EPA-670/2-73-053-3
August 1973
Environmental Protection Technology Series
RECOMMENDED METHODS OF
REDUCTION, NEUTRALIZATION, RECOVERY OR
DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
Volume I Executive Summary
HWTIC
EPA
670/2-
73-053a
EPA Report Collection
Information Resource Center
US EPA Region 3
Philadelphia, PA 19107
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Hazardous Waste Collection Washington, D.C. 20460
Information Resource Center
US EPA Region 3
Philadelphia. PA 18107
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EPA-670/2-73-053-3
August 1973
RECOMMENDED METHODS OF
REDUCTION, NEUTRALIZATION, RECOVERY
OR DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
Volume I. Summary Report
By
R. S. Ottinger, J. L. Blumenthal, D. F. Dal Porto,
G. I. Gruber, M. J. Santy, and C. C. Shih
TRW Systems Group
One Space Park
Redondo Beach, California 90278
Contract No. 68-03-0089
Program Element No. 1D2311
Project Officers
Norbert B. Schomaker
Henry Johnson
Solid and Hazardous Waste Research Laboratory
National Environmental Research Center
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
Prepared for
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
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REVIEW NOTICE
The Solid Waste Research Laboratory of the National Environmental
Research Center - Cincinnati, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has
reviewed this report and approved its publication. Approval does not
signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of
this Laboratory or of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does
mention of trade names of commercial products constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.
The text of this report is reproduced by the National Environmental
Research Center - Cincinnati in the form received from the Grantee; new
preliminary pages and new page numbers have been supplied.
n
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FOREWORD
Man and his environment must be protected from the adverse
effects of pesticides, radiation, noise and other forms of pollu-
tion, and the unwise management of solid waste. Efforts to protect
the environment require a focus that recognizes the interplay between
the components of our physical environment—air, water, and land.
The National Environmental Research Centers provide this multidisci-
plinary focus through programs engaged in:
e studies on the effects of environmental
contaminants on man and the biosphere, and
9 a search for ways to prevent contamination
and to recycle valuable resources.
Under Section 212 of Public Law 91-512, the Resource Recovery
Act of 1970, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is charged
with preparing a comprehensive report and plan for the creation of
a system of National Disposal Sites for the storage and disposal of
hazardous wastes. The overall program is being directed jointly by
the Solid and Hazardous Waste Research Laboratory, Office of Research
and Development, National Environmental Research Center, Cincinnati,
and the Office of Solid Waste Management.Programs, Office of Hazard-
ous Materials Control. Section 212 mandates, in part, that recom-
mended methods of reduction, neutralization, recovery, or disposal
of the materials be determined. This determination effort has been
completed and prepared into this 16-volume study. The 16 volumes
consist of profile reports summarizing the definition of adequate
waste management and evaluation of waste management practices for
over 500 hazardous materials. In addition to summarizing the defini-
tion and evaluation efforts, these reports also serve to designate a
material as a candidate for a National Disposal Site, if the material
meets criteria based on quantity, degree of hazard, and difficulty of
disposal. Those materials which are hazardous but not designated as
candidates for National Disposal Sites, are then designated as candi-
dates for the industrial or municipal disposal sites.
A. W. Breidenbach, Ph.D., Director
National Environmental Research Center
Cincinnati, Ohio
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CONTRIBUTORS
Project Management
Robert S. Ottinger
Jack L. Blumenthal
Organic Waste Team
Myrrl J. Santy
Howard Green
J. Warren Hamersma
William Kendrick
Industrial Waste Analysis
Marvin Rosenfeld
Harry Alsentzer
John Thornton
Peter Williamson
Rollins
Environmental
Services
Pesticide and Inorganic Waste Team Toxicologic Analysis Team
Christopher Shih
Maksymilian Burk
John Clausen
Dennis Dal Porto
Shou Kwong
Hyman Lubowitz
William Niro
Explosive and Military Waste Team
Gerald Gruber
Charles Bacon
Jack Denson
Charles Murray
Henry Rutter, Jr.
Anita Curry /Hazelton
Joseph Hiddeman; Laboratories
Information System Staff
James Riley
Fumi Oiye
Radioactive Waste Team
J. Michael Bell
Kenneth L. Green
Al Aikens, PRS Systems
Metal and Mining Waste Team
Alfred Lee
Marvin Appel
Editorial and Secretarial Staff
Marilyn Jennings
Lynda Broberg
Linda Drake
Linda Drexler
Joan Long
Margarita Ramirez
Vicki Stewart
Barbara Wagar
Barbara Wellwood
Christiane Yarden
iv
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This program owes much to the program monitors and other staff of the
Environmental Protection Agency who provided both advice and insight toward
shaping this final report. Special thanks go to the program monitor,
Mr. Henry Johnson, his predecessor, Dr. Lynn Wallace, and the staff of the
Solid Waste Research Laboratory, National Environmental Research Center,
Cincinnati, who have reviewed progress and provided information throughout
the program. Thanks are also due" to the staff of the Resource Recovery
Division, Office of Solid Waste Management Programs, Washington, D.C.,
particularly Messrs. Sam Morekas, Don Marlow, Al Hayes, and Tom Gross, who
also reviewed program progress, made constructive suggestions, and
coordinated this project with the related projects sponsored by their
organization.
This project relied very heavily on information obtained by personal
communication and, therefore, much thanks is due to the individuals providing
information. The industrial contacts are too numerous to mention specifically;
however, certain individuals within the government sector were especially
important in obtaining military and radioactive waste data. The collection
of military hazardous waste data was coordinated through Col. Herbert Bell,
Office of the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Environmental Quality,
and Col. Walsh, Major Donald Rogers, and other members of the Department of
Defense Environmental Pollution Control Committee. Information on radioactive
wastes was obtained through Mr. Alex F. Perge, Assistant Director for
Operations, Division of Waste Management and Transportation, Atomic Energy
Commission, Washington, D. C., Mr. Lou Meyers, Office of Radiation Programs,
Environmental Protection Agency, Rockville, and Mr. Charles Hardin of the
Kentucky State Department of Health.
The important efforts of our major subcontractors9 Hazel ton Laboratories
and Rollins Environmental Services, deserve appreciation as much information
necessary to the successful completion of the project was obtained from
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their programs. Finally, the contributions of our editor, Mrs. Marilyn
Jennings, and of our secretarial staff have been extremely important to
the preparation of our voluminous monthly reports and this final report.
We appreciate their efforts.
VI
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
VOLUME I
SUMMARY REPORT
Page
1. Executive Summary 1
2. Introduction 7
3. Development of the Information Base 13
4. Analysis of Waste Management Practice 23
5. Determination of Forms and Quantities of Hazardous Wastes ... 67
6. Research and Development Recommendations and Planning 89
7. Conclusions and Recommendations 113
8. References 118
Appendix: Waste Stream Constituent Analysis Summary 119
VII
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1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The report contained in these volumes provides the results of the effort
performed by TRW under Contract 68-03-0089 to the Solid Waste Research
Laboratory. The program compiled an updated listing of hazardous waste
stream constituents, evaluated the adequacy of current waste management
practices for these materials, and identified the research and development
required to provide necessary information or develop adequate treatment
methods.
