IMPORT SUPPLEMENT
to
OIL AVAILABILITY BY SULFUR LEVELS
by
Staff, U.S. Bureau of Mines
-------
Import Supplement
to
Oil Availability by Sulfur Levels
by
Staff, u.S. Bureau of Mines
for
Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air Programs
June 1972
-------
CONTENTS
Abstract. . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
In t r ad u c t 10 n. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Heavy fuel 011 imports. 0...........................................
Sources of heavy fuel oil imports.............................
Sulfur content of heavy fuel oils..................................
Ports of entry. 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . 0 0
Conclus ions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Appendix A.--Fuel oils by country of origin........................
!,!A.
ILLUSTRATIONS
1.
u.S. residual fuel oil imports by sulfur levels..............
2.
Percent of low-sulfur (~l.O%) residual fuel oil...........oo.
3.
Percent distribution of No.4 and residual fuel oil
imports by sulfur content, 1968 - 1971...................00
4.
Central Atlantic fuel oil imports by sulfur levels....o.o..o.
50
Central Atlantic States, percent of low-sulfur imports......o
6.
East Coast
Divisions.................................... 0..0.
7.
Imports of Noo 4 and residual fuel oils by selected
countries of origin................................... 0 . 0 0 .
8.
Flow pattern of crude oil to imports.....................o..o
i
Page
1
2
4
4
8
13
25
28
32
Follows
Page
6
6
6
7
7
7
8
29
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TABLES
No.
1.
Fuel oil imports
by percent sulfur............................
2.
Imports of No.4 and residual fuel oils by selected
countries of origin, 1968 - 1971............................
3.
Origin of U.S.
irnpor ts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.
by port of entry................ 0""" e
Imports of distillate
5.
Imports of No.4 fuel oil by port of entry and
sulfur level, 1970 and 1971.................................
6.
Imports of residual fuel oil by port of entry and
sulfur level, 1968 - 1971...............................0...
7.
Estimated quantity of sulfur in imported residual
fuel oil."................................................ 0 .
8.
Estimated quantity of sulfur in imported No.4
fuel oil. a , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix A.
9.
Imports of distillate by country of origin,
1970 and 1971.... 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . II . . . 0 .
10.
Imports of No.4 fuel oil by country of origin
and sulfur level, 1970 and 1971.............................
11.
Imports of residual fuel oil by country of origin
and sulfur level, 1968 - 1971...............................
ii
Page
6
10
12
14
15
17
27
27
33
34
36
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ABSTRACT
This report, dealing with imports of heavy fuel oils, is a supple-
ment to that published in August 1971 by the staff of the U.S. Bureau of
Mines under the title "Oil Availability by Sulfur Levels".
Quantities of
imports by sulfur content, country of origin (source), U.S. port of entry,
and quantity of elemental sulfur in the fuel oils are the principal sub-
jects discussed.
Legislative actions regulating the sulfur content of imported heavy
fuel oils have been responsible for dramatic increases in low-sulfur
(less than 1 percent) imports.
During the 4-year period, January 1968
through December 1971, imports of residual and No.4 fuel oils totaled
1.92 billion barrels, of which 653 million barrels (34 percent) was
classified as low sulfur.
An estimated 5.2 million tons of elemental
sulfur was contained in these imports.
Venezuela was the principal
source (38 percent), and the Port of New York received a greater volume
of imports than any other port.
Trends evident in the last half of 1971 indicate that the demand
for low-sulfur residual and No.4 fuel oils exceeds the supply.
Energy
problems have arisen owing to inadequate supply, and expected new re-
strictions on sulfur content of fossil fuels will cause even greater
shortages.
Requirements to meet the anticipated demand for energy will
include new desulfurization plants, low-sulfur crude oil substitutions
for residual fuel oil, blending of heavy fuel oils, and use of low-sulfur
coal (as fuel or source of synthetics).
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I -
2
Data incorporated in this study were generated by the Mines Energy
!esources, Information, and Transportation System (MERIT System), as were
those data used in the original study "Oil Availability by Sulfur Levels".
The MERIT System is a computer based energy data bank encompassing both
the petroleum and coal industries.
INTRODUCTION
This document, a supplement to an initial report on "Oil Availability
by Sulfur Levels," presents data on imports of residual and No. fuel oils
for the period January 1968 through December 1971.
Also included are
imports of distillate fuel oil for January 1970 through December 1971.
Import data on these fuels were considered essential to acquiring an
understanding of use distributions in the various areas and states, which
were compiled as part of a contract between the Office of Air Programs,
Environmental Protection Agency, and the Bureau of Mines.
The Bureau of Mines has established an energy data bank identified
by the acronym MERITS (Mines Energy Resources, Information, and Trans-
portation System) to fulfill an every increasing Federal need for accurate
information on the mineral fuels.
The data bank, currently comprised of
more than three million computer card equivalents of basic data on the
petroleum and coal industries, contains all import information used in
this report.
New import data are added to the system monthly.
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3
Part of the data used for this study (years 1968 through part of
1971) were obtained from the Oil Import Administration, and subsequent
data came from the Office of Oil and Gas.
Data covering the years 1968
and 1969 were collected and keypunched by the Office of Air Programs, and
then submitted to the Bureau of Mines.
The data consisted of residual
fuel oil imports by quantity and sulfur content. No.4 fuel oil imports
were not differentiated and are part of the total residual fuel oil
reported for these 2 years. Additional information included importing
company, country of origin, and u.s. port of entry.
The Bureau of Mines collected data for residual, No.4, and dis-
ti11ate fuel oil from the Oil Import Administration and the Office of
Oil and Gas for the period January 1970 through December 1971.
Quantity
of residual and Noo 4 fuel oil with sulfur content and quantity of disti1-
late fuel oil have been tabulated by various parameters as requested by
the Office of Air Programs.
These tabulations were designed to answer
several important questions.
It was important to know the quantity and sulfur content of the
fuel oils.
Other parameters deemed necessary were country from which
the fuel oil came (source), United States port through which it came,
and the carrier or company that imported the fuel oil.
Various combi-
nations of these data were made and are included in the tables and
illustrations.
Analyses of such data in relation to legislature
restrictions on sulfur content of fuel oils in the separate states were
included in the study.
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4
No attempt previously has been made to summarize fuel oil imports
by the parameters set forth in this report.
Results of the study show
that of the 1.92 billion barrels of residual and No.4 fuel oil imported
into the United States during the 4 years studied, 34.1 percent contained
less than 1 percent sulfur.
Most of 'such 'fuel :came irito the Central
Atlantic States, and legislative restrictions on sulfur content resulted
in a definite increase in the quantity of low-sulfur fuel oil imported.
The study pinpointed Venezuela as the main source for imported heavy
fuel oil, New York City as the port receiving the large~t quantity, and
Hess Oil and Chemical Co. as the biggest importer of residual fuel oil.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Appreciation is expressed to the Office of Air Programs for the
1968 and 1969 import data.
Information for these 2 years formed a base
for comparing periods before and after legislative sulfur restrictions
were enacted in late 1969 and early 1970.
Without such comparative
capability, data interpretation would have been quite restricted.
HEAVY FUEL OIL IMPORTS
Heavy fuel oil imports, including No.4 fuel oil, totaled 1.92
billion barrels for the period January 1968 through December 1971.
During 1968 and 1969 the fuel oil imports included No.4 fuel oil, but
beginning January 1970 the two types of fuel oil were differentiated.
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5
Imports of No.4 fuel oil for 1970 and 1971 were 50.8 million barrels
(table 1).
Imports of residual fuel oil increased approximately 17
percent each year from 1968 to 1970, but 1971 imports increased only
4 percent over 1970.
The substantial annual increase has occurred primarily in imports
of 10~sulfur heavy oils.
During 1971 the quantity of low-sulfur
residual fuel oil was 276 million barrels, 51.5 percent of the total.
