JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
OF •
ST. CLAIR - DETROIT RIVER AREAS
FOR
INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION
CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
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JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
OF ST. CLAIR-DETROIT RIVER AREAS
FOR INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION
CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES
Conducted by the
St. Clair-Detroit Air Pollution Board
and Cooperating Agencies
INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION
Ottawa
and
Wash.ington
January 1971
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The St. Clair-Detroit Air Pollution Board and its cooperating agencies are
responsible for the contents of this report. The Board expresses gratitude to
the Environmental Protection Agency for publication of the report.
Copies of this report may be obtained upon request, as supplies permit, from:
International Joint Commission
151 Slater Street
Ottawa 4, Ontario, Canada
or
International Joint Commission
1711 New York Avenue, N. W.
Washington, D. C. 20440, U. S. A.
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ST. CLAIR
MEMBERSH IP
- DETROIT AIR POLLUTION BOARD
Canada
United States
W. B. Drowley, Chairman
P. M. Bird
J. L. Sullivan, Secretary
J. C.
B. D.
D. R.
Oppenheimer, Chairman
Bloomfield
Goodwin, Secretary
The Board acknowledges the services of the following individuals who served
on the Board during part of the study:
T. H.
A. C.
R. E.
Patterson, Former Chairman, Canadian Section
Stern, Former Chairman, United States Section
Neligan, Former Secretary, United States Section
The Board also acknowledges the assistance given by the following individuals
who served on Advisory Committees:
COMMITTEE ON TRANSBOUNDARY FLOW OF AIR POLLUTION
E. W. Hewson, Chairman, Oregon State University (United States)
R. E. Munn, Department of Transport (Canada)
G. T. Csanady, University of Waterloo (Canada)
J. B. Harrington, Michigan State University (United States)
COMMITTEE ON SOURCES AND THEIR CONTROL
E. R. Balden, Chairman, Ch.rysler Corporation (United States)
R. M. Dillon, University of Western Ontario (Canada)
A. C. Elliqtt, Steel Company of Canada (Canada)
R. L. Broad, Rochester and Pittsburgh Company of Canada (Canada)
J. Hunter, Wyandotte Chemical Company (United States)
S. Ozker, Detroit Edison Company (United States)
COMMITTEE ON EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION
A. J. de Villiers, Chairman, Department of National Health andWel£are(Canada)
J. Isbister, Michigan Department of Public Health (United States)
A. J. Vorwald, Wayne State University (United States)
D. Irish, Dow Chemical Company (United States)
D. O. Anderson, University of British Columbia (Canada)
R. B. Sutherland, Ontario Department of Health (Canada)
S. Linzon, Ontario Department of Energy and Resources Management (Canada)
The Board also acknowledges the services of the following individuals who
pel's onally contributed to the study:
D. D. Tyler, Public Health Service (United States)
L. Shenfeld, Department of Energy and Resources Management (Canada)
1ii
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T ABLE OF CONTENTS
Section
LIST OF FIGURES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LIST OF TABLES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SUMMAR Y: INVESTIGATIONS, RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS, AND
RECOMMENDA TIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
INVESTIGA TIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , .
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Detroit - Windsor Area. . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sulfur Dioxide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Particulates, . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Port Huron - Sarnia Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sulfur Dioxide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Particulates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Odors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . 0 . . 0 .
Air Quality Standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
RECOMMENDATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1. INTR OD UC TION. . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1 PREVIOUS STUDIES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . .
1. 2 DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.1 Topography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . .
1.2.2 Demography. . . . . . . . . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1. 2. 2. 1 United States - Michigan. . , . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.2.2 Canada - Ontario. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.3 Meteorology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.3.1 Winds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
L 2.3.2 Atmospheric Stability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1. 2. 3, 3 Other Meteorological Factors. . . . . . . . . . . .
L 3 AIR QUALITY SURVEY DESIGN. . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . .
1,3. 1 Design Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
L 3. 2 Emissions Inventory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
L 3. 3 Meteorological Observations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
L 3. 4 Special Studies on Effects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
L 3. 5 Summary of Project Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
L 4 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. AIR QUALITY OF THE PORT HURON - SARNIA AND DETROIT -
WINDSOR AREAS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1 SUSPENDED PAR TICULATES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. 1. 1 Air Quality Criteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . .
2. 1.2 Measured Air Quality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. L 2. 1 High-Volume Samplers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. 1.2.2 Suspended Particulates - Soiling Index. . . . . . .
2. 1.2.3 Suspended Metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.2.4 Benzo(a)pyrene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. 1. 2. 5 Fluorides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 DUSTFALL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2. 1 Air Quality Criteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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xiv
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1-1
1-2
1-3
1-4
1-4
1-4
1-5
1-5
1-5
1-8
1-13
1-15
1-15
1-16
1-16
1-17
1-17
1-28
2-1
2-1
2-4
2-5
2-5
2-10
2-11
2-18
2-18
2-26
2-27
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3.
2.2.2 Measured Dustfall. . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , , . . , . ,
2,2.2,1 Port Huron - Sarnia Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.2.2 Detroit - Windsor Area. . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3 SULFUR DIOXIDE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.1 Air Quality Criteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.2 Measured Air Quality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.2.1 Sulfur Dioxide Measurements. . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.2.2 Sulfation Rate Measurements. . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,4 HYDROGEN SULFIDE. . . . . . . . . , . . . , , . . . . . . . . .
2.4. I Port Huron - Sarnia Area. . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4.2 Detroit - Windsor Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . .
2.5 CARBON MONOXIDE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5.1 Air Quality Criteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5.2 Measured Carbon Monoxide. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6 HYDROCARBONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6.1 Air Quality Criteria. . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . .
2.6.2 Measured Hydrocarbons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6.2.1 PortHuron-SarniaArea ...........
2.6.2.2 Detroit - Windsor Area. . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.7 OXIDANTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . , . . . . .
2.7.1 Air Quality Criteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.7.2 Measured Oxidants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. 7. 2. 1 Port Huron - Sarnia Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.7.2.2 Detroit-Windsor............ ....
2.8 NITROGEN OXIDES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.8.1 Air Quality Criteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.8.2 Nitrogen Oxide Measurements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2, 8. 2. 1 Port Huron - Sarnia Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.8.2.2 Detroit - Windsor Area. . . . . . . . . .
2.9 ODORS. . . . , . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . .
2.9. 1 Air Quality Criteria. . . , . . . . . . . . . . .
2. 9, 2 Od or Surve y . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. 9.2.1 Port Huron - Marysville Sector. . . . . . . .
2. 9.2.2 Marine City Sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.10 EFFECTS ON MA TERIALS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.10.1 Metal Corrosion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.10.2 Color Fading of Dyed Fabrics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.10.3 Silver Tarnishing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , .
2. 1G. 4 Nylon Deterioration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. 10. 5 Rubber Deterioration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. 10. 6 Su:mma~y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . .
2. 11 EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.11. 1 Selective Vegetation Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.11.1.1 Methodology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. 11. 1. 2 Res u1 ts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. 11. 2 Su:mma ry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. 12 VISIBILITY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . .
2.13 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 2 . . . . . . . . .
EMISSIONS INVENTOR Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. 1 PROCEDURE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 RESULTS OF EMISSIONS SURVEY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2. 1 Port Huron - Sarnia Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
vi
2-24
2-24
2-26
2-27
2-27
2-29
2-29
2-30
2-35
2-36
2-38
2-38
2-39
2-39
2-40
2-41
2-41
2-41
2-41
2-43
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2-44
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2-47
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2-52
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2-55
2-55
2-57
2-62
2-63
2-65
3-1
3-1
3-2
3-2
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4.
3.2.2 Detroit - Windsor Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3-2
3.3 FUEL COMBUSTION AT STATIONARY SOURCES. . . . . . . . .. 3-8
3.4 FUEL COMBUSTION IN MOBILE SOURCES. . . . . . . . . . . .. 3-9
3.5 REFUSE DISPOSAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10
3.6 PROCESS AND SOLVENT LOSSES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10
3.7 POINT SOURCES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-18
3.8 EMISSION CHANGES BETWEEN 1967 AND 1971 . . . . . . . . . . 3-18
TRANSBOUNDARY FLOW OF AIR POLLUTANTS. . . . . . . . . . . .. 4-1
4. 1 POLLUTION ROSES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4-1
4. 2 DISPERSION MODEL ESTIMA TES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4-4
4.2. 1 Application of Dispersion Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4-4
4.2.2 Estimates of Pollutant Concentrations Due to Transboundary
6.
Flow. . . . . . . . . . CI . . . 0 . . 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . 4-16
4.3 TRANSBOUNDAR Y FLUX MEASUREMENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . 4-22
4.4 CASE STUDIES OF MEASURED HIGH POLLUTANT
CONCENTRATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-24
4.4.1 Case No.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-27
4.4.2 Case No.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-28
4.4.3 Case No.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-30
4.4.4 Case No.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-31
4.5 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-58
CONTROL AGENCY ACTIVITIES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5-1
5. 1 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5-1
5.2 ONTARIO AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAM. . . . . . . .. 5-2
5.2.1 Air Pollution Control Act of 1967. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5-2
5.2.2 Administration of the Act. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5-2
5.2.3 Control Requirements. .................... 5-3
5.2.4 Air Quality and Meteorological Monitoring. . . . . . . . .. 5-5
5.3 MICHIGAN AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAM. . . . . . . .. 5-5
5.3.1 Legal Basis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5-5
5.3.2 Organization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5-6
5.3.3 Activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5-6
5.3.3.1 Plant Visits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5-6
5.3.3.2 Investigation of Complaints. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5-8
5.3.3.3 Cooperative Work Efforts with Local Air Pollution
Control Agencies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5-8
5.3.3.4 Source Sampling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5-8
5.3.3.5 Community Air Pollution Studies. . . . . . . . . .. 5-8
5.3.3.6 Emission Inventories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5-8
5.3.3.7 Permit System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5-9
5.3.3.8 Tax Exemption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5-9
5.3.3.9 Mobile Air-Sampling Network. . . . . . . . . . . .. 5-9
5.3.3.10 Basic Air-Sampling Network. . . . . . . . . . . .. 5-9
5. 3. 4 Objectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5 - 9
5.3.4.1 Short-Range Objectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5-9
5.3.4.2 Long-Range Objectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10
5.4 WAYNE COUNTY AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAM. . . . . 5-11
5.4.1 Legal Basis ..........................5-11
5.4.2 Organization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-11
CONTROL TECHNOLOGY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6-1
6. 1 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6-1
6.2 POWER PLANTS (UTILITIES) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6-1
5.
vii
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7.
6.2.1 Particulate Emissions and Controls. . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2.2 Sulfur Dioxide Emissions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2.3 Control of Sulfur Dioxide Emissions. . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2.3. 1 Low-Sulfur Coal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2.3.2 Flue-Gas Desulfurization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.3 INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL FUEL CONSUMPTION. . . . .
6.3. 1 Boiler Controls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.3.2 Sulfur Dioxide Emissions from Industrial and
Com.m.ercial Boilers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.4 RESIDENTIAL FUEL CONSUMPTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.5 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. 5. 1 Ste el Mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.5.1.1 Principal Sources of Emissions. . . . . . . . . . . .
6.5.1.2 Area Steel Mill Emissions and Controls. . . . . . .
6. 5. 2 Cement Plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. 5. 3 Lime Plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.5.4 Fertilizer Plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.5.5 Grain Handling and Processing Companies. . . . . . . . .
6.5.6 Sugar Companies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.5.7 Petroleum. Refineries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. 5. 8 Chemical Plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. 5. 8. 1 Sulfuric Acid Plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.5.8.2 Other Chemical Processes. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.5.9 Grey-Iron Foundries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.6 SOLVENT EVAPORATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.7 AUTOMOBILES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.8 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TOTAL COST OF REMEDIAL MEASURES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.1 PARTICLE CONTROL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.1.1 Detroit - Windsor Area. .' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7. 1. 2 Port Hur on - Sarnia Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2 SULFUR DIOXIDE CONTROL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2. 1 Detroit - Windsor Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2.2 Port Huron - Sarnia Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7. 3 COSTS OF C ONTR OL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.3.1 Industrial Boilers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.3.1.1 Fuel Substitution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7. 3. 1. 2 Fuel Switching. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.3.2 Power Plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . .
7.3.2.1 Fuel Substitution: Coal to Low-Sulfur Fuel. . . . .
7.3.2.2 Fuel Switching. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.3.2.3 Flue-Gas Scrubbing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.3.3 Industrial Processes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.3.3.1 Particulate Emissions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.3.3.2 Sulfur Dioxide Emissions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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6-3
6-4
6-4
6-6
6-7
6-7
6-8
6-11
6-11
6-12
6-12
6-13
6-13
6-15
6-15
6-16
6-16
6-16
6-18
6-18
6-19
6-20
6-20
6-23
6-24
7 -1
7-1
7-1
7-2
7-4
7-6
7-6
7-6
7-10
7-11
7-11
7-13
7-14
7-14
7-16
7 -18
7-18
7-25
7-27
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Figure
1-1
1-2
1--3
1-4
1-5
1-6
2-1
2-2
2-3
2-4
2-5
2-6
2-7
2-8
2-9
2-10
2-11
2-12
2-13
2-14
LIST OF FIGURES
Geography of the Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor
Border Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Percent Frequency of Wind Directions for Survey and Long-Term
Periods at Detroit City Airport. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Percent Frequency of Wind Directions for Survey and Long-Term
Periods at Sarnia Tower. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wind Roses Showing Frequency of Wind Directions for Day (0700
to 1800 hrs) and Night (1900 to 0600 hrs) at Sarnia Tower
(20-ft level), December 1967 Through November 1968. . . . . .
Roses of Hourly Wind Direction Frequencies for Meteorological
Network Stations, December 1967 Through November 1968 . . .
Locations of International Joint Commission Sampling Stations. .
Annual Average Suspended-Particulate Concentrations in Port
Huron - Sarnia Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Annual Average Particulate Concentrations in Port Huron -
Sarnia Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Annual Average Particulate Concentrations in Detroit - Windsor
Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Annual Geometric Mean Soiling Index in Detroit - Windsor Area. .
Annual Geometric Mean Soiling Index in Detroit - Windsor Area. .
Dustfall (tons /mi2 -mo) for December 1967 Through November
1 968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
Geographic Distribution of Average Dustfall, tons /mi -mo. . . .
Pattern of Sulfation Rates During February 1969 in Port Huron -
Sarnia Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Annual Average Sulfation Rates in Detroit - Windsor Area.
Shelter Locations for Vegetation Study. . . . .
. . . .
. . . .
Hourly Average Concentration of S02 and 03 for June 5, 1968,
in Sarnia, Ontario, Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hourly Average Concentration of S02 and 03 for July 8, 1968,
in Sarnia, Ontario, Canada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hourly Average Concentration of S02 and 03 for July 12, 1968,
in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hourly Average Concentration of S02 and 03 for July 13, 1968,
in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . 0 .
ix
Page
1-2
1-7
1-8
1-9
1-10
1-20
2-7
2-10
2-11
2-17
2-18
2-26
2-29
2-34
2-36
2-56
2-59
2-59
2-60
2-60
-------
Figure
2 -15
3-1
3-2
4-1
4-2
4-3
4-4
4-5
4-6
4-7
4-8
4-9
4-10
4-11
4-12
4-13
page
Visibility Roses Showing Percent Frequency of Wind Direction
with Occurrence of Smoke and Haze (relative humidity ~ 70%)
Restricting Visibility to <5 miles at Indicated Airports,
December 1967 Through November 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-65
Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor Source Areas for
Emission Inventories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 0 . .
3-3
Point Source Locations in Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit -
Windsor Areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hourly Wind Roses for 24-hr Periods with Suspended Particulate
Concentrations in Excess of Indicated Values and Average Wind
Speed >3 mph, Detroit River Vicinity, December 1967 Through
November 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 3-19
. -4-3
Soiling Index Pollution Roses Showing Percent of Values for Each
Wind Direction Exceeding 1. 5 Coh/l, 000 Lineal Feet During
Period Indicated for Detroit River Vicinity. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sulfur Dioxide Pollution Roses Showing Percent of Concentrations
for Each Wind Direction Exceeding 0.10 ppm for Periods
Indicated in Detroit River Vicinity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-4
4-5
Hourly Wind Roses for 24-hr Periods With Suspended Particulate
Concentrations in Excess of Indicated Values and Average Wind
Speed >3 mph, St. Clair River Vicinity, December 1967 Through
November 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Soiling Index Pollution Roses Showing Percent of Values for Each
Wind Direction Exceeding 1. 5 Cohll, 000 Lineal Feet During
Period Indicated for St. Clair River Vicinity. . . . . . . . . . . .
4-6
4-7
Sulfur Dioxide Pollution Roses Showing Percent of Concentrations
for Each Wind Direction Exceeding 0.10 ppm for Periods
Indicated in St. Clair River Vicinity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-8
Observed Versus Estimated Particulate Concentrations for
Detroit - Winds or Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11
Spatial Distribution of Observed Particulate Concentrations (f.1g/m 3)
f or Detroit - Winds or Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12
Spatial Distribution of Estimated Particulate Concentrations (f.1g/m 3)
for Detroit - Windsor Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13
Observed Versus Estimated S02 Concentrations for Detroit -
Windsor Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 4-15
Spatial Distribution of Measured SO Concentrations (ppm) for
Detroit - Windsor Area. . . . . ~
. . . . . . . . Q . 0 . 0 .
. . . 4-16
Spatial Distribution of Estimated S02 Concentrations (ppm) for
Detroit - Winds or Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-17
Observed Versus Estimated Particulate Concentrations for Port
Huron - Sarnia Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 4-19
x
-------
Figure
4-14
4-15
4-16
4-17
4-18
4-19
4-20
4-21
4-22
4-23
4-24
4-25
4-26
4-27
4-28
4-29
4-30
4-31
4-32
4-33
Page
Spatial Distribution of Measured Particulate Concentrations
(fJ.g/m3) for Port Huron - Sarnia Area. . . . . . . . . . .
4-20
Spatial Distribution of Estimated Particulate Concentrations
(fJ.g/m3) for Port Huron - Sarnia Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-21
Spatial Distribution of Measured S02 Concentrations (ppm) for
Port Huron - Sarnia Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 4-22
Spatial Distribution of Estimated S02 Concentrations (ppm) for
Port Huron - Sarnia Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 4-23
Observed Versus Estimated S02 Concentrations for Port Huron -
Sarnia Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-24
Estimated Contribution of U. S. Sources to Annual Average
Concentrations of S02 (ppm) in Winds or Area. . . . . .
. . . .
4-26
Estimated Contribution of U. S. Point Sources to Annual Average
Concentrations of S02 (ppm) in the Windsor Area. . . . . . . . 4-27
Estimated Contribution of U. S. Area Sources to Annual Average
Concentrations of S02 (ppm) in Windsor Area. . . . . . . . . . 4-28
Estimated Contribution of Canadian Sources to Annual Average
Concentrations of S02 (ppm) in Detroit Area. . . . . . . . . . . 4-29
Estimated Contribution of Canadian Point Sources to Annual
Average Concentrations of S02 (ppm) in Detroit Area. . . . . . 4-30
Estimated Contribution of Canadian Area Sources to Annual
Average Concentrations of S02 (ppm) in Detroit Area. .
Estimated Contribution of U. S. Sources to Annual Average
Concentrations of Particles (fJ.g/m3) in Windsor Area. .
. . . . 4-31
o . 0 0
4-32
Estimated Contribution of U. S. Point Sources to Annual Average
Concentrations of Particles (fJ.g /m3) in Winds or Area. . . . . . 4-33
Estimated Contribution of U. S. Area Sources to Annual Average
Concentrations of Particles (fJ.g/m3) in Windsor Area. . . . . . 4-34
Estimated Contribution of Canadian Sources to Annual Average
Concentration of Particles (fJ.g/m3) in Detroit Area. . . . . . . 4-35
Estimated Contribution of Canadian Point Sources to Annual
Average Concentrations of Particles (fJ.g/m3) in Detroit
Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . .
. . . 4-36
Estimated Contribution of Canadian Area Sources to Annual
Average Concentrations of Particles (fJ.g/m3) in Detroit
Area. . . . . 0 . 0 . . . 0 . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . .
. . . . 4-37
Estimated Contribution of U. S. Sources to Annual Average
Concentration of S02 (ppm) in Sarnia Area. . . . . . . . . . . 4-38
Estimated Contribution of U. S. Point Sources to Annual Average
Concentrations of S02 (ppm) in Sarnia Area. . . . . . . . . . . 4-39
Estimated Contribution of U. S. Area Sources to Annual Average
Concentrations of S02 (ppm) in Sarnia Area. . . . . . . . . . . 4-40
xi
-------
Figure
4-34
4-35
4-36
4-37
4-38
4-39
4-40
4-41
4-42
4-43
4-44
4-45
4-46
4-47
4-48
5-1
7-1
page
Estimated Contribution of Canadian Sources to Annual Average
Concentrations of S02 (ppm) in Port Huron Area. . . . . . .
Estimated Contribution of Canadian Point Sources to Annual
Average Concentrations of S02 (ppm) in Port Huron Area
Estimated Contribution of Canadian Area Sources to Annual
Average Concentrations of S02 (ppm) in Port Huron Area
4-41
. .
. 4-42
. 4-43
Estimated Contribution of U. S. Sources to Annual Average
Concentrations of Particles (j-1g/m3) in Sarnia Area. . .
. 4-44
Estimated Contribution of U. S. Point Sources to Annual Average
Concentrations of Particles (j-1g/m3) in Sarnia Area. . . . . . . 4-45
Estimated Contribution of U. S. Area Sources to Annual Average
Concentrations of Particles (j-1g/m3) in Sarnia Area. . . . . . . 4-46
Estimated Contribution of Canadian Sources to Annual Average
Concentrations of Particles (j-1g/m3) in Port Huron Area. . . . . 4-47
Estimated Contribution of Canadian Point Sources to Annual
Average Concentrations of Particles (j-1g/m3) in Port Huron
Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . co . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 4-48
Estimated Contribution of Canadian Area Sources to Annual
Average Concentrations of Particles (j-1g/m3) in Port Huron
Area 0 . . . . . . . . . . 0 " 0 .
. . . . . 0 . . . 0 0
. 4-49
. . . . .
Aerial Sampling Along International Border, May 22-24, 1968. . . 4-50
Suspended-Particulate Aerial Sampling Traverses at Various
Levels (Case No.1 - May 22, 1968) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-51
Sulfur Dioxide Aerial Sampling Traverses at Various Levels
(Case No.1 - May 22, 1968). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 4-52
Suspended-Particulate Aerial Sampling Traverses at Various
Levels (Case No.2 - May 24, 1968). . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 4-53
Sulfur Dioxide Aerial Sampling Traverses at Various Levels
(Case No.2 - May 24, 1968). . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 4-54
Method of Computing Mass Transport; Schematic Cross-Section
Example for Detroit River. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Organization of Michigan's Air Pollution Control Agency.
Particulate Emission Regulations (Regulation A) . . . . .
. 4-55
5-8
. . . . .
7-2
. . . . .
xii
-------
Table
1-1
1-2
1-3
1-4
1-5
1-6
1-7
1-8
1-9
1-10
2-1
2-2
2-3
2-4
2-5
2-6
2-7
2-8
2-9
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Frequency of Wind Direction and Annual Average Wind Speed for
Survey and Longer-Term Climatological Periods. . . . . . . . .
1-7
Frequency of Occurrence of Inversions at Detroit Airport Tower
by Time of Day and Seasons, January Through December 1959
and March 1962 Through February 1963 . , , . . . . . . . . . , . 1-12
Frequency of Occurrence of Inversions at Sarnia Tower by Time
of Day and Seasons for Indicated Periods. . . . , . . . . . . . . , 1-12
Persistence of Temperature Inversions at Sarnia Tower Between
20 and 200 Feet, December 1967 Through November 1968. . . . . 1-14
Percent of Possible Hours of Sunshine, Given by Month; Based
on 30-Year Record at Detroit City Airport and 31-Year Record
at Chatham, Ontario, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1-14
1-15
Climatological Average; Degree-Days Given by Month. .
Normal Amounts of Precipitation. , . . , . . , . . . ,
. . . . . .
. 1-15
Average Number of Days with Precipitation; Based on Period
1951 Through 1960. . . . . . . . . . , , , , . , . . . . . . .
. . . 1-16
Comparison of Annual Meteorological Parameters for the Survey
Period and Climatological Data for Detroit City Airport, . . . . . 1-16
Legend of Sampling Operations at Locations Given in Figure 1-6 . . 1-22
Ontario Air Quality Standards.
2-2
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Average Concentrations of Metallic-Compound Particulates in the
United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-3
Cumulative Percent Frequency of Occurrence of Average Daily
Suspended-Particulate Concentrations, Port Huron - Sarnia Area
Percentage of Suspended-Particulate Samples that Exceeded
Specific Concentrations in Port Huron - Sarnia Area. . . .
2-6
2-8
Percentage of Suspended-Particulate Samples Within Selected
Concentration Ranges in Port Huron - Sarnia Area~ . . . , .
2-9
Cumulative Percent Frequency of Occurrence of Average Daily
Suspended-Particulate Concentrations, Detroit - Windsor Area. . 2-12
Percentage of Suspended-Particulate Samples that Exceeded
Specific Concentrations in Detroit - Windsor Area. . . . . . , . . 2-13
Percentage of Suspended-Particulate Samples Within Selected
Concentration Ranges, Detroit - Windsor Area. . . . . . . . . . 2-14
Seasonal Variations in Suspended-Particulate Concentrations,
December 1967 Through November 1968, Detroit - Windsor Area 2-15
x;;;
-------
Table
2-10
2-11
2-12
2-13
2-14
2-15
2-16
2-17
2-18
2-19
2-20
2-21
2-22
2-23
2-24
2-25
2-26
2-27
2-28
2-29
page
Cumulative Percent Frequency of Occurrence of 2-Hour Soiling-
Index Values, Port Huron - Sarnia Area. . . . . . . . . . . .
2-17
. .
Metal Concentrations at Selected Stations in Port Huron - Sarnia
and Detroit - Windsor Areas, April 1968. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-19
Metal Concentrations at Selected Stations Detroit - Windsor Area,
October 1968. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-21
Average Concentrations of Benzo(a)pyrene, Port Huron -
and Detroit - Windsor Areas, December 1967 Through
November 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sarnia
. . . . .
. 2-22
Cumulative Percent Frequency of Occurrence of Average Fluoride
Concentrations, 4-Hour Samples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Seasonal Variations in Fluoride Concentrations, 4-Ho"u.r Samples,
in Port Huron - Sarnia Area, 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 2-23
. 2-24
Seasonal Variations in Fluoride Concentrations, 4-Hour Samples,
in Detroit - Windsor Area, 1968 . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . 2-24
Occurrence of Monthly Dustfall Within Selected Ranges in Port
Huron - Sarnia Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 2-25
Dustfall in Detroit - Windsor Area
. . . .
. . 2-27
. . . .
o . . . .
Occurrence of Monthly Dustfall Within Selected Ranges in Detroit-
Windsor Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-28
Cumulative Percent Frequency of Occurrence of Hourly Sulfur
Dioxide Concentrations in Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit -
Windsor Areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 2-31
Cumulative Percent Frequency of Occurrence of Daily Sulfur
Dioxide Concentrations in Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit -
Windsor Areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sulfation in Port Huron - Sarnia Area. . . . . . . . . . .
. 2-32
. 2-33
. . . . ..
Sulfation in Detroit - Winds or Area. . . .
. . . .
. . 2-35
.. . . . . . . .
Cumulative Percent Frequency of Occurrence of 2-Hour Average
Hydrogen Sulfide Concentrations in Port Huron - Sarnia Area. . . 2-37
Cumulative Percent Frequency of Occurrence of Daily Average
Hydrogen Sulfide Concentrations in Port Huron - Sarnia Area. . . 2-37
Seasonal Variations in Hydrogen Sulfide Concentrations, 2-Hour
Samples~ in Port Huron - Sarnia Area, December 1967 Through
November 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. 2-37
Cumulative Percent Frequency of Occurrence of 2-Hour Average
Hydrogen Sulfide Concentrations in Detroit - Windsor Area. 0 . . 2-38
Cumulative Perc.ent Frequency of Occurrence of Daily Average
Hydrogen Sulfide Concentrations in Detroit River Study Area. . . 2-38
Seasonal Variations in Hydrogen Sulfide Concentrations, 2-Hour
Samples, in Detroit - Windsor Area, December 1967 through
November 1968. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-39
xiv
-------
Table
2.30
2-31
2-32
2-33
2-34
2-35
2-36
2-37
2-38
2-39
2-40
2-41
2-42
2-43
2-44
2-45
2-46
2-47
2-48
2-49
Page
Cumulative Percent Frequency of Occurrence of Hourly Average
Carbon Monoxide Concentrations in Detroit - Winds or Area. . . 2 -40
Average Annual Concentrations of Carbon Monoxide in Several
Cities in the United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 2-40
Cumulative Percent Frequency of Occurrence of Hourly Average
Hydrocarbon Concentrations in Port Huron - Sarnia Area. . . . 2-41
Cumulative Percent Frequency of Occurrence of Daily Average
Hydrocarbon Concentrations in Port Huron - Sarnia Area. . . . 2-42
Seasonal Hydrocarbon Concentrations, I-Hour Samples in Port
Huron - Sarnia Area, December 1967 Through November 1968 . 2-42
Cumulative Percent Frequency of Occurrence of Hourly Average
Hydrocarbon Concentrations in Detroit - Windsor Area. . . . . 2-42
Cumulative Percent Frequency of Occurrence of Daily Average
Hydrocarbon Concentrations in Detroit River Study Area. . . . . 2-43
Cumulative Percent Frequency of Occurrence of Hourly Average
Total Oxidant Concentrations in Port Huron - Sarnia Area. . . . 2-44
Cumulative Percent Frequency of Occurrence of Daily Average
Total Oxidant Concentrations in Port Huron - Sarnia Area. . . . 2 -45
Cumulative Percent Frequency of Occurrence of Hourly Average
Total Oxidant Concentrations in Detroit - Windsor Area. . . . . 2-45
Cumulative Percent Frequency of Occurrence of Daily Average
Total Oxidant Concentrations in Detroit - Winds or Area. . . . . 2 -45
Cumulative Percent Frequency of Occurrence of Hourly Average
Nitrogen Oxides Concentrations in Port Huron - Sarnia Area. . 2 -46
Cumulative Percent Frequency of Occurrence of Daily Average
Nitrogen Oxides Concentrations in Port Huron - Sarnia Area. . 2 -47
Cumulative Percent Frequency of Occurrence of Hourly Average
Nitrogen Oxides Concentrations in Detroit - Windsor Area. . . . 2-47
Cumulative Percent Frequency of Occurrence of Daily Average
Nitrogen Oxides Concentrations in Detroit - Windsor Area. . . . 2 -47
Cumulative Frequency Distributions of Air Pollution Effects,
Interstate Surveillance Project Data, 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 -51
Corrosion Rates in Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor
Areas; Data for Five United States Cities Given for Comparison. 2-52
Fading of Dyed Fabrics in Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit -
Windsor Areas; Data for Five United States Cities Given for
Comparis on. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 2-53
Silver Tarnishing in Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor
Areas; Data for Five United States Cities Given for Comparison. 2-54
Nylon Damage in Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor Areas;
Data for Five United States Cities Given for Comparis on. . . . . 2 -54
xv
-------
Table
2-50
2-51
2-52
2-53
2-54
2-55
2-56
3-1
3-2
3-3
3-4
3-5
4-1
4-2
4-3
4-4
4-5
4-6
4-7
5-1
page
Rubber Deterioration in Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit -
Windsor Areas; Data for Five United States Cities Given for
Comparis on. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Damage to Plant Varieties During the 5 - Week Period, May 6
Through June 6, 1968. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . .
2-55
2-57
. . .
Damage to Plant Varieties During the 5- Week Period, June 7
Through July 17, 1968.......................2-58
Average Ozone and Sulfur Dioxide Concentrations and the
Damage that Developed on Tobacco Plants from May 6
Through July 17, 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. Q . . . .
2-61
Percentage Growth Suppression of Selective Vegetation.
. . . 2-62
Comparison of Exposed and Control Tobacco Plants Grown Between
May 6 and July 17, 1968......................2-62
Fluoride AccUll1ulation in Leaf Tissue of Gladioli Growing in the
Plant Shelters Between May 6 and July 17, 1968 . . . . . . . . . 2-63
Air Pollution Emissions by Counties in Detroit - Windsor and
Port Huron - Sarnia Areas, Based on 1967 Data. . . . . .
Relative Annual Emis sions from United States and Canadian
Sources in Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Winds or Areas,
1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3-4
3-8
Point Source Emis sions in Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit -
Windsor Areas, 1967 . 0 . . 0 . 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . . . . . . . .
Proposed Emission Changes to be Implemented Between 1967
and 1971. . . . . . 0 . 0 . . . 0 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 0 . 3-12
. . . 3-22
Projected Percentage Changes in Point Source Emissions, 1968
Through 1970 . . . . . . . . 0 . 0 . . . . . . . 0 .
. . 3-27
Stability Class Versus Temperature Lapse Rate and Wind Speed
at Sarnia Meteorological Tower. . 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Observed Average Particulate Concentrations Versus Model
Estimates for Detroit - Windsor Area. . . . . . . . . . .
4-9
. . . . 4-10
Observed Average S02 Concentrations Versus Model Estimates
for Detroit - Windsor Area. . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 4-14
Observed Average Particulate Concentrations Versus Model
Estimates for Port Huron - Sarnia Area. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 4-18
Observed Average S02 Concentrations Versus Model Estimates
for Port Huron - Sarnia Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-25
Flux of Pollutants Crossing International Boundary on May 22
and 24, 1968. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-56
NUll1ber of Occurrences for Indicated Wind Directions of Soiling
Indices Exceeding 2.0 Coh/ 1,000 Lineal Feet or S02 Concen-
trations Exceeding 30 ppm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-57
Standards for Emitted Contaminants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 5-4
xvi
-------
Table
5-2
6-1
6-2
6-3
6-4
6-5
6-6
6-7
6-8
6-9
6-10
6-11
6-12
6-13
6-14
6-15
6-16
6-17
6-18
6-19
7-1
7-2
7-3
7-4
7-5
7-6
7-7
7-8
7-9
7-10
Agency Operating Statistics. . . . . .
Power Plant Particulate Emissions.
. . . . 0
. . . .
. . 0 . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
Scheduled Power Plant Control Improvements.
. . . . . .
. . . .
Reduction in Power Plant Particulate Emission if all Collectors
are Upgraded to 99 Percent Efficiency. . . . . . . . . . .
Reduction in Power Plant Sulfur Dioxide Emissions Made by
Switching to I-Percent-Sulfur Coal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Industrial and Commercial Fuel Consurn.ption
. . . . . .
. . . . .
Particulate Emissions from Coal Firing by Industrial, Commer-
cial, and Governmental Installations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Residential Fuel Consumption. . . . . . .
Great Lakes Steel Particulate Emissions.
. . . 41 0
. . . .
McClouth Steel Particulate Emissions. . . . .
Ford Steel Particulate Emissions. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . . . . .
Emissions from Cement Manufacturing.
. . 0 .
. . . .
Emissions from CIL Fertilizer Plant. . . . . .
. . . .
. 0 . . . .
Sulfuric Acid Mist Emissions. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . .
Page
5-13
6-2
6-3
6-4
6-5
6-7
6-9
. . 6-11
6-13
. . 6-14
6-14
6-15
6-16
6-18
Sulfur Dioxide Emis s ions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 -19
Particulate Emissions from Champion Spark Plug Company. . . . 6-19
Emissions from Grey-Iron Foundries. . . . . . . . . .
Solvent Emissions from Surface Coating Operations
. . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
6-21
6-22
. . . 6-23
Solvent Emissions from Degreasing Operations in Canada
Solvent Emissions from Miscellaneous Operations in Canada. . . 6-23
Relative Contributions of Sources to Ground-Level Concentrations
of Particles and Sulfur Oxides in Detroit - Winds or Area. . . .
Relative Contributions of Sources to Ground-Level Concentrations
of Particles and Sulfur Oxides in Port Huron - Sarnia Area. . .
Ground-Level Concentrations of Particles and Sulfur Oxides in
the Detroit - Winds or Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ground-Level Concentrations of Particles and Sulfur Oxides in
the Port Huron - Sarnia Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Annual Costs of Control of Particles and Sulfur Dioxide.
. . . . .
Sources Excluded from Cost Estimates.
. . . 0
. . . . .
. 8 . . .
Fuel Costs for Detroit Study. . . . .
Cost of Fuel Substitution.
o . . . .
. . . .
o . . . . . .
. 0 . .
. . . .
Cost of Coal.
Cost of Oil. .
7-3
7-4
7,..5
7-7
7-8
7-9
. . 7-10
7-11
. . . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . 7-11
. . . . 7-12
. . . .
. . . . . 0
. . . .
. . . . . .
. . 0 0 .
. It . . . .
xvii
-------
Table
7 -11
7-12
7-13
7-14
7 -15
7-16
7-17
7-18
7-19
7-20
7 -21
7-22
Cost of Coal
Page
7-13
II II II II . II II II II II .
. II II 0 II
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
Cas t of Oil. . .
Cost of Coal
7-13
II II . II II . II
II II II II II II II II II II
II II II II " II II
II II II II
II II II II II II II II II II II II II
II II II II II II
7-14
II II II II II II II II II II II
Cost of Coal
Cost of Oil .
7-15
II II II II II
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
II II II II II II II II II
II II II II II II II II
II II II II
II II II II II 0 II II
7-15
II II II II II II II II II II
Cost of Coal
. . . 7-16
II II II II II II II II II II II
II II II II Q
II II II II II II II II II II II
Cost of Flyash and sulfur Dioxide Removal by TV A
Processes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 7-16
Assumptions Used for Control Cost Estimates. . .
. . 7-21
II II II II
Compatible Add-On Control Equipment for Removal of Particles. . 7-24
Estimation of Adjusted Gas Volumes for Determining Size of
Add-On Control Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 7-24
Annual Costs for Add-On Control Equipment.
. . . 7-25
. . 7-26
II II II II
II II II II II
Sulfur Dioxide Control Techniques. . . . . . .
II II II II II II
xviii
-------
SUMMARY: INVESTIGATIONS,
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS,
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Air pollution in the Detroit - Windsor area has been a cause of p-ublic
concern for many years. As a result of this concern, the City of Windsor in 1964
requested of the Government of Canada, through the Province of Ontario, that
action be taken to abate the flow of transboundary pollution emanating from the
industrial complex in Wayne County, Michigan.
The Governments of Canada and the U. S., in considering this matter,
decided to extend the geographical area of consideration because of complaints in
the Port Huron, Michigan, area of a transboundary flow of air pollution emanating
from the industrial complex in the Sarnia, Ontario, area.
Accordingly, the Governments referred this matter, in September 1966,
to the International Joint Commission for investigation of the following questions:
1.
Is the air in the vicinity of Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor
being polluted on either side of the international boundary by quantities
of contaminants that are detrimental to the public health, safety, or
general welfare of citizens or that are detrimental to property on the
other side of the international boundary?
If the first question or any part of it is answered in the affirmative,
what sources contribute to this pollution and to what extent?
If the Commission should find that any sources on either side of the
boundary in the vicinity of Port Huron Sarnia and Detroit Windsor
contribute to air pollution on the other side of the boundary to an extent
detrimental to the public health, safety, or general welfare of citizens
or detrimental to property, what preventative or remedial measures
would be most practical from economic, sanitary, and other points of
view? The Commission should give an indication of the probable total
cost of implementing the measures recommended.
2.
3.
INVESTIGATIONS
The Commission established in November 1966 the St. Clair - Detroit Air
Pollution Board to conduct on its behalf an investigation to answer the questions
referred to the Commission by-Canada and the U. S.
In conducting this study, the Board utilized the facilities and manpower of
the following participating agencies:
1.
National Air Pollution
Control Administration
U. S.
Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare
2.
Environmental Health
Directorate
Canada
Department of National
Health and W elfar e
x.ix
-------
3.
Air Management Branch
Ontario,
Canada
Department of Ener gy
and Resources
Management
4.
Division of Occupational
Health
Department of Public
Health
Michigan,
U. S.
5.
Air Pollution Control
Division
Department of Health
Wayne County,
Michigan, U. S.
Cooperation was obtained from municipalities in Ontario as well as from
municipal agencies in Michigan.
used:
During the 1968 study period the following work was undertaken:
1.
Air quality measurements were made on both sides of the international
boundary at approximately 80 locations. The following pollutants and
effects were sampled:
Particulate matter
Sulfur dioxide
Hydrocarbons
Fluorides
Carbon monoxide
Sulfation rates
Hydrogen sulfide
Nitrogen oxides
Oxidant s
2.
3.
In addition, samples of suspended particulates were analyzed quantita-
tively for 16 metals. Odorous pollutants were investigated in a special
survey. An aircraft was instrumented and flown along the boundary to
measure directly the flux of pollutants across the boundary.
Meteorological measurements were taken at 15 locations.
An inventory of atmospheric emissions was made of pollutants emanating
from all sources.
A study of the effects of air pollutants in the area on selected vegetation
and materials was conducted.
4.
For the preparation of this report, the following methods of evaluation were
1.
Production of pollution roses that show the frequency of wind directions
along with selected pollution levels at measuring stations, thus indicating
the frequency of the trans boundary flow of pollutants.
Case studies of the wind direction that accompanied the occurrence of
levels of pollution in excess of concentrations that cause adverse effects.
Use of a mathematical dispersion model to comput~ the average concen-
trations on the opposite side of the boundary that result from trans-
boundary flow.
Direct measurements of the trans boundary flux of pollution by measure-
ments taken on an instrumented aircraft.
2.
3.
4.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS.
Because of the mass of information collected, all the data have not been
analyzed; however, sufficient analysis has been performed to warrant the following
conclusions:
x.x.
-------
l.
A trans boundary flow of air pollutants does occur across both the St.
Clair and Detroit River international boundaries in the vicinities of Port
Huron - Sirnia and Detroit - Windsor, producing pollution levels that
are in excess of desirable air quality standards already established in
Ontario and about to be established in Michigan. Although many pollu-
tants were measured, particulates and SOx only were used in this eval-
uation because of their magnitude and obvious relationship to area and
point sources. It has been determined that SOx and particulate pollution
does exist and, in some regions of the study, pollution is being trans-
ported acros s the international boundary to an extent detrimental to the
other country. In the Detroit Windsor area, far more SOx and parti-
culate pollution is being transported from the U. S. into Canada than
from Canada into the U. S. In the Port Huron Sarnia area, trans-
boundary pollution was also verified; however, the contributions from the
respective countries were approximately equal.
In addition to pollution from trans boundary flow of air pollutants, certain
areas in both the U. S. and Canada are experiencing levels of air pollu-
tion in excess of their- air quality standards because of sources located
in their r~sJi>ective jurisdictions.
Transboundary and local pollution both exceed the level that is detrimental
to the health, safety, and general welfare of citizens, and to property on
the other side of the international boundary.
2.
3.
Detroit - Windsor Area
Sulfur Dioxide - The dispersion model estimates show that the combined contribu-
tions of U. S. point and area sources to the annual average S02 concentrations in
the Windsor, Ontario, area reached values as high as 0.04 ppm (Station 203),
well above the acceptable annual average value of 0.02 ppm set by the
Ontario standards. On the other hand, the combined contributions of Canadian
point and area sources to annual average S02 pollution concentrations in the
Detroit, Michigan, area were found to be insignificant except for some minor
effects in the vicinity of Belle Isle and Grosse Point, Michigan. In the Detroit -
Windsor area, there were 17 continuous S02 analyzers, 11 in Detroit, and 6 in
Windsor. All 17 stations reported annual average 802 concentrations equal to or
greater than 0.02 ppm. Three of the Detroit stations and two Windsor stations
reported annual averages equal to or greater than 0.03 ppm.
,
Particulates - The dispersion model estimates show that the combined contributions
of U. S. area and point sources to the annual average concentrations of particulates
in the Windsor area were very significant. U. S. sources contribute the equivalent
of at least the entire annual averaje particulate concentration loadings allowed'
under Ontario standards (60 j.Lg/m ) for a large portion of the Windsor area. For
some sections of the area, particulate pollution from the U. S. exceeds 140 j.Lg/m3.
An analysis of the particulate pollution roses for stations in Windsor shows
a relatively high frequency of occurrence of pollution associated with westerly
winds. This association tends to implicate as a source the heavily industrialized
U. S. area of Zug Island and the southern section of the city of Detroit.
A case study of Station 203 in Windsor showed that soiling indices exceeding
2. 0 Coh/l, 000 lineal feet occurred most frequent! y when the wind was from a
westerly direction.
xxj
-------
The dispersion model estimates show that Belle Isle and the mainland area
in the immediate vicinity of Detroit are affected by Canadian area and point sources
of particulates. The maximum contributions (20 p.g/m3) from Canada to the
Detroit area, however, averaged well below both the Ontario standards and the
proposed Michigan standards.
In the Detroit Windsor area, suspended particulates were measured at
34 locations. Thirty-three of the 34 locations reported annual means in excess of
60 p.g/m3. Ten stations in Windsor and 13 in Detroit reported annual means in
excess of 80 J.Lg/m3. Eight stations each in Detroit and Windsor reported annual
means in excess of 100 J.Lg/m3.
Port Huron - Sarnia Area
Sulfur Dioxide - The dispersion model estimates indicate that for part of the Cana-
dian area opposite and south of St. Clair, Michigan, S02 from U. S. sources equaled
or exceeded the concentration limits set by the Ontario standards (0.02 ppm annual
average). Outside this affected area, U. S. sources contributed approximately half
of the maximum concentration allowed by the Ontario standards.
A case study of Station 156 south of Sarnia showed hourly average concen-
trations of S02 exceeding 0.30 ppm most frequently when the winds were from the
south-southwest. The likely source of such pollution is a thermal electric power
plant on the U. S. side of the boundary.
Canadian point and area sources were calculated as producing average annual
S02 concentrations in the extreme eastern portion of the city of Port Huron that
equal or closely approach the Ontario standards for residential or rural areas.
Elsewhere in the U. S. portion of the area, Canadian contributions to S02 pollution
were insignificant.
In the Port Huron - Sarnia area, S02 was measured continuously at 12 loca-
tions. All 12 locations reported annual averages equal to or greater than 0.02
ppm. One station each in Port Huron and Sarnia reported annual averages equal
to or greater than 0.03 ppm.
Particulates - Dispersion model estimates for the industrial area south of Sarnia,
Ontario, indicate that U. S. point and area sources contributed on an annual average
basis more than 35 .jJ.g 1m3 of suspended particulates, or more than one -half of the
total concentrations allowed under the Ontario standard. In general,. throughout
the region north of Sombra, Ontario, and within about 6 miles of the 81. Clair
River, U. S. sources contributed particulate pollution amounting to approximately
one-third of the total concentration allowed under the Ontario standards.
The southeastern portion of Port Huron, Michigan, was calculated as
receiving from Canadian point and area sources, on an annual average basis,
one -third of the partic ulate concentrations allowed under the proposed Michigan
standards.
The particulate pollution roses for stations in Port Huron - Sarnia SUggest
a trans boundary flow from sources in the petroleum-related industrial complex
south of Sarnia and from thermal electric power plants south of Port HUron.
xx;;
-------
A case study of Station 310 in Port Huron showed 2-hour average concen-
trations of soiling index in excess of 2. 0 Coh/l, 000 lineal feet with wind from
the south-southeast. Winds from this direction would transport pollution from
Canadian sources south of Sarnia across the boundary to the station in Port Huron.
In the Port Huron - Sarnia area, suspended particulates were measured at
22 locations. All 11 stations near Sarnia and 7 of the 11 stations near Port Huron
reported annual averages in excess of 60 p.g/m3. Five stations in Sarnia and two
in Port Huron reported annual averages in excess of 80 p.g/m3. Three stations in
the Sarnia area reported annual averages in excess of 100 p.g/m3.
Odors - There is an odor problem in the Port Huron
lend itself to the quantitative analysis possible in the
nevertheless, it does deserve serious consideration.
Sarnia area that does not
case of S02 and particulates;
Odors from industrial operations in the Sarnia area have long been a source
of complaints by local residents who live along the bank of the portion of the St.
Clair River extending south from Port Huron and Sarnia to Marine City and Sombra.
The odors observed in the Port Huron - Sarnia area were considered to be a mix-
ture caused by petroleum refining and petroleum-related organic chemical manu-
facturing in Sarnia. The "dead fish" odor observed in the Marine City area
appears to originate at the Chinook Chemical Company south of Sombra, Ontario.
Odors which fall into the general category discussed above do not have the
effects upon health associated with SOx and particulates. They do have aesthetic
effects and can in fact cause a lack of personal well being; if continued over a long
period of time, they can indirectly produce ill health.
Air Quality Standards
In analyzing the data, the Board noted discrepancies between the established
Ontario and the proposed Michigan ambient air quality standards as follows:
Michigan (Proposed)
Ontario
SOx'
annual average
0.04 ppm
O. 02 ppm
Suspended
particulates,
annual geometric
mean
80 g/m3
60 g/m3
Although it is beyond the scope of this Board to resolve these discrepancies,
it should be noted that the standards set by Ontario and proposed by Michigan have
been used in the body of this report and in the summary to assess the air quality
of the respective jurisdictions.
In addition, Ontario has set standards for ten other pollutants for which no
comparable limits have yet been fixed in Michigan. Ontario figures, therefore,
were used as a guide for evaluating the other pollutants measured.
xxiii
-------
Although Michigan has not officially promulgated its standards, Michigan
officials have advised the National Air Pollution Control Administration that they
intend to adopt standards equal to or more stringent than those used in this report.
In this connection, it should be clearly noted that the U. S. National Air pollution
Control Administration has approved proposed air quality standards submitted to it
by a number of states in various federally-designated Air Quality Control Regions;
the approved standards are approximately equal tothe Ontario standards for S02
and particulates.
It is apparent, then, that the agencies charged with the control of air
pollution in the study area have the necessary power to achieve a decrease in air
pollution emissions, as evidenced by the reductions of particulate emissions that
have been accomplished during the period of study and since its completion.
COSTS
In order to ascertain the costs of implementing remedial measures for the
study area, it was necessary to utilize a mathematical model and approach the
problem on an area basis.
In general, the steps used to estimate the control costs were:
1.
2.
To categorize sources.
To identify particulate and sulfur dioxide control alternatives capable of
achieving the desired reductions in each category.
To estimate the annual cost associated with each alternative.
3.
The estimated total annual costs of controlling sulfur dioxide and particulates
for the Detroit-Winds or and Port Huron-Sarnia areas are as follows:
Estimated Least Annual Cost
Low High
Power plants $15,479,480 $15,479,480
Industrial boilers 45,585,503 45,588,503
Indus trial proces s es 4,007,595 5,139,573
Total $65,072,580 $66,204,573
The costs include annualized total costs, operating and maintenance costs,
overhead costs, and fuel price differentials.
RECOMMENDATIONS
1.
That the responsible control agencies in both countries accelerate their
abatement programs to bring all sources into compliance.
That the control agencies in both countries report semiannually to the
Commission their progress in achieving compliance.
That the control agencies in both countries report annually to the
Commission the ambient air quality existing in their jurisdictions.
2.
3.
xxiv
-------
4
That the Commission request the Governments of both countries and
their respective air pollution control agencies to establish uniform air
quality standards as soon as possible.
That the governments of the United States and Canada, together with the
State of Michigan and the Province of Ontario, cooperate to control trans-
boundary air pollution from existing sources and to prevent creation of
new sources of transboundary air pollution.
That with the issuance of the Commission's report, the Board be
terminated.
5.
6.
xxv
-------
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
OF ST. CLAIR-DETROIT RIVER AREAS
FOR INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION
CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES
1.
INTRODUCTION
Air pollution in the Port Huron Sarnia and Detroit Windsor areas has
caused public concern for many years and has been the subject of extensive
investigation by several organizations. An earlier study, of the Detroit
Windsor area only, was conducted by the International Joint Commission primarily
to assess the extent and effects of vessel smoke on both sides of the international
boundary and to make recommendations on remedial action.
The International Joint Commission initiated the investigation described in
the present report in response to a request by the Governments of the U. S.
and Canada that the Commission inquire into and report on the questions:
1.
Is the air in the vicinity of Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Winds or
being polluted on either side of the international boundary by quantities of
contaminants that are detrimental to the public health, safety, or general
welfare of citizens or that are detrimental to property on the other side
of the international boundary?
If the first question or any part of it is answered in the affirmative,
what sources contribute to this pollution and to what extent?
If the Commission should find that any sources on either side of the
boundary in the vicinity of Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit Windsor
contribute to air pollution on the other side of the boundary to an extent
detrimental to the public health, safety, or general welfare of citizens
or detrimental to property, what preventative or remedial measures
would be most practical from economic, sanitary, and other points of
view? The Commission should give an indication of the probable total
cost of implementing the measures recommended.
2.
3.
The geographic region of concern is shown in Figure 1-1.
1-1
-------
ST. CLAIR
OAKLAND
WAYNE
"..'f-.\"..
\J"'f."..
/"/"
""
"
"
/
/-
,
/
Figure 1-1. Geography of the Port Huron-Sarnia and Detroit-Windsor border area.
To provide the advisory support needed to answer these questions, the
Commission in November 1966 formed an Air Pollution Board and designated its
responsibilities. The Board was to undertake, through appropriate agencies in
Canada and the U. S., any investigations needed to answer the questions. Its
first task was to coordinate the resources of participating agencies on both
sides of the border, including the two Federal governments, the Province of
Ontario, the State of Michigan, and other city and county authorities.
In planning the survey, the Board conducted inspections, by air and on land,
of the border areas in question and attended public hearings arranged by the
International Joint Commission in Port Huron and Windsor in June 1967. To assist
the Board in designing and conducting the study, three advisory committees were
formed in June 1967: a transboundary flow committee composed of members with
special knowledge of local meteorology and the transport of pollutants; an effects
committee composed of members of the medical profession with special knowledge
of air pollutants; and an industrial emissions committee composed of engineering
representatives from industry and control organizations.
1.1 PREVIOUS STUDIES
The primary objectives established for the study were: to evaluate the
extent and effects of transboundary air pollution; to identify the sources on each
1-2
JO'INT A'IR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
side of the boundary; and to recommend methods and estimate costs of control.
The emphasis placed on the trans boundary aspects differentiates this study from
previous ones that were concerned mainly with problems within the respective
countries. The previous investigation of the Detroit Windsor area by the
International Joint Commission, a task referred to it by the two Governments on
January 12, 1948, was undertaken solely to assess the nature, extent, effects,
and control of pollution in Detroit and Windsor by vessels on the Detroit River.
The reportl on that study was submitted May 31, 1960. In that Commission
report, notwithstanding its primary concern with vessel smoke, the question of
transboundary pollution was discussed. It was pointed out that the factors affect-
ing the transboundary flow of pollutants included the location and course of the
Detroit River, wind patterns in the area, and the sites of major industrial sources,
including vessel traffic. Studies of wind patterns indicated that air pollutants
were blown from the U. S. into Canada more frequently than in the reverse
direction.
Measurements made in that study indicated a considerable flow of particu-
lates from sources in the River Rouge Zug Island area of the U. S. into
the Ojibway area of Canada. Observations of air movements across the boundary
showed that any substantial source of pollution on either side concerns both coun-
tries. In conclusion, the Commission also pointed out that industrial, domestic,
and transportation activities on land contributed much more to the overall pollu-
tion of the atmosphere than did vessels plying the river, and that transboundary
air flow was an important factor in that contribution. The Commission concluded,
however, that adequate legal and administrative authority existed for enforcing
the proper control of emissions from sources other than vessels.
Another study2 to assess the extent of transboundary pollution affecting the
Canadian side of the Detroit River opposite the industrial complex of River Rouge
Zug Island was made 'for the period September 20 to November 15, 1963, by the
Canadian Departments of Transport and National Health and Welfare, and the
Province of Ontario Department of Health. Total particulates and iron concentra-
tions were measured at seven sites in the Windsor area. Excessively high concen-
trations of suspended particulates were found on 49 percent of the days sampled.
The 24-hour average iron concentrations were of the same magnitude as the highest
found by the U. S. National Air Sampling Network. When the air quality data were
related to meteorological data, the highest pollution levels were found to occur
when the winds were blowing from the direction of the industrial sources on the
Detroit side of the river (Zug Island - Ecorse).
No reports were available that identified and qualified the transboundary air
pollution flow in the St. Clair River area. Measurements of the concentrations of
several pollutants and of meteorological variables have been made, however, on
both sides of the St. Clair River by the Province of Ontario and the State of Michi-
gan. In addition, an industrial group on the Canadian side has measured contami-
nant levels for many years.
1.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA
The industrial and demographic characteristic s of an area are clues to the
potential for air pollution. Whether the potential becomes reality is determined
in part by the topographical and meteorological characteristics peculiar to an
Introduction
1-3
-------
area. An outline of the Detroit Windsor and Port Huron Sarnia areas in terms
of topography, demography, and meteorology provides a setting for the discussion
of air pollution pro blems.
1. 2. 1
Topography
The area includes the industrialized sectors along the St. Clair and Detroit
Rivers. The rivers connect Lake Huron with Lake St. Clair, and Lake St. Clair
with Lake Erie. Lake Huron, with an average elevation of 580 feet above mean
sea level, drains southward through the St. Clair River to Lake St. Clair, which
has an average elevation of 574 feet. Lake St. Clair drains southwestward from
Peach Island to Zug Island and then southward to Lake Erie, which has an average
elevation of 572 feet.
The northern area is a flat plain which rises gradually from an elevation of
600 feet at the banks of the St. Clair River to 650 feet about}5 miles east and 10
miles west of the river. The shallow valley of the St. Clair River is narrowest
at its Lake Huron end in the vicinity of Port Huron - Sarnia.
The terrain in the vicinity of the Detroit River is nearly flat as w~ll. It
rises from 575 feet at the river to 625 feet southeast of Windsor. On the Michigan
side, H rises to 600 feet within a short distance of the river banks and increases
gradually to nearly 800 feet within 15 to 20 miles from the river.
The nearest hills are about 50 miles away in Michigan with an elevation of
about 1,500 feet at the highest point. There are no major terrain elevation differ-
ences that would affect the dispersion of pollutants within the areas under study.
1. 2. 2 Demography
The political subdivisions, shown in Figure 1-1, that are involved in the
study are Wayne, Oakland, Macomb, and St. Clair Counties in Michigan, and
Essex, Kent, and Lambton Counties in Ontario. The St. Clair River forms the
international boundary between St. Clair and Lambton Counties, with Port Huron
and Sarnia situated on opposite sides of the river. Essex County is a peninsula
bounded by Lake Erie on the south, Lake St. Clair on the north, and the curved
course of the Detroit River on the west and northwest. Kent County lies east
of both Lake St. Clair and Essex County. Wayne County borders on the entire
course of the Detroit River and also on a prnall part of Lake St. Clair. North
of Wayne County are Oakland and Macomb Counties, the latter bordering on
Lake St. Clair. Greater Detroit includes generally the northwest half of
Wayne County plus adjacent parts of Oakland and Macomb Counties. The city of
Windsor borders on the upstream arc of the Detroit River, and urban Detroit
spans almost three quadrants northeast, northwest, and southwest of Windsor.
1.2.2. 1 United States Michigan - Wayne, Oakland, and Macomb Counties,
considered the Detroit metropolitan area, have more than 4 million inhabitants
and over 4,700 manufacturing enterprises. Like other large metropolitan areas,
population growth during the past two decades was high but variable. Between
1-4
JOINT AIR POllUTION STUDY
-------
1950 and 1960, explosive suburban growth was accompanied by a slight decline in
the city's population.
Wayne County, with an area of 623 square miles, now has a population
exceeding 2. 75 million, with a projected population of nearly 4 million by the
year 2000. The county is highly industrialized, and accounts for 35 percent of
U. S. automobile manufacturing.
Oakland County has some 900 square miles, of which 28 percent is urban.
Bya recent calculation, 54 percent of the county's area will be urban by 1990.
The population is now approximately 800,000 and is expected to double by the year
2000. Manufacturing accounts for nearly half of the 195,000 jobs. Only 59 percent
of the employed workers who live in the county also work there.
Macomb County has an area of 481 square miles; its population, now over
575,000, is expected to reach 1. 6 million by the year 2000. Until 1940, nearly the
entire county was agricultural, but the sout.hern portion of the county is under-
going rapid residential, commercial, and industrial development.
St. Clair County has an area of 723 square miles and a population of nearly
110,000. The future urban area in St. Clair County is expected to connect with
the Detroit metropolitan area, with the St. Clair population exceeding 250,000 by
the year 2000. Manufacturing is the largest part of the county's economy, employ-
ing 29 percent of a labor force of over 38,000. The county specializes in four
industries: primary metal products, paper products, chemicals, and rubber and
plastic products.
