APTD-1508
NATIONAL INVENTORY
OF SOURCES
AND EMISSIONS:
BERYLLIUM - 1968
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Water Programs
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
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APTD-1508
NATIONAL INVENTORY
OF
SOURCES AND EMISSIONS:
BERYLLIUM - 1968
by
W. E. Davis § Associates
9726 Sagamore Road
Leawood, Kansas
Contract No. CPA-70-128
EPA Project Officer: C. V. Spangler
Prepared for
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Water Programs
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
September 1971
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The APTD U\ir Pollution Technical Data) series of reports is issued by
the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Office of Air and
Water Programs, Environmental Protectiori Agency, to report technical
data of interest to a limit.ed number of readers. ,Copies of APTD reports
are available free of charge to Federal employees, current contractors
and grantees, and non-profit organizations - Cl$ supplies permit - from
the Air Pollution Technical Information Center, Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Par1<:, North Carolina 27711 or may be obtained,
for a nominal cost, from the National Technical Information Service,
5285 Port. Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22151.
This report was furnished to the Environmental Protection Agency
in fulfillment of. Contract No. CPA-70-l28. The. contents of this report
are reproduced herein as received from the contractor. The opinions,
findings, and conclusions expressed are those of the author and not
necessarily those of the Environmental Protection Agency. The report
contains some information such as estimates of emission factors and
emission invent~ries which byno.m~ans are representative of. a high
degree of accuracy". References to this report should acknowledge the
fact that these values are estimates only.
Publication No. APTD-1S08
ii
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PREFACE
.This report was prepared by W. E. Davis & Associates pl1;rsu-
. ant to Contract No. CPA 70-128 with the Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, Office of Air Programs.
The inventory of atmospheric emissions has been prepared to
provide reliable information regarding the nature, magnitude,
and extent of the emissions of beryllium in the United States for
the year 1968.
Background information concerning the basic characteristics of
the beryllium industry has been as sembled and included.
Pro-
cess descriptions are given, but they are brief, and are limited
to the areas that are closely related to existin.g or potential at-
mospheric losses of the pollutant.
Due to the limitation of time and funds allotted for.the study,
the plan was to personally contact the two primary producers
a.nd about fifteen percent of the companies in each major. emis-
sion source group to obtain the required information.
It wa s
known that'published data concerning emissions of the pollutant
were virtually nonexistent, and contacts With industry ascer-
tained that atmospheric emissions were not a matter of record.
Hi
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Tte bervUium emissions arid emJssion fact.ors that, are p~.-e'
sented a.re based chiefly on the summation of informatioI'. ob.
tained duriTl.g field trips to inspect rJ:e 3.] r poJlu~ior. CO.r:'J ro1
equipment used at va rious locations and obse-:-ve processir.g
operations,
Beryllium emissions and emission factors a re considered t;o
be reasonably aCCurate.
iv
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This was an industry oriented study and the authors express
their appreciation to companies and individuals in the beryl-
lium industry for their contributions.
We wish to express our gratitude for the assistance of the
() t !)'.) -.1 ,,1-, '.' r. ~
Office of Air Programs, and to many branches of the Federal
and State Governments.
Our express thanks to Mr. C. V. Spangler~ Project Officer,
Office of Air Programs, for his helpful guidance.
v
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CONTENTS
SUMMAR Y. . . . . . .
. . . .
.....
. . . .
Emissions by Source. . . . . . . . . .
Emissions by States. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Emission Factors . . . . . . . .
Table. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MINERAL SOURCES OF BERYLLIUM. .
. . . . .
MA TERIAL FLOW THROUGH THE ECONOMY
Chart. .
..........
......
USES AND EMISSIONS OF BERYLLIUM
Mining. . . . . .. . . . . . . .
Processing of Beryllium Metal, Alloys,
- and Compounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
End Product Uses of Beryllium Metal,
Alloys, and Compounds. . . . . . . . . . -.
OTHER SOURCES OF BERYLLIUM EMISSIONS
Coa1 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Incineration. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous Emissions . . . . .
APPENDIX A
Companies Dealing in Beryllium and
Beryllium Alloys. . . . . . . .
......
vii
1
2
3
4
. 5
6
9
11
12
15
26
34
37
39
41
A-I
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Table I
Table II
Table III
Table IV
Table V
Table VI
TABLES
Emission Factors. . . . . . .
Air Pollution Control Equipment,
Brush Beryllium Company,
Elmore, Ohio. . . . . . . . .
Air Pollution Control Equipment,
Kawecki Berylco Industries, Inc.,
Hazelton, Pennsylvania. ... . . . .
Industrial Data - Air Pollution
Control . . . . . . . .
Average Minor Element Contents
of Coal from Various Regions of
the United States. . . . . . .
Shipments of Residual Fuel Oil in
the United States - 1968 . . . .
. viii
5
22
24
29
36
38
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-1-
SUMMARY
The production and use of beryllium in the United States
. h,as been traced and charted for the year 1968.
- - ",;;., b (') ... ~
The con-
sumption was 351 short tons, while production from domes-
tic mines was only 7 short tons.
About 98 percent of the
beryllium processed was from imported beryl ore, part of
which was imported during the year and part during prior
years.
About 35 percent (125 tons) of the beryllium was
used to produce beryllium metal, about 50 percent (175 tons)
to produce beryllium alloys, about 5 percent (16 tons) to pro-
duce ceramics, and the remaining 10 percent (35 tons) was
lost during processing.
Emissions to the atmosphere during 1968 totaled 164 tons.
Emissions due to the combustion of coal and fuel oil were
147 tons and 8 tons, respectively.
Emissions resulting from
the production of cast iron were 4 tons.
Emission estimates for coal combustion are considered to
be reasonably accurate.
They are based on the average
beryllium content of many coal samples.
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Source Category
--
Mining
Processing of Be';:yllium Metal;
Alloy s, and Compounds
End Product Uses of Beryllium
Metal: Alloys, and Compounds:
Other Sources of Beryllium
Emission.s:
".
" '
TOTAL
EMJSSIO~ SOURCE
~
~&n
Source GrouE Emissions - ~
10,500
55
Beryllium Fabrication.
13
Be:ryllium Alloys
26
Beryllia Ceramics
16
-,
318,000"
Coal
,
"
294,000
.'
-'
Oil
16,000"
Mi scellaneous
8,000
328,556
or
164 tons
"
. ,...
1
! io~ .~.
~,
.'e.-. .....
: ~~ .;~
.
\ ':
;
, ,
~~
~,
Emissions
%
:.
,4
" J
3.2
"
-
"'
.> ;..'
,
N
,,'
. -,~ -
96.8
100.0
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-3-
EMISSIONS BY STATES
1968
State
Pe~sylvania and Ohio
illinois
Indiana
Michigan
New York
. Alabama and Mississippi
West Virginia
Kentucky
North Carolina
Tennessee
Wisconsin.
