-------
Function/
Task Number
IQS - 9
Pollutant/ I/ Date 2/ Total Funding
Description Activities Start End $l,000's Task Description
Part. Mass D, FT, E, 2-6 5-3 510
P
Develop a Constant Volume Sampling Proce-
dure which will Permit the Measurement of
IQS - 10
IQS - 11
IQS - 12
IQS - 13
IQS - 14
Part. Mass
D, FT, E, P
Visible Emissions FT, E, P
Visibility of R, FT, E,
Effluent Plumes P
Part. Size D, FT
Particle Size D, FT
Distribution
IQS
IQS
- 15
- 16
No. of
Particles
Particle
Composition
D, FT
D, FT
IQS - 17
Asbestos
FT, E, P
0-6
0-6
0-6
0-6
0-6
1-6
0-6
OT-6
2-10 1715
1-10 235
2-3
1-10
2-10
2-10
4-3
1-10
740
150
375
130
450
155
Total Particulate Mass Loading with ap-
propriate Dilution to Represent the Prob-
able Particulate Formation of the Effluent
Gases after Leaving the Stack
Develop an Instrument for and Evaluate
Continuous Measurement of Total Particu-
late Mass Loading
Promulgate a Manual Method for Visible
Emissions Based on White Smoke Guides
Develop and Evaluate a Transmissometer for
In-Stack Automated Measurement of Visi- ^
bility of Effluent Plumes and Relate ^
Opacity Measurement to Human Observations
Develop a Manual Method for Determining
Particle Size Distribution in the Range
of 0.05 to 0.5y
Develop and Evaluate an Automated Sampler/
Analyzer to Determine Particle Size Dis-
tribution
Evaluate Instruments to Sample and Analyze
for the Number of Particles in a Gas Sanple
Develop and Test an On-Stream Analyzer
for Measurement of Composition of Particu-
lates
Evaluate Manual Methods of Analysis for
Asbestos
-------
Function/
Task Number
IQS
IQS
IQS
IQS
IQS
IQS
IQS
IQS
IQS
IQS
- 18
- 19
- 20
- 21
-- 22
- 23
- 24
- 25
- 26
- 27
Pollutant/ I/
Description Activities
Hg FT, E, P
Be D, FT, E, P
Hg Ft, E, P
Asbestos D, FT, E, P
Be R, D, FT,
E, P
CO D, FT, E, P
HC D, FT, E, P
Organic D, FT
Compounds
H2S and Totally D, FT, E, P
Reduced S Odors
NH RNH2 D, FT, E, P
Date
Start 1
0-6
1-6
1-6
1-6
1-6
0-6
0-6
1-6
0-6
0-6
Date 2_/ Total Funding
En_d_ _$_!_ ,000_' s___
2-3
2-9
4-3
2-3
2-3
3-3
180
155
2-10 155
310
4-10 355
310
1-10 365
2-10 350
360
260
Task Description
Evaluate Manual Methods of Analysis for
Mercury
Develop and Evaluate Manual Methods of
Analysis for Beryllium
Evaluate Automated Instruments for
Measuring Mercury Emissions
Develop and Evaluate Automated Asbestos
Emission Monitors
Research, Develop and Test Automated In-
struments for Continuous Monitoring of
Beryllium Emissions o
Evaluate Available CO Instruments for
Manual and Automated Measurements
Evaluate Available Instruments for
Measuring Total Hydrocarbons
Evaluate Gas Chromatographic Systems In-
cluding Separation Columns and Detectors
for Measuring Specific Organic Compounds
in Effluent Cases
Evaluate Commercially Available Instruments
for Determining ^S and Totally Reduced
Sulfur Odors from Stationary Source
Emissions
Develop Tests and Evaluate Appropriate
Columns for the Analysis of Ammonia and
Amines from Effluent Gases to Determine
the Specific Concentration of the
Odorants
-------
Function/
Task Number
Pollutant/
Description
IQS - 28
IQS - 29
IQS - 30
IQS - 31
IQS - 32
IQS - 33
IQS - 36
IQS - 37
RCOOH, RCHO
Odors
Cl
HC1, Cl
IQS - 34 Cd
IQS - 35 Pb
As, Se, P
Trace Metals
y Date 2J Total Funding
Activities Start End _$l^OOP_'s __
Task Description
D, FT, E, P
R
D, FT, E, P
D, FT, E, P
D, FT, E, P
D, FT, E, P
D, FT, E, P
D, FT, E, P
D, FT
D, FT
1-6
0-6
0-6
0-6
0-6
1-6
1-6
3-6
1-6
2-6
4-3
2-6
2-8
2-3
3-3
3-3
3-3
4-3
365
275
245
140
2-11 250
140
2-10 180
155
300
550
Develop Tests and Evaluate Commercially
Available Separation Columns for Deter-
mining Organic Acids and Aldehydes
Determine the Chemical Constituents which
are Responsible for Odors from Pulp and
Paper Mills, Petroleum Refineries, Petro-
chemical Plants, Sewage Sludge Incinera-
tors and Animal Rendering Plants
Test and Evaluate Manual Analytics.! Methods
for determining Fluorides
Test and Evaluate the Manual Analytical w
Methods for Determining Chlorides
Test and Evaluate the Available Consnercial
Instruments for Automated Measurement of
Fluorides
Test and Evaluate the Available Ccrmercial
Instruments for Automated Measurements of
Hydrogen Chloride and Total Chlorides
Develop and Evaluate Manual Methods for
Analysis of Cadmium
Develop Manual Methods for the Measurement
at Source Emission Levels of Gaseous Com-
pounds of Lead
Develop Manual Methods for Source Emission
Level Measurements of Gaseous Compounds of
Arsenic, Selenium and Phosphorous
Develop Manual Methods for the Source
Emission Level Measurements of Gaseous
Compounds of the Trace Metals
-------
Function/ Pollutant/ _!/
Activities
Date 2] Total Funding
Start End $1,OOP's
IQS -
IQS -
38
39
Temperature
Profile
Flow Velocity
D,
D,
FT,
FT,
E,
E,
P
P
1-6
0-6
3-3
3-10
205
255
Mobile Sources
IQM - 1
IQM - 2
IQM - 3
IQM - 4
IQM - 5
IQM - 6
Profile
Exhaust Sampling D, FT
System
On-the-Road D, FT
Sampling System
Particulate
Mass Sampling
D, FT, E, P
Sampling Proce- D, FT, E, P
dures Gasoline
Engines
Sampling Proce- D, FT, E, P
dures Diesel
Engines
Sampling Proce- D, FT, E, P
dures Gas Turbine
1-6 2-10 150
2-6 4-10 350
0-6
0-6
1-6
0-6
2-10
1-11
2-10
3-10
460
210
210
260
Task Description
Develop Techniques for Determining the
Temperature Profile Across Stack
Develop Techniques for Determining the
Flow Velocity Profile Across Stack
Develop and Evaluate a Simplified Exhaust
Flow and/or Carburetor Air Intake Sensor
to Control the Proportional Sampling Rates
for Use with the Raw Exhaust Sampling
System w
N>
Simplify and Evaluate the Constant Mass
Sampling System for Potential Use On-the-
Road to Confirm the Validity of the Oper-
ating Test Cycles for Measurements to De-
termine Compliance with the Light Duty
Vehicle Emission Standards
Develop and Evaluate a Sampling Procedure
for Particulate Total Mass Loading Con-
sistent with the Currently Accepted Con-
stant Mass Sampling Procedure
Develop and Evaluate Sampling Procedures
to Obtain Representative Emissions from
Heavy Duty Gasoline Powered Engines
Develop and Evaluate Sampling Procedures
to Obtain Representative Emissions from
Heavy Duty Diesel Powered Engines
Develop and Evaluate Sampling Procedures
to Obtain Representative Emissions from
the Auto Gas Turbine
-------
Function/
Task Number
Pollutant/
Description
_!/ Date 2/ Total Funding
Activities Start End $l,000's
IQM - 7
IQM - 8
IQM - 9
IQM - 10
IQM - 11
IQM - 12
IQM - 13
Sampling Proce-
dures , Other
Advanced Power
Plants
Asbestos
D, FT, E, P
D, FT, E, P
Rubber Particles D, FT, E, P
Assembly Line
Sampling
D, FT, E, P
Inspection System D, FT, E, P
Sampling
Spotcheck Idle
Sampling
Sampling for
Engine Tuning
D, FT, E, P
D, FT, E, P
Task Description
1-6 4-6
0-6
1-6
0-6
1-6
2-10
3-10
2-10
3-10
1000
310
210
510
470
1-6 3-10 340
1-6 3-10 390
Develop and Evaluate Sampling Procedures
for External Combustion and Other Advanced
Automotive Power Plants
Develop and Evaluate a Sampling and
Measurement Procedure for Asbestos
Particles Emitted During Operation of
the Motor Vehicle
Develop and Evaluate a Sampling Procedure
for Rubber Particles Emitted During
Operation of the Motor Vehicle
u>
Develop and Evaluate a Simplified Pro- <•**
cedure for Sampling at the End of the
Line Compatible with the End of the Line
Operating Test Cycle
Develop and Evaluate Sampling Procedures
to Support State Inspection of Motor
Vehicles in General Use Where the Measure-
ment is Made According to the Selected
Operating Procedure at a Fixed Location
with Inertia Wheels or Other Appropriate
Devices to Simulate Road Loading Con-
ditions
Develop and Evaluate a Sampling Procedure
for Use by the States in Inspecting Vehi-
cles in General Use Where the Measurement
is made as Spot Checks at Idle Conditions
Develop and Evaluate Sampling Procedures
for Use by Service Stations and Repair
Facilities to Restore Motor Vehicles to
Proper Emission Standards
-------
Function/
Task Number
IQM - 14
IQM - 15
IQM - 16
IQM - 17
IQM - 18
IQM - 19
IQM - 20
IQM - 21
Pollutant/ H Date 2/ Total Funding
Description . Activities Start End $1 .OOP's
Non-methane HC D, FT, E, P 0-6
Heavy HC
Heavy HC
CO
NO
Reactive HC
Reactive HC
D, FT
FT, E, P
Polycyclic D, FT, E, P 1-6
Organic Matter
D, FT
0-6
2-10 285
0-6 1-11 200
D, FT, E, P 0-6 2-11 260
D, FT, E, P 0-6 2-10 .260
0-6 0-9
135
3-10 360
2-6 425
D, FT, E, P 1-6 3-10 590
Task Description
Develop and Evaluate a Continuous Analyzer
for Measurement of Total Hydrocarbon Less
Methane From Automotive Exhaust
Develop an Analytical Technique to Enable
Research Measurements to be Made of Heavy
Hydrocarbon Emissions
Develop and Evaluate an Instrument for
Measurement of Heavy Hydrocarbons from
Mobile Source Exhaust to Enable Routine
Measurement of Heavy Hydrocarbons During
Certification and Inspection Procedures
Complete Development and Evaluate an
Instrument for Carbon Monoxide with Im-
proved Sensitivity
Complete the Test and Evaluation of
Routine Monitors for Total Nitrogen
Oxide Emissions
Develop and Instrumental Capability for
Routine Monitoring of Polycyclic Organic
Matter from Automobile Exhaust
Develop Laboratory Analytical Methods
for Determining Reactive Hydrocarbons
Present in Automotive Emissions
Develop the Instrumental Capability for
Routine Measurement of the Reactive Com-
ponents of Auto Exhaust
u>
-------
Function/
Task "ur.ibcr
Pollutant/
Doscripti o_n
I/ Date 2f Total Funding
Activities Start End KXV s
Task Description
IQM - 22
IQM - 23
IQM - 24
IQM - 25
IQM - 26
IQM - 27
IQM - 28
IQM - 29
Oxygenates
Oxygenates
Odors
Odors
Odors
Part. Mass
Part. Mass
Part. Mass
D, FT
D, FT, E, P
D, FT
D, FT
FT
R
D, FT, E, P
0-6
0-6
0-6
1-6
150
0-6
0-6
3-10 335
2-6
1-6 3-6
300
0-6 2-3 275
1-6 3-11 525
1-11 175
300
2-11 335
Develop Laboratory Analytical Methods frr
Determining Oxygenates from Auto Exhaust
Develop an Instrumental Routine Meth:d for
Measuring Oxygenates Which Could be Used
to Make Certification and Inspection Tests
Chemically Characterize the Constituents
Responsible for Odors from Diesels and
Gas Turbines to Define Chemical Con-
stituents Which Can be Selected as the
Basis for a Quantitative Measure of Oder
Develop Analytical Techniques for the
Measurement of Odors from Moving Sources *»"<
Develop Routine Instrumental Techniques
for the Measurement of Odors from Moving
Sources
Evaluate the Available Methods for the
Research Determination of Both Parti:ulare
Mass Loading and the Quantity of Fine
Particulates from Mobile Source Vehicular
Exhaust
Characterize the Particulate Emissions
from Motor Vehicle Exhaust to Provide
Information for Design of Routine Instru-
mental Monitors
Develop a Routine Instrumental Capability
to Measure Total Particulate Mass Loading
and the Quantity of Fine Particulate
-------
Function/
Task "i!n;ber
IQM - 30
IQM - 31
IQM - 32
IQM - 33
IQM - 34
Pollutant/
Description
Smoke
Jet Engine
Part. Sampling
Fuel Additive
and Emissions
Fuel Additive
Emissions
Measurement Maintenance
MP - 1
MP - 2
Equivalence
I/ Date 2/ Total Funding
Activities Start End $1,000's
FT, E, P
Jet Engine Gas D, FT
Sampling
D, FT
D, FT, E, P
D, FT
D, FT, P
0-6
0-6
1-6
0-6
1-11
3-6
0-6 2-6
Quality Control R, D, FT, E, 0-6 1-9
P
135
1-11 275
2-rlO 275
1000
1695
0-6 2-9 290
1600
Task Description
Complete the Evaluation of Smoke Meters
for Both Diesel and Gas Turbine Exhausts
to Determine Their Acceptability for
Routine Monitoring of Smoke from Motor
Vehicle Exhaust
Develop and Evaluate Sampling Procedures
for Jet -Engine Exhaust Gaseous Pollutants
Develop and Evaluate Sampling Procedures
to Obtain Representative Emissions for
Jet Engine Particulate Pollutants
Evaluate Measurement Techniques Developed
for Air Pollutants and Trace Metals to ^
Determine if they are Acceptable for "^
Measurements to Support the Fuels and Fuel
Additives Registration Program: Promulgate
Official Measurement Techniques for Fuel
Analysis of Additives
Develop the Procedures Required to Deter-
mine the Nature of and the Amount of
Emissions Resulting From the Use of Fuels
and Fuel Additives to Support the Fuels
and Fuel Additive Registration Program
Develop and Evaluate Procedures for
Determining the Equivalency of New
Measurement Techniques
Develop and Evaluate Standard Materials
to Enable the Routine Calibration of
Measurement Methods in General Use
-------
Function/
Task Number
Pollutant/
_!/
Activities
MP - 3
Quality Control D, FT, E, P
Date 2_/ Total Funding
Start End $1,OOP's
Task Description
0-6
2-10
390
Develop and Evaluate the Procedures and
Test Samples for a Program to Period-
ically Evaluate the Performance Level
of Users of Measurement Techniques
_!/ Activity Abbreviations: R= Research
D = Development
FT = Field Test
E - Evaluation
P = Promulgation of official method unless otherwise noted
2] Start and End dates are in terms of fiscal year and month where "0" is FY72, ''!" is FY73, etc.:
1-7 would be the 7th month in IY73 or January, 1973.
^j Abbreviations of pollutant descriptions are chemical symbols for sulfur dioxide (S02) , carbon monoxide (CO), etc,
~ NOX= Nitrogen Oxides
-------
PART 1
INTRODUCTION. BACKGROUND AMD SCOPE
1. INTRODUCTION
2. BACKGROUND
3. SCOPE
-------
1-1
I . INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this report is to present in detail a research,
development, test and evaluation (RDT&E) plan for the Environmental
Protection Agency, covering the fiscal years 1972 through 1977, to
assure the availability of measurement techniques required in meeting
the legal commitments imposed by the Clean Air Amendments of 1970.
The RDT&E plan will provide for development of air pollution
measurement techniques: to support EPA research and investigations
into the causes, effects and extent of air pollution; to identify and
quantify air pollutants; to assist in the setting of standards and to
determine compliance with standards; and to support a continuing EPA
effort to maintain adequate measurement capabilities.
-------
i-2
2. BACKGROUND
Instrumentation and analytical methods development is auth-
orized under Sections 103 and 104 of the Clean Air Amendments of 1970.
Other provisions of the Act require that instrumentation and analytical
techniques be available for enforcing the standards that have been or
will be set. The control of air pollution depends on the ability to
determine the concentrations of pollutants in the ambient air and at
the sources of the pollutants. The measurement of the pollutants de-
pends on the availability of accurate and consistent instrumentation and/or
methodology for measurement. No truly satisfactory methods or instruments
are currently available for routine monitoring of ambient air or pollution
sources for most pollutants, yet Federal, State, and local control agencies
must soon enforce a series of controls on emissions from sources and must
monitor the ambient air for the achievement of the National Ambient Air
Quality Standards. The apparent potential market for instruments or measurement
apparatus does not provide sufficient incentive for private industry to
invest the required capital into an appropriate research and development
program. Therefore, the Federal government must provide funding for the
KDT&E phases of instrumentation and methodology development, with private
industry undertaking the commercialization of instrumentation so developed.
Because of the acceleration of the air pollution control program
called for in the Clean Air Amendments of 1970, particularly with respect
to new source performance standards and emission standards for hazardous
pollutants, a major expansion in the instrumentation and analytical methods
-------
L-3
development program is necessary. Of particular importance is the lack
of methodology for measuring emissions from stationary sources. The
special provisions of the Act for control agency authorities to measure
and to require and specify the monitoring of emissions by stationary
sources stress the importance of the availability of such methodology.
The pollutants or classes of pollutants that have been
delineated to be of highest priority for control must be covered by ade-
quate measurement techniques. At the minimum, manual methods must be
developed for all of these pollutants, both for ambient air and source
emissions. It is expected that approximately one-third of the pollutants
will have continuous instrumentation developed for ambient air monitoring;
approximately one-half of the pollutants will have stationary source
monitoring instrumentation developed. In addition, many diverse categories
of industries each with its own unique requirements must be covered for
emissions sampling methodology. Instrumentation for measuring compliance
with the standards applicable to 1975 and 1976 light duty motor vehicles
(including advanced power sources) must be developed, as well as instrumenta-
tion to measure emissions from other mobile source classes such as heavy
duty vehicles, aircraft, off-highway vehicles, locomotives, and vessels.
-------
1-4
3. J3C.OPE
3 .1 Genera 1
The RDT&E plan includes only the development of measurement
techniques which contribute to the identification and quantification of
air pollutants. The identification and quantification of the air pollutant
can be used to discharge a legal commitment for measurement in a
specific pollution control application area, e.g. source emission measurement,
or it can be a supporting element in the general research or program
maintenance areas. What determines whether a technique is included in
the plan is whether it contributes to defining the pollutant and determining
its level.
3.2 Discussion of the Scope of the Plan
Several important areas involving the application of measurement
techniques are outside the scope of this KDT&E plan. These areas must
be considered by EPA if the data obtained from the measurement techniques
are to be useful in support of a program to control air pollution. Perhaps
the most important is the specification of how to simulate representative
emissions from moving sources and defining where to sample a source of
emissions. We will consider the simulation of emissions in defining
the measurement capabilities required for the moving source emission
measurement area by referring to the need for an operating test cycle
which is needed to simulate, at a fixed location, the on-the-road emissions
from a motor vehicle. The problems of where to sample is encountered
in determining where in an industrial source one makes the measurement(s)
needed to determine the true emissions from the source. The development
of techniques and procedures to determine how to simulate representative
emissions from moving sources and the development of procedures to determine
where to sample is not included in this RDT&E plan.
The plan provides for special measurement techniques in support
of studies into the causes and extent of air pollution. Techniques provided
for this area include remote pollutant monitoring capabilities to permit
following the level of a pollutant from the point of emission into the
-------
1-5
ambient atmosphere and the development of meteorological measurement capabilities
to provide information on the wind speed and turbulence and on the temperature
profile in the planetary boundary layer.
The plan also provides for special measurement techniques in
support of studies and investigations into the effects of air pollution.
In the health effects area, this includes the development of personnel
dosimeters to measure the exposure of individuals to air pollutants.
The plan does not include the measurement techniques which will be
required Co determine the effect of that pollutant exposure level on the
health of the individual.
The plan recognizes the need for but does not include the
special measurement techniques which may be required to support a
program to develop air pollution control technology. The basic
tools needed for the identification and quantification of air pollutants
in these programs are provided by measurement techniques to be developed
Cor the source emission measurement application area. What is not
included is special one-of-a-kind measurement needs, e.g. the distribu-
tion of limestone dust injected into a utility boiler as part of a SCL
control project.
The plan provides no special techniques for measurements which
may be required during air pollution episodes. The measurement techniques
provided in the plan for ambient air quality monitoring and for source
emission measurement are assumed to be versatile enough to meet measurement
needs during periods of air pollution episodes.
The plan does not include specific tasks for development of
measurement techniques for fine particulates. Fine particulates is a sub-
division of the particulate class which is currently being considered for
either a separate standard or for Inclusion in a modified particulate
standard. The fine particulate designation refers to the quantity of
particulate with particle size below a certain size. Measurement techniques
for fine particulates will involve a combination of techniques developed
for the particulate total mass-loading and particulate size distribution
groupings which are covered in the plan. The reader will note that tasks
for these two groupings are frequently written to include additional work
required in anticipation of a possible fine particulate standard.
-------
1-6
The plan provides for the development of test procedures to
support the program for determining the equivalency of new measurement
techniques. It also provides for the development of test procedures,
test samples and calibration gases required to support the quality control
program. The plan does not provide the funding and manpower required to
conduct either the equivalency determination or the quality control programs,
This plan does not include specific test procedures to control
or monitor pesticides or radiation. There may be a need to add these
areas of concern in future revisions.
3.3 Measurement Techniques Included in the Plan
The RDT&E plan provides for the development of two general types
of measurement techniques: a manual method and an automated (instrumental)
method.
The manual method is a technique suitable for intermittent
measurements and requires the interaction of an operator with the
measurement procedure. In its most basic form, the individual making
the measurement obtains a sample of the atmosphere or stream containing
the pollutant and returns the sample to a laboratory where the level of
the pollutant is determined using a suitable analytical procedure. The
sampling procedure can be short or it can involve collection of the
sample over a period of days or even weeks. Included in the manual
method category is the development of portable measurement instruments
for the most prevalent pollutants. These instruments will enable
governmental representatives to conduct spot inspections of source
emissions to determine compliance with the emission standards.
The automated instrumental method, permits unattended repetitive
measurements of the pollutant level. Once the instrument has been
installed and calibrated, the instrument automatically samples and
analyses the pollutant at a selected repetition rate. The repetition
rate depends on the intended use of the instrument and can vary from
continuous measurement to measurements made at specified intervals
of every few minutes or hours. The automated instrumental method is
intended to be suitable for continuous monitoring of pollutants.
-------
PART 2
MEASUREMENT CAPABILITIES REQUIRED
1. LEGAL JUSTIFICATION FOR THE MEASUREMENTS REQUIRED
1.1 Procedure Used to Determine Measurement
Capabilities Required
1.2 General Requirements
1.3 Measurement Capabilities Required to Support
Research and Investigations
1.4 Measurement Capabilities Required to Identify
and Quantitate Air Pollutants
1.4.1 Ambient Air Quality Measurements
1.4.1.1 National Ambient Air Quality Standards
1.4.1.2 National Emission Standards for
Hazardous Air Pollutants
1.4.1.3 Measurement Requirements
1.4.1.4 Summary of Measurement Capabilities Required
1.4.2 Stationary Source Emission Measurements
1.4.2.1 Standards of Performance for New
Stationary Sources
1.4.2.2 National Emission Standards for
Hazardous Air Pollutants
1.4.2.3 Implemental Plans
1.4.2.4 Measurement Requirements
1.4.2.5 Summary of Measurement Capabilities Required
1.4.3 Moving Source Emission Measurements
1.4.3.1 Special Considerations
1.4.3.2 Measurement of Emissions from Motor Vehicles
1.4.3.3 Measurement of Emissions from Aircraft
1.4.3.4 Measurement Techniques to Support the
Regulation of Fuels
1.4.3.5 Summary of Measurement Capabilities Required
-------
PART 2
(CONTINUED)
1.5 Future Plans of the Environmental Protection Agency
1.5.1 Source Categories for New Source Performance Standards
1.5.2 Pollutants Under Consideration for Future
Control
1.5.3 Additional Moving Source Emission Controls
. 1.6 Measurement Techniques to Support the Programs Required
to Maintain Adequate Measurement Capabilities
1.6.1 Equivalency Determination
' ' ' .
1.6.2 Quality Control Program
2. MATRIX - SUMMARY OF THE MEASUREMENT CAPABILITIES REQUIRED
-------
2-1
PART 2
MEASUREMENT CAPABILITIES REQUIRED
This portion of the report is divided into two sections: one
deals with the legal justification for the measurements required, and
the other gives a complete summary of the current status of and needs
for measurement capabilities in a matrix chart. The first section analyzes
the measurement capability required to assure the timely availability of
analytical methods and instrumentation needed to meet the legal commitments
imposed by the Federal, State and local governments and on private citizens
by the Clean Air Amendments of 1970. Section two described a matrix chart
which is included to give an easy to use reference and summary of
measurement capabilities required. The matrix lists pollution sources,
and specific pollutants to be measured and shows at various intersections
the current status of measurements, methods and additional requirements
needed to achieve the desired measurement capabilities.
1. LEGAL JUSTIFICATION FOR THE
MEASUREMENTS REQUIRED
1.1 Procedure Used to Determine the
Measurement Capabilities Required
This section of the report describes the procedure used to
determine what these measurement needs are and when the measurement
capability .will be needed. At this time, there is no comprehensive
official list of measurement needs nor a timetable for their application
that can be consulted. It is necessary to anticipate many of these
needs so that research and development efforts can be undertaken to
assure the timely availability of measurement techniques required by the
promulgation of air quality and emission standards and by the imple-
mentation of control programs and special research studies.
-------
2-2
In determining these measurement needs, we have analyzed the
legislation, "The Clean Air Amendments of 1970," to determine both the
broad areas of application and the specific goals of this Nation's
program to achieve clean air. These goals will require the availability
of measurement techniques if they are to be successfully accomplished.
These goals were further refined by considering the adminis-
trative promulgations which have been issued by the Environmental
Protection Agency. While these promulgations cover only a relatively
few of the anticipated measurement needs, they provide an official
indication of the trend and direction of the air pollution measurement
program. These promulgations indicate what is to be measured, where
the measurements will be made, how the measurements will be made and who
will be responsible for making the measurements. All of these factors
are important in specifying the capability of measurement techniques.
Information on additional pollutants to be measured and on
additional sources at which measurements will be required were obtained
by considering the future plans of the Environmental Protection Agency.
These plans also provide timetables for measurement needs.
1.2 General Requirements
The Clean Air Amendments of 1970 provide broad guidelines for the
control of air pollution and establish the framework within which measure-
ment techniques must operate as effective tools in support of the air pollu-
tion control program. An analysis of this legislation suggests three broad
areas for inclusion in the measurement techniques development plan:
(1) Measurement techniques to support research and investigations
relating the causes, effects and extent of air pollution.
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(2) Measurement techniques to identify and quantitate data on air
quality and source emissions to assist in the setting of
standards and to determine if pollution levels comply with
the standards.
(3) Measure techniques to support a continuing program to maintain
adequate measurement capabilities required by the Nation's air
pollution control program.
The research and development required in each of these broad
areas is the subject of one section of this report. In the sub-sections
to follow, an analysis of the legislation and of recent adminsitrative
actions to execute the legislation will enable a more detailed definition
of the goals in each of these areas.
1.3 Measurement Capabilities Required to
Support Research and Investigations
Section 103 of the Amendments of 1970 continues a national
program to conduct research and investigations relating to the causes,
effects, extent, prevention and control of air pollution. This program
will require the availability of special, often one of a kind, measure-
ment techniques.
While many of the specific measurement capabilities required
to support this program during the next five years cannot be foreseen
at this time, the current direction of the research and investigation
program suggests that measurement capabilities will be required to
support programs involving the health and welfare effects of air
pollution, the dispersion of air pollutants, the interaction of
pollutants within the planetary boundary layer and the development of
emission control technology. As these programs progress, additional
measurement capabilities will be required.
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A further analysis of the measurement techniques needed to
support studies on the health and welfare effects of air pollution suggests the
development of personal exposure level dosimeters and economic effect measurement
packages. Studies on the dispersion of air pollutants will require the
capability to remotely sense the pollutants as will studies on the inter-
action of pollutants within the planetary boundary layer. The latter studies
also require the capability to remotely measure meteorological profiles
within the boundary layer.
1.4 Measurement Capabilities Required to
Identify and Quantitate Air Pollutants
The identification and quantification of data on air quality and
source emissions to assist in the setting of standards and to determine if
pollution levels comply with the standards requires a measurement capability in
the following application'areas:
(1) Ambient air quality measurement.
(2) Stationary source emission measurement.
(3) Mobile source emission measurement.
1.4.1 Ambient Air Quality Measurement
Section 109 of the Clean Air Amendments of 1970 requires the pro-
mulgation of national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS). The NAAQS are
ambient air quality standards, the attainment of which is requisite to pro-
tect either the public health or welfare. Section 112 of the Amendments of
1970 designates hazardous air pollutants, the emission of which is con-
trolled by national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants (NESHAP).
Pollutants covered by NAAQS and NESHAP are expected to be measured in
the ambient air.
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1.4.1.1 National Ambient Air
Quality Standards
The pollutants to be covered under national ambient air quality
standards (NAAQS) are not specified in the legislation but result from
the issuance of air quality criteria under Section 108. At this time
air criteria have been issued for six pollutants leading to NAAQS for sulfur
dioxide, particulates, nitrogen dioxide, oxidants, carbon monoxide and
non-methane hydrocarbons.
1.4.1.2 National Emission Standards
for Hazardous Air Pollutants
In addition to the pollutants covered under NAAQS, it is assumed
that a capability will be needed to measure the ambient air quality level
of those pollutants covered by national emission standards for hazardous
air pollutants (NESHAP). A hazardous air pollutant is an air pollutant
to which no ambient air quality standard is applicable and which may
cause, or contribute to, an increase in mortality or an increase in
serious irreversible or incapacitating illness.
Although no ambient air quality standards are applicable for
materials described as hazardous air pollutants, the serious nature of
these pollutants justifies their measurement in the ambient air. At this
time, three pollutants have been designated as hazardous air pollutants:
asbestos, mercury and beryllium.
1.4.1.3 Measurement Requirements
The Environmental Protection Agency has clarified the needs in the
ambient air quality measurement area through its promulgation of Guidelines
for State Implementation Plans in the August 16, 1971, issue of the Federal
Register. In this promulgation, EPA specified a requirement for two distinct
types of ambient air quality measurement techniques.
(1) a 24-hour sample of the pollution level conducted at 6-14 day
intervals and
(2) a continuous measurement.
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The 24-hour sample technique is amenable to field collection of the sample
followed by a laboratory analysis using an acceptable analytical method
to determine the level of pollution. However, the availability of an
instrumental technique to cumulatively sample and analyze the pollutants
on an intermittent basis would be desirable. The continuous measurement
requirement will necessitate an automated instrumental technique.
Responsibility for operation of appropriate devices and methods
to monitor data on ambient air quality is assigned to the States in Section
110 which specifies that EPA implementation plans provide for the implemen-
tation, maintaining and enforcement of the ambient air quality standards.
The measurements required to obtain data for use in standard setting will
be conducted by the Federal government employees. Federal, state and local
government officials will be responsible for making ambient level measure-
ments to determine both the compliance with air quality standards and to
determine trends in air quality.
1.4.1.4 Summary of Measurement
Capabilities Required
The above analysis of the legislative requirements and of EPA
promulgations Issued to date suggest the following needs in the ambient
air quality level measurement area:
(a) A capability to measure the ambient air quality level of:
(1) pollutants covered by NAAQS.
(2) pollutants covered by NESHAP.
The pollutants for which measurements are now required are sulfur
dioxide, particulates, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, non-methane
hydrocarbons, asbestos, mercury, and beryllium.
(B) The availability of:
(1) an analytical method for ambient air quality levels.
(2) an automated intermittent sampler/analyzer for the most
prevalent pollutants in the ambient air.
(3) a continuous monitor for ambient air quality levels measurement.
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1.4.2 Stationary Source
Emission Measurement
The emissions from stationary sources of air pollution will be
controlled under:
(1) Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources.
(2) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants.
(3) Implementation Plans to Achieve National Air Quality Standards.
1.4.2.1 Standard of Performance
jor New Stationary Sources
Section 111 of the Amendments of 1970 requires the promulgation
of standards of performance for new stationary sources (NSPS). The "stand-
ard of performance" limits the emissions that can be discharged from new
or modified stationary sources for those categories of sources which contri-
bute significantly to the endangerment of public health or welfare. The
sources and the pollutants to be controlled under NSPS will be determined
by the Environmental Protection Agency. If the pollutant is not covered
by NAAQS or by NESHAP, the Amendment of 1970 requires that the states
establish similar standards for existing plants.
At this time, NSPS have been issued for five industry sources and
standards have been established for the emissions of particulates, sulfur dioxide,
sulfuric acid mist and nitrogen oxides from some of these sources. In addition,
the visible emissions from these sources or also controlled.
1.4.2.2 National Emission Standards
for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Section 112 of the Clean Air Amendments establishes emission
standards for hazardous air pollutants. At this time three pollutants have
been designated as hazardous agents: beryllium, asbestos and mercury.
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1.4.2.3 Implementation Plans
Section 110 requires that state implementation plans include limi-
tations on emissions necessary to insure attainment and maintenance of NAAQS.
At this time the pollutants covered by these plans are the six pollutants
for which criteria documents have been issued. The potential sources to
which these emissions standards can be applied is large and far exceeds
those covered by NSPS.
1.4.2.4 Measurement Requirements
Section 114 authorizes the Environmental Protection Agency to re-
quire the owner or operator of any emission source to install and use moni-
toring equipment or methods and to sample emissions in such a manner as EPA
shall prescribe for the purpose of developing implementation plans or any
standard of performance under NSPS or NESHAP. This section also authorizes
EPA representatives to sample any emission which the owner or operator of
the source may be required to sample. The state implementation plans re-
quired under Section 111 also provide similar requirements for installation
of equipment by owners or operators of existing sources to monitor emissions
from these sources.
These legislative authorizations suggest as a minimum measurement
capability an analytical method suitable for determining the emission pollu-
tant level in the presence of interfering species in the effluent from the
various sources. This necessitates that any analytical method selected for
determining the emission level be evaluated for applicability in each indus-
trial source being considered for emission standards. The requirement on
owner/operators to monitor their emissions and on government representatives
to periodically sample these emissions would be greatly facilitated if an auto-
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mated measurement device were available. KI'A proposed NSSI'S lor live in-
dustry sources in the Federal Register of August 17, 1971, and proposed con-
tinuous monitoring for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and visible emissions
from some of these sources.
The measurements required will be conducted at all levels.
Federal and State government employees will be concerned with measurement of
emissions to obtain data for setting standards. Federal, State and
local government employees will make measurements to determine if emissions
are within the standards. Private citizens will be required to monitor the
emission from sources under their control.
1.4.2.5 Summary of Measurement
Capabilities Required
The above analysis of the legislative requirements of the Amend-
ments of 1970 and of the EPA promulgations issued to date suggest the
following needs in the stationary source emisions measurement area:
(A) A capability to measure the emission from stationary sources emitting:
(1) pollutants covered by NAAQS.
(2) pollutants covered by NESHAP.
(3) pollutants covered by NSPS.
The pollutants for which measurements are now required are: SOo
(NAAQS) (NSPS), sulfuric acid mist (NSPS), nitrogen oxides (NAAQS) (NSPS),
particulates (NAAQS), carbon monoxide (NAAQS), non-methane hydrocarbons
(NAAQS), mercury (NESHAP), asbestos (NESHAP), beryllium (NESHAP).
