PB80-221 583
Static Coal Storage - Biological
Effects on the Aquatic Environment
Wisconsin Univ.-Superior
Prepared for
Environmental Research Lab.-Duluth, MN
Aug 80
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
National Technical Information Service
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EPA-600/3-80-083c
August 1980 J-
STATIC COAL STORAGE-BIOLOGICAL
EFFECTS ON THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT
by
Robert D. Morden
Center for Lake Superior Environmental Studies
and Department of Biology
University of Wi scons iii=£upe.r-ieH:
Stroerior, Vfecows £h 54880
NERC-R-803937-02-0
Project Officer
Frank Puglisi
Environmental Research Laboratory
U.S.. Environmental Protection Agency
6201 Congdon Boulevard
Duluth, Minnesota 55804
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
DULUTH, MINNESOTA 55804
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing/
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/3-80-083c
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
PB 80 221583
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Static Coal Storage—Biological Effects on the
Aquatic Environment
5. REPORT DATE
August
1980 Isssuing-Dat
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Robert D. Morden
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Center for Lake Superior Environmental Studies
and Department of Biology
University of Wisconsin-Superior
Superior, Wisconsin 54880
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
EHE-625
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
NERC-R-803937-02-0
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental Research Laboratory-Duluth
6201 Congdon Boulevard
.Duluth, Minnesota 55804
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-600/03
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
I •
16. ABSTRACT
Benthic samples taken from four regions of the ORBA Coal dock facility indicated
that the aquatic environment was moderately polluted as indicated by the kinds of
benthic species present and by the diversity index value. An efficient rearing
technique for benthic organisms results in Tow mortality. The life cycle from
hatching to pupal formation in the Chironomus sp. takes 21.9 days at 20.5 C.
Stress factors and swimming behavior are also discussed.
Heavy metal concentrations in Helobdella stagnalis were found at all sites during
the collecting period. An inventory of benthic organisms present in six regions
of the St. Louis River during the spring, summer and fall of 1975 is included.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATl Field/Group
Chironomus sp.
Fresh water
Helobdella stagnalis
Heavy metals
Benthic
Rearing technique
Coal
06/F
21/D
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
EPA Form 2220-1 (Rev. 4-77) PREVIOUS EDITION is OBSOLETE ,
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Research Laboratory-
Duluth, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication.
Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views
and policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,' nor does mention
of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommenda-
tion for use.
11
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FOREWORD
Attempts to predict the environmental impacts of greatly increased
utilization of western coal clarified the need for data on the effects of
each segment of the total coal-based fuel cycle, from the mine through
transport, storage and conversion to electrical energy. 'In order to partially
meet the need, a study was made oftthe environmental effects of the storage
of western coal in large open-air holding piles in a transshipment facility
located in the Superior, Wisconsin - Duluth, Minnesota harbor area.
This report presents the results of studies of the amounts of metals
leached from a western and an eastern coal and the effects of these metals
on several aquatic plant and invertebrate organisms.
Norbert A, Jaworski, Ph.D.
Director
Environmental Research Laboratory-Duluth
111
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ABSTRACT
Benthic samples taken from four regions of the ORBA Coal dock facility
indicated that the aquatic environment was moderately polluted as indicated
by the kinds of benthic species present and by the diversity index value. An
efficient rearing technique for benthic organisms results in low mortality.
The life cycle from hatching to pupal formation in the cturonomus sp. takes
21.9 days at 20.5°C. Stress factors and swimming behavior are also discussed.
Heavy metal concentrations in Heiobdeiia stagnalis were found at all
sites during the collecting period. An inventory of benthic organisms pre-
sent in six regions of the St. Louis River during the spring, summer and fall
of 1975 is included.
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B. BENTHOS
1. Introduction
The study of benthos is concerned with substrate organisms, both plant
and animal, that live in or on the bottom of a body of water. In the St.
Louis River, these organisms are important in the ecosystem as sources of
food either directly or indirectly for higher organisms such as fish, birds
and man (Anderson and Smith, 1971). Thus, the stability and the functioning
of this portion of the ecosystem has far ranging effects upon a variety of
organisms. Certain substances may accumulate either temporarily or permanent-
ly in these organisms. Later these substances may be found stored in higher
members of the food chain of the animal kingdom at an increased level because
of the high number of organisms eaten as food by higher level consumers. The
increased concentration of certain substances, which can in some cases reach
many thousand fold over the concentration originally found in the waterway,
may interfere with normal physiological functions within the higher level
consumers. Therefore, it is becoming increasingly apparent that the chain of
events leading from benthic organisms to the highest member of the food chain
needs to be further investigated in greater detail. This study identifies
the benthic organisms which will be exposed to material leached from coal or
coal dust as a result of storage close to a water system. It also shows con-
centrations of heavy metals found in some of the benthic organisms, and it
describes how some benthic organisms can be reared under laboratory conditions
so that future laboratory controlled experiments can be performed. Also de-
scribed are various aspects of the natural history of the benthic organisms
which were kept in culture.