Delaware and Maryland
Virginia
'Georgia and Florida
. All Other States
Undistributed
TOTAL
Beryllium Emission8
Short Tons
41
lZ
lZ
11
7
7
7
5
5
5
4
4
. 4
4
..Z4
1Z
164
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-4.-
EMISSION FACTORS
The emission factors given h.erein ar.e believed to be the
best cur.rently available.
'. '.)' ~. ' '. . .,
T.heywere determined throug4 a .
combination of methods consisting of: (1) direct observation
of emission data and other related plant processing and engi-
neering data where available; (2) estimations based on infor-
ma.tionobtained from literature, plant operators, p.nd others'
knowledgeable in the field: (3) calculations bas..edon .experi-
,
ence and personal knowledge of metallurgical p;rocessing
operations; and. (4) specific an.alytical results (in the case
of coal and fuel oil).
The basic data used to calculate the emission factors are
contained in the files 'of the Contra.ctor and the Office of Air
P:rograms of tile En-./ironmental Prot.ection Agency.
Rea.ders
of this document are encouraged to submit data to the EPA
in confirma.tion of t.hese fa.ctors or additional data which can
be used to further refine the factors in subsequent publica-
tions.
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-5-
TAB LE I
EMISSION F AC TORS
Mining
Processing of Beryllium
Metal, Alloys, and
Compounds
End Product Uses of
Beryllium Metal, Alloys,
and Compounds
Beryllium fabrication
Beryllium alloys
Beryllia ceramics
Other Sources of
Beryllium Emissions
Coal
Oil
0.2 lb/ton of beryllium produced
30 lb/ton of beryllium processed
10 lbllOO tons of beryllium processed
15 lb/100 tons of beryllium processed
1 lb/ton of beryllium processed
O. 58 Ib/ 1,000 tons of coal burned
0.03 lb/l, 000 bbls of oil burned
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.6.
MINERA.L SOURCES OF BERYLLIUM
Beryllium (Be), a grayish metaJ, is the only light-weight
metal with. a high melting point::.
Its specWc gravity (1. 85)
is only slightly greater t.b3n magnesium, but its, m:elting
point (1,283 C) is nearly twic.e as high.
It also has a. ve rv
high strength..-to.-weight ratio, great stiffness, and ,..aluable
nuclear properties.
The ea.rth's crust is estimated to cont.ain 10 ppm beryllium :/
compared with O. 1 ppm silver and 16 ppm lead.
Be ry llium
is widely distributed geog:raphically but is found in concen..
t::ra.ted form in relatively few min.erals.
Beryl, bertra.ndit.e,
phenacite, chrysobe.r.yl, and barylite are some of t.b.e best
known of the thirty or more beryllium minerals, but: the
principal comme.rcial sou..ree prior to 1968 has been be.ryl.
Usua.lly. be.ryi is found associi:lted with ot.he.r mine.raJs iv. r.e':.'
e.rogeneous granit.e pegm:'jtHes whe.re the beryl occu.rs in en-
.riched zones; h.owever., pegma.t.it.es ar.e seldom mlned for
beryl alone.
MO.re often the mm.eraJ is rec:.o\-e.red as a. co-
prod\J.ct or by-product while .recovering feldspa.r, mica,
.------
.1 ,- Clark, F. W. an.d Was]-,,ingtoT'., H. S.: U. S. Geological
Su.r';rey Professional P3.pers 127; 1924.
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- 7.-
cassiterite, columbite, quartz, tantalite, .kaolinite, hema-
tite, and lithium minerals.
Many deposits contain less than
one hundred tons of cobbed beryl.
Beryllium" also occurs in nonpegmatite deposits.
Beitraii-
dite has been found associated with fluorite, montmorillon-
ite, opal, and chalcedony at Spor Mountain, 'Utah; commer-
cial mining in this district began during 1969.
Similar de-
posits have been found elsewhere in Utah.
In Nevada, phen-
acite and bertrandite occur with scheelite, flourite, pyrite,
and other minerals in limestone.
In Colorado, beryl and ber-
trandite occur with fluorite in mica-quartz crystalline rock.
In Labrador, ba.rylite occurs in, small veins with quartz and
albite; in Mexico, bertrandite is found in fluorite which also
contains other minerals.
Beryl, when pure, is a beryllium aluminum silicate,- con-
taining about 14 percent BeO, 19 percent AlZ03' and 67 per-
cent SiOZ'
The precious forms of beryl, emerald, and aqua-
ma rine approach the pure form in composition; however, the
commercial grades generally contain 11 to 13 percent BeO,
17 to 19 percent AIZ 03' 67 to 70 percent SiOZ' and Z to 4 per-
cent metal oxides.
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,°8,,, '
During recent years the major world sou.rces of ores that
contain beryllium have been India, Brazil, Uganda., Mozam-
bique, Argentina, and the U. S. S. R.
E'\/en though the United
. \"'i for .-=- q"ilr v' . :' .J
States has not been a majo,r produce,r in the past, small quan-
tities of beryl ore have been mined in Colo,ra.do, South Dakota,
New Mexico, and West Vi,rginia.
Oth,er domestic sou"rces of beryllium have been investigated
and reported by the Bureau of Mines, the U. S. Geological
Survey, and others.
These reports indica.te some beryllium
is found in c,oal and oil, as well as in pegmatite o,res mined
extensively in No,rth Carolina, principally fo:r. the production
- of feldspar, qua.:r.tz, mica, and spodumene.
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-9-
MA TERIAL FLOW THROUGH THE ECONOMY
The sources and uses of beryllium in the United States dur-
ing 1968 are sho'wn in Figure 1.
About 44 percent of the beryl
ore that was processed was imported, 34 percent was from
Government stocks, 20 percent was from industry stocks,
and only 2 percent was from domestic mines.
Beryl Ore Imports - In 1968 the imports of beryl ore totaled
3,822 short tons (Be content - 153 short tons).
About 42 per-
cent was imported from Brazil, 14 percent from Argentina,
10 percent from Uganda.. 9 percent from the Republic of South
Afric.a, and 5 percent or less from each of ten other coun-
tries :/.
Beryl Ore Stocks - At'the beginning of the yea.r industry
2
stocks of beryl ore were 8, 177 short tons _I.
but by the end
of the year the total was only 6,390 short tons :/,
a decrease
of 1,787 short tons (71 short tons Be content).
Dur.ing the
same period Government. stocks of beryl also decreased 3,000
3
short tons (120 short tons Be content) -/.
1 - Min.erals Yearbook; Bureau of Mines; 1968.
2- Minerals Yearbook; Bureau of Mines; 1967.
3-. Pri'vate commun.ication with industria] sources.
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.-10-
Beryllium Uses -' A large proporti.on of th.e berylliu.m is
ultimately used in space and. na.tional defense applications.
Information rega.rding many of these u.ses is cl'3,ssi.fied and
the details are,rnot :revealed in'this report.
Othe:r uses of
beryllium are discussed in detail in. the following seciion.