(B) The availability of:
(1) a manual method consisting of sample collection followed by
laboratory analysis using an analytical method suitable for
source emission levels.
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(2) an automated instrument for the continuous monitoring of
source emissions.
(3) an automated portable measurement device to supplement collection
of the sample followed by laboratory analysis.
1.4.3 Moving Source Emission
Measurement s
Section 202 of the Clean Air Amendment of 1970 provides for the
establishment of emission standards from motor vehicles and motor vehicle
engines. Section 231 of the Amendments requires the commencement of a
study of emissions from aircraft leading to emission standards. Section 111
authorizes the regulation of fuels. This section of the report will consider
the measurement techniques needed to support the air pollution control pro-
gram for motor vehicles and aircraft and the fuel regulation program.
1.4.3.1 Special Considerations
The determination of emissions from moving sources differs from
most measurements of air contaminants in that the measurement is normally
made not at the place where we are concerned with reducing the atmospheric
burden, i.e., on the road or in the air, but because of economic and prac-
tical considerations is made at a fixed location under test cycle condi-
tions. This approach requires consideration of three factors to determine
if the emission standard is being achieved: (1) the operating cycle, (2)
the sampling procedure and (3) the analysis of the emissions.
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2-il
The first of these factors, i.e., the test cycle, involves deter-
mining an operating procedure which simulates the actual emissions which
would contribute to the atmospheric burden if the vehicle were operated on
the road in a manner representative of normal driving patterns. While de-
fining such operating procedures, which would enable the test to be con-
ducted in an economic and practical manner without resorting to on the road
or in the air testing of the vehicles, is an important element in defining
the emissions from moving sources, consideration of the operating cycle is
not within the scope of this measurement technique development plan. The
other two factors, obtaining a representative emission sample from the
operating test cycle and measuring the emission with appropriate analytical
techniques or instruments, are considered in this plan.
The plan accordingly provides for two capabilities which are neces-
sary to achieve the goals of the moving source emission control program: (1) a
capability to representatively sample the emissions from moving sources and
(2) the capability to analyze the emissions from the sources.
1.4.3.2 Measurement of Emissions
from Motor Vehicles
Section 202 of the Clean Air Amendments requires that the Admini-
strator of EPA shall by regulation prescribe standards applicable to the
emission of any air pollutant from any class of new motor vehicles or
new motor vehicle engines, which in his judgment is likely to cause
or contribute to air pollution which endangers the public health or welfare.
This section of the legislation establishes standards for three air pollu-
tants: carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and oxides of nitrogen. Section 202
further specifies that the measurement techniques on which such standards
are based shall be prescribed by regulation.
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In EPA promulgations to execute this section of the legis-
lation (Federal Register November 10, 1970), emission standards have been
further broken down into those for gas fueled light duty and heavy
duty engines and heavy duty diesel engines. As new propulsion systems
are developed (gas turbines, advanced automotive power plants, etc.),
additional emission standards are expected to be promulgated.
While Section 202 provides the general objective for motor vehicle
emission measurements, the specific measurement needs are based on regula-
tions described in subsequent sections of the Clean Air Amendments. These
regulations cover two areas of application: measurement of emissions from
new motor vehicles and measurement of emissions from vehicles in general
use.
The regulations covering new motor vehicles and motor vehicle en-
gines are found in Section 206. This section requires that the Administrator
test, or require to be tested, in such manner as he deems appropriate, any
new motor vehicle or new motor vehicle engine submitted by a manufacturer to
determine whether such a vehicle or engine conforms with regulations pre-
scribed under the standards. This testing is normally referred to as cer-
tification or compliance testing. The Administrator is also authorized to
test new motor vehicles or new motor vehicle engines being manufactured to
determine whether they in fact conform with regulations with respect to
which a certificate of conformity was issued. For this purpose the test may
be conducted by the Administrator directly or by the manufacturer in accor-
dance with conditions specified by the Administrator. This group of tests
is referred to as end-of-line or quality assurance testing. Section 206
emphasizes the responsibilities of the Administrator regarding the develop-
ment of measurement techniques for the purpose of conducting these tests by
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requiring that the Admin L.strator shalJ by regulation establish methods and
procedures for making tests required for new motor vehicle emission control.
The justification for a measurement capability to determine com-
pliance by vehicles and vehicle engines in actual use is found in Section 207.
This section authorizes the Administrator to establish methods and procedures
for determining whether motor vehicles and engines in actual use conform
with the emission standards. This determination can be conducted through
the surveillance testing of a sample of available vehicles or engines by
the Administrator or through a comprehensive inspection program conducted
by the states. The authority for state inspection programs is contained in
Section 110 which requires that the state implementation plan provide to
the extent necessary and practical for the periodic inspection and testing
of motor vehicles to enforce compliance with applicable emission standards.
These programs require the measurement capability to conduct
emission testing of vehicles in general use.
1.4.3.3 Measurement of Emissions
from Aircraft
Section 231 of the Clean Air Amendments provides for the establish-
ment of aircraft emission standards following a study of emissions of air
pollutants from aircraft. The aircraft emission standards have not been is-
sued at the time of this report. However, if and when such standards are
promulgated, measurement techniques will be required to sample and analyze
aircraft emissions.
1.4.3.4 Measurement Techniques to
Support the Regulation of Fuels
Section 211 of the Clean Air Amendment provides for regulation of
fuels and fuel additives. For the purpose of regulation of fuels and fuel
additives, the Administrator may require the manufacturer of a fuel or fuel
additive to furnish the description of available analytical techniques that can be
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used to test and measuru any additive in such fuel and to determine, the
emissions resulting from the use of the fuel or additive contained in such
fuels, or the effect of such fuel or additive on the emission control per-
formance for any vehicle or vehicle engine. This requires that the Admini-
strator develop methods and information on the procedures for sampling and
analysis of fuels and fuel additives to determine if the analytical methods
furnished by the fuel or fuel additive manufacturer comply with legal requirements
1.4.3.5 Summary of Measurement
Capabilities Required
The analysis of the legislation and of EPA promulgations suggests
that the following needs in the moving source emission measurement area:
(A) Measurement technique development programs in three major areas:
(1) Motor vehicle emissions (including gasoline fueled light and heavy
duty engines and heavy duty diesel engines).
(2) Aircraft emissions.
(3) Fuels and fuel additives.
(B) A capability to measure the emissions from:
(1) new motor vehicles which will be the responsibility
of the Federal government (certification program) and the manu-
facturers.
(2) vehicles in general use which will be the responsibility
. of the Federal government (surveillance program) and the
states (inspection program).
The pollutants for which measurements will be required are: carbon
monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides.
The techniques to meet these requirements must consider:
(1) the sampling problem.
.(2) the identification and quantization of the pollutants.
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1 . r> KU tun- 1'l.aii.s of tho
Environmental Protection Agency
Available plans of the Environmental Protection Agency have been
considered to anticipate additional measurement techniques which may be re-
quired. Information which has been considered includes the projected
schedules for source categories for new source performance standards, a
listing of pollutants for which air pollution controls are being considered
and the schedule for potential moving source emission controls. The
following listings and future dates of standards promulgation represent
estimates to enable the scheduling of measurement requirements and must
not be construed as rigid; they are subject to change.
1.5.1 Source Categories for New
Source Performance Standards
The source categories for new source performance standards have
been divided into five groups. The Group 1 sources include steam
generators greater than 25 MW, cement plants, municipal incinerators,
sulfuric acid plants and nitric acid plants. The performance standards
for the Group 1 sources were promulgated on December 23, 1971. The addi-
tional groups of sources, with estimated promulgation dates and the
pollutants for which emission standards are anticipated follow:
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ESTIMATED SCHEDULES FOR NEW
SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS PROMULGATION
(FOR MEASUREMENT REQUIREMENTS PLANNING PURPOSES)
Group 2
Designation Date:
Proposal Date:
Promulgation Date:
12/1/71
4/1/72
7/1/72
Industry
Asphalt Batch Plants
Pollutants
Particulates, Visible
Emissions
Petroleum Refineries
Rendering Plants
Particulates, Visible
Emissions, CO, H S, HC
Odors - Panel Method
Referee
Steam Generators, 25 MW
and Less
Visible Emissions
Brass and Bronze Refining
Particulates, Visible
Emissions
Iron and Steel Mills
Particulates, Visible
Emissions
Sewage Treatment Plants
Particulates, Visible
Emissions
Secondary Lead Smelters
Particulates, Visible
Emissions
Group 3
Designation Date:
Proposal Date:
Promulgation Date:
Copper Smelters
Lead Smelters
Zinc Smelters
8/1/72
12/1/72
3/1/73
Particulates, Visible
Emissions, S02, Acid Mist
Particulates, Visible
Emissions, S0», Acid Mist
Particulates, Visible
Emissions, SO^, Acid Mist
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Croup 3
(Cont'd)
Industry
Aluminum Reduction Plants
Pulp and Paper Mills
Coke Plants
Phosphate Fertilizer Plants
Phosphorus Reduction Plants
Animal Feed Defluorination
Plants
Ferro-Alloy Plants
Coal Cleaning Plants
Group 4
Designation Date:
Proposal Date:
Promulgation Date:
Petrochemical Plants
Grey Iron Foundries
Sulfur Recovery Units
Gas Turbines
Lime Plants
Grain Milling and Handling
Hydrochloric Acid Plants
Phosphoric Acid Plants
Paint and Varnish
Graphic Arts Plants
Pollutants
Particulates, Visible
Emissions, Fluorides
Particulates, Visible
Emissions, S0?, TRS
Visible Emissions
Particulates, Visible
Emissions, Fluorides
Particulates, Visible
Emissions, Fluorides,
Acid Mist (H PO )
Particulates, Visible
Emissions, Fluorides
Particulates, Visible
Emissions
Particulates, Visible
Emissions
4/1/73
8/1/73
11/1/73
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Group 5
Designation Date:
Proposal Date:
Promulgation Date:
12/1/73
A/1/74
7/1/74
Industry
Soap and Detergent Manufacture
Cotton Gins
Auto Assembly Plants
Chlorine and Caustic Plants
Rendering Plants
Sewage Treatment Plants
Iron and Steel Plants
Petroleum Refineries
The pollutants for which emission standards are planned have not
been determined at the time of this writing for the last two source category
groups.
1.5.2 Pollutants Under Consideration
for Future Control
Additional pollutants for which controls are being considered
for implementation and the areas specified in the Amendments of 1970
under which the control programs are expected to be initiated are listed
for planning purposes as follows:
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PLANNING ASSUMPTIONS FOR POLLUTION CONTROL
Pollutant
Non-Methane Hydrocarbons
Odorous Materials
Fluorides
Lead
Lead
Potential Control Area
Aircraft Emission Standards
NSPS
NSPS
NSPS
Fuel Regulation
Fine Particulates
Cadmium
Arsenic
Polychlorinated Biphenyls
Nickel
Polycyclic Organic Matter
NAAQS
NESHAP
NESHAP
NESHAP
NESHAP
NAAQS
Vanadium
Manganese
Chromium
NESHAP
NESHAP
NESHAP
Reactive Organics
Selenium
C12-HC1
Copper
Zinc
Boron
Barium
Tin
Phosphorus
Lithium
Synthetic Organics
Under Consideration
Under Consideration
Under Consideration
Under Consideration
Under Consideration
Under Consideration
Under Consideration
Under Consideration
Under Consideration
Under Consideration
Under Consideration
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1.5.3 Additional Moving
Source Emission Controls
For planning purposes, the following measurement capabilities
have been developed to be consistent with potential controls:
Technique
Pollutant Application Area Requirement
Odor Aircraft and Diesel Emis^ Research Method
sion Standards Routine Meas.
Fine Particulates Motor Vehicle Emission Routine Meas.
Standards
Aldehydes and Reactive Motor Vehicle Emission Research Method
Organics Standards Routine Meas.
Rubber and Asbestos Motor Vehicle Emission Routine Meas.
Standards
1.6 Measurement Techniques to Support the
Programs Required to Maintain
Adequate Measurement Capabilities
Section 1.4 indicated the measurement capabilities required
to identify and quantitate data on air quality and source emissions to
set standards and determine if pollution levels comply with the standards.
In this section, the measurement technique needs to support the programs
required to maintain these measurement capabilities are indicated. Two
programs which will require measurement support are:
(1) Equivalency Determination
(2) Quality Control
1.6.1 Equivalency Determination
The measurement methods promulgated by EPA are expected to
be supplemented by additional measurement techniques developed by private
industry in response to competitive forces in the market place. These
techniques must be tested to determine their equivalency with the tech-
niques promulgated by EPA. Failure to provide a mechanism for such
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an equivalency determination will deny participation of potentially
improved and lower cost measurement techniques, particularly instruments,
in the Nation's air control program. The capability to conduct equivalency
determinations must be established. This plan provides for the develop-
ment of the methods, procedures and standards required for an equivalency
determination program.
1.6.2 Quality Control Program
There is a need for a continuing quality control program to
insure that the methods and instruments being used are giving the
correct answers. Without such a program a valid comparison of data
obtained by different operators or using different instruments is not
possible. This could lead to frequent court challenges of measurements
made by EPA or state inspectors which do not agree with similar measure-
ments made by private citizens and could seriously hinder the air
pollution control program. The quality control program must provide
the capability for routine calibration of measurement methods which
are in general use and must also provide for a periodic evaluation of
user competence. This plan provides for the development of measurement
methodology and materials required to support the quality control program.
It does not include the supply of such materials for implementation of
the program.
2. MATRIX - SUMMARY OF THE MEASUREMENT CAPABILITIES REQUIRED
The general needs defined above, the pollutants currently listed
for control and the plans of the Environmental Protection Agency have
been considered in defining the total measurement capabilities required.
The summary of these capabilities is presented in the form of a matrix
chart whose elements are the pollutants, and the needs. A total of 48
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different pollutants are listed in twelve separate categories as noted
below. (The number of specific pollutants in each category is shown
in parenthesis.)
1. Oxides of Sulfur (3)
2. Oxides of Nitrogen (4)
3. Particulates (7)
4. Hazardous Air Pollutants (3)
5. Carbon Monoxide (1)
6. Organic Compounds (5)
7. Halogens (3)
8. Not Pollutant Specific (1)
9. Odors (6)
10. Oxidants (1)
11. Other Pollutants (13)
12. Aeroallergens (1)
The needs shown on the matrix total 60 and are separated into six categories
as noted below.
1. Measurement Techniques to Support EPA Programs on
Research and Investigations (5)
2. Ambient Air Quality Monitoring - Sensor Development (2)
3. Stationary Source Emission Measurements
a. Sensor Development (2)
b. Group 1 (5)
c. Group 2 (8)
d. Group 3 (11)
e. Group 4 (10)
f. Group 5 (4)
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4. Other Industries Emitting Hazardous Pollutants (1)
5. Moving Source Emission Measurements
a. Sensor Development (2)
b. Application Areas: Motor Vehicles (5) and Aircraft (1)
c. Fuel and Additive Registration and Regulation (J
6. Measurement Techniques to Support EPA Programs to
Maintain Measurement Capabilities (3)
A capability requirement is indicated on the matrix by an entry
at the pollutant-need intersection which represents the development
task statement number under which an RDT&E effort to achieve the measure-
ment capability will be found in Part 3. There are a total of 138 task
statements separated into the following categories. Each task is identified
by number and code as shown in parenthesis.
1. Measurement Techniques to Support EPA
Research and Investigations (RI 1-13)
2. Measurement Techniques to Identify and
Quantitate Air Pollutants
a. Ambient Air Quality Measurement (IQA 1-49 or 50)
b. Stationary Source Emission Measurement (IQS 1-39)
c. Moving Source Emission Measurement (IQM 1-34)
3. Techniques to Support EPA Programs to Maintain Adequate
Measurement Capabilities (MP 1-3)
Some tasks may appear at more than one intersection. For example IQS 10
for the measurement of total particulate mass loading intersects with
a number of industries, i.e., steam generators, incinerators, cement
plants, etc. There also may be some intersections which require more
than one task, as for example at the intersection of Nitric Oxide and
Remote Sensing RI 8 and 9 are required to satisfy the needs. A number
of intersections are blank because not all pollutants apply to all the
industries or needs shown on the chart.
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The matrix also provides a rapid means for the user of the report
to determine how many different application areas must be considered in
developing measurement techniques for identifying and quantifying a particular
pollutant. The matrix also enables a quick determination of the different
capability requirements which an individual development task provides for.
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PART 3
UKSEAKCll AND DEVELOPMENT NEEDS
1. STRUCTURE OF THE TASK STATEMENTS
1.1 Rationale
1.2 Activities
Research
Development
Field Test
Evaluation
Promulgation
1.3 Resources Required
1.4 Schedules
2. MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES TO SUPPORT EPA
RESEARCH AND INVESTIGATIONS
2.1 Effects and Extent of Air Pollution
2.1.1 Health Effects
2.1.2 Economic Effects
2.2 Remote and Long Path Sensing
2.2.1 Remote Sensing of Particulates
2.2.2 Remote Sensing of Gases
2.3 Meteorological Measurements
2.3.1 Temperature Profile Measurement
2.3.2 Atmospheric Turbulence and Wind Measurements
2.3.3 Moisture Profile Measurements
3. MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES TO IDENTIFY AND QUANTITATE AIR POLLUTANTS
3.1 Ambient Air Quality Measurements
3.1.1 Introduction
3.1.2 Specific Requirements
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PART 3
(CONTINUED)
3.1.2.1 S02 and Sulfur Compounds
3.1.2.2 Particles
3.1.2.3 Carbon Oxides
3.1.2.4 Nitrogen Oxides
3.1.2.5 Ozone and Oxidants
3.1.2.6 Organic Compounds
3.1.2.7 Halogen
3.1.2.8 Hazardous Air Pollutants
3.1.2.9 Other Pollutants
3.1.2.10 Odors
3.2 Stationary Source Emission Measurements
3.2.1 Introduction
3.2.2 Specific Requirements
3.2.2.1 Sulfur Oxides
3.2.2.2 Nitrogen Oxides
3.2.2.3 Measurement of Total Particulate Mass
3.2.2.4 Visible Emissions (Opacity)
3.2.2.5 Other Particulate Properties
3.2.2.6 Hazardous Substances
3.2.2.7 Carbon Monoxide
3.2.2.8 Organic Compounds
3.2.2.9 Odors
3.2.2.10 Halogens
3.2.2.11 Other Pollutants
3.2.2.12 Other Tasks
-------
PART 3
(CONTINUED )_
3.3 Moving Source Emission Measurements
3.3.1 Introduction
3.3.2 Motor Vehicle Emission Measurements
3.3.2.1 Sampling Motor Vehicle Emissions
3.3.2.2 Gaseous Pollutants
3.3.2.3 Particulate Pollutants
3.3.3 Aircraft Emissions
3.3.4 Measurement Procedures to Support EPA Programs to
Register and Regulate Fuels and Fuel Additives
TECHNIQUES TO SUPPORT EPA PROGRAMS TO MAINTAIN
ADEQUATE MEASUREMENT CAPABILITIES
4.1 Equivalency Testing
4.2 Quality Control
RESOURCES REQUIRED
5.1 Consolidation of Funding Requirements on Task Statements
5.1.1 Funding by Application Area
5.1.2 Funding by Activities
5.1.3 Funding by Pollutant
5.2 Funding for Replacement and/or Improvement of Measurement Methods
5.3 Funding for Future Requirements
5.4 Funding Summary
5.5 Manpower Required
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3-1
1. STRUCTURE OF THE TASK STATEMENTS
The following sections of the report will compare the state-
of-the-art in the three application areas with the measurement needs
identified in Part 2. This comparison will lead to a definition of
RDT&E tasks that remain to be accomplished to achieve the desired
measurement capabilities. This section explains the rationale behind
some of the information contained in the tasks sheets which will be
developed and also defines the terms used in the task descriptions.
1.1 Ra t ionale
Once the need for a measurement technique has been defined,
EPA initiates a sequence of action steps which is not unlike that in-
volved in taking any new product from the concept stage to its
availability for use by the eventual customer. This sequence of actions
involves a number of activities which must be performed by EPA, either
in-house or by its contractors, and also involves several review and
decisions points. The eventual product of these actions is an official
procedure for conducting the measurement, which the Administrator can
promulgate by listing in the Federal Register. The RDT&E task includes
the schedule and funding requirements for conducting these activities.
The task also lists certain critical milestones: the date that the
measurement technique is required to support EPA control plans and the
dates that an interim and an official measurement technique can be
expected.
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3-2
For a given measurement technique not all activities in the
action sequence are required; in many cases the state-of-the-art will
enable EPA efforts to begin at the test and evaluation, stage, using
commercially available instruments. The relationship and scheduling
among the various activities is shown in Figure 2.
1.2 Activities
The action steps leading to official EPA measurement.tech-
niques have been divided into five activities: research, development,
field test, user evaluation and promulgation. While an attempt has
been made to keep the definition of the activities consistent with OMB
nomenclature, the divisions were selected to identify measurement
technique development areas within EPA. This division was found to be
useful in projecting resource requirements for individual activities
based on prior EPA experience.
Research
The research activity involves the laboratory scale investi-
gation of new measurement techniques. This includes basic research on
new measurement concepts and analytical methods. The demonstration of
the feasibility of the measurement technique concludes the research phase.
The research activity can be conducted in-house or by means of
contracts and grants. This is the activity most likely to generate grant
support for academic work.
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3-3
product
I I Activity
f\ Review/Decision
Is Development
Complete?
Have Measurement
Requirements Been
Met?
Are Measurement
Methods Available
Evaluation
Is Measurement
Method Acceptable
As EPA Official
Method?
Figure 2
Schematic of Action Steps in
Measurement Technique Development
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3-4
Development
The development activity provides a prototype analytical
method or instrument. The end of the development activity is a
laboratory test of the prototype to determine accuracy, operating
characteristics, reproducibility, reliability, interfererences,
responses and sensitivity. It is expected that such a laboratory
test will be required even when commercially available measurement
instruments are available. The development activity can be done
in-house but normally is a contracted effort.
Field Test
The field test activity takes the new instrument or analytical
method into the field under typical operating conditions to determine
if it meets the measurement technique requirements. Based on the results
of this field test the technique is either passed on to the promulgation
activity as a potential interim method or is recycled to the development
activity for additional work.
This activity will normally be performed under contract, al-
though consideration must be given to conducting the test in conjunction
with routine measurements made by state or local air pollution control
agencies. Regardless of how the activity is performed, the close super-
vision and participation of the individuals responsible for development
of the technique is required.
Evaluation
The evaluation activity marks the transition of the mea-
surement technique from one that is known to be acceptable in the hands
of experts to one that is acceptable for general use. This activity
begins with the availability of a measurement technique, which, following
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3-5
a review by EPA, has been accepted as an interim measurement technique.
The technique and the instructions for its use are then made available
to a body of typical users who have not been directly involved in its
development. If on review by EPA the results of the evaluation suggest
that the measurement technique is acceptable for general use, and would
be considered valid under legal investigation, its promulgation as an
official EPA measurement method is initiated.
The procedure involved in the evaluation activity varies
depending on the intended use of the measurement technique which is
being evaluated. If the measurement technique is one that will be used
primarily by a small group of relatively skilled scientists or engineers,
e.g., a technique for conducting emission measurements required by the
Federal motor vehicle emission certification program, the evalua~
tion can be rapidly accomplished at low cost. On the other hand, if the
measurement technique is to be used by a large number of individuals
over whose qualifications EPA has no control then an extensive and costly
collaborative test procedure may be required to insure that the measure-
ment technique and the instructions for its use permit valid measurements
in the hands of representative users. These procedures and the subse-
quent EPA review of the evaluation will assure that the official
EPA measurement methods which will issue based on these results are
sufficient to withstand any challenge pertaining to their applicability
or validity, through the courts or otherwise.
The collaborative test program is expected to be widely used
in the evaluation of measurement techniques for ambient air quality
level monitoring, stationary source emission measurement, and motor
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3-6
vehicle emission inspections. The need for standard methods in the air
pollution field made it imperative that a collaborative test program be
undertaken. EPA is required by law to establish standards and to approve
implementation plans developed by state air pollution control agencies.
Such plans to be most meaningful require the availability of standard methods
of analysis available for use by all concerned. Therefore, EPA initiated a
program of this nature as a portion of a long-range effort in standardization
which had been in progress for some time. Using various techniques to
provide controlled atmospheres for testing, collaborative tests are
being conducted in order to provide the necessary data to complete the
process of standardization.
To provide a valid statistical evaluation, the participants
in a collaborative test series should be representative of the ultimate
users of the method. Since air pollution measurements are a matter of
concern to many people, the users of the method in this case can be
assumed to include laboratories of the federal government, state and
local air pollution control agencies, private industrial plants of many
different types, universities, and basic research organizations, among
others. To date, approximately 150 laboratories have indicated a
willingness to participate in the collaborative testing of ambient air
quality level monitoring methods. A majority of these are state and
local air pollution control agencies, although the other types of
laboratories listed above are also represented. The various
-------
laboratories also vary in size from one- or two-man laboratories up to
large organizations with a laboratory staff of several dozen people.
Promulgation
The promulgation activity is a frequently overlooked but very
important part of the measurement technique development program. The
activity involves an EPA in-house review of the measurement techniques
and of the instructions for their use that are recommended for the air
pollution control programs and also a review of the various field test and
evaluation results. Based on these reviews the necessary instructions
and techniques are formalized and comments on the proposed measurement tech-
niques are solicited from advisory groups such as the Standardization
Advisory Committee within EPA and the Intersociety Committee. The
recommendations of the advisory groups form a basis for necessary re-
visions or modifications in the techniques and the instructions for
their use, and final endorsement of the advisory groups is obtained.
The next step in the promulgation activity is EPA proposal of
the measurement technique as an official measurement method, through
publication in the Federal Register. This procedure allows time for
outside comments. Comments received are considered, and a final ver-
sion of the method is submitted for EPA promulgation as an official mea-
surement method. The elapsed time required to conduct the promulgation
activity is about four to five months, three months of which is the
period allowed for comments following proposal of the method by EPA in the
Federal Register.
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3-8
The Jntersociety Committee, whose counsel and ciulorscMiienL of
new measurement techniques is solicited,is a coordinating body presently
supported by eight scientific and engineering societies. Present members
include: Air Pollution Control Association, American Chemical Society,
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygenists, American Industrial
Hygiene Association, American Public Health Association, American Society
for Testing and Materials, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and
Association of Official Analytical Chemists. This group has been supported
financially by the Environmental Protection Agency and by its predecessor,
the National Air Pollution Control Administration.
1-3 Resources Required
The task statement lists only the funding required to accomplish
the task. The basis for these funding requirements is EPA experience on
previous measurement development projects. It is recognized that, in addi-
tion to funds, other resources in the form of EPA manpower will also be
needed to accomplish the task. These manpower requirements are not included
on the individual task statements, but will be discussed in later sections
of the report. •
The funding allocated to an individual task is only sufficient
to pursue one measurement technique to satisfy the measurement requirement.
While this funding permits several concepts to be evaluated through the
research activity, the funding level does not permit carrying out a parallel
development or field test program on more than one concept. Additional
funding will be required to cover the redevelopment and re-testing of those
measurement techniques which do not live up to their expectations,if we are
-------
3-9
to insure that adequate measurement capabilities are achieved. Since tin:
specific tasks which will require this additional funding cannot be speci-
fied at this time, we will add a general contingency for this purpose to
the total program in a later section of the report.
1.4 Schedules
The task statements include the indication of one or more of
three major milestones related to the measurement technique.
The first milestone is the assumed actual date by which the
measurement technique is needed if EPA schedules for promulgation and en-
forcement of air quality level and emission standards are to be met. This
date is based on planned EPA schedules for promulgation of standards when
these are available, and has been estimated for those application areas
and pollutants for which promulgation plans have not yet been established.
The date shown on the task sheet as the date by which the measurement
technique is needed is not the estimated date for promulgation of the
standard which will require the availability of the measurement technique.
Some form of measurement capability will be required before promulgation
of the standard, to obtain data on air quality levels or emissions needed
in determining the standards. Unless more specific information was
available, it has been assumed that an interim manual method must be available
at least nine months prior to the anticipated promulgation date. This pro-
vides for six months of measurement activity to obtain air quality or emission
data prior to proposing the standards and the three month comment period
between proposing the standard and its promulgation. It has been assumed
further that an evaluated instrumental method will not be required for
at least eighteen (18) months following promulgation of standards which re-
quire such a measurement technique. The 18 month period is based on the assump-
tion that significant use of an instrumental technique will not occur until
-------
3-10
compliance with the air quality level or emission standards is required. In the
source emission standards area, compliance must await the installation
of adequate emission control techniques. Control equipment for existing
stationary sources or for new stationary sources should take at least
18 months to design, procure and install. In the moving source area
the time allocated for compliance with the standards has historically
been in the order of two years. In the ambient air quality level
monitoring area, one year has normally been given for the States to
develop their implementation plans,and an additional four months pro-
vided for EPA review of the implementation plan prior to its acceptance.
The second milestone is the expected date on which an interim
measurement technique would be available. On this date a field tested prototype
measurement technique which has had a preliminary review and evaluation
by the promulgation activity is available for use. The elapsed time
required to reach this stage depends on the state-of-the-art and on the
time needed to complete any activities required inclusive of the field
test program.
The last milestone shown on the task statement is the date on
which a fully evaluated measurement technique is expected to be available
for proposal as an official EPA measurement method.
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3-11
'/. MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES TO SUPPORT EPA
RESEARCH AND INVESTIGATIONS
This section of the report describes the tasks required to
develop the measurement techniques required to support EPA research and
investigation programs on the effects and extent of air pollution.
2. 1 Effects and Extent of Air Pollution
The Clean Air Amendments of 1970 call for special emphasis
on research into the short- and long-term effects of air pollutants on
public health and welfare. This includes an accelerated research program
to improve the knowledge of the contribution of air pollutants to the
occurrence of adverse effects on health, including the behavioral,
physiological, toxicological and biochemical effects. This research
can involve epidemiological studies, clinical and laboratory studies.
In this section, the measurement technique development required to
support these research programs will be discussed.
2.1.1 Health Effects
The health effect research program, like other EPA air
pollution control programs, needs to identify and quantitate air
pollutants. If the health effect need involves the identification
and quantification of a pollutant which is now or is expected to be
widely measured in the ambient air quality monitoring program, the
necessary measurement technique development program is not covered in
this section but is covered under the ambient air quality measurement
technique development program. Pollutants which fall in this category
are: pollutants covered by NMQS or NESHAP, fine participates in the
respirable particulate size range,and trace metals. In addition,
-------
:3-i2
the health effects research studies will require the measurement
of other pollutants and/or the measurement of the same pollutants
in a manner different than that required in the ambient air quality
monitoring program. The development of the necessary techniques to
perform these measurements is covered herein.
The health effects research program has a need for personal
air pollution monitors for various pollutants to obtain a better estimate
of the exposure of individuals participating in the. long term field
studies. The movement of the individuals from one level of pollutant
exposure to another during the course of these extended studies makes the
average exposure estimates obtained from ambient air quality monitors un-
acceptable. The personal air pollution monitors should be reliable, cumulative
exposure dosage monitors similar in size to radiation dosage badges.
This type of personal monitor for air pollutant exposure is not available.
The development of personal monitors for the same pollutants covered
by NAQS and other selected pollutants should be immediately initiated.
TASK REQUIRED; Develop and evaluate personal air
pollution cumulative exposure dosage monitors for
S09, NO , CO, oxidants and trace metals. (RI-1)
•£ X
Taiik_
Task
fitle: Deve
Expos
and T
No.: RI-i
MUes
ton«*
Resenrcli
Field Test
Evaluation
Promulgation
Totals
A i)°
A In
op and Evaluate Personal Air Pollution Cumulative
urc Dosage Monitors for SO?, NOX, CO, Oxldanta
race Met a Is
Fiscal V
rr«- Tl 72 | 73 ( 7A
! i o-U-
Funding Required
ear
75 | 76 77
* 1
(Sl'ion's)
1 ;
150 i 75 !
' 100
-100
50 50 ...
, „'.... . 150. .: I7i_! .150 50 . .
Lfc Capat.il it.y Initially Kuq-Jir.'d ^
Lerini Method Available
•.'-• '^
Tiilols
1972
to
1977
225
200
100
JL'JL..
-------
3-13
Ac-ro.'il largens , while otter, ii natural pollutant, are nonetheless
a major air pollutant with at times serious effects on the health of
individuals. The identification of specific aeroallergens is now a
tedious procedure and new measurement techniques are required to permit
routine quantification,if progress is to be made in determining their
potential synergistic role in the health effects of other air pollutants.
EPA is conducting an in-house program to develop these measurement
techniques, although the lack of suitable standard aeroallergen samples
is retarding progress in this area.
The development of suitable standard aeroallergen samples is
required. Initially, the program should concentrate on development of
standard ragweed pollen samples because of the widespread distribution
and the adverse effect on many individuals of this aeroallergen.
TASK REQUIRED: Develop standard aeroallergen samples.
(RI-2)
The development of rapid means for measuring specific aero-
allergens in the ambient atmosphere should be initiated. This task
would begin at the research activity and should include determining
the feasibility of specific chemical reactions which might be the basis
Task
Task
Title: Deve
No.: DI-?
M< leston^s
'¥//£
Activities
mmm
Research
Development
Field Test
(valuation
Promulgation
Totals
op Standard Aeroallergen Samples.
Fiscal Year
'n; J^ 72 , 73
1 i 0
74
75
76
77
Funding Required (SlOOQ's)
75 , 75
100
! ' t
100
i
i i
1 75 175 i 100
'
i
ft Interim Method Available
'''•'•%%.
Totals
1972
1977
150
200
350
-------
3-14
of identifying given aeroallargens as well as automated electro-optical
techniques to classify aeroallergens based on their shape and size. Both
of these approaches could be supported by research grants through their
early development period.
TASK REQUIRED; Develop rapid means for measuring
specific aeroallergens in the ambient atmosphere.
(RI-3)
The above listing by no means completes the listing of
measurement techniques required to support the health effects research
studies. During preparation of the plan, additional measurement
techniques were identified, but they did not involve the identification
or quantification of an air pollutant. Accordingly, they are.not within
the scope of the plan. A listing of these additional needs follows to
make organizations and individuals outside of the effects research
program aware of the needs.
Instrumentation Needs for Health Effects Research
a. Development of a solid particle aerosol generator that
can separate the larger particles so that only respirable particles
get to the animals for use in animal inhalation studies.
b. Development of breath testers - e.g. for Hg, ambient
pollutants and evidence of smoking.
Task
Title: Devt-l
ip Rapid Means for Ho a
AuroollL-rgena In the Ambien
Tnsk No. : RI-1
Milestones
W$>
v<
a
ft'"
'$$$'$$$
Research
Development
Field Test
Promulgation
Totals
Flsc
re 73 72 , 73
|
Funding Requ
75 • 75
100 1
t
soring Sptcil tc
t Almosphtrc
il Year
4 75
•>
76
t
77
Ired (SlOOO's)
i
00
50 i
!ioo
1
10
' 75 175 ! 150 J 100 10
te Capability Initially Required*}
tertn. Method Available
•'4'.-;?
Tntals
1972
to
1977
150
200
50 _
.r»
10
510
Evaluated Method Available
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3-1-5
c. Measurement of SOx and NOx in saliva.
d. Measurement of methemaglobin for NO.
e. Measurement of urine or salivary thiocyanates or
acetonitriles to better define smoking biochemistry.
f. Measurement of pollutartt metabolic products in biological
systems.
g. Measurement of altered levels or types of metabolic
products caused by pollutant effects, e.g. blood delta ALA dehydrase
for Pb.
h. Extension to other pollutants of measurement techniques
similar to the monitoring of pollens by looking at the sputum changes
in people with bronchitis.