1. 2. 2. 2 Canada - Ontario - Essex County has an estimated population exceeding
295,000, with more than 212,000 living in metropolitan Windsor. Windsor,
Amherstburg, and Tecumseh, with 222,000 people, are all near the Detroit River.
The county population is expected to be more than 460, 000 by the year 2000. The
manufacturing facilities in the county are located near the border. The labor
force was greater than 93,000 in 1961 and was estimated at 106,000 in 1968.
Lambton County has a population of about 115,000, of which over 62,000
live in the Sarnia urban area. The population of the _county is expected to grow to
175,000 by the year 2000. Over half of the county's population and work force is
near the St. Clair River border. The work force was 37,000 in 1961 and was
estimated at over 41,000 in 1968. The major industries are chemicals and oil
refining.
1. 2. 3
Meteorology
This U. S. - Canadian border area, lying between 42 and 43 degrees
north latitude and approximately 83 degrees west longitude, has a continental
climate characterized by warm summers and cold winters with a moderating
influence due to the proximity of the Great Lakes. Wind direction and speed and
the stability of the lower atmosphere are the meteorological factors of most
significance to the dispersion of air pollutants in this area.
1. 2. 3.1 Winds - Although the area lies in the zone of the prevailing westerly
winds, it is near the mean summertime position of the polar front. Storm systems
that move generally eastward are accompanied by northward and southward dis-
Introduction
1-5
-------
placements of the front. Consequently, the spring and summer winds are less
consistent than those of fall and winter.
Table 1-1 gives the long-term frequencies of wind direction and average wind
speeds at the Detroit City Airport and at the Sarnia Tower. For comparison, the
corresponding data are also given for the year of this investigation, December
1967 through November 1968. A graphic comparison, in the form of wind roses
that depict the wind direction frequencies for the two periods, is shown in Figures
1 - 2 and 1 - 3 .
A comparison of the wind direction and speed data of the two periods generally
showed only slight differences. The only notable differences .indicated were in the
Detroit area. At the Detroit City Airport, a greater frequency of west winds was
accompanied by less frequent northwest and north winds during the investigation
period as compared to the longer period.
Differences between the Detroit and Sarnia wind direction frequencies reveal
the influence of topography on the winds at the two locations. In the St. Clair
River area, channeling appears to occur along the St. Clair River, and Lake Huron
exerts an influence on land-lake breezes. These effects produce an increase in
the frequency of winds from the north-northeast and south- southwest. The land-
lake breezes occur mostly during the spring and summer and show a diurnal
cycle, with off-lake winds occurring during the day and off-land winds occurring
during the night. The differences in the frequencies of wind directions during the
day and night are illustrated by Figure 1-4, which shows the wind roses for the
investigation period. The decrease in the frequency of north-northeast winds
during the night is striking. By comparison, little diff~rence appeared between
the day and night wind roses for the Detroit City Airport.
Figure 1-5 shows the climatological wind roses for all stations used in the
study. Although the winds that blow parallel to the St. Clair River predominate,
the winds in that area more frequently transport air from the U. S. into
Canada than in the reverse direction. Because of the bend in the Detroit River
and the north-sout1:1;, east-west orientation of the International Boundary, the
winds in the Detroit Windsor vicinity blow from one country to the other with
almost equal frequency. In the southern portion of this area, however, where
the U. S. side of the border is heavily industrialized, the winds blow more
frequently from the U. S. into Canada than in the reverse direction, as
indicated by the roses for Stations 412, 211, and 410 in Figure 1-5. "
Increased wind speeds cause a reduction in pollution concentrations when
the pollutants are emitted from near ground level. The difference in the average
wind speeds given in Table 1-1 for the Detroit City Airport (about 10 mph) and
the Sarnia Tower (8 mph) are due to the differences in the heights at which the
sensors were exposed. The Detroit City Airport anemometer is exposed at 81
feet, whereas the Sarnia Tower data given are for an elevation of 20 feet. At the
1-6
JOINT ~IR POLLUT110N STUDY
-------
=
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Table 1-1. FREQUENCY OF WIND DIRECTION AND ANNUAL AVERAGE WIND
SPEED FOR SURVEY AND LONGER-TERM CLIMATOLOGICAL PERIODS
--
Annual
average
Time, % wind
I WSW speed,
Station Period N NNE NE ENE E ESE SE SSE S SSW SW W WNW NW NNW Calm mph
Detroi t Ci ty Dee 1967-
Airport Nav 1968 6.1 3.0 1.8 3.4 4.3 4.6 4.0 4.0 12.0 4.6 7.8 6.6 13.9 10.0 4.6 4.0 5.1 10.2
1951-1960 9.9 4.3 4.1 3.8 5.8 3.7 4.6 3.0 9.7 5.3 9.1 5.5 9.1- 8.2 8.9 4.3 1.2 10.1
Sarni a Dee 1967-
Tower, at Nov 1968 5.3 9.2 2.0 1.9 2.0 3.9 3.3 7.6 10.1 14.4 5.3 7.6 5.8 8.8 5.3 5.3 1.9 8.0
20 feet 1965-1968 8.0 8.9 3.0 1.8 2.6 3.3 4.4 5.5 9.5 12.7 7.4 7.0 1 7.3 6.9 6.4 3.9 1.4 8.0
-------
N
w
DECEMBER 1967-
NOVEMBER 1968
~
/
/
E
CALM
..
,
5
10
FREQUENCY, percent
s
Figure 1-2. Percent frequency of wind directions for survey and long-term periods at
Detroit City Airport.
DECEMBER 1967-
NOVEMBER 1 968
JANUARY-DECEMBER
1 965-1 968
e
5
I
FREQUENCY, percent
10
I
Figure 1-3. Percent frequency of wi nd directions for survey and long-term periods at
Sarnia Tower (20-ft level).
1-8
JOINT AiJR POlLUlll0N 'STUDY
-------
11.7
8.7
N
6.1
8.3
6.6
3.'
7.'
5
12.2
5
DAY
NIGHT
16.5
e
5.0
I
10.0
I
15.0
I
FREQUENCY, percent
Figure 1-4.
Wind roses showing frequency of wind directions
for day (0700 to 1800 hrs) and night (1900 to
0600 hI's) at Sarnia tower (20-ft level), December
1967 through November 1968.
200-foot level of the Sarnia Tower, the winds average about 13 mph. The annual
average wind speed in the study areas is much the same as the average wind
speed across most of the Great Lakes region.
1. 2. 3. 2 Atmospheric Stability - The stability of the lower atmosphere, of which
change in temperature with height is an indication, affects the dispersion of air
pollutants. The more rapidly the air temperature decreases with height, the more
unstable the air becomes. Unstable air enhances vertical dispersion and generally
results in lower ground-level pollutant concentrations. A layer in which the tem-
perature increases with height is called an inversion. Inversions inhibit vertical
dispersion and dilution of pollutants. Prolonged inversions, such as may occur
during atmospheric stagnations of several days, can result in the excessive con-
centration of air contaminants.
The percentage frequency of inversion occurrences by season and time of
day for a tower in northwest Detroit (about 10 miles from downtown) and another
south of Sarnia are shown in Tables 1-2 and 1-3. Historical data are given in the
tables for both the Sarnia and Detroit data. In addition, Sarnia tower data obtained
during the investigation are included. The Detroit tower was not operated during
the period of investigation. The data are not strictly comparable since the Detroit
records were based on temperature measurements made at 20 and 300 feet above
the ground whereas the Sarnia data were from 20 and 200 feet. The difference in
the depths of the layers and the height from which temperature measurements
were obtained contributes some to the greater frequency of inversions shown for
Sarnia. Inversions are usually formed by cooling from below, which favors the
Introduction
1-9
-------
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-------
Table 1-2. FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF INVERSIONS AT DETROIT
AIRPORT TOWER BY TIME OF DAY AND SEASONS, JANUARY THROUGH
DECEMBER 1959 AND MARCH 1962 THROUGH FEBRUARY 1963
Hours, %
Time Winter Spring Summer Fall Annual
00-05 7.8 12.7 19.0 14.5 13.5
06-11 5.9 4.6 6.9 7.6 6.3
12-17 2.2 0.7 1.6 0.8 1.3
18-23 8.0 9.0 11.6 13.0 10.4
Total 23.9 27.0 39.1 35.9 31.5
Table 1-3.
FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF INVERSIONS AT SARNIA TOWER BY
TIME OF DAY AND SEASONS FOR INDICATED PERIODS
1 Hours, %
Period Time Winter Spring Summer Fall Annual
00-05 18.9 19.6 23.4 20.6 20.6
Jan 06-11 11.9 5.3 3.7 8.4 7.3
1963 - 12-17 6.2 1.9 0.9 3.2 3.1
Dee 1964 18-23 17.1 18.2 19.4 20.6 18.8
Total 54.1 ~5.0 47.4 52.8 49.8
00-05 13.3 18.6 21.2 19.4 18.2
Dee 06-11 6.8 6.3 4.8 7.6 6.4
1967 - 12-17 4.8 2.1 1.0 3.3 3.9
Nov 1968 18-23 13.7 17.0 18.2 19.2 17.1
Total 38.6 44.2 45.3 38.6 44.5
creation of shallow inversions. The difference in the height of measurements at
the two stations, the different periods of data collection, and the "heat island"
effect of urban Detroit all could contribute to the greater freque~cy of inversions
found at Sarnia. The differences in inversion frequency between the earlier period
and the period of the investigation were insignificant.
The inversion frequency data indicated that on an annual basis, ground-based
inversions occur in the Detroit - Windsor and Port Huron - Sarnia area between
30 and 50 percent of the time. They revealed the expected diurnal variations in
frequency related to surface coolness; that is, inversions occur most frequently
when temperatures are minimal near sunrise and least frequently when tempera-
tures are maxinlal in the afternoon. Inversions in the general area occur most
frequently in summer and fall, when clouds, precipitation days, and average wind
ilntroduction
1-11
-------
speeds are minimal. Further analysis of the inversion data in relation to winds
(summaries not given) showed that few inversions occurred with moderate or
strong winds, apparently because of greater mechanical mixing. The Detroit
and Sarnia data showed that inversions were frequent when winds were less
than 4 mph but rarely occurred when winds were greater than 10 mph.
Further, the data for Detroit and Sarnia revealed that inversions occurred most
frequently with southerly winds.
Besides variations in the frequency of inversions with time of day, the per-
sistence of inversions is of concern. Inversions that persist for many hours
will, of course, tend to cause a greater build up of pollution than those that last
only a few hours. The number and percent of inversions persisting for various
lengths of time during the investigation period are shown in Table 1-4 for Sarnia
tower. The table indicates that few prolonged inversions occurred. Although
about half of the cases lasted 12 hours or more, only one percent, or three cases,
lasted 24 hours or more.
Table 1-4. PERSISTENCE OF TEMPERATURE INVERSIONS
AT SARNIA TOWER BETWEEN 20 AND 200 FEET,
DECEMBER 1967 THROUGH NOVEMBER 1968
Inversion duration,
consecutive hrs.
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
36
48
Casesa of inversion durations
~ indicated hours
Number Percent
244
195
167
140
39
9
5
3
1
o
90
72
61
51
14
3
2
1
<1
o
aTotal cases = 272.
There is further evidence to indicate that prolonged periods of poor disper-
sion are infrequent in the area. Numerous studies have shown that the potential
for major air pollution episodes is related to incidence of stagnating anticyclones
(high pressure areas) with associated inversions that linger a few days. Korsho-
ver,3 in a study examining the weather patterns for the 30-year period, 1936
through 1965, found that stagnating anticyclones lasting 4 days or more occurred in
the general vicinity of the study area only 18 times, or on the average of only once
every 2 years. In contrast, there were 90 such cases in parts of the Southern
1-12
JOINT A:IR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
Appalachians during the same period. The greatest humber of the stagnating high
pressure areas in Eastern North America occurred in October. An examination
of weather patterns during the investigation indicated that no lengthy stagnation
periods occurred during this period.
1. 2. 3. 3 Other Meteorological Factors
1. 2. 3. 3.1 Sunshine - Photochemical reactions may take place between
pollutants to produce compounds more objectionable than the original ones. As
sunlight is the energy source for these reactions, the amount of sunshine is an
important factor in air pollution studies. Table 1-5 shows the percentage of the
hours between sunrise and sunset when direct solar radiation was received at the
ground at the Detroit City Airport and at Chatham in Kent County. Some of the
differences observed between areas may result from the different types of instru-
ments used and possibly from additional cloudiness at Chatham due to its location
relative to Lakes St. Clair and Erie.
Table 1-5. PERCENT OF POSSIBLE HOURS OF SUNSHINE, GIVEN BY MONTH; BASED ON 3D-YEAR
RECORD AT DETROIT CITY AIRPORT AND 31-YEAR RECORD AT CHATHAM, ONTARIO
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oet Nov Dee Annual
Detroi t Ci ty 32 43 49 52 59 65 70 65 61 56 35 32 54
Airport
Chatham, 23 33 34 39 47 50 56 56 49 46 29 23 42
Ontari 0
1. 2. 3.3.2 Degree-days - During the heating season, the temperature of the
air indirectly affects air pollutant concentrations in an area because of its inver se
relationship to the amount of fuel reguired for space and residential heating. The
heating "degree-day" parameter is used as an index of fuel consumption and is
computed for each day by subtracting the daily mean temperature from 65 0 F;
negative values are considered "zero. "
Table 1-6 gives heating degree-days by month for Detroit City Airport,
Windsor Airport, Sarnia, and Port Huron. Differences in annual degree -days
among them are less than 10 percent. Since the most densely populated areas
show the lowest degree-days, part of the differences can be explained by the
urban heat island effect.
1. 2. 3.3.3 Precipitation Precipitation is an important weather element
affecting air pollution because of its washout or scavenging effects on the large
particulates suspended in the atmosphere. Rainfall is thus desirable since air
is partially cleansed by the coalescence of particles with raindrops.
Precipitation occurs in this area most frequently during the late fall, winter,
and spring seasons. Table 1-7 gives by month the normal amounts of precipitation
recorded at Windsor Airport, Detroit City Airport, and Port Huron. Table 1-8
I ntroducti on
1-13
-------
gives the average number of days each month that had measurable amounts of
precipitation at Windsor Airport and Detroit City Airport during the 10 years,
1951 through 1960.
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug, Sept Oct Nov Dee Annual
Detroi t Ci ty 1. 181. 1.058 936 522 220 42 0 0 87 360 738 1.088 6.232
Airport
Wi ndsor 1.225 1.096 977 555 251 54 22 16 102 391 768 1.121 6 . 579
Ai rport
Sarnia 1.243 1.158 1.023 645 353 96 :ill 34 114 425 774 1. 138 7.061
Port Huron 1.200 1.170 950 720 300 90 10 30 120 390 770 1.100 6.851
Table 1-6
CLIMATOLOGICAL AVERAGE; DEGREE-DAYS GIVEN BY MONTH
Table 1-7.
NORMAL AMOUNTS OF PRECIPITATION
(i n )
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dee Annual
Wi ndsor Ai rport 2.21 2.22 2.74 3.05 3.53 2.93 2.99 3.15 2.36 2.81 2.41 2.23 32.41
Detroit City 2.05 2.08 2.42 3.00 3.53 2.83 2.82 2.86 2.44 2.63 2.21 2.08 30.95
Ai rport
Port Huron 1.85 1. 92 2.14 2.66 3.17 3.44 3.05 3.06 2.66 2.76 2.58 1. 96 31.25
Table 1-8.
AVERAGE NUMBER OF DAYS WITH PRECIPITATION;
BASED ON PERIOD 1951 THROUGH 1960
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dee Ann ua 1
Windsor 14 13 14 12 12 10 10 9 9 9 12 14 138
Ai rport
Detroi t Ci ty 14 13 13 13 13 11 9 9 9 9 12 13 138
Ai rport
Table 1-9 gives a comparison of the percent of possible hours of sunshine,
the number of heating degree-days, the amounts of precipitation, number of days
with precipitation during the period studied, and long-term climatic data for the
Detroit area. The data indicate that the year studied had 15 percent more hours of
possible sunshine than normal. The year studied was somewhat warmer than
normal and, correspondingly, the number of heating degree-days was less than
normal. Although the precipitation exceeded the normal by 20 percent, there
were fewer days with measurable precipitation during the year studied.
1-14
JOINT A'IR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
Table
1-9. COMPARISON OF ANNUAL METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS
FOR THE SURVEY PERIOD AND CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA
FOR DETROIT CITY AIRPORT
Possible hours of sunshine, %
Average temperature, of
Number of heating degree-days
Total precipitation, in.
.Number of days with precipitation
~ 0.01 in.
Survey period
69
51.4
5898
37.67
107
Climatic mean
54
50.1
6232
30.95
138
Data from the investigation of winds, atmospheric stability, and other
meteorological factors showed some deviations from the long-term averages or
"normals." In general, however, these anomalies were not excessive, so that
the year of study may be considered to have had nearly normal meteorological
conditions.
1.3 AIR QUALITY SURVEY DESIGN
Because of the different industrial characteristics of the St. Clair and
Detroit River areas, the types of pollution problems present also differ. This
was apparent from the inspections made by the Board and from the comments
made at public hearings conducted in June 1967 in Port Huron and Windsor by
the International Joint Commission. Essentially, complaints from the St. Clair
River area at the public hearings were from the U. S. side and related to odors
from oil refineries and chemical plants on the Canadian side. Complaints from
the Detroit River are;;). originated mainly from the Canadian side as the result
of particulate emissions from metallurgical industries south of the city of Detroit.
In each case, responses from the public to the pollution that crossed the border
were almost entirely one - sided, being directed against the Canadian side in Port
Huron - Sarnia and against the U. S. side in Detroit - Windsor.
1. 3. 1 Design Considerations
Sulfur dioxide was generally known to be a significant pollutant in Sarnia as
a result of the operation of the oil refineries in the Sarnia area and because of the
proximity of t?e large coal-burning power plant facilities on both sides of the St.
Clair River. Odors from sources in Sarnia were a problem in Port Huron and
Sarnia, and particulates were a significant problem on both sides of the St. Clair
River. When synergistic chemicals such as styrene and halogens reacted, strong
lacrimators were formed that, depending on wind direction, had profound effects
on the receptor population. For at least 25 years, until corrected in late 1969,
emissions from the coal-burning facilities of the Polymer Corporation in Sarnia
caused appreciable difficulty in the city of Port Huron across the river.
The same type observations could not be made for Windsor and Detroit,
mainly because the character of the industry there is different and the extent of
the development of the downriver Detroit area is much more extensive and intense
than that in Windsor to date. It was reasonable to expect that residents of the
'Introduction
1-15
-------
Windsor area would readily complain about Detroit and downriver Detroit sources
because transboundary pollution is obvious. On the other hand, residents of the
Detroit and downriver Detroit area have experienced pollution from local sources
and perhaps did not complain of any sources on the Windsor side of the river
because pollution from those sources was not readily apparent, even though it
existed.
The differences in the nature of the industries and the resulting complaints
in the two areas were considered in the survey design. In Windsor, Detroit, and
environs, the greatest attention was given to particulates. The instrumentation
used to measure particulates consisted primarily of dustfall gauges, high-volume
samplers for the measurement of total suspended particulates, and filter-tape
samplers for the determination of smoke haze or soiling index. Considerable
stress was placed upon defining the composition of suspended solid matter, and a
substantial number of samples were analyzed for various metals, particularly
iron.
Because of the large amount of fuel used in Detroit, S02, probably a major
transboundary pollutant, was measured. For completeness, rather than for indi-
cations of border pollution, NOx' CO, HC, and oxidants also were measured in the
Detroit - Windsor area. Other pollutants, including sulfates, polycyclic HC, sul-
furic acid, and fluorides, were measured at some locations.
In the Port Huron Sarnia region, greater emphasis was placed upon gas-
eous and volatile pollutants such as HC, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), NOx' S02, and
oxidants. Dustfall, suspended particulates, and soiling index also were measured,
but less intensively than in the Detroit - Windsor area. Particulate samples
were not subjected to the detailed analyses performed in the Detroit - Windsor
study.
Attempts were made to evaluate odor problems by personal reaction, since
the substances which cause odors are extremely difficult if not impossible to
analyze chemically at the concentrations which occur in the ambient atmosphere,
especially since they are usually transient. Details of the techniques used and the
observations made are contained in Section 2.
1. 3. 2 Emissions Inventory
A detailed inventory of all sources of pollution was conducted in each of the
two survey areas to identify the relative contributions of different source types
and to establish the overall quantitative discharges of the various pollutants.
Particulate, SOx, CO, HC, and NOx emissions were tabulated on the bases of
a detailed questionnaire and engineering estimates made by the source inve'n-
tory survey group. The information was classified to provide an estimate of
the respective quantitative contributions from industrial, governmental, domes-
tic, and vehicular sources.
1. 3. 3 Meteorological Observations
As a basis for determining the transboundary flow of contaminants and the
identification of specific pollution sources, wind direction and speed data were
collected at several sites in both of the survey areas. Data were obtained at
special stations as well as at those of the weather services and the military.
1-16
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
A secondary purpose of these observations was to provide, in conjunction
with the source inventory data, a basis for developing simulation models for the
prediction of present pollution levels and future trends. To facilitate this work,
temperatures of the lower atmosphere were measured routinely at instrumented
towers in Sarnia and Windsor. During special periods of intensive study, pilot-
balloon wind measurements and tethered-balloon temperature soundings were made.
In addition, an instrumented aircraft was used during a 2-week period to
assess the detailed pattern of pollution in a cross section along the border at times
of trans boundary flow. Sulfur dioxide and particulates were measured from the
aircraft while detailed meteorological observations were being made from the
ground.
The meteorological data were used to assess the representativeness of the
survey sampling period by comparing them with long-term data available from
permanent national meteorological stations and from existing state and provincial
air quality stations.
1.3.4 Special Studies on Effects
An Effects Committee was formed to advise the Air Pollution board and to
make recommendations on the need for and development of studies on health
effects or epidemiology. After a review of the levels at which the effects of air
pollution on health and welfare could be measured, the populations that were
available for study, and the shortcomings of the earlier Windsor - Detroit health
survey, the Committee recommended that a series of new studies be undertaken.
Arrangements for a public perception study to be conducted in the Windsor and
Sarnia areas are well underway. The Board intends to report on this work at a
later date. Other special observations were made to assess the effects of pollu-
tants on vegetation and materials. These studies included the examination of
existing plants, crops, and gardens, and the exposure of specific plant species to
ambient pollutants in special chambers. The influence of pollution on materials
was assessed by the exposure to pollution of a variety of materials in the Effects
Package routinely used by the U. S. National Air Pollution Control Administration.
1. 3. 5 Summary of Project Design
The general structure of the 1968 survey as stated in the final project out-
line included the following separate components:
A meteorological study of the two affected regions to delineate
any international flow of pollutants;
Measurement of the contamination of air masses crossing the
international boundary;
Identification and evaluation of harmful effects caused by the
transboundary flow of air pollution;
Identification and quantification of sources of transboundary pollution;
Determination of the appropriate control measures and estimation of
the costs of implementing them.
The study area contained a final network of 80 aerometric sampling loca-
tions. Of these, 53 collected suspended particulate data and 26 monitored for
S02 concentrations. Almost every station had static devices .for the collection of
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Introduction
1-17
-------
dustfall and sulfation samples. Additional sampling for oxidants, HC, fluorides,
and other pollutants was performed at some of the sites. The locations of all
International Joint Commission sampling stations are shown in Figure 1-6; a
legend of the pollutants sampled for at each location is given in Table 1-10.
/
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I 308 \~
I .154,
314. ;301. -,
310. 151 /
322. . .152~
321~ (~;'58
309. 304. )
.315, I '--:155 .160
303.
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319.
316.
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317 .
o ,
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320.
LAKE HURON
.161
311.
166.
156.
.159
.162
.167
Figure 1-6. Locations of International Joint Commission sampling stations.
1-18
JOINT PJIR POLLUlllON STUDY
-------
=
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.213
.427
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.218
216.
217.
1
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Figure 1-6 (continued). Locations of International Joint Commission sampling stations.
-------
Table 1-10. LEGEND OF SAMPLING OPERATIONS AT LOCATIONS
GIVEN IN FIGURE 1-6
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V') V') V') I- U ::r: V') 0:: V') ::;: c V') w :z: ~ ::r: L.L. CI..
151 Foot of Lochiel St. ORFax x x x x x x x x x
Sarnia, Ontario
152 East St. ORF x x x x x x x x
Sarnia, Ontario
153 Sarnia Airport ORF x x x
Sarnia, Ontario
154 Sarnia Yacht Club ORF x x x x
Point Edward, Ontario
155 Lambton College ORF x x x x x x x x x
Sarnia, Ontario
156 Moore and Township ORF x x x x x x
Rds. # 6
Sarnia, Ontario
157 Lambton Generating ORF x x x x
Plant
Courtwright, Ontario
158 Tecumseh Park ORF x x x x x x x x x x x
Sarnia, Ontario
159 C.I.L. Plant and ORF x x x
Highway 40
Courtwright, Ontario
160 Churchill and ORF x x x x x
McGregor Rds.
Sarni a, Ontari 0
161 Colborne S.E. ORF x x x x x x x x
Corunna, Ontario
162 Lambton County, ORF x x
Rd. # 2
Sombra, Ontario
163 Ontario Police Post ORF x x x x x x x
Sombra, Ontario
164 Sombra Township Rd. ORF x x
Sombra, Ontario
165 Lambton Count Rd. ORF x x
# 1
Port Lambton,
Ontari 0
1-20
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
Table 1-10 (continued).
LEGEND OF SAMPLING OPERATIONS AT LOCATIONS
GIVEN IN FIGURE 1-6
(lJ (lJ I
(lJ +-' r- (lJ V1 "0 I..L.
s... >, (lJ "o V1 r- "0 0'> (lJ 'r-"""'"
(lJ U "0 +-' 'r- V1 ::S '" C "' "0 '+- s..
~ c .,... c x II) (lJ "o U '" ..>.!. .,... s... r- C ,
E (lJ x '" 0 C +-' .,... U U x (lJ ::s 0
::s cr. 0 "'0 C 0 '" (lJ 0'> +-' '" 0 0.. II) .,... .....
c '" .,... .,... 0 ~ "0 r- r- oc C 0.. '" ~
"0 X E s... (lJ::S ~ r-(lJ r- 0 C 0.. C (lJ
C (lJ 0 "' "Ou '" 0'> OE r- .,... II) (lJ (lJ "o II)
o u s... c u c.,... s... c s...o.. '" +-' +-' 0'> >, 0'> .,...
.,... .,... ::s r- 0 0 (lJ+-' .,.... .,... 0'"" '+- '" u 0 ..>.!. 0 s... +J
+-' > '+- '" ~ s... o..s... 0.. r- (lJ::S +-' '+- (lJ s... u s... 0 t;
'" s... r- +-' s... "0 (1)'" V1 .,... +-' 0- II) r- '+- +-' .,... "0 ::s '"
+-' Station location (lJ ::S 0 '" >, ::s 0.. (lJ 0 (lJ (lJ ::s ::s '+- .,... +-' >,r- .....
V) V) V) I- U :r: V) a:: V) ::E C) V) w :z V) :r: I..L. 0.-
166 Confederation St. ORF x x
3 miles east of
Modeland Rd.
Sarni a, Ontari 0
167 Sombra Concession ORF x x
Rd.
Sombra, Ontario
201 690 Highway 18 DNHW x x x x
Windsor, Ontario
202 Morton Dock,Terminal DNHW x x x x x x x x x x x
Windsor, Ontario
203 3822 Sandwich St., DNHW x x x x x
W.
Windsor, Ontario
204 Windsor City Hall DNHW x x
Windsor, Ontario
205 1250 Langlois Ave. DNHW x x x .x
Windsor, Ontario
206 3631 Huron Line Rd. DNHW x x x x
Windsor, Ontario
207 3120 Dougall Ave. DNHW x x x x x
Windsor, Ontario
208 471 University Ave.) DNHW x x x x
W.
Windsor, Ontario
209 Windsor - Tecumseh DNHW x x x x x
Waterworks
Windsot', Ontario
210 Amherstburg Post DNHW x x
Office
Amherstburg,
Ontari 0
211 Benetau Farm, DNHW x x x x x x x
R.R. # 2
River Canard,
Ontario
212 Library St. - Old DNHW x x x x x x x
Front Rd.
Windsor, Ontario
Introduction
'/-21
-------
Table 1-10 (continued). LEGEND OF SAMPLING OPERATIONS AT LOCATIONS
GIVEN IN FIGURE 1-6
ClJ ClJ I
ClJ ~ r- ClJ U1 " LL.
s... ~~ " U1 r- " C) ClJ 'r- ----
ClJ ~ 'r- U1 :::::1 rt1 s:: rt1 " 4- S.
.a s:: "r- s:: X U1 ClJ " U rt1 ~ 'r- s... r- s:: QJ
E ClJ X rt1 0 s:: ~ 'r- U U X ClJ :::::I 0 ....
:::::I C) 0 " s:: 0 rt1 ClJ C)~ ttI 0 0.. U1 'r- r-
s:: rt1 'r- 'r- 0 ..a "r- r- os:: s:: 0.. ttI QJ
" x E s... ClJ:::::I ..a r- OJ r- 0 s:: 0.. s:: ClJ ~
s:: ClJ 0 ttI " U ttI C) 0 E r- 'r- U1 ClJ ClJ " V1
o U s... s:: U S::'r- s... s:: s... 0.. ttI ~ ~ C) >, C) 'r-
'r- 'r- :::::I r- 0 0 ClJ~ ~,.... .,.... O'r- 4- ttI U 0 ~ 0 s... ....
~ > 4- rt1 ..a s... o..s... 0.. r- ClJ:::::I ~ 4- ClJ s... U s... 0 !:
rt1 s... r- ~ s... " U1rt1 U1 'r- ~ cr U1 r- 4- ~ "r- " :::::I "'
~ Station location ClJ :::::I 0 rt1 >, :::::I 0.. ClJ 0 ClJClJ :::::I :::::I 4- "r- ~ >, r- r-
V") . V") V") r- u ::r:: V") I:t: V") ::E: 0 V") w z V") ::r:: LL. c..
213 Vollan Farm DNHW x x
R.R. # 4,
Amherstburg,
Ontario
214 938 Martin Lane DNHW x x
River Canard, Ontario
215 Peck Farm Di sputed Rd. DNHW x x x x x
River Canard, Ontario
216 Highway 3, four miles DNHW x x
N.W. Highway 114
Wi nds or,
Ontario
217 Malden Rd. at High- DNHW x x x x x
ways 3 and 114
Sandwich South,
Ontari 0
218 5715 E. C. Row Ave. DNHW x x x
Windsor, Ontario
219 3933 Lesperance Rd. DNHW x x
Tecumseh, Ontario
220 Canadian Rock Salt DNHW x x x x x
Co.
Windsor, Ontari 0
224 Walker Airport DNHW x
Windsor, Ontario
225 495 Crawford Ave. DNHW x
Windsor, Ontario
301 Water Filtration PHS x x x
Plant
Port Huron, Mich.
303 Water Treatment PHS x x x x x x x
Pl ant
Marysville, Mich.
304 Public Service Garage PHS x
Marysville, Mich.
305 State Police Post PHS x x x x
St. Clair, Mich.
306 Detroit Edison
St. Clair, Mich. PHS x
1-22
JOINT A'IR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
Table 1-10 (conti nued) . LEGEND OF SAMPLING OPERATIONS AT LOCATIONS
GIVEN IN FIGURE 1-6
(]J (]J I
So. (]J +' r- (]J VI -0 l.L.
~ (]J -0 VI r- -0 0') (]J ''-- ~
(]J -0 +' ',-- VI :::J , 0') ''--
',-- ',-- :::J r- 0 0 (]J+' ',-- ',-- 0,,-- 4- 4- rtj of So. a.So. a. r- (]J:::J +' 4- (]J So. U So. 0 t:
rtj So. r- +' -0 VI, :::Ja. (]J 0 (]J(]J :::J :::J 4- ',-- +' >, r- r-
V) Station 1 oca ti on V) V) I- u :J: V) c:x: V) ~ 0 V) w z: V) :J: l.L. c...
307 Holy Cross High School PHS
Marine City, Mich.
308 U.S. Coast Guard
Station
Port Huron, Mich.
309 4836 Gratiot St,
Marysville, Mich.
310 Sperry Dept. Store
Port Huron, Mich.
311 Yankee - River Rds.
St. Clair Township,
Mich.
312 S.E. of Remer - Clark PHS
E. China Township,
Mich.
313 Belle River King Rds. PHS
E, China Township,
Mi ch.
314 Michigamme Sch.
Port Huron, Mich.
315 Bartlett Road
Kimball Township,
Mich.
316 Mitchell Road - Rattle PHS
Run
St. Clair Township,
Mich.
317 Meisner and McKinley
China Township,
Mi ch.
318 Richman Road - Dove St. PHS
Kimball Township,
Mi ch.
319 Gratiot Rd. - Palms
Columbus Township,
Mi ch.
320 Selfridge AFB, Mich.
Introduction
x
x x
x
x
PHS
x
x x
PHS
x
PHS x
x
x
x x
x x
PHS
x x
x x
x x
PHS
x
x x
PHS
x x
x
x x
PHS
x x
x x
PHS
x
x x
USAF
x
1-23
-------
Table 1-10 (continued). LEGEND OF SAMPLING OPERATIONS AT LOCATIONS
GIVEN IN FIGURE 1-6
Q) Q) I
Q) +.> .-- Q) tn -0 L.L.
s... >, Q) -0 tn .-- -0 rn Q) .,.... '-"
Q) U -0 +.> .,.... tn :::::l ro s:: ro -0 4- s...
..c s:: .,.... s:: X tn Q) -0 U ro ..¥ .,.... s... .-- s:: Q)
E Q) X ro 0 s:: +.> .,.... U U x Q) :::::I 0 +.>
:::::I rn 0 -0 s:: 0 ro Q) rn +.> ro 0 0.. tn .,.... ,.....
s:: ro .,.... .,.... 0 ..c -0.-- r- os:: s:: 0.. ro Q)
'U X E s... Q):::::I ..c .--Q) .-- 0 s:: 0.. s:: Q) ~
s:: Q) 0 ro -ou ro rn OE .-- .,.... tn Q) Q) -0 tn
o U s... s:: u s::.,.... s... s:: s...o.. ro +.> +.> rn Q rn .,....
.,.... .,.... :::::I .-- 0 0 Q)+.> .,.... .,.... 0'"", 4- ro u 0 0 s... +.>
+.> > 4- ro ..c s... o..s... 0...-- Q):::::I +' 4- Q) s... u s... 0 s::
ro s... .-- +' s... 'U tnro tn .,.... +' CJ tn .-- 4- +.> .,.... 'U :::::I ro
+' Station location Q) :::::I 0 ro >, :::::10.. Q) 0 Q)Q) :::::I :::::I 4- .,.... I- >,.-- ,.....
U) U) U) I- U :J: U) P:: U) ::E CI U) I.J.J z: U) :J: L.L. c..
321 2750 Military Ave. PHS x x
Port Huron, Mich.
322 2445 Mi 1 i tary PHS x
Port Huron, Mich.
400 West end of Belle Isle PHS x x x x
Detroit, Mich.
401 Three Mile Park PHS x x x x
Grosse Point Park,
Mi ch.
402 1660 Hi 11 ger PHS x x x
Detroit, Mi ch. DET
403 Coast Guard Station, PHS x x x x x x
Be 11 e Is 1 e DET
Detroit, Mi ch.
404 Veterans Memorial PHS x x x x x x
Building DET
Detroit, Mich.
405 City - County Building
Detroi t, Mi ch . PHS x
406 7420 West Fort St. PHS x x x x
Detroi t, Mi ch.
407 River Rouge High School PHS x x x
River Rouge, Mich.
408 Anchor and Burke WC x x x x
River Rouge, Mich.
409 Hennepin Point PHS x x x x x x
Grosse Ile, Mich.
410 Wyandotte Chemicals, PHS x
South Plant
Wyandotte, Mi ch.
411 19505 Lighthouse Point PHS x x x x x x x x x
Grosse Ile, Mich.
412 Naval Air Station PHS x x x x x x
Grosse Ile, Mich.
413 87 Biddle Ave. PHS x x x
Wyandotte, Mich.
414 5201 Woodward PHS x x x
Detroit, Mich.
1-24
JOINT Am POLLUl110N STUDY
-------
Table 1-10 (continued).
LEGEND OF SAMPLING OPERATIONS AT LOCATIONS
GIVEN IN FIGURE 1-6
Q) Q) I
Q) -f-I r- Q) VI -0 I..L.
So. ~ Q) -0 VI r- -0 01 Q) .,.... ........
Q) -0 -f-I .,.... VI :;' ro c /t3 -0 4- So.
~ C 'X c >< VI Q) -0 U /t3 ..><:: .,.... So. r- C Q)
Q) /t3 0 C -f-I .,.... U U >< Q) :;, 0 -f-I
:;, 01 0 -0 C 0 /t3 Q) 01-f-1 /t3 0 a. VI .,.... r-
C /t3 .,.... .,.... 0 ..c -0 r- r- OC c a. /t3 Q)
-0 >< E So. Q):;' ..c r-Q) r- 0 C a. c Q) ..c
c Q) 0 /t3 -OU /t3 01 OE r- .,.... VI Q) Q) -0 VI
O. U So. C U c.,.... So. c So. a. /t3 -f-I -f-I 01 Q 01 .,....
.,.... .,.... :;, r- 0 0 Q)-f-I .,.... .,.... 0'"", 4- /t3 U 0 0 So. -f-I
-f-I > 4- /t3 -e So. a.So. a. r- Q):;' -f-I 4- Q) So. U So. 0 C
/t3 So. r- -f-I -0 Vlro VI .,.... -f-Ic:r VI r- 4- -f-I .,.... -0 :;, /t3
-f-I Q) :;, 0 /t3 £ :;,a. Q) 0 Q)Q) :;, :;, 4- .,.... -f-I >, r- r-
V) Station 1 oca ti on V) V) I- u V) 0::: V) :;;: c V) L.1.J Z V) :c I..L. c...
415 Julian Strong Jr. High PHS x x x x
School
Melvindale, Mich.
416 14700 Moran PHS x x x x x
Allen Park, Mich. WC
417 19366 Allen Rd. PHS x x x
Riverview, Mich. WC
418 South Rd. School PHS x x x x
Woodhaven, Mich. WC
419 12985 Houston-Whittier PHS x x x x x
Detroit. Mi ch. DET
420 Conservatory Workshop PHS x x x
Belle Isle. Mich.
421 Detroit City Airport PHS x
Detroit. Mich.
422 10750 Grand River PHS x x x
Detroit. Mich.
423 Wayne County Hospital WC x x x x
Eloise, Mich.
424 Detroit Met. Airport PHS x
Romulus, Mich.
425 Eurekadale Elem. School PHS x x x
Taylor. Mich.
426 Bently High School LIV x x
li voni a. Mi ch.
427 Bessie Hoffman Jr. PHS x x x x x
Hi gh School WC
Sumpter Township, Mich.
429 Ann Visger School WC x
River Rouge. Mich.
430 1115 Cop 1 i n DET x x
Detroit, Mi ch .
aService agencies are abbreviated as follows:
ORF - Ontario Research Foundation.
DNHW - Department of National Health and Welfare
PHS - United States Public Health Service.
USAF - United States Air Force.
DET - City of Detroit.
WC - Wayne County.
LIV - City of Livonia.
I ntroducti on
- Canada.
1-25
-------
1.4 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 1
1.
Report of the International Joint Commission, United States and Canada,
on the Pollution of the Atmosphere in the Detroit River Area. Inter-
national Joint Commission. Washington, D. C., and Ottawa, Ontario,
Canada, 1960.
2.
Munn, R. E., D. A. Thomas, and A. F. W. Cole. A Study of Suspended
Particulate and Iron Concentrations in Windsor, Canada. Atmospheric
Environ. ~(1), January 1969.
3.
Kor shover, J. Climatology of Stagnating Anticyclones East of Rocky
Mountains, 1936-1965. U. S. DHEW, EHS, Public Health Service.
Publication No. 999-AP-34, 1967.
1-26
JOINT AIR POLLUlllON STUDY
-------
2.
AIR QUALITY OF THE PORT HURON-SARNIA
AND DETROIT -WINDSOR AREAS
The significance of measured concentrations of pollutants in the ambient at-
mosphere must be judged in relation to established air quality standards based on
criteria that establish the deleterious effects of the pollutants. The air quality
1?tandards considered by the Board to be applicable in the Port Huron - Sarnia and
Detroit - Windsor areas are those presently in use in the Province of Ontario and
those proposed by the State of Michigan. Throughout this section measured pol-
lutant concentrations are presented in relation to those air quality standards.
In the U. S., the National Air Pollution Control Administration designated on
December 9, 1969, in accordance with the Air Quality Act of 1967; a Metropolitan
Detroit - Port Huron Intrastate Air Quality Control Region which includes Wayne,
Oakland, Macomb, and St. Clair Counties. These same counties make up the
International Joint Commission study area on the U. S. side of the St. Clair and
Detroit Rivers. The Governor of Michigan has already indicated in a letter to the
National Air Pollution Control Administration that it is the intent of the State of
Michigan to adopt standards for sulfur dioxide and suspended particulate matter in
accordance with the pr ovis ions of the Air Quality Act of 1967 on the bas is of ambient
air quality criteria already promulgated. When specific state standards are adopted,
they will be equal to or somewhat higher than the Federal criteria establishing health
effect levels - For the sake of discussion in this report the ambient air quality
standards submitted by Michigan to the. National Air Pollution Control Admin-
istration will be referred to as the standards to be used by the Michigan Depart-
ment of Health and local- agencies in the implementation of their air pollution con-
trol program. The ambient air quality standards for particulate matter and sulfur
dioxide are: particulate matter concentrations >70 fLg/m3, annual geometric mean;
and sulfur dioxide concentrations >100 fLg/m3 (0.035 ppm), annual mean.
The Province of Ontario proclaimed air quality standards under the Air Pol-
lution Control Act of 1967. These require industries and other sources in the
province to achieve controls sufficient to maintain concentrations below certain
levels as shown in Table 2-1.
The considerations which appeared to be relevant in the
for the assessment of pollution in the two survey areas of the
discussed separately in the following sections.
adoption of standards
present study are
2.1 SUSPENDED PARTICULATES
The transport of particulate material is the most obvious aspect of the trans-
boundary pollution problem in the Detroit - Windsor area. From visual observations
2"1
-------
Table 2-1.
ONTARIO AIR QUALITY STANDARDS
Pollutant Sample period Concentration
S02 l-hr avg 0.25 ppm
24-hr avg 0.10 ppm
annual avg 0.02 ppm
Suspended annual geometric mean 60 ).Ig/m3
particulate
Dustfall 30 days 20 tons/mi 2
annual monthly avg 13 tons/mi2
Soiling index annual geometric mean 0.45 Coh/1000 ft
Sulfation 30 days 0.4 mg/100 cm2-day
Oxidants l-hr avg 0 . 15 ppm
24-hr avg 0.10 ppm
Nitrogen oxides l-hr avg 0.20 ppm
24-hr avg 0.10 ppm
fl uori des in 24-hr avg 1 .0 ppb
air
Carbon l-hr avg 60 ppm
monoxide 8-hr avg 15 ppm
and a knowledge of the industries present, it is realistic to acknowledge that par-
ticulates are emitted into the atmosphere and are transported across the border
by the winds. The purpose of the 1968 survey was to determine whether the quan-
tities of particulates flowing across the boundary were sufficient to produce ambi-
ent pollution in excess of reasonable criteria in the other country.
The significance of particulate concentrations has been investigated extensive-
ly, and certain criteria have been recommended for some particulates. A review
of existing knowledge was published in January 1969 by the U. S. National Air
Pollution Control Administration. 1
In urban areas of the U. S., typical annual total particulate concentrations
range from 60 to 200 fLg/m3, although concentrations in many cities fall outside
this range. Standards adopted in the U. S. cover a wide range extending from
about 50 to 150 fLg/m3 for periods varying from 12 months to 24 hours, respectively,
Information on the suspended-particulate standards for the Province of
Ontario and the State of Michigan is presented in the introduction to this section.
Particulate concentrations which appear to be of least significance from a
health aspect also appear to represent the minimum threshold for other adverse
effects, including the restriction of visibility and the accelerated corrosion of
metals. The properties of the particulate material, including composition and
particle size, are important in assessing such effects as reduced visibility and
damage to materials and vegetation. Particulate materials that are measured as
soiling index are mainly of submicron size and make up the fraction which affects
visibility the most. The index, normally expressed in Coh/lOOO lineal feet (Coh =
coefficient of haze), which are units based on optical density, is obtained by
measuring the light tral1.smitted through the stains produced on filter paper. It is
2-2
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
greatly influenced by the composition of particulates. Carbon particles in com-
bustion products are the chief cause of the stains produced on the paper. Their
main consequences are the production of haze and the s oiling of buildings.
Few if any publications have shown a connection between soiling index and
health effects, although there is probably a strong correlation between this index
and the British method of determining mass concentrations. Most air pollution
workers agree with an arbitrary scale of values which indicates responses to dif-
fe rent smoke haze levels as follows:
Subjective reaction
Coh/1000 lineal feet
Light haze
Moderate smoke haze
Heavy smoke haze
Very heavy haze
Extreme
0-1
1 2
2 - 3
3 - 4
Above 4
The Ontario standards for soiling index were presented in the introduction to
this section.
Some of the suspended particulate samples from the Detroit - Windsor area
were analyzed for the presence of specific metals which would be expected to
exist as oxides or other compounds. The findings were not intended to provide
an assessment of health effects, since concentrations of metals found even in
heavily polluted air have not yet been implicated as causing any disease. Not
even lead, though well known to be toxic in certain concentrations, is presently
considered capable of causing ill effects at the concentrations occurring in ambi-
ent air. Metal concentrations have been measured in a number of cities in the
U. S. A guide to the significance of metallic-compound particulate pollution in
the study area can be found by comparing measured concentrations with the
average values in Table 2-2 found in U. S. cities.
Table 2-2.
AVERAGE CONCENTRATIONS OF METALLIC-COMPOUND
PARTICULATES IN THE UNITED STATES
().Ig/m3)
Meta 1 Concentration Meta 1 Concentration Meta 1 Concentration
Antimony <0.04 Copper 0.09 I Ni cke 1 0.034
Beryllium <0.0002 Iron 1.6 Tin 0.02
Bismuth <0.001 Lead 0.79 Ti tani utn 0.04
Cadmium <0.011 Manganese 0.11 Vanadium 0.05
Chromium 0.015 Molybdenum <0.003 Zinc 0.67
Cobalt <0.006
Benzo(a)pyrene is one of the polycyclic hydrocarbons normally associated
with carbonaceous solids in the atmosphere. These compounds arise principally
from the incomplete combustion of fuels in furnaces. Although liquid fuels con-
tribute some of the polycyclic hydrocarbons in air, coal burning produces most of
Air Qualitv of the Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor Areas
2-3
-------
them. Motor vehicles are sources of some of these compounds but are not con-
sidered responsible for more than 20 percent of the total which may occur in most
atmospheres.
Polycyclic hydrocarbons are of interest chiefly because of their carcino-
genicity. Numerous tests have demonstrated their capacity to produce skin and
other forms of cancer in experimental anirnals. Therefore, by inference, they
are suspected as possible contributors to the increasing incidence of lung cancer
in humans. Because no direct evidence of this has been found, no criteria or
standards have been applied. The samples were analyzed for benzo(a)pyrene be-
cause of public health significance. The possibility of relating the occurrence of
benzo(a)pyrene to specific pollution sources was not considered likely.
Fluorides in the atmosphere, either as gaseous hydrogen fluoride or as par-
ticulate metallic salts, have been ass ociated with damage to vegetation and toxic
effects in livestock. Some plant species are particularly sensitive to fluorides,
especially gaseous fluoride compounds, and can be damaged by concentrations on
the order of one part per billion (ppb). Ingestion by livestock of forage on which
particulate fluorides have been deposited, or of forage which has assirnilated and
accumulated fluorides, results in the accumulation of fluorides in the bones and
teeth (fluorosis). Symptoms of fluorosis in livestock are decreased milk produc-
tion in dairy cattle, loss of weight, stiff posture, lameness, and rough hair coats.
Most attempts to associate the symptoms of fluorosis in livestock with air pollu-
tion have involved cases occurring in locations near sources such as superphos-
phate plants and aluminum smelters.
Fluorides are ubiquitous in the atmosphere because they exist in most rocks
and soils. Small concentrations occur in most collected particulate samples, but
the possibility existed that concentrations in Windsor and Detroit might be higher
than the usual background levels because fluorides are sometimes employed in
steel processes as fluxes.
Although humans are more tolerant of fluorides than plants and foraging
anirnals are, air quality criteria are normally established on the basis of potential
effects on plants and anirnals. Because of the sensitivity of plants, standards
suggested are usually on the order of a few parts per billion.
2. L 1 Air Quality Criteria
In North America and some other parts of the world, suspended particulates
normally are measured as 24-hour samples collected by filtration. The particu-
lates thus collected include some of every size occurring at the sampler in a day,
with the possible exception of large particles which settle too rapidly to be deflec-
ted into the shelter used for these instruments; this fraction is not likely to be
appreciable. The normal volume of air passed through the filter in the collection
of a sample is about 2,000 cubic meters and results are expressed as micrograms
per cubic meter (J.Lg/m3).
Samples are collected in Great Britain by a completely different technique,
although the results are expressed in the same way. The method employed there
and in many parts of Europe involves collecting a sample from an air volume of
about 1. 5 m3 and then determining the mass concentration bv computation from a
2-4
JOINT AIR POLLUlllON STUDY
-------
calibration based upon a reflectance measurement of the filter-paper stain. This
probably yields a result only roughly comparable to that obtained by the high-
volume sampler method. The distinction is important because much of the work
on the health effects of pollution has been done in Great Britain.
The effects of particulates on health are difficult to assess. The influence of
particulates on associated pollutants is believed to be significant, especially in the
case of sulfur dioxide and other irritant gases, whose effects te~d to be emphasized
or synergized by certain particulates. Surface absorption of irritant gases by
solid particles is also considered significant and, therefore, the characteristics
of the particles are important. In most of the cases described in the literature in
which adverse health effects have been attributed to particulates, sulfur dioxide
was involved as well.
An air quality criteria document2 published by the U. S. National Air Pollu-
tion Control Administration presents information from various British sources
indicating a variety of effects from mixtures of particulates and sulfur dioxide.
Thus, the combination of a particulate concentration of 750 fJ.g/m3 with about 0.25
ppm of sulfur dioxide (24-hour mean) may result in deaths and a considerable
increase in illnesses.
Increases in diseases like chronIc bronchitis have been observed with lower
concentrations of both sulfur dioxide and particulates. American data have been
presented which indicate that increased death rates in persons over 50 years of
age could result in areas where the annual geometric mean concentrations of par-
ticulates were as low as 80 to 100 fJ.g/m3 and sulfur dioxide was present in an
amount equivalent to sulfation rates of 30 mg/lOO cm2-month.
2.1.2 Measured Air Quality
2.1. 2.1 High-Volume Samplers - The concentrations of suspended particulates
were measured using high-volume samplers with glass fiber filters. Each sample
was for a 24-hour period starting at midnight. At most stations, one sample was
taken every 3 days, although a few stations collected two samples during each
3-day interval. Results were expressed as micrograms of particulates per
cubic meter of sampled air (fJ.g/m3).
2. 1. 2. 1. 1 Port Huron - Sarnia area. Twenty-two sampling stations were
located in the vicinity of Port Huron - Sarnia and southward along the St. Clair
River. A statistical sUlnrnary on an annual basis for each of these stations is
given in Table 2-3. In addition to average values (arithmetic means), the concen-
trations at each station that were exceeded by specified percentages of the samples
are given. Figure 2 -1 is a map of the distribution of average concentrations.
Table 2-4 presents on an annual basis the
trations exceeding specified values. Table 2-5
samples in specified concentration ranges.
percentage of samples with concen-
gives by station the percentage of
Only 13 of the 22 stations obtained data during each quarter of the year.
Seven of the stations had the,ir maximum seasonal average concentration in summer,
but in general the differences between seasonal averages were small and, more-
over, were not tested for statistical significance.
Air Quality of the Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit -Windsor Areas
2-5
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Table 2-3. CUMULATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF AVERAGE DAILY SUSPENDED-PARTICULATE
CONCENTRATIONS, PORT HURON - SARNIA AREA
- - --
Suspended-particulate concentrations, ~g/m3
% of samples ~ stated valuea Maximum Arithmetic
Sta ti on Number of observed Arithmeti c standard Geometric
number observations 90 75 50 25 10 1 value mean deviation mean
151 96 38 56 97 138 181 240b 240 103 52 89
152 20 30 42 60 87 110 145 145 66 32 58
153 84 19 31 57 91 127 273b 273 68 48 52
154 95 42 72 110 156 215 300b 300 119 64 99
155 79 60 69 94 116 161 261b 261 101 42 94
156 83 24 36 61 85 112 166b 166 64 33 54
158 95 37 58 87 120 148 244b 224 92 44 80
159 87 25 41 62 87 119 213b 213 69 39 59
160 96 29 43 68 85 119 165b 165 70 33 61
161 87 37 56 75 107 144 280b 280 85 48 73
163 80 28 38 61 80 98 161 b 161 64 30 57
301 209 39 54 78 120 162 248 298 91 49 80
303 221 28 40 64 97 145 237 280 76 48 63
305 224 31 44 64 88 118 188 216 71 36 62
307 221 30 41 61 82 100 144 179 64 29 57
310 188 42 59 81 125 163 282 305 95 53 83
314 89 24 32 58 84 119 204b 204 65 39 54
315 50 17 26 45 74 98 156b 156 53 32 42
316 102 17 24 51 72 90 155 160 52 32 42
317 36 18 30 60 92 126 180b 180 66 43 49
318 52 16 23 43 75 88 lO5b 105 48 27 39
319 96 14 24 45 78 97 157b 157 53 35 41
apercentage of samples with observed concentrations equal to or greater than those shown.
bMaximum observed value used when less than 100 observations were available.
-------
------------------
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N
LAKE HURON
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.
Figure 2-1. Annual average suspended particulate concentrations (.ug/m3) in Port Huron - Sarnia area.
Graphic presentations of data from Table 2-3 and Figure 2-2 show clearly
that most portions of the region have concentrations that exceed the standards set
by the Province of Ontario. Figure 2-3 shows that only a few stations exceed the
proposed Michigan standard for suspended particulates.
2. 1. 2.1. 2 Detroit - Windsor area. Thirty-four particulate sampling
stations operated in the Detroit - Windsor area. Statistical data are given in
Air Quality of the Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor Areas
2-7
-------
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Table 2-4. PERCENTAGE OF SUSPENDED-PARTICULATE SAMPLES THAT EXCEEDED SPECIFIC
CONCENTRATIONS IN PORT HURON - SARNIA AREA
.
Station % of samples exceeding stated values: - _c ~-- - --- -------
number 65 ].Ig/m3 75 ].Ig/m3 100 ].191m3 125 ].191m3 150 ].191m3 175 ].191m3 200 ].191m3
151 72 65 47 32 20 14 6
152 43 33 15 7 0 0 0
153 43 35 20 11 6 4 1
154 80 74 58 44 31 19 13
155 84 73 45 25 12 9 3
156 45 36 i 17 7 2 0 0
i
158 69 61 I 40 22 8 5 1
159 47 37 19 8 3 2 1
160 53 41 20 7 2 0 0
161 66 56 34 17 7 6 1
163 44 32 11 2 1 0 0
301 63 54 36 23 13 7 4
303 48 40 25 15 8 5 3
305 47 37 19 9 4 2 1
307 45 33 12 4 1 0 0
310 66 56 37 25 16 9 6
314 37 29 16 9 5 2 2
315 31 23 10 4 2 0 0
316 27 19 8 3 0 0 0
317 44 36 20 10 4 3 0
318 31 23 6 i 0 0 0 0
319 31 23 10 4 1 0 0
-------
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Table 2-5. PERCENTAGE OF SUSPENDED-PARTICULATE SAMPLES WITHIN SELECTED
CONCENTRATION RANGES IN PORT HURON - SARNIA AREA
Station % of samples within stated ranges:
:number <65 Ilg/m3 i 65-75 Ilg/m3 75-100 Ilg/m3 100-125 Ilg/m3 125-150 Ilg/m3 150-200 Ilg/m3 >200 Ilg/m3
151 28 I 7 18 15 12 14 6
152 57 10 18 8 7 0 0
153 57 8 15 9 5 5 1
154 20 6 16 14 13 18 13
155 16 11 28 20 13 9 3
156 55 9 19 10 5 2 0
158 31 8 21 18 14 7 1
159 53 10 18 11 5 2 1
160 47 12 21 13 5 2 0
161 34 10 22 17 10 6 1
163 56 12 21 9 1 1 0
301 37 9 18 13 10 9 4
303 52 8 15 10 7 5 3
305 53 10 18 10 5 3 1
307 55 12 21 8 3 1 0
310 34 10 19 12 9 10 6
314 63 8 13 7 4 3 2
315 69 8 13 6 2 I 2 0
316 73 8 11 5 3 0 0
317 56 8 I 16 10 6 4 0
318 69 8 i 17 6 0 I 0 0
i
319 69 8 I 13 i 6 3 1 0
-------
150
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B UNITED STATES
III CANADA
MICHIGAN STANDARD (PROPOSED)
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Table 2-6. CUMULATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF AVERAGE DAILY SUSPENDED-PARTICULATE
CONCENTRATIONS, DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA
--
Suspended-particulate concentrations, ~g/m3
% of samples ~ stated value Maximum Arithmetic
Station Number of observed Arithmetic standard Geometric
number observations 90 75 50 25 10 1 value mean deviation mean
201 114 59 79 107 131 163 272 290 110 41 102
202 116 59 100 130 163 211 299 319 133 54 121
203 99 80 126 167 228 293 390 537 183 87 164
204 84 67 93 124 166 216 326a 326 137 50 125
205 93 71 88 122 166 228 471 471 140 71 124
206 67 71 88 117 141 226 400a 400 129 65 116
207 109 50 68 90 122 167 265 272 101 44 93
209 102 33 52 78 124 160 279 281 91 53 77
211 88 41 54 75 92 111 154a 154 76 27 71
212 95 40 57 70 96 133 202a 202 79 35 71
215 65 53 67 93 116 137 213a 213 97 37 90
217 87 34 52 73 95 117 2l7a 217 77 34 70
220 86 62 ,80 112 139 167 575a 575 120 68 109
400 72 44 64 97 145 177 280a 280 107 55 91
401 110 25 36 59 95 127 218 225 71 47 58
402 100 44 62 96 139 200 410 411 111 65 93
403 199 38 56 89 123 164 180 284 96 51 82
404 103 70 89 121 172 217 295 300 136 61 123
406 197 70 101 138 198 244 370 386 152 70 137
407 92 84 82 117 175 234 284a 284 136 68 121
409 176 44 61 89 123 184 357 416 103 64 88
411 108 47 59 78 102 131 177 179 85 33 78
412 214 38 49 63 82 105 179 185 69 30 64
414 203 52 74 110 159 242 369 411 127 71 108
415 108 51 71 94 147 192 368 371 115 66 99
416 117 40 55 78 104 139 255 270 85 41 76
417 104 31 46 66 100 127 204 209 73 38 64
418 110 38 51 71 96 126 218 221 78 37 70
419 91 27 51 82 118 170 328a 328 92 57 77 -
422 110 41 60 92 138 200 317 321 105 60 89
423 92 28 43 60 92 134 239a 239 71 40 61
425 110 28 40 58 90 119 234 245 68 39 58
426 86 34 48 78 138 176 293a 293 93 55 78
427 82 16 27 42 61 76 129a 129 46 24 40
aMaximum observed value used when less than 100 observations available.
-------
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T4b1e 2-7. PERCENTAGE OF SUSPENDED-PARTICULATE SAMPLES THAT EXCEEDED SPECIFIC
CONCENTRATIONS IN DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA
Sitati on % of samples exceedinq stated value:
number 65 jlg/m3 75 jlg/m3 I 100 jlg/m3 125 jlg/m3 150 jlg/m3 175 jlg/m3 200 jlg/m3
201 86 79 56 31 15 7 4
202 91 87 73 56 40 20 15
203 96 93 84 73 61 45 37
204 93 87 68 48 32 21 13
205 85 77 59 43 30 22 15
206 100 87 59 38 23 15 9
207 78 67 43 25 14 6 5
209 62 54 36 24 15 9 6
211 62 48 19 5 1 0 0
212 63 50 25 12 5 1 1
215 81 71 43 20 6 5 1
217 59 47 22 8 2 2 1
220 88 81 61 37 18 9 1
400 76 68 50 33 21 14 7
401 47 39 22 12 6 6 1
402 73 64 46 32 I 21 14 10
403 67 58 37 22 13 9 5
404 90 85 70 54 38 26 14
406 100 87 74 61 48 36 26
407 87 81 66 51 36 27 16
409 71 62 42 29 19 11 8
411 71 59 31 13 4 2 0
412 45 32 13 6 2 1 0
414 81 74 56 41 30 22 16
415 78 70 49 33 22 17 10
416 63 52 30 17 9 5 3
417 52 42 23 12 6 2 1
418 57 45 23 12 6 3 2
419 63 55 36 23 15 10 6
422 71 62 44 30 20 11 9
423 47 37 21 12 7 1 1
425 44 35 18 10 6 2 2
426 64 55 I 37 25 17 9 7
19 ' 9 0 0 0 !
