United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Air Pollution Training Institute
MD20
Environmental Research Center
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
August 1982
EPA 460/2-82-017
Air
&EPA
APTI
Course 474
Continuous Emission
Monitoring
Student Workbook
-------
-------
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Air Pollution Training Institute
MD20
Environmental Research Center
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
August 1982
EPA 450/2-82-017
Air
APTI
Course 474
Continuous Emission
Monitoring
Student Workbook
Written and edited by:
James A. Jahnke, Ph.D.
Northrop Services, Inc.
P.O. Box 12313
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
Under EPA Contract No.
68-02-2374
EPA Project Officer
R. E. Townsend
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Manpower and Technical Information Branch
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
-------
Notice
This is not an official policy and standards document. The opinions and sc\l'ctions
are thosl' of the authors and not necessarily thosl' of the Environml'ntal Protection
Agency. Every altern pt has bl'en madl' to represl'nt the present state of the art as
well as subject areas still under evaluation. Any mention of products or organiza-
tions does not constitute endorsement by the United States Environmental Protl'C-
tion Agency.
Availability
This document is issued by the Manpower and Technical Information Branch.
Control Programs Development Division. Office of Air Quality Planning and Stan-
dards. USEP A. It was developed for use in training courses presented by the EP A
Air Pollution Training Institute and others receiving contractual or grant support
from the Institute. Other organizations are welcome to use the document.
This publication is available. free of charge. to schools or governmental air
pollution control agencies intending to conduct a training course on the subject
covered. Submit a written request to the Air Pollution Training Institute. USEPA.
MD 20. Research Triangle Park. NC 27711.
Others may obtain copies. for a fce. from the National Technical Information
Service (NTIS). 5825 Port Royal Road. Springfield. VA 22161.
11
-------
Overview
This course provides an in-depth discussion of the field of continuous source emis-
sion monitoring. The course begins with a review of the regulatory basis for con-
tinuous monitoring. and then presents the operating principles of opacity monitors.
extractive monitors. and in-situ monitors. Emphasis is placed on the selection of
systems for given applications. Performance Specification Test procedures and
Quality Assurance procedures necessary for high system availability are explained
in detail.
How to Use This Workbook
This workbook is to be used during the course offering. It contains a chapter cor-
responding to each of the lessons.
Each chapter contains a listing of the lesson goal, the lesson objectives, and any
special references that might be helpful to you. Each chapter also contains several
pages of black-and-white line-art reproductions of selected lecture slides. These
reproductions are intended to generally follow the slide presentations given in the
lecture. However, the instructor may on occasion change the order or present new
material not included in the workbook. It is therefore recommended that the stu-
dent take notes throughout the course and not rely on the graphic reproductions as
representing the total course content.
111
-------
Table of Contents
Page
Chapter 1. Course Goals and Objectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
Chapter 2. Introduction to Continuous Monitoring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1
Chapter 3. Continuous Emission Monitoring Regulations- I:
Federal Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-1
Chapter 4. Continuous Emission Monitoring Regulations-II:
Existing Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-1
Chapter 5. Review of the Electromagnetic Spectrum and Optical
Principles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-1
Chapter 6. Extractive Continuous Monitoring Systems Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1
Chapter 7. Operating Principles of Extractive Gas Monitors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-1
Chapter 8. Opacity Monitors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-1
Chapter 9. Performance Specification Test 1- Opacity Monitors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-1
Chapter 10. Performance Specification Tests 2 and 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-1
Chapter 11. In-situ Monitors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1
Chapter 12. Analyzers for Measuring 01 and COl, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1
Chapter 13. F Factors-Units of the Standard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13-1
Cha pter 14. Measuring, Recording , Averaging, and Reporting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1
Chapter 15. Quality Assurance Programs and Field
Inspection Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15-1
Chapter 16. Recent Developments in Emission Monitoring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16-1
Chapter 17. Homework Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-1
v
-------
Chapter 1
Course Goals and Objectives
Course Goals
1. To provide you with an understanding of the continuous emission monitor-
ing regulations for the New Source Performance Standards as given in the
June 6, 1975 Federal Register (40 CFR 46240).
2. To provide you with a knowledge of the physical and chemical bases of
operation of the presently available particulate and gaseous emission source
monitors.
3. To enable you to make judgements in selecting and evaluating continuous
monitors with regard to the requirements of the Federal regulations and the
needs of the industry.
4. To enable you to recognize the problems associated with the use of con-
tinuous monitors, particularly with respect to interfacing systems, sample
extraction, calibration procedures, quality assurance, and data handling
systems.
Course Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you should be able to:
1. identify the existing sources and new sources which are covered by the con-
tinuous monitoring regulations promulgated October 6, 1975. The student
will also be able to identify the pollutants which are to be monitored from
each source.
2. distinguish the important differences between the Part 60 New Source Per-
formance Standards and the Part 51 State Implementation Plan
requirements for continuous monitoring.
3. explain what is required in the State Implementation Plans and recall the
time frames for revision requirements.
4. describe the instrument specification requirements for opacity monitors, S02
and NO... monitors, and O2 or CO2 monitors. The student will be able to
distinguish the differences between each set of specifications.
5. discuss the requirements for the proper installation of continuous monitoring
systems.
6. discuss the characteristics of the electromagnetic spectrum, identify the
wavelength ranges of visible, infrared and ultraviolet light, and identify the
principal regions in which pollutants will absorb or scatter light.
1-1
-------
7. rec~gnize and ~mploy terms used to describe advanced electro-optical
deVl~es. These mcl~de ~erms such as: optical filter, diffraction grating, cor-
relatiOn cell, chemIlummescence, fluorescence, dispersion, wavenumber, and
wavelength.
8. define and use terms associated with continuous stack monitoring instrumen-
tation' such as, sampling interface, span, calibration error, relative
accuracy, response time, and stratification.
9. distinguish between the three classes of continuous monitoring instrumenta-
tion available for measuring concentration levels of gaseous pollutants.
10. discuss the physical or chemical principles of operation of the most common
types of continuous monitoring instruments available on today's commercial
market. Such a discussion would include opacity and gas monitors.
11. discuss the relationships between optical density and mass loading and the
limitations to such relationships.
12. describe the characteristics of extractive systems for continuous monitors and
list their advantages and disadvantages.
13. distinguish between and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of chart
recording systems and automated systems.
14. describe the data reporting requirements for continuous monitoring systems.
15. apply the performance specification test procedures to an extractive con-
tinuous monitoring system either as an observer or as the equipment
operator and carry out the performance specification test with such a system.
The student will also be able to discuss the differences between in-situ and
extractive monitoring systems with regard to the performance specification
test.
16. use the performance specification test forms given in the October 6, 1975
Federal Register.
17. analyze data obtained in the performance specification test procedure, i.e.,
the student will be able to understand and use such statistical concepts as
standard deviation, confidence interval, and Hest. The student will be able
to compute a confidence interval for a set of experimental data and will
understand the difference between precision and accuracy.
18. calculate emissions in terms of Ibs/l011 Btu heat input, using F factors. The
student will understand the derivation and be able to discuss the limitations
of the F factor procedure.
19. apply the knowledge obtained concerning continuous monitoring systems by
being able to evaluate the commercially available systems with respect to
source limitations, instrument performance, and regulation requirements,
for eventual use on a given source.
1-2
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Chapter 2
Introduction to Continuous Monitoring
Lesson Goal
To present to you an overview of the continuous emissions monitoring course and
the course objectives.
Lesson Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. list the major course objectives.
2. list advantages of continuous monitoring for source operations.
3. list advantages of continuous monitors for air pollution agencies.
4. list four ways to measure emissions from a source.
Reference
Lillis, E. J. and Schueneman, J. J. 1975. "Continuous Emission Monitoring: Objec-
tives and Requirements."]. Air Poll. Control Assoc. 35:804-809.
2-1
-------
.~~It
.~~~)
, INTRODUCTION
TO CONTINUOUS
EMISSIONS
MONITORING
w
SOURCE OPERATOR
BENEFITS
. monitor process and emission
control
. evaluate source operating
efficiency
. determine maintenance needs
. improve design information
SOURCE OPERATOR
BENEFITS
(continued)
. provide control equipment
efficiency guarantees
. reduce number of manual tests
. provide protection in legal
issues
CONTROL AGENCY
BENEFITS
. improve and expand enforcement
. develop comprehensive air
resources management program
. improve emission data base
. improve dispersion models
CONTROL AGENCY
BENEFITS
(continued)
. develop new regulations
. improve nuisance control
. provide input for episode
control plans
. augment VE observations
2-2
-------
METHODS FOR
MEASURING EMISSIONS
. Manual Sampling
. Visual Emissions Observation
. Continuous Monitoring
. extractive
. in-situ
. Remote Sensing
. extrnct ~mp'e.s from va rious
point. In ..tack
. ana'"z~ sample. In oD-slte lab
. procedure. described by
reference methods
:- ..~"-;ph~;L - r!- ol,",.U~ I.':;"]
tf.'_"__T L .11.ly".'Io
CONTINUOUS MONITORING
OF SOURCE EMISSIONS
.
[JJ.
ff]
LX I
in-situ
extractive
.
2-g
-------
~ REMOTE SENSING
. monilor at ground lellel -
some distance from stack
. no sample extraction
. poinl or Integroted samples
, . on slle analysis by the
~ de~~e
USES OF DATA OBTAINED
. Manual Sampling
. to determine compliance status
. VE Observation
. to determine compliance status
USES OF DATA OBTAINED
(continued)
. Continuous Monitoring
. 10 meet NSPS requirements
. to delennine compliance slatus
(Bay Area only)
. Remote Sensing
. to detennine compliance status
(possibly in future)
2-4
-------
Chapter 3
Continuous Emission Monitoring
Regulations- I: Federal Requirements
Lesson Goal
To familiarize you with Federal regulations which require the installation of con-
tinuous emission monitoring systems and the documents in which these regulations
are contained.
Lesson Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. explain the relationship of the Federal Register to the Code of Federal
Regulations and understand the regulatory reference format for each.
2. understand the distinction between Part 51 and Part 60 of the Code of
Federal Regulations and explain what distinguishes a new source from an
existing source.
3. explain what is located in the subparts of Part 60 of the CFR and what is
located in the appendices of Part 60 of the CFR.
4. a. list at least four new source categories required to continuously
monitor S02'
b. list at least four new source categories required to continuously monitor
opacity.
5. state when a new FFFSG is not required to monitor NO...
6. locate Federal Register announcements pertinent to continuous emission
monitors.
7. contrast the CEM philosophy of control equipment monitoring as given in
the October 6, Federal Register with the CEM philosophy of continuing
compliance given in the June 11, 1979 Federal Register.
3.1
-------
CONTINUOUS
EMISSION
MONITORING
REGULATIONS I:
Federal Requirements
~
~
...
.!!
,'I
.. = (i '1
\H --~:
i' .' ',II
!-~'~'".
1"-
, ! .'
-------
Regulations
\-
"",»"......1 I
H'l"'."""
.'
" ;~~ I ~.
i - '"
}, ~i( . '.
'... ~ '" I' :,:';;I.J \
:r 1
Propo~ed
,
.~. . -'-, , I
.' ~~"t}i
'J. I
ver!tus
. 0l)..n lu dluu....ion
..nd ,,-,.0111.....1
. lIulld""
Il.'
1
Promulgated
. ..w
New/Modified Sources
. construction (or
modification)
initiated after a
standard is
proposed
NSPS Source Categories
Required to Monitor Emissions
Opacity
Standard
20111;
20111;
30111;
20111;
20111;
20111;
35111;
10111;
Subpart
D
D.
J
PQR
l
I\A
BB
HH
Source Category
FFFSG
Utilities
Petroleum Refineries
Cu, In. Pb Smelters
Ferroalloy Facilities
Iron and Steel Plants
Kraft Pulp Mills
Lime Manufacturing
Plants
NSPS Source Categories
Required to Monitor S02
Subpart Source Category
D
FFFSG
. Coal Fired Boilers
. Oil Fired Boilers
Utilities
. Coal Fired Boilers
. Oil Fired Boilers
H2S04 Plants
Petroleum Refineries
Cu. In, Pb Smelters
D.
H
J
PQR
NSPS Source Categories
Required to Monitor NOx
Subpart Source Category
D FFFSG
. Coal- 011- Gas
D. Utilities
G Nitric Acid Plants
~-~
-------
Other Pollutants Required to be
Monitored on a Continuous Basis
Subpart Source Category Pollutant
J Petroleum Refineries
o Catalyst Regenerators
o Fuel Gas Combustion
Device
Petroleum Refineries
o Claus Sulfur Recovery Reduced
Plants Sulfur HaS
Krah Pulp Mills TRS
CO
HaS
J
BB
NSPS Source Categories Required
to Monitor Process Parameters
Subpu'
N
Source Category
Iron And Steel PI.n..
Procn, P.rametnl
. ecrubber pre..ure
10"
o
Sewage Treatment Plant
. mal. or volume
ol.lud...
TUVWX
PhOlph.'e Fertilizer
Planta
Coat Prep.ratton Phmtl
. pre..ure drop
acron ICnabber
. temperature
. ecrubber prenure
10..
v
. ",...r p,euure
Su bpart Source C..egort... Prace.. Par.met....