Under Section 212 of Public Law 91-512, the Resource Recovery Act of
1970, a comprehensive report and plan for the creation of a system of
National Disposal Sites for the storage and disposal of hazardous wastes is
to be prepared by the Environmental Protection Agency; specifically, the
Office of Solid Waste Management Programs and the Solid Waste Research
Laboratory. The report is to include a list of materials subject to disposal
in a National Disposal Site, current methods of disposal for the listed
materials, recommended methods of reduction, neutralization, recovery, or
disposal of the materials, an inventory of possible sites, estimated costs
of developing and maintaining National Disposal Sites, and other information
deemed appropriate. In order to help meet the requirements for this report,
the Environmental Protection Agency has issued a series of contracts to
develop the data base and provide the necessary analysis.
Listing of Hazardous Materials
The first contract effort, performed by Booz-Allen Applied Research,
resulted in a list of over 500 hazardous materials known to be components of
industrial waste streams. The final report resulting from that study also
summarized waste disposal practices in industries handling the designated
materials. The report further indicated that much of the information on
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the forms in which the hazardous materials are found in the waste streams,
the quantities of the wastes, and their distribution within the United
States was not present in the literature nor was it available from central
sources such as trade associations.
Analysis and Evaluation of Waste Management Practices
The second contract effort was initiated by TRW Systems, in December of
1971 with the objectives of (1) defining adequate waste management; (2)
evaluating curren-t waste management practices and (3) planning necessary
research and development. The starting point for the program was the first
contractor's list of over 500 potentially hazardous waste stream constituents.
In meeting the first two objectives, the TRW study focused on those waste
stream constituents which were initially considered to be probable candidates
for National Disposal Sites, these being selected from the first contractor's
list and other sources on the basis of extreme toxicity and/or persistence
in the environment or very high flammability and/or explosive sensitivity.
The necessity of concentrating effort on those constituents expected to be
candidates for National Disposal Sites required a working definition of such
a disposal facility. Accordingly, the following definition was constructed.
National Disposal Site: A facility open to public use which must
have disposal processing capabilities to properly treat and/or
permanently store a designated class of wastes. Such facilities
would be limited in number and would be responsible to federal,
state, and local jurisdiction to ensure proper handling and
disposal of the wastes and that no harm to the public and/or
environment can occur.
In order to define criteria for adequate waste management, the hazards
associated with the finally selected list of 516 constituents and their
disposal were evaluated in terms of toxicity, both acute and chronic, as
weTl as flammability and explosiveness. For example, each of the volatile
compounds considered in the study has had provisional limits for concentration
in air and the concentration in water determined for 24-hour exposure (see
Volume II). The criteria resulting from the hazards analysis were used by
TRW to evaluate currently utilized waste management practices for the
constituents. The waste management evaluation focused initially on waste
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streams containing high concentrations of the materials, such as packaged
or contaminated wastes. This provided a baseline for the subsequent evaluation
of waste management practices for dilute, mixed industrial waste streams and
reflected the initial lack of information on dilute or mixed industrial
waste streams.
The TRW effort was expanded (in June) to include the determination of
waste forms together with their quantities and distribution and the evaluation
of waste management procedures as applied or applicable to these streams.
This additional effort was limited to those constituents considered to be
candidates for National Disposal Sites. Since the necessary information was
not available in the literature, the effort utilized industry contacts,
consultants, waste disposal firms, and estimates based on the manufacturing
processes producing or using the materials. The information obtained under
this additional task was used to complete the evaluation of waste management
practices applicable to these materials.
In the course of the study, Profile Reports for over 516 compounds were
prepared, reviewed, and supplemented for final presentation in this report
(see Volumes V through XIII). The Profile Reports summarize the definition
of adequate waste management and the evaluation of current waste management
practices for their subject waste stream constituents. In addition to
providing this information, the Profile Report also serves to designate a
material as a candidate for processing and/or storage at a National Disposal
Site if the constituent meets criteria based on quantity, degree of hazard,
and difficulty of disposal. The designation of candidacy indicates that a
Site should have disposal processing technology specifically designed and
operated to dispose of the candidate in an adequate way. Hazardous waste
stream constituents which were not designated as National Disposal Site
candidates were judged to be recyclable or safely disposable using common
industrial technology.
Several disposal and waste treatment processes and methods were
examined in detail in this program resulting in the preparation of corres-
ponding Process Descriptions. The technology so treated included the ultimate
disposal methods, landfills, land burial, ocean disposal, and deepwell
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disposal; incineration and pyrolysis technology; biological waste treatment
technology including activated sludge as well as lagoons; and miscellaneous
processing such as ion exchange and solidification. The process descriptions
provide general information, design criteria, general economics, and an
assessment of the classes of waste to which the processes can be applied.
Also indicated is the possible utility of the process at a National Disposal
Site.
Research and Development Requirements
The third objective of the TRW program was to develop research and
development plans required to initiate programs necessary to provide adequate
waste management practices for materials hazardous to man and/or the
environment. Two general classes of research and development efforts will
be required to assist the EPA activities: (1) efforts to provide data and
t»
information where gaps in the information base have been identified and (2)
process developments where adequate waste management processes are not
available or not sufficiently characterized for general application. A
number of information gaps were identified which must be filled if an
assessment of effects on man and the environment is to be made. For example,
information describing the effects of almost all hazardous materials in the
ocean environment are unknown, this despite the fact that the ocean has
served as an ultimate disposal site for many of these materials. Information
required includes effects of the materials on animal and plant life in the
ocean as well as effects of the ocean environment on the materials. Other
identified information gaps include: (1) temperature-residence time relation-
ships for pesticides incineration; (2) environmental effects (on plants, soil
organisms, etc.) for most materials; (3) qualitative and quantitative
characterization of soils as to their ability to stabilize and contain various
w
wastes; and (4) the impact of new air and water pollution controls on the solid
waste management problem.
The development of processes and/or procedures which can serve as the
basis of adequate waste management practice required both: (1) the identifi-
cation of materials for which adequate methodology does not exist ^r is
economically untenable and (2) the invention or innovation of adequate
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processes or procedures. Areas of need identified included decontamination
of soil containing arsenic, economic removal of mercury and other hazardous
heavy metals from low concentration aqueous waste streams, and chemical
stabilization of wastes, i.e., reacting wastes to a form which is environ-
mentally stable. TRW performed proof-of-principle (P.O.P.) experimentation
on processes designed to satisfy the needs described above. The identified
requirements of both classes and the P.O.P. test results were input to the
research and development planning. The outputs of this portion of the effort
are the technical plans for projects designed to satisfy the informational
needs which were identified in the definition of adequate waste management
and the process needs which were uncovered in evaluating current waste
management efforts. These technical plans consist of a statement of
objectives describing the need, task statements defining the approach and
estimates of manpower, schedule, and dollar requirements (see summary in
this volume and detail of some efforts in Volume XV).