Graphical representation of monthly residual fuel oil imports (fig. 1)
clearly shows the seasonal trends of residual fuel oil imports as well
as the increase in low-sulfur oil in 1970 and 1971.
Relationships of
low-sulfur residual fuel oil imports without seasonal influences, are
evident in figure 2, which shows a steady perccentage increase in the
quantity of low-sulfur residual fuel oil imported from 7.7 percent in
January 1968 to 50.6 percent in June 1971.
A change in the rate of
increase is apparent beginning in September 1969 (fig. 2); this
resulted from legislation restricting the quantity of sulfur in heavy
fuel oils.
Annual percentage distribution of the total No.4 and residual
fuel oils (fig. 3) indicates the increase in low-sulfur (less than 1
percent) imports.
In 1968 only 15 percent of the imports was low
sulfur, but by 1971 the percentage had increased to 51.5 percent.
This demand for low sulfur imports was caused by State and municipal
legislative actions.
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6
TABLE 1. - Fuel oil imports by percent sulfur
(1,000 barrels)
Residual Fuel Oil
Sulfur ercent
Year 0-0.3 0.31-0.50 0.51-1. 00 1. 01-2.00 ~ 2 . 00 Total
1968.!/ 1,103 14,874 40,054 116,058 201,734 373,823
1969.!/ 2,301 9,242 86,972 104,523 236,859 439,897
1970 11,324 33,331 144,321 78,940 247,788 515,704
1971 38,667 70,661 166,606 77,225 182,615 535,774
Total 53,395 128,108 437,953 376,746 868,996 1,865,198
.!/ Includes No. 4 fuel oil. Total residual and No. 4 = 1,915,981.
No.4 Fuel Oil
1970 490 2,175 10,617 4,314 8,806 26,402
1971 5,663 5,494 9,433 2,670 1,121 24,381
Total 6,153 \ 7,669 20,050 6,984 9,927 50,783
Distillate Fuel Oil
1970 14,13 7 14,137
1971 17,564 17.564
Total 31,701 0 0 0 0 31,701
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60
50
o > 2.00 "10 Sulfur
C 1.01-2.00"10 Sulfur
121 .51-1.00"10 Sulfur
lIT] <.5"10 Sulfur
40
o
J
F
M
A
M
J J
1968
A
5
o
N
F
M
A
M J J A SON DI J F M A M J J
1969 1970
1.- U.S. Residual Fuel Oil Imports by Sulfur Levels.
A
s
o
N
D I J
F
M
A
M
J
1971
J
A
5
o
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D
FIGURE
-------
100
90
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70
30
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o
J F M A M
J J A SO N DI J F M AM J J A SO N DI J F M A M J J A SON D I.J F M A M J J A SON D
1968 1969 1970 1971
FIGURE 2.- Percent of Low Sulfur «1.0"/0) Residual Fuel Oil.
-------
Percent
100
90
80
34.IOJo
47.3OJo
54.0OJo
53.8 OJo
70
60
50
:', :.: :'.::: : ::::' :::'
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1968
1969
Year
1970
1971
I:~:~:~ 0.5OJo and under
~ 1.0IOJo-2.00OJo
DOver 2.00 OJo
~ 0.5IOJo-1.00%
FIGURE 3.- Percent Distribution of No.4 and ResidlJ(]1 Fuel Oil
Imports by Sulfur Content 1968-1971.
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7
Legislative control of sulfur content for heavy fuel oils has
occurred primarily in the Central Atlantic States.
Result of such
legislative action is clearly evident in the increase of low-sulfur
fuel oil imports.
Seasonal trends also are obvious (fig. 4).
Per-
centage of lo~sulfur residual fuel oil imports (fig. 5) shows a
dramatic increase from 12.2 percent in January 1968 to 80.6 percent
in June 1970.
There have been no restrictions on imports of heavy fuel oil
into East Coast ports since 1966; consequently, more than 99 percent
of the total heavy fuel oil imports have entered this densely populated
area.
The East Coast area is divided into three segments, as follows
(fig. 6):
New England States - Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts,
Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Vermont
Central Atlantic States - Eastern New York, New Jersey,
Eastern Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and District of Columbia
Lower Atlantic States - Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina,
Georgia, and Florida
Heavy fuel oil imports into the Central Atlantic States totaled
1,090.3 million barrels or 57 percent of the total U.S. receipts from
1968 to 1971, whereas New England States received 460 million barrels
(24 percent) and the Lower Atlantic States received 345 million barrels
(18 percent).
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44
36
o > 2.00"10 Sulfur
o 1.01-2..00"10 Sulfur
D .51-1.00"10 Sulfur
lliill <.5 "lo Sulfur
40
32
28
24
s
o
N
F
M
A
M
J J
1969
A
s
o
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A
M
J J
1970
A
s
o
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DIJ
F
M
A
M
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1971
A
s
o
N
D
FIGURE 4. - Central Atlantic Residool Fuel Oil Imports by Sulfur Levels.
-------
100
90
80
/0 -
./0-0 \ 0/
0, , ./
0-0 / 0-0 /0
0/\ '0
/ 0-'
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30
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J F M A M J J A SON DIJ F M AM J J AS 0 N DIJ F M AM J J AS 0 N DI J F M A M J J AS 0 N D
1968 1969 1970 1971
FIGURE 5.- Central Atlantic states, Percent of Low-Sulfur Imports.
-------
o
-
Scale. "Illes
~
p 17 ;Of)oD",.ocJOo..t9°
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--------
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FIGURE 6.- East Coast Divisions.
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~ 8
Distillate fuel oil imports were 31.7 million barrels for the
2-year period January 1970 through December 1971.
Normally, standards
specify less than 0.3 percent sulfur in distillate fuel oils lighter
than No.4 oil; therefore, sulfur content data for these imports were
not collected.
The Central Atlantic area received 16.4 million barrels,
52 percent of the total, while the New England States received most of
the remaining imports of distillate fuel oil.
Sources of Heavy Fuel Oil Imports
During the period January 1, 1968 through December 30, 1971,
imports of No.4 and residual fuel oils into the United States were
received from some 30 foreign countries.
Of the total 1.92 billion
ba~re1s imported, more than 80 percent came from the Caribbean area
and Venezuela.
The remainder was imported from European countries,
plus small amounts from Canada, Mexico, and countries in Africa and
the Middle East.
On an individual basis (fig. 7), Venezuela was the
main source for imported heavy fuel oil accounting for 38.0 percent
of the total, followed by Netherlands West Indies (23.3 percent),
Trinidad (11.7 percent), and Virgin Islands .(8.5 percent).
Of the total imports of No.4 and residual fuel oils during this
4-year period, 653.3 million barrels contained 1.0 percent or less
sulfur.
The amount of low-sulfur residual fuel oil supplied by each
country was not proportionate to its total amount of residual fuel
oil exported to the United States.
Italy, which was the source for
-------
210
200
tEl I ClJo and under
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180
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1968
>
....
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E
c
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ID
1971
YEAR
FIGURE 7.- Imports of No.4 and Residual Fuel Oils by Selected Countries of Origin.
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9
only 5.1 percent of the total imports of residual fuel, supplied 14.7
percent of the total low-sulfur fuel oil imported into the United States.
Other major suppliers (table 2) of low-sulfur residual fuel oil were the
Virgin Islands (20.4 percent), Venezuela (17.1 percent), and Netherlands
West Indies (12.4 percent).
Since the enactment of restrictions on the use of high-sulfur fuel
oils by some States and local municipalities, the portion of all heavy
fuel oil imports containing 1.0 percent or less sulfur increased during
the 4 years beginning January 1, 1968.
Most of this increase came from
the Caribbean area where additional desu1furization capacity was added.
In 1968 the Caribbean area supplied only 29.2 percent of low-sulfur
heavy fuel oils; in the first 6 months of 1971, this area supplied
84.6 percent.
Heavy fuel oils are manufactured products from crude oil; therefore,
designation of the origin of fuel oils is not necessarily indicative of
the origin of the crude oil from which the fuel oils were made.