2. Methods
Field Sampling Techniques--
The biological research group at the University of Wisconsin-Superior
sampled four areas in the region of the ORBA Coal Dock facility and two areas
of the existing Riess Coal Dock three times during 1975. The sampling dates
were July 9, August 9 and September 29, 1975. All benthic samples were col-
lected with a 23 cm x 23 cm Ponar dredge. Three samples were taken fro:n each
of the six areas. The three replicate sites were generally within 50 yards
of each other and were visually selected to represent the general conditions
found within the area. All samples were placed in five quart plastic con-
tainers and frozen immediately upon return to the laboratory. These samples
were kept frozen until sieving. At that time the organisms were sieved with
a 30 mesh screen and preserved in 70% ethyl alcohol until they were identified.
Identification of organisms to species, where possible, was accomplished with
a dissecting microscope and the following keys: Burch, 1972 and 1973; Mason,
1973; Edmondson, 1959; Pennak, 1953; Eddy and Hodson, 1961; Needham and Need-
ham, 1962; Williams, 1972; Klemm, 1972; Brown, 1972; and Holsinger, 1972.
Laboratory Rearing--
The initial stock organisms of chironomus sp. were collected from the
substrate in the St. Louis River July 21, 1975. These organisms were trans-
ported to the laboratory in five quart containers and here the Chironomids
freed themselves from the substrate and entered the water column. These orga-
1
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nisms were then transferred to the rearing chambers with a wide apparatus eye
dropper.
Rearing Chambers—
The rearing chambers were 3" 'X 8" culture dishes in which a hole 20 mm
in diameter was drilled one inch from the top and was fitted with a #3 one-
hole neoprene stopper in which was inserted an 8" L-shaped glass tube (see
Figure IV-B-1). This tube formed an outlet to the rearing chamber. The end
of the tube which protruded into the rearing chamber was lightly fitted with
glass wool to prevent culture organisms from escaping. Recirculated water
passed through this outlet tube and into a five gallon aquarium which was lo-
cated directly beneath (Figure IV-B-1). This aquarium heTd the bulk of the
recirculated water used for the rearings.
Water entered the rearing chamber by being elevated from the five gallon
aquarium mentioned above by a continuous stream of air bubbles passing through
a 10" culture dish inlet tube. The temperature of the incoming water could be
regulated by controlling the rate of air flow through the inlet tube by ad-
justing the air valve. A temperature of 20.5 ± 0.5 C (monitored by a contin-
uous recording thermometer) was maintained for all chironomid colonies. Water
used for the rearings was Lake Superior water obtained from the Environmental
Research Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota.
Temperature Control Tank--
To control the temperature of water in the five gallon aquarium which in-
fluenced the temperature in the culture dishes, the five gallon aquaria were
placed in a thirty gallon aquarium tank which had connections to hot and cold
water (not shown in Figure IV-B-1). By regulating the flow of water from each
tap a uniform (± 1°C) temperature could be maintained both during the summer
and winter months.
Chironomus S p.—
Egg Stage—Eggs were deposited by the female at the surface of the water
in a gelatinous mass with a varied egg pattern. Some contained a single
strand of eggs evenly deposited in a spring-like coil and some had a more ran-
dom egg pattern. The number of eggs laid varied among the females but usually
the number was between 100-350. Based on ten colonies reared at 20.5 ± 1°C,
it takes 5.1 days to hatch.
Larva Stage—Soon after hatching the larvae began to build tubes which
were open at both ends and in which the larvae spent the majority of their
larval and pupal life. As the larvae grew material was added to this tube to
compensate for the increase in body size. In nature this tube is usually
built of algae, fine silt and small sand grains but in the laboratory without
extraneous material the tube was constructed mostly of fecal material.
Growth from the time of hatching to pupal formation based on ten colonies
took 21.9 days. The first day after hatching the larval length ranged from
1 mm to 1-1/2 mm; the third day from 3 to 6 mm; the seventh day 5 to 8 mm;
the ninth day 8 to 10 mm; the twelfth day 10 to 15 mm; the sixteenth day from
10 to 20 mm. Because much of the larval life is spent inside their tubes it
is difficult to predict with certainty the number of larval instars. However,
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it was predicted, by indirect means, to be approximately six. Because of the
range in size throughout the growth period, the size difference appears to be
a result of dimorphic differences among the larvae. The size may be the dif-
ference between future males and females. This accounted for the size differ-
ence among larvae of the evergreen bagworm, Thyzidopteryx ephemeraeformis
(Morden, unpublished data) which also had a case which enclosed the larvae.