Conclusions and Recommendations
The results of this study clearly indicate the requirement for a system
of National Disposal Sites to provide a repository for certain classes of
hazardous waste stream constituent residues which must be stored and monitored
permanently to avoid harm to the public and/or the environment. Such sites
will also require the processing necessary to reduce wastes to the storable
residue form and to package it for storage. Such facilities will require
extensive monitoring and reporting to ensure compliance with all regulations
and requirements. These facilities will be dependent on government regulations
to define their markets. The strong dependence on government suggests a
business structure similar to that of a utility particularly if the competition
is limited by a lack of suitable sites able to economically service a particular
area. If competition is so limited, the rate structure should also be regulated
again demonstrating similarity to a utility.
The study has also suggested that a system of controls should be insti-
tuted in the disposal of all hazardous waste stream constituents whether they
are or are not candidates for National Disposal Site treatment. It was found
in many cases that although proper treatment was known within the state of the
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industrial art, the technology was not uniformly5applied to the wastes. The
inadequate treatments utilized in certain instances have serious implications to
the public or to the environment. Proper controls would include specification
of the adequate methods to be used for disposal and monitoring and reporting
of disposition of all wastes containing hazardous constituents.
It is also the recommendation of the program that the specific projects
outlined in the research and development planning be undertaken as soon as
possible to provide information necessary to implementing the National
Disposal Site and Hazardous Waste Control measures discussed above. Further,
it is recommended that policy research be initiated with the objective of
encouraging reuse and recovery of hazardous waste materials. In this latter
context, disposal regulation and control should be considered together with
current and possible incentives, import or export restriction, and subsidies.
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2. INTRODUCTION
The ultimate fate of wastes generated in the normal course of business
and other activities has until the recent past received little attention by
many industries generating the wastes and by the public at large. To many
of the waste generators, the bulk of unusable material was something to be
removed from the operating area and gotten out of the way. Often, if there
was nothing to be recovered from the wastes, they were buried, lagooned, or
stored in battered drums with no determination of the possible hazards.
Without the necessary knowledge no attempts were made to segregate hazardous
waste materials from the others except on the basis of handling requirements
within the facilities. The disposal method to be used usually was decided
solely on the basis of economics with the subliminal assumption that the
options, used for so many years were adequate. The public, for its part,
generally ignored industrial waste disposal practice unless an "accident"
occured which focused attention on specific causes and effects. Thus,
incidents such as lagoon overflow into a stream with subsequent fish
kill, or rupture of a storage drum with subsequent release of odor, would
cause public reaction and were generally followed by an action on the part
of the waste generator to avoid the same type of incident.
In the late 1960's and in 1970 however, the disposal of hazardous
wastes became the object of much public attention. This was true, generally,
because of the increased public awareness of the environment and its pol-
lution, and the investigation of the transport and disposal of hazardous
wastes generated by agencies of the government. In the specific case
of the government waste disposal, congressional investigations focused
the attention of both the Congress and the public on the methodology of
disposal of hazardous materials. The limited number of options apparently
available for disposal, the lack of an information base necessary to deter-
mine the best disposal strategy, and the general lack of knowledge relative
to all hazardous wastes exposed by those investigations led to the following
direction to the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, contained in
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Section 212 of the Resource Recovery Act of 1970 (Public Law 91-512).
NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES STUDY
"Sec. 212. The Secretary shall submit to the Congress no
later than two years after the date of enactment of the Resource
Recovery Act of 1970, a comprehensive report and plan for the
creation of a system of national disposal sites for storage and
disposal of hazardous wastes, including radioactive, toxic
chemical, biological, and other wastes which may endanger public
health or welfare. Such report shall include: (1) a list of
materials which should be subject to disposal in any such site;
(2) current methods of disposal of such materials; (3) recom-
mended methods of reduction, neutralization, recovery, or
disposal of such materials; (4) an inventory of possible sites
including existing land or water disposal sites operated or
licensed by federal agencies; (5) an estimate of the cost of
developing and maintaining sites including consideration of
means for distributing the short- and long-term costs of oper-
ating such sites among the users thereof; and (6) such other
information as may be appropriate."
This legislation enacted October 26, 1970 was implemented in fiscal
1972 with the award of an initial contract intended to develop the nec-
essary information base for items (1) and (2) of the required report to
Congress. The initial contract effort, awarded to Booz-Allen Applied
Research, Inc., employed a review of: (1) the chemical process literature;
(2) transportation, fire and safety regulations; and (3) information sup-
plied by trade associations, industrial consultants, and government
agencies. Utilizing a rating model which considered the quantity of the
material produced, the distribution of the material, toxic hazard to man
and the environment, and other hazards, such as explosiveness and flam-
mability, a list of materials compiled from the various sources outlined
above was narrowed to those materials providing, with respect to this
model, the greatest potential harm to man and/or his environment. The
industries producing or using these selected materials were identified
by the Standard Industrial Code (SIC) and the general waste treatment
processes utilized by those industries were determined.
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The TRW effort under Contract 68-03-0089 was initiated in December of
1971 with the primary objective of determining the "recommended methods of
reduction, neutralization, recovery, or disposal of the listed materials"
as specified in the third requirement for the contents of the report to
Congress called out in Section 212. The TRW study was divided into seven
major tasks directed toward satisfying the primary objective identified
above and several secondary objectives: (1) identification of additional
materials which would require treatment at a National Disposal Site; (2)
identification of current disposal techniques not previously documented;
and (3) identification and planning of necessary research. The tasks
making up the TRW effort were:
(1) To Define Adequate Waste Management
Toxicity information and standards on each waste stream
constituent identified under the first contract or by TRW
were reviewed. Other factors, such as flammability and
explosive potential, which affect waste management pro-
cedures were also considered. Acceptable criteria in
terms of impact on mankind and the environment applicable
to each of the waste management steps (handling, storage,
transportation, disposal, etc.) were defined.
(2) To Evaluate Presently Employed Waste Management Techniques
and Policies and Make Recommendations as to Adequacy
The existing techniques for the management of each waste
stream constituent were assessed in relation to the
criteria defined in Task 1. Preference for one adequate
technique over another was stated where possible and the
best technique for a National Disposal Site was identified
for those materials considered as candidates for such
disposal.
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(3) To Perform Field Surveys on Existing Waste Management
Procedures
In cases where sufficient information to determine the
effectiveness of particular waste management techniques
was unavailable, site visits were made to facilities
utilizing the techniques for discussions with personnel
and direct observation of the particular practices.
(4) To Define, Plan, and Outline Research Programs Where
Necessary for Elimination of Hazards
Where it was found that information relative to the
hazard in employing particular waste management tech-
niques was not well understood or where no adequate
techniques were found, remedial efforts were defined,
outlined, and planned. The programs were prioritized
in terms of importance and probability of success.