427 i 0 0
-------
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Table 2-8. PERCENTAGE OF SUSPENDED-PARTICULATE SAMPLES WITHIN SELECTED
CONCENTRATION RANGES. DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA
Station % of samples within stated ranges:
number <65 ].Ig/m3 65-75 ].Ig/m3 75-100 ].Ig/m3 100-125 ].Ig/m3 125-150 ].Ig/m3 150-200 ].Ig/m3 >200 ].Ig/m3
201 14 7 23 25 16 11 4
202 9 ! 4 14 17 16 25 15
203 4 3 9 11 12 24 37
204 7 6 19 20 16 19 13
205 15 i 8 18 16 13 15 15
I
206 0 I 13 28 21 15 14 9
207 22 11 24 18 11 9 5
209 38 8 18 12 9 9 6
211 38 14 29 14 4 1 0
212 37 13 25 13 7 4 1
215 19 10 28 23 14 5 1
217 41 12 25 14 6 1 1
220 12 7 20 24 19 17 1
400 24 8 18 17 12 14 7
401 53 8 I 17 10 6 5 1
402 27 9 ! 18 14 11 11 10
403 33 9 21 15 9 8 5
404 10 5 15 16 16 24 14
406 0 13 13 13 13 22 26
407 13 6 15 15 15 20 16
409 29 9 20 13 10 11 8
411 29 12 28 18 9 4 0
412 55 13 19 7 4 2 0
414 19 7 18 15 11 14 16
415 22 8 21 16 11 12 10
416 37 11 22 13 8 6 3
417 48 10 19 11 6 5 1
418 43 12 22 11 6 4 2
419 37 8 19 13 8 9 6
422 29 9 18 14 10 11 9
423 53 10 16 9 5 5 2
425 56 9 17 8 4 4 2
426 36 9 18 12 8 I 10 7
427 81 i 10 9 0 0 i 0 0
-------
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Table 2-9. SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN SUSPENDED-PARTICULATE CONCENTRATIONS,
DECEMBER 1967 THROUGH NOVEMBER 1968, DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA
- .------_.~~ u December - February March - May
Station Number of Arithmeti c Number of observed Number of Arithmetic Number of observed
number observations mean, jlg/m3 values> 200 jlg/m3 observations mean, jlg/m3 values> 200 jlg/m3
201 27 145 3 29 104 0
202 27 176 7 27 104 0
203 22 224 10 26 168 7
204 -- -- -- 27 125 2
205 19 161 4 22 135 4
206 23 140 4 27 129 3
207 27 117 3 23 90 0
209 25 120 3 25 92 0
211 -- -- -- 29 76 0
212 -- -- -- 30 84 0
215 -- -- -- -- -- --
217 -- -- -- 21 68 0
220 -- -- -- 20 109 0
400 -- -- -- 16 110 1
401 20 81 2 29 62 0
402 15 131 2 32 113 5
403 41 90 1 55 78 0
404 21 153 4 29 137 4
406 37 125 2 59 160 17
407 18 94 0 23 178 7
409 25 112 3 55 116 8
411 23 101 0 31 81 0
412 39 64 0 64 I 74 0
414 41 123 6 63 i 137 12
415 21 117 2 29 1 130 4
416 24 80 0 32 86 0
417 18 68 0 31 1 82 0
418 21 72 0 32 I 82 0
419 13 67 0 27 I 114 2
422 19 I 84 0 32 115 5
423 12 62 0 27 79 0
425 20 56 0 31 69 0
426 -- -- I -- 26 116 2
427 10 50 ! 0 28 41 0
-------
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Table 2-9 (continued). SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN SUSPENDED-PARTICULATE CONCENTRATIONS,
DECEMBER 1967 THROUGH NOVEMBER 1968, DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA
-
June - j\ugust September - November
Station Number of Arithmetic Number of observed Number of I Arithmetic I Number of observed
number observations mean, l-Ig/m3 values> 200 l-Ig/m3 observations mean, l-Ig/m3 values> 200 l-Ig/m3
201 31 110 1 29 109 0
202 36 151 7 29 128 4
203 28 186 13 25 184 9
204 31 152 8 26 130 4
205 27 128 2 26 139 4
206 18 116 2 -- -- --
207 32 101 1 28 96 0
209 30 90 0 23 61 0
211 30 78 0 29 74 0
212 37 81 1 28 69 0
215 30 105 1 28 93 0
217 38 83 1 28 75 0
220 38 138 3 28 102 0
400 31 109 2 25 101 1
401 33 79 0 28 62 0
402 28 112 2 25 94 1
403 65 114 6 38 96 0
404 27 141 5 26 114 1
406 59 155 16 42 162 13
407 26 133 5 25 131 3
409 53 101 2 44 85 3
411 32 82 0 22 77 0
412 61 75 0 50 60 0
414 59 140 7 40 109 5
415 29 117 3 29 97 1
416 32 95 1 29 77 0
417 31 78 1 24 60 0
418 33 83 2 24 71 0
419 I 26 94 1 25 79 0
422 31 106 3 28 106 3
423 31 75 0 22 60 1
425 I 32 79 1 27 64 0
426 27 96 0 25 68 0
427 I 19 56 0 25 42 I 0
-------
Table 2-10. CUMULATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF 2-HOUR
SOILING-INDEX VALUES, PORT HURON - SARNIA AREA
CohjlOOO lineal ft
Stati on
number
Number of
observations
151
152
155
156
157
158
160
161
163
301
303
310
3,913
340
3,469
3,518
1,053
3,973
4,229
3,726
2,354
3,704
3,539
3,467
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% of samples ~ stated value:
90 75! 50 25 I 10 1
Maximum II
observed Geometric
va 1 ue I mean
0.2 0.3 0.5 0.8
<0. 1 O. 1 ' 0.2 0.4
0.1 0.3 0.4 0.6
0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4
0.2 0.2 0.3 0.5
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.7
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5
0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3
0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5
0.10.10.30.4
0.20.30.7:1.1
1.3 2.6
0.5 1.0
0.9 1.8
0.6 1.0
0.8 1.6
1.0 1.9
0.9 1.8
0.8 1.5
0.4 0.8
0.9 2.1
0.7 1.4
1.4 2.3
6.9
1.9
5.5
2.3
2.1
6.0
4.8
2.4
2.8
4.2
2.8
3.7
ill UN ITED STATES
I CANADA
0.5
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.6
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SAMPLI NG ST A TI ONS
Figure 2-5. Annual geometric mean sOiling index in Detroit - Windsor area.
2. 1. 2. 4 Benzo(a)pyrene - Suspended particulate samples were analyzed for
benzo(a)pyrene at Stations 202, 303, 401, 406, and 409 for the year. Samples
from Stations 201, 203, 205, 206, 207, 209, and 211 were analyzed for December
through March. The monthly average values are reported in Table 2-13. Partic-
ulate collections from Stations 303, 401, 406, and 409 were each analyzed as
composite monthly samples. The 24-hour collections from other stations we re
analyzed separately and the monthly average concentration computed. Consistently
higher values than at other stations were observed at Station 406, the highest
occurring in October (16.2 ng/m3). Higher values also occurred during February
at Stations 203, 206, and 209 (9.8, 10.5, and 1. 04 ng/m3, respectively).
2. 1. 2. 5 Fluorides - Fluoride monitoring stations were at two sites in the Port
Huron - Sarnia area and three sites in the Detroit - Windsor area. The stations
consisted of specially designed sequential samplers using a filter paper impreg-
nated with sodium formate for the chemical sorption of hydrogen fluoride. Sam-
pling was done for six 4-hour periods every third day. The samples were analyzed
for fluoride content, both the sorbed hydrogen fluoride and particulate fluorides,
by means of a specific ion electrode. The results are reported as 4-hour averages
in ppb fluoride at 250 C and 760 mm pressure.
2.1. 2. 5.1 Port Huron - Sarnia area. Results of sampling in the Port Huron.
Sarnia area are shown in Table 2-14. Both sampling stations measured approxi-
mately the same fluoride concentrations. The maximum concentrations experi-
enced, 2.2 ppb at Station 305 and 1. 3 at Station 307, were above the limit of 1. 0
ppb specified by Ontario. The arithmetic mean, however, was 0.3 ppb at Station
305 and 0.2 ppb at Station 307.
Seasonal variations in fluoride concentrations are given in Table 2-15.
Slightly higher fluoride concentrations were detected during summer at both
stations than during spring and fall. Winter values are not available.
2-18
JOIN T AIR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
» Table 2-11. METAL CONCENTRATIONSa AT SELECTED STATIONS IN PORT HURON - SARNIA
...
!(:) AND DETROIT - WINDSOR AREAS, APRIL 1968
s:::
AI Minimum I
.:c detectab le
Q Metal level, ]..Ig/m3 ; Concentration, ]..Ig/m3
-
- ! NDb I
::s" Antimony 0.04 I NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO
CD ;
""tJ Bery11 i um 0.0002 : (414)d I (406) (202) (211 ) NO ! NO NO
Q NO NO NO
...
- ; 0.0004 I 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002c
:I: i NO
s::: Bi smuth 0.001 i NO NO NO NO NO NO ND ND NO
...
Q !
:::I
Cadmium 0.011 (414) (201) (406) (202) NO NO NO ND NO NO
V) 0.021 0.018 0.017 0.011 c
AI
... I
:. Ch romi um 0.006 (422) (415) (414) (202) (201) (406) (303) (417) (205) (211 )
AI
Q) 0.035 ! 0.027 0.025 0.023 0.019 0.019 0.016 0.016 0.014c 0.013
i
:::I ,
CI. Cobalt 0.006 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO
c , NO
,
CD I
- Copper 0.01 . (303) (427) (414) (422) (417) (415) (310) (209) (406) (212)
...
Q
;:;: 0.13 ; 0.11 0.09c 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.05
;
:e Iron 0.16 ( 202) (406) (415) (414) (422) (201) (211) (417) (411) (419)
:::I 5.3 4.7 4.6 4.4 4.4 3.4 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.3
CI.
II> Lead 0.04 (414) (401) (422) (419) (417) (415) (205) (310) ( 202) (201)
Q
...
» 1.2 1.1 1.1 0.92 0.78c 0.76 0.64 0.63 0.56 0.55
CD Manganese 0.01 (422) ( 202) (406) (201) (414) (41.5) (419) (411) (205) (211)
AI
In
0.17 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.12 0.11 0.1Oc 0.10
Molybdenum 0.003 (406) (202) (211 ) NO NO ND NO NO I ND NO
0.003 0.003 0.003c
Nickel 0.006 (202) (201) (422) (303) (414) (406) (415) (205) I (204) (211)
0.025c 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.021 0.020 0.020 0.020 I 0.016 0.015
! (414) (422) ! : j I
Tin 0.001 i (419) (406) (202) (211) (205) (201) (209) (212)
I I i
'0.015c I 0.009 I 0.008 : 0.004 0.004 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002
I ,
Titanium 0.01 : (414) I (406) (415) ( 202) I (211) (204) (201) (422) (212) NO
0.04c 0.04 0.03 0.02 I 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01
I (303) (310) (414) ! (204) (161) I (205) I (406) (422) (202) i (211 )
Vanadium I 0.003 ' I :
0.022c 0.007 I 0.007 0.007 I 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.005 I 0.004
I I I 0.005 I
I I
N Zinc 0.12 (414) (406) (303) ! (310) (415) (411) (202) (422) (419) (417)
I 2.5 1.7 1.5 1.3 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.75 0.59c : 0.35
--' ! I ,
~
-------
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I
N
o
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:z
-I
~
::0
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o
r
r-
c=
-I
......
o
z
c.-?
-I
c=
C
-<
Table 2-11 (continued). METAL CONCENTRATIONSa AT SELECTED STATIONS IN PORT HURON - SARNIA
AND DETROIT - WINDSOR AREAS, APRIL 1968.
L .. _._-----~- ---. ------- _..~---- --
Minimum
detectable
Meta 1 level, l1g/m3 Concentrati on, l1g/m3
Antimony 0.04 ND I ND ND ND ND ND ND ND I ND I ND
! I I
i i
Bery11 i urn 0.0002 ND ND ND ND ! NO ND ND ND I ND ND
i i !
Bismuth 0.001 ND NO ND ND I ND I ND i ND ND I ND I ND
I
Cadmium 0.011 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Ch romi urn 0.006 (310) (419) (209) ND ND ND ND NO ND ND
0.013 0.009 0.009 i
Cobalt 0.006 NO ND ND ND ND NO NO ND NO I ND
Copper 0.01 (202) (211) (205) (201) (204) (217) ( 207) (161) (419) (411)
0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02
Iron 0.16 (205) (204) (209) (212) ( 310 ) (303) (217) (161) (207) (427)
2.2 2.0 1.9 1.8 ' 1.4c 1.4 : 1.1 0.95 0.92 0.83
i '
Lead 0.04 (303) (204) (209) (211) (207) (212) I (161) (217) (411) (427)
0.51 0.47 0.41 0.35 ! 0.35 0.30 ; 0.28 0.26 0.24 0.17
:
Manganese 0.01 (417) (209) (212) (204) (303) ( 20 7) I (217) (310) (427) (161)
,
0.11 0.09 0.09 0.08 ! 0.08 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.04
:
Molybdenum 0.003 ND ND NO NO : ND ND ND I ND ND ND
Nickel 0.006 (209) (161) (310) (417) I (411) (212) (419) (207) (217) ND
I
0.015 0.015 0.015 I 0.014 0.012 0.012 0.010 ' 0.009 0.009
I i
Tin 0.001 (204) (303) (161) ND ' ND ND ND i ND ND NO
! I
0.002 0.002 0.001 I !
Titanium 0.01 I
ND ND ND ND I ND NO ND I ND ND ND
I
Vanadium 0.003 (209 ) ND ND ND ! ND ND ND I ND ! ND ND
10.004 I I '
i
Zinc 0.12 I (211) (204) (201) I ND ND ND i ND ND ND ND
i I
0.26 0.19 0.14 !
aData for each. metal are presented in order of decreasing concentrations.
bNO = not detectable.
CNational urban average.
dStation numbers are given in parentheses.
-------
Table 2-12. METAL CONCENTRATIONS AT SELECTED STATIONS
DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA. OCTOBER 1968a
--- - -- -
.'_0-
Meta 1 Concentration. ~g/m3
Cadmium (203)b (414) (406) (202) (212) I (217) (403) (409) (220) (425)
0.013 0.009 0.007 0.006 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.002
Chromium (212) (220) (406) (414) (202) (403) (409) (217) (425) (203)
0.021 0.011 0.008 0.008 0.006 0.006 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.000
Iron (406) (414) (203) (403) (220) (202) (212) (217) (425) (409)
8.6 4.2 3.5 2.9 2.8 2.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.4
Lead (414) (406) (403) (203) I (202) (212) (425) (409) (220) (217)
2.55 1.25 0.98 0.97 ! 0.79 0.66 0.64 0.59 0.58 0.54
Manganese (406) (203) (220) (414) ' (202) (403) (212) (217) (409) (425)
0.28 0.21 0.20 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06
Zinc (414) ( 406) i (203) (403) ' (202) I (220) (409) i (217) (212) (425)
1.02 0.80 i 0.63 0.55 0 . 34 . 0.34 0.24 i 0.23 0.22 0.16
aValues were determined by atomic absorption
the order of decreasing concentrations.
bStation numbers in parentheses.
analysis and are presented in
.2.1..2.5..2 Detroit - Windsor area. Fluoride data for the Detroit - Windsor
area are summarized in Table .2-14. Maximum values at the three stations were
above the 1. 0 ppb level. The concentrations at Stations .20.2 and 4.20 were about
the same, but those at 411 were consid.erably lower. The maximum concentration
was .2.9 ppb at Station .20.2; the same station exceeded .2.7 ppb for 1 percent of~the
observations. Co.'
Seasonal variations (Table .2-16) indicate that higher fluoride concentrations
existed during summer than during fall or spring at Station .20.2. Data for winter
were not available.
2.2 DUSTFALL
Particulates which settle from the atmosphere and are measured in dustfall
gauges are coarse in size, mainly .20 microns and above. Although dustfall amounts
often vary in accord with concentrations of other contaminants which may be re-
sponsible for health effects, sett~eable coarse particles are not considered to be of
concern from the health aspect. The chief problem from dustfall is property dam-
age. Buildings, motor vehicles, furnishings, etc., are adversely affected by dust
deposition, so that cleaning costs are increased. Frequently, the particles contain
adsorbed acidic materials or other corrosive substances and may be particularly
damaging.
.2. .2. 1 Air Quality Criteria
Quantitative relationships between the amount of dustfall and the severity of
property damage or inconvenience to the community have not been established. The
Air Quality of the Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - .Windsor Areas
2...21
-------
N
,
N
N
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Z
-f
):00
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"
o
r-
r-
c::
-f
a
z
V)
-;
c::
c
-<
Table 2-13.
AVERAGE CONCENTRATIONS OF BENZO(A)PYRENE, PORT HURON - SARNIA AND DETROIT - WINDSOR
AREAS, DECEMBER 1967 THROUGH NOVEMBER 1968
(~g/m3 )
I---------------~---
Station number
Date 201 202 203a 205 206 207 209 211 303b 401 a 406a 409
Dec -- 2.1 3.8 4.1 1.3 1.2 1.7 -- 1.1 -- 5.9 2.1
Jan 2.3 2.9 4.9 3.9 1.0 0.8 1.9 -- 1.4 2.1 6.1 1.5
Feb 1.6 1.6 9.8 4.3 10.5 8.6 10.4 -- 1.1 1.7 3.4 1.4
Mar 1.3 1.1 3.6 1.8 0.6 -- 0.9 0.4 1.3 1.3 14.9 1.7
Apr 1.4 1.0 7.2 6.1 0.8
May 0.4 1.0 1.0 3.4 0.9
Jun 2.4 0.9 0.9 4.3 1.0
Jul 0.7 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.0
Aug 1.0 0.6 0.7 2.8 0.7
Sep 5.9 0.6 0.8 12.0 0.7
Oct ! 1.4 0.8 1.1 16.2 0.6
i
Nov i 4.6 ! 0.6 1.1 6.7 1.0
i
a
aIndividual particle collections were pooled and analyzed as a monthly composite sample. At all other stations,
individual particle collections were analyzed and the values averaged.
bThis station is in the Port Huron - Sarnia Area. All other stations are in the Detroit - Windsor Area.
-------
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W
Table 2-14. CUMULATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF AVERAGE FLUORIDE
CONCENTRATIONS, 4-HOUR SAMPLES
Concentration, ppb
Station Sampling Number of % of observation ~ stated value: Maximum Arithmetic Ari thmeti c
number period samples 90 75 50 25 10 1 value mean standard deviation
Port Huron - Sarni a Area
305 4/68-10/68 231 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.9 2.2 0.3 0.2
307 4/68-10/68 244 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.9 1.3 0.2 0.2
Detroi t - Wi ndsor Area
202 4/68-10/68 201 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.7 0.9 2.7 2.9 0.5 0.4
411 5/68-9/68 87 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 --- 0.8 0.2 0.1
420 6/68-10/68 200 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.9 1.5 2.0 0.4 0.3
-------
Table 2-15.
SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN FLUORIDE CONCENTRATIONS, 4-HOUR SAMPLES,
IN PORT HURON - SARNIA AREA, 1968
I
I
Samp1 i ng i
peri od I
Mar-May I
I
i
I
I
June-Aug I 305
i 307
! i Arithmeti c I Geometri c--
Stati on : Number of I mean, mean,
number i samples ppb ppb
305 27 0.2 0.2
307 41 0.2 0.1
-
1 Concentrati ons
exceeded by
10 % of
samples, ppb
0.5
0.3
Concentrations
exceeded by
1 % of
samples, ppb
0.8
0.9
Sept-Nov i 305
307
132 0.3 0.3 1.4 0.5
133 I 0.3 0.2 1.0 0.4
I
I 0.4
72 0.2 0.2 0.8
72 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.3
Table 2-16. SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN FLUORIDE CONCENTRATIONS,
4-HOUR SAMPLES, IN DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA, 1968
Concentrations Concentra ti ons
exceeded exceeded
Sampling Station Number of Arithmetic Geometric by 1% of by 10% of
period number samples mean, ppb mean, ppb samples, ppb samples, ppb
Mar-May 202 58 0.4 0.3 0.9 0.8
4i1 6 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3
4Z0 -_. --- --- --- ---
June-Aug 202 59 0.8 0.6 2.9 1.2
411 48 0.2 0.2 0.8 0.3
420 135 0.4 0.3 1.5 0.9
Sept-Nov 202 84 0.4 0.4 2.6 0.7
411 33 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.3
420 65 0.4 0.3 1.6 0.8
Ontario Air QUa.Lity Standards, however, do include a standard for dustfall, pre-
viously presented in the introduction to this section.
2.2.2 Measured Dustfall
Dustfall samples were collected over monthly periods using a plastic con-
tainer with a 7. 5-inch opening. Weights of both the soluble and insoluble portions
of each sample were obtained. The data, expressed as tons of dustfall per square
mile per month (tons/mi2-month), represent the sum of the weights of soluble and
ins oluble solids.
2.2.2.1 Port Huron - Sarnia Area Dustfall samples were collected at 29 locations
in the Port Huron - Sarnia area. The statistical summary given in Table 2 -17
shows the number of samples with dustfall in certain ranges. Of the 269 samples,
only nine yielded dustfall values equal to or greater than 40 tons/mi2-month. The
2-24
JOINT AIR POllUTION STUDY
-------
Table 2-17. OCCURRENCE OF MONTHLY DUSTFALL WITHIN
S~LECTED RANGES IN PORT HURON - SARNIA AREA
(Stations with six or more observations)
Sta ti on Number of Dustfall, tons/mi2-mo
----_:c.:::: ------
number observati ons 10 10-24 25-39 40
151 7 3 2 2
153 8 2 6 -
154 8 - 2 5 1
155 8 - 5 2 1
156 9 1 7 1 I
158 9 - 7 2 -
159 9 - 6 2 1
160 9 - 5 4
161 9 1 6 2 -
162 9 - 6 2 1
163 9 - 7 2 -
164 9 1 7 1 -
165 8 2 5 1 -
166 9 - 8 1
303 12 - 10 2
307 12 4 8 -
308 9 - 2 6 1
310 12 4 7 1
311 12 4 6 2
312 11 - 7 3 1
313 12 4 6 2 -
314 11 7 4 - -
315 12 8 4 - -
316 11 8 3 - -
317 11 - 9 2 -
318 12 8 I 4 ! -
i
319 12 7 i 5
' - -
eight stations that reported the nine observations of dustfall equal to or exceeding
40 tons/mi2-month each had mean dustfall values of 25 tons/mi2-month or greater,
nearly twice the Ontario annual standard.
The areal distribution of dustfall is shown in Figure 2-6. The locations of
the eight stations with measured dustfall exceeding 40 tons /mi2 -month are indicated
by If l'> IS" .
Air Quality of the Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor Areas
2-25
-------
~
N
LAKE HURON
.
B
.
----------\
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
.
8
.
9
15
20
£,23
20
.
I I
miles
Figure 2-6. Dustfall (tons/mi2-mo) for December 1967 through November 1968 (stations
taking samples for 6 or more months).
2.2.2.2 Detroit - Windsor Area - There were 38 dustfall sampling stations in the
Detroit - Windsor area. Maximum, minimum, and average values are given in
Table 2-18. Forty-five of the 397 samples had dustfall exceeding 40 tons/mi2-
month, and all 45 occurred at 10 locations. The value of 40 tons /mi2 -month was
exceeded in all 12 of the samples at Station 406, in 10 of the 11 samples at Station
404, and in 8 of 11 samples at Station 203. The number of occurrences of dustfall
amounts in various ranges is given in Table 2 -19.
The geographic distribution of average dustfall is shown in Figure 2 -7. The
central commercial-industrial areas of Windsor and Detroit show heavy dustfall,
2-26
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
Table 2-18.
DUSTFALL IN DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA
Dustfall. tons/mi 2-ril'o
Arithmetic
Station Number of Maximum Arithmetic standard
number samples value mean deviation
201 12 42 23 8
202 12 41 19 8
203 11 68 42 11
205 12 107 34 25
206 8 28 19 6
207 12 28 14 6
209 12 18 12 3
210 11 54 30 12
211 7 15 10 2
212 9 21 16 4
213 11 20 10 4
214 9 28 17 8
215 12 28 12 6
216 12 24 12 6
217 6 18 10 4
218 12 32 16 7
219 12 17 11 4
220 7 39 23 10
400 3 22 17 5
401 9 26 15 6
402 11 47 31 10
403 12 24 13 6
404 11 123 62 39
406 12 82 62 12
407 11 61 41 12
409 11 38 24 9
411 12 24 14 5
412 12 38 13 9
413 10 37 22 7
414 12 44 28 8
415 11 38 19 10
416 12 39 20 9
417 12 29 14 7
418 11 25 14 6
419 9 21 14 5
422 11 I 36 20 7
423 10 i 29 I 14 7
425 12 35 i 17 9
I
with the heaviest dustfall occurring in Detroit, south of the city's center.
2.3 SULFUR DIOXIDE
Sulfur dioxide is one of the most abundant pollutants in urban atmospheres
because of its widespread production through fuel burning. All fossil fuels except
refined natural gas contain sulfur, which is converted predominantly to sulfur
dioxide in combustion.
2.3. I Air Quality Criteria
Information available throughout the world on the effects of sulfur dioxide has
been exhaustively examined and documented by the U. S. National Air Pollution
Air Quality of the Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor Areas
2-27
-------
Table 2-19. OCCURRENCE OF MONTHLY DUST FALL WITHIN
SELECTED RANGES IN DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA
Station Number of Dustfa11, tons/mi2-mo
number samples <10 10-24 25-39 >40
-
201 12 - 8 3 1
202 12 1 10 - 1
203 11 - - 3 8
205 12 1 2 7 2
206 8 - 6 2 -
207 12 2 9 1 -
209 12 2 10 - -
210 11 - 4 5 2
211 7 3 4 - -
212 9 1 8 - -
213 11 6 5 -
214 9 2 6 1 -
215 12 5 6 1 -
216 11 5 6 -
217 6 3 3 -
218 12 1 9 2 -
219 12 6 6 - -
220 7 - 5 2
401 9 1 6 2
402 11 - 4 4 3
403 12 4 8 - -
404 11 - - 1 10
406 12 - - - 12
407 11 - - 6 5
409 11 - 5 6 -
411 12 2 10 - -
412 12 6 4 2 -
413 10 - 6 4 -
414 12 - 5 6 1
415 11 - 9 2 -
416 12 1 8 3 -
417 12 2 8 2 -
418 11 3 7 1 -
419 9 2 7 -
422 11 - 9 2 -
423 10 2 7 I 1 -
425 12 1 8 3 , -
Control Administration. 3 The publication defines air quality criteria for sulfur
oxides and has been used for the assessment of the significance of sulfur dioxide
concentrations occurring in the study areas covered by this report.
Air quality standards for sulfur dioxide have been established by several
states in the U. S. Others are now considering standards following the publication
of the U. S. Air Quality Criteria, and some of those already using standards may
modify them. The Ontario standards and proposed Michigan standards for sulfur
dioxide were given in the introduction to this section.
2-28
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
.
11
L_-
.
.12
.12
I
,"4 I 1-
___1__1
I I
I 1
I I
1 141
L_---, I
I \
1 \
__L_-
-\
\
\
.-10
10
~
N
I I
milu
Figure 2-7. Geographic distribution of average dustfall. tons/mi2-mo.
2.3.2 Measured Air Quality
2.3.2. 1 Sulfur Dioxide Measurements - Atmospheric sulfur dioxide concentrations
were measured at 26 locations in the Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor
areas. At the Canadian stations, sulfur dioxide was measured by continuous -record-
ing electroconductivity analyzers, except at Station 202 where a continuous coulo-
metric analyzer was used from August through November 1968. The data reported
are average values for I-hour periods.
At U. S. stations, 2 -hour average concentrations were measured at
Station 303 from March through November 1968, Station 310 from January through
April 1968, and Station 408 from February through May 1968, using sequential
samplers and spectrophometric techniques. At all other U. S. stations, continuous
coulometric analyzers were used and average values for I-hour periods were
reported.
Air Quality of the Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor Areas
2-29
-------
2.3.2.1.1 Port Huron - Sarnia area. The precentage frequency of occur-
rence of hourly average and daily average sulfur dioxide concentrations for the
Port Huron - Sarnia area is given in Tables 2-20 and 2-21, together with maxi-
mum and average values for the entire period of observation at each station. All
stations measured hourly average concentrations of sulfur dioxide equal to or
greater than the 0.25 ppm limit specified by the Ontario regulations. Seven of the
11 locations had hourly average concentrations in exces s of 0.40 ppm.
All but three stations (157, 163, and 305) exceeded the Ontario standard of
0.10 ppm sulfur dioxide concentration, and four of the 11 equaled or exceeded 0.20
ppm for a 24-hour period.
From the mean values of hourly concentrations, only two stations, 152 and
310, indicate annual average sulfur dioxide concentrations as high as the Ontario
standard. Two stations reported amlual average sulfur dioxide concentrations
greater than the proposed Michigan standard of 0.035 ppm.
2.3.2.1.2 Detroit - Windsor area. Table 2-22 gives the percentage frequency
of occurrence of hourly and 24-hourly values of atmospheric sulfur dioxide concen-
trations for 15 locations in the Detroit - Windsor area. Average and maximum
values of concentration are also given.
All stations, except 411, showed average concentrations equal to or
than the 0.02 ppm limit of the Ontario standard. Station 411 reached this
for hourly averages, but not for daily averages.
greater
limit
Only one station, 208, measured an annual average concentration of 0.05 ppm.
Ten stations exceeded the I-hour limit set by the Ontario standards. Eight
locations exceeded the Ontario limit for 24-hour average concentrations. Only
Stations 208 and 408 exceeded the Michigan standard of 0.035 ppm for an annual
average sulfur dioxide concentration.
2.3.2.2 Sulfation Rate Measurements - The conversion of exposed lead peroxide
to lead sulfate by atmospheric sulfur dioxide provides a static method of obtaining
an index of the presence of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere. This index is used
as a measure of the effects of sulfur dioxide on materials, such as fabrics, metals,
paints, masonry, etc.
2.3.2.2.1 Port Huron - Sarnia area. Thirty-two locations in the Port Huron-
Sarnia area were used to study sulfation rate. Table 2-22 summarizes the data'.
At all stations, the mean value over the period of observation equaled or exceeded
the 0.4 mg S03/ 1 00 cm2-day limit set by the Ontario air quality standard. Sixteen
of the stations had average values equaling or exceeding 1. 0 mg S03/100 cm2-day.
It should be noted tha.t those stations reporting mean values of 0.5 mg S03/100 cm2-
day or less did not collect samples during December, January, and February.
During February 1969 an intensive survey was made of sulfation rates in the
Port Huron - Sarnia area. Sulfation sensors were installed at 121 locations along
lines parallel to the St. Clair River, with scattered additional sensors located in
Sarnia as well as up to 10 miles from the river.
2-30
JOINT Am POLLUTION STUDY
-------
Table 2-20. CUMULATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF HOURLY SULFUR DIOXIDE
CONCENTRATIONS IN PORT HURON - SARNIA AND DETROIT - WINDSOR AREAS
Concentration, ppm
Number -- -- --- Arithmetic
Station of % of samples ~ stated value: Maximum Arithmetic standard
number samples 90 75 50 25 10 1 value mean deviation
Port Huron S . I
arm a area
151 7,765 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.02 0.09 0.24 0.53 0.02 0.05
152 1,438 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.03 0.07 0.24 0.34 0.03 0.04
155 5,959 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.03 0.07 0.23 0.71 0.02 0.05
156 7,774 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.12 0.52 0.02 0.03
157 3,922 <0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.12 0.28 0.02 0.02
158 8,540 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.02 0.05 0.20 0.71 0.02 0.04
161 7,662 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.02 0.07 0.24 0.48 0.02 0.05
163 2,789 <0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.08 0.26 0.02 0.02
303a 1,349 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.21 0.57 0.02 0.04
305 1,579 <0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.10 0.25 0.02 0.02
310a 547 <0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.07 0.17 0.40 0.03 0.04
310 2,656 <0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.14 0.32 0.02 0.03
Detroit - Windsor area
202 855 <0.01 <0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.19 0.84 0.02 0.05
202 1,919 <0.01 <0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.13 0.31 0.03 0.03
208 2,047 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.11 0.22 0.35 0.05 0.05
211 310 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.15 0.02 0.02
212 688 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.07 0.11 0.02 0.01
220 1 ,280 <0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.15 0.20 0.02 0.02
403 4,982 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.14 0.30 0.02 0.03
404 5,739 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.07 0.20 0.49 0.03 0.04
408a 487 <0.01 <0.01 0.02 0.05 0.08 0.20 0.33 0.04 0.04
408 2,747 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.14 0.27 0.02 0.03
411 687 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.09 0.13 0.02 0.02
412 556 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.06 0.22 0.33 0.03 0.04
415 2,735 <0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.23 0.37 0.02 0.04
416 2,686 <0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.14 0.25 0.02 0.02
419 2,165 0.01 0.01 0.0110.02 0.03 0.09 0.29 0.02 0.02
423 1,470 <0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.08 0.20 0.02 0.02
430 2,828 <0.01 0.01 0.0210.03 0.06 0.15 0.25 0.02 0.03
a
Two-hour samples.
Air Quality of the Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor Areas
2-31
-------
Table 2-21. CUMULATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF DAILY SULFUR DIOXIDE
CONCENTRATIONS IN PORT HURON - SARNIA AND DETROIT - WINDSOR AREAS
Concentration. ppm
Number % of samples ~stated value:
Station of ! Maximum Ari thmeti c
samples I ' I
number 90 75 I 50 25 10 1 value mean
I I
Port Huron - Sarni~ area I
I
151 343 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.03 I 0.07 0.19 0.29 0.03
152 61 <0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.06 - 0.20 0.03
i 0.03 0.05 0.11 0.14 0.02
155 263 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 i
156 339 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.02 0.03 0.09 0.16 0.02
157 170 <0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.07 0.08 0.02
158 362 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.02 0.04 0.08 0.13 0.02
161 329 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.17 0.26 0.02
163 121 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.02
303a 118 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.17 0.24 0.02
305 91 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 -- 0.06 0.02
310 201 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 I 0.02 0.05 0.11 0.11 0.02
Detroit - Windsor area
202 144 <0.01 <0.01 0.02 0.03 0.06 0.16 0.17 0.03
208 98 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.09 -- 0.13 0.05
211 18 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 -- 0.03 0.02
212 36 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 -- 0.04 0.02
220 81 <0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.04 -- 0.07 0.02
403 280 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.08 0.08 0.02
404 275 <0.01 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.11 0.14 0.03
408 173 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.11 0.12 0.02
411 51 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.22 0.03 -- 0.06 0.01
412 73 <0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.04 -- 0.15 0.02
415 143 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.15 0.18 0.02
416 135 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.13 0.14 0.02
419 107 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.06 0.02
423 73 <0.01
-------
Table 2-22. SULFATIONa IN PORT HURON
SARNIA AREA
..
Concentration, mg S03/100 cm2-day --
Sta ti on Number of Maximum Arithmetic Arithmetic
number samples value mean standard deviation
151 11 2.8 1.6 0.6
152 5 2.6 1.4 0.7
153 11 2.0 0.6 0.5
154 11 2.2 1.0 0.5
155 11 1.8 1.3 0.3
156 11 1.9 1.1 0.4
157 11 1.6 1.0 0.3
158 11 1.7 1.0 0.4
159 11 3.1 1.9 0.6
160 11 2.2 1.2 0.4
161 11 2.0 1.1 0.4
162 11 2.1 0.8 0.8
163 8 0.7 0.4 0.3
164 8 0.7 0.4 0.2
165 8 0.9 0.5 0.3
166 8 0.8 0.6 0.1
167 8 0.8 0.6 0.1
170 3 1.2 0.9 0.3
301 11 2.2 1.2 0.4
303 11 2.3 1.2 0.5
305 10 1.7 1.0 0.5
307 11 1.4 0.7 0.3
308 11 2.1 1.0 0.4
310 11 3.1 1.4 0.7
311 11 1.6 0.9 0.4
312 11 2.0 1.1 0.4
313 11 2.1 0.8 0.5
314 11 1.8 0.9 0.4
315 11 1.7 0.7 0.4
316 11 1.5 0.8 0.3
317 i 11 1.7 0.6 0.5
i
318 I 10 1.5 0.6 0.4
i
319 ! 10 1.3 0.6 0.3
aDetermined by the lead-peroxide candle method.
Air Quality of the Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor Areas
2-33
-------
The pattern of sul£ation rates measured during this survey is given in Figure
2 -8. Centers of high sul£ation rates appear in the southern portion of Sarnia and
in the area east of Marine City, Michigan, and Bickford and Sombra, Ontario.
,-----------------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
u-L-_--------,
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
~
N
LAKE HURON
o \
I I I I I I
lIilu
<
o z
~ ~-------~--
Figure 2-8. Pattern of sulfation rates during February 1969 in Port Huron - Sarnia area.
2.3.2.2.2 Detroit - Windsor area. The sul£ation rate data collected at the
41 stations in the Detroit - Windsor area are summarized in Table 2-23. Only 17
stations had average rates less than 1. 0 mg S03/100 cm2-day. Only one station
had a rate as low as 0.4, the Ontario standard.
Only one station had a rate as low as 0.04, the Ontario standard. The pattern of
annual average sul£ation rates shown by Figure 2-9 clearly indicates the effects of
industrial activity along the Detroit River.
2-34
JOINT A'IR POLLUTION STUDY
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Table 2-23.
SULFATION IN DETROIT - WINDSOR AREAa
-
I Concentration, mg S03/100 cm2-day
Station Number of I
Maximum Arithmetic Arithmetic
number samples value mean standard deviation
201 11 2.0 1.1 0.4
202 11 2.6 1.7 0.6
203 11 3.4 2.4 0.6
205 11 2.7 1.2 0.6
206 7 1.6 1.0 0.4
207 11 2.6 1.1 0.6
209 11 2.1 1.1 0.4
210 9 2.8 1.2 0.9
211 8 1.0 0.8 0.2
212 8 0.8 0.7 0.1
213 11 1.3 0.7 0.3
214 7 1.7 1.1 0.4
215 11 1.2 0.8 0.3
216 10 1.3 0.8 0.3
217 8 I 0.8 0.6 0.2
218 10 1.9 0.9 0.5
219 10 1.3 0.7 0.4
220 4 1.5 1.1 0.4
400 11 2.9 1.5 0.6
401 11 2.0 1.0 0.4
402 11 2.6 1.2 0.6
403 10 2.8 1.4 0.6
404 11 3.4 1.7 0.7
406 11 3.3 2.1 0.6
407 11 3.6 1.9 0.7
409 11 1.6 1.1 0.3
411 11 1.9 1.2 0.4
412 10 1.7 1.0 0.3
413 9 I 1.1 0.9 0.2
414 12 I 2.3 1.2 0.4
415 11 3.1 1.2 0.7
416 11 1.9 0.9 0.4
417 12 1.2 0.7 0.2
418 11 1.2 0.6 0.3
419 12 1.6 0.8 0.3
422 11 1.9 1.0 0.4
423 12 1.0 0.6 0.2
425 12 1.2 0.5 0.3
426a 10 1.0 0.6 0.3
427a 9 0.8 0.4 0.2
429a 12 2.3 1.4 0.4
aDetermined by the lead-peroxide candle method.
2.4 HYDROGEN SULFIJE
Hydrogen sulfide (HZS) sampling stations were located at six sites in the St.
Clair River area and at four sites in the Detroit River area. The HZS was collect-
ed on mercuric chloride-impregnated filter tape using an automatic sequential-
tape sampler for a Z-hour sampling period. The Z-hour average HZS concen-
tration was determined by developing the tape with ammonia and then measuring
the optical density of the resulting spots with a densitometer.
Air Quality of the Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor Areas
2-35
-------
0.58
I I
milu
/
Figure 2-9. Annual average sulfation rates in Detroit - Windsor area (mg 803/100 cm2-day).
The data from Stations 151, 155, 158, 161, and 212 were reported to the
nearest 1 ppb, with a minimum reported value of 1 ppb. Data from Stations 202,
303, 310, 408, and 409 were recorded, however, to the nearest 0.1 ppb, with a
minimum reported value of O. 1 ppb. This difference in resolution is reflected in
the tables.
2.4.1 Port Huron - Sarnia Area
The data obtained in the Port Huron - Sarnia area are summarized in Tables
2-24, 2-25, and 2-26. The highest 2 -hour average .concentration of 100 ppb and
the highest daily average of 9 ppb were recorded at Station 158. The reported per-
ceptible odor levels ranged from 1 ppb to 50 ppb.
Only Stations 303 and 310 (December-February) and 151 (September-November)
experienced seasonal average concentrations equal to the perceptible odor thres-
holds reported.
2-36
JOINT AIR POLlUT!ION STUDY
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Table 2-24. CUMULATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF 2-HOUR AVERAGE
HYDROGEN SULFIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN PORT HURON - SARNIA AREA
f - -. ---..
Concentration, ppb
% of samples ~ stated value: Arithmetic
Station Number of lAaximum Arithmetic standard
number samples 90 75 50 25 10 1 value mean deviation
151 3,652 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 2.0 10.0 50.0 <1.0 2.0
155 3,414 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 4.0 30.0 0.0 1.0
158 4,100 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 1.0 4.0 100.0 0.0 3.0
161 3,785 ! <1 .0 <1.0 <1.0 <1. 0 <1.0 2.0; 11.0 0.0 0.4
303 2, 164 i <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.4 0.9 4.0 6.6 0.4 ! 0.7
I ! I
310 2,517 <1.0 ,<1.0 <1.0: <1.0 1. 0 I 7.0 17.9 0.6 I 1.0
Table 2-25. CUMULATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF DAILY AVERAGE
HYDROGEN SULFIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN PORT HURON SARNIA AREA
Concentration, ppb I
I % of samples ~ stated value: I
Stati on I Number of ; I Maximum Arithmetic
number I samples ~ 90 75 50 25 10 1 I value mean
I
I i
I
151 I 325 i <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 2.0 5.0 7.0 <1.0
i
I ! <1.0
155 293 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 2.0 8.0 0.0
i : <1.0
158 357 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 1.0 5.0 9.0 0.0
I
161 327 : <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 2.0 3.0 0.0
303 I 190 :,<0.1 <0.1 0.2 0.4 0.9 3.7 4.0 0.4
I I i
310 220 <0.1 <0.1 0.2 0.6 1.614.0 4.6 0.6
Table 2-26. SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN HYDROGEN SULFIDE CONCENTRATIONS, 2-HOUR
SAMPLES, IN PORT HURON - SARNIA AREA, DECEMBER 1967 THROUGH NOVEMBER 1968
-.- -
-----
Arithmetic mean, ppb
Station 'Number of Dec- Number of Mar- Number of June- Number of Sept
number samples Feb samples May samples Aug samples Nov
151 922 <1.0 1,003 0.0 691 <1.0 1,036 1.0
155 321 <1.0 1,090 0.0 939 0.0 1,065 0.0
158 1 ,043 0.0 1,068 0.0 1,019 0.0 970 0.0
161 953 0.0 749 0.0 1,017 0.0 1,066 0.0
303 377 I 1.0 172 0.5 808 0.2 807 0.2
310 253 1.0 607 0.5 973 0.2 684 0.9
Air Quality of the Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor Areas
2-37
-------
2.4.2 Detroit - Windsor Area
Only two stations, 408 and 409, both in the U. S., made a sufficient number
of observations to permit the calculation of meaningful statistics. From the data
available for the stations with incomplete records, the maximum 2 -hour concen-
tration measured at Canadian Station 212 was less than 1 ppb, whereas Station 202
had a maximum 2-hour value of 5.2 ppm.
A statistical summary for Stations 408 and 409 is given in Tables 2-27 and
2-28. Of these two stations, only 408, in the highly industralized River Rouge
area experienced a mean concentration of H2S in exces s of 1 ppb.
Table 2-27. CUMULATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF 2-HOUR AVERAGE
HYDROGEN SULFIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA
-~----- ----~~ -- -- ----______m__._-- --
Concen tra ti on, ppb
% of samples ~ stated value: Ari thmeti c
Station Number of Maximum Arithmetic standard
number samples 90 75 50 25 10! 1 value ! mean deviation
408 2,804 <0.1 <0.2 <0.6 1.3 3.0118.7 40.8 1.4 3.3
I
409 2,383 <0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.8! 3.4 10.6 0.3 0.7
Table 2-28. CUMULATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF DAILY AVERAGE
HYDROGEN SULFIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN DETROIT RIVER STUDY AREA
Concentration, ppb
Stati on Number of % of samples ~ stated value: Maximum ' Ari thmeti c
I I I
number samples 90 75 50 I 25 I 10 value mean
i ! I I
408 241 I 0.2 i 0.4 I 0.8 I 1.6 3.5 9.9 16.6 1.4
i I I
I
409 202 I <0.1 <0.1 I 0.2 0.3 I 0.7 i 2.7 3.0 0.4
Table 2-29 shows the statistics for the 2-hour average concentration of
HZS on a seasonal basis.
2.5 CARBON MONOXIDE
Carbon monoxide was not considered from the aspect of transboundary pol-
lution but was included only for completeness of the survey. The only significant
source of CO air pollution in the Detroit - Windsor area is the automobile. In the
Port Huron - Sarnia area, industrial process losses were responsible for nearly
three-fourths of the CO emissions. In city streets, the concentrations of CO com-
monly reach 10 to 50 ppm or higher, but some distance away the gas concentration
drops to barely detectable levels. Thus a few hundred cars in the vicinity of a
sampler will produce higher concentrations than will many thousands of cars a
mile away. Although the large number of automobiles in Detroit would produce a
greater total amount of CO than that found in Winds or, the CO detected in Winds or
2-38
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
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Table
2-29. SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN HYDROGEN SULFIDE CONCENTRATIONS,
2-HOUR SAMPLES, IN DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA,
DECEMBER 1967 THROUGH NOVEMBER 1968
- .~- .--.
Concentra-
Concentrations, tions, ppb,
Sampling Station Number of Arithmetic ppb, exceeding exceeding 10%
period number samples mean, ppb 1 % of samples' of samples
Dec-Feb 408 445 1.8 9.4 4.0
409 522 0.6 5.1 1.8
Mar-May 408 445 1.1 15.8 2.4
409 522 0.2 1.3 0.6
Jun-Aug 408 445 1.4 23.7 3.1
409 522 0.1 1.2 0.5
Sept-Nov 408 445 1.6 23.0 3.0
409 552 0.3 2.9 0.8
would largely be the result of local rather than Detroit traffic.
2.5. 1 Air Quality Criteria
Carbon monoxide is important mainly in relation to health. It has little or no
potential for damage to vegetation or materials in conceivable ambient concentra-
tions. The toxic properties of relatively high concentrations of the gas are well
known. It is a frequent cause of sudden death in confined spaces. The effects of
exposure to the transient levels which occur in city streets or the atmosphere at
large are less well known. Relatively low concentrations will cause unpleasant
symptoms by interfering with the oxygen transport capacity of the blood. These
effects are apparently reversible, but not all medical authorities would agree that
there are no harmful sequelae to repeated doses of the gas. Evidence indicates
that human responses to low concentrations may include diminished visual acuity
and an impaired ability to concentrate.
Criteria for CO are to be published by the U. S. National Air Pollution Con-
trol Administration but are not yet available. Some states and cities in the U. S.
have set standards. For example, Pennsylvania has adopted an air quality standard
of 25 ppm on the basis of 24-hour samples. Ontario regulations, as previously
mentioned, allow up to 60 ppm for 1 hour or 15 ppm for 8 hours, irrespective of
land us e .
2.5.2 Measured Carbon Monoxide
Carbon monoxide concentrations were measured in the Detroit - Windsor
area at Station 408 from December 1967 through June 1968, and at Station 208
from June 1968 through November 1968. The measurements were made by con-
tinuous-monitoring nondispersive infrared analyzers. Cumulative percent fre-
quency distributions of hourly average CO concentrations for the period of ob-
servation are presented in Table 2-30. A concentration of 3.0 ppm was exceeded
by 50 percent of the samples at both stations, and 6.7 ppm was exceeded by 10
Air Quality of the Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit -Windsor Areas
2-39
-------
Table 2-30. CUMULATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF HOURLY AVERAGE
CARBON MONOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA
" ---
I
of I Concentration, ppm I
% of samples ~ stated value: I Ari thmeti c
Stati on Number I 25 ' 11 Maximum I Arithmetic standard
number samples 90 [75 i 50 10 value I mean deviation
I I i '
: I 8.0 19.0 5.4 I 4.6
208 1,464 1.5 i 2.0 13.0 i 13.5 ! 15.5 i
,
408 3,551 1.011.7'3.0 4.5 I 6.7 13.0 18.0 3.6 2.7
percent of the samples at Station 408; 13.5 ppm was exceeded by 10 percent of the
samples at Station 208.
Carbon monoxide concentrations within urban areas show large variations,
depending on the location of the sampling station and the period of observation.
Consequently, the CO concentration data given in Table 2-30 cannot be considered
representative of Detroit and Windsor. Rather they are only measurements for
particular locations over specific periods of time. For comparison, the average
annual concentrations of CO measured at the Continuous Air Monitoring Program
(CAMP) stations of the U. S. National Air Pollution Control Administration are
given in Table 2-31.
Table 2-31.
AVERAGE ANNUAL CONCENTRATIONS OF CARBON MONOXIDE
IN SEVERAL CITIES IN THE UNITED STATES
(ppm)
Year
City 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966
Chicago -- 8.3 12.1 17.1 12.5
Cincinnati -- 7.0 6.1 4.0 4.9
Denver -- -- -- 7.2 7.9
Philadelphia -- -- 7.1 8.1 6.8
San Francisco -- 5.4 5.2 -- --
St. Louis -- -- 6.3 6.5 5.8
Washington 5.3 6.7 5.7 3.7 3.3
2.6 HYDROCARBONS
Low-boiling-point aliphatic and aromatic HC occur in the atmosphere as
emissions from automobile crankcases and exhausts, evaporative losses from
gasoline handling and storage, and process losses from industries such as chemical
plants and petroleum refineries. The several refineries and chemical plants in
Sarnia were considered possible major point sources of HC, but, relatively speak-
ing, such sources were not as significant in the Detroit - Windsor area. In the
Detroit - Windsor area the automobile was the most significant source of HC.
2-40
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
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Hydrocarbon concentrations were measured in both areas, however, using con-
tinuously recording flame-ionization analyzers. Measurements were given as
one-hour averages.
2. 6. 1 Air Quality Criteria
The chief significance of HC as air pollutants lies in their capability to react
with NOx in the presence of sunlight to produce photochemical pollution characterized
by oxidants. Hydrocarbons, in concentrations that conceivably can occur in the
ambient atmosphere, }lave not been reported as being responsible for direct health
effects. Accordingly, health effects do not form the basis for air quality criteria.
With the exception of ethylene, to which some plant species are particularly
susceptible, HC pose no kJ;lOWn threat to vegetation. In regard to ethylene, how-
ever, orchids, for example, cannot safely be exposed to concentrations in excess
of 0.01 ppm for 24 hours or 0.3 ppm for 1 hour. Other species such as roses
can tolerate concentrations several thousand times greater. Ethylene was not
specifically measured in the study.
Hydrocarbons also are not considered to be responsible for damage to mate-
rials except indirectly through the formation of oxidants.
2.6.2 Measured Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbon concentrations were measured at three locations in the Port
Huron - Sarnia area and one location in the Detroit - Windsor area.
2.6.2.1 Port Huron - Sarnia Area - Hourly average HC concentrations measured
in the Port Huron - Sarnia area are summarized in Table 2-32; corresponding
daily average values are given in Table 2.:.33. An hourly average of 5.0 ppm was
equaled or exceeded by 1 percent of the observations and a daily average of 3.0
ppm was equaled or exceeded by 1 percent of the observations. Hourly and daily
mean values ranged from 0.5 to 0.7 ppm. As shown in Table 2-34, there was
little change in average concentrations with seasons.
Table 2-32. CUMULATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF HOURLY AVERAGE
HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIONS IN PORT HURON - SARNIA AREA
Concentration, ppm
% of samples ~ stated value: Ari thmeti c
Stati on Number of ---- -- Maximum Arithmetic I standard
number samples 90 75 50 25 10 1 value mean . deviation
151 7,338 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.5 1.5 5.0 15.0 0.5 I 1.1
I
155 5,844 <0.1 <0.1 0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0 35.0 0.7 I 1.2
158 8,107 0.1 <0.1 <0. 1 ' O. 5 1.5 6.0 40.0 0.6 1.5
.
2.6.2.2 Detroit - Windsor Area - The measurements of HC concentrations made
at the single station in the Detroit - Windsor area are summarized in Tables 2-35
and 2-36. An hourly average concentration of 10.8 ppm was equaled or exceeded
by 1 percent of the samples, and a daily average concentration of 9. 1 ppm was
equaled or exceeded by 1 percent of the samples.
Air Quality of the Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor Areas
2-41
-------
Table 2-33. CUMULATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF DAILY AVERAGE
HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIONS IN PORT HURON - SARNIA AREA
! Concentration. ppm
i
Station Number of % of samples ~ stated value: Maximum Ari thmeti c
number samples 90 I 75 50 25 10 1 value mean
151 346 <0.1 <0.] 0.3 0.7 1.2 3.2 4.4 0.5
155 265 <0.1 0.1 0.5 1.0 1.5 3.0 4.7 0.7
158 356 i 0.1 0.4 0.7 1.4 3.8 5.8 0.6
i <0.1 I
Table 2-34. SEASONAL HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIONS, l-HOUR
SAMPLES. IN PORT HURON - SARNIA AREA.
DECEMBER 1967 THROUGH NOVEMBER 1968
i Concentra-
I Concentrations, tions. ppm.
Sampling I Station Number of Arithmetic ppm. exceeding exceeding
period I number samples mean, ppb 1% of samples 10% of sampl es
Dec-Feb 151 1 .875 0.6 5.0 2.0
155 -- -- -- --
158 1.939 0.4 3.5 1.0
Mar-May 151 1,883 0.5 4.0 1.5
155 1.905 1.0 6.0 2.5
158 2.024 0.6 6.0 1.5
Jun-Aug 151 1.938 0.5 6.0 1.5
155 1 . 888 0.8 5.0 2.0
158 2.028 0.8 8.0 2.0
Sept-Nov 151 1.642 0.5 5.0 1.5
155 I 2.051 0.4 3.0 1.5
i
158 2.116 0.5 5.0 1.2
Table 2-35. CUMULATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF HOURLY AVERAGE
HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIONS IN DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA
Number Concentration. ppm 1
% of samples ~ stated value: I Ari thmeti c
Station of Maximum Arithmetic I standard
number samples 90 75 50 25 10 1 value mean deviation
408 3. 1 89 0.9 1.5 2.4 3.7 5.4 10.8 16.8 2.9 I 2. 1
2-42
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
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Table 2-36. CUMULATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF DAILY AVERAGE
HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIONS IN DETROIT RIVER STUDY AREA
Concentration, ppm
Station Number of % of samples ~ stated value: Maximum Ari thmeti c
number samples 90 75 50 25 10 1 value mean
408 156 1.1 1.6 2.6 3.6 4.7 9. 1 9.1 2.8
Concentration measurements were made at the Detroit station during only
one complete quarter and portions of two other quarters of the year; thus, seasonal
statistics are not available.
2.7 OXIDANTS
Oxidants, as a das s of air pollutants, are usually formed by photochemical
reactions in mixtures of NOx and unsaturated HC. Ozone is often a major consti-
tuent of the clas s. Other gas es such as chlorine, however, are oxidants and may
be emitted directly to the atmosphere from chemical process operations.
In large urban areas or cities, the occurrence of oxidants can be linked to
the density of automobiles, since the latter are the main source of HC and are also
a major contributor of NOx emissions.
Point sources cannot be identified for oxidants formed photochemically be-
cause the basic constituents have usually dispersed before and during the reaction
process; therefore, it was not a purpose of the survey to try to attribute oxidant
pollution to specific causes.
2. 7. 1 Air Quality Criteria
Oxidants in the atmosphere have several undesirable properties. At a
certain level, usually considered to be about 0.15 ppm expressed as ozone, eye
irritation becomes noticeable. Such pollution also affects human performance in
other respects, but evidence concerning long-term or irreversible health effects
is not substantial or conclusive.
Many plant species are also subject to damage by oxidant pollution and some
types are especially sensitive. Ozone itself adversely affects some crops in
concentrations from about O. 05 ppm. Damage can be rapid in concentrations of a
few tenths of a part per million. Other oxidants, particularly peroxyacetyl nitrate,
are even more damaging than ozone. Peroxyacetyl nitrate was not specifically
measured in the survey, but plants were examined according to the effects that
this and other phytotoxic substances produce.
Material damage is also greatly enhanced by oxidants. Rubber is particular-
ly susceptible, but textiles and metals are also affected. Damage to property has
been reported with oxidant concentrations of a few parts per 100 million.
Air quality criteria for photochemical oxidants 4 have only recently been
published by the U. S. National Air Pollution Control Administration, and few
Air Quality of the Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor Areas
2-43
-------
areas have adopted standards as yet. They have been in use in California for many
years, chiefly as indicators of alert conditions, but not as desirable air quality.
The Ontario standards have been presented in the introduction to Section 2.
2. 7.2 Measured Oxidants
Total oxidant concentrations were measured at six locations in the Port Huron.
Sarnia area and at three locations in the Detroit - Windsor area. Measurements
were made with continuous-monitoring coulometric type analyzers except at Station
208 where a colorimetric technique was used.
2. 7. 2. 1 Port Huron - Sarnia Area - All oxidant concentrations measured in the
Port Huron - Sarnia area were obtained on the Canadian side of the St. Clair River.
Hourly average values for the six stations are summarized in Table 2-37.
Table 2-3? CUMULATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF HOURLY AVERAGE
TOTAL OXIDANT CONCENTRATIONS IN PORT HURON SARNIA AREA
Concentration, ppm
Number % of samples ~ stated value: Arithmeti c
Station of Maximum Arithmetic standard
number samples 90 75 50 25 10 1 value mean deviation
151 7,425 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.06 0.11 0.01 0.01
152 1 ,419 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.06 0.11 0.01 0.01
155 6,113 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.06 0.15 0.02 0.01
158 6, 1 09 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.09 0.01 0.01
161 7,424 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.07 0.11 0.02 0.01
163 4,521 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.11 0.01 0.01
Only one station, 155, had a maximum I-hour average concentration value
as high as the maximum allowed by the Ontario standards.
Maximum values of daily (24-hour) average concentrations were 0.05 ppm or
less at all stations (Table 2-38). This value is well below the O. 10 ppm maximum
concentration allowed by the Ontario Air Quality Standards.
2.7.2.2 Detroit - Windsor - Total oxidant concentration measurements made in
the Detroit - Windsor area are summarized as hourly averages in Table 2-39 and
as daily (24-hour) averages in Table 2-40. It should be noted that these are based
on short periods of observation.
The maximum I-hour average total oxidant concentration at Station 208
exceeded the limit specified by Ontario, and the corresponding maximum at Station
420 was close to that limit. Similarly, the 0.13 ppm 24-hour average concentration
at Station 208 exceeded the Ontario limit.
2.8 NITROGEN OXIDES
Nitrogen oxides are sometimes emitted into the atmosphere from chemical
plants, but they are also formed in combustion and other high-temperature
2-44
JOINT AIR POLLUTIION STUDY
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Table 2-38. CUMULATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF DAILY AVERAGE
TOTAL OXIDANT CONCENTRATIONS IN PORT HURON - SARNIA AREA
Concentration, ppm I
% of samples ~ s ta ted value: i
Station Number of : Maxi mum Ari thmeti c
number sall)ples 90 75 50 25 10 1 ' value
! mean
151 342 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.01
152 60 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 - 0.03 0.01
155 267 <0.01 <0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04: 0.05 0.01
!