4
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BER YLLIUM
MA TERIAL FLOW THROUGH THE ECONOMY - 1968
(Sho.rt Tons - Be Content)
Sources
Uses
7 121\
Beryl Ore Domestic Production Be Metal
153 175
Beryl Ore Imports Be Alloy s
351 ---...
Consumer
120 16
Government Stocks ceramics
.-
71 35
-
I
;-0
....
Industry Stocks
Processlng Loss
Figure I
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...12..
USES AND EMISSIONS OF BERYLLIUM
I
M~NING ,
In the United States hand..sorted beryl ore was produced in
Colorado. New Mexico, and South Dakota during 1968, but
domestic production for the year was only 160 sh.ort tons !..J
containing about 4 percent beryllium (Be content- 7 short
ton s ) .
Prior to 1969 beryllium ore mi~.ed in the United States was
from open pits or shallow un.derground workings and most of
the ore was concentrated by ha.nd..sorting.
The mining was
usually done on a sma.ll scale by cru.de opencut: methods.
It
commenced on an outc:rop where the mine.rals of va.lue could
be seen and cuts were made or pits we.re sunk by drilling
and blasting the rock.
The cycle of drilling, blasting. cob-
bing, and hauling waste to dumps wasrepea.ted until the op..
eration could no longer be ..worked. e;co:t;lomically .,. 'J .
Output from th.e mines rema.ined a.t a low level in the Unjt:ed
St.ates for several years e',;-en though domestic consumption
1.. Minerals Yearbook;
Bu:rea.u. of Mines;
1968.
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...13..,
increa.sed substantially.
However., construction of new la.rge...
scale facilities wa.s commenced during 1968 by Brush Beryl-.
Hum Company at Spor Mountain in Utah.
At the open-pit: mine
site removal of overburden was started about the middle of
i.':' :.,..,. "
'I:' .", :r .~
the year.
Forty-seven miles f.rom the mine, at a location
near Delta, Utah, construction of the mill was in p.rogress
and completion was scheduled for midyear 1969.
Even though
there were no emissions from operations in Uta.h during 1968,
this will be a significant factor to be taken into account in
future years.
Emissions from Mining - While this study was in p.rog.ress,
several mining compa.nies we.re contacted concerning their
ope:rations and their emissions to the atmosphere.
They
sta.ted that :records of beryllium emissions \J\lere not ma.in..
tained.
Be.ryllium emissioris to the atmosphe:re from sources of min..
ing are estimated at O. 2 'pound 'per ''fOD of ber'yllium handled.
This gives a figure of 1. 4 pounds of beryllium emitted to the
atmosphere during 1968.
This estimate is made by The Con-
tractor on the basis of better. known emissions from similar
mining operations that have been studied in more depth fo:r
cft:l1erfrace m'etal emissionnreports..
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...14..
Beryllium is also found associated with mine:r3ls other than
beryl and bertrandite.
In copper mining and smelting it is
often present in the ore in tra.ce amounts, but the.re is no by...
<'
product beryllium recovery.
Another similar example is
. '1 t
mining of spodumene at Kings Mountain in North Carolina.
Mining at that location is principally for the recovery of lith.~
ium even though the ore uniformly contains a bout O. 05 per-
cent BeG according to United States and NO.rth Ca:ro1ina geo-.
logical survey s.
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-1':>,-
PROCESSING OF
BERYLLIUM" METAL, ALLOYS, AND COMPOUNDS
c
The production of beryllium products in 1968 wa~ principally
from imported ores processed by the Brush Beryllium Com-
pany, Elmore, Ohio, and Kawecki BeryIeo Industries, Inc.,
Hazelton, Pennsylvania.
Although these companies use dif-
ferent processing methods, the basic product made from
beryl ore is beryllium hydroxide.
This material is further
processed to produce beryllium metal, beryllium oxide, and
master alloys.
During 1968 the beryllium processed into
products was 351 short tons (Be content:) l/.
Beryllium Hydroxide ,- In the Copaux.,Kawecki fluoride pro-
cess used by Kawecki Berylco Industries, the be:r.yl ore is
finely powdered by d,ry grinding to minus 200 mesh, then
mixed with soda a.sh and sodium fluosilicate prior to sinter-
ing at 1,400 F.
After sintering, the product is crushed,
ground, 'leached with wate,r, and the insoluble saxe filte,red
off to waste.
The filtrate is treated with caustic soda to pre-
cipitate beryllium hydroxide.
The Sawyer ,-Kje11gren sulfate extraction pr.ocess, as used
1.. Private communication with industrial sources.
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-16-
by the Brush Beryllium: Company, is a process in which the
. beryl ore is first crushed and melted at: about 3,200 F.
The
, .
beryl is then quenched in cold water and the crystalline struc- .
ture is destroyed.
Next, the beryl glass is heated to about
1, 700 F in a gas -fired rotary kiln, then ground in a ball mill
to increase its activity prio:r to the addition of sulfuric acid.
Sulfation is followed by water leaching and the resulting silica
sludge is discarded.
The soluble beryllium and aluminum
sulfates are extracted with the wate:r and the bulk of the alum-
inum present is separated as ammonium alum by adding am-
monium hydroxide.
The solution is cooled to cause crystal-.
lization and the alum is removed by centrifuging.
Next,
chelating agents are added to the filtrate and a sodium hy-
droxide solution is introduced to produce sodium beryllate.
Hydrolysis follows and the precipitate, beryllium hydroxide,
is separated by.centrifuging.
Beryllium Oxide. - In one. rt;l~thod of producing be.ryllium
oxide, the beryllium hydroxide is first redissolved in water,
sulfuric a cid, and ammonium su.lfide.
Then the solution is
passed through th.e steps of filtration, evaporation, and cry-
. ~t~Tjj.~ation.; cent.rifuging follows to obtain beryllium sulfate.
The final steps a.re blending and calcination at about 1,900 F.
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-.17..
Beryllium...Copper Alloys -, The first step in the production
of beryllium-copper alloys is to prepare a master alloy.
Beryllium hydroxide is calcined at about 800 F to form be-
ryllium oxide.
Then weighed quantities of carbon powder,
copper, and beryllium oxide are mixed and melted in an elec-
tric arc furnace.
The pr.oduct, beryllium-copper. master
alloy. is cast into ingots containing about 4 percent beryllium.
In the final step. the master alloy and copper. are melted to-
gether in an induction furna.ce to form be:ryllium-copper al-
loy containing about 2 percent beryllium.
Beryllium Metal - Both of the primary producers of beryl-
lium in the United States re]y on the same basic principals
for the production of beryllium fluoride, but ther.e a,:re cer-
tain differences in the process details.
The Brush Beryl-
lium Company uses the Schwenzfeier -.Pomelee purification
1/
process -'
and is able to use ara.t:her impu.re input mater-
ial.
The hydroxide product of the sulfate ex.traction process
and var.ious scrap .r.ecycle p,roducts are used a.s the input to
the beryllium fluoride process.
