EMSL-LV-0539--32
STATUS REPORT OF AREA 15 EXPERIMENTAL DAIRY FARM
DAIRY HUSBANDRY JANUARY 1977 - JUNE 1979
AGRONOMIC PRACTICES JANUARY 1978 - JUNE 1979
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
Las Vegas, Nevada 89114
January 1980
Prepared under
Memorandum of Understanding
No. EY-76-A-08-0539
for the
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
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Government. Neither the United States nor the Department of Energy, nor any
of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their
employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal
liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of
any information, apparatus, product or process disclosed, or represents that
its use would not infringe privately owned rights.
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
SPRINGFIELD, VA 22161
PRICE: PAPER COPY $4.50 MICROFICHE $3.00
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EMSL-LV-0539-32
STATUS REPORT OF AREA 15 EXPERIMENTAL DAIRY FARM
DAIRY HUSBANDRY JANUARY 1977 - JUNE 1979
AGRONOMIC PRACTICES JANUARY 1978 - JUNE 1979
DD. Smith
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Las Vegas, Nevada 89114
January 1980
Prepared under
Memorandum of Understanding
No. EY-76-A-08-0539
for the
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
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ABSTRACT
This is the final status report on the operation of the experimental dairy
herd and farm in Area 15 of the Nevada Test Site. Operation of the farm was
transferred from the Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory--Las Vegas to
a contractor in September of 1979. The dairy herd portion of the report
covers the period from January 1977 to June 1979. Improvement and addition to
the facilities, production and reproduction statistics for individual cows and
the herd, the veterinary medicine practices employed, and summaries of the
metabolism studies that involved the dairy herd are discussed. The agronomic
portion of the report covers the period January 1978 to June 1979. Topics
include irrigation, fertilization, weed and insect control, and forage
production.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . .
FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT. . .
.....
. . . .
.....
......1
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . .
.......5
HERD MANAGEMENT. . .
PRODUCTION. . . . .
. . . .
. . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
........6
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
.....
.....7
REPRODUCTION. . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . .
.....
......8
VETERINARY MEDICINE
. . . .
. . . . . . .
.....
. . . . . .
.....9
DAIRY HERD INVOLVEMENT IN EXPERIMENTS. .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 10
Metabolism of Americium-241 in Dairy Animals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Intestinal Absorption and Tissue Distribution
of Aged Radionuclides in Goats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 11
Project Plutonium-238/Plutonium-239 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
AGRONOMIC PRACTICES JANUARY 1978 to JUNE 1979 .
. . . . . .
.....
. . 13
Fertilization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Irrigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Weed Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Pest Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
OTHER FARM ACTIVITIES.
REFERENCES.
. . . . . . . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . . 15
...............
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 16
APPENDIXES.
. . . .
......
~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . .
. . 18
i i i
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Figure
Table
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLE
Page
1
Map of the Nevada Test Site showing approximate locations
of the Environmental Protection Agency facilities. . . . . . . . 2
2
3
Sketch of the facilities of the experimental dairy farm. .
Sketch of the floorplan of the milking barn and laboratory
bu i 1 din 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
....3
....4
Average production statistics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
iv
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INTRODUCTION
From June 1964 to June 1979, the U.s. Environmental Protection Agency
(USEPA). Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory-Las Vegas (EMSL-LV)
maintained and operated an experimental dairy farm on the U.S. Department of
Energy's (USDOE) Nevada Test Site (NTS). The dairy farm was originally
established to study radioiodine passage through the food chain under field
conditions. In recent years it served as a field laboratory to study dairy
animal metabolism of various radionuclides, especially the actinides. The
farm also serves as the NTS base for Animal Investigations Program activities.
In June of 1979 the dairy herd was dispersed and in September 1979 maintenance
of the farm was placed under a contract administered for USDOE by EMSL-LV.
These changes in the operation of the farm were the result of a reorganization
and reduction-in-force at the EMSL-LV.
As shown in Figure 1, the farm is located approximately 175 kilometers
north of Las Vegas in Area 15 of the NTS and is situated in a high desert
valley at an elevation of 1,370 meters.
Approximately 6.5 hectares of croplands are divided into 17 plots by
buried irrigation laterals (see Figure 2). Other features of the farm shown
in Figure 2 include the microplots; various corrals for holding beef cattle,
horses, nonlactating and lactating dairy animals; storage and work sheds.,
special feeding and radiation safety facilities; etc. Figure 3 is a sketch of
the floor plan of the combination milking barn and laboratory building.
The farm history and agronomic practices from 1964 through 1977 have been
described in previous reports (Douglas 1967, Daley and Smith 1969, Leavitt and
Mason, 1971, Daley 1971, 1972, 1976, and 1978a). The history of the dairy
herd, its participation in research experiments, and its production and
reproduction statistics for the years 1964 through 1967 were described in
previous status reports (Smith and Engel 1969, Smith 1970, 1973, and Daley
1977 and 1978b). This report will summarize facility improvements, research
activities and the production statistics (both dairy and agronomic) that have
not been previously reported.
1
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Experimental Farm
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Desert Game
Range
Scale In Feet
...... .
10000 0
Las Vegas (65 miles
from Mercurv)
30000
Figure 1.
Map of the Nevada Test Site showing approximate locations of
the Environmental Protection Agency facilities.
2
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Bull Pens Metabolism j.~X
~ Well UE-15d Room~
Feed Squeeze '10. .A.[jum
Bunks Chute Pen Hay Shed ~ ~ ----
Milk ~~
Parlor Q)a:I
~ Corrals 0 a: Alfalfa
Corral \ Slaughter 3
Facility Reservoir Alfalfa I
Grain Storage
Individual Pens c:::;;:::J :J~.. ..d S.f. T,,".. AIf.If. <
I / i Shop c:::t:J )(
r I '..d Bunk ~ q=J AIf.If. : I
"I gftorage I Alfalfa r
Corrals I Cattle loafing Ar~ Decon Pad ~ 7
- Alfalfa
L,-,-L-,-<~ ic:~ Alfalfa : r
----I Grass Mixture I(
~ ~ WI
- Alfalfa
r 11
c: Alfalfa )(
Alfalfa
Grass Mixture
Disposal Rye Grain 15 )(
Sump 15\
D 0 Rye Gra~n 6 16
1 Rye Gram )(
Contammated- - - 7 I
Waste Tank
"-J(-X-J(-)(-)(-J(-)(-)(~-IC-)(-)(
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laboratory Trailers
& Counting Truck
w
Figure 2.