Z F..rroaUoy FactU'.1 . flow r.t.. rnonltorlng
In hood
AA Iron and Steel Plant. . flow r.t.. monitoring
In hood
. pre..ure monitoring
88 Kraft Pulp Mill, . ecrubber prnlure
1o..
HH Lime Manufacturing . ecrubber pre..ure
Plant. 108.
. Krubber IIqukl
flow r.te
. elKtric current
Use 01 Data
~
',~t
versus
Control Equipment
Evaluation
Enforcement of
Compliance
~,
H"
; t
1 ~
4- " O~~6)
I - '1' 1975
Existing ! J iI- - New
Sources '""""'" '~':_' ........ Sources
~rtM ~,I ' ~ ~rt~
Appendix P ~-~ - -' Appendix B
( CFR'
I 1975
~-4
-------
FR
October 6,1975
I
I I
Part 60
Part 51 Preamble Subpart. Append&.
Part 60
Preamble Subparts Appendix B
46250 46254 46259
. amendments . Performance
. additions Specifications
Tests
Subparts
. Subpart Q
. Subpart F
. Subpart D - F Factors
introduced
Appendix 8
. Performance Specification
Test Procedures
. Opacity Monitors
. S02 and NOx Monitors
. CO2 and O2 Monitors
. Ambient Air Monitors
. specific instrument models
approved by EPA
. Source Emission Monitors
. individual instruments
approved only by passing
a PST
3-5
-------
. source emission monitors approved
on a case-by-case basis after
installation
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
October 12. 1976 FR
Wet F Factors
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
January 31. 1977 FR
Revisions to
October 6. 1975
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
May 23. 1977 FR
Opacity
Monitor Data
.975
1976
1977
.978
1979
1980
1981 Revision of Reporting
1982 Requirements for Opacity
1983
1984
1985
198«>
1987
December 5. 1977
3-6
-------
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
June 11,1979 etc.
Promulgation of Subpart
Da - NSPS for Electric
Utility Generating Units
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
August 8, 1979
ANPR for Part 51
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981 Revisions to Performance
1982 Specifications (Proposed)
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
October 10,1979
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
December 1979
Ex. Ex. Method
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
February 1980
PST 4 for CO
Monitors (Proposed)
3-7
-------
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
January 26. 1981
PST 2 and 3
Revisions Re-proposed
-------
Chapter 4
Continuous Emission Monitoring
Regulations-II: Existing Sources
Lesson Gool
To introduce to you the current activities and methods used by the States to
establish continuous monitoring requirements for existing stationary sources.
Lesson Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. list at least three EPA divisions or laboratories currently involved in
continuous emission monitoring.
2. explain the importance to the State Implementation Plan of the October 6,
1975 Federal Register.
3. understand the difference between minimum requirements set forth by EPA
in 40 CFR 51 and the actual regulations included in the SIP.
4. list the four source categories required by 40 CFR 51 to install CEM systems,
and detail the exceptions for NO.. monitoring for existing sources.
5. explain the features of the EPA minimum requirements for State CEM
regulations-including the importance of the reporting requirements and the
use of the specification tests as given in 40 CFR 60 Appendix B.
6. list at least three ways in which a State may require an existing source to
install a CEM system.
7. assess the current status of CEM activity in the regions and States.
8. recognize the changing nature of CEM activity for existing sources and list at
least three potential developments in this area.
4-1
-------
--~
l~! L
1 '~g f8
.f .!.; 1---
-' r
1-1
CONTINUOUS
EMISSION
MONITORING
REGULATIONS II:
Existing Sources
Cast of Characters
EP A Divisions
. DSSE
. CPDD
. QAD
. ESRL
. IERL
. ESED
Industry Activities
. EPRI
. UARG
FR
October 6. 1975
Part 51
',..mb. P'M'ed.r.. A.,...ftdla
p
Part 60
Part 51
Preamble Procedures Appendix P
46240 46247 46247
. IOUrce . ...In......
."I'VeIIi.nee """on
proceduru monIlorI...
requirement.
for SC.te.
4-2
-------
Appendix P
Par. 1:
Par. 2:
Par. 3:
Par. 4:
Par. 5:
Par. 6:
Applicability
Minimum Monitoring Requirements
Performance Specifications
Minimum Data Requirements
Data Reduction
Special Considerations
Paragraph 1:
Applicability
~
FFSG
H2S04
HNO~
Petroleum
Refinery
Paragraph 2:
Minimum Monitoring Requirements
rn ~~ - i
. '.1!: ~.
~~ : --~
r~- >300t/d~-
~_...._...~ -----' production I ~ ---
, 73",W - oP"'" ~ ",
~02- onlv If FGD f====:::( > 20,000
NO. - II In AQCR '-- - -- bbl d
.nd 70'-' 01 ,300 t, d
.undard production producllon
and 1000.. 10'
8Iu/h,
h..lIlnplll
Paragraph 3:
Performance Specifications
. same as in Part 60, Appendix B
Appendix B
. Performance Specification
Test Procedures
. Opacity Monitors
. 502 and NO. Monitors
. CO2 and O2 Monitors
4-3
-------
Paragraph 4:
Minimum Data Requirements
. excess emissions to be
reported quarterly
. data to be kept for two
years
Paragraph 5:
Data Reduction
. F factors to be used for
FFFSGs
. conversion factors to be
used for sulfuric acid
plants and nitric acid
plants
Paragraph 6:
Special Considerations
. alternative monitoring
requirements may be
provided on case-by-case
basis
. physical plant limitations
. extreme economic reasons
. Appendix P gives minimum
requirements
. actual requirements may be
more stringent
'J~~ r\
I '---, . ) :'
I 10 \, l 5' -:~i. ,2'11'
"'---- 8 ~ -, \j' ,,':'----'1 Y
, r- '-", I
~1l ,13\,:
\ 9' " ~ - ",
"-
~~ b ~41
\.\ ,/ ~," "'\j
'--'
4-4
-------
Regulatory Mechanisms
for Using CEMs
. Appendix P (SIP)
. permits
. direct compliance
orders
. variances
4-5
-------
Chapter 5
Review of the Electromagnetic
Spectrum and Optical Principles
Lesson Goal
To review the basic principles of light and energy associated with the elec-
tromagnetic spectrum, and to show how these are related to the design of source
emission monitors.
Lesson Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. define wavelength, frequency, and wavenumber.
2. explain how light frequency is related to energy.
3. describe what happens when a molecule absorbs light energy in the infrared
and ultraviolet regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.
4. write the Beer-Lambert law.
5. list the essential components of a device designed to measure light
absorption.
5-1
-------
",-,
J. -----------~
,~ ;;; r-' I
'-'
-------
RECTRONIC TRANSITION
~ . quantum amount
~ of ene'8Y necessary
\o~~l)
,,_J ~
Rotdtion
/-'5C\\
/ 10\ "
o 1 ~'
.J." ~'~
,,0 ,@"
[ltctronic
APPUCA TlONS
. NDIR
. NDUV
. Fluorescence
. Chemiluminescence
Beer-Lambert Law
I = loiad
I = inten'!>ity of radiation through the
sample
10= intensity of radiation with c = 0 ora = 0
a = ab:!>orption coefficient
c = gas concentration
1 = pathlength of radiation through
the gas
1\
Q~
~., I '-J ~~<.~
5-3
-------
Chapter 6
Extractive Continuous
Monitoring Systems Design
Lesson Gool
To provide you with an understanding of the fundamental design considerations
for installing an extractive continuous monitoring system and the components that
make up the system.
Lesson Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. list the necessary system functions of an extractive continuous monitoring
system.
2. list the procedures involved in designing an extractive sampling system.
3. recall the important factors in selecting sampling system components.
4. list at least seven components that make a properly designed extractive
system.
5. draw a schematic of a typical extractive system for three gas analyzers used
to monitor a coal-fired power plant stack.
6. name some advantages and disadvantages of extractive continuous monitor-
ing systems.
6-1
-------
analyze
Q;)
DESIGN INTENT
. Minimum System
. Minimum Initial Investment
. Minimum Operating
and Maintenance Cost
Read regulations
Review product literature
6.2
-------
Oetermine gas stream parameters
Select best sample site
site
B
analyzer
X
Select compatible analyzer
: ~, ~"fSeled proper sampler interface
~'lC
,
, I
:: site
data
recorder
fine 1
filter
,
water
removal
I
analyzer
6-3
-------
COARSE FILTER
, .
EXTERNAL
o D porous
~ : .' " ",/ cyJind~r
bafr~ S~k gas~
INTERNAL
~~ UC" /......."
n~,:'e .... filter
'\ ; \ "J U
U ..tack gas
6-4
-------
GAS TUBING
GAS TUBING TYPES
. stainless Steel
. Tenon
. Polyethylene
. Polypropylene
"EATED
SAMPLING LINE
~~~
. provides uniform heat to gas sample
. prevents vapors from condensing in
sample line
SAMPLING PUMP
sampling
pump
fine
filter
...
water
removal
system
6-5
-------
water
removal
system
~
fine
filter
FINE FILTER
SURFACE FILTER
c::::::>
c:::::=>
0COo 0
00 0 0
c=::::::> 0 0
clean gas
particles <
I micron
~
gas stream
DEPT" FILTER
D c::::::>
n particles <
I micron
c::::=>
gas stream
clean gas
WATER REMOVAL
SYSTEM
6-6
-------
PERMEATION DRYER
D wet purge dry gas
~. I~ga~~:tlet~ outlet
--.J .;l .\;\:.~---- . .> U.
~'.')j)>> u: - C:>
n ~-- -~~
wet feed d";;ur~e ~ 'aI 1
inlet gas inlet d ~:n:V
6-7
-------
DILUTION SYSTEM
101 dilution gas
conditioned ~
gas ~
1tL '."""
CONTROLS
. Temperature
. Pressure
. Flow Rate
. can time-share analyzer
. can zero and calibrate
with cylinder gas -
better quality control
. may not require special
training for maintenance
of analyzer
. probe plugging common
. chance of altering gas
sample
. long sample lines -
longer response time
6-8
-------
Chapter 7
Operating Principles of Extractive
Gas Monitors
Lesson Goal
To present the basic operating principles of extractive gas monitors and to show
the commercial systems currently available.
Lesson Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. maintain an understanding and overview of the previous day's lecture
material concerning:
a. regulations
b. spectroscopic principles, and
c. extractive system design
2. list at least five different operating principles used in current extractive
monitors.
3. define the term NDIR and diagram a typical NDIR monitoring system.
4. explain how the process of differential adsorption is used to measure pollu-
tant gases.
5. define the term luminescence.
6. describe how UV fluorescence is used to detect 501,
7. write down the chemical reaction which occurs in a chemiluminescence
analyzer.
8. explain how electrons flow through the cell and the measuring circuitry of a
polarographic analyzer.
9. list at least three applications of a polarographic analyzer.
7.1
-------
ilAAAI
Wavelength (nm)
1, .'\
15.
Oli . 'a'
5 .
\0-- ~)
"-' 4f#
"..L~
~
Rotation
Elcctronic
Normal Vibrations of SO]
\
I. \5:\ \ .
0'11\0 '0
,
1
.5. ,/ !
: I
01 /0'
,,/
/
5/ "-
~o
~
,
A = 8.69j.o1m
~ = I 150.5 f;m I
A = 7..\S",m
\t = 1.J.J6.0cm I
A = 19.Ij.lm
v = 52"..5 em I
Molecular Species
Absorb Specific
Wavelengths
t
t
7-2
-------
Molecular Species
Absorb Specific
Wavelengths
\
Q lojj;:l.::..L I
~..w.,.,
Beer-Lambert Law
I = loeoc/'
1 = intensity of radiation through the
sample
10= intensity of radiation with c = 0 ora = 0
a = absorption coefficient
c = gas concentration
J, = pathlength of radiation through
the gas
Calibrating a Spectrometer
-log 1/10
lnkuu"..
I
I COII(cntrdlion
01 Unknown
I
I
c
7-3
-------
"
~':;...
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. C..MS
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Gaseous Emission Monitors
Extractive Systems
. I\b..orption
Sprctro..copy
. I1nudi~p"r...".' -n"..n'd
.. dilh''''lIlid' oIh...urplion
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tn
1.
7-4
-------
2.0
~ 502
IJ 1.6
C
1\1 1.2
.CI
..
Q 0.8
III
.CI
< 0.4
0.0
250100 150400 450500550600
Wavelength (nm)
Mc..urlng
Photomultiplier Beam
'uk Splitter
~~~ .
~" ~~
:: '''''~
r '',.. I18ndp...
rUter
~ f.'cct.onlc..
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Photomultiplier
Tub<
Recorder
7-5
-------
Gaseous Emission Monitors
[",tractive Systems
. i\b..orplion . Lumin~u~nc~
Sp..{lro..{OP~ ",..I hod..
. lIund''''I'''''''''I\I'lnl.oI'''''
. fhlh'..'nlldl..h'loUlphun
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-,
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-------
1...."tJ'O"~ P...rt.~"t 0 J C.Ubr..Uon
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.-
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/1
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.;
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tille, Tube
~!,~:.~~ ((~ I
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I
Chemiluminescence A.nalyzer
Step 2 I~~fto""~,fto... ~
1'10+1'10 - ~-
(conve~/id from 1'10;1
J)-
S...ple In
u, Gene..to,
0, Soune
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. \ "e.ctlon IYndp... rholo.",ltlplle,
'\\'{CG:;mJ~~"~ :}u"{-C~'
= Lf~ 1 .