These feed materials are
1.. White. D. W. and Burke. J. E.; The Metal Beryllium;
American Society for Metals; C]evela.nd. Ohio; 1959.'
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-18-
dissolved in ammonium bi£luoride in a step which includes
the addition of calcium carbonate.
The resulting solution
enters a thickener under conditions where precipitation of
all heavy-metal impurities occurs, except manganese and
chromium.
. '. . r'" I." j
Lead dioxide is then added to the solution to con-
vert the manganese content to insoluble manganese dioxide
and the chromium content to insoluble lead chromate.
A fil-
tration step follows, then a sulfide treatment: and a second
filtration step.
At this point: the solution enters a vacuum
crystallizer, then passes through a centrifuge and a dryer
on its way to a decomposition furnace.
In the furn.ace, am-
monium fluoride is driven off into a scrubber. while ber yllium
fluoride flows from the bottom and is solidified.
In the next: step, magnesium and the beryllium fluoride are
cha:r ged to a reduction furna.ce in solid form.
An excess of
be,rv.l1ium fluo,ride is used in relation; to the amount of mag-
nesium 1/
in o,rde,r to produce a slag of magnesium fluoride
and beryllium fluoride with a melting point substa.ntially be.,
low the melting point of beryllium.
The beryllium fluoride
excess is essential to permit sep-3.ration of the beryllium
1., U. S. Patent No.2, 384, 291; Aug. 7, 194,5; B. R. F~
Kjellgren to the B:rush Be,ryllium Company.
-------
r
..19-
metal reaction product from the slag by water leaching.
Solid beryllium is recovered after the reaction is completed
by raising the temperature above the melting point of beryl-
lium to approximately 2,300 F.
At this temperature the
slag is very liquid and the molten beryllium floats on top.
The mass is then poured into a receiving pot where it solid-
Hies.
Next, this pro9.uct is crushed and then water -leached
in a baU mill.
During leaching the excess berylJium fluoride
is quickly dissolved; the metallic beryllium is released in .
the form of pebbles that generally contain about 3 percen.t
trapped slag and unreacted magnesium.
To remove these
impurities, the pebbles are vacuum.~melted a.nd cast into in-
gots.
During this operation magnesium is eliminated from
the melt in the vapor form.
Excess berylliumfluo.ride is
also vaporized.
Nonvolatiles sepa.rate f.rom the melt as a.
dross and are removed from the crucible after the pu.rified
metal has been poured into t~e ingot mold.
Emissions from the Processing of Ber.yllium Metal, Alloys,
. '----~----"-_...:!o.-
and Compounds - During the past 25 yea.:rs it has been rec-
ognized that excessive beryllium concent.rations in the atmos-
phere are a serious haza.r.d to health..
As a result many con-
t.ro]s have been installed at industrial plants where beryllium
-------
-20 ;'
is processed.
During this study meetings were held with B.rush Beryllium
Company at Elmore, Ohio, and Ka:wecki Berylco Industries'
at Reading, Pennsylvania.
Both companies furnished de-
, ~;' .
tailed information regarding the use of air pollution cont.rol
equipment as shown in. Tables II and III.
They also provided
information concerI1;ing beryllium concentrations in the at.-
mosphere surrounding plant sites, but could not provide
stack emission data.
During the months of May, June, and July, 1971, by agree-
ment with the Brush Beryllium Company and Kawecki Berylco
Industries, field c:rews of the Environmental Protection Agen-
cy conducted preJimina.ry field SOll rce S3 mpling tests at the
metal1u..rgical p:rocessing facilities of the two beryllium com~.
panies.
These tests covered major st.acks but did not cover
all sources of atmospheric emissions.
Based on the known
results of these preliminary tests t.he EPA estimates that
total emissions during 1968 from all metaJlurgicaJ process...
ing facilities of both compa.nies were no less than 30 pounds
per day, average for the year, or 10,500 pounds for a year
of 350 operating days ~/..
1- Private communication from the Environmenta.l Protec-
tion Agency, Office of Ai.r Prog rams; July 14, 1971.
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-21.-
Further refinement to determin.e ac.t:ua.l emissions f.rom
these plants awaits the :results of a more complete testing'
program, now planned as of .the date of .release of this :re-
port.
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-22:
TABLE II
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT
BRUSH BERYLLIUM' COMPANY - EL„ORE, OHIO
Production.
. Area '.
f' ,.., \, - .. . ~ ..
Process DescrJ,ption
Beryllium
Hydroxide
. Ore storage. crushing
and melting
Quenching. heat treating
and grinding
Sulfation and dissolving
Leaching, crystallization
and beryllation
,--~---------------_.
Be:ryllium
Pebbles
Mixing, thickening, filter,.
ing and sulfide treating
Crystallizing and
eentr ifuging
Decomposition furnace
Redu.ction furnace
Grushing
Control Equipment
. 4. ....,
Wet cyclone and
baghouse
Cyclone and baghouse
Packed tower - water
scrubbing
Ventilation
- ~- -. - - ~ - ----:" - - -
Pa.cked towe:r. - wa.ter
scrubbing
Baghouse
Pa,c.ked tower,. two
se,rubbers in series
Venturi scrub1;>er and
pa cked tower
Packed tower
.- - .-.
--------.--.-----
Pa.eked towe:r
---..----------
Beryllium
Metal
-------
Pebble melting a,nd casting
Billet cleaning and
inspection
Chipping. sizing, screen",
ing and blending
Die loading. hot pressing,
rough and finish machining
.-.-----,----.--.--.
Baghou s e
Cyclone an.d baghouse
Cyclone and baghouse
.--.-------
-------
Beryllium
Oxide
-Z3~
Dissolving, filte.ring, .
evapor~tion and crystal-
lization' .
Blending and ca~~ining.
- . .. 0- _... ... . . . ... ....' . .. . .. .. ...- ~ . . . .
Ventilation
Packed tower-'
caustic scru.bbing
------------------------------
Master
Alloy
Calcining
'.0..
Mixing
Arc furnace
Baghouse
Baghouse
Cyclone and baghouse
- - - - - - - - _.- - - - - _.- - - - - - - - - .- - - - - -
Beryllium
Copper
Mel ting
Casting
Baghouse
Baghouse
-------
...24..
TABLE
III
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT
KAWECKI BERYLCO INDUSTRIES, INC.
HAZELTON, PENNSYLVANl.A
Produc tion
Area
-.--
Process Desc:ripbon
Cont rol Equipmerit' , : I . !
Beryllium
Hydroxide
---
O.re handling and grindw.g
Cyc.lor,.e and ba gh.ouse
Sintering
Ventu.ri scrubber
Crushing and grinding
Cyclone and baghouse
Leaching and filtering
Hydraulic: se rubber
and ".'enturi scr\:Jbber
-------------,----
-- - -'-
- .- -, .- .-. .- -- .- -. -
Be:ryllium
Beads
- - .....' --
Beryllium
Met:::IJ
Mixing, purifying "Ind
filtering
Hydr-1ubc. sernbber
and demi sr.e r
Evaporation
Hydr')ulic suubber
Drying
Ve.nt.uri scrubber and
demi ster
Decomposition fU.rn:'! C'E'
Vent.\Jri se rl)bber and
demi ste.r
Reducnon. fu rr'.'3 ce
Vent.uri se.rubber.