158 268 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.04! 0.05 0.01
161 324 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.02
163 203 [<0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.01
Table 2-39. CUMULATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF HOURLY AVERAGE
TOTAL OXIDANT CONCENTRATIONS IN DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA
Concentration, ppm
Number % of samples ~ stated value: Arithmetic
Station of Maximum Ari thmeti c standard
number samples 90 75 50 25 10 1 value mean deviation
208 584 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.06 0.09 0.13 0.20 0.03 0.04
220 375 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.01 0.01
420 1,161 <0.01 <0.01 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.03 0.02
Table 2-40. CUMULATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF DAILY AVERAGE
TOTAL OXIDANT CONCENTRATIONS IN DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA
Concentration, ppm
Station Number of % of samples ~ stated value: Maximum Arithmetic
number samples 90 75 50 25 10 1 value mean
208 29 <0.01 <0.01 0.08 0.02 0.05 - 0.13 0.01
220 20 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 <0.01 0.01 - 0.02 0.01
420 55 0:02 0.02 0.05 0.03 0.03 - 0.07 0.03
operations as the result of the direct combination of atmospheric nitrogen and
oxygen. Motor vehicles are major contributors. In the survey area, there were
no significant direct chemical process sources of NOx' and the presence of these
compounds was attributed only to high temperature reactions. Stationary sources
of NOx are located in both countries, although in the Port Huron - Sarnia area, the
greater part of the emissions occurred in Sarnia, whereas in the Detroit Windsor
area, the bulk of the NOx was generated in Detroit. It was not expected that trans-
boundary flow of NOx would be detected because it was recognized that any trans-
boundary effects would be masked by dis charges from motor vehicles. In the vicinity
Air Quality of the Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor Areas
2-45
-------
of heavy traffic, NOx concentrations may reach or exceed 1 ppm, but generally, at-
mospheric levels of only a few parts per 100 million are found. It is inevitable that
NOx will be transported across the boundary, but the transported gases can be ex-
pected to be insignificant compared to the amount that is produced locally. Con-
sequently, inclusion of NOx in the survey was mainly for completeness and not as
a transboundary indicator.
2. 8. 1 Air Quality Criteria
Air quality criteria for NOx will be published by the U. S. National Air Pol-
lution Control Administration, but are not yet available. The chief significance of
NOx as pollutants is their reaction with HC in the production of photochemical pol-
lution. Nitrogen dioxide, however, is also a pulmonary irritant. 80 far, NOx in
urban pollution have not been implicated as causes of adverse health effects, but
it would be prudent to treat them at least as seriously as S02. Combinations of the
two might very reasonably be treated at least additively as causes of respiratory
irritation.
Nitrogen oxides, especially the dioxide, are also harmful to vegetation, but
usually to a lesser extent than S02. Nitrogen dioxide, as a corrosive agent, is also
capable of damaging materials, but little information is available on the effects of
different levels of the gas. Still less is known about possible harmful effects of
nitrogen monoxide; in any case, it normally oxidizes to the dioxide in the atmosphere,
Air quality standards for NOx have not been adopted in many areas. These
oxides are, however, included in the Ontario regulations that were presented earlier
in this section.
2.8.2 Nitrogen Oxide Measurements
Nitrogen oxides were measured at Stations 151 and 152 in the Port Huron -
Sarnia area and at Stations 202 and 208 in the Detroit - Windsor area. All measure-
ments were made with continuous monitoring instruments employing Saltzman re-
agent.
2.8.2.1 Port Huron - Sarnia Area - Measurements of hourly average and daily
(24-hour) average concentrations of NOx in the Port Huron - Sarnia area are sum-
marized in Tables 2-41 and 2-42. The maximum hourly and maximum daily aver-
age concentrations at Station 151 exceeded the limiting values of 0.20 ppm and 0.10
ppm, respectively, of the Ontario regulations. Station 152 measured no concentra-
tions exceeding the limits in the regulations.
Table 2-41. CUMULATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF HOURLY AVERAGE
NITROGEN OXIDES CONCENTRATIONS IN PORT HURON - SARNIA AREA
Concentration. ppm --
Number % of samples ~ stated value: Ari thmeti c
Station of Maximum Arithmetic standard
number samples 90 75 50 25 10 1 value mean devi a ti on
151 7.666 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.06 0.10 0.30 0.80 0.05 0.06
152 1 .541 <0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.07 0.16 0.02 0.02
2-46
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
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Table 2-42. CUMULATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF DAILY AVERAGE
NITROGEN OXIDES CONCENTRATIONS IN PORT HURON - SARNIA AREA
Concentration, ppm
Station Number of % of samples ~ s ta ted value: Maximum Arithmetic
number samples 90 75 50 25 10 1 value mean
151 342 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.08 0.12 0.15 0.04
152 67 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 - 0.05 0.02
2.8.2.2 Detroit - Windsor Area - As is shown in Tables 2-43 and 2-44, which
sUITIlllarize the NOx concentrations measured in the Detroit - Windsor area, neither
of the two stations had maximum hourly average or daily average concentrations
approaching the limits set by Ontario.
Table 2-43. CUMULATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF HOURLY AVERAGE
NITROGEN OXIDES CONCENTRATION IN DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA
Concentration, DDm
Number % of samples ~ stated value: Arithmetic
Station of Maximum Arithmeti c standard
number samples 90 75 50 25 10 1 value mean deviation
202 1,458 <0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.11 0.02 0.01
208 1. 801 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.09 0.12 0.03 0.02
Table 2-44. CUMULATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF DAILY AVERAGE
NITROGEN OXIDES CONCENTRATIONS IN DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA
Concentration, ppm
Station Number of % of samples ~ stated value: Maximum Arithmetic
number samples 90 75 50 25 10 1 value mean
202 75 <0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 - 0.03 0.02
208 112 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.08 0.08 0.03
2.9 ODORS
Volatile substances which evoke an olfactory response, usually objectionable,
but which are not necessarily identifiable as individual chemical compounds are
classified as odorous substances. Although it has a strong and unpleasant odor,
HZS is usually considered specifically and not as a member of the general class.
This is largely because H2S can be readily measured quantitatively in the concen-
trations which produce barely detectable olfactory response. In some instances,
the odor-producing substance may be well known, but techniques are not available
for measuring it in the extremely low concentrations at which it occurs in the at-
mosphere. For example, some complaints made at a public hearing in Port Huron
Air Quality of the Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor Areas
2-47
-------
apparently arose because of trimethylamine emissions from one plant. No chemical
or other technique could be devised to measure continuously the minute amounts of
this compound which may have occurred in the atmosphere during the survey. In
such cases, recourse must be made to human olfactory responses. This technique
was used in the survey described here, and reliance was placed upon the subjective
reactions of the survey staff and volunteers.
2. 9. 1 Air Quality Criteria
Odors which fall into the general category discussed above rarely, if ever,
have any direct effect upon health. They are, however, aesthetically distasteful
and may in fact cause somatic illness because of their objectionable properties.
This response often can be attributed indirectly to the apprehension many persons
might have concerning the presence of any unknown constituent in the atmosphere.
So far, no criteria have been established or standards set for this type of odor.
Odors are not considered to cause vegetation or property damage.
2. 9. 2 Odor Survey
Odors from industrial operations have been a source of complaints by local
residents along the bank of the St. Clair River from the cities of Port Huron and
Sarnia south to Marine City and Sombra. The identification of specific industrial
plants or groups of plants as sources of odors has been inferred from the nature of
the odors, wind directions, and chronology. Thus the initial complaints of a "dead
fish" odor in Marine City, Michigan, and Sombra, Ontario, were registered im-
mediately following the opening of the Chinook Chemicals plant south of Sombra.
Similarly, the halogen or gasoline odors in Port Huron that occur with east to south
winds are circumstantially associated with the petroleum refineries south of Sarnia.
In order to obtain data on the frequency of occurrence and intensity of odors,
investigators patrolled the route between Port Huron and Algonac, Michigan, be-
tween August and December 1968. The patrols were usually made during the early
morning or late afternoon when odors could be expected to be strongest because of
low rates of atmospheric dispersion. The investigators used a scentometer to
classify the intensity of the odor on a scale of 0 to 4. The 0 classification represents
an odor that can be smelled without using the s centometer, and 1 through 4 indicate
increasingly intense odors. Wind direction at the place where odor was measured
was determined by observing the path of a helium-filled free balloon; wind speed at
that location was measured by a portable anemometer.
Since the odor problem in Marine City - Sombra could apparently be attributed
to one offending source, results of the survey in that region were examined separate-
ly from the results of the survey of the region between Port Huron and Marysville.
2.9.2. 1 Port Huron - Marysville Sector - The odors observed in the Port Huron
area were considered by the investigators to be a mixture caused by petroleum re-
fining and petroleum-related organic chemical manufacturing. Odors may have
come not only from process losses but from safety flares used by the chemical
plants and refineries to oxidize dangerous compounds to prevent their release into
the atmosphere. The flares, which at times provide incomplete combustion, were
noted to be sooty and black. Records of the investigators showed detections of
odors on 18 of the 27 patrols in the Port Huron area. Fifteen of the detections show-
ed a strength of 0, two showed a strength of 1, and one showed a strength of 2. In
2-48
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
each case of odor detection, the wind was blowing from the sector east through
south. On one patrol, an odor was detected adjacent to the Chrysler Marine Plant
south of Marysville. This was classified by the investigator as a paint odor.
From mid-October through the end of November 1968, four interested re-
sidents of Port Huron maintained records of their assessment of the odor problem
in their neighborhoods. Three of these observers lived in the southern portion of
Port Huron, which is close to the river and north and slightly west of the chemical
and refinery facilities south of Sarnia. The other observer lived in the northern
section of the city, not far from a cement plant and a paper mill. Odors reported
ranged from at least a slightly objectionable odor every day of the 7 -week
period to odors on only 18 of the 49 days. In the latter case, all except two of the
reported odors were classified as severe. The records of the observer who re-
ported odors on every day included wind direction estimates; very objectionable
odors were reported only when winds were easterly or southerly, except on one
occasion when a very objectionable odor was reported with a north wind.
2.9.2.2 Marine City Sector - Many complaints have been registered in the Marine
City, Michigan, and Sombra, Ontario, area because of a malodor attributed to the
Chinook Chemical Company south of Sombra.
Odors were detected in the Marine City - Sombra area on 13 occasions during
the 33 patrols by odor investigators during August and September 1968. Seven of
these odor detections occurred in the immediate vicinity (within one mile) of the
Chinook Chemical Company facilities. One of these odors was recorded as a s cento-
meter strength of 2, one as a strength of 1, and all others as a strength of O. The
remaining six odor detections, not in the ilnmediate vicinity of the chemical plant,
were also a strength of O.
Five interested residents of Marine City, Michigan, maintained records of
odor occurrences in tbeir neighborhoods during the 7-week period from mid-
October through the end of November 1969. Odors were reported by one or more
of these observers on 21 of the 48 days. All five observers reported the occurrence
of odors on only one day. The odors noted were attributed to the Chinook Chemical
Company plant, except on one occasion when one of the two observers noting the
odor recorded that it was "definitely not Chinook".
Records of the Marine City municipal government show that citizens I com-
plaints about odors increased from an average of about two per month during
the last half of 1966 to more than three per month during the first half of 1968.
These complaints started in June of 1966, approximately coinciding with the open-
ing of the Chinook Chemical Company plant in May. On approximately 20 percent
of the days when complaints were filed, the Chinook plant experienced equipment
failure or breakdowns that might have resulted in the release of effluents.
2.10 EFFECTS ON MATERIALS
The Effects Package was used to estimate effects of air pollution on selected
materials at eleven sites in the study area. The Effects Package is a static sampling
device that contains fourteen components with which to monitor specific pollutants
and/or their material effects. 5 The monitoring components used are: steel and
Air Quality of the Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor Areas
2-49
-------
zinc plates, various types of dyed fabrics, rubber strips, nylon hose, silver plates,
sulfation candles, sticky paper, and dustfall buckets. The data obtained were com-
pared to U. S. National Air Pollution Control Administration Interstate Surveillance
Project (ISP) data, which are summarized in Table 2-45. Effects Packages for the
ISP are located at 270 stations in approximately 85 interstate and international
population areas throughout the U. S.
The Hennepin, Illinois, station was used as a background clean air station
because its climatic conditions are similar to those of the study area. Results
from Effects Packages in Cincinnati, Buffalo, Philadelphia, and Chicago are in-
cluded for comparis on.
2.10.1 Metal Corrosion
Annual and quarterly average zinc corrosion rates and annual steel corrosion
rates measured during the study are shown in Table 2-46. Highest zinc corrosion
rates occurred at Stations 429 and 400, where the rates measured fell in the 90th
and 75th percentiles of ISP data, respectively. The rate at Station 429 was ap-
proximately five times that at Hennepin, Illinois. Rates reported at Stations 429
and 400 were lower than at Buffalo and Chicago but higher than at Cincinnati and
Philadelphia.
Highest annual and quarterly average steel corrosion rates occurred at Station
305. The annual rate was in the 90th percentile and the quarterly rate in the 75th
percentile of the ISP data at four of the seven other stations reporting. The quarter-
ly average steel corrosion rate was in the 75th percentile at six of ten reporting
stations. In general, the rates reported by all stations were higher than those, for
the same period, in Cincinnati and Chicago, but far lower than those in Buffalo.
2. 10.2 Color Fading of Dyed Fabrics
Dye fading was measured with standard dyed fabrics, Numbers 3 and 5, which
are sensitive to NOx and ozone, respectively (Table 2-47). Color fading rates of
the Number 3 fabric fell in the 75th percentile of ISP data at three (400, 429, 202)
of 11 stations reporting (Table 2-45). Color fading rates of the Number 5 fabric
fell in the 75th percentile of ISP data at three (427, 154, 217) of the 11 stations.
The color fading rates of the Number 3 fabric at all stations were lower than
those reported in Chicago, Cincinnati, Philadelphia, and Buffalo. In contrast, the
color fading rates of the Number 5 fabric at all stations were higher than reported
in those other cities.
2. 10.3 Silver Tarnishing
Silver tarnishing is caused to some degree by a number of pollutants, but H2S
is usually the primary causative agent.
No stations reported silver tarnishing rates higher than the 50th percentile of
ISP data (Tables 2-45, 2-48) although four (Stations 400, 429, 301, 305) reported
data twice that of background (Station 56).
2-50
JO'INT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
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Table 2-45. CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS OF AIR POLLUTION EFFECTS,
INTERSTATE SURVEILLANCE PROJECT DATA, 1968
--
I % of samples less than stated values:
Exposure Number of
Measurement period samples Minimum 10 25 50 75 90 Maximum
Metal corrosion rates,
].Imjyr
Zinc 1 year 216 0.1 0.64 1.05 1.87 3.53 4.93 15.4
Steel 1 year 204 0.0 6.0 16.0 29.0 42.0 53.0 88.0
Steel 3 months 874 0.0 3.0 11.0 38.0 67.0 89.0 194.0
I
Dye fading, Judd units
Color change, type 3
dyed fabrics 3 months 822 6.8 16.2 19.7 23.8 31.0 41.1 62.8
Color change, type 5
dyed fabrics 3 months 796 2.3 6.1 8.0 11.0 13.4 15.2 22.6
Silver tarnishing,
reflectance, % loss 1 month 2,835 0.0 22.0 36.0 55.0 75.0 85.0 100.0
Nylon deterioration,
total number of defects 3 months 921 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 5.0 255.0
1 month 2,849 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 233.0
Rubber deterioration, I
average crack depth, I
].1m 1 week I 11 ,349 0.0 0.0 0.0 48.0 144.0 220.0 683.0
I ,
-------
Table 2-46. CORROSION RATES IN PORT HURON - SARNIA
AND DETROIT - WINDSOR AREAS; DATA FOR FIVE
UNITED STATES CITIES GIVEN FOR COMPARISON
i
Station number Starting Corrosion rates, jlm/yr
or location date Zinc S tee 1 Steela
400 5-02-66 3.7 51 75
429 5-03-66 5.7 -- 77
409 9-08-67 Void 48 64
426 10-04-67 2.8 37 51
427 9-27-67 --- 40 47
202 2-07-68 2.3 -- --
301 9-13-67 3.3 30 73
305 9-13-67 2.6 56 84
154 2-28-68 1.3 49 76
158 2-28-68 1.4 47 77
217 I 2-28-68 4.1 -- 31
Hennepi n, I11. 6-21-66 1.1 31 41
I
Cincinnati, Ohio " 1-19-66 1.9 18 25
Philadelphia, Pa. 1-13-66 3.1 -- 71
Buffalo, N. Y. 1-27-66 7.1 88 128
Ch i cago, Ill. 1-31-66 5.2 31 50
aBased on average values for 3 months.
The silver tarnishing rates reported throughout the study area compared very
closely with those reported in Cincinnati but were somewhat lower than those in
Philadelphia, Buffalo, and Chicago.
2.10.4 Nylon Deterioration
Nylon damage is associated with acid mist in the atmosphere. Although nylon
damage was observed at Stations 400 in January, 429 in August, and 217 in July
(Table 2-49), the occurrences are far too few to be considered a serious problem.
The nylon damage reported at all stations in the area was far less than that report-
ed at Philadelphia and Chicago during the same period.
2. 10.5 Rubber Deterioration
Rubber deterioration is associated with the presence of ozone in the atmos-
phere. Its rates throughout the study area (Table 2-50) fall within the 50th per-
centile of ISP data (Table 2-45). These rates are lower than those at the control
station in Hennepin, Illinois. The rubber deterioration reported in the area was
slightly higher than that reported in Chicago, Philadelphia, Buffalo, and Cincinnati.
2-52
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
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Table
2-47. FADING OF DYED FABRICS IN PORT HURON - SARNIA
AND DETROIT - WINDSOR AREAS; DATA FOR FIVE
UNITED STATES CITIES GIVEN FOR COMPARISON
-
Color change,
Number of Judd units (~E)
Station number Starting quarterly Type 3, Type 5,
or location date samples NOx Ozone
400 5-02-66 4 37.6 9.6
429 5-03-66 3 33.5 11 .1
409 9-08-67 3 26.5 11 .3
426 10-04-67 3 27.4 11.5
427 9-27-67 2 21.4 14.0
202 2-07-68 2 31.4 9.7
301 9-13-67 4 24.1 12.1
305 9-13-67 4 23.4 12.0
154 2-28-68 3 24.7 14.0
158 2-28-68 3 21.9 11.8
217 2-28-68 2 28.1 13.6
Hennepin, Ill. 6-21-66 3 17.5 11 .9
Cincinnati, Ohio 1-19-66 4 34.8 9.3
Philadelphia, Pa. I 1- 13-66 4 41.3 8.5
Buffalo, N. Y. ! 1-27-66 4 39.2 5.9
Chicago, Ill. ! 1-31-66 J 4 50.7 4.0
2. 10. 6 Sum.rnary
When data from this study are compared with the ISP data, it can be concluded
that the major materials problem in the International Joint Commission Detroit -
St. Clair River study area is the corrosion of metals (steel and zinc). Dye fading
due to NOx and ozone, although observed, is not unusually great. No major prob-
lems were noted in nylon deterioration, silver tarnishing, or rubber deterioration,
although levels were usually above those at the background clean station.
2.11 EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION
Air pollution damage to vegetation is important not only for the economic
losses it causes agriculture, but also because vegetation damage is a forewarning
of air pollution problems that might effect man and his environment.
Plant varieties have been used extensively in monitoring programs as indi-
cators of air pollution.6-10 Their usefulness in this capacity is based on the sen-
sitivity of selected plant species to specific air pollutants.
Prior to 1969, no published information indicated that air pollution might be
causing damage to vegetation in the Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor
Air Quality of the Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor Areas
2-53
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Table 2-48. SILVER TARNISHING IN PORT HURON - SARNIA AND DETROIT - WINDSOR
AREAS; DATA FOR FIVE UNITED STATES CITIES GIVEN FOR COMPARISO~_--_--
--
Station number Starting Number of Refl ectance,
or location date monthly samples % loss
400 5-02-66 12 73
429 5-03-66 12 71
409 9-08-67 11 62
426 10-04-67 11 59
427 9-27-67 10 46
202 2-07-68 9 69
301 9-13-67 12 70
305 9-13-67 12 52
154 2-28-68 10 64
158 2-28-68 11 66
217 2-28-68 10 50
Hennepi n, Ill. 6-21-66 12 34
Cincinnati, Ohio 1-19-66 12 55
Philadelphia, Pa. 1- 13-66 11 81
Buffa 10, N. Y. 1-27-66 11 88
Ch i cago, Ill. ' 1-31-66 10 77
;
Table 2-49. NYLON DAMAGE IN PORT HURON - SARNIA AND DETROIT - WINDSOR
AREAS; DATA FOR FIVE UNITED STATES CITIES GIVEN FOR COMPARISON
. -- -- - - --
Station number Starting Number of Total number
or location date monthly samples of defects
400 5-02-66 12 2
429 5-03-66 12 2
409 9-08-67 11 0
426 10-04-67 12 0
427 9-27-67 11 0
202 2-07-68 10 0
301 9-13-67 12 0
305 9-13-67 12 0
154 2-28-68 9 0
158 2-28-68 10 0
217 2-28-68 9 1
Hennepi n, Ill. 6-21-66 12 0
Cincinnati, Ohio 1-19-66 12 0
Philadelphia, Pa. 1-13-66 12 53
Buffalo, N. Y. I 1-27-66 11 2
Chicago, Ill. 1-31-66 12 26
2-54
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
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Table
2-50. RUBBER DETERIORATION IN PORT HURON - SARNIA
AND DETROIT - WINDSOR AREAS; DATA FOR FIVE
UNITED STATES CITIES GIVEN FOR COMPARISON
Station number Starting Number of Average crack depth,
or location date samples Ilm
400 5-02-66 52 73
429 5-03-66 47 73
409 9-08-67 39 32
426 10-04-67 52 70
427 9-27-67 32 142
202 2-07-68 36 143
301 9-13-67 44 58
305 9-13-67 46 56
154 2-28-68 43 60
158 2-28-68 43 55
217 2-28-68 36 126
Hennepi n, Ill. 6-21-66 46 110
Cincinnati, Ohio 1-19-66 50 58
Philadelphia, Pa. 1-13-66 45 62
Buffalo, N. Y. 1-27-66 46 40
Chicago, Ill. 1-31-66 51 21
study areas. This report is an attempt to identify some of the toxicants present
in those areas and to evaluate the effects on vegetation of the pollutants found in
the air at Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor. The presence of these
toxicants indicated by changes in the leaves of selected, sensitive plants grown in
the study areas.
2.11. 1 Selective Vegetation Study
2. 11. 1. 1 Methodology - To obtain information on air pollution effects on vegetation
in the area, a study was undertaken to assess damage on plant species. Selective
vegetation was cultured hydroponically in vermiculite in exposure shelters at six
locations from May 6 through July 17, 1968, at Belle Isle Park, Grosse Ile, Detroit,
and Port Huron, Michigan, and in Winds or and Sarnia, Ontario, as shown in Figure
2-10.
Six plant shelters (6 feet in diameter by 7 feet high) were made from trans-
lucent fiberglass panels with aluminum frames, and then erected on wooden plat-
forms. Three vents in the sides near the bottom admitted ambient air and an
exhaust fan in the roof provided one complete air change per minute. A control
shelter with activated charcoal filters was installed at the Grosse Ile site.
Tobacco W3, pinto bean, geranium, petunia, begonia, and gladiolus were
grown in vermiculite hydroponically in 4-inch pots under controlled conditions in
Air Quality of the Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor Areas
2-55
-------
I
i
,
I
I
SI. Clair-Detroit Rivers Study Area!
I
---------1--- ---- ----:
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--------____L____- ~I ,4.; /
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~ ~
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Figure 2-10. Shelter locations for vegetation study.
2~56
JOINT AIR POLLUTWN STUDY
-------
the laboratory. Seedlings of selected plants were transported into vermiculite in
8-inch pots and placed in shallow trays containing a prepared nutrient solution.
Vegetation was examined for leaf injury when the plants were tended, two to
three times each week. Accumulation of leaf injury and suppression of growth
were summarized after the first 5 weeks, the second 5 weeks, and for the entire
lO-week study period.
2.11. 1. 2 Results
2.11. 1. 2.1 Ozone and sulfur dioxide. The plants exhibited S02, fluoride,
ozone (03), and PAN-type damage, as well as chlorosis and generalized growth
suppres s ion.
Tables 2 -51 and 2 -52 summarize leaf damage on the selective vegetation.
Data are shown for two 5-week periods, from May 6 through June 6 and from June
7 to July 17, 1968. Both the type and amount of damage are listed.
Table 2-51.
DAMAGE TO PLANT VARIETIES DURING THE 5-WEEK
PERIOD, MAY 6 THROUGH JUNE 6, 1968
Plant Grosse Il e Windsor Belle Isle Port Huron Sarnia
Tobacco 03 03 x S02b 03 03 03 x S02
(M)a (E) (E) Acid mist (E)
(M)
Pinto bean 03 03 x S02 PAN Suppression 03
Suppression Suppression Suppression (T) PAN
(M) (M) (M) (M)
Petunia Suppressipn 03 x S02 Suppression Suppression Suppression
(T) Suppression (M) (T)
(M)
Begonia Suppression 03 03 Suppression Chlorosis
(T) (M) (M) (T) (T)
Geranium Chlorosis Chlorosis Chlorosis Chlorosis Chlorosis
(T) (M) (M) (T) Pigmentation
(M)
aLetters indicate extent of damage:
T (trace) = 0 to 5 percent of leaf area damaged.
M (moderate = 5 to 25 percent of leaf area damaged.
E (extensive) = 25 to 50 percent of leaf area damaged.
b03 x S02 indicates synergism between ozone and sulfur dioxide.
When the type of injury is specific to a certain pollutant, the pollutant responsible
is listed. If the type of injury is nonspecific, however, it is classified according
to type of damage, such as chlorosis. Figures 2-11 and 2-12 show the levels of
ozone and S02 in Sarnia on selected dates. Figures 2-13 and 2-14 show the levels
in Winds or on selected dates. These levels of pollutants correspond with the
A.ir Quality of the Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor A.reas
2-57
-------
Table 2-52.
DAMAGE TO PLANT VARIETIES DURING THE 5-WEEK PERIOD,
JUNE 7 THROUGH JULY 17, 1968
Plant Grosse Il e Windsor Belle Isle Port Huron Sa rn i a
Tobacco 03 03 x S02b 03 x S02 03 x S02 03 x S02
(E)a (E) (E) Acid mist Acid mist
(E) (S)
Pinto bean 03 03 03 03 03
(M) (M) PAN (M) PAN
S02
(M) (E)
Petunia Chlorosis 03 Oxidant Chlorosis 03
(M) (E) (E) (M) Chlorosis
(S)
Begonia 03 03 Oxidant 03 x S02 03
(M) (E) (E) Chlorosis Chlorosis
(M) (S)
Geranium Chlorosis Chlorosis Oxidant Chlorosis Chlorosis
(M) (E) (E) (M) (E)
aLetters indicate extent of damage:
T (trace) = 0 to 5 percent of leaf area damaged.
M (moderate) = 5 to 25 percent of leaf area damaged.
E (extensive) = 25 to 50 percent of leaf area damaged.
S (severe) = >50 percent of leaf area damaged.
b03 x S02 indicates synergism between ozone and sulfur dioxide.
severity of damage that developed on Tobacco W3 in plant shelters. Work done by
the National Air Pollution Control Administration in Cincinnati 11 indicated that
identical injury was produced with levels of S02 as low as O. 1 ppm when combined
with 0.03 pprn 03. Published information12 indicated that S02 concentrations from
0.05 to 0.25 ppm will react synergistically with 03 to produce moderate to severe
injury on sensitive plants. This reaction provides good evidence that 03 and 802
combined to meet the injury threshold of leaf tissue and caused the damage.
In the absence of measured S02 and 03 data, sulfation and rubber cracking
data were used to approximate the average concentrations of these pollutants at
the plant shelters.
Rubber cracking was measured by exposing rubber strips under constant
stress adjacent to each of the plant shelters. After exposure for 1 week, the
rubber strips were examined microscopically to determine the average crack
depth in millimeters. A linear relation is reported to exist between the extent of
crack depth in rubber strips and the duration of exposure to a given concentration
of 03. According to Vega and Seymour, 13 if the exposure is 7 days, the aver-
age 03 concentration can be approximated in pphm by multiplying the average crack
depth in millimeters by 6.
2-58
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
12.0
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10.0 0.25
502
E 8.0 E
.I:: 0.20 Q.
Q. Q.
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Z Z
o
o i=
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-------
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20.0 0.25
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~ 16.0 0.20 a.
a.
a. a.
Z Z
o 0
i= I-
-------
The average 03 concentration for the entire 10 weeks, May 6 through July
17, 1968, was 1. 0 pphm in Grosse He, 0.7 pphm in Belle Isle, Port Huron, and
Sarnia, and 0.5 pphm in Windsor, as shown in Table 2-53.
Table 2-53. AVERAGE OZONE AND SULFUR DIOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS
AND THE DAMAGE THAT DEVELOPED ON TOBACCO PLANTS
FROM MAY 6 THROUGH JULY 17. 1968
S02. pphm
Stations Candles Plate 03. pphm Injury. %
Grosse Ile 1.4 1.2 1.0 35
Be 11 e Is 1 e 2.1 1.9 0.7 40
Windsor 2.4 1.7 0.5 35
Sarnia 2.6 3.1 0.7 50
Port Huron 3.6 3.3 0.7 30
Sulfation, an indication of the long-term average S02 concentration, was
measured by lead peroxide plates exposed in an effects shelter adjacent to each
plant shelter. After exposure for approximately 5 weeks, the candles and plates
were analyzed for total sulfate and the sulfation rate was calculated. Sulfation
was highest in Port Huron, followed by Sarnia, Windsor, Belle Isle, and Grosse
He, respectively (Table 2-53).
J2. 11. 1. 2. 2 Nonspecific damage. In addition to tissue destruction, all plant
species showed growth suppression. Comparable plants grown in the control station
with activated carbon filters had longer leaves, a wider stem, a darker green color,
and generally more vigorous growth and appearance. Table 2-54 lists the percent-
age by which exposed specimens were smaller than the control specimens of the
same age. A value of 20 percent means that the growth of plants in an exposure
chamber was estimated by visual comparison to be 20 percent less than that in
the Grosse He control shelter. Table 2-55 lists measurements made of the root
system of tobacco plants exposed for 10 weeks at the five stations. The root
systems of the controls weighed more and the diameters of the stems of the con-
trols were larger than those of the exposed plants. The tobacco plant grown in
the Sarnia station had the smallest root system; its weight was approximately 46
percent of (hat of control plants and the stem diameter was two-thirds the size of
control plant stems.
2. 11. 1. 2.3 Fluorides. Fluoride is an accumulative toxicant, so that the
development of plant injury is usually associated with the buildup of fluoride in the
leaf over a relatively long period. This is in contrast to the action of most phyto-
toxicants, which normally cause injury within a short period of exposure. Hydrogen
fluoride is toxic to some plants at concentrations as low as 0.1 ppb for 5 weeks. 14
All fluorides, particulate as well as gaseous, can accumulate either outside or in-
side the leaf and can cause injury to the leaf. Low concentrations also cause re-
ductions in growth and food formation.
To find whether fluoride injured vegetation in the study areas snow princes,
which are gladioli sensitive to fluoride, were planted in vermiculite at the five
Air Quality of the Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor Areas
2-61
-------
Table 2-54.
PERCENTAGE GROWTH SUPPRESSION OF SELECTIVE VEGETATIONa
.......
Plant Grosse Ile Windsor. Belle Isle Port Huron Sarnia Control
Tobacco 35 35 40 30 50 0
Pinto bean 10 15 20 15 25 0
Petunia 20 30 35 20 60 0
Begonia 20 30 50 25 70 0
Geranium 15 30 45 20 50 0
aEstimated by visual comparison.
Table 2-55.
COMPARISON OF EXPOSED AND CONTROL TOBACCO PLANTS GROWN
BETWEEN MAY 6 AND JULY 17. 1968
Grosse I1e Windsor Belle Isle Port Huron Sarnia Control
Leaf area damaged. % 35 35 40 40 50 0
Diameter of stem. in. 1.75 1.60 1.50 1.50 1.20 1.80
Stem cross section 2.40 2.00 1.77 1.77 1.13 2.54
. 2
area. In.
Cross section area. 6 21 30 30 56 0
% less than control -
Root system weight. 650 800 750 775 430 925
g
Root system weight. 30 14 19 16 I 54 0
% less than control ! :
station sites. Tip and margin burt;ls started to develop about 5 weeks after the
gladioli were planted at the shelter sites. Leaf samples from gladioli grown at the
sites were analyzed for fluoride content. The results of the analyses of leaf tissue
are shown in Table 2-56.
2.11.2 Summary
Ozone and PAN caused damage to the selective vegetation. Ozone caused
fleck, stipple, and bleaching on tobacco, pinto bean, and petunia plants. PAN
damaged pinto bean plants. Ozone damaged plant varieties exposed at all five
locations, whereas PAN only injured the plants exposed at Belle Isle and Sarnia.
The effect associated with a given amount of 03 in ambient air on Tobacco W3 was
more severe in exposed plants than in laboratory plants exposed to the same con-
centration of 03 because ambient air is contaminated with S02, which interacts
with and enhances the effect of 03 on vegetation.
Tobacco W3 was injured more severely in Sarnia than in other locations be-
cause of the higher concentrations of 03 and S02 that occurred simultaneously
there on several days during the course of the study. In Port Huron, the damage
to plant varieties was not as severe as in Sarnia. Because emissions are carried
by the wind from the power plants and oil refineries across St. Clair River, the
S02 level in Port Huron appeared to be dependent upon wind direction. Synergistic
2~62
JOINT AIR POLLUT~ION STUDY
-------
Table 2-56. FLUORIDE ACCUMULATION IN LEAF TISSUE OF GLADIOLI GROWING
IN THE PLANT SHELTERS BETW~EN MAY 6 AND JULY 17, 1968
Tip injury, Distance from
Sta ti on in. 1 ea f tip, in. F, ].1g/g
Grosse Ile 3 - 4 0 - 2 50 :!: 25a
2 - 4 25 :!: 25
Windsor 2 - 3 0 - 2 30 :!: 25
2 - 4 30 :!: 25
Be 11 e I s 1 e 3 - 4 0 - 2 45 :!: 25
2 - 4 25 :!: 25
Port Huron 4 - 5 0 - 2 55 :!: 25
2 - 4 35 :!: 25
Sarnia 2 - 3 0 - 2 25 :!: 25
2 - 4 25 :!: 25
aThe range (:!: figure) of the concentration is equivalent to the
amount of the blank determination. When plants contain more than
a few ppm F, atmospheric contamination is indicated.15,16
action also caused damage to tobacco exposed at Belle Isle because of high levels
of S02 and 03.
Limited fluoride accUInulation was found in the leaves of gladioli grown in the
study areas. Fluoride accUInulation was higher in plants grown in Port Huron,
Grosse He, Belle Isle, Windsor, and Sarnia, respectively.
Growth was suppressed in Tobacco W3, pinto bean, petunia, and geraniUIn
when the plants were grown for 10 weeks in ambient air in the study area. These
plants were compared to similar plants grown in ambient air that was passed
through activated carbon filters. Leaves of plants grown in carbon filtered air
were longer, more vigorous, and darker green. The root systems of plants grown
in carbon filtered air als 0 were larger and more vigorous and the stem diameter
was larger than those grown in unfiltered air. Finally, it may be said that the at-
mosphere to which plant varieties in the study areas were exposed contained a
complex mixture of gases such as oxidants, PAN, S02, N02' fluoride, and others.
Continuous exposure to a combination of pollutants in low concentrations may
sensitize a plant or reduce its resistance to single or combined pollutants. Thus,
short periods of pre -exposure of plants to a combination of gases in low concen-
trations may cause an increase in the damage that a pollutant can inflict.
2.12 VISIBILITY
Appropriate data were limited for assessing the effect on visibility of smoke
traversing the boundary. The available data were analyzed, however, to estimate
the extent of this effect. Data used in the analysis were from City and Metropoli-
tan Airports in Detroit. Accordingly, the conclusions drawn from the data applied
only to the Detroit River vicinity. Comparable data were not available for a simi-
lar analysis of the St. Clair River vicinity.
Hourly surface observation data for each of the two stations were analyzed
for the study period, December 1967 through November 1968. The analytical
Air Quality of the Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor Areas
2-63
-------
method used was that of constructing a wind rose for only those hours when visibi-
lIty was a given distance or les s and the obstructing phenomenon was recorded as
smoke or a combination of smoke and haze. Visibility, or visual range, is deter-
mined by a trained observer and is the farthest prevailing horizontal distance at
which selected objects or markers can be seen. So that the roses would primarily
show the effect of pollutants and not moisture, only those cases without precipita-
tion or fog and with a relative humidity of 70 percent or less were considered.
Hence, the roses indicated the area of origin of the air pollutants that reduced
visibility at the two locations.
The selection of a visibility range below which any further reduction becomes
objectionable to the public or to commercial elements is difficult. For this analysis,
therefore, a visibility range was selected somewhat arbitrarily, although the selec-
tion was guided by restraints on the data and by the availability of literature pertain-
ing to some of the major effects of visibility. A primary consideration was that in
the official observations taken at the two airports, the obstructing phenomenon re-
ducing the visibility was not recorded unless the visibility was reduced to 6 miles
or less. Relative to effects of visibility, the Air Quality Criteria for Particulate
Matter, 17 published by the U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
states: "In addition to aesthetic degradation of the environment, reduced visibility
has many consequences for the safe operations of aircraft and motor vehicles.
Federal (U. S.) air regulations prescribe limitations on aircraft operating under
conditions of reduced visibility; they become increasingly severe as the visibility
decreases from 5 miles to 3 miles to one mile. II Based on the above considera-
tions a smoke rose was constructed for each station for the cases in which visi-
bilitywas reduced to less than 5 miles. The roses are shown in Figure 2-15.
The three most prominent legs on the roses, south through southwest for
Metropolitan Airport and east through southeast for City Airport, indicated that the
primary source area of the affecting smoke (or smoke and haze) was centered along
the lower Detroit River vicinity. The conditions represented by the roses occurred
109 times at Metropolitan Airport and 416 times at City Airport. The relative
infrequency of easterly winds, which advect smoke toward Metropolitan Airport,
probably limited the occurrence of such conditions at that location.
From the analysis of conditions at the two major Detroit airports, some
inferences can logically be made with regard to transboundary pollution. First,
the indication that south to southeast winds affect visibility most at City Airport,
and that a major proportion of the affecting pollutants have their origin in
the lower Detroit River vicinity, lead to the conclusion that a portion of the pol-
lutants from the downriver area were transported acros s the boundary. Pollutants
from the U. S. side, where most of the pollution sources are situated, would have
tended to cros s into Canada and then back into the United States on their travel
toward City Airport. Those pollutants emanating from the few sources in Canada
that would have added to the overall pollutant load would have simply crossed the
boundary into the United States to reach City Airport. Second, it would be reason-
able to assume that if the two major Detroit airports have significant visibility
effects due to air pollution, then the Winds or Airport or any other location in the
vicinity of Windsor would be similarly affected. Since emissions are greater on
the U. S. side, the reduction of visibility in Windsor would probably result primar-
ily from the trans boundary movement of pollutants. Finally, since westerly winds
occur more frequently than easterly winds, visibility reductions caused by air
contaminants are likely to occur more often on the Canadian than on the United
States side..
2-64
JOINT AIR POLLU"'ON STUDY
-------
METROPOLITAN AIRPORT
109 TOTAL CASES
1-' -I
I_I I ,---
I 1 I
---,---,1
I II
I II /-
I----~i I 11____,j
I______J --~=-6.5 ---~/
, I
I
I
I
\
\ /
/ /
/,/ I '-.
/ '
I
I
I
5.4
10.1 ~
~
0
[ [ I
miles
10 15
Figure 2-15. Visibility roses showing percent frequency of wind directions with occurrence of smoke
and haze (relative humidity ~ 70%) restricting visibility to <5 miles at indicated airports.
December 1967 throug h November 1968.
2.13 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 2
1. Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter. U. S. DHEW, PHS, CPEHS,
National Air Pollution Control Administration. Washington, D. C.
Publication No. AP-49, 1969.
2. Air Quality Criteria for Partie ulate Matter. U. S. DHEW, PHS, CPEHS,
National Air Pollution Control Administration. Washington, D. C.
Publication No. AP -49, 1969.
3. Air Quality Criteria for Sulfur Oxides. U. S. DHEW, PHS, CPEHS,
National Air Pollution Control Administration, Washington, D. C.
Publication No. AP-50, 1969.
Air Quality of the Port Huron - Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor Areas
2-65
-------
2-66
4.
Air Quality Criteria for Photochemical Oxidants. U. S. DHEW, PHS,
EHS, National Air Pollution Control Administration. Washington, D. C.
Publication No. AP-63, 1970.
5.
Jutye, G. A., R. L. Harris, and M. Georgevich.
Pollution Surveillance Program Effects Network.
Control Assoc. ~(5):291-293, 1967.
The Inter state Air
J. Air Pollution
6.
Heggestad, H. E. and J. T. Middleton. Ozone in High Concentrations
as Cause of Tobacco Leaf Injury. Science 129:208 -21 0, 1959.
7.
Menser, H. A., H. E. Heggestad, and O. E. Street. Response of
Plants to Air Pollution. II. Effects of Ozone Concentrations and Leaf
Maturity on Injury to Nicotiana tabacwn. Phytopath. 2l:1304-1308,
1963.
8.
Middleton, J. T., J. B. Kendrick, and E. F. Darley. Air Borne Oxi-
dants as Plant-Damaging Agents. National Air Pollution Symposium.
Stanford Research Institute. 1955.
9.
Haggen -Smith, A. J., et. al. Inve stiga tion on Injury to Plants from Air
Pollution in the Los Angeles Area. Plant Physiol.Q: 18-34, 1952.
10.
Thomas, M. D., R. H. Hendricks, and G. R. Hill.
of Plants. Ind. Eng. Chem. 42:2231-2235, 1950.
Sulfur Metabolism
11.
Heck, W. W. Factors Influencing Expression of Oxidant Damage to
Plants. In: Annual Review of Phytopathology (In Press).
12.
Heck, W. W. Discussion of O. C. Taylor's Paper, "Effect of Oxidant
Air Pollutants". J. Occupational Med. l.Q.:497-499, 1968.
13.
Vega, Theodore and Clifton J. Seymour. A Simple Method for Determ-
ing Ozone Levels in Community Air Pollution Surveys. J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc. li:28-38 and 44, 1961. .
14.
Moyer, Thomas D. Effects of Air Pollution on Plants. In: Air Pollu-
tion. World Health Organization Monograph Series No. 46. Columbia
Univ. Press, New York, 1961.
15.
Huffman, W. T.
Fluorine Fumes.
1952.
Effect on Livestock of Air Contamination Caused by
In: Air Pollution. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New YQrk,
16.
Prince, A. L., et al. Fluoride; Its Toxicity to Plants and Its Control
in Soils. Soil Science f!2:269-277, 1949.
17. Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter. U. S. DHEW, PHS, CPEHS,
National Air Pollution Control Administration. Washington, D. C.
Publication No. AP-49, 1969.
JOINT AIIR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
3. EMISSIONS INVENTORY
An inventory of pollutant emissions from sources in the Port Huron - Sarnia,
Detroit - Windsor area was compiled from data for the year 1967, for the counties
of Essex, Kent, and Lambton in Ontario, and Wayne, Oakland, Macomb, and St.
Clair in Michigan. The county boundaries were considered to extend to the inter-
national border where necessary to include emissions from ships. The types of
pollutants reported were particulates, sulfur oxides (SOx - primarily S02), nitro-
gen oxides (NOx), hydrocarbons (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO).
The particulates emitted included both organic and inorganic matter from
fuel combustion, charred cellulose from refuse combustion, oxidized gasoline
additives (mainly lead compounds) from motor vehicles, mineral dust from
asphalt- batching plants and cement plants, and metallurgical fumes and organic
and inorganic dusts from industrial processes.
Sulfur oxides were found to include S02, which is primarily a product of
combustion of sulfur -bearing fuels such as coal and fuel oils; S03, from industrial
processes; sulfuric acid mist, from the acid production; and SOx, from crude oil
refining and coke production.
Nitrogen oxides are produced during the combustion of all fuels, from both
mobile and stationary sources.
Hydrocarbons and CO are usually products of inefficient fuel combustion;
however, they also emanate from the petrochemical industry. Even though large
quantities of fuel are consumed in power plants, the high boiler temperatures re-
sult in low HC and CO emissions. Combustion of gasoline in the internal com-
bustion engine and open burning of refuse result in high HC and CO emissions.
3.1 PROCEDURE
The year 1967 was used as a base for determining emissions since that was
the last complete year for which data were available. The quantity of each fuel
sold by retail dealers and the quantity sold to industries were determined and
used in calculating emissions from fuel combustion. Data on traffic volumes,
gasoline consumption, diesel fuel .consumption by trains and trucks, and fuel con-
sumption by ships and aircraft were gathered and used in calculating emissions
from mobile sources. The quantity of refuse generated in the area and methods
of disposal were determined; then the data were used to calculate emissions from
burning refuse. Data on industrial processes were collected by questionnaires
sent to the larger companies. Calculations of process emissions were made with
the help of these data; also, observations were made of some of the processes.
Any individual site that emitted 100 tons or more of any single pollutant per
year was considered as a point source. There were 178 such point sources.
3-1
-------
Activities emitting less than 100 tons of a pollutant per year were grouped on an
area basis and were collectively considered as an area source. Areas were
graduated in size 1, 3, or 5 kilometers on a side - inversely, according to the
industrial activity. Nearly 2,000 area sources were designated in the seven U. S.
and Canadian counties of the study region. These areas are shown in Figure 3-1.
3.2 RESULTS OF EMISSIONS SURVEY
The contaminants discharged to the atmosphere in 1967 are listed in Table
3-1 by types, source categories, and counties for the Detroit - Windsor and Port
Huron Sarnia areas. The relative importance of the contribution of sources in
each country in the two areas, Port Huron Sarnia and Detroit - Windsor, is
shown in Table 3-2.
3.2.1 Port Huron - Sarnia Area
This area consists of St. Clair County on the Michigan side and Lambton
County on the Ontario side of the international border. Table 3 -1 presents statis-
tics on emissions of each type of pollutant by source categories in each of the two
counties.
The 51,000 tons of particulates emitted in 1967 were principally from indus-
trial fuel combustion in Lambton County and power plants in St. Clair County, 44
and 37 percent, respectively. The next largest sources were industrial process
losses in Lambton County, 6 percent, and industrial process losses, 3 percent, in
St. Clair County. The remaining 7 percent was well distributed in the other source
categories.
Of the 373,000 tons of SOx emissions, the main contribution was from fuel
combustion by the three U. S. steam-electric power plants, 74 percent; followed
by industrial fuel combustion, 22 percent; and industrial process losses, 5 percent,
in Lambton County.
The 71,000 tons of NOx emissions was from U. S. power plants, 62 per-
cent; industrial fuel combustion in Canada, 27 percent; U. S. industrial fuel
combustion, 2 percent; and less in other categories.
The HC emissions, 67, 000 tons, were from industrial process losses and
gasoline-handling losses in Canada, 56 and 15 percent, respectively; followed by
gasoline-fueled vehicles and open burning of refuse in the U. S., 9 and 6 percent,
respectively; and by gasoline -fueled vehicles in Canada, 5 percent. The remain-
ing 9 percent was emitt~d by all other source categories.
The 209,000 tons of CO emissions was from the following source categories;
industrial process losses in Canada, 74 percent; gasoline combustion in vehicles
in the U. S. and Canada, 15 and 8 percent, respectively; and 3 percent distributed
over the remaining categories.
3.2.2 Detroit - Windsor Area
Of the 258,000 tons of particulate emissions in the Detroit - Windsor area,
61 percent came from the U. S.: industrial process losses, 23 percent; steam-
electric power plants, 22 percent; and industrial fuel combustion, 16 percent.
3-2
JOINT A'IR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
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4705
415
360
i 400
4680
I
,,' 390
4670
I
380
I
4660
370 I
Figure 3-1. Port Huron-Sarnia and Detroit-Windsor source areas for emission inventories.
Almost 94 percent of the emissions from these three types of sources occurred in
Wayne County. Other source categories each contributed less than 7 percent of
the total particulate emissions in the area.
The 551,000 tons of sax emissions in the Detroit Windsor area came from
power plants in Wayne County, 55 percent; U. S. industrial fuel combustion, 21
percent, of which almost four-fifths was in Wayne County; and U. S. commercial
and government fuel combustion, 7 percent. Other source categories each con-
tributed less than 5 percent of the total.
Of the 271,000 tons of NOx emission in the Detroit Windsor area, the
major sources were: gasoline combustion in U. S. mobile sources, 28 percent;
power plants in Wayne County, 26 percent; U. S. industrial fuel combustion, 20
percent; and U. S. commercial and government fuel combustion, 7 percent.
Em iss i onsl nventory
3-3
-------
Table 3-1. AIR POLLUTION EMISSIONS BY COUNTIES IN DETROIT - WINDSOR
AND PORT HURON - SARNIA AREAS, BASED ON 1967 DATA
(tons/yr)
StationarY sources of fuel combustion
Power Heating Commercial and
Pollutant Industrial util iti es plants qovernment Residential
Detroit - Windsor area
Wayne County I
Particulates 34,418 56,209 4,999 10,042 7,001
SOx 89,498 305,060 9 ,100 2~, 170 11 ,761
NOx 45,558 69,542 4,223 12,559 7,248
HC 1 ,187 722 51 3,317 3,119
CO 3,478 4,403 133 15,690 14,736
Oakland County
Particulates 2,438 --- --- 2,000 1 ,236
SOx 8,172 --- --- 5,482 1,956
NOx 3,407 --- --- ! 3,517 2,213
HC 113 --- --- 596 462
CO 317 --- --- , 2,764 1 ,597
Macomb County
Particulates 4,563 --- --- 4,342 720
SOx 16,275 --- --- 3,840 1,116
NOx 5,681 --- --- 2,055 1,423
HC 222 --- --- 339 256
CO 639 --- --- 1,530 817
Essex County
Particulates 1 2 ,466 695 --- 354 122
SOx 9,491 1 5 ,840 --- 1 ,917 476
NOx 5,369 3,970 --- 780 517
HC 228 40 --- 106 28
CO 632 99 --- 467 93
Kent County
Particulates 116 --- --- 32 20
SOx 978 --- --- 192 59
NOx 595 --- --- 103 89
HC i 16 --- --- 7 4
CO 43 --- --- 29 12
,
Port Huron - Sarnia area
St. Clair County
Particulates 1,495 18,975 --- 233 506
SOx 3,481 266,000 --- 656 396
NOx 1,461 43,863 --- 399 391
HC 84 439 --- 71 235
CO 272 1,095 --- 325 1 ,061
Lambton County
Particulates 22,209 --- --- 120 50
SOx 80,368 --- --- 618 214
NOx 18,907 --- --- 303 188
HC I 571 --- --- 34 14
CO 1,376 --- --- 142 46
3-4
JOINT AIR POLLUT'ION STUDY
-------
Tab 1 e 3-1
(continued). AIR POLLUTION EMISSIONS BY COUNTIES IN DETROIT - WINDSOR
AND PORT HURON - SARNIA AREAS, BASED ON 1967 DATA
(tonsjyr)
Mobile sources of fuel combustion
Vehicles
Pollutant Gasoline Diesel Trains Ships Aircraft
Detroit - Windsor area I
Wayne County
Particulates 6,884 3,129 825 1,316 216
SOx 3,610 1 , 1 38 300 2,948 0
NOx 39,175 6,314 1,665 2,746 675
HC 155,592 3,868 1,020 158 2,191
CO 964,207 1,707 450 149 1 0 ,1 03
Oakland County
Particulates 2,319 271 --- --- ---
SOx 1,739 99 --- --- ---
NOx 21 ,835 547 --- --- ---
HC 49,977 335 --- --- ---
CO 444,429 148 --- --- ---
Macomb County
Particulates 1,476 120 --- 1,418 2
SOx 1 ,109 44 --- 2,161 0
NOx 13,895 242 --- 3,444 17
HC 31 ,804 148 --- 950 64
CO 282,820 65 --- 424 302
Essex County
Particulates 305 524 177 2,455 9
SOx 228 234 79 4,498 ---
NOx 3,241 1,056 357 1 ,613 40
HC 8,110 652 219 211 146
CO 55,014 289 96 250 719
Kent County
Particulates 79 135 87 --- ---
SOx 57 60 39 I --- ---
NOx 841 273 175 --- ---
HC 2,016 166 107 --- ---
CO 12,933 93 47 --- ---
port Huron - Sarnial area
I
St. Clair County
Particulates 210 140 --- 498 ---
SOx 105 51 --- 2,120 ---
NOx 1 ,287 282 --- 601 ---
HC 6,310 173 I --- 109 ---
I
CO 30,422 76 --- 164 ---
Lambton County 298
Particulates 106 187 46 ---
SOx 81 84 20 897 ---
NOx 1,178 378 93 I 297 5
HC 3,024 232 57 64 20
CO 15,781 102 25 53 106
Emissions 'Inventory
3-5
-------
Table 3-1
(continued). AIR POLLUTION EMISSIONS BY COUNTIES IN DETROIT - WINDSOR
AND PORT HURON - SARNIA AREAS, BASED ON 1967 DATA
(tonsjyr)
Refuse combustion
Municipal Private Open
Pollutants incinerators incinerators burning
Detroit - Windsor area
Wayne County
Particulates 2,412 4,801 9,284
SOx 700 359 0
NOx 700 599 278
HC 105 145 67,309
CO 351 5,985 27,852
Oakland County
Particulates 493 1,602 4,162
SOx 145 120 0
NOx 145 200 125
HC 22 48 30,173
CO 73 2,002 1 2 ,488
Macomb County
Particulates --- 708 3,134
SOx --- 53 0
NOx --- 88 94
HC --- 21 22,723
CO --- 885 9,402
Essex County
Particulates --- 44 189
SOx --- 4 ---
NOx --- 6 130
HC --- 1 354
CO --- 62 1,003
Kent County
Particulates 60 1 61
SOx 9 --- ---
NOx I 9 --- 42
HC 1 --- 114
CO 4 6 322
Port Huron - Sarnia area
St. Clair County
Particulates --- 44 515
SOx --- 3 0
NOx --- 6 16
HC --- 1 3,732
CO --- 55 1 ,545
Lambton County
Particulates I --- 36 367
SOx --- 4 ---
NOx --- 4 252
HC --- --- 688
CO --- 13 1,950
3-6
JOIINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
Tab 1 e 3-1
(continued). AIR POLLUTION EMISSIONS BY COUNTIES IN DETROIT
AND PORT HURON - SARNIA AREAS, BASED ON 1967 DATA
(tonsjyr)
WINDSOR
Process losses
Gasoline handling Solvent Total all
Poll utants Industrial and storage losses sources
Detroit - Windsor area
Wayne County
Particulates 55,924 --- --- 197.460
SOx 20,003 --- --- 473,647
NOx 1,637 --- --- 192,919
HC 30,252 15,787 16,331 301 ,154
CO 43,738 --- --- 1,092,982
Oakland County
Particulates 3,053 --- --- 17,574
SOx 664 --- --- 18,377
NOx 111 --- --- 32,100
HC 2,495 5,294 10,075 99,590
CO 6,696 --- --- 470,514
Macomb County
Particulates 26 --- --- 16,509
SOx 0 --- --- 24,598
NOx 0 --- --- 26,939
HC 957 3,369 6,682 67,715
CO 20 --- --- 296,905
Essex County
Particulates 8,419 --- --- 25,759
SOx --- --- --- 32,767
NOx --- --- --- 17.079
HC 3,719 2,780 259 16,853
CO --- --- --- 58,724
Kent County
Particulates 355 --- --- 946
SOx --- --- --- 1,394
NOx --- --- --- 2 , 127
HC 655 362 6 3,464
CO 28 --- --- 13 ,517
Port Huron - Sarnia area
St. Clair County 24,216
Particulates 1,600 --- ---
SOx 99 --- --- 273.411
NOx 948 --- --- 49,254
HC 1,349 674 931 1 4 , 1 08
CO 0 --- --- 35,015
Lambton County 26,216
Particulates 3,232 --- ---
SOx 17,356 --- --- 99,642
NOx 346 --- --- 21,951
HC 37,796 10,323 --- 52,823
CO 154,393 --- --- 173,987
Emissions 'Inventory
3-7
-------
Table 3-2.
RELATIVE ANNUAL EMISSIONS FROM UNITED STATES AND CANADIAN SOURCES
IN PORT HURON - SARNIA AND DETROIT - WINDSOR AREAS, 1967
Emissions, Port Huron - Sarnia Emissions, Detroit - Windsor
United United
Total, States, Canadian, T~ta 1, States, Canadian,
Poll utant 103 tons % % 10 tons % %
I 90 10
Particulates 51 48 52 258 I
SOx 373 73 27 551 94 6
NOx 71 69 31 271 93 7
HC 67 21 79 489 96 4
CO 209 17 83 1,933 96 4
The HC emissions were mostly from gasoline combustion in U. S. vehicles,
49 percent, and open burning of refuse in the U. S., 25 percent. Each other source
category contributed less than 7 percent.
The CO emissions were almost entirely from gasoline combustion in vehicles,
87.5 percent in the U. S. and 3.5 percent in Canada. The other 9 percent of CO
emissions was distributed over the remaining source categories.
3.3 FUEL COMBUSTION AT STATIONARY SOURCES I [Total Study Area)
Coal, fuel oil, and natural gas were considered to be the only significant fuel
types used in the study area for space, water, and process heating. Fuel oil and
coal are significant sources of particulates and SOx' They emit more pollutants to
the atmosphere than does natural gas; the principal contaminants resulting from
the combustion of natural gas are NOx'
Fuel combustion in residential dwelling units is a source that affects the
level of pollution in a wide area. Residential fuel combustion was the source of
only 3 percent of the area's particulate emissions, 2 percent of the SOx emissions,
4 percent of the NOx emissions, less than 1 percent of the HC emissions, and 1
percent of the total CO emissions.
Coal is used in a large number of dwelling units on the U. S. side of this
border area, ranging from 20 percent of the homes in rural areas and the older
dwelling units in the heart of Detroit to less than 4 percent of the homes in sub-
urban areas. It was assumed that only I percent of the dwelling units on the
Canadian side used coal as a fuel. Fuel oil is used in nearly 40 percent of the
U. S. homes and only 16 percent of the Canadian homes in the area. Natural gas
is the fuel used in most of the remaining homes. Electricity is used exclusively
in a very small percentage of the dwelling units.
Fuel consumed for space and water heating for all nonindustrial, nonresiden-
tial buildings is classified as commercial and governmental use. Commercial and
governmental fuel combustion was the source of 6 percent of the area's particulate
emissions,S percent of the SOx emissions, 6 percent of the NOx emissions, less
than I percent of the HC emissions, and 1 percent of total CO emissions. Com-
mercial and governmental establishments use a significant quantity of bituminous
3-8
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
coal and residual and distillate fuel oils. These fuels accounted for most of the
particulate and SOx emissions from this source category.
Six heating plants in Detroit supply steam heat to commercial and govern-
mental facilities and appartment buildings. These are all coal-fired arid discharged
,nearly 2 percent of the area's total particulate emissions and approximately 1 per-
cent of the SOx and NOx emissions.
Industrial fuel combustion for space heating, process heat, and steam and
power generation released approximately 25 percent of the particulate emissions,
21 percent of the SOx emissions, and 24 percent of the NOx emissions. Because
the larger industrial boilers usually operate at high combustion temperatures, less
than 0.5 percent of the area's HC and CO emissions emanated from industrial fuel
combustion processes.
In the Canadian area, industrial fuel combustion was the source of 65
percent of all particulate emissions, 68 percent of all SOx emissions, and 60
percent of all NOx emissions. The greatest portion of these emissions is
the result of the use of large amounts of bituminous coal by industry. In the
U. S. area, industrial fuel combustion constituted approximately 17 percent
of the particulate emissions, 15 percent of the SOx emissions, and 19 percent
of the NOx emis sions.
There are 13 steam-electric power utilities in this area. Nine are located in
Wayne County and one in Essex County, along the Detroit River. The other three
power plants are in St. Clair County along the St. Clair River. Bituminous coal
was used in all of these plants during 1967. There are plans to convert some of
the boilers to oil and gas burners. Steam-electric power plants were the source
of 25 percent of the particulates, 64 percent of the SOx, 34 percent of the NOx,
and small amounts (less than 0.5 percent) of the HC and CO emissions for the
study area.
The 12 power plants on the U. S. side discharged approximately 29 percent
of the particulate emissions, 72 percent of the SOx emissions, and 38 percent of
the NOx emissions from the U. S. area. In the Detroit - Windsor area, the nine
U. S. power plants discharged 22 percent of the particulate emissions, 55 percent
of the sax emis sions, and 26 percent of the NOx emis sions. In the Port Huron -
Sarnia area, the U. S. power plants emitted 30 percent of the particulate emissions,
74 percent of the sax emissions, and 62 percent of the NOx emissions.