(5) To Conduct Proof-of-Principle Experimentation on the
\
Most Promising Concepts
Where a concept could be demonstrated with laboratory
experimentation, TRW initiated efforts to provide the
proof-of-principle of the concept.
(6) To Determine Waste Forms
Additional information on the hazardous waste stream
constituents designated under earlier tasks as candidates
for National Disposal Sites were collected, analyzed,
and presented as an integral part of this|program. The :
information collected included the forms in which the
waste stream constituents are found, their distribution
and the quantities of waste materials generated.
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(7) To Correlate Total Program Effort
The program was designed and directed to provide this
final report which summarizes the best available waste
management techniques for each material, lists, on a
prioritized basis, those techniques to be included at
possible National Disposal Sites, indicates major gaps
in current hazardous waste management technology and
provides a comprehensive, prioritized research and
development plan for obtaining the required technology.
This final report is provided in a multi-volume format reflecting the
major technical efforts performed in satisfying the program objectives and
tasks as described above. This first volume summarizes the total program
effort by providing the program objectives and approach, as well as the
results. Volume II contains the toxicologic summary including recom-
mended provisional limits, methods used in determining those provisional
limits, and the background data collected for the use of those methods.
Volumes III and IV contain detailed descriptions of various waste treat-
ment and disposal processes of common or possible National Disposal Site
use.
The major instrument of evaluation and presentation during the study
and in this report is the Profile Report. The Profile Report summarizes
the information collected on a particular compound or group of compounds
and provides the evaluation for that compound. Volumes V through IX
contain the Profile Reports on those waste stream constituents determined
in the study to be candidates for National Disposal Site processing. These
are grouped by application and chemistry. Volumes X through XIII contain
the Profile Reports for those waste stream constituents determined in the
TRW analysis to be capable of adequate treatment at industrial or municipal
disposal sites. The results from the efforts of Task 6, the determination
of waste forms and quantities, are provided in Volume XIV. The detailed
research and development plans generated under Task 4 in response to defi-
ciencies in the information base and in disposal process technology are
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provided in Volume XV. Finally, Volume XVI contains the master list of
references, ordered by the TRW accession number which is used as the con-
sistent reference number in the process descriptions, Profile Reports, and
waste form studies.
The first volume summarizing the program effort is divided into seven
chapters, the first two of which are a brief executive summary and this
introduction. In Chapter 3 the basic definitions and ground rules are
discussed. The analysis of waste management practice is described in
Chapter 4 while the waste forms and quantities efforts are summarized in
Chapter 5. The rationale developed during the program for the necessary
research and development and a summary of research recommendations are
provided in Chapter 6. The final section, Chapter 7, contains TRW's con-
clusions and recommendations regarding various aspects of hazardous waste
management as identified in the course of the study.
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3. DEVELOPMENT OF THE INFORMATION BASE
The collection, analysis, and evaluation of information which
constituted the TRW study required the establishment of a program basis
including the ground rules, methodology, and priorities. Specifically
requiring definition were the waste stream constituents to be considered,
the study priority, methodology of the literature search, and the
establishment of an information system.
Development of the Waste Stream Constituent List
When the contract was initiated (December 1971), the Solid Waste
Research Laboratory provided TRW with a preliminary list of potentially
hazardous waste constituents developed by a previous contractor, Booz-Allen
Applied Research, Inc., (BAARINC). This list of waste materials constituted
the starting point for the investigation. All analyses of the adequacy of
current waste management technology were keyed to the waste stream
constituents on the list. Each entry on the supplied list was assigned
a unique hazardous material number by TRW which was retained throughout
the study. The first level of review was directed toward removing items
which were not well enough defined to allow evaluation, such as, mixed
acids.
The next level of review required the categorization of the constituents
in order to form and assign the research and analysis teams necessary to
develop the data base on each material and perform the necessary
evaluations. Tne initial list supplied by the Solid Waste Research
Laboratory was divided into five categories: (1) Organic Constituents;
(2) Pesticide and Inorganic Constituents; (3) Military and Explosive
Wastes; (4) Metals and Mining Wastes; and (5) Radioactive Constituents.
This categorization reflects a structure based on both chemical similarity
and application similarity. This breakdown correlated the types of
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compounds, the types of hazards, and the specialties of the staff assigned
to the project. Teams of two or more persons were assigned to each
category. Their first task was a more detailed review of the assigned
waste stream constituents in order to reassess tne inclusion of specific
materials in the study. At this point in time, February 1972, a revised
list contained in the first contractors final report draft was received
and the team assignments were again assessed. Materials added to the
original Solid Waste Research Laboratory list were added to the TRW list
but deletions were generally not applied without further review. Finally
each team determined if further additions to the list of waste stream
constituents were justified. Biological wastes were excluded from further
study. None were in the lists supplied by the Solid Waste Research
Laboratory since they are found primarily in municipal waste streams. Two
specific areas were found to require further investigation and addition
of materials; explosive wastes and radioactive, wastes.
Military and Explosive Wastes
While the initial list supplied to TRW contained some explosives such
as trinitrotoluene (TNT), no primary explosives or boosters were included
as hazardous waste materials. Since these materials are a particularly
hazardous handling and transportation problem the Military and Explosive
Waste Team undertook a review of the Treasury Department list of explosive
materials. The Treasury list was reviewed from the standpoint of selecting
materials which would represent tne various classes of both primary
explosives and secondary explosives which are or could be utilized in
military or commercial applications. The factors considered in the selection
included explosive sensitivity, the chemical class of the explosive, the
metals contained in the explosive, and finally the past, current, and
expected future use of the materials. The Department of the Treasury list
was narrowed from 217 to 33 including the materials originally included in
the lists resulting from the first contract study.
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Radioactive Wastes
The initial lists supplied to TRW contained few radioactive waste stream
constituents. Therefore, the radioactive waste team initiated a review of
the various types of radioactive wastes in order to identify representative
waste stream constituents to be included in the analysis. Liquid radio-
active wastes are often divided into three categories according to their
concentration and hazard potential: high-level; intermediate-level; and
low-level. High-level wastes are those with high radioactivity concentration,
long halfrlife and such biological significance that they require perpetual
isolation from the biosphere. The sources of all high-level wastes are the
reprocessing of spent reactor fuel elements and the weapon production at
the AEC facilities.
The term intermediate-level liquid wastes is applicable only to
radioactive liquids in processing status. These liquids must eventually
be treated to produce low-level liquids which may be released and a high-
level concentrate which must be isolated from the biosphere, thus, no
intermediate-level wastes, per se, ever require disposal.
Low-level liquid wastes are those wastes which can be discharged into
the biosphere without exposing population groups to a radiation level in
excess of a small percentage of their normal background exposure to
radiation. Wastes generated in the processing phase of the pre-irradiated
reactor fuel, along with wastes resulting from research laboratories and
medical and industrial applications of radioisotopes are generally
considered as low-level.
The term "low hazard potential" is more correct for most solid wastes
in that it emphasized radiation safety rather than the concentration of
radioactivity.