In this
report, fuel oil source refers only to the country from which the fuel
oil came and no attempt has been made to determine crude oil sources.
To fully understand the U.S. dependence upon foreign imports, it will
be necessary to determine the source of crude oil from which the imports
were manufactured.
For example, during the 4-year period, about 15
percent of the low-sulfur heavy fuel oil came from Italy.
The crude oil
from which the fuel oil was manufactured, however, came from both domestic
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10
TABLE 2. - Imports of No.4 and residual fuel oils by
selected countries of origin, 1968 to 1971
Sulfur content
1. 0 percent and under Over 1.0 percent Total
Quantity Quantity Quantity
Country '1. 000 bb1s) Percent (1,000 bb1s) Percent (1. 000 bb1s) Percent
1968:
Venezuela........ 760 1.4 146,935 46.2 147,695 39.5
NoW.I.oeo.....eoe 4,859 8.7 91,741 28.9 96,600 25.8
Trinidad......... 1,584 2.8 49,511 15.6 51,095 13.7
Virgin Islands... 9,142 16.3 9,515 3.0 18,657 5.0
Italy............ 17,336 30.9 479 0.2 17,815 4.8
Others....oe..... 22,350 39.9 19,612 6.1 41,962 11.2
To ta 1. . 0 . . 0 . . 0 . 56,031 100.0 317,793 100.0 373,824 100.0
1969:
Venezuela........ 5,647 5.7 163,930 48.0 169,577 38.5
N.W.l............ 15,289 15.5 92,892 27.2 108,181 24.6
Trinidad......... 6,965 7.1 51,921 15.2 58,886 13.4
Virgin Islands... 13,748 14.0 10,894 3.2 24,642 5.6
Italy............ 24,616 25.0 537 0.2 25,153 5.7
Others. . . . . . . . . . 0 32,250 32.7 21,209 6.2 53,459 12.2
Total. . . . . . . . .. 98,515 100.0 341,383 100.0 439,898 100.0
1970:
Venezuela........ 34,666 17.2 173,440 51.0 208,106 38.4
Nt)t~.I........oo.o 26,717 13.2 101,004 29.7 127,721 23.5
Trinidad......... 23,524 11.6 34,943 10.3 58,467 10.8
Virgin Islands... 41,327 20.4 11,549 3.4 52,876 9.8
Italy. . . . . . . . . . 0 . 28,314 14.0 183 0.1 28,497 5.3
Bahamas...oo...oo 10,557 5.2 280 0.1 10,837 2.0
Others..o........ 37,153 18.4 18,448 5.4 55,601 10.2
Total. . . . . . 0 . .. 202,258 100.0 339,847 100.0 542,105 100.0
1971:
Venezuela........ 70,413 23.8 130,423 49.5 200,836 35.9
N.W.I........oe.o 33,903 11.4 75,425 28.6 109,328 19.5
Trinidad......... 26,244 8.9 23,868 9.0 50,112 8.9
Virgin Islands... 69,135 23.3 8,076 3.1 77 ,211 1308
Italy............ 26,128 8.8 707 0.3 26,835 4.8
Bahamas.......... 42,492 14.3 5,101 '1.9 47,593 8.5
Others..... 0... CI. 28,209 9.5 20,031 7.6 48,241 806
Total.oa..o.... 296,524 100.0 263,631 100.0 560,156 10000
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11
production, about 3 percent, and imports, 97 percent.
Approximately
98 percent of the crude oil was produced in areas subject to embargo,
blockade, or other curtailment during times of national emergency.
In other
words, 98 percent of Italy's crude 011 imports came from Eastern Europe,
Africa, and the Near and Middle East.
Another problem associated with heavy fuel oil imports involves
desulfurization plants.
The fuel oil desulfurized at a given plant
may be derived from local refineries or it may come as an import from
another country.
In a national emergency, part or all of this fuel
oil could be withheld from the United States depending upon the country
from which the fuel oil originated before reaching the desulfurization
plant.
No attempt was made to determine the origin of the fuel oil
prior to desulfurization.
Venezuela supplies the largest quantities of heavy fuel oil imported
by the United States (table 3).
During 1971, for example, Venezuela was
the source of 54 percent of the distillate, 38 percent of the No.4 fuel
oil, and 36 percent of the residual fuel oil imports.
Eight countries
listed in table 3 supplied over 90 percent of the distillate, No.4, and
residual fuel oil imports in 1970 and 1971.
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12
TABLE 3. - Origin of U.S. imports
(1,000 barrels)
Distillate No.4 fuel oil Residual fuel oil
Country 1970 1971 1970 1971 1970 1971
Venezuela......... 6,444 9,422 13,699 9,336 194,407 191,499
Virgin Islands.... 3,991 5,322 479 - 52,397 77 ,210
Canada.....o..oo.. 1,181 258 468 212 5,420 12,395
N.t-1.I. 0 0 0.0000000 e 1,333 463 5,259 6,976 122,462 102,351
Trinidad.......... - - 3,839 3,984 54,628 46,128
Netherlands....... 121 - 253 - 15,575 6,667
ItalY........o..o8 - 415 1,Od2 1,390 27,495 25,446
Bahamasoo........o 233 742 - 175 10,837 47,419
Total........ 13,303 16,622 24,999 22,073 483,221 509,115
Other countries... 1,205 942 1,402 2,308 32,483 26,660
Grand total....... 14,508 17,564 26,401 24,381 515,704 535,775
Percentage........ 91. 7% 94.6% 95.7% 90.5% 93.7% 95.0%
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13
Ports of Entry
Imports of heavy fuel oils arrive in the United States at ports
having facilities for unloading oil from tankers and capable of storing
the oils until distributed to various dealers.
There are approximately
60 such ports in the United States, and in 1971 an average of 1.6 million
barrels per day of heavy fuel oil entered through these ports.
In 4 recent years, 1968 through 1971, the East Coast received virtually
all of the 1.92 billion barrels of heavy fuel oil imports, and 57 percent
of it entered through ports in the Central Atlantic States (fig. 6).
Other
ports receiving heavy fuel oils are tabulated in tables 4 (distillate),
5 (No.4), and 6 (residual).
Sulfur content of fuel oils is also cate-
gorized in tables 5 and 6.
The principal port of entry is New York City,
which in 1971 received about 26 percent of the Nation's residual fuel oil,
58 percent of the No.4 fuel oil, and 35 percent of the distillate.
In general, fuel oil is consumed in the vicinity of the port at
which it enters the United States.
Accordingly, very little additional
cost is attributable to transportation from the port of entry to the
point of consumption.
The price of heavy fuel oil has increased largely
in response to rising deamand and to the increased crude oil prices
imposed by foreign nations.
-------
TABLE 4.
- Imports of distillate by port of entry
(1,000 barrels)
14
Port of Entry
1971
Bridgeport...............
New Havenooo..OG.........
Gro t on., 0 0 . 0 eo. 0 0 .
8.................
CtO................
........
Port Everglades..
eoo" 80 ..0.........08....8.
Miami" 0 . 0 . . . . . . . c . . . . . 0 . 0 . 0 0 0 . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . .
Jacksonville.....
Portland, Maine..
00...8000. ... 00 ...........
00........80..........
Belfastooooooooooo...oooo
Baltimore. 0.0.00.. .. . .
......
......
Sa 1 em. I) 0 . 0 0 0 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Boston.ooo......
Port Huron............
Portsmouth,
Par t smou th , Va 0 0 . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
J er s ey C i t Yo. . . 0 . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Perth Amboy. CI.. 0....0...0..............0...
Albanyo...ooo... ..... .........
Brooklyn.ooooo.e .............
New York City........
Port Jefferson.............................
Wilmington, N.C......
Philadelphia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
N e"lpor to. 0 . 0 . . . 0 0 . . . . . II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Providence 0 0 0 . 0 0 . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chariestono . ,. ct 4) 0 ,. ,. . . 0 . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vancouver..o.o 0.....0.....