(ycJone and b':lghm,se
Crushing and milling
Scruhbe.r a.nd dem]sI.er
- - - '-- .- --. '._. .-- .- .- .-
-- _. -. -. '- .,.. 'L" -. ._. _.
On' .- .- -.
Melting an.d cdst]ng
Cyclone -'lnd bagl"ouse
Billet cleaning
Sc.rubber and demister
CUpping
Cyclone and baghouse
Grinding
Cyclone
-------
.,,25.-
Beryllium Sizing. screenlOng. bl d
' ,en ing
Metal (cont.) and loading
Vacuum hot pressing
Machining
Baghouse
Baghouse
Cyclone and baghouse
Beryllium
Oxide
-23..
Dissolving, filtering,
evaporation and crystal-
lization
Blending and calcining
Ventilation
Pa.cked tower-
caustic scru.bbing
------------------------------
Master
Alloy
Calcining
Mixing
Arc furnace
Baghouse
Baghouse
Cyclone and baghouse
---~--------------,------------
Beryllium
Copper
Melting
Casting
Baghouse
Baghouse
-------
...26-
END PRODUC T USES OF
BERYLLIUM METAL, ALLOYS, AND COMPOUNDS
The use of beryllium has grown from 180 shon tons in 1964
to 351 short tons in 1968.
Much of this rapid gro\A,th has
( '- I. ..' "' ' ~
been due to the increased use of beryllj1Jm metal in high..
speed aircraft, missles, and space exploration.
Be'!y'llium Metal - Beryllium metal has the unusual physi-
ca.! properties of high stiffness, high heat capacity, and low
density.
It is used in nuclea.r .reactors as a moderator and
:reflector material, as well as in gyroscopes, accele.rome-
ters, internal guidance systems parts for high..speed flight
and marine navigation, rocket propellant fuel, airpl::lne
brakes, and hea.t shields fo.r space capsules.
Newly report-
ed uses include rotor bla.des and other parts for gas turbine
engines, sola.r cell moun.t:ing boards for satellites, mi.rro:rs,
and othe:r optical pa.rts.
During 1968 the be.rvllium metal
t. 1 /
produced was 125 sho.r.tons ..
. JU; ,.
BerYllium-Copper Alloy. - Be.ryllinm..copper has high elec...
ideal and thermal conductivity coupled with strength and re-
sistance to fatigue at elevated temperatures.
The:r.e are
.j
1- Private communication with Brush Beryllium Comp:any.
-------
-27..
many uses for beryllium-copper including springs, bellows,
diaphragms, electrical contacts, aircraft engine parts,
plastic molds, marine propellers, gears, bearings and
bearing retainer rings, precision castings, and rollers.
" y. _r ,-' r f.. 1 ..~. (~ r-r
.' ...,! }"
New applications include housings to protect undersea tele-
phone systems, automobile starter springs, bucket wheels
used in inst.ruments which measure the velocity of water,
and antennas for space vehicles and satellites.
In the United States during 1968 the beryllium used in beryl-
1
Hu.m-copper alloys totaled 175 short tons /.
Ceramics - Beryllium in the form of beryllium oxide has'
ceramic applications.
It is useful for certain ceramics be~.
cause of a high melting poin.t, high thermal conductivity,
h.igh specific heat, and a high elec.trical insulation resist-
ance over a wide temperatu.re range.
Beryllia ceramics
a:re used in high.,.voltage elect:rical porcelains, suspension
insu.lators, spark plugs, and microwave windows.
There were 16 tons o,f contained beryllium used in beryllia
ceramics during 1968 :'...1.
I.. Private communication with Brush. Be:ryllium Company.
-------
.,28-
End Product Emissions of Beryllium Metal, Allovs, and
. - --
Compounds - The companies manu.facturing end pro'duc,ts of ,
b,eryllium that 'were contacte:d du.ring this study, : without ex,- '
...
. -..",
.
-
ception, advi~~-d--that-theyd;-~o-t-main.ta.Iii~re'co:rds'-orsfack-"""" ,-
samples.
Most of them sample in-plant air a.t 'regular inter- .
vals, bu.t very few sample out...plant: air.
Special ventilation systems a.:re incorporated in these facili-
. .t.ies; however, the type of 'sy~tem and th~ air pollution con-
tro1 equipment that is used v'aries considerably.
~ ~~neral,
the s.mall fabric..ators are'D,ct: a.s strict with their environ-
. .mental monitoring as the metallu.rgica.l processin:g c'ompa."
nies or' the larger. reprocesso:r.s.
Table IV shows the type
of ventilation and equipment: used by typical beryllium metal
fabricators.
~erl!liu.m Fabrication. - B'e:ryllium metal is generally pU.r-
'~~~:\~h
ch.3.sed as :rod, bar, 0:[ billet.. fqr u.se in making ai:rc.raft,
"
'.computer, and spacecraft parts.
The usu.a.l fa.brication op-
. er.'ations include tu.:rnin.g, mihing, drilling, reaming, gr.ind~
ing" honin.g, sawing, and abrasive cutting.
C~emical and
electrochemical procedures' are also employed.
Losses
may-occu.r in dust form du.:ring these operations.
-------
-29:'
TAB L E IV
INDUSTRIAL DATA - AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
Code No.
3. 101
Ventilation Control Was te " Waste . Waste
Sy stem Equipment Type Packaging . Disposal
'. " '1 .. I ~ '-"" ......!'" r 0;' .,. ~ -.- '"'f . r
Flexible Cyclone Solid Plastic Local
ducts Baghouse bags contract
Absolute
filter
3. 102
-------------------------'
---------
Local
None
Solid
Liquid
Plastic
. bags
Local
Sewer'
3. 103
----------------------------------
Local
Flexible
ducts
Absolute
filter
Solid
~iquid
Plastic
bags
Commercial
Sewer
Burial
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .- - - - -. - - - - - - - - - - - -
3. 1 04 Central Cyclon.e Solid Plastic Local
Flexible Baghouse Liquid bag"s Sludge
ducts Absolute Metal separator
Local filter d.rums Sewer
3. ] 05
'-" .-. - - - - - - - - - - - '- - - - ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Local
Flexible
ducts
Chemical
Scrubber
Cy clone
filter
Soli d
Liquid
Plastic
bags
Metal
drums
City
dump
3.106
-------------'.--------
.- -' .- - - - - - - - - - -
Cen.tral
Flexible
ducts
Absolute
filter s
Solid
Liq.uid
Plastic Retu.rn to
drums s1,Jpplier
. . .~ -.. ", .. . ~ ;.
3. 107
-------------------.-..-
. '.'