3.4 FUEL COMBUSTION IN MOBILE SOURCES
Included under the category of mobile sources are emissions from gasoline-
and diesel-fueled motor vehicles; diesel railroad engines; ships on the St. Clair
River, Detroit River, and Lake St. Clair; and emissions from aircraft. Altogether,
mobile sources discharged approximately 8 percent of the particulate emissions,
2 percent of the sax emissions, 30 percent of the NOx emis sions, 48 percent of
the HC emissions, and 85 percent of the CO emissions. Automobiles accounted
for a major portion of NOx, HC, and CO emissions, discharging 24 percent, 46
percent, and 84 percent of these pollutants, respectively.
Emissions 'Inventory
3-9
-------
In the U. S. area, automobiles were the source of 25 percent of the
NOx emissions, 51 percent of the HC emissions, and 91 percent of the CO emissions. , ,
In the Canadian portion, automobiles were the source of 13 percent of the NOx
emissions, 18 percent of the HC emissions, and 34 percent of the CO emissions.
3.5 REFUSE DISPOSAL
Nearly all refuse collected and disposed of under sponsorship of a municipal
government is burned in an incinerator or deposited in a sanitary landfill.
The City of Detroit operates four large incinerators and two brush burners;
several smaller communities also have organized incinerator authorities to solve
their solid-waste disposal problem. Nearly all of these incinerators are controlled
to some extent, but each emits over 100 tons of particulates per year.
Although open-burning dumps are unlawful in the State of Michigan, such
burning did take place in 1967. Open-burning refuse is assumed to consist of
household waste paper, waste paper from the offices of small business establish-
ments located outside the city, and some industrial and agricultural wastes. The
large proportion of paper, garden trimmings, and agriculture wastes included in
the refuse resulted in HC emissions of 123,000 tons per year (or 145 pounds
per ton of refuse burned) in the U. S. area. That was 26 percent of the total
HC emissions in that area; open burning also discharged 7 percent of the particulate
emis sions.
Open burning is unlawful in the Province of Ontario; nevertheless, some
municipal refuse is burned in dumps, but the total emissions are small. Open-
burning emissions constituted only 1 percent of the NOx emissions, 2 percent of
the HC emissions, and 1 percent of the CO emissions for the area. Particulate
emissions from the combustion of refuse constituted slightly more than 1 percent
of the total particulate emissions. Most of this was from open burning.
The combustion of refuse was the source of 9 percent of the total particulate
emissions, less than 1 percent of the SOx emissions, 1 percent of the NOx emis-
sions, 23 percent of the HC emissions (all from open burning), and 3 percent of the
CO emissions.
3.6 PROCESS AND SOl-VENT LOSSES
In the U. S. area, gasoline handling and storage losses produced HC emissions
of 25, 100 tons per yea.r or 5 percent of the total. In the Canadian area, a loss of
13,500 tons of HC, or 18 percent of the total, resulted from gasoline handling and
storage losses.
The major portion of industrial process losses came from major point
sources, listed in Table 3 -3. Losses from smaller companies that reported on
their processes are a.lso included.
Industrial process losses constituted 24 percent of the particulate emissions
in the area, 4 percent of the SOx emissions, 1 percent of the NOx emissions, 14
percent of the HC em.issions, and 10 percent of the CO emissions.
3-10
JOINT A'IR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
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Table 3-3.
POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS IN PORT HURON - SARNIA AND DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA, 1967
(tonsjyr)
~~.--,-. ~
Fuel combustion Refuse disposal Process losses
, !
Partic- Partic- Partic- HC
Source ulates SOy NOv HC CO ulates SOv NOv HC CO ulates SOv NOy Process Solvent CO
Um ted states: I
Wayne County I
Chrys 1 er Corp. I
1. Chemical Div., Trenton 1 I - 7 - - - - I - - - 34 - - - 500 -
Plant i
2. Trenton Engine Plant 116 I 1,688 311 15 47 12 71 18 4 3 3 - - - 225 -
3. Jefferson Assembly Plant 1,013 2,107 I 720 7 18 - - - - - 2 - - - 3,448 -
4. Mack Avenue Stamping 636 439 262 12 36 - - I - - - 55 - - - -
I -
Plant I
5. Hamtramck Assembly Plant 1,925 2,090 1,100 11 28 - - I - - - 3 - - - 4,795 -
6. Huber Foundry 8 - 96 - - - - ! - - - 85 184 - - I - -
7. Highland Park Machining 86 80 i 139 '3 8 8 2 2 4 36 5 - - - 82 -
8. Detroit Forge Plant 7,084 ! 587 1,030 10 26 - - - - - 4 - - - 126 -
9. Eldon Ave. Axle Plant 2,084 - - - - - - i - - - 3 - - - 788 -
10. lynch Rd. Engine Plant - i - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3,000 -
I
11. Mound Rd. Engine Plant - I - - - - - - - - - - - - - 143 -
12. Eight Mile Stamping 750 I 587 300 3 ,8 - - i - - - - - - - - -
Plant I I
I
Ford Motor Co.
13. Wayne Assembly Plant 530 1,010 266 13 40 - - i - - - - - - - - -
14. Engine and Foundry Div. - - - - - - - I - - - 3,281 - - - - -
15. Steel Div. Powerhouse 4,000 11,400 6,891 68 170 - - : - - - - - - - - -
16. Steel Div. - - - - - - - I - - - 3,275 3,100 - - - -
17. Schaefer Rd. Dump - - - - - 166 - 114 52 I 880 - - - - - -
18. Dearborn Glass Plant - - : - - - - - I - - - 70 285 - - - -
19. Dearborn Stamping Plant - - : - - - - - i - - I - - - - - 185 -
20. Elm St. Powerhouse 11 - 127 - - - - - - - - - - - I - -
i
General Motors Corp. I
21. Fisher Body Div., 99 309 199 10 i 30 - - - - - 12 - - - 3,000 -
Fleetwood Plant I
22. Cadillac Motor Car Co. 45 2,460 693 32 97 - - - - - - - - - 458 -
23. Chevrolet Motor Div., 217 1,786 501 25 ! 75 - - - - - 48 - - - - -
li voni a Pl ant I
I
24. Fisher Body Div., 81 321 137 7 21 - - - - - - - - - 30 -
Detroit Central Plant
25. Fisher Body Div., 49 168 98 5 15 - - - - I - - - - - 30 -
livonia Plant I
I !
26. Detroit Diesel Engine 5 I - 60 I - - 5 2 4 1 19 630 - - - 77 -
Div. : I
27. Chevrolet Motor Div.) 2,273 4,391 1,650 82 246 - I - - - - - - - - - -
Detroit Forge Plant I
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Table 3-3 (continued).
POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS IN PORT HURON - SARNIA AND DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA. 1967
(tonsfyr)
Fuel combustion Refuse disposal Process losses
Partic- I CO Partic- i Partic- HC
Source ulates i SOx NOx HC ulates SOx NOx HC CO ulates SOx NOx Process Solvent CO
28. American Motors 76 I 129 .27 -34 I 170 - I - - ~ - - - . - ~ -- '"
29. Kelsey Hayes Co. a 128 785 287 14 39 - - - - - 277 - - - - -
30. Budd Co. 11 I 132 I I 23 303
- - - - - - - - - - - -
31. Champion Spark Plug Co. 2 I - 27 - - 1 I - - - 3 183 - - - - -
32. Lear-~iegler Co., Inc. 4 I 2 37 - - - - - 2 1 - - - - 148 -
33. Dana Corp. 40 ! 230 126 6 18 - I - - - - 3 - - - 500 -
34. Great Lakes Steel Co.a - - - - - - I - - - - 27,289 4,438 - - - -
35. McLouth Steel Corp. 507 613 5,254 7 16 - - - - - 6,377 - - - - -
36. Valcan Mold and Iron Co. 1 - 14 - - - - I - - I - 101 - - - - -
37. Fi restone Steel Products 2 11 i 400 "
- - - - - - - - - - - - -
Co. : I
38. Huron Valley Steel Co. 10 26 47 1. 1 - - - - i - 609 - - - - 8,750
39. Young Spring and Wire 3 19 9 - - - - - - 2 - - - - 458 -
Corp. I
40. Wolverine Aluminum Corp. - - - - - 2 I - - - ! 5 - - - - 1,015 -
41. Uni strut Corp. - - 5 - - 3 I - - 9 8 - - - - 155 -
42. Whitehead and Kalesa 4 10 18 - - - - - - - - - - - 788 -
43. Wolverine Tube Div., 5 24 15 - - - - - - I - - - - - 131 -
Calumet and Hecla, Inc.
44. Revere Copper and Brass 3 9 23 1 I 5 170
- - - - - i - - - - -
Div. i
45. Hoskins Manufacturing Co. 1 - 5 - - 3 I - - - I 1 5 - - - 135 -
46. Brass Craft Manufacturing - - , - - - - - - - I - - - - - 288 -
Co.
47. Evans Products Co. 2 - 28 - - 20 I - - 40 36 13 - - - 250 -
48. Bathey Manufacturing Co. - - 5 - - - I - - - - - - - - 105 -
49. Huck Manufacturing Co. 1 - 6 - - - - - - - - - - - 118 -
50. Monsanto 4 - 52 - - - - - - - 300 - - - - -
51. Pennwalt Chemical Corp. 2 I 1 21 - - - I - I - - i - III 300 50 - - 3
52. Wyandotte Chemical Corp., 7 I - 89 - - 7 I - - 13 ' 13 1,529 132 - - - 22,380
South Plant I I i
I I
53. Wyandotte Chemical Corp.., 4 - 45 - - 12 - - 21 21 742 - - - - 12,585
North Plant
54. Detroit Chemical Corp. - - - - - - - - - - - 1,750 - - - -
All i ed Chemi ca 1 Corp.
55. Industrial Chemicals Div. - - - - - - - - - I - 85 2,700 - - - -
56. Detroit A 1 ka 1 i Works 2,606 2,850 1,361 60 180 - - - - i - 700 - - - - -
57. Semet Solvay Div. 255 684 I 174 I +563b
- I - - - - - - - - - - -
I
58. DuPont - - - - i - - I - - I - - - ! 2~200 I - - - -
59. Park-Davis and Co. 159 468 250 9 28 3 ' 1 I
- i - ! - - 4 - I - - -
60. Scott PaDer Co. 1 487 1 744 1 080 54 162 - - - - - i 600 - ; - I - -
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Table 3-3 (continued).
POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS IN PORT HURON - SARNIA AND DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA, 1967
(tonsjyr)
-.
Fuel combustion Refuse disposal Process 1 os ses
Partic- ! I Partic- ! Partic1 HC
Source ulates SOx I NOx HC CO ulates SOx NOx i HC CO ul ates, SOx NOx Process Solvent CO
61. Detroit Gravure Corp. - - I - - - - - - - - - I - - - 844 -
62. U. S. Rubber Tire Co. 1,466 1,976 1,300 65 195 - - - - - - - - - - -
63. Acme Quality Paint - - 13 - - - - - - - - I - - - 616 -
64. Fred Sanders Co. 155 91 22 24 119 1 - 1 - 3 - - - - - -
65. American Can Co. - - 2 - - - - I - I - - 21 - - - 391 -
66. Export Processing Co. 7 47 22 1 1 - _ ! - - - - , - - - 205 -
67. Mobil e Oil Corp. 57 2,283 675 - - - - - i - - 75 I 216 - 2,189 - -
68. Marathon Oil Co. 87 3,300 - - - - - - ; - - 1,800 ;3,900 - 2,955 - -
69. Sun Oil Co. 2 6 11 ; i I 920
- - - - - I - - 105 ! - - - -
70. Marblehead Lime Co. - - 92 - - - - - ! - - - - - - -
71. U. S. Gypsum Co. - - - - - - - - - - 190 ! - - - - -
72. Peerless Di v., Ameri can - - - - - - - - - - 1,280 I 55 530 - - -
Cement Corp. I
73. Peerless 11 I 220 42 2 6 - - - I - - 990 99 945 - - -
Edward Levy Company !
i I
74. Levy Sragb - - - - - - - - - - 1,000 - - - - -
75. Levy Slagb - - - - - - - - i - - 1,000 - - - - -
76. Slag and Asphalt Batchingb - - - - - - - - I - - 687 - - - - -
77. Asphalt Batching - - - - - - - - ! - - 125 - - - - -
78. Slag and Asphalt Batchingb - - - - - - - - i - - 1,787 - - - - -
79. Detroit Lime Co. 672 205 257 - - - - - - - 200 - - - - -
80. Wayne County General 404 572 350 18 54 - - - - - - - - - - -
Hospital
81. University of Detroit 96 257 50 2 7 - - - i - - - - - - - -
Heating I
I
82. Arrow Wrecking Co. - - - I - - 364 3 4 26 1,105 - - - - - -
Inci nerator
83. City of Trenton - - - - - 27 8 8 1 4 - - - - - -
Incinerator
84. Ci ty of Ecorse - - - - - 133 16 16 2 I 8 - - - - - -
Incinerator i
85. Central Wayne County - - - - - 442 130 130 20: 65 - - - - - -
Incinerator I
I
86. City of Detroit, 24th - - - - - 374 110 110 16 ! 55 - - - - - -
St. Incinerator !
87. City of Detroit, Central - - I - - - 400 : 118 118 18, 59 - - - - - -
Incinerator , i
88. City of Detroit, North - I - - - - 447 ' 131 I 131 80 66 - - - - - -
West Incinerator
89. City of Detroit, St. - I - - - - 327 I 96: 96 14 48 -
I - - - - -
Jean St. Incinerator , ;
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Table 3-3 (continued).
POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS IN PORT HURON - SARNIA AND DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA. 1967
(tonsfyr)
Fuel combustion Refuse disposal Process losses
--
Partie- Partic- Partic- H
Source ulates SOx NOx HC CO ulates SOx NOx HC CO ulates SOx NOx Process Solvent CO
90. City of Hamtramck - - - - - 177 52 52 8 26 - - - , - - -
Incinerator
Detroit Edison Company
91. Trenton Channel Power 3,895 45,900 13,475 135 337 - - - - - - - - - - .
Planta
92. Pennsalt Power Plant 3,300 3,800 1,700 17 43 - - - - - - - - - - -
93. Wyandotte South Power 5,770 5,100 2,000 20 50 - - - - - - - - - - -
Planta
94. Wyandotte North Power 14,510 10,800 4,130 41 103 - - - - - - - - - - -
Planta
95. River Rouge Power 7,340 141,500 21,880 219 546 - - - - - - - - - - -
Planta
96. Delray Power Planta 3,470 21,900 9,200 92 230 - - - - - - - - - - -
97. Conners Creek Power 14,800 71,100 16,390 164 410 - - - - - - - - - - -
Planta
98. Congress Street Heating 566 600 310 3 8 - - - - - - - - - - -
Planta
99. Beacon Street Heating 2,590 5,200 2,880 29 72 - - - - - - - - - - -
Planta
100. Willis Avenue Heating 1,183 1,450 762 8 19 - - - - - - - - - - I -
Planta
101. Boulevard Heating 75 100 55 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - -
P1anta
102. Wyandotte Municipal 534 1,300 700 7 18 - - - - - - - - - - -
Power Planta I
Detroit Public Lighting !
Commission I I
103. Mistersky Power Planta 2,590 4,960 67 27 2,666 - - - - - - - - - - -
104. L. J. Schrenk Heating 353 250 130 6 20 - - - - - - - - - - -
Planta
105. Herman Kiefer Heating 232 200 86 4 13 - - - - - - - - - - -
Planta
Wayne County total 83,418 360,134 100,336 1,373 6,397 2,935 739 805 271 2,472 55,835 ,19,959 1,525: 6,064 32,487 34,968
Oakland County I I I
I
106. General Motors Corp. 141 130 I 85 4 13 22 I _6 I 11 I 3 56 664 111 2,467 6,696
I 2,888 I -
107. Edward Levy Co. - - - - - - - - - 127 I - - - - -
108. Southeast Oakland Co. - I - - ! - - 493 1145! 145 22 73 - I - - - - -
Incinerator Authority , I i : : ;
Oakland County total 141 130 85, 4 13 515 151 156 I 25 i 129 3 015 I 664 111 : - 2 467. 6696
-------
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Table 3-3 (continued).
POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS IN PORT HURON - SARNIA AND DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA, 1967
(tons/yr)
-
Fuel combustion Refuse di sposa 1 Pro.cess losses
Partic- HC I Partic- Partic- H
Source ulates SOx NOx CO ulates SOx NOx HC CO ulates SOx NOx Process Solvent CO
Macomb County
Chrysler Corp.
109. Warren Truck Assembly 875 950 500 25 75 10 - 1 19 43 - - - - 506 -
Plant
110. Sterling Stamping Plant 101 1,531 26 13 39 - - - - - - - - - - -
Ford Motor Co.
111. Transmission and 1 gO 2,494 486 24 72 - - - - - - - - - - -
Chassis Div.
112. Transmission and 30 196 184 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - ' -
Chassis Div.
113. Utica Trim Plant 141 176 128 5 17 - - - - - - - - - - -
114. R. C. Mahon Co. - - 8 - - - - - 13 - - - - - 437 -
115. LTV Aerospace Corp. 196 271 200 10 30 1 - - - 2 - - - - - -
116. Detroit Army Arsenal 2,040 783 326 16 48 14 - 10 4 74 - - - - - -
117. Michigan Army Missile 820 518 210 11 32 9 2 3 - 39 - - - - - -
Plant
118. Selfridge Air Force Base 640 177 103 56 a66 305 19 200 96 1,620 - - - - - -
Macomb County total 5,033 7,096 2,171 161 580 339 21 214 132 1,778 - - - - 943 -
St. Clair County I
i
119. Diamond Crystal Salt Co. 250 1,402 690 34 102 - I - -
i - - - - - - -
120. Ainsworth Manufacturing Co - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 131 -
121. St. Clair Rubber Co. - - 14 - - - - - - - - - - - 599 -
122. Chrysler Corp., Marysville 186 561 103 5 15 38 - - 65 69 - - - - 381 -
Depot I
123. Prestolite Wire and Cable 1 - 15 - - - - - - - 4 - - - 160 -
124. Grand Trunk and Western 239 173 23 26 100 13 - - 11 45 - - - - 21 -
Termi na 1
125. Mueller Brass Co. 90 257 102 2 7 4 - - - 16 130 - - - - -
126. Peerless Div., American - - - - - - - - - - 1,420 99 948 - - -
Cement Corp.
127. Dunn Paper Co. 484 234 124 6 17 - - I - - - - - - - - -
Detroit Edison Co.
128. Marysville Power Planta 9,820 35,200 7,160 72 180 - - - - - - - ~J~~,.~ -
129. Port Huron Paper Power 542 600 373 4 9 - - - - - - -
Plant
130. St. Clair Power Planta 8,613 230,200 36,330 363 906 - - - - - - -
St. Clair County total 512 11,336 55 76 130 1,554 99 ---
20,225 268,627 44,934 - i -
United States total. 108,817 635,987 147,526 2,050 8,326 3,844 911 : 1 ,175 504 4,509 60,404 20,722 2,584 I 6,064 37,189 41,664
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Table 3-3 (continued).
POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS IN PORT HURON - SARNIA AND DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA, 1967
(tonsjyr)
-- - - - - - - -~ .
Fuel combustion Refuse disposal Process losses
---_..~
Partic- I I I I Partic- Partic- H
,
Source ulates I SOx ' NOx HC i CO ulates SOx NOx HC CO ulates SOx NOx Process Solvent CO
I
Canada: '
i
Essex County i
I
1. Calvert of Canada 27 409 85 2 2 14 - 9 26 73 430 - - - 128 -
2. Amherst Quarries - - - - - - - - - - 2,130 - - - - -
3. Allied Chemical 4,422 3,428 1,824 100 274 - - - - - - - - - 35 -
4. Canadian Rock Salt 1 2 3 - - 1 - - 1 3 100 - - - - -
5. Maretette Bros. - 2 1 - - - - - - - 143 - - - - -
6. Plasticast 1 15 - - - - - - - - - - - - 149--
7. J. Clark Keith Generating 695 15,840 3,970 40 99 - - - - - - - - - - -
Plant
8. Canadi an Salt 35 589 115 3 3 - - - - - - - - - - -
9. Shell (Storage Tanks) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 249 -
10. Gulf (Storage Tanks) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 435 -
11. University of Windsor 11 334 43 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - -
12. Ford Motor Co. (Windsor 6,370 1,964 1,428 69 207 - - - - - 582 - - - - 640
Operations)
13. Chrysler (Truck Asse~bly 7 265 52 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - -
Plant
14. Chrysler (Foundry) 2 33 13 - - - - - - - 4,430 - - - 14 -
15. Imperial Oil (Storage Tanks) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 259 -
16. Chrysler (Boiler Plant) 488 831 624 6 16 - - - - - - - - - 2,754 -
17. Texaco (Storage Tank) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 525 -
18. Dominion Forge 204 411 219 8 I 20 - - - - - - - - - - -
19. General Motors Trim 9 27 129 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - -
20. Hiram Walker 768 1,825 605 30 90 - - - - - 42 - - - - -
I
Essex County total 13,040 26,060 9,026 261 714 15 - 9 27 76 7,857 - - - 4,548 640
Kent County
,
21. Motor Wheel Corp. of Canada '
6 106 21 1 1 - - - - - - - - - 114 -
22. International Harvester 14 199 50 1 1 - - - - - - - - - 457 -
23. Libby-McNeil and Libby 14 185 42 1 1 - - - - - - - - - 1 -
24. Canada and Dominion Sugar 63 463 260 13 39 - - - - - - - I - - - -
25. Greenmelk 1 13 18 - - - - - - - 320 - - - - -
Kent County total 98 966 391 16 42 I
- - - - - 320 - - - 572 -
.........~-- ---- '------ -- -- - ~-_.__._--- -- - - - n___- - --- ---- --- ---- ------- ------- .-..-------- ----- -----
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Table 3-3 (continued).
POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS IN PORT HURON - SARNIA AND DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA, 1967
(tons/yr)
.--. -
Fuel combustion Refuse disposal Process losses
Partic- Partic- Partic- H
Source ulates SOx NOx HC CO ulates SOx NOx HC CO ulates SOx NOx Process Solvent CO
Lambton County
26. Sombra Township Dump - -- -- - - 23 - 16 43 122 - - - - -
27. Chinook Chemicals 8 120 26 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - 55
28. C.I.L. Power House 48 626 151 4 4 - - - - - - - - - - -
29. C. I.L. AlTi110nia Plant 47 1 544 - 1 - - - - - 735 - - - - -
30. Ethyl Corp. - 53 14 - - - - - - - - - - 486 - .. -
31. Shell Canada (Sarnia 431 12,738 1,498 36 36 - - - - - 470 4,368 - - 2,~50 -
32. Refi nery)
32. Dupont (St. Clair River 63 1,189 194 7 6 3 - 2 5 14 - - - - 2,800 -
Works)
33. Fiberglas (Glass 26 395 109 2 2 240 - 165 450 1,275 311 374 - - 85 -
Furnaces)
34. Sun Oil Boiler Plant 235 2,071 1,161 16 17 - - - - - 525 164 6 - 432 8,270
(Refi nery)
35. Dow Chemical (Steam 1,857 14,187 2,874 123 332 - - - - - - 387 - - 1,765 58
Process)
36. Uow Chemical (Process) 4 - 45 - - - - - - - - - - - 2,116 -
37. Polymer 12 - 143 - - - - - - - - 360 - - 730 -
38. Dow Chemical (Process) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
39. Dow Chemical (Process) 3 - 31 - - - - - - - - - - - 7,585 -
40. Polymer 18,268 25,056 7,110 295 886 - - - - - - 35 340 - 13,485 -
41. Cabot Carbon 70 590 836 - 2 - - - - - - 290 - - 3,540 55,200
42. Imperial Oil (Refi nery) 217 266 172 2 2 - - - - - - 5,350 - - 737 -
43. Polymer - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 590 -
44. Imperial Oil (Refi nery) 156 1,324 727 11 12 - - - - - - - - - - -
45. Imperial Oil (Refinery) 630 7,759 2,179 16 17 - - - - - 910 5,625 - - 985 90,000
46. Imperi a 1 Oil (Storage - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5,350 -
Tanks)
47. Imperial Oil (Refinery) 133 1,625 469 11 11 - - - - - - 403 - - 636 -
48. Holmes Foundry 1 2 226 - - - - - - - 225 - - - - -
Lambton County total 22,208 68,002 18,509 524 1,329 266 - 183 498 1,411 3,176 17,356 346 486 43,686 153,583
Canada total 35,346 95,028 27,926 801 2,085 281 - 192 525 1,487 11,353 17,356 346 486 48,806 154,223
Study total . 144,163 731,015 175,452 2,851 10,411 4,125 911 1,367 1,029 5,996 71,757 38,078 2,930 6,550 85,995 195,887
aCompany withheld data necessary for emission calculations; estimates made based on data from publications and State and local Air Pollution Control
agencies.
bRough estimate based on 0.1 percent of coal charged in coke ovens or slag crushed and stockpiled.
-------
Industrial process losses in the U. S. yielded 24 percent of the total partic-
ulate emissions. They were the source of 7 percent of the HC emissions, the
major portion of which came from solvent losses from spray-painting operations.
In the Canadian area, industrial process losses constituted 23 percent of the
particulate emissions, 15 percent of the SOx emissions, only 1 percent of the NOx
emissions, 58 percent of the HC emissions, and 63 percent of the CO emissions
for the area.
3.7 POINT SOURCES
As previously defined, a point source of air pollution is considered to be a
single source that emits a total of 100 or more tons per year of any pollutant from
its various processes. Included among the point sources in this study are munici-
pal incinerators, steam-electric power plants, he:ating plants, government military
facilitie s, and industrial plants.
Among the industries reported as point sources are several chemical plants,
steel plants, oil refineries, many automobile factories, and related parts suppliers.
Several metal fabricators are included in view of HC losses from painting operations.
The point sources for the area are listed in Table 3 -3 with the quantities of
pollutants emitted from the combustion of fuel and refuse and from process losses.
The point sources are located in Figure 3 -2.
In the Canadian area, 47 of the 48 point sources listed are industrial plants;
the other is a steam-electric utility. The point source emissions contributed 89
percent of the particulates, 84 percent of the SOx, 69 percent of the NOx and HC
emissions, and 64 percent of the CO emissions for the area. Thus, well over
two-thirds of the pollution in the Canadian area is generated by these 48 sources.
In the U. S. area, there are 98 industrial point sources, 18 power and heat-
ing plants, 5 governmental or institutional sources, and 9 municipal incinerators.
Together, these 130 point sources contributed 68 percent of the particulate emis-
sions, 83 percent of the SOx, and 50 percent of the NOx emissions in the U. S.
area. They accounted for only 8 percent of the HC and 3 percent of the CO emis-
sions.
3.8 EMISSION CHANGES BETWEEN 1967 AND 1971
Listed in Table 3 -4 are changes in emissions from individual point sources
that have already taken place or are proposed for implementation by 1971. The
emission changes consist of reductions due to installation of control equipment,
discontinuation of some processes, and increases due to new plants, new proc-
esses, and new additions that have been made to date. Only changes known to be
planned for production and control techniques are included. These planned changes
can be determined only for individual plants, i. e., point sources. Table 3-5 gives
the total percentage changes by year, based on the 1967 emissions from point
sources in the U. S. and Canada.
A reduction of 39 percent in particulate emissions from the point sources in
the U. S. area has been projected for 1971. Most of this reduction is-to be ef-
fected in the emissions from power plants, steel plants, automobile manufacturers,
3-18
JUINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
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.
88
.
41
.
85
.
80
.
38
.
67 ~
.
0 5
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miles
.
2
---""--------
Figure 3-2. Point source locations in Port Huron-Sarnia and Detroit-Windsor areas.
and chemical plants. Emissions of SOx and NOx are expected to increase by 10
and 6 percent, respectively. This is primarily as a result of the new unit added
to the Detroit Edison Power Plant at St. Clair.
A reduction of 57 percent in particulate emissions £rorn point sources in the
Canadian area has been projected for 1971; 39 percent of this reduction is from the
proposed conversion of boilers from coal to gas in 1970 by the Polymer Corpora-
tion. Emissions of SOx and NOx from point sources will be more than doubled
when all four units of the Ontario Hydroelectric Power Plant, in the Sarnia area,
are on line by 1971.
Emissions Inventory
3-19
-------
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Figure 3-2 (continued). Point source locations in Port Huron-Sarnia and Detroit-Windsor areas.
3-20
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
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Figure 3-2 (continued). Point source locations in Port Huron-Sarnia and Detroit-Windsor areas.
Em i ss i onsl nventory
3-21
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Table 3-4.
PROPOSED EMISSION CHANGES TO BE IMPLEMENTED BETWEEN 1967 AND 1971
(tonsjyr)
U.S. facility and control method
American Motors Co. Electrostatic precipator
(ESP) was installed on boiler in 4th quar-
ter of 1968. Particulate emission control
increased from 80 to 99 %.
Allied Chemical Corp.
Industrial Chemical Div. - Power plant
and soda ash manufacturing to shut down
by 1969.
Semet Colvay Process - Build new coke
ovens to replace old by 1969.
Industrial Chemicals Div. - Sulfuric
acid manufacture plant to install 20 ft
stack. Rework towers and collectors by
1969.
Ford Motor Co.
Power Plant - add ESP to six boilers.
Sinter Plant - Add ESP in 1st quarter 1969.
Dearborn Iron Foundry - Add high energy
venturi scrubbers 2nd quarter 1969.
Dearborn Specialty Foundry - Venturi
scrubbers to be added.
Schaefer Rd. Dump - Discontinue by 1970.
Chrysler
Detroit Forge - Convert two pulverized-
fuel boilers to gas by 1969.
Huber Foundry - Refurbish collectors.
Mack Ave. Stamping - Convert to gas by 1970.
Hamtramck Assembly - Convert to gas by 1970.
General Motors
Diesel Engine Div. - Waste heat boiler and
afterburner on engine test stand by 1970.
Detroit Forge - Install ESP on four pul-
verized-fuel boilers 1st quarter 1969.
Assume 99.5 % efficiency.
Partic-
ulate
1968 total emissions
4,902
875
2,643
638
1,030
93
691
1,928
640
2,273
4
SOx
129
o
818
85
684
2,700
15,276 8,082
166
147
184
439
2,090
2
4,391
o
-
-
-
-
64
1,650
NOx
27
o
174
-
-
-
-
114
257
96 -
262 12
11 0 4,806
HC
34 170
o
-
-
111 299
-
-
-
52 880
2
78 19
82 246
CO
Partic-
ulate
o
-
-
-
1,117
175
196
109
-
-
6
-
36
28
1969 total emissions
SOx NOx
I No ch~nge
No change
I I
No estimate
I I I
No estimate
15,276 8,082 111
-
-
-
-
41
-
6
-
HC
I
CO
I
-
-
28
13 220
71
-
No change
No change
I No T" I I
No change
I 4,391 I (,650 I 821246
160
1970 total emissions
Partic-
ulate
299
-
-
-
SOx NOx HC
I I
No change
CO
No change
I I I
No estimate
I I I
No estimate
No estimate
No change
No change
I I
No change
-
-
-
-
-
63
29
No change
I I I
No change
- 92 -
- 306 4,795
-
10
2 64
No change
I I [
78 19
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Table 3-4 (continued).
PROPOSED EMISSION CHANGES TO BE IMPLEMENTED BETWEEN 1967 AND 1971
(tonsjyr)
1968 total emissions 1969 total emissions 1970 total emissions
Partic- Partic- Parti c-
U.S. facility and control method ulate SOx NOx HC CO ulate SOx NOx HC CO ulate SOx NOx HC CO
Kelsey Hayes Co. - Cupola - Install after- 405 785 287 14 39 No change No change
burners and change accessory parts in
collector system by 1970.
Peerless Cement
Jefferson Plant - Phase out and buil d 1,001 319 987 2 6 No change No change
new plant 1972. I c~ange I I I I i I
Brennan Plant - Revamp collector system. 1,280 55 530 - - No No change
Great Lake Steel I 1ange I I
Open Hearths - Replace with two basic 9,065 - - - - No 1,200 - - - -
oxyqen furnaces (BOF) by mid-1970. I I I I
Sinterinq - Hot gas discharge - install 4,550 258 - - - No change No change
ESP by 1971. Clinker discharge - add 5,000 - - - - No change No change
dry collectors by 1971. I I I I I I I I
Coke Ovens - build new ovens to replace 2,660 4,180 - - - No change No estimate
old 1st quarter 1970. I I I I I I I I
Two new electric furnaces 600,000-ton 60 - - - - No change No change
capacity in 1968. I I I I ~ I I I
I I
McLouth Steel - Phase out oxygen process 6,884 613 5,254 7 16 No estimate No estimate
plant #1 and expand BOF plant #2 to
five vessels with new Theissen dis-
integrators by mid-1969. Sinter
plant - Refurbish cyclones, overhaul
ESP by 1970.
DuPont - Plant shut down July 31, 1968. - 1,100 - - - No emission No emission
I I I I ' I I I
Park Davis - No.5 boiler converted to 45 47 129 1 3 No change No charge
gas by 1968. I I I ] I I
Scott Paper - Convert power house to 1 ,487 2,344 1,080 54 162 No change 26 600 312 - -
gas and oil by 1970.
Detroit Edison
Conners Creek - Increase collector effi- 14,800 71,100 16,390 164 410 9,550 71,100 16,390 164 410 4,300 71,100 16,400 200 400
ciency from 75 to 90 % by mid-1969.
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Table 3-4 (continued).
PROPOSED EMISSION CHANGES TO BE IMPLEMENTED BETWEEN 1967 AND 1971
(tons/yr)
1968 total emissions 1969 total emissions 1970 total emissions
Partic- Partic- Partlc-
U.S. facility and control method ulate SOx NOx HC CO ulate SOx NOx HC CO ulate SOx NOx HC CO
Trenton Channel - Increase efficiency on 3,310 45,900 13,475 135 337 2,725 45,900 13,475 135 334 725 45,900 13,475 135 337
four units from 98 to 99.6 % by mid-
1968. Modification to auxiliary gas
and oil by 1970.
Pennsalt Power Plant - Increase efficiency 1,700 3,800 1,700 17 43 100 3,800 1,700 17 43 No change
from 80 to 99.6 % on two boilers by
mid-1968.
Wyandotte North - Boilers 5, 6, 4, and 8 14,510 10,800 4,130 41 103 7,302 9,400 3,700 35 89 95 7,950 3,260 30 74
converted from underfeed stoker to gas;
boiler 7 converted from pulverized coal
to gas; ESP installed on boilers 9 and
10. Efficiency 99.6 % by mid-1969.
Marysvi11e - Increase collection efficiency 9,820 35,200 7,160 72 180 7,650 35,200 7,160 72 180 7,650 35,200 7,160 72 180
on four boilers from 98 to 99.6 %.
Port Huron Paper - New pulverized-fuel 542 I 600 373 4 9 No change 45 2,565 477 4 11
boiler being installed. Wi 11 have 99.6
% co 11 ecti on. Existinq boilers convert
to gas.
Beacon St. Heating - Install 93 % efficient 2,590 5,200 2,880 29 72 1,490 5,200 2,880 29 72 390 5,200 2,880 29 72
mechanical collectors on four underfeed
boilers by mid-1969.
St. Clair - Install new unit #7 on line 1970. 8,613 230,200 36,330 363 906 No chanqe 10,100 311,710 50,630 506 1,263
I I - I I
Mueller Brass Co. - Converted coal boiler to 224 257 102 2 23 No change 138 - 54 - 16
natural gas, 1969. I I I I
Dunn Paper Co. - Installed cyclone collector 484 234 124 6 17 No change 97 234 124 6 17
I I I I
Diamond Crystal Salt Co. - Converted under- 250 1,402 690 34 102 No change 250 528 370 26 6
feed stoker and pulverized-coal unit to a
spreader stoker - converted two PC units
to natural Cjas.
Wyandotte Municipal Power Co. - Install gas
turbine and place two spreader stokers on
standby. 534 1,300 700 7 18 No change 16 - 190 - -
I I I I
Lincoln Park.. Stop residential and com- I No estiiate No estimate No estimate
mercia1 rubbish burning by 1970. I j J I I I I I I I
-------
rn
~.
In
!:!.!.
Q
::I
In
=
<
CD
=
-
Q
-.
'<
W
I
N
U'1
Table 3-4 (continued).
PROPOSED EMISSION CHANGES TO BE IMPLEMENTED BETWEEN 1967 AND 1971
(tonsjyr)
1968 total emissions 1969 total emissions 1970 total emissions
Parti c- Parti c- partic-I
U.S. facility and control method ulate SOx NOx HC CO ulate SOx NOx HC CO ulate SOx NOx HC CO
Detroit - Install auxiliary gas burners and I Nolestimat~ I . I I No e~timate I
No estlmate
barometric dampers on all 4,000 existing
apartment flue-fed incinerators - approx-
imately 50 % now complete. Remainder by
1971.
U.S. Rubber Tire - convert pulverized-fuel 1,466 1,976 1,300 65 195 No change 33 - 392 - -
boilers to gas 1st quarter 1970.
Export Processing - Install afterburners on 7 47 22 206 1 7 47 22 Re- 1 7 47 22 1 1
spray paint line. duced
Wolverine Aluminum Corp. - Install gas-fired 2 - - 1,015 5 No change 2 - - - 5
fume burner by 1970. I I I I
Huron Valley Steel - Install venturi scrubber 619 26 47 1 8,751 No change 115 26 47 1 8,751
on cupola by 1970. I I I I
Wayne Co. General Hospital - Refractory 404 572 350 18 54 No change. No estimate
cover lower boiler tubes by 1970. I I I I I I I
Wyandotte Chemical Corp. - Stop open burning
1968.
North - Correct uncontrolled 15 % of exhaust 746 - 45 - 12,585 No change No change
gas by 1971. I Nol change I I
South Plant - Cement - Refurbish ESP by 1969. 1,536 132 89 - 21,280 608 132 89 - 21,280
Lime Plant - Phase out use - no date. I I I I
Lear Siegler - Transfer auto seat manufactur- 4 2 37 150 1 4 2 37 50 1 No change
ing from Detroit. I I I I
Champion Spark Plug - Moving to new building. 186 - 27 - 3 None None
I I I I I I I I
Michigan Army Missile Plant - Convert to gas No change No change No change I
by 1971. I I I
Selfridge AFB - Convert to gas by 1969 - 945 196 303 152 1.886 311 19 260 96 1,620 No change
Stop open burning 1972. -30.0191 +73,3451 +11 ,4181-1,2181
Total change from previous year, tons -6,701 -4,811 -2,256 -236 -259 -30,384 -2,824 -772 -203 -949 -425
-------
W
I
N
0'1
.....
a
--
z
-i
J>
::tI
"1J
a
r-
r-
c:
-i
=
a
z
""
-i
c:
c
-<
Table 3-4 (continued).
PROPOSED EMISSION CHANGES TO BE IMPLEMENTED BETWEEN 1967 AND 1971
(tonsjyr)
1968 total emissions 1969 total emissions 1970 total emissions
Canadian facility Parti c- Partic- Partic-
and control method u1 ate SOx NOx HC CO ulate SOx NOx HC CO ul ate SOx NOx HC CO
Lambton Co., Ontario
Ontario Hydro - New coal-fired - - - - - - - - - - 1,230 160,000 38,300 380 960
power plant.
Holmes Foundry - Mu1ticyclone 226 2 226 - - 176 2 226 - - 100 2 226 - -
being installed.
Imperial Oil Canada Ltd. - New 1,540 13,384 2,179 1,001 90,017 No change 995 13,384 2,179 1,001 917
coker complex. I No change1 I
Polymer Corp. - Convert coal-fired 18,240 25,010 6,745 295 885 21 2,367 1,640 - 3
boilers to gas. Other i mprove-
ments to be made by 1971.
Kent Co.
Canada Dominion Sugar - Closed No emissions No emi 5S ions No emissions
down. I I I I I I I I
Essex Co.
Chrysler of Canada, Ltd. - Closed 4,432 33 13 14 - No change Shut down - early 1970
down 1970. I I I I
Ford Motor Company - Install wet 6,792 1,964 1,428 69 847 No change 6,570 1,964 1,428 69 307
scrubber 95 % efficiency on
acid and basic cupolas by 1968.
Add bag filters and after-
burner 1970.
Allied Chemical Corp. - Reduction 4,422 3,428 1,824 135 274 No change 642 3,428 1,824 135 274
of particulate emissions. I I I I
Calvert of Canada - Convert to 471 409 94 156 75 No change 444 0 876 154 73
natural gas. I I I I
Plasticast - Closed down. 1 - 15 149 - No change - - - - -
Hiram Walker - New tall stack and 810 1,825 605 30 90 No change 342 1,825 605 30 90
ESP
Tota 1 change from previous year, -223 -463 -260 -13 -39 -50 0 0 0 0 -26,540 +136,915 +33,949 -80 -89,564
tons
-------
m
3
en
en
o
::::s
en
S"
<
(1)
::::s
-
o
-
'<
W
I
N
'-I
Table 3-5. PROJECTED PERCENTAGE CHANGES IN POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS, 1968 THROUGH 1970
- -- -----
T ota 1 change by
1967 total, tons 1968 change, % 1969 change, % 1970 change, % 1971, %
Pollutant U. S. Canada U. S. Canada U. S. Canada U. S. Canada U. S. Canada
- _H
Particulates 173,065 46,980 -3.9 -0.5 -17.6 -0.1 -17.3 - 56.5 -38.8 - 57.1
SOx 657,620 112,384 -0.7 -0.2 - 0.4 0.0 +11.1 +121.8 +10.0 +121.6
NOx 1 51 ,285 28,464 -1.5 -0.9 - 0.5 0.0 + 7.5 +119.3 + 5.5 +118.4
HC 45,807 50,618 -0.5 0.0 - 0.4 0.0 - 2.7 - 0.2 - 3.6 - 0.2
CO 54,599 157,795 -0.5 0.0 - 1.7 0.0 - 0.8 - 56.7 - 3.0 - 56.7
-------
4. TRANSBOUNDARY FLOW OF AIR POLLUTANTS
Climatological and meteorological survey data discussed in Section I have
indicated the effects of meteorological factors primarily the wind direction on
the transport of air pollutants across the international boundary. Such indications
are qualitative only. Specific as sociation of pollution at a receptor site with a
particular source or group of sources is not possible unless the source is either
unique as to the pollutant it emits, as might occur in the case of an odor (see
Section 3), or isolated geographically. By combining pollution measurements
with coincident wind data, inference can be drawn as to the general sector or
origin of pollution affecting a particular receptor location. Graphic displays of
such combined data, called pollution roses, can be made for occurrences of pollu-
tion concentrations in excess of a selected value; alternately, frequency distribu-
tions may be tabulated by wind directions.
Source emission inventory data may be used with meteorological data to
estimate quantitatively the contribution of individual or groups of point or area
sources to the pollution at specific receptor sites. A mathematical dispersion
modell is used in making such an estimation; and the best verification is obtained
when time-averaged, i. e., seasonal or annual mean, emission rates are used to
estimate average concentrations for corresponding periods. Both pollution roses
and dispersion models have been used to evaluate the extent of transboundary flow
of air pollution in the Port Huron Sarnia and Detroit Windsor areas. In
addition, an airplane was used to make measurements of the flux of certain pollu-
tants through the vertical plane along the international boundary. Two sets of flux
measurements were selected for illustration, one in the Detroit- Windsor area
with a westerly wind carrying pollution from the U. S. to Canada, and one in the
Port Huron-Sarnia area with a northeasterly wind carrying pollution from Canada
to the U. S.
The significance of transboundary flow of air pollution is discussed below on
the basis of interpretations of the preceding analyses and measurements.
4.1 POLLUTION ROSES
Pollution roses were constructed for stations having measurements of
suspended particulates, soiling index, and/or S02 coincident with wind
direction at or near the station. Furthermore, selection of stations for
pollution roses was based on their proximity to the boundary and their spacing
along the boundary. For suspended particulates, wind roses were constructed
showing the percentage frequency of occurrence of each wind direction for all
hours when the daily average suspended-particulate concentration exceeded an
arbitrary value considered representative of relatively dirty air for each station.
To reduce the inconsistencies associated with light and variable winds, only
24-hour periods when the average wind speed exceeded 3 miles per hour were con-
sidered in the roses for particulates. Because of the nature of the particulate
4-1
-------
roses and the wide range of concentrations in the area, it was not possible to
choose a single value to represent relative dirtiness throughout the area. The
pollution roses for soiling index and S02 were prepared by determining,
for each wind direction, the percentage of time that pollution levels exceeded an
arbitrarily selected, relatively high concentration value. The pollution roses for
the Detroit Windsor area are given in Figures 4-1, 4-2, and 4-3, and for the
Port Huron - Sarnia area in Figures 4-4, 4-5, and 4-6.
Interpretation of graphic or tabular data from pollution roses must be made
with care since sources both near and distant in a sector will contribute to local
pollution. Among other factors, the following affect interpretation:
The capacity of the air to disperse pollutants varies with wind speed and
stability, both of which differ with wind direction.
At any location, certain wind directions will occur more frequently than
others. Such variations will introduce some bias into pollution roses.
The height and distance of a source affect the amount of pollution
reaching a receptor.
Stations on the banks of the Detroit River offer the most unequivocal evidence
of transboundary flow of particulates. Stations 205 and 209 in Canada each have
high frequencies of occurrence of west winds during periods of high suspended-
particulate concentrations; this indicates that Detroit is the source region. A
portion of the particulate loading, however, would be contributed from sources
located in Windsor between the sampling station and the boundary.
1.
2.
3.
The suspended-particulate roses for the Port Huron-Sarnia area (Figure 4-4)
also show evidence of local source contribution. Stations 151, 160, and 161 indicate
contributions from Canadian sources lying in the area between these stations.
Evidence of significant cross -boundary transport is indicated at Stations 159 in
Lambton County, Canada, and 307 in St. Clair County, United States. This trans-
port is presumably from sources directly across the river in each case. In addi-
tion, several of the stations showed frequent wind directions paralleling the river
during high-concentration periods. Several of these cases cannot be explained by
sources in the St. Clair River vicinity, which suggests that at times appreciable
particulate pollution may reach this area from the Detroit- Windsor vicinity.
Pollution roses for soiling index for the Detroit-Windsor area (Figure 4-2)
emphasize the frequent occurrence of high soiling index in Detroit. Again,
the riverfront stations, 403 and 404 in the U. S. and 202 in Canada, offer the
most obvious evidence of trans boundary flow. Both 403 and 404 show appreciable
pollution from all directions including those that indicate an air trajectory over
Canada. This trajectory could imply the transport of pollutants originating in the
U. S., i. e., the Zug Island -River Rouge - Ecorse area, passing across a
portion of Windsor and returning to the U. S., reaching sampling Stations 403
and 404. The relatively high frequency of occurrence of pollution at Station 202,
associated with northwesterly winds, tends to indicate as the source the heavily
industrialized area of Zug Island and the lower Detroit River area. The data for
Station 406, which is located west of this industrialized area, emphasize the
effects of local sources on pollution roses.
The soiling index rose for Station 301 (Figure 4-5) in Port Huron suggests
significant transboundary flow from sources in the petroleum-related industrial
complex south of Sarnia. At Station 303 in Marysville, the occurrence of pollu-
tion with east, but not with east-northeast or east-southeast winds, suggests an
4-2
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
---i-r-------- -- ---- -------/--"/-/ m-
I : ST{TION )9 / ~)J
I I --- >150}!9/m3 " / ((((
I L \ \ N=13 'f/I
I I \ \"""'-/\/1 /\ &v
I I STATION 422 \ A \
>200 J.1g/m3 \.......-"""'- \.. I ,/ ( \
I I N = 14 \ ) \' \ ~
I -I \. \~
---1---1 \JLA~. CLAIR
I ~---/
, ,~~
, STATION 209
. > 1 50 }l9I m3 -----=-
APR 68-NOV 68 ~
N = 14
r
~ STATI6N 205
>200 }!9/m3
MAY 68-NOV 68
N -14
---,
I
I ----
I :
-----,
I ,I
I II
I Ii I-
I I ---STATION 415
~--.-- >200 ).Ig/m3
L____- N =12
I /''-
I /
I I
I I
I I
I -
I
I
I
--,-
I .
I
___I-
I I
I I
I I
I I .
L_~! ~j
STATION 412
>125 }!9/m3 ]
N = 10 19
~~ -~I
STATION 425
>125 ).191m3
N = 9
STATION 202
>175 }!9/m3
MAY 68-NOV 68
N =27
ST A TIONS
POLLUTANT WIND
202 202 (20 ft)
205 202 (20 ft)
209 209
211 211
404 405
409 410
412 412
415 410
419 421
422 421
425 424
~
STATION 211
>100 f!g/m3
MAR 68-NOV 68
N = 12
1
N
o
I
5
I
N
NUMBER OF 24-hr PERIODS WITH CONCENTRATION
EXCEEDING ARBITRARY VALUE
Figure 4-1. Hourly wind roses for 24-hr periods with suspended particulate concentrations in excess
of indicated values and average wind speed >3 mph, Detroit River vicinity, December
1967 through November 1968 (unless otherwise indicated).
isolated source directly across the St. Clair River in Canada. Some pollution
arrived at Station 151 from the U. S. with the westerly winds, but uniformity of
the distribution suggests that this station is in a generally polluted area.
In the case of S02 pollution (Figures 4-3 and 4-6), the data from the
riverside stations, 404 in the U. S. and 202 in Canada, indicate appreciable
cross-boundary flow. Station 415 is located west of the Zug Island River Rouge
industrial area and cannot be used as an indicator of air pollution flow from
Transboundary Flow of Air Pollutants
4-3
-------
i-r-------- -------------7--T-j m-
: I ',~I / ')J
I I '-'~.J' / ((( (
I l \ - -\ I 'f /1
I "I \ \,...."'\/\ /\ ~r((
I I \,....A I {\ 1
\,.... \..\ \ -- / \ \
I LJ \./ STATION 403 \ '~
I DEC 67-NOV 68 j/
I I 5.2 % OF VALUES >1.5 Cohs LAKE 51. ClAIR
~I '~ /---
I r----I ~~-
-, '- I I I .. ~=-
I STATION 406 ~~.=::S
I ---- DEC 67-NOV 68 (0.0) =-==
I 15.6 % OF VALUES >1.5 Cohs STATION 209
I I \ \ DEC 67-NOV 68
--I' )1.6 % OF VALUES >1.5 Cohs
,I - /,r.-L0'O) r
II / ( ~--~
I ----,,/ STATION 205
.. - / APR 68-NOV 68
L___---.- 0.4 % OF VALUES >1.5 Cohs
I
I (0.0)
I ~ -f .
I I
I ~~~
I V I
1 ~ :
STA-:;:-I~~1--- 1\,
DEC 67-NOV 68 (0.0) ~
0.4 % OF VALUES> 1.5 Cohs Ull STATION 211
I I A \'! (!) MAR 68-NOV 68
i- --\-- Of /~ r.O) 0." OF VALUES >1.5 Coh, 0
o~c":\~C~~' (2.O)l~1 '
omF VALU]' ;~~ . /~
~l:- ~~ pI 1\1
STATION 202
MAR 68-NOV 68
3.7 % OF VALUES >1.5 Cohs
ST A TIONS
POLLUTANT WIND
202 202 (20 ft)
205 202 (20 ftl
209 209
211 211
403 421
404 405
406 410
411 410
412 412
1
N
I I
miles
5
I
NUMBERS IN PARENTHESIS INDICATE % CALM
Figure 4-2. SOiling index pollution roses showing percent of values for each wind direction exceeding
1.5 Coh/1,OOO lineal feet during period indicated for Detroit River vicinity (unless
otherwise indicated).
Canada. Station 412 at the Grosse He Naval Air Station probably reflects flow
from Amherstburg to the northeast, but the high frequency of occurrence of signi-
ficant pollution from the south to southwest is probably due to the influence of
local sources.
4.2 DISPERSION MODEL ESTIMATES
4.2. 1 Application of Dispersion Model
A dispersion model is a mathematical description of the effects of atmospheric
transport and dispersion processes on the behavior of air pollutant plumes from
4-4
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
---i-r-------- -- ---- -------/--~-I ~
: : ~~.) / ')J
I I '-,51''- /f(r
I L-, ,,--\ ! '- f/!
I I \ Y/\/I /\ IJ//
I I \ ./ \.- I / ( \ 1/)/
I I ./ \\ \\~
I -: \/ STATION 403 \ ~~
I JAN 68-NOV 68 'j) LAKE ST. CLAIR
------11 2.3% OF VALUES >0.10 ppm /) ---------
r STATION 404 -
...... - JAN 68-NOV 68 ~-~~)
I 4.9%,OF VALUES >0.10 ppm ~ ;;!)~~ ~
\ =:::.- =
\ \
~ -- --'
...... \
-----'
I
(12.5) STATION 202
APR 68-JUN 68
3.6% OF VALUES >0.10 ppm
ST A TIONS
POLLUTANT WIND
202 202 (20 ftl
403 421
404 405
412 412
415 410
~
N
0 5
I I I I
miles
30
NUMBERS IN PARENTHESIS INDICATE % CALM
Figure 4-3. Sulfur dioxide pollution roses showing percent of concentrations for each wind direction
exceeding 0.10 ppm for periods indicated in Detroit River vicinity (unless otherwise
indicated).
the tim.e the pollutants enter the atmosphere until they reach a receptor. Specifi-
cally, the model should be capable of defining: (1) the motions of the pollutant
plumes near the source; (2) modifications to the size and shape of the plumes as
they are transported and dispersed downwind; and (3) based on the quantity of
pollutants emitted, the concentration that will result at a known receptor.
For application to the IJC Study Area, a long-term average concentration
model was selected. This particular model requires as input: (1) the location and
Transboundary Flow of Air Pollutants
4-5
-------
~
I
CTI
1
N
~
o
Z
-4
>
::c
."
o
r
r
c::
-4
o
Z
""
~
c::
c
-<
o 5
LL......L--L-1-J
miles
~\' LAKE HURON ,
\\ / -" ,g;
,-\ i ~~
STATION 301 'I ~--
>175 J.19Im3 -- -......
N=15 '- I
I
STATION 151
> 175 }lfJI'm3
N = 14
STATION 160
>100 }lfJI'm3
N = 18
STATION 159
>125 pg/m3
MAR 68-NOV 68
N = 8
ST A TIONS
POLLUTANT WIND
151 151
1 59 306
160 160 (20ft)
161 161
301 309
303 309
307 309
N = NUMBER OF 24-hr PERIODS WITH CONCENTRATION
EXCEEDING ARBITRARY VALUE
Figure 4-4. Hourly wind roses for 24-hr periods with suspended particulate concentrations in excess
of indicated values and average wind speed >3 mph, St. Clair River vicinity, December
1967-~ovember 1968 (un I ess otherwise indicated).
-------
I
FREQUENCY, percent
I
I
~\\ LAKE HURON #
\\ / ~,~
I-\j ~~
STATION 301 !
DEC 67-FEB 68 (75.0)
8.3 % OF VALUES >1.5 Coh's
-......
----
I
(262) I STATION 151
. I DEC 67-NOV 68
6.1 % OF VALUES >1.5 Cohs
--------1
1 i
N I
I
I
I
I
STATION 303
DEC 67-FEB 68
1.7 % OF VALUES >1.5 Cohs
o
I
I I
miles
5
I
STATIONS
POLLUTANT WIND
151 151
160 160 (20ft)
161 161
301 309
303 309
NUMBERS IN PARENTHESIS INDICATE % CALM
Figure 4-5. SOiling index pOllution roses showing percent of values for each wind direction exceeding
1.5 Coh/1,OOO lineal ft during period indicated for St. Clair River vicinity (unless
otherwise indicated).
physical description of pollutant sources; (2) average rate of pollutant emission;
(3) a frequency distribution of classified meteorological conditions; that is, five
Pasquill-type classes of atmospheric stability, 16 wind directions, and 6 wind
speeds; (4) definition of the atmospheric mixing depth; and (5) the location of recep-
tor sites. The model determines, for each source-receptor combination, the
pollutant concentration that would occur with each meteorological condition; it
weights each concentration by the percentage frequency with which the associated
meteorological condition occurs, and then sums the weighted concentrations for
all source-receptor combinations and all meteorological conditions. By this
means, the average pollutant concentration for each receptor is estimated.
The model was applied using data from the I-year period, December 1967
through November 1968 for which a complete set of appropriate air quality and
Transboundary Flow of Air Pollutants
4-7
-------
~\' lAKE HURON
\ / ~,~
,-\L ~~
STATION 310 I ~
JAN 68-APR 68 I """............
5.2 % OF VALUES >0.10 'ppm --,
(0.0) 8(10.0) STATION 151
I DEC 67-NOV 68
8 8.3 % OF VALUES >0.10 ppm
;;-(0.0)
STATION 158
DEC 67-NOV 68
, 8.3 % OF VALUES >0.10 ppm
---------\
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
STATION 303
MAR 68-0CT 68
3.8 % OF VALUES >0.10 ppm
STATION 161
DEC 67-NOV 68
6.1 % OF VALUES >0.10 ppm
1
N
o
I
I I
miles
5
I
STATIONS
POLLUTANT WIND
151 151
158 160 (20ft)
161 161
303 309
310 304/309
~
""
Q Z
~ ~-------~----
NUMBERS IN PARENTHESIS INDICATE % CALM
Figure 4-6. Sulfur dioxide pollution roses showing percent of concentrations for each wind direction
exceeding 0.10 ppm for periods indicated in St. Clair River vicinity (unless otherwise
indicated).
meteorological data were available. The emission inventory was for 1967, and
should be representative of the period selected. A study of meteorological
averages (Section 1. 2.3) for this period indicated that there were no signifi-
cant departures from normal weather conditions. It can be assumed, therefore,
that the results of this model application, when properly verified, are generally
applicable to the IJC Study Area. Furthermore, the results can be used with
confidence to determine the relative impact of various source categories on
specific receptors.
The available data indicated that the study area encompasses two meteoro-
logical regions, which necessitated two separate model applications for proper
consideration of the entire study area. The meteorological data used for the
Detroit - Windsor meteorological region was collected at the Detroit City
Airport, which has been shown to be a representative site for that region
4-8
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
(Station 421, Figure 1-5). Pas quill stability categories were determined from
Weather Bureau observations by means of techniques developed by Turner.
The meteorological data used with the Port Huron - Sarnia portion of the
study area were gathered at the Sarnia meteorological tower (Station 202,
Figure 1-5). Pas quill stability categories were determined from lapse rate
and wind speed data (Table 4-1), A frequency distribution of meteorological
conditions was determined for both levels of the tower at which measurements
was made, The altitude (height) used in the model to describe the transport
and dispersion from a particular source was determined by the height of that
specific source. For the Detroit - Windsor area, only surface data were
available for the full study period.
Table 4-1.
STABILITY CLASS VERSUS TEMPERATURE LAPSE RATE AND WIND
SPEED AT SARNIA METEOROLOGICAL TOWER
. ..
Temperature
difference Wind speed at L2, mph
(L2.Lla), : _.~.- .
of 0 to 3 4 to 7 8 to 11 12 to 15 >15
<-6.0 A-Bb B B B-C C
-6.0 B B C C 0
to
-1.2
-1. 1 0 0 0 0 0
to
-0.1 I
~.O E I E E E 0
to i
I
+5.0 I
!
>5.0 E E E E c
i -
;
aL2-Ll = temperature at 200-foot
1 eve 1 .
bStability class designations:
A - Very unstable
B - Unstable
C - Slightly unstable
o - Ne-utra 1
E - Slightly stable
F - Stable
cUnlikely.
level minus temperature at 20-foot
The suspended-particulate concentrations estimated by the diffusion model
for the Detroit - Windsor area are given in Table 4-2; the particle background
level of 40 ug/m 3 us.ed was determined from historical National Air Sampling
Network (NASN) data. Measurements made at "clean" sites during the study
were added as background levels to all model estimates. The actual observed
particulate concentrations provide comparis ons by which to verify the model.