Laboratory stress factors can influence the rate of growth of the larvae.
One factor was stagnation. Several attempts were made to rear the larvae us-
ing two quart non-circulating rearing chambers. In all cases the chironomids
failed to complete one life cycle with most colonies failing to grow past the
fourth instar.
Another factor was diet. The food fed to the larvae influenced the
growth rate as well as their general vitality. Two kinds of food were fed to
the larvae. The chironomids were able to complete Oife cycle using either
Red Star® instant blend active dry yeast or Tetramin&' staple food, a widely
distributed tropical fish food. However, there was slower growth and higher
mortality when yeast was^used. The data on life cycles were based on colonies
which were fed Tetramirf&. This food was placed in the rearing chamber each
day. The amount fed was just what the colony would consume in thirty minutes.
Larvae in the fourth instar were transferred to tap water. Activity soon
became slower and the colony failed to survive beyond the fourth day in the
tap water even though food was supplied. This may have resulted from chlorine
found in tap water.
Water from a well which was drilled on campus during the fall of 1975 was
used and the chironomids were able to complete a life cycle although mortality
was higher than when Lake Superior water was used. Mortality in this colony
approached 90% compared to the 10% reared under optional conditions. This
well water was later tested and found to be high in salts.
The hemoglobin pigment found in some Chironomids is red and the presence
in the insect can be observed by visual inspection. During the first instar
no red pigment can be seen. During the second instar the larvae change from
pink to red and by the third instar the larval blood appears to be fully hema-
globinized.
The larvae swim by an interesting twisting motion of one part of its body
on another. Following a "S" shaped pattern, the posterior end of the larvae
curls up in a twisting motion and passes over the head. As this happens the
anterior half of the body flips quickly downward giving the "lift" necessary
for swimming.
When healthy larvae are not swimming they remain in their tubes with the
anterior half of the body extending from the tube and swaying back and forth.
This motion may aid the larvae in obtaining oxygen by permitting more water
to pass over the body surface. This motion in clearer water, however, may
attract fish and thus would not be as beneficial to the chironomid.
Pupa Stage—The pupa stage, based on ten colonies at 20.5±1°C, lasts for
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2.1 days. When the larvae change to the pupa stage, the head capsule become
larger and more defined and possess two small white tufts. The pupae are
less active than the larvae but retain some motility as they can tumble
through the water. The size of the head capsule in relation to the body be-
comes noticeably greater when the'larvae change to the pupal stage.
Just before pupation the larvae closes the ends of its tube and then de-
velops to the pupa stage. However, it is not necessary to change within the
tube as some successfully completed the transformation in the laboratory out-
side the tube. Just before the adult emerges from the pupal case, the pupa
is found at the surface of the water.
Adult Stage—The adult emerges from the pupal skin by pulling itself out
through the split in the thoracic segments and then flies away. Based on ten
colonies, the time from this moment until the first eggs are deposited is 5.4
days.
The females are easily distinguished from the males by the antennae.
The males' antennae are feathery or plumose while the females' antennae are
simple and sty!ate.
The total duration from egg stage through egg stage based on the ten col-
onies at 20.5 ± 1°C was 32.4 days. The percent mortality of the colonies
from the egg stage to the adult stage was approximately 10%.
3. Results
Benthic Indicator Organisms—
Indicator organisms are used to provide a relatively fast and easy means
by which the environmental quality of an area can be classified.
The following benthic organisms normally do not tolerate toxic pollution.
Also given is the location and time of year when collected. Physa snails were
found at site six (The C. Reiss Coal Company site) during the spring sampling.
Sphaerid clams were generally found in the shallow sites during the entire
collecting season. Red chironomids were usually present in all areas sampled
during all collecting periods. Other organisms found within the collecting
area which are susceptible to lead, zinc, and copper were worms, leeches,
Aseiius and molluscs (Thomas, Wilcox and Goldstein, 1976).
Diversity Index--
A more stable and predictive assessment of environmental stability and
water quality is the concept of species diversity. Its shortcoming is the in-
ability to reflect accurately the biomass and the individual species present.
Because of the uniform size of the samples taken from each collecting
site the following equation was used to calculate the diversity index (D.I.).
N2
D.I. = Kail! and Frey, 1973
+ n22 + n32 ... n 2
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The total number of organisms collected from a site is squared (N2) and
this number is divided by the sum of the squares of each species (n2). A
higher number reflects a greater diversity among the species, and this usually
indicates greater species interaction and greater ecological stability.
Using the above formula, values close to 10 indicate clean water and a
stable environment. Values close to 1 indicate that the number of species
interaction is generally reduced while intermediate values indicate a moderate
degree of interaction and stability.
All sites sampled in this study indicate little species interaction.
