71-23
 A Report on the Emission Performance of the
Army Sponsored Ford Stratified Charge  Engine
                  April 1971
               John C. Thomson
   Division of Emission Control Technology
   Mobile Source Pollution Control Program
         Air Pollution Control Office
       ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

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Vehicle Tested    .  .

The vehicle tested during this evaluation was an Army.M-151

1/4 ton truck.  This was the same vehicle tested in May

1970 with only minor modifications to the emission control

system.  The M-151 is a general purpose vehicle used through-

out the world by the U. S. Army.  It is equipped with a four
  ^
wheel drive system with the front wheel drive portion con-

trolled by the driver.  It is also equipped, with a four

speed transmission.  This transmission has a very low first

gear and for normal driving it is not used.  For all of the

emission tests, the transmission was used only in second,

third and fourth.  A modified shift pattern was suggested by
                                    I
Ford due to the unusual weight to hdrsepower ratio of this

vehicle.  The Army M-151 is tested with an inertia weight of

3000 pounds calculated from the actual weight of the vehicle.

This vehicle is supplied with a seventy horsepower engine,

and when the friction losses of the drive train are taken

into account, can only meet the required accelerations with

difficulty.  In addition, the independent rear suspension

system will not tolerate  the vibration from the four cylinder

engine at low speed,  necessitating more gear changes than

normally required.  As a result, it is difficult to achieve

the best possible emission results from this engine as

installed in the Army vehicle.


The engine used in these tests, a 141 CID four cylinder with

3" bore and 3 7/8" stroke, was developed by the Ford Motor

Company through joint U. S. Army - APCO contracts.  This

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engine is the "low emission" version of their stratified

charge combustion system and is called the Proco conversion.


The basic stratified charge system used by Ford uses an un-

throttled air intake with fuel injected directly into the

cylinder.  This engine uses a low pressure (600 p.s.i.) mechani-

cal fuel injection pump that is integrated with the ignition

distributor.  The injected fuel mixes with a portion of the

air in the vicinity of the spark plug, where it is ignited.

The combustion system is shown in Figure 1.  The extended tip

spark plug places the spark near the center of the cup combus-

tion chamber.
                                      !

In order to provide low emissions from this engine, several

modifications were made in the control systems.  Extensive

dynamometer tests indicated that a very close control over

fuel air ratio was required in order to achieve the emission

values needed to meet 1976 standards.  For this reason an air

throttle system was developed to provide a 17:1 air-fuel

ratio.  In addition exhaust gas recirculation was added to

reduce the amount of oxides of nitrogen.  Due to the direct

cylinder injection this exhaust gas .recirculation seems to

have no effect on driveability, even at 11% recycle used

during the first three minutes of test.  During the

remainder of the test, about 9-10% recycle was used.


This engine was provided with a thermal reactor.  However,

the contribution of the reactor to emission reduction was

minimal according to Ford data.  In addition, an Engelhard

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off-the-shelf catalytic reactor was used to reduce the peak

on hydrocarbons and to encourage a reaction between the CO

and NO in the exhaust.  A lead sterile fuel was used to be

compatible with this reactor.


The air-fuel ratio control was an experimental unit and did

not contain an ambient pressure compensator.  The lack

of pressure compensation made the system dependent on atmos-

pheric pressure and explains some of the variation in test

data.


As this vehicle does not need enrichment during start or

warm-up, there is little change between cold and hot start

data other than that found due to the cold catalyst.  For

this reason repetitive hot starts were not attempted.


Data on two new standard M-151's is also enclosed for infor-

mation.  A single number has been obtained by averaging 3

tests on each vehicle.


Data from this vehicle was reported in report number 70-4

"Exhaust Emissions from a Stratified Charge Ford Combustion

Process  (FCP) Engine".  In addition, data on another stan-

dard M-151 is in report number 70-2 "Emissions from a Standard

M-151 Jeep".

   f
Tests Used

In order to evaluate the emission performance of the vehicles

tested the 1972 LA4-S4 test cycle was used for all tests.

This is the test cycle that will be used for certifying all

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A~
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new light duty motor vehicles beginning in 1972.
Theemis-
sion standards for various years are shown below, with the
1975 standards also shown with the emissions data.
 HC CO N02
1972 3.4 39 
1973 3.4 39 3
1975 .46 4.7 3
1976 .46 4.7 *
*The number for 1976 NOX has not been determined although

present thinking is that it will be in the range of 0.3 to 0.7.
Throughout the report, HC will be used to abreviate unburned
hydrocarbons, CO will be used for carbon monoxide and NOx
for oxides of nitrogen.
For these tests results are reported with HC measured using a
flame ionization detector, CO and C02 using-a non dispersive
infrared analyzer and oxides of nitrogen using a modified
Saltzman technique and the chemiluminescent technique.
Emission Results
The results of our tests are reported in Tables 1 and 2.
In
Table 1 a comparison is made between the projected standards,
the vehicle as tested and the standard M-151.
From this table
it appears that the vehicle may meet the standards for 1976.
The emission reduction over the standard vehicle is very
.signifi6ant.

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Conclusions
The Ford stratified charge system has the potential of meet:ing
the 1976 emission standards and still maintain the driveability
. and fuel economy of the uncontrolled vehicle.
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SPARSC PLUG
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                                  FUEL INJECTOR

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Table 1
1972 LA4-S4 Emission Test Comparison
All Results in Grams Per Mile
    HC CO C02 NOx NOX 
    FID IR IR Saltz CI 
PROCO (FCP)   0.3 3.2 439 0.6 0.6 
Federal Standards .(1976) 0.46 4.7   ..3-.7 (es t.)
 Standard M-151       
(I of 2 Vehicles, 6 tests) 5.4 122 428 1.8 2.0 

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        -  Table 2



1972 LA4 Emission Test Results



 All Results in Grams Per Mile



All Tests on Ford Proco System
Notes
No EGR
EGR Special Shift
EGR Special Shift
EGR Special Shift
EGR Standard Shift
HC
FID
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.4
CO
IR
0.9
3.2
1.7
1.5
1.7
C02
IR
376
439
412
386
435
NOX
Saltz
1.9
0.6
0.9
1.0
0.5
NOX
CI
1.9
0.6
0.9
1.2
0.7

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