EMSL-LV-0539-3 EMSL-LV-0539-3
ANIMAL INVESTIGATION PROGRAM 1973 ANNUAL REPORT:
NEVADA TEST SITE AND VICINITY
Monitoring Systems Research and Development Division
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Las Vegas, NV 89114
Published May 1977
This study performed under a Memorandum
of Understanding No. EY-76-A-08-0539
for the
U.S. ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION
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ii
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EMSL-LV- 0539- 3 EMSL-LV- 0539- 3
ANIMAL INVESTIGATION PROGRAM 1973 ANNUAL REPORT:
NEVADA TEST SITE AND VICINITY
by
D. D. Smith, K. R. Giles, and D. E. Bernhardt
Monitoring Systems Research and Development Division
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Las Vegas, NV 89114
Published May 1977
This research was performed as a part of the Animal Investigation
Program under a Memorandum of Understanding No. .EY-76-A-08-0539
for the
U.S. ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION
*
Mr. Bernhardt is Program Manager for Dose Assessment,
Office of Radiation Programs, Las Vegas Facility
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ABSTRACT
Data are presented from the radioanalysis of tissues collected from
cattle, deer, desert bighorn sheep, and other wildlife that resided on or
nearHhe Nevada Test Site during 1973. Routine activities and special
investigations of the Animal Investigation Program are also discussed.
Iodine-131 was detected in the thyroid of a Nevada Test Site mule deer.
The postulated source was worldwide fallout from a nuclear detonation
conducted by the People's Republic of China.
Other than the naturally occurring potassium-40, cesium-137 was the
only gamma-emitting radionuclide detected with any consistency in soft
tissues. Nine muscle samples from the Nevada Test Site beef herd contained
levels of cesium-137 ranging from 14 to 50 pCi/kilogram. Muscle from two
deer contained 20 and 30 pCi/kilogram. Rabbit muscle contained
200 pCi/kilogram and muscle from a feral horse contained 40 pCi/kilogram.
Tritium levels in all animal tissues sampled were at background except
for animals residing at the Area 15 farm and for a feral horse. Postulated
sources of these exposures are discussed.
The strontium content in bones continued the downward trend observed
during recent years. Bones from grazing beef cattle averaged 3.2 pCi/gram
of ash, deer bones averaged 2.7 pCi/gram of ash, and bones from desert bighorn
sheep averaged 4.1 pCi/gram of ash. Tissue samples also were analyzed for
actinides because of the intense interest in their environmental fate. The
appendices of this report list the concentrations of plutonium-238 and -239,
and uranium-234, -235, and 238 found in each tissue from each animal sampled.
Also discussed are possible reasons for some seemingly anomalous results. The
detectable levels of plutonium-239 in muscle from four beef cattle ranged from
0.25 percent to 0.8 percent of that reported for their ingesta. The relation-
ship between liver (six animals) and ingesta was more variable, with a range of
0.13 percent to 32 percent.
111
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Hypothetical dose estimates to man are calculated on the basis of the daily
consumption of liver or muscle from the Nevada Test Site animals that contained
peak activity levels. These estimates expressed as a percent of 0.5 rem are:
for whole body—tritium, 0.02 percent and cesium-137, 0.11 percent; and for the
gastrointestinal tract--ruthenium-103, 0.14 percent. The percentage doses for
bone are: total uranium, <0.01 percent; plutonium-238, 0.02 percent; and
plutonium-239, 0.03 percent. The apparently anomalous results are excluded
from these estimates.
The dietary habits of desert bighorn sheep were determined through botani-
cal analyses of rumen contents. The average composition of the ingesta was:
grasses, 61.3 percent; shrubs, 31.1 percent; and forbs, 7.6 percent.
Gross and microscopic lesions found in necropsied animals are discussed.
In general, these lesions are consistent with the physical condition of the
animal and type of population sampled.
IV
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT ~m
LIST OF FIGURES vi
LIST OF TABLES vi
INTRODUCTION 1
SAMPLE COLLECTION 2
ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES AND METHODS 10
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 12
NEVADA TEST SITE CATTLE 12
MULE DEER 17
DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP 17
OTHER NEVADA TEST SITE WILDLIFE 19
NEVADA TEST SITE WATERS 21
NECROPSY AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS 21
HYPOTHETICAL DOSE ESTIMATES 23
SPECIAL STUDIES AND INVESTIGATIONS 27
ROCKY FLATS STUDY 27
ALMENDRO STUDY 27
OTHER ACTIVITIES 28
REFERENCES 29
APPENDICES
DISTRIBUTION
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LIST OF FIGURES
Number Pa9e
1 Location of sampling sites and facilities on the Nevada
Test Site. 4
2 Approximate collection sites of 1973 desert bighorn sheep. 9
3 Annual averages of strontium-90 in the bones of desert
bighorn sheep, deer, and cattle - 1956 through 1973. 13
LIST OF TABLES
1 Vital Statistics of Nevada Test Site Cattle Sampled During
1973 3
2 Vital Statistics of Nevada Test Site Wildlife Collected During
1973 6
3 Vital Statistics of Desert Bighorn Sheep Sampled During 1973 7
4 Median Values of Actinide Concentrations in Tissues from
Nevada Test site Cattle (fCi/g wet weight) 15
5 Median Values of Actinide Levels in 1973 Nevada Test Site
Deer Tissues (fCi/kg wet weight) 18
6 Median Values of Actinide Levels in 1973 Desert Bighorn
Sheep Tissues (fCi/kg wet weight) 19
7 Summary - Food Habits of 18 Desert Bighorn Sheep in Nevada
During November and December 1973 20
8 Actinide, Strontium, and Calcium Concentrations in
Selected Tissues from Nevada Test Site Wildlife - 1973 22
9 Summary of Peak Radionuclide Concentrations in Edible Tissues
from Nevada Test Site Cattle and Deer (pCi/kg fresh weight) 24
10 Postulated Dose to Man Following Ingestion of Selected Tissues
for 1 Year 26
VI
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INTRODUCTION
The Animal Investigation Program is conducted for the Energy Research and
Development Administration by the Environmental Monitoring and Support Labora-
tory-Las Vegas, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. During 1973, the major
objectives of this program remained as stated in previous annual reports
(Smith and Giles 1975, Smith et al., 1976). These basic responsibilities are
summarized as follows:
1. To conduct surveillance of domestic and wild animals on and around the
Nevada Test Site to assess the radionuclide burden present in their
tissue and to detect any pathological effects from the burdens.
2. To investigate alleged damage to domestic animals and wildlife result-
ing from the activities of the Nevada Operations Office of the U.S.
Energy Research and Development Administration.
3. To maintain public relations through education and veterinary advice
to the off-site population.
4. To conduct special ad hoc investigations.
The progress in achieving these responsibilities and the data collected
during 1973 are presented in this report.
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SAMPLE COLLECTION
Animals from the Nevada Test Site sampled during 1973 included beef cattle,
dairy cattle, mule deer, quail, and a jackrabbit. Samples were also collected
from desert bighorn sheep that inhabit mountain areas adjacent to the Nevada
Test Site. In addition to those sacrificed as part of the routine sampling
activities of the program, these animals included some that died of other
causes. A special study was also conducted which involved the sampling of
beef animals from the Rocky Flats area of Colorado.
Each of the sacrificed animals was killed by firing a .243 caliber bullet
into its brain. After death, each animal was necropsied and any gross
pathological conditions were noted. If advanced postmortem changes had not
occurred, the adrenals, eyes, heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, muscle, spleen,
thyroid, gonads, and lesions (if any) were sampled and prepared for histo-
pathological evaluation. Tissues collected for radioanalysis included rumen
or stomach contents, liver, lung, tracheo-bronchial lymph nodes, muscle, thy-
roid, blood or urine, kidney, fetus (if present), and bone (vertebrae and/or
femur). Rumen contents from desert bighorn sheep were collected for botanical
analysis. If fresh blood was available, heparinized samples were collected for
hematological examination.
Twelve animals from the Nevada Test Site beef herd were sacrificed and
sampled during the year. Also sampled were three fetuses found during necropsy.
The vital statistics of all the Nevada Test Site cattle sampled during 1973
are presented in table 1. Unless otherwise noted, each animal spent its entire
life grazing on the Area 18 range of the Nevada Test Site or was maintained in
the Area 15 corrals. Figure 1 shows the locations of the herds and facilities.
The management of the beef herd and soil and range surveys of the Area 18
grazing area have been published previously (Smith 1970a, Leavitt 1970, and
Brown and Mason 1968). Reports have also been published on the management of
the dairy herd (Smith and Engel 1969, Smith 1970b, and Smith 1973). Four cattle
(two dairy, two beef) maintained in the corrals of the Area 15 farm were
sampled. Both beef animals and one dairy cow died from natural causes.
2
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TABLE 1. VITAL STATISTICS OF NEVADA TEST SITE
CATTLE SAMPLED DURING 1973
Animal
No.
Bov-1
Fetus-1
Bov-2
Bov-3
Fetus-3
Bov-4
Fetus-4
Bov-5
Bov-6
Bov-7
Bov-8
Bov-9
Bov-10
Bov-1 1
Bov-1 2
903
Sex
F
M
F
F
F
M
M
M
F
M
F
F
F
M
M
Estimated Breed
2 yrs. Hereford
8% mos. "
2 yrs.
5 yrs. "
7-8 mos. "
9 yrs. "
8% mos. "
1 yr.
1 yr. "
6 mos. "
IJg yrs. "
6% yrs. "
4% yrs. "
2J$ yrs .
1^ yrs. "
9 yrs. "
Weight
(kg)
345
NW
160
460
NW
415
NW
273
248
115
325
390
435
350
215
1 ,000*
Date
Sampled
05/16/73
05/16/73
05/16/73
05/16/73
05/16/73
05/16/73
05/16/73
05/16/73
05/16/73
10/18/73
10/18/73
10/18/73
10/18/73
10/18/73
10/18/73
05/09/73
Fetus of
Fetus of
Fetus of
Squamous
right eye
Remarks
Bov-1.
Bov-3.
Bov-4.
cell carcinoma
Actinomycosis of right
maxilla.
Big Sam,
fistulated steer
16
779
46
15 yrs. Hoi stein 500 05/23/73
1 yr. Hereford 200 05/24/73
Periodically on open range.
Cause of death tympanites.
One of cows in the original
dairy herd. Cause of
death traumatic reticulitis.
Fistulated steer. Cause of
death postsurgical
peritonitis.
13 yrs,
NW = Not weighed.
*Weight was estimated.
500 06/13/73 Weight loss. Appeared to be
dying. Sacrificed. Suffer-
ing from displaced abomasum.
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• TUB SPRN3
I -•
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Tissue samples were collected from four Nevada Test Site mule deer during
1973. (See table 2 for vital statistics.) Two of the deer were collected by
hunting, one was collected after being struck by a motor vehicle, and one died
when it became entangled in a rope fence. Collection locations are noted on
figure 1.
Other Nevada Test Site animals sampled included a jackrabbit shot at the
Area 15 experimental farm, a quail collected at the Tippipah Spring, and a feral
horse that died from a collision with a motor vehicle in Area 12. Vital statis-
tics on these animals are presented in table 2 and collection sites are shown
in figure 1.
Through the cooperation of State and Federal wildlife officials and parti-
cipating hunters, tissue and/or rumen ingesta samples were collected from
20 desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis nelsoni) during the annual hunt. The
vital statistics of these animals are presented in table 3 and the collection
sites are shown in figure 2. Most of the animals were collected in southern
Nevada with 11 coming from the Desert National Wildlife Range. Three were col-
lected from the Muddy Mountains-Boulder Wash area, three from the Eldorado
Mountains, and one each from the Meadow Valley Range area and the Highland
Range. One ram was collected from central Nevada near the Lone Mountain in
Esmeralda County.
Also sampled during 1973 were ten beef animals that had grazed pastures
adjacent to the Rocky Flats Plant near Denver, Colorado. Sampling information
and vital statistics are presented in another report (Smith and Black 1975).
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TABLE 2. VITAL STATISTICS OF NEVADA TEST SITE
WILDLIFE COLLECTED DURING 1973
Animal
No.
Estimated
Sex Age
Estimated Date
Weight Collected
(kg)
Remarks
Mule Deer - 1 M 18 mos.
Mule Deer - 2 M 3-4 yrs.
Mule Deer - 3 M Adult
Mule Deer - 4 M Adult
49
85
05/26/73
05/15/73
80 08/29/73
NW 12/10/73
Collected, Area 18,
Timber Mountain.
Road kill, Tippipah
Highway, junction of
Pahute Mesa Road.
Collected, Echo
Peak, Area 19.
Area 19, U19N,
tangled in rope
fence. Found dead
by security personnel
Rabbit - 1
Quail - 1
Horse
M
M
F
Young
adult
Adult
6-8 mos.
NW
NW
150
08/17/73
04/14/73
08/24/73
Collected, Area 15
farm.
Collected, Area 16,
Tippipah Spring.
Road kill , Stockade
Wash Road between
Tunnels U12E and
U12G.
NW = Not weighed.
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TABLE 3. VITAL STATISTICS OF DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP
SAMPLED DURING 1973
Animal
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Sex
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
Age
(yrs)
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
Est. wt.
(kg)
Unk
Unk
65
Unk
Unk
80
75
Date
Collected
11/17/73
11/17/73
11/17/73
11/18/73
11/18/73
11/18/73
11/20/73
Samples
Collected
Bone, kidney, lung,
rumen ingesta
Bone, lung, rumen
ingesta
Kidney, liver, lung,
rumen ingesta
Lung
Bone, kidney, lung,
rumen ingesta
Bone, lung, rumen
ingesta
Bone, lung, rumen
Remarks
Hunter kill —
E. of Muddy Mts.
Hunter kill--
Black Mt.
Hunter kill-
White Rock
Spring area,
DNWR.
Hunter kill--
Lone Mt.,
Esmeralda, Co.
Hunter kill--
El dorado Mts.
Hunter kill--
Highland Range.
Hunter kill-
ingesta Disappointment
Canyon, DNWR
8 M 4 55 11/20/73 Bone, liver, lung, Hunter kill —
rumen ingesta Sheep Range,
DNWR.
9 M 5 85 11/20/73 Bone, liver, lung, Hunter kill-
rumen ingesta Ringbolt Rapids,
near Nelson.
10 M 9 65 11/20/73 Bone, liver, lung, Hunter kill--
kidney, rumen N.E. side of
ingesta Gass Peak, DNWR.
11 M 8 Unk 11/21/73 Lung, rumen ingesta Hunter kill--
Eldorado Mts.
12 M 8 Unk 11/21/73 Liver Hunter kill--
near Wamp Spring,
DNWR.
Unk = Unknown.
DNMR = the Desert National Wildlife Range.