I
Chemiluminescence Analyzer
1'I0;Chemiluminescent f:mission Spectrum
Bandpass f'Uter
~
.;;;
c: 100
" "
:Es
!II
'ii g 50
DC.;;;
..
i
IW 0
400
!/~
I
I
'-
1200
2000
2800
Wavelength (nm)
7-7
-------
58.ple .
Out ...,
...ti"...
Filter
~j~fjw ,nOIO;:::IPlier
SO.PI._J I ~~.- /
In It\ ~- -~ Recorder
... -: 1 ..- ~
J.. .f'
, / /
Uec:tronlc:s (
Gaseous Emission Monitors
[~tracti"e Systems
. Ah,orption
sprctro..copy
. lumine~u:ence
"''''hod..
. nund''IIopr,,,,,,.' 1111...1""
. d,'h'.rnll... ..h",u'I.lInn
. ,h,"uulumln..",. rn.c'
j",n.1
. lIunu''Crnlt' 1'\0,1
. II.",.. .,ho.umr..,
. Ucctroanalyt;cdl ",..I hod..
. p"I"'Hq...ph,
. ,'I.'dn"..t.lh..... tn,)
. .unduell,.I,
. ,......m.qnrll'l,m 10,1
Polarographic Analyzer
~/' ,('1
".pl. .. J- Y ,/, ('} ILL -
- -! . .".;' .')--{~~'o..
ra~~..11 ~;$~iP,~. ,Ipr J,>!Jedra..
...-: 0 U i], , 'j>'Oj
!JKtra'yk " +
. so, ,.' ;r--):o~IJ,c-- J
. ". ,~rbso~. tf +
850; Counler fled rode
7-8
-------
Chapter 8
Opacity Monitors
Lesson Goal
To provide you with an understanding of the basic technical and operational
characteristics of opacity monitoring systems.
Lesson Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. define the terms opacity and optical density.
2. explain the importance of the optical density, and explain why optical
density is proportional to particulate concentration.
3. explain the difference between single pass and double pass transmissometers
and list at least two advantages for each type.
4. illustrate how a Datatest transmissometer can meet the EPA system zero and
span check requirements.
5. trace the passage of light beams through the Lear Siegler optical system and
explain the function of each component of the system.
6. explain the function of the chopper wheel used in the Contraves Goerz
transmissometer.
7. explain the function of the alternating shutter in the EDC/Esterline Angus
opacity monitor.
8. demonstrate how the three detectors in the Dynatron opacity monitor are
used to perform a calibration check.
8-1
-------
J. Introduction
A. Opacity measurement - need no more than lamp and detector - however,
have to specify certain aspects of the system
B. Definitions
1. Opacity-the fraction of incident light that is attenuated due to light
scattering and absorption by particulate matter in flue gas
2. Optical density-a logarithmic measurement-a measure of the ability
of particulate matter to attenuate light
a. Obtained from the Beer-Lambert-Bouguer relationship
T = e-"oqf
b. Go through derivation
en T = - naqe
- fn (1 - 0) = naqf
en (1 ~ 0)= naqf
2.303 log (~) = naqf
1-0
OD = log (~) = kne
1-0
very important-optical density is proportional to both particulate
concentration and pathlength
c. Optical density can be used for a number of purposes
(1) OD, grain loading correlations
(2) stack exit correlations
O LI
D1= - ODz
Lz
(3) Used by most instrument manufacturers
II. Transmissometer - basic types and features
A. Single pass systems
1. Send light from source to detector
2. Inability to check zero and calibration without having down stack
3. Simple and relatively inexpensive
4. Used for baghouse monitoring. etc.
B. Double pass systems
1. Send light from source to retroreflector and back to detector
2. Can get pseudo-zero and span check
3. More expensive, but well made - more options
4. Standard use in power plant monitoring
8-2
-------
C. Light used-visible
1. Light in visible region of spectrum is used-i.e., between 400 and
700 nm
2. Used because measures smaller sized particles. not sensitive to water
vapor, more closely reproduces what humans see
3. In actual use-photopic (i.e.. visible) regions obtained by combination
of lamps. filters. and detector
4. Actual response curve may not be completely symmetric
III. Commercial transmissometers - single pass systems
A. List of vendors
1. Some marginal-may no longer be in business
B. Datatest
1. Single pass with light pipe - meets EP A requirements for zero and
calibration check
2. Diagram
a. Note coding wheel
b. Note zero and filter wheel on light paper
c. Note other features such as alignment bulls-eye. detector, lenses
and filters
IV. Commercial transmissometers - double pass systems
A. List of vendors
1. Changes from time to time - companies get bought out or consolidate
B. Lear Siegler
1. Double pass system-enables zero and span check
2. Photos of LSI-RM4 and LSI-RM41
3. Diagram
a. Coding wheel-codes light so instrument insensitive to ambient
light
b. Light goes through half-silvered mirror to retroreflector, back to
half-silvered mirror to detector
c. Chopper moves into place- beam reflects off chopper and to
detector to get 10 value
d. Note- alignment mirror and bulls-eye
e. Note-zero reflector and calibration filter
4. Photo of internal system
5. Photo of transportable system
8-3
-------
C. Contraves Goerz
1. Photos of monitor - note rotary wheel
2. Diagram
a. Light goes to mirror through coding wheel to half-silvered
mirror -;.3 of cycle goes to retroreflector and back to detector-
;.3 bounces off of chopper to detector for a zero measurement-
other ;.3 for a calibration measurement
b. Get continual zero, calibration, and measurement zero and cal
readings given as a call-out
c. Contraves-control unit-note modular approach
D. Thermo Electron/EDC/Esterline Angus
1. Instrument has long history
a. Durag - Intertech - Esterline Angus - EDC - TECO
2. Diagram
a. Note special feature here-mode shutter flicks in and out
Ref/Measurement separate cycles. Every two minutes for a period
of two seconds, the reference beam is directed to the photo diode
and its intensity stored in the microprocessor- L. value
b. Coding chopper
c. Filter selection
E. Dynatron
1. Electronic system - no moving parts
2. Diagram
a. Note three lamps and three detectors
b. Light goes from lamp at bottom to half-silvered mirror, across
stack to retroreflector- back through half-silvered mirror to
detector. Next, measuring lamp turns off and reference lamp 1
turns on. Get comparative reading for filter 1 between measure-
ment and reference detector. Do the same for reference lamp 2.
Get system calibration check
c. Note detector at window to stack and detector at reference beam
reflector- both used as part of automatic dirty window compen-
sation circuit
3. System photos
V. Transmissometer applications
A. Satisfy EPA continuous opacity monitoring requirements
B. Process performance data - maintenance and repair indicator,
improvement
c. Control equipment operation- ESP tuning. broken bag detector
D. Correlation with particulate matter concentration
process
E. Maintenance of a continuous emissions record
8-4
-------
OPACITY
. the fraction of incident light
that is attenuated due to
light scattering and absorption
by particulate matter in flue gas
.1= T = e -naQL
10
Where:
T = Iraction 01 light Ironsmltted
(transmittonce)
n = number 01 particles per unit volume
o = mean particle projected aree
Q = particle extinction coefficient
L = length 01 effluent path
e = base 01 nalUral logarithm
OPTICAL DENSITY
(a logarithmic measurement)
. a measure of the ability of
particulate matter to attenuate light
Optical Density = log.o 1 - ~CitY
KRAFT RECOVERY FURNACE
~
~ "".
--
--
---
--
--.
--
-- .
--
--
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--
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8-5
-------
: 11\
, ,
, ,
....,f" :'
,,;-,'" ,:;
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,,:" ".j..
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.... II.:
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." ~ WET PROCESS
In ~
..
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:: III
;;
"II II
II" II I II J II I II I II; II"
'1".... (UIII "lIlr,IIIUII (g 11,'1
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001=LOD2
2
01= 1- (1 -02)l,lL2
Whe-r..
r"-
"'"'L:/-
/
L,
.mlSSlon outl.r
palhl.ngth
L') monllo' pathlpngth
01 ~Iu.on opacity
0:/ monnor opacity
TRANSMISSOMETER
DESIGN
SPECIFICATIONS
SPECTRAL RESPONSE I
TM system must project 0 beam of light
with tM wavelength of maximum
sensitivity lying between 500 and
600 nm. Also. no mare than 10% of
this peak response can be outside of
the range of ~ to 700 nm.
..
]
~
C
"i
'"
100
o
XXI .00 500 600 100 eoo 900 , CIJO "00 t 200
Wovelenglh. nm
8-6
-------
100
INSTRUMENT SPECTRAL RESPONSE
!:
c
8.
Q;
a: 50
..
>
g
Qj
a:
.00
~oo 600
Wavelength. nm
700
SINGLE PASS SYSTEM
light ~o\Jr(e
\
'"II
colhmol1ng
!em
if ~ CO\(lng,I:~!eCl~
~r~-r-',~:~_.
VENDORS OF SINGLE PASS TRANSMISSOMETERS
Cost Range S1.500 to S9.00:>
. Dailey Meter
. Cleveland Control.. Inc.
. De-Tee.Tranic Corp.
. Reliance Inmument
ManufactUring
. HADCO
. Leed. and Northrop
. Photomotion. Inc.
. Preferred Utilitle.
Manufacturing
. Eleetronic> Corp. of
America
. Robert H. Wager
. Dotate.t
. Ander.on 2000
I~~'~~ /
"'''~ l~hl, ----
8-7
-------
VENDORS OF DOUBLE PASS
TRANSMISSOMETERS
Cost Range $8.000 to $16.000
. Leor Siegler
. Contraves Goerz
. Environmental Dota Corp,
. Dynotron
. Dolalesl
DOUDLE PASS SYSTEM
'-. ,.-
~. "'., \ i
~._, --~-_...__._.
'""- ~~', -- ..",
\
. ::::..::...:::=,::. - -1
'<>tOr, bio-.,
24 - HOUR CHECK
coUblatlon
~'~~ ~~_~r:~j
Ii"", - C". Stach
r ._---..
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beam splln., deCKtOl
~ .
24. H~~~~ECK I!
",,"uee ~ c:h8
-------
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,,,:,p ~"
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8-9
-------
(~-~
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~ "Q'~
~~X)
frY-1!;"'"
. "-~"",, l
,... .,:'::",:" ~I
,,,,,,,,,,,'j'
" " - (--..
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; rr1 ~~.~... ", .;,~
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/' J" . 0'J ,J:, '
,-J.'T t '
c,..-r' '
. J"""""
8-10
-------
TP.AHSMISSOMETEP. APPLICA TIOHS
. Satisfy EPA continuous opacity monitoring
requirements
. Process perlormance data - - maintenance and
repair indicator. pracess Imp
-------
Chapter 9
Performance Specification Test 1-
Opacity Monitors
Lesson Goal:
To recognize the performance test specifications for opacity monitors and to be
conversant with the test procedures.
Lesson Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. explain why design specifications are required for opacity monitors, and list
at least four design specifications.
2. list two reasons why opacity monitors must use light in the photopic region
of the spectrum for measuring opacity.
3. define angle of view and angle of projection.
4. explain how a double-pass opacity monitor meets the system operation check
design specification.
5. list the performance specifications for opacity monitors.
6. list the four steps which are followed in a response time test.
7. list at least two installation requirements for transmissometers.
8. define plane of the bend.
9. state at what times the optics of a transmissometer are to be cleaned during
the 24- hour drift test.
10. perform the calculations for the zero drift specification.
11. perform the calculations for the 24-hour drift specification.