Of the 34 particulate estimates made by the model, only three were in error
by substantially more than a factor of two; however, for two of these three,
observed data were not available for the entire study period. A regression
Transboundary Flow of Air Pollutants
4-9
-------
Table 4-2. OBSERVED AVERAGE PARTICULATE CONCENTRATIONS VERSUS
MODEL ESTIMATES FOR DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA
Arithmetic Model
Stati on Numeer of mean3 estimate,
number Operating period observations \lg/m \lg/m3
201 12/67-11 /68 114 110 198
202 12/67-11/68 116 133 241
203 12/67-11/68 99 183 290
204 3/68-11/68 84 137 195
205 12/67-11/68 93 140 176
206 12/67-7/68 67 129 141
207 12/67-11/68 109 101 138
209 12/67-11/68 102 91 144
211 3/68-11/68 88 76 113
212 3/68-11 /68 95 79 176
215 5/68-11 /68 65 97 117
217 4/68-11 /68 87 77 79
220 4/68-11/68 86 120 284
400 3/68-11 /68 72 107 189
401 12/67-11/68 110 71 153
402 12/67-11/68 100 111 195
403 12/67-11/68 199 96 192
404 12/67-11/68 103 136 200
406 12/67-11/68 197 152 297
407 12/67-11/68 92 136 234
409 12/67-11/68 176 103 163
411 12/67-11/68 108 85 159
412 12/67-11/68 214 69 93
414 12/67-11/68 203 127 226
415 12/67-11/68 108 115 172
416 12/67-11/68 117 85 116
417 12/67-11/68 104 73 91
418 12/67-11/68 110 78 77
419 12/67-11/68 91 92 135
422 12/67-11/68 110 105 214
423 12/67-11/68 92 71 90
425 12/67-11/68 110 '68 79
426 12/67-11/68 86 93 91
427 12/67-11/68 82 46 56
4-10
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
analysis of estiInated versus observed concentrations gave a correlation coef-
ficient of 0.83. The best-fit line through these data, found by the least squares
technique, was: observed data = 0.38 (model-estiInated data) + 40 (Figure 4-7),
The spatial distribution of observed and model-estiInated particulate concentra-
tions in the Detroit - Windsor area are given respectively in Figures 4-8 and
4-9. The contour lines for the estiInated values have been drawn for levels
equivalent to those of the observed levels; the best-fit equation was used to
determine this equivalence. The locations and areas encompas sed by the various
concentration levels agree well. The only discrepancy is a rotation of the area
of highest concentrations slightly to the west of where the observed data indicated
it should be. The high correlation and the excellent agreement between the
spatial distribution of observed and estiInated concentrations indicate that con-
siderable confidence can be placed in the use of the model for estiInating
accurately the iInpact of various source categories on air quality with respect
to particles.
200
OBSERVED DATA = 0.38 (MODEL ESTIMATED DATA) +40
n= 34
r = 0.83
203
.
50
40Q
.
(")
E
"-
OJ
:t
en
z
o
i=
a:
LU
(/)
cc
o
150
205
.
206
.
204..404
220
.
100
426
.
215
.
.
401
.
212
00
50
100 150 200
ESTIMATED CONCENTRATIONS. ILg/m3
250
300
Figure 4-7. Observed versus estimated particulate concentrations for Detroit - Windsor area.
Continuous sulfur dioxide measurements were not sufficient to define
adequately the spatial distribution of annual average concentrations in the Detroit -
Windsor area. Data were available, however, from an extensive network of
sulfation candles, which measure concentrations of sulfurous compounds as
mg S03/l00 cm2-day. By comparing these data and all available S02 data for
the IJC Study Area (180 station-months), it was found that, on the average, a
sulfation rate of 1. 0 mg S03/l00 cm2 -day could be converted to parts per million
of S02 by using a conversion factor of 0.022; for example, an annual average
sulfation rate of 1. 0 is equivalent to an average S02 concentration of 0.022 ppm.
Transboundary Flow of Air Pollutants
4-11
-------
---i-r---- --- - ------ -------7--T-i ~
: I {, ~I / ~J
I : \.. ")/") ~/
: Ll \ \,/\/1 /\ 111/
I I \// "\ ~ ..--/<'\ \ 1///
: I-I . ~/ \ . ~
---.1---1 . \JLA~. CLAIR
I ~~/
/ ~
~ ~ .::%:
=-=
---,
" I
I I--
I I
-T---II
I II
, I II I-
I I I ---- I
I~--'-
I L__-----,-
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
.
.
.
.
.
75
. 1
N
I I
miltS
.
Figure 4-8. Spatial distribution of observed particulate concentrations ('p.g/m3) for Detroit - Windsor area.
The conversion to 802 of the measured and model-estimated sulfation rates are
given in Table 4-3. Of the 37 model estimates, two-thirds are within a factor
of 2.5 of the converted sulfation observations; only four deviate by more than
a factor of 3.
A regression analysis of estimated versus observed data gave a correlation
coefficient of O. 81. The best-fit line through these data, found by the least
squares techniques, was: observed data = 0.29 (model-estimated data) + 0.009
(Figure 4-10). The spatial distributions of 802 concentrations in the Detroit -
Windsor Area are given respectively in Figures 4-11 and 4-12 for converted
4-12
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
---r-r-------- ------ -------/-----r-/ ~
I I / I 1f'(J
I I "."./ 1 ~)
I 100 - ""S" 1 f((
I L, ,--\ i "I (/1
I I \ 'y/\/I /\ 1///
I I 125 I { \ 1/)/
I L ~ \~
I I \ -~
---.1---1 ILA~. CLAIR
I ---
...... ~
~~
~~~
----,
" I
I ---
I I
------, I
I II
I ,I
, I Ii
I I I ----"
I ~---,-- /
L____--.-
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-
-
-
-I r-
___1- I
I I
I I
I I
i I
L-----I
/ \
I \
I
/
~~-
-
-
i
N
I I
mil.s
-
Figure 4-9. Spatial distribution of estimated particulate concentrations (.u.g/m3) for Detroit - Winasor
area.
sul£ation-rate data and model-estimated data. Overall, the agreement is quite
good. Although the patterns appear to be somewhat different, the only signifi-
cant discrepancy is the westward displacement of the estimated maximum. The
appearance of slightly lower observed concentrations through the center of the
area is of no real consequence and is probably biased by an incomplete set of
data from Station 212. Generally, the observed and estimated values agreed
rather well, so that satisfactory confidence can be placed in model estimates of
relative source impact.
Transboundary Flow of Air Pollutants
4-13
-------
Table 4-3.
OBSERVED AVERAGE S02 CONCENTRATIONS VERSUS MODEL
ESTIMATES FOR DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA
Arithmetic Arithmetic Model
Station Operating Number of mean, mean, es tima te,
number period observations ~~ S02/100cm2-day ppm ppm
201 12/67-11/68 11 1.1 0.024 0.054
202 12/67-11/68 11 1.7 0.037 0.069
203 12/67-11/68 11 2.4 0.053 0.109
205 12/67-11 /68 11 1.2 0.026 0.066
206 12/67 -11 /68 7 1.0 0.022 0.044
207 12/67-11 /68 11 1.1 0.024 0.046
209 12/67 -11 /68 11 1.1 0.024 0.054
210 12/67-11/68 9 1.2 0.026 0.026
211 4/68-11/68 8 0.8 0.018 0.029
212 4/68-11 /68 8 0.7 0.015 0.050
213 12/67-11/68 11 0.7 0.015 0.021
214 12/67 -11 /68 7 1.1 0.024 0.033
215 12/67-11 /68 11 0.8 0.018 0.032
216 12/67-11 /68 10 0.8 0.018 0.024
217 4/68-11/68 8 0.6 0.013 0.018
218 12/67-11/68 10 0.9 0.020 0.041
219 12/67-11 /68 10 0.7 0.015 0.040
220 8/68-11 /68 4 1.1 0.024 _b
400 6/68-11 /68 6 1.6 0.035 0.076
401 12/67-11/68 11 1.0 0.022 0.058
402 12/67-11/68 11 1.2 0.027 0.079
403 12/67-11/68 10 1.4 0.031 0.080
404 12/67-11 /68 11 1.7 0.037 0.084
406 12/67 - 11 /68 11 2.1 0.046 0.106
407 12/67-11/68 11 1.9 0.042 0.088
409 12/67-11/68 11 1.1 0.024 0.045
411 12/67-11/68 11 1.2 0.027 0.034
412 12/67 -11 /68 10 1.0 0.022 0.024
413 2/68-11/68 9 0.9 0.020 0.052
414 12/67-11/68 12 1.2 0.027 0.095
415 12/67-11/68 11 1.2 0.027 0.060
416 12/67 -11 /68 11 0.9 0.020 0.031
417 12/67-11/68 12 0.7 0.015 0.024
418 12/67-11 /68 11 0.6 0.013 0.019
419 12/67-11/68 12 0.8 0.018 0.072
422 12/67-11/68 11 1.0 0.022 0.085
423 12/67-11/68 12 0.6 0.013 0.020
425 12/67 -11 /68 12 0.5 0.011 0.016
aDerived from su1fation measurements.
bNo model estimate was attempted.
4-14
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
0.05
OBSERVED DATA", 0.29 (MODEL ESTIMATED DATA) + 0.009
n ~37
r ~ 0.81
'"
.
5.0.04
0-
(f)
Z
o
i=
~0.03
f--
z
LlJ
U
z
80.02
o
LlJ
>
a:
LlJ
(f)
~ 0.01
412
.
20'
409..207 --------
2~~ 209
413
.
202
.
404
.
400
.
210
.
411
.
214
.
.14
.
'0'
.
422
.
419
.
219
.
212
.
o
o
0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
ESTIMATED CONCENTRATIONS, ppm
0.08
0.09
0.10
Figure 4-10. Observed versus estil1'8.ted S02 concentrations for Detroit - Windsor area.
The suspended-particulate concentrations estimated by the diffusion model
for the Port Huron-Sarnia River area are given in Table 4-4; a particle back-
ground level of 40 f.lg/m3 was also used here. Of the 21 particulate estimates,
all were well within a factor of 2 of the observed data. The regression analysis
gave a correlation coefficient of 0.82 and a best-fit line of: observed data =
0.75 (model-estimated data) + 4 (Figure 4-13).
The spatial distribution of particulate concentrations for observed and the
model-estimated data in the Port Huron - Sarnia area are given respectively in
Figures 4-14 and 4-15. The size of the areas affected by observed concentrations
greater than 75 f.lg 1m 3 are greater than the model has estimated; however, the
relative distributions of particulate concentrations are quite similar.
The spatial distributions of observed and estimated S02 concentrations for
the Port Huron - Sarnia area (Figures 4-16 and 4-17), are similar, with the
exception of the southern portion of the area. Here the very high observed value
at Station 159 was not reflected in the model estimates (Figure 4-18). A power
plant and an industrial plant are close to this site and their impact may hot have
been properly evaluated by the model.
A statistical comparison of the 29 S02 model estimates with converted sulfa-
tion measurements (Table 4-5) provides good agreement with the exception of
Station 159; two-thirds of the model estimates are within a factor of 2.5 of the
observed data. Analysis, when Station 159 was eliminated from consideration,
gave a correlation coefficient of 0.82 and a best-fit line of: observed data =
0.23 (model-estimated data) + 0.009 (Figure 4-18).
Even with the erroneous estimates given by the model at one site, the
overall agreement between the model estimates and observed data is thought to be
sufficient for model use in evaluating the relative impact of S02 and particulate
emissions from various source categories in the Port Huron - Sarnia area.
Transboundary Flow of Air Pollutants
4-15
-------
51. ClAIR
---,
" ,
I ,-
I I
-------,
I "
I I'
I ,I
I '
~-----r_1
L_-
.
.
.
.
~
N
I I
mil.s
.
Figure 4-11. Spatial distribution of measured S02 concentrations (ppm) for Detroit - Wi ndsor area.
4.2.2 Estimates of Pollutant Concentrations Due to Transboundary Flow
The observed air quality, meteorological data, emission information, and
the dispersion model discussed in the previous section were used to evaluate the
trans boundary flow of air pollution. Sources in Canada and the United States were
considered separately so that the contribution of one country to the pollution of
the other country could be estimated. The effects of point sources and area
sources were considered separately.
The ground-level concentrations shown in Figures 4-19 to 4-42 were developed
by relating observed air quality to dispersion model estimates of the percentage
4-16
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
---i-r-------- ------ -------;--,-/ rrr
I : ~~.) / ~J
I I . ""SJ',/ ((( (
I L \. I fll
I "I \ 'Y/\/I ;\ I/J
i I \// "\ ~ / (\ ~
I -I . \/ .~
---.1---1 . \~lA~. ClAIR
I ~/
, - ~)
-g!/=-
~~~
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
N
I I
mil.s
.
Figure 4-12. Spatial distribution of estimated S02 concentrations (ppm) for Detroit - Windsor area.
contribution of particular categories of sources to ground-level concentrations.
A source category rnight be classified by country, type (point or area), and by
pollutant. At a given receptor, observed concentration attributed to a particular
source category was deterrnined as follows.
For particles:
PE = PD (PM - 40)
(1)
PE = estirnated portion of the observed concentration of particles in
f.l.g/rn3, at a given receptor attributed to the given source category;
PD = that portion of the total concentration of particles, in f.l.g 1m 3, at a
Transboundary flow 01 Air Pollutants
4-17
-------
Table 4-4.
OBSERVED AVERAGE PARTICULATE CONCENTRATIONS VERSUS MODEL
ESTIMATES FOR PORT HURON - SARNIA AREA
Arithmetic Model
Station Number of mean, estimate,
number Operating period observations ]lg/m3 ]lg/m3
151 12/67-11/68 96 103 137
152 9/68-11/68 20 66 _a
153 3/68/11-68 84 68 71
154 12/67-11/68 95 119 109
155 4/68- 11 /68 79 101 114
156 3/68-11/68 83 64 77
158 12/67-11/68 95 92 117
159 3/68-11 /68 87 69 82
160 12/67 -11 /68 96 70 95
161 12/67-11/68 87 85 95
163 3/68-11 /68 80 64 78
301 12/67-11 /68 209 91 128
303 12/67-11/68 221 76 108
303 12/67-11 /68 224 71 85
307 12/67-11/68 221 64 82
310 12/67-11-68 188 95 136
314 12/67-11/68 89 65 89
315 12/67-6/68 50 53 78
316 12/67-11/68 102 52 78
317 12/67-6/68 36 66 77
318 12/67-6/68 52 48 78
319 12/67-11/68 96 53 79
aNo model estimate was attempted.
given receptor contributed by the given source category as
estimated by the dispersion model;
PM - 40 = observed total concentration of particles, in f.Lg/m3, at a given
receptor, les s as sumed background concentration.
For sulfur dioxide:
SE = SD - SM
(2 )
SE = e.stimated portion of the total observed concentration of S02, in
ppm, at a given receptor attributed to the given source category;
SD = that portion of the total concentration of S02, in ppm, at a given
receptor contributed by the given source category as estimated by
the dispersion model;
SM = observed concentration of S02, in ppm, at a given receptor.
4-18
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
150
152 159305
815688 8160
8 30Z 3
31788_8 8 14
168
154
8
OBSERVED DATA = 0.75 (MODEL ESTIMATED DATA) + 4
n =21
r '" 0.82
C')
E
"-
g: 100
en
z
o
t-
~
t-
Z
LU
U
Z
o
U
o
LU
5; 50
LU
en
CIJ
o
155
8
161
8
50
Figure 4-13.
100
ESTIMATED CONCENTRATIONS. fLg/m3
Observed versus estimated particulate concentrations for Port Huron - Sarnia area.
150
200
It should be noted that dispersion model estimates of concentrations never
directly entered the estimates reflected in PE and SE. Only the ratio of calcula-
tions for a given source category to calculations for all sources was used. For
this reason the estimates, PE and SE, can be treated as accurate well within a
factor of 2, assuming, of course, that the observed air quality data are reliable.
The estimated contributions of U. S. point and area sources to the annual
average S02 concentrations in the Windsor, Ontario, area are shown in Figures
4-19 to 4-21. The pattern of U. S. contribution from point sources to the Canadian
S02 pollution shown in Figure 4-20 reflects the industrial activity in the southern
portion of Detroit. United States point source contributions range from 0.030 ppm
to 0.004 ppm. Area sources in the U. S. produce a smaller range of contributions
to Canadian S02 pollution (Figure 4-21). Contributions range from 0.013 ppm to
0.006 ppm. As can be seen in Figure 4-19, the sum of estimated contributions
from the U. S. sources reaches values as high as 0.043 ppm (Station 203 )-well
above the acceptable annual average value of 0.02 ppm set by the Ontario standard.
Figures 4-22 to 4-24 show the estimated contribution of Canadian point and
area sources to annual average S02 pollution concentrations in the Detroit area.
The Canadian contributions are insignificant except those from area sources
affecting Belle Isle and the Grosse Point area to the northeast.
Transboundary Flow of Air Pollutants
4-19
-------
.
.
.
--------1
I
150 .
I .
I .
.
I
I .
~ I
I .
.
I
I .
N
50 ~
\\
LAKE HURON
~
,
.
.
I I
miles
~~~
r lAKE ST. ClAI~I]
.
~
..
'" z
~ ..
~ ~---_._-_---.J----
=>
Figure 4-14. Spatial distribution of measured particulate concentrations (fLg/m3) for Port Huron-Sarnia
area.
The estim.ated contributions. of U. S. area and point sources to the annual
average concentrations of particulates in the Windsor area are shown in Figures
4-25 to 4-27. It appears from these patterns that U. S. sources contribute at
least the equivalent of the entire annual average particulate concentration loadings
allowed under Ontario regulations (60 f!g/m3) for a large portion of the Windsor
area. For Bome regions, particulate pollution from the U. S. may exceed the
Ontario regulations by more than 50 percent. The U. S. point sources produce
large maxim.urn particulate concentrations on an annual average basis, but the
area affected is small and the gradient away from the area of maxim.urn is large.
In general, although different regions are affected} the areas enclosed by lines of
equal concentration, for values less than 50 f!g/m , are approxim.ately the same
for point area sources.
The portion of the Detroit area affected by Canadian area and point sources
of particulates are Belle Isle and the mainland area in the immediate vicinity. As
4-20
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
.
.
.
.
--------1
I
I .
I .
I .
I .
1 I .
I
I .
.
I
I .
N
I I
_ii,s
~~~
F LAKE ST. CLAI~I~
2
'"
~ ~
...
co z
~ ...
~ ~---_._-_---.J----
.
Figure 4-15. Spatial distribution of estimated particulate concentrations (p.g/m3) for Port Huron-Sarnia
area.
shown by the concentration patterns of Figures 4-28 to 4-30, the maxixnurn con-
tributions from Canada to the Detroit area average annual particulate concentra-
tions appear to be well below the proposed Michigan values used as standards in
this study.
The estixnated S02 concentrations caused by the U. S. point and area sources
over the Canadian portion of the Port Huron - Sarnia area are shown in Figures
4-31 to 4-33. Throughout the Canadian area opposite and south of St. Clair,
Michigan, S02 from U. S. sources appears to exceed the concentration lixnits set
by the Ontario standards. Outside this seriously affected region, the U. S. contri-
butions may amount to approximately half of the limiting concentration value of the
standards.
Canadian point and area sources (Figures 4-34 to 4-36) are estimated to
produce annual average S02 concentrations in the eastern portion of the city
of Port Huron that equal or closely approach the Ontario standards. These
values, however, are well below the proposed Michigan standards for S02. Else-
where in the U. S. portion of the area, Canadian contributions to S02 pollution can
be cons ide red ins ignificant.
Transboundary Flow of Air Pollutants
4-21
-------
.
~
\\
lAKE HURON
:/ !!T~
, .--::::: ~
.
.
.
--------\
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
.
.
.
~
N
.
I I
miles
~~~
~ LAKE ST. CLAI~I~
[( .;/~~~
.
__r---
Figure 4-16. Spatial distribution of measured S02 concentrations (ppm) for Port Huron-Sarnia area.
Over the industrial area south of Sarnia, Ontario, U. S. point and area sources
are est:b:nated to contribute, on an annual average basis, more than 35 f.Lg/m3 of
suspended particulates. The patterns of the U. S. contributions from point and
area sources are shown in Figures 4-37 to 4-39. In general, throughout the region
north of Sarnia, Ontario, and within about 6 miles of the St, Clair River, U. S.
sources appear to contribute particulate pollution amounting to approximately one-
half of the total concentration allowed under the Ontario standards. The s outh-
eastern portion of Port Huron, Michigan, may be seriously affected by particulate
pollution originating from Canadian point and area sources (Figures 4-40 to 4-42).
This section of Port Huron receives, on an average basis, particulates amounting
to approximately one-third of the concentration allowed under the proposed Michigan
standards. Outside this section, however, the Canadian contributions to the U.8.
particulate pollution are rather insignificant.
4.3 TRANSBOUNDARY FLUX MEASUREMENTS
Measurements of 802 and suspended particulate concentrations were made
during 13 airplane flights above sections of the international border along the
4-22
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
~\'
\\
LAKE HURON
3
~i?
.
.
.
.
.
--------1
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
~~~
r' lAKE ST. CLAI~ m
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
N
.
.
.
I I
mil.s
:g
"'"
.... "'"
.... a
"'"
CO z
i ~---_._--~----
.
Figure 4-17. Spatial distribution of estimated 802 concentrations (ppm) for Port Huron-Sarnia area.
DetroJt and St. Clair Rivers. On the basis of these measurements and concurrent
meteorological data, estimates were made of the amount of each of these pollu-
tants flowing from one country to another. Results of quantitative estimates of
trans boundary transport from pollutant measurements made above the Detroit
River on May 22, 1968, and above the St. Clair River on May 24, 1968, are given
in Table 4-6. Figure 4-43 shows the flight paths and identifies the segments of
the border used in the computations; Figures 4-44 through 4-47 show the actual
pollutant measurements made at successive levels above the boundary. An
instrument-equipped Cessna 336 aircraft operated under contract by Washington
State University2 was used to obtain the measurements. Measured concentrations
of 302 and concentrations of particulate matter approximated from a relation-
ship3 to the measured light scatter coefficient values were used to compute
the flux results according to the scheme shown in Figure 4-48.
On May 22, the winds were from the west, transporting pollution from the
Detroit area into Canada. On the 24th, however, an easterly component of the
wind carried the pollutants from Canada to the U. S.
The flux of pollutants indicated by the values in Table 4-6 appears consistent
with the known sources in the Detroit and Sarnia areas except in the case of the
Transboundary Flow of Air Pollutants
4-23
-------
0.05
OBSERVED DATA = 0.23 (MODEL ESTIMATED DATA) + 0.009
n=28 ~
r= 0.82
5. 0.04
c.
en
z
o
~
~0.03
~
z
UJ
u
z
80.02
o
UJ
>
a:
UJ
en
~ 0.01
151
310
.
160 303
. .
'~6 ~3~2 '~'
315 308 154 .
. . .
~3~6 3~4 . 157
. 162 311
313 307
.
166 17
1~3.131~3J9.167
1:5 1:4
158
.
163
.
o
o
0.01
0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
ESTIMATED CONCENTRATIONS, ppm
0.10
Rgure 4-18. Observed versus estimated S02 concentrations for Port Huron - Sarnia area.
particulate transport across the 81. Clair River (May 24). The flux of 14 x 103
glsec, more than three times as large as the flux across the Detroit River,
resulted from a combination of a relatively high background concentration of
particulates in the air mass over the region and a high wind speed that transported
large volumes of air per unit time.
These measurements illustrate that trans boundary flow of pollutants can
occur in sizeable quantities from either country to the other, depending on the
wind direction. Also, the actual amount of pollution transported is a result,
not only of the local sources, but of background concentrations as well, particu-
larly in the case of suspended particulates.
4.4 CASE STUDIES OF MEASURED HIGH POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS
For the purpose of proving the occurrence of trans boundary flow of pollu-
tion, an analysis was made of the wind directions which accompanied S02 and high
values of the soiling index at Stations 310, 156, 203, and 404. The stations
selected for this analysis, two on the Canadian side and two on the U. 8. side
of the boundary, are at locations where meteorological data could readily indicate
whether the high concentrations occurred because of a transboundary flow of pollu-
tants .
The wind directions were determined for the periods that hourly average
concentrations of S02 exceeded 0.3 ppm or the soiling index (2-hour values)
exceeded 2.0 Cohll, 000 lineal feet. Average S02 concentrations greater than 0.3
ppm for several hours are known to have caused adverse effects on some vegeta-
tion. Soiling index measurements, obtained by a tape sampler in units of Cohl
1, 000 lineal feet are an indirect method of measuring the fine suspended particu-
lates in the atmosphere. The correlation between the soiling index readings and
the particulate loading as obtained by a high-volume sampler differs from place to
4-24
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
Table 4-5. OBSERVED AVERAGE S02 CONCENTRATIONSa VERSUS MODEL ESTIMATES
FOR PORT HURON - SARNIA AREA
Arithmetic Arithmetic Model
Sta ti on Opera ti ng Number of mean, mean, estimate,
number period observations mg S03/100cm2-day ppm ppm
151 12/67-11/68 11 1.6 0.035 0.100
152 12/67-11/68 5 1.4 0.031 - b
153 12/67 - 11-68 11 0.6 0.013 0.021
154 12/67-11/68 11 1.0 0.022 0.054
155 12/67-11/68 11 1.3 0.029 0.098
156 12/67 -11 /68 11 1.1 0.024 0.038
157 12/67 -11 /68 11 1.0 0.022 0.069
158 12/67-11/68 11 1.0 0.022 0.077
159 12/67-11/68 11 1.9 0.042 0.043
160 12/67-11/68 11 1.2 0.026 0.050
161 12/67-11/68 11 1.1 0.024 0.068
162 12/67-11/68 11 0.8 0.018 0.040
163 3/68-11 /68 8 0.4 0.009 0.040
164 3/68-11 /68 8 0.4 0.009 0.028
165 3/68-11/68 8 0.5 0.011 0.023
166 3/68-11/68 8 0.6 0.013 0.022
167 3/68-11 /68 8 0.6 0.013 0.027
170 4/68-11/68 3 0.9 0.020 _b
303 12/67 - 11/68 11 1.2 0.026 0.071
307 12/67-11/68 11 0.7 0.015 0.048
308 12/67-11/68 11 1.0 0.022 0.050
310 12/67-11/68 11 1.4 0.031 0.083
311 12/67-11/68 11 0.9 0.020 0.050
312 12/67-11/68 11 1.1 0.024 0.060
313 12/67-11/68 11 0.8 0.018 0.028
314 12/67-11/68 11 0.9 0.020 0.035
315 12/67- J 1/68 11 0.7 0.022 0.025
316 12/67-11/68 11 0.8 0.020 0.027
317 12/67-11/68 11 0.6 0.013 0.023
318 12/67-11/68 10 0.6 0.013 0.022
319 12/67-11/68 10 0.6 0.013 0.023
aDerived from sulfation measurements.
bNo model estimate was attempted.
Transboundary Flow of Air Pollutants
4-25
-------
---i-r----------------------7--T-j ~
: I l, ~I / ,)]
I i ,--\.. "'51"!~!
: Ll \ \,/\/1 /\ ~;/
1 I \ / \,. I /(\ \ IJ/J
I / \\ -- ~
: -I . \/ . \ . ~
--~---i .. \#~lA~. ClAIR
I ~.......-;::;:-/
" / ~
. ~:::::---- ~
0.019 ~.::::a
.0.017
.
I
.0.016 /" 0.015
.0.012°.0\' 1
N
.
I I
miles
.0.020
Figure 4-19. Estimated contribution of U. S. sources to annual average concentrations of S02 (ppm)
in Windsor area.
place depending on the characteristics of the particulates (color, particle size,
etc.) present in the atmosphere. The more direct measurements of suspended
particulates, that is, by means of high-volume samplers, were not used for this
analysis as such readings are 24-hour values and could only be exactly related to
simultaneous wind directions when the latter were constant for the full 24-hour
period. Such occurrences are few in number. Studies have indicated that a soiling
index exceeding 2.0 Coh/l, 000 lineal feet would indicate a suspended particulate
loading which may have adverse effects.
4-26
JOINT A.IR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
---'-r- -- - --- - - - - -- - ------i----r--/Iftt-
I I 1 I / f(
I I ('-. <:-1 / ~) J
'I I ---. '-.'-.~.J'-.'-./ tf((
L.., \ \ . If/I
I I \ 'X/\/I 1\ 1/1/
I I \// \, I/,{ \ 1///
I , \\ ---\~
I -, . \./ \ . \i!P
---.L---i .. . \JLA~. CLAIR
I" r----, ~~)/
I I J ' R!
/l.J-- ( .0.007~~~
\
\
\
I
.
.
0.053 . 0.008
.0.007
0.006.
0.005
.
.
~
N
I I
miles
.
0.008
Figure 4-20. Estimated contribution of U. 8. point sources to annual average concentrations of 802
(ppm) in the Windsor area.
Table 4-7 gives the nUTIlber of hours that winds were reported in the indicated
direction during periods of high concentrations of S02 or high levels of the soiling
index.
4.4. 1 Case No.1
Station 310 in Port Huron, Michigan, reported 2-hour average soiling indices
exceeding 2.0 Cohll, 000 lineal feet with the wind directions from the sector 140
Transboundary Flow of Air Pollutants
4-27
-------
---,
I
I ----
I I
1---11
I II
I I I-
I 11---- I \
'-------,-- /. \
L_____-,- /
I /''/
I / "-
I I
I I
I .1-
I I
I I
I I
I I
--,-----
.: ,- ~
___1__1
I I
I I
I I
: I
L-,I
I \
I \
__L_-
-\
\
\
.
.0.009
0.010
.0.009
0.01 0 ~
N
0.010
I I
miles
Figure 4-21. Estimated contri bution of U. 8. area sources to annual average concentrat ions of 802
(ppm) in Windsor area.
to 200 degrees, the predominance of higher values occurring during a wind direc-
tion of 160 degrees. Winds from this direction would transport pollution from
Canadian sources south of Sarnia across the boundary to the station in Port Huron.
4.4.2 Case No.2
Station 156 located in Ontario, south of Sarnia, reported hourly average
.concentrations of S02 exceeding 0.3 ppm most frequently when the winds were
4-28
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
.
.
.
0.001
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
N
I I
miles
.
Figure 4-22. Estimated contribution of Canadian sources to annual average concentration of 802
(ppm) in Detroit area.
from the direction of 200 degrees. Although Station 156 is located 3 to 4
miles from the boundary, the likely source of the S02 reaching this station with
this wind direction is the generating station located on the U. S. side of the bound-
ary. No significant Canadian sources were located between the sampling station
and the boundary.
Transboundary Flow of Air Pollutants
4-29
-------
. 0.000
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
~
N
I I
miles
.
Figure 4-23. Estimated contribution of Canadian point sources to annual average concentrations
of 802 (ppm) in Detroit area.
4.4.3 Case No.3
Station 203 in Windsor, Ontario, reported soiling indices exceeding 2.0 Coh/
1,000 lineal feet most frequently when the wind was from the westerly direction,
26'0 to 280 degrees. This wind direction would carry pollutants to this station
across the boundary from sources in Detroit.
4-30
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
.
.
.
. .
.
. .
. ~
N
I I
mil.s
Figure 4-24. Estimated contribution of Canadian area sources to annual average concentration of
802 (ppm) in Detroit area.
4.4.4 Case No.4
Station 404 in Detroit reported concentrations of S02 exceeding 0.3 ppm
most frequently when winds were from the direction of 200 to 220 degrees. The
most likely sources of this pollutant, with wmds in these directions, are on the
U. S. side of the boundary. Pollutants would cross into Canada, passing over a
portion of Windsor, and then would cross the boundary again to reach Station 404
Transboundary Flow of Air Pollutants
4-31
-------
.
.
.
.
~
N
I I
millS
.
Figure 4-25. EsUmated contribution of U. S. sources to annual average concentrations of particles
(lJg/m3) in Windsor area.
in the U. S. A portion of the S02 concentrations, however, would be contributed
by Canadian sources.
The analyses of the incidence of high concentrations of pollutants at these
stations verify that pollutants were transported across the international boundary.
4-32
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
---i-r-------- ------ -------/--~-I ~
: : /,) / ~)J
I 1 ---. ',S I' / f((
I L \ \ . I 'f/I
1 "I \ \""'-/\/1 /' ~'((
I I \ /A I {\ 1
I ./ \..\ \ --- / \ ,
: -I . \/ . \ . ~
---.1---1 .. \l)lA~. ClAIR
1 r----I ~~/
:--. 1 J / ~
( . ~ =--- ----=-
\ 12.7 ~~
\ .
\
I
.
.
.
.
.
~
N
I I
miles
.
Figure 4-26. Estimated contribution of U. S. point sources to annual average concentrations of
particles (jJg/m3) in Windsor area.
Transboundary Flow of Air Pollutants
4-33
-------
.
.
.
.
.
.
30
.
~
N
I I
mil.s
Figure 4-27. Estimated contribution of U. S. area sources to annual average concentrations of
particles (lJg/m3) in Windsor Area.
4-34
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
---i-r-------- ------ ------I--~-/ ~
I : (~.) / t)J
I I ---. '-'-~..j,-,j ((((
I L \ \ 4. I fll
I I \ \//\/1 /\ I~~
I I \ / A", I { , I/J/
I 1 ./ \\ ---\~
I -I ., \/ \ 'ff!!/
--..l---I \ &lA~. ClAIR
I ---
'-
.,
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
~
N
I I
mil.s
.
Figure 4-28. Estimated contribution of Canadian sources to annual average concentrations of
particles (jJg/m3) in Detroit area.
Transboundary Flow of Air Pollutants
4-35
-------
---'-r-------- ------ -------7--T-j ~
: I ~,~I I ')J
I : \--\.0. ',Si"j~!
: Ll \ Y/\/I /\ 111/
I I \.... /' \- I ,,/\ \ 1/)/
1 L \) -S:1 \ ~
I I .0 .,....,....- \ .0.7'/
I 1 . . If; LAKE 51. ClAIR
-------1 2 ---
I ~~ ~~~~
" 2.9~ ~'=-
~~~
.
.
.
.
.
.0
.
.
.
1
N
I I
miles
.
Figure 4-29. Estimated contribution of C~nadian point sources to annual average concentrations of
particles (IJg/m3) in Detroit area.
4-36
JOINT AIR POllUTION STUDY
-------
-0.7
-
-
-
.
.
.
.
.
1
N
I 1
milts
.
Figure 4-30. Estimated contribution of Canadian area sources to annual average concentrations of
particles O.lg/m3) in Detroit area.
Transboundary Flow of Air Pollutants
4-37
-------
1
N
.
-----------------
.
.
.
---------1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
.
.
.
o 5
I I I I I I
miles
Figure 4-31. Estimated contribution of U. S. sources to annual average concentration of S02 (ppm) in
Sarn ia area.
4-38
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
1
N
.
----~-----------
.
.
.
--------\
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
.
.
.
~ 00<1
o 5
I I I I I I
miles
'"
'"
~ ~ 0.004
~ ~---_._-_----.J----
=>
Figure 4-32. Estimated contribution of U. S. point sources to annual average concentrations of S02
(ppm) in Sarni a area.
Transboundary Flow 01 Air Pollutants
4-39
-------
----------------
.
--------1
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
l
I
I
.
.
1
N
.
o S
I I I I I I
miles
\)\)b.
\).
.
.
.
.
.
Figure 4-33. Estimated contribution of U. S. area sources to annual average concentrations of S02
(ppm) in Sarnia area.
4-40
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
1
N
LAKE HURON
------------------
&
C)
C)'
----------1
1
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
.0.001
.
.
.
.
.
o 5
I I I I I I
.il.s
...
Q
...
Q Z
~ ...
~ ~---_._-_---.J----
Figure 4-34. Estimated contribution of Canadian sources to annual average concentration of 502 (ppm)
i n ~rt Huron area.
Transboundary Flow of Air Pollutants
4-41
-------
1
N
LAKE HURON
------------------
.
----------1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
.0.000
.
.
.
.
o S
I I I I I I
",ills
Figure4-35. Estimated contribution of Can ad ian point sources to annual average concentrations of
802 (ppm) in Port Huron area.
4-42
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
~\\
~\
~ LAKE HURON
\\ / ~,~
I-\~ ~==:-
I ;----..
0.001 . i. -..,
0.001 . 002 I
I O. I
. ..,//
/..- ;-
../I I. "
~ I ,~/
c:-- 0.002".
.----------------
.0.001
---------1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
.0.001
1
N
.0.001
o 5
I I I I I I
miles
.
.
.
.
.
E
;:! ""
'" ..
.. ~
~ ""
~ ~---_._-_---.J----
=>
.
Figure 4-36. Estimated contribution of Canadian area sources to annual average concentrations of 802
(ppm) in Port Huron area.
Transboundary Flow of Air Pollutants
4-43
-------
--------.--------
.
.
.
--------1
1
I .
.
I .
I
I
1 I
I
1 .
I
I .
N
o 5
I I I I I I
",iles
Figure 4-37. Estimated contribution of U. S. sources to annual average concentrations of particles
(~g/m3) in Sarnia area.
4-44
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
--------'-----------
.
.
--------1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
.
.
1
N
.
o 5
I I I I I I
.illS
.
.
.
.
.
.
$X
;::!
-------
1
H
LAKE HURON
----------------
~
-------
--------'--------
.1
4
--------1
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
.0.5
.1
~
N
..2
.
o ~
I I I I I I
...iles
.
.
.
.
.
Figure 4-40. Estimated contribution of Canadian sources to annual average concentrations of
particles (\.IQ/m3) in Port Huron area.
Transboundary Flow 01 Air pollutants
4-47
-------
1
N
.
----------------
0.5.
.
--------1
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
.0.0
.
.0.5
.
.
.0.7
.
.
.
o 5
I I I I I I
.il.s
Figure 4-41. Estimated contribution of Canadian point sources to annual average concemrations
of particles (~g/m3) in Port Huron area.
4-48
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
1
N
?
7
----------------
0.5.
.
--------1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
.
.0.5
.
.
.
.?
,1/J
a3 ~
...
Q Z
w ...
~ ~---_._-_---.J----
.
o 5
I I I I I I
MiltS
.
Figure 4-42. Estimated contribution of Canadian area sources to annual average concentrations
of Rarticles ().Ig/m3) in Port Huron area.
Transboundary Flow 01 Air Pollutants
4-49
-------
IDENTIFICATION
AMBASSADOR BRIDGE
ALGONAC
2 MI. N.C.G. STATION-
PORT HURON
CELERON ISLAND
DETROIT CITY AIRPORT
FAWN ISLAND
GRASSY ISLAND
GROSSE "ILE NAVAL
AIR STATWI\i ~
HIA HARSEN'S AIRPORT ~ ~~
PH PORT HURON Vr' 'I)
PI PEACH ISLAND r
SI STAG ISLAND
ZI ZUG ISLAND ~
SC ST. CLAIR W
~ I I~ ~\
-- t ---FLlGT PATH '_-lit ~ .
! ~\ ~~//
----,--__--___L___-T ~\ ill
I '- 1)1 i:.' " v'" t
\ ") VI 1'5 .
I DCA--. / ~ LAKE ST. CLAIR
I '----, '\ ~---/ ~
'--\ J ,- PI
-,J ' ~
,--- AS ~
~'{ \ ~~~~~~
%~~--'v- \ ==- ~ I
<}/. ZI ,
~~~ 'A I
....~ ( ....
'01- L I'
GI CASE NO, 1
MAY 22,1968 '0 5
0644-0755 LST ) I I I I I I
( miles
i ~~
, ~
I ~
~W
ff
f;
I
I
I
,
I
I
I
I
I
--------~I------- ----l
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
,
LOCATION
CODE
AB
ALG
CG
CI
DCA
FI
GI
GINAS
LAKE
HURON
CASE NO.2
MAY 24,1968
0736-091 7 LST
/IV'\\O~ ' , , , , ,
It'" ....\«-0
Q
~\~Q
r
I
I
r--------
I
l,-
'""
'7
.;
(
~
N
~~~
Figure 4-43. Aerial sampling along international border, May 22-24, 1968.
4-50
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
~
i~1
~
10
~ DIRECTION OF FLIGHT 3500 feet (MSL)
I. 5
'.
,~
~
0
100644 0735 0732.5 0627 0623
~
. ~
E 2000 feet (MSL)
<:t
.
0
::.
x 5
I-
Z
LJ.J
U
LL
LL
LJ.J 0,
0 100731.5 0719 0713
u
(:J t
z
a:
~
I- 5
-------
1.0
~ DIRECTION OF FLIGHT
3500 feet (MSL)
0.5
0.00 0627 0623
0644
1.0
E ~ 2000 feet (MSL)
Co
Co
Z
0 0.5
i=
~
I-
Z
w
U 0.0.
Z 0713
0 1.00]31.5
U
w t 1600 feet (MSL)
0
x
0
0 0.5
0::
::J
LL
...J
::J
en
0.0
0735 0749 0755
1.0
t 1100 feet (MSL)
0.5
0.0
0651
0702
0703
0709
CI GINAS
GI
TIME OF SAMPLING
ZI AB
PLACE OF SAMPLING
PI
Figure 4-45. Sulfur dioxide aerial sampling traverses at various levels (Case No. I -
May 22, 1968); Surface: 585 feet (MSL).
4-52
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
10
~ DIRECTION OF FLIGHT
1 600 feet (MSL)
5
o
- 0734 0719
~ 10
, t
E 1300 feet (MSL)
v
b
x 5
I-
Z
W
U ----------
LL.
LL. o.
w
0 10 0754
U
t9 t 1200 feet (MSL)
z
a:
w
1= 5
«
U
r.n
I-
I
t9
::i
0804
~ 1100 feet (MSL)
5
0709
o
0642
0649
TIME OF SAMPLING
HIA ALG
FI
SI
PH CG
PLACE OF SAMPLING
Figure 4-46. Suspended particulate aerial sampling traverses at various levels
(Case No.2 - May 24,1968); Surface: 585 feet (MSL).
TransDoundary Flow of Air Pollutants
4-53
-------
1.0
~ DIRECTION OF FLIGHT
1 600 feet (MSL)
0.5
0.0 ~ 0734 0719
1.0
E t 1300 feet (MSL)
c.
c.
Z
0 0.5
I-
~
I-
Z
llJ
U
Z 0.0 0754
o 0736
U 1.0
llJ ~ 1200 feet (MSL)
0
><
0
0 0.5
a:
:J
LL
--I
:J
(f)
0.0 0804
0823
1.0- -.
t 1100 feet (MSL)
0.5
0.0
0642
0649
0709
TIME OF SAMPLING
HI A ALG
FI
'SI
PH CG
PLACE OF SAMPLING
Figure 4-47. Sulfur dioxide aerial sampling traverses at various levels (Case No.2-
May 24, 1968); Surface: 585 feet (MSL).
4-54
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
----'w ~
~
I ~, ~
-..
... - ----, 03
~Z3 ~
U3
FLIGHT PATH ~ MIXING
.. HEIGHT
~ Z2 ...... ~
...... ...... - "-....J 02
U2
FLIGHT PAT~ , '" ...
~ Z1 ~ ~ - 101
~ U1 /
INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY "
AMBASSADOR
BRIDGE
GRASS
ISLAND
N - W~ 2 ~O X SIN 0
N. g/sec
total amount of material moving through a vertical
cross-section per unit time
= width of the cross-section
W. meters
~Z. meters
height of the interval used to calculate the flux
through the vertica I layers up to the extimated
mixing height
mean wind speed for the layer
mean concentration for the layer
angle between flight path line and the wind direction for the layer
U, meters/see
x. g/sec
D. degrees
Mixing height estimated from temperature measurements during vertical spiral ascents of the aircraft.
Figure 4-48. Method of computi ng mass transport. Schematic cross-section exampl e for
Detroit River.
Transboundary Flow of Air Pollutants
4-55
-------
Table 4-6. FLUX OF POLLUTANTS CROSSING INTERNATIONAL
BOUNDARY ON MAY 22 AND 24, 1968
(g/sec)
Date and Suspended
traverse interval S02 particulate
May 22 - U. S. to Canada
CI to GINASa 2.502 x 103 0.326 x 103
GINAS to GI 1.872 1.090
GI to AB 4.406 1.601
AB to PI 2.762 1.186
Sum CI to PI 11 .542 x 103 4.203 x 103
May 24 - Canada to U. S.
HIA to FI 0.584 x 103 3.675 x 103
FI to SC 0.622 4.255
SC to SI 0.954 2.254
SI to PH 4.347 2.388
PH to CG 0.315 1.694
Sum HIA to CG 6.822 x 103 14.266 x 103
aAbbreviations are as follows:
CI Celeron Island
GINAS Grosse Ile Naval Station
GI Grassy Island
AB Ambassador Bridge
PI Peach Island
HIA Harsen's Island Airport
FI Fawn Island
SC St. Clair
SI Stag Island
PH Port Huron
CG 2 mi N of Coast Guard Station
4-56
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
....,
Q1
:::s
en
c-
o
s::;
:::s
g"
QI
...
""<
."
o
:e
o
-
>
...
-0
~
s::;
-
'0
:::s
en
.po
I
c.n
'i
Table 4-7. NUMBER OF OCCURRENCES FOR INDICATED WIND DIRECTIONS OF SOILING INDICES EXCEEDING
2.0 Cohjl,OOO lINEAL FEET OR S02 CONCENTRATIONS EXCEEDING 30 ppm
Wind direction, degrees
Station
number Pollutant Calm 020 040 060 080 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 Total
310 Coh 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 4 14 4 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 46
156 S02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 9
203 Coh 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 5 4 0 2 0 0 16
404 S02 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 3 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 12
-------
4.5 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 4
1. Martin, D. O. and J. A. Tikvart. A General Atmospheric Diffusion
Model for Estimating the Effects on Air Quality of One or More Sources..
Presented at 61st Air Pollution Control Assoc. Meeting. Paper No.
68-148, 1968.
2. Adams, D. F. and R. K. Koppe. Instrumenting Light Aircraft for Air
Pollution Research. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. .!1(6): 410-415,
June 1969.
3.
Charleston, R. J., N. C. Alquist, and H. Horvath. On the Generality
of the Correlation of Atmospheric Aerosol Mass Concentration and
Light Scatter. Atmospheric Environ. ~: 455, 1968.
4-58
JOINT A1IR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
5. CONTROL AGENCY ACTIVITIES
5.1 INTRODUCTION
The study has confirmed the fact that trans boundary pollution occurs in both
the Port Huron - Sarnia and the Winds or - Detroit areas and, further, that the
ground-level or ambient concentrations at certain locations exceed established
standards for sulfur dioxide and suspended particulate matter.
The dispersion model that has been used to estimate the annual ground-level
concentrations of pollutants (sulfur dioxide and particulate matter) at receptor
sites produces an approximate concentration value. Through manipulation of the
model, the relative contributions from Canadian and United States sources to
given receptor sites can be estimated, but these are approximations that depend
upon the quality of the input data and meteorological parameters. The model can
serve as a useful tool in the evaluation of an area-wide pollution problem, but it
is best used as a trend indicator rather than as a source of precise and accurate
information upon which definitive enforcement actions can be taken.
Three forceful and comprehensive air pollution control programs are being
conducted in the study area by the Michigan Department of Public Health, the
Ontario Department of Energy and Resources Management, and the Wayne County
Health Department. The Michigan control agencies utilize source emission limits
as one enforcement technique, and the limits that have been established are based
upon the application of the best available control technology. Ontario utilizes design
standards, stated in terms of a maximum 3D-minute average concentration at the
point of impingement, as the basis of its enforcement program. In addition,
iron foundries-and asphalt mixing plants- are c~vered by specific regulations,
as are automobiles. Ontario has established a series of ambient air quality goals
that are representative of desirable air quality. Ambient air quality standards
presently being established for Wayne, Oakland, Macomb, and St. Clair counties
are expected to be compatible with those established in Ontario.
The agencies involved must apply remedial action; this is being done and will
be continued. The present approach involves a continuing program of (1) air moni-
toring, (2) source sampling, (3) emission inventory evaluation, (4) meteorological
observations, and (5) compliance activities.
These items are all essential parts of the control programs being implement-
ed, all of which are being enforced on the basis of measured air quality coupled
with up-to-date source information.
All sources, particularly coal-burning power-generatin'g facilities and oil
refineries, are included in the current control program activities of the agencies
involved. In view of the ambient air quality standards, the attainment of reduced
sulfur dioxide concentrations and particulate levels at receptor sites in Canada and
5~ 1
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the United States will probably require either the use of lower-sulfur-content fuel
or the desulfurization of flue gases. The approach will be specific and will be
applied on a progressive basis, as is dictated by air quality measurements and
air quality needs.
At the same time, an emergency or alert program is being developed to
enable immediate control action in the event of a stagnation episode. Although
stagnation episodes are more significant in areas characterized by occasional or
frequent inversions of durations in excess of 24 hours, and are not likely to OCcur
in the study area, preparations will be made to cope with such problems on an
emergency basis, should they occur.
A description of the control programs applied in the United States and Canada
follows.
5.2 ONTARIO AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAM
The control of air pollution became the total responsibility of the Province of
Ontario with the passing of the Air Pollution Control Act in 1967. The Act became
effective by phases in various areas of the Province starting January 2, 1968.
Prior to that time, control was a municipal responsibility.
5.2. 1 Air Pollution Control Act of 1967
The salient features of the Act are as follows:
1. Authority to control new stationary sources of air pollution by requiring
a certificate of approval before such new sources may be created. This
provision also requires existing sources that are expanded, altered, or
modified, to obtain a certificat~ of approval prior to such changes.
2. Authority to control and regulate all sources of air pollution through
investigations by provincial officers and Orders of the Minister.
3. Establishment of an Air Pollution Control Advisory Board to review
recommendations of a provincial officer and, after a hearing, to report
those recommendations to the Minister.
4. Authority for the Minister, after investigation, to order the cessation of
the dis charge of any air contaminant. This happens in unusual cases in
which such discharge creates an immediate and serious danger to the
health of the public, and in which a delay in following the usual procedures
under the Act would prejudicially effect the public.
5. Provision for a Board of Negotiation to negotiate the settlement of claims
of persons who have suffered economic loss through damage to crops or
livestock due to air pollution.
6. Authority to control and regulate the discharge of air contaminants from
motor vehicles by setting standards of emission and by requiring that
motor vehicles be equipped with systems or devices to abate or control
the emis s ions of air contaminants.
7. Provision for investigation of air pollution problems and for research
and educational programs in the field of air pollution.
5. 2. 2 Adminis tra tion of the Act
The agency designated to enforce the Act and regulations is the Air Manage-
ment Branch, Department of Energy and Resources Management.
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This Branch is organized into the following sections: Abatement, Approvals
Air Quality and Meteorology, Phytotoxicology, Automotive, and Laboratory. For
administrative purposes, the Province has been divided into seven regions and the
regions further subdivided into districts. The number of districts and the number
of personnel assigned are dependent upon economic activity, population, and com-
plexity of the air pollution problems in the region.
When the Branch was transferred from the Department of Health to the
Department of Energy and Resources Management, the former department con-
tinued to provide advisory services by making available a physician whose primary
functions are to advise on ambient air quality criteria and to investigate specific
complaints of health effects. In addition, epidemiological studies are undertaken
by the Department of Healfh
Because of the interrelationship of the air pollution control program and
other government departments, a Pollution Control Advisory Committee has been
established to coordinate the programs designed to control common pollution
problems. This Committee is chaired by the Deputy Minister of Energy and
Resources Management and the following departments are members: Mines, Lands
and Forests, Agriculture and Food, Health, Energy and Resources Management,
Municipal Affairs, and Ontario Water Resources Commission.
In the study area, provincial responsibility started December 9, 1968, with
the opening of district offices in Windsor and Sarnia. This was essentially the
beginning of the conj:rol of industrial sources of air pollution in the area, even
though some progress had been made prior to that time.
5.2.3 Control Requirements
Smoke control enforcement is based on visual comparison with a smoke
density chart. Number 2 density (40 percent black) is permitted for not more than
4 minutes in a half-hour period. When a new fire is started, Number 3 density
(60 percent black) is permitted for 3 minutes in a lS-minute period. At all other
times the smoke density must not be greater than 1 (20 percent black). In cases
of equipment failure, permission may be granted to exceed the limitations.
For contaminants other than smoke _.~1ission limits are stated in terms of
the one-half-hour concentration at the point of impingement. The point of impin-
gement can be the face of a building or at the ground level. The contaminants for
which these design standards have been set appear in Table 5-1.
Although it could be inferred that the design standard approach will permit
unlimited use of tall stacks for dispersion, this is not the case in practice since
dispersion is only permitted when no practical means exists for removing the
pollutant at the source. In other words, d'ispersion is considered an interim
measure only.
In addition to the general regulation, specific regulations have been promul-
gated for ferrous foundries, asphalt mixing plants, and automotive emissions.
All new sources must obtain a Certificate of Approval prior to construction.
When it is dealing with existing sources of air pollution, the control agency
is required by legislation to conduct an emission survey and give a written report
Control Agency Activities
5-3
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Table 5-1.
STANDARDS FOR EMITTED CONTAMINANTS
Concentration
Units of at point of Period
Item Contaminant name concentration impingement of time
] Ammonia ppm in air by 5.0 average 30 mi n
volume
2 Beryll i urn ~g/m3 air 0.01 average 30 min
3 Bromine ppm in air by 0.01 average 30 min
volume
4 Cadmium oxide ~g/m3 air 10 average 30 mi n
5 Carbon bisulfide ppm in air by 0.15 average 30 min
volume
6 Carbon monoxide ppm in air by 5.0 average 30 mi n
volume
7 Chlorine ppm in air by 0.1 average 30 min
volume
8 Dus tfa 11 tons/mi2 15 total 30 days
9 Fluorides ppb in air by 5.0 average 30 min
volume
10 Hydrogen chloride ppm in air by 0.04 average 30 min
volume
11 Hydrogen cyani de ppm in air by 1.0 average 30 min
volume
12 Hydrogen sulfide ppm in air by 0.03 average 30 mi n
volume
13 Iron ~g/m3 air 10 average 30 min
14 Lead ~g/m3 air 20 average 30 min
15 Lime ~g/m3 air 20 average 30 mi n
16 Nitric acid ~g/m3 air 65 average 30 min
17 Nitrogen oxides ppm in air by 0.25 average 30 min
volume
18 Silver ~g/m3 air 1 average 30 min
19 Sulfur di oxi de ppm in air by 0.3 average 30 min
volume
20 Suspended particulate matter ~g/m3 air 100 average 30 min
to the owner. The report lists operations that do not comply with the requirements
and recommends necessary control measures, together with a time limit for com-
pliance. The recommendations do not specify the means of control but rather the
limitation to be met.
Should the owner accept the recommendations and time limit, the Minister of
Energy and Resources Management issues an Order confirming the recommenda-
tions. The Order is a legal document, and failure to comply with it can result in
prosecution. Upon conviction, an individual is liable to a fine of not more than
$2,000; a corporation, on first conviction is subject to a fine of not more than
5-4
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$5,000; and on each subsequent conviction, to a
addition, each day the Act or the regulations or
constitutes a separate offense.
fine of not more than $10,000. In
a Minister's Order are contravened
If the owner believes that the recommendations are unreasonable, he may
request a hearing within 14 days by the Air Pollution Control Advisory Board.
After the hearing, the Board advises the Minister whether the recommendations
should be confirmed or changed and the Minister issues his Order in light of the
Board's advice.
5.2.4 Air Quality and Meteorological Monitoring
Air Quality monitoring is carried out at 31 locations involving some 340
sampling sites.
Air quality data are telemetered to the central office at 10-minute intervals
from the following continuous monitors: Sarnia, two sulfur dioxide, two carbon
monoxide, two hydrocarbon, two oxides of nitrogen, two total oxidant, 'three spot
samplers, and two hydrogen sulfide; Windsor, two sulfur dioxide, two spot
samplers, and one each of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, oxides of nitrogen, and
total oxidant; Hamilton, one each of sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon,
oxides of nitrogen, total oxidant, and spot sampler; Metropolitan Toronto, four
sulfur dioxide, four carbon monoxide, four hydrocarbon, two oxides of nitrogen,
two total oxidant, one hydrogen sulfide, and three spot samplers.
Meteorological data are also telemetered from four towers located at Sudbury,
Hamilton, Courtright, and Metropolitan Toronto. In addition, two mobile moni.tor-
ing vans and one mobile meteorological van are used for special studies.
An Air Pollution Index System started in Metropolitan Toronto in March
1970, will be extended to Windsor early in 1971. The Index provides for an
Advisory Level, at which time sources are advised to make plans for the curtail-
ment of operations. It als 0 provides for an Alert Level, at which time curtailment
of operations can be ordered. Failure to comply with the Order can result in
summary action.
5.3 MICHIGAN AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAM
5.3. 1 Legal Basis
The Air Pollution Control Section of the Michigan Department of Public
Health is charged with the responsibility of conserving Michigan's air resources.
The philosophy of the program is the control of all existing sources of air pollution
and the prevention of new sources of air pollution in areas onable but firm manner.
This philosophy is incorporated in the Air Pollution Control Act 348, passed in
1965, and in the Rules and Regulations that were subsequently adopted under the
provisions of the Act in August 1967.
Two companion laws enacted in 1965 serve to assist in air pollution control.
One is the Tax Exemption Act 250, which provides for the exemption from locally
assessed taxes of equipment installed primarily for the purpose of controlling air
pollution. The other is the Solid Waste Disposal Act 87, which has resulted in
progress in the handling and ultimate disposal of solid waste materials.
Control Agency Activities
5-5
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The air pollution control Rules and Regulations include the following main
divisions:
1.
2.
3.
Definitions.
Air-use approval; permit system; and installation and operation.
Emission liInitations and prohibitions.
a. Standards of density - Ringelmann Chart.
b. Open burning - general and salvage.
c. LiInits on particulate matter.
(l) Table 1 Schedule of operations.
Fuel-burning equipment.
Incinerators.
Steel manufacturing.
Ferrous cupolas.
Lime kilns.
Asphalt batch plants.
Cement manufacturing.
Iron-ore pelletizing.
(2) Table 2 Process weight.
Table for sources not specifically named.
d. Air contaminant or water vapor - prohibitions.
Testing and sampling.
Air cleaning devices and collected contaminants.
4.
5.
One of the most iInportant provisions of Act 348 pertains to the establishment
of an Air Pollution Control Commission. The Commission, which meets monthly,
has effectively supported the goals and objectives of the Air Pollution Control
Se ction.
Michigan's air pollution control program activities, comprehensive in scope,
have accomplished much in a relatively few years. Program activities are dis-
cussed in the next section.
5.3.2 Organization
The organizational structure of the state's air pollution control agency is
illustrated in Figure 5-1.
5.3.3 Activities
5.3.3. 1 Plant Visits - Early in the program it was recognized that certain
categories of industries were more iInportant polluters than others and would
require a greater control effort. Accordingly, the utility and industrial coal-
burning facilities, cement plants, asphalt-paving plants, grey-iron foundries, and
pulp and paper -making facilities, among others, were identified, grouped, and
assigned to specific personnel in an effort to bring about compliance with the Rules
and Regulations. In addition, all other potential or actual sources of air pollution
are evaluated on a planned program basis.
Many factors are involved in a company's decision to take
to achieve control of one or more operations, and these factors
plexity of the control system required and the costs involved.
5-6
the steps necessary
include the com-
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
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CHIEF, DIVISION OF
OCCUPATIONAL HEAL TH
AIR POLLUTION
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CHIEF, AIR POLLUTION
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I I I I I
ABATEMENT AND TECHNICAL PERMIT SYSTEM SPECIAL EDUCATION
CONTROL SERVICES SERVICES MANAGEMEN T PROGRAMS AND TRAINING
COMPLAINT EVALUATION SOURCE SAMPLING AIR-USE PERMIT REVIEW LOCAL AGENCY LIAISON EDUCATION
REGULATION COMPLIANCE COMMUNITY STUDIES TAX EXEMPTION !~EVIEW ALERT PROGRAM PUBLIC RELATIONS
ABATEMENT PROGRAMS NETWORK SAMPLING EMISSION INVENTORIES MOTOR VEHICLE TESTING NEWS MEDIA LIAISON
AND RELATED WORK MONITORING RELATED FIELD LOCAL AGENCY LIAISON
LOCAL AGENCY LIAISON DISPERSION \\ODELING INVESTIGATIONS
PUBLIC RELATIONS AIR QUALITY REGIONS
SAMPLING ACTIVITIES
I I
ANALYTICAL SECRETARIAL
SERVICES SERVICES
ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES
CALIBRATION OF SAMPLERS
SAMPLING PROCEDURE
DEVELOPMENT
OFFICE SUPERVISION
SECRETARIAL DUTI ES
CLERICAL DUTIES
U'1
I
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Figure 5-1. Organization of Michigan's Air Pollution Control Agency.
-------
In instances in which progress is found to be inordinately slow, or nonexistent,
the companies or individuals involved are asked to appear before the Air Pollution
Control Commission and they, along with the air pollution staff representatives,
have an opportunity to state their cases. In practically all instances acceptable
arrangements based on a committed program evolve.
5.3.-3.2 Investigation of Complaints - Complaints from citizens are an important
source of information and account for much of the time spent by air pollution
engineers in the field. In addition, complaints are being received at an accelerat-
ing rate from other sources, including neighboring industries, commercial estab-
lishments, members of the Michigan Legislature, and members of the United
States Congress and Senate. Frequently the press calls attention to problems
requiring control. The agency is familiar with many of the problems that are
complained about and are actively working to bring about a prompt solution.