Por t smou th. . . . 0 CI . . 0 . 0 . . . . . CI CI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mo bile 0 CI 0 0 0 . 0 . . CI 0 . . 0 . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . .
Newington. o. 0 . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . .
Buckspot 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
...... ........... ......
........
N.H. 0 0..0.....0................
......
..................
Grand total. G . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 . . . 0 . . . . . . . . .
1970
671
48
103
37
10
154
159
562
461
2,449
1,181
229
78
693
484
4,799
93
636
209
782
238
91
169
60
112
14,508
52
1,847
320
86
83
167
155
775
371
1,637
258
360
3
1,167
222
11
6,142
817
258
772
1,139
330
501
91
17,564
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TABLE 5-IMPORTS OF NUMBER 4 FUEL OIL BY PORT OF ENTRY AND SULFUR LEVEL IN 1970
(1000 BARRELS)
~o30 .31-.50 . 51-1 0 00 1.01-2000 OVER 2.00 TOTAL
BRIDGEPORT 00 o. O. 179. 2480 .427.
NEW HAVEN 00 O. O. 1058. O. 1058.
WILMINGTON, DEL. O. O. 20. O. o. 20.
?ORT EVERGLADES o. 0.. 100. o. o. 100.
JACKSONVILLE' o. o. 254,. O. o. 254.
SAVANNAH. O. O. o. 53. 236. 289.
BAL-TIM{)RE o. o. 262. 158. 719. 1139.
NE.fJ BEDFORD O. o. O. O. ll~. 118.
BOSTON O. o. 160. 33. O. 193.
PORTS~OUTH, N.H. O. o. 53. o. -0. 53.
NEWARK o. 51. 691. 66,. O. 815.
JERSEY CITY o. 0.. 187. O. o. 187'.
PERTH AMBOY o. o. 74,. O. O. 74:.
AL8ANY' 39. 206. o. 238. 165. 64.8.
BUFFALO o. O. o. 32. O. 32.
NE~ YORK CITY 423. 1704. 7352. 2444. 6529. 18451.
MA5SENA Oc> o. o. 17. O. 17.
CHESTER o. o. O. o. 250. 250.
PHILADELPHIA 27. 20,1. 1142. 35. 158. 1563.
PROVIDENCE o. 12. 316. O. O. 329.
NORFOLK O. O. O. O. 382. 382.
GRAND TOTAL 490. 2175. 10617. 4314,. 8806. 26401.
t-'
V1
-------
TABLE 5-IMPORTS OF NUMBER 4 FUEL OIL BY PORT OF ENTRY AND SULFUR LEVEL IN 1911
0000 BARRELS)
$.30 .31-.50 .51-1.00 1001-2000 OVER 2.00 TOTAL
BRIDGEPORT 0" o. 94. 158. 00 252.
NEW HAVEN 0" o. 3200 606. o. 926.
WILMINGTON, DEL. 0" 0" 128" 0" o. 128.
PORT £VERGLADES 00 o. 146. o. o. 146.
JACKSONVILLE 00 o. 1320 o. o. 132.
SAVANNAH 00 o. o. 130 189" 802.
PORTLAND, MAINE 550 o. 00 o. o. 55.
BALTIMORE 560 00 466.. o. o. 522"
NEW BEDFORD o. 150. 415. o. o. 565.
BOSTON 129. o. 731. o. o. 860.
GLOUCESTER CITY 107. 114. 251. o. o. 479.
NEWARK 267. 212. 86. o. o. 565.
PAULSBORO 4380 o. o. o. o. 438.
JERSEY CITY 840 o. 374. o. o. 458.
PERTH AMBOY 00 138.. 390 00 0.. 177.
ALBANY 133. 140. 900 411. o. 181.
BRONX 80 161. 1010 o. 00 269.
BUFFALO 00 o. 00 63. 0.. 63.
BROOKLYN 00 o. 324. o. 00 324.
NE-W YORK CITY 3915" 4023. 5008. 1001. 67. 14074.
MOREHEAD CITY o. o. 0" o. 200 20.
CHE-STER 00 o. o. o. 245. 245.
PHILADELPHIA 4100 5570 569. 2. o. 1537.
PROVIDENCE o. o. 155. o. o. 155.
NORFOLK o. O. o. 409. O. 409.
GRAND TOTAL 15663. 5494. 9433. 2670. 11210 24381.
I-'
'"
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TABLE 6-IMPORTS OF RESIDUAL FUEL OIL BY PORT OF ENTRY AND SULfUR LEVEL IN 1968
«1000 BARRELS)
S.30 .31-050 .51-1.00 1001-2000 OVER 2000 TOTAL
SAN OI£GO 00 o. o. 5. o. 5.
BRIDG£PORT -00 00 00 1343. 2324. 3667.
NEW ttA VEN 00 0<0> o. 1399. 126270 14025.
r,ROTON O~ 00 110. 17260 1861. 3691.
WILMINGTON~ DELo 00 00 013 44. 212. 256..
PORT CANAVERAL 00 00 0.. 801. 00 8070
PORT EVERGLADES 0.. o. 6010 200 7163. 7184.
MIAMI O. o. o. o. 846~ 8460
JACKSONVILLE 00 00 0.. 37910 61870 9918.
~ORT STo JOE O. O. O. 4790 o. 479.
rAMP-A 00 O. 00 1471. 82340 9705~
KEY WEST o. o. 00 13. 50 17.
WEST PALM BEACH o. -0. O. o. 35080 3508.
510 PETERSBURG 00 00 o. 0. 5225. 5225.
SAVANNAH 00 OCt 0" 369. 26010 2970.
HONOLULU 00 .00 00 -0. 7420 742.
PORTLAND9 MAINE '00 o. 00 18190 47930 6672.
i4JISCASSET 0" .00 00 4450 3120 157.
BANGOR 00 0., O. 119.. .7110 8310
SEARSPORT 00 O. o. 904. 48780 5182.
PINEY POINT 00 O. O. 4160. O. 4160.
BALTIMORE 276. 849.. 14080 6192. 10571. 19296.
NEW BEDFORD 00 0.. 00 1482. 37210 5203.
SALEM O. 0" o. 10980 20520 3149.
BOSTON O. 0.. 619" 10814.. 26215. 37168.
DETROIT 24. 0" o. 21. (). 45.
P.oRTSMOUTH, N.H. 0.. O. 00 1281. 24040 3691.
NEfiARK o. 0.. 60. 838. 561. 1459.
PAULSBORO o. o. 131. 1847. 1229. 3201.
JERS£Y CITY 0" ().. 217" 1338. 318. 1872.
PERTH AMBOY 1390 4617. 9355. 5277. 5537. 24984.
AU3ANY o. o. 00 1816. 4608. 6424.
N,IA6ARA FALLS o. o. o. 161. o. 167.
RENSSELAER o. o. o. 35. 118. 1~3.
NEW YORK CITY 276. 8344. 26064. 40062. 47831. 122571.
1-'
-------
TABLE 6 (CONTINUED)
~.30 .31-.50 .51-1.00 1.01-2.00 OVER 2.00 TOTAL
MASSENA O. O. 00 28. 591. 619.
MOREHEAD CITY 00 O. 00 56. 250. 306.
WILMINGTON, NeC. O. 36. O. 178. 2744. 2957.
CtfESTER 142. .o. 00 259. 2.o06. 2407.
ERIE O. o. O. 19. o. 19.
PHILADELPHIA 246. 880. 1464. 18129. 9680. 30399.
NEWPORT o. .0. 00 242. 23. 265.
PROVIDENCE O. O. 24,. 2988. 64590 9471.
CHARLESTON O. O. O. 973. 4437. 54-10 .
GEORGETOWN O. 88. O. 48. 1739. 1875.
NO R-FOL K O. o. O. 1833. 6353. 8186.