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TABLE 3. CONTINUED
Animal Sex Age Est. wt. Date Samples Remarks
No. (yrs) (kg) Collected Collected
13 M 8 60 11/21/73 Bone, kidney, lung,
rumen ingesta
14 M 8 75 11/25/73 Bone, kidney,
liver, lung, rumen
ingesta
15 M 10 Unk 12/01/73 Rumen ingesta
16 M 10 70 12/07/73 Kidney, liver,
lung, rumen ingesta
17 M 7
18 M 9
19 M 6
70 12/12/73 Bone, kidney, lung,
rumen ingesta
70 12/14/73 Bone, kidney,
liver, lung, rumen
ingesta
65 12/18/73 Bone, kidney, lung,
rumen ingesta
20 M Unk Unk 12/18/73 Bone, kidney, lung,
rumen ingesta
Hunter kill —
1 mi. S. of
Wamp Spring,
DNWR
Hunter kill--
1 mi. N. of
Sheep Canyon,
DNWR.
Hunter kill--
Meadow Valley
area.
Hunter kill--
Sheep Range,
DNWR.
Hunter kill--
Boulder Wash
area.
Hunter kill--
2 mi. E. of
Quail Spring,
DNWR.
Hunter kill--
Quartz Spring
area, Nell is
Air Force
Range, portion
of DNWR.
Hunter kill--
E. of gravel
reservoir on
Nell is Air
Force range
portion of
DNWR.
Unk = Unknown.
DNWR = the Desert National Wildlife Range.
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Q.C. SMT.
TEMPIUTE f
HIKO
ALAMO
(WILDLIFE
RANGE
LATHROP WELLS
•~N
FURNACE
CREEK
^ DEATH
VALLEY JCT.
PAHRUMP
LAS VE6AS
SHOSHONE
^RIDGECREST
SEARCHLIGHT \
\
Figure 2. Approximate collection sites of 1973 desert bighorn sheep.
9
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ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES AND METHODS
Samples of soft tissue and rumen contents were quantitatively analyzed by
gamma spectroscopy. A urine, blood and/or tissue sample from each animal was
analyzed for tritium. The bone was analyzed for strontium-89 and -90,
uranium-234, -235, and -238, and plutonium-238 and -239. Selected soft tissues
were also analyzed for plutonium and uranium content.
The soft tissues of sufficient volume and rumen contents were prepared
for gamma analysis by grinding and placing in 1,000-milliliter polyethylene
Marinelli beakers. Those of smaller volume, i.e., thyroid, kidneys, etc.,
were prepared for analysis by macerating in a blender and were placed in an
agar suspension in a 400-miHi liter container. The samples were counted for
100 minutes on a 4-inch by 4-inch Nal(Tl) crystal connected to a 400-channel
pulse-height analyzer calibrated at 10 kiloelectronvolts/channel.
Tissues for strontium, plutonium, and uranium analysis were prepared by
dry ashing. Plutonium and uranium were analyzed by alpha spectroscopy
(Talvitie 1971, 1972). Other radionuclide analytical procedures used at the
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory-Las Vegas were described
previously (Johns 1975).
All data are reported at the 95-percent confidence level and are corrected
to time of collection. The minimum detectable activities for each radionuclide
are listed in appendix A. Results which show a net sample count less than
the two-sigma counting error are reported as less than the two-sigma error.
Tissue and lesion samples collected for histopathological examination
were first fixed in a 10-percent formalin solution. They were then dehydrated
with alcohol and embedded in paraffin prior to sectioning with a microtome. A
5-micrometer section was placed on a glass slide, stained with hematoxylin and
eosin, and delivered to a pathologist for interpretation.
When fresh blood was available, two milliliters were withdrawn from the
jugular vein, placed in a heparinized tube, and two blood smear slides made.
These were airmailed to the United Medical Laboratories, Inc., of
10
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Portland, Oregon, where a complete blood cell count and a differential count
were made. Other analyses performed include hemoglobin, hematocrit, and
packed cell volume.
If available, a 200- to 300-gram sample of rumen ingesta was collected
from each desert bighorn sheep. These samples were frozen until prepared for
analysis by washing and screening. An aliquot was then examined under a
binocular microscope for identification of individual species of browse,
forbs, and grasses (Munz and Keck 1965 and Hitchcock 1950). After the species
in the sample were identified, a visual estimate of the percentage of each
species was made and recorded (Leach 1956).
11
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
NEVADA TEST SITE CATTLE
The analytical results from tissues collected from the Nevada Test Site
grazing beef cattle during May and October of 1973 are presented in the tables
of appendix B and C, respectively. Data from tissues of animals maintained
in the corrals of the Area 15 farm are presented in the tables of appendix D.
As would be expected, the rumen contents from the grazing animals con-
tained the greatest variety of gamma-emitting radionuclides. Cesium-137,
ruthenium-103, ruthenium-106, zirconium-95, and cobalt-60 were occasionally
detected in soft tissues. Detectable levels of cesium-137 were found in
nine muscle samples with a range of 14 to 50 pCi/kilogram/wet weight.
Ruthenium-103 was found only in one lung and one liver sample. Both of these
samples were collected in May from different animals. Rumen contents from
the corralled cattle were not analyzed for gamma-emitting radionuclides. Of
the tissue samples collected from the corralled animals, detectable levels of
cesium-137 were found in only one muscle, one liver, and two lung samples,
and ruthenium-103 was found in one liver sample.
Tritium levels in the blood collected from all range cattle were at back-
ground (^ 200 pCi/liter). The blood samples from the corralled cattle con-
tained levels ranging from 2,200 to 4,400 pCi/liter. These levels are of the
same magnitude reported for the dairy herd in 1971 and 1972 (Smith and Giles
1975, Smith et al., 1976). The source of their exposure is most probably
the Sedan crater which is approximately 2 miles away. It is interesting to
note that similar levels of tritium were found in the urine of the employees
who work at the Area 15 experimental farm (Douglas et al., 1970).
As shown in figure 3, bone samples (vertebrae and femur) from grazing
cattle averaged 3.2 pCi/gram of ash of strontium-90. This level is slightly
lower than the 3.9 pCi/gram of ash average of 1972 and reflects the downward
trend observed during recent years. The levels in bone from three beef
fetuses, near term, averaged 2.2 pCi/gram of ash. Their dams averaged
12
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co
••BIGHORN SHEEP
CZUDEER
ZZZ CATTLE
(NUMBER OF BONE SAMPLES FROM
EACH SPECIES IS LISTED ADJACENT
TO THE CORRESPONDING BAR)
1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973
FIGURE 3. Annual averages of strontium-90 in the bones of desert bighorn sheep, deer, and cattle -
1956 through 1973.
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3.3 pCi/gram of ash. Strontium-89 was detected in only three femur samples
from animals sacrificed in October.
Actinide analyses are summarized in table 4. The data are presented in
the tables in appendices B, C, and D.
The unexpected elevated plutonium results for Cow No. 45 may have resulted
from its being confined and sacrificed in conjunction with another experi-
mental animal which had been dosed with plutonium-238 (Stanley et al., 1974).
Concentrations of plutonium in the samples from other corralled animals
(appendix D) may have resulted from contamination during housing in the corral
or during sample collection. A slight potential for cross-contamination
between samples during analysis must also be recognized for all samples.
Samples are normally segregated into expected activity levels prior to analysis
to minimize this problem.
The uranium isotopic ratios for some of the samples in the appendices are
different from the expected natural ratios (uranium-234, -235, and -238,
approximately 1:0/05:1). These differences may relate to varying enrichment of
the contaminating nuclear material, analytical or sampling error, and/or solu-
bility differences. Several investigators (Osmund 1974, Thurber 1962) have
found that the 1:1 ratio of uranium-234 to uranium-238 found in natural uranium
does not hold true for samples that have undergone leaching or partial dissolu-
tion. It is thought that uranium-234 becomes more soluble than uranium-238
because of recoil fractionation of the isotopic matrix during the decay process.
The anomalous results for plutonium and uranium analyses in appendices B,
C, and D have been recalculated and/or recounted to verify the values reported.
In addition to the previous comments, it should be emphasized that the stated
two-sigma error terms are based on counting statistics only and constitute a
small part of the total error involved. The total error is undoubtedly higher,,
Plutonium-238 is present in the environment primarily as a result of the
burnup of the SNAP-9A power source (Krey and Krajewski 1972, Hardy et al.,
1972). The expected ratio of plutonium-239 to plutonium-238 is roughly 25,
which is reflected by the numerous "less than" values in the data tables in
the appendices. Other than the samples possibly contaminated from the
14
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TABLE 4. MEDIAN VALUES OF ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN TISSUES
FROM NEVADA TEST SITE CATTLE (fCi/kg wet weight)
ACTINIDE AND HERD SAMPLED
Tissue
Lungs
Tracheo-Bronchial
Lymph Nodes
Muscles
Livers
Rumen Contents
Reticulum Sediments
Vertebrae
Femur
May1
190
<2,3ftO
<140
160
1,300
<28,000
<360
NA
238pu
Oct2
300
<4,200
110
91
3,000
<25,000
1,950
<1,200
cc3
<250
<7,900*
225
<580
400*
150,000*
<2,300
1,150
May1
430
7,000
<99
210
15,000
290,000
<320
NA
239Pu
Oct2
1 ,400
<14,000
<31
<150
22,000
<41 ,000
1,450
1,900
CC3
410
210,000*
290
440
7,500*
420,000*
13,500
6,050
May1
170
1,500
210
140
3,400
370,000
400
NA
23<«u
Oct2
340
2,800
NA
130
3,500
170,000
<410
<685
CC3
610
17,000*
275
320
17,000*
330,000*
1,500
1,900
May1
<26
<480
32
<20
100
15,000
<70
NA
235|J
Oct2
<26
<1 ,200
NA
<19.5
150
<9,500
<210
<215
CC3
86
1 ,200*
50
<20
210*
11,000*
<106
<115
May1
200
<840
82
94
2,400
340,000
350
NA
238|J
Oct2
260
2,500
NA
104
3,400
180,000
410
<420
CC3
370
17,000*
87
240
5,500*
330,000*
980
1,580
TMay = Beef cattle sampled in May. -
20ct = Beef cattle sampled in October.
3CC = Corralled cattle from Area 15 who are sampled throughout the year.
*Samples from only one animal.
NA = Not analyzed.
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plutonium-238 experiments, the plutonium-238 values should be less than the
plutonium-239 values.
Patterson et al. (1974) have reported that plutonium-238 may be more
soluble arid thus potentially more mobile in the environment than plutonium-
239. Thus, it is possible that the plutonium 239:238 ratios for animal
tissue (intake results are in part from plutonium intake from plants) may be
lower than the ratios on fallout and soil.
It is difficult to rationalize many of the apparently anomalous values
in appendices B, C, and D, e.g., unusual uranium and plutonium isotopic
ratios. Until further verification or rationalization of the data is avail-
able, prudence should be used in interpreting the results.
The detectable levels of plutonium-239 in muscle from four beef animals
ranged from 0.25 percent to 0.8 percent of that reported from their rumen
contents at time of sacrifice. The relationship between liver and rumen con-
tents was more variable with a range of 0.13 percent to 32 percent in six
animals with detectable liver levels.
Plutonium was not detected in the tissues of any fetuses except for
plutonium-238 in the fetuses of Cow No. 1. As discussed in the Hypothetical
Dose Estimates section, the value for fetus 1-F may be an erroneous value.
In order to maintain the Nevada Test Site beef herd at a manageable size
of approximately 100 animals, surplus animals are occasionally transferred to
other research institutions. During 1973, 26 yearling Herefords were trans-
ferred to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Robert S. Kerr Environ-
mental Research Laboratory in Ada, Oklahoma, to be used on a study to evaluate
the use of feedlot wastes as nitrogen and roughage sources in cattle fattening
rations. Also, 25 beef animals were transferred to the University of Nevada,
Reno.
Prior to transfer, blood and fecal samples were collected for analysis of
gamma-emitting radionuclides and for hematological examination. These data
are maintained in the files of the Animal Investigation Program. Gamma-
emitting radionuclide levels within these samples seldom exceeded the minimum
detectable activities and hematological data were within normal limits.
16
-------
MULE DEER
The analytical results from tissues of the Nevada Test Site mule deer are
presented in the tables of appendix E. In general, these data are similar to
those reported for the Nevada Test Site beef cattle. However, the thyroids
from Mule Deer No. 3 contained 18 pCi/gram wet weight of iodine-131. A pos-
sible source of this was worldwide fallout from the June 26 nuclear detonation
by the People's Republic of China. Data from an air samples collected in late
July indicated that fresh fission products were present in the atmosphere
(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1974).
The average strontium-90 level in bone from three Nevada Test Site mule
deer (one samples was lost) was 2.7 pCi/gram of ash. This is slightly lower
than the average reported in 1972 (see figure 3). Strontium-89 was not
detected in any of the samples.
The median values of actinide levels in Nevada Test Site mule deer are
shown in table 5. Levels in all tissues, except for plutonium-238 in the
lungs, were similar to those reported in 1972 (Smith et al., 1976). During
1973, plutonium-238 was detected in all lungs sampled with a range of 520 to
53,000 fCi/kilogram Wet weight while in 1972 detectable levels were not found
in any samples.
Tritium levels in the tissue of all sampled deer were at background.
DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP
Twenty desert bighorn sheep were sampled during 1973. The analytical
data are presented in tables of appendix F. Some of these data have been
previously reported (Brown et al., 1976). Other than the naturally occurring
potassium-40, gamma-emitting radionuclides did not exceed the minimum detect-
able activities in any of the tissues sampled. The rumen contents occasion-
ally contained detectable levels of zirconium-95, ruthenium-103, and cesium-
137.
Tritium levels in the aqueous portions of kidney tissues ranged from
240 to 730 pCi/liter (median value of 390 pCi/liter). These values are con-
sidered to be within environmental limits; e.g., water from Lake Mead
averaged 890 pCi/liter (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1974).
17
-------
TABLE 5. MEDIAN VALUES OF ACTINIDE LEVELS IN 1973 NEVADA
TEST SITE DEER TISSUES (fCi/kg wet weight)
Tissue
Lungs
Muscle
^
Liver
Rumen Contents
Bone
238pu
4,950
160
<105
<290
<710
239pu
<290
<83
*
<38
1,800
610
-u
390
*
250
*
1,030
1,800
730
235U
70
*
43.5
*
374
75
<40
238U
275
*
60
*
825
1,450
320
*
Samples from only two animals analyzed.
The average strontium-90 content in hock bone was 4.1 pCi/gram of ash.
See figure 3 for comparisons with previous years.
The median values of actinide levels in liver, lungs, and bone for selected
desert bighorn sheep are shown in table 6. Uranium values were higher in
animals collected in southern Nevada than in animals collected from the Desert
National Wildlife Range which borders the Nevada Test Site (Brown et al. 1976).
This was also the case in a 1972 study with cattle from an area near Searchlight,
Nevada, and from the Nevada Test Site (Smith et al, 1976). This probably
reflects the levels of naturally occurring uranium present in the soils of the
two areas (Garside 1973).