X-Jc-j(-)(-)(-1C-X-
Micro Plot Irrigation Main line Buried
-Je-X-
Glasshouse en )('\
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:ED:3 I
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Storage Sheds
Alfalfa
Alfalfa
Sketch of the facilities of the experimental dairy farm.
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Concrete Apron
Bath-
room
Sample
Control
Room
Change Room
and Shower
Milking
Parlor
Drug
Room
L______--------------------------------
~ Doorways
- - - Fences
Not to Scale
Figure 3.
Metabolism
Study Room
Abattoir
Sketch of the floorplan of the milking barn and laboratory building.
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FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT
During this reporting period the operational efficiency of the farm was
improved by upgrading existing facilities (both for routine herd maintenance
and for experimental use), by purchase of new equipment, and by providing
additional storage space.
Improvements at the main laboratory building, which allowed more efficient
clean-up after milking, included the installation of a drain in the concrete
walkway leading from the holding pen, the installation of stainless steel
sheeting on the walls of the milking parlor, and the construction of a sloping
concrete ramp leading from the milking stalls. The latter improvement also
eliminated the potential of injuries to the cowls udders when they stepped
down from the stalls.
The milking system in the metabolism study area was modified to allow the
use of floor type bucket milkers, which are safer to use under experimental
conditions than the surcingle-suspended type of bucket milkers.
An improved metabolism stall was designed and constructed. This new stall
was adjustable to various sizes of cows and was constructed of metal, which
allowed easier decontamination. The safety of both the cow and the
experimenters was enhanced by the elimination of all protruding bolts and
sharp edges.
The abattoir was redesigned to provide both "hot" and "cold" slaughter
areas. These plans were approved and construction is scheduled to begin when
funds become available. This improvement will eliminate the need for the
laborious draping procedure that has been followed to prevent contamination of
the facility during the sampling of metabolism study animals.
The wooden steps and access platform for the laboratory trailers and
counting truck were replaced with expanded metal steps and platforms. This
eliminated a fire and safety hazard. All electric cables servicing the
trailers and truck were buried thus eliminating a potential safety hazard.
Two surplus metal buildings (10' x 10' x 101) were obtained, refurbished
and placed on a concrete pad in the microplot area. Shelving was constructed
and installed to provide much needed storage space for equipment and supplies
needed for research studies.
The new farm tractor was purchased as a replacement for a 15-year-old
tractor. Also purchased was a liquid-nitrogen semen freezer to replace an
alcohol-electric freezer. The new semen freezer maintained the semen at a
-200°C versus -110°C in the old freezer and is not subject to failure from
power outages.
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HERD MANAGEMENT
The dairy herd consisted of a group of about 30 purebred Holstein cows
which were maintained the year around in the corrals of the Area 15
experimental farm. All adult cows in the dairy herd during the period January
1977 through June 1979 are listed in Appendix A.
During the growing season, usually from mid-April to early October, all
forage was provided as green chop (freshly chopped alfalfa or rye gra~s,?r an
alfalfa-grass mixture). During the rest of the year, the herd was malntalned
on alfalfa hay. All green chop was produced on the farm while most of the hay
was purchased. Lactating cows were fed a commercial concentrate of 14-percent
protein after each milking.
Dairy practices, including milking procedures, followed those commonly
used by producers in the Great Basin area, with two exceptions. The cows were
milked on a schedule of 8- and 16-hour intervals (actual time 7 a.m. and 3
p.m.) rather than the traditional 12-hour schedule so that labor requirements
were reduced. Also, weight-measure jars were used and emptied after each cow
was milked, instead of using a pipeline and holding tank system. This was
done so that each cow's milk production was recorded and to allow for the
collection of individual milk samples.
Eight cows were sacrificed in actinide metabolism studies, two died from
natural causes, and seven were removed from the herd as unsatisfactory
milkers. Because of the widespread drought of 1977 and the resulting forage
shortage other agencies and institutions were unable to use the excess
animals. Therefore, five of these cows were euthanized in September of 1977.
The other two were transferred to the University of Nevada, Reno, in 1978.
As of June 1979, the herd consisted of 27 mature cows. All of these were
transferred to Iowa State University where they will be used in the teaching
program of the College of Veterinary Medicine.
The goats, used in these studies at the farm, were purchased several weeks
prior to their use. Those for the americium-241 metabolism study were of
Alpine-Nubian breeding, while those purchased for the feeding study were
predominately Cam~roo~. While becoming acclimated to their new surroundings,
the goats were malntalned as a group in a small wire-enclosed pen and were fed
alfalfa hay supplemented with a few ounces of commercial dairy concentrate.
Drinking water was supplied with automatic waterers. Lactating goats were
milked by hand twice a day on a 9- and 15-hour schedule.
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PRODUCTION
Appendix B lists the individual production of each cow whose lactation
ended between January 1977 and June 1979. Table 1 summarizes the yearly
production statistics.
TABLE 1. AVERAGE PRODUCTION STATISTICS
1977 1978 1979
Kgs Milk per Lactation* 3,997 5,273 5,856
Days Lactating* 248 209 266
No. of Complete Lactations* 22 16 3
* Averages do not include cows that lactated less than 100 days.
The national average lactation is approximately 4,660 kilograms of milk
(Dairy Illustrated 1976). The experimental herds' production figures for 1978
and 1979 were above the national average. The 1977 production was somewhat
lower. However, during 1977, several of the best producers had their
lactations cut short by inclusion in terminal metabolism studies. If these
animals' lactations were extrapolated to 305 days in the method described by
De Laval Separator Company (1976), the 1977 average lactation would be over
4,500 kilograms, which approaches the national average. Also, included in the
1977 figures were several cull cows that were later removed from the herd
because of poor production or temperament.
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REPRODUCTION
In order to provide replacement animals, the cows were routinely bred by
artificial insemination with semen from proven sires. Natural breeding by a
Hereford bull was used on problem breeders, first calf heifers, and when an
insemination technician was not available. The fate of the crossbred calves
resulting from the natural breeding is shown in Appendix C.
Appendix C lists all calves born during the reporting period. Four sets
of twins were included in the 61 calves born, for a twinning percentage of 7
percent. This is considerably higher than the expected twinning rate of
approximately 2 percent (Hafez 1962), but continues the trend observed in this
herd previously (Smith 1973, Daley 1977).
Nineteen of the calves were retained as potential replacement milk cows.