-.------------
- - --
3. 108
Central
Flexible
ducts
----'----'
Cent.ral
Flexible
ducts
Absolute
filter
So] id
. Liquic!
Plastic
drum s .
Loc.al or
R,etU rn. to
supplier
Baghouse
-------------.---------
. .
Solid
Liquid
Plastic
drums
Return to
supplier
-------
.-30~.
At one large plant all be:ryllium machining ex.cept: debu.r.ring
is accomplished by wet process methods.
The debu.r:ring
operation is enclosed in a hood that is maintained u.n.de:r neg~'
ative pressure, and' the eX1iaust:a.ir;l-s'.p:as'sedthroug}h~:hso-
lute filters befo:re it is returned to the room.
At another location where machining is done unde.r dry condi-
tions, the drilling, sawing, and cutting operations are se:rved
by close -captu.re, high'."i/elocity exhaust hoses held with.in one
base diameter of the pOlnt of operation.
V en1:ilatedenclo sure s
are used for wet and dry sanding, "apox honin.g, and wet ab:r.a.-
sive cutoff wheels.
Late:ral s101: exhaust is used for acid etch-
lng, ch.em-milling, electrical discharge machines, and coun-
ter sinking.
At: three small plants whe.re operations we.re studied, beryl..
Hum machining wa.s not sepa.r,,!:ed f.rom ofh~r pa.rts of the
, . \.' .10-1
shop area. . At one facility in. plant aj r samples a.re collect...
ed frequently, but the othe r two have no r egula.r sampling
schedule.
An emission factor of 10 pOunds be.rylJium 'p~r 100 tons of
beryllium metal processed is based on estimates obtained
from fabricators.
In 1968 the be.ryllium emissions to th.e
-------
,,31 .
atmosphere due to fabricaTing be ry Ilium meta 1 we re J 3
pounds.
Field source sampling by t.he EPA is planned fo.r c e r. tain
facHitie 5;-,. .whi ch ,will...r din e, Ih eemis si on fac tor s given. above.
.!3eryllium~loys .. Beryllium ..copper is the principal aHoy
and most plants using this m'3~erial do not: remelt or make
basic ch.anges in the alloy.
The processing generally in.,
volves stamping or dra.wing jnto fjnished sh~pes.
An. emission facto.r of .15 pounds berylJi')m per 100 tons of
beryllium processed is estimated as the average for beryl..
lium alloys.
The tot:al emissions to the atmosphere during
1968 were 26 pounds.
.!3~.ryl!.i~_~~3..:..~ic~ .. Beryllia lS one of the best refractory
mate.ria.ls known and it: can be fabricated by normal ce,ramic
processes.
The prindpaJ em) ssion ha za rd a,rises in the
. . .
original fab.rication of (he ceramics, where beryllium ox.ide
dust or fume mr.Jy be inr.31ed.
M3chj.ning of pints also gives
rise to dust:, but: in storage or final hap.dli.n.g of fi.t'I.lshed arti-
cles there is little da.n.ge.r of emlssions except from dlJ,sting
due to attrition 0 r b,rea kage.
.;
,.' 0<':'): :-D.
. c"::r.;.
. ~
.;...J ~ 'Y(i - .
\ 1..') " .
-------
.32 _.
One ce:ramic ope.rat:ion is briefJy described as a proc.ess
commencing with beryl and othe r m~ lerials ba.tc~ed into a
large floo.r cistern con.t:'3ini.ng W'J f.e r.
Afte r millin.g, wet
screening, and adjustme.nrs, the glaze is applied 10 tJle un...
"~:'. "1:~ ;';"-;; r ;~ ! )',r."i \II L)~» :1..~"4. ('..1'..)1 -:\.J" .
fired porc.elain..
When fired, the glaze ]8 perm3.nently fused
to the ceramic article.
A typical g13.ze c.o.nt3ins abol.,: 2 pe.r...
cent beryl.
The ventilation systems inspect'ed dl. ring thi S study in.c.1uded
glove boxes, hoods, central 'ventilation ducts, and absolute
filte:r. s .
Some .rep.rocessing compames con.tacted' claimed
no loss of be.ryllium to the atmosphe.r.e, while othe.rs indi..
ca.ted their 10ss did not exceed 2 pe rc ent.
An. emission factor of one pou.nd pe r ton of beryllium p.ro..
cessed is estimated as th~ a.vera.ge em1ssion rate fo.r beryJ.-.
lia ceramics.
The total emi.,.sio.n.s 10 t.he atmosp.he:re during
1968 were 16 pounds.
This emission eSr1ma.te wa s made by
The Contra.ctor on. the basis of informarion. supplied by t.:he
manufactu:re:r s.
~ocket P:ropell~.!~- - Be.rylJium has been used in solid
:rocket fuels, but due to its high to~:iCJty 1ts use fO.r tr.::!t pU.r..
pose has been virbJally discontiTI.11ed.
Even though most of
-------
..33...
the test work was done prior to 1968, a brief description of
fuel manufacturing is included.
The beryllium is usually received in powder form in poly..
ethylene containers packed in steel drums.
It is added to
other materials in a dough mixer, vacuum cast, cu.red, and
machined into fina.l shapes.
Emissions oc.cur. during handl-
ing the dry powder and during the machining.
Du:ring 1967 strict standa..rds were set by the Public Health
Se.rvice followed by a Department of Defense order limiting
testing by Gove.rnment agencies and their subcontra.ctors.
With these restrictions, 1t is doubtful the.re will be any future
emissions.
~E~~~:!.~ft Rea.:...<:.!~.!.~- .. A.n.aJytic~l studies h<\ve been con.
du.cted to determi..nere...entry ablation of beryllium in SNAP-
lOA reactor reflectors, and the tox:ic ha.zard p.roduced a.t
. r - .
ground level by the .resultanJ resid1Je~
It h
-------
,,34,..
OTHER SOURCES OF BERYLLIUM EMISSIONS
---------------------.--
COAL
A study has been made regarding emiSSlons f.rom coal fi.red
power plants and the emissions of beryllium have been re.-
corded.
Six power boilers we,re tested, each a different
type, and each value reported was the average of at: least
fwo tests.
Two of the boile,r. s we.re fired with Ulinois coal;
two bU.rned Pennsylvania coal; one used some coal from
Ohio and some from West Virginia; one burned part Ken-
tu..cky and pa.,rt West Virginia. C03].
Be:ryllium cO.llcent::ra-
hons in the fJy ash sa.mples t
-------
-35-
of control, 160 scf of flue gas per pound of coal, and the
average beryllium concentrations in fly ash stated above.
According to this method the beryllium emissions for 1968
due to the combustion of coal were 167 tons.
".." ...;,
...
508,990,000 x 160 x 2,000 r:. -4 -4]
7,000 x 2, 000 ~o. 11 x 10 x 0.9) + (0. 45 x 10 x O. 1) = 167
Many samples of coal have been analyzed and the beryllium
content has been reported as shown in Table V.