Rumen ingesta from 18 desert bighorn sheep were analyzed for determination
of food habits. Ten of these animals were collected from the Desert National
Wildlife Range, seven from areas in southern Nevada, and one from Esmeralda
County. Results from the botanical analysis of the ingesta from each animal
are listed in appendix G, and are described in greater detail in another
18
-------
TABLE 6. MEDIAN VALUES OF ACTINJDE LEVELS IN 1973 DESERT
BIGHORN SHEEP TISSUES (fCi/kg wet weight)
Tissue
Lungs
Liver
Bone
238pu
275
345
2,000
239pu
185
1,470
510
23^
440
290
1,100
235[J
<35
<73
<150
238J
240
160
690
publication (Brown et al., 1976). Grasses made up slightly more than
50 percent of the diet for animals from the Desert National Wildlife Range,
72 percent for animals from southern Nevada, and nearly 100 percent for
the Esmeralda County ram. Browse contents were 46 percent, 13 percent, and
trace amounts; and forb contents were 4 percent, 15 percent, and trace amounts,
respectively. The food habits of all 18 desert bighorn sheep are summarized
in table 7.
OTHER NEVADA TEST SITE WILDLIFE
As stated previously, other wildlife sampled on the Nevada Test Site
included a quail, a jackrabbit, and a feral horse.
Gamma-emitting radionuclides were not detected in a whole-body scan of
the quail. Cesium-137 was the only gamma emitter, other than naturally occur-
ring potassium-40 that was found in the jackrabbit. As 190 pCi/kilogram of
cesium-137 was detected in a whole-body scan, the rabbit was dissected and
individual tissues were submitted for analysis. Levels of cesium-137 found are
as follows: pelt-1,200 pCi/kilogram, muscle-200 pCi/kilogram, gastrointestinal
tract, heart, and lungs-1,000 pCi/kilogram, and liver-negligible. Muscle tis-
sue from the rabbit was analyzed for tritium content and was found to contain
6,600 ± 250 pCi/liter of available water (moisture was 72 percent). This level
is of the same magnitude found in cattle at the Area 15 farm.
Muscle tissue from the feral horse was analyzed for gamma-emitting radio-
nuclides and tritium. The results were 40 pCi/kilogram of cesium-137 and
25,000 ± 300 pCi/liter of tritium. Evidently the horse drank water from
19
-------
TABLE 7. SUMMARY - FOOD HABITS OF 18 DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP IN
NEVADA DURING NOVEMBER AND DECEMBER 1973
Species
Grasses
Stipa speoiosa
Oryzopsis Tiymenoid&s
Unidentified grasses
Sitanion hystrix
Hilaria jconesii
Elymus oinereus
Sporobolus Spp.
Bromus teatonm
Vol ume
Percent
17.3
14.8
11.1
10.8
4.6
1.5
1.1
0.1
Frequency
Percent
88
77
55
55
38
27
11
5
Animals
16
14
10
10
7
5
2
1
Grass subtotal 61.3 Percent
Forbs
Euphorbia Spp.
Unidentified forbs
Eriogonwn Spp.
Erodiwn oicutariim
Argemone Spp.
Sphaeraloea spp.
Linwn lewisii
Chaenaotis spp.
Astragalus Spp.
Phlox spp.
Forb subtotal 7.6
Shrubs
Yuooa sohidigera
Cowan-La mexicana
Ephedra viridis
Unidentified shrubs
Artemisia tridentata
A trip lex oanesaens
Juniperus monosperma
Cerooaarpus intriaatus
Yuaoa brevi folia
Enaelia spp.
Ephedra nevadensis
Coleogyne ramosissima
Atriplex spp.
Quereus garribelii
Aretostaphylos spp.
Pinus spp.
Shrub subtotal 31.1
3.5
2.0
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
Percent
10.0
5.1
3.8
2.4
2.4
1.9
1.5
1.4
0.8
0.8
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
Trace
Percent
38
55
33
16
11
11
5
v/
11
11
5
50
*J\J
50
*J\J
RH
JU
50
w \J
?"}
oo
1 1
1 1
11
1 1
99
C.L.
11
1 1
1 K
1 D
1 f.
1 O
5
7
/
10
1 W
ft
u
3
w
y
c.
•)
Ł.
1
1
0
C
0
C
1
4
2
1
1
3
3
1
1
i
i
20
-------
the drainage ponds below E tunnel in Area 12 which contained over 3 uCi/liter
when sampled in April.
Selected tissues from the rabbit and horse were submitted for actinide,
strontium, and calcium analysis. These data are tabulated in table 8.
Uranium and plutonium values in the tissues from the horse were generally
of the same magnitude found in ruminants at the Nevada Test Site. No explana-
tion is readily available for the elevated levels seen in the single jackrabbit
sampled. Sampling of this species will be increased during 1974 in order to
determine whether this value is an anomaly or is valid.
NEVADA TEST SITE WATERS
As in previous years, selected natural springs and drainage ponds that
might serve as a source of water for wildlife were periodically sampled. Dur-
ing 1973, samples from Tub Spring, Green Spring, and White Rock Spring were
analyzed. Detectablfe levels of gamma-emitting radionuclides were not found
and tritium levels were less than 240 pCi/liter. However, water samples col-
lected in April from the second and third reservoirs of Haines Pond (E tunnel,
Area 12) contained respectively, 120 and 120 pCi/liter of ruthenium-106, 36 and
44 pCi/liter of cesium-137, and 3,300 ± 5.3 and 3,400 ± 5.4 nCi/liter of
tritium.
NECROPSY AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS
All sacrificed animals were necropsied and selected tissue and lesion
samples were collected for histopathological evaluation. Animals that died
from natural causes were also necropsied if a prosector was available and
histopathological specimens collected if unaffected by postmortem changes.
The gross and microscopic pathologies observed are summarized in appendix H.
Also included are the results of hematology examinations when performed.
A frequent histopathological finding was the presence of sarcocysts in
muscle tissue. This ubiquitous parasite is commonly found in cattle from
other areas and has little clinical significance. Other histopathological
findings were usually consistent with the general condition of the individual
animal; i.e., amyloidosis is concomitant to a long-standing infection or sup-
purative process, e.g., the traumatic reticulitis of Cow No. 16.
21
-------
ro
ro
TABLE 8. ACTINIDE, STRONTIUM, AND CALCIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN SELECTED
TISSUES FROM NEVADA TEST SITE WILDLIFE - 1973
238pu
Animal (fCi/g Ash)
Tissue (fCi/kg*)
Rabbit 130+27
Muscle 2,700±530
Rabbit 21,000±1,700
B°ne 2,000, 000±160, 000
Horse 79+1.1
Muscle 790±110
Horse 9.5±4.3
Bone 2,100±940
239pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCT/kg*)
390±55
7,800+1,100
830+73
78,000+6,900
29±9.7
290+97
6.4+3.4
1,400+740
234u
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
70+13
1 ,400+260
38+6
3,600+560
94+9.4
940+94
<0.86
<190
235y
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<6
<120
2.4±1.6
230±150
19+4.3
1 90±43
<0.59
<130
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
60+13
1,200+260
35+5.4
3,300±510
24+4.8
240+48
230±220
89Sr
(pCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
NA
<7.9
<74
NA.
<320
90Sr Ash Ca Wet wt. Ash wt.
NA 2 NA 0.484 9.7
10±1.6 9.4 370 0.535 50.3
940+150
NA 1 NA 1.335 13.4
5.9±1.2 22 360 1.356 298.3
1,300±260
Wet weight.
NA = Not analyzed.
-------
HYPOTHETICAL DOSE ESTIMATES
Although meat from animals living on the Nevada Test Site is not available
for consumption by the general public, the dose to a standard man based on
postulated consumption of the meat can be calculated. The dose estimates are
not presented as an implication of potential doses, but rather to place the
reported radionuclide concentrations in perspective. The dose estimates are
based on the techniques and parameters of the International Commission on
Radiological Protection (1959, 1968) and Dillman (1969), the maximum observed
concentrations of the radionuclides in edible tissues of the cattle and deer
sampled (summarized in table 9), and the postulated consumption of 500 grams
(about 1 pound) of the meat each day for a year. Table 10 indicates the
doses resulting from these hypotheses. The postulated doses from consumption
of tissue from desert bighorn sheep are similar to those in table 10, and
have been previously discussed by Brown et al., 1976.
The International Commission on Radiological Protection (1959) and the
U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration (1975)' present different
dose criteria for various parts of the body, based on estimates of relative
radiosensitivity. The National Council on Radiation Protection and Measure-
ments (1971) recognizes this philosophy, but for the general population recom-
mends simplifying the guides, and uses the minimum guide (0.5 rem per year for
the whole body) for all body organs. The National Council on Radiation Pro-
tection and Measurements emphasizes that this is a simplifying administrative
decision, rather than a reduction of the guides based on new technical informa-
tion.
Table 9 presents a summary of the maximum observed concentrations in
edible tissues of the animals. The indicated error terms are the two-sigma
counting error. The total analytical error or uncertainty (two-sigma) for the
Plutonium and uranium results is estimated to be about 200 fCi/kilogram for
results of several hundred femtocuries per kilogram, or several times the
indicated counting errors. Thus values under several hundred femtocuries have
limited statistical significance.
23
-------
TABLE 9. SUMMARY OF PEAK RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN EDIBLE TISSUES
FROM NEVADA TEST SITE CATTLE AND DEER (pCi/kg fresh weight)
Nuclide Corralled Cattle
Liver Muscle
3H Blood 4,400
103Ru 50
137Cs 30 40
234U 0.61 0.70
235U <0.02 0.22
™ 238U 0.25 0.43
238put <0j6
-------
An analytical result of 98 pCi of plutonium-238 per kilogram was reported
from the muscle of Animal No. 1-F (the fetus of Cow No. 1). None of the
other samples from this fetus or its dam indicated abnormal exposure. Thus,
the significance of this result is questionable, and the data are not con-
sidered in the dose estimates.
Table 10 indicates postulated doses based on the maximum concentrations
for the various nuclides taken from the data summarized in table 9. The
column on the right indicates the respective fraction of the guide of
500 mrem/year for the various postulated doses. The doses from plutonium,
uranium, and to a lesser extent, cesium-137, are not delivered in 1 year.
For practical purposes, however, the integrated doses for a 1-year ingestion
period are related to the yearly guide.
The highest postulated dose, 0.7 mrem, is for ruthenium-103. The postu-
lated doses for ruthenium-103 and cesium-137 (similar to ruthenium dose) are
about 0.1 percent of the guide, respectively. The cesium-137 dose is the
same as that postulated in 1972 (Smith et al., 1976). If the plutonium values
from Cow No. 46 and Animal No. 1-F are excluded, the 1973 values are also
similar to the 1972 values.
25
-------
TABLE 10. POSTULATED DOSE TO MAN FOLLOWING INGESTION OF SELECTED TISSUES FOR 1 YEAR
ro
01
Isotope
3Hb
!°3RU
137Cs
23ty
235u
238|j
Total U
238pu
238pu
239pu
Human Organ for Which Animal Tissue Containing pd'/kg of
Dose was Calculated Maximum Concentration Tissue
Body water Corralled cattle, blood 4,400
Gastrointestinal tract Mule deer, liver 150
Whole body tissue NTS beef herd, muscle, May 50
Bone Mule deer, liver 1.9
Bone NTS beef herd, muscle, Oct <0.97
Bone Mule deer, liver 1.5
Bone Corralled cattle, liver 700
Bone NTS beef herd, liver, Oct 0.6
Bone NTS beef herd, liver, Oct 1.0
Ingestion Dose Factor Dose Percent of
pCi/day mrem:pCi/day 0.5 rema
(h kg/day) (1-year (mrem)
ingestion)
2,200 3.6xlO"5 0.08 0.02
75 0.009 0.7 0.14
25 0.022 0.6 0.11
0.95 0.019 0.02 <0.01
<0.5 0.018 0.009 <0.01
0.75 0.017 0.01 <0.01
0.036 0.04 <0.01
350 0.27 94 19
0.3 0.27 0.08 0.02
0.50 0.32 0.2 0.03
aThe doses from uranium and plutonium-238 and -239, and to a lesser extent cesium-137, are not
delivered within the 1-yr. ingestion period. But, for simplification, the doses have been related
to the guide for 1 yr. The doses for uranium and plutonium are actually for a 50-yr. period.
bThe tritium concentration was for blood. It is assumed the muscle concentration (water plus
organic) per kilogram was equal to the blood concentration per liter.
-------
SPECIAL STUDIES AND INVESTIGATIONS
ROCKY FLATS STUDY
In November of 1973, arrangements were made by the U.S. Energy Research
and Development Administration's Rocky Flats Area Office for the purchase of
ten beef animals that grazed a 900-acre pasture adjacent to the eastern edge
of the Rocky Flats Plant. These animals were transported to the Nevada Test
Site where they were sacrificed, necropsied, and sampled. Analyses were made
for uranium, plutonium, and americium. These data have been published pre-
viously (Smith and Black 1975).
ALMENDRO STUDY
Almendro was an underground, contained nuclear weapons test conducted at
0600 hours PDT on June 6, 1973. The detonation occurred 3,490 feet below
ground surface in drill hole U19v, Area 19 of the Nevada Test Site. This loca-
tion is in a pinyon pine-juniper woodland on Pahute Mesa. The yield of the
nuclear explosive was "intermediate" (between 200 and 1,000 kilotons of TNT
equivalent).
In May of 1973, the Animal Investigation Program conducted ground and
aerial surveys of the area surrounding the Almendro site before the detonation
to determine if deer, feral horses, or other large animals were in the area.
Following the detonation, surveys were made to determine if any large animals
present were injured by ground motion or rock falls.
Predetonation surveys revealed limited utilization of browse in the area
by mule deer. Observations made from the air in a low level helicopter flight,
minutes after detonation, failed to locate any large animals in the area.
Ground observations made in the afternoon of the same day also failed to locate
any deer or feral horses, although a limited number of fresh deer tracks were
found about 10,000 feet to the southwest of ground zero.
27
-------
Periodic observations during the summer months failed to produce any
evidence of adverse effects on large mammal residents.
OTHER ACTIVITIES
There were no livestock damage claims during 1973.
The Animal Investigation Program resources were utilized to obtain
experimental animals for a study to determine plutonium uptake by grazing
animals. Details of this study, conducted under the auspices of the Nevada
Applied Ecology Group, are presented elsewhere (Smith 1974).
Preparations were made for a study on the winter migration patterns of
the Nevada Test Site mule deer herd. This will be determined by the tracking
of deer that have been captured and equipped with a radio-transmitter collar.
These preparations included the development of specifications for the tele-
metry equipment, the assignment of transmitting frequencies, and the training
of personnel in the use of immobilizing equipment and drugs. This study is
currently in progress.
The off-site public relations program continued by direct contact with
ranchers, by lectures to civic organizations, and to groups touring the
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory-Las Vegas or the Nevada Test
Site facilities. During 1973, the objectives and findings of the Animal
Investigation Program were described to approximately 720 Nevada Test Site
visitors in 25 different tour groups.