GRAND TOTAL 1103. 14874. 40054. 116058. 201734. 3738Z4.
t-'
00
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TABLE 6-IMPORTS Of RESIDUAL fUEL OIL BY PORT Of ENTRY AND SULfUR LEVEL IN 1969
(1000 BARRELS)
~.30 .31-050 .51-1.00 1.01-2.00 OVER 2000 TOTAL
LOS ANGELES O. o. O. 8. O. 8.
BRIDGEPORT O. o. o. 583. 6681. 7264.
NE.w -HAVEN O. O. 00 766. 10232. 10998.
I}ROTON 0. .0. 201. 3333. 6719. 10253.
WILMINGTON, DEL. o. O. 108. 578. 1794. 2480.
PORT CANAVERAL O. O. 00 1042. O. 1042.
PORT EVERGLADES O. O. 160. 1005. 6026. 7191.
M I 'AM I O. o. O. 63. 490. 553.
J.ACKSONVILLE o. o. 25. 8762. 5888. 14675.
PORT ST. JOE o. O. ' o. 757. 2{)6. 963.
TAMPA O. O. o. 2103. 10116. 12219.
KEY \tEST 00 o. O. 46. 6. 52.
WEST PALM BEACH 00 o. O. O. 2841. 2841.
ST. PETERSBURG o. {). O. 125. 6170. 6294.
SAVANNAH O. O. 4,. 514,. 3393. 3911.
HONOLULU O. o. 00 o. 693. 693.
PORTLAND, MAINE O. o. O. 663. 4910. 5574,.
WISCASSET O. O. O. 373. 269. 642.
BANGOR O. O. o. o. 1102. 1102.
S£.ARSPORT O. O. o. 115. 57460 5861.
PINEY POINT o. O. 2566. 1752. O. 4318.
BALTIMORE o. 1. 3335. 7346. 115670 22249.
NEW BEDfORD O. o. 00 915. 5152. 6067.
SALEM O. 0.. 30. 1102. 1907. 3038.
BOSTON 23. o. 00 9330. 34476. 43828.
DETROIT o. o. 21. 72. 00 93.
PORTSMOUTH, N.H. o. o. o. 1370 3713. 3850.
GLOUCESTER CITY 00 o. o. 308. O. 308.
NE
-------
TABLE 6 (CONTINUED)
~.30 031-.50 .51-1.00 1.01-2.00 OVER 2.00 TOTAL
-
~IAG'ARA FALLS o. O. O. 207. o. 207.
RENSSELAER O. O. 00 O. 152. 152.
NE
-------
TABLE 6-1MPORTS OF RESIDUAL FUEL OIL BY PORT OF ENTRY AND SULFUR LEVEL IN 1970
~1000 BARRELS)
~.30 .31-.50 .51-1.00 1.01-2.00 OVER 2.00 TOTAL
MOBILf: 3. o. O. o. o. 3.
LOS ANGELES O. O. O. 33. O. 33.
SAN DIEGO o. o.. o. O. 1. 1.
~RIOGEPORT O. o. O. 1162. 90.0.70 10169.
NEW HAVEN O. O. O. 564. 15424. 1598B.
(JR-OTON o. o. 239. 3315. 7465. 11020.
WILMINGTON, DEL. O. o. ~. 284. 376. 660..
PORT CANAVERAL o. o.. o.. 1253. O. 1253.
PORT EVERGLADES O. O. 2055. 1760. 4561. 8375.
MIAMI O. O. O. o. 378. 378.
JACi
-------
TABLE 6 (CONTINUED)
~.30 .31-.50 .51--1.00 1.01-2.00 OVER 2.00 TOTAL
NOYES o. .(}. o. o. 6. 6.
RANIER 00 o. o. o. 2. 2.
PORTSMOUTH, N.H. O. 0-. 125. 115a. 3264. 4547.
GLOOCESTER CIT)' o. o. o. o. 204. 204.
NE1MRK 50-. 151. 336. 134. 50. 121.
PAULsaORO 68. o. 98. 38. 164. 36_9.
JE-RSEY CITY 149. 319. 1533. 229. 50. 2281.
PERTH AMBOY 69. 1155. 20216. 1127. 882. 29509.
ALBANY o. 85. 662. 3937. 4338. 9022.
BRONX o. o. 193. o. o. 19.3.
BUFFALO o. o. 105. 366. 359. 830.
BR-OOKL YN o. o. 1646. O. o. 1646.
NIAGARA fALLS O. o. .0. 28. o. 28.
NE'W8URGH o~ o. o. o. 319. 319.
O~EGO o. o. .0. o. 956. 956.
QUE£NS o. 124. o. o. o. 124.
RENSSELAER o. o. o. o. 192. 192.
NE~ YORK C'I TY 6033. 21015. 13314. 10837. 29591. 140915.
MA5SENA. o. o. o. 51. 618. 615.
MOREHEAD CITY o. -0. o. 11. 674. 15.1.
WILMINGTON, N.C. o. o. o. 84.. 5834. 5918.
CL£-vELAND o. 0-. 84. o. 65. 149.
PITTSBURGH o. o. o. o. 16. 16.
CHESTER o. .0. 1096. 54. 3120. 421:0.
ERIE' o. o. o. o. 19. 19.
PHILADELPHIA 41590 3463. 226810 9201. 11324.. 56841 .
NE'WPORT '0. o. 4.8. 305. 220. 512.
PROV IOENCE 51. o. 111. 3298. 1818. 11345.
CttARL£STON o. o. o. 819. 1556. 8315.
GEORG£TOWN o. -0. o. 86. 2493. 2519.
HOUSTON o. o. 00 o. 1. 1.
PORT ARTHUR o. o. o. o. 4.. 4.
NORfOLK o. o. 210 2256. 20101. 22984..
PORTSMOUTH, VA. o. o. o. 1005. 4155. 5160.
GRAND TOTAL 11324. 33331. 144321. 18940. 241188. .515704.
N
N
-------
TABLE 6-,IHPORTS Of RESIDUAL fUEL OIL BY PORT Of ENTRV AND SULfUR LEVEL, IN 1971
(1000 BARRELS)
~.30 .31-.50 .51--1.00 - 1.01-2.00 OVER 2.00 TOTAL
LOS ANGELES 00 O. O. 32. o. 32.
SAN DIEGO O. o. 9. 34. o. 34.
BRIDGEPORT O. 687. 590. 1513. 44560 7245.
NEW HAVEN 49. 136. 5413. 894,. 9048. 15600.
GROTON o. O. 4821. 1458. 3794. 10013.
WILMINGTON, DEL. O. 29. O. 315. 346. 690.
P{)RT CANAVERAL o. .0. O. 1311. {). 1317.
P.oRT EVERGLADES o. {). 66~3. 2310. 732. 9615.
MIAMI O. o. O. O. 235. 235.
JACKSONV-XLLE o. 214,. 5896. 2610. 8626. 17401.
PENSACOLA 0'. o. O. 8. .(). 8.
PORT ST. JOE '0. o. o. 858. 491. 1349.
J.AMPA o. O. 350. 6022. 11449. 23820.
BOCA GRANDE '0. O. O. 2822. O. 2822.
PORT MANATEE o. O. O. O. 116. 116.
KEY W£ST o. 0.. o. 21. o. 21.
WEST PALM BEACH o. o. 1362. 1321. 879. 3568.
SAVANNAH o. ,0.. O. 391. 5204. 5601.
HONOUJLtI o. o. o. 246. 416. 663.
CHICAGO o. 0-. 3145. O. o. 3145.
PORTLAND, MAI,NE O. O. O. 2080. 8805. 10885.
BUCKSPORT o. 0,. o. 200. 148. 948.
WISC'ASSET o. 0,. o. 8. 98. 106.
BANGOR .. o. 0-. 00 203. 396. 599.
SE~RSPORT 0'. o. o. 210. 4222. 4432.
SPARROWS POINT o. .0. 1.1. 7. o. 124.
PlNEY POINT 39'. o. 7011. 5561. 10,26. 13644.
BALTIMORE 56. 259. 20413. 1114. 2539. 2438.1 .