Calculations
have also been made based on a concentration of 1. 9 ppm be-
ryllium in coal, 90 percent application of control, 85 percent
efficiency of control, and fly ash at 65 percent of total ash.
The beryllium emissions calculated by this method total 147
ton s .
508,990,000 x 1. 9 x 10-6 x 0.65 [1 - (0.85 x O. 90il = 147
ill this report the figure of 147 tons is used as the beryllium
emissions to the atmosphere during 1968 due to the combus-
tion of coal.
-------
-36-
TABLE
v
A VERAGE MINOR ELEMENT CONTENTS OF COAL
FROM VARIOUS REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES 11
Region'
Ash Content
" , , j (, c'i' 'J 1 ' t ;1 r
of Coal - %
. Be Content
'" . ~ I., ...:.t1 t' -01(' '\
J of Coai - ppm '
Northern Great Plains
13.42
1.5
Eastern Interior
6. 16
2.5
Appalachian
6.11
2.5
Western and Southwestern
NR':C
1.1
Average Beryllium Content in Coal
1.9
*Not Reported
NOTE - It is anticipated that, with reference to the largest
source of emissions for 1968, from coal (294,000 pounds),
the ONRL in a joint program with TV A will conduct a coal
fired boiler plant test aimed at a complete materials bal-
ance for all t.race metals. For oil fired boiler plants, the
second largest suspected source, EPA has obtained resid-
ual fuel samples which await analysis as of the date of the
release of this report.
~ ~~ r,".t~
1- The above table based on U. S. Geological Survey
Bulletins 1117 -C and 1117 -D.
-------
- 37.-
OIL
Data regarding the beryllium content of crude and residu.a.l
oils used in the United States is virtually nonexistent.
Only
one large -eL.estric uti1;ity"c~""m1pii.~y was able to furnish data
showing the beryllium content of residu3.l oil.
That company
reported the beryllium cont.ent of the oil u.sed during 1968
as less than O. 1 ppm.
The residual oil used in the United States during 1968. ex.-
elusive of use in vessels. was 581. 9 million ba.rrels.
The
oil. containing beryllium a.t: an estima t:ed O. 08 ppm. wa.s
used by industrials. electric ntility companies, ra.iJroads.
oil companies, and the military, as well as for heating
(Table VI).
RESIDUAL OIL DA TA- 1968
:. ;'),1.1. .J '... :.. .-
I-
Residual Oil Bu-rned (bbls)
581,900.000
Pounds per Barrel
340
Beryllium Content of Oil (ppm)
0.08
During 1968 beryllium emissions to t.he atmosphere due to
the combustion of .residual oil tota.led 8 tons.
-------
-38-
TAB LEVI
SHIPMENTS OF RESIDUAL FUEL OIL
IN THE UNITED STATES - 1968
Use
Million Barrels
Heating
. . I ,'. ~.
. :, -. f.. . ,. } I l ('J -, -"-
';"";1.174...,3.
175.0
Industrial
Electric Utilities
185.0
47.6
581. 9
Military and Other
State
New York
116.4
67.8
Massachusetts
New Jersey
62.6
51. 8
California
Penn sylvania
42.4
38.6
Florida
Connecticut
28. 1
24. 1
Illin 0 i's
Virginia
12.0
11.4
Indiana
Washington
10.0
Other States
Pa.cific - Mountain
25.5
23.6
North Central
Southern
48.3
19.3
--
581. 9
Northeast
"Shipments of Fuel Oil & Keroaine in 1968"; Mineral Indu.s-.
try Surveys; U. S. D'ept. of the fu_terior:~ U. S. Bu..reau of
:N{ines; Sept. 17, 1969.
-------
-39-
INCINERA TION
Those references that list the major emission sources of
beryllium include the production of beryllium hydroxide,
beryllium metal, and beryllium oxide, as well as the' 'c'ofu.:.
bustion as coal.
Few sou.rces mention emissions that may
occur in connection with scrap and waste disposal.
The possibility of significant emissions from municipal in-
cinerators or sewage disposal plants is considered remote.
The ores are not widely distribu.ted and only a small qu.anti-
ty of metal, alloys, and compounds are in.cor.pora.ted into
consumer products.
Solid Waste Material from Beryllium Fabrication - Infor-
mation was obtained during this study regarding the handling
of waste and sc.rap materials that result from the machining
. of beryllium metal.
All fabricat.ors contacted reported that
scrap is collected, packaged, and labeled fo:r return to the
j'
supplier or sale through a dealer.
The usual practice is to
package the material in polyethylene bags inside steel drums.
Waste material in solid form tha.t is contamin.ated with be:ryl-
lium and is not suitable for sale is usually collected, pa.ckaged,
-------
-40-
and labeled in the control area before it is turned over to an
approved contractor for disposal.
In a few instances the
fabricator returns the waste to the producer for disposal.
,..
) . f :: ~ ..
..., rr'. 1_, f ~ r f r {. ';". f -, -.
Contaminated liquid waste, such as the coolant from machin-
ing operations, is sometimes discarded to the sanitary sew-
er; in some instances it is disposed of through an approved
contractor.
During 1968 the beryllium emissions to the atmosphere due
to the disposal of waste from machining operations were
negligible.
-------
-41-
MISCELLANEOUS EMISSIONS
During this study spectrographic analyses of dust samples
from foundries have been examined and they show the dust
contains beryllium, arsenic, manganese, vanadium, cad-
mium, nickel, barium, copper, zinc, and 19 other elements.
This information confirms that foundries and possibly steel
mills are sources of beryllium emissions to the atmosphere.
In spite of recent advancements in the technology of melting
with electric arc and induction furnaces, the cupola is still
the most popular method for producing cast iron.
The :rate
of particulate emissions from gray iron cupolas has been re-
ported as 4 to 26 pounds per ton of process weight not inc1ud-
ing emissions from handling, storage, charging, or other
non-melting operations.
Based on this information obt3.ined f.rom indust.ry, the pa.r-
ticulate emission factor is esbmated at 22 pounds per ton
of process weight including melting and non..melting opera...
tions.
The beryllium content of the particulate is 0.003 per-
1
cent _I and the degree of emission control app.roximately
25 percent.
1- Private communication with industrial source.
-------
-42-
During 1968 the pig iron and scrap used by iron foundries
totaled 16,788,000 short tons :.J.
Beryllium emissions to
the atmosphere due to the production of cast iron were esti-
mated by .the Contractor to be 4 tons.
, ...... f~) . ")': u')~t<.,~ J,:t.~
:~ ~ .i i 3 c .J t ,j ..:. ~ :
1 j " ( . ;.
1- Minerals Yearbook; Bureau of Mines; 1968.
-------
A-I
APPENDIX A
COMPANIES DEALING IN
BER YLLIUM AND BERYLLIUM ALLOYS
CALIFORNIA
Electronic Space Produc;ts, Inc.
Lockheed Missiles and Space Co.
North American Rockwell Corp.