9-1
-------
I. Introduction
A. Performance specification tests for continuous emission monitors
1. Will have two lectures - first on Performance Specification Test 1 for
opacity monitors; second on Performance Specification Tests 2 and 3-
gas monitors
2. Performance Specification Test I-opacity monitors
a. Performance specifications required so that have control over
quality of monitors installed on sources
b. Case-by-case basis-source monitors not approved like ambient air
monitors
c. No such thing as an EPA-approved line of instruments-must be
checked individually through performance specification test
B. Lecture topics
1. Students should be able to list the design specifications for opacity
monitors
2. Students should be able to list the installation requirements for
opacity monitors
3. Students should be able to list the performance specifications for
opacity monitors
4. Students should be able to perform the calculations involved in the
evaluation of performance specification tests for opacity monitors
II. Design specifications for opacity monitors
A. Introduction
1. Design specifications required since can't use EPA Reference Method 9
for accuracy comparisons
a. EPA Method 9 uses transmissometer for calibration
b. Comparison would be transmissometer versus transmissometer
2. Design specifications-each instrument must be designed in a certain
manner
3. One monitor of each month's production must be checked to see if it
meets required design specifications-40 CFR 60 Appendix B
paragraph 6.2
B. Photopic response design specification
1. Opacity monitor must have peak spectral response of between 500 and
600 nm. Response below 400 or above 700 nm must be less than 10%
of peak response
2. Mean spectral response shall be between 500 and 600 nm
3. Specification given for a number of reasons
a. Want transmissometer to "see" in visible region, where human eye sees-
correlate with EPA Reference Method 9
9-2
-------
b. Have absorption by H20 and CO2 in IR
(1) Positive interference
c. Light of shorter wavelengths is attenuated better by small particles
than is light of longer wavelengths
(I) Want to monitor < I tLm particles since they contribute greatly
to plume opacity
C. Angle of projection - angle of view specification
1. Angle of projection - angle of the light cone emitted from the system.
Is limited to 50
2. Angle of view-angle of the cone G'i. observation of the photo detector
assembly. Is limited to 50
3. Specifications are given since at wider angles. light can scatter back
into the detector and give readings lower than true
D. System operation check
1. Found in 40 CFR 60 .13d2 - design specification not in the body of
Performance Specification Test I
2. The monitor system is to include a means of checking the "active"
elements of the system in the zero and calibration procedures
3. Double-pass systems can satisfy specification; single-pass systems
generally cannot (except for Datatest monitor)
4. Can insert mirror in path and reflect light back to detector in double-
pass system to satisfy regulation
E. Sampling requirements
1. Monitoring system is required to complete a minimum of one meas-
uring cycle every ten seconds and one data recording cycle every six
minutes
2. Requirement easily satisfied by commercial monitors
F. Design specification certification
I. Design specification procedures need not be performed by agency or
source operator, however. certification of monitor meeting specifi-
cations should be supplied
2. Vendor must check one monitor at random of each month's produc-
tion and certify that it meets all specifications
3. See 40 CFR Appendix B Paragraph 6.2; a revision appears in
42 FR 5937 January 31, 1977
III. Calibration and response time tests for opacity monitors
A. Tests to be performed with instrument set up at actual measuring distance
(transceiver to retroreflector)
1. Tests may be done at source by source engineer. etc.
2. Vendor may perform tests and supply certification to operator and agency
9-3
-------
B. Calibration error test
1. Specification - using neutral density calibration filters, the instrument is
limited to an error of 3 % opacity
2. Filters
a. Must be within I3% of their given opacity values
b. Filters should be checked with a well collimated photopic transmissometer
c. All filters used must block the entire optical volume of the
transmissometer
d. Filters to have low, midrange, and high values with respect to the
applicable standard for the source (found in the appropriate
subpart)
3. Procedure
a. Filters to be placed alternately into monitor beam, and readings taken
b. Five sets of data to be taken for each filter
c. Calibration error for each filter to be detennined from five data points
each
4. Calculating the calibration error
a. Obtain difference values by subtracting
Transmissometer - Known. = Xj difference (+ or -)
% opacity filter opacIty
b. Take arithmetic average of difference values keeping + and - signs
1 n
Ixl =- EXj
n i= 1
Where: I x I = the absolute mean value of the difference
n=5
Xi = difference values
c. October 6, 1975 Federal Register incorrectly stated that the average
was to be made using the absolute values of the difference values. This
is statistically incorrect and is not supported by the background
documentation. As of June 1981, however, this error has not been
corrected in a CFR revision, although it has been corrected in the per-
formance specification test revision proposals of October 10, 1979 and
January 26, 1981
d. Confidence interval calculation
Where:
CI9~ = ~yn(Exj2) - (Exj2)
n n-l
to.975 = tables obtained in 40 CFR Appendix B
n=5
e. Calibration error
I x I + CIn = calibration error
sum of the absolute mean value and the confidence interval
calculations
9-4
-------
f. Comments-absolute mean value can be zero, but confidence interval
calculation would have some value indicating degree of precision
C. Response time test
1. Response time defined as the time interval required to go from an
opacity value of zero to 95 % of the value of a step change -limited to
10 seconds
2. Procedure:
Step 1: Place upscale filter in path
Step 2: Record time for 95 % response
Step 3: Take filter out
Step 4: Record time for 95% downscale response
3. Calculation method
sum of 5 upscale tests + sum of 5 downscale tests mean
10 - response time
b. Mean response time must be less than 10 seconds
a.
IV. Installation requirements
A. Question of where to locate monitor is a difficult one
B. Stratification testing for particulate matter
1. Number of ways to check-looking for a representative location for
the monitor
2. Check with pi tot tube velocity traverse-particulate matter may not
follow streamlines
3. Check with portable opacity monitor-monitor may not check entire
stack diameter
4. Check using manual reference method-time consuming and
expensIve
C. Plane of the bend
1. Monitor shall be located as far from bends and obstructions as
practical
2. Following a bend, the opacity monitor shall be installed in the plane
defined by the bend
a. This plane, formed by the intersection of two ducts or stacks is
defined as the Plane of the bend
3. Particulate matter stratifies - want to measure through any
stratification
D. Accessibility
1. Monitors should be installed in an accessible location
2. May contradict other requirements
3. Accessibility for maintenance purposes can be more important than
representativeness
9-5
-------
E. Zero alignment
1. Requirement found in 40 CFR 60 Appendix B 8.2.1.2
2. When monitor installed-true down-stack zero and simulated zero
must be made to correspond
3. Zero alignment must be done once each year (40 CFR 60
Appendix B 8.2.1)
4. Procedure can be done with monitor off the stack if transceiver and
retroreflector are at stack measuring distance
V. Performance specification test procedures and calculations
A. Performance specification test for opacity monitors
1. Relatively simple compared to Performance Specification Test 2 and
Performance Specification Test 3
2. Two tests- 24-hour zero and calibration drift tests
a. Take seven sets of data-one set each 24 hours
b. Monitor must run without breakdown for 168 hours
B. Zero drift test
1. Procedure - day 1: clean external optics. adjust instrument to zero
and write down zero
2. Procedure-day 2: 24 hours later take zero reading, write it down,
then clean optics and adjust instrument back to zero
3. Obtain Xi values for seven days
~zero reading~ (zero reading before)
after cl~aning - cleaning optics 24 = Xi ( + or - )
OptICS hours later
C. Calibration drift test
1. Procedure-day 1
a. Clean optics and adjust to zero
b. Calibrate instrument and write down value
2. Procedure - day 2
a. Clean optics and adjust to zero
b. Obtain reading for calibration filter and write it down
c. Recalibrate instrument
3. Obtain Xi values for seven days
x, ( + or -) = ~:K;~ ~~:~~~) -
OptICS and zero
adjustment
span reading
after cleaning optics
and zero adjustment.
but before span
adjustment 24 hours
later
9-6
-------
D. Calculations
1. Similar to previous calculations using the confidence interval
2. Absolute mean value
1
Ixl=-
n
n
Ex;
i = 1
3. Confidence interval calculation
CI95 = ~¥n(Ex;2) - (EX;2)
n n-1
4. Performance parameters given by
I x I + CI95 = 24- hour zero drift
or 24-hour calibration drift
5. Closing slide-will continue with performance specification tests-
Lecture II, Performance Specification Tests 2 and 3
9-7
-------
Chapter 10
Performance Specification Tests
2 and 3
Lesson Goal
To introduce to you the procedural requirements of Performance Specification
Tests 2 and 3 for S02/NQ" monitors and 02/C02 continuous emission monitors.
Lesson Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. define stratification as applied to continuous emission monitors.
2. list at least two installation requirements for an S02/NO" CEM system.
3. explain what is meant by a representative location for a gaseous CEM
installation.
4. list at least five of the eight performance specifications for an S02/NO..
CEM.
5. explain how a calibration error test is performed.
6. perform the calculations required in Performance Specification Tests 2
and 3.
7. describe how the relative accuracy test is performed and why it is important
for gaseous monitor certification.
8. outline, step-by-step, the procedures involved in performing the 2-hour and
24-hour zero and calibration drift tests for an S02/NO.. monitor.
9. list at least three of the performance specification requirements for a diluent
gas monitor.
10. describe the procedure that is to be followed in lieu of a relative accuracy
test for a diluent gas monitor.
10-1
-------
I. Introduction (Performance Specification Tests 2 and 3)
A. Points that will emphasize
1. Installation requirements
2. Test procedures
3. Performance specification calculations
B. Doing the test
1. Carried out by source or contractors
2. Involves many people-agency observer should be present for part of
test
3. Scheduling important - what is to be done when should be agreed
upon by all parties prior to test
4. Any modifications to test procedures should be approved by
administrator prior to test
II. Installation requirements
A. Representative location
1. Installation specifications given in 40 CFR 60 App. B Performance
Specification Test 2 Par. 4
2. Require CEM sample to be representative of what is emitted from
stack
a. Sample to be directly representative
b. Can correct unrepresentative measurements
B. Stratification
1. Gases can stratify- a situation which may make it difficult to achieve
representativeness
2. Stratification (EPA definition): a condition identified by a difference
in excess of 10% between the average concentration in the duct or
stack and the concentration at any point more than 1.0 meter from
the duct or stack wall
3. Stratification testing
a. Use a portable monitor to check across the diameter
b. Can use reference methods to check
4. If a sampling location is 8 or more duct diameters (equivalent
diameters) downstream of any air in-leakage. the effluent gas can be
assumed to be nonstratified (cannot apply this upstream of an air
preheater. however)
5. For sampling locations where effluent gases are demonstrated or may
be assumed to be nonstratified (8 diameters) a point or path of
average concentration may be monitored
C. Other requirements
1. Single point sampling systems must monitor at a point greater than
1 meter from the stack wall
10-2
-------
2. May use multipoint sampling system, sampling rake. or path in-situ
monitor in cases of stratification-may require data to substantiate
representativeness
3. If the pollutant and diluent monitor are not of the same type (both
extractive or in-situ), the extractive systems must use a multipoint
probe
III. Test procedures (Performance Specification Test 2)
A. Performance specifications
1. Relative accuracy test required
a. :!:: 20% of the mean value of the reference method test data
b. Relative accuracy test only required for S02/NOx monitors
c. Most important part of performance specification test procedure
2. Calibration error
a. Must be ~ 5% of a 50% calibration gas mixture or internal
calibration cell value
b. Must be ~ 5% of a 90% calibration gas mixture or internal
calibration cell value
3. Zero drift (2-hour)-2% of the span value
4. Zero drift (24-hour)-2% of the span value
5. Calibration drift (2-hour) - 2% of the span value
6. Calibration drift (24-hour)-2.5% of the span value
7. Response time limited to a maximum of 15 minutes
8. Operational test period - instrument must operate a minimum of 168
hours without breakdown
B. Calibration error test
1. Calibration gases
a. Must be prepared two weeks prior to performance specification test
using EP A Reference Methods 6 or 7
b. Each sample test result must be within 20% of the average or the
tests are to be repeated
c. NBS certified gases may be used if administrator approves
2 . Test procedure - introduce gases into extractive monitor system
a. Fifteen nonconsecutive tests
b. Alternate between 0, 50%, and 90% gases
c. Obtain five values for each gas
3. Test procedure-in-situ systems
a. Insert two or more certified calibration gas cells
b. Follow instrument vendor's procedure
10-3
-------
4. Calculations
a. Same method as in Performance Specification Test 1
b. Obtain difference Xi values
(monitor reading) (reference method) - ( )
- - Xi + or-
ppm ppm gas value
c. Calculate absolute mean value
- 1 n
Ixi =n Ex.