2.1.2 Economic Effects
The development of measurement techniques to support studies
on the economic effects of air pollution, including the effects on
plants and materials,is the subject of this section. A measurement of
the long term effects of air pollution on materials is needed to define
a pollution damage function. These measurements can be made using
"effects packages". The effects package is a selection of materials
in a suitable container which can be conveniently located throughout
the country to determine the result of air pollution exposure on the
materials. This enables EPA to assess what the economic penalty
associated with dirty air really is. Effects package air pollution
sampling stations are currently commercially available, but the components
of the package do not permit measurement of the effect of air pollution
on economically important materials, e.g., paints, galvanized products,
tire-sidewall rubber, etc. A task to develop a more meaningful effects
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3-16
package should be initiated. This task would start with a research
program to develop simple techniques for assessment of the economic
damage function.
TASK REQUIRED; Develop and evaluate an effects
package to enable assessment of the damage caused
by air pollution to economically important
materials. (RI-4)
Economic penalties result from reduced visibility and odors.
Reduced visibility often delays aircraft landings and can contribute to
air and highway accidents. Odors can sharply reduce property values
in the affected area. Measurement techniques to measure visibility
and odors will be required for the assessment of economic effects.
The development of these techniques is covered in the ambient air quality
monitoring section.
The economics effects research program will also require
specialized measurement techniques to assess the effects of air pollution
on plants, e.g., measurement of vegetative damage. This type of
measurement does not involve the identification or quantification of an
air pollutant and accordingly is not covered in this plan. Rapid
transfer of technology generated in NASA's earth resources measurement
program to the air pollution effects surveillance effort may be
possible.
Task
Task
Title: Develo
of the
Import
No.: BI-4
Miles tones
f/$
ffifijff//
V
U
f-l
>
2
Research
Development
Field Test
Evaluation
Promulgation
Totals
Aua
0'"
p and Evaluate «n Effects Package to Enable Asociloer
Damage Caused by Air Pollution to Economically
ant Materials
FlscaJ Year
re 73 72
1
Pun
75
|_ 73
74
4
1 75
t
76
77
ding Required (SlOOO'o)
150
100
1 75
250
i *
100
50
150
50
1
I
10 '< '•
60
tPiim Method Available
'f4%
Totals
1972
1977
225
200
100
10
535
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3-17
2.2 Remote and Long 1'aLli Sensing
This section o.l" the report describes the measurement technique
development tasks that are required to achieve a remote sensing
capability in support of EPA research programs into the causes and extent
of air pollution. These research programs include studies to obtain a
quick and relatively coarse assessment of the distribution of pollution
in a community atmosphere or from various source emissions; to assess
the effectiveness of control techniques; to investigate chemical
transformations, atmospheric transport and dispersion processes; to
develop mathematical models of the pollution potential of urban
atmospheres; and to develop design and performance criteria of instrument
systems for routine field utilization.
Remote sensing instrumentation is currently unsuited for routine
development for compliance monitoring. At present it is over-designed, complex,
and prohibitively expensive. Nontheless, improvements in remote sensing
techniques could lead to practical field instrumentation which would enable
this measurement technique to play a major role in routine air pollution
measurement programs. A cost benefit analysis to define the application
areas in which remote sensing techniques would result in the most favorable
cost effective measurement method should be undertaken.
TASK REQUIRED; Conduct a cost benefit analysis of remote
sensing techniques applied to routine air pollution control.(RI-5)
^**fc ^jt !• ! Conduct • Cott Benefit Analysts of Re
Sensing Techniques Applied to Routine
Pollution Control
IS*
Ho. ; RI-5
K.*lc«ton*«
w
ti"
4 1
WMr/m
Baaaarch
DcvtlopMnt
Flald Test
Evaluation
Proaulfat ion
Totals
•r« 7^ 72
1
riictl Tor
73
74
75
mote
Air
76
77
Fundlni H.qulr.d (SlOOO'l)
1 100
1
ata Capability Initially Raq
Dt*tin Method Av»il»bl«
100
i
I 1
i
1 1
1
100 | 100
i
uir«d ^ Ev«lu
$$
Toc>l»
1772
Co
1»77
200
200
Itui Method Available
-------
3-18
Traditional methods of measurement consist of instrument
systems that sample at a point in the ambient air or sample through a
probe introduced within a source of emissions (in-stack sampling).
Inadequacies of such systems to meet some current needs and recent
advances in the technology of remote sensing have led to an EPA
program of remote sensing applied to air pollution research studies and
measurement activities.
2.2.1 Remote Sensing of Particulates
The earliest need was realized in EPA's (then APCO's) cooperative
study with the Edison Electric Institute (EEI) in assessing the opacity
of plumes from power plants. The conclusion of the study of the optical
properties of these plumes was that optical transmission of the plume
best characterized the aerosol loading in the emissions. Furthermore,
an objective instrumental measurement of plume transmission was demonstrated
to be feasible, in terms of remote sensing by "Lidar" techniques
(Stanford Research Institute Contract). The EPA-EEI Cooperative Study
was extended to include the development of a Lidar system (as a research
tool) specifically for further assessment of the technique under field
conditions and for the eventual development of a practical field device
based on such a technique. The Lidar system was further advanced under
development by contract with General Electric Company and the system was
delivered in April 1971.
The G.E. system, as presently executed, doesn't lend itself to
a practical field device in terms of portability, economy of cost, and
laser hazards, with its high laser power requirements. A contract
study with Stanford Research Institute is underway to investigate the
possibility of utilizing the Lidar technique wherein the signal back-
scattered directly from the plume aerosol is analyzed and related to the
-------
3-)')
transmission of the plume instead of the signal that is backscattered
fruiii i ho .-Huh i out ;i i r beyond the plume. The fo.nsibilify of such .-in
approach will permit the use of a very low powered laser and the design
of a practical field instrument. Another promising approach involves
the use of a low powered continuous wave laser (compared to the present
pulsed technique) in conjunction with frequency modulation techniques
to give optical transmission.
The above program is concerned with the remote sensing
of particulate air pollution. It will continue towards the initial
objective of developing practical field instrumentation for the remote
measurement of plume opacity.
TASK REQUIRED; Develop a practical field instrument for the
remote measurement of plume opacity . (RI~6)
Once a remote plume opacity measurement technique has been
successfully developed, EPA expects to extend the capability to remotely
determine particulate mass loading. It is expected that this extention
will not require new instrumentation development, but merely the
development of techniques to interpret the data contained in the signal
from the remote opacity measurement device to extract a meaningful
determination of mass concentration.
TASK REQUIRED: Develop data interpretation techniques to
enable remote measurement of particulate mass loading and
field test the measurement method. (RI-7)
TofiV
(hp Remote Hennurewient of plump Opaf
No.: Bi-6
M' len tones
W$i
•A
|
%%•$:•///•',
Research
Development
Field Test
Evaluation
ProtmilRfltion
Totals
'V
re 1^ 72 • 73
1 i*
Funding R
74
7'j
t
76
77
quired (51000's)
! ! . !
]00
75
100
100
'
50 '
I
> 75 JOO
200
50
Tntals
1972
1977
too
225
(,25
4} Intrrlra Method Available
Tank
Task
Title: Develop Data Interpretation Techniques to Enable
No.: RT-7
M1 lestones
^^
«i
t>
S
ffM^Mfy
Reseat t\
Develo nent
Field L-st
Evalua Ion
l-rcmul atiott
Total»
•V ».<
<>„,
Fiscal Year
te 7Z, 72 | 73 74 75 76 77
I i « -T
Funding Required (SlOOO's)
1 !
ISO •
! ! 75 I
50 . 50 ,
' 15
' 150 125 65 '
?&*
Totals
1972
to
1977
ISO
75
100
IS
MO
i.' Capability InUinlly Hi'qulr.-d A Evaluated Method Available
trrim Method Avnl hiblc
-------
3-20
2.2.2 Remote Sensing of Gases
Remote sensing of gases offers several advantages over point
sampling. These include: more representative sampling by spectral
integration and averaging over a long path in ambient air or across
the diameter of a stack plume; avoidance of interfacing between analyzer
and the stack with appropriate probes and sample conditioning such as
dilution, gas cooling, particulate scrubbing, water condensation, etc.;
the only effective way of executing a measurement of an extended source
such as an oil refinery with undefined leakage sources, etc.
Electro-optical techniques in infrared emission and absorption
spectroscopy appeared to offer the most advanced state of technology
development in related areas such as gas measurement in planetary
space studies and in chemical agent detection in the military.
EPA's initial effort at remote sensing of S0» emissions in power plant
emissions consisted of an IR feasibility study with Dalmo Victor
followed by a prototype development of what might constitute a field
instrument. Although the execution of the technique in terms of
engineering the hardware was well done, the operation was unsatisfactory
and an evalutation of the inadequacy was not determinable because of the
lack of supporting research instrumentation for remote sensing.
A contractual program was initiated to provide remote sensing
research instrumentation and data for the development of field instru-
ments utilizing IR emission and absorption techniques for remote
monitoring of sources and long path measurements in ambient air. A
contract was undertaken with Convair of San Diego to develop a high
resolution (Otl cm ) scanning IR spectrophotometer (3 to 5.5 microns and
7 to 14 microns) with capability for both emission and absorption
-------
3-21
spectroscopy. This instrument is to provide Held data on IK spectra
of urban atmospheres and o£ emissions from various sources and is to be
the ultimate reference in the field performance evaluation of prototype
field instruments. An appropriate assessment of the performance of the
Dalmo Victor prototype S0.; monitor can be made with this Convair research
instrument. The Convair instrument was delivered in the spring of 1971.
A 3-month field program is currently underway in the Los Angeles area.
The objectives of the field program are: to familiarize EPA's staff with
the instrument's operation; to generate representative long path spectra
(2 miles) of Los Angeles atmosphere under various smog conditions; to
generate representative spectra of power plant source, incinerator
source, and extended source, i.e., chemical complex or oil refinery.
Another IR research instrument system was developed under
contract and delivered by Bendix in September 1970. This system is a
multichannel spectrophotometer (7 to 14 microns), based on an earlier
design for the Chemical Corps and modified to EPA's needs. This instru-
ment has a range of capabilities that start somewhat below that of the
Convair system and approach the simplest single channel prototype field
device. A built-in computer (programmed to direct the procedure of
operation of the instrument and to execute the operation) provides as
•
many as' 50 channels of analysis and can be degraded to a minimum of one
channel. This is compared to Convair's 7000 channels of O.lcm spectral
segments in the 7 to 14 micron spectral region. The Bendix system will
permit the development of optimum design and performance specifications
for a prototype field instrument that is minimized in channel require-
ments and adequate in accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity.
Paralleling the development of the field research instruments,
a contract was undertaken with the Wave Propagation Laboratory of NOAA in
-------
3-22
Boulder, Colorado to consolidate and generate as required high resolution
IK specliviJ
-------
3-23
resonance- Knnum KcfilU-r and an improvement in S/N in the ordei/ol
45 /
10 to 10 could be obtained in fluorescent scatter techniques. It was
concluded that more productive effort would be realized in pursuing
these approaches at this time and cancelling any follow up on the
RFP's on Raman scatter. This conclusion was further/reinforced by an
invitation from Langley Research Center, NASA^to conduct a cooperative "\
study wherein they wished to conduct Raman scatter measurements with their
ongoing system on power plant sources and wanted EPA assistance in
conducting supporting in-stacK measurements to provide "ground truth"
/ '
so-to-speak. EPA is planning to accept this invitation which serves
the interest of both/parties.
{?•'
EPA has also initiated contracts to adapt advanced technologies
in IR spectroscopy that have potential as second generation field
instrument systems in remote sensing. These include the development of
very low powered tunable IR diode lasers in a contract with the Lincoln
Laboratories of MIT and long path IR laser coincidence spectroscopy in
a contract with G. E. in Syracuse, N. Y.
EPA has funded research grants in long path and remote sensing
instrument developments. These include:
A. Zaromb Research Foundation - Laser Stimulation of Raman
Scattering as Source for Absorption Spectroscopy of
Pollutant Emissions in Ambient Air.
B. University of Florida (Gainesville) - Correlation
Spectroscopy.
Commercial prototype remote monitors of S0~ and NO, (correlation
spectroscopy) were utilized in a field studies contract that EPA had
with Barringer Research, Inc. The objectives of these studies were to
-------
3-24
conduct a number of field experiments that may shed light on research
questions relating results obtained by remote sensing to those by
in-stack-methods and those by long path to those by point sampling in
ambient air. The experiments were also to give some information on
the performance capability of this instrumentation under field conditions.
This study included remote sensing from aircraft of N02 in a plume downwind
and tracking of NO in an air mass traversing a community. The results
were informative but still of a preliminary nature. Present plans are
to purchase a remote sensing system and further assess the performance
in conjunction with the Convair system as a reference.
A continuing program to develop a practical field remote
sensing capability to determine the emission of gaseous pollutants from
single sources, e.g., stacks, must be maintained. This task will
permit "in-site" sampling of the plume and detection at a distance of
1/4 to 1 mile from the source. The initial emphasis will be on the
measurement of SO and NO with later extention of the concept to NO ,
HCl and other pollutants.
TASK REQUIRED; Develop a practical field instrument for the
remote measurement of gaseous pollutants emitted from single
sources. (RI-8)
Task Title: D.un
Task
Sing
No- : RI-fl
Milestones
liia
• to
•H
•H
W^^^M'^'
Research
Development
Field Test
Evaluation
Promulgation
Totals
op a Practical Field Instrument for the Remote
re went of Gaseous Pollutants Emitted from
e Sources
Fiscal Year
r'c 72, 72
1
73
V-
74
»
75
fl
76
»
77
Funding Required (SlOOO'n)
' 200
100
100 _
250
50
250
1 100
\ \
1 300
400
350
150 !
100
in
15
365
1
.-100 ,.
10
no !
^>*
Totals
1972
to
1977
300
750
250 .
200
25
1525
A Date Capability Initially Required^ Evaluated Method Available
fo Interim Method Available
-------
3-25
In.-: I riniiciit ;i I inn to provide I he oi|>;il>i Illy noi'dril to iin'miurr
the emissions from area sources, e.g., petrochemical facilities, should
be developed. This instrumentation would be based on the use of long-
path integrated measurement techniques. The required program could
build on data obtained from the remote gaseous pollutant sensing pro-
grams and from DOD and NASA activities. The measurement capability
provided by this technique will also enable measurement of integrated
ambient air quality levels across valleys, along city streets, etc.
This should greatly facilitate measurements required for research studies
into the extent of pollution.
TASK REQUIRED; Develop a practical field instrument based on
the use of long-path integrated measurement techniques for
the measurement of emissions from area sources (TASK No. RI-9).
EPA has maintained an exchange of information of mutual
interest in remote sensing with several government agencies having
ongoing programs and made contact with others. These include NASA at
Washington Headquarters, Langley Research Center, former Electronics
Research Center, and Amos Research Center; Army Chemical Corps at Edgewood;
Naval Research Laboratory, D. C.; Naval Weapons Laboratory, Dahlgren,
Virginia; Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories.
Tank
of Long-Path Integrated H
Measurement of Emissions
No.: BI-9
H1 leg
w//
Activities
tones
m&w.*
Research
Uevelopment
Field Teat
Evaluation
Promulgation
Totals
Inatrume
eaauremen
rron Area
nt Based on the Use
i Technique* for the
Sources
Fiscal Year
rrc 72 72 , ,3
1 1
74 7
t*
5 76
t
77
Funding Required (SIOOS's)
100 75
100 2 SO
150,
too i
•
50
' IOO SO
1 200 125
15
250 1 150 t>5 !
4} Interim Method Available
; '"• /.
T.H.I.B
197*
1977
175
500
150
ISO
L5
?90
-------
3-26
2 . 3 Mt'Lc-orc) Logj c;i I Mt'.'ia
The quality of the ambient air is the result of emissions of
pollutants from discrete sources and the presence of geographical
formations and climatological conditions which enhance or hinder the
dispersive forces of the atmosphere. This section of the plan covers
the research and development projects needed to establish the capability
to measure the dispersive forces of the atmosphere and other atmospheric
v
properties required for an understanding of the causes and extent of air
pollution. The measurement capability provided by this section will also
enable a timely advance prediction of local air pollution episodes.
Obtaining information on the dispersive forces acting in the
lower two kilometers of the atmosphere above an urban area cannot be
accomplished with conventional meteorological measurement techniques,
because of air safety restrictions. Accordingly, EPA's support of
meteorological measurement programs in recent years has focused on the
development of remote techniques to measure these transport properties
in the planetary boundary layer. These measurements provide information
on the dispersive nature of the atmosphere and permit forecasting of the
extent to which interactions between air pollutants and atmospheric
processes will affect community air pollution levels. EPA's meteorology
program is conducted by personnel on assignment from the National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration of the Department of Commerce.
-------
3-27
The mot oorol o}1. i c;i I inensu return I technique pro>r,r.'ini includes
three areas: (1) remote measurement of the atmospheric temperature
profile; (2) remote measurement of wind speed and turbulence profiles
and (3) measurement of atmospheric moisture profiles.
2.3.1 Temperature Profile Measurement
Because atmospheric temperature gradients (differences in
temperature with increasing altitude) are among the factors that
influence the transport and dispersion of air pollutants, and because
of the limitations of conventional means of obtaining atmospheric
temperature profiles, EPA has been supporting the development of
remote sensing techniques. In this regard, a prototype radiometer for
measuring vertical temperature profiles has been developed and success-
fully evaluated by EPA under contract with Sperry Rand. An advanced
prototype radiometer for measuring temperature profiles suitable for
field use is currently under development. This technique is based on
sensing the radiation from atmospheric oxygen molecules in the millimeter
radiation spectrum. Completion of the development and evaluation of an
advanced prototype remote instrument to measure vertical temperature
profiles is required .
TASK REQUIRED; Develop and evaluate an advanced prototype
instrument to remotely measure vertical temperature profiles
(RI-10)
1'iisk
Instrument to Remotely Measure Vertlea
Temperature Profiles
•
-------
3-28
2.5.?. Atmospheric Turbulence, mid Wind Measurements,
The wind speed and turbulence of the asmosphere at altitudes
within the planetary boundary layer (up to 1500 m) are also factors
that influence the transport and dispersion of air pollutants. Again
the limitations of conventional methods of measuring wind speed and
turbulence vertical profiles in urban areas necessitates a remote
measurement capability. EPA is supporting development of a laser cross-
beam technique which obtains information on wind speed and turbulence by
focusing a laser beam on an area of the planetary boundary layer and
looking at the back scatter of radiation. The construction and
evaluation of a prototype of the laser cross beam technique for wind
speed and turbulence profiles remains to be accomplished.
TASK REQUIRED; Develop and evaluate a prototype instrument
based on the laser cross-beam technique for measurement of
wind speed and turbulence . (RI-11)
EPA is also sponsoring development of ground-based accoustical
techniques as an alternate method to measure wind speed and turbulence
profiles in the planetary boundary layers. An operational prototype is
available but the technique to obtain the desired profiles from the
data remain to be worked out. Once the necessary techniques are available
a field test of the measurement method is required.
TasV
Task
Title: Develop
on the
Speed a
"°- i RI-11
Milestones
WM
Activities
Research
Development
Field Teat
Evaluation
Promulgation
Totals
and Evaluate a Prototype Inatru
Laser Croaa-fleam Technique for Hi
nd Turbulence
Fiscal Year
Pr'e ?.> 72
1
73
4
74
75
ment Based
easureoent of
76
77
Funding Required (§1000' t\
!
130
50
sq
1
'
! 130
100
1
i
A Date Capability Initially Required A Evalu
^ Interim Method Available
m
Totals
1972
1977
180
SO
230
ted Method Available
-------
3-29
TASK REQUIRED: Develop the data handling techniques required
to obtain wind speed and turbulence profiles from ground-based
accoustical techniques and field test the measurement method- (RI-12)
2.3.3 Moisture Profile Measurements
NOAA is currently investigating optical dispersion techniques
for application to moisture profile determinations. The timely develop-
ment of an operational prototype for use by EPA and State Air Pollution
Control Agencies will require EPA support of the development phase,
followed by a field evaluation of the measurement method.
TASK REQUIRED: Support the development of the instrument
based on optical dispersion techniques for moisture profile
measurement and field test the measurement method . (RI-13)
Task .
Taak
T J 1 1 e : Develop the Data Handling Techniques Required to
Obtain Wind Speed and Turbulence Profiles From
Cround-Dased Accouatlcal Techniques and Field Tost
The Measurement Method
"No.: Ri-12
Milestones
ffljff/j
Activities
''$$:,/#{
Research
Development
Field Test
Evaluation
Promulgation
Totals
Flsca
I'rc 72, 72 . 73 74
1 ! >
Irar
75
76
77
Funding Required ($1000's)
1
135 BO 1
50 J
1 135 130 1
A Date Capability Initially Required A
ft Interim Method Available
i
;
.
!
'"•$&
Totals
1972
1977
215
50
265
Evaluated Method Available
Task
Task
Title: Develop
Diapers
and Fie
No': RI-13
Miles
• M
«l
>
<
tones
Research
Development
Field Teat
Evaluation
Promulgation
Totals
merit of an Instrument Baaed on Optical
ion Technique* (or Holaturc Profile Meaaurementa
Id Teat the Measurement Hathod
Pro 7^ 72 73
1
74
75
76
t
77
Funding KeQulred (SlOOO'j)
200
200
> 200
200
1 i
50
i
L 100 I
i !
150 i
Wi
Totals
1972
1977
450
100
550
A Date Capability Initially Required A Evaluated Method Available
^ Interim Method Available
-------
3-'JO
3. MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES TO IDENTIFY AMD
QUANTITATE AIR POLLUTANTS
3.1 Ambient Air Quality Measurement
3.1.1 Introduction
Ambient air may be defined as the atmosphere in our immediate
surroundings. The quality of this ambient air is a function of a variety
of natural and man-made conditions. Solids, liquids and gases continuously
cycle into and out of the atmosphere at different concentrations and rates.
The atmosphere inherently contains many dispersed materials from natural
sources whose concentration may vary from minute to dense. For example,
plants emit oxygen, water vapor, pollen, etc.; animals emit CO , NH~ and
other low molecular weight compounds; and from natural episodes such as
volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and storms high concentrations of diverse
solids, liquids and gases may be dispersed into the atmosphere. Above this
background of naturally occurring pollutants, other pollutants enter the
atmosphere as emissions from a host of discrete mobile and stationary sources,
Wide variations in ambient air quality exist in different regions
of the Nation as a result of differing local emissions and the presence of
geographic formations and meteorological conditions which enhance or hinder
the dispersive forces of the atmosphere. This section of the report is
concerned with the analytical methods and instruments which will be required
to measure the ambient air quality level throughout the United States.
3.1.2 Specific Requirements by Pollutant
3 .1.2.1 SOp and Sulfur Compounds
Sulfur dioxide is the gaseous pollutant most frequently measured,
and the development of measurement methods for this pollutant is correspond-
ingly relatively well advanced. A manual measurement technique for S00
-------
3-31
based on the pararosanili.no method has been collaboratively LcsLcil by
EPA and promulgated as the measurement method in the Federal Register
of April 30, 1971. No further work on an analytical method for SO. is
anticipated. The various instruments available do not give identical
results. This situation creates a need for evaluation of commerically
available instrumental procedures which can be promulgated as official
measurement methods.
TASK REQUIRED; Develop and evaluate an instrumental method
for continuous measurement of SCL . (IQA-1)
Research and development is needed for simple non-wet chemical
instrumental methods, for 24-hour cumulative sampling and measurement of SO™.
TASK REQUIRED; Develop and evaluate an instrument for 24-hour
cumulative sampling and analysis of SO . (IQA-2)
The recently developed flame photometric detector (FPD) can measure
all types of volatile sulfur compounds in the atmosphere, over a wide range
of concentrations, from 1 ppb to 10 ppm. It detects photometrically the emission
of atomic sulfur formed during controlled combustion in a hydrogen-
rich flame. This can be used directly to measure total gaseous sulfur com-
pounds, or coupled with GC to analyze separately for H2S, RSH, RSR or S02
in admixtures. The FPD method will probably be acceptable as an interim
TMk Title: D.v.lm>
Hiuura
T»»k Xo.: IOA-I
Milestones
Research
." Uevcloprai/nt
"S Flpld Tpst
"*• Pronulgntlon
Totals
and Evaluate an Instrumental Method for Continuous
wnt of SO Z
Fiscal Year
TP 72 72 | 73 i 74
1 -T « 1 *
75 76
77
Funding Required ($1000' B)
! 1 ' i
100 50 1 i i
50 i
1 5
I too 100 ; 80
'
'£%$>
Totals
1972
1977
150
50
n
j
280
into Capability initially Required £ Evaluated Method Available
4). Interim Method Aval lob lu
Tnsk
Title: Develop
Samp 1 In
Task No. i ,,,»-,
M( lestones
'W$ti
V
•rt
ft
'$w^'s/.y.
R search
D velopmcnt
F eld Test
E aluatlon
P otnulgatlon
Totals
and Evaluate an Instrument for
g and Analyst a of S02
Fiscal Y
Prc 7^ 72 i 73 74
1 A 0 f
Funding Required
ear
75
24 Hour
76
Cumulative
77
($1000' 6)
, 1
75 T.
50 50
7_i
10
i 75 125 |135
A Date Capability Initially Required A
^ Interim Method Available
Evalu
Totals
1972
to
1977
ISO
100
,s
10
335
Led Method Available
-------
method for total sulfur, as soon as field tests to determine its limitations
are completed, and the full procedure promulgated later as the official EPA
method after further work and evaluation tests.
TASK REQUIRED: Develop and evaluate instrumental methods for total
gaseous S compounds and for specific sulfur-containing compounds.
(IQA-3)
H S is a specific pollutant that is often a local nuisance
and the development of a simple means for its measurement in the ambient
air is justified. The method can be cumulative but should be sensitive
enough to permit measurements in time intervals as short as 1-hour.
TASK REQUIRED; Develop and evaluate a manual method for 1-hour
or less cumulative sampling and measurement of H«S. (IQA-4).
A rapid method to determine molecular sulfuric acid (sulfuric
acid mist) currently does not exist. The development of a rapid manual
method, most likely based on cumulative sampling, is required to support
planned EPA community studies.
TASK REQUIRED; Develop a manual method for molecular H^SO,
(sulfuric acid mists). (IQA-5).*
*Asterisk indicates task sheet carried over to next page.
T.ir,k Tlrlc: Develop and Evaluate InHtrumental Methods for Total
Gaseoua R Compounds and for Specific Sulfur-ContalnlnR
Compounds
l2»!i_
N.^: ,,A-3
M' lestonps
W^f/y
fir //'':/$%
He.si'ni-ch
llcvulopmi-nt
Field Test
Evaluation
rr,,o,,lB.,t u.ii
'iKtillS
Fiscal Ve;ir
'n- 7^ 72 , 73 74 75 76 77
lift
Funding Required ($](KJO's}
i : '
75 75 ! 1
50 I i :
75 ' . i
; 10 '
1 75 125 1 85 !
f$£
Totals
1972
1977
150
50
75
10
285
A l';'le i:i|>.il'i 1 ily Inili.-illv Itrtjuir* d A i:v.ili atf
Tank
Task
TU_le_: Develop and Evaluate A Manual Method for 1-Hour Or Leaa
Cuaulatlve Sampling and Meaeurenent of HjS
No. : IOA-4
MUes
m/s/j
M
V
>
\
tones
m®m<
Research
Development
Yield Test
{valuation
1'ronuilgat Ion
Totals
Fiscal Year
're 1^ 72 , 73
1 1* il
74
75
76
77
Funding Required (SlOOO'n)
100
JO
I
!
1
sn :
10 !
1100 110
$ft
Totals
1972
to
1977
100
5p
50
10
210
•V UaLe Capability Initially Required aV Evaluated Method Available
^ Interim Method Availnblc
-------
3-33
3.1.2.2 Particulates
Particulates include fumes, mists, smog, aerosols, sprays,
as well as smokes and dust, and they can be composed of almost any
material. Particulate size distribution, chemical composition, and
physical properties, such as density, shape, surface area and reflectance
are all highly variable. Conventional methods of ambient air total
particulate mass loading measurement have used either the high volume
samplers for cumulative sampling or the tape samplers for rapid measurement
Tape samplers have been promulgated as an interim method for
measurement of total particulates and are in widespread use at the
present time. This method is currently not acceptable as an official
EPA measurement method because of several problems, chief among which
has been the effect of particle color and surface reflectance on the
photometric measurement of spot loading on the tape. A development
program to apply alternate methods for the measurement of particulate
collected on the tape, such as beta-gauging, should be undertaken to
upgrade the tape sampler pending development of improved techniques for
the hourly measurement of total particulate mass loading.
TASK REQUIRED; Develop beta-gauging techniques to replace the
photometric measurement of particulates collected on the tape
sampler. (IQA-6)
T/isk Tllh : n.u.in.
T.sk ...
No..! IQA-5
'
M4 lostoneB
•/ ^
AcClvlcle*
7f/-//"''/47'
Research
Development
Field Tent '
Promulgation
Totaln
A Manual fo
r Molecular H
^SOj (Sulfurtc
Acid Mists)
fiscal Year
re- H n
73
74
ft | t
Funding Ri
SO
100
5n
75
76
77
quired (SlOOO's)
! •
1 75 '
SO
ISO
10 !
69
A Date CopubllUy Initially Required A
4^ Interim Method Available
•
Lvalu
:JP3
Totals
1972
to
1977
»9 .
100
SO
'5
10
285
Task Title: tt.vi.ln,.
Task
H'lcs
Measure
"Q-: IQA-6
tones
'W'&^-fltfi''*',
M
V
Research
Development
Field Te-»t
I'ronul gation
Totals
^y i'
Beta-Gauging Techniques To Hrplare The Photometric
ment of Particulates Collected On The Tope Sampler
Fiscal Year
re 1\ 72 73 74
1 ft t
Funding Koqiiircif
75 !
50 .
75
76
77
(SlOUll'n)
50 '
• 5
1 75 50 ' 55
tc Capability Initially Required.^
tcrirn Method Avotlohh-
Kvalu
-•A v
Total1.
1972
1977
T,
50
50
5
180
atcd Method Available
-------
3-34
TASK REQUIRED: Develop and evaluate an improved instrumental
method to measure hourly particulate total mass loading. (IQA-7)
Modern Hi-Vol equipment for cumulative total particulates has
been greatly improved by providing measurement devices and controls for a
continuous flow rate of air. A preliminary description of this equipment
and its proper operation was set forth in the Federal Register for January 30,
1971. A collaborative user evaluation of the high volume sampler method has
recently been completed. There are still a number of problems to be solved,
however, one of which is the changing efficiency of filtration for variously-
sized particles during a 24-hour period, as the filter becomes partially coated
in use. Operation is affected by humidity, temperature changes, and chemical
interactions of the material collected.
Many of these effects have been attributed to the fact that no
currently available Hi-Vol filter medium is completely satisfactory.
The development of a temperature-and humidity-stable filter medium
with good mechanical properties and high collection efficiency which can be
easily manufactured in large, uniform quantities is required. It should
be ashless for the chemical analysis of particulate composition. This
task is judged to need only a modest investment, particularly at the
R/D stage, in view of its considerable commercial potential.
Task
Title: Develop and Evaluate An Improved Inatru
mental
Method To
Measure Hourly Particular Total Haas Loading
Task
No. : IQA-7
H< lea tones
in
>
J!
y$t$W$fy
Research
Development.
Field Test
Evaluation
Promulgation
Totals
Fiscal Year
•re 73 72 , 73
1 i *
7«
75
t
76
77
Funding Required ($1000's)
50 1
150
50
100
50
: 1
100
I 50 200 150
r 10
110 |
t%0
':•'*:*
Totals
1972
to
1977
5.0.
250
100
10,0
10
510
A Date Capability Initially Required f Evaluated Method Available
£ Interim Method Available
-------
3-35
TASK REQUIRE!): Develop an improved litter medium for use in
cumulative measurement of total particulate mass by Hi-Vol
equipment. (IQA-8)
It is recognized that alternate methods, for example, staged
filtration or completely different equipment such as large-scale impingers
may be developed which will also meet the requirement of providing
samples for further analysis. As a contingency a program to evaluate
revised instrumental methods for cumulative particulate mass loading
is included.
TASK REQUIRED: Field test and evaluate improved techniques
for instrumental measurement of cumulative particulate mass
loading. (IQA-9)
Particle size measurements have become increasingly important
with the realization that the physical, chemical and biological effects of
particulates all vary with particle size, and are generally greater for
smaller particles. At the same time, the increasing efficiency of dust
collecting devices in industry is increasing the relative amount of total
particulates which are in these smaller sizes. A variety of cascade samplers
are available on the market which are claimed 'to give satisfactory performance
in the larger size range, down to about 1.0 or 0.5 microns. These are ready
ll'Jv-TiKlil1 Develop an Improved Filter Medium for Use In Cumulative
Measurement of Total Particulate Mass By HI-Vol Equlpiwnt
EstUt^- «>*-8
S,
•H
t ones
'*{,'/•' 'f • >'~
' : . ' * _ / .
Rr.!,-orl>'
Tnsk
Task
M'lcs
%%
m
";>
-C
Title: field T<
Inatrune
M*i. lot
Ho._ ; IQA-9
tones
/^w->
Kescnrcli
Development
ridd TCJ.L
Evaluation
I'ronmlgatlun
Totals
at and Evaluate Improved Technique* for
ntal Measurement of Cumulative Particulate "
ding
Fiscal Year
re 72 72 . 73 7ft 75 76 77
1 i 0 ~t
Funding K»qulred (ilOOO's)
! ill
• 1
50 30 i
' ! 50
: 1
1 50 50 55
^
totals
1972
to
1971
100
5.A
i
155
^ Dale Crtj>,»bUHy Initially Required A Evaluated Method Available
^} Inlvrfa Method AvalUbh-
-------
3-36
for field testing, to select a preferred procedure for evaluation and
promulgation as an official method for the routine collection of fractionated
samples .
TASK REQUIRED: Test and evaluate commercial instruments for
size distribution of suspended particulates. (IQA-10)
The smallest particles below 1 micron in size are not completely
measured by present methods of sample collection. They are an important
part of the "respirable particulates". These range in size from an upper
limit of about 2 microns, which is not filtered out on breathing, to a
lower limit of about 0.1 microns, below which the particles inhaled tend to
remain suspended and escape from the lungs again on exhalation. New methods
are needed which are capable of measuring the total amount of respirable
particulates, either as a single measurement or in several stages. Possibili-
ties for the smaller particles include light scattering using laser beams,
centrifugal separation with or without size classification, and the meas-
urement of pulse size as a function of particle size in pulse flame ioniza-
tion.
TASK REQUIRED: Develop new instrumental techniques for respirable
particulates, including the smaller particles of 0.1 to 2 micron
size. (IQA-11)
The effect of particulates on visibility is important for aesthe-
tic values, and frequently for practical purposes as well. Visibility is
Task
T««k
Title: irK „
Dlscrl
""• : IQA-10
H'.lcs
Accivicies
tones
Research
Development
Field Test
Evaluation
Promulgation
Totals
id Evaluate Commercial InKrunent for Size
juclon of Suspended Particular
Fiscal Year
•re 72, 72
1
73
74
*
75
76
77
Funding Required (SlOQO'sl
50
1 50
1
75 .
|
! i
75
P*^
Totals
1972
1977
50
75
125
A Dace Capability Initially Required A Evaluaced Mechod Available
Task
Task
Title-
Parcicu
Micron
"n-: IQA-11
MUes
«
-H
tones
'ffiffiffyf?1'-
Research
Development
Field Test
Evaluation
Promulgation
Totals
New Instrumental Techniques fa
late.. Including Che Smaller Par
Size
Respirable
cicles of 0.1 to 2
Kisi-al Year
re 72, 72 . 73 74
| 1
75
ft
76 77
t
Funding Required ($lUO'J'^i
100
100
i 100 j 100
A Date Capability initially Required £
200
50
250
tvalu
„
100 1
10
185
r~i"
1972
to
197!
100
.inn
125
100
10
635
ated Method Available-
-------
3-37
tisiKilLy measured over long distance's, often in a particular direction. Its
measurement may be affected by special effects such as light reflection
or diffraction. Equipment now available includes integrating nephelometers
which are ready to be field tested, in comparison with optical transmission
and visual observation. Correlations should also be established with other
measureable properties of the particles present. This should be followed by
evaluation on a selected procedure prior to promulgation as an official
method.