The other calves were either males or of inferior breeding and were euthanized
as surplus to program needs.
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VETERINARY MEDICINE
No contagious diseases were diagnosed during this period. All illnesses
or health problems were diagnosed by a veterinarian and recommended treatment
followed. Two cows died during this period. One died from tympanites (bloat)
during the evening hours when the herd was unattended and one died from
coliform mastitis.
The preventive medicine and sanitation programs developed previously
(Daley 1977) were followed. This included the sanitizing of milking equipment
after each cow plus the dipping of teats in antiseptic solution after milking
to control mastitis. Tympanites was controlled by feeding poloxalene to the
animals durlng green feed season. Magnets were placed in the reticulum of
each cow to help prevent traumatic reticulitis (hardware disease). Lameness
problems were reduced by periodic trimming of hooves. Reproductive problems
were minimized by routine palpation of the reproductive tract followed by
indicated treatments.
The sanitation program mentioned above plus a new milking stall
arrangement (Daley 1978a) resulted in decreased incidence and severity of
mastitis. During this reporting period there were 23 clinical cases of
mastitis with an average duration of 2.3 days. The average daily mastitis
incidence was less than 0.6 percent, which is much reduced from that reported
previously (Smith 1973). Moreover, most of these cases were mild and
responsive to treatment.
Surgery performed ranged from minor teat surgery to partial amputation of
a tongue to prevent self-sucking by a young heifer.
Fly control consisted of good lot sanitation (frequent removal of manure
by scraping) and periodic spraying of the corrals with pyrethrins. During the
summer the milking barn was fogged each evening with Vapona~ (2,2 dicloro
vinyl dimethyl phosphate). Cows were occasionally sprayed with Kemal~
(toxa~hene and malathion) and they had access to mineral blocks containing
Rabon~[2-chloro-1-(2,4 5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate].
@ Regi stered Trademark
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DAIRY HERD INVOLVEMENT IN EXPERIMENTS
During this reporting period, part of the.dairy h:rd as.well as pu~chased
goats were used for actinide and other long-llved radlonucl~de.metabo~lsm
studies described below. These studies were part of a contlnulng serles of
studies conducted under the auspices of the Nevada Applied Ecology Group for
the USDOE. They were designed to define the critical metabolic pathways of
selected radionuclides that are in NTS environments or that might appear in
environments following a nuclear detonation, during the reprocessing of
nuclear reactor fuels, or as a result of an accident at a nuclear site.
The animals for these experiments were selected on the basis of milk
production, stage of lactation, temperament, soundness of legs and feet, and
general health. The animals were put into special metabolism stalls which
provided continuous restraint for milking and sampling while allowing
sufficient movement for comfort. An indwelling catheter was passed through
the urethra and into the bladder and the total urine production was collected
in a plastic bottle for the duration of the experiment. Feces were collected
in a tray, lined with plastic sheeting, which was placed under a metal grate
in the floor at the rear of the stall. All of these studies were terminal and
the animals were sacrificed to determine tissue distribution of the
radionuclide of interest. The details of these sampling procedures were
described by Stanley et ale (1974).
METABOLISM OF AMERICIUM-241 IN DAIRY ANIMALS (Cow--February 28 to March 10,
1977; Goat--March 30 to April 13, 1977)
The metabolism of americium-241 by lactating dairy animals was determined
in a two-phase study conducted at the Area 15 experimental farm (Sutton et
al.,1978). Four lactating dairy cows, confined to individual metabolism
stalls, were used in the initial phase. Two of the cows were each given
single 41.7-millicurie oral doses of americium-241 chloride. The other two
cows were each given single intravenous doses (0.96 millicuries) of
citrate-buffered americium-241 chloride.
The second phase of this study used five dairy goats and basically
f~llowed ~he same procedures as the bovine experiment. Two goats were each
glven a slngle oral dose (1.91 millicuries) of americium-241 nitrate. A
second pair of goats each received a single 41.7-microcurie intravenous dose
of citrate-buffered americium-241 nitrate. One goat served as a control
animal and did not receive americium.
Following either single oral or intravenous nuclide doses, samples of
milk, urine, blood and feces were taken over a 168-hour collection period and
the americium concentrations were determined by gamma counting.
10
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Gastrointestinal uptake of americium by both cows and goats was estimated to
be 0.014 percent of the respective oral doses. The cumulative percentage of
oral dose transported to milk and urine was 4.4 x 10-4 and 1.1 x 10-3,
respectively, for cows and 4.4 x 10-3 and 1.2 x 10-3, respectively, for
goats. Plasma concentrations of americium decreased rapidly following all
intravenous injections. The average percentage of injected americium
transferred to milk, urine, and feces was 3, 6, and 2 percent, respectively,
for cows and 2, 4, and 2 percent, respectively, for goats. In both
intravenously dosed groups, approximately 30 percent of all americium released
from the body was found in the urine during the first 24 hours after
injection. All animals were sacrificed 8 to 9 days after dosing. Bovine bone
retained the greatest fraction of the administered dose followed by the liver.
However, liver retained the greatest amount of americium in the goats
following both oral and intravenous doses.
INTESTINAL ABSORPTION AND TISSUE DISTRIBUTION OF AGED RADIONUCLIDES IN GOATS
(June - October 1978)
Over a decade has elapsed since initiation of some of the nuclear tests of
the Plowshare Program. Many of the radionuclides resulting from these tests
remain in the top few centimeters of soil in areas immediately adjacent to
ground zeros and the areas over which the debris clouds passed. Changes in
chemical forms of the radionuclides with time may have occurred, which would
directly affect their availability and concentration in tissues of ruminant
species grazing in these areas and ingesting the soil along with their browse.
The objectives of this study were to determine the intestinal absorption
of the radionuclides present in soil ingested by goats and to determine the
tissue concentration of these radionuclides.
Two groups of four miniature goats, three male and one female, and two
control goats were maintained in individual pens. The goats were fed
individual rations of a mixture of alfalfa pellets, molasses, and soil from a
contaminated area. The control goats received only the pellets and molasses.
Any feed remaining, along with the feeder pan, was removed daily and the soil
remaining in the pans was analyzed for radionuclide content. At the end of 90
days feeding, one group was removed from the contaminated ration but continued
to receive alfalfa pellets, while the other group was sacrificed and tissues
were collected for analysis. Thirty days after the first group ceased to
receive soil, the remaining animals were sacrificed and tissues removed for
analysis. One control goat was sacrificed with each group. Periodic blood
samples were taken by jugular venipuncture throughout the study. The
americium-241, cesium-137, and cobalt-60 content of the soils, feed, plasma,
and tissue were determined by gamma spectrometry. The samples were then sent
to a contractor for wet chemical analysis of plutonium-238, -239, tritium, and
strontium-90.
