71-12
Exhaust Emissions From a Passenger Automobile
Equipped with Electronic Fuel Injection
December 1970
John C. Thomson
Division of Motor Vehicle Research and Development
National Air Pollution Control Administration
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
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Vehicle Tested
The exhaust emission characteristics of a Ford Thunderbird
equipped with electronic fuel injection were determined
over a standard series of tests. The vehicle installation
was made by the Bendix Corporation and consisted of a com-
plete conversion to fuel injection. The vehicle used a
standard Ford 429 cubic inch V-8 engine with all normal
accessories. The engine was tuned by Bendix to provide
minimum exhaust emissions with little consideration toward
driveability.
Tests Conducted
The following tests were performed on this vehicle:
1. Standard 1970 Federal test procedure for exhaust
emission (FTP).
2. Closed, constant volume sampling technique using
9 repeats of the Federal emissions test cycle (9 CVS).
3. Closed, constant volume sampling technique using
the LA4-S3 driving schedule proposed for 1972 and later
testing (LA4).
Closed cycle data were taken using a constant volume sampling
technique. Bag samples \vere analyzed using non-dispersiv1~
infrared analysis for" carbon monoxide with hydrocarbons"
measured using flame ionization detector. Oxides of nitrogen
are reported as measured with a modified Saltzman technique
and the Whittaker NOx Box. Due to recent examination of
equipment malfunctions the reliability of either NOx techni-
que is in question.
In addition to the standard emission tests, some performance
data was obtained. The acceleration tests consisted of wide
open throttle accelerations (WOT) from 0-60 mph, 20-50 mph
and 50-80 mph. A standard Thunderbird was used. for comparison
during this test.
"Emission Results
Due to the wide variation in emission results obtained in
the four tests run all of the results are presented in Table
1. The wide variations are probably due to the driveability
problems encountered during the tests. As can be seen from
these results the vehicle failed to pass either the 1970
or the 1972 emission standards. The oxides of nitrogen are
moderately low although still not below the 1975 proposed
standard" of 0.9 gpm. There is still room "for considerable
improvements in emission levels.
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Acceleration Results
The acceleration tests were run over the same roads under
similar conditions. Both vehicles had passenger loads of
350. pounds. The tests are an average of two runs in oppo-
site directions. Table 2 shows the tests run and the results.
The fuel injected vehicle was slightly faster on the 0-60 :mph
acceleration runs but on the other tests the standard vehicle
was considerably faster. There was a very objectionable hesi-
tation on tip-in and surging on cruise. Overall driveability
was deemed commercially unacceptable.
Conclusions
This vehicle conversion resulted in a vehicle that would not
meet the present or proposed emission standards. In addi-
tion the performance and driveability were adversely affected.
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TABLE 1
Emission Results
LA4* 9X7 FTP**
Call results . per mile)
J.n grams
Hydrocarbons 10.8 5.4 4.3 5.7 2.3 2.3
Carbon Monoxide 50 40 34 60 21 22
Carbon Dioxide 916 899 746 748
Oxides of Nitrogen
(Saltzman) 1.2 1.5 1.9 2.0
Oxides of Nitrogen
(NOx Box) 3.1 2.5 2.3 2.4
Oxides of Nitrogen
(Infrared) 1.6 1.5i
* 1972 Emission Standards are HC = 3.4 gpm, CO = 39 gpm.
** 1970 Emission Standards are HC = 2.2 gpm, CO = 23 gpm.
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0-60 mph
20-50 mph
50-80 mph
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TABLE 2
Acceleration Results
Bendix T-Bird
10.6 sec.
7.3 sec.
13.0 sec.
Standard T-Bird
10.8 sec.
5.5 sec.
9.0 sec.
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