SANOWI CH o. 171. 1803. 1510. 1789. 5338.
NE.w B£DfORD o. o. 2188. 1159. 4419. 8366.
SAl:E'M o. 31. 829. 1227. 1398. 3484.
E.V£RE'TT o. O. 145. 71. 831. 1652.
NORTH WEYMOUTH 00 o. 2710 O. o. 217.
BOSTON 275. 2810. 12240. 7133. 11215. 33672.
DETROIT o. o. o. 62. 733. 795.
N
\.-)
-------
TABLE 6 (CONTINUED)
S'.30 .31-.50 .51-1.00 1.01-2.00 OVER 2.00 TOTAL
NOV-ES o. o. o. o. 1. 1.
RANTER O. o. o. 0.. 5. 5.
PORT"SMOUTH, N.H. '0. o. 110. 3493. 2151. 6360.
GLOUCESTER C.I TV 151. 181. 2894. o. o. 3238.
NE1tARK 483. 140. o. 91. 243. 951.
p-AUt:SaORO 293. 111. o. o. 196. 126.0.
JERSEY CITY 250. 1552. 890. 215. 318. 3344.
PERTH AMBOY 5100. 18308. 2239. 1573. 602. 21822-.
AL&ANY o. 404. 241. .4476. 9315. 14502.
BRONX 429. o. 1058. 60. 202. 1149.
BUFfALO o. o. o. 525. O. 525.
BROOKLYN 682. 292. 3652. 144. 813. 5644.
NIAGARA fALLS' o. o. o. 25. 8-9. 115.
NEWBURGH o. (). o. 87. 11-4. 201.
OSWEGO o. -0-. o. o. 981. 981.
QUEENS O. 299. 216. 67. -0. 582.
NE-W YORK CITY' 21111. 311-6{). 52005. 141"8. 23761". l-4152r.
TAPPAN o. 86. o. O. o. 86.
MASSENA O. (). o. 58. 566. 62.4.
PORT JEffERSON o. o. 307. o. o. 307.
MOREHEAD CITY O. o. p. 51. .416. 533.
WILMINGTON. N.C'. o. G. o. 2293. 4602. 6895.
PITTS8URGH o. o. o. o. 200. 200.
CHESlER o. 0.. 813. o. 1911. 2191.
PHILAO-ELPHIA 3671. 131>11. 26434.. 4621. 4890. 52640.
NEWPORT -0. 0.. 246. 564,. 991. 1801.
PR-oVIOENCE o. 50. 1522. 3004. 2842.. 1411.
.CHARLESTON o. o. o. 1693. 5101. 6800.
GEORGETOWN o. O. 15. - .486. 2228. 2729.
NORfOLK O. o. O. 2372. 25291. 21664.
PORTSMOUTH, VA. o. O. o. 424. 3901. 4325.
S£.A T TL'E o. o. o. 21. o. 21.
GRAND TOTAL 38661. 10661. 166606. 11225. 182615. 535715.
N
~
-------
25
According to the National Coal Policy Conference, Inc., imported
residual fuel oil provides about 40 percent of all industrial energy
for the East Coast as well as about 35 percent of all electric power
capacity.
Since 1966, when controls on finished product imports were
lifted, industrial plants and electric utilities have switched from
domestic coal to imported fuel oil at a tremendous rate.
Originally,
price was the prime reason for the change, but since late 1969 legis-
lative requirements for low-sulfur fossil fuels have forced additional
conversions from coal to oil.
SULFUR CONTENT OF HEAVY FUEL OILS
Currently, the principal objection to heavy fuel oils as a
combustible energy source is the sulfur content, which forms pollutant
sulfur compounds when burned.
An attempt has been made to estimate
the quantity of elemental sulfur contained in the imported heavy fuel
oils.
An estimated 5.2 million tons of elemental sulfur was in the
1,916 million barrels of heavy fuel oil imported between January 1, 1968
and December 31, 1971.
The quantity of low-sulfur (less than 1 percent)
heavy fuel oils imported has been increasing each year.
In 1971 the
estimated total sulfur was 1.3 million tons compared with 1.4 million
tons in 1970; this sulfur reduction occurred during the same period
that imports of heavy fuel oil increased by 28 million barrels.
-------
26
If sulfur is objectional in heavy fuel oils, then the problem
becomes total sulfur and not barrels imported.
When reviewed in this
context, table 7 clearly defines the problem areas.
For example, in
1968 there was a total of 62,559 tons of sulfur contained in 56 million
barrels of heavy fuel oil (the three low-sulfur categories), and in 1970
these same categories contained 214,596 tons in 189 million barrels.
While the imports of low-sulfur oils increased dramatically, the greater
than 1 percent categories increased fairly constantly until 1971 when
imports of residual fuel oil containing over 2 percent sulfur was reduced
by 26 percent.
To reduce the total tons of sulfur in heavy fuel oils
while increasing the imports of fuel oi18 will require continued reduction
of the fuel oils that contain more than 2 percent sulfur.
The key to the
problem, of course, is determined by the availability of low-sulfur heavy
fuel oils.
Even with accelerated construction of foreign and domestic
desu1furization plants, the supply of low-sulfur heavy fuel oils remains
critical.
The 51 million barrels of No.4 fuel oil imported during the 2-year
period, January 1970 through December 1971, contained an estimated 79,525
tons of sulfur (table 8).
Of this quantity, 50,547 tons (64 percent) was
in the upper two categories.
There was a drastic reduction of No.4 fuel
oil containing over 2 percent sulfur in 1971.
In fact, only 43 percent
of the sulfur was in the greater than 1 percent categories in 1971.
-------
27
TABLE 7. - Estimated quantity of sulfur in imported residual fuel oil
(tons)
Sulfur. percent
Year ~.30 .31-.50 .51-1. 00 1. 01-2.00 > 2 . 00 Total
11 476 10,263 51,820
1965-- .' ~ . . . . . . . .. 300,300 782,980 1,145,839
1/ 992 6,377 112,520 270,453 919,309
196~ .......... 1,309,651
1970 .......... 4,883 22,998 186,715 204,257 961,727 1,380,581
1971. . . . . . . . . . .. 16,675 48,756 215,546 199,820 809,490 1,290,287
Grand totaL.. 23,026 .88,394 566,601 974,830 3,473,506 5,126,358
11 Includes No.4 fuel oil.
TABLE 8. - Estimated quantity of sulfur in imported No.4 fuel oil
(tons)
Sulfur. percent '
Year ~.30 .31-.50 .51-1. 00 1. 01-2.00 ') 2. 00 Total
1970............. 186 1,283 11,745 9,545 29,225 51,984
I
1971............. 2,088 3,241 10,435 5,907 5,870 27,541
Grand total.... 2,274 4,524 22,180 15,452 35,095 79,525
-------
28
Dealers supplying consumers from bulk terminal storage facilities
commonly blend heavy fuel oils to obtain a product of specified sulfur
content.
With more stringent control of sulfur content in heavy fuel
oils, a shortage of low-sulfur oils necessary for blending has developed.
This condition will spread as other areas restrict sulfur levels.
Again,
the need for low-sulfur fuel oil is apparent.
For example, to reduce the
sulfur in 1,000 barrels of residual fuel oil from 2 percent by weight
down to 1 percent, would require 2,000 barrels of oil containing 0.5
percent sulfur.
CONCLUSIONS
Imports of heavy fuel oils primarily into the East Coast have
increased dramatically since restrictions were lifted in 1966.
These
imports have caused a shift of energy requirements and a further
dependence upon foreign sources.
Fuel oil has replaced coal as a
source of energy in many electric power generation and industrial
plants.
Concurrently, domestic refinery manufacture of fuel oils
has declined.
Price was the main factor in increasing fuel oil
imports, but now pollution regulations governing sulfur content
100m as the prime reason for increasing fuel oil imports.
With
demand increasing for more low-sulfur fuel oil, availability becomes
the most important problem, even above price.