The analysis of the data had not been completed at the time this report
was prepared.
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PROJECT PLUTONIUM-238/PLUTONIUM-239 (November 14-22, 1977)
The objectives of this study were to determine the relative .
gastrointestinal absorption, milk and urine secretion, and tissue distributlon
of plutonium-238 and plutonium-239 dioxide following oral ingestion by dairy
cows. The specific question addressed concerned the suitability of using
plutonium-238 dioxide data on metabolism and transport to assess those for
plutonium-239 dioxide.
Four lactating dairy cows were maintained in metabolism stalls for 7 days.
The approach was to administer combinations of plutonium-238 and plutonium-239
(fused together in particles approximately 1 micrometer in diameter) to two of
the dairy cows. The total plutonium mass administered to these cows was
similar, but the specific activity of the two doses was different by a factor
of 30. A third cow received similar amounts of total plutonium but the two
isotopes were contained in separate dioxide particles. The fourth cow was
used as a control animal. Milk, blood, urine, and fecal samples were taken
over a 6-day period after dosing. The cows were sacrificed on the 7th day
after dosing. Tissue and blood samples were collected for determining
concentrations of the plutonium isotopes by alpha spectrometry.
The results from this study are being prepared for publication (Patzer et
al.,1979). The results indicate that any differences between plutonium-238
and plutonium-239 uptake and metabolism are much less than the approximately
200-fold difference predicted on the basis of solubility studies carried out
at other laboratories.
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AGRONOMIC PRACTICES JANUARY 1978 to JUNE 1979
As shown in Figure 2, plots 1 through 14 were maintained in permanent
forage crops. All the plots were planted with alfalfa except for plots 10 and
14 which were planted with a mixture of alfalfa and grasses (Bromus
inermis--smooth brome, Dactylis glomerata--orchard grass). Plots 15 through
17 were either planted with small grain or left fallow. When left fallow as
they were in 1978 and 1979. they were periodically disced to control weed
growth.
FERTILIZATION
During this reporting period the only nutrients applied were nitrogen
(21-0-0) and phosphorus (0-45-0). Nitrogen is required by grasses and small
grains for good growth and high yields of quality feed. Phosphorus is the
primary requirement of legumes as they can utilize atmospheric nitrogen.
Grasses also require phosphorus for good root development.
Late each winter 360 kilograms per hectare (320 pounds per acre) of double
super phosphate (0-45-0) were applied to the alfalfa. The grass alfalfa plots
received 180 kilograms per hectare (160 pounds per acre) of the double super
phosphate and 180 kilograms per hectare (160 pounds per acre) of ammonium
sulfate (21-0-0).
IRRIGATION
Natural precipitation is not sufficient for crop production, so crops were
maintained via irrigation from a system described previously (Daley 1978b).
Water was applied every 5 to 7 days during the growing season that extends
from April through October. During this period each plot received
approximately 5 acre feet of water or in excess of 6 million liters. Water
was applied infrequently during the winter months as the crops were dormant
and sufficient soil moisture was maintained by periodic snows.
PRODUCTION
During the period of this report, all the forage produced on the farm was
green chopped and fed to the cattle at the rate of approximately 1,360
kilograms (3,000 pounds) per day. Total production during 1978 (May 14
through September 26) was approximately 184 metric tons. During 1979, green
chopping began on May 9 in 1979 and continued at the approximate rate of 1,360
kilograms per day until June when most of the herd was dispersed. Thereafter
forage was harvested and stored as baled hay.
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WEED CONTROL
Weeds were controlled by scraping, discing, or by applying herbcides.
Ureabor~(sodium metaborate tetrahydrate, sodium chlorate, and bromacil), a
soil sterilent, was used around the irrigation risers and along the irrigation
laterals where it was difficult to clip with the harvesting equipment. The
weeds were controlled along the fence rows by spraying with 2-4 0 (2-4
dichlorophenoxy-acetic acid), Paraquat~(dimethylbipyridyliumion), and diesel
oiL
Aquatic weeds and algae growing in the irrigation reservoir were
controlled with Hydrothol 191~ [mono (n, n-dimethlyalkylamine) salt of
7-oxabicyclo (2,2,1) heptane-2, 3-dicarboxylic acid].
PEST CONTROL
No insect infestations occurred during the reporting period. Jackrabbits
attracted to the lush foliag~ from the surrounding desert were controlled by
hunting with a shotgun. Gophers burrowing in the croplands were controlled
either with poison bait or traps placed in the burrows.
~Registered Trademark
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OTHER FARM ACTIVITIES
In addition to its major function as an experimental dairy farm, the Area
15 facilities also served as the field laboratory for the Nevada Test Site
operations of the Animal Investigation Program (Smith et al., 1978). It also
provided the facilities for the maintenance of the horses, rumen-fistulated
steers, beef bulls, and was utilized for weaning the beef calves.
The farm served as a training site for participants in the Radiological
Emergency Response Course sponsored by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission,
Office of State Programs. This course was taught up to 16 times a year by the
Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Company~ Inc., for the Department of
Energy~ Nevada Operations Office.
Due to the uniqueness of an experimental dairy farm operating on the
Nevada Test Site, it was visited frequently by various groups on orientation
tours of the Nevada Test Site. During this reporting period over 60 groups
totaling approximately 1,200 people visited the farm and were briefed on the
farm activities and its role in the surveillance and research programs
conducted for the Department of Energy, Nevada Operations Office, by the
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory-Las Vegas of the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency.
15
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REFERE NCES
Dairy Illustrated.
1976
"News for Dairymen."
Dairy Illustrated 8(1):3 Spring
Daley, E. M. Agronomic Aspects of the Experimental Dairy Farm Dur~ng 1969.
SWRHL-104r. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Western Envlronmental
Research Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 19 pp. 1971
Daley, E. M. Agronomic Aspects of the Experimental Dairy Farm - 1970.