i = 1
d. Compute confidence interval
CIu =
t975 ...; Z z
.In=1 n(Exl )-(Exl)
n n-
e. Compute calibration error
Iii + CI95
[average cali,:>rationl
gas readmg J
x 100 = calibration error
C. Relative accuracy test
1. Most important part of performance specification test
2. Probe for manual sample to be at same location as monitoring system
3. SOz - 9 samples, 1 each hour
4. NOz-9 data sets, 3 samples within a 3-minute interval, once each
hour
5. Calculations - similar to others
a. Difference values
(instrument test period) ~reference method~
average - ( m) = Xi ( + or - )
(ppm) pp
b. Relative accuracy
I xl + CI.95OJo
average
reference
method (ppm)
c. [NOTE: as source concentration of pollutant decreases, becomes more
difficult to pass relative accuracy test]
D. Response time test
1. To be tested for the system, not just analyzer
2. If time sharing analyzer, must repeat for each point
3. Zero instrument with zero gas and inject pollutant gas
4. Obtain three upscale and three downscale readings
x 100 = %relative accuracy
10-4
-------
5. Calculations: find the averages
(. ~ ups;al~\ and (. ~ do~scal~\
1=1 ) 1=1 )
6. The response time is the lowest average
7. The two averages must not differ by more than 15% of the lowest
average, or
f: upscale - f: downscale
i=l 3 1 3
slower time
x 100~ 15% of slower time
E. Zero and calibration drift tests
1. Seven 24-hour zero and calibration drift tests required
2. Fifteen 2-hour zero and calibration drift tests required
3. To obtain 2-hour drift data
a. (zero set) - (zero reading) - -
(ppm) 2 hours later - Xi - ~ zero
b. Add these and average to obtain 1,,1 for 2-hour zero drift
4. To obtain 2-hour calibration drift
a. Step 1: (Calibration) - (calibration reading) = ~ s an
set (ppm) \ 2 hours later p
correct for any zero drift
~ span - ~ zero = Xi ( + or - ) for calibration drift
use Xi values in step 4b to obtain 1"1 for 2-hour calibration
drift
5. Calibration/Zero drift computation
a. Computation similar to others
1,,1 + CI95
(instrument span)
b. Must be less than 2 % of span
6. To obtain 24-hour zero drift
b. Step 2:
c. Step 3:
x 100
(zero set) - ~ zero reading 24 hours 1
ppm later prior to adjustment
(ppm)
b. Step 2: use Xi values for computation of 1"\
7. To obtain 24-hour calibration drift
a. Step 1:
= Xi (zero drift)
a. Step 1:
adjust zero reading back to zero if any drift occurred
10-5
-------
~aHbn.tiot\ f~ad.tf\l)
(ealibrcHiot\ set) - M houts later aft~f - (calibHHltm)
ppm - lero adj\llltm~nt = x, dftft
(ppm)
adjust caHbtat!()t\ to toffe~t nl\l@ if d\@f@ Wall afiY dttft and
U8~ Ir values tfi tomp\lte Iii
8. Calculation for the perfohnahtl" paramt't~t
1 j{! + Cigs ~ g% (~4,1'hj\lf l@ffi dfift)
instrument spaft - 2.5% (~4,hO\lf eaHbfad~n dfift)
tv I1roCf'dures for certification of diluent ffitmit@ts (Ptltf@fffumt:@ Sp@eifieEUiBfi
If'st ~)
b. Step 2:
c. Step 3:
A. Ifitf6dutlion
1. Have installatioh requirements, test pfOefli\ltt'!I, afid caltulatiofi!l
similar to those of Performance Spt'tifleatiolt T@~t 2
2. No relative accuracy test requirt'd
D. ~erformance specifications
1. Zt'ro drift (2-htlUt) :50.4% Ot"f CO,
2. Zero drift (24-hout) :5 o.~% O2 Of (:(),
3. Ctllibration drift (I!-hour) ~ t):4~ ~Ot Of ~()t
4, Calibtation drift (24-hour) ~ O.~% (), Of ~(),
5. Resptlt\se time 10 mihutes ml1lim\lffi
e. Gases for determining calibration drift
1. Require midrange and 90 % gases
2. Must check calibration gases by Orsat within two weeks prior to per-
formance specification test
3. If span is higher than 21 %. may use ambient air
D. Calibration check
1. Establish a calibration curve for the continuous monitoring system
using zero. midrange. and span concentration mixtures
2. Compare calibration curve to that provided by vendor
3. If expected curve is not produced. steps should be taken to verify the
instrument response
V. Special comments
A. Performance specification test revisions
1. October 10. 1979-not promulgated (in regulatory handbook)
2. January 26. 1981 - not yet promulgated
B. Care should be taken in applying proposed regulations since they are
technically not legally binding
C. The October 6. 1975 performance specification test procedures are the
only ones promulgated and included in the Code of Federal Regulatiom
as of February 1982.
10.6
-------
Chapter 11
In-situ Monitors
Lesson Goal
To describe the configuration of and operational principles of in-situ gaseous emis-
sion monitors.
Lesson Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. define the term t'n-st'tu and distinguish between cross-stack and in-stack
monitors.
2. explain how and why the technique of differential absorption spectroscopy
can be used in in-situ monitors.
3. describe what a gas filter correlation cell is, how it is used in an in-situ
monitor, and why the technique is insensitive to particulate matter.
4. list three ways to check the calibration of a Lear Siegler SM810 analyzer.
5. describe why the method of second derivative spectroscopy can be used for
in-situ gas analysis.
ll-l
-------
. r' ---:-- - - -
I I ,) . . '\
n : t:, '\ '. I ~ , IN-SITU
! ,-, -I . ~ J
1.( {..'<'-<~ J MONITORS
II, '"
.1' '
,
~,
.
, .
,
IN-SITU MONITORS
Cross-Stock (path)
In-Stock (paInt)
'rr---t~ ~ ~, ~,-[--
---. .. -p ; 'Q ~...... -----. .:.f-ot
r;~~ __II_~;~.'j-
, ;"r:::=l
'-:'L')
Single Pass
Double Pass
IN-SITU ELECTRO-OPTICAL
MONITORING PRINCIPLES
\ e Differential Absorption I
. Gas Filter Correlation
. Second Derivative
Spectroscopy
, r
Cross-Stack
Monitors
I ,
-- .. -- -
Ll ~~..J.
~
.
11.2
-------
EDC
Cross-Stack
Monitor
Differential Absorption
NO
Reference
Wavelength
Measurement
Wavelength
502
310 nm
CO2
228 nm 2100 nm
309 nm
226 nm
2000 nm
monoch,cwnetef
syst4HT'l
phoro-
detector
~~.iftIf""G.:.
~71~
, .
diffraction grating
stock
monochromet~
system
Slack
EDC Light Source Assembly
(external view)
11-3
-------
EDC Light Source Assembly
(internal view)
EDC Analyzer
Assembly
(internal view)
. gows f'1'WQsured In pt'ewnc. of ponlcukn. mott..-
IT;: = K I.p
~\= KI~",
........... p.... '''''''PI
l' K 1_\ 1\
~) - I ::~: _.~)
t~'?- Kif~,-'I~~~
....,.,.,
III. ....,..",. Oft........ by J*t1aAo'. rnDtt... In .,. "r«II'I'I
I ........",
Calibration Cells
EDC Zero Pipe
11-4
-------
- - - - - -
IN-SITU ELECTRO-OPTICAL
MONITORING PRINCIPLES
. Differential Absorption
,. Gas Filter Correlation\
. Second Derivative
Spectroscopy
. . . . . .
Contraves Goerz Analyzer
-
-
-
-
-
-
IIqhl JGPOm nevllol
, T~' Oh.,"O'~+ ~'K'O'
I" , ~ ,J'" I '
I \- ~- M'I",
'~1 "I ":',
, ' ,J ' I In, . ". i~. V '
, : '~~
blow,",: ; / '
.-J go, 111ft"! .t@l(lrorUCi
coueo101lcn .
stock (.11
.
.
.
.
.
.
hgl'\,
WUICt'
,j ,"10
i':i~
~m n~1fol
alt.fnolor 'Ih~
~- dt'/'Klor
~' '~~10,) ....., 1'.'
\(':\' "10"",,, "'. 1~' /
. ~!/,!,,'V / /
~ gos ftllP' r I pll!'Clron'CJ
con;~~I'on j
"ock
.
.
.
.
.
.
light r beam n.utfo!
wurc. \ oh.U'IOtOf _fil''''
'(."10, ~--:7'0'
I 71'.., ~' /\ 1) > 17,< ~
:, \ "',. ~ I
.. '1 \ : \>,\..,..8~\V ~/,
blow~ I r_-~ ,
.-J gas lilt.. )! -~IKttO,.ua ~
. conelolton , ,
nock c.1I '
.
.
.
.
.
.
11-5
-------
het" ,~ Mom n~I'ol
~Uf(. " L:h.rnatOf fII,PI'
I/,I \.----..-1.'- d.(~tO'
" ~ ~-\/bl ,,---.;
\-' ~\), 1 I,
~?\.] I." I b <,I, 'j
r ~ \ \~. ~~
-------
- - -
I t~~~f -0'~-
_...1 . ~
11 'o".o,~~
'841' ~
, ...'"' I-i-' -
! * [1'0'::::::0
- - -
~~~:/,"~
,"~~. -« t)
...'", 0
~~-
~. . ~
~ w,-,~ ~
.J (841........
...""~
C? 'o,,'o,~ 6
~ 1 -",w - HI
- - -
LSI GM21
SO, - NO, - Opacity Monitor
- - -
I GFC . CO MonItor
, 01, puf9"
"- d!f,i"u:;I'fI
1 I : ~ " ""
, I' - (l "
.- .; f" , d
-------
~;C\
~~. ' '----.-)
In-Stack
Monitors
IN-SITU ELECTRO-OPTICAL
MONITORING PRINCIPLES
. Differential Absorption
. Gas Filter Correlation
. Second Derivative
Spectroscopy
Lear Siegler SM81 0
Second Derivotive
Spectrometer
"acto
mlrt()t\ JConn..
r ..-- . - "-~- -"-.......,.
W IOUfC8 I '''~or
'- I
. }t'.. -, ,4.-:---<- c-:: "1m f:=~r
. ~ - . i- .:' .. ~ + ...... ...........-J' '
, .. r . -
. - .--! -
-' 9'" ---~
_Ian In)«1I""
dfotK1Ot' Q'Otlng porI
11.8
-------
- - -
Measuring Cavity
window t~
r- ---. L
r n~~ ~n ~~. porow flit.,
n"_un j
,
I
-- .-------- o'
'~='-"l-- r..fOl'.nttC1Of
callbrotlon gas line
- - -
Calibration Checks
'~~
! - --=-f '\
L- :
. calibration cell in analyzer
- - - -
Calibration Checks
- /
- - - -
Calibration Checks
- --~ ~~
~:::i( ~
f-- n . ~- - ,I -l ~ I
~1_Jl
-,' ,', , ' "~' ,J
L_- )
. Independent calibration cell
- - - -
Linear Absotptlon
I, dl
i~ en
0
I
I 1 1
A. A.
d"
d1'
0
i. 1
- - - - 11-9
-------
o
Absorption.
percent
100
217.6" 216.5 - 219.2
Wavelength. nm
Curve
First Derivative
l[v1
, . ' ).
A.
dl
dA
.
A.
).
d2,
d).2
Second Derlvotlve
. (d2,)
d).2.1.o
A
A.
The second derivotive
sp~trometlH extrocts d (d21 )
oSIgnol.5 s=- ~
d = sconning ronge (nm) 4 dA A,
Toking the
derivotives 01
Deer's low.
d21 d2a
-=-c.t-I
dA 2 d A 2
Substituting.
2 2
S =.:li.!L d a I or 5/1 = kd
4 dA2
Lear Siegler SM81 0
(cutaway)
'C...--
11-10
-------
IN-SITU MONITORS
. EDC. differential absorption. gas filter
correlation
. Con troves Goerz - gas filter correlation
. Lear Siegler SM610 . second derivative
spectroscopy
. Lear Siegler - light absorption
. Land CO Monitor - gas filter correlation
11-11
-------
Chapter 12
Analyzers for Measuring O2 and CO2
Lesson Goal
To describe the methods used to monitor oxygen in flue gases and to review the
methods used to monitor CO2,
Lesson Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. explain what a diluent monitor is and why it may be necessary in a
continuous monitoring application.
2. list at least two methods used for measuring oxygen.
3. explain how the effect of paramagnetism can be used to construct an oxygen
analyzer. (Describe at least one of three methods.)
4. describe why a porous Zr02 solid electrolyte can be used to measure oxygen
in an electrocatalytic analyzer system.
5. describe two ways in which an electrochemical O2 analyzer can be
constructed.
6. list ~he types of CO2 monitors available for monitoring flue gases.
12.}
-------
ANAL VZERS
FOR
MEASURING
O2 AND CO2
DILUENT MONITORS
I
I I I 1
CARBON:
DIOXIDE I
- ~NAL YZERS J
OXYGEN
ANAL YZERS
1_-
OXYGEN ANAL VZERS
!kitJ ~\
~-~J~(l 0
Electroulalytic Paramagnelic Membrane
Polarographic
[ ~ Electrocatalytic
~ Analyzers
~ . In-Situ
: ~
L_- - ----"
. Extractive
12-2
-------
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Electrocatalytic Oxygen Analyzer
-
-
RT Preference (02)
EMF = 4F 1n P sample (02)
-
-
-
12-3
-------
zirconium O\tdl"
~,,~~n~\e-~~
.or
(,~t~'~n<~1 P (0,) P (0,)
,..1('""",,, ....'"plr
~
I . " [
Paramagnetic
Analyzers
. Extractive
. Thermomagnetic
. Magnetodynamic
. Paramagnetic Pressure
'V99'
P.Uf'd Ek>ctron..
(\PInning in oppoo.Ilf'
dirf'Cbon\)
nu.ttr.ctJon
10 m.RneiK fwld
Unp4lFf'd IIKtron\
(\PIn","K In ...me diffftion)
.nru1f'd 10 m.K,ftf'IK held
Paramagnetism
/
-w~
. ./
~
, .
./,-::", \
/ )
/ '/
'. -
12.4
-------
-
-
-
-
-
-
\ t. Magnetic Wind
, 15, Analyzer
) (Thermomagnetic)
\ r//
,,}J
Torque
_..,~, /~ \
I.mp ~:d-
Torque
Quinke Analyzer
(Paramagnetic Pressure)
t ~
'---
12-5
-------
,~JIOS(N,}
--
No 02 Present
...mpIe
80"
m~uuring
chombft
r~ft"t'nc.. ~\
02 Present
I~i
I 1]1
I I I
Membrane
Polarographic
Analyzers
. Extractive
. Inlernal VoitaRe Bi.1s
. [)Iternal Bi.1s
Micro-fuel Cell (IntI' mol Voltage IIi.Is)
.ho" PIonroly'. 0 £ ~: ~ ~ "thod.
liIy.r- <) I -; ~ /
. ~~''''''-
wnwng membr.n~ " .I '" ' .
~,... -~- ~' bulk
poIy.thy:.: t . . ,i- . j PIoc1.oIyt.