28
-------
REFERENCES
Brown, K. W. and B. J. Mason. Range Survey. Area 18. Nevada Test Site.
SWRHL-52r. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, South-
western Radiological Health Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 42 pp. 1968
Brown, K. W., D. D. Smith, and J. B. Helvie. "Food Habits and Radionuclide
Tissue Concentrations of Nevada Desert Bighorn Sheep, 1972-1973." 23 pp.
1975 Desert Bighorn Council Transactions. 1976 (Also, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Las
Vegas, Nevada. EMSL-LV-539-6. 23 pp. 1976)
Dillman, L. T. "Radionuclide Decay Schemes and Nuclear Parameters for Use in
Radiation-Dose Estimation." Medical Internal Radiation Dose Committee.
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Farm." Presented at the Fifteenth Annual Meeting of the Health Physics
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Hardy, E., P. Krey, and H. Volchok. Global Inventory and Distribution of
Plutonium-238 from SNAP-9A. HASL-250. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.
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Krey, P. W. and B. T. Krajewski. "Plutonium Isotopic Ratios at Rocky Flats."
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30
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Smith, D. D., S. C. Black, K. R. Giles, D. E. Bernhardt, and R. R. Kinnison.
Tissue Burdens of Selected Radionuclides in Beef Cattle On and Around
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determination." Anal. Chem. 44^ pp. 380-282. 1972
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120. Proceedings of the Symposium on Radioactive Dating. STI Publ. 68.
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(ICSU) in Athens, Greece, November 19-23, 1962.
U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration. "Standards for Radiation
Protection Manual." U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration
Transmittal Notice. Chapter 0524. April 8, 1975
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Environmental Monitoring Report for the
Nevada Test Site and Other Test Areas Used for Underground Nuclear Detona-
tions. NERC-LV-539-31. National Environmental Research Center, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada. 106 pp. 1974
31
-------
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix
A Minimum Detectable Activities for Radionuclide Analyses, Methods
Development and Analytical Support Branch, Environmental Monitor-
ing and Support Laboratory-Las Vegas, Nevada. A-l
B Radionuclide Concentrations in Tissue Samples Collected from
Nevada Test Site Beef Cattle - May 1973.
Table
B-l Actinide Concentrations in Lungs, Area 18 Cattle, May B-l
B-2 Actinide Concentrations in Tracheo-Bronchial Lymph Nodes,
Area 18 Cattle, May B-2
B-3 Actinide Concentrations in Muscles, Area 18 Cattle, May B-3
B-4 Actinide Concentrations in Livers, Area 18 Cattle, May B-4
B-5 Actinide Concentrations in Rumen Contents, Area 18
Cattle, May B-5
B-6 Actinide Concentrations in Reticulum Sediments, Area 18
Cattle, May B-6
B-7 Actinide, Strontium, and Calcium Concentrations in
Vertebrae, Area 18 Cattle, May B-7
B-8 Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides and Tritium Concentrations in
Selected Tissues, Area 18 Cattle, May B-8
C Radionuclide Concentrations in Tissue Samples Collected from
Nevada Test Site Beef Cattle - October 1973.
Table
C-l Actinide Concentrations in Lungs, Area 18 Cattle, October C-l
C-2 Actinide Concentrations in Tracheo-Bronchial Lymph Nodes,
Area 18 Cattle, October C-2
C-3 Actinide Concentrations in Muscles, Area 18 Cattle,
October C-3
C-4 Actinide Concentrations in Livers, Area 18 Cattle, October C-4
C-5 Actinide Concentrations in Rumen Contents, Area 18
Cattle, October C-5
C-6 Actinide Concentrations in Reticulum Sediments, Area 18
Cattle, October C-6
C-7 Actinide, Strontium, and Calcium Concentrations in
Vertebrae, Area 18 Cattle, October C-7
-------
LIST OF APPENDICES CONTINUED
Table Page
C-8 Actinide, Strontium, and Calcium Concentrations in
. Femurs, Area 18 Cattle, October C-8
C-9 Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides and Tritium Concentrations
Selected Tissues, Area 18 Cattle, October C-9
Appendix
Radionuclide Concentrations in Tissue Samples Collected from
Nevada Test Site Corralled Cattle - 1973.
Table
D-l Actinide Concentrations in Lungs, Corralled Cattle, 1973 D-l
D-2 Actinide Concentrations in Tracheo-Bronchial Lymph Nodes,
Corralled Cattle, 1973 D-2
D-3 Actinide Concentrations in Muscles, Corralled Cattle, 1973 D-3
D-4 Actinide Concentrations in Livers,_Corralled Cattle,.1973 D-4
D-5 Actinide Concentrations in Rumen Contents, Corralled
Cattle, 1973 D-5
D-6 Actinide Concentrations in Reticulum Sediments, Corralled
Cattle, 1973 D-6
D-7 Actinide Concentrations in Whole Fetuses, Corralled Cattle,
1973 D-6
D-8 Actinide, Strontium, and Calcium Concentrations in Bones,
Corralled Cattle, 1973 D-7
D-9 Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides and Tritium Concentrations
in Selected Tissues, Corralled Cattle, 1973 D-8
Radionuclide Concentrations in Tissue Samples Collected from
Nevada Test Site Mule Deer - 1973.
Table
E-l Actinide Concentrations in Lungs, Mule Deer, 1973 E-l
E-2 Actinide Concentrations in Muscles, Mule Deer, 1973 E-2
E-3 Actinide Concentrations in Livers, Mule Deer, 1973 E-3
E-4 Actinide Concentrations in Rumen Contents, Mule Deer, 1973 E-4
E-5 Actinide, Strontium, and Calcium Concentrations in Bones
(Hock), Mule Deer, 1973 E-5
E-6 Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides and Tritium Concentrations in
Selected Tissues, Mule Deer, 1973 E-6
-------
LIST OF APPENDICES CONTINUED
Appendix Page
F Radionuclide Concentrations in Tissue Samples Collected from
Desert Bighorn Sheep - 1973.
Table
F-l Actinide Concentrations in Lungs, Bighorn Sheep, 1973 F-l-1
F-2 Actinide Concentrations in Livers, Bighorn Sheep, 1973 F-2-1
F-3 Actinide, Strontium, and Calcium Concentrations in Bones
(Hock), Bighorn Sheep, 1973 F-3-1
F-4 Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides and Tritium Concentrations
in Selected Tissues, Bighorn Sheep, 1973 F-4-1
G Botanical Analyses of Desert Bighorn Sheep Rumen Contents, 1973 G-l
H Gross and Microscopic Pathology Found in Necropsied Animals H-l
-------
APPENDIX A. MINIMUM DETECTABLE ACTIVITIES FOR RADIONUCLIDE ANALYSES,
METHODS DEVELOPMENT AND ANALYTICAL SUPPORT BRANCH,
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND SUPPORT LABORATORY-
LAS VEGAS, NEVADA
The minimum detectable activities in terms of total activity per sample
for standard geometries and counting times are based on a combination of a
number of technical experiments and operational experience. By means of
experimentation, the minimum detectable activities have been defined as that
activity which produced a ± 100 percent deviation at the 95 percent confidence
level. These values are applicable to ideal conditions and simple complexes of
nuclides. Complex spectra or spectra showing naturally occurring radionuclides
can raise the minimum detectable activities considerably.
MINIMUM DETECTABLE ACTIVITIES IN pCi FOR TOTAL SAMPLE
Isotope
5ttMn
65Zn
50Co
95Zr
103Ru
106Ru
12«Sb
125Sb
132Te
131!
133J
137Cs
11+0Ba
141Ce
l^Ce
181W
*
K
10-Min Count
Planchet
50
500
50
50
50
500
50
250
50
50
50
50
50
250
500
600
0.5
40-Min Count
Planchet
25
250
25
25
25
250
25
125
25
25
25
25
25
125
250
300
0.3
400 ml
40
400
40
40
40
400
40
200
40
40
40
40
40
200
400
475
0.4
3.5 1
35
350
35
35
35
350
35
175
35
35
35
35
35
175
350
425
0.4
100-Min Count
400 ml
25
250
25
25
25
250
25
125
25
25
25
25
25
125
250
300
0.3
1,000 ml
25
250
25
25
25
250
25
125
25
25
25
25
25
125
250
300
0.3
3.5 1
22
220
22
22
22
220
22
110
22
22
22
22
22
110
220
260
0.25
Grams of stable potassium per kilogram of sample (wet weight) as
determined from 1+0K activity.
A-l
-------
APPENDIX A. CONTINUED
Isotope Minimum Detectable Activity Length of Count Time
3H 0.2 pCi per ml of H20 200 minutes
89Sr 5 pCi per sample 50 minutes
90Sr 2 pCi per sample 50 minutes
238Pu 0.02 pCi per sample 1,000 Minutes
239Pu 0.02 pCi per sample 1,000 minutes
234U 0.02 pCi per sample 1,000 minutes
235U 0.02 pCi per sample 1,000 minutes
238U 0.02 pCi per sample 1,000 minutes
A-2
-------
TABLE B-1. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN LUNGS, AREA 18 CATTLE, MAY
Animal
No.
1
1-F
2
3
3-F
4
4-F
5
6
MEDIAN
RANGE
238pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg )
<73
<730
239Pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
140161
1,400+610
(fCi/g A|h)
(fCi/kg*)
120+22
1,2001220
235U
(fCi/g A|h)
(fCi/kg*)
36H2
360+120
<11 <4.1 URANIUM SAMPLE WAS
<160
<56
<560
<40
<440
<12
<140
1919.7
190197
<7.9
<79
<17
<190
<59
<940
19
190
<7.9-<59
<79-
<940
<62
87+34
870+340
<39
<430
<5.7
<68
260+29
2,600+290
<6.3
<63
<15
<170
58143
9301690
<39
<430
<4. 1-260
<62-
2,600
1615.8
160158
2017.8
220186
1516.4
180177
27111
270+110
4.315.3
93153
1H4.5
1 20149
9.4+6.9
1501110
15.5
170
9.3-120
93-
1,200
-------
TABLE B-2. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN TRACHEO-BRONCHIAL LYMPH NODES, AREA 18 CATTLE, MAY
oo
Animal
No.
1
1-F
2
3
3-F
4
4-F
5
6
MEDIAN
RANGE
238pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<430
<3,000
220±210
2,000±1,900
<960
<4,800
<150
<1,800
<270
<2,300
<270
<2,300
<150-<430
<1 ,800-
<4,800
239pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<140
<990
2,600±320
23,000±2,900
1,400±680
7,000±3,400
12,000±780
140,000±9,400
210±140
1,800±1,200
1,400
7,000
<140-12,000
<990-
140,000
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<110
<760
SAMPLE
170±120
1 , 500±1 , 1 00
380±340
1,900±1,700
SAMPLE
250±120
3,000±1,400
<56
<470
SAMPLE
380
1,500
<56-380
<470-
3,000
235U
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<99
<680
NOT COLLECTED
<38
<340
<96
<480
NOT COLLECTED
<42
<500
<29
<240
NOT COLLECTED
<42
<480
<29-<99
<240-
<680
238U
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<200
<1,400
<77
<690
<170
<840
320±120
3,900±1,400
<63
<530
<170
<840
<63-320
<530-
3,900
Ash Wet wt. Ash wt.
(%) (kg) ' (g)
0.69 0.0203 0.14
0.90 0.0182 0.164
0.50 0.0108 0.054
1.2 0.0247 0.296
0.84 0.0191 0.16
0.84
0.50-
1.2
Wet weight.
F = Fetus.
-------
TABLE B-3. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN MUSCLES, AREA 18 CATTLE, MAY
co
Animal
No.
1
1-F
2
3
**
3-F
4
4-F
5
6
MEDIAN
RANGE
238pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<9.1
<100
8,900+660
98,000+7,300
<14
<140
-------
TABLE B-4. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN LIVERS, AREA 18 CATTLE,
MAY
CD
I
Animal
No.
1
1-F
2
3
3-F
4
4-F
5
6
MEDIAN
RANGE
?38pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
12±8.5
160+110
<11
<180
<9.2
-------
TABLE B-5. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN RUMEN CONTENTS, AREA 18 CATTLE, MAY
en
238pu
Animal (fCi/g Ash)
No. (fCi/kg*)
1
1-F
2
3
3-F
4
4-F
5
6
MEDIAN
RANGE
*
239pu 23*ty
(fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*)
235y
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
238U Ash Wet wt.
(fCi/g Ash) m ,. x -
(fCi/kg*) (/o) lKg;
Ash wt.
SAMPLE LOST
53H6
9001270
501 13
1,3001350
<16
<280
190±25
3,700+480
<130
<2,500
53
1,300
<16-190
< 280- 3, 700
SAMPLE
8201710 180120
14,00011,200 3,0001340
810165 240122
21,000+1,700 6,300+580
220135 1
SAMPLE
30+15
3,7001590 2,2001250
SAMPLE
1,6001120 180114
31,00012,300 3,4001270
7501220 1
15,000+4,500 :
90155
3,80011,100
810 180
15,000 3,400
220-1,600 1
30-240
3,700-31,000 2,200-6,300
NOT COLLECTED
4.413.8
74164
4.2+3.8
1 1 0198
NOT COLLECTED
3.412.4
58+41
NOT COLLECTED
5.312.6
100149
<6.5
<130
4.4
100
3.4-<6.5
58-<130
120+16 1.7 3.619
2,000+280
210121 2.6 3.429
5,400+540
82112 1.7 3.776
1,4001200
130112 1.9 2.335
2,4001230
130+31 2 2.458
2,6001620
130 1.9
2,400
82-210 1.7-
1,400-5,400 2.6
61.5
89.2
64.2
44.4
49.2
Wet weight
F = Fetus
*
-------
TABLE B-6. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN RETICULUM SEDIMENTS, AREA 18 CATTLE, MAY
03
Animal
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
MEDIAN
RANGE
238pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<57
<6,300
<43
<15,000
24,000+2,900
1,000,000+120,000
<53
<28,000
<61
<28,000
<57
<28,000
<43-24,000
<6,3000-
1,000,000
239pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
2,600+260
290,000+2,900
<27
<9,500
1,100,000+76,000
48,000,00013,200,000
470179
250,000+42,000
980+130
450,000158,000
980
290,000
<27-l,100,000
< 9,500-
48,000,000
23ity
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
SAMPLE NOT
650175
72,000+8,200
600174
21,00012,600
22,000+1,900
940,000+79,000
1,6001120
840,000+64,000
800+96
370,000144,000
800
370,000
600-940,000
21,000-
940,000
235U
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
COLLECTED
32H7
3,500+1,900
1 90il 90
6,80016,500
640+3.3
27,0001140
49123
26,000+12,000
33±22
15,000+9,900
49
15,000
32-640
3,500-
27,000
238U
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
760181
84,000+8,900
600177
21,000+2,700
13,00011,400
550,000+69,000
81 0+87
430,000+46,000
740+91
340,000142,000
760
340,000
600-13,000
21,000-
550,000
Ash Wet wt. Ash wt.