SWRHL-117r. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Western Environmental
Research Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 18 pp. 1972
Daley, E. M. Agronomic Practices of the Nevada Test Site Experimental Dairy
Farm During 1971, 1972, and 1973. EMSL-LV-539-5. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Las
Vegas, Nevada. 28 pp. 1976
Daley, E. M. Agronomic Practices of the Nevada Test Site Experimental Dairy
Farm from 1974 Through 1977. EMSL-LV-0539-21. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Las
Vegas, Nevada. 34 pp. 1978a
Daley, E. M. Five-Year Summary Report of an Experimental Dairy Herd
Maintained on the Nevada Test Site 1971 Through 1975. EMSL-LV-0539-9.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring and Support
Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 40 pp. 1977
Daley, E. M. Status Report of an Experimental Dairy Herd Maintained on the
Nevada Test Site January 1, 1976, Through December 31, 1976.
EMSL-LV-0539-11. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental
Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 12 pp. 1978b
Daley, E. M. and D. D. Smith. Agronomic Aspects of the Experimental Dairy
Farm. January 1966 - December 1968. SWRHL-63r. U.S. Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, Southwestern Radiological Health
Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 41 pp. 1969
De Laval Separator Company. De Laval Pocket Diary for Dairy Professionals.
De Laval Separator Company, Poughkeepsie, New York; Chicago, Illinois; and
Burlingame, California. 259 pp. 1976
Douglas, R. L. Status of the Nevada Test Site Experimental Farm. Summary
Report for July 1964 - December 1965. SWRHL-36r. U.S. Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, Southwestern Radiological Health
Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 30 pp. 1967
16
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Hafez, E. S. E., Ed. Reproduction in Farm Animals.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 367 pp. 1962
Lea and Febiger,
Leavitt, V. D. and B. J. Mason. Soil Survey of Area 15 Nevada Test Site.
SWRHL-106r. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Western Environmental
Research Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 46 pp. 1971
Patzer, R. G., A. A. Mullen, W. W. Sutton, ~. D. Potter and R. E. Mosley.
Comparison of Plutonium-238 and Plutonium-239 Metabolism in Dairy Cows
Following Ingestion of Mixed Plutonium Oxides. (in preparation) 1979
Smith, D. D. Status of the Bioenvironmental Research Experimental Dairy Herd
July 1, 1966, Through December 31, 1968. SWRHL-67r. U.S. Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, Southwestern Radiological Health
Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 90 pp. 1970
Smith, D. D. Status of the Environmental Protection Agency's Nevada
Experimental Dairy Herd January 1, 1969 - December 31, 1970.
NERC-LV-539-22. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National
Environmental Research Center, Las Vegas, Nevada. 62 pp. 1973
Smith, D. D. and R. E. Engel. Progress Report for the Bioenvironmental
Research Program, May 22, 1964, Through July 1, 1966. Part I.
Experimental Dairy Herd. SWRHL-55r. U.S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare, Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory, Las
Vegas, Nevada. 106 pp. 1969
Test Site
Smith, D. D., K. R. Giles, D. E. Bernhardt, and K. W. Brown. Animal
Investigation Program 1976 Annual Report: Nevada Test Site and Vicinity.
EMSL-LV-0539-20. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental
Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 111 pp. 1978
Stanley, R. E., E. W. Bretthauer, and W. W. Sutton. "Absorption,
Distribution, and Excretion of Plutonium by Dairy Cattle." pp. 163-185.
NVO-142. The Dynamics of Plutonium in Desert Environments, Nevada Applied
Ecology Group Progress Report, July 1974. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission,
Nevada Operations Office, Las Vegas, Nevada. p. B. Dunaway and M. G.
White, Eds. 369 pp. 1974
Sutton, W. W., R. G. Patzer, A. A. Mullen, P. B. Hahn, and G. D. Potter.
Metabolism of Americium-241 in Dairy Animals. EMSL-LV-0539-22. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring and Support
Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 1978
17
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Appendix
LIST OF APPENDIXES
A
Listing of Mature Dairy Animals
January 1, 1977 - June 1, 1979 .
......
B
Milk Production of Cows Completing Lactations
January 1977 - June 1979 . . . . . . . . . .
C
Calves Born in Herd
January 1977 - June 1979
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
18
Page
. . . . . . . . . 19
. . . . . . . . . 23
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APPENDIX A. LISTING OF MATURE DAIRY ANIMALS
JANUARY 1, 1977 - JUNE 1, 1979
Cow Date of Birth Weight2 Acqui siti on
No. Agel Type of Breeding Data Rema rks
184 February 11, 1970 677 kg Born in herd 3 Sacrificed 24lAm
7 years 1 month Purebred cow Dam was No. 117 metabolism study
Sire was H57 04/10/77
211 Februa ry 18, 1971 702 kg Born in herd 3 Sacrificed 09/22/
6 years 7 months Purebred cow Dam was No. 48 77. Surpl us,
Sire was H322 poor producer
221 June 17, 1971 624 kg Born in herd Sacrificed 09/30/
6 years 3 months Grade cow Dam was No. 139 77. Surplus,
Sire was No. 126 nervous cow
227 September 6, 1971 807 kg Born in herd 3 Sacrificed 09/22/
6 yea rs Grade cow Dam was No. 162 77. Surplus,
Sire was No. 126 nervous cow
241 December 22, 1971 720 kg Born in herd 3 Transferred to
7 years 6 months Purebred cow Dam was No. 128 ISU4 June 1979
Sire was H290
250 July 3, 1972 527 kg Born in herd 3 Transferred to
6 years 11 months Purebred cow Dam was No. 83 ISU4 June 1979
Sire was H290
251 July 3, 1972 598 kg Born in herd 3 Sacrificed 09/22/
5 years 2 months Purebred cow Dam was No. 83 77. Surplus,
Sire was H290 poor producer
269 November 7, 1972 504 kg Born in herd Sacrificed 24lAm
4 years 5 months Grade cow Dam was No. 197 metabolism study
Sire was no. 216 03/09/77
280 July 6, 1973 602 kg Born in herd Sacrificed 24lAm
3 years 8 months Grade cow Dam was No. 196 metabolism study
Sire was No. 216 03/10/77
281 July 8, 1973 630 kg Born in herd Sacrifi ced 24lAm
3 years 9 months Grade cow Dam was No. 135 metabolism study
Sire was No. 216 03/0977
292 November 28, 1973 650 kg Born in herd Transferred to
5 years 6 months Grade cow Dam was No. 128 ISU 4 June 1979
Sire was No. 216
(continued)
19
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AP PE NO I X A. (Continued)
Cow Date of Birth Weight2 Acqui sit ion Remarks
No. Agel Type of Breeding Data
297 January 16, 1974 623 kg Born in herd Transferred to
5 years 5 months Grade cow Dam was No. 198 ISU4 June 1979
Sire was No. 216
299 March 18, 1974 573 kg Born in herd 3 Transferred to
5 years 3 months Purebred cow Dam was No. 123 ISU 4 June 1979
Sire was H290
307 July 10, 1974 477 kg Born in herd Transferred to
4 years 11 months Grade cow Dam was No. 83 ISU4 June 1979
Sire was No. 216
310 November 11, 1974 450 kg Born in herd 3 Transferred to
4 years Purebred cow Dam was No. 218 UNR 5 November
Sire was 19/H63 1978
311 November 11, 1974 523 kg Born in herd 3 Transferred to
4 years 6 months Purebred cow Dam was No. 179 ISU4 June 1979
Sire was 19/H63
312 November 11, 1974 545 kg Born in herd Transferred to
4 years 6 months Grade cow Dam was No. 251 ISU4 June 1979
Sire was No. 216
313 November 25, 1974 546 kg Born in herd 3 Transferred to
4 years 6 months Purebred cow Dam was No. 209 ISU 4 June 1979
Sire was 19/H63
314 December 3, 1974 432 kg Born in herd Died 09/15/78
3 years 9 months Grade cow Dam was No. 250 coliform
Sire was No. 216 mastiti s
315 December 7, 1974 420 kg Born in herd Tra~sferred to
4 years 6 months Grade cow Dam was No. 197 ISU June 1979
Sire was no. 216
322 March 15, 1975 400 kg Born in herd3 Died 09/21/77
2 years 6 mo nt h s Purebred cow Dam was No. 219 tympanites
Sire was H919
337 January 9, 1976 454 kg Born in herd 3 Transferred to
3 years 5 months Purebred cow Dam was No. 256 ISU4 June 1979
Sire was H919
(continued)
20
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Cow
No.