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The large volume, low hazard-potential solid wastes consist typically
of paper trash, packing material, broken glassware, protective clothing,
and contaminated equipment. Certain other types of solid wastes are small
in quantity, but high in radioactivity. Reactor ion-exchange resins,
irradiated control rods, metal parts from reactors, and parts of intensely
radioactive fuel elements fall into this category.
Materials which are representative of each of tne. above categories
of radioactive waste were selected for further study. The "fission products"
selected represent only a small fraction of the total elements produced in
a reactor, yet, form 98 to 99 percent of the total watts and curies
generated by the reactor fission products after one year. The five
actinides selected also account for the majority of activity generated by
the reactor actinide products. Finally, several low-level radioactive
wastes were selected after reviewing various waste materials on the basis
of half-life, production amounts, and type and energy of radioactive
emissions.
Establishment of Study Priority
In order to direct the program emphasis toward National Disposal Sites
and toward those waste stream constituents to be sent to those sites, the
project monitor directed that a preliminary basis for identifying candidate
waste stream constituents for disposal at National Disposal Sites be
synthesized and applied to the list of waste stream constituents. In
concurrence with the direction, a set of preliminary criteria were
defined in order to divide the potential candidates for National Disposal
Sites from the other materials listed, an exercise needing both a preliminary
definition of a National Disposal Site and an assessment of the current
a
data base.
16
-------
Since Section 212 of Public Law 91-512 provides no definition of a
National Disposal Site it was necessary at this point to synthesize for
purposes of the study a definition satisfying the requirements for a
National Site set forth in the law. The definition finally developed can
be summarized as follows:
National Disposal Site: A facility open to public use which must
have disposal processing capabilities to properly treat and/or
permanently store a designated class of wastes. Such facilities
would be limited in number and would be responsible to federal,
state, and local jurisdictions in ensuring the proper handling
and disposal of the wastes such that no harm to the public and/or
environment can occur.
This definition allows the listing of waste materials and specification
of processing required under 91-512, allows for the recognition and inclusion
of the burial sites operated in Atomic Energy Commission Agreement States,
and at least points the direction for Inclusion of private industrial
disposal facilities in current operation. In formulating this definition
it was not necessary to define the operating mechanisms of a Site other
than indicating it must be open to public use and must have adequate treat-
ment processing capabilities for certain designated wastes.
The final designation of these waste stream constituents to be treated
at National Disposal Sites required consideration of both the hazards
associated with the constituents and the evaluation of the adequacy of the
currently practiced treatment and disposal processes. At the initial stage
of the program, however, a sufficient information base was developed only
for evaluation of the hazard aspects of the waste stream constituents. The
initial criteria utilized hazard data, current regulation and judgment to
divide the finally selected list of waste stream constituents into three
tentative categories: Category 1, candidates for National Disposal Sites;
Category 2, candidates for Industrial Disposal; and Cateogry 3, candidates
for Municipal Disposal. The criteria developed were as follows:
17
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Category 1: Materials are very difficult to handle, have
Thresnold Limit Values less than or equal to 1 ppm, and/or are
highly explosive, and/or are very highly flammable, and/or
are currently regulated or considered for regulation by the
Environmental Protection Agency.
Category 2: Material can be handled by normal industrial
procedures, can be incinerated with proper scrubbing equipment,
buried without treatment in a Class 1 landfill, or broken
down by biological processes as utilized by industry.
Category 3: Materials are relatively easy to handle, can be
incinerated without scrubbing, buried in a Class 2 landfill,
or treated by municipal sewage treatment processes.
The above criteria were used to divide the updated list of waste
stream constituents into the three categories and the following approach
was synthesized. Those constituents in Category 1 were to be studied
first providing as deep an analysis as possible. Profile Reports (described
in Chapter 4) on these materials would be on individual compounds or
groups of chemically similar compounds (containing the same metal, for
example) and consultants, manufacturers, and users would be contacted
to ensure that the currently utilized disposal technology would be
identified and included in the analysis. Materials falling into Categories
2 and 3 would be profiled in larger groups collected on the basis of
somewhat similar chemistry or similar treatment. The Profile Reports
on these materials were to be written in as much detail as possible,
following the Category 1 materials.
Literature Search. An extensive survey of the available recent
literature related to each waste stream constituent and to the general
topic of waste management was conducted to provide much of the information
required for the TRW analysis. Abstracts were reviewed by literature
research specialists and were flagged when they contained certain pre-
determined keywords or key phases such as pollution, disposal, sludge,
18
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industrial waste, hazardous waste management, municipal waste treatment,
etc. Those flagged abstracts were further reviewed by the appropriate
research and analysis teams. Documents judged pertinent to the program
were ordered and put into the Information System described below. Other
forms of technical information such as applicable engineering and scientific
reference texts, manufacturers literature describing waste treatment processes
and product specification sheets were added to the system when identified
and available.
Information Systems. The major elements of the Information Systems
and their relationships are best described graphically (Figure 1). The
system was structured to process input from the engineering team members
in the form of documents, document requests, and lists of literature
citations resulting from the literature search. Input from the engineering
teams were assigned keywords and/or subject descriptors for inclusion into
a keyword index for cross reference purposes. Citations from the literature
search were keyworded by the Information System team with additional key-
words fed back into the system by the engineering team.
The basic element of the system was the assignment of a unique accession
number to each input entry as it began processing. This number was used
by the computer for preparation of order forms, keyword index, Theasurus
and bibliography. Also, the physical filing of the documents was by
accession number, allowing simple retrieval and reasonable assurance that
control of file integrity would be maintained.
After assignment of the accession number the document description was
entered into the computer data bank. All of the programs used to prepare
the various output reports utilized single data bank file, eliminating
costly and time-consuming hand data translation.
19
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ENGINEER
ORIGINATED
DOCUMENT
©
ENGINEER
ORIGINATED
DOCUMENT REQUEST
©
LITERATURE SEARCH
ORIGINATED
CITATIONS
ASSIGN
KEYWORDS
ASSIGNED PROJECT
ACCESSION
NUMBER
_»J ADDITIONAL |
r I KEYWORDS I
ENTRY MADE
INTO COMPUTER
DATA BANK
COMPUTER
PREPARED
KEYWORD
INDEX
COMPUTER
PREPARED
KEYWORD
THESAURUS
COMPUTER
PREPARED
BIBLIOGRAPHY
DOCUMENTS FILED
INTO
CENTRAL FILE
©
ENGINEER PREPARED
DOCUMENT
REQUEST PROCESSED
AND DOCUMENT
RECEIVED
COMPUTER
PREPARED
DOCUMENT
ORDER FORM
PROCESSED
AND
DOCUMENT
RECEIVED
I FILE I
! MICROFILM
OPTION
i
Figure 1. Hazardous waste program document control system.