(%) (kg) (g)
11 0.042 4.6
35 0.0152 5.3
42 0.0529 22.2
53 0.011 5.8
46 0.0158 7.3
42
11-
53
Wet weight.
-------
TABLE B-7. ACTINIDE, STRONTIUM, AND CALCIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN VERTEBRAE, AREA 18 CATTLE, MAY
238pu
Animal (fCi/g Ash)
No. (fCi/kg*)
1
1-F
2
3
3-F
4
4-F
5
6
MEDIAN
RANGE
*
Wet wei
<520
<170
<2.6
<440
<1.9
<350
<6.1
<410
<3.8
<690
<2.1
<200
<2.8
<280
<2.6
<360
<2.6
<360
<1.9-<6.
< 1 70-
<690
ght.
239pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
4.6+2.3
790+390
<86
5.2+1.9
880+330
4.2±1.6
760±290
<2.4
<160
13±3.2
2,300±580
<0.85
<80
<3.2
<320
2.2±1.3
310+180
<3.2
<320
1 <0. 85-13
<80-
2,300
23-HJ
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
3.9±1.4
660+240
4.7+1.9
380+150
<1.6
<280
<2.2
<400
10±2.4
700±160
2.8±1.2
500+220
<2.1
<200
3.5+1.2
350±120
4.1+1.9
570±260
3.5
400
<1.6-10
<200-
660
235U 238|J
(fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*)
<0.47
<80
<0.12
<10
<0.65
<110
<0.17
<31
<2.1
<140
<0.28
<50
<0.74
<70
<0.09
<9
<0.5
<70
<0.47
<70
<0.09-<2.1
<9-
<140
3.6+1.4
610+240
3.1±1.7
250+140
<2.1
<360
<2.2
<400
<4.5
<300
1.7±0.94
300±170
<2.1
<200
3.5±1.2
350±120
2.9±1.4
400±200
<2.9
350
1.7-<4.5
<200-
610
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
<3
<510
<3.7
<300
<4.5
<770
<4.3
<780
<2.5
<170 '
<4.9
<890
<4.1
<390
<5
<500
<4.6
<650
<4.3
<510
<2.5-<5
<170-
<890
90Sr Ash Ca Wet wt.
3.5±0.88 17 360 1.559
590±150
2.6±0.95 8.1 350 0.671
210+77
3.6±1.2 17 370 2.415
610+200
2.4±1.1 18 370 2.946
440±200
1.5±0.91 6.7 330 0.254
100±61
4+1.2 18 370 3.222
720+220
2.6+1.1 9.4 350 0.436
240±100
4.5+1.3 10 360 2.687
450±130
4.4±1.1 14 360 2.390
620±160
3.5 14 360
450
1.5-4.5 6.7- 330-
100- 18 370
720
Ash wt
(g)
265
54.4
410.6
530.3
17
580
41
268.7
334.6
F = Fetus.
-------
TABLE B-8 GAMMA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDES AND TRITIUM CONCENTRATIONS
IN SELECTED TISSUES,* AREA 18 CATTLE, MAY
Animal No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
MEDIAN
RANGE
Rumen Contents
K (g/kg)
60Co (pCi/kg)
103Ru pCi/kg
106Ru (pCi/kg)
"7Cs (pCi/kg)
2.2
-------
TABLE C-l. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN LUNGS, AREA 18 CATTLE, OCTOBER
o
Animal
No.
7
8
9
10
11
12
MEDIAN
RANGE
238pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
2218.7
360H40
2319.2
300H 20
25H1
370H60
2518.3
3001100
5.3H.4
250164
23
300
5.3-25
250-
370
239pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
21 18.1
330±1 30
210134
2,7001440
110+20
1,6001300
120121
1 ,4001250
1312.1
620+100
110
1,400
13-210
330-
2,700
231U
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
SAMPLE
1U4. 9
1 70178
2616.1
340179
80+18
1,2001270
22+5.3
260164
1712.8
820H30
22
340
11-80
170-
1,200
235U
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
NOT COLLECTED
<1.6
<26
3.212.2
4U29
6.715.6
1 00184
<1.5
<18
<0.32
<15
<1.6
<26
<0.32-6.7
<15-
100
238U
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
1014.2
1 60167
2215.3
280169
11+8
160H20
2214.9
260159
1812.8
850H30
18
260
10-22
160-
850
Ash Wet wt.
(%) (kg)
1.6 0.387
1.3 0.632
1.5 0.226
1.2 0.846
4.7 0.635
1.5
1.2-
4.7
Ash wt.
(g)
6.2
8.2
3.4
10.2
29.8
Wet weight.
-------
TABLE C-2. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN TRACHEO-BRONCHIAL LYMPH NODES, AREA 18 CATTLE, OCTOBER
An i ma 1
No.
7
8
9
10
0
ro
11
12
MEDIAN
RANGE
238pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<410
<6,600
<300
<5,700
<200
<2,000
<320
<4S200
<230
<3,500
NA
<300
<4,200
<200-<410
< 2,000-
<6,600
239pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<870
<14,000
5S800±890
110,000±17,000
2,600±540
26,000±5,400
<700
<95200
<390
<5,900
NA
<870
<14,000
<390-5,800
<5,900-
110,000
23fu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
240±180
3,900+2,900
-------
TABLE C-3. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN MUSCLES, AREA 18 CATTLE, OCTOBER
co
Animal
No.
7
8
9
10
11
12
MEDIAN
RANGE
238pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
9.U3.0
100±33
6.1+3.7
250+150
3.4±2.0
47±28
10±2.9
120±35
13±3.6
160±43
7.2±2.8
93136
8.15
110
3.4-13
47-250
239pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<2.8
<31
<2.1
<85
<2.1
<30
<2.6
<31
4.6±2.2
55+26
<1.8
<24
<2.35
<31
<1. 8-4.6
<24-<85
23ty
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
NA
<4.9
<200
NA
NA
NA
NA
235|J
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
NA
<2.4
<97
NA
NA
NA
NA
238u
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
NA
<3.4
<140
NA
NA
NA
NA
Ash Wet wt.
(%) (kg) -
1.1 1.318
4.1 1.459
1.4 1.126
1.2 1.364
1.2 1.386
1.3 0.932
1.25
1.1-
4.1
Ash wt.
(g)
14.5
59.8
15.8
16.4
16.6
12.1
Wet weight.
NA = Not analyzed.
-------
TABLE C-4. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN LIVERS, AREA 18 CATTLE, OCTOBER
238PU 239pu
Animal (fCi/g Ash)(fCi/g Ash)
No. (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*)
7
8 6.5±6.2
91+87
9 11±6.5
520±310
10 <0.8
<16
11 0.43±0.43
6.5±6.5
12 40±18
600±270
MEDIAN 6.5
91
RANGE 0.43-40
600
58+12
810+170
21±12
1,000±570
4.8+1.8
97137
1.9+1
29115
<10
<150
<150
1.9-58
29-
1,000
(fCi/g Ash)
(fC1/kg*)
11+4.1
160+58
7.1+4.6
340+220
5+1.4
1 00129
NA
3.9+3.6
59+52
6.1
130
3.9-11
59-
340
235U 238U Ash Wet wt.
(fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) m ,.n>
(fCi/kg ) (fCi/kg ) UJ {g}
SAMPLE NOT COLLECTED
<1.2 11+3.7 1.4 1.058
<17 150+52
<2 <3.5 4.8 0.982
<97 <170
<0.5 1.9+0.8 2 1.293
<10 39116
NA NA 1.5 1.377
<1.5 <2.5 1.5 0.825
<22 <37
<1.4 <3 1.5
<19.5 104
<0.5-<2 1.9-11 1.4-
<10- <37- 4.8
<97 <170
Ash wt.
- (g)
14.8
47.1
25.9
20.7
12.4
Wet weight.
NA = Not analyzed.
-------
o
I
en
Animal
No.
7
8
9
10
11
12
MEDIAN
RANGE
TABLE C-5.
238Pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
140±25
5,6001990
9.4±3.6
1 70±65
650±90
13,000+1,800
94±15
3,000±480
52±11
620±130
94
3,000
9.4-650
170-13,000
ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN
239pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
1,300±120
52,000±4,500
140H7
2,500+300
1,600+170
32,00013,400
690+62
22,00012,000
560+52
6,7001630
690
22,000
140-1,600
2,500-52,000
23HJ
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
360144
14,000±1,700
3617.2
650H 30
1,4001140
28,00012,900
110115
3,5001490
130+24
1,600+290
130
3,500
36-1,400
650-28,000
RUMEN CONTENTS, AREA 18 CATTLE, OCTOBER
235U
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
1016.7
3901260
2+1.7
36131
60134
1,2001690
SAMPLE LOST
4.713.1
1 5011 00
9.215.8
110+70
9.2
150
2-60
36-1,200
238U
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
310+38
12,000+1,500
3016.1
54011 1 0
1,1001130
23,00012,600
1 1 Oil 5
3,4001480
1 30+23
1,600+280
130
3,400
30-1,100
540-23,000
Ash Wet wt.
(%) (kg) .
3.9 1.064
1.8 1.591
2 1.021
3.2 1.395
1.2 1.208
2
1.2-
3.9
Ash wt.
(g)
41.5
28.6
20.4
44.6
14.5
Wet weight.
-------
TABLE C-6. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN RETICULUM SEDIMENTS, AREA 18 CATTLE, OCTOBER
238pu 239pu
Animal (fCi/g Ash)(fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash)
No. (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*)
235y
238y
Ash
Wet Wt. Ash Wt.
7
8
9
10
S "
12
MEDIAN
RANGE
<120
<9,000
<71
<12,000
<120
<52,000
<83
<25,000
<100
<34,000
<100
<25,000
<71-<120
< 9,000-
< 52, 000
<190
<14,000
<94
<16,000
<190
<84,000
<140
<41,000
<180
<60,000
<180
<41,000
<94-<190
<14,000-
<84,000
560H 00
41,00017,600
6501110
110,000+19,000
730H 20
330,000156,000
5701110
170,000132,000
1,3001150
440,000+51,000
650
170,000
560-1,300
41,000-
440,000
32130
2,300+2,
SAMPLE NOT
48+32
8,10015,
<33
<15,000
<32
<9,500
6U36
20,000+1
<33
<9,500
<32-61
2,300-
20,000
6201100
200 45,00017,400
COLLECTED
590±1 00
400 100,000+17,000
7301120
330,000153,000
600+110
180,000132,000
1,3001150
2,000 430,000149,000
620
180,000
590-1,300
45,000-
430,000
7.3 0.0436 3.2
17 0.0549 9.3
45 0.0508 22.9
30 0.0304 9.1
33 0.055 18.2
30
7.3-
45
Wet weight.
-------
TABLE C-7. ACTINIDE, STRONTIUM, AND CALCIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN VERTEBRAE, AREA 18 CATTLE, OCTOBER
238pu 239pu
Animal (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash)
No. (fCi/kg ) (fCi/kg*)
7 <5.2
<670
8 30±7.4
5,700±1,400
9 25±6.4
5,400±1,400
10 8.9±4.2
1 ,700±790
11 15±5.3
2,200±800
12 <3.6
<510
MEDIAN 12
1,950
RANGE <3.6-30
<510-
5,700
<7.5
<970
<7.9
<1,500
<7.3
<1,600
7.4±4.0
1 ,400+760
15±5.9
2,300±890
5.7±3.9
800±540
7.45
1,450
5.7-15
800-
2,300
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<2.4
<310
7.4±3.2
1 ,400+600
<1.7
<380
<2.3
<440
<2.2
<330
<3.2
<450
<2.35
<410
<1. 7-7.4
<310-
1,400
235|J 238U
(fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*)
<]
<130
<1.2
<220
1.4±1.3
310±290
<1.1
<200
<1.5
<220
<1.3
<180
<1.25
<210
-------
TABLE C-8. ACTINIDE, STRONTIUM, AND CALCIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN FEMURS, AREA 18 CATTLE, OCTOBER
3
Animal
No.
7
8
9
10
11
12
MEDIAN
RANGE
238pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<5.2
<1,100
<6.2
<1,600
<4.3
<1,300
5.4+3.8
1,400+1,000
<4.6
<1,100
<3.9
<810
<4.9
<1,200
<3.9-<6.2
<810-
<1,600
239Pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<9
<1,900
<8.1
<2,100
<5
<1,500
<3.8
<1,000
9.6±5
2,300±1,200
9
1,900±860
<8.55
<1,900
<3.8-9.6
<1,000-
2,300
23^ 235y 238(J
(fCi/g Ash)(fCi/g Ash)(fCi/g Ash
(fCi/kg ) (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*)
<2
<410
6.2+2.7
1,600±700
<3
<910
<1.8
<460
<1.8
<440
<5.7
<1,200
<2.5
<685
<1.8-6.2
<410-
1,600
<0.90
<190
<0.65
<170
<2.5
<750
<0.73
<190
<1
<240
<4.3
<910
<0.95
<215
<0.65-<4.3
<170-
<910
<1.5
<310
<1.6
<420
<3.7
<1,100
<1.3
<330
1.7±1.6
420±390
<6.2
<1,300
<1.65
<420
<1.3-<6.2
<310-
<1,300
)(pCi/g Ash)
(Pd/kg*)
<24
<5,000
<24
<6,200
<32
<9,700
34+23
8,800±6,100
28±20
6,600+4,800
30+19
6,300±3,900
29
6,450
<24-34
•? 5,000-
<9,700
(pCi/g Ash)
(PCi/kg )
2.2+0.81
470+170
3.5±0.81
920+210
5±1.1
1,500±330
3.2±1.0
830±260
2.6+0.83
630+200
3±0.81
630+170
3.1
730
2.2-5
470-
1,500
Ash
(X)
21
26
30
26
24
21
25
21-
30
Ca Wet wt.
(mg/g) (kg).
360 0.692
380 1.650
380 2.038
380 0.850
370 0.549
370 0.534
375
360-
380
Ash wt.
(g)
145.3
429
611.4
221
131*. 8
112.1
Wet weight.
-------
TABLE C-9. GAMMA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDES AND TRITIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN SELECTED TISSUES,
AREA 18 CATTLE, OCTOBER
o
Animal No.
7
8
9
10
11
12
MEDIAN
RANGE
Rumen Contents
K (g/kg)
95Zr (pCi/kg)
103Ru (pCi/kg)
137Cs (pCi/kg)
1.1
-------
TABLE D-l. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN LUNGS, CORRALLED CATTLE, 1973
Animal
No.
902
16
779
46
- MEDIAN
RANGE
238pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<110
<1,200
<25
<250
<15
<160
<25
<250
<15-<110
<160-<1,200
239pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<60
<660
30±16
300±160
37±14
410±150
37
410
30-<60
300-<660
23^U
(fCi/g Ash
(fCi/kg*)
85±1.2
940±13
61±9.7
610±97
29±10
320±110
61
610
29-85
320-940
235J
) (fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
10±2.5
110±27
8.6±3.6
86±36
NOT SAiMPLED
<2.9
<32
8.6
86
<2.9-10
<32-110
238U
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
64±8.5
700±93
17±5.1
170±51
34±10
370±110
34
370
17-64
170-700
Ash Wet wt. Ash wt.