-------
.29
Venezuela is the main single source of imports of heavy fuel oil,
accounting for about 39 percent of the total each year.
The problem with
much of the Venezuelan fuel oil is the high percent of sulfur it contains.
Owing mainly to installation of desulfurization facilities, the proportion
of low-sulfur fuel oils to total imports from Venezuela has been increasing.
However, more desulfurization plants are urgently needed in Venezuela.
The countries of Venezuela, Netherlands West Indies, and Trinidad supply
more than 60 percent of the United States imports of heavy fuel oils; their
exports to us of low-sulfur oils have increased from 13 percent in 1968 to
42 percent in 1970.
In 1971 these three countries contributed 44 percent
of the low-sulfur fuel oils.
Import data by country of origin are shown
in Appendix A, including quantities by sulfur categories.
One important facet not determined in this study deals with the source
of the crude oil from which the foreign refineries manufactured their
products.
For example, although 23.1 percent of the United States heavy
fuel oil imports came from the Netherlands West Indies, no attempt has been
made to determine the origin of the crude oil from which the residual fuel
oils were manufactured.
Figure 8 graphically illustrates the flow pattern
from crude oil to fuel oil import, using the Netherlands West Indies (N.W.I.)
as the example:
-------
N.W.I. N. W. I.
crude Crude - N. W. I. Fuel - desu1furization Fuel - U.S. Port
oil oil - refinery oils - plants oils ., of Entry
production
I ,
Imported Imported
crude oil Crude heavy fuel
to N.W.I. oil oil
Heavy fuel oils
FIGURE 8. - Flow Pattern of Crude Oil to Imports.
-------
31
Building on this base, future studies utilizing information in the MERIT
System will provide further insight into the energy crisis.
Specifically,
the System should be used to provide data essential for proper analysis
of the growing energy needs.
-------
32
APPENDIX A.--Fue1 Oils by Country of Origin
-------
TABLE 9.
- Imports of distillate by country of origin
(1,000 barrels)
33
Country of Origin
1971
Canada. . .
Panama...
.. ....... ..................... ... ..... ...
. ... .......... ...... .... .....
........
Bahamas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.... ................. ......
British West Indies...............................
Netherlands West Indies..
.....................
North Am.erica....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Co 10mb 1a. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Venezuela. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
S au th Am.er ica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Italy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Netherlands............
..............
Spain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.......................
Europe.
.. .... ............. ....... ... ... ... ...
Japan.......
... ......... ...... ............... .....
Asia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Virgin Islands.................
...................
u.s.
Possessions.............................
Grand
to tal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17,564
1970
1,181
462
233
1,333
3,209
324
6,444
6,768
121
419
540
3,991
3,991
14,508
258
305
742
265
463
2,033
281
9,422
9 , 703
415
415
91
91
5,322
5,322
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TABLE 10-IMP{)RTS Of NUMBER 4 fUEL OIL BY COUNTRY Of ORIGIN AND SULfUR LEVEL IN 1970
(1000 BARRELS)
~.30 .31-.50 .51-1.00 1001-2.00 OVER 2.00 TOTAL
C-ANAOA O. O. 4190 49. 00 468.
TRINIDAD 66. 409. 2878. 388. 98. 3839.
*. W 0 I 0 1280 00 1793. 1311. 2027. 5259.
NORTH AMERICA 1940 4.09. 50890 1748. 2126. 9566.
VENEZUELA 35. 636. 4015. 2565. 6448. 13699.
SOUTH AMERICA 35. 6360 4015. 2565. 6448. 13699.
'lETHERLANDS O. o. 135. o. 118. 253.
SOVI£T UNION O. 97. (). O. O. 97.
ITALY 121. o. 768. O. 114,. 1002.
R.u++A N I A 13. 1034. 132. o. ~. 1178.
EUROPE 134. 1130. 1034.. O. 232. 2530.
4LGE-RIA 127. O. O. O. O. 127.
AfRICA 127. O. O. O. O. 127.
VIRGIN IS. O. O. 479. O. O. 479.
US POSSESSIONS O. O. 4790 O. O. 479.
GRAND TOTAL 490. 2175. 10617. 4314. 8806. 26401.
w
~
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TABLE 10-IMPORTS Of NUMBER 4 FUEL OIL BY COUNTRY OF ORIGIN AND, SULFUR LEVEL IN 1911
(H)OO BARRELS)
~ . 3"0 .31-'.50 .51-1.00 1.01-2.00 OVER 2.00 TOTAL
CANADA O. O. 149. 63. o. 212.
BAHAMAS O. 14{). 35. o. o. 115.
TRINIDAD 1668. 512. 1411. 213. O. 3983.
!\f.W. I. 1104. 161. 2198. 2031. 816. 6915.
NORTH AMERICA 3311. 813. 3853. 23'13. 876. 11346.
VENEZUELA 1132. 2525. 4610. 163. 245. 9336.
SOOTH AMERICA 1132. 2525. 4610. 163. 245. 9336.
[NUL-AND o. 150. O. o. o. 150.
SPAIN O. o. 210. o. o. 210.
ITALY 251. 555. 443. 134. O. 1390.
RUMANIA 131. 1224. 256.. o. o. 1611.
EUROPE 388. 1928. 910. 134. O. 336:1 .
TUNISIA 100. o. o. o. o. 100.
LIBYA O. 168. O. o. O. 168.
N lGERfA 1Z. o. o. o. o. 12.
AFRICA 1718 168. O. O. O. 339.
GRAND TOTAL 5663. 5494. 9433. 2610. 1121. 24381.
c..J
\.It
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TABLE II-H4PORTS OF RESIDUAL FUEL OIL BY COUNTRY OF ORIGIN AND SULFUR LEVEL IN 1968
0000 BARRELS)
~.30 .31-.50 .51-1.00 1.01--2.00 OVER 2.00 TOTAL
CANADA 24. O. O. 401. 1583. 2009.
"tEXICO o. o. 00 o. 4828. 4828.
PANAMA 00 O. O. o. 7. 7.
3AHAM-AS o. O. 126. o. O. 126.
BRlTISH W.I. o. ~. o. 1156. o. 1156.
TRINIDAD o. 346. 123.80 38242. 11268. 51095.
N.W.I. O. o. 4859. 15178. 16563. 96600.
NORTH AMERICA 24. 346. 6223. 54971. 94249. 155820.
:OLOMBIA o. o. 154. 3385. o. 3539.
VENEZUELA 580 o. 702. 49586. 97349. 147695.
ARGENTINA 228. 3534. 387. 445. O. 4595.
SOUTH AMERI CA 286. 3534.. 1243. 53416. 97349. 155829.
SWEDEN o. o. O. O. 82. 82.
:::N6LAND o. 122. 5994. 1482. 2171. 9770.
NETHERLANDS o. O. 3481. O. 1346. 4827.
BELGIUM o. o. 501. o. 1670. 2171.
FRANC£ O. ~. 1458. o. O. 1458.
W£5-r -GERMANY o. O. o. o. 89. 89.
SP
-------
TABLEll (CONTINUED)
~.30 031-.50 .51-1.00 1.01-2.00 OVER 2.,00 TOTAL
IVORY COAST '0. o. 2520 o. o. 252.
GAOON o. o. 00 103. o. 103.
AFRICA 00 106. 362. 103. 00 571.
VIRGIN IS. 432. 3411. 5299. 5526. 3988. 18657.
US POSSESSIONS 432. 3411. 5299. 5526. 3988. 18657.
GRAND TOTAL 1103. 14874. 40054.. 116058. 201734. 373824.
w
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TABLE II-IMPORTS Of RESIDUAL fUEL OIL BY COUNTRY Of ORIGIN AND SULfUR LEVEL IN 1969
(1000 BARRELS)
~.30 .31-..50 ..51-1.00 1..01-2.00 OVER 2.00 TOTAL
CANADA 00 o. 140. 11 04. 2228. 3472..
MEXICO 0.. O. 0.. o. 494-0. 4940.