-------
Because of the rapid influx of information during the beginning phases
of the program, a regularly scheduled update of the keyword listing and
bibliography was established and maintained. Final utilization of the
accession number was made by incorporating it as a unique reference number
for all reports generated during the Hazardous Waste Program. A
bibliography ordered by accession number is presented in Volume XVI.
21
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4. ANALYSIS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
An assessment was conducted of the adequacy of those waste management
practices currently utilized to dispose of hazardous waste stream constit-
uents thought to be possible candidates for national disposal. In order
to perform the analysis, the hazards associated with the materials and
their disposal (toxicity, flammability, explosiveness, corrosiveness,
volatility, radioactivity, etc.), as well as the operational characteristics
of the appropriate disposal processes (efficiency, complexity, state-of-the-
art, versatility, etc.), were evaluated with respect to a set of established
criteria. The results of these evaluations were the determining factors in
categorizing the waste stream constituents as being most applicable- to
national disposal, industrial type disposal, or municipal type disposal.
The vehicles used to document this analysis were the Profile Report
and the Process Description. Profile Reports were prepared for each haz-
ardous waste stream constituent or set of constituents having similar
physical/chemical properties and requiring similar disposal treatments.
Each Profile Report contains a general introduction which characterizes
the source of the hazardous waste and details the known physical/chemical
properties of the constituent as a pure compound. Additionally, a discussion
of the toxicology, radioactivity, and any other hazard associated with the
material is presented. Adequate waste management is defined with respect
to handling, storage, transportation, and disposal in terms of recommended
provisional limits on the concentrations of hazardous materials to which the
public can be exposed. Current waste management practices are described
and evaluated with regard to their adequacy. The conclusion of the Profile
Report is a recommendation as to the most appropriate processing available
and the waste treatment category (National Dlspoal, Industrial Disposal,
or Municipal Type Disposal) in which the individual constituent falls.
Process Descriptions were prepared for selected processes currently
utilized for the treatment of disposal of hazardous wastes. These des-
criptions detail the important features of each process and discuss their
applicability to the various classes of waste materials. The preparation
of these descriptions also eliminated unnecessary repetition of processing
details in each Profile Report.
-------
In the following portions of Chapter 4 is a detailed discussion of
the individual sections of the Profile Report, including the specific
information contained in each section, the relevence of that information
to the determination of adequate waste management, and illustrated sections
from Profi.le Reports, and a detailed-discussion of Process Descriptions.
The Profile Report is divided into six major sections falling into
two categories. The first category involves the characterization of waste
stream constituents and includes a .general section, a section on toxicology,
and a section on other hazards. The second category, characterization of
waste management, includes sections on definition of adequate waste manage-
ment, evaluation of waste management practices, and applicability to "National
Disposal Sites, these categories and sections are described in detail below.
Characterization of-Waste-Stream Constituents
Information characterizing each waste stream constituent was collected
and is presented in the first three sections of the Profile Reports. This
information was utilized in assessing the nature of the particular hazards,
the .complexity of the waste generation profile (i.e., sources, forms, quan-
tities and geographic distribution), and in determining waste treatment
processing applicability. The following is a detailed description of the
types of information presented in each of those sections.
General. This introductory section of the Profile Report contains
information such as historical background and manufacturing techniques of
the constituent as a pure compound or commodity, production rates, use
patterns, and types, quantities, sources and distribution of wastes con-
taining the constituent. Furthermore, the pertinent physical/chemical
properties of the material are summarized. '
The background information serves as an introduction to the Profile
Report and generally states the reasons why a particular material appears
in the environment as a waste constituent. The manufacturing techniques
utilized in the production of the constituent as a commodity (when ap-
24
-------
plicable) were evaluated to determine the forms, sources and distribution
of waste associated with production. The production rates and use patterns
were utilized in conjunction with waste generation factors for the various
applications (generated during the Waste Forms and Quantities Study and
discussed in detail in Chapter 5 of this report) to generate a waste pro-
duction profile in terms of forms, quantities and geographic distribution.
This information defined the seventy of the waste management problem in
terms of quantity and location. Physical/chemical properties of each
constituent, as pure compounds, were documented for use in evaluating the
applicability of specific treatment processes to the waste constituent.
For example, the densities and solubilities of constituents must be known
in order to evaluate disposal processes which utilize gravity separation
of the constituent from aqueous waste streams. Data on constituent prop-
erties such as melting and boiling points, vapor and liquid densities,
vapor pressures, flash points, autoignition temperatures, explosive limits,
solubilities, acid-base properties, reactivities with specific materials
and compatibilities with specific materials were documented on Hazardous
Waste Properties Worksheets.
The information presented in the General section of the Profile Reports
was obtained from such sources as process engineering texts, technical
journals, manufacturers bulletins, Bureau of Census documents, and direct
communication with manufacturers, industrial waste treaters and government
agencies. The specific sources of information are referenced in the text
of the individual Profile Reports and are presented in bibliographies at
the end of each report.
The General section for the Profile Report on 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic
acid (2,4-D) is presented as an example on the following pages.
-------
Example
PROFILE REPORT
2.4-D (135)
1. GENERAL
Introduction
The discovery of the growth regulating properties of the chlorinated
phenoxyacetic acids in 1944 and their subsequent employment as herbicides
began the modem era of selective chemical weed control. These compounds
are selective to broad-leaved weeds in cereals and could be absorbed from
soil as pre-emergent herbicides. The growth regulating action is shared
by a group of hundreds of related molecules all derived from the same
parent substance, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid or 2,4-0. In fact, to
permit the proper application and formulation of 2,4-D, the amine salts
and esters of the acid have been generally used instead of 2,4-D as such.
The cnlorophenoxy groups of herbicides which includes 2,4-0, 2,4,5-T
(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy acetic add) and HCPA (2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy
acetic acid) comprise approximately half the total domestic herbicide
market. The U. S. production flgures^for 2,4-D from the year 1960 to 1967
1n thousands of pounds are:0*49'1610
Annual U. 5. Production (thousand Ib)
1960 1961 IIS? 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967
361,315 43,392 42,977 46,312 53.714 63.320 68.182 77.139
However, in 1970 only 43.576,000 Ib of 2,4-0 were produced.17'8 The pro-
duction figures thus illustrate the gradual declining isportance of 2,4-D
as a base material for herbicides.
Manufacture
2,4-0 is generally prepared by the condensation reaction of monochloro-
acetic acid and 2,4-dich1orophenol in an alkaline solution at atmospheric
pressure, 60 to 80 C, and a residence time of 6 to 8 hr in a jacketed stirred
reactor;16'°
*These reference numbers refer to the Profile Report bibliography at
the end of the report on 2,4-D.
26
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Example
.'OH
cicHjCOOH «• NO.OH —»-
HfOOH
+ NOLCI •*• H2O
Large scale commercial facilities for the manufacture of technical
e 2,4-0 in the Unite
1777, 1778. 1779. 1780.
grade 2,4-0 in the United States include the following'774> 1775> 1776>
Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan
Rhodia Inc.. Chipman Division. Portland, Oregon
Transvaal Inc.. Jacksonville, Arkansas
The Transvaal plant was formerly operated by Hercules Inc.