However, one site was clearly more stable than the others during all sampling
periods. This was site six, a shallow, coal-rich area found at C. Reiss
Coal Company site (see Tables IV-B-4 through IV-B-6).
Diversity Index Relationships--
t-Test—Because the data was symmetrically matched by site location dur-
ing the collecting period a t-test (McCall, 1975) was performed on the D.I.
to see if any significant differences existed among the spring samples, the
summer samples and the fall samples. This analysis should show changing de-
grees of species interactions among the sites during the collecting period.
As seen from Table IV-B-1, the greatest difference observed was between
the summer sampling and fall sampling; however, the assumption that a change
occurred can be made with only 29% certainty. There was no significant change
between spring and summer samples. Therefore, the change in the relative
stability of the environment among the sites during the seasonal period of
active growth for organisms is at most extremely slight.
Correlation Analysis--
A correlation using the D.I. was performed on the data to see if commu-
nity stability was different among the sites when comparing shallow and chan-
nel depths and between coal and non-coal environments.
From Table IV-B-2 the t values exceed the critical values at the .05
level with seven degrees (n-2) of freedom. Therefore, a significant differ-
ence does exist at the .05 level. There is a greater diversity found in coal
areas than non-coal areas and there is greater diversity in shallow areas com-
pared to channel depths.
Heavy Metal Concentrations--
The heavy metals examined in the laboratory were found in Heiobdeiia
stagnalis which was sampled from all sites during the collecting period.
The test organisms were collected during 1975, identified in the labora-
tory and stored in 70% ethyl alcohol. Samples were later dried in a vacuum
oven for 5 hrs at 70°C. If not used immediately samples were stored in a
desiccator. Sample weights were determined, then organisms were placed in
Parr bomb and digested. Approximately 2 ml of ultrapure nitric acid was used
for each digestion. The digested samples were then diluted to a predetermin-
ed volume (m-1 through m-8 to 20 ml) and analyzed by atomic absorption meth-
ods. Results are found in Table IV-B-3. For methods refer to Section V-B-7.
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To obtain enough weight per sample to be analyzed, leeches from differ-
ent sites had to be combined. Thus heavy metal information about some in-
dividual sites was lost. However, some sites were not combined. Organisms
from different collecting times were never mixed.
Background levels of heavy metals found in the sediments where benthic
organisms were taken are not available as a result of a laboratory oversight.
However, concentrations of heavy metals present in Lake Superior water are
given in Table IV-B-3. For procedures refer to Section V-B-7.
Table IV-B-3 indicates that heavy metals are sequestered by benthic or-
ganisms. Exceptionally high values of copper and lead were found in organisms
collected during July from the dredged channel at C. Reiss Coal Company dock.
An analyzed environmental sample from this area might help explain these high
levels.
4. Discussion
One species of Chironomidae was successfully reared under laboratory con-
trolled conditions. This organism could be used as an invaluable aid for de-
termining environmental stress. Because of its noted sensitivity to changing
rearing conditions, it could be used to determine the precise effects of coal
material or other material on its life cycle and physiology. This is the di-
rection that future studies of environmental stress on aquatic organisms
should follow.
The kinds of species of benthic organisms found in the study area suggest
that the water is moderately polluted (Cairns and Dickson, 1973) yet contains
low levels of toxic heavy metals.
Heavy metals are apparently sequestered by the leech, Heiabdeiia
stagnaiis. This organism is a member of the food chain leading through fish
to man. Heavy metals are sequestered by benthic organisms. If these, orga-
nisms with concentrated levels of toxic material are consumed in large amounts
by higher level consumers and the metals further concentrated by top level
consumers, then there is reason for concern - especially if man is the highest
level consumer.
Although coal appears not to be harmful to the aquatic system and in fact
may be correlated with environmental stability, we must not lose sight of the
fact that certain metals released either from coal or from other sources are
concentrated in organisms at every level in the food chain. Thus low level
concentrations of certain materials may be tolerated by organisms occupying a
low level in a food chain, but these metals may be concentrated through the
food chain and may become so toxic in higher level consumers that pathological
conditions develop.
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5. Literature Cited
Anderson, E. D. and L. Smith, Jr. 1971. A Synoptic Study of Food Habits of
30 Fish Species from Western Lake Superior. Tech. Bull. 279, Minn. Ag.
Expt. Station.
Brown, Harley P. 1972. Aquatic Dryopoid Beetles (Codec jateta) of the United
States. Environmental Protection Agency, Project No. 18050ELD, Contract
No. 14-12-894, 82 pp.
Burch, J. B. 1972. Freshwater Sphaeriacean Clams (Mollusca: Pelecypoda) of
Northern America. Environmental Protection Agency, Project No. 18050ELD,
Contract No. 14-12-894, 31 pp.