TASK REQUIRED: Field test and evaluate available instruments
to measure visibility. (IQA-12)
Manual methods are required to determine the composition of
collected particulate samples. It is expected that these analyses will
be done using available laboratory techniques such as emission spectroscopy,
atomic absorption, etc. Some additional development work will be required
to adapt these techniques to the concentration levels that are encountered
in air pollution studies.
TASK REQUIRED: Develop and evaluate laboratory methods for
determining the composition of collected particulate matter.
(IQA-13)
3.1.2.3 Carbon Oxides
Carbon monoxide is present in nature at very low levels, below
1 ppm, and recent data indicate that its appearance and disappearance in
nature are related to the biochemistry of the oceans and of soil. The
J'1- 7» '
i '
!
1 75 1 150
i
A Date Capability Initially Required A Lvalu
^ Interim Method Available
Totals
19/2
lo
19/-1
150
75
225
ted Method Available
-------
3-38
usual, concentration range for air niou.su ring instruments is 0-r>() ppm
(0-56 mg./in ). This requires different instriiineiits than those best suited
for much higher concentrations, in the range of 0.17, or more, which are
commonly encountered in source measurements. The measurement of CO by
n'on-dispersive infrared (NDIR) was specified in the Federal Register for
April 30, 1971. A collaborative evaluation of this method has been
recently completed. However, this method is sensitive to both temperature
and moisture changes, and calibration becomes increasingly difficult at
very low levels. While these problems can be minimized by careful
controls, alternate methods which will avoid them are needed for
routine measurement of ambient level trends.
The combination of gas chromatography and a flame ionization
detector is giving useful results in this range. The system measures
both CO and methane, in the range of 0.1 to 100 ppm. It operates by
catalytically reducing CO in a portion of the gas stream to methane, after
interfering gases are removed. The equipment has been field tested and
is available from several manufacturers. It is now ready for evaluation,
to define its limitations and preferred operating conditions, as an
official method.
TASK REQUIRED; Test and evaluate commercially available
instruments based on the gas chromatograph with FID detector
for instrumental measurement of CO at normal ambient levels.
(IQA-U)
T.isl.
Title: Test ar
Baled
of CO
Task Mo.: IOA-14
M< les
m
«
T«
tones
'"''l7.^' •''/;•"'.
Kesearch
Development •
Field Test
Evaluation
1'roi.ulgation
Totals
d Evaluate Comnerclally Available Inatruinenta
on C.C.'FID Detector for Instrumental Meaaurement
at Normal Ambient LeveK
Fiscal Year
re 72 72 . 73 ; 74
t>| ^ ti
75 | 76 77
1
Funding Required (SJOOO's)
! :
75 ' -
10
i 8} :
A Date Capability initially Required £
4} Interim Method Available
j
Totals
1972
1977
V.
10
85
livflluoted Method Availiibli'
-------
3--J9
Improved CO measurement methods are in various stages of
development. These include modifications to ND1R such as the use of
fluorescence resonance radiation light sources by Arkon, and a German
technique sensitive at very low levels in which mercuric oxide is reduced
by CO to elemental mercury, which is then detected by atomic adsorption.
It is assumed that within a period of about two years some of these
alternates may have established a position in the instrument market,
because of their simplicity. When this occurs, a further program of
evaluation tests may be required to establish an improved method.
TASK REQUIRED: Field test alternate methods of ambient level
CO measurement and conduct evaluations as soon as developments
appear to justify an alternate official method- (IQA-15)
Research is desirable to develop and standardize a simple
instrumental method for cumulative sampling and measurement of CO.
TASK REQUIRED; Develop simple instrumental methods for
cumulative sampling and measurement of CO. (IQA-16)
3.1.2.4 Nitrogen Oxides (NOX)
The Saltzman (colorimetric) method as modified by Jacobs/Hochheiser
is the most widely accepted analytical method for measurement of N0« and this
procedure has been promulgated as an interim method for ambient air analysis.
A user evaluation remains to be completed.
Tnnk
Title: Held Te«t Alternate Met ho
ment and Conduct Evaluatloi
Appear To Juatlfy An Alter
Task
1o.: 104-15
I'M IcPtonca
3
'"' ••'• '/>'
Renonrcli
Development
Fluid Ten
Evaluation
I'rniiiuluat Ion
Totals
d« of Aablent Level 00 Heaaure-
• «a Soon aa Developments
Kte Officl.l Method
Fiscul Year
Pro 72, 72 ' 73
1 1 *
Funding R
10
50
1 BO
A Dato Cnpablllty Initially Kvqulretl <
^ Interim Mctliod Available
74
f
quired
75
10
>^-
75 76 77
(SIOOO'5)
Tolals
1977
30
50
10
165
Evaluated Method AvjilabK
Task
Tank
M< let.
Activities
fit lu: Develop
Samp 1 In
VTK: IQA-16
tones
f".^---f//7'
Keftenrcl)
Development
Field To i
Evaluatl n
Promulga Ion
To ale
Simple Instrumental Methods for
g and Measurement of CO
fiscal Vt-ar
're 7< 72 73 j 74 j 75
! I* t|
Funding Kcqulretl ($100
I j
Cumuli
tlve
/6
_^_
77
75 75 ! •'
; sn !
' 50 '
' in
' 75 75 Min .!
A Date Capabl Ity Initlu
^ Interim Method Aval lab
Totals
1972
1977
150
SO
50
10
260
-------
TASK
3-40
Evaluate the JftcobS-llochlKjisur modified Saltzman
manual method for NO,,. (IQA-17)
Considerable controversy still surrounds the adequacy of the
Jacobs -Ho chheiser modifed Saltzman method, for ambient measurement of NO .
Research and development of alternate analytical techniques for N0~ measure-
ment should continue until a truly acceptable analytical method is developed.
TASK REQUIRED: -Conduct research and development leading to an
improved analytical method for ambient N0_ . (IQA-I8)
Several commercial instruments are available for coloritnetrically
determing NO . These techniques also allow measurement of NO (NO + NO )
by adding ozone or by passing the gas sample through a filter (^2^3) to
oxidize the NO to NO.. Alternate instruments that are under development as
a replacement for the colorimetric method include techniques based on
electrochemistry, flame photometry and spectroscopy.
TASK REQUIRED: Complete the development of instruments for the
continuous measurement of NO,, • (IQA-19) *
Further research is also desirable to develop and standardize a
much simpler method for cumulative sampling and measurement of NO , possibly
using a solid adsorbent or plug-in sensor cell.
TASK REQUIRED: Develop simple instrumental methods for cumulative
sampling and measurement of N0_. (IQA-20)*
*Asterisk indicates task sheet carried over to next page.
Tank
Task
ILL'£.: Evaluate the Jacob-Hochheiser Modified Saltioan Manual
Method for N02
'".: IQA-17
H' let;
• •#•>. ;'/
V
>
•^
tones
/ .v' j/;..
Research
Development
Field Test
Evaluation
rTmmiLgat jmi
Totals
A Dal« (Japabi lity
^ Interim Method A
KUr«l Year
'r.- ^ 72 n < 7A
»l tl i
n \ ?a
1
77
Funding KerlUlr,.,l (flUdd's)
!
i :
100 :
10
no :
lit lolly Kequlred ^
Totnl.i
1972
1977
,199
10
110
Kvaliiatud Mctliud AvallabU*
Task
Tiiult
M'les
•2
Title: Conduct
Analytl
No.: IQA-18
tones
Hes arch
Uev lopment
Fie d Test
Eva uatioo
PronulKalion
Totals
^'i-
Re pea re h and Development Leading To An Improved
cal Method for Ambient N(>2
Fiscal Year
Pre 7? 72 73 | 71
! i ' 1 »
75
t
76
77
rundln^Roqulrod ($100.Vs)
100 1
i 150 :
50 '
' 7^
10
1 100 200
te Cap.ilti lily Indiiilly Kft\\ti i .-J A
orim Mclliod Avail.il'K'
85
tv.ilu;
led >!,.
To 1. 111.
1972
I u
1977
100
150
50
75
J85
ilo.l .wailal.l,
-------
The measurement of NO is important because the NO emitted by
combustion sources and automobiles is predominantly NO. This is subse-
quently (and reversibly) converted to N0» by the action of sunlight and
air, over a period of time which may be hours or days. NO has been analyzed
for years by converting it first to N0_, and new methods such as ozone
titration (gas phase) and flame photometry are just now being developed.
These methods are promising, but they require further development and field
testing before they can be designated as official measurement methods.
Instrumental methods for continuous measurement and for cumulative sampling
and analysis are required.
TASK REQUIRED: Complete development and evaluate instrumental
methods for continuous measurement of NO. (IQA-21)
TASK REQUIRED: Develop and evaluate instruments for cumulative
sampling and analysis of NO. (IQA-22)
Tosh
Tank
Title: Connie.
teaourt
No. : IQA-19
M-Meitttii.es
£^//
.S
Hencarcli
Development
Field Test
Evaluation
1 rotmilgatiun
Totals
AD*
ft In
c the Development of Inot rwnentn for the Continuous
cent of NOj
Fiscal Year
*«••• n n n \ /A 75 ?& 77
! JA ft i t
1 1
100 100 1
50 '50
75
' 10 '
1 100 150 135
•' ,x
Tot J Is
1972
1977
200
100
ls
10
3«
terlm Melliod Aval lable
Tnit
Task
H'lvn
T-iLJ£: Complete Developnent and E
for Continuous Ntaaurvoent
11LU: IQA-21
toneo
f/'.'f-/-"//' ''// *'
a
T-l
Itcseorch
t)cveloi>ncnt
Kitld Tobt
t'romulgat ion
Totals
valuate InHtr
of NO
lawncal
Hethoda
Fiscal Year
're Ji 12 73
! *
74
t
75
76
77
Funding lleaulred ^lUII'I'sj
75
50
75
!
10 '
.Ji 115.
A Uoic Capability Initially KL-qulrrd ^
ft Interim t let hod Available
Lvaln
it o.l Me
• •.'
fot.nls
1972
to
1977
75
>°
75
10
210.
'""' """' 1"l>"1
.'.•'.••>_' ".'.'J.: »""!lop Simple In.itrumental Method* lot Cunul.il Iw s.wllnit
and Measurement of N02
.V.-JLjii.' IQA-20
nMe.,,,,,e,
Research
.2 Development
S Field Test
£ Evaluation
*> rnmulBatlon
Totals
fl :i.il '..-ir
L . ; ifi 1* i I
liiiiilliill «.'qiilr..d CU' IN)
1
75 75 •
50
50
10
_n 75 no •
1 -l.il
^
ay
50
10
260
A Date tapi'Mltty Initially Required A llvnlu^ted Mi-tluid (wall. U.U-
^Interim Method Available
Tash
TfVik
M' leu
?%'i
Activities
"FUJ^ : Develop and Evaluate In»C
and Analyala of NO
»o.: IQA-22
tones
/. S'$ -/ft ''/I
HeHt arcli
Development
Field Test
Evaluation
Promulgation
Totnln
•UDenta
for C.
imilall
i> Sanp] Ing
FUcol v.-«r
Pre 11
72
73
Funding R
30
100
74
ft
quirex
j
75
t
76
77
(SlOOU's)
' 50 '
1 50 '
' 10 '
A Date Cupobillty Inlltf)
ft Interim Mctliod Aval lab
$0
ly Keq
f
100
l\n i
"'"••' *
Lvalu
rnt,ilt,
1972
to
1977
150
50
50
ip
2f,n
ited Method Available
-------
3-42
A. method for the determination of free nitric acid as a vapor or
mist is needed.
TASK REQUIRED: Develop analytical methods for ambient molecular
HNO . (IQA-23)
3.1.2.5 Ozone and Oxidants
Oxidants are widespread air pollutants for which National Air
Quality Standards have been issued. The KI method has been issued
(April 30, 1971) in the Federal Register as an interim standard method for
the determination of total oxidants (TOX) and ozone in ambient air. A
large number of other instruments and techniques are in use, and there is
an apparent need to establish correlations between the KI method and
at least some of the other methods in common use. An ozone measurement
technique based on the chemiluminescence of ethylene and ozone appears to
have considerable.promise but still requires evaluation and promulgation
as an alternate measurement technique for TOX.
TASK REQUIRED: Evaluate the KI instrumental method for total
oxidants and correlate the measured TOX values with values obtained
by the other oxidant and ozone measurement methods now in use.
(IQA-24)
TASK REQUIRED: Evaluate an ozone instrument, as an alternate
official method for "total oxidants". (IQA-25)*
Task
Task
Tide: Develop
Sn.! 10A-23
M'li-s
WT*
:.•-/: •
-H
>
•f
tones
/•/^W?
Jesearch
Uevelopment
Field Tes .
Evalultio
Pra.ulgac 0"
Tot Is
A Da
*ln
Analytical Methods for Ambient Molecular HNO
Fisc-Hl Year
Pre 72,
72 73 | 74
.1 «l »
75 | 76
1
77
Funding Kec.ulr.id (SlOUO's)
• i
50 50 1 !
50 !
' 50 .
10
1
so 100 i 60 ! :
cc Capabll ty Initially Required A
terlm Neth d Available
.- ,.
Totnls
1972
1977
100
50
?=
10
210
Evaluated Method Available
Task
Task
Title: Evaluat
Correli
the Oth
Use.
Ho. : IQA-24
M' lea
W/P
'«
3
tones
'/•*'%'. //jf^.
Research
Development
Field Test
Bvalustion
Promulgation
Totals
$"•
e the KI Instrumental Method for Total Oxldanta and
te the Measured TOX Values with Values Obtained by
er Oxidant and Ozone He as u re men t Methods Now in
I'ru 72, 72 , 73 [ 74 75 | 7o 77
»l i »" " i
Funding Required (JICJIIO'sJ
1 • • ' '
i
50 | '
100 •_. _ : __
10 '..
i 50_ lp ;
Totals
1972
to
197;
•in
100
10
160
terim flcthod Available
-------
3-43
A simple device for «:iirmi1 nti ve ly sampling and ;innlyzint> nxttl.'ints
or ozone is needed, such as an exposure plate or indicator tubes.
TASK REQUIRED: Develop and evaluate a simple instrumental device
for cumulative sampling and analyzing total oxidants or ozone.
(IQA-26)
3.1.2.6 Organic Compounds
Hydrocarbons in air are significant as a source of photochemical
oxidants. This class of pollutants comprises straight and branched chain
paraffins, olefins and other unsaturates, aromatics, cyclic, polycyclic,
and chlorinated aliphatic and aromatic (polychlorinated biphenyl PCB)
compounds. It also includes alcohols, aldehydes, esters, heterocyclic com-
pounds, most solvents, and any volatile organic materials. Also included
is polycyclic organic matter (POM) which is recognized as carcinogenic.
The measurement of total hydrocarbon is a common ambient air
quality measurement. This measurement can be made using the sensitive
flame ionization detector (FID) which detects any compound having a carbon-
hydrogen bond. Methane is a special problem since it is present in normal
ambient air, in an amount of about 1.2-1.5 ppm. This level may be 60% or
more of the total hydrocarbons in the ambient air, even in an industrial
environment. Accordingly, it is important to define an official method to
determine non-methane hydrocarbons. A commercial instrument based on the
''•'•'ll T" le; Evaluate an Ozone Inatrument «a an Mccmate Official
Method for "Total Onldantn"
Tiiik.^..: 1QA-25
MM.".
r77rr
• •' . •/
tfl
~3~?-
Di-Vflopffii-ni
Hold Test
Evaluation
rroraulg.it Ion
Tot i. Is
A i>-i
--ir-^-nrprj
&l i t i j 1
77
f.indliij; Ki'iji.l i.-d_(?lllll.l'<)
! f
1 '
100
10
1 no •. !
Tnlalo
11(2
to
1977
100
10
110
lc LapobilUy Iniiinllv Koqiilrcd A LlvalnaiciJ Mi-tliod Avail.ibJt
it-rin Holho.l Av.iiliil-U'
T.iik Title: Develop and Evaluate a Simple Instrumental Device for
Cumulative Sampling and Analyzing Total Oxldanta or Ozoni>
Tni.1,
Jo. : IQA-26
M'li".
'VTT.-t
•&,
>
v4
S
V
IOI1PS
-2^r.i-
Westarcli
DeveUH'incni
field Test
evaluation
I'ronulgatlon
Totals
Kisrnl Vf.ir
re I'l 72 71 • 74 1 75 | la | 77
! ! i »l tl 1
F'.".vll.iis_E;.i!i! jyi-SAiffiilsJ
100 1 50 '
i 50 >
75
' 100 '100 ' a»
1 h.
\in
t.i
1977
ISO
50
15
! ia
I IK
tcrim Metliod Avitl hiltle
-------
3-44
combination of a gas cliromatograpli and tin- FID is available! I.or Lhi.s
purpose buL requires evaluation. (See also 1QS-25)
TASK REQUIRED; Evaluate the GC-FID instrumental method for
determination of total hydrocarbons above methane. (IQA-27)
Useful distinctions between different groups of hydrocarbons
using the FID can be made in numerous ways. Substractive adsorbants can
separately remove olefins or aromatics, and selective precombustion can
give an indication of total hydrocarbons most reactive to oxidation. The
combination of temperature programmed GC and FID is considered most promis-
ing. A simple procedure using parallel GC columns for different type
measurements has been worked out and is to be field tested in the State of
Pennsylvania, to distinguish methane, ethane, ethylene, acetylene, CO, and
other low molecular weight hydrocarbons. At the same time, significant
improvements may be possible in the FID procedure itself, including adjustments
of flow sensitivity or the elimination of expensive flow regulators
by generating electrolytic hydrogen and oxygen.
TASK REQUIRED; Develop modifications of the GC-FID instrumental
method for specific hydrocarbons. (IQA-28)
While all hydrocarbons and their derivatives are reactive in the
formation of photochemical oxidants, some hydrocarbons are more reactive
Task Title: ,.„.,„.
of Tot
Task No. : IQA-27
Milestones
W/'//-'f¥'%'"''//''f'
Research
4J Development
'5 Field Test
"** I'romulgation
Totals
e the G.C.-FID Instruiwntal Method for
il Hydrocarbons Above Methane
Determination
Fiscal Year
Pre 72. 72 , 73
«l i *
Funding R
74
.q^ed
75
_(?100
76
±1—.
77
1
!
75
10
! .. 85
A Llate Capability Initially Required £
^ Interim i-tet\\od bailable
Totals
1972
1977
75
10
as'
Evaluated Mctiiod Availabje
Task
Title: Develop
Method
Task
No. : tQA-28
M'.les
"
tones
'&?'$://$/.:
Research
Development
Field Test
Evaluation
Promulgation
Totals
Modifications of the G.C.-FIO Instrumental
for Specific Hydrocarbons
Fiscal Vear
're 7^ 72 73 Ik \ 75 76 77
i f| t —
Funding Required (SlOOO's)
L _i_ !
100 i 100 !
: 50 i : :
11 75
1 I 10
1 100 '• 150 ! flS
Tnt«lB
1972
to
1977
200
50
„
10
ITS
A Date Capability Initially Required A Evaluated Method Available
^Interim Method Available
-------
Chan others. This reactivity may vary between hydrocarbons, depending on
the amount of other gases present such as NO or other oxidants. In general,
X
the most reactive hydrocarbons present are branched olefins. There is an
increasing interest in the measurement of "reactive hydrocarbons" in areas
where smog is a problem, and a routine procedure is desired which will
measure "reactive hydrocarbons" as a class.
TASK REQUIRED: Develop and evaluate instruments for the measure-
ment of reactive hydrocarbons as a class. (IQA-29)
Aldehydes are important in air at the level of 1 to 200 ppb, both
because of odor and because of their reactivity toward oxygen leading to
peroxides. A great deal of effort has been spent in trying to adapt wet
chemical methods for routine use in the field for aldehydes at this con-
centration level. These efforts have not been successful, although there
are a number of such methods available which have the required sensitivity
under laboratory conditions. The most promising instrumental method at
present appears to be IR spectroscopy; derivative UV or polarography are also
possibilities; however, further development and evaluation tests are needed.
TASK REQUIRED: Develop and evaluate instrumental methods to
routinely measure aldehydes. (IQA-30)
The polycyclic aromatic materials (POM) of primary concern as
carcinogens in air are chiefly fused ring hydrocarbons. These are found
in the tar fractions of coal smoke, cigarette smoke and automobile exhaust.
This aromatic tar is a product of incomplete combustion.
Tjl^-li-jLli-iS : Develop and Evaluate Inatrinenta for the Measurement ot
Reactive Kydrocarbona Aa a Clans
T»Rk No. : IQA-29
H* Icutoi.ca
^/''^"fl ? '''
Ri' eorcli
% Of oloprx.nl
? Fl Id T st
E £v lu«t on
Pr raulg tion
T lulu
Flsc.il Year
Pro 1i 72 73 • 74 1 7i 76 77
! ! i
M
-S
* 4 // '.
Kesenrcli
ucvcloptceni
field Test
Evaluation
1'romu.gation
To tali*
$?n
nnental Hethoda to Routinely
Prtf 7^ 7^ 73
1 1 '
74
Funding Kequircd
50
75
^
76
\
77
(SlOCO'a)
150 t 100 '
I so ' :
• 75
! 10
1 50 150
Le Capability Initially KcqulreJ i
terim Method Available
r--
75
lo
''• .•''
Totals
1972
to
1977
50
250
50
7J
10
435
-------
3-46
The usual procedure in analysis lias been to Identify one or more
compounds which are known to be carcinogens, chiefly henz-a-pyrene (BaP).
The measurement of POM is commonly made on an extract of particulates, al-
though some of it is present as vapor in the air. Extraction with cyclo-
hexane appears to give a more representative sample than extraction with
benzene, and adsorption or absorption methods are being investigated for
total sampling from air. The preferred method of detection uses chroma-
tography to concentrate from the extract a fraction which is examined by
UV absorbance or by spectrofluorimetry. Good, research results have been
obtained by thin layer chromatography, and liquid-solid columns when an
analysis for additional POM's is desired. Present indications are that
gas chromatography can give a more rapid and selective separation for the
rountine analysis of BaP or selected other carcinogens. Present procedures
need to be field tested. An interim manual method can be issued based on
current techniques.
TASK REQUIRED; Evaluate available test procedures for an interim
manual method for analysis of benz-a-pyrene. (IQA-31)
Continuing research to lead to an automated instrument must de-
pend in part on concurrent developments in cancer research to decide
whether the measurement of BaP with or without other specific POM's is
most useful for purposes of controls. It is now possible to develop a
Task
Task
M'les
m.
u
>
•1-4
2
J_l_ii: Evaluate Available Teat Procedures for an Interim
Manual Method for Analysis of Benz-a-Pyrene
<(*._: IQA-31
>nes
WftrZf?/.
Research
Development
Field Test
Promulgation
Totals
Fiscal Y
rr 7? 72 ( 73
1 t
74
ear
75
76
77
Funding Required ($10()0'6)
50
!
75 i
1 50 75 !
ft Interim Method Available
Totals
1972
1977
M
7^
125
-------
3-47
single discrete peak for BaP itself from an extract of particulars, using
CC and a mixed substrate column based on sodium chloride and SE 30 on
Chromosorb G. This method is simple enough for direct measurement, and
its development should be continued, along with alternate procedures as
available, since it now appears probable that the measurement of BaP will
continue to be important as an official method.
TASK REQUIRED: Develop and evaluate automated instrumental
methods for the determination of BaP. (IQA-32)
The study of methods suitable for the analysis of other POM com-
pounds requires continuing research mainly for newly found carcinogens. Most
of those now known can be measured by modification of the GC procedures and
combinations already developed. Methods of identification, after preli-
minary separation, which are available include spectroscopy by UV, MS, 1R
NMR, ESR, and fluorescence. No organic compounds have been identified
which are strong carcinogens outside of the broad class of POM's, but this
possibility exists and must be considered if it does arise.
TASK REQUIRED: Continue development of methods for analysis of
additional specific carcinogenic compounds. (IQA-33)
3.1.2.7 Halogens
Fluorides are present in ambient air in a gaseous form, and as a
component of particulate matter near industrial plants which manufacture
Task Title: Devleop and Evaluate Automated Inat ruwntal Methods for
the Determination of BaP
Task No. t IQA-32 '[
M' Ico tones
'?/?
s
2>
5
t&jtjyd''
Reacarcli
Field Teat
Promulgation
Totala
Kisc.il Year
re 72 72 73 j 71 75 | 76 77
!
i * It
Funding Required ($10U.>'s)
1
75 1
75
100
.7J__t._H ' 110 L- .
Totals
1972
to
1977
n
75
.-WO-
IO
, 268
fDace Capability Initially Required f Evaluated Method Avaliaoie
Interim Method Available
Task Tit IP: Continue
Speclfl<
lMBJi£i: IQA-33
H* lustoneg
'$* # -/• y~fr // y • /
Ke. ic cli
^J Ucve opcii'iit
£ Fie I IV it
£ Eva at ton
* IT"" KnUmi
Totals
Devleopnent of Methodd (
Carcinogenic Compounds
Kisr.il ^
To 12. 72 73 | 76
] ' | #-
or Analynln of Additional
-.11
7b 76 77
*
100 1 100
. 100 150
_J,flO... 2PJL.
A l)attf Cj^itii-1 ity "initially He-quired f^
A Interim Hutliori Av^Jhiblc
i* . — . — _- i . . —
.150 . .
iHt.lls
1V72
t»
.1*11.
200
250
4JO_
-------
3-48
aluminum nu'tal, phosphate fertilizers, stfc-l, bricks and cc-ramie glazes,
and generally at low leVels in urban areas from incineration and coal
combustion. Fluorides occur most often as gaseous HF, and sometimes
as SiF,/, which hydrolyzes to HF in humid air. Several methods for gaseous
HF are available, and the neutral buffered specific ion electrode is considered
most promising. Other possibilities include instruments based on colorimetry
(Mini-Adak, Imcometer), and a micro-diffusion method. These methods
are ready for testing to select a preferred method, to be evaluated
for an official method.
TASK REQUIRED: Test and evaluate instrumental methods for gaseous
HF. (IQA-34)
Total airborne fluorides include both gaseous HF and solid
fluorides in dust particules. Some water soluble participate fluorides
are known to be harmful to vegetation and animal life. The distinction
between water soluble and insoluble particulates may sometimes be
of importance. Its significance lies in the fact that calcium fluoride
which is water insoluble and harmless to vegetation is a major constituent,
and sometimes the only fluoride present as dust. It becomes available
biochemically on ingestion, at a level which has been considered as within
the limits of normal animal metabolism. Present indications which are still
to be confirmed are that a preferred method for total particulate fluorides
i!£>_
M
ss
Z
•j
j
-e
*"
'•*' IQV14
t»,,M
'• -f'^ .//''
Kosearch
DevtfloptncnL
Held TiJst
Evaluation
rromulgiit ion
To tii IK
ic C;ipj!iLI ity
tcrttn Me Html A\
Visral fear
TC 12 li 73 j 7A 7.S | 7fi 77
i »l t 1
funJlnj. »,.,,,lrcd (JlHWCn)
i | : :
30 1 '
so i ! • '
75 '
; 10 i
80 ' 85
nitia ly Hcqnircd A Kvulnuicd Melliu>l Av
.•d l,tl>]o
.'<-'^
Totnl:;
1972
1977
30
ta
75
10
ifti
-------
3-49
should include both insoluble and water-soluble fluorides. Methods are
available which determine total gaseous and solid fluorides with a filter
system to remove particulates, or which depend on selective wetting to
separate gaseous and soluble constituents. Samples are stable enough
that field collection and analysis in the laboratory is satisfactory.
TASK REQUIRED: Develop and evaluate manual methods for both
water-soluble and insoluble fluoride particulates for the deter-
mination of total solid fluorides. (IQA-35)
Chlorine is chiefly of concern as an industrial hazard or as a
result of local accidents but HC1 may be encountered more commonly, from
the incineration of plastics based on polyvinyl chloride. It can be
measured reliably by conventional wet chemistry.
TASK REQUIRED: Develop and test a chlorine/HCl instrumental
technique for issuance as an official instrumental method. (IQA-36)
3.1.2.8 Hazardous Air Pollutants
Qualitative identification of asbestos by means of the electron
microscope presents no problems but quantitative measurement has depended
on visual counting, to distinguish between asbestos and other fibers
present.
An interim method is required based on the best manual procedures
now available and. continuing research is needed for the development of
T.t-;k Tltlr: Develop and Evaluate Manual Methods for Both Water Soluble
and Insoluble Flunride Partlculates for the Detennlnatlnn
of Total Solid Fluorides
T.-mk No.; IQA-35
M> let*
lono,,
l£flJL£
Renearch
UcvMopmvnt
Field T*»t
Evaluation
I'rorulK.ition
TutnlH
A Date Capability
^} Intctia Method A
nfciMl War
T.- 7: 12 n • 7«
! I fr
lumllng Koqulr...
1
75 1 .
71 j 7li 77
tl
_mXi!L&...--
' 75
10
75 : 50
nitlnlly Kuqiilr.-d A
allaiile
i 85
;;„:„:
197i
1977
75
..59
75
in
210
LvaluaU'i! MullioU Avdil.il>!.
laSJi-lUi' : Develop and Teat a Chlorine/HCI Iimrunental Technique
lor laauance aa an Ofllclal Inatrumental Method
T»j4k
M'lon
X
lii. : IQA-36
,o,,e..
t ' • _y .' '
Hi'm-;ir<-h
Uc-vi'loinnent
Held IVsl
ev«lu«cloi\
l>r«wil||iitl..ii
Tnuils
KlK-.l \>«r
•r.' 11 12 73 j 74 | )•> 76 77
i i i frl fi ' '
KundinE n.-quirffd <$lmij's)
100 1 50 !
50 !
75
100 100 • 85
T.,r,,K
1972
1977
nr>
75
10
285
A UiiK' Uip.iM ! iiy liiUiiillv Hi li>
-------
3-50
instrumentation. Possibilities include infrared spectroscopy and electron
.sciiniiLii}.' (reflection), as well as electron diffraction which is not too
selective in the presence of other fibers. The extent to which informa-
tion may be needed on some other fibers should be considered during the
course of the project.
TASK REQUIRED: Evaluate measurement methods based on visual
counting for an interim manual method for asbestos. (IQA-37)
TASK REQUIRED: Continue research for techniques which can lead
to an instrumental method for asbestos. (IQA-38)
The persistence of mercury as a cumulative toxicant from un-
expectedly widely distributed sources has directed recent attention to
its measurement as a hazardous chemical in ambient air as well as in other
media. It is not necessary and probably not desirable to distinguish
between the various forms in which mercury can be present in air. Commercial
equipment is now available from several manufacturers for its measurement
at the ppb level by atomic absorption, as well as by neutron activation
which is more expensive but possibly more sensitive. Comparative tests
of these and conventional colorimetry are needed to select a preferred method.
TASK REQUIRED: Develop and evaluate available instrumental
techniques for measurement of mercury. (IQA-39)*
Ta2S_'Jlil: Evaluate Meaaurenent Methode Ba.ed on Ul.ual Counting'
for An Interim Manual Method for AabeatoB
Task lo. : iqA-37
M'.les
'•JLii.
u
torn..
.•''*.'/' •'///•,
'- •''• />'
Kpsearrli
ui-vi!l,ipm?nt
Flo 111 IV su
Evaluation
rrinnul||iill.iti
Totals
Fiscal Year
To 72 72 73
! if.-
Funding K
m
10
' 125 10
74
quired
75
76
(SIQOil'n)
77
^ Interim Method Available
"' "&
Totals
1972
to
1977
125
10
135
— -
Task
Til lr: Continue Research for Techniques Which
Instrumental Method for Aabeatof
No-! IQA-38
m
H
tones
'£"'''$ '-fy-*'.
Kest'arch
Development
I'leld 1 st
Evalciat on
rronulg tion
T tain
Can Lead To an
Fiscal Year
'«• 72, 72 73 ! 74 ^ 75
i ! i »
76 77
f
Funding Kcq^iired ^lOUO's)
75 I.JJ : ._ _
UOO ' 200
1 50
50
'. 75
' ' 10
r 75 il75 ! 250
125 10
Totals
1972
1977
150
300
100
71
kO
635
A Date Capab lity Initially Required ^ Evaluated Method Available
4} Interim Method Available
-------
3-51
UuryIlium has bt'en included in the list of hazardous air pollutants.
The analysis of the solid beryllium compounds can be obtained by analysis
of collected particulate samples. (IQA-13) Techniques which are well
developed for this use include X-ray fluorescence, atomic absorption (flame
photometry), electron emission in the UV and optical regions, microwave
emissions, polarography, and anodic stripping voltammetry. If the beryllium
is present as volatile materials, sample collection followed by wet chemical
methods of analysis is currently required. The field testing and evaluation
of these wet chemical techniques is required to promulgate an interim method.
TASK REQUIRED: Field test and evaluate currently available
manual methods for volatile Be as an interim method. (IQA-40)
The development of continuous measurement techniques for volatile
compounds of these pollutants should be undertaken to provide a measure of
air quality levels in regions near sources which can emit these hazardous
materials:
TASK REQUIRED: Develop and field test an instrument for the con-
tinuous measurement of ambient levels of volatile Beryllium
3.1.2.9 Other Pollutants
A number of other pollutants are also being considered by EPA.
Manual measurement methods for many of these pollutants are required to
I'.ink Title: Oevelo
tfeaeur
,„.,:,, ,Q4-3,
M< It-:, I,. UPS
^••"'7/--'
RL O.ircli
.JJ UL" rlopiariu
'" I-'. Id -J.--,t
M Ev liiatlon
1 IT ni.l|>.,lion
Tin .1 1 «
p and Evaluate Available Instrun
enent of Mercury
Fiscal Y.-.ir
»l tl
Fundliig K..n,,li,.,l (f\,ut
\
«ntal Technique for
'••}
50 50 ! '
50 ; '•
10
' 50 100 60
A l>al>* r.tpa'nitiy \i.U,.i\lv Ki-qniu .1 A Iv.iln
Q InlCfim ,'liMh-nl AvJil,i!> i-
lU-J >V
197;
100
50
in
.ja .
'"'"' ""• il1"1'1
Task Title: Field T
Methods
lil^.Ji'J.v IQA-40
H.1,H..,«0S
*'/*'/ "y* '7*1 '
R search
-H 1) vclopment
•^ F .-Id Test
£ E aluatlon
"* 1 omulgjlion
Totals
eat and Evaluate Currently Available Manual
for Volatile Be AB an Interl« ttethod
ripc.il Y
* ~ — ~ 1
! ! "t"*
Funding Kpqulrn
1 _._
loo iog_'
i V
t
IflOO-Ts)
' 75
• 10
100 100 !l25
A I'.n Ciipabllity Initially Kcqulrod A
^ Int rtni Method Available
ID
Kvalu
.*—- . /
1K(2
1977
200
. id.,
10
1M
aled Method Available
-------
3-52
obtain data on air quality levels which could lead to future standards.
Measurement of select compounds of these pollutants is provided by
Task No. IQS-16.
Lead in the form of trace amounts of its alkyl derivatives and
volatile inorganic halide compounds is prevalent in the ambient air of
highways and urban areas, throughout the United States, as a result of the
use of lead alkyls in motor fuel. (Lead is also present in various indus-
trial dusts which are of concern in industrial hygiene, but not commonly
in ambient air considerations). The preferred method for instrumental
measurement is atomic absorption. Field collection followed by colorimetric
analysis in the laboratory is also well developed and considered satisfactory,
It is not necessary to separate specific lead compounds for analysis. An
official method is needed, even though the importance of this measurement
may decrease if present plans are fulfilled to convert automobiles to
non-leaded fuel-
TASK REQUIRED; Develop and evaluate available manual techniques
for organic and volatile inorganic Pb. (IQA-42)
Cadmium may be present in the atmosphere in the form of volatile
compounds and as a component of particulate matter especially near metal
coating plants and metal producing facilities. Techniques are well developed
Task Title: „.„.,„_
Measurei
Task :io. : r()»-ii
m,
•H
on 8
<-•- 7'?.~^J^'
Re earcli
l)e eloptnent
Fi Id Test
Ev luatlon
Pr mulgatlon
Totals
and Field Test an Instrument for the Continuous
wnt of Ambient Levels of Volatile Berylliun
KiscaJ Vvar
re 72, 72 73 74 1 75 1 7f, 77
i r-ft t
Fmidlns Ktfquired _($10U3's>
1 150 '
! ! 50
; ' 75
10
1 ! 150 i 125 10
Totals
1972
to
1977
lp and Evaluate Available
Ic and Volatile Inorganic
Manual
n
Techniques for
fiscal Year
Pre 7^ 72 73 74
1 » t
Funding Required
50 .