(%) (kg) (g)
1.1 1.859 20.4
1 2.684 26.8
1.1 1.880 20.7
1.1
1-
1.1
Wet weight.
-------
a
ro
TABLE D-2. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN TRACHEO-BRONCHIAL LYMPH NODES, CORRALLED CATTLE, 1973
Animal
No.
902
16
779
46
238pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<110
<7,900
239pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
2,800±360
210,000±27,000
234u 235U
(fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*)
NOT SAMPLED
NOT SAMPLED
NOT SAMPLED
230±88 <1 6
17,000±6,500 <1,200
238U Ash
(fCi/g Ash) m
(fCi/kg*) (/o)
230±88 7.4
17,000±6,500
Wet wt. Ash wt
(kg) , (g)
0.0408 3.02
Wet weight.
-------
TABLE D-3. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN MUSCLES, CORRALLED CATTLE, 1973
Animal
No.
902
16
779
46
MEDIAN
RANGE
238pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
17±5.7
200±69
<37
<410
<25
<250
<9.3
<93
<21
<225
<9.3-<37
<93-<410
239pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
19±4.7
230+56
65±32
710±350
<35
<350
9.8±5.2
98±52
27
290
9.8-65
98-710
23^
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
22±5.7
260±68
64±13
700±140
13±3.8
130±38
29±6.2
290±62
25.5
275
13-64
130-700
235(j
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg )
5+2.7
60±32
20±7.5
220+82
<1.2
<12
4.U2.4
41 ±24
4.55
50.5
<1.2-20
<12-220
238y
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
8.3±3.6
1 00+43
39+11
430+120
2.2+1.7
22±17
7.5±3.2
75±32
7.9
87.5
2.2-39
22-430
Ash Wet wt. Ash wt.
(%) (kg) . (g)
1.2 2.194 26.3
1.1 1.297 14.3
0.99 1.214 12
1 3.137 31.4
1.05
0.99-
1.2
Wet weight.
-------
TABLE D-4. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN LIVERS, CORRALLED CATTLE, 1973
238pu 239pu
Animal (fCI/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash)
No. (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*)
902 <8.8
<97
16 <58
<580
779
46t 1,500+140
21,00012,000
o MEDIAN <58
i. <580
RANGE <8. 8- 1,500
<97-21 ,000
40HO
440H10
40±37
4001370
58H5
8101210
40
440
40-58
400-810
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
55HO
61 OH 1 0
3218.9
320189
19±5.3
260+74
32
320
19-55
260-610
235U 238U Ash Wet wt.
(fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (0/] ,. }
(fCi/kg*) (fC1/kg*) (/o) (kgj
<0.45
<5
<2
<20
NOT SAMPLED
<20
<20
<0.45-<2
<5-<20
2316.6 1.1 2.069
250173
2417.8 1 2.305
240178
8.613.4 1.4 2.358
120147
23 1.1
240
8.6-24 1-
120-250 1.4
Ash wt.
(g)
22.8
23.1
•
33
Wet weight.
Possibly contaminated during sampling as was confined and sacrificed in conjunction with an experv
mental animal which had been dosed with plutonium-238.
-------
TABLE D-5. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN RUMEN CONTENTS, CORRALLED CATTLE, 1973
Animal
No.
902
16
779
46
238pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
29±16
400±220
239pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
540±56
7,500±780
234J
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
1 ,200±46
17,000±650
235U
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
NOT SAMPLED
NOT SAMPLED
NOT SAMPLED
15±5.1
210±72
238U Ash Wet wt. Ash wt.
(fCi/g Ash) m /. » / x
(fC1/kg*) U' Ug} , ^g;
390±26 1.4 3.113 43.6
5,500±370
Wet weight.
o
i
in
-------
D-6. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN RETICULUM SEDIMENTS, CORRALLED CATTLE, 1973
en
238RU
Animal (fCi/g Ash)
No. (fCi/kg*)
902
16
779
46
Wet
230±68
150,000±45,000
weight.
239pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
640±91
420,000±60,000
234J
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
NOT
NOT
NOT
500±85
330,000±56,000
235U
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
SAMPLED
SAMPLED
SAMPLED
17±15
11,000±1,000
238U Ash
(fCi/g Ash) m
(fCi/kg*) U°J
500±70 66
330,000±46,000
Wet wt. Ash wt.
(kg) (g)
0.035 23.1
TABLE D-7. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN WHOLE FETUSES. CORRALLED CATTLE, 1973
Animal
Ho.
16
238pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<1.9
<44
239pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<1.7
<40
234U
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<1.3
<30
235U
(fCi/g A
(fCi/kg
<0.13
<3
*5'
238y
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<0.87
<20
89Sr
(pCi/g Ash) (
(pCi/kg*)
<1.9
<43
90Sr
pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg )
1.2±0.74
28+17
Ash Ca
(%) (mg/g)
23 230
Wet wt.
(kg)
1.959
Ash wt.
(g)
450.6
*
Wet weight.
NA = Not analyzed.
-------
TABLE 0-8. ACTINIDE, STRONTIUM, AND CALCIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN BONES*, CORRALLED CATTLE, 1973
Animal
No.
902
16
779
46
MEDIAN
RANGE
238pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kgt)
3.613.0
1,200±1,000
<2.9
<500
<3.5
<1,100
<23
<4,100
3.55
1,150
<2.9-<23
<500-4,100
239Pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kgt)
30+4.5
10,000+1,500
120±12
21,000±2,000
6.813.0
2,1001920
33+16
6,00012,900
31.5
8,000
6.8-120
2,100-21,000
(fCi/9 Ash)
(fCi/kgt)
7.9+2.1
2,600+690
11+2.2
1 ,8001370
4.2±1.4
1,3001430
6.7±1.8
1 ,2001320
7.3
1,550
4.2-11
1,200-2,600
235(J
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kgt)
<0.30
<100
0.8210.71
140H 20
<0.42
<130
<0.40
<72
41
115
<0.3-0.82
<72-140
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kgt)
7. OH. 9
2,3001630
6.5H.8
1,100+300
2.8+1.3
8601400
4.8+1.5
8601270
5.65
935
2.8-7.0
860-2,300
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)
<3.3
<1,100
<2.4
<410
<2.2
<680
<1.7
<310
<2.3
<545
<1.7-<3.3
<310-<1,100
90Sr
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kgt)
3.3+1.1
1,100+360
2.8+0.76
470H30
2.010.74
620+230
1.2+0.72
220H 30
2.4
545
1.2-3.3
220-1,100
Ash
(*)
33
17
31
18
24.5
17-
33
Ca Wet wt.
(mg/g) (kg)
370 0.994
372 2.418
378 0.447
370 2.037
371
370-
378
Ash wt.
(g)
328
411.1
138.6
366.7
+Femurs were sampled from animals nos. 902 and 779, and the vertebrae from nos. 16 and 46.
'Wet weight.
-------
TABLE D-9. GAMMA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDES AND TRITIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN SELECTED
TISSUES,* CORRALLED CATTLE, 1973
o
I
00
Animal
No.
902
16
779
46
MEDIAN
RANGE
Liver
K (g/kg)
103Ru (pCi/kg)
137Cs (pCi/kg)
3.2
-------
TABLE E-l ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN LUNGS, MULE DEER, 1973
Animal
No.
1
2
3
4
MEDIAN
RANGE
238pu
(fCi/9 Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
84±31
810±300
540±49
9,100±830
5,300±410
53,000±4,100
56±13
520±120
312
4,950
56-5,300
520-53,000
239pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<35
<340
<14
<240
<19
<190
28+9.7
260±90
<16.5
<290
-------
TABLE E-2. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN MUSCLES, MULE DEER, 1973
Animal
No.
1
2
3
4
MEDIAN
RANGE
238pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
1,500±110
21,000±1,600
<7.8
<57
17±8
160 ± 75
17
160
<7. 8-1, 500
<57-21,000
239pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
6.7±4.8
94±67
11+4.9
78±36
<9
<83
<9
<83
6.7-11
78-94
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
NA
49112
360+90
1514.9
140146
32
250
15-49
140-360
235U 238U Ash Wet wt. Ash wt
(fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) m /.» / x
(fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) u; lKg; ig;
NA
8.5+5.2
62138
SAMPLE LOST
2.7+2.2
25 ± 21
5.6
43.5
2.7-8.5
25-62
NA 1.4 1.349 18.9
<7.1 0.73 1.326 9.7
<52
7.2+3.5 0.94 1.246 11.7
68133
7.15 0.94
60
<7. 1-7.2 0.73-
<52-68 1.4
Wet weight.
NA = Not analyzed.
-------
TABLE E-3. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN LIVERS, MULE DEER, 1973
238pu
Animal (fCi/g Ash)
No. (fCi/kg*)
1
2
3
4
Wet
m
CO
<13
<130
<8.4
<59
239pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<4.8
<47
<4.3
<30
234u
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
16±6.3
160±62
270±39
1,900±270
235U
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<1.8
<18
1 00±23
730±160
SAMPLE LOST
238U Ash Wet wt. Ash wt.
(fCi/g Ash) m (.} , \
(fCi/kg*) (/o} (kgj ^g;
15+5.8 0.98 0.906 8.88
150±57
210±34 0.70 0.991 6.94
1,500±240
SAMPLE NOT COLLECTED
weight.
-------
TABLE E-4. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN RUMEN CONTENTS, MULE DEER, 1973
Animal
No.
1
2
3
4
MEDIAN
RANGE
238pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<8.3
<290
11±10
220±210
239pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
34±9.4
1,200±330
90±15
1,800±300
23kU
(fCi/g A^h)
(fCi/kg*)
54±11
1, 900±380
85±10
1,700±210
235U
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg )
<2.1
<73
3.8±2.2
77±44
238u
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg )
37±8.9
1,300±310
80±10
1,600±210
Ash Wet wt. Ash wt.
(*) (kg) (g)
3.5 0.430 15.1
2 0.902 18
SAMPLE LOST
41+9.2
530±120
11
<290
<8.3-41
220-
530
250±27
3,300±350
90
1,800
34-250
1,200-
3,300
NA
69
1,800
54-85
1,700-
1,900
NA
3
75
<2.1-3.8
<73-
77
NA
59
1,450
37-80
1,300-
1,600
1.3 0.715 9.3
2
1.3-
3.5
Wet weight.
NA = Not analyzed.
-------
TABLE E-5. ACTINIDE, STRONTIUM, AND CALCIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN BONES (HOCK), MULE DEER, 1973
Animal
No.
1
2
3
4
MEDIAN
n
01 RANGE
238pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<2.2
<710
<2.2
<710
<5.2
<1,500
<2.2
<710
<2.2-<5.2
<710-<1,500
239pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<1.3
<410
1.8±1.2
610±410
<9.3
<2,700
1.8
610
<410-<2,700
(fCi/g Ash)
(fC1/kg*)
1+0.56
320+180
2.2+1.2
730±380
<3.1
<900
2.2
730
320-<900
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<0.063
<20
<0.12
<40
<2.4
<690
<0.12
<40
<0.063-<2.4
<20-<690
238y
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
0.69+0.47
220±150
0.97±0.7
320±230
SAMPLE LOST
<3.3
<970
0.97
320
0.69-<3.3
220-<970
89Sr
(pd'/g Ash) (
(pCi/kg*)
<3.1
<1,000
<2.8
<930
<17
<5,000
-------
TABLE E-6. GAMMA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDES AND TRITIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN SELECTED TISSUES,
MULE DEER, 1973
IT
Animal No.
1
2
3
4
MEDIAN
RANGE
Rumen Contents
K (g/kg)
"Zr (pCi/kg)
103Ru (pCi/kg)
137Cs (pCi/kg
3.2
-------
TABLE F-l. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN LUNGS, BIGHORN SHEEP, 1973
-n
i
i
Animal
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
238pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<6.9
<97
77±29
740±280
<6.7
<120
30±13
280±120
1,000±98
10,000±940
11±6.4
110±63
14±7.4
270±140
11±5.9
160±82
239Pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
n±n
160±150
<14
<130
<9.4
<170
21±11
190±100
<15
<140
29±10
280±100
<7.9
<150
16±7
230±98
23^J
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
NA
46±21
440±200
10±5.6
180±100
<12
<110
53±17
51 Oil 60
53±16
520±160
5.8±3.1
110±58
16±6.6
220±92
235U
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
NA
<5.7
<55
<1.8
<33
<5
<46
10±10
100±96
<3.4
<33
<1.2
<23
<1.7
<24
238U Ash Wet wt.
(fCi/g Ash) m ,k x
(fCi/kg*) (/o) (kgj
NA 1.4 0.268
34±18 0.96 0.092
330±170
11±5.2 1.8 0.267
190±94
12±9.9 0.92 0.199
110±92
41±18 0.96 0.237
390±170
54+15 0.98 0.235
530±150
4.2±2.6 1.9 0.303
79±50
14±6.1 1.4 0.235
200±86
Ash wt.
(g)
3.8
0.9
4.8
1.8
2.3
2.3
5.8
3.3
See footnotes on page F-l-3
-------
TABLE F-l. CONTINUED
Animal
No.
9
10
•11
12
13
14
15
16
17
238pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
35±24
420±290
130±21
1,3001210
10±7.4
280±200
239Pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
23±19
280±230
55±13
550±1 30
<5.2
<140
234y
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
170±27
2, 100±330
NA
18±8.9
480±240
235J 238y
(fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*) (fCi'/kg*)
10±6.3
120±75
NA
<2.8
<75
SAMPLE NOT
40±15
440±160
80±16
800±1 60
190±33
2, 100±360
22±8.4
220±84
140±19
1,500+210
16±8.5
1 60±85
6.4±4
70±44
<3.5
<35
SAMPLE NOT
10±4.6
220±96
450±43
4,900±470
76±13
1,600±270
<14
<150
NA
22±9.1
240±1 00
NA
<2.5
<28
1 70±27
2,1001330
NA
8.9±6.7
240±180
COLLECTED
150±21
1 ,700+230
1.7±6.9
1 70+69
COLLECTED
NA
18±8.7
200+96
Ash
(*)
1.2
1
2.7
1.1
1
2.1
1.1
Wet wt.
(kg)
0.192
0.339
0.057
0.326
0.297
0.233
0.230
Ash wt.
. (g)
2.3
3.4
1.5
3.6
3
4.9
2.5
See footnotes on page F-l-3.
-------
TABLE F-l. CONTINUED
I
co
Animal
Mo.
18
19
20
MEDIAN
RANGE
238pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
-------
TABLE F-2. ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN LIVERS, BIGHORN SHEEP, 1973
I
ro
Animal
No.