1973. The Freshwater Molluscs of the Canadian Interior Basin.
Malacologia, Vol. 13, 509 pp.
Cairns, J. and K. L. Dickson. 1973. Biological Methods for the Assessment
of Water Quality. American Society for Testing and Materials,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, p. 256.
Eddy, S. and A. C. Hodson. 1961. Toxonomic Keys to the Common Animals of the
North Central States. Burgess Publishing Company, Minneapolis, 162 pp.
Edmondson, W. T. 1959. Freshwater Biology. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New
Jersey, 1248 pp.
Hoi singer, John R. 1972. The Freshwater Amphipod Crustaceans
of North America. Environmental Protection Agency, Project No. 18050ELD,
Contract No. 14-12-894, 89 pp.
Kaill, W. M. and J. K. Frey. 1973. Environments in Profile, an Aquatic Per-
spective. Canfield Press, pp. 206.
Klemm, Donald J. 1972. Freshwater Leeches (Annelida-Hirudinea) of North
America. Environmental Protection Agency, Project No. 18050ELD, Con-
tract No. 14-12-892, 53 pp.
Mason, William T. Jr. 1973. An Introduction to the Identification of Chiro-
nomid Larvae. Analytical Quality Control Laboratory National Environ-
mental Research Center, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati,
Ohio, 90 pp.
McCall, Robert B. 1975. Fundamental Statistics for Psychology. Harcourt
Brace and Jovanovich, Inc., pp. 406. ,
Needham, J. G. and P. R. Needham. 1962. A Guide to the Study of Freshwater
Biology. Holden-Day, Inc., San Francisco, 108 pp.
Pennak, Robert W. 1953. Fresh-Water Invertebrates of the United States.
The Ronald Press Company, New York, 769 pp.
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Thomas, W. A., Wilcox, W. H. and G. Goldstein. 1976. Biological Indicators
of Environmental Quality. Ann Arbor Science Publishers Inc., Ann Arbor,
Michigan, pp. 254.
Williams, W. D. 1972. Freshwater Isopods (AAZtUdae,) of North America. En-
vironmental Protection Agency, Project No. 18050ELD, Contract No. 14-12-
894, 45 pp.
8
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6mm. culture dish inleTTute
*3 neoprene stopper
6"culture dish outlet tube
Air
inlet
Figure IV-B1. Chironomid Rearing Chamber.
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TABLE IV-B-1
Significance of the Difference in the Diversity Indices
as Related to.Seasonal Collecting Times
t Score*
Spring Sampling
vs. 0.009
Summer Sampling
Summer Sampling
vs. 0.29
Fall Sampling
Spring Sampling
vs. 0.24
Fall Sampling
a diff.
*Calculated from the equation: amd = ——
amd = standard error of the mean difference
X" diff. = mean of the difference data
a diff. = standard deviation of the difference data
McCall, R. B., 1975.
10
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TABLE IV-B-2
Correlation and Significance of Site Variations With Sampling Depth
and Between Coal Areas and Non-Coal Areas Using Diversity Indices
Coefficient of
Correlation*
r..
Significance
of the
Correlation
Coefficient
t Value**
Shallow Site
vs.
Channel Site
-0.19
.512
Coal Areas
)vs.
NonrCoal Areas
0.29
.802
* Values calculated from the equation: r
xy
NExy - (Zx)(ly)
**Values calculated from the equation: t = robs • with df = N-2
obs
McCall, R. B. 1975.