338
340
341
342
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
Date of Bi rth
Agel
January 1976
2 years 9 months
January 1976
3 years 5 months
January 1976
3 years 5 months
January 1976
3 years 5 months
February 1973
6 years 4 months
January 1974
3 years 10 months
Fall 1974
4 years
February 1974
3 years 9 months
February 1974
3 years 9 months
January 1974
4 years 6 months
March 1973
4 years 7 months
APPENDIX A.
Weight2
Type of Breeding
545 kg
Grade cow
590 kg
Grade cow
582 kg
Grade cow
590 kg
Grade cow
520 kg
Grade cow
495 kg
Grade cow
468 kg
Grade cow
427 kg
Grade cow
507 kg
Grade cow
511 kg
Grade cow
664 kg
Grade cow
(Continued)
Acquisition
Data
Purchased as
calf from
Anderson Dai ry
Purchased as
calf from
Anderson Dairy
Purchased as
cal f from
Anderson Dairy
Purchased as
calf from
Anderson Dairy
Purchased D.
Lomma ri $600
Yerington, NV
Purchased D.
Lomma ri $600
Yerington, NV
Purchas~d P.
Santos :J>600
Yerington, NV
Purchased P.
Santos $600
Yerington, NV
Purchased P.
Santos $600
Yerington, NV
Purchased P.
Santos $600
Yerington, NV
Purchased D.
Lomma ri $6 00
Yeri ngton, NV
21
Rema rk s
Transferred to
UNR5 November
1978
Transferred to
ISU4 June 1979
Transferred to
ISU4 June 1979
Transferred to
ISU4 June 1979
Tracsferred to
ISU June 1979
S .f. d 238/
~ rl 1 ce
%Pu metabolism
study 11/21/77
Trausferred to
ISU June 1979
Sacrificed 09/30/
77 . Surpl us
poor producer
Sacrificed 238/
239pu metabolism
study 11/21/77
Transferred to
ISU4 June 1979
S .f. d 238/
~ rl 1 ce
~~Pu metabolism
study 11/21/77
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX A. (Continued)
Cow Date of Bi rth Wei gh t2 Acquisition
No. Agel Type of Breed i ng Data Rema rk s
353 Ja nua ry 1973 507 kg Purchased D. ~~~rificed 238/
4 years 10 months Grade cow Lomma ri $600 Pu metabolism
Yeri ngton, NV study 11/21/77
353 February 1973 545 kg purchase~ D. Trausferred to
6 years 4 months Grade cow Lomma ri 600 ISU June 1979
Yerington, NV
IAge as of June 1979, or death, or disposition
~To convert to pounds: 2.205 x kilograms = pounds
Artificial insemination
4ISU = Iowa State University
5UNR = University of Nevada, Reno
22
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APPENDIX B. MILK PRODUCTION OF COWS COMPLETING LACTATIONS
JANUARY 1977 - JUNE 1979
Lactation
Cow Production Lactation Length Remarks
No. (k g) Pe ri od (days)
1977
299 3,820 04/08/76-01/10/77 276
347 4,656 03/06/76-01/06/77 306
250 3,799 06/21/76-02/01/77 255
251 1,310 10/11/76-02/01/77 113 Dried early--poor producer.
297 3,737 04/12/76-02/11/77 304
292 4,707 04/22/76-02/26/77 309
184* 1 , 1 28 01/16/77-03/10/77 52 Sacri fi ced 241Am metabolism
study.
269 2,355 09/19/76-03/09/77 170 Sacrificed 241Am metabo 1 i sm
study.
280 1,836 11/23/76-03/10/77 106 Sacrificed 24lJ\m metabo 1 i sm
study.
281* 205 02/24/77-03/09/77 12 Sacrificed 24 JAm metabo 1 i sm
study.
351 4,556 06/06/76-04/10/77 307
353 3,665 OS/29/76-04/19/77 306
227 2,539 01/06/77-05/01/77 114 Dried early--poor temperment.
211* 622 07/30/77-09/15/77 45 Poor producer.
221* 1,065 07/30/77-09/30/77 61 Sacrificed--poor temperment.
348* 1,530 07/05/77-09/30/77 86 Sacrificed--poor producer.
315 5,049 11/20/76-09/24/77 307
322 5 ,084 01/03/77-09/21/77 260 Died tympanites.
314 5,022 12/11/76-10/14/77 307
311 4,876 01/08/77-11/11/77 306
continued)
23
-------
APPENDIX B. (Continued)
Lactation
Cow Production Lactation Length Rema rk s
No. (kg) Period ( d ay s )
307 4,266 01/15/77-11/18/77 306
312 5,094 01/12/77-11/16/77 307
346* 681 10/13/77-11/21/77 25 Sacrificed 238/239pu
metabolism study.