Uses
The cnlorophenoxy acids are active by contact and by translocatfon
from leaves to roots of perennial Meeds and are used as pre-emergent appli-
cations to the soil for control of young seedlings. They are also effective
for aquatic weed control, for the elimination of unwanted vegetation, and
are selective against many broad-leaved annual weeds in cereal and grass
crops.0509
In addition, 2,4-0 and its derivatives have also found important uses
in related fields such as thinning of fruit, prevention of preharvest drop,
n'mQ
fruit setting, promotion of rooting and postharvest decay prevention.
Sources and Types of Pesticide Wastes
The sources of pesticide wastes may Include the following: (1)
pesticide manufacturers; (2) pesticide formula tors; (3) pesticide whole-
salers; (4J professional applicators; (5) cooperage facilities that recon-
dition drum; (6) agricultural users; (7) government facilities that store,
transport, and use pesticides; (8) urban and suburban home and garden
users; (9) commercial and industrial processes including those from rug
and fabric treatment facilities manufacturing plants, hospltah, etc.
-------
Example
In genera), pesticide wastes can be classified as either diluted or
concentrated wastes. Diluted pesticide wastes Include those generated in
tne xaste waters of the manufacturers, fonnulators, agricultural runoffs,
and possibly spent caustic solutions used to clean empty pesticide con-
tainers. Concentrated pesticide wastes Include any unused or contaminated
pesticides, pesticide materials left in containers after emptying, sludges
formed in treating waste water containing pesticides, sawdust or straw used
to soak up accidental pesticide spills.
Unlike most pesticides, 2,4-0 Is also used as an aquatic herbicide
and applied directly to lakes, rivers. Irrigation waterways, and other
surface waters for weed control, thus posing a potential water pollution
problem. 2,4-D has been reported to persist for several months in lake
waters.17"
Chlorophenoxy pesticides appear as waste stream constituents In varied'
forms and compositions. Typical waste streams containing Chlorophenoxy
compounds are as follows:
Solvents including toluene and xylene containing 1 to S percent
2,4-D and/or 2,4,5-T
Organic waste containing 20 to 25 percent 2,4-D; 20 to 25 percent
2,6-D; 10 to IS percent •ono- and tHChlorophenoxy acetic acids
Still bottom containing 2,4-D, 2,6-D and chlorophenols.
Solid wastes containing O.S percent 2,4-D
More detailed Information relating to the forms and quantities of waste
Chlorophenoxy compounds is presented 1n the volume titled Waste
Forms and Quantities.
Physical and Chemical Properties
The physical and chemical properties of 2,4-D are summarized in the
attached worksheet-
-------
Example
NUMBXUS HASTES MOTOriES
KMKSNKT
H. H. Heat 2.4.J (U5)
IUC Nam e.4.u|cnloroimero»»acetlc Kid
Cannon x«es
Stnictural Forauta
OCHjCOOH
Holetular wt. J,
Density (Condensed)
Vapor Pressure (reel
0.4 BD »
Melting Pt.
im.lnyl1' Bolllnj Pt._
. Density (»is)_
n*d Si C Md 30 Q
IMC"'
Fldsh Point
Autoljnitlon Ia^>.
li«1ts In Air (wt I) Lo«r
Eiplosive Llilu In Air (»t. I)
Solubility
Cold \UUr
O.OtI it ?5C
Others: Higtilj, soluble In etjer. oen»iie. citton tetrxtilorlde, «cetone. tnd tetr« wd
pentachloroethwes •*'
Acid. Base Properties^
andnonla salts.
A typical organic acid tint readll.
Highly React1«e »ltti_
Comatible «lth_
Shipped in fiber dnas and b««.
ICC Classification
Cout Gmrd Classification
References (1)0509
(2) 1618
-------
Toxicology or Radiation Hazard. -For Profile Reports discussing non-
radioactive substances, this section has the title Toxicology. For reports
dealing with radioactive materials, this section was titled Radiation Hazard
even though in some cases toxicological information about the radioactive
material was also presented.
The information presented in these sections of the Profile Report was
utilized to assess the toxicological and radiation effects exhibited by
man, animals, and plant life following exposure to the waste stream con-
stituents of concern. Primary emphasis was placed on toxicological arid
radiation effects in man.
The toxicological information generally documented included recommended
Threshold Limit Values (TLV) for man, Maximum Allowable Concentrations (MAC)
for man, Median Tolerance Limits (TL_) for fish, acute oral and dermal
) values for various forms of animal life, plant reactions following
exposure, and exposure symptoms in man. The TLV, MAC, TL and LDgg may be
defined as follows:
TLV - The concentration of an airborne constituent to which
workers may be exposed repeatedly, day after day without
adverse effect.
MAC - The concentration of a pollutant considered harmless to
healthy adults during their working hours, assuming that
they breathe uncontaminated air for the remainder of the
time (the MAC is generally being replaced by the TLV).
TL - The concentration of a pollutant that kills 50 percent
of the test organisms (usually aquatic life) within a
specified time span, usually 96 hours or less.
LD50 " The 9uantlty of a pollutant that kills 50 percent
of the test species (usually white rats) after a given
exposure or dosage within a specified time span, usually
48 hours or less.
30
-------
This information was the primary basis from which Recommended Provisional
Limits (discussed in detail later in this chapter in the section describing
the portion of the Profile Reports titled Definition of Adequate Waste
Management) for waste stream constituents were derived.
Toxicity data were obtained from open literature. The bulk of the
information was obtained from publications of the American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists, the American Industrial Hygiene
Association, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,
and the Battelle Memorial Institute publication, "Control of Spillage of
Hazardous Polluting Substances". The specific data obtained from these
and other sources are individually referenced in each Profile Report and
the appropriate references are cited in the bibliographies of each report.
All of the data utilized during the course of the Hazardous Waste Disposal
Study is documented in Volume II, "Toxicologic Summary".
Information presented in the Radiation Hazard section of the Profile
Reports generally discusses such topics as radioactive half-lives, ex-
posure effects in man, recommended standards for long exposure, as well as
permissible total body and organ burdens. Information sources were for
the most part government agency (mainly Atomic Energy Commission) documents
and were individually referenced in each Profile Report.
The radiation hazard information generally documented is expressed in
terms of rads, rems, and curies, defined as follows:
Rad - Radiation Absorbed Dose - the absorbed dose of any nuclear
radiation which is accompanied by the liberation of 100 ergs
of energy per gram of absorbing material.
Rem - Roentgen Equivalent Man - a criterion of biological injury
which is defined as:
Dose in rems = dose in rads x (Relative Biological Effectiveness)
= dose in rads x
physical dose of 200 -ky X-rays to produce effect of interest
physical dose of comparison radiation to produce same effect
31
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Curie - a unit of radioactivity equal to 3.7 x 10 disintegrations
per second.