11
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TABLE IV-B-3
Concentration of Metal 1n Organisms (ppm) Dry Weight
Sample
As
Ba
Cd
Cr
Co
Cu
Pb
Mn
Mo
Se
Zn
Helobdella stagnalis
M-l
M-2
M-3
M-4
M-5
M-6
M-7
M-8
M A-9 laboratory
amphipods
M r in laboratory
Background concentration
of liquid preservation
70% ethyl alchol
6.7
5.1
<2.1
<4.2
6.9
3.7
<1.7
2.9
<1.9
4.1
0.0
360
70
60
225
95
129
75
135
190
75
0.0
3.3
3.1
2.1
0.9
1.4
1.1
2.2
8.7
0.6
2.1
0.2
Concentration
Sample
Lake Water
As
2
Ba
37
Cd
0.6
8.0
5.1
1.7
4.7
5.8
3.3
1.0
6.7
1.7
2.9
0.4
of
Cr
0.3
3.3
2.3
1.7
1.3
2.1
1.9
0.8
1.4
0.6
1.0
0.0
Metal in
Co
0.9
110
695
45
45
140
180
50
180
40
265
1.1
Lake
Cu
34
22
665
3.4
3.5
23
7.0
6.9
27
0.8
2.9
0.7
Water
Pb
1.9
190
275
145
195
220
110
185
145
40
110
0.7
(ppb)
Mn
4.9
<0.7
<0.3
<0.2
<0.4
<0.3
<0.4
<0.2
<0.3
0.2
0.2
0.0
Mo
1.1
<6.7
<2.6
<2.1
<4.2
<3.4
<3.7
<1 .7
<2.9
<1.9
<2.1
1.0
Se
<}
<3.3 1270
<1.3 1570
<1.1 700
<2.1 780
<1.7 400
<1.9 140
<0.8 400
<1 .4 580
<0.9 55
<1.0 90
. 0.0 0.7
V Zn
<1 5.5
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PHYLA
TABLE IV-B-4
Benthlc Organisms of the St. Louis River, 9 July 1975
GENUS SPECIES 1-A 1-B 1-C 2-A 2-B 2-C 3-A 3-B 3-C
Nemathelmenthes Nematoda
Annelida
Mollusca
immature or
damaged clams
immature or
damaged snails
Marvinmeyer
Helobdella
Helobdella
ttyzodella
Illinobdella
Sphaerium
Sphaerlum
Sphaerium
Sphaerium
Sphaerium
Sphaerium
Sphaerium
Sphaerium
Sphaerium
Sphaerium
Promentus
Gyraiilus
Hel i soma
Promentus
Marstonia
Amnicola
Valvata
Valvata
Pisidium
Eupera
Ferrissia
Planorbidae
Pisidium
Pisidium
Pisidium
Physa
2
lucida
elongata
stagnalls
moorei
alba
transversum 1
simile
lacustre
nitidum
securis 3
partumium
rhoiuboideum
fabale
striatinum
occidentale ,
i
exacuous meg as
deflectus
anceps anceps
unbilicatellus
decepta
limnosa
sincera
tricarinata
fallax
cubensis 1
rivularis
(immature)
dubium
ventrosum
idahoensi
jennessi
1
1
3
1
3
1
7
1
1
4
86 2 19 17
94 13 2 3
32 1484
1 1
22
2
•a p ? i 2 1
J £ £> 1 ^
1
3
1
1
DIVERSITY INDICES (D.I.)
4.84 3.88 4.43 1.84 1.32 3.01 3.41 2.45 2.02
-------
TABLE IV-B-4, Continued
Benthlc Organisms of the St. Louis River, 9 July 1975
PHYLA
Nemathelmenthes Nematoda
Annel 1 da
Mollusca
•
Immature or
damaged clams
Immature or
damaged snails
GENUS
Marvlnmeyer
Helobdella
Helobdella
Myzodella
Illinobdella
Sphaerium
Sphaerlum
Sphaeri um
Sphaerium
Sphaerium
Sphaerium
Sphaerium
Sphaerium
Sphaerium
Sphaerium
Promentus
Gyraulus
Helisoma
Promentus
Marstonia
Amnicola
Valvata
Valvata
Pisidium
Eupera
Ferrissia
Planorbidae
Pisidium
Pisidium
Pisidium
Physa
SPECIES 4-A 4-B 4-C 5-A 5-B
4 13
lucida
elongata 1
stagnalis 1
moorei
alba 10
transversum 6 2 1
simile 1
lacustre 1 6
nitldum 1 1
securis
partumium
rhomboideum
fabale
striatinum . . . '..
occidentale
4 2
exacuous megas
deflectus
anceps anceps - .. .-
umbilicatellus
decepta
limnosa
sincera
tricarinata
fallax
cubensis
rivularis
(immature)
dubium
ventrosum
idahoensi 2
jennessi
5-C 6-A 6-B 6-C
8
18 2
10
1
10 7 2
1 6
4 5 1
v
1
2
9 1
1
2
1
DIVERSITY INDICES (D.I.)
1.57 2.32 2.60 1.47 3.80 4.19 5.11 5.73 4.57
-------
TABLE IV-B-4, Continued
Benthlc Organisms of the St. Louis River, 9 July 1975
PHYLA
Arthropoda
Trlcoptera
Trlcoptera
Trlcoptera
Trlcoptera
Insecta
Insecta
Cladocera
GENUS
Gamma rus
Ganimarus
Gammarus
Hyallella
Pontoporia
Asellus
Asellus
Rheotanytarsus
Tribelas
Cricoptopus
Lauterborniella
Procladius
Parachironomus
Cryptochironomus
Chiro nonius
Polypedilum
Coelotanypus
Potthastia
Paracladopelma
Podonominae
Glossosoma
Phylocentropus
Neureclipis
Hoi anna
Leptocella
Corixidae Nymph
Plecoptera Nymph
Hexagenia
Wormaldia
Eurycercus
Tanypus
Clinotanypus
Unidentified
SPECIES 1-A 1-B
fasciatus
lacustris 1
pseudolimnaeus 4
azteca 1
affinis
Intermedius 27
racovitzai
sp.
sp.
sp.
sp.
sp. 3
sp. 1
sp.
sp.
sp.
sp.
sp.
sp.
sp.
sp.
sp.
sp.
sp.
sp.
sp.
sp.
sp.
sp.
sp.
sp.