. '4 J : )-..
.nock -- --
or(uLu
conLi<1 pL.t.
+ " -
q=
, ..j:: -
" ,- - -'",~
'~ /''f<- i \-,., )<-"1 J
L,' "\.'!.;., I
~.,'- ~1i; J)
I . . 2;> ,)
Low Concentration
: - ~
: V ~
i' ~'~4, .;~1 -~~t"
: '~\\ "}117"
: ~I,J!; "" (I, '
I . ~,-
: : I ~
'~)_'.~
:~~
: High Concentration
,
,
12-6
-------
-
-
-
-
-
(:)0,
O>OH"
ex> PbO
(.:\elect,ons
-
-
-
-
-
Sensing Electrode
4e- + 2H20 + 02 -40H-
Counter Electrode
40H- + 2Pb - 2PbO + 2H20 + 4e-
-
-
-
-
-
- - - - - -
Sensing Electrode
+ - -+ 2H20
02 +4H +4e
Reference Electrode
4Ag + 4CI - -+ 4AgCI + 4e -
- - - - -
DILUENT MONITORS
J_-, I I
I
OXYGEN I CARBON
. DIOXIDE
I ANAli~ER~ I ~~s
, EIl'ctroj I Paramag~ I Membrane Illnlrared 1: Membrane I
l calalyti . netic Polaro- I Pol. no- .
. ~ -~ .g!~~- ~~~raphi< ~
- - - - -
12.7
-------
Chapter 13
F Factors-Units of the Standard
Lesson Goal
To review the F factor methods used to calculate pollutant emission rates from
combustion sources.
Lesson Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. define the F factor.
2. discuss how the F factor can give a value for the emission rate.
3. describe the requirements for using the F factor in continuous emission
monitoring.
4. describe the use of the wet F factor method.
13-1
-------
I. Emissions in terms of Ibs/l06 Btu heat input
A. Previously expressed emissions in terms of
[NOTE: write equation on board]
E= pmr. = C.Q, =
~
~
IbsJt¥
yy
106 Btu/j)r'
lbs
106 Btu
=
B. Problems
1. Uncertainty in ~. What is ~?
(Fuel feed rate) X (fuel heating value)
Does EPA have a standardized fuel truck to check fuel feed meters?
No. - have uncertainty here that can't check
2. Too many variables in the equation for continuous monitoring
applications
II. F factor method
A. Alternate approach [NOTE: write on board)
E = C.F (~;~~~i~~n\
'\ term /
B. Definition of the Fd factor
volume of theoretical dry
1. Fd = combustion products/lb
106 Btu/lb heating value
of fuel combusted
ft'
106 Btu
dimensionally, then
2. The emission rate from A. is then
=
E = V lbs =
106 Btu Jt¥
lbs
106 Btu
dilution correction term is dimensionless
3. F factors are relatively constant values for specific categories of fuels
13-2
-------
C. Fd factor method
1. E = c.F d [ 20.9 ]
20.9 - %02
uses % O2 for dilution correction
2. This is the equation must use in EPA Method 5
3. Examples of F factors
Note more extensive list in manual- numbers in parentheses. give %
deviation from the mean of data sets for which the F factors were
calculated
4. EPA Method 5 and the Fd factor method
[NOTE: Point out the small deviations]
Required to use this calculation method. Also. required to perform
oxygen traverse while doing Method 5 test.
D. Fe factor method
volume of theoretical CO2
1. Fe = generated by combustion/lb
106 Btu/lb heating value
of fuel com busted
[NOTE: These are important for continuous monitoring. but not
for Method 5]
2. The Fe factor method
E = - F 100
c. e
%C02
E. Using Fd factor to calculate E from data given on a wet
basis
E - F [ 20.9 ]
-cwo d
20.9(1- Bw.} - %02(W)
[NOTE: Define 02(W) -oxygen concentration on a wet basis]
Bw. = functional moisture content of stack gas
F. Wet F factor method Fw
E = - F [ 20.9 ]
cow w
20.9(1 - Bwa} - %02(w)
Where: Bwa = fractional moisture content in air
Method used on continuous monitoring applications.
Bwa can be determined by several methods
13-3
-------
Chapter 14
Measuring, Recording, Averaging,
and Reporting
Lesson Goal
The purpose of this lesson is to familiarize you with the basic CEM recording and
reporting requirements and to review three methods of recording CEM data.
Lesson Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. explain how the processes of measuring, recording, averaging, and reporting
continuous CEM data differ from each other.
2. list the time intervals over which opacity, S02' and O2 monitors are required
to measure data for NSPS FFFSG sources.
3. list the averaging periods for recorded opacity, S02, and O2 data.
4. define excess emissions for opacity and S02 analyzers.
5. explain the phrases average of three contz'guous I-hour perz'ods and lO-day
rollz'ng average based on 24-hour perz'ods.
6. list three types of instruments that can be used to record CEM data.
7. list at least three types of analog recorders (i.e., circular chart, single pen
strip chart, multiplier strip chart, field recorder, etc.).
8. discuss the advantages and disadvantages of data logging recording systems.
9. list at least two advantages of using a computer system with a CEM system.
14-1
-------
I. Measuring and recording- averaging- reporting
A. Distinction
1. All measured data are not required to be recorded
2. All recorded data are not required to be reported
B. Averages
1. Recorded data can be averages of measured data
2. Reported data are averages of recorded data
3. Have two types of averages in NSPS for FFFSG sources
C. In this lecture, will talk about recording and reporting requirements for
NSPS FFFSG sources. Requirements for other source categories will
differ
II. Measuring and recording
A. Instruments
1. Have talked about instruments which do this throughout the course
2. Instruments give analog instantaneous, sequential, or integrated
signals
B. Opacity monitors
1. Measuring requirement-must complete one cycle of sampling and
analysis every 10 seconds
2. Regulation found in 40 CFR 60.13e1
3. Each 10-second measurement is also to be recorded
C. SOl and NO. monitors
1. Measuring requirement-must complete one cycle of sampling and
analysis at least every 15 minutes
2. Regulation found in 40 CFR 60.13e2
3. Each 15-minute reading is also to be recorded
III. Averaging requirement
A. Reduction of data
1. Measured data reduced or averaged
2. Integrated values can be used-don't have to use specific data points
B. Opacity monitors
1. Must average a minimum of 24 equally spaced data points taken over
six minutes
2. Holdover to EP A Method 9. where calibrated eyeballs measure every
15 seconds
3. Can take 360/10 = 36 data points or integrated average for the six-
minute reading
4. Found in 40 CFR 60.13h
14-2
-------
C. S02. NO.. monitors
1. Must average a minimum of four equally spaced data points taken
over an hour
2. Can use integrated data or arithmetic average of all data
3. Found in 40 CFR 60.13h
IV. Reporting requirements
A. Excess emissions and reporting
1. Only data in excess of the standard are to be reported
2. Use averaged data to compute possible excess emissions
3. All excess emissions are to be computed in units of the standard
4. Data not reported need not be reduced into units of the standard
B. Excess emissions defined for opacity monitors
1. Defined in 42 FR 61537 December 5, 1977 and 40 CFR 60.45g1
[NOTE: this left as reserved in October 6, 1975 FR]
2. Any six-minute period during which the average opacity or emissions
exceeds 20%, except that one six-minute average of up to 27 %
opacity need not be reported
3. Exclusion is based upon an allowance for soot-blowing. One two-
minute period at 40% opacity. Get 27% by averaging
40+20+20 =27
3
4. Note that the six-minute averages are those which were obtained
previously- an average of at least 24 data points taken over six
minutes
5. Note also that these are integral six-minute periods-data not rolling
or contiguous
C. Excess emissions defined for S02 and NO.. monitors
1. Defined as any three-hour period during which the average emissions
(arithmetic average of three contiguous one-hour periods) of sulfur
dioxide or nitrogen oxides exceed the applicable standard
2. Defined in 40 FR 46257 October 6, 1975 and 40 CFR 60g2 and 3
3. Contiguous period means a rolling average: average over three
hours-next period, drop off first hour and add next hour's data. Can
get 24 possible excess emissions in a day, not just eight
4. Note that each hour's data are averages of a minimum of four data
points taken over that hour
D. Excess emissions defined for S02 emissions from FFFSG utility sources
constructed after September 18, 1978
1. Excess emissions defined differently than for NSPS sources built
between August 17, 1971 and September 18, 1978
14-3
-------
2. Purpose here is for comPliance monitoring-not control equipment
monitoring
3. Here, compliance standard is based on a 30-day rolling average
4. 30-day average computed on average of at least 22 days worth of
data. Each day's data computed as an average of at least 18 hours of
data. Each hour of data consists of an average of at least two data
points
5. Compute rolling average by dropping off first day's 24-hour average
and adding on next 24-hour average
6. Get 30 possible violations per month, not just one
7. Method allows source to average periods of upsets. Less stringent than
if used no rolling average
V. Recording instrumentation
A. Introduction and review
1. Three things being done
a. CEMs measure
b. Recorders record and possibly average
c. People or data processors report
2. Can record data either on analog or digital basis
3. Can have dedicated CEM data processors or in-plant computers to
compute into units of the standard, flag excess emissions. etc.
4. Recording instrumentation - will discuss three systems
a. Analog chart recorders
b. Data loggers
c. Microprocessor - com puter systems
B. Analog chart recorders
1. Have number of types
a. Circular, field recorders, single pen, multipen
b. Circular chart recorders not advisable-charts frequently written
over
c. Multipen recorders with 10 to 12-inch scales best for CEM
applications
2. Example of recorders in the field
a. Field recorder on left used for opacity data
b. Multipen recorder used for gas data, but have only 3-inch scales
3. Example of data
4. Example of horizontal mount- Lear Siegler recorder installed in
system
5. Strip charts for a Bendix system
6. Multipen strip chart recorder
7. Molytek recorder with explosion proof housing
8. State-of-the-art Molytek recorder with internal microprocessor and
pull-out keyboard. Thirty-two trace capability with thermal print
14-4
-------
C. Data loggers
1. Digital data
a. Like a digital watch-prints numbers instead of giving a trace
b. Easy to read exact numbers
c. Easier than analog signals to interface with computers
d. Difficult to detect trends
e. Can have problems if have high noise levels-can't detect average
unless damp noise out
2. Lear Siegler data logger
3. Meloy- digital meter with digital printout in analyzer
D. Microprocessor and computer systems
1. Microprocessors have variety of functions - can merely compute in
units of the standard, print excess emissions, or be programmed-
slide of monitor labs microprocessor
2. Dedicated computer systems
a. Many companies make computer systems for their monitoring
equipment (LSI, EDC, Contraves Goerz, etc.)
b. Lessen problems with interfacing
c. Easier to deal with vendor service personnel
d. As of 1981- generally takes one year to debug any of these systems
e. Slide of LSI-DP30 dedicated computing system with keyboard,
deck, and cassette magnetic tape recording
3. In-plant computers
a. Plant may wish to interface CEM system with existing computers-
can save money
b. Advantage since can incorporate into overall plant control system
c. Problems with interfacing and programming
d. If do not have in-house programmer, costs are comparable to
dedicated systems since may need to hire consultants ($30,000 or
more)
14-5
-------
Chapter 15
Quality Assurance Programs
and Field Inspection Procedures
Lesson Goal
To describe elements of quality assurance and inspection programs which can be
developed by agencies and by sources.
Lesson Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. list at least four quality assurance checks that one could perform during a
performance specification test.
2. describe where responsibility lies in maintaining continuing operation of
emission monitoring equipment.
3. list at least three elements that should be contained in the source quality
assurance program.
4. list two types of agency inspection programs.
5. define traceability protocol.
6. diagnose some typical instrument problems, given strip chart data.
15-1
-------
QA
PROGRAMS
AND
FIELD
INSPECTION
PROCEDURES
CEM QA PROGRAMS
~
'\ ,r
.'-.:.~'- "rr~
LJ
- -
-' ./
Procurement
Quality Control
QA ' Performance
Specification Tesl
QA - Continuing
Operation
r"~ PROCUREMENT
QUALITY CONTROL
. Prepurchase Evaluation/Selection
. Writing of Purchase Contract
Specificat ions
. Record Keeping
Prepurchase Evaluation/Selection
. Analyze performance parameters
. Assess analyzers
. Contact users for opinions
. Field test
. Assess site
. Analyze performance parameters
,.
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15-2
-------
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. Assess
analyzers
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. Contact
users for
opinions
r-
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. Assess site
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15-3
-------
....-
IT3" ~.
~:1~';
'-~
PROCUREMENT
QUALITY CONTROL
. Prepurchase Evaluation/Selection
. Writing of Purchase Contract
Specificat ions
. Record Keeping
Writing Purchase Contract Specifications
R~ul(lng the following:
. reu dota documenting chot onoly Ie, mMU
perlormonc. i~iflcallom
. payment COOtlng4PnC upon successful PST
. worrOni y
. COf'UIUenl opeorOCIng manuals
. O~'Qto, HOlnlng
. consumobles and spare portS
r~~ PROCUR~EKT
. ;-~ i QUALITY CONTROL
. Prepurchase Evaluation/Selection
. Writing of Purchase Contract
Specifications
. Reco~d Keeping
Record Keeping
,'"'.f
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. Reference Method QA
. CEM QA - Cross Checks
. Special Techniques
1~-4
-------
Reference Method QA
~.
