CA
 94  J.  C.  Hopkins, LASL, Los Alamos, NM
 95  Harry S. Jordan, LASL, Los Alamos, NM
 96  Lamar J. Johnson, LASL, Los Alamos, NM
 97  George E. Tucker, Sandia Lab., Albuquerque, NM
 98  Carter D. Broyles, Sandia Lab., Albuquerque, NM
 99  Melvin L. Merritt, Sandia Lab., Albuquerque, NM
100  R.  Glen Fuller, Oracle, AZ
101  Richard S. Davidson, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH
102  Arden E. Bicker, REECo, Mercury, NV
103  Savino W. Cavender, REECo, Mercury, NV
104  Auda F. Morrow, CETO, Mercury, NV
105  Joseph H. Dryden, NTSSO, DOE/NV, Mercury, NV
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     106  Billy Moore, NVHQ, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
     107  Leo Bustad, Director, Veterinary Medicine, Washington State
          University, Pullman, WA
     108  Vincent Schultz, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
     109  Arthur Wallace, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
     110  Wesley E. Niles, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV
     111  Library. University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV
     112  Verle R. Bohman, University of Nevada, Reno, NV
     113  Lloyd P. Smith, President, Desert Research Institute, University
          of Nevada, Reno, NV
     114  Paul R. Fenske, Desert Research Institute, University of Nevada,
          Reno, NV
     115  William S. Twenhofel, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO
     116  Manager, Desert National Wildlife Range, U.S. Fish and Wildlife
          Service, Las Vegas, NV
     117  Supervisor, Region III, Nevada Fish and Game Department, Las Vegas,
          NV
     118  Paul Lyons, Nevada Wildlife Research, Division of Archives,
          Capitol Building Annex, Carson City, NV
     119  Deward W. Efurd, McClellan Central Lab., McClellan Air Force Base,
          CA
     120  L. L. Skolil, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
     121  Mary G. White, DOE, Richland Operations Office, Richland, WA
     122  W. Glen Bradley, Chairman, Department of Biological Sciences,
          University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV
     123  Roger 0. McClellan, Inhalation Toxicology Research Institute,
          Lovelace Foundation, Albuquerque, NM
     124  Newell Stannard, Plaza Animado, San Diego, CA
     125  W. J. Bair, Manager, Biomedical and Environmental Research Program,
          Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories, Richland, WA
     126  C. S. Fore, ESIC, Oak Ridge National Lab., Oak Ridge, TN
127-153  Technical Information Center, DOE, Oak Ridge, TN
          (for public availability)
-------