349 2,649 07/01/77-11/21/77 134 S . f . d 2 3 8/ 2 3 9p U
acrl 1 ce
metabolism study.
351* 2,064 08/20/77-11/21/77 84 Sacrificed 238/239pu
metabolism study.
352 2,590 07/12/77-11/21/77 123 Sacrificed 238/239pu
metabolism study.
250 3,775 04/30/77-12/01/77 214
313 4,752 01/21/77-12/11/77 323
383* 37 12/04/77-12/15/77 10 Dried early poor producer.
345 7,803 02/13/77-12/20/77 309
Average 3,997* 248* 16.1 kg/cow/day of 1 actat i on*.
3,175t 194t 16.4 kg/cow/day of lactationt.
1978
299 5,840 03/03/77-01/06/78 308
310* 113 12/19/77-01/06/78 17 Dried early--poor producer.
347 5,916 04/07/77-02/13/78 311
353 4,553 06/02/77-03/10/78 281
241 7,346 OS/21/77-04/01/78 314
292 7,346 OS/21/77-04/01/78 328
297 5,367 07/11/77-05/12/78 304
(continued)
24
-------
APPENDIX B. (Continued)
Lactation
Cow Production Lactation Le ngt h Rema rk s
No. (kg) Period (days)
307 4,556 12/12/77-09/20/78 279
314 3,531 04/08/78-09/15/78 159 Died--E. coli mastitis.
353 2,080 06/05/78-10/12/78 148 Dried early--poor producer.
312 4,809 12/24/77-10/12/78 297
337 4,655 12/14/77-10/16/78 305
340 5,349 11/26/77-10/16/78 324
341 5,157 11/22/77-10/16/78 327
342 3,520 11/29/77-10/16/78 320
350 6,314 11/25/77-10/23/78 331
338* 22 10/23/78-10/27/78 3 Dried early--poor producer.
345 7,587 02/07/78-12/12/78 307
Average 5,273* 290* 18.2 kg/cow/day of lactation*.
4,695t 259t 18.1 kg/cow/day of lactationt.
1979
315 7,448 03/09/78-01/11/79 307
389* 8 02/02/79-02/06/79 3 Dried early--parturition
i nj ury .
250 326 08/05/78-02/07/79 185
313 6,853 06/20/78-04/26/79 306
Average 5,856* 266* 22 kg/cow/day of lactation*.
4,394t 20M 22 kg/cow/day of lactationt.
*Averages do not include cows lactating less than 100 days.
tAverages include all lactating cows.
25
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APPENDIX C. CALVES BORN IN HERD JANUARY 1977 - JUNE 1979
Calf Dam Si re Birth
No. No. 1.0. Date Sex Rema rk s
380 322 517 01/03/77 M Crossbred. Euthanized, surplus to needs.
381 227 517 01/06/77 M Crossbred. Euthanized, surpl us to needs.
382 331 517 01/08/77 M Crossbred. Euthanized, surplus to needs.
383 312 517 01/14/77 F Crossbred. Euthanized, surplus to needs.
384 307 517 01/15/77 M Crossbred. Euthanized, surpl us to needs.
385 184 H919 01/16/77 M Euthanized, surplus to needs.
386 313 517 01/21/77 F Crossbred. Euthanized, surplus to needs.
387 345 H341 02/13/77 M Euthanized, surplus to needs.
388 281 H341 02/24/77 F Herd replacement. Transferred to ISU*
June 1979.
389 299 H341 03/03/77 F Herd repl acement. Transferred to ISU*
June 1979.
390 347 H341 04/07/77 F Herd replacement. Transferred to I SU*
June 1979.
391 250 H341 04/30/77 F Herd replacement. Transferred to ISU*
June 1979~
392 292 H341 05/07/77 M Euthanized, surplus to needs.
393 241 H341 OS/21/77 F Herd replacement. Transferred to ISU*
June 1979.
394 353 H341 06/02/77 F Died July 1977--scours.
395 349 H341 07/01/77 F Herd replacement. Transferred to I SU*
June 1979.
396 348 519 07/05/77 M Crossbred. Euthanized, surpl us to needs.
397 297 519 07/11/77 F Crossbred. Euthanized, surplus to needs.
398 352 H138 07/12/77 F Twi n. Herd replacement. Transferred to
ISU* June 1979.
(continued)
26
-------
APPENDIX C. (Continued)
Calf Dam Si re Birth
No. No. 1.0. Date Sex Rema rk s
399 352 H138 07/12/77 F Twi n. Herd replacement. Transferred to
ISU* June 1979.
400 221 519 07/30/77 F Crossbred. Euthanized, surplus to needs.
401 211 519 07/30/77 M Crossbred. Euthanized, surplus to needs.
402 351 H138 08/20/77 M Twin. Euthanized, surplus to needs.
403 351 H138 08/20/77 M Twin. Euthanized, surplus to needs.
404 346 519 10/13/77 F Crossbred. Euthanized, surplus to needs.
405 341 519 11/22/77 F Cros sbred. Euthani zed, surplus to needs.
406 350 519 11/25/77 F Crossbred. Euthanized, surplus to needs.
407 340 519 11/26/77 M Crossbred. Euthanized, surplus to needs.
408 342 519 11/29/77 M Crossbred. Euthanized, surplus to needs.
409 338 519 12/04/77 'M Stillborn.
410 307 H138 12/14/77 F Herd replacement.
411 337 519 12/14/77 M Crossbred. Euthanzi ed, surplus to needs.
412 310 519 12/19/77 M Crossbred. Euthanized, surplus to needs.
413 312 H341 12/24/77 M Euthanized, surplus to needs.
414 345 H138 02/07/78 F Herd replacement.
415 315 519 03/09/78 M Crossbred. Euthanized, surplus to needs.
416 314 H341 04/08/78 F Herd replacement.
417 353 H138 06/05/78 M Twin. Euthanized, surplus to needs.
418 353 H138 06/05/78 M Twin. Euthani zed, surplus to needs.
419 313 H341 06/20/78 F Herd replacement.
420 292 H341 07/02/78 .M Euthanized,surplus to needs.
(continued)
27
-------
APPENDIX C. (Continued)
Calf Dam Si re B i rt h
No. No. 1.D. Date Sex Rema rk s
421 250 H341 08/06/78 M St ill born.
422 297 H138 09/28/78 M Euthanized, surplus to needs.