[1]'
EPA Quality Assurance Manual
Volume III. EPA.600/4.77-027b
Institute Procedures
EPA 502 and NO. audit samples
to check technique
CEM QA . Cross Checks
, , .
1';"".....",
SO,NO
:- 2:;J
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~
Special Techniques
~~OO
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[gl] QA. CONTINUING
lJ1] OPERATION
. Source Maintenance Program
. Agency Inspection Program
.f.:'
Source Maintenance
Program
,L-=.~~' .
li:,:I:'](11 Ii .
, ,
. Assign f@>spotulbillty
. Euobllsh maintenance- scheodulps
. Provide Of»rolOf trolnlng
. P"-'Ofm peoriodlc oudlcs
. KHp a logbook
. D.fln.,
. Malntoin 'PO'. polIS Inventory
. Callbrotion Procedu,.,
. Fault Procedures
. (nwI. s.e
-------
. Assign responsibility
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15-6
-------
. Establish maintenance. Perform periodic
schedules audits
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. Define:
D
correct damping/gain
DB
Instrument
Problems
low gOln{over damped high gain/under damped
rl~ --"~I
paper movement problem
[JEg
Recorder
Problems
inking problem
over inking
~.'"
" - ~, ,~~;, II. ~
f ' '.
Source Maintenance
Program
. AaI9n fMpOnsibillty
. Provide> ~IOf tralNng
. Establish maintenance sch8duI~
. P8ffotm p8ftodk; oudlu
. I\8ofI 0 IogbooIo
. Define-,
. Collbrollon Procedut81
. Fault P1'ocedu,."
. Dcna Hondelng Proc:8dur81
.. Malnloin spa,. poru Inventory
. £nsur. I8CUfll Y
15-7
-------
!Xl Agency Inspection
~ Program
. Schedule Systems
. Level Systems
Schedule Systems
. Routine Audits or Inspections
. Random Periodic Audits
. Repeat of Performance
Specification Tests
level
Systems
FIeld reSt A~djt
CEM Sysr"", S
Ire InsPEtcrion
Pllone
Or Lerre, Co",", .
unlCorion
EEII E"
Oluorlon
-------,
EER Evaluation
. periods and magnitudes 01 .,xcess
emissions
. narure and causes 01 excess emissions
. peroods during which (EM system was
inoperative
. record 01 calibration checks.
adjustments, and maintenance
. J :.~~.
Phone
or
letter
Communication
"..', j..
".
~,
15-8
-------
CEM System
Site Inspection
Field Test Audit
Options.
1. Check CEM with calibration gas or calibrated filters
2. Check CEM with agency Inspection monitors
3. Check CEM with EPA reference methods
4. Redo performance specification test
5. Combinations 01 1-4 or other procedures
/:"'~
.~~t\
Consequences
. enforcement
oction possible
[~E~ ~~ p:09ro~
p:-c:-- _._~ ..-
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lr ~";,, ll.'.'.;.:.1~~~: -~ ,..".,
iL ~na~z~ : l M.thod QA -' ~~Ch.(k' j L~c"n!qu..)
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15-9
-------
Chapter 16
Recent Developments
in Emission Monitoring
Lesson Goal
To introduce to you new methods and concepts in emissions monitoring, such as
remote sensing and continuous mass monitoring.
Lesson Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. describe at least two new methods used for source emissions monitoring
that are currently in a research stage.
2. list at least two instrument methods that can be used for continuously
monitoring source particulate mass emissions.
3. define, and distinguish between, actz've and passz've modes of remote sensing.
4. list at least three types of methods used in remote sensing.
5. describe at least three applications for remote sensing techniques.
6. discuss the regulatory implications of new emission measurement techniques.
References
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), C. B. Ludwig and M. Griggs, June 1976.
Applz'cation of Remote Technz'ques in Stationary Source Monz'torz'ng,
EPA-340/1-76-005.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), February 1979. Proceedz'ngs: Advances z'n
Particle SamPling and Measurement, Asheville, NC, May 1978. EPA-60017-79-065.
Herget, W. F. and Conner, W. D., "Instrumental Sensing of Stationary Source
Emissions", Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 11, 962-967 (1977).
Hartt, E. I. "An Evaluation of Continuous Particulate Monitors at a Secondary
Lead Smelter", Environment Canada Report No. O.R.,-16.
16-1
-------
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN
EMISSIONS MONITORING
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Continuou!t
Md"" Monitoring
R..mot..
Sensing
NEW METHODS
~:,;:f~~Y"
. Diode Laser
. H2S04
Measurement
.~
. Organics
. Others
IN.!>TACK so, MONITORING
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16-2
-------
CONTINUOUS MASS
MONITORING
"a'!..
::!~~.i:"~~':!i<'
J(o"';1..rl
f'.:~'
, '
. Light Attenuation
. Light Scattering
. Charge Tran...fer
. Beta Radiation
Attenuation
"'I' )
KRAFT RECOVERY FURNACE
,
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Data From.
L....II !...d """p, 1"4"'"
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16-3
-------
LIGHT SCATTERING
CHARGE TRANSFER
BETA RADIATION
ATTENUATION
REMOTE SENSING
~Uj\Y'"
.
,\,
. LI DAR
. ROSE
. CO SPEC
. Other!>
REMOTE MEASUREMENT
METHODS
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16-4
-------
LIDAR
GCA
EPA
ROSE
SYSTEM
16-5
-------
COSPEC
RESEARCH VENTURES, INC.
JRB
16-6
-------
Chapter 17
Homework Problems
17-1
-------
Homework Questions
Set 1
1. What is the value of 5.3 I-'m when converted to wavenumbers?
a. 1.766 x 10-\6 cm-I
b. 5.7 X 1015 cm-I
c. 1886 cm-I
d. 18.86 cm-I
2. What would be the frequency.
a. 5.7 x 1013 sec-I
b. 1886 sec-I
c. 5.7 X 1012 sec-I
d. 1.766 X 101. sec-I
v, of light having a wavelength of 5.3 I-'m?
3. Calculate the energy. ~€, of light having a wavelength of 5.3 I-'m.
[NOTE: Planck's constant, h = 6.625 X 10-27 erg-see]
a. 1.77 x 10-1. ergs
b. 3.74 X 10-12 ergs
c. 1.25 x 10-25 ergs
d. 3.74 x lO-u ergs
4. What is the value of 2138 A when converted to wavenumbers?
a. 4677 cm-I
b. 1.403 x 105 cm-I
c. 1.41>8 x 1015 cm-I
d. 46,772 cm-I
5. What would be the frequency, v, of light having a wavelength of 2138 A?
a. 4677 cm-I
b. 104 x 1015 sec-I
c. 9.8 x 10-12 sec-I
d. lAx 1013 sec-I
6. Calculate the energy, ~€, of light having a wavelength of 2138 A.
a. 9.29 x 10-12 ergs
b. 2.118 x 10-15 ergs
c. 9.29 x 10-10 ergs
d. 1.46 x 10-25 ergs
7. Which light of the two considered above carries more energy?
a. 5.31-'m
b. 2138 A
17-3
-------
8. In what region of the electromagnetic spectrum does light of 5.3 p,m occur?
a. UV
b. IR
c. Visible
d. Vacuum UV
9. What type of process would you expect to occur if light at 2138 A happened
to be a wavelength at which SO! absorbed energy?
a. rotational transition
b. vibrational transition
c. electronic transition
d. dissociation
10. List four existing source categories which are presently required to continuously
monitor some type of emitted pollutant and state which pollutant(s) are
required to be monitored.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
11. What are two conditions which a new coal-fired steam generator must meet
before being required to monitor NOx?
(1 )
(2)
12. What are three conditions that an existing coal. fired boiler should meet before
being required by a State to monitor NOx?
(1)
(2)
(3)
13. Where would one find the continuous monitoring requirements for a new
petroleum refinery?
a. 40 CFR 60 Appendix B
b. 40 FR 46250 October 6. 1975
c. 40 CFR 51 Appendix P
d. 40 CFR 60 Subpart J
e. 40 CFR 60 Subpart 0
17.4
-------
14. You are given a Thermo Electron extractive S02 analyzer. Draw a diagram of
an extractive system which would provide a representative sample to the
analyzer (Stack temperature = 250 of, moisture content = 10% H20. grain
loading = 0.95 Ibs/106 Btu. Port exists at 150 ft level of stack. Thirty-foot
breeching leads into the stack).
17-5
-------
Homework Questions
Set 2
1. A coal. fired power plant with 500 x 106 Btu/hr heat input was constructed in
Emit, North Carolina. It began operation in 1960. The boiler combustion gases
were ducted into a 750-foot tall 40-foot diameter at the stack exit masonry
stack. A transmissometer was located on the duct work. Increasing power
demands created the need for an additional 500 x 106 Btu/hr boiler completed
in 1969. The plant built separate duct work for the boiler sending effluent up
the existing masonry stack. The easy maintenance afforded by placing a
transmissometer on the duct work rather than on the stack led the plant to
install the transmissometer for the new boiler on the duct work. The actual
layout is shown in the diagram:
Two ducts entering common stack in Emit, N.C.
Each transmissometer has a pathlength of 15 ft (the ducts have identical dimen-
sions) and gas velocities in the ducts are the same. What would be the stack
plume exit opacity when the LJ transmissometer showed 18% opacity and the
L2 instrument indicated 12% opacity?
a. 35.3%
b. 30%
c. 18%
d. 15%
2. A transmissometer located on a duct (pathlength 18 ft) indicated an optical
density through the effluent of 0.0809. The duct gas exits to the atmosphere
from a 36.foot diameter stack. What is the plume opacity of the stack exit?
a. 48%
b. 17%
c. 31 %
d. 2-1%
17-6
-------
Table" . Logarithms of Numbers
....
-.}
.
-.}
N 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1.0 0000 OOLI 0080 0128 0170 U21~ 0253 02'14 0334 0374
1.1 0414 0453 0492 0531 0569 0607 0645 0682 0719 0755
1.2 0792 0828 0864 0899 0934 0969 1004 1038 1072 1106
1.3 1139 1173 1206 1239 1271 1303 1335 1367 1399 1430
1.4 1461 1492 1523 1553 15~ 1614 1644 1673 1703 1732
1.5 1761 1790 1818 1~7 1875 1903 1931 1959 1987 2014
1.6 2041 2068 2095 2122 2148 2175 2201 2227 2253 2279
1.7 2304 2330 2355 2380 2405 2430 2455 2480 2504 2529
1.8 2553 2~77 2601 2625 2648 2672 2695 2718 2742 2765
1.9 2788 2810 2833 2856 2878 2900 2923 2945 2967 2989
2.0 3010 3032 3054 3075 3096 3118 3139 3160 3181 3201
2.1 3222 3243 3263 32~ 3304 3324 3345 3365 3385 3404
2.2 3424 3444 3464 3483 3502 3522 3541 3560 3579 3598
2.3 3617 3636 3655 3674 3692 3711 3729 3747 3766 37~
2.4 3802 3820 3838 3856 3874 3892 3909 3927 3945 3962
2.5 3979 3997 4014 4ml 4048 4065 4082 4099 4116 4133
2.6 4150 4166 4183 4200 4216 4232 4249 4265 4281 4298
2.7 4314 4330 4346 43fi2 4378 4393 4409 4425 4440 445G
2.8 4472 4487 4502 4518 4533 4548 456-1 4579 4544 460Cj
2.9 4624 4639 4654 4669 468.1 4698 4713 4728 4742 4757
3.0 4771 4786 4800 4814 4824 4!!13 4857 4871 488G 4!:iUU
31 4914 4928 t91~ 4955 4964 491'3 4997 5011 5024 5038
3.2 5051 50ti5 5079 509~ 5103 511Cj 5132 5145 5159 5172
3.3 5185 5198 ')211 5221 52:j7 5250 5263 5276 528Cj 530~
3.4 5315 5328 5340 53:>3 53bb 5378 5391 5403 5416 5428
3.5 5Hl 5453 5465 5478 5490 5502 5514 5-')'" 553Cj 5551
~_I
3.6 5563 5575 5:>87 55~1'1 5611 5623 5635 5647 5~i58 5670
3.7 5682 5691 5705 5717 5729 5740 5752 576:j 5775 5786
3.8 5798 5809 5~1 51\32 5~3 5855 5866 5877 5888 589~1
3.9 5911 5922 5933 5944 5955 5~ 5977 5988 5999 6010
4.0 6021 6031 6042 6053 6064 6075 6085 6096 6107 6117
4.1 6128 6138 fil49 6160 6170 611'0 6191 6201 6~12 62~:.!