75
76
77
(Sioua's)
100 '
50 '•
' 75
10
1 50 ISO i 85
A Date Capability Initially Required J&
^ Interim Method Available
Uvalu*
IVKals
1972
19V7
50
100
50
75
10
285
ted Method AvaiJrfUlv
-------
3-53
for analysis of solid cadmium compounds in particulate and include the
usi> of X-r;iy I LuorL-scenr-.o, atomic absorption (flame photometry), electron
emission in the UV and optical regions, microwave emissions, polarography
and anodic stripping voltommetry. For volatile cadmium materials, sample
collection followed by wet chemical methods of analysis is currently
required. The field testing and evaluation of these wet chemical techniques
is required to promulgate an interim method.
TASK REQUIRED; Field test and evaluate currently available
manual analytical techniques for volatile cadmium (IQA-43)
Continuous measurement techniques for volatile cadmium compounds
should be developed to provide a measure of air quality levels in regions
near sources which can limit these pollutants.
TASK REQUIRED: Develop and field test an instrument for the
continuous measurement of ambient levels of volatile cadmium. (IQA-44)
A measurement method is required for volatile compounds of
toxic non-metals, specifically arsenic, selenium and phosphorous.
Perhaps these elements can be most readily measured using an instrumental
method similar to the flame photometric techniques developed for total
sulfur measurement.
Talk
Task
Title: Field T
Analytl
»o. : 1QA-43
H'lcti
tones
'i'ff/f'f v/y, '•///-%!
«
1
Rcocarcli
Uuvclopmcnt
Field Tost
Evaluation
Prrrulgatlon
Totala
sat and Evaluate Currently Available Na
cal Technlquea lor Volatile Cd.
nual
Fiscal Yen.'
Prc It, 72 , 73
1
Funding
100
74 75
f
76
*
77
Keoulred (SlOOO'a)
.
100
1 75 , 1
' 10
1 100
A 0»t» Capability loHlallj Kequlted
A Interln Holhod Available
ilOO 123
Lvalu
in
?••'
Totals
1972
1977
200
30
1\
in
"«
Task
Tit le; Develop
feaaure
Tank
No. : IQA-U
H1 lestones
N
II
/. /'.ft y/%
Research
Development
Field Teat
•valuation
Promulgation
Totals
and Field Test an Inac rumen t for the Continuous
•tnt of Ambient Uv*U of Volatile Cadmium
Fiscal Year
pro 7^ 72 73 74 [ 75 76 77
1 «'"~*
funding Required (S1003'i)
1 : !
100_ 1 150 •'
•• so ;
1 75 :
' ! 10
1 100 | 150 50 15 !
r.it.ii
Co
1977
250
JO
75
10
MS
at D*te Capability "initially Required A Evaluated Method Available
«J Interim Method Available • '
-------
3 -54
TASK REQUIRED; Develop manual methods Cor measurement of
volatile compounds of toxic non-metals i.e., arsenic,
selenium and phosphorous. (IQA-45)
Measurement methods will also be required for volatile compounds
of the trace metals; copper, nickel, zinc, boron, tin, lithium, chromium,
vanadium, and manganese.
TASK REQUIRED; Develop manual measurement methods for volatile
compounds of the trace metals. (IQA-46)
3.1.2.10 Odors
The measurement of odors is the one problem in air pollution in
which the subjective response of human sensors has continued to be most
important. This cannot be entirely avoided, since the sensitivity of human
sensors to odors differs markedly for different individuals, or for a given
individual at different times. Considerable effort has been devoted to the
development of organoleptic methods which use odor panels and dilution
procedures to put a quantitative value on the odor threshold, for specific
odorants or types of odor in a given sample. Several different procedures
have been developed in the U.S. and elsewhere (Sweden, Switzerland, U.K.).
These need to be compared and evaluated to define an official method.
TASK REQUIRED; Conduct field test and evaluations leading to
an official method for odor panels. (IQA-47)*
Task Tille: Develop Mmu«L Method* for Me
of Toxic Non-Hetila, i.e., Arf
Task No.: IQA-*5
tV lestones
^/^'.j'^ffi'//^*:
Research
3 IJevelopmcni
'> Field Test
^ Evaluation
"* I'romulgal ion
Tolola
•uremenc of Volatile Compounds
enlc, Selenium snd Phosphorus
Fiscal Year
Pre 7^ 72 73 7
1
* 75 76 77
^ * s^->
Funding Required ($1000' s)
1
i . :
100 1 150 ! 150 .
50 50 50 ;
il 50
10 5
i 100 ; 200 1 285 105
A Dale Capability Initifllly HoqulreJ f^
Q Interim Method ftvailablt
v. • . •', '•
Totnl.i
1972
1977
400
150
125
15
690
Evaluatf-d McLlmd Aviill.ittli'
Task
Task
Title; Develop
of the
No. : IQA-46
H* leatoncR
'ff/ffffi/?' :$/$
V
-H
Research
Development
Field Test
Evaluation
Promulgation
Totals
H*nuAl HeiaurecDent Method* for Volatile Compound.!
trice Mctalt
Fiscal Year
ri' 7^ 72 , 73 74 75 76 77
1 " "ft. **
Funding Kvouirfd (SlOOO'sJ
"1 ""
100 1 100 ! 150
i 50 50 . ;
1 ,5 75
• 10 5 '
1 100 150 285 80
T.iLdls
I'lli
to
197;
258.
100
-litt-
IS
615
^ Interim Method Available
-------
3-55
Odor measurements may be accomplished more conveniently l>y Llic
measuring of specific odorants or combinations of odorants, rather than
attempting to measure odor as such. This requires a preliminary deter-
mination of key compounds responsible for the odor to be controlled.
Progress on this already has been made by organoleptic methods for several
odor situations of specific interest, such as paper and pulp mills,
petroleum refineries, tanneries, animal rendering plants, and soap manu-
facture. Odorous compounds which are common to several of these sources
include reduced sulfur compounds surh as inerrvtpfnns and sulfldes; reduced
nitrogen compounds such as alkyl amines, diaminys and heterocyclic nitrogen
compounds; and organic acids and aldehydes. The odor characteristic of
each source is usually a complex mixture, so identification will commonly
require a separation process such as GC followed by the quantitative measure-
ment of individual compounds or groups of compounds. Measurement methods for
the reduced sulfur compounds will be provided by task nos. IQA-3 and A
and for the organic acids and aldehydes by task no. IQA-30. Instruments
to measure reduced nitrogen compounds remain to be developed.
TASK REQUIRED: Develop and evaluate instruments for measurements
of reduced nitrogen compounds. (IQA-48)
T.isk
Tank
Title: Condu
an Of
No.: 1QA -47
Milestones
"v/ttl^fl '%'
M
w
w
Research
Development
Field Test
Evaluation
Promulgation
Totals
ct Field Teat and Evaluations Leading to
ficlal Method for Odor Panel i
risc.il Year
re li 72 73 [ 74 75 7b ;;
1 1 1 *
Funding Required (JIOOO's)
1 ;
50 inn ! '
1 150 ' . !
1 i 15
1 50 100 ! 150 15 •
—7
Totals
1972
to
1977
ISO
150
IS
315,
A Date Capability Initially Required & Evaluated Method Available
§ Interim Method Available
I2ii
Trtsl.
rm^: Develop and Evaluate Instruwnte
of Reduced Nitrogen Compounds
::<>.: IQA-48
M'lca
tones
' '/• . .•/ " ' /.*•'
u
Research
Development
Field Tt-st
Evaluation
ITonulgat Ion
T0ln;«
A u»
Klscal 1
're 7^ 11 73 i 74
1 1 *
Funding Koqulrcd
i
for Measurement!
ear
75
j;y.«<>
76
t
'•:)
77
150 1 75 •
: 50 ,
' 50
' 10
150 .125
te Capability Inltlnlly 1'equircd A
tcrlm Method Aval liibtt
60
l.valu
7
TOI.IK
If72
197;
m
so
5(1
10
335
led Mualuxl Avai l.ihl<
-------
3-56
ConL iiuiliiK rosi'arcli will he required to rorrel ntt1 orf>nnoli:pt fc
measurements and general public response with the results obtained by the
instrumental analysis of selected odorants in complex mixtures.
TASK REQUIRED; Continue correlation studies among odor response,
odor persistence, and measured levels of specific odorants in
complex mixtures. (IQA-49)
3.2 Stationary Source Emission Measurements
3.2.1 Introduction
Stationary sources of air pollution consist of permanently fixed
facilities which produce air pollutants that are recognized as significant
contributors to the deterioration of air quality. This section of the measure-
ment technique development plan is concerned with the R&D tasks that are
required to provide the capability necessary to meet the needs for measurement
of air pollutants at these stationary sources.
The pollutant groupings discussed below cover the emissions cur-
rently designated for control under existing legislation. In addition, several
areas of concern are mentioned which may require control in the future.
No attempt has been made to identify all of the specific industries where
the pollutants may originate. However, pollutants from specific industries
are noted where appropriate, generally as examples to justify certain
aspects of the measurement technique being discussed. In addition, the task
Persistence and Measured Levels of Spec
Complex Mixtures
Toak No. : IQA-49
M< leslont-H
^/^s:-'"'/* ' '//''
Research
.H Development
'5 Field Teat
^ Evslustlon
*• rromulBation
TotnlH
Response, Odor
Iflc Odoraats In
Fisc.il Year
•n> 72 12 , 73 M 75
1
76 77
Funding Required (Slmm's)
100 ! inn inr^
1 !
! ' 1 ' :
! i ' ;
1
1 ion : 100 ! 100
A «»vo C.jpai'iil'ty Initially Required^ tvalu
•'•'•.:•.:'-
Totals
1972
1977
300
inn
led Method Available
-------
3-57
sheets note the number of industries where the specific test method may
be applied. The measurement requirements will be covered in eleven
pollutant groupings: (1) sulfur oxides; (2) oxides of nitrogen; (3)
total particulate mass loading; (4) visible emissions (opacity);
(5) other particulate properties (including particle size, particle
number and particle composition); (6) hazardous substances; (7) carbon
monoxide; (8) hydrocarbons; (9) odors; (10) halogens; and (11) other
pollutants. Specific task numbers will be assigned to cover the work
required.
The tasks described in this section have a significantly
smaller percentage of the total expenditure in the development activity
than did the tasks covering ambient air quality level measurement. This
difference is due to the significant market potential for stationary source
emission measurement instruments; a potential which should lead to con-
siderable expenditures on R&D by private industry*. Accordingly the EPA
expenditure shown on the task sheet assumes that many of the required
instruments will be developed by the instrument industry and that EPA
efforts can begin at the field test activity.
3.2.2 Specific Requirements
3.2.2.1 Sulfur Oxides
Manual Methods of Analysis
Manual methods for the determination of sulfur oxides are cur-
rently available. When the sulfur emissions can be considered as sulfur
dioxide the total SO can be measured by reacting the SO with dilute
hydrogen peroxide in a bubbler to form sulfate ion. Sulfur dioxide
concentration can then be indirectly determined by titrating the sulfate
*See Appendix B
-------
ion with standard barium perchlorate. Alternately, the suifate ion con
be determined with barium chloranilate reagent releasing the highly colored
chloranilate ion which is measured spectrometrically.
When the different sulfur oxides have to be discriminated, the
sulfuric acid mist (molecular H-SO.) particulate suifate as well as
sulfur trioxide (S0~) can be individually determined. The particulate
suifate and the molecular H_SO, are captured on a glass wool filter, maintained
in a heated compartment above the dew point at the effluent gas temperature.
The remaining gas is allowed to pass through a heated probe and into
bubblers containing 807<, isopropyl alcohol to capture the S0_ and to allow
the S09 to pass. The glass wool filter is extracted with isopropyl
alcohol and a total acid titration made to determine the amount of total
acidity present. A suifate analysis on the residue provides a measure
of total suifate. From these two measurements both the amount of particulate
suifate and the sulfuric acid mist can be determined. The SO captured
in the isopropyl alcohol is extracted with sulfuric acid to form suifate
ion and is indirectly analyzed in the same manner as SO above.
While these methods are in use for determining emission factors from
sources containing sulfur oxides, a field test and evaluation of the methods to
assure their adequacy and reproducibility in the hands of representative
users is needed. This is particularly true for the lower concentrations
of S09 to be expected from controlled sources of emission.
TASK REQUIRED; Field test and evaluate manual analytical methods
for determining total sulfur oxides (or the individual sulfur oxides
such as particulate suifate, sulfuric acid mist, 803 and S02) at
source level concentrations. (IQS-1)*
-------
3-59
Automated Method of Analysis
Instrumental techniques are available for the direct continuous
measurement of source emission levels of sulfur dioxide. Techniques
available for the measurement include: (1) nondispersive infrared absorption,
(Beckman, MSA-LIRA, Bendix-UNOR); (2) ultraviolet absorption system
(DuPont and Honeywell); and (3) a correlation spectrometer which uses a
comparison of the absorption of the stack gas with a photographic
reproduction of the S0? ultraviolet spectrum (Barringer) . The first two
instruments, the NDIR and the ultraviolet absorption are direct continuous
measurement devices for making the measurement out of stack while the
correlation spectrometer instrument is capable of shooting directly across
a portion of the stack to obtain a spatial average of the SCL concentration.
Other instrumental techniques available for measuring SCL involve the
dilution of the source sample to a concentration approaching that of the
ambient atmosphere and interfacing with ambient level monitoring instruments.
While these instruments have been extensively used for research
applications to monitor S02 emissions at source level concentrations,
a detailed field test is only now underway at TRW under contract from EPA.
TASK REQUIRED: Complete the field test and then evaluate automated
continuous monitors for SCL at emission sources. (IQS-2)
iliiKJLL'J,1'.1 Field Test and Evaluate Manual Analytical Methods for
Determining Total Sulfur Oxides '(or the Individual Sulfur
Oxldca such a» Sulfate Part Iculatea. Sutfurlc Acid Hlat.
— -
M< }cti
w*.
V
l!i-: 1QS-I
, -
tout":
f>/'j -yjft<
Rcni'.irrli
Dcvelnpncnt
Field Test
Evaluftlcni
Hronul(;ntion
Totals
Fl
re 72 72 ; 73
ok ti
seal Ymr
74
75
76
77
Funding Required (flOOO'tiJ
75 100
50 100
15
1 125 215
1
54
10
60
1
ft Interim Method Available
Total s
1912
to
1977
175
-ififi-
25
400
Tank
Task
Tltle: comolc
Cont In
No. : iqs-2
M' les tones
vff$
«
>
<
M$$y-//4
Research
Development
Field Test
Evaluation .
rromulpat ion
To in Is
te tlic Klcld Teat and Then Evaluate Automated
uoua Monitors for SO,, at Emission Source**
Fiscal Year
Pre 7'^ 72 \ 73
1 $lt**
74
Funding Kequlrcd
i
100 125
75 200
75
76
77
(51000'B)
i
'
1 ; , ,
10 15 !
! 185 .WO i
«\ Dnte Capability Initially KequlredA
^ Interim Method Aval l;.b 1,-
$&
totals
1972
U77
*n.
2J5
25
525
Evaluated Mctliud Available
InduDtry Sources
*9 Industry Sources
-------
3-60
No continuous monitors are currently available for measuring
the emission of sulfuric acid mist from stationary sources although a
new source performance standard for this pollutant is currently proposed
for sulfuric acid plants. Thus, development of a continuous monitor for
sulfuric acid mist is required.
TASK REQUIRED: Develop and evaluate an automated monitor
for sulfuric mist . (IQS-3)
3.2.2.2 Nitrogen Oxides
Manual Methods of Analysis
A manual method for measuring total nitrogen oxides (NO ) is
X
available. This method is based on the collection of the nitrogen oxides
in a solution of dilute sulfuric acid—hydrogen peroxide. The peroxide
converts the oxides of nitrogen (excepting N?0) to nitrate ion which is
then determined colorimetrically after reaction with phenol disulfonic
acid (PDS). The method has been used extensively for analyzing grab
samples of effluent gases to determine emission factors at uncontrolled
sources. The method has been proposed as the Federal method for compliance
measurements for new source performance standards. A collaborative test
of the method to insure its adequacy and reproducibility in the hands
of representative users is needed.
TASK REQUIRED; Evaluate PDS manual analytical
method for source level concentrations of nitrogen
oxides. (IQS-4)
Task
Title: Develop and Evaluate an Automated Monitor
for Sulfuric Mlet
Task
No.: T(js-1
Milestones
«
Activities
Research
Development
Field Test
Evaluation
Fr omul gat Ion
Totala .
Fiscal Year
Pre 72, 72
|
Fu.
50
73
74 75 76
~5H
77
ding Required (SlOOO's)
150
1 50
1 ;
50 1 '
50
5 ! ;
150 | 100 5
Hi^
Totals
1972
to
1977
50
150
50
50
5
305
A Date Capability Initially Required A Evaluated Method Available
ft Interim Method Available
Task
Task
lines
W///
mtf
Activities
Title: Evnlu
for S
tones
^|f/^^
Research
Development
Field Test
Evaluation
Promulgation
Totals
ate PDS Manual Analytical Method
ource Level Concentrations of 111
Fiscal Yeur
<•"' J] » ! » _|
4k *
74
75
t rogen
Oxides
76
77
Funding Required (SlOOO's)
!
75
1
i . ;
10 !
! 85
^ Interim Method Available
T.Jl.ill.
1972
J_97!
7S
10
85
-------
3-61
Future standards may require determination of nitric acid mist (molecular
HN03) and particulate mitrate (NC>3) from stationary sources. Manual
methods for conducting these measurements must be developed to enable
emission factor determinations prior to a decision on standard requirements
TASK REQUIRED; Develop and evaluate manual methods for
determining particulate nitrate and nitric acid mist
from stationary sources. (IQS-5)
Automated Methods of Analysis
A number of instrumental techniques are available for continuous
measurement of source emission levels of nitrogen oxides. Most of these
techniques analyze directly for either NO or N00. A measure of total NO
x
is obtained by conversion of the NO mixture to the particular nitrogen
oxide that the instrument measures.
Techniques available for continuous out-of-stack measurement
include: (1) the non-dispersive infrared analyzer (NDIR) for measuring
NO (Beckman, MSA-LIRA, Bendix-UNOR); (2) the dispersive UV analyzer for
N02 which provides a measure of total NO by converting the NO to NO by
x 2
reaction with high pressure oxygen (DuPont); (3) the electrochemical
sensor for N02 or N0x> with NO obtained by difference (Dynasciences,
Environmetrics); and (4) the chemiluminescent detectors that measure NO
or N02 by observing the luminescence of the reaction with 0 and singlet
Task
Tatik
Title: ptvtu.
p and Evaluate Manual Methods fo
Stationary Sources
No. : iqs-5
H'led
&$W(
•H
2
tones
Research
Development
Field Test
Evaluation
Promulgation
Totals
t Deter
lining
Fiscal Year
Pre 7^ 72
1
73
^
74
*
75
76
Funding Required (51003'n)
50 50
SO
1
75
1 10
1 SO
A Date Capability Initially Rcc
4} Interim Method Available
100 ' 85
77
|
'
m
Totals
1972
to
1977
100
50
75
10
235
ulred A Evaluated Method Available
-------
3-62
oxygen .-.iLiJin.'i rcspcd i vc ly (A'.-rocliem, Ford). A i-ont i ninm:; i n-sl jic.k an.ily/.ri
based on dispersive IR is also available (Environmental Data). While
these instrumental techniques are available, they have not been evaluated
to determine their acceptability for monitoring requirements especially
with effluent concentrations and conditions representative of controlled
stationary sources. A program to field test the most promising analyzers
for application at combustion sources is currently underway at Monsanto
Research Corporation under EPA contract.
TASK REQUIRED: Complete the field test and then evaluate
automated analyzers and monitors for NO • (IQS-6)
X
3.2.2.3 Measurement of Total Particulate Mass
Manual Methods of Analysis
The manual determination of total particulate mass involves
the collection and weighing of the particulate. A probe is inserted
into the stack to be measured, a sample of effluent gas is withdrawn
(under isokinetic conditions if necessary) and the particulate trapped
either on a filter or in impingers. Normally, a liquid is placed in
the impingers to increase the efficiency of trapping the fine particulates.
After evaporating the trapping solvent and drying the particulate, the
amount of particulate is weighed to determine the particulate content
of the gas stream. While, in principle, this appears to be a simple
Task
Tusk
Title: complete the Field Test and the
No. : IQS-6
W7P
Activities
tones
ji^fC^iii
Research
Development
Field Test
Evaluation
Promulgation
Totals
AUa
0"
n Evaluate Automated
Fiscal Year
Frr 7^ 72 j 73
1 m*
74
k
75
76
77
Funding Required (SlOOO's)
i
100 50
' 50 50
1 10
1 150 110
1
!
! i i
10
10
!
te Capability Initially Required A Evalu
terlm Method Available
'>
'••'2^>
Totals
1972
to
1977
JJS_
inn
20
270
ated Method Available
-------
3-63
procedure, in practice exacting requirements are needed to assure a
representative sample and many variations in the sampling procedure have
been developed.
The first major consideration is to determine the need for an
isokinetic sample. This is a sample taken with a probe in which the flow
velocity in the sampling probe is equal to the flow velocity in the duct
being sampled. This may be necessary because the inertia of the
particles results in their following the gas flow streamlines when the
particles are relatively light and moving in straight lines as their
velocity increases. To insure obtaining a representative sample,
one must first determine the velocity of the gas in the duct by use of
a pitot tube and then adjust the flow rate in the sampling probe to
obtain isokinetic conditions. The availability of a device to automatically
obtain an isokinetic sample condition would facilitate the manual determination
of total particulate mass.
TASK REQUIRED; Develop an automated isokinetic
sampling device for use in the measurement of
particulates. (IQS-7)
A number of variations of the method for determining total
particulate mass loading are currently in use by different agencies concerned.
with particulate measurement. These variations normally reflect differences
in the definition of particulate mass. Some procedures involve the
Task Title: Dev<
for
Tank
No.: IQ<:.7
M'.lestonea
m
Activities
Research
Development
Field Test
Evaluation
Promulgation
Totals
op an Automated laoklnettc Sampling De
Dae in the Measurement of Particulatea
vile
Fiscal Year
"'} "
1
73
74
&
75
76
77
Funding Required (SlOOO's)
100
50
; ^!
1
100 | 50
1
, . I
1
5^^
Totals
1972
1977
100
50
150
Evaluated Method Available
^ Interim He t hod Available
-------
3-64
collection of particulates at the effluent gas conditions of temperature
and humidity, requiring that the particulate collection filter be maintained
at stack conditions. Other procedures require that particulates be collected
after the gas effluent has been cooled, so that the definition of particulate
becomes that of any material which is condensable or solid at the cooled
gas temperature. The proposed Federal particulate sampling methods for
use with new source performance standards requires cooling of the
effluent gases before their collection; therefore, the particulates measured
consist of the total condensable and solid materials at the cooled temperature
A field test and evaluation of the Federal method for
determining total particulate mass is necessary. Its application to about
28 industry categories covering many different problems such as tangential
flow, low concentrations and sticky particules must be examined.
TASK REQUIRED; Test and evaluate the Federal manual method
for total particulate mass loading measurements. (IQS-8)
The currently proposed Federal method for determining particulate
mass from stationary sources, while requiring the cooling of the effluent
gases and measurement of total solid and condensable matter at a low
temperature, does not provide for the dilution of the stationary source
gas sample with ambient air. This dilution would normally occur on escape
of the effluent gases from the stationary source stacks. Under dilution
conditions the total amount of particulate which would be formed could
Task
Task
M< les
w
>
Tit IP: Teat a
Partlc
No.: IQS-8
tones
Research
Development
Field Test
Evaluation
Prnmulgatlan
Totals
JkDa
O1"
nd Evaluate the Federal Manual M
ulate Mass Loading Mesnurementi*
F
T, 72 72 , 73
1 fM-
:thod for total
seal tear
7A
Funding Require!
,
100 200
100
--
75
76
77
CSlOOO's)
200 1 100 ''
_ 200 _
' 15 ' 25
1 100 315 425
ti; Capability Initially Required A
tcriro Method Available
290
25
325
Kvalu
100
2i
125
m
Tntals
1972
1977
600
600
90
1290
iti'd Mvthod AvaiUil'lc
28 Industry Sources
-------
3-65
.differ substantially I"rum that obtained n.slnn tin: current no-dilution
procedure. The availability of a dilution system whicb would provide a
constant volume sampling arrangement for stationary sources particulate
measurements will enable measurements which are more representative of
the actual particulate burden to the ambient air.
TASK REQUIRED; Develop a constant volume sampling
procedure which will permit the measurement of total
particulate mass of stationary sources with appropriate
dilution to represent the probable particulate formation
of the effluent gases after leaving the stack. (IQS-9)
Automated Methods of Analysis
No instrumental methods for the measurement of total particulate
mass from stationary sources are currently in wide spread use. The
commercial methods which are available include (1) the piezo crystal
detectors (Thermosystems, Atlantic Research), which utilize the change
in vibration frequency of a quartz crystal caused by the increase in
weight resulting from impaction of particulates contained in a gas onto
the crystal and; (2) the paper tape samplers which enable intermittent
measurements of the particulate loading to be made by observing the change
in optical transmission or reflectance of the tape (Gelman, Unico, RAG).
EPA has recently completed a contract with Thermosystems Inc. to evaluate
Develop a Constant Volume Sampling Procedure which
J.a,?k .Tit_le: «111 Permit the Measurement of Total Partlculate Maaa
of Stationary Source* with Appropriate Dilution
to Represent the Probable Particulate Formation of the
Bffluen Caaea after J.e«vlnn the Stack
Milestones
HiS
•rt
W'wff/wfy,
Research
Development
Field Test
Promulgation
Totals
Pre 7
72
Fur
Fiscal Year
73
74
75
76
A
77
f
ding Required (SlOOO'n)
"
200 100
200
100
: 100 i
• 10 !
200 <
110
^P2
Totals
J972
1977
100
100
100
10
510
A Date Capability Initially Required A Evaluated Method Available
^ Interim Method Available
-------
3-66
available instruments for measuring total participate mass at power plants
as well as to consider the potential of new concepts in this area. The
two most promising concepts identified were the piezoelectric crystals
described above and the use of ^-gauging. The ^-gauging technique is a
variation of the paper tape sampler where, instead of using light transmission
or reflectance to judge the amount of particulates the absorption of a
beam of £ radiation provides a measure of particulate mass which is not
subject to errors resulting from the reflectance of the materials which
may be light or dark color. This program has been extended to cover the
field evaluation on power plants of the piezoelectric and/^-gauging
monitors.
TASK REQUIRED: Develop and evaluate an instrument for
continuous measurement of total particulate mass loading. (IQS-10)
3.2.2.4 Visible Emissions (Opacity)
Manual Methods of Analysis
The manual technique for determining plume opacity is the
visual comparison with a smokeshade. The use of the Ringlemann chart
for evaluation of smokeshade is admittedly subjective and this has led
to its criticism by many investigators. The background sky, the location
of the sun in reference to the stack plume, and the observer all play a
part in influencing the apparent smoke density. The Ringlemann technique,
however, has been widely accepted and repeatedly held valid by the courts.
Task Ho.: iqs-m
M< lestones
%Sj^-$y/y/:fa
Research
.3 Development
•; Field Test
£ Evaluation
•* Promulgation
Totals
Fiscal Tear
•re 7 72 j 73 74
i Q t
75
76
77
Funding Required (SlOOO'sl
j !
250 100 75!
100 | 200 1 200
L 100 ': 2ft(L
15
250 200 ! 390
2i_
425
A Date Capability Initially Required £ Evalu
^ Interim Method Available
100
200
25
325
IW
25
125
m
Totals
1972
1977
425
600
m
90
1715
ted Method Available
28 Industry Sources
-------
3-67
Special problems have been found wben one attempts to use the Ringlemann
chart for evaluation of light shaded smokes. For white smoke, which is
also covered under the proposed Federal visible emissions standard for
new source performance standards, a special guide is required. A white
smoke guide based on the use of film strips with four different shades
of grey produced by application of diamond dust has been developed by
EPA and will be produced in sufficient quantity for its distribution to
control agencies in selected parts of the country.
TASK REQUIRED; Promulgate a manual method for visible
emissions based on white smoke guides. (IQS-11)
Automated Methods of Analysis
The common method of instrumentally determining stack opacity
is through the use of light extinction techniques. In these techniques,
(Bailey, Rimco, Wager) the attenuation of a beam of light which is collimated
across the stack is used as a measure of the opacity of the effluent gas.
Several attempts have been made to relate this opacity to the Ringlemann
smoke shade measurement. The state of Texas is currently using light
extinction for the in-stack measurement of opacity*
The light extinction devices usually employ a fairly wide
spectrum of radiation. The light attenuation should be in the
response region of the photopic vision which relates to the visible
To
k Title: promul
Emlafll
Task_
H(
N£JL: IQS-ll
PS tones
W$$i$$i*//$fy
Research
Uevelopment
Field Ifst
rrnmiilgnt ion
Toluls
A
gate n Manual Method for Visible
ona Bused on White Smoke Guides*
Fiscal Year
re 7i 72 73
1 0 Af
74
75
76
77
Funding Required (SlOOO'e)
75
50 ^00
10
1 125 110
1
!
1
Interim Hfilmd A VH Hub IP
WM
Totals
1972
1977
75
150
10
235
)1 Industry Sou reem
-------
3-68
omission standards. The development of a transn.isson.eter, limited to
the measurement of attenuation in the photopic region, is required to
enable exact opacity measurements which can be related to human observa-
tions and determinations of compliance with visibility standards.
TASK REQUIRED; Develop and evaluate a transmissometer
for in-stack automated measurement of visibility
of effluent plumes and relate the opacity measure-
ment to human observations. (IQS-12)
3.2.2.5 Other Pa'rticulate Properties
In addition to measurements of gross particle effects described
in the previous two sections (Total Particulate Mass Loading and Visibility),
three other types of particulate measurements may be required for compliance
with future source emission controls. These are (1) particle size
distribution, (2) total number of particles and (3) particle composition.
Particle Size
Manual Methods of Analysis
The determination of the size distribution of the particles
emitted from a stationary source can currently be done manually by inserting
an appropriate classification device (i.e. Anderson or Brinks Sampler) to
separate the particulate stream into a number of different size fractions
prior to collecting the particulate sample. The amount of each fraction
Task
Task
Automated Measurement of Visibility of
and Relate the Opacity Measurement to H
No-= IQS-12
Milestones
O>g?
0)
|
W!$$M%>
Research
Development
Field Test
Evaluation
Promulgation
Totals
Effluent Plumci
uraan ObBervctlono*
Fiscal Year
Pre 72 72 , 73
1 |^
74
t
75
76
77
Funding Required (§1000' sj
.100(1)
75 150
i
75
75 | 150
15 15
!' 75 340
240
! i
1 1
10 ' '
85
locals
1972
1977
LOO
300
31)0
40
740
A Date Capability Initially Required ^ Evaluated Method Available
ft Interim Method Available
(1) Relation of measured opacity to Rlnglemann observations
* 31 Industry Sources
-------
3-69
(different size range) is then determined l>y procedures similar to those
used in determining the total mass of particulates. These techniques are
not adequate below 0.5y and, therefore, do not provide data in the total
respirable particle size range.
TASK REQUIRED; Develop a manual method for determining
particle size distribution in the range 0.05 to 0.5u. (IQS-13)
Automated Methods of Analyses
The above technique should be suitable for determining emission
factors for particulate size distribution from various sources but it
will probably not provide a rapid enough technique for routine monitoring
of size distribution if this becomes necessary in the future.
EPA currently has a contract with the Environmental Research
Corporation to construct a device to classify according to the size of
the particulates and measure the mass concentration in each class. This
contract is based on inertial separation of different size fractions,
each size fraction then being analyzed by p-gauging to enable an intermittent
measurement of particle mass versus size distribution. Another- instrumental
technique which is suitable for the manual determination of particle size
involves the use of a electrolyte solution containing a suspension of
particles. The particles must first be collected by some other means
(Coulter). In this technique an electrical current is maintained in a
small dimensioned orifice. Particles suspended in the electrolyte are
Task
Task
Tltlc' Dtvolo
Part Ic
0.05 i
No': iqs-n
H< lestones
&$ffi
Activities
wM//£i
Research
Development.
Field Tent
Evaluation
Promulgation
Totals
p a Manual Method for DctijAining
Le Size Distribution in the Range of
o 0.5..U
Fiscal Year
re 72 72 , 73
1 1 0
74
75
76
77
Funding Required ($1000's)
,
100
SO
1
i 1
1
1
; i
1 100 30
!
1
f^
Totals
1972
to
1977
1W
SO
ISO
A Date Capability Initially Required 4} Evaluated Method Available
-------
3-70
forced through the orifice; and each particle: displaces ;i (|iuinlity ol llir
electrolyte in the orifice essentially equal to its interface volume.
Thus, the three dimensions of particle volume are the basis for sizing
the particulate sample. This allows determination of the particle size
distribution from a representative sample of the collected particulate
emissions.
TASK REQUIRED; Develop and evaluate an automated sampler/
analyzer to determine particle size distribution. (IQS-14)
Number of Particles
Several instrumental techniques are available for counting the
number of particles in a gas sample as distinguished from the total
mass of the sample. These instruments are based on the optical detection
and registering of particles as small as a half micron. The instruments
have adjustable discriminators to provide for gauging the gas sample
into varying particle sizes which are registered in one of four
different channels (Particle Technology, Sartorius).
TASK REQUIRED; Evaluate instruments to sample and
analyze for the number of particles in a gas sample. (IQS-15)
Particle Composition
The determination of particle composition while not presently
required as part of the particulate standards is anticipated to be required
,Tas.^,_T?tle: ncvrlop und Evnluflfe an Automared 3«oipler/An«lyzer
Tas> «o.: IQS_U
Milestones
W-^///^/J/'^i &?'///•''//>
*Hy$V// 7'' y'/ffiy-r
Research
•^ Field Test
^ Evaluation
"* Promulgation
Totnla
Fiscal Year
"'] "
1
73
74
A
75
76
77
Funding Required (SlOOO's)
200
100
1
75
1 200
100
75
'
! i
$%&
Totals
1972
to
1977
300
75.
375
A JJale Capability nltially Requlrt-t! A Evaluated Me mod Avanaoie
A Interim Hetl'ud Available
Task
MUes
"£^: IQS-15
tunes
V
Research
Development
Field Test
Promulgation
Totals
A Da
0'"
fiscal Year
re 7ii, 72
1- •
73
7«
A
75
76
77
Funding Required (SlOOO'r.)
30
50
1
i
50
1
i 80
50
j
i i
!
te Capability Initially Required A. Kvalu
tcrlm Method Available
figs
T..I.-.IB
1972
19/7
.JO .
100
1110
itfid Method Available
-------
3-71
in future standards at least for some components of tlie sample. Most
of the heavier matals whi.clt are considered as air pollutants are ("omul
as compounds in the particulate samples.
The current manual method for determining the composition of
the particulate normally involves first collecting the particulate and
then subjecting the collective samples to either an atomic absorption,
X-ray spectroscopy, neutron activation, or emission spectroscopy method
of analysis. This method is adequate as is but rather tedious, and the
following work is intended to overcome this problem. EPA has a feasi-
bility contract with the Naval Research Laboratory to investigate the
potential of X-ray fluorescence as a means for determining particulate
composition. If this program is successful the intent is to follow-up
with an on-stream device which would be available in prototype form
by mid-1974.