1, 2
3
4, 5,
6, 7
8
9
10
11
12
238pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
1U5.5
330H 60
<7.3
<80
1,8001310
33,000+5,500
790193
11,00011,300
6U32
360H90
239pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
83+14
2,4001410
19HO
210+110
670+140
12,00012,500
210139
2,9001550
93139
5501230
231HJ 235U 238U Ash Wet wt. Ash wt.
(fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) m ,., (a]
(fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (/o) (Kg) . (g}
SAMPLES
4.513.3
1 30195
SAMPLES
NA
720178
13,00011,400
NA
SAMPLE
49129
2901170
NOT COLLECTED
<2.4 5.513.4 2.9 0.428 12.9
<70 1601100
NOT COLLECTED
NA NA 1.1 0.479 5.3
35H4 610172 1.8 0.443 7.9
630+260 11,00011,300
NA NA 1.4 0.469 6.5
NOT COLLECTED
<12 25122 0.59 0.81 0.48
<73 150H30
13 SAMPLE NOT COLLECTED
See footnotes on page F-2-2
-------
TABLE F-2. CONTINUED
no
Animal
No.
14
15
16
17
18
MEDIAN
RANGE
238pu 239pu 234u 235y 238y Ash Wet Wt.
(fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) m ,. x
(fQi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) W lkg'
<1.6
<23
7.913.1
150159
69132
8301390
36
345
<1. 6-1, 800
<23-
33,000
5.412.9
75140
3416.3
640H20
190143
2,3001520
88
1,470
5.4-670
75-
12,000
NA NA NA 1.4 0.472
SAMPLE NOT COLLECTED
NA NA NA 1.9 0.482
SAMPLE NOT COLLECTED
NA NA NA 1.2 0.462
49 <12 25 1.4
290 <73 160
4.5-720 <2.4-35 5.5-610 0.59-
130- <70- 150 2.9
13,000 630 11,000
Ash wt.
(g)
6.6
9.2
5.5
*
Wet weight.
NA = Not analyzed.
-------
TABLE F-3. ACTINIDE, STRONTIUM, AND CALCIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN BONES (HOCK), BIGHORN SHEEP, 1973
Animal
No.
1
2
3, 4
5
6
Ł 7
i
8
9
10
11, 12
13
14
238pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
21+4.2
9,000+1 ,800
<1.7
<420
239pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<1.9
<820
<2.1
<500
(fCi/g Ash)
(fd/kg*)
2.8+1.9
1,200+830
16+3.6
3,800+870
235y
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
<0.86
<370
1.5+1.4
3501330
238y
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
1.711.3
7401550
1313.2
3,2001760
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
<0.86
<370
<0.83
<200
90Sr
(pCi/g Ash)
(pCi/kg*)
2.310.79
1,0001340
1.2+0.75
2901180
Ash
(*)
43
24
Ca
H/g)
370
370
Wet wt.
(kg)
0.240
0.370
Ash wt.
(9)
103.2
88.8
SAMPLES NOT COLLECTED
17+3.1
5,500+980
2.6+1.2
850+400
<1.6
<520
1.9+1
610+330
28+4.4
9,500+1,500
45+5.8
15,00011,900
<0.59
<190
0.94+0.76
3101250
2.6±2
8501650
<0.41
<130
<0.62
<210
1.7+1.7
550±550
3.8+1.5
1,2001470
3.9+1.7
1,300+550
3.611.5
1,200+500
1.8+0.94
570+300
2.1+1.2
720+400
6.4+3.3
2,100+1,100
<0.47
<150
<0.42
<140
<0.33
<110
<0.38
<120
<0.41
<140
<1.2
<410
2+1.1
6301350
2.6+1.4
870+450
1.9H.1
620+350
liO.72
3201230
0.91
310
3.9+3
1,300+1,000
<21
<6,800
<22
<7,400
<1.3
<420
2.2H.2
7001380
<19
<660
<1
<330
2.8H
910+320
2.6+1
8601330
311.1
1,000+370
2.4+0.97
7701310
1.8+0.91
610+310
6.4+0.97
2,100+320
32
33
33
32
34
33
370
360
370
380
370
380
0.196
0.236
0.932
0.203
0.207
0.185
62.7
77.9
307.6
64.9
70.4
61.1
SAMPLES NOT COLLECTED
9.4+2.4
3,0001770
2.4+1.2
780+380
<2.0
<650
<0.44
<140
3+2
950+640
3.4H.6
1, 100±520
<0.81
<260
<0.47
<150
1.3+1.1
4201340
2.2+1.3
6901420
<1.1
<360
<28
<8,900
4.4+1
1 ,400+330
5.6+1.4
1 ,8001450
32
32
380
380
0.223
0.236
71.4
75.5
See footnote on page F-3-2.
-------
TABLE F-3. CONTINUED
-n
co
i
rsj
Animal
iJo.
15
16
17
18
19
20
HEDIAii
RANGE
23Hpu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
*9.1±5
2,000±1,100
77±8.3
27,000+2,900
0.77+0.68
240+210
2.4+1.1
790+360
24±3.5
7,300±1,100
9.1
2,000
0.77-77
240-
27,000
239pu
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
15±5.9
3,400±1,300
<1.5
<510
<0.58
<180
1.6+0.91
540+300
1.6+0.87
510±270
1.7
'510
<0. 41-15
<130-
3,400
234u
(fCi/g Ash)
(fCi/kg*)
13+2.7
2,800+600
1.5+0.94
520+330
2.5+1.3
780+410
2.7±1.2
880±400
2.4±1.1
740±350
3
1,100
1.5-16
520-
3,800
235U -38U ^Sr
(fCi/g Ash) (fCi/g Ash) (pCi/g Ash)
•(fCi/kg*) (fCi/kg*) (pCi/kg*)
<0.59
<130
SAMPLE
<0.49
<170
<0.39
<120
<0.28
<93
<0.52
<160
<0.49
<150
<0.28-1.5
<93-
<410
13±2.5
2,800+560
iiOT COLLECTED
2.5+1.2
880±420
1.7±1.1
520±350
1.6±0.88
520+290
2.3±1.1
700±340
2
690
<0. 91-13
<310-
3,200
-2
•450
<1.3
<450
<21
<6,600
<1.5
<500
1.8+1.4
560+44
1.8
<500
<0.83- 28
560-
<8,900
'^Sr Ash Ca ',let wt.
(&$V C") H/g) (kg).
lf±1.6 22 360 0.420
2,500±350
3.4+1.1 35 370 0.164
1,200±400
7.7+1.4 31 380 0.210
24,000±440
4.2+1.5 33 360 0.226
14,000±430
2.9+1.2 31 380 0.094
900±37
3 32 370
1,000
1.2-11 22- 360-
900- 43 380
24,000
Ash wt.
(9)
92.4
57.4
65.1
70.1
29
Wet weight.
-------
TABLE F-4. GAMMA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDES AND TRITIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN
SELECTED TISSUES,* BIGHORN SHEEP, 1973
Animal No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Rumen Contents Lungs
, K (g/kg) K (g/kg)
103Ru (pCi/kg)
137Cs (pCi/kg)
95Zr (pCi/kg)
2.0 2.7
-------
TABLE F-4. CONTINUED
Animal No.
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Rumen Contents
K (g/kg)
103Ru (pCi/kg)
137Cs (pCi/kg)
95Zr (pCi/kg)
4.8
-------
Animal No.
19
20
MEDIAN
RANGE
TABLE
Rumen Contents
K (g/kg)
103Ru (pCi/kg)
137Cs (pCi/kg)
95Zr (pCi/kg)
1.2
-------
APPENDIX G. BOTANICAL ANALYSES OF DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP RUMEN CONTENTS, 1973
Animal
No.
Scientific
Name
Common
Name
Composition
Percent
1 Stipa speoiosa
Oryzopsis hymenoides
Sitanion hystrix
Unidentified grass
Euphorbia spp.
Unidentified forbs
Unidentified shrubs
2 Stipa speeiosa
Oryzopsis hymenoides
Unidentified grasses
Euphorbia spp.
Unidentified forbs
Eriogonum spp.
Argemone spp.
Cowania mexioana
Ephedra viridis
Unidentified shrubs
3 Stipa speaiosa
Unidentified grasses
Hilaria jamesii
Unidentified shrubs
Eriogonum spp.
Yuooa sohidigera
Cowania mexicana
Ephedra viridis
Unidentified shrubs
Ceroooarpus intrioatus
4 Stipa speoiosa
Unidentified grasses
Sitanion hystrix
Elymus ainereus
Unidentified forbs
5 Stipa speoiosa
Oryzopsis•hymenoides
Sitanion hystrix
Elymus oinereus
Euphorbia spp.
Eriogonum spp.
Chaenaotis spp.
Desert needlegrass
Indian rice grass
Squirrel tail grass
Spurge
Desert needlegrass
Indian rice grass
Spurge
Buckwheat
Poppy
Cliff rose
Mountain joint fir
Desert needlegrass
Gall eta grass
Buckwheat
Mohave yucca
Cliff rose
Mountain joint fir
Little-leaved mahogany
Desert needlegrass
Squirrel tail grass
Giant wild rye grass
Desert needlegrass
Indian rice grass
Squirrel tail grass
Giant wild rye grass
Spurge
Buckwheat
Pincushion
13
33
17
6
11
7
13
36
12
19
14
6
3
1
4
2
3
19
9
6
4
1
38
6
11
2
4
13
72
9
6
Trace
13
27
28
6
16
2
1
Qi-1
-------
APPENDIX G. CONTINUED
Animal
No.
Scientific
Name
Common
Name
Composition
Percent
8
Astragalus spp.
Unidentified shrubs
Arctostaphylos spp.
Stipa speaiosa
Oryzopsis hymenoides
Sitanion hystrix
Hilaria jamesii
Elymus ainereus
Sporobolus spp.
Unidentified forbs
Erodium cicutarium
Yucca schidigera
Unidentified shrubs
Ephedra nevadensis
Coleogyne ramosissima
Pinus spp.
Stipa speaiosa
Unidentified grasses
Hilaria jamesii
Sporobolus spp.
Cowania mexiaana
Ephedra viridis
Artemisia tridentata
Juniperus monosperma
Cercoeavpus intvicatus
Yucca brevifolia
Coleogyne ramosissima
Oryzopsis hymenoides
Sitanion hystrix
Hilaria jamesii
Euphorbia spp.
Eriogonum spp.
Yuoaa schidigera
Cowania mexicana
Ephedra viridis
Yucca brevifolia
Coleogyne ramosissima
Loco weed
Manzanita
Desert needlegrass
Indian rice grass
Squirrel tail grass
Galleta grass
Giant wild rye grass
Dropseed grass
Heron's bill
Mohave yucca
Nevada joint
Black brush
Pine
fir
Desert needlegrass
Galleta grass
Dropseed grass
Cliff rose
Mountain joint fir
Big sagebrush
Juniper
Little-leaved mahogany
Joshua tree
Black brush
Indian rice grass
Squirrel tail grass
Galleta grass
Spurge
Buckwheat
Mohave yucca
Cliff rose
Mountain joint fir
Joshua tree
Black brush
2
4
1
18
21
27
10
4
6
1
2
1
3
6
1
Trace
10
26
4
14
6
17
2
1
9
8
3
36
26
19
3
3
4
1
2
6
Trace
6-2
-------
APPENDIX G. CONTINUED
Animal
No.
9
Scientific
Name
Stipa speoiosa
Oryzopsis hymenoides
Unidentified grasses
Unidentified forbs
Erodium oioutarium
Argemone spp.
Unidentified shrubs
Common
Name
Desert needlegrass
Indian rice grass
Heron's bill
Poppy
Composition
Percent
18
39
29
4
2
5
3
10 Stipa speoiosa
Sitanion hystrix
Hilaria jamesii
Bromus tectorum
Cowan-ia mexioana
Ephedra viridis
Unidentified shrubs
Artemisia tridentata
Atriplex canessens
12 Stipa speoiosa
Oryzopsis hymenoides
Euphorbia spp.
Erodium oioutariim
Sphaeraloea spp.
luooa sohidigera
Cowania mexioana
Ephedra viridis
Artemesia tridentata
Atriplex canescens
14
Stipa speoiosa
Oryzopsis hymenoides
Sitanion hystrix
Hi~Laria jamesii
Elymus oinereus
Euphorbia spp.
Astragalus spp.
luooa sohidigera
Artemisia tridentata
15 Stipa speoiosa
Oryzopsis hymenoides
Unidentified grasses
Unidentified forbs
Yuooa sohidigera
Desert needlegrass
Squirrel tail grass
Galleta grass
Cheat grass
Cliff rose
Mountain joint fir
Big sagebrush
Four-winged saltbush
Desert needlegrass
Indian rice grass
Spurge
Heron's bill
Mallow
Mohave yucca
Cliff rose
Mountain joint fir
Big sagebrush
Four winged saltbush
Desert needlegrass
Indian rice grass
Squirrel tail grass
Galleta grass
Giant wild rye grass
Spurge
Loco weed
Mohave yucca
Big sagebrush
Desert needlegrass
Indian rice grass
Mohave yueca
24
16
17
2
1
2
8
2
28
34
13
3
3
2
4
19
12
4
6
19
6
14
21
4
2
Trace
32
2
19
14
3
2
5
G-3
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Animal
No.
15
APPENDIX
Scientific
Name
Cowan-La mexi.ca.na
Ephedra viridis
Artemisia tridentata
Querous gambelii
G. CONTINUED
Contnon
Name
Cliff rose
Mountain joint fir
Big sagebrush
Gambel 's oak
Composition
Percent
32
8
14
3
16 Stipa speoiosa
Oryzopsis hymenoides
Unidentified grasses
Unidentified forbes
Eriogomm spp.
Yuooa sohidigera
Cowania mexioana
Ceroooarpus intrioatus
Atriplex oanesoens
17 Stipa speoiosa
Oryzopsis hymenoides
Sitamon hystrix
Euphorbia spp.
Eriogomm spp.
Chaenaotis spp.
Ephedra viridis
Coleogyne ramosissima
18 Stipa speoiosa
Oryzopsis hymenoides
Sitamon hystrix
Unidentified forbs
luaca sohidigera
Cowania mexioana
Unidentified shrubs
Artemisia tridenta
19 Stipa speciosa
Oryzopsis hymenoides
Bilaria jamesii
Unidentified forbs
luooa sohidigera
Ephedra viridis
Unidentified shrubs
Ceroooarpus intricatus
Coleogyne ramosissima
Desert needlegrass
Indian rice grass
Buckwheat
Mohave yucca
Cliff rose
Little-leaved mahogany
Four-winged saltbush
Desert needlegrass
Indian rice grass
Squirrel tail grass
Spurge
Buckwheat
Pincushion
Mountain joint fir
Black brush
Desert needlegrass
Indian rice grass
Squirrel tail grass
Mohave yucca
Cliff rose
Big sagebrush
Desert needlegrass
Indian rice grass
Galleta grass
Mohave yucca
Mountain joint fir
Little-leaved mahogany
Black brush
6
20
18
2
Trace
36
7
4
2
42
18
25
12
Trace
2
Trace
1
6
9
17
2
36
7
3
20
13
15
6
8
28
14
4
9
3
G-4
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APPENDIX G. CONTINUED
Animal Scientific Common Composition
No. Name Name Percent
20 Stipa speaiosa Desert needlegrass 21
Oryzopsis hmenoides Indian rice grass 6
Unidentified grasses 3
Sitanion hystrix Squirrel tail grass 15
Hilar-La jamesii Gall eta grass 6
Euphorbia spp. Spurge 4
Sphaeraloea spp. Mallow 4
Linim lewisii Blue flax 3
Juniperus monosperma Juniper 26
Encelia spp. Encelia 12
6-5
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APPENDIX H. GROSS AND MICROSCOPIC PATHOLOGY1" FOUND IN NECROPSIED ANIMALS
Cattle ,
1 Necropsy findings
- No gross lesions noted. Uterus con-
tained 8% month fetus.