1-C 2-A 2-B 2-C 3-A 3-B 3-C
1
2 1
6 13 3
23 33 24 34 52 24
11 42
1
1
(Crayfish)Astacldae (family)
Bryozoa Crystatella
mucedo
-------
TABLE IV-B-4, Continued
Benthlc Organisms of the St. Louis River, 9 July 1975
PHYLA
Arthropoda
.
TMcoptera
THcoptera
Trlcoptera
THcoptera
Insecta
Insecta
Cladocera
GENUS
Gamma r us
Gamma rus
Gamma rus
Myall el la
Pontoporla
As ell us
Asellus
Rheotanytarsus
Tribelas
Crlcoptopus
Lauterbornlella
Procladius
Parachironomus
Cryptochlronomus
Chironomus
Polypedilum
Coelotanypus
Potthastia
Paracladopelma
Podonominae
Glossosoma
Phylocentropus
Neureclipis
Mo 1 anna
Leptocella
Corixidae Nymph
Plecoptera Nymph
Hexayenia
Wormaldia
Eurycercus
Tanypus
Clinotanypus
Unidentified
SPECIES 4-A 4-B 4-C 5-A 5-B 5-C 6-A 6-B
fasciatus
lacustris
pseudolimnaeus 5
azteca 1 1
afflnls
Intermedius 2 6 28
racovitzai 1
sp.
sp.
sp.
sp.
sp. 24 15 19 1 5 5 9 5
sp.
sp. 2
sp.
Sp.
sp.
sp.
sp.
sp. 1
sp. 4
sp.
sp.
sp.
sp.
sp.
sp.
sp.
sp.
sp.
sp. 13
1
6-C
3
2
1
(Crayfish) Astacldae (family)
Bryozoa Crystatella
mucedo
-------
PHYLA
TABLE IV-B-5
Benthlc Organisms of the St. Louis River, Summer 1975
GENUS SPECIES 1-A 1-B 1-C 2-A 2-B 2-C 3-A 3-B 3-C
Bryozoa
Nemathelmenthes
Annelida
Mollusca
Arthropoda
Grystatella
Nematoda
Helobdella
Helobdella
Sphaerlum
Sphaerlum
Sphaerlum
Sphaerlum
Sphaerium
damaged snails
Sphaerium
Pisidium
Valvata
Helisoma
Promentus
Promentus
Amnicola
Ferrissia
Marstonia
Gyraulus
Asellus
Asellus
Asellus
Asellus
Gammarus
Gamma rus
Gammarus
Procladius
Cryptochironomus
Paracladopelma
Podonominae
Coelotanypus
Glossosoma
Phylocentropus
Neureclipsis
damaged insect
Polypedilum
mucedo
elongata 2
stagnalls
fabale
lacustre
partumelum
securls
transversum
(immature)
fallax
tricarinata 1
anceps anceps
exacuous mega
umbil icatel lus
limnosa
rivularis
decepta
deflectus
forbesi
racovitzal
sp.
(Immature) 19
fasciatus
lacustris 5
pseudol irnnaeus
sp.
sp.
sp.
sp.
sp.
sp.
sp.
1
5 29 29 8
21 1
6 18 5 55
4
4
1
1
336 14
1 2
1
2 2
54 2 14
2 21
3
7 3
1
2
6
7
1
1
-------
PHYLA
TABLE IV-B-5, Continued
Benthlc Organisms of the St. Louis River, Summer 1975
GENUS SPECIES 4-A 4-B 4-C 5-A 5-B 5-C 6-A 6-B 6-C
oo
Bryozoa
Nemathelmenthes
Annelida
Mollusca
Arthropoda
Grystatella
Nematoda
Helobdella
Helobdella
Sphaerlum
Sphaerium
Sphaerium
Sphaerl urn
Sphaerium
damaged snails
Sphaerium
Pisidium
Valvata
Helisoma
Promentus
Promen tus
Amnicola
Ferrissia
Marstonia
Gyraulus
Asellus
Asellus
Asellus
Asellus
Gamma rus
Gamma r us
Gammarus
Procladius
Cryptochlronomus
Paracladopelma
Podonominae
Coelotanypus
Glossosoma
Phylocentropus
Neureclipsis
damaged insect
Polypedilum
mucedo
elongata
stagnalis
fabale 1
lacustre
partumeium 1
securis
transversum
(immature) 22
fallax
tricarinata
anceps anceps
exacuous mega
umbillcatellus
limnosa 2
rivularis
decepta 3
deflectus
forbesi
racovi tzai
sp.