TASK REQUIRED; Develop and test an on-stream analyzer
for measurement of composition of particulate matter. (IQS-16)
In addition to this task the development of analytical methods
for specific particulates is covered in Task No. IQS-1 (sulfates),
No. IQS-7 (nitrates), and No. IQA-13 (particulate composition).
3.2.2.6 Hazardous Substances
Asbestos, beryllium and mercury were defined as hazardous
pollutants in March 1971.
Task
Task
Title: Deveto
Meaaur
"°-! IQS-16
H'.lefltones
w&
IB
^4
M
U
Research
Development
Field Teat
Promulgation
Total*
i and Teat an On-S cream Analyter for
cnent of Conpoaltlon of Particulate Natter
Fiscal Year
re 7^ 72 j 73
1 1
74 75
76
ft
77
Funding Required (JloOO's)
100
»
i
i i
200 ! !
1 75
!
| 75 100 j 200 f 75 \
/?irf
Tot.iU
1972
to
1977
300
150
4 50
fbate Capability Initially Required f Evaluated Method Available
Interim Method Available
-------
Manual Methods ol' Analysis
A large number of laboratory analytical methods are available
in the literature for determining these hazardous pollutants. At present,
none of these methods has been extensively used for determining the
concentration of these hazardous substances in stationary source emissions.
They cannot be considered at this time to be accepted methods of determining
gaseous emissions. A thorough investigation of the available methods
must be conducted and additional methods developed for pollutants or indus-
tries for which current methods are found to be unacceptable. The methods
to be evaluated here are for particulate asbestos, and volatile mercury and
beryllium compounds. It is not desirable to distinguish between the various
forms of mercury in the air. Problems of SOj interference and very low
levels of mercury have already been identified. Methods for beryllium
compounds in particulate matter are included in IQS-16 and IQA-40A. An
evaluation of these methods must also be conducted to determine their
suitability for use by representative users.
TASKS REQUIRED: Evaluate manual methods of
analysis for asbestos. (IQS-17)
TASKS REQUIRED: Evaluate manual methods of
analysis for mercury. (IQS-18)
Task
M' leH
'!
ilL: IQS-17
fMffityj? /I.
Research
Development
Vi.'ld T^'it
Evaluation
ITomulgation
Totals
^ Im .M ini Metliod A
Fiscal Year
re. 72j 72
k^
Fun
73
4
74
75
76
77
ding Required ($10U!>'s>
50
j
1
1
100
!
5 ' ''
1 50
105
nUinlly Ruquircd A Kvalu
allablc
H£?
Totals
1972
1977
50
100
5
155
ted MeUiod Aviii lahU'
Task Title; Eva!
Task
No': IQS-18
M
Research
Development
Field Test
Promulgation
Totals
ate Manual Methods of Analysis for Mercury
Fiscal Year
re 1\ 72
4k
73
74
t
75
76
77
Funding Required (SlOOO'n)
75
100 !
! 5 !
1 75
105
1
[
i
1
^
Totals
1972
197)
..,7.5
.Iflfl
5
.180
£ Date Capability Initially Required^ Evaluated Method Available
^ Interim Method Available
-------
3-73
TASK REQUIRED; Develop and evaluate manual methods of
analysis for beryllium. (IQS-19)
Automated Methods of Analysis
No instrumental methods for the continuous monitoring of
asbestos is currently available. A feasibility study for such an
instrument is planned for FY 1972. If a promising technique is found,
this will be followed by the construction and evaluation of a prototype
instrument. No instrumental methods for the continuous monitoring of
beryllium are available.
The testing and evaluation of the most promising commercially
available instruments (Olin, Barringer, DuPont) for the determination
of mercury are required. These instruments are based on the spectroscopic
determination of elemental mercury in the ultraviolet spectrum following
its chemical release from the mercury compounds present in the source
effluent.
TASK REQUIRED: Evaluate automated instruments for measuring mercury
emissions. (IQS-20)
TASK REQUIRED; Develop and evaluate automated asbestos
emission monitors. (IQS-21)*
TASK REQUIRED; Research, develop and test automated instruments
for continuous monitoring of beryllium emissions. (IQS-22)*
Task
T««k
M'lCB
vMff>
n
>
V4
5
Tttlc: Deve
Anal
iI°L: IQS-19
tones
WM/t
Rene arch
Uevclopmcni
Fitild Teat
Evaluation
Pronulgatlon
Totals
op and Evaluate Menu* I Methods of
y»la for Beryl Itum
Fiscal Year
•re 72 n , 73
o k i *
74
75
7(j
77
Funding Required (51000'fl)
,
50
50
50
' 5
1 100 55
1 I
1
!
1
A Date Capability Initially Required A Evalu
^ Interim Method Available
ted He
-^
lotals
1972
to
1977
50
.,,20
50
5
155
hod Available
Task
Tank
Til In B..I.,,,
Mercury
llo..: 1QS-20
H//ffit,
Resear h
Develo men I
Field rst
Ev«lui Ion
Prtxsul At ion
Totals
e Autoajced
Emlielona
Inatruncnta fur Mean
Klsral YiMr
•re 72 72
1
73
4
74
4
75
.ring
76
77
Funding Rrqulred (SlOOO's)
,
100
t
i .
; 1
50 !
, 5 !
! 100
55
g^
Totals
1972
1977
100
50
5
155
•B, Date Capability Initially X^qutred «V tvaluatcd Mclltud Available
^ Interim Method Available
-------
3-74
3.2.2.7 Carbon Monoxide
Carbon monoxide is determined by the non-dispersive infrared
analysis of the effluent gas stream. This technique is applicable for
manual and automated requirements. Several instruments are commercially
available for this purpose (Beckman, Bendix, MSA, LIRA) and improved
instruments are beginning to appear (Arkon) . An evaluation of these
instruments is required to determine an official method for manual and
automated measurements of CO emissions from stationary sources.
TASKS REQUIRED: Evaluate available carbon monoxide
instruments for manual and automated measurement. (IQS-23)
J/ijik _TU_l_i* : Develop ami
Kmlaalun Ho
Tiisl. Ho. : r'JS-Jl
"'**''*
>
Z
[ones
'^$jr;J//$?4
Research
Development
Field Ti-st
Evaluation
rrorau.Kat.ioii
ToUilK
Kvalua
ilrora
te Automated Aabearoa
Fiscal Year
"rtf /4 /2
Fun
73
74
§
75
76
f
77
ding Required (SlOOO'j)
100
j
100 | '
50
1
! 50
A Dam Capability Inlcliiily Keq
A Interim Method Available
100 150
10 ' '•
60 !
"$$,
Totals
1972
to
1977
200
50
, 20,
10
310
Hired A Evaluated Method Available
Taxk
Task
l!l!i: Research, Develop .ind Teal Automated Inatrumenla
for continuous Monitoring of Beryllium Erolaslona
F seal Year
•re 72 72 73 74 75
H* les tones
m
WW/MA
Research
Development
Field T st
Evaluat on
fromulg tion
T t«l«
! ^
76
4
77
Funding Required ($1000' s)
. 100 :
100 SO '.. !
• SO '
1
50
: . ' '5
1 100 : 100 100
A Date Capab llty Initially Required A Evalu
«!} Interim Method Available
55
tf$
Totals
1972
1977
100
ISO
sn
50
5
355
ted Method Available
Task
Task
Title: ,„,.
Auco
No.: IQS-23
HUeii
V
tones
Wfifflifffify
Research
Development
Field Test
Evaluation
Promulgation
Totals
'A Da
te Capnbi lity
tcrim Method A\
ate Available CO Instruments for
oated Measurement*
Manual
and
Pre 7^ 72 j 73
1 4Qi 4s^
74
fA
75
76
77
Funding Required ($1000'B>
! ' 1
UQ 1
50 75 '
1
50 75 1
10 ' 10 !
I 90 135 85
nitially Required 4} .Ivvalu
allable 1. Manual Method; 2. I
W&
Totals
1972
1977
40
12S
20
310
istrunental Method
* 3 Industry Source*
-------
3-75
3 .2 .2 .8 ^rganic Compounds
The batch determination of total non-methane hydrocarbons from
stationary source emissions can be made by combusting the effluent gas and
determining the hydrocarbon content as water and carbon dioxide.
While this method is acceptable as a reference method for the
determination of total hydrocarbons the method, is not suitable for
the routine determination of stationary source effluents. The routine
determination of non-methane hydrocarbons from stationary sources is based
either on total hydrocarbon determination or on determining the specific
chemical constituents present in the gas mixture. When one can
determine hydrocarbons without differentiating the hydrocarbon types
the analysis of stationary source emissions is made using either the
flame ionization detector which measures the total number of hydrocarbon
bonds present (Beckman, Gomak) or by the use of the non-dispersive
infrared radiation which measures the total hydrocarbons by absorption
in the infrared spectrum (Beckman, MSA, Bendix, LIRA).
The flame ionization detector, while an extremely sensitive
hydrocarbon detector, measures only the carbon-hydrogen bonds contained
in the gas stream and accordingly does not measure the total organic
content of the gas, i.e., it fails to determine carbon connected to
bonds other than hydrogen such as nitrogen, oxygen, or halogen. The
NDIR sensitivity varies depending on the hydrocarbon present in the gas
stream due to the difference in absorption of various hydrocarbons in
that region of the infrared spectrum. Accordingly, it is not a completely
suitable technique for determining compliance. A field test of commercially
-------
3-76
nv.'i i l;il>l«' instruments for do1(.' nn i.ning hydrocarbon con lent in I hi.: omissions
from stationary sources is needed.
TASKS REQUIRED: Test and evaluate the available commercial
instruments for measuring total non-methane hydrocarbons.
(IQS-24)
The identification of specific hydrocarbons is carried out
by using routine gas chromatographic detectors with the flame
ionization detector which is very sensitive for materials with carbon
hydrogen bonds or the electron capture detector which allows the
determination of organic materials containing other bonds such as:
oxygen, nitrogen, or halogen. This latter method would be suitable for
PCB and other similar halogens of interest.
TASKS REQUIRED: Test and evaluate gas chromatographic
systems including separation columns and detectors for
measuring specific organic compounds in effluent gases. (IQS-25)
Methods for determining non-methane hydrocarbons in particulate
matter are included in IQA-13.
3.2.2.9 Odors
The major odors in stationary source emissions are hydrogen
sulfide (HpS), total reduced sulfur, amines, organics, acids and aldehydes.
The determination of odor can be conducted either by determining the
Task Title: TMt
Tack
for
No. : IOS- 24
HI lea
Activities
tones
WMMft.
Research
Development
Field Teat
Evaluation
Promulgation
Totals
A Da
*'"
and Evaluate Available Commercial InatrunentB
teaaurlng Total Non-Methane Hydrocarbon**
Fiscal Year
rr 72 72 j 73
1 41 4
74
.A
75
76
77
Funding Required (§1000'B)
40
50 100 !
50
! LO
100
15
1 90 160 1 115
!
r i i
1 ' !
m
Totals
1972
to
1977
40
150
ISO
25
365
te Capability Initially Required A Evaluated Method Available
terim Method Available
Task
Task
Title: Test
Separ
Sped
^: IQS-25
Mtlei
te
Activities
tones
WSMSfA
Kcsearcti
Development
Field Test
Evaluation
Promulgation
Totals
•nd Evaluate Gas Chromatographic System
tlon Columns and Detectors for Measurt
ic Organic Compounds in Effluent Cases
're 72, 72
1
Fiscal Y
73
74
4
Funding Required
150
ear
75
76
• Including
g
77
(SIOOO's)
100 I
100
!
! ;
1 \
\
^Interim Method Available
150
200
!
:'' ?
T.II,,|,
1172
to
197?
250
100
350
1 6 Industry Sourcea
-------
3-77
rusponso ol individuals to the odor as a class or by tie term! i\i un tlu-.
concenltai ion ol sp«>cii.ic chemical constituents which have been previously
determined to be responsible for the odor from a particular source.
The Measurement of Odor
In determining the total odor from stationary source emission
a grab sample of the effluent gas in the odor offending source is taken
and the amount of clean diluent air required to just dilute the odor
response to a human threshold level is determined. The determination of
threshold response is carried out by a group o£ trained odor receptors
known as an odor panel. This technique can be quantified by assigning
odor units (O.U.) which measure the amount that the
sample must be
diluted to reach the threshold level. While subjective, the technique
I
has been repeatedly upheld in the courts as a valid means for determining
the amount of odor as a class from an offending source. The task
required is included in IQA-47.
Determining Specific Qdorants
Instrumentation is currently available to determine H2S and
total reduced sulfur component of odors by using a gas chromatographic
separation column which separates the odor constituents followed by a
flame photometric detector to determine low levels of sulfur containing
compounds (Bendix, Melpar). When it is desirable to determine the total
sulfur containing compounds in the odor source indiscriminately the
determination can be conducted by first oxidizing the sulfur compounds
to S02 and then determining the amount of SO- produced coulometrically
(Barton). While commonly used for manual measurements, these instruments
have not been fully evaulated to determine their acceptability for making
-------
3-78
compliance measurements from stationary sources emitting sulfurous odors.
A fully automated instrumental system needs to be developed for monitoring
purposes.
TASKS REQUIRED; Evaluate commercially available instruments
for manual measurement and develop an instrumental method
for determining l^S and total reduced sulfur odors from
stationary source emissions. (IQS-26)
The determination of amines, organic acids, and aldehydes
which are specific odorants normally associated with rendering plants,
sewage incineration facilities and petrochemica1 plants requires the
separation of the chemical component of interest from the gas stream by
using suitable gas chromatographic columns. The separated components
are then measured with suitable detectors. While such techniques
have been widely utilized in laboratory investigation of these particular
compounds, the concentration level for the compounds have normally been
far in excess of those encountered in the stationary source emissions.
A thorough test and evaluation of available separation columns and
detectors to determine a particular odorant and the development of
additional columns as required should be undertaken to support the
emission control programs in the odorant area.
Tank
Task
H'les
to
*t
Title: fuai,ia
Heaaur
De terra
Statlo
No. : IQS_ IK
tones
^^^^^-.
Research
Development
Field lest
Evaluation
Promulgation
Totals
te Comae re La Uy Ava
ement and Develop a
inlng H2S and Total
nary Source Emiaalo
liable Instruments lor Manual
n Instrumental Method for
Reduced Sulfur Odors from
Fiscal Year
Te 72 72 | 73
1 $^$44
74
4>
75
7o
77
Funding Required (SlOOO's)
40
i
30 120 !
50
10
1 70 180
I
I
•I
100 ! : •<
10
110
i !
#$.
Totiils
1972
1977
40
150
ISO
20
360
A Date Capability Initially Required A Evaluated Method Available
Q Interim Method Available I. Manual Method; 2. Automated Method
• 6 Industry Sources
-------
3-79
TASKS Rli(jLITREI): Develop tests ;in<| i:valu;ito appropr i;i Lr
columns for the analysis of ammonia and amines from
effluent gases to determine the. specific concentration
of the odorants. (IQS-27)
TASKS REQUIRED; Develop tests and evaluate commercially
available separation columns for determining organic
acids and aldehydes. (IQS-28)
A program to -better determine the chemical constituents in
the gas effluent which is responsible for odors must be conducted for those
sources for which odor controls are to be promulgated in order to allow
the development of adequate test methodology.
TASKS REQUIRED: Determine the chemical constituents
which are responsible for odors from pulp and paper
mills, petroleum refineries, petrochemical plants,
sewage sludge incinerators, and animal rendering
plants. (IQS-29)
Task Tit_Ui OevoVop Teata and Evaluate Appropriate Columna for
the Analysis of Anraonla and Amines from Effluent Gasca
to Determine the Specific Concentration of the Odorant**
Task
Hp... : IQS-27
H« leu tones
w,
»
T4
>
3
WMM;
Research
Development
Field Teat
Evi tuition
Promulgation
Total a
A Data Capability
^ Interim Method AN
Fiscal Year
[frc 7^ 72 , 73
1 i 0
74
75
f
76
77
Funding Required (SlOOO'll
t
100
75
t j
1
1 J5
10
1 100 75
AS
' 1
:
\jy* 'SA
w$-
Tot a-1 si
1972
1977
100
75
1^
10
?ftn
nltially Required «k Evaluated Method Available
allable
* 3 Industry Sources
Task
Title: Develop Teats and Evaluate Com-norc is t ly
Ava ilablu
Aldehydes*
Task
No. : 1QS-28
Milestones
w$-
a
u
>
-<
%/{$.//*<>
Research
Development
Field Test
., , ,
Promulgat ion
Totals
Fiscal Vear
n- 7<- 72 , 73 74 7b
1 i $'"
t'uci 72
1
73
74
75
16
77
Funding Required ($1000*.)
75
100
100 ! 1 '•
!
'" i
1
I 75
100
A Date Capability Initially Required t
^ Interim Method Available
100
f—
'&?•%
Totals
1972
to
1977
275
275
Evaluated Mutltod Available
-------
3-80
3.2.2.10 Halogens
Now source performance standards planned for promulgation
will include the control of emissions of various halogens from a variety
of installations. Several examples follow: (1) Control of fluoride
emissions from phosphate fertilizer and lime plants, and also animal feed
defluorination plants, (2) Control of hydrogen chloride (HCl) from
hydrochloric acid plants, (3) Control of chlorine gas (Cl9) from chlorine
and caustic plants. In addition, it is probable that future performance
standards will include the control of fluoride emissions from the iron
and steel industries and the control of chloride emissions from municipal
incinerators.
Manual Method of Analysis
Manual methods for the analysis of halogens based on the
gravimetric determination of the halogen as the silver halogen salts
are available. Other techniques based on colorimetric measurement are
also available. These techniques must be tested and evaluated to select
suitable methods for manual measurement of gaseous halogen emissions from
stationary sources.
TASKS REQUIRED: Test and evaluate the manual analytical
methods for determining gaseous fluorides. (IQS-30)
TASKS REQUIRED; Test and evaluate the manual analytical
methods for determining gaseous chlorides. (IQS-31)
Task
Title: Teat an
for Det
T»sk No. : IQS-30
M1 leo
•J
2
tones
%ffi$X$$$i
Research
Development
Field Test
Evaluation
Promulgation
Tot n IB
A Da
d Evaluate tjje .Manual Analytical
ertnlnlng Caseous Fluorides*
HeChoda
Fiscal Year
re 7^ 72 . 73
Uoi
74
4
75
76
77
Funding Required (SlQOO'sl
;
30
50 50
75
1 : '
j 1
: 1
25 •
10 ' 5
! SO 135 1 30
;
$*&
Totals
1972
1977
30
100
100
15
245
tc Capability Initially Required A Evaluated Method Available
tcrim Method Available
Task
Task
Title: Teat
tor 0
No_.: IQS-31
. . .
H'.les
W/#
W//t>
•1
U
tones
%$($3$/'fy.
Research
Development
Field Test
Evaluation
Promulgation
Totals
nd Evaluate the Manual Analytical Methods
eterminlng Gaaeoua Chlorides*
Fiscal fear
re 72 72 | 73
1 |^A
74
t
75
76
77
Funding Required ($IOOO's>
I
30
50
J : ;
1
50 i !
10 !
1 80 60
A Date Capability Initially Required A
^ Interim Method Available
j
Evali.
•^5
Totals
1972
to
1977
30
50
50
10
IbO
* 4 Industry Sources
* 3 Industry Sources
-------
3-81
Automated Methods of Analysis
Colorimelr i.c analyzers currently exist for the measurement of
fluorine in the atmosphere. These methods are based on the reduction
or change in coloration produced by fluorine complexes. These techniques
have been automated for use as intermittent continuous analyzers for
measurement of fluorine emissions (Leigh). An evaluation of this technique
and the fluoride specific ion electrode (Corning, Orion) is required to
provide an acceptable instrumental method for monitoring fluoride emissions.
TASKS REQUIRED; Test and evaluate the available
commercial instruments for automated measurement
of fluorides. (IQS-32)
The determination of hydrogen chloride can be conducted by
measuring absorption in its ultraviolet spectrum (DuPont). Total chlorides
(Cl~)can be determined by use of the chloride specific ion electrodes
(Corning, Orion).
TASKS REQUIRED: Test and evaluate the available
commercial instruments for automated measurements
of hydrogen chloride and total chlorides. (IQS-33)
Methods for the determination of halides in particulates are
included in IQA-13.
3.2.2.11 Other Pollutants
Current plans call for measurement of the ambient air quality
level of additional pollutants which have not yet been covered in this
Tonl TUle: Teat <
Initr
Talk No.: IQS-32
H'le.loM,
^^•///' .'/•/^/
m
5
2
te».rcl.
Promulgotion
Totals
A Dale Cap.iUl) it y
ft imcrln lU-ltioti A
nd Ev»tu*te the Av»ll«Ktc Commc
mentfl for Automated Measurement
rclal
of Fluorides*
Fiscal Year
n- 72 72 7T 1 74
I ^U 4
r'itn
-------
3-82
section on stationary source emission measurements. These include cadmium
and lead, the non-metals: phosphorous, arsenic and selenium; and the trace
metals: copper, zinc, boron, nickel, tin, lithmium, chromium, vanadium
and manganese. Cadmium and lead are special pollutants of particular
concern and are thus treated in separate tasks below (IQS-34,35).
Task No. IQS-16 provides for the development and evaluation of
instrumentation for on-stream measurement of particulate composition from
stationary sources of emission and along with Task No. IQA-13 which
provides the capability for manual determination of particulate composition
from collected particulate samples should suffice for measurements of
solid compounds of these pollutants which may be required. As a minimum
techniques to manually measure source emission levels of the gaseous com-
pounds of these pollutants will be necessary to enable the determination
of emission factors.
TASK REQUIRED; Develop manual methods for the measurement
at source emission levels of gaseous compounds of cadmium.
(IQS-34)
TASK REQUIRED: Develop manual methods for the measurement
at source emission levels of gaseous compounds of lead.
CIQS-35)
Taa«
Taak
~~—~ ~ Source Enlialon Level! of 'Gaaeou* Cdolpbunda of ~'
Cadmium
No.: IQS-36
1 H-llaatonaa
m,
actlvitlaa
WfflS&i
(••••rch
.HvalopMtit
Field Ttat
Ev«lu«clon
ProaulgAtion
total*
ri>c«l Tear
*M "
1
73
74
75
4
7f
77
Pundioi Haqulrad (SlOOO'a)
1 75
i
i i
50 I
1 30
I
5
75 | 105
i
p
m
Totala
1411
H77
^}
50
50
3
ISO
A Data Capability Initially Baqulrad 4> Evaluaiad Hathod Available
4} Int.rl. Mat hod Avallabla
taat. tttlat Davalop Hanual Mathoda (or tha Maaauraa»ne at
Soyrca Enlaalori Lavala ofCaaeoul CMpoUtlda of UU ------
Ho. i IQS-35
Pro«u(*Cion
7^ 72 73 74 73 | 7« 7»
' 30
TT
nOOO'al
1*71
I to
I 1*77
SO I 103
Data Capability Initially Kaqulrad A Evaluated Mathod
Intaila Mathod Jnallakta
-------
3-83
TASK. REQUIRED: Develop manual methods for the measurement at
source emission levels of gaseous compounds of arsenic,
selenium and phosphorous. (IQS-36)
TASK REQUIRED: Develop manual methods for the measurement
at source emission levels of gaseous compounds of the
trace metals. (IQS-37)
No task for development of automated instruments for
continuous measurement of these pollutants at source emission levels is
included in this plan. The need for such tasks should be considered
during the next revision of this working document.
3.2.2.12 Other Tasks
Current emission standards place limitations on the mass of
pollution that is emitted from a stationary source, while the manual
and instrumental measurement methods provided for in this plan generally
provide information only on the volumetric concentration of pollutants.
In order to relate this information to mass emission rates needed to
set standards and to determine compliance with the standards data on the
mass flow velocity, temperature and pressure in the emitting stack is
required. Pressure is relatively constant in the stack and its
measurement poses no problem. Temperature and flow velocity, on the
other hand, are often non-uniform across the stack and require careful
Task Tit le; Devel
— -
Eotaa
Selen
t! 1QS-36
M< I IT. tones
ii^
n
ftl
2
'f.'i'i/fV/J-^
Kese«rrl,
Ik-vclopraent
Held Te»t
Eviluaflon
frowulgation
Tolnlo
op Manual Hcthoda tor Heaiureoen
.on Le-vela oC Gaaeoue Compoundt
urn and Phoiphoroua
t ac Source
at &r*«nlc.
Floral Year
re 72, 72
1
L 73
74
75
A
76
77
Funding Requited (51000's)
.
100
1
100
50
1
1
100
A Date Capability Inltlnlly Required i
Q Interim Method Available
150
r
SO '
1
50
m
Totals
1972
tu
1977
.200
100
300
k Evaluated Kctliod Available
Task Title: Devel
Sou re
Trace
Task Ho. i ns-T)
H1 Ic-stotiPS
WVf^JWtf.t'
Research
3 Development
"> Field Test
" Evalua^fk
"* Troraulgation
Totals
op Manual Methodf for the HeaaureoenE at
e Eoltaion Level* of G**eoua Compoondg of the
Hetala
Flecft. \e*>-
rt- 7* 72 , 73 74 75
1 1 ~n
76 77
fc»
Flindlnit Required (SlOOO's)
| 100 1 200
I j SO
100 I
100 |
i
'•
1 i 100 250
200 1
.&4
Tntal!)
1972
1977
60Q
ISO
550
A »atc Capability Initially Required A Evaluited Method Available
4} Interim Method Available
-------
3-84
measurement if meaningful mass emission rates are to be obtained.
Work is required to develop improved methods for determination of
temperature and velocity profiles across a stack.
TASK REQUIRED; Develop techniques for determining the
temperature profile across a stack. (IQS-38)
TASK REQUIRED; Develop techniques for determining the
flow velocity profile across a stack. (IQS-39)
3.3 Moving Source Emissions Measurements^
3.3.1 Introduction
Moving sources of air pollution consist of discrete sources
of air pollution that are recognized as significant contributors to the
deterioration of local air quality particularly in urban areas, along
interstate freeways and in the vicinity of airports. In common with
stationary sources of pollution, they are discrete sources but they
have their own special characteristics which require special measurement
tools and techniques. This section of the R&D plan is concerned with
three areas of work necessary to achieve the capability to measure the emis-
sions from moving sources; (1) measurement of emissions from motor vehicles;
(2) measurement of emissions from aircraft; and (3) measurement techniques
to support the fuel registration program.
Task Title: D«v«lop T'chnlquea fo
Temperature profile A
Task No- : jr^-m
Milestones
^W^yijr'ffl'$/ffij%
Accivlties
Be ie arch
Development
Field Test
Evaluation
promulgation
Totals
Determining t
TO»» a Stack
e
Fiscal Year
Pra 7^ 72 73
I
Funding
•.
100
1 100
74
JL
75
4
76
77
Required (SlOOO's)
i
SO
!
'50
1 5
! 105
i '
W4
Totals
1972
to
1977
in
50
.50-
5
205
A Date Capability Initially Required ^ Evaluated Method Available
ft Interim Method Available
Task
Task
Title: Devel
rim
do.! IQS-39
Milestones
W/r"
«
V
>
3.
wmmf,
Research
Development
Field Teat
Evaluation
Promulgation
Totals
op Technlquea for Determining the
velocity Profile Across s Stack
Fiscal Year
Pre 72, 72
73
74
*
75
i
76
77
Funding Required (51000'a)
i
• 7J
75
1 75
JL Date Capability Initially Req
$ Interim Method Available
r i
so
i 1
50 ;
75 SO
5
55
'*%$.
'&&£
Totals
1972
1977
150
50
50
j
255
ulred a} Evaluated Method Available
-------
3-85
3 .').2 Motor Vehicle Emission Measurement
3.3.2.1 Sampling Motor Vehicle Emissions
The operating cycle procedures which have been developed .to
simulate road driving patterns of necessity involve a number of driving
modes; idling, accelerating, cruising and decelerating. Each of these
modes involves different concentrations of air pollutant emissions. For
example, the hydrocarbon emission will range between 300 ppm and 12,000 ppm
with a representative emission in the exhaust gas of some 800 ppm hydrocarbon
at idle conditions and 5000 ppm during the deceleration mode. The oxides
of nitrogen emissions will range between 5 and 4000 ppm in the exhaust with
representative emissions being about 6 ppm in deceleration and 1500 ppm
during acceleration modes. In addition to the wide variation in pollutant
emission concentration during the different driving modes the exhaust
volume ranges over a ratio of about 8. This involves a gas exhaust
volume range between 5 standard cubic feet per minute during idling and
deceleration modes to as much as 40 standard cubic feet per minute
during acceleration. Exhaust gas temperature also varies between the
different driving modes ranging between 150°C during idling to as high
as 500°C during the acceleration cycle.
In order to obtain a representative measurement of the exhaust
emission during a complete test procedure involving various combinations
of these driving modes, several different sampling procedures have been
utilized*
-------
3-86
The raw gas can be sampled directly and led to the measurement
device. In sampling the raw gas exhaust, three different sampling strategies
can be considered. The first involves collecting these total raw emissions
in a suitable container during the test cycle and analyzing an aliquot
of the total collected raw emissions. This procedure while inherently
simple requires that a container of suitable size be provided to collect
the total raw emissions. For the 23 minute time-trace operating cycle,
currently required by Federal procedures for certification testing, the
container required would be enormous. In addition, this sampling strategy
suffers from the disadvantage that the storage time prior to analysis of
the gas tan result in marked chemical changes in gas composition and the
dilution of the exhaust gases normally occurring in the atmosphere is
absent.
The second strategy which can be used while sampling the raw
exhaust involves collecting only an aliquot of the raw emissions in the
bag during the test cycle and again analyzing a portion of it at the
end of the test. This has the advantage of reducing the size of the
sample container necessary. It, however, also retains the same dis-
advantages as collecting the total raw emissions in that again the
storage time results in marked chemical changes in composition and the
dilution of the exhaust gases normally occurring in the atmosphere is
absent. This strategy requires the use of appropriate sensors to control
the proportionating sampler to insure that the collected sample is
representative of the mass emission rate that is being emitted during
the total driving cycle.
-------
3-87
TASK REQUIRED: Develop and iwahiaU- a simpHFie.l i-xhaiisf
flow and/or carburetor air intake sensor to contro] the proportional
sampling rates for use with the raw exhaust sampling system (IQM-1).
The vehicle emissions could also be determined by using con-
tinuous on-line analysis of the raw exhaust with integration of the
analyzer output signals to obtain data on emissions during the test cycle.
The third approach would provide information on emissions as the driving cycle
changes and should be of prime usefulness in the research and develop-
ment program to devise more effective control systems. Again this
technique requires the development of appropriate sensors to properly
weigh the analyzer output by taking account of the exhaust flow rate and
temperature.
The sampling procedure currently required by EPA regulations
for determining the emissions from motor vehicle sources involves the
use of a constant mass "sampler (CMS). This procedure insures that the
total exhaust gas will have been representatively collected and auto-
matically provides for weighting of the exhaust volume by the dilution
with clear air. CMS procedure also results in dilution of the exhaust
gas which more closely represents what actually occurs in the atmosphere,
which of course is what one is trying to determine by the total test
procedure. The procedure which is required for constant mass sampling
TnoK Tlt.le: Develof
Carbutc
Sanpl lr
Task No.: IQM-1
^ .„! ....
H< les tones
yjj&M
3
*
2
xJFffcffi: •
Rr.se* rc»
Development
Field Test
tvalu-atVpA
1'ronulftat ion
Totals
and Evaluate a Simplified Exhaust Flow And/or
tor Air Intake Senior to Control the proportional
g Rates for Use With the Raw Exhaust Sampling System
Fir.ro) Year
Prc 1\ 72 , 73 j 74 75 76 77
1 *
Funding Required (^lOUO'n)
! 1 • J
50 50 .1
! 50 !
1 50 100 ! |
?' '•'
Totals
1972
1977
100
50
150
A Date Capability Initially Required^ Evaluated Metnod Available
•ft Interim Hethod Available
-------
3-88
is relatively complex. It involves the use of positive air displacement
pumps that draw some 8 times the maximum exhaust flow rate of the auto-
mobile exhaust and a proportionating system to collect a small portion
of this exhaust in a container for later analysis. The constant mass
sampling system appears adequate for certification testing and surveillance
testing of the gaseous air pollutants during the coming years. The
CMS system does, however, result in a considerable dilution of the
exhaust gas sample, some 8-fold average dilution;and results in a much
reduced concentration of the air pollutant to be measured. Although
not particularly a draw-back for measurements in the 72-74 model year
time period, this will pose some instrumental capability requirements
as the emission levels are continuously decreased in time for the 1976
emission standards. The constant mass sampling system can also be con-
sidered for continuous on-line analysis using integration of the analyzer
output signal to obtain data on emissions during this test cycle. The
use of the constant mass sampling system for potential future "on the
road" surveillance testing will require a size reduction of the constant
mass sampling hardware.
TASK REQUIRED: Simplify and evaluate the constant mass sampling
system for potential use on-the-road to confirm the validity
of the operating test cycles for measurements to determine
compliance with the light duty vehicle emission standards (IQM-2).
Tank
Title: Simplify and Evaluate the Confta
Potential Use on-the-Rojd to Con
it Haaa Sampling Syatero for
firm the Validity of the
Compliance with the Light Duty Vehicle Eal»lon Standards
Task
No.: IQM-2
HUe-s tones
W^fi'^if*'
H
Resenrcli
Development
Field Teat
Promulgation
Totals
Fiscal Year
re 72, 72 \ 73 74
1 1
Funding Required
< 100
75 76 77
0
(SlOOO'sJ
100
! ! 50 ; 100
: 1
1 100
Allan- eligibility liilinlly Kvc|iurrJ f
^ Int. -rim flt'tlim) Av.i i 1 ;il> U-
150 100
^
Totals
1972
to
1977
200
15°
350
Kvahmicd Mi- 1 hod Av:iil.iMi<
-------
3-89
Tho measurement of pnrticulnlu totni nines am I It ml I rum l.lf'ht
duty motor vehicles although not currently specified by legislation may
be required in support of standards subsequent to 1975 model year. At this
time, it is still not known whether particulate emission standards will be
necessary and if so whether they will involve only the total particulate mass
or whether a fine particulate standard will also be promulgated following
removal of lead from gasoline. Measurement techniques must be made available
to enable determination of the need for particulate standards to be promul-
gated in mid-1975 for application to the 1977 model year vehicles, the
current sampling procedure for certification testing^ involving constant
mass sampling with collection of an aliquot of the sample in a bag for
subsequent analysis is not expected to be suitable for collection of particu-
lates.
TASK REQUIRED: Develop and evaluate a sampling procedure for
particulate total mass loading consistent with the currently
accepted constant mass sampling procedure (1QM-3),
Other vehicles under control which are classified in the Federal
Register as those powered by heavy duty engines and dieselsj These are
mainly trucks and busses. Off the road vehicles such as farm tractors,
heavy earth moving equipment, and stationary generators> etc* may employ
similar power sources. Fuels used in these vehicles may be either
la'iti
Title: tirvrlut
Total M
tonntur
Talk
No. t IQH-1
H1 If atones
$y£
•rl
"3> D
v '
/$&'.• ffiSt
Research
Development
Field Tefct j
Bv«lu4tUn ^
Pr omul gat ion
T(,iM«
*nd evaluate a Simp ling pfocedu
•«a Loading C"nalstenl with Lhk
t Maefl SitDpllng Procedure
Fiscal Year
Pre 7^ 7^
1
pui
150
73
0
74
t
75
ding Required (S100
100
50
50
re for P. rtlcul.tr
Currently Accepted
76
7;
)'«>
•
i
100 .
! 10
1 ISO
150
160
i
K:;.:
Totals
1972
to
1977
7
-------
3-90
gasoline or diesel fuels similar to those used in automobiles. However,
their use and operating procedures vary and thus different sampling procedures
need to be developed.
TASK. REQUIRED; Develop and evaluate sampling procedures to
obtain representative emissions from heavy duty gasoline
powered engines (IQM-4).
TASK REQUIRED; Develop and evaluate sampling procedures to
obtain representative emissions from heavy duty diesel
engines (IQM-5) .