Histopathologic findings - No significant lesions noted; however,
many of !the tissues showed postmortem
autolysis resulting from incomplete
preservation during the fixation process,
Clinical diagnosis
- Normal.
Necropsy findings
- No gross lesions noted.
Histopathologic findings - No significant lesions noted; however,
many of the tissues showed postmortem
autolysis resulting from incomplete
preservation during the fixation process,
Clinical diagnosis
- Normal
Necropsy findings
- Minor fibrinous adhesions between rib
cage and dorsal surface of right apical
lobe of the lung. Uterus contained
1\ month female fetus.
Histopathologic findings - No significant lesions noted.
Clinical diagnosis - Normal.
Necropsy findings
- No gross lesions noted. Uterus con-
tained 8^ month male fetus.
Histopathologic findings - No significant lesions noted. Focal
hemorrhages in lungs.
Clinical diagnosis
- Normal.
Necropsy findings - No gross lesions noted.
Histopathologic findings - No significant lesions noted.
See footnotes on page H-7.
H-l
-------
APPENDIX H. CONTINUED
Cattle
5 Clinical diagnosis - Normal.
6 Necropsy findings - No gross lesions noted.
Histopathologic findings - No significant lesions noted; however,
many of the tissues showed postmortem
autolysis resulting from incomplete
preservation during the fixation process.
Clinical diagnosis - Normal.
7 Necropsy findings - No gross lesions noted.
Histopathologic findings - No significant lesions noted.
Hematology findings - RBC/cmm - 12.6 x 106, WBC/cmm - 8.3 x 103,
MCV/cu.y -38, Hb g % - 15, and
hematocrit % - 48.
Clinical diagnosis - Normal.
8 Necropsy findings - No gross lesions noted. Reticulum sedi-
ment contains numerous copper wire
filaments—penetration had not occurred.
Histopathologic findings - Sarcocysts in cardiac muscle.
Hematology findings - RBC/cmm - 9.48 x 106, WBC/cmm - 2 x 103,
MCV/cu.y - 39, Hb g% - 11.6, and
Hematocrit % - 37.
Clinical diagnosis - Normal.
9 Necropsy findings - Apparent squamous cell carcinoma. Lateral
canthus of right eye. Lobes of left lung
show consolidation, probably postmortem
gravitation.
Histopathologic findings - Sarcocysts in cardiac muscle hemorrhage
and emphysema in lungs.
See footnotes on page H-7.
H-2
-------
APPENDIX H. CONTINUED
Cattle
9 Hematology findings - RBC/cmm - 9.12 x 106, WBC/cmm - 3.1 x 103,
MCV/cu.y - 49, Hb g % - 14.2, and
Hematocrit % - 45.
Clinical diagnosis - Normal.
10 Necropsy findings - Third right upper premolar has not
erupted normally. Maxilla is swollen
above the tooth. The maxilla is
rarefied, and appears cartilaginous
in this area.
Histopathologic findings - Sarcocysts in cardiac muscle. Lung
shows hemorrhage and emphysema.
Maxilla lesion shows a chronic inflam-
mation with granulomatous foci sur-
rounding clubbed bacterial colonies
(acti nomyces). Comment—1 oca!i zed
chronic actinomyces lesion.
Hematology findings - Blood sample clotted—no analysis.
Clinical diagnosis - Normal with localized actinomyces.
11 Necropsy findings - No gross lesions noted.
Histopathologic findings - No significant lesions noted.
Hematology findings - RBC/cmm - 7.3 x 106, WBC/cmm - 2.9 x 103,
MCV/cu.y - 52, Hb g % - 11.6, and
Hematocrit % - 38.
Clinical diagnosis - Normal.
12 Necropsy findings - No gross lesions noted.
Histopathologic findings - No significant lesions noted.
Hematology findings RBC/cmm - 8.18 x 10G, WBC/cmm - 3 x 103,
MCV/cu.y - 45, Hb g % - 11.1, and
Hematocrit % - 37.
Clinical diagnosis - Normal.
See footnotes on page H-7.
H-3
-------
APPENDIX H. CONTINUED
Corralled
Cattle
16
Necropsy findings
Histopathologic findings -
Hematology findings
Clinical diagnosis
Very emaciated and in poor condition.
Liver contained serous cysts of
approximately 0.5 cm in diameter.
Lung contained a circumscribed
abscess approximately 2 cm in dia-
meter. Uterus contained a 4 month
fetus, A wire, 8 cm long, was
found in reticulum.
Thickened glomerular membranes in
kidney. Mild emphysema in lung
tissue, homogenous eosinophilic
infiltration of the adrenal
cortex (amyloidosis). Sarcocysts
in cardiac muscle. Eosinophilic
infiltrate in sinusoids of liver.
Commentj "This cow had generalized
amyloidosis possibly secondary to
traumatic reticulitis."
Sample not collected.
Chronic traumatic reticulitis.
779
Necropsy findings
Clinical diagnosis
- In early May, a rumenotory was per-
formed on this animal and a rumen
cannula installed. It never fully
recovered from surgery and died
May 24. Was not necropsied by
experienced personnel; however,
evidence of peritonitis was found.
Samples were not collected for his-
topathology or hematology analysis.
- Post-surgical peritonitis.
902
Necropsy findings
See footnotes on page H-7.
This animal had a rumen fistula for
8 years of its 9-year life. Found
dead May 6, was greatly distended
with gas. When animal was moved the
intrarumen pressure blew out the
cannula and rumen contents spurted
20 feet into the air. The rumen
H-4
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APPENDIX H. CONTINUED
Corralled
Cattle
902 Necropsy findings contd
Clinical diagnosis
- contained frothy, fresh green
alfalfa. Most internal organs
showed advanced postmortem decom-
position. The lungs were com-
pressed cranially and showed
congestion on the ventral portion.
Another animal in the same pen
evidenced clinical tympanites
(bloat). Because of the advanced
decomposition, samples were not
taken for histopathology or
hematology examination.
- Tympanites.
46
Necropsy findings
Histopathologic findings -
Hematology findings
Clinical diagnosis
An aged Hoi stein cow in poor condi-
tion that would not conceive. Eutha-
nized on June 13. The abomasum was
found in the ventral left apex of the
abdominal cavity pressing against
the ribs and diaphragm. The omasum
lies to the right of the abomasum.
Right horn of uterus contains 21 day
fetus. Uterine walls are thickened
and inflamed.
Uterus shows mild endometritis car-
diac muscle contains sarcocysts.
Kidney shows mild glomerulitis is
cortical necrosis of adrenal. Large
cystic follicle in ovary.
- Sample not collected.
- Displacedabomasum and chronic
metritis.
See footnotes on page H-7.
H-5
-------
APPENDIX H. CONTINUED
Mule
Deer
1
Necropsy findings
Histopathologic findings
Hematology findings
Clinical diagnosis
Ticks in both ears. In poor condi'
tion. No gross lesions noted.
No significant lesions noted; how-
ever, many of the tissues showed
postmortem autolysis and fixation
artifacts resulting from incom-
plete preservation during the
fixation process.
Sample not collected.
Normal.
Necropsy findings
Histopathologic findings
Hematology findings
Clinical diagnosis
Deer died as a result of collision
with motor, vehicle. Suffered
extensive trauma including rupture
of rumen with spillage of contents
into peritoneal cavity. Rupture of
liver and spleen with massive
hematoma. Lungs were penetrated by
rib splinters. Heart was ruptured,
right hip and pubis shattered,
mandible fractured.
Not sampled, as advance postmortem
changes present.
Sample not collected.
Extensive trauma.
Necropsy findings
Histopathologic findings
Hematology findings
Clinical diagnosis
- Hunter kill. No gross lesions noted,
except trauma of bullet passage
through thoracic cavity.
- No significant lesions.
- Sample not collected.
- Normal.
See footnotes on page H-7.
H-6
-------
APPENDIX H. CONTINUED
Mule
Deer
Necropsy findings
Histopathologic findings
Hematology findings
Clinical diagnosis
- Animal found dead with antlers
entangled in a rope fence. Ad-
vanced postmortem changes with
putrefaction, hair slippage,
and discoloration. Left thorax
badly bruised with fractured ribs.
- Not sampled, as advanced post-
mortem changes.
- Sample not collected.
- Death from shock and lack of water
because of entanglement in rope.
Desert Bighorn Sheep
All sheep sampled were collected by participants
in annual hunt. No necropsies were performed,
but all animals appeared to be healthy. All were
adult males.
Rabbit
1
Necropsy findings
Clinical diagnosis
- No gross lesions noted. Samples
not collected for histopathology
or hematology examination.
- Normal.
As reported by senior author.
As reported by Dr. Billy C. Ward, Department of Pathology, Washington
State University, Pullman, Washington.
H-7
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DISTRIBUTION
1 - 40 Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory-Las Vegas
41 Mahlon E. Gates, Manager, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
42 Troy E. Wade, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
43 David G. Jackson, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
44 Paul J. Mudra, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
45 El wood M. Douthett, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
46 - 47 Ernest D. Campbell, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
48 - 49 Paul B. Dunaway, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
50 - 51 Mary G. White, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
52 Roger Ray, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
53 Robert W. Taft, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
54 Leon SilverStrom, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
55 Robert W. Newman, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
56 Bruce W. Church, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
57 - 58 Technical Library, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
59 Chief, NOB/DNA, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
60 Hal Hollister, DSSC, ERDA/HQ, Washington, DC
61 Tommy F. McCraw, DOS, ERDA/HQ, Washington, DC
62 L. Joe Deal, DOS, ERDA/HQ, Washington, DC
63 - 67 Major General Joseph K. Bratton, Asst. Gen. Mgr., DMA,
ERDA/HQ, Washington, DC
68 Gordon F. Facer, DMA, ERDA/HQ, Washington, DC
69 James L. Liverman, Director, DBER, ERDA/HQ, Washington, DC
70 Robert L. Watters, DBER, ERDA/HQ, Washington, DC
71 John S. Kirby-Smith, DBER, ERDA/HQ, Washington, DC
72 Charles L. Osterberg, DBER, ERDA/HQ, Washington, DC
73 Robert W. Wood, DBER, ERDA/HQ, Washington, DC
74 William S. Osburn, Jr., DBER, ERDA/HQ, Washington, DC
75 Ray Brechbill, ERDA/SAN, Oakland, CA
76 Marcie Williamson, HSL/INEL, ERDA/ID, Idaho Falls, ID
77 Steven V. Kaye, Oak Ridge National Lab., Oak Ridge, TN
-------
78 Helen Pfuderer, Ecological Science Information Center, Oak Ridge
National Lab., Oak Ridge, TN
79 P. Wahlgren, Comparative Animal Research Lab., Oak Ridge National
Lab., Oak Ridge, TN
80 H. E. Walburg, Comparative Animal Research Lab., Oak Ridge National
Lab., Oak Ridge, TN
81 Asst. Admin, for Research and Development, EPA, Washington, DC
82 Deputy Asst. Admin, for Radiation Programs, EPA, Washington, DC
83 Director, Div. of Criteria and Standards, ORP, EPA, Washington, DC
84 Director, Div. of Field Operations, ORP, EPA, Washington, DC
85 Director, Div. of Technology Assessment, ORP, EPA, Washington, DC
86 Director, Office of Technical Analysis, EPA, Washington, DC
87 Library, EPA, Washington, DC
88 Paul DeFalco, Jr., Deputy Regional Admin., Region IX, EPA,
San Francisco, CA
89 James K. Channel!, Regional Radiation Representative, Region IX,
EPA, San Francisco, CA
90 Richard L. Blanchard, Director, Radiochemistry and Nuclear
Engineering Branch, EPA, Cincinnati, OH
91 Charles R. Porter, Director, Eastern Environmental Radiation Facility,
EPA, Montgomery, AL
92 Peter Halpin, Chief, APTIC, EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC
93 Harold F. Mueller, ARL, NOAA, Las Vegas, NV
94 Gilbert J. Ferber, ARL, NOAA, Silver Spring, MD
95 K. M. Oswald, Mgr., Health and Safety, LLL, Mercury, NV
96 Bernard W. Shore, LLL, Livermore, CA
97 Richard L. Wagner, LLL, Livermore, CA
98 Howard W. Tewes, LLL, Livermore, CA
99 Paul L. Phelps, LLL,.Livermore, CA
100 Mortimer L. Mendelsohn, LLL, Livermore, CA
101 J. C. Hopkins, LASL, Los Alamos, NM
102 Harry S. Jordan, LASL, Los Alamos, NM
103 Lamar J. Johnson, LASL, Los Alamos, NM
104 George E. Tucker, Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM
105 Carter D. Broyles, Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM
106 Melvin L. Merritt, Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM
107 R. Glen Fuller, Oracle, AZ
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108 Richard S. Davidson, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH
109 Arden E. Bicker, REECo, Mercury, NV
110 Savino W. Cavender, REECo, Mercury, NV
111 Auda F. Morrow, CETO, NTS, Mercury, NV
112 Billy Moore, NTSSO, ERDA/NV, Mercury, NV
113 Leo Bustad, Director, Veterinary Medicine, Washington State
University, Pullman, WA
114 Vincent Schultz, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
115 Arthur Wallace, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
116 Wesley E. Miles, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV
117 Library, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV
118 Verle R. Bohman, University of Nevada, Reno, NV
119 Lloyd P. Smith, President, Desert Research Institute,
University of Nevada, Reno, NV
120 Paul R. Fenske, Desert Research Institute, University of
Nevada, Reno, NV
121 Thomas P. O'Farrell, Director, Applied Ecology and Physiology
Center, Desert Research Institute, Boulder City, NV
122 William S. Twenhofel, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO
123 Manager, Desert National Wildlife Range, U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Las Vegas, NV
124 Supervisor, Region III, Nevada Fish and Game Department,
Las Vegas, NV
125 Paul Lyons, Nevada Wildlife Research, Division of Archives,
Capitol Building Annex, Carson City, NV
126 Deward W. Efurd, McClellan Central Laboratory, McClellan
Air Force Base, CA
127 L. L. Skolil, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
128 - 155 Technical Information Center, ERDA, Oak Ridge, TN
(for public availability)
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