5.3.3.3 Cooperative Work Efforts with Local Air Pollution Control Agencies -
The Michigan Rules and Regulations have b_een suspended in Wayne County inasmuch
as the Wayne County Health Department is administering a comprehensive air
pollution control program. In fact, the Wayne County air pollution control program
plays an important part in Michigan's air pollution control activities. The county's
supporting legislation is similar to the state's and the two agencies cooperate in
controlling pollution.
5.3.3.4 Source Sampling - Because of the experience and equipment at its dis-
posal, the Air Pollution Control Section is able to conduct all types of source-
sampling studies. There is always a backlog of emission studies to be conducted
in order to determine: emission rates, compliance or non-compliance with emissionl
limits, the pollutants emitted by a given source, and the performance of collection
equipment.
5.3.3.5 C;ommunitv Air Pollution Studies - Special community studies are frequently
c_onducted, either because the community has requested them or because special pro-
blems exist and require evaluation. Such studies usually involve the setting up of
a network of air-sampling stations in a community in order to ascertain levels of
pollution, to identify contaminants, and to correlate air pollution with such factors
as meteorology, topography, and land-use patterns. A mobile air-sampling net-
work that is supported by a data acquisition system is used as an adjunct to con-
ventional techniques, which are based on the 3D-day sulfation rate sampler and the
high-volume air sampler.
5.3.3.6 Emission Inventories - The emission inventory is essentially a cataloging
of all sources of air pollution by types and amounts of contaminants released to the
atmosphere within a given geographical area. A variety of data-gathering techni-
ques are used, ranging from door-to-door visits to the mailed questionnaire.
Typically the objective is to evaluate sources of air pollution such as manufacturing
and service, fuel-burning stationary sources, incineration and refuse burning, and
motor vehicle emis s ions.
An emission inventory is quite useful if the data are kept current to demon-
strate year-by-year improvements resulting from the control agency's efforts. In
addition, the inventory serves as data input for dispersion models. Evaluations of
inventories have revealed improvements and permitted projections of future levels
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JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
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of improvement in conjunction with knowledge of control programs being imple-
mented in industry.
5.3.3.7 Permit System - The air-use permit system is utilized to ascertain con-
trol activities in industry and to establish effective liaison between industry and the
control agency staff. The permit system not only provides information on control
techniques that are being planned but also gives the staff the opportunity to advise
industry on whether the chosen approach toward control of the problem is reasonable
and has a good chance of success. When it is known that a control plan cannot
work, a change can be brought about through denial of an installation or opera-
tion permit.
5.3.3.3 Tax Exemption - Tax exemption applications are submitted to the Tax
Commissioner's office, which in turn refers them to the Air Pollution Control
Section for review. Most air pollution control installations are covered by such
applications and the information is invaluable in gauging the extent of the work
being done in air pollution control. The opportunity to review such applications
also enables the staff to determine whether applications for permits to install
systems have been submitted and, if not, to ask that this be done.
5.3.3.9 Mobile Air-Sampling Network - The mobile air-sampling network consists
at the present time of one central and three satellite trailers, all containing data-
retrieval systems and capable of being interconnected by telephone lines. They are
used not only for general community studies, where the total system can be utilized,
but also for special problem area studies where one, two, or three trailers may
be used. The use of only part of the system is particularly suitable for determining
levels of pollutants generated by one or more plants in a limited area in a com-
munity. At the present time, for example, t\vo trailers with automatic air-sam-
pling equipment are deployed to determine the amount of sulfur dioxide emitted
from a power plant. This approach is also suitable for correlating contaminant
concentrations and meteorological conditions. A similar approach can be used to
evaluate the intrastate and interstate transport of air pollutants.
Stack-gas dispersion models have already been developed through the utili-
zation of a computer program and predictions of ground-level concentrations of
sulfur dioxide have been made for many localities in Michigan. Sampling systems
are now being used to compare predicted levels of sulfur dioxide with actual levels
at given locations.
5.3.3.10 Basic Air-Sampling Network - The air-sampling network that utilizes
equipment such as high-volume air samplers and lead peroxide plates is now being
operated in 17 cities and will be enlarged to include other areas. The air -sampling
techniques are relatively simple, imposing a minimum time requirement on person-
nel, but the amount of laboratory analyses required is formidable and is an
important consideration in the deployment of sampling equipment. Nevertheless,
network data permit the comparison of pollution levels in different cities in Michi-
gan and in other parts of the United States.
5.3.4 Objectives
~..l Short-Range Objectives - Program objectives are both short- and long-
range. Immediate objectives include the following:
Control Agency Activities
5-9
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5.3.4.1. 1 Identification of sources. One objective is the identification of
all sources of air pollution in Michigan and development of programs for control
of these sources. Identification is accomplished, by planned visits in response to
complaints or on a self-initiated basis, tnrough a systematic approach to different
categories of industries, such as foundries, asphalt plants, coal-burning opera-
tions, cement plants, paper plants, and chemical manufacturers. When air pollu-
tion problems are encountered, discussions are held with the management about
control. Commitments that delineate the type of control procedures to be applied
on a scheduled basis are required of polluters. Wherever possible, assistance is
given to those industries that need technical help and an effort is made to keep
management informed of up-to-date control technology.
5.3.4.1.2 Determination of ambient levels of contaminants. A program has
been established to determine ambient levels of certain contaminants in Michigan's
communities. Four mobile air-sampling trailers are equipped with continuous-
air-sampling devices and are being deployed in different cities for 2- to 3-week
periods during each season of the year. The air is sampled for sulfur dioxide,
oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons; meteorological measure-
ments are also made. The sampling program is to be extended to include measure-
ments of other contaminants for which ambient air quality criteria will be adopted
by the Federal government. The sampling data obtained permit assessment of the
need for additional, more extensive sampling arid stricter air pollution control in
the communities involved. The data are also indicative, to some extent, of com-
pliance with ambient air quality standards that are established.
5.3.4.1.3 Control of source categories. Control of certain categories of
sources is accomplished through a deliberately planned program. Included among
those categories of industries known to be serious potential sources of air pollution
are the grey-iron foundries, the industrial and utility coal-burning power plants,
asphalt-paving plants, cement plants, paper plants, several chemical manufacturers,
and junk car burners. The program dealing with specific sources has resulted in
improved control or in commitments for control that are to be achieved within the
next few years.
U. 4.2 Long-Range Obiectives. - The long-range objectives (3 to 5 years) of
Michigan's air pollution control program are based to a large extent on the need to
effect a significant reduction in air pollution levels despite anticipated increases
in industrial activity and population. This is to be accomplished through the
appropriate allocation of staff efforts and the effective utilization of air-sampling
equipment. Among those specific objectives to be attained are the following:
1.
2.
Satisfactory control of all major industrial sources of air pollution.
Development of a timetable based on specific commitments for the control
of all remaining sources of air pollution.
Establishment of an emission inventory system to computerize data-
handling procedures. County inventory data are to be updated at least
biannually.
Development and application of ambient air quality standards throughout
the state.
Elimination of all open burning whether it be for solid or liquid waste
disposal or for salvage purposes.
Initiation of local community action that will control air pollution nuisance
sources such as the burning of refuse on private property, the burning of
3.
4.
5.
6.
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8.
leaves, and other unsatisfactory domestic procedures.
Development of a data bank covering all controlled installations in Michi-
gan. This will serve not only as an indication of what has been done and
what is being done, but also as an important source of information on
control technology.
Development of knowledge pertaining to total use of the environment and the
the effects on the environment from air pollution. This includes the
development of up-to-date information on land use, highway construction,
demographic planning, transportation systems, industrial development,
fuel use, and the extent of transport of air pollution from neighboring
states and from Canada.
Participation in a motor vehicle testing program in conjunction with the
program utilized by the Federal government.
7.
9.
5.4 WAYNE COUNTY AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAM
5.4.1 Legal Basis
The Air Pollution Control Division of the Wayne County Department of
Health was officially established in December of 1965 In December 1968, the
Wayne County Board of Supervisors approved the transfer of the air pollution
control program of the City of Detroit to the Wayne County Department of Health
under provisions of Michigan State law.
By virtue of the State's enabling legislation, the Wayne County Board of
Health adopted and promulgated the Wayne County Air Pollution Control Regulation
with countywide jurisdiction involving 43 separate governmental entities in the
County's 622 square miles.
Generally, the county regulations provide the Division with the legal authority
to prevent, abate, and control air pollutants from all sources, existing and poten-
tial, within the County.
The Division is accomplishing this task through two basic methods:
(1) Improvement of the quality of the air by correcting existing sources
of pollution.
(2) Prevention of further deterioration of the environment by exercising
approving authority over municipal, commercial, industrial, and resi-
dential activities, including permits for various types of control devices.
5.4.2 Organization
At full strength, the Wayne County air pollution control staff will number
approximately 86 people assigned to three main operating sections: Enforcement,
Engineering, and Technical Services. Other supporting sections, equally import-
ant to the success of the Division's operations, are: Administrative Services,
Legal, and Public Information sections.
The Enforcement Section, consisting of engineers and combustion-equipment
inspectors is responsible for enforcing the County's air pollution control regula-
tions through: (1) self-initiated surveillance of emission sources, (2) periodic
inspection of process and fuel-burning equipment and their control devices, and
(3) issuance of violation notices.
Control Agency Activities
5-11
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Field inspectors often work with the Engineering staff to provide assistance
and direction to facilities needing control equipment and/or guidance in an abate-
ment program in order to comply with the Regulations.
An additional and important task the field inspector performs daily is the
answering of citizen complaints, most of which are valid and justified, and range
from backyard rubbish fires to the serious, tons -per-day, emissions from local
industries or power plants. Regardless of their nature, all complaints are
answered, usually within 24 hours.
The inspectors also serve as witnesses whenever the Division resorts to
court action to achieve abatement action. Current agency court action is averaging
200 cases per year, which result from approximately 6000 formal violation notices
per year.
The Engineering Section has a three-fold responsibility in operating the per-
mit system, conducting a county-wide inve-ntory of all emission sources, and
conducting special studies. This section is composed of registered, professional
mechanical and chemical engineers who review plans and specifications for pro-
posed installation or alteration of fuel-burning equipment or industrial process
equipment that will be needed to bring those sources into compliance.
An installation permit is issued by the Engineering staff when they have
determined that the proposed equipment will permit compliance with the Regulations,
A final Certificate of Operation is awarded only when the completed installation
has been demonstrated to operate in compliance with the emissions limitations in
the Regulations. The operation is subject to an annual review and re-certification,
and the certificate may be revoked at any time if emissions are not.in continuing
compliance with the regulations.
Another major task the Engineering Section performs is a County-wide
inventory of all sources of air pollution, including the various types and strengths
of emissions from each source Information from the public utilities is used to
further identify the smaller sources. The inventory is being conducted in .square-
mile grids with all sources and streets listed for further correlation with field
inspection reports.
The third major activity of the Engineering Section consists of special studies
and issuance of guidelines of good practice. The Engineers prepare studies and
reports concerning new equipment, control devices, and processes planned for
the future. The reports are considered vital in keeping the Division abreast of the
science and technology of air pollution control. This new information is also used
to prepare recommendations to the Enforcement and Technical Services sections
to offer guidelines of good practice for various types of processes and equipment
that will aid and assist plant engineers, managers and owners, as well as other
government agencies concerned with pollution control.
The Technical Services Section is composed of engineers, chemists, and
technicians who are responsible for stack-sampling tests, source -monitoring
studies and operation and maintenance of the Division's vast assortment of station-
ary and mobile air -monitoring equipment.
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Typical .examples of the Technical Services activities are: (I) monitoring of
air quality in the vicinity of a major pollution source before and after installation
of control equipment; (2) measuring pollution levels along expressways and busy
surface streets; and (3) determining the chemical and mineral composition of
dustfall and suspended particulates in various communities in the County.
The section is installing an advanced and sophisticated automatic, tele-
metered l3-station air monitoring network. These stations will continuously
report levels of carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen dibxide,
total oxidants, and suspended particulates. Some stations will also report wind
speed and wind direction. .
The Administrative Services Section performs many of the normal supportive
office functions such as clerical services, accounting and payroll, pers onnel
services, employment, purchasing and invoicing. In addition, the Section performs
collateral tasks such as internal-external communication, planning and scheduling,
providing statistical information, systemizing office routines, and eliminating
superfluous paperwork and activities.
The Public Information office informs the public of the various functions and
activities of the Division and its personnel. This communication is accomplished
through mass media - newspapers, radio, television, and magazines - with feature
articles and news stories. Feature articles deal with the daily business of the
Division and are prepared in such a rnanner that the media can use the material
at any time. Current news stories, because of their timely nature, are prepared
for immediate news coverage, and include items such as court actions, possible
emergency situations, or announcements of new control programs. The office also
prepares general information pamphlets describing air pollution, and its sources,
effects, and control problems. The pamphlets are sent out singly or in quantity as
they are requested. They are als 0 used in connection with speaking engagements
related to educational programs in schools.
A smru:nary of Wayne County control agency operations is given in Table 5-2.
Table 5-2.
AGENCY OPERATING STATISTICS
Action
1969
1970
(first 6 months)
Complaints investigated
3,127
4,209
1,973
3,070
Violation notices issued
Court cases processed
Commercial and industrial
installation permits issued
61
74
355
366
Domestic incinerator
in?tallation permits issued
Total field inspections
975
612
28,629
18,069
Control Agency Activities
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6. CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
6.1 INTRODUCTION
The Air Quality Section (Section 2) of this document presents the amounts of
air pollutants emitted into the atmosphere in the study area. This section discusses
the means by which these emissions can be reduced.
It should be noted that, because of differences within individual plants, the
techniques outlined may have to be modified for individual cases or other methods
used to achieve the desired results.
No attempt has been made to deal with each individual source in the survey
area; rather major sources have been highlighted in an attempt to indicate possi-
ble emission reductions. It is the responsibility of the regulatory agencies to
work out detailed control programs for the individual sources. Since the comple-
tion of the 1967 emission inventory, many individual control programs have been
implemented, resulting in a considerable reduction of atmospheric emissions.
6.2 POWER PLANTS [UTILITIES)
Steam-electric power plants and steam heating plants are the largest source
of sulfur dioxide and the second largest source of particulate matter in the study
area. These plants at the present time ar~ all coal-fired. 1
6.2. 1
Particulate Emissions and Controls
The degree to which particulate emissions are controlled at the various
power plants in the area varies from zero to more than 98 percent. Amount of
coal fired at each plant, estimated collection efficiency, and estimate.d emissions
are given in Table 6 -1.
Additional control equipment has been and is being installed at several power
plants, and some exis ting control units are being upgraded. Some coal-fired
boilers have since been modified to burn natural gas and oil. Table 6-2 lists the
control measures announced by the firms and the reduction in particulate emissions
that will result. For example, there is only one Canadian power plant in the
study area, the J. Clark Keith plant located in Winds or. Present plans call for
this plant to be reduced to a peaking operation when new, large, and more efficient
generating stations being constructed in Ontario become operative.
The feasibility of controlling coal-fired power plant particulate emissions
with electrostatic precipitators of better than 99 percent efficiency is now well
established. Some of the existing collectors are being upgraded to 99.6 percent
efficiency. Table 6 -3 lists the further reduction in particulate emissions that
could be achieved if all the power plants not now equipped with collectors of better
than 99 percent efficiency were so equipped. This does not include the plants for
6-1
-------
Table 6-1. POWER PLANT PARTICULATE EMISSIONS
Collector Parti cul ate
Coal fired, effi ci ency, emissions,
Plant Type firing tonsjyr % tonsjyr
Conn~rs Creek L.P. Underfeed, flyash 719,000 80a 11 ,200
reinjection
Conners Creek H.P. Pulverized 905,000 94a 3,600
Del ray Underfeed 888,000 80a 3,470
Ri ver Rouge Pulverized 1,413,000 9Sa 6,000
River Rouge Pulverized 658,000 97.6b 1,340
Trenton Channel L.P. Pulverized 530,000 95b 2,430
Trenton Channel H.P. Pulverized 797,000 98b 1,465
Pennsalt Pulverized 167,300 80a 3,300
Wyandotte, North Underfeed 70,000 None 1 ,920
Wyandotte, North Pul veri zed 84,000 None 7,860
Wyandotte, North Pulverized 253,000 80a 4,730
Wyandotte, South Underfeed 205,800 None 5,770
Marysvi lle Underfeed 249,000 None 7.460
Marysvi lle Pulverized 464,000 95c 2,360
Port Huron Paper Pulverized 30,900 80c 542
St. Clair Pulverized 1,952,000 97.5c 5,380
St. Clai r Pu1venzed 920,000 97.9b 2,140
St. Clair Cyclone 799,300 89.5b 1,093
Beacon St. H. P. Underfeed 132,000 85a 361
Beacon St. H.P. Underfeed 142,400 None 2,590
Congress St. H.P. Underfeed 31 ,200 None 566
Willis Ave. H.P. Underfeed 12,700 90a 23
Wi 11 is Ave. H. P . Underfeed 63,500 None 1 , 1~0
Boulevard H.P. Underfeed 5,200 None 75
Detroit Public L., Pulverized 261 ,000 80 2,590
Mi s ters ky
Detroit Public L., Underfeed 13,030 0 353
Schrenk
Detroit Public L., Underfeed 8,595 0 232
. Ki efer
Wyandotte Municipal Underfeed 70,000 87 534
J. .Clark Keith, Pulverized 397,000 97 695
Windsor
Total 12,242,000 81 ,239
aEstimated by Wayne County.
bData from Federal Power Commission Air Quality Control
CEstimated by Michigan State Health Department.
Questionnaire for 1967.
6-2
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
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Table 6-2.
SCHEDULED POWER PLANT CONTROL IMPROVEMENTS
Emissi on
reduction,
Plant Planned control measures tonsjyr
Conners Creek L.P. Supplementary gas and new mechanical co 11 ectors 10.500
Trenton Channel L.P. Supplementary gas 2.000
Trenton Channel H.P. Upgrade electrostatic precipitators (ESP IS) to 1 .170
99.6%
Pennsa1t Add ESP's of 99.6% 3,200
Wyandotte, North Convert underfeed stokers and one pulverized 9,780
unit to gas
Wyandotte, North Add ESP's of 99.6% to pulverized units 4,635
Beacon St., Heating Add mechanical collectors 2,200
Plant
Wyandotte Municipal Convert to gas turbine 534
Port Huron Paper Convert to gas 542
Total 34,561
which upgrading plans have been announced. Although it is possible to attain 99
percent collection efficiency for particles emitted from power plants, it has been
shown that the sulfur content of the coal has an influence on the efficiency. Design
of the precipitator must take this into account. Higher temperatures tend to
counteract the decrease in efficiency resulting from a sulfur content less than about
1. 7 percent. Placement of the precipitator ahead of the air preheater ~ay be
necessary. An increase in the amount of collector surface area may also be
necessary.
6.2.2 Sulfur Dioxide Emissions
Sulfur dioxide emitted from power plants in the Detroit - Port Huron area
comprises 72 percent of the total sulfur dioxide emissions, 571,000 tons per year.
Sulfur dioxide emissions can be reduced by two general methods: (1) use of
low-sulfur fuels, and (2) flue-gas desulfurization.2 Possible low-sulfur fuels
include natural gas, distillate oil, residual oil, and coal. Several flue-gas desul-
furization methods have possible applicability.
Natural gas, as used, is always very low in sulfur. Where it is available in
adequate quantities, it is used as power plant fuel. A few plants in the study area
are converting to gas, but supplies are not adequate to furnish the bulk of the
power plant fuel.
Distillate oil is nearly always low in sulfur, but it is never used as the pri-
mary fuel for a power plant because it is too expensive. It is sometimes used,
rather, as the standby fuel for plants on interruptible gas service.
Residual oil is being used as a power plant fuel in a few plants in the Eastern
United States and is being seriously considered as the primary fuel for public
utilities in the Midwestern States. Much of it is imported and is low in sulfur con-
tent.
Control Technology
6-3
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Table 6-3.
REDUCTION IN POWER PLANT PARTICULATE EMISSIONS IF ALL COLLECTORS
ARE UPGRADED TO 99 PERCENT EFFICIENCya
Present Present Emissions at 99 Emission
effi ci ency, emissions, percent effi ci enc~ reduction~
Pl ant % tons/yr tons/yr tons/yr
Conners Creek H.P. 94 3,600 600 3,000
Del ray 80 3,470 170 3,300
Wyandotte, South 0 5,770 60 5,710
Marys vi 11 e 0 7,460 75 7,385
Marysville 95 2,360 470 1,890
St. Clair 97.5 5,380 2,150 2,230
St. Clair 97.9 2,140 1,020 1,120
St. Clair 89.5 1,093 104 990
Beacon St. H. P . 90 400 40 360
Congress St. H.P. 0 566 6 560
Willis Ave. H.P- 0 1,160 12 1,148
Boulevard H.P. 0 75 1 74
Detroit Public L., 80 2,590 259 2,331
Mi s ters ky
Detroit Public L., 0 352 4 348
Schrenk
Detroit Public L., 0 232 2 230
Ki efer
River Rouge 95 6,000 1,200 4,80Q
River Rouge 97.6 1,340 560 780
J. Cl ark Kei th 97 695 232 463
Total 36,719
aExcludes power plant collectors given in Table 6-2.
Low-sulfur coal offers a possible solution and is discussed in the following
section.
6.2.3 Control of Sulfur Dioxide Emissions
6.2.3.1 Low-Sulfur Coal - The sulfur content of the coal used by the power
plants varies from 0.75 to 4 percent. Several plants burn coal of around 1 percent
sulfur. Table 6-4 lists present sulfur dioxide emissions a.nd the reduction that
could be obtained if only 1 percent sulfur coal were used. The reduction in sulfur
dioxide emissions would be 61 percent.
The supply of naturally occurring low-sulfur coal could be augmented by
additional coal preparation plants. Pyritic sulfur can be removed from coal by
mechanical means such as crushing and gravity separation. Such methods can
remove only part of the sulfur, but they provide a potential means for significantly
reducing the sulfur dioxide emitted from power plants.
6-4
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
Table 6-4.
REDUCTION IN POWER PLANT SULFUR DIOXIDE EMISSIONS MADE
BY SWITCHING TO 1-PERCENT-SULFUR-COAL
Sulfur dioxide emissions, tonsjyr
Present
Plant Coal fireda Sul fur, percent S l-percent
tonsjyr % coal S coa 1 Reduction
Conners Creek, L. P. 719,000 1.3 17,800 13,700 4,100
Conners Creek, H.P. 905,000 3.1 53,500 17,200 53,300
Del ray 888,000 1.3 21 ,900 1 6 ,880 5,020
Ri ver Rouge 2,071,000 3.6 141,500 39,300 102,200
Trenton Channel 530,000 1.1 11 , 1 00 1 0 , 1 00 1,000
Trenton Channel 797,000 2.3 34,800 1 5 , 1 00 19,700
Penns a 1 tt 167,300 1.2 3,800 3,170 640
Wyandotte N. 407,300 1.4 10,800 7,720 3,110
Wyandotte S. 205,800 1.3 5,100 3,950 1 ,130
Marysvi lle 712,800 2.6 35,200 13,600 21 ,600
St. Clair 3,671 ,000 3.3 230,000 69,700 160,300
Mi s ters ky 261,000 1.0 4,960 4,960 0
J. Clark Keith 397,000 2.0 1 5 ,840 7,920 7,920
Others 510,000 1.0 9,700 9,700 0
Total 12,242,000 595,700 233,1 00 362,600
aData from Federal Power Commission Air Q4ality Control Questionnaire for 1967.
The National Air, Pollution Control Administration has funded several studies
on feasibility of removing pyritic sulfur from coal. These studies have pointed up
a lack of sufficient data on sulfur distribution and characteristics in a given coal
seam, "the washability of a given coal seam, and the capabilities of present
cleaning operations. The United States National Air Pollution Control Administra-
tion (NAPCA) is currently funding research programs to determine: (1) efficiency
and applicability of available coal-cleaning methods for pyrite separation; (2) avail-
able sources of high-sulfur coals capable of being desulfurized; and (3) costs and
technical limitations of proven technology for converting the refuse from coal
cleaning into useful products.
Although the use of low-sulfur fuels is a possible solution to the reduction in
sulfur dioxide emissions, such fuels are in extremely short supply and it is
doubtful if a continuing supply could be obtained that would meet the total demand of
all the power plants in the study area.
As an interim measure, it may be possible to utilize low-sulfur fuels during
periods of advers e meteorological conditions.
Because of the short supply of all power plant fuels, costs have been increas-
ing almost daily and it is not possible, therefore, to predict with any degree of
accuracy the cost of substituting low-sulfur fuels.
Control Technology
6-5
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6. z. 3. Z Flue Gas Desulfurization - A number of processes for removing sulfur
dioxide from flue gases are currently being developed. The three most promising
are: injection of limestone or dolomite, catalytic oxidation, and alkalized-alumina
sorption. Z The injected-limestone process is currently being tested on boilers in
several locations in the United States. The alkalized-alumina and catalytic-oxida-
tion processes are being studied, and other processes that show potential for im-
proved economy and control are being developed.
6. z. 3. Z. 1 Alkalized-alumina sorption. The alkalized-alumina process uses
a dry metal oxide to contact and absorb the SOZ in a gas stream. Solid sorbent in
the form of spheres of sodium aluminate is activated at 12000 F to form high-
porosity, high-surface-area sorbent, which reacts with SOZ to form sodium sulfate.
The spent sorbent is heated to lZOO° F and enters a regenerator where it contacts
a reducing gas, primarily HZ, CO, and COZ formed from re-forming of fuel oil or
natural gas. The s odium aluminate is regenerated, and the sulfur compounds con~
verted to hydrogen sulfide. A conventional Clause unit converts the HZS to ele-
mental sulfur.
Advantages of this process are: (1) it produces a valuable by-product, sulfur,
and (Z) the stack gases are released at a high enough temperature (Z50° to 3000 F)
to maintain buoyancy of the stack effluent. Disadvantages are: (1) sorbent make-
up costs are high because of attrition, 3 and (Z) the process is most applicable to
new power stations. Capital costs are high, estimated to be $10.64 per kilowatt
to control an 800-megawatt coal-fired plant.
6. Z. 3. Z. Z Catalytic oxidation. The catalytic-oxidation process is an adap-
tion of the contact catalytic process used in the manufacture of sulfuric acid. Sul-
fur dioxide is oxidized to sulfur trioxide by passing the flue gases over a vanadium
pentoxide catalyst. The S03 then combines with water vapor in the flue gas to form
sulfuric acid. Subsequent cooling condenses the acid. A high-efficiency electro-
static precipitator is used to remove particulate matter before the gas enters the
catalyst bed at a temperature of 8000 to 8500 F. Cooling in the air preheater and
economizer causes sulfuric acid to condense. The acid is then collected in an
absorbing column and a mist eliminator.
Some of the disadvantages are: (1) the need for expensive corrosion-resis-
tant construction materials in the cooler section, and (Z) the process is difficult
to apply to older plants because of the problems of tapping existing flue-gas streams
at a point where required temperatures exist.
Estimated installation cost for this process is $ZO to $30 per kilowatt above.
that of a new conventional power station. The operating costs for an 800-megawatt
plant have been estimated to be $1.75 per ton of coal burned, without credit for the
acid produced. If the 78 percent acid can be sold for $10 per ton, costs can be
reduced to $1. 06 per ton of coal fired.
6. z. 3. Z. 3 Limestone injection. Limestone-based injection processes produce
no useful by-product, but investment and operating costs are less. Two basic
injected-limestone processes are currently being investigated, a dry process and
a wet process.
In the dry process, 4 pulverized limestone or dolomite' is injected into a high-
temperature zone of the furnace where it is calcined to the reactive oxides, CaO and
6-6
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
MgO. The reaction of the additive with S02 and oxygen at temperatures above
1200° F forms gypswn (CaS04). Sulfates, unreacted lime, and £lyash are removed
by conventional particle collectors. Additional electrostatic precipitator capacity
may be required, however, to maintain a given collection efficiency.
In the wet process, limestone is injected into the combustion zone of a boiler
where it is calcined to reactive lime. The lime and flyash are collected by a
scrubber where the calcined limestone forms a slurry of reactive milk-of-lime,
which reacts with the S02 in flue gas to form sulfite and sulfate salts. The spent
scrubber liquor and reaction products are allowed to settle. Ash and reacted lime
are removal for disposal. Scrubber liquor is recycled to reduce water require-
ments and avoid water pollution.
This process for S02 control has been installed for use on three full-scale
power plant boilers in the 125- to 420-megawatt range. Conceptual design and
economic studies conducted by TV A under NAPCA contract indicate that the capital
investment for the dry limestone injection process for an SOO-megawatt power
plant would be about $3,000,000 and the net operating cost when removing 40 to 60
percent of the S02 would be about $0. 73 per ton of coal fired. 5 These figures
assume limestone delivered at $2.00 per ton, and 200 percent stoichiometric addi-
tion of limestone. Similar estimates of the capital and operating costs of the lime-
stone scrubbing process indicate that capital costs would be $4,000,000 and opera-
ting costs would be $0.94 per ton of coal fired. 5 Operating cost estimates by the
vendor range from $0.35 to $0.50 per ton of coal ($0.015 to $0.02 per million Btu). 6
6.3 INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL FUEL CONSUMPTION
The fuels used by industrial, commercial, and governmental installations are
given in Table 6-5, with the atmospheric emissions from these sources. This does
not include coal used for the production of metallurgical coke or coal used in the
production of lime and cement. Emissions from these sources are listed under
industrial process emissions.
Table 6-5.
INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL FUEL CONSUMPTION
Fuel
B i tumi nous coa 1
Disti 11 ate oil
Res i dua 1 oil
Natural gas
Consumption
5,857,000 tons
350,300,000 gal
298,634,000 gal
233,656 x 106ft3
Emissions, tonsjyr
Sulfur
oxides
105,704
2,640
3,408
2,063
176,376
8,769
40,405
40
Nitrogen
oxides
53,347
12,506
10,556
21 ,258
Particulates
From Table 6-5, it can be seen that, of the fuels consumed, coal is the
major source of both particulate and sulfur oxide emissions.
6.3.1 Boiler Controls
Many of the larger industrial or commercial boilers have multiple cyclone
collectors for reducing particulate emissions. Only a few of the largest units are
equipped with electrostatic precipitators. To achieve a substantial reduction of
Control Technology
6-7
-------
ernissions frorn this category of sources, the use of electrostatic precipitators
should be extended.
'I
':
,I
I:
I
,I
Multiple cyclone collectors consist of srnall-diarneter cyclones installed in
parallel in an integral housing. Nine-inch diarneter cyclones are widely used.
Units can be assernbled to control any sized boiler. Collection efficiency for fly-
ash ranges frorn 75 to 90 percent.
Electrostatic precipitators for large boilers are custorn-designed and field-
assernbled. Until recently their use has been restricted to large boilers but
packaged, factory-assernbled units are now available in sizes to control rnediurn-
sized industrial and cornrnercial boilers. Consequently, highly efficient collectors
are available at rnoderate cost for all but the srnallest boilers. The collection
efficiency of electrostatic precipitators ranges frorn 95 to better than 99 percent.
,
I:
i ~
In the practical application of control equiprnent to satisfy the restrictive
ernis sion requirernents in use in the study area, it has been found acceptable to
use rnulticlone collectors for non-pulverized coal boiler systerns. Pulverized coal
boilers require the application of electrostatic precipitators. The larger stoker-
fired systerns in the range of 300,000 pounds of stearn per hour or greater justify
consideration of electrostatic precipitators as control rneasures. The reductions
in particulate ernissions that could be achieved by these rneasures are shown in
Table 6-6. A reduction of 48,726 tons per year is possible frorn the sources
listed.
6.3.2 Sulfur Dioxide Ernissions frorn Industrial and Cornrnercial Boilers
Sulfur dioxide ernissions frorn boilers can be reduced by fuel substitution and
by flue-gas desulfurization. Possible fuel substitutes are low-sulfur coal, natural
gas, distillate oil, and residual oil.
The coal used in industrial and cornrnercial boilers varies frorn 0.75 to 4.0
percent. If coal of 1. 0 percent sulfur or less were used exclusively, sulfur dio-
xide ernissions would be reduced by 50,000 tons per year, or 34 percent of the
ernissions frorn this category.
Natural gas has a negligible sulfur content and is being used in increasing
quantities in this area for industrial and cornrnercial applications; however,
evaluating the prospects for significantly increasing the present supply is beyond
the s cope of this study.
Distillate oil, usually low in sulfur, is used by a considerable nurnber of
industrial and cornrnercial firrns in this area. Increased use of this fuel could
significantly reduce sulfur dioxide ernissions. Those who require large arnounts
of fuel, however, find its cost to be uneconornical cornpared with that of coal.
Sorne of the residual oil used in this area contains an average of 0.8 percent
sulfur; however, about two-thirds of the arnount used averages 2.2 percent sul-
fur. If it were possible to substitute residual oil of 1. 0 percent sulfur for all of
the coal used in this category, a reduction of 68,000 tons of sulfur dioxide, or
46 percent, would be achieved. Although fuel substitution rnight be a possible
rneans of reducing S02 ernissions, the short supply of residual oil precludes this
course of action at the present time.
6-8
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
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Table 6-6. PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FROM COAL FIRING BY INDUSTRIAL, COMMERCIAL, AND GOVERNMENTAL INSTALLATIONS
Collector Projected Emission
Type Coal fi red, Effi ci ency, Emissions, control, reducti on
Source firinga tonsjyr Type % tonsjyr % tonsjyr
Chrysler, Trenton Engine SS 31 ,064 Cb 92 116 ~ -
Ford, Wayne Assembly OS 26,566 None 0 530 80 424
Scott Paper Co. UF 60,000 None 0 1,050 80 840
Scott Paper Co. SS 48,000 C 80 437 - -
Ford, Steel Division P 679,230 C 85 4,000 99 3,730
Fisher Body, Fleetwood SS 19,862 C 85 102 - -
Allied Chemical, Semet-Solvay OS 17,400 None 0 222 80 180
(Coke breeze)
Allied Chemical, Detroit Alkali P 120,000 C 70 2,592 97 2,330
Parke, Davis and Co. UF 1,907 None 0 29 - 0
Parke, Davis and Co. P 17,033 C 85 125 - -
U.S. Rubber P 130,000 C 74 1 ,466 97 1,300
Chevrolet, Livonia SS 50, 148 C 90.5 217 - -
Chrysler, Jefferson Ave. UF 72 ,000 None 0 1 ,013 80 810
Chrysler, Mack Ave. UF 23,030 None 0 633 80 507
Chevrolet, Detroit Forge P 165,068 C 84 2,273 98 1,990
Chrysler, Hamtramck UF 110,000 None 0 1,925 80 1,540
Fred Sanders Co. OS 4,770 None 0 155 80 124
Chrysler, Detroit Forge UF 35,100 None 0 878 - -
Chrysler, Detroit Forge P 27,500 C 50 1 , 1 68 BO 1,090
thrysler, Detroit Forge SS 40,400 C 92 210 - -
Chrysler, 8 Mile Stamping OS 30,000 None 0 750 80 600
Levy Slag SS 15,000 None 0 672 80 538
Pontiac UF 8,537 None 0 141 80 113
Chrysler, Warren Truck UF 50,000 None 0 875 80 700
-------
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Table 6-6 (continued). PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FROM COAL FIRING BY INDUSTRIAL, COMMERCIAL, AND GOVERNMENTAL INSTALLATIONS
Collector Projected Emission
Type Coal fired, Effi ci ency, Emissions, control, reducti on,
Source firinga tonsjyr Type % tonsjyr % tonsjyr
Chrysler, Sterling SS 26,800 C 92 101 - 0
LTV SS 20,000 C 80 196 - -
Ford, Sterling SS 48,610 C 92 190 - -
Ford, Utica UF 11,040 None 0 138 80 110
Diamond Salt UF 4,500 C 85.5 830 97 660
Diamond Salt P 64,500 C 85.5 - - -
Chrysler, Marysville OS 10,332 None 0 186 80 144
Grand Trunk Western Railroad OS 4,000 None 0 234 80 185
Dunn Paper Co. P 11 ,075 None 0 483 97 468
Wayne County General Hospital SS 35,000 C 80 345 - -
Detroit Army Arsenal SS 31 ,368 None 0 2,040 80 1,632
SeTfridge Air Force Base SS 10,575 None 0 621 80 500
Amy Missile SS 21 ,000 None 0 820 80 655
Allied Chemical, Ontario P and SS 180,030 C 0-70 4,412 97 4, 150
Ford, Windsor, Ontario P 130,000 C 0-85 5,700 97 5,450
Polymer, Ontario P 590,000 C 70 18,240 99 15,650
Dow Chemical, Ontario P 180,000 ESpc 85 1,857 97 1,500
Dominion Forge, Ontario SS 11 ,500 C 65 174 80 36
Hiram Walker, Ontario P 60,000 C 75 840 97 770
Tota 1 3,257,697 59 ,108 48,726
aSS = Spreader stoker; UF = underfeed; P = pulverized, and OS = other stoker.
bCyclone.
cElectrostatic precipitator.
-------
The flue-gas desulfurization methods discussed for power plants could con-
ceivably be used on industrial and commercial boilers. The alkalized-alumina and
catalytic-oxidation processes require such a high capital investment, however, that
it is unlikely they could be feasible. The dry dolomite process would be feasible
from the cost standpoint, but further development would be required to determine
if it is technically feasible. The wet dolomite proces s als 0 requires further in-
vestigation to determine if it is applicable to industrial and commercial boilers.
Scrubbers have been used to remove particulate matter from the flue gas of
small power plants and industrial boilers. Similar scrubbers have also been used,
with a caustic solution, to remove sulfur dioxide from flue gases that are subse-
quently processed into liquid carbon dioxide and dry ice. It has been proposed
that such scrubbers, with a soda ash solution or lime slurry, be used to remove
80Z from industrial boiler flue gases. 7 Cost analyses show that the installation
of such a scrubber, when compared with the use of low-sulfur coal for a ZOO, 000
pound-per-hour boile:lj would result in a net saving. Efficiencies of up to 99 per-
cent could be attained in removing SOZ and about the same for particulate matter.
The suggestion has been made that about Z5 percent of the flue gas should bypass
the scrubber and be added to the stack to maintain buoyancy and prevent the forma-
tion of steam plumes. This of course would result in about a 75 percent reduction
efficiency for both particulates and SOZ.
6.4 RESIDENTIAL FUEL CONSUMPTION
The fuels used for residential heating are given in Table 6-7, with the atmos-
pheric emissions from these sources.
Table 6-7.
RESIDENTIAL FUEL CONSUMPTIONa
Emissions, tonsjyr
Sulfur Nitrogen
Fuel Consumption Particulates oxides oxides
Anthracite coal 64,240 tonsjyr 643 578 257
Bituminous coal 655,600 tonsjyr 6,533 13,000 2,672
Distillate oil 346,880,000 galjyr 1,328 2,657 1,993
Res i dual oil 2,045,000 galjyr 8 123 74
Natural gas 121,576 x 106ft3/yr 1,095 24 7,050
aIncludes apartment buildings.
From the table it can be seen that residential fuel consumption is not a large
source of any pollutants. Switching from bituminous coal to natural gas or distil-
late oil could, however, achieve a slight reduction in particulates and sulfur
oxides. In the Canadian study area, ahnost no coal is used for residential heating.
6.5 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Industrial processes produce the largest amount of particulate emission of
any category in the area, Z6.9 percent of the total.
Control Technology
6-11
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6.5.1 Steel Mills
6.5.1.1 Principal Sources of Emissions - Principal sources of emissions from
steel mills are: blast furnaces, basic oxygen furnaces, open hearth furnaces,
sintering plants, coke ovens, and scarfing machines. Some of these operations
are well controlled, others are partly controlled, and some are uncontrolled.
6.5. 1. 1. 1 Blast furnaces. Blast furnaces are controlled by high-energy
scrubbers or electrostatic precipitators. Since the carbon monoxide in blast-
furnace gas makes it valuable as a fuel, the degree of control-because control is
economical-is always good.
6.5. 1. 1. 2 Basic oxygen furnaces. Basic oxygen furnaces emit voluminous
quantities of iron oxide fume. All such furnaces in the United States have been
provided with control systems containing high-energy scrubbers or electrostatic
precipitators. Many of these systems have achieved efficiencies of 99 percent.
6.5.1.1 3 Open hearth furnaces. Open hearth furnaces were operated
mainly without controls in the years prior to the introduction of the oxygen-lancing
technique. Oxygen lancing produces such copious emissions that controls have been
required in most areas where this technique is practiced. Electrostatic precipita-
tors, baghouses, and venturi scrubbers have provided successful control systems
for these operations.
6.5.1. 1. 4 Sintering plants. Sintering plants process ore fines and collected
iron oxide dust to produce clinkers or agglomerates that can be charged to a blast
furnace. Cyclones and medium-efficiency scrubbers provide a moderate degree of
control, but high-energy scrubbers or electrostatic precipitators are required to
provide truly adequate control.
6.5.1. 1. 5 Scarfing machines. Scarfing machines contain oxy-acetylene
torches that burn off the oxide coating from billets and slabs prior to their entry
into rolling machines. Copious emissions of iron oxide fumes are produced.
Adequate hooding and exhaust ventilation and a high-efficiency collector such as an
electrostatic precipitator or venturi scrubber are required to control these emis-
s ions adequately.
6.5. 1. 1. 6 Coke ovens. Coke ovens emit visible smoke and particulate
matter during the following operations: charging of coal into the ovens, leakage
during carbonization, and discharge of coke from the ovens. hnprovements in both
coke-oven design and operating practices can reduce emissions.
One important improvement over older plants is the installation of steam-jet
aspirators in the gas -collecting elbows to aspirat e gases from the interior of the
oven during charging. Some smoke may still escape from the opposite end due to
the distance the gases must travel. This effect can be minimized by installing two
gas-collecting mains with an aspirator at each end of the oven.
Any arrangements that reduce the time required for transfer of the coal
charge from larry hopper to oven interior also reduce the amount of smoke that
escapes. Several mechanical devices are available for this purpose, including
hopper vibrators in conjunction with smooth stainless -steel liners, , cylindrical
hoppers and bottom turn-table feeders, and a screw-feed mechanism. With these
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JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
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devices, oil-sprayed coal moves out of the larry-car hoppers with much greater
facility, thus reducing the time required for charging.
Another device, consisting of drop sleeves and shear gates, provides an
enclosure between the hopper of the larry car and the top of the charging hole to
prevent the escape of gases from the charging hole.
A smoke seal box surrounding the leveling-bar opening can prevent emissions
from this opening during the leveling operation.
6.5.1.2 Area Steel Mill Emissions and Controls - There are three integrated
steel mills in the study area, all located in the United States: Great Lakes Steel,
Ford Motor Companyls steel plant, and McClouth Steel.
The present emissions and the reductions possible with good controls are
listed for each of the mills in Tables 6-8, 6-9, and 6-10.
Table 6-8.
GREAT LAKES STEEL PARTICULATE EMISSIONS
Good
Present controls control Possible
Emissi ons, effi ci ency, reduction
Operation Type Efficiency tonsjyr % tonsjyr
Blast furnace ESpa 99.6 1,584 99.5 0
Basic oxygen furnaces ESP 95 3,430 99 2,800
Open hearth furnaces None 0 9,065 98 8,800
Sintering plant Cyclone 75 4,550 98 4,190
Clinker cooler Scrubber 75 5,000 98 4,600
Scarfing machine None 0 1,000 95 950
Coke plant None 2,660 65 1,730
Total 27,289 23,070
aElectrostatic precipitator.
Great Lakes Steel plans to install two new basic oxygen furnaces in mid-1970
and clos e down the open hearth furnaces. A new coke battery is planned for 1970
to replace one of the present batteries. Maintenance is to be accelerated on others.
An electrostatic precipitator is to be installed in late 1970 to control the sinter
plant.
McClouth plans to install a new and larger basic oxygen furnace (BOF) to
replace two presently inadequately controlled BOF's.
Since the emission survey, Ford has discontinued the use of the sintering
plant.
6.5.2 Cement Plants
There are four cement producers in the United States study area: Wyandotte
Chemicals Corporation, South Works, and three American Cement Corporation
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Present controls Good control Possible
Efficiency. Emissions. effi ci ency, reduction,
Operation Type %, tonsjyr % tonsjyr
Blast furnace ESpa 99.8 300 99.5 0
Basic oxygen furnaces Scrubber 84 4,750 99 4,450
Electric furnaces Scrubber 49 505 99 495
Sintering plant ESP 98 550 99 275
Clinker cooler Scrubber 99 117 99 0
high-energy
Scarfing machines Scrubber 99 150 99 0
high-energy
Total 6,372 5,220
Table 6-9.
McCLOUTH STEEL PARTICULATE EMISSIONS
aElectrostatic precipitator.
Table 6-10.
FORD STEEL PARTICULATE EMISSIONS
Present controls Good control Possible
Effi ci ency, Emissions, efficiency, reduction,
Operation Type % tonsjyr % tonsjyr
Blast furnace ESP 99.5 600 99.5 0
Basic oxygen ESP 99 400 99 0
Coke ovens None - 800 65 520
Sinter plant Cyclone 90 875 99 785
Total 2,675 1,305
Plants, Peerless Division, located respectively on Jefferson Street and Brennan
Avenue in Detroit, and on State Street in Port Huron.
Sources of particulate emissions in the production of cement are: crushing,
grinding, and blending of raw materials; clinker production; and finish grinding and
packaging. The amount of. dust produced during crushing depends on the moisture
content of the raw materials. The dust produced by crushing and conveying the
raw material is usually collected by centrifugal collectors or cloth filters. If the
grinding and blending are done by the wet process, then there are no emissions
from these steps. Dry grinding and blending, however, does produce dust. This
dust is usually entrained in a closed system and collected on a cloth filter. Clinker
production includes both kiln burning and clinker cooling and is the largest source
of pollutants. The kiln is usually on a closed system with a cyclone and electro-
static precipitator, cyclone and bag filter, or just a bag filter to collect the dust
from the system. Most of the dust is returned to the kiln; however, some high-
alkali dust must be dis carded to produce a low-alkali cement. The final grinding
and packaging dusts can be collected on a cloth filter.
Wyandotte Chemicals Corporation, South Works, presently has about 96.3
percent control efficiency with a combination of a multicyclone and electrostatic
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JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
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precipitator. The efficiency of the precipitator can be raised to 99 percent,
reducing the emissions by 891 tons per year as shown in Table 6-11. The Jefferson
Street Plant of the American Cement Corporation, Peerless Division, is using
electrostatic precipitators with 95.5 percent efficiency to control emissions. This
control efficiency can be elevated to 99 percent, thereby reducing emissions by
770 tons per year. The Peerless Brennan Avenue Plant also uses electrostatic
precipitators, but these ESP's have an efficiency of 96.7 percent. An increase to
99 percent efficiency would reduce emissions at this plant by 892 tons per year.
The Peerless Port Huron Plant uses an electrostatic precipitator with 92 percent
efficiency to control emis sions. Upgrading this collector to 99 percent efficiency
would reduce emissions by 1,243 tons per year. (These data are presented in
Table 6-4. )
Table 6-11.
EMISSIONS FROM CEMENT MANUFACTURING
Present controls Good control Possible
Effi ci ency, .Emi ss ions, effi ci ency, reduction,
Company Type % tonsjyr % tonsjyr
Wyandotte - South ESP 96.3 1 ,211 99 891
Peerless - Jefferson ESP 95.5 990 99 770
Peerless - Brennan ESP 96.7 1 ,280 99 892
Peerless - Port Huron ESP 92.0 1,420 99 1,243
Total 4,901 3,796
6.5.3 Lime Plants
There are three lime producers in the United States portion of the study area:
Marblehead Lime Company, Division of General Dynamics Corporation; Wyandotte
Chemicals Corporation, South Works; and Wyandotte Chemicals Corporation,
North Works. The first two companies control better than 99 percent of their
emissions; the third company, which has a vertical kiln, has no control but reports
emissions that are less than either of the first two. There seems to be no reduc-
tion possible for particulate emissions from lime production in the area.
6.5.4 Fertilizer Plants
There is one fertilizer complex in the study area, Canadian Industries
Limited (CIL), in Courtright, Ontario. It contains a 1, OOO-ton-per-day anhydrous
ammonia plant, and satellite plants for the production of nitric acid, ammonium
nitrate, nitrogen solutions, urea, phosphoric acid, and ammonium phosphates.
Residual oil, Bunker No.6, is used as fuel in the boiler house. Because the
boiler stacks are relatively low (75 feet), SQ2emissions exceed the permissible
limit. Use of lower-sulfur-content fuel or higher stacks would reduce the ground-
level concentration to below 0.3 ppm S02.
There are also particles emitted from three plant stacks discharging ammo-
nium nitrate and ammonium phosphate. Ammonium nitrate is very soluble and
can be removed by a wet scrubber. Ammonium phosphate is recovered by a
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6-15
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cyclone-type scrubber that discharges into the ammonia recovery towers.
cy is 98 percent. Emissions are shown in Table 6-12.
Efficien-
Table 6-12.
EMISSIONS FROM CIl FERTILIZER PLANT
Potential Possible
Emissions, Present Effi ci ency , effi ci ency, reduction,
Materi al Source tonsjyr collector ~ % tonsjyr
502 Boiler 626 - - - 626 tons
house wi th gas
Ammonium Pri 11 i ng 330 Scrubber 95 98 200
nitrate
Ammonium Dryer 65 Venturi 98 98 -
nitrate scrubber
Ammonium Dryer 330 Cyc lone 98 98 -
phosphate scrubber
6.5.5 Grain Handling and Processing Companies
The study area has two grain handling and processing companies that emit
particulate pollution. Fine grain particles are produced during the milling of
grain or drying of alfalfa. The latter operation is seasonal in nature while the
former is a 12-month operation.
Calvert of Canada emits approximately 430 tons per year of mainly grain
particulates in its production of potable and industrial alcohols. All milling and
drying operations are fitted with cyclones, and the milling operation is also fitted
with a bag filter to catch particles smaller than 10 to 20 microns. Installation of
bag filters on the remaining cyclones would reduce the existing particulate
emis sions to acceptable levels.
Greenmelk dehydrates alfalfa, emitting 320 tons per annum in the process.
Cyclones are essentially low-efficiency collectors in the fine particulate range.
6.5.6 Sugar Companies
During the survey, a sugar-producing company, Canada and Dominion Sugar,
reported the emission of 63 tons per year of particulate matter and 463 tons per
year of sulfur oxides. The plant has since shut down its beet-processing operation.
6.5.7 Petroleum Refineries
Five petroleum refineries are located in the study area: Marathon Oil
Company in Detroit; Mobil Oil Company in Trenton; and Shell Canada, Sun Oil, and
Imperial Oil, all located south of Sarnia.
Petroleum refineries emit several different types of pollutants, including
particles, hydrocarbons, sulfur oxides, and carbon monoxide. There are many
points in the refining process at which one or more of these pollutants can be
emitted. Refineries burn large amounts of residual fuel oil in boilers and process
heaters. Oil consumption by refineries and the resulting emissions are included
6-16
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JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
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in Table 6-5 and discussed in Section 6.3. On the basis of the
by the companies, controls for the pollutants at several points
discussed.
information provided
in each plant are
Marathon Oil has a sulfur recovery plant that aids in controlling the sulfur
dioxide emissions. In the recovery process hydrogen sulfide is absorbed from the
sour-gas stream by a regenerative absorbent. After desorption, part of the hydro-
gen sulfide is combusted with air to form sulfur dioxide. Then the hydrogen sulfide
and sulfur dioxide are reacted in one or more catalytic converters to form sulfur
vapor; the vapor is then condensed to liquid sulfur. After passing through the last
converter and condenser, the remaining hydrogen sulfide is combusted and released
to the atmosphere as sulfur dioxide. Marathon has two converters with a combined
efficiency of just over 89 percent. A third converter would increase the efficiency
to 97 percent and reduce the sulfur dioxide emissions by 2,000 tons per year; that
is, from 2,800 to 800 tons per year.
Imperial Oil, Shell Canada, and Mobile Oil als 0 have sulfur recovery plants.
Conversion efficiencies were not reported but are presumed to be equal to the
industry average, about 93 percent.
All of the refineries operate catalytic-cracking units. Imperial, Marathon,
and Shell have fluid catalytic-cracking units. Mobil and Sun Oil have moving-bed
units. If average emission rates are assumed, the fluid units emit a total of 2,500
tons per year of catalyst dust. Electrostatic precipitators have been used to control
such units and could reduce these emissions to 250 tons per year. At average
emission rates, the two moving-bed units emit a total of 500 tons per year. High-
efficiency cyclone collectors could reduce these emissions to 100 tons per year.
Since the survey was made, all Canadian refineries have installed carbon
monoxide boilers, which necessitates the reduction of catalyst dust losses.
This reduction in emissions ranges from 2 to 4 tons per day to less than 0.5 ton
per day.
Marathon's fluid coker uses fluidized coke for heat transfer. Abrasion
during the transport of the fluidized coke from the reactor to the regenerator
creates some fine coke particles that are emitted to the atmosphere. This fine-
particle coke can be collected either by high-efficiency scrubbing or by evaporative
cooling and baghouse collection. Either of these methods will reduce the coker
particulate emissions by 90 percent, from 1,800 to 180 tons per year.
Hydrocarbon emissions at all refineries can be reduced by improvements in
waste water separators and process drains. All initial separator boxes should be
enclosed to prevent exces sive evaporation of hydrocarbons. All sewer junctions
should also be covered and drains should have liquid seals. The waste-water
separator tanks should be provided with floating-roof covers. These improvements,
in conjunction with the use of good housekeeping practices to prevent spills, will
reduce the hydrocarbon emissions. In addition, the use of floating-roof tanks,
particularly on high R. V. P. materials will reduce hydrocarbon emissions consider-
ably.
Carbon monoxide is controlled at both of the refineries in the United States
that use carbon monoxide boilers (which utilize the carbon monoxide as fuel to
provide heat for other parts of the refining process).
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6-17
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Irn.perial Oil and Sun Oil indicated emissions of approximately 55,000 tons
per year and 8,300 tons per year, respectively, of carbon monoxide at the time of
the survey; since that time, carbon monoxide boilers have been installed.
6. 5.8 Chemical Plants
6.5.8. I Sulfuric Acid Plants - There are four chemical companies with sulfuric
acid plants in the area: Allied Chemical, W. R. Grace, E. 1. DuPont, and Detroit
Chemical Works.
Principal sources of emissions of sulfuric acid mist and sulfur dioxide are
the exhaust stacks of the sulfuric acid plants. The mist is found in the gaseous
effluent from the final absorbing tower, whereas the sulfur dioxide is the result of
the incomplete conversion of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide in the catalytic con-
verters.
Sulfuric acid mist is controlled at a medium efficiency (50 percent) in only
one plant by use of a mist eliminator of an older design. The other plants have no
controls for sulfuric acid mist. New designs of mist eliminators claim efficiencies
of 99 percent. The electrostatic precipitation of sulfuric acid mist has achieved
efficiencies slightly greater than 99 percent. The cost of ESP control is con-
siderably higher than that of demister control. Mist eliminators of newer design
control adequately the sulfuric acid mist from absorbing towers.
The pres ent emis sions of sulfuric acid mist and the reductions pos sible with
good controls are given in Table 6 -13.
Table 6-13.
SULFURIC ACID MIST EMISSIONS
Present control Good control Possible
Effi ci ency, Emissions, effi ci ency. reduction,
Company Type % tonsjyr % tonsjyr
Allied Chemical None 0 85 99.0 84.16
W. R. Grace - - - - -
Detroit Chemical Works None 0 75 99.0 67.5
E. I. DuPonta Mist 50 150 99.0 147.0
eliminator
Total 310 298.16
aCeased operations July 1968.
One plant reports a 95.0 percent conversion of sulfur dioxide to sulfur tri-
'oxide while 96.0 percent efficiencies are assumed for the other plants. The
'double contact process for manufacturing sulfuric acid has achieved a conversion
efficiency of 99.5 percent. Several of these processes are operated in Europe and
domestic installation is planned for one Eastern state. Sta.ck ga&es have been
scrubbed for removal of sulfur dioxide for many years at Trail, British Columbia,
Canada. Installation of a stack scrubber to retain 95 percent of sulfur dioxide is
expensive and often produces a by-product of little or no commercial value.
Utilization of the double contact process provides substantial savings in raw
material costs and gives good control of sulfur dioxide emissions as well.
6-18
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
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The present emissions of sulfur dioxide and the reductions possible with good
controls are given in Table 6-14.
Table 6-14.
SULFUR DIOXIDE EMISSIONS
Present control
Conversion Good control Possible
Company effi ci ency, Emissions, effi ci ency, r~duction,
% tonsjyr % tonsjyr
All i ed Chemi ca 1 96.0 2,700 99.5 2,363
W. R. Grace 95.0 1,700 99.5 1,530
E. 1. DuPonta 96.0 2,200 99.5 1,925
Total 6,600 5,818
aplant shut down in July 1968.
6.5.8.2 Other Chemical Processes - Other chemical proces ses that emit pollutants
are discussed below.
6.5.8.2. 1 Talc drying. Champion Spark Plug Company has two operations
that could feasibly be controlled. The first of these is the spray drying of talc. At
the present time the dryer is not controlled and emits 92 tons of particles per year.
The spray dryer can be controlled by a scrubber that will reduce the emissions by
90 percent, or 82.8 tons per year as shown in Table 6-15. The second operation
is the presently uncontrolled bisque kiln, which emits 60 tons of hydrocarbons per
year. The kiln can be controlled with an afterburner that will reduce emissions by
95 percent, or 57 tons per year.
Table 6-15.
PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FROM CHAMPION SPARK PLUG COMPANY
Particulate Good control Possible
Present emissions, effi ci ency, reduction,
Operati on controls tonsjyr % tonsjyr
Spray dryer None 92 90 82.8
Bisque kiln None 60 95 57
Total 152 139.8
6.5.8.2.2 Methylamine and dimethylformamide production. The Chinook
Chemical Company produces methylamines and dimethylformamides. The methyl-
amines are quite odorous and have a high vapour pressure at normal ambient temp-
eratures. The leakage of a small amount of this gas can be detected by its odor at
great distances from the plant.
Pump glands, sampling points, and other sources of emissions are now
hooded so that emissions are collected for incineration in the plant boiler. Detailed
daily inspections for leakages from equipment are being carried out.
6.5.8.2.3 Carbon black production. The Cabot Carbon Company produces
carbon black by thermally cracking an aromatic tar fraction, thereby causing the
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6-19
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emission of approximately 90,000 tons of carbon monoxide per annum. This emis-
sion could be reduced considerably if the gas were burned in a carbon monoxide
boiler.
6.5.9 Grey-Iron Foundries
The grey-iron cupola is used to melt scrap iron, steel, and pig iron to make
grey-iron castings. A cupola is a vertical, refractory-lined furnace equipped with
air ports (known as tuyeres) at the bottom. Air is supplied from a forced-draft
blower. Alternate charges of metal, coke, and limestone are placed on top of the
burning coke bed to fill the cupola. The heat generated melts the metal, which is
drawn off through a tap hole.
The particles emitted from cupolas range in size from coarse to submicron.
A simple water-spray system will collect the coarse material. A medium-efficienc~
scrubber will give a moderate degree of control, but a high degree of control can
be achieved only with high-energy scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators, or bag-
houses.
Los Angeles County was the first area to require a high degree of control of
cupolas. A baghouse proved to be the choice of most of the foundry operators.
Although difficulties with it were encountered by some operators, the baghouse has
been proven to be a feasible control device for cupolas of all sizes. Electrostatic
precipitators were installed on a few cupolas, but with less success. Fluctuations
in effluent volumes, temperatures, humidities, and particle characteristics caused
collection efficiencies to vary. No new electrostatic precipitators have been in-
stalled in recent years.
Recently a number of large-production cupolas have been controlled with
venturi scrubbers having pressure drop of about 60 inches. Reports indicate that
these installations are proving successful.
Emissions from grey-iron foundries and possible reductions are given in
Table 6-16. It was assumed that a collector of 99 percent efficiency was feasible
for any foundry melting more than 15,000 tons of iron per year. For foundries
melting between 3,000 and 15,000 tons per year it was assumed that a scrubber
of 90 percent efficiency was feasible. For foundries melting less than 3,000 tons
per year, it was assumed that a scrubber of 60 percent efficiency was feasible.
Ford Motor Company is in the process of upgrading the scrubbers at the Dearborn
Foundry. Kelsey-Hayes Company plans to install new afterburners and a new gas
cooling and controlling system for their baghouse collectors. Chrysler Corpora-
tion plans to overhaul and improve the scrubber at their Huber Foundry. Huron
Valley Steel plans to install a venturi scrubber.