The nation's program for reducing air pollution from moving
sources involves development of advanced automotive power plants with
low emissions. One of the non-conventional power plants for potential
early application to light duty vehicles is the automotive gas turbine. The
turbine has exhaust flow characteristics considerably different from those
of the 1C engine. New sampling procedures to determine the very low levels
of pollutant concentration that result from the large volume of air that
is entrained by the gas turbine are required.
TASK REQUIRED: Develop and evaluate sampling procedures to obtain
representative emissions from the auto gas turbine (IQM-6).
Sampling procedures will have to be promulgated for other ad-
vanced automotive power plants as they become available. This requirement
Task
Task
Title: Develo
Re ores
Engine
No. : IQM-4
H< ten
*?/$)
Activities
tones
$$$$$'%.
Research
Development
Field Test
Evaluation
ProDu.lRation
Totals
and Evaluate Sampling procedures to Obtain
ntatlve Em it « ion t from Heavy Duty Gasoline powered
•
Fiscal Year
Prc 72. 72 , 73
*
74
Funding Required
75
75
75
76
77
CSlOOO's)
1
i
! i '
50 1
i i
; 10 ! •
75 135 i
A Date Capability Initially Required 4}
^ Interim Method Available
-;3v*.
Totals
1972
1977
75
75
SO
10
210
Evaluated Method Available
Task
Tank
Title: Develo
R*prea
Engine
No. : IQM-5
MUci
!|^>
a
V
>
•H
3
tonea
W!*%F%M
Research
Development
Field Teat
Evaluation
Promulgation
Totals
p and Evaluate Sampling Procedures to Obtain
entatlve Bais»lonB from Heavy Duty Dieitl
Fiscal Year
Pr* 7^ 72 73
M
*
75
76
77
Funding Required (SlOOO'.l
75
'
75
: i
5J> i '• '
10 | . •
75
135 1
$*A
Totals
1972
to
1977
75
75
50
10
210
A naif Capability Initially Required A Evaluated Method Available
ty Interim Method Available
-------
3-91
will exist whether the vehicles go into production or whether one is
interested only in pre-production testing of the emissions from these
power plants. Many of these advanced automotive power plants will involve
external heating of a working fluid which will pose a different type of
emission sampling than that currently encountered with the 1C engine.
This is a continuing program the results of which will perhaps be initially
required in the 1973 fiscal year.
TASK REQUIRED; Develop and evaluate the sampling procedures
for externally heated and other advanced automotive power plants (IQM-7)
Additional air pollutants are being considered for possible
motor vehicle emission regulations. These include the emission of
asbestos and the emission of rubber materials during operation of the
motor vehicle. Asbestos is emitted from wear of brakes and clutch facings,
etc. Wear of the automobile tires are a prime source of rubber particle
emissions. Since the emission of these air pollutants will be from
portions of a vehicle from which measure: nt of air pollutants are not
currently being made, different sampling procedures will be required.
TASK REQUIRED: Develop and evaluate a sampling procedure for
asbestos particles emitted during operation of the motor vehicle
(IQM-8) . *
lo.sk Tit IP: Develop and
Tusk No. : IQM-6
H1 looionca
W/y''''''^;//]!^
a
<
KeHearcU
Development
Field Test
Evaluation
Promulgation
Total*
Evaluate Stop ling Procedure
Fls«rtl Year
r,. 7
11
73
ft
71 75
t
8 to obtain
7h
77
Funding R«-(]i>(r«'d <$1000'r.)
75
75
1 75
75
i
i
1 100
10 '
110
A Dole (apabillty Initially Required 4} Evalu
A Interim Method Available
t
?Jjg
totnls
1972
1977
.n
-U
100
10
260
'Ijv.k _TJ_i _ljp ; Develop and Evaluate the Sampling Procedures for Eiiternally
Heated «nd Other Advanced Automotive power Plants
Tnsk No.: IOM-7
M' lert
s
,o,,o»
/Jfffijfyf?'
Research
Development
Field Tes
EvtluaLio
Vromulgat on
Tot Is
Fi
re 72, 72 i 73
1 .
Funding Ke
100
sen) Year
74
IV
5 76 77
E:
quired (SlOOO's)
1
200
75
1
1 100
.275
100-100 '
00 • 50
75 100 75
IS ' 10
Z75 265 B5
Tolals
1972
1977
ion
225
250
25
1000
A Date Cipabll ty Initially Required f Evaluated Method Avallnl.le
^ Interim Meth H Avflllablu
-------
3-92
TASK REQUIRED: Develop and evaluate a sampling procedure for
rubber particles emitted during operation of the motor vdile l<:
(IQM-9).
If sampling of new motor vehicles produced by a manufacturer
Is conducted at the end of the line to determine the conformance of vehicle
production with the certification standards one may require different
sampling procedures to be compatible with the expected operating cycle
procedure which will be needed if more than a small statistical sample of
the vehicle production is inspected at the end of the line. Such sampling
procedures may be required in any case as technical support from the Federal
government for those states such as California who are planning inspection
of at least 25% of the new motor vehicles before they can be sold in the
state.
TASK REQUIRED: Develop and evaluate a simplified procedure for
sampling at the end of the line compatible with the end of the
line operating test cycle (IQM-10).
Task
Tank
Title: Develop and Evaluate a Sampllni
P«rtlcle« Emitted During Oper.tt
No. : IQM-8
H'.lea
%/f/if//
Activities
tones
WittMtt,
Research
Development
Field Test
Evaluation
Promulgation
Totals
Prqcedure Cor
on ot th« Hot
Aabeatoa
r Vehicle
Fiscal Year
"re 1\ 72
7.1
t
74
At
Funding Required
75
76
77
(SlOO.Tsi
1 ! '• • '
100
50
75 !
1 100
A Dale Capability Initially Keq
^Interim Method Available
125
7!
10
85
ulrfcii A
EvBlu.
',&*
Totals
1972
1977
150
75
'?
10
310
ted Method Available
Task
Task
Title: Develo
Par tic
No. : IQM-9
Milestone
W$
Activities
Res arcli
l)ev lopment
Fie d Test
Eva uatloo
Promulgation
Totals
> and Evaluate a Sampling Procedure for Rubber
lea Emitted During Operation of the Motor Vehicle
Fiscal Year
Pre 72^ 72 73
1
74
*t
75
ft
76
77
Funding Required ($1000'a)
i
75
50
1
; ]
! -75
50
1 1
7< • 1
10 i !
85 1
$&•'&
Totals
1972
to
1977
75
50
75
10
210
A Date Capability Initially Required A Evaluated Method Available
«{y Interim Method Available
Task
Task
Title: Develo
the End
Opera t
No. ; IQH- 10
Milestones
*&K$/j
Activities
Wm%m
Research
Development
Field Test
Evaluation
Promulgation
Totals
and Evaluate a Simplified Procedure for Sampling «t
of the Line Compatible with the End of the- Line
ng Teat Cycle
Fiscal Year
Pre 72, 72 ( 73 j 74
1 »l i t
75
76
77
Funding Required ($1000's)
i !
, 75 200 1
1
50 i 75 1 :
1100 '
' 10
! 125 200 JIBS
^O*
Totals
1972
to
1977
275
125
100
10
510
A Date Capability Initially Required A Evaluated Method Available
•£ Interim Method Available
-------
3-93
A decision to inspect vehicles in general use will require
Mint" s .-imp I i UK procedures l>e developed Tor use in tlie state inspection
of motor vehicles. This sampling could occur under a number of different
operating cycle procedures ranging from measurements made at idl^. with the
transmission in neutral to measurements made under different drive mode
conditions with the vehicle physically restrained and rotating against
inertia wheels to simulate the load imposed by normal driving conditions.
Likewise the routine inspection of vehicles in general use could occur by
spot checking vehicles at the side of the road.
TASK REQUIRED: Develop and evaluate sampling procedures to support
state inspection of motor vehicles in general use where
the measurement is made according to the selected operating
procedure at a fixed location with inertia wheels or other
appropriate devices to simulate road loading conditions (IQM-11) .
TASK REQUIRED: Develop and evaluate a sampling procedure for use
by the states in inspecting vehicles in general use where the
measurement is made as spot checks at idle conditions (IOM-12)
The introduction of a program to determine the compliance of
vehicles in general use with the automotive standards by means of a state
inspection program will require that action be taken by the owners or
operators of those motor vehicles which do not meet the standards. This
will impose a requirement for adjustment of the vehicle engine control
Tank
Task
Develop and evaluate Sampling Procedures to Support State
ULU5: Inspection of Motor Vehicles In General Use Where the
Measurement Is Made According to the Selected Operating
Procedure at a Fixed Location With Inertia Wheel • or Other
No.: IQM-11
M'll'H
lonca
•>%$*/ V' J^'-//'
2
Hi. search
lX-vi-l.'1-n.-ni
Hold If HI
Evaluation
Prnmulc,at ion
To 1,1 1 u
Fiscal Year
•re 7^ 72 { n
\ i
funding K
7«
75
i
76
77
<]»lrcd (Sin(lI)'H)
200 '> !
100
1
1 200
100
i
ISO
20
170
^ Interim Method Available
'$&.
Totals
1972
to
1977
200
100
UO
20
470
Task
Task
Title: Develo
Staled
Measur
No.: iqn-12
M< lestones
MJ2i£
M
-H
>
2
WWZML
Research
Development
Field Test
Sf luttJUin
nmulgatlon
Totala
p and Evaluate a Sampling procedure for Use by the
In Inspecting Vehlclea In General Use Where the
enent Is Made as Spot Checks at Idle Conditions
Fiscal Year
Pro 7^ 72 73
' 1
H
75
+
76
77
Funding Required (SlOOO's)
1
100
50
75
, ;
1
1 100
i
1 100
125
15
115
'&$.
Totals
1972
to
1977
150
75
100
15
MO
A Date Capability Initially Required A Evaluated Method Available
^ Interim Method Available
-------
3-94
devices or systems by repair facilities to restore the vehicle to proper
emitting conditions. Sampling procedures will have to be provided for the
routine service station adjustment of motor vehicles.
TASK REQUIRED: Develop and evaluate simple sampling procedures
for use by service stations and repair facilities to restore
motor vehicles to proper emission standards (IQM-13).
3.3.2.2 Gaseous Pollutants
The gaseous pollutants emitted from mobile sources which are
covered by emission standards include hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and
oxides of nitrogen. Additional classes of pollutants which are under
examination for emission standards to be promulgated possibly later in the
decade include particulates, fine particulates, reactive hydrocarbons,
oxygenates, polycyclic organic matter, and odors. Measurement techniques for
support of research studies to define emissions and set emission standards
as well as for subsequent routine measurements of these various pollutants
will be required to enable certification of motor vehicle engines.
Hydrocarbons
The measurement of hydrocarbons from mobile source emission
exhaust is currently made by means of either the non-dispersive
infrared analyzer or the flame ionization detector. The non-
dispersive infrared technique seems to be more prominent in the instruments
which have been developed for use with inspection procedures while the
T.i si.
LLLL 100
125
A Dale Capability Initially Required A
^ Interim Method Available
165
1972
to
1977
150
75
150
15
390
Evaluated Method AvallabU-
-------
3-95
federal certification procedure requires the use of flame ionizalion detection.
The flame ionization detector measures the total amount of carbon-hydrogen
bonds in the emitted gas effluent and accordingly also measures methane.
The national ambient air quality standards, however, define the ambient air
quality from a measurement of total hydrocarbons less methane and it is desirable
to obtain comparable measurements of automotive emissions. The automo-
tive manufacturers have requested that a similar standard be issued for
mobile source emissions. A continuous analyzer for measurements of
automotive exhaust which measures hydrocarbon minus methane is required.
TASK REQUIRED: Develop and evaluate a continuous analyzer for
measurement of total hydrocarbon less methane from automotive
fwdiaust (IQM-14) •
It is expected that mobile sources will utilize an increasing
amount of heavier distillate fuels in the years to come. This will make
it necessary to perhaps include a specific emission standard on a heavy
hydrocarbon from both turbine engines and from automotive engines utilizing
heavy fuels. At this time, no hydrocarbon detection system is available
for measurement of heavy hydrocarbons as a class.
TASK REQUIRED: Develop an analytical technique to enable
research measurements to be made of heavy hydrocarbon
emissions to determine if a standard for heavy hydrocarbons
is required (IQM-15).
Taut
Taut
II' ICO
'%$$/,
0)
•H
5
Title: Develop and Evaluate a Cor
of Total Hydrocarbon Leaa
S.t*. i JQM- 14
tones
W-$///'//fy,
Research
Development
Field Test
tlnuoui Anflyter for Heagurenent
Hechane from Automot Ive Exhauat
Fiscal Year
f" 7] " i »
1 1 ft
lit
i
75
76
77
Fundlntt Required (SlOOO'fl)
1
75 75
50
Promulgation
Totals
1 75 125
i :
•
7} !
10 !
95
aft Bate Capability Initially Required A Lval"
^ Interim Method Available
d.'J
Tot«ls
1972
to
1977
150
50
75
10
285
ted Method Available
Task
Title: Develop ao Analytic
Measurements to be
Determine If a Stan
Task
Ho.; IQM-15
Milestones
X
V
-H
•r4
>
•^
5
WMm
Research
Development
Field Teat
Evaluation
t'romulgatlon
Totals
•1 Technique to Enable Research
Hade of Heavy Hydrocarbon Eralatlona to
dard for Heavy Hydrocarbon* la Required
Fiscal Year
Pre 72, 72
|
73
*
74
75
76
77
Funding Required (SlOOU's)
,
75
75
i
c
50 | :
\
\ 75
125
1
A Date Capability Initially Required A Kvalu
w
Total:
1972
to
1977
ISO
50
200
iled Method Available
-------
3-96
!l!2: Develop and evaluate an instrument for measurement
<>| heavy hydrocarbons from mobile .••-.ourrc exhaust to enable routine
measurement of heavy hydrocarbons during certification and inspec-
tion procedures (IQM-16).
Carbon Monoxide
Carbon monoxide from moving sources is currently measured using
a non-dispersive infrared analyzer. This instrument is acceptable for the
measurement currently required under the 1972 through 1974 emission standards,
However, the ten-fold reduction in carbon monoxide emission which is required
by the Clean Air Amendments of 1970 for meeting the 1975 emission standards
will require precision and sensitivity tor the carbon monoxide detector
which is beyond currently available instruments. The current carbon monoxide
content of the gas sample with the CMS sampling procedure is about 1400 parts
per million while the 1975 reduction in carbon monoxide emissions will result
in a carbon monoxide content of about 140 paits per million if the constant
mass sampling system remains in use. The Environmental Protection Agency has
under contract the development of a fluorescent carbon monoxide sensor which
should provide a higher degree of sensitivity than the current non-dispersive
infrared instrument.
TASK REQUIRED: Complete development and evaluate an instrument
for carbon monoxide with improved sensitivity for use with 1975+
standards (IQM-17).
Task
M '!<•.<.
w
>
<
Heavy Hydrocarbons from Mobile Source Exhaust, to Ena
Routine Meaaurement of Heavy Hydrocarbons Durina
Certification and Inspection Procedures
Ho. •. KJM-lfe
l ones
'¥$:v/J^
Research
Development
Field TeM
Evaluation .
Promulgation
Totals
fiscal Year
're 7^ 72 73
1 1 *
74
t
75
76
77
Fundlne Required (SlOOO'o)
75 75
i i :
! i
50 ' •
i i
50 ! • (
1 10
1 75 125 I 60
f
)le
'/'••• ><•
Totals
1972
1977
150
50
50
10
260
AVlate Capability Initially Required *V Evaluated Method Available
Task
Title: Complete Development end Evaluate an Inatrutnent for Carbon
Monoxide with Improved Sensitivity for Dae With 1975 +
Standards
Task
M< les
in
•H
s
Co.'. KJH-17
tone.
wy^Mfy
Research
Development
Field Test
Promulgation
Totals
Fiscal Year
"re 72 72 73 74 75 76 77
1 ft ^
Funding Required ISlOOO's)
i
75 75 . . '
50 i •
50 ! • !
! 10
1 75 125 j bO !
'@$i
•Mti l>
197?
1977
150
50
50
10
2bO
A Date Capability Initially Required £ Uvaluated ,Metliod Availjble
^} Interim Method Available
-------
3-97
Nitrogen Oxides
Tlit: Federal emissions standards requirr I: lie inr-a surencnl ol.
nitrogen oxides for determining compliance with 1973 model year emission
standards. Instruments that are currently available are based on the
use of the chemiluminescent reaction of nitric oxide with ozone and
measure only nitric oxide and not total nitrogen oxides. These
instruments will probably have to be used for 1973 standards.
EPA has a program with Monsanto Research to develop a total
nitrogen oxides sensor based on the reaction of NOx with oxygen atoms.
This instrument will provide a measurement capability to directly measure the
total oxides of nitrogen as required by current Federal emission standards.
TASK REQUIRED: Complete the test and evaluation of routine
monitors for total nitrogen oxide emissions (IQM-18).
Other Pollutants
It is possible that a national ambient air quality standard will
be established for polycyclic organic matter during the planning period
covered by this report. This emphasises the importance of determining
mobile source emissions of this pollutant. A research analytical method
to determine polyorganic matter in automotive exhaust is currently avail-
able to enable information to be obtained which could lead to the setting
of an emission standard. A routine instrument for measurement of polycyclic
Tatty
Title; complete the Teat •
Total Nitrogen Oxld
Tnak
M'lf,
*&
Activities
No.-: IQM- 18
tones
Reae^rch
Development
Field Test
Evaluation
Promulgation
Tot Hi a
nd Evaluation of Rot
e BalMloni
Fiscal Year
Prc 72 72
1 »
L n
74
75
tine H
ml,,,r. for
76
77
Funding Required (SIOOO'j)
SO
75
1 10
1
i
| ;
1
1 135
1
A Dote Capability Initially Required * Kval..
''?'•••'
Totals
1972
to
1977
50
. , !?,.
10
135
ted Method Aval l.ittto
-------
3-98
organic matter as a class would have to be available by early 1974 for
potential application to standards which might be promulgated for 1977 or
later model year vehicles.
TASK REQUIRED; Develop an instrument for routine
monitoring of polycyclic organic matter from automobile exhaust
(IQM-19).
Another pollutant class being considered for emission standards
from mobile source exhaust is reactive hydrocarbons. This is a sub-class
of total hydrocarbons which are primarily responsible for eye irritation
and smog formation from auto exhaust. The initial requirement in this
reactive hydrocarbon standard setting is to define the composition of the
gaseous pollutants from automobile exhaust which are reactive and to
define what we mean by reactivity.
TASK REQUIRED: Develop laboratory analytical methods for
determining reactive hydrocarbons present in automotive emissions
in support of a program to define what we mean by reactivity (IQM-20)
TASK REQUIRED: Develop the instrumental capability for
routine measurement of the reactive components of auto exhaust
consistent with the definition of reactivity (IQM-21).*
Additional reactive species from auto exhaust include the
oxygenates, a class of compounds which contain reactive carbon
Task
Task
Title: oevelo
of Pol
No.: IQM-19
Milestones
•
V
t4
>
s
Wimm,
Research
Uevelopaent
Field Test
Promulgation
Totala
i> an instrument for Routine Monitoring
Acyclic Organic Hatter from Automobile Exhaust
Fiscal Year
Pre 7^ 72 73
1
• 74
ft
75
*
76
77
Funding Required (SlOOO'd) •
i
100
i
100 .
50
1 ' 100
up
10
150 |UO
i
m
Totals
1972
1977
200
50
iqo
10
360
A Date Capability Initially Required A Evaluated Method Available
^ Interim Method Available
Task
Tajfc
Hf.lea
te
Activities
Title: Develo
Recce L
Supper
Ho.; IQM-20
tones
v/&/if/M7//
ft/fats.' .-> /.//•/•t -;•,
Research
Development
Field Test
Bv«lu«cipn
Pron.ulf.ai Ion
Tot n IB
p Laboratory Analytical Method* for Deternlnlng
<« Hydrocarbon* Pretent la Automotive Emissions In
t of g Program to Define What We Mean by Reactivity
Fiscal Year
Pr'e 1\ 72
! *
73
A
74
Funding Required
75
76
77
(Siooo'e)
1 : : .;
loo
200
50
i < ;
J5
' 100
A Date Ca.v.i ility Initially Req
^Interim .:• ,od Available
250 1 75
uirctl A
'"'%&
••;•:•'?&
Totals
1972
1977
300
.125
42 i
-------
3-99
oxygen bonds. A research capability to measure aldehydes and other
oxygenates from mobile sources is needed in the first quarter of
calendar year 1972 and a capability to routinely measure these pollutants
by June 1974. This class of pollutants, like reactive hydrocarbons,
requires first a definition of the composition of gaseous pollutants emitted
from the automobile to enable the definition of which oxygenated species
must be measured. Once the species have been identified, programs to
develop methods for research analysis and eventually instruments for
routine measurement can proceed.
TASK REQUIRED: Develop laboratory analytical methods for
determining oxygenates from auto exhaust to provide data
leading to potential standards for oxygenates (IQM-22).
TASK REQUIRED: Develop an instrumental routine method
for measuring of oxygenates which could be used to make
certification and inspection tests in support of a standard
for oxygenates (IQM-23).
l'i!H_.'!lU£: D««lop the Instrumental Capability tor
ment o( the Reactive Components ul Auto
with tho Definition of RractlvHy
lasl. Nn. : 1QH-Z1
f
MM os
a
I..!.*.
•*. / /// '
Resejirrl.
Development
Field LP-.I
Evaluation
I'rortmlgat ion
TotnJs
Routine Meaaure-
Exhauat Consistent
Fiir.il Yfflr
'•-•• ?4 I* 73 ! 71
i 4^
7'>
f
Funding KL-qntrod ($JO(»
1 !
76
77
•s)
75 I 100 200
• 50 ! 50 : <
1 I
1 75 1150
100
15 '
250 115
to
1977
375
1110
ipp
15
590
A Halt' <:.ip,tMlitv lniti;i ly KoqulrcJ A Evaluate*. Method Available
ft Inlcrin M-Mlioit Available
-- - - - — — -"—• • !
H'^A'.'.L"1 Q^^^''"1"^'""^
Tnik »,..: |QM-2i
I'.1 l.'-H.UH'j
'^'/^ '$ ?/'
Rc'ie.irdi
" Ucvi-lopmi'tit
"> Field Tiv.l
jj Evaluation
** FrnnillR.tl.OII
lot
100
77
: I
!
50 : : ' :
!
! 100
50
A O.itO C.i|.»l>tltty Inlli.illy h.-q.n r< J A
^ Interim tic- th.nl Av.-ii |.il
77
75 j : !
t
1 50 100 i ;•>
A D.itc Cjp.ih 1 )i(y In it 1.1 11 y Hfquiii 0 A
ft Interim i'lcili.-d Av.-iihii.lt-
too
10
110
I.VjJdfl
ted Me
r^;-;j
197.1
to
1977
150
75
100
toil Available
-------
3-100
Odors are a particularly obnoxious emission from the diesel
and the gas turbine. The Federal Mobile Source Program has as a goal
the issuance of standards on odors from these two moving sources by
mid-1975. Research techniques for quantitatively determining odor
must be available for laboratory use by March 1973 to permit the obtain-
ment of information required for setting odor standards and routine
instrumental techniques for monitoring odor should be available by June
of 1974 to support certification of vehicles with respect to the odor
standards.
Obtaining a capability to measure odors quantitatively either
from the laboratory or routinely requires that we first characterize
the chemical constituents responsible for odors from the diesel and
from the gas turbine.
Task Required; Chemically characterize the constituents
responsible for odors from diesels and gas turbines to
define chemical constituents which can be selected
as the basis for a quantitative measure of odorant. (IQM-24)
TASK REQUIRED: Develop analytical techniques for the
measurement of odors from moving sources (IQM-25).
Task Title: Chemica
Odors f
Con* tit
Quant it
Task No.: IQM-24
Milestones
^^^^^^^
Activities
Research
Development
Field Test
Ptomul gat loli
Totals
Liy Characterise the Constituents Responsible for
rom Dtes>ls and Gas Turbines to Define Chemical
uents Which Can be Selected «s the Baals for a
atlve Measure of Odor
Fiscal Year
re 72 72
1
73
74
75
76
77
Funding Required ($1000's)
' 10P_
100
!
1 100
100
100 1 100
1 I
[%>%%
Totals
1972
1977
300
300
fDate Capability Initially Required a} Evaluated Method Available
Interim Method Available
Tnsk
Task
Title: Develo
from M<
"o. : IQM-25
--
Miles
W/l
Activities
tones
£//$ .ffl •''•;
Research
Development
Field Test.
Promulgation
Totals
§°'
Analytical Techniques fo
vlng Sources
r the Measurement of Odor*
Fiscal Year
re 72 72 73 ' 74 [ 75
! i A*
Funding Required
1
100 75 '
100 •
Mm
76
77
|
* ! 100 175 ;
te Capability Initially Required ^
Evalu
To till:.
1972
1977
175
100
275
dted Metiiod Available
-------
3-iOl
TASK REQUIRED; Develop routine instrumental techniques for
tlic measurement of odors from moving sources (IQM-26).
3.3.2.3. Pa^rticulate Pollutants
The specifics of a particulate standard for automobile exhaust
emissions or for that matter whether a particulate standard ever will be
issued is not known at this time. The Mobile Source Program planning
assumption is that if a fine particulate standard is needed, it will
be promulgated for 1977 model year vehicles. Techniques are currently
available for the research determination of both total particulate
and fine particulate from automobile emissions using the methods similar
to those described under particulatesin the stationary source measurement
area. Some of these techniques must be more carefully evaluated to
determine their suitability for making measurements from automobile
exhaust.
TASK REQUIRED: Evaluate the available methods for the
research determination of both total particulate mass loading
and the quantity of fine particulates from mobile source
vehicular exhaust (IQM-27).
A routine capability to measure particulates should be made
available by January 1974. Presently, no routine techniques exist either
for total particulate loading or for routine measurement of fine particulates.
'lank TUlc: Develop Routine Inatiufflental Technique* for the Meaiuiement
of Odor* from Moving source*
Task .'Jo. : IQM-26
H'lCOtOHC'l
7^-7//./, /''/ x^'-'
* HrtK'.ireh
« Development
•£ Kit- 1(1 1 it
;'. Evaluation
** ITowulR l ion
1 mis
Fiscal Year
Prc- 72, 72 73 74
! i fl
Funding Requtrec
75 70 77
A *
(?IOU0^S)
1
\T> 1 200
50
100
175 , 2>>0
A "ale 1-lp.ib li'ty InlllJlly Koqulred /^
100
Totals
1972
to
1977
Hi
150
525
Ta-.W
Vllle: Evaluate the Available Methods for the
tlon of Both Total P«cf.lcuUt« Haaa Lo*
QOanflty "o7 FLne'faVtlculatea froo »tobl
Exhauit
Task
Mo.: IQM-27
M'lca
tone,
?••?$- ///*',
Research
Development
Field Test
Evaluation
Promulgation
To la la
Reaearch Determina-
ting and the
le Source Vehicular
Fiscal Year
To 74 72 , 73
frl t^
74
75
76
77
Funding Requited ($1001* B!
I
75 I0p
i
1
'75 100 :
•r •:•;
Totals
1972
1977
175
175
A ate Capability Initially Required £ Evaluated Method Available
ft ntcrim Method Available
-------
3-102
Before developing instrumental capabilities for these measurements, the
particulate emissions from the automobile must be characterized to
/
determine the size distribution and particulate composition. /
Task Rcquircd: Characterize the particulate emissions
from motor vehicle exhaust in support of potential
standards for total and fine particulate mass loading as well
as to provide information for design of routine instrumental
monitors for these vehicular exhaust pollutants (IQM-28).
TASK REQUIRED: Develop a routine instrumental capability
to measure total particulate mass loading and the quantity
of fine particulates in anticipation of a possible particulate
mass loading standard (IQM-29) .
One of the objectionable particulate emission characteristics
from motor vehicle exhausts is smoke. Emission of smoke is especially
severe from the exhaust from diesel engines and from some gas turbines.
Smoke meters for determining the smoke level from diesel exhaust based
on the USPH smoke meter are available. Other smoke meters are also
commercially available for this measurement. A-^evaluation of the
commercial available smoke meters is required to determine acceptable
instruments for use in certification and inspection programs on
smoke emissions from motor vehicles.
Task
'Ulr: Exhauat
Fine pa
Inform*
Task No. : IQM-28
M.
0"
rn.u.s
WMlf;
Hescarch
i'ield Test
Evaluation
I'romulyalimi
Totals
In Support of potential Standards fur Total and
rticulate ttasa trading aa Well as to provide
Fiscal Ye.ir
r« 12, 72 75 \ Ik 75 76 77
i i i
funding Required ($1000'.-?) „
100 1 100 100
1 !
i
1 100 : 100 ; 100
Tnt.lls
1972
In
1977
300
300
te Capability nitially Hequired ^ iiv.iluated Method Avaiiaiuc
terim Hetliod Available
Ti-k
Paniculate Mass Loading and the Quantity of Fine
^articulate* in Anticipation of a Poaalble Particular
Maoa Loading Standard
Tusk Sci. : IQM-29
M'lpi
$''
1 «,,.•»
'^~?''~
DuveloiwnL
Field Test
Evaluation
I'rnnulKJilimi
Ti»t«ls
•IT n 7'2 ; 73 ] 74 ?S 76 77
j frj ^f
i-^j<^-U^^_.r __
100 100 '
50 : i
75 '
10 '
100 150 85
to C»ipul)i Illy Initinily K.M|U i rt-j A l.v;ilij;iu-d Mi-tiu..t ,w
tcrin: llutliod Av.il ];il>U-
i'll.ll.s
lilt
J9/7
200
50
7*1
to
-^5-
-------
TASK. REQUIRED: Complice the ev.-Uu;-iM on of smoke mclors for
•both diesel and gas turbine exhausts to determine their accept-
ability for routine use in measuring smoke from motor
vehicle exhaust (IQM-30) .
J3.3.3 Aircraft Emission Measurements
*
The initial aircraft standards were to be proposed by October 27, 1971,
The exhaust emissions from piston aircraft are expected to be similnr
enough to those encountered with motor vehicle 1C engines to enable
the use of the same sampling procedures with minor modifications. The
jet engine will require development of sampling procedures both for
gaseous and particulate pollutants.
TASK REQUIRED: Develop and evaluate sampling procedures for
jet engine exhaust gaseous pollutants (IQM-31).
TASK REQUIRED: Develop and evaluate sampling procedures to
obtain representative emissions for jet engine particulate
pollutants (IQM-32).*
Once acceptable sampling procedures have been developed,
it is expected that pollutant sensors developed for motor vehicle
emission measurements will be satisfactory for measuring aircraft emissions.
TllHk
Caa Tur
Routine
1o. i IQM-30
M* IciHoni; .
riW
Activities
' '"' '•'//' '
Re .i>arch
Development
eld Test
valuation
roculgailon
Tot nib
o the Evaluation of Smoke Metera for Both Dleiel and
bine Exhauata to Determine Their Acceptability for
Uao In Meaauring Smoke from Motor Vheicle Exhauit
Flsc.ll Yeur
re 7^ 72 ( /J
^1 *
71
75
/o
n
Funding Required ($1000' O
50
75
10
I SO 85
A »dt Capability Initially Requited t
ft Int rim Method Available
I
! .-, _-.
i
f •;*
Tot;iU
I9/2
to
1977
50
7^
10
U5
Exhaust Caspous Pollutants
!•!£!•-
H'lti,
wp
• /
iUnelrcli
Oevelopmi-nt
Field 'If-si
Evaluation
I'romulgation
Totals
et Engine
fiscal leat
Ti' // 11
\
Kun
100
7J | 74
-------
3-104
3.3.4 Measurement Procedures to Support HPA Programs
to Register and Regulate Fuels and Fuel Additives
Analytical techniques and instrumentation are required to
determine both the nature and amount of emissions resulting from the
use of fuels and fuel additives. Official techniques will be required
for analysis of those additives which are regulated to facilitate deter-
mination of compliance with the regulations. These emissions are
expected to consist of low concentrations of materials which were con-
sidered as air pollutants or trace metals in the ambient air quality
monitoring and stationary source emission measurement areas. The
measurement techniques developed in these two areas and techniques supplied
by manufacturers during registration will provide the foundation for
measurements required in support of the fuels and fuel additive regis-
tration program. An evaluation of these techniques is required to
determine if they are acceptable for measurement of the nature and
amount of emissions resulting from the use of fuels and fuel additives,
and the development of detailed procedures for conducting the measurements.
Present plans call for registration of motor vehicle gasoline, fuels and
fuel additives, aviation fuels and fuel additives, diesel fuels and fuel
additives, heating fuels and fuel additives, LPG fuels and fuel additives
and lubricants and their additives.
TASK REQUIRED: Evaluate measurement techniques developed
for air pollutants and trace metals to determine if they are
T.ick Title: Develop and Evaluate Sampling Procedures to Obtain
Representative Emissions f
pollutants
Task
M'lea
"ST^T
0"
No^: 1QM-32
tones
$?//•>//•''!.
Resear .
Uevelo ment
Field rut
Evalua log
I'routul at ion
olal«
or Jet
Engine
Panic
ulate
Fiscal Year
•re 72, 7'2 73
74
ft
75
76
77
FiiiidlnE Required (SlOOO's)
200
75
I 200
75
ir C.ip. i\lty luivinlly Wt-qulrutl ^
•.•rlin rlrllmcl Av.lihll. c-
twalw
HBii .He
y"::/S
Tntals
1972
1977
200
75 .
275
hod ,wathU:U'
-------
3-105
acceptable for measurements to support the fuels and fuel
additives registration program; and promulgate official
measurement techniques for analysis in fuel of additives
to be regulated. (IQM-33).
TASK REQUIRED: Develop the procedures required to determine
the nature of and the amount of emissions resulting from the
use of fuels and fuel additives to support the fuels and fuel
additive registration program. (IQM-34)
Evaluate Measurement Technique* De
Tan* mv>v. poHutanto and Trace Metalt to Det
Acceptable for Measurement* to Support the Fuel
ReR.et.rat,on Program and Promulgate Official He
for Analviln in Fuel of Additivea to be Reau.at
Teak Ni>. : IQM-13
eloped for Air
rmlne If They are
and Fuel Additives
lurement Techniques
rural v.sr
i_
Promulgation
I
Date Capability Initially' Required
tntetln Method Available
(SIUOO'iil
Evaluated Hetl
Ta*V. Title: Develop
of and
Fuela a
AddUlv
Taik No.: 1QM-34
HU«Bton*a
M
Activities
Research
Development
Field Teat
Bva,lu4tlfin
Promulgation
total*
the Procedures RL>q
the Amount of Etnisn
nd Fuel Addttlvpn t
c RvRlatratlon Prog
liret) to DiitfrmltH' the Nature
lonl Keaulting from the llae ol
> Support the Fuel a and Fuel
Flacal Year
frre 7.> 72 | 73
1 It-."
74
7S 76 77
Fundlnt Required (SIOOO's)
' 1
120 100
75
200
! 150
1
]
200 ' 700 i ?nn.
ISO '• 150 150
,
'
$#
Totals
1972
to
1977
lojfl
675
A Date Capability Initially Required A Evaluated Method Available
^ Interim Method Available
-------
3-106
4. TECHNIQUES TO SUPPORT EPA PROGRAMS
TO MAINTAIN ADEQUATE MEASUREMENT. CAPABILITIES
This section of the report describes the tasks required to
develop the procedures and techniques required to support a continuing
EPA program to maintain an adequate measurement capability in support
of -the Nation's air pollution control program. These tasks support a
program to determine the equivalency of new measurement techniques and
support the quality control program.