423 299 519 10/20/78 M Crossbred. Euthanized, surplus to needs.
424 338 519 10/23/78 F Crossbred. Euthanized, surpl us to needs.
425 307 H138 11/13/78 F Twi n.
426 307 H138 11/13/78 M Twi n. Euthanized, surplus to needs.
427 337 H132 12/07/78 F Herd replacement.
428 347 519 12/12/78 F Crossbred. Euthanized, surplus to needs.
429 311 519 12/15/78 F Crossbred. Euthanized, surpl us to needs.
430 388 H132 01/08/79 M Euthanized, surpl us to needs.
431 312 H138 01/14/79 M Euthanized, surplus to needs.
432 341 520 01/27/79 F Crossbred. Euthanized, surpl us to needs.
433 379 H132 01/31/79 F Herd replacement.
434 389 H138 02/02/79 M Euthanized, surpl us to needs.
435 342 520 02/06/79 M Crossbred. Euthanized, surpl us to needs.
436 391 H138 02/11/79 F Herd replacement.
437 398 H138 02/16/79 F Herd replacement.
438 345 H341 02/25/79 F Herd replacement.
439 241 520 03/19/79 F Crossbred. Euthanized, surplus to needs.
440 399 H341 04/18/79 F Herd replacement.
*ISU = Iowa State University
28
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1 - 40
41
42
43
44
45
46 - 47
48 - 49
50
51
52
53
54
55 - 56
57
58
59
60
61 - 65
DISTRIBUTION
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory-Las Vegas
Mahlon E. Gates, Manager, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
Troy E. Wade, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
David G. Jackson, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
Paul J. Mudra, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
Elwood M. Douthett, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
Winnie Howard, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
Paul B. Dunaway, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
Roger Ray, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
Robert W. Taft, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
Leon Silverstrom, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
Robert W. Newman, DOE/Nv, Las Vegas, NV
Bruce W. Church, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
Technical Library. DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
Chief, NaB/DNA, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
Hal Hollister, EV, DOE/HQ, Washington, DC
Tommy F. McCraw, EV. DOE/HQ, Washington, DC
L. Joe Deal, EV, DOE/HQ, Washington, DC
Major General William W. Hoover, Director, OMA,
DOE/HQ, Washington, DC
66 Gordon C. Facer, OMA, DOE/HQ, Washington, DC
67 Robert L. Watters, EV, DOE/HQ, Washington, DC
68 Jeff Swinebroad, EV, DOE/HQ, Washington, DC
69 Robert W. Wood, EV, DOE/HQ, Washington, DC
70 William S. Osburn, Jr., EV, DOE/HQ, Washington, DC
71 Ray Brechbill, DOE/SAN, Oakland, CA
72 Marcy Williamson, RESL/INEL, DOE/ID, Idaho Falls, ID
73 Steven V. Kaye, Oak Ridge National Lab., Oak Ridge, TN
74 Nancy Vaughan, ESIC, Oak Ridge National Lab., Oak Ridge, TN
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94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
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76
H. E. Walburg, CARL, Oak Ridge National Lab., Oak Ridge, TN
Assistant Administrator for Research and Development, EPA,
Washington, DC
Deputy Assistant Asministrator for Monitoring and Technical
Support, ORO. EPA, Washington, DC
Deputy assistant Administrator for Radiation Programs, EPA,
Washington, DC
Director, Monitoring Technology Division, Office of Monitoring
and Technical Support. ORO. EPA, Washington, DC
Director, Technical Support Division, Office of Monitoring and
Technical Support, ORO, EPA, Washington, DC
Director, Criteria Development and Special Studies Division,
Office of Health and Ecological Effects, ORO, EPA,
Washington, DC
Library, EPA, Washington, DC
Regional Administrator, Region IX,
Regional Radiation Representative,
San Francisco, CA
Director, Radiochemistry and Nuclear Engineering Branch,
EPA, Cincinnati, OH
Director, Eastern Environmental Radiation Facility, EPA,
Montgomery; AL
Harold F. Mueller, NOAA/WSNSO, Las Vegas, NV
Gilbert J. Ferber, NOAA/WSNSO, Silver Spring, MD
K. M. Oswald, Manager, Health and Safety, LLL, Mercury, NV
Richard L. Wagner, LLL, Livermore, CA
Howard W. Tewes, LLL, Livermore, CA
Paul L. Phelps, LLL, L'ivermore, CA
Mortimer L. Mendelsohn, LLL, Livermore, CA
J. C. Hopkins, LASL, Los Alamos, NM
Harry S. Jordan, LASL, Los Alamos, NM
Lamar J. Johnson, LASL, Los Alamos, NM
George E. Tucker, Sandia Lab., Albuquerque, NM
Carter D. Broyles, Sandia Lab., Albuquerque, NM
Melvin L. Merritt, Sandia Lab., Albuquerque, NM
R. Glen Fuller, Oracle, AZ
W. E. Martin, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH
Arden E. Bicker, REECo, Mercury, NV
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EPA, San Francisco, CA
Region IX, EPA,
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107
108
109
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112
113
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115
116
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118
119
120
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122 - 148
Savino W. Cavender, REECo, Mercury. NV
Auda F. Morrow, CETO, Mercury, NV
Joseph H. Dryden, NTSSO, DOE/NV, Mercury, NV
Billy Moore, NVHQ, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
Leo Bustad, Director, Veterinary Medicine, Washington
State University, Pullman, WA
Vincent Schultz, Washington State University, Pullman WA
Arthur Wallace, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
Wesley E. Niles, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV
Library, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV
Verle R. Bohman, University of Nevada, Reno, NV
Lloyd P. Smith, President, Desert Research Institute,
University of Nevada, Reno, NV
Paul R. Fenske, Desert Research Institute, University of
Nevada, Reno, NV
William W. Twenhofel, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO
Manager, Desert National Wildlife Range, U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, Las Vegas, NV
Supervisor, Region III, Nevada Fish and Game Department,
Las Vegas, NV
Paul Lyons, Nevada Wildlife Research, Division of Archives,
Capitol Building Annex, Carson City, NV
Ernest D. Campbell, DOE/NV, Las Vegas, NV
L. L. Skolil, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
C. S. Fore, ESIC, Oak Ridge National Lab., Oak Ridge, TN
Technical Information Center, DOE, Oak Ridge, TN
(for public availability)
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United Stales
Environmental Protection
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Environmental Monitoring
Systems Laboratory
PO Box 15027
Las Vegas NV 89114
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