Solar Aircraft Company
Whittaker Corporation
COLORADO
Beryl Ores Company
Coors Porcela.in Company
Dow Chemical Company
U. S. Beryllium Corporation
FLORIDA
American Beryllium Company, Inc.
ILLINOIS
D &: S Wire, Incorporated
Goldsmith Chemical and Metal Cor.p.
Tri-Cast Corporation
IOWA
Alloy Metal Products, Incor.porated
MARYLAND
Max Zuckerman &: Sons
MASSACHUSETTS
Leach and Garner. Compa.ny
Whittake'r Corporation
LOCA TION
. . Los Ange,Le~. . .
Sunnyva.le
EI Se gundo
San Diego.
Los Angeles
Ar':rada'
Golden
Rocky Flats
Pue blo
Sa.rasota.
Chic'!.go
Eva.n stan
Chici:lgo
Davenpo:r.t
Owin.gs Mills
Atf:leboro
West: Concord
-------
A-2
MICHIGAN
Champion Spark Plug Company
Speedring Corporation
MISSOURI
McDonnell-Douglas Corporation
NEW JERSEY
Allied Chemical Corporation
J. T. Baker Chemical Company
Be Cu Manufacturing Company, Inc.
BraunH. Tool and Instrument Co. , Inc.
Consolidated Ceramics and
Metalizing Corporation
Englehard Industries, Incorporated
Little Falls Alloys, Incorporated
Machined-Shapes, Incorporated
Mini- Tool Technical Industries, Inc.
National Beryllia Corporation
Var-Lac-Oid Chemical Company
NEW YORK
Alloys Unlimited, Incorporated
American Precision Industries, Inc.
American Silver Company, Ine;
Astrometal Company
Atomergic Chemetals Company
Barden-Leema.th
Belmont Smelting & Refining Works
Beryllium Manufacturing Corp.
Beryllium Metals & Chemicals Corp. .
City Chemical Corporation
T. E. Conklin Brass & Copper Co.
General Aerospace Materials Corp.
General Astrometals Corp.
International Selling Corporation
Keystone Corporation
Detroit
Wa.rren
, f
;. ~.ft=r.}.i ....
. I ~ .
St. Louis
Morristown
Phillipsburg
Scotch Plains
Hawthorne
Flemington
Newark
Pa.terson
East Rutherford
Ridgefield
Haskell
Eliza.beth
Melville
East Aurora
Flushing
Yonkers
Carle Place
Woodbury, L. I.
Brooklyn
Valley Stream, L. I.
New York
New York
New York
Plainview, L. I.
Yonkers
New York
Buffalo
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A-3
Lapp Insulator Company
Loral Corporation
MKB Manufac1=':1ring Corp~ration
A. D. Mackay, mc.
Metallurg, Inc.
Pancoast International Corporation
Philipp Brothers
Saturn Industries, Inc.
Semi Alloy s , Inc. .
C. Tennant Sons & Company
United Mineral and Chemi.cal Corp.
OHIO
Brush Beryllium Company
Clifton Products, Incorporated
Ferriot Brothers, Incorporated
PENNSYLVANIA
Aluminum Company of America
Beryllium Corporation
Bram Metallurgical Chemical Co.
Foote Mineral Company
Kawecki-Berylco Industries, Inc.
Mercer Alloys Corporation
Metals Engineering Company
Nuclear Materials & Eq~ipmel}tf~q.
Penh Nuclear
! ~
, .. r ~"
.TENNESSEE
American Lava Corporation
Union Carbide
WASHINGTON
Boeing Company
Le Roy
Scar sdale
Deer Park, L. I.
New York
New York
New York
New Y:9r;l~) ~ - ",
New York
Mou.nt Vernon
New York
New York
Cleveland
Plainesville
Akron
Pittsburgh
Reading
Philadelphia
Exton
Reading
G,reenvi.lle
Reading
Apollo
Pep...ll
Chattanoog~
Oak Ridge
Seattle
-------
A-4
WEST VIRGINIA
Pennsylvania Glass Sand Corp.
Hancock
. . WISCONSIN
. -'. I: . "
,
, : I : i; I' I . I I . ) I j "'"
- Mllwaukee
Ladish Corporation
Thomas Register, Dec. 1968 Ed.. and other sources.
~ . i \ I.
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BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA 11. AC~TD~10508 12. 3. Recipient's Accession No.
SHEET
4. Title and Subtitle S. Report Dare
National Inventory of Sources and Emissions: Beryllium - 1968 September 1971
6.
7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Repr.
No.
9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Project/Task/Work Unit No.
W. E. Davi~ & Associates
9726 Sagamore Road 11. Contract/Grant No.
Leawood, Kansas CPA 70-128
12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address 13. .Toy.pc.of ;Repor~.& Period
Covered
ENV IRONMENT AL PROTE cn ON AGENCY
Office of Air Programs 14.
Durham, North Carolina
IS. Supplementary Notes
16. Abstracts
The inventory of atmospheric emissions has been prepared to provide reliable informatior
regarding the nature, magnitude, and extent of the emissions of beryllium in the United
States for the year 1968. Background information concerning the basic characteristics of
the beryllium industry has been assembled and included. Brief process descriptions are
given. The beryllium emissions and emission factors presented are based chiefly on the
summation of information obtained during field trips to inspect the air pollution con-
trol equipment used at various locations and observe processing operations. The produc-
t'j on and use of beryll i urn in the United States has been traced and charted for the year
1968. The consumption was 351 short tons, while production from domestic mines was only
7 short tons. About 98% of the beryllium processed was from imported beryl ore, 35% of
which was used to produce beryllium metal, about 50% to produce beryllium alloys, about
5% to produce ceramics, and about 10% was lost during processing. Emissions to the
atmosphere during 1968 totaled 164 tons.
17. Key Words and Document Analysis. 170. Descriptors
Air pollution
Emission
Inventories
Sources
Beryll i urn
Industries
Minerals
Utilization
Air po 11 ut i on control equipment
17b. Identifiers/Open-Ended Terms f?J1?~rc;\2:ro~ «J!f1
v
Year 1968 ~~ n ~ ['I...
r;) 1.-1 ' .'''''' ..,"""'.
" , ~ ,..... .,. .u17
United States [gJl;'? ~J~ ~1f7~ ~
: 17c. COSA TI Eie Id/Group 13B
18. Availability ?tatement 19. Security Class (This 21. No. of Pages
Report) . 53
1JNh.ASSIFIEn
Un 1 i mited 20. Security Class (This 22. Price
Page
UNCLASSIFIED
FORM NTIS~35 (RE~/iiI~72)
USCOMM-OC 14952-P72
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Guidelines to Format Standards for Scientific and Technical Reports Prepared by or for the Federal Government,
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1.
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2. Leave blank.
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If the report contains a significant bibliography or literature. survey, mention it here.
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proper authorized terms that identify the major concept of the research and are sufficiently specific and precise to be used. .
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FORM NTIS-3D IREV. 3"72)
USCO""'OC '."2-"72
,*U. s. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1978-748-'7'10/41'78
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