(immature)
fasciatus
lacustris
pseudol inmaeus
sp. 14
sp.
sp.
sp.
1
sp. 10
sp.
sp.
14 22 13
3 4
1 1 23
2
2
2 3
1 1 1
5
272 41
21
3
1
1
1
2
66
1
16
24
41
1
5 14 3
1 1
1
5
1 1 7
6
1
1
5
6
1
2
3
12
3
1
1
2
16
1
3
2
1
1
1
-------
TABLE IV-B-6
Benthic Organisms of the St. Louis River, Fall 1975
PHYLA
GENUS
SPECIES
1-A 1-B 1-C 2-A 2-B 2-C 3-A 3-B 3-C
Platyhelmlnthes
Turbellarla (class)
Bryozoa
Annelida
.
Mollusca
Arthropoda
Crystatella
Helobdella
Helobdella
unidentified but
Valvata
Glossiphonia
Sphaerium
Sphaerium
Sphaerium
Sphaerium
Sphaerium
Sphaerium
Sphaerium
Sphaerium
Sphaerium
Sphaerium
Valvata
Amnicola
Ferrissia
Pisidium
damaged snails
Chironomus
Asellus
Asellus
Asellus
statoblast
stagnalis 1
elongata
large unique sp.
tricarinata
complanata
simile 1
sp.
striatinum
securis
fabale
transversum
occidentale
lacustre
partumeium
(immature)
tricarinata 1
limnosa
rivularis
fallax
sp. 1
racovitzai 7
sp. (immature)
sp.
Glyptotendlpes
Ganinarus
Gamma rus
Gamma r us
Procladius
fasciatus
lacustris
pseudol imnaeus
sp.
1
2 24
10 8 2
2 1
1
3
2
5
1
19
100 12
1
5
19
5
54 378
-------
TABLE IV-B-6, Continued
Benthlc Organisms of the St. Louis River, Fall 1975
PHYLA
GENUS
SPECIES
4-A 4-B 4-C 5-A 5-B 5-C 6-A 6-B 6-C
ro
o
Platyhelmlnthes
Turbellaria (class)
Bryozoa
Annelida
Mollusca
Arthropoda
Crystatella statoblast
Helobdella stagnalis
Helobdella elongata
unidentified but large unique sp.
Valvata tricarinata
Glossiphonia complanata
Sphaerium
Sphaerium
Sphaerium
Sphaerium
Sphaerium
Sphaerium
Sphaerium
Sphaerium
Sphaerium
Sphaerium
Valvata
Amnicola
Ferrissia
Pisidium
damaged snails
Chrionomus
Asellus
Asellus
Asellus
Glyptotendipes
Gaiiiuarus
Gaiimiarus
Gammarus
Procladius
simile
sp.
striatinum
securis
fabale
transversum
occidentale
lacustre
partumeium
(immature)
tricarinata
linmosa
rivularis
fallax
sp.
racovitzai
sp. (immature)
sp.
fasciatus
lacustris
pseudoliinnaeus
sp.
20
4
1
1
1
1
17
21
42
1
5
5
4
14
-------
TABLE IV-B-6, Continued
Benthlc Organisms of the St. Louis River, Fall 1975
PHYLA GENUS SPECIES 1-A 1-B 1-C 2-A 2-B 2-C 3-A 3-B 3-C
Arthropoda (continued) Cryptochironomus 1 1 1
Potthastia longimanus
Microtendipes
Dicrotendipes nervoses
Coelotanypus sp.
Einfeldia sp.
Hyalella azteca
Astaddae (family) 1
Insecta (class)
Trlchoptera (order) Neureclipsis sp. 13 1 3 13 2
Insecta (class)
Plecoptera (order) Isoperia sp.
Nemathelmenthes Nematoda
DIVERSITY INDICES (D.I.) 2.59 2.29 2.46 3.17 3.02 1.00 3.52 2.20 3.00
-------
TABLE IV-B-6, Continued
Benthlc Organisms of the St. Louis River, Fall 1975
PHYLA
GENUS
SPECIES
4_A 4-B 4-C 5-A 5-B 5-C 6-A 6-B 6-C
ro
tSi
Arthropoda (continued) Cryptochlronomus
PotthastU longimanus
Microtendipes
Dicrotendlpes nurvoses
Coelotenypus sp.
Elnfeldia sp.
Hyalella azteca
Astaddae (family)
Insecta (class)
Trichoptera (order) Neureclipsis sp.
Insecta (class)
Plecoptera (order) Isoperla sp.
Nemathelnienthes Nematoda
6
1
5
13
DIVERSITY INDICES (D.I.)
3.17 1.00 3.60 4.09 2.00 4.11 1.00 7.37 6.97
------- |