4.2 6232 6243 6~53 6263 6274 ti2~ 6294 63(}'1 6314 63:S
4.3 6335 6345 6355 63G5 6375 6:jB5 6395 6405 6-115 64')C
-.,
4.4 6435 6444 6454 6464 6-174 6-I~ 6493 6503 6513 652~
4.5 6532 6542 6551 6561 6571 6580 6590 65Cj9 6609 6618
4.6 6t;28 6637 66.16 6(;;,6 (ilifi5 lili75 66!!1 6(;~U 6702 6712
4.7 6721 67:10 67:N 674'1 67;,1\ 6767 6776 6785 6794 6801
4.8 6812 6821 68:10 68.19 68-18 6857 6866 6875 6~ 68Cj3
4.9 6902 6911 6'120 6928 6937 6946 6955 6964 6972 6981
5,0 6990 6998 7007 7016 7024 7033 7042 7050 7059 7(Xi7
5.1 7076 7084 7093 7lO1 71lO 7118 7126 7U5 7143 7152
5.2 7160 711i1\ 7177 7185 719:j 720:! 7210 7218 72~6 7235
5.3 721:\ 7~:;1 7~:)~~ 7267 T'-c 728-t 7292 Tjnn 7308 7316
_I.)
5.4 7:(~ I n:c 73111 n48 7351; 7364 7'.372 7:18U 7.1!!8 7341;
Logarithms of Numbers
N 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
5.5 7404 7412 7419 7427 7435 7443 7451 7459 74Gli 7174
6.6 7482 7490 7497 7505 7513 7520 7528 7536 7543 7551
6.7 7559 7566 7574 7582 7589 7597 7604 7612 7619 76'.!.7
6.8 7634 7642 7649 7657 7664 7672 7679 7686 7694 7701
6.9 7709 7716 7723 7731 7738 7745 7752 7760 7767 7774
6.0 7782 7789 7796 7803 7810 7818 7825 7832 7839 7846
6.1 7853 7860 7868 7875 7882 7889 7896 7903 7910 7917
6.2 7924 7931 7938 7945 7952 7959 7966 7973 7980 7987
6.3 7993 8000 8007 8014 8021 8028 8035 8041 8048 8055
6.4 8062 8069 8075 8082 8089 8096 8102 8109 8116 8122
6.5 8129 8136 8142 8149 8156 8162 8169 8176 8182 8189
6.6 8195 820~ 8209 8215 8222 8228 8235 8241 8248 8254
6.7 8261 8267 8274 8280 8287 8293 8299 8306 8312 831'1
6.8 8325 8.131 8338 8344 8351 8357 8363 8370 8376 8382
6.9 8388 8.195 8401 8407 8414 ~20 ~26 8432 8439 ~45
7.0 8451 8457 8463 ~70 ~76 ~82 ~88 8494 8500 8506
7.1 8513 8519 85"- 8531 8537 8543 8549 8555 8561 8567
-~
7.2 8573 8579 8585 8591 8597 8603 8609 8615 8621 86"-
-.
7.3 8633 8639 8645 8651 8657 8663 8669 8675 8681 8686
7.4 8692 8698 8704 8710 8716 8722 8727 8733 8739 8745
7.5 8751 8756 876:! 8768 8774 8779 8785 8791 8797 880:!
7.6 8808 8814 88~0 88')~ 8831 8837 ~:! 8848 8854 8859
-;)
7.7 8865 8871 8876 8882 8887 8893 8899 8904 8910 8915
7.8 8921 8927 893~ 8938 8943 8949 8954 8960 8965 8Cj71
7.9 8976 8982 8987 8993 8998 9004 9009 9015 9020 90"-
-~
8.0 9031 9036 9042 9047 9053 9058 9063 9069 9074 9079
8.1 9085 9090 9096 9101 9106 911~ 9117 9122 9128 9133
8.2 9138 9143 9149 9154 9159 9165 9170 9175 9180 9186
8.3 9191 9196 9201 9206 921~ 9217 9222 9227 9:!:t~ 9238
8.4 9243 9248 9'253 9258 9263 9269 9274 9279 9284 9289
8.5 9294 9299 9304 9309 9315 9320 9325 9330 9333 9:\40
8.6 93.1:' 9350 9355 9360 936S 9370 9:j75 9380 'UH,) 9:!'!O
8.7 9395 9400 9405 9410 9415 9.120 9425 94:10 91:\:> 9.110
8.8 9445 9450 9455 9460 946S Cj169 9474 ~14 79 :1] 95:j8
9.0 9542 9547 9S52 9557 9562 95fiti %71 9570
-------
Homework Questions
Set 3
1. The October 6, 1975 Federal Register gives design specifications for
transmissometer instruments. Which of the following is not a design specifica-
tion listed in the Federal Register?
a. The instrument must show less than 2% zero drift during the performance
specification test.
b. The instrument must include a system check of the simulated zero and
upscale opacity.
c. The angle of view and angle of projection are limited to a 5° arc.
d. Instrument response must be within 20% of EPA Reference Method 9 once
the instrument is operating on the source.
2. The calibration error test is extremely important for the transmissometer perfor-
mance specification certification procedure. The reason for this is:
a. Transmissometer readings may be used as an alternative to the visible emis-
sions observer.
b. Performance Specification Test 1 does not have a relative accuracy test.
c. Readings of the neutral density filters taken during the calibration error test
will serve to verify proper instrument angle of view and angle of projection.
d. The response time test is conducted at the same time.
3. Transmissometer instruments must be properly installed at an affected facility.
Which of the following is(are) not a Federal Register installation requirement?
a. The instrument must be installed in an accessible location.
b. The instrument must be located downstream of all particulate control devices.
c. The transmissometer shall be installed as far from a bend as possible.
d. Instruments located in the plane of the bend must have a path-length that
includes the entire duct diameter.
4. The Federal Register requires an optical and zero alignment of the
transmissometer once a year at clean stack conditions. This is done so that:
a. optics may be cleaned and serviced.
b. instrument cross stack and simulated zero may be balanced.
c. angle of view and angle of projection can be made identical.
d. mechanical stability of the installation can be checked.
5. The calibration gases used in Performance Specification Test 2 must be checked
two weeks prior to use by reference method testings. The Federal Register
requIres:
a. triplicate reference method tests with each sample test within 20% of the test
average.
b. triplicate reference method tests with all tests within 20% of manufacturer
certified value.
c. triplicate reference method tests with the test average within 20% of an NBS
traceable standard.
d. triplicate reference method tests with a :t 20% standard deviation.
17-9
-------
6. Performance specification test data for an S02 monitor at a fossil-fuel-fired
steam generator was as follows:
Instrument SOt value RM6 SOt value
Test period (ppm) (ppm)
1 670 678
2 678 685
3 698 700
4 670 665
5 694 703
6 670 675
7 682 688
8 690 693
9 677 682
What is the relative accuracy of the instrument?
a. 11.21%
b. 1.12%
c. 10.12%
d. 2.51 %
7. An in-situ S02 monitor is installed at a fossil-fuel-fired steam generator. The
plant then installed an extractive oxygen monitor at a different location on the
duct. The following statements describe the two installations. Which statement
shows that the instrument installations do not meet performance specification
test guidelines?
a. The extractive system samples at a single point of average concentration and
is one meter from the stack wall.
b. The stack gases are nonstratified at both monitor locations.
c. There is no air in-leakage between the two points.
d. The system is 8 duct diameters upstream of the air preheater.
8. Reference Method 6 test data showed an S02 concentration in a stack effluent
of 3.45 gml dry m3. Which of the listed values would be the equivalent readout
in ppm from an S02 instrument?
a. 1296 ppm
b. 1029 ppm
c. 829 ppm
d. 1926 ppm
17-10
-------
Homework Questions
Set 4
1. A fossil-fuel.fired steam generator burned the following combination of fuels:
Natural gas 30%
Oil 20%
Bituminous coal 50 %
Stack testing of the unit yielded this data:
Particulate concentration = 1.5 X 10-5 lb/ dscf
Diluent gas (dry basis) = 6.2% O2
What is the emission rate in lbs/ 106 Btu?
2. The Bradshaw Furniture Co. has an industrial steam generating unit of greater
than 250 x 106 Btu/hr heat input. The unit is bituminous coal fired. It has an
extractive carbon dioxide monitor. Recent testing showed an effluent 502 con-
centration of 750 ppm (wet basis)* and 12.8% CO2 (dry basis). The average
stack moisture content is 7% H20. What is the emission rate in Ib/l06 Btu?
a. 1.89 Ib/l06 Btu
b. 1.20 Ib/106 Btu
c. 1.03 Ib/l06 Btu
d. Not enough information given
3. The operation of a continuous oxygen monitor was compared to Orsat data
taken at the same point in the duct. The monitor showed 7.8% O2 on a dry
basis. The Orsat indicated 6.8% O2 and 12.40% CO2, The facility burns
bituminous coal to produce steam. What data do you believe are correct?
a. the instrument
b. the Orsat
c. neither the Orsat nor the instrument
d. insufficient information
4. The sulfur dioxide monitor installed at a fossil-fuel-fired steam generator
measured an effluent 502 concentration of 850 ppm (wet basis). The in-situ
oxygen monitor at the plant indicated a 6.2% O2 (wet basis) concentration. The
plant is oil fired. What is the emission rate in pounds/l06 Btu?
a. 3.16 Ibs/l06 Btu
b. 2.16 Ibs/l06 Btu
c. 4.16 Ibs/l06 Btu
d. insufficient data
*NOTE: 454 gms= lIb; 1 m'= 35.31 ft3
5. An 502 cross-stack in-situ analyzer makes a single-pass measurement over a
distance of 10 meters. The instrument contains an internal calibration cell
which has a I-centimeter thick gas space. What would the concentration of 502
in the gas cell need to be if a calibration reading of 900 ppm 502 is required
for the 24-hour calibration check?
a. 900 ppm
b.9%
c. 90%
d. 9000 ppm
17-11
-------
Group Problem
You are the chief instrumentation engineer at a 420 MW coal-fired steam
generating facility located in Emit, NC. The plant began construction OctOber 5,
1971 and began operation September 11, 1978. The source uses high sulfur coal.
The following schematic diagram illustrates the boiler layout.
I-so '--I
-- - -- - -----
500 '
50'
-
I f
20'
1
FGD
scrubber
17-12
-------
Three ducts lead into the common stack. Ports, walkways, and platfonns have
not as yet been installed. Each duct is exiting from an FGD scrubber module.
Using this infonnation, amwer the following questions, filling in the answer sheet
provided:
Design a continuous emissions monitoring system for the source that you feel will
meet all applicable Federal regulations. * Use the folders supplied for this exercise
and your course manual to aide you. You are also to detennine a total system cost
estimate which includes the following:
a. Instrument purchase prices
b. PlatfoITIls, ladders, and port installation costs (note instrument locations on
answer sheet)
c. Engineering overhead
d. Perfonnance testing
Also estimate the yearly maintenance costs. Note system locations on the diagram.
Work as a group to solve this problem and hand in one answer sheet for the group
on Friday. The group presenting the best overall system will receive a special
award.
*Note: 1.
2.
3.
You may not subcontract system design.
Remote sensors may not be used.
Assume that NOx emiss£ons are greater than
70% of the standard.
17-13
-------
Data Sheet
Group Number
Date
No. of Monitor Operating Estimated
monitors type Manufacturer principal cost
Data handling systems
System costs: calibration gases. plumbing. chillers, etc.
(if required)
Access costs: platforms. ladders, ports, elevators. electricity. etc.
Engineering overhead
Performance specification testing
Total costs
Yearly operating and maintenance costs
17-15
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read /nwuctlOllS 0/1 the rCI erse bcfore complellng!
REPORT "'0 12 3 RECIPIENT'S ACCESSIOt>foNO.
EPJ\ 450/2-H2-017
I TITL.E AND S'.JBTITLE 5. REPORT DATE
APTI Course 474 August 1982 --
Continuous Emission Monitoring 6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
Student \-Jorkbook
7. AuTHOR\S) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
James A. Jahnke, Ph.D.
. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
Northrop Services, Inc. B 18A2C
P.O. Box 12313 11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
Reseilrch Triangle Park, NC 27709 68-02-2374
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS 13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
U.S. EnvironT'lental Protection A~ency Student '"
Hanpm'ler and Technical Information Branch 14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 EPA-OAi':p.-OAnps
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Project Officer for this workbook is R. E. Townsend, EPA-ERC, !>!D 20,
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
16. ABSTRACT
This student \lOrkbook is to be used in conjunction with presentations of
!\ir Pollution Training Institute Course 474, "Continuous E1'1ission ~1onito:rin'~".
This publication contains chapters corresponding to lessons I';iven in the
course and includes a chapter containin~ home\Vork exercises. Each chapter
contains a lesson goal, lesson objectives, and special references that
would provide helpful background material for the subject area covered in
the chapter. Each chapter also contains iP1portant black-and-white
reproductions of selected slides used in the training course. In the case
of 1'10re difficult material, complete lecture notes are provided.
This publication is intended for use in conjunction with the Instructor's
Guide (EPA 450/2-82-013) and the Student r!anual (EPA 625/h-79-005).
17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a. DESCRIPTORS b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSA TI Fleld:Group
Air Pollution Training Source t10nitorin£i 14B
t1easureT'lent 14D
Continuous Emission Monitoring
Gas Sampling/Measurement
.
19. DISTRI8UTION STATEMENT 19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report) 21. NO. OF PAGES
National Technical Information Service unclassified 121
5285 Port Royal Road 20. SECURITY CLASS (This page) 22. PRICE
Springfield, VA 22161 unclassified
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
17-17
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