6.6 SOLVENT EVAPORATION
Hydrocarbon emissions in the study area totalled 555,707 tons per year in
1967. Solvent emissions from surface coating operations, degreasing, and dry
cleaning account for 12.9 percent of this total. Surface coating and degreasing
produce 54, 186 tons of hydrocarbon emissions per year. Point sources (100 tons
per year or more from a source) of surface coating operations emit more than
29,950 tons of solvent per year. Dry- cleaning establishments emit 8,232 tons per
year.
6-20
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
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Table 6-16.
EMISSIONS FROM GREY-IRON FOUNDRIES
Iron Present controls Possible
Company melted, Effi ci ency, Emissions, reduction,
tonsjyr Type % tonsjyr tonsjyr
Ford, Dearborn Foundry 630,000 Scrubber 0 to 93 2,643a 2,590
Ford, Specialty Foundry 158,000 Scrubber 0 .to 98 498a 484
G. M. Pontiac Division 331,487 Scrubber 70 855 826
Chrysler, Huber Foundry 121 ,000 Scrubber 97 32 22
Ke 1 sey-Hayes Company 106,000 Baghouse 0 to 99a 278 269
(70 avg.)
Huron Valley Steel 70,000 None 609 603
The Budd Company 115,000 Scrubber 90 92 80
Apex Foundry 5,500 None 44 40
Littite Foundries 4,413 None 38 34
Industrial Castings 1,170 None 10 6
Atlas Foundry 1,266 None 11 6
Holmes Foundry 48,000 Wet cap 65 141 137
Ford, Wi nds or 160,000 Scrubber 0 to 99a 420a 406
and
baghouse
Chrysler, Windsorb 80,000 Baghouse 0 to 99a 363a 356
Martin Foundries 6,500 Wet cap 70 16 10
Total 10,279 9,736
aReflects collector down-time; emissions not drawn into the exhaust system.
bShut down since survey.
Solvents used in these operations are either petroleum solvents or halogen-
ated hydrocarbons. Petroleum solvents are varying mixtures of olefins, paraffins,
and aromatics, with composition depending on the specific use of the solvent.
Halogenated hydrocarbon solvents are usually chlorinated. Some solvents are
toxic and may produce problems in the immediate area; others may cause odor
problems in limited areas. Tests have shown that certain hydrocarbons used in
these solvents are instrumental in the formation of photochemical smog. These
tests have led to the regulation of solvent composition, so that some solvents are
exempted and the emissions from others are limited. For example, Los Angeles I
Rule 66 classifies as photochemically reactive those solvents that contain: (1)
5 percent or more of organic compounds containing an olefinic type of unsatura-
tion; or (2) g percent or more of Cg or higher aromatics, except ethyl benzene; or
(3) 20 percent ethylbenzene, toluene, branched ketones, or trichloroethylene;
or (4) any combination of the above classes of compounds that totals 20 percent.
Exempt (nonphotochemically reactive) solvents include saturated paraffins, includ-
ing halogenated derivatives, and perchlorethylene. Compliance with a rule of this
type requires the reformulation of most of the solvents normally used.
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6-21
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Surface coating operations that are point sources, such as painting and wire
enameling, are listed in Table 6-17. Under Rule 66, all bake ovens must be con-
trolled even if the solvent used is exempt. Afterburners are usually used to
control bake -oven emissions. Because the oven emissions are at an elevated temp-
erature, less heat from the afterburner is needed for complete combustion. Normal
painting and drying operations require control for non-exempt solvents. These
emissions are at a lower temperature and are more feasibly controlled by solvent
reformulation. Activated carbon units could be used to control surface coating
emissions. These units, however, are usually not considered economically feasible.
Table 6-17.
SOLVENT EMISSIONS FROM SURFACE COATING OPERATIONS
Company
Chrysler Corporation (10 plants)
General Motors, Fisher Body - Fleetwood
General Motors, Pontiac Division
Wolverine Aluminum Company
Detroit Gravure Corporation
Whitehead and Kales
Acme Quality Paint
St. Clair Rubber Company
Dana Corporation
Cadillac Motor Car Company
R. C. Mahon Company
Firestone Steel Products Company
American Can Company
Evans Products Company
Export Processing Company
Ford Motor Company
Unistrut Corporation
Lear Siegler, Automotive Division
Bathey Manufacturing Company
Chrysler, Windsor
P1asticast
Motor Wheel
International Harvester
Total
Emissions,
tons/yr
13,912
3,000
2,467
1,015
844
788
616
599
500
458
437
400
391
250
205
185
155
147
105
2,760
149
115
458
29,956
Point source emissions from degreasing operations are listed in Table 6-18.
Degreasing is usually done in a tank containing trichloroethylene vapor. A water
jacket around the top of the tank condenses the vapor at that level and the conden-
sate returns into the tank. Some of the vapor escapes to the atmosphere, however,
when parts that have been degreased are removed.
6-22
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
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Table 6-18.
SOLVENT EMISSIONS FROM DEGREASING OPERATIONS
Company
Young Spring and Wire Company
arass Craft Manufacturing Company
Hoskins Manufacturing Company
Wolverine Tube Division, Calumet
Huck Manufacturing Company
Prestolite Wire and Cable
'rota 1
and Hecla
Emissions,
tonsjyr
400
288
135
131
118
118
1 ,190
Dry-cleaning establishments use either petroleum solvents or perchlorethy-
lene, usually the latter. The petroleum solvents are usually photochemically
reactive. Control of these emissions could be effected by using perchlorethylene
or a nonphotochemically reactive petroleum solvent.
Solvent emissions from miscellaneous operations in Canada that are point
sources are given in Table 6-19.
Table 6-19.
SOLVENT EMISSIONS FROM MISCELLANEOUS
OPERATIONS IN CANADA
Emissions,
Company Operation tonsjyr
Ca 1 vert Transer and 128
storage of alcohol
Ethyl Process 486
E.!. DuPont Process 2,800
Fiberglas Process 85
Dow Chemi ca 1 Process 11 ,466
Polymer Process 14,075
Cabot Carbon Process 3,540
Total 32,580
6.7 AUTOMOBILES
All new motor vehicles sold in Michigan and Ontario are required by law to
meet certain emission standards for carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons. Indica-
tions are that additional reductions will be required in these emissions as well as
oxides of nitrogen emissions.
Furthermore, it appears that controls for pre-1968 and -1969 model vehicles
will become a reality and that individual States and Provinces will require their
installation.
Control Technology
6-23
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6B REFERENCES FOR SECTION 6
1.
Stea:m-Electric Plant Factors, 1968.
National Coal Association.
2.
Control Techniques for Sulfur Oxide Air Pollutants. U. S. DHEW,
National Air Pollution Control Ad:ministration. Washington, D. C.
Nu:mber AP-52. January 1969.
PHS, EHS,
Publication
3.
Slack, A. V. Air Pollution: The Control of S02 fro:m Power Stacks. Part
III - Processes for Recovering S02 fro:m Power Stacks. Che:mical Engineering,
74: 188, Dece:mber 4, 1967.
4.
Harrington, R. E., R. H. Borgwardt, and A. E. Potter.
Selected Li:mestones and Dolo:mites with Sulfur Dioxides.
Assoc. 29(2):152-158, March-April 1968.
Reactivity of
J. A:mer. Ind. Hyg.
5.
Private Co:m:munication, R. C. Harrington. Process Control Engineering
Progra:m, National Air Pollution Control Ad:ministration. Cincinnati, Ohio.
August 1968.
6.
Plu:mley, A. L. et al. Re:moval of S02 and Dust fro:m Stack Gases.
tion 40(1):16-23, July 1968.
Co:mbus -
7. Kopita, R. and T. G. Gleason. Wet Scrubbing of Boiler Gases.
Engineering Progress 64(1):74-78, January 1968.
Che:mical
6-24
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
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7. TOTAL COST OF REMEDIAL MEASURES
To ascertain the costs of implementing remedial measures for the study
area, it was necessary to utilize a mathematical model and approach the problem
on an area basis.
Consideration of the measurements presented in Section Z indicates that in
the Detroit - Windsor and Port Huron - Sarnia areas of the United States and
Canada, as in most urban industrialized areas, the principal pollutants degrading
air quality are particles and sulfur dioxide. Reduction of the ambient concentra-
tions of these pollutants can be effected only through the control of emissions at
the sources.
7.1 PARTICLE CONTROL
Various strategies for the control of particles were investigated through a
mathematical dispersion model. These strategies were based on control regula-
tions in existence in several political jurisdictions in the Michigan portion of the
area. Ontario regulations are based on concentrations at the point of impingement
of the stack plume rather than on mass emission rates.
Of four strategies tested with the dispersion model, one set of regulations
now in force produced the greatest improvement in air quality when applied to
point sources. The features of this regulation ("referred to below as Regulation A),
in terms of allowable rate of discharge for heat input and process weight, are
illustrated in Figure 7-1.
7. 1. 1 Detroit - Winds o.r Area
The mathematical modAl was applied to emissions in the Detroit-Windsor area
with all point source emissions reduced to comply with Regulation A. Even
with this degree of control, 28 of the 34 receptor sites considered by the model
showed average annual concentrations of 65 fl.g/m3 or more. Twenty-three sites
showed concentrations of 75 fl.g/m3 or more; 13 had concentrations of 90 fl.g/m3
or more; and 7 had concentrations of 100 fl.g/m3. These concentrations indicate
that greater control is required than that afforded by Regulation A.
Table 7-1 shows the relative contributions of these sources to the pollution
at each receptor site. The large contribution from area sources to the pollution
at each receptor site makes obvious the need for control of the many small sources
that individually do not emit sufficient particles to be considered point sources.
Based on projections made by the U. S. Bureau of Mines, Sartorius and Com-
pany, and Texas Eastern Transmission Corporation, a 45-percent reduction in
coal usage for residential, commercial, and governmental heating can be antici-
pated with.a corresponding increase in the use of distillate oil and natural gas.
This reduction in emissions, coupled with a ban on open burning, would produce a
maximum reduction in area-source emissions of 50 percent.
7..1
-------
100
::;::
w
u..
o
w
~ 1.0
a::
~ 10
..a
z
o
V>
V>
o
::> 102
en
-g, 1.0
"-
..a
103
104 105
PROCESS WEIGHT RATE, Ib,1"
106
107
z
o
V>
V>
~
W
u..
o
w 0.1 0
..... 10
«
a::
101
102 103
HEAT INPUT, 106 Btu
104
105
Figure 7-1. Particulate emission regulations (Regulation A).
AssUnling a 50-percent reduction in area-source ern.issions, and applying
Regulation A to all point sources, the rn.athern.atical rn.odel shows (Table 7-3) that
22 of the 34 receptor sites have annual average concentrations of 60 fl.g/rn.3 or
greater. Of these, 19 have concentrations greater than 65 fl.g/rn.3, 10 greater
than 75 fl.g/rn.3 and 2 greater than 90 fl.g/rn.3; none has a concentration as large as
95 fl.g/rn.3.
7. 1. 2 Port Huron - Sarnia Area
Application of Regulation A in the Port Huron - Sarnia area again indicates
that control of point sources alone will not provide adequate air quality improve-
rn.ent. Of the 20 receptor sites considered by the rn.odel in this area, 15 have
particulate concentrations equal to or greater than 60 fl.g/rn.3. Of these, 10 have
concentrations equal to or greater than 65 fl.g/rn.3 and 3 have concentrations equal to
or greater than 75; none exceeded 80 flg/rn.3.
The importance of the area sources to uncontrolled particulate pollution is
indicated by the relative contributions at each receptor site shown in Table 7 -2.
7-2
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
Table 7-1. RELATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS OF SOURCES TO GROUND-LEVEL CONCENTRATIONS
OF PARTICLES AND SULFUR OXIDESa IN DETROIT - WINDSOR AREA
Contribution of particles,b % Contribution of sulfur oxides, %
Receptor Fuel Industrial Area Fuel Industrial Area
site combustion orocesses sources combustion processes sources
201 17 48 35 44 13 43
202 14 55 31 38 22 40
203 19 51 30 53 17 30
204 18 17 65 - - -
205 19 22 59 38 4 58
206 17 33 50 47 7 46
207 18 29 53 49 6 45
209 19 4 77 31 1 68
210 25 28 47 47 1 52
211 27 22 51 41 3 56
212 25 36 39 49 9 42
213 23 20 57 39 1 60
214 29 20 51 43 3 54
215 22 25 53 40 4 56
216 17 18 65 38 3 59
217 15 14 71 32 3 65
218 18 16 66 41 3 56
219 19 6 75 34 1 65
220 11 65 24 42 20 38
400 20 11 69 32 3 65
401 18 4 78 31 1 68
402 15 6 79 24 1 75
403 18 6 76 29 1 70
404 18 5 67 34 4 62
406 17 49 34 44 20 36
407 14 48 38 34 27 39
409 34 25 41 43 4 53
411 21 45 34 45 3 52
412 18 25 57 43 1 56
413 29 27 44 39 8 53
414 13 7 80 22 2 76
415 11 31 58 33 13 54
416 15 n 68 28 4 68
417 11 23 66 39 2 59
418 11 12 77 36 1 63
419 12 4 84 17 1 82
422 7 12 81 16 3 81
423 6 7 87 16 2 82
425 9 12 79 18 3 79
426 3 3 94 - - -
427 3 2 95 - - -
Average 17 26 56 36 8 56
apercentages calculated from model estimates without compensation for background
cancentrations.
bThe remaining 1 percent is contr;'Duted by refuse disposal sources.
Total Cost of Remedial Measures
7-3
-------
Table 7-2. RELATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS OF SOURCES TO GROUND-LEVEL CONCENTRATIONS
OF PARTICLES AND SULFUR OXIDESa IN PORT HURON - SARNIA AREA
Contribution of particles, % Contribution of sulfur oxides, %
Receptor Fuel Industri al Area Fuel Industrial Area Refuse
site combustion processes sources combustion processes sources disposal
151 46 15 39 54 23 21 2
153 17 3 80 36 4 58 2
154 34 10 56 48 9 41 2
155 42 12 46 61 17 18 4
156 20 3 77 60 2 37 1
157 24 2 74 72 1 26 1
158 46 11 43 56 17 23 4
159 14 5 81 56 0 44 0
160 43 6 51 56 12 29 3
161 34 7 59 64 5 25 6
162 11 2 87 57 0 43 0
163 10 1 89 52 0 48 0
164 8 1 91 45 0 55 0
165 4 1 95 29 0 71 0
166 22 2 76 42 3 53 2
167 9 1 90 46 0 54 0
301 41 11 48 53 10 35 2
303 44 5 51 67 3 27 3
305 21 2 77 66 1 32 1
307 12 1 87 55 0 45 0
308 32 10 58 46 8 44 2
310 47 10 43 56 13 28 3
311 21 2 77 56 2 40 2
312 20 3 77 68 0 32 0
313 8 1 91 35 1 64 0
314 28 4 68 45 4 49 2
315 10 2 88 30 2 67 1
316 9 1 90 37 0 63 0
317 5 1 94 22 1 76 1
318 5 1 94 18 1 80 1
319 4 1 95 21 0 79 0
Average 27 6 67 53 7 38 2
apercentages calculated from model estimates without background concentrations.
A 50-percent reduction of area-source emissions effected through fuel changes and
banning of open burn:ing, in addition to the enforcement of Regulation A with respect
to point sources, would produce an acceptable air quality for the region. Model
calculations show (Table 7-3) that only 5 of the 20 receptor sites have concentra-
tions equal to or greater than 60 jJ.g/m3. Only one site exceeded 65 jJ.g/m3 and
none exceeded 70 jJ.g/m3.
7.2 SULFUR DIOXIDE CONTROL
None of the local control regulations in the Michigan portion of the region
specify restrictions on sulfur dioxide emissions, and the Ontario regulations
limit emissions on the basis of concentrations in the stack effluent plume at the
po:int of impingement. Accordingly, three arbitrary control strategies restrict:ing
sulfur dioxide emissions were tested with the mathematical model. Two of these
7-4
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
Table 7-3.
GROUND-LEVEL CONCENTRATIONS OF PARTICLES AND SULFUR OXIDES
IN THE DETROIT - WINDSOR AREAa
Particulate concentration. ~g/m3 SOx concentration. ppm
Receptor Observed. Projected. Observed. Projected.
site 1968 current 1968 current
201 110.0 65.8 0.024 0.0078
202 133.0 75.5 0.037 0.0119
203 183.0 93.8 0.053 0.0193
204 137.0 86.0 - -
205 140.0 91.8 0.026 0.0098
206 129.0 76.8 0.022 0.0074
207 101.0 66.5 0.024 0.0080
209 91.0 64.1 0.024 0.0097
210 - - 0.026 0.0092
211 76.0 54.1 0.018 0.0065
212 79.0 54.7 0.015 0.0050
213 - - 0.015 0.0058
214 - - 0.024 0.0087
215 97.0 63.1 0.018 0.0066
216 - - 0.018 0.0069
217 77.0 56.5 0.013 0.0047
218 - - 0.020 0.0074
219 - 0.015 0.0060
220 120.0 68.2 0.024 0.0075
400 107.0 73.5 0.035 0.0096
401 71.0 55.2 0.022 0.0090
402 111.0 77.6 0.027 0.0115
403 96.0 66.7 0.031 0.0127
404 136.0 85.2 0.037 0.0142
406 152.0 86.2 0.046 0.0141
407 136.0 80:4 0.042 0.0132
409 103.0 63.3 0.024 0.0086
411 8,5.0 53.6 0.027 0.0096
412 69.0 52.6 0.022 0.0080
413 - 0.020 0.0071
414 127.0 82.5 0.027 0.0129
415 115.0 72.4 0.027 0.0098
416 85.0 59.8 0.020 0.0079
417 73.0 54.3 0.015 0.0058
418 78.0 58.1 0.013 O. 0051
419 92.0 66.0 0.018 0.0081
422 105.0 71.6 0.022 0.0097
423 71.0 55.3 0.013 0.0058
425 68.0 46.4 O. OJ 1 0.0047
426 93.0 66.4 - -
427 46.0 42.9 - -
aRegulations for particle control and 80-percent reduction of S02 applied to all
point sources; 50-percent reduction applied to all area source emissions.
strategies were more effective than the third and gave similar results. One of
these called for an across -the-board reduction of 80 percent of all sulfur dioxide
emissions, whereas the other required an 80-percent reduction in emissions from
combustion units burning more than 40,000 tons of coal per year and a limitation
Total Cost of Remedial Measures
7-5
-------
of emissions from sulfuric acid plants to 2,000 ppm sulfur dioxide. The first of
these two reduction plans produced slightly more improvement in the computed
air quality and has been used in illustrating control strategies.
7.2. 1 Detroit - Windsor Area
Model computations show that the emission control strategy selected above
will provide areas onable air quality with re spe ct to sulfur dioxide in the Detroit-
Windsor area. Of the 38 receptor sites considered by the model, 32 have concen-
trations less than 0.020 ppm, 27 less than 0.0175 ppm, 20 less than 0.0150, 14
less than 0.0125, and 4less than 0.0100 ppm.
Table 7-1 shows the relative importance of area sources of sulfur dioxide to
the total concentrations measured at the receptor sites.
A reduction of 50 percent in the area-source emissions of sulfur dioxide
produces a substantial reduction in ground-level concentrations according to model
computations. When both point and area sources are controlled (Table 7 -3), only
one of the 38 receptor stations considered by the model had an annual average con-
centration greater than 0.015 ppm, and only 8 had concentrations greater than
0.010 ppm.
7.2.2 Port Huron - Sarnia Area
Model estimates using a reduction of 80 percent for all point sources in the
Port Huron - Sarnia area show that none of the receptor stations had a concentra-
tion exceeding 0.017 ppm on an annual average basis. Only one station had a
concentration greater than 0.015 ppm; 19 of the 28 stations considered had 0.010
ppm or greater.
Application of a 50-percent reduction to the sulfur dioxide emissions of all
area sources, in addition to point source reductions, limits concentrations at all
the receptor stations to less than 0.010 ppm on an annual average basis. Twenty-
two of the 28 stations had concentrations of 0.007 ppm or less.
Ground-level concentrations based on projected 1975 emissions are given
for the Port Huron - Sarnia area in Table 7 -4.
7.3 COSTS OF CONTROL
Cost of compliance with Regulation A .for the control of particles and for an
80 -percent reduction in sulfur dioxide emis sions is an important factor that must
be weighed against air quality goals.
Changes in area-source emissions postulated to improve the air quality have
been assumed to take place as a result of progressive alteration of fuel usage and
equipment updating without specific modifications to assure compliance with emis-
sion regulations. Accordingly, cost estimates have been based on equipment and
operating charges that must be met by point-source operators in order to restrict
emissions of particles and sulfur dioxide.
7-6
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
Table 7-4.
GROUND-LEVEL CONCENTRATIONS OF PARTICLES AND SULFUR OXIDES
IN THE PORT HURON - SARNIA AREAa
Particulate concentration, ~g/m3 SOx concentration, ppm
Receptor Observed, Projected, Observed, Projected,
site 1968 current 1968 current
151 103 64 0.035 0.009
153 68 53 0.013 0.005
154 119 - 0.022 0.007
155 101 66 0.029 0.007
156 64 52 0.024 0.008
157 - - 0.022 0.006
158 92 60 0.022 0.006
159 69 56 0.042 -
160 70 53 0.026 0.007
161 85 62 0.024 0.007
162 - - 0.018 0.006
163 64 52 0.009 0.003
164 - - 0.009 0.003
165 - - 0.011 0.005
166 - - 0.013 0.005
167 - - 0.013 0.005
301 91 59 -
303 76 57 0.G08
305 71 57 - -
307 64 53 0.015 0.005
308 - - 0.022 0.007
310 95 61 0.031 0.009
311 - 0.020 0.006
312 - - 0.024 0.007
313 - - 0.018 0.007
314 65 51 0.020 0.007
315 53 46 0.022 0.009
316 52 46 0.020 0.008
317 66 53 0.013 0.005
318 48 44 0.013 0.006
319 53 i 46 0.013 0.006
aRegu1ations for particle control and 80-percent reduction of S02 applied to all
point sources; 50-percent reduction of area source emissions.
.At the time of this study, fuel substitution, from coal to low-sulfur oil or from
coal to natural gas, was the most feasible method for achieving the required reduc-
tion of sulfur dioxide emis sions from industrial boilers. No added collectors were
necessary for controlling particles (see Section 6 for control technology). When the
emission survey was made, in 1967, all power plants in the area were burning
coal, and only one could achieve the required reduction in sulfur dioxide emissions
by switching to coal of the lowest available sulfur content (0.7 percent). This
particular plant was meeting the particulate emis sion restrictions with its current
practices. and needed no additional control equipment. Both fuel substitution and
flue-gas scrubbing were investigated as alternative methods for reducing sulfur
dioxide em is s ions at the remaining powe r plants. For s even of the s e plants,
however, data were not available for accurate estimates of flue-gas scrubbing
requirements and costs.
Total Cost of Remedial Measures
7-7
-------
The majority of the industrial-process point sources have equipment for at
least partially controlling particulate emissions. The costs of add-on equipment
necessary to attain the desired control were estimated for these sources. Since
this additional equipment must remove the fine particles not controlled by existing
devices, only wet scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators, or fabric filters were
considered.
For sources with no existing gas -cleaning equipment, literature surveys
determined the feasible control alternatives. Equipment capacities were deter-
mined from gas-flow rates or process weights, according to which was available.
Reduction of sulfur dioxide emissions from industrial processes frequently
requires process changes and each plant must be considered individually. Esti-
mates of annual costs for control have been based largely on data from the litera-
ture on modification of similar plants.
The emission sources for which control costs were estimated are industrial
boilers, power plants, and industrial processes.
The annual costs for the control of particles and sulfur dioxide for these
sources are given in Table 7 -5.
Table 7-5.
ANNUAL COSTS OF CONTROL OF PARTICLES AND SULFUR DIOXIDE
Estimated annual least Substitution
cos t, $ and fuel Fl ue-gas
Source Low High switching scrubbinga
Industrial boilers 45,585,503 45,585,503 45,585,503
Power plants 15,479,480 15,479,480 96,115,775 13,198,839
Industrial 4,007,597 5,139,573
processes
Total 65,072,580 66,204,556
aFlue-gas scrubbing cost could not be estimated for seven plants because of
lack of necessary information.
It should be noted that the flue-gas scrubbing costs are based upon results of
experimental work performed by the Tennessee Valley Authority and should be
used with that understanding.
Annual control cost figures do not include estimates for the sources pre-
sented in Table 7 -6.
In general, the method used to estimate control costs involved three steps:
1.
2.
Categorization of sources.
Identification of particulate and sulfur dioxide control alternatives
of achieving the desired reductions for each category.
Estimation of the annual cost associated with each alternative.
capable
3.
7-8
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
Table 7-6.
SOURCES EXCLUDED FROM COST ESTIMATES
Source
code
21
27
29
30
34
37
46
61
107
127
128
129
130
131
136
137
138
139
144
166
168
214
238
241
243
244
266
267
268
269
404
435
454
Source
Stucco process
Rotary ki 1 n
Rotary kiln
Combustion units
Coal stoker
Annealing and
Iron cupolas
cas ti ng
Kil ns
Foundry cleaning
Gas and oil combustion
Carbon monoxide boiler
combustion
Various heaters, combustion
Gas reboilers, combustion
Cokers and reboilers,
combustion
Incinerator
Incinerator
Incinerator
Incinerator
Incinerator
Sintering plant
Blast furnace
Coking process
Casting cleaning
Iron-melting cupola
Phenolic-curing oven
Cupola process
Incinerator
Incinerator
Inci nerator
Inci nerator
Stone crusher
Gas boi 1 ers
DEA regeneration
Total Cost of Remedial Measures
Explanation
Improved maintenance practices to meet
reduction requirements
Concentration too low to control
No need to control cement kiln for 502
Emissions <2.3 lb 502/106 Btu
Emissions <2.3 lb 502/106 Btu
Concentration too low
502 from gray-iron foundries not usually
controlled
No need to control cement kiln
Improved maintenance practice
reduction requirements
Emissions <2.3 lb 50x/106 Btu
Emissions <2.3 lb 50x/106 Btu
for 502
to meet
Emissions
Emissions
<2.3 lb 50x/106 Btu
<2.3 lb 50x/106 Btu
<2.3 lb 50x/106 Btu
Emissions
Unable to control 502
Unable to control 502
Unable to control 502
Unable to control 502
Unable to control S02
Unable to control 502
Improved maintenance practices to meet
reduction requirements
No additional control available
Improved maintenance practices to meet
reduction requirements
Insufficient information
Insufficient information
Has been replaced by electric industrial
furnace
Unable to control S02
Unable to control S02
Unable to control 502
Unable to control S02
Insufficient information
Emissions <2.3 lb SOx/106 Btu
Insufficient information
7-9
-------
7.3. 1 Industrial Boilers
The following procedures were used in the Detroit Study to estimate the
annual cost of reducing present sulfur dioxide and particulate emis sions that
result from combustion of coal or oil in industrial boilers. Sulfur dioxide and
particulate control alternatives considered were fuel substitution and fuel
switching. Mechanical collectors were not added to coal-burning boilers because
the strict sulfur dioxide reduction (80 percent) would force a switch from coal to
low-sulfur oil or coal to natural gas.
Since an 80-percent reduction in annual sulfur dioxide emissions for all
point sources was desired, the procedures first determined the percentage sulfur
in fuel required to achieve that reduction. The annual cost of sulfur dioxide control
was estimated on the basis of (1) the difference in cost ($/106 Btu) of the present
fuel and the proposed fuel (Table 7 -7) and, (2) the total energy consumed annually
in Btu's. Costs for boiler modifications were omitted inasmuch as these costs
represent only one or two percent of the total annual cost. 4 The assumption was
made that switching from coal to natural gas or from oil to natural gas will be
allowed only when the sulfur dioxide regulation cannot be met by switching to low-
sulfur oil. The assumption was made because of uncertainty regarding fuel
availability. For example, should a large industrial plant or electric utility wish
to change to gas for pollution control purposes, negotiation between the gas distri-
butor and the potential gas consumer would be the only way to determine avail-
ability to that customer. Also, supplying a large consumer would probably call
for expansion of existing gas facilities, at the distnbutlon and/or the transmission
level.
Table 7-7.
FUEL COSTS FOR DETROIT STUDY
Fuel cost, U106 Btu
Sulfur content,
Type % Power plants All other users
Bituminous >3.00 28b 321
coal 2.00 30b 33
1.00 33b 35
0.70 36a 40
Res i dual oil
No.6 >1.00 48b 561
No.5 0.75 52b 581
Distillate oil
No.2 0.25 69b 771
No.1 0.07 77b 851
Natural gas 0.00 50b 551
aBased upon information obtained from the Fuel Policy Section, Office
of Program Development, National Air Pollution Control Administration.
bNo prices for fuel oil or natural gas for power plants were available.
It was assumed, therefore, that the cost of fuel oil and natural gas
to power plants would be approximately 90 percent of the cost of fuel
oil and natural gas to industrial users.
7-10
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
It was assumed that mdustrial boilers Durning low-sulfur oil or natural gas
will always meet the desired particulate emission reduction.
7.3. 1. 1 Fuel Substitution - Calculations for estimating the costs of substituting
low-sulfur oil for high-sulfur oil are presented below. Costs are shown in Table
7-8.
Table 7-8.
COST OF FUEL SUBSTITUTION
Sulfur content
of oil.
%
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.25
0.07
Cost.
U106 Btu
56
56
56
56
77
85
1.
Multiply present percentage sulfur in oil by 0.2 to give the allowable
percentage sulfur content of the oil.
Compute the difference in cost between the present oil and the proposed
oil L~c /l 06 Btu).
Compute the total Btu's of oil consumed:
2.
3.
Total annual cost =
Total Btu
106
(t.C /l 06 Btu)
7.3. 1. 2 Fuel Switching - Calculations for estimating the costs of substituting fuels
are presented below. Costs are shown in Tables 7-9 through 7-13.
Table 7-9.
COST OF COAL
Sulfur content of coal.
%
>3
2
1
0.7
<0.7a
Cos t .
~/l06 Btu
32
33
35
40
aCoal of this sulfur content is not avail-
able.
Total Cost of Remedial Measures
7-11
-------
7.3.1. 2.1 Coal to low-sulfur oil.
1. Multiply the present annual emission of sax (in pounds) by 0.2 to give
the permissible SO emissions.
x
2. Compute the total Btu's of coal consumed per year,
Total Btu = (lb) (Btu/lb)
3. Compute the cost of coal presently being used.
Present cost = Total Btu (~/l06 Btu)
4. Correct for boiler efficiency (coal to oil).
Corrected total Btu =(~~)total Btu
5. Determine the correct sulfur fuel content to use.
Sulfur content = lb permissible sax emissions = Ib/106 Btu
Corrected total Btu/l 06
Table 7-10.
COST OF OIL
Sul fur content SOx'
of oil , Cos t ,
% 1 b/106 Btua U106 Btu
2.50 2.68 56
2.00 2.14 56
1. 50 1. 67 56
1.00 1.07 56
0.25 0.26 77
0.07 0.07 86
aBased on 148,000 Btu per gallon of oil.
6.
Compute the cost of the proposed fuel oil.
Projected cost = Corrected total Btu (~/l06 Btu)
Compute total annual cost.
T. A. C. = Future cost (from Step 6) - Present cost (Step 3)
7.
7.3.1. 2.2 Coal to natural gas. Use this alternative only if switching from
coal to low-sulfur oil does not satisfy sulfur emis sion regulations.
7-12
1.
Compute the total Btu's of coal consumed.
Total Btu = (lb) (Btu/lb)
2.
Compute the cost of coal presently being used.
Present cost = Total Btu (~/l06 Btu)
Correct for boiler efficiency. ( )
Corrected total Btu = Total Btu ~
82
Compute the cost of the proposed natural gas (firm).
Future cost = Corrected total Btu (~/106 Btu)
Compute total annual costs.
T. A. C. = Future cost (Step 4) - present cost (Step 2)
3.
4.
5.
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
Table 7-11.
COST OF COAL
Sulfur content of coal, C06t,
% U lOB tu
>3 32
2 33
1 35
0.7 40
<0.7a
aCoal of this sulfur content ;s not
available.
7,3.1. 2.3 High-sulfur oil to natural gas. Use this alternative only if switch-
ing from high-sulfur oil to low-sulfur oil does not satisfy sulfur emission regula-
tions .
1.
Compute the total Btu's of oil consumed.
Total Btu = (lb) (Btu/lb)
Compute the cost of the oil presently being used.
Present cost = total Btu (;/106 Btu)
2.
Table 7-12.
COST OF OIL
Sulfur content of 0;1,
%
2.50
2.00
1. 50
1.00
0.25
0.07
CQst,
t/10b Btu
56
56
56
56
77
85
3.
Correct for boiler efficiency.
Corrected total Btu = total Btu (~~)
Compute the cost of the proposed natural gas.
6
Future cost = Corrected total Btu (55(; /10 Btu)
Compute total annual costs.
T. A. C. = Future cost (from Step 4) - present cost (from Step 2)
4.
5.
7.3.2 Power Plants
Control costs for power plants are based upon economic evaluation of three
control alternatives: (1) fuel substitution, (2) fuel switching, and (3) flue-gas
scrubbing.
Total Cost of Remedial Measures
7-13
-------
7.3.2. I Fuel Substitution: Coal to Low-Sulfur Fuel - All power plants are present.
ly burning coal. Only one of these power plants could achieve an 80-percent reduc-
tion in present sulfur dioxide emissions by switching to low-sulfur coal. Other
power plants would require coal with a sulfur content of less than O. 7 percent.
Because the cost of low-sulfur-content coal (less than 0.7 percent) is not known,
and because its availability is uncertain, sulfur dioxide reduction alternatives
other than fuel substitution were used for economic evaluation of the remaining
power plants. The power plant that could use fuel substitution is meeting the
particulate regulation; therefore, control costs for additional particulate control
equipment were not estimated.
1.
Multiply the percentage sulfur in coal by 0.2 to give the allowable per-
centage sulfur in coal. If the allowable percentage in coal is <0.7, use
other sulfur dioxide reduction alternatives.
Compute the difference in cost between the present and proposed fuels
(t!.~/ 106 Btu).
2.
Table 7-13.
COST OF COAL
Sulfur content of coal,
%
Cost,
rt/106 Btu
28
30
33
36
>3
2
1
0.7
3.
Compute the total Btu's of coal consumed.
Total Btu = (pounds of coal currently consumed)
Compute the total annual costs.
(total Btu \ 6
T.A.C. =, 106 -; (t!.~/l0 Btu)
(Btu/lb)
4.
7.3.2.2 Fuel Switching - Procedures are given only for calculating costs of
switching from coal to low-sulfur oil and coal to natural gas. The procedures are
similar to the ones presented in Section 7.3. 1 for control of emissions from indus-
trial boilers. Costs are shown in Tables 7-14, 7-15, and 7-16.
7-14
7. 3. 2.2. 1 Coal to low-sulfur oil.
1.
2.
Multiply the present annual emission of SOx (in pounds) by 0.2
pe rmis sible pounds of SOx emis s ions.
Compute the total Btu's of coal consumed per year.
Total Btu = (lb) (Btu/lb)
Compute the cost of the coal presently being used.
Present cost = total Btu (~/l06 Btu)
Correct for boiler efficiency (coal to oil).
Corrected total Btu = total Btu (~6)
to give the
3.
4.
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
Table 7-14.
COST OF COAL
Sulfur content of coal, C06t,
% U10 Btu
>3 28
2 30
1 33
0.7 36
5. Determine the correct percentage sulfur content of fuel oil.
Table 7-15.
COST OF OIL
Sulfur content sax,
of oil, Cost,
% lb/106 Btua U106 Btu
2.50 2.68 48
2.00 2.14 48
1. 50 1.67 48
1.00 1.07 48
0.25 0.26 69
0.07 0.07 77
aBased on 148,000 Btu per gallon of oil.
6.
S. O. = Permissible Ib SOx emissions
Corrected total Btu/ 1 06
Compute the cost of the proposed fuel oil.
Future cost = Corrected total Btu (<:/106 Btu)
Compute total annual cost of control.
T. A. C. = Future cost (from Step 6) - present cost (from Step 3)
7.
7.3.2.2.2 Coal to natural gas. Use this alternative only if switching from
coal to low-sulfur oil does not satisfy sulfur emission regulations.
1.
Compute the total Btu's of coal consumed.
Total Btu = (1 b) (Btu/lb)
Compute the cost of the coal presently being used.
Present cost = total Btu (<:/106 Btu)
Correct for boiler efficiency.
Corrected total Btu = total Btu (~~)
Compute the cost of the proposed natural gas (firm).
Future cost = corrected total Btu (50<:/106 Btu)
Compute total annual costs.
T. A. C. = Future cost (from Step 4) - present cost (from Step 2)
2.
3.
4.
5.
Total Cost of Remedial Measures
7-15
-------
Table 7-16.
COST OF COAL
Sulfur content of coal,
%
>3
2
1
0.7
cgst,
-------
The cost estimating procedures for Process A relate unit size of the power
plant, load factor, and sulfur content of the coal to annual operating cost. The
following asswnptions were used for the annual cost estimates:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Load factor of 91 percent.
Limestone cost of $2.05 per ton.
Operating time of 8,000 hours per year.
Sulfur content in coal of 3.5 percent.
Ash content in coal of 12.0 percent.
Fixed capital charges equal to 14.5 percent of fixed investment.
Credits are included for expected boiler corrosion reduction and
operating, and investment cost of existing control equipment for elimina-
ting its us e.
The annual costs were calculated on the basis of these assumptions with
corrections made for the sulfur content of coal and the load factor. The procedure
used is given below.
1.
Compute the overall investment cost (1. C.) for Process A. The invest-
ment cost should be based on the maximwn generating capacity of the
power plant. 6 The equations are:
1. C. = $ x 106, where X = mW rating of power plant
Process A: I. C. = 1. 6 + 0.006X
If the sulfur content of the coal is different from 3.5%, correct
the overall investment as follows:
~l% = 10% in overall investment
~1. C. = (% sulfur - 3.5%) (0.1) 1. C.
Compute total investment cost by adding Steps (1) and (2):
Total 1. C. = 1. C. from Step (1) + ~ 1. C. from Step (2)
Compute the total annual operating cost. This cost includes depreciation,
capital charges, taxes, insurance, etc. (Total'" 14.50% of 1. C. per year).
Process A: X = mW rating; O. C. = $ x 103
(1) If the mW rating is 0 to 540 mW use:
O. C. = 192.3+ 2. 959X
(2) If the mW rating is > 540 mW use:
O. C. = 736 + 1. 981X
Correct operating cost for sulfur content of fuel.
(~l% in sulfur content "'''13% in O.C.)
~O. C. = (% sulfur - 3.5%) (0. 13) (0. C.)
Compute total annual operating cost by adding Steps (4) and (5).
Total O.C. = O. C. from Step 4 +~O.C. from Step 5
If the actual average load factor is different from 91%, another
correction in operating cost must be made:
a. Calculate the cost per ton of coal at 91 % load factor (L. F. )
by using the following conversion relation:
1 mW requires 3,000 tons of coal
therefore:
O. C. from Step (6)
$/ton coal = .
(3,000 tons/mW) (mW ratmg of power plant)
b. Calculate the change in operating cost per ton of coal as follows
(for Process A):
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Total Cost of Remedial Measures
7-17
-------
(1) If the load factor is 64 to 91%, use ($/ton coal) = ($/ton
coal at 91%) + (91% - L.F.) (0.00642) ($/ton coal at 91%)
(2) If load factor is 33 to 64% use:
($/ton coal) = 1. 2309 ($/ton coal at 91%)
+ (64% - L. F) (0.0208) (1. 2309) ($/ton coal at 91%)
(3) If load factor is 17 to 33% use:
8.
($/ton coal) = (2.0246) ($/ton at 91%) +
(33% - L. F.) 0.0477 (2. 0245)($/ton at 91%)
Compute total annual control cost.
T. A. C. = present fuel consumption (in tons of coal per year) x
$ (from Step 7b)
ton coal
7.3.3 Industrial Processes
7.3.3.1 Particulate Emissions - At present, industrial sources requiring reduc-
tions in particulate emissions are either partially controlled or completely uncon-
trolled. The costs of controlling respective types of sources are given in the
following sections.
7.3.3.1. 1 Partially controlled process sources. The majority of sources
were partially controlled by equipment designed for a given gas volume. For
these sources it is assumed that add-on gas -cleaning equipment will be used to
reduce present particulate emis sions to the allowable level. If a partially con-
trolled source needed only 10 percent additional control or less to meet the regu-
lation, it was assumed that compliance would be obtained by improving maintenance
practices for the existing control equipment, with no major capital expenditure.
Equations for annual control costs for three types of particulate gas -cleaning
equipment were derived for use in estimating the cost of add-on gas -cleaning
equipment. Only wet scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators, or fabric filters are
used as add-on gas-cleaning equipment. Only these three types of gas-cleaning
equipment are capable of removing fine particles not removed by the existing gas-
cleaning equipment. Since detailed information needed to make precise cost
estimates was not available, several assumptions were made as required, and
low and high annual costs were calculated. The equations given below, which
are simplified, express annual cost as a function of gas volume and hours of
operation (y = dollars x 103; X = acfm x 103; t.H = 8,760 - actual hours of operation).
Wet scrubbers
Low efficiency, 11 to 83 percent.
a. Low cost: y = 0.3224 + O. 1088X - (4.83 x 10-6)t.H(X)
b. High cost: y = 0.3224 + O. 2716x - (18.89 x 1O-6)t.H(X)
2. Medium efficiency, 84 to 94 percent
a. Low cost: y = 0.987 + O. 2164X - (13.03 x 1O-6)t.H(X)
b. High cost: y = 0.987 + O. 6152X - (51. 70 X 1O-6)t.H(X)
1.
3.
High efficiency, 95 to 99.5 percent.
a.
Low cost: y = 1. 481 + O. 6470X - (55.91 x 10-6)t.H(X)
7-18
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
-6
b. High cost: y = 1. 481 + 2. 2202X - (223.21 x 10 )t>H(X)
Fabric filters
1.
Type "A". High-temperature synthetics, woven and felt.
automatic cleaning.
a. Low cost: y = 0.373 + O. 3299X -(3.9 x 1O-6)t>H(X)
b. High cost: y = 0.496 + o. 5044X - (15.6 x 10-6) t>H(X)
Type "B". Medium-temperature synthetics, woven and felt.
Continuous automatic cleaning.
Continuous
2.
a. Low cost: y = 0.893 + O. 1995X - (3.9 x 10-6) t>H(X)
b. High cost: y = 1. 192 + O. 3407X - (15.6 x 10-6)t>H(X)
3.
Type "C". Woven natural fibers.
compartment.
a. Low cost: y = 0.683 + o. 138X - (3.9 x 10-6)t>H(X)
-6
b. High cost: y = 0.900 + 0.2679X - (15.6 x 10 ) t>H(X)
Intermittently cleaned; single
High-voltage electrostatic precipitators
1.
Low efficiency, 11 to 87 percent.
-6
a. Low cost: y = 4.714 +.0. 0944X (0.95 x 10 )t>H(X)
-6
b. High cost: y = 4.714 + O. 1394X - (3.8 x 10 )t>H(X)
2. Medium efficiency, 88 to 94 percent.
a. Low cost: y = 9. 082 + O. 1497X - (1. 3 x 10-6) t>H(X)
b. High cost: y ~ 9. 082 + O. 2038X - (5.20 x 10-6) t>H(X)
3. High efficiency, 95 to 99.5 percent.
-6
a. Low cost: y = 14.51 + O. 2407X (2. a x 10 )t>H(X)
-6
b. High cost: y = 14.51 + O. 3132X - (8. a x 10 ) t>H(X)
Low-voltage electrostatic precipitators «50, 000 acfm)
1.
Low efficiency, 11 to 87 percent.
a. Low cost: y = 0.7706 + 0.2374X (0. 075 x 10-6) t>H(X)
b. High cost: y = 0.7706 + 0.2568X - (0.300 x 10-6) t>H(X)
2. Medium efficiency, 88 to 94 percent.
a. Low cost: y = 1. 046 + O. 2877X (0.14 x 10-6)t>H(X)
b. High cost: y = 1. 046 + 3060X - (0.56 x 10-6) t>H(X)
3. High efficiency, 95 to 99.5 percent.
a. Low cost: y = 1. 378 + O. 4553X (0.2 x 10":6)t>H(X)
b. High cost: y = 1. 378 + O. 4756X - (0.80 x 10-6) t>H(X)
Basically, the equations were derived by: (1) assuming four gas-flow rate~
(25, 000; 50, 000: lOa, 000: and 150, 000 acfm) for each type of gas-cleaning equip-
ment; (2) making assumptions to be used in calculating control costs; (3) estima-
10tal Cost of Remedial Measures
7-19
-------
ting annual control cost for each type of gas -cleaning equipment at each gas
volume; (4) writing an equation relating the calculated costs and assumed gas -flow
rates; and (5) adjusting the equation for actual hours of operation. The procedure
used to estimate the annual control costs in Step (3) above is:
1.
Calculate the purchased cost of add-on gas-cleaning equipment.
(X = acfm x 103: y = dollars x 103)
Wet scrubbers:
Low efficiency
Medium efficiency
y = 1. 257 + O. l45X
Y = 2.886 + 0.228X
Y = 2.886 + 0.228X
High efficiency
Fabric filters:
Type "A".
High-temperature synthetics, woven and felt.
Continuous automatic cleaning.
y = 1. 448 + O. 83 8X
Type "B".
Medium-temperature synthetics, woven and felt.
Continuous automatic cleaning.
y = 3.478 + 448X
Type "C".
Woven natural fibers.
compartment.
Intermittently cleaned; single
y = 2.658 + O. 325X
High-voltage electrostatic precipitators:
Low efficiency
Medium efficiency
y:;;;; 19.695 + O. 3l8X
Y = 31. 243 + O. 441X
Y = 42.413 + O. 623X
High efficiency
Low-voltage electrostatic precipitators:
Low efficiency
Medium efficiency
y = 3.219 + O. 968X
y = 3.599 + 1. 140X
Y = 4.030 + 1. 312X
High efficiency
3.
Add the installation cost factor to the purchased cost to get total
installed cost. The installation cost factor is expressed as a per-
centage of the purchase cost and includes items such as auxiliary
equipment (fans, motors, ductwork, etc.), transportation of equip-
ment, site preparation, and erection of equipment. The installation
cost factor is assumed and varies according to the type and efficiency
of the gas-cleaning equipment (Table 7 -18).
Annualize the total installed cost. A factor known in engineering
economy as the capital recovery factor permits the expression of
the initial investment cost in terms of a uniform annual cost to
account for depreciation of the control equipment plus an assumed
10 percent interest rate for financing the investment.
2.
7-20
JO.INT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
-I
CI
-
D)
C")
CI
II>
-
Table 7~18. ASSUMPTIONS USED FOR CONTROL COST ESTIMATES
'-J
I
N
--'
Gravity collectors Cyclones Wet scrubbers
Assumption La Ma Ha L M H L M H
Inlet tempera- 750 750 500
ture, of
Collection effi- 11 to 35 36 to 50 51 to 65 11 to 50 51 to 70 71 to 90 11 to 83 84 to 94 95 to 99
ci ency, %
Install ati on 33 67 100 35 50 100 50 100 200
factor, % of
purchase cost
Years of depre- 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15
ciation
Interest rate, % 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Overhead charges, 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0
% of I.C.
E1ectri city, L 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005
$/kW-hr M 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.0:1.1 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.011
H 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020
Hours of 8,760 8,760 8,760 8,760 8,760 8,760 8,760 8,760 8,760
operation
Maintenance L 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.02 0.02 0.02
cost, M 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.04 0.04 0.04
$/acfm
H 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.06 0.06 0.06
Pressure drop, 0.5 0.5 0.5 2 3 4 5 15 60
in. H20
Cost of water, 0.35 0.50 1.00
$10-3/ga1
CI
-
::c
(I)
:3
(I)
CI.
~
s::
(I)
D)
II>
C
a;
II>
-------
.......
I
N
N
Table 7-18 (continued). ASSUMPTIONS USED FOR CONTROL COST ESTIMATES
"-
a
z
-.oj
>
:::tJ
"'t:J
a
r-
r-
c::
-.oj
a
:z
(;?
-.oj
c::
c
-<
Low-voltage ESP Hiqh-voltage ESP Fabric filters
Assumption L M H L M H L M H
Inlet tempera- 750 750 250 - 500
ture, of
Collection effi- 11 to 87 88 to 94 95 to 99 11 to 87 88 to 94 95 to 99 All are >99
c i ency, %
Installation 40 70 100 40 70 100 50 75 100
factor, % of
purchase cost -
Years of depre- 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15
ciation
Interest rate, % 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Overhead charges, 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0
% of I.D.
El ectri city., L 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005
$/kW-hr M 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.011
H 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 8.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020
-
Hours of 8,760 8,760 8,760 8,760 8,760 8,760 8,760 8,760 8,760
opera ti on
Maintenance L 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02
cost, M 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.05 0.05
$/acfm
H 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.08 0.08 0.08
-
Pressure drop, Neg Neg Neg Neg Neg Neg 2 to 3 4 to 5 6 to 8
in. H20
Cost of water,
$10-3/gal
aL = low efficiency; M = medium efficiency; H = high efficiency.
-------
4.
Add operating and maintenance costs to the annualized installed
cost. This cost was based upon one variable: gas flow rate into
the control equipment. Other variables - hours of operation of the
control equipment, electricity costs, maintenance costs, pressure
drops, and cost of water - used to calculate operating and mainten-
ance were made constant.
5.
Add annual overhead charges. These are charges for taxes and
insurance and they are assumed to be 4 percent of the installed cost.
Sales tax on the purchased equipment, investment tax credits, and cost for
disposing of collected particulates were not included in the estimates.
Procedures are given below for manually calculating the cost of add-on
controls for particulate emissions from industrial processes.
1.
From Table 7-19 determine the add-on equipment that is compatible
with existing control equipment. Desired particulate collection
efficiency can be calculated as (1 - P2) 100.
100
Estimate gas volumes for sizing add-on control equipment. Calcu-
late the values missing from Table 7-20 by performing the lettered
steps indicated in the column heatings.
2.
A.
Ascertain the exit-gas volume (presented as given gas volume
in steps B, C, and D) for respective industrial plant stacks.
B.
(Given gas volume) ( 460 + 250
460 + Assumed gas temperature
Adjusted gas volume at 2500 F
) =
C.
(Given gas volume) ( 450 + 500 ) =
460 + Assumed gas temperature
Adjusted gas volume at 5000 F
D.
(Given gas volume) (
460 + 750 ) =
460 + Assumed gas temperature
3.
Adjusted gas volume at 7500 F
Determine annualized control costs by first referring to Table 7 -19
to get the appropriate control equipment for the desired efficiency.
Next, refer to Table 7 -20 to ~et the adjusted gas volume to be used
in the equations in Table 7 -21 (X is in thousands of cubic feet per
minute;.:1H = 8?60 - actual hours of operation; CL and CH are in
thousands of dollars).
7.3.3.1.2 Uncontrolled process sources. For sources with no existing gas-
cleaning equipment, standard procedures could not be followed. For these sources,
individual cost estimates based upon literature surveys were made to determine
feasible control alternatives. Gas volumes to be handled by the equipment were
estimated by converting given pounds of gas per hour to standard cubic feet per
minute. If feasible control alternatives, gas volumes, and hours of operation
are known, estimates of annual costs of control can be made. The above proced-
ures were followed except where lack of information on pounds of gas per hour
prevented conversion to a gas flow rate or where control costs could be calculated
Total Cost of Remedial Measures
7-23
-------
'-I
I
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-+::a
....
a
:z
-j
:>
:::tJ
-c
a
r
r
c
-j
a
:z
Co')
--I
C
C
-<
Table 7-19.
COMPATIBLE ADD-ON CONTROL EQUIPMENT FOR REMOVAL OF PARTICLES
Electrostatic precipitators, Fabri c fi 1 ters ,
Wet scrubbers, at 5000 F at 7500 F at 5000 F or 2500 F
Assumed collection efficiency,a Assumed collection efficiency,a Assumed collection efficiency,a
Existing control % % %
equipment 11 to 83 84 to 94 95 to >99 11 to 97 84 to 94 95 to >99 11 to >99
Gravity collectors x x x x x x x
Cyc 1 ones x x x x x x x
Wet scrubbers x x x - - - -
Electrostatic - - - x x x x
preci pita tors
Fabri c fi 1 ters - - - - - - x
aA lower limit of 11 percent is given because it was assumed that if a partially controlled source needed only 10
percent additional control or less to meet the particulate regulation, compliance would be obtained by improved
maintenance practices with no capital expenditure.
Table 1-l0.
ESTIMATION OF ADJUSTED GAS VOLUMES FOR DETERMINING SIZE
OF ADD-ON CONTROL EQUIPMENT
Given gas Adjusted gas volume
volume Assumed gas 2500 F 5000 F 7000 F
Existing control temperature,
equipment A of B C 0
Gravity collectors 750
Cyclones 750
Wet scrubbers 500
Electrostatic 750
preci pi tators
Fabric filters 500
-------
Tab 1 e 7 - 21.
ANNUAL COSTS FOR ADD-ON CONTROL EQUIPMENT
Control
equipment
Wet scrubbers
Electrostatic
precipitators
Low voltage,
<50,000 acfm
Effi ci ency, Annual cost, $103
%
11 to 83 CL = 0.3224 + 0.1088X - (4.83 x 10-6)6H(X)
CH = 0.3224 + 0.2716X - (18.89 x 10-6)6H(X)
84 to 94 CL = 0.987 + 0.2146X - (13.03 x 10-6)6H(X)
CH = 0.987 + 0.6152X (51.70 x 10~6)6H(X)
95 to >99 CL = 1.481 + 0.6470X (55.91 x 10-6)6H(X)
CH = 1.481 + 2.2202X (223.21 x 10-6)6H(X)
11 to 87 CL = 0.7706 + 0.2374X - (0.075 x 10-6)6H(X)
CH = 0.7706 + 0.2568X - (0.300 x 10-6)6H(X)
88 to 94 CL = 1.046 + 0.2877X (0.14' x 1O-6)6H(X)
CH = 1.046 + 0.3060X (0.56 x 10-6)6H(X)
95 to 99.5 CL = 1.378 + 0.4553X (0.2 x 10-6)6H(X)
CH = 1.378 + 0.4756X (0.80 x 10-6)6H(X)
11 to 87 CL = 4.714 + 0.0944X (0.95 x 10-6)6H(X)
CH = 4.714 + 0.1394X (3.8 x 10-6)6H(X)
88 to 94 CL = 9.082 + 0.1497X (1 . 3 x 1 0 - 6) 6H (X)
CH = 9.082 + 0.2038X (5.20 x 10-6)6H(X)
95 to 99.5 CL = 14.51 + 0.2407X (2.0 x 10-6)6H(X)
CH = 14.51 + 0.3132X (8.0 x 10-6)6H(X)
Type "A" tL = 0.373 + 0.3299X (3.9 x 10-6)6H(X)
>99 CH = 0.496 + 0.5044X (15.6 x 10~6)6H(X)
Type "B" CL = 0.893 + 0.1995X (3.9 x 10-6)6H(X)
>99 CH = 0.900 + 0.2679X (15.6 x 10-6)6H(X)
Electrostatic
precipitators
High voltage
Fabri c fi 1 ters
on the basis of historical data generated by industrial control cost studies. As an
example, cupola melt rates from grey-iron foundries can be used as a basis for
estimating annual control costs.
7.3.3.2 Sulfur Dioxide Emissions - Standard procedures have not been developed
for estimating the annual costs of reducing sulfur dioxide emissions from indus-
trial processes. Individual cost estimates were based, therefore, on literature
surveys. In general, however, the control techniques given in Table 7-l2 were
used as a basis for estimating annual control costs.
The annual cost for wet scrubbing with soda ash liquor was determined by
using information taken from an article by Kopita and Gleason. 11 An equation was
developed from this information and is given as follows:
f 0.6 1
!. sc m )
Annual cost = $48S + \55,000 ($25,000) + $(scfm)Z
Total Cost of Remedial Measures
7-25
-------
Source code
14
19
23
26
35
36
64
69
117
118
120
433
436
450
451
452
453
476
477
479
480
481
494
Table 1-22.
SULFUR DIOXIDE CONTROL TECHNIQUES
Source type
H2S f1 are
H2S04
manufacturing
H2S04
manufacturing
P~lp liquor process
Coke oven process
H2S04
manufacturing
Glass melting
Open burning
Process fluid coker
Sulfur plant
Open burning
H2S flare
Carbon black plant
( dryer)
Sulfur plant
Gear oi 1
manufacturing
H2S f1 are
Catalytic cracker
H2S f1 are
H2S flare
Sulfur plant
Glass furnace
Glass furnace
Catalytic cracker
Control technique
Replace with incinerator; w~t
scrubbing with soda ash 11quor
Doub1e-absorption-contact acid
plant
Doub1e-absorption-contact acid
plant
Wet scrubbing with soda ash liquor
Wet scrubbing with soda ash liquor
Doub1e-absorption-contact acid
plant
Wet scrubbing with soda ash liquor
Convert to sanitary landfill
Electrostatic precipitator; wet
scrubbing with soda ash liquor
Wet scrubbing with soda ash liquor
Convert to sanitary landfill
Replace with incinerator; wet
scrubbing with soda ash liquor
Wet scrubbinQ with soda ash liquor
Wet scrubbing with soda ash liquor
Wet scrubbing with soda ash liquor
Replace with incinerator; wet
scrubbing with soda ash liquor
Electrostatic precipitator; wet
scrubbing with soda ash liquor
Replace with incinerator; wet
scrubbing with soda ash liquor
Replace with incinerator; wet
scrubbing with soda ash liquor
Wet scrubbing with soda ash liquor
Wet scrubbing with soda ash liquor
Wet scrubbing with soda ash liquor
Wet scrubbing with soda ash liquor
where 8 = tons of 80Z removed; scfm = gas flow of process.
The annual cost for replacing HZ 8 flares with incinerators was determined
by first estimating low and high investment costs for incinerators. Next, annual
capital charges were assumed to be ZO percent of the investment cost. It was
assumed that fuel costs will be the same with the incinerator as with the flares;
therefore, the incremental operating cost will be zero. The total annual cost for
replacement was the low and high annual capital charges.
7-26
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY
-------
The annual cost for converting open burning to sanitary landfill was $0.30 per
ton of refuse burned annually. This is based upon the National Solid Waste Survey.
The annual cost of the double-absorption-contact acid plant is based upon a low and
a high cost per ton of S02 removed. The low estimate is $12.59 per ton of S02
removed; the high estimate is $26.59 per ton of S02 removed. These figures are
taken from the National Emission Standard Study, Appendix E, November 1969.
The annual cost of electrostatic precipitators, which are sometimes needed to
preclean gas going to the wet scrubber, is based upon equations given in Section
7.3.3. 1 of this report.
7.4 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 7
1.
Ernst and Ernst.
The Fuel of Fifty Cities.
November 1968.
2.
Unpublished data. U. S. DHEW, PHS, EHS, National Air Pollution Control
Administration. Office of Program Development, Fuel Policy Section.
Washington, D. C.
3.
Control Techniques for Particulate Air Pollutants. U. S.
CPEHS, National Air Pollution Control Administration.
Publication Number AP-51. January 1969.
DHEW, PHS,
Washington, D. C.
4.
Control Techniques for Sulfur Oxides.
Air Pollution Control Administration.
Number AP-52. January 1969.
U. S. DHEW, PHS, CPEHS, National
Washington, D. C. Publication
5.
Sulfur Oxide Removal from Power Plant Stack Gas - Use of Limestone in
Wet-Scrubbing Proce;s. Tenn. Valley Authority, Muscle Shoals, Ala.
June 1969.
6.
Steam-Electric Power Plant Factors.
1968.
Detroit Edison Co.
Detroit, Michigan.
7.
Regional Air Pollution Analysis.
Va. July 1969.
TR W, Resources Research, Inc.
Reston,
8.
Ernst and Ernst.
January 1969.
Cost Effectiveness Study of the National Capitol Area.
9.
Ernst and Ernst.
July 1969.
Cost Effectiveness Study of the Greater Kansas City Area.
10.
A Systems Analysis Study of the Integrated Iron and Steel Industry.
Memorial Institute. Columbus, Ohio. May 1969.
Battelle
11.
Kopita, R. and T. G. Gleason. Wet Scrubbing of Boiler Flue Gases.
cal Engineering Progress, January 1968.
Chemi-
12.
Danielson, John A. (Ed.). Air Pollution Engineering Manual. Uo So DHEW,
PHS, National Center for Air Pollution Control. Cincinnati, Ohio. 1967.
13.
Grant, Eugene L. and W. Grant Ireson.
4th ed. The Ronald Press Co. 1964.
Principles of Engineering Economy,
Total Cost of Remedial Measures
7-27
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