HONDURAS O. O. 00 O. 450 45.
PANA-MA O. O. O. o. 347. 347.
BAHAM.AS 00 o. 191. o. o. 191.
BRITISH W.I. O. o. 0.. o. 381.. 381.
TRINIDAD 23. 70. 6872.. 31468. 20453. 58886.
N ..W . I. "0.. 135.. 15154.. 12749.. 8.0143. 108181.
NORTH AMERICA 23. 205. 22356.. 45322. 108538. 176443.
COLQMBIA O. O. O. 7372. 674. 8046.
VENEZUELA 00 59. 5588.. 45692. 118238. 169577.
ARGENTINA 1430 13.1. 110. o. O. 384.
SOUTH AMERICA 143. 19.1. 56970 53064. 118912. 178007.
ENGLAND o. 647. 5433.. O. 4790 6558.
NETHERLANDS 00 111. 9689.. 342.. 1007.. 11148.
BELGIUM. 122. 339. 2068.. 20. 640. 3189.
fRANCE o. 70. 2589. 122. 0.. 2781.
SOVIET UNION 481. o. 152. o. 0.. 633.
SPAIN 257. 2036. 34650 246.. 140. 6144.
ITALY 349. 2999. 21268. 538. O. 25153.
YUGOSLAVIA 656. 889. O. 109. O. 1654.
RUMANIA 157. 12D2. 286.. o. 420 1688.
EUROPE 2022.. 8292.. 44948.. 1378. 2308.. 58948.
SAUDI ARABIA O. o. 00 o. 505.. 505.
BAHRAIN O. 0.. O. O. 188.. 188.
ASIA 0.. O. o. O. 693. 693.
\,0)
00
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TABLE 11 (CONTINUED)
:5.30 .31-.50 .51-1.00 1.01-2.00 OVER 2.00 TOTAL
AL6£R"I A 114. o. 00 00 o. 114.
.I-VOR-Y COAST o. O. 6510 172. O. 823.
GABON O. O. 00 103. o. 103.
SOUTH AFRICA o. O. 126. o. o. 126.
AfRICA 114-. o. 771'. 275. o. 1165.
VIRGIN IS. o. 554,. 13194,. 4485. 6409. 24642.
US. POSSE5S~ONS- o. 554. 13194,. 4485. 6409. 24642.
GRANO TOTAL 2301. 9242. 86972. 104523. 236859. 439898.
W
\0
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TABLE II-IMPORTS Of RESIDUAL fUEL OIL BY COUNTRY Of ORIGIN AND SULfUR LEVEL IN 1970
0000 BARRELS)
~.30 .31-..50 .51-1.00 1001-2.00 OVER 2.00 TOTAL
CANADA 3730 O. 1332. 356. 3360. 5420.
MEXICO O. o. O. 108. 5372. 5480.
GUATEMALA O. O. O. O. 136. 136.
IiONOUR AS O. O. O. O. 30. 30.
PAN-AHA O. O. O. 36. 365. .400.
BAHAMAS 146-00 3028. 6069. O. 280. 10837.
BRITI'SH W. I. O. ..0. O. 137. O. 137.
TRINIDAD, O. 223. 19948. 18473. 15984. 54628.
N..w. i. .433. 686. 23617. 7543. 90124. 122462.
NORTH AMERICA 2265. 3938. 51025. 26652. 115650. 199530.
COLOMBIA o. o. O. 4382. 855. 5237.
V£-N£ZUELA 2041. 1058. 26881. 46110. 118317. 194407.
BRAZIL 907. O. O. o. O. 907.
ARGENTINA O. O. 155. O. o. 155.
SOUTH AMERI CA 2948. 1058. 27036. 50492. 119172. 200707.
E~LAND o. 184. 2932. 164. 316. 3596.
NETHERLANDS 2764. O. 11359. 437. 1014. 15575.
BEt.GIUM 14-1. o. 1 75.2. O. o. 1893.
FRANCE o. 109. 1229. O. o. 1338.
SOVIET UNION 408. 228. o. O. 204. 8~O.
SP1\IN o. 3692. 5052. O. O. 8744.
ITALY 2218. 10081. 15126. o. 70. 274~5.
RUMANIA 332. 884. 158. o. 49. 1423.
EUROPE 5863. 15178. 37608. 601. 1653. 60904.
SAUDI ARABIA o. -0. O. O. 757. 757.
BAHRAI,,! O. o. o. O. '202. 202.
ASIA O. o. O. O. 959. 959.
~
o
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TABLE 11 (CONTINUED)
~.30 . 31-'c> 5-0 .51-1,,00 1,,01-2000 OVER 2.00 TOTAL
AL6ERIA 248. 124. 0" 00 0" 372.
IVORY COAST 00 00 209. o. o. 209.
N,IGERIA o. 628. o. o. 0", 628.
AFRICA 248. 751. 209. o. o. 1208.
V lRG IN IS. o. 12405. 28443. 1195. 10355. 52397.
US POSSESSIONS O. 12405. 28443. 1195. 10355. 52397.
GRAND TOTAL 11324,. 33331. 144321. 78940. 247788. 515704.
~
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TABLE 11-1.MPOOTS Of RESIDUAL fUEL OIL BY COUNTRY Of ORIGIN AND SULfUR LEVEL IN 1971
(1000 BARRELS)
~.30 .31-050 . 51-1 . 00 1.01-2.00 OVER 2.00 TOTAL
CANADA 243. 2293. 4354,. 671. 4831. 12392.
to4EXICO o. o. o. o. 1411. 1411.
PANAMA O. O. O. 24. 283. 307.
SAHAMAS 8621. 7513. 26179. 2263. 2838. .47414.
BRITISH W.I. o. O. 142. O. o. 142.
TRINIDAD 633. 1276. 20621. 15835. 7757. 46123.
N.W'. I. 4025. 2224. 23587. 13373. 59133. 102342.
NORTH AMERICA 13522. 13305. 74884. ,32166. 76253. '210130.
COLOMBIA o. o. o. 6182. 36. 6218.
VENEZUELA 6079. 9490. 45906. 37500. 92505. 19148.1.
BRAZIL 581. 180. 423. o. o. 1184.
ARGENTINA O. 12{). o. o. o. 120.
SOUTH AMERICA 6660. 9790. 46329. 43682. 92541. 199002.
NOR-W A Y 1). o. O. 201. 166. 366.
ENGLAND O. 1418. 1351. O. 422. 3190.
NETHERLANDS o. 1176. 1214.. 175. 4100. 6666.
BELGIUM 209. 855. 652. o. o. 1715.
f.RANCE 173. 131. 1105. o. 368. 1778.
SPAIN O. 4.76. 3139. O. 114. 3730.
ITALY 6156. 8195. 10519. 137. 436. 25443.
RUMANIA 00 243. O. o. O. 243.
EUROPE 6539. 12495. 17980. 512. 5607. 43132.
SAUD I ARABIA O. O. O. 29. 276. 305.
BAHRAIN O. O. O. 246. 306. 552.
INDONESIA 344. O. o. O. O. 344.
ASIA 344. o. o. 275. 582. 12,01.
~
N
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TABI-E11 (CONTINUED)
~.3'O 031-.50 .51-1000 1.01-2.00 OVER 2000 TOTAL
AL6ERIA 601. 126. 143. O. O. 870.
LIBYA 00 540. 913. O. 00 1453.
IVORY COAST 00 136. 00 O. o. 136.
NIGERIA 368. 1112. 913. O. O. 2392.
GABON 00 o. 111. o. o. 111.
AfRICA 969. 1914,. 2080. O. O. 4962.
VIRGIN IS. 10634. 33157. 25334,. 590. 7485. 77200.
GUAM O. O. O. O. 147. 147.
US, 'POSSESSIONS 10634. 33157. 25334,. 590. 7632. 77347.
GRAND. TOTAL 38667. 70661. 166606. 77225. 182615. 535775.
~
w
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