4.1 Equivalency Testing
The Environmental Protection Agency has through promulgations
defined both the type of measurement and in some cases the number of
measurements required to comply with various air pollution control
standards. An extension of these measurement requirements to the additional
pollutants and sources for which standards are planned will result in a
considerable market for air pollution measurement equipment. While the
market for ambient air quality monitors is perhaps not large enough.to
support research and development expenditures by private industry, the
market for stationary source emission measurement and parts of the market
for the moving source emission measurement should lead to considerable
industrial R&D expenditures.* The instrumentation industry, based on
contacts they have made with EPA, appears very interested in serving this
market. New and improved measurement techniques can be expected as the
instrumentation industry competes for the market. EPA intends to encourage
this interest on the part of the instrumentation industry, as it re-
presents the potential for improved and perhaps lower cost measurement
*See Appendix B
-------
3-107
techniques without the need for continued EPA funding for development
of improved instrumentation. New instrumentation does, however, pose
a problem for EPA.
In order to insure the timely availability of measurement
techniques for the air pollution control program, EPA will have to
conduct field test and user evaluations of currently available measurement
instrumentation prior to the effective date of standards. The necessary
tasks to conduct these tests and evaluations were discussed in Section 2.
It is not likely that the instrumentation industry will make significant
private commitments to develop new instruments until the market for
these instruments exists, and the market will follow the issuance of the
standards. In order to get these new instruments into widespread use
in the air pollution control program they will have to be certified
by EPA as equivalent to the measurement techniques originally proposed
at the time the standards were promulgated. Certification of new
instruments by recycling them through the EPA field testing,user evaluation,
and promulgation activities would be a very costly and never ending
process. An alternate procedure for certifying these instruments as
acceptable measurement techniques must be developed. Procedures which
can be considered for this purpose include: (1) requiring the manufacturer
to conduct the field test and user evaluations of the instrument according
to EPA specifications; and (2) developing a set of criteria for instrument
performance similar to those used in "military specifications".
EPA has initiated this program in a contract to the State
of California to provide "Performance Evaluation Procedures for Continuous
Atmospheric Analysers". The information generated will allow the preparation
-------
3-108
of a manual of methods for continuous air analysers related Co performance
rather than specific commercial instruments.
This plan provides for the continued development and
evaluation of the procedures required to conduct equivalency
determinations. The plan does not provide the funding or manpower
required to run the equivalency determination program.
TASK REQUIRED; Develop and evaluate procedures for
determining the equivalency of new measurement techniques.
(MP-1)
4.2 Quality Control
Two of the elements included in the portion of the quality
control program within the scope of this plan are: (1) standard gas
mixtures for routinely calibrating measurement methods in general use;
and (2) the periodic evaluation of the performance level of the user
of these methods.
The capability to routinely calibrate measurement methods
which are in general use requires the availability of calibrated gas
mixtures. It is difficult to obtain a gas mixture of known composition
suitable for use in the air pollution control program because of the
low level and at times reactivity of the air pollutant being measured. This
is particularly true in the ambient air quality level monitoring program
where pollutant concentrations are often in the ten parts per billion
Tusk
Task
Title: Develop and Evalu
Jo.: MR-!
Milestones
m
Activities
'$.'$?/$•&.
Research
Development
Field Test
Evaluation
Erooulgat ion
Totals
ate Procedures for DotemLn
Ine
Fiscal YPJM-
re 72 72
1
73
74
t
75 | 76
77
Funding Required C$lO()0's)
50
150
i 75
i !
' 15
1 50
A Date Capability Initially Keq
^ Interim Method Available
150
90
i
ulred A • Evalu
>• 7
To, a Is
1972
1977
2QO
75
15
290
iteu Mctltod Available
-------
3-109
range. Recognizing this problem, EPA has initiated a program to develop
,-icceptnhlc standard gases for use in measurement I I'diniquc-.s calibration.
An EPA in-house program has already led to a practical approach for obtaining
the low levels of S0_ needed to calibrate ambient quality level measurement
methods for this air pollutant. This approach based on the permeation
of liquid sulfur dioxide through a permeable membrane has been available
from the National Bureau of Standards since October 1970 as a Standard
Reference Material for SO . The feasibility of using N0~ permeation
tubes and the development and certification of a stable reproducible
ozone source is underway at NBS. The development of similar Standard
materials to routinely calibrate the measurement methods for all
pollutants subject to standards must be pursued. The task to accomplish
this end must include a significant research activity to demonstrate
feasible approaches.
TASK REQUIRED: Develop and evaluate standard materials to
enable the routine calibration of measurement methods in
general use- (MP-2)
The evaluation of user performance level requires the establishment
of test procedures and the development of test samples. Unknown test
samples, representative of the pollutant atmosphere to be measured,
would be periodically sent to participating laboratories and operators
for analysis at their location. The results of the analysis would, be
Task
Tusk
Tlllc; Develop
Routine
No. : MP-2
M'les
M
rones
yjfyfi$/P'.
Research
Ucvclopmc t
Field Tea
Ev.ilu.Uto
Fromulgat on
Tot la
and Evaluate Stand
Cal Ibratlon of Mea
ard Ha
aurene
erUVa to EnA
t Ht-thoda in
hie the
General Uae
Fiscal Year
Prc 7^ 72 73
1 i t-
74
-»
Funding Require'
75 100
100 200
50
50
5
Il75 405
100
200
50
59
5
405
' 75
76
77
($10UQ's)
150
50
50
5
255
A D-ite Ciipabli ty Initially Required A twalud
^ Interim tlelhod AvaiUblu
100
50
50
5
205
led Me
loo
25
2^
5
155
Totals
1972
1977
275
S50
225
n\
25
1600
hud Available
-------
3-LIO
reviewed by EPA to determine the competance of individual users to make
valid measurements. This evaluation procedure is similar to that employed
by some state agencies to certify laboratories for making water quality
level measurements. It is expected that this program will be the corner-
stone for a nation-wide air pollution measurement certification program.
This plan provides for development and evaluation of the necessary test
procedures and test samples required to establish the user performance
level evaluation program. The plan does not provide for the funding or
manpower to conduct the user evaluation program.
TASK REQUIRED: Develop and evaluate the procedures and test
samples for a program to periodically evaluate the performance
level of users of measurement techniques . (MP-3)
for a Program to Periodic
Level of Users of Measure
Task No. : MP-3
H'lesioneg
W$$l$$$3%&,
Research
£ Development
"> Field Test
" Evaluation
"• I'romulgat ion
Totals
ally Evaluate-
ment Tcchnlqu
d Test Ssmptes
the Performance
es
Fiscal Ye;ir
•re 72 72 , 73
1 tf
Fnndlne R
75 150
50
74
*
quired
75
76
77
(51000's)
j !
t :
i 100 ! i
i ! 15
| 75 200
115
A Date Capability Initially Required A
4} Interim Method Available
j
•^VX'.''
Totals
1972
1977
225
50
100
15
390
Evaluated Method Available
-------
3-111
.
KliSOUKCKS
This section of the report covers the resources required
to implement the RDT&E plan.
The task statements presented in Part 3 of the report give
the first glimpse into the magnitude of the funding that is required
to carry out the measurement technique development program. In this
section, the funding data from these task sheets will be consolidated
and summarized by application areas, activities, pollutants and the
fiscal year in which the funding is required.
In the scope of the plan Part 1, Section 3, we have indicated
that the funding level shown on the task sheets is only sufficient
to carry out a single approach to achieve the measurement capability
required, and is not sufficient to repeat the development, field test,
user evaluation and promulgation activities if the measurement method
is found to be unacceptable. In this section the necessary funding to
provide for replacement or improvements of measurement methods as re-
quired to assure the availability of adequate measurement techniques
will be considered.
So far the plan has only considered the measurement needs
that are either currently required or which can be projected to be
required based on current legislation. The funding required to improve
measurement techniques in anticipation of the needs posed by future
legislation will be considered.
The resources required to implement the plan include EPA
manpower in addition to funding availability. The probable manpower
requirements will be discussed.
-------
3-112
5.1 Consolidation of Funding
Requirements on TASK Statements
The funding requirement shown on the Task Statements totals over
$50 Million over the period fiscal year 1972-1977, with a peak funding
requirement of $17 Million in fiscal year 1973.
5.1.1 Funding by Application Areas
A breakout of the funding by application areas is shown in
Table 3.1 and is summarized below for the three major application areas.
Funding Requirement
FY 1972-1977
Application Area Millions of Dollars
• Support of EPA Research & Investigation Programs 7.04
• Identification & Quantification of Pollutants 41.00
• Support of EPA Maintenance Programs 2.29
50.33
5.1.2 Funding by Activities
The funding requirement by activities and application areas is
given in Table 3.2. A summary of the funding by activities for the
period covered by this plan is given below.
Funding Requirement
FY 1972-1977
Activity Millions of Dollars
• Research 3.725
• Development 22.165
• Field Test 12.650
• Evaluation , 10.470
• Promulgation 1.365
50.375
-------
TABLE 3.1
SUMMARY OF FUNDING REQUIRED BY APPLICATION AREAS*
Support of EPA Research's. Investigation Programs
• Health & Welfare Effects
• Remote Sensing Programs
• Meteorological Measurements
Identification & Quantification of Pollutants
• Ambient Air Quality Monitoring
• Stationary Source Emission Measurements
• Moving Source Emission Measurement
Support cf EPA Programs to Maintain Adequate
Measurement Capabilities
• Equivalency Determination Program
• Quality Control Program
Fiscal Year
1971
1.86
1.90
1.28(a)
5.04(b)
5.04
1972
0.225
0.575
0.56
1.36
1.71
2.44
2.16
6.31
0.05
0.25
0.30
7.97
1973
0.750
1.125
0.53
2.405
4.70
4.60
4.33
13.63
0.15
0.60
0.75
16-785
1974
0.575
1.05
0.20
1.825
4 .62
3.86
3.26
11.74
0.09
0.52
0.61
14.175
1975
0.31
0.69
0.15
1.15
2.60
1.74
2.15
6.49
..
0.26
0.26
7.90
1976
0.06
0.24
-.
0.30
0.62
0.82
0.83
2.27
..
0.21
0.21
2.78
1977
--
—
.-
~~
0.01
0.12
0.43
0.56
..
0.16
0.16
0.72
Totals
FY-1972
to
FY-1977
1.92
3.68
l.«4
7.04
14.26
13.58
13.16
41.00
0.29
2.00
2.29
50.330
*Millions of Dollars
(a) Includes 5300,000 of Supplemental Funds for Fuel Additive Registration - Emissions Sesearcr
(b) Includes 56/4,970 of FY-1971 Carry-Over Funds
-------
TABLE 3.2
SUMMARY OF FUNDING REQUIRED FY 1972-77
BY APPLICATION AREAS AND ACTIVITIES*
Activity
Research
Development
Field Test
Evaluation
Promulgation
TOTALS
Support of EPA Programs on
Research and Investigations
Health &
Welfare
525
825
350
200
20
1920
Remote
Sensing
675
1800
700
450
55
3680
Meteorology
—
1145
300
~
—
1445
7045
Identification and Quantification
of Pollutants
Ambient
Air Quality
1125
6580
2875
3620
460
14660
Stationary
Source
525
3970
4575
4025
535
13630
Moving
Source
600
6570
3500
1850
240
12760
41050
Support of EPA
Maintenance Programs
Equivalency
Determination
—
200
75
—
15
290
Quality
Control
275
1075
275
325
40
1990
2280
Totals
3725
221*5
12650
10470
1365
50375
U)
I
Thousands of Dollars
-------
3-Hr>
5.1.3 Funding by Pollutant
The matrix of capability needs, Part 2, Section 2, lias been used
to assign the funding to specific pollutants. If a task involves more than
one pollutant, the funding assignment reflects a pro-rata share of the task
cost to each pollutant. The funding by pollutant and application area year
is given in Table 3.3. The funding requirement by pollutant is summarized
below.
Pollutant
• Sulfur Oxides
• Oxides of Nitrogen
• Particulates
• Hazardous Pollutants
• Carbon Monoxide
• Hydrocarbons
• Odors
• Halogen
• Oxidants
• Other Pollutants
5.2 Funding for Replacement and/or
Improvement of Measurement Methods
Once measurement techniques are developed and in use for one
to two years, some techniques will be unacceptable in routine practice,
others will need major or minor improvements. It is assumed that 50%
of all techniques will be completely acceptable, 207,, will require minor
and 20% major improvements and 10% replacements. The cost of minor
improvements is assumed to be 30?0 of development of a new instrument,
of major improvements 607, of new instrumental development. The total
Funding Required
Fiscal Years 1972-1977
Millions of Dollars
3.54
3.72
10,84
4.70
1.50
6.07
4,10
1.86
1.23
3.575
-------
TABLE 3.3
SUMMARY OF FUNDING REQUIRED FY 1972-77
BY APPLICATION AREA AND POLLUTANT*
Pollutants
Sulfur Oxides
Oxides of Nitrogen
Particulates
• Mass. Loading
• Visible Emissions
• Other Properties
Carbon Monoxide
Hydrocarbons
Halogens
Oxidants
Other Pollutants
Odors
Not Pollutant Specific
Hazardous Pollutants
Aeroallergens
TOTALS
Support of EPA Programs on
Research and Investigations
Health &
Welfare
105
105
~
~
—
105
—
~
105
105
~
535
—
860
1920
Remote
Sensing
840
755
340
625
—
~
245
430
245
—
~
200
—
—
3680
Meteorology
—
--
—
—
—
—
—
--
--
—
--
1445
—
—
1445
7045
Identification and Quantification
of Pollutants
Ambient
Air Quality
1045
1820
1045
210
985
510
2190
660
555
1305
1735
—
2605
—
14665
Stationary
Source
1230
590
3665
975
1105
310
715
775
--
1005
1260
460
1490
—
13580
Moving
Source
—
135
1545
135
210
260
2605
--
--
300
1100
5860**
610
—
12760
41005
Support of EPA
Maintenance Programs
Equivalency
Determination
—
—
--
--
.
—
—
—
—
—
290
—
—
290
Quality
Control
325
320
—
~
--
315
315
.
325
—
~
390
—
—
1990
2280
Totals
3545
3725
6595
1945
2300
150C
6070
1865
1230
2715
4095
9180
4705
860
50330
* Thousands of Dollars
**Primarily for Development of Sampling Procedures
-------
3-117
factor i)l 0.28 is imilr.ip I i.c-cl time.s Llic average yearly cost of measure-
ment technique development, and this amount is added to the costs for
the second fiscal year following, e.g., 28% of the base funding for
FY 1972 is added to the FY 1974 funding requirements. Since there is
no way to ascertain which specific tasks will require this additional
effort, it is not possible to allocate the funds to specific items.
5.3 Funding for Future Requirements
The funding requirements defined so far only provide for measure-
ment techniques to satisfy the measurement needs imposed by current legislation.
The nation's air pollution control program is however still in the
formative stages and new legislation can be expected during the period
covered by this plan. It is anticipated that future legislation will
require the availability of improved instrumentation, e.g., higher
sensitivity and better specificity. Obtaining this degree of improvement
in measurement capabilities will require substantial advances in the
state of the art and accomplishing these advances will require long
lead time. A research and development program to provide for advance-
ment of the state of the art of measurement technology is required.
This program would be done "in-house" and through EPA sponsorship of
research grants to the academic community. It is difficult to set an
amount of funding for this activity although a figure of approximately
10% of the measurement development program base funding level or
some 5 million dollars over the time period of this plan seems
reasonable. Manpower limitations will require that this funding
be concentrated in the last three years of the plan period.
-------
3-118
5.4 Funding Summary
The total funding required in fiscal years 1972 to 1977 to
implement the measurement technique development plan is 69 million
dollars. In fiscal years 1973 to 1975 the funding required is two or
three times that currently budgeted for FY 1972. Table 3.4 summarizes
the funding required by fiscal year.
-------
TABLE 3.4
SUMMARY OF THE TOTAL FUNDING REQUIRED
FOR MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE DEVELOPMENT*
(A) Base Funding Level
(From Individual Task Statements,
see Table 3.1)
(B) Replacement & Improvements of
Developed Methods
(c) R&D to Prepare for Future
Requirements
TOTALS
Fiscal Year
1971
5.04
—
--
5.04
1972
7.97
—
--
7.97
1973
16.785
1.41
--
18.195
1974
14.075
2.19
—
16.265
1975
7.90
4.68
1.00
13.58
1976
2.78
3.94
2.00
8.72
1977
0.72
2.20
2.00
4.92
Totals
FY-1972
to
FY-1977
50.335
14.42
5.00
69.195
u>
I
* Millions of dollars
-------
3-120
5. r> Manpower Required
The implementation of the measurement technique development
plan will require EPA manpower in addition to the funding requirements
previously discussed. This manpower will be needed to conduct the in-
house programs, to monitor and administer the contract program and for
general program supervision.
At the peak funding period of FY-1973, some 18 million
dollars is required for the measurement development program. It is ex-
pected that 15 million dollars will be in contract programs requiring
30 people for contract monitoring and administration. About 65 people
will be required for the in-house program and 20 people for general
program supervision during this period, for a total manpower requirement
of 115 people.
By FY-1977 it is anticipated that approximately 50% of the measure-
ment development program will be '"in-house" with emphasis on programs to
advance the state-of-the-art. The 2.5 million dollars to be spent in
the in-house programs will require some 80 people directly involved
in laboratory programs. Contract monitoring and administration should
require an additional 6 people, on the assumption that one person can
monitor about 500 thousand dollars of contract research. At the
relatively small sife of the contracts let in the measurement development
program this amounts to 5-6 contracts per contract monitor. General
program supervision will require an additional 19 people, for a total
manpower requirement of 105.
-------
APPENDIX A
MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS OUTSIDE EPA
A.I Efforts in Other Federal Agencies
A.2 Efforts in State and Local Agencies
A. 3 Efforts Within Organizations
A. 4 Industrial Efforts
-------
A-l
APPENDIX A
MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS OUTSIDE EPA
This plan defines the EPA measurement technique development
effort. In developing the plan, consideration was given to measurement
development efforts in several other sectors: Federal agencies, state and
local governmental agencies, private organizations, and industry.
A.1 Efforts in Other Federal Agencies
During the course of this program visits were made to the fol-
lowing Federal facilities to gather information on measurement technique
development. (EPA personnel have contacted additional facilities whose
programs and activities have been reflected in this plan, but these have
not been enumerated.)
(1) NASA Laboratory for Electronics Research, Cambridge, Mass.
(2) Office of Aerospace Research (U.S. Air Force), Arlington,
Va.
(3) Army Research Office, Arlington, Va.
(4) Defense Development & Engineering Laboratory, Edgewood
Arsenal, Md.
(5) Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratory, Mass.
(6) Land Warfare Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.
(7) National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado.
(8) Instrumentation Laboratory (MIT), Cambridge, Mass.
From these visits efforts in other Federal agencies were observed that
involve pertinent measurement techniques needed for support of EPA research
and investigation studies. EPA is maintaining close liaison with these
governmental facilities. A summary of the more pertinent observations
follows.
-------
A-2
Defense Development & Engineering Laboratory
Edgewood Arsenal, Md.
The IR applications group is active in all aspects of LOPAIR,
laser and remote detection techniques. This group has been active in
this field since the rnid-50's and now spends 1 1/2-2 million dollars
per year on these programs. Currently developed capability includes
active and passive LOPAIR, isotopic CCL laser for active LOPAIR, laser
raman shift for LOPAIR, and laser raman remote measurement. Contractors
include Bendix, G. E. and Block Engineering. Similar work is also
underway at NASA Langley and at the Naval Research Office.
The Alarms group has a very impressive "package-engineering"
capability, particularly with their E-41 and M-8 battery operated
colorimetric field analysers. These devices use detection principles
.similar to many commercially available AP instruments. Air pollution
instruments with similar "package-engineering", dust-proofness, temperature
control, ruggedness and modular construction would be significant advances
for field use.
Defense Research Department
Edgewood (MD.) Arsenal
The Detection Research Laboratory works on personal detectors,
enzyme-based detectors, miniature mass spectrometers and pico-gram
quantity analysis. Areas of expertise include the detect of pesticides
and chlorine containing materials.
The work on solid state detectors is concerned with the
development of simple detector devices, some based on the fluorescence
-------
A-3
principle. Although most of the relevant work in solid state detection
is classified, indications are that some potential air pollutants can be
measured using currently available detectors.
Land Warfare Laboratory
Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.
This laboratory has an impressive capability in the detection
of condensation nuclei. Condensation nuclei (CN) are extremely small
particles, 0.001 to 1 micron diameter, which resulting from combustion
and industrial fumes and mists. Their XM-3 unit is an airborn detector
capable of producing CN contours over incinerators, stacks, open burning
areas (traces shown during the contractors visit were very impressive).
The E-63 is man-pack version of the CN detector. Work is also underway on
portable mass-spectroscopy and plasma gas chromatographic detection
techniques.
NASA
Houston, Texas
The Earth Resources Group is evaluating multi-spectral scanners
for the airborn measurement of the extent and effects of air pollution.
NCAR
Boulder, Colorado
NCAR is an NSF-funded research center specializing in atmos-
pheric science. Most of its staff is concerned with the upper atmosphere.
However, some of its efforts are applied to pollution-type problems, with
a group concerned with atmospheric chemistry. This group is heavily
involved in methods development and evaluation and is particularly con-
cerned with the measurement of very low levels of pollutants. Another
group is working on photochemistry, including chemiluminescence and the
analysis of peroxyaclnitrate.
-------
A-4
A.2 Efforts in State & Local Agencies
During the development of the plan the contractor made
contact with the following state and local agencies.
(1) New York City Air Resources Agency
(2) Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control District
(3) New Jersey Air Pollution Control Department
(4) Bay Area Air Pollution Control Administration
(5) Allegheny County Air Pollution Control Administration
(6) California Air Resources Board
(7) New York State Air Pollution Monitoring Network
(8) Massachusetts Division of Environmental Health
(9) Boston Air Pollution Control Commission
Most of these agencies are engaged in some programs involving measurement
technique development. In most cases the programs are limited to the
evaluation of commerically available instruments or the development of
analytical methods required to obtain data on pollutants which are of
concern in the local air quality region but which have not yet been covered
by NAQS. The need for this activity at the state and local level should
diminish as the EPA measurement technique development effort reaches
maturity.
Some agencies have been involved in major measurement techniques
development programs, e.g. the New Jersey auto exhaust inspection program,
funded in part by an EPA grant and the California Air Resources Board's
"Project Clean Air".
In the case of Project Clean Air, efforts are being made to
avoid duplication of CARB and EPA activities. These efforts are mainly
in the form of close verbal and written communications between the board
-------
A-5
members and personnel of EPA. CARB has been informed that EPA considers
the development of measurement methods and instrumentation for Air
Pollution Control a Federal responsibility and, therefore, that it is
unnecessary to fund such efforts through Project Clean Air. Further,
the relatively short term of "Project Clean Air" will allow little more
than a limited evaluation of available instruments.
A.3 Efforts Within Organizations
The contractor held discussions with the following private
organizations in an effort to determine development work in the private
sector.
(1) National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream
Improvement, Inc.
(2) American Iron and Steel Institute
(3) American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
The only major effort underway is Project Threshhold, an ASTM
sponsored endeavor. This major, concerted effort to obtain know-
ledge about precision and accuracy is being undertaken by ASTM to produce
authoritative standard methods for measuring more than thirty important
pollutants. Approximately thirty-five standard methods will be
evaluated over a three-year period by five contracting cooperators, sup-
plemented by qualified volunteer participants. The scientific planning
of the work includes statistical gathering and analysis of the data in
accordance with ASTM criteria. The cooperative tests will be conducted
on real, rather than synthetic, samples under conditions of use. Personnel
and equipment from each cooperating laboratory will be assembled at a
field location suitable for each pollutant, to take their samples slmul-
-------
A-6
taneously and to perform the analysis separately either on-site or
later, in their own laboratories. The data and related findings will
be reported as available to Committee D-22, providing the basis for
recommending the addition of statements on accuracy and precision
pertinent to each test method. Acceptance of these recommendations will
be confirmed by a letter-ballot of the entire committee and of the Society.
Standard Reference Materials will be prepared by the National Bureau of
Standards so that the accuracy of the methods can be proven. These
materials also make it possible to validate future measurements and
to calibrate measuring instruments. A Research Associate, employed by
ASTM, will augment the NBS research staff.
EPA acknowledges the activities of Project Threshhold. Unfortunately,
Project Threshhold activities do not involve testing of manual and
instrumental methods proposed by EPA in Regulations announced in the
Federal Register. The validation of these methods as alternate methods
for measurement(s) would be useful contribution to the Nation's air
pollution control program. EPA is maintaining contact with this project
through its liaison member to committee D-22 of the ASTM.
A.4 Industrial Efforts
The contractor made visits to several industrial firms engaged
in the development and manufacture of air pollution measurement
instrumentation during the course of this program. These visits were
made primarily to determine the market for air pollution instrumentation,
which is the subject of another report issued under this contract. In
addition some three score additional manufacturers contacted the contractor
to discuss the market and their development efforts.
-------
-7
Wliile a considerable number of interesting measurement techniques
are being worked on in the industrial sector, there were no surprise
projects. Industry has developed some new measurement techniques but most
of the projects have received some EPA financial support in either the
prototype development or the evaluation stage. From this level of
industrial activity and the conclusion of the market study that a sub-
stantial market opportunity exists for source emission measurements*
it is likely that the industrial sector will be the prime source of
new instruments for test and evaluation by EPA. This RDT&E plan accordingly
assumes that little EPA effort and resources will be required to develop
source emission instruments, although considerable testing and evaluation
of the instruments by EPA will be required.
-------
APPENDIX B
A STUDY OF MARKETS FOR AIR POLLUTION
MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTATION 1971-1980
B.I Ambient Air Quality Level Monitoring
B.2 Stationary Source Emission Measurements
B.3 Auto Emission Measurements
B.4 Dollar Value of the Market
B.5 Time Frame for the Market
-------
B-l
APPENDIX B
A STUDY OF MARKETS FOR AIR POLLUTION
MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTATION 1971-1980
This report presents an analysis of the domestic market for air
pollution instrumentation for the period 1971-1980.*
The market for air pollution instrumentation during the decade
of the 70 "s has been determined as part of a project being conducted by
Esso Research and Engineering Company for the Office of Air Programs of the
Environmental Protection Agency. This project has as its primary objective
the delineation of a federal research and development plan for air pollution
measurement instrumentation. One part of this project involved a market
analysis to assess the opportunities available and thus the contribution
to this R/D program that might be expected from the private sector in
providing the measurement instrumentation required to assure the ability
of this nation to conduct an effective air pollution control effort.
The market for three different areas requiring instruments to
obtain information on the concentration level of air contaminants is dis-
cussed. These include; monitoring of the ambient air quality level,
measurement of the emissions from stationary sources of air pollution,
and measurement of the emissions from the automobile. The market for
these areas of instrumentation is based on a review of instrumentation
requirements at the federal, state, and local level and on an analysis of
current legislation and air pollution control codes.
*The work reported here was performed under Contract No. CPA 22-69-154
•for the Office of Air Programs of the Environmental Protection Agency.
The statements and conclusions presented are those of the author and
do not necessarily reflect the views of the Environmental Protection Agency.
The full report summarized here is now available as Document No. APTD-0800,
through the National Technical Information Service, No. PB 204,174.
-------
B-2
The scope of the market analysis has been limited to the sensors
required to detect and measure air contaminants and special hardware re-
quired to obtain the sample. We have specifically excluded from our market
estimate the quantity and value of telemetering equipment and the cost of
instrument maintenance. The analysis also excludes the market for instru-
mentation needed for the research and development programs which will sup-
port the Nation's air pollution control program. The dollar value esti-
mates presented in this report include, where appropriate, a device to
record the pollutant concentration level.
B.1 Ambient Air Quality Level Monitoring
The market for ambient air quality level measurement equipment
has been divided into two basic types of air monitors. The automatic
and continuous, sample-analyzer monitors produce numerical and/or graphi-
cal information directly. The non-automatic or intermittent monitors
employ collection devices and separate laboratory facilities for subse-
quent analysis of the sample.
In this study of the market for ambient air quality monitoring,
we have considered only instrumentation required for the following air con-
taminants: particulates, sulfur dioxide, oxidants, carbon monoxide, hydro-
carbons, oxides of nitrogen, fluorides, polynuclear organic matter, 'and
odors.
The market for continuous air quality monitors during the
decade, while impressive in terms of the total number of new instruments
required, is fragmented into many different analyzers each with a rela-
tively small market.
-------
B-3
TABLE 1
SUMMARY: CONTINUOUS AMBIENT AIR
QUALITY LEVEL MONITOR REQUIREMENTS
Total
1421
1136
1394
1382
1520
1434
490
1292
386
570
380
Non-automatic air monitors will be a significant part of the
total agency requirements for ambient monitoring. These monitors have
the potential to be an effective means for providing a reasonable defini-
tion of air quality over urban areas as well as background pollutant levels
in less polluted portions of the country. Requirements in this area in-
clude:
TABLE 2
SUMMARY: NON-AUTOMATIC AMBIENT AIR
QUALITY LEVEL MONITOR REQUIREMENTS
Analyzer
Sulfur Dioxide
Nitric Oxide
Nitrogen Dioxide
Carbon Monoxide
Non-Methane Hydrocarbon
Oxidants (Ozone)
Polynuclear Organic Matter
Odors
Automatic Tape Soiling Index
Particulate
Fluorides
Ins trumentation
Initial
671
626
744
722
950
814
380
867
386
570
380
Market 197:
Replacement
750
510
650
660
570
620
110
425
--
—
--
Collection Devices
Gas Collector
Devices
Dust Fall Collector for
Settleable Particulates
High Volume Sampler for
Suspended Particulates
Market 1971-1980 (Units)
Initial Replacement
16838 9578
6713 5643
7233 5383
Total
26416
12356
12616
-------
B-4
li.2 Stationary Source Emission Measurements
The stationary source emission measurement market that has been
estimated is based on measurements that the author anticipates will be
made by industry and by the control agencies under current air quality
legislation and legislative trends. The stationary source emission mea-
surement instrumentation estimates have been based on discussions with
representatives of selected industries and on an analysis that has con-
sidered: legislation, A.P codes and the magnitude of the air pollution
problem for a particular industry.
This market estimate for stationary source emission measurement
instrumentation includes instrumentation for continuous source monitoring
of the following air contaminants: particulates, sulfur dioxide, oxides
of nitrogen, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide arid fluorides. Instrumentation
requirements for these source emission measurements are expected to be a
major fraction of the total source emission instrumentation market during
the decade, although additional markets, which were not considered in
this analysis, can be expected for measuring other air pollutants which
are emitted from stationary sources.
Instrumentation needs in the stationary source emission measure-
ment area include:
TABLE 3
SUMMARY: STATIONARY SOURCE EMISSION MONITORING REQUIREMENTS
Instrumentation Market 1971-1980 (Units)
Analyzer Initial Replacement Total
Particulates 18800 5120 23920
Sulfur dioxide 3935 1075 5010
Carbon monoxide 2705 1840 4545
Hydrocarbons 4755 825 5580
Nitrogen oxides 9760 • 2110 11870
Fluorides 505 165 670
In addition, a market exists for 500 instruments to remotely measure the
emissions from stationary sources.
-------
B-5
15.3 Auto Emission Measurements
The potential market for auto exhaust emission measurements
assumes the adoption of an annual nation-wide auto exhaust measurement
program. The agency instrumentation requirements were estimated using
two possible alternate inspection testing procedures. The first alternate
involves an extrapolation of the state inspection lanes that would be re-
quired to inspect on a once-a-year basis each vehicle in the United States
using the plans and inspection lane requirements of the State of New Jersey
as a model. The second alternate involves the use of state franchised auto
emission inspection facilities. Each auto emission inspection alternative
investigated suggests a major instrumentation requirement.
TABLE 4
SUMMARY: AUTO EXHAUST EMISSION
INSPECTION TESTING REQUIREMENTS*
Instrument Market 1971-1980 (Units)
Analyser Initial Replacement Total
Carbon monoxide 4240 2968 7208
Hydrocarbon 4240 2968 7208
Nitrogen oxides 4240 2544 6784
Particulates 4240 -- 4240
The auto emission measurement market also includes the purchase
of measuring instrumentation by the service area segment for use by
service stations and auto repair facilities to adjust the auto emission
control devices of those automobiles that have been found to be unaccept-
ably high polluters during the state inspection. This market segment
provides an opportunity for the development of a low cost combined hydro-
carbon-carbon monoxide instrument to measure auto exhaust emissions. In
the mid to late seventies a nitrogen oxides instrument may also be required
for the same market.
* The estimates presented in Table 4 are based on conducting the auto
exhaust emission measurements in state inspection lanes. The estimate
of the total auto emission measurement market if inspection testing
is conducted in state franchised auto emission inspection facilities
is given in Tables 28 and 30.
-------
B-6
TABLE 5
SUMMARY: AUTO EXHAUST EMISSION
SERVICE AREA REQUIREMENTS
Market 1971-1980 (Units)
Analyzer Initial Replacement Total
Hydrocarbon-carbon monoxide 176000 35200 211200
(combined analyzer)
A small market also exists for industry purchases of instrumen-
tation to conduct end-of-the-line emission quality assurance testing.
B.4 Dollar Value of the Market
The market amounts to nearly one-half billion dollars during the
coming decade, some 76% of which represents initial purchases of air
pollution measuring equipment. Industry will be the major purchaser of
instrumentation accounting for 45% of the market. The market is heavily
oriented towards stationary source emission measurement instrumentation,
this area accounting for 517, of the total instrumentation market value.
TABLE 6
ESTIMATE OF AIR POLLUTION INSTRUMENTATION
MARKET TOTAL VALUE 1971-1980
(Millions
Ambient Level
• Agency (CAM)
• Agency (Non-Automatic)
Stationary Source Emission
• Industrial
• Agency
Auto Emissions
• Agency
• Service Area
• Industry
TOTALS
of Dollars)
Initial
Purchase
25
12
37
167
25
192
47
87
3
137
366
Rej> lacement
17
8
25
46
5
51
19
18
1
38
114
Totals
42
20
62
213
. 30
243
66
105
4
175
480
-------
B-7
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10
B.5 Time Frame for the Market
Timing appears to be a critical factor in the market with each of
the three areas of measurement reaching maturity at different periods during
the decade. The ambient air quality level monitoring market is expected to
reach maturity about 1975 and the auto emission measurement instrumentation
market about 1977, while the stationary source emission measurement in-
strumentation market will continue to grow throughout the decade.
FIGURE 1
TIME FRAME FOR THE INSTRUMENTATION MARKET
Stationary
Emission
Source
Measurement
71
73
75
77
79
81
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BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA
SHEET
1. Report No.
APTD-1451
3. Recipient's Accession No.
4. Title and Subtitle
A Working Document for A1r Pollution Measurement Technique
Development Fiscal Years 1972-1977
5. Report Date
December 1971
6.
7. Auihor(s)
8- Performing Organization Kept.
No- GRU.2GAPI.71
>. Performing Organization Name and Address
Esso Research and Engineering Company
Government Research Laboratory
Linden, New Jersey
10. Project/T«sk/Work Unit No.
11. Contract/Grant No.
CPA 22-69-154
12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address
Office of Program Development
Office of Air Programs
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Rockville, Maryland
13. Type of Report & Period
Covered
14.
15. Supplementary Notes
16. Abstracts
The report presents, in detail, a research, development, test and evaluation plan for
the Environmental Protection Agency, covering the fiscal years 1972 through 1977. The
plan will provide for development of air pollution measurement techniques: to support
EPA research and investigations into the causes, effects and extent of air pollution;
to identify and quantify air pollutants; to assist in the setting of standards and to
determine compliance with standards; and to support a continuing EPA effort to maintain
adequate measurement capabilities.
17. Key Words and Document Analysis. 17o. Descriptors
Air pol1ution
Measurement
Research •
Development
Methodology
•Emission
Standards
Sulfur dioxide
Particles
Carbon dioxide.
17b. Idcntifiers/Open-Ended Terms •
Ozone
Hydrocarbons
Halogens
Odors
JUN 4 1973
17c. COSATI FieM/Gtoup ]
18. Availability Statement
Unlimi ted
19. Security Class (This
Report)
UNCLASSIFIED.
II W^\..1.H.-'JH II. U
20. Security Class (This
Page
UNCLASSIFIED
21. -No. of K..-I ;
215
22. Price
FORM NTIS-35 IREV. 3-721
USCOMM-DC
-------