The following examples are typical Toxicology and Radioactive Hazard
sections taken from the Profile Report discussing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic
acid (2,4-D) and the report covering carbon-14, cobalt-60, iridium-192 and
radium-226.
-------
Example
2. TOXICOLOGY
2,4-1' is of moderate acute toxlcity to manuals. The acute oral and
dermal LD,n values to the rat have been reported to be 375 and 1500 mg/kg
1277
body weight respectively. Inhalation of 2.4-0 dusts and sprays 1s
relatively harmless, and percutaneous absorption is negligible.
Chronically 2,4-0 is of low toxicUy, -nd can be Ingested by animals
and man in daily dosages approaching those which produce acute toxic
effects when given only once. .Thus, the cumulative effects of 2,4-0 are
minimal.
The AneHcan Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists 1971
recommended Threshold Limit Value (TLV) for 2.4-0 tn air 1s 10 mg/M3.0225
The 48-hour Median Tolerance Limit (TLJ for 2.4-0 established by the
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration for various types of fresh
water organisms 1n mlcrograms per liter are: P. California (stream
Invertebrate). 1.800; Daphnla pulex (cladocerans), 3,200; Rainbow trout
(fish), 960; and Gammarus lacustrls, 1,800. These data are Indicative of
the hazards to aquatic life associated with the use of 2.4-0.
33
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Example
2. KADI ATION HAZARD
Radium-226 1s one of the most hazardous radioactive materials known.
Radium-226 replaces calcium in the bone structure and Is a source of Ir-
radiation to the blood-forming organs. This, along with Its long half-
life (1,602 years) and high radiation energies, places it In the highest
radiotoxtcity group. It also has the longest history of use of any radio-
active material, and most of the standards for the effects of Ionizing
radiation on man are based on this material. .Carbon-14, cobilt-60 and
Indium-192 are moderately dangerous radioactive materials.
The effects of their radiation exposure are primarily dependent on
the amount of radiation and the portion of the body affected. The effects
of whole-body gamma radiation exposure are: (1) 5 to 25 rads, minimal dose
detectable by chromosome analysis or other specialized analyses, but not
by herogram; (2) 50 to 75 rads, minimal acute dose readily detectable In a
specific individual (e.g., one who presents himself as a possible exposure
case); (3) 75 to 125 rads, minima! acute dose Hkely to produce vomiting In
about 10 percent of people so exposed; (4) 150 to 200 rads, acute dose Hkely
to produce transient disability and clear hematologlcal changes In a majority
of people so exposed; (5) 300 rads, median lethal dose for single short
?fi&fi
exposure. These effects are for a single large dose of radiation or a
series of substantial doses In a short Interval of time to the total body.
The dose delivered to a particular body organ following the Inhalation of
1 microcurie of each of these radlonuclldes Is attached (Table 3). For
radium-226 the dose delivered to the bone is 300 rem following the Inhal-
ation of 1 microcurie (1.01 mlcrograms). The dose delivered to the bone
following the Injection of 1 microcurie Into the body via a wound 1s 1,000
rem.
Standards for prolonged exposure over a fifty year period have defined
the single dose limit in terms of the maximum permissible dose accumulated
in a period of 13 weeks. The whole body exposure limit 1s 3 rem per quarter
for a radiation worker and the accumulated dose limit 1s 5(N - 18), where N
1s the Individual's age in years. Limits for the thyroid, bone, and other
organs have also been defined. Values of the total body burden for each
radionucllde required to produce the maximum permissible dose rates defined
above have been compiled.0563 For rad1un-226 and carbon-14 the critical organ
Is the bone and the maximum permissible body burden Is 0.1 and 300 microcurles,
respectively. For cobalt-60 the critical organ 1s the total body and the
maximum body burden Is 10 microcurles. For 1r1d1um-192 the critical organ
1s the kidney and the maximum body burden 1s 6 microcurles.
34
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Other Hazards. This section of the Profile Reports documents any
hazards, other than toxicological or radiation hazards, associated with the
subject waste stream constituent. The types of hazards reported in this
section include the following:
Flammability - discussion of fire hazards when the material 1s
exposed to heat, flame, and/or oxidizing agents.
Explosiveness - discussion of the conditions under which
explosion will occur. Lower and upper ex-
plosive limits are given where applicable.
Corrosiveness - material incompatibilities with the waste
constituent are.discussed where applicable.
Detectability - problems in detectabillty such as low odor
levels and lack or delay of exposure symptoms
are discussed where applicable.
The information sources are referenced 1n the bibliographies of each Profile
Report. An example of the Other Hazards section, extracted from the Profile
Report on mercury and inorganic mercury compounds, is presented.
35
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Example
3. OTHER HAZARDS
All inorganic mercury compounds, with the notable exception of the
Ha tides, decompose to give toxic fumes of mercury on heating.
In addition tu its toxic properties, mercuric nitrate also possesses
some of the properties of nitrates. Acetylene fora a sensitive acetyllde
when passed into an aQueous solution of mercuric nitrate. Alcohols should
not be mixed with mercuric nitrate, as explosive Bercury fulminate may be
formed. Reactions of mercuric nitrate and phosphine give a yellou
precipitate, which explodes when heated or subjected to shock. Kercuric
nitrate also reacts with unsaturates and aroaatics with violence if given
time to generate enough neat, and could lead to explosions 1n its use for
0096 *
determining sulfur in Ball's reaction.
*Refers to bibliography in the Profile Report on mercury.
36
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Characterization of Waste Management
The final three sections of the Profile Reports, Definition of Adequate
Waste Management, Evaluation of Waste Management Practices, and Applicability
to National Disposal Sites, present criteria for adequate waste management,
treatment descriptions and judgements of adequacy and recommendations as to
the class of treatment required (National Disposal, Industrial Disposal and
Municipal Type Disposal) for safe constituent disposal.
Definition of Adequate Waste Management. This section of the Profile
Report discusses adequate waste management in terms of current storage,
handling and transportation techniques and the rules and regulations re-
garding those techniques. Additionally, maximum permissible ambient con-
centrations of the waste stream constituent in air, water and soil,
designated as Recommended Provisional Limits, are presented. The possi-
bility of recycling the waste constituents when they appear in appropriate
form (usually concentrated and lacking specified impurities) is discussed
and the names of manufacturers who expressed a willingness to accept those
materials are presented.
This information was utilized to assess the hazards associated with
the handling and transportation of the constituents as well as the dangers
associated with the various waste treatment processes discussed in the
individual Profile Reports.
Criteria for adequate storage facilities and transportation were
determined and are detailed in terms of container material specifications,
preferably storage temperature, pressure and specific diluent environments
when required, as well as the need for separate storage or requires seg-
regation from other constituents when appropriate. Shipping and storage
requirements as specified by regulating government agencies and associations
such as the Department of Transportation, the International Air Transport
Association and the U. S. Coast Guard are summarized and/or referenced.
Handling precautions are described in terms of protective clothing require-
ments and special handling equipment requirements. This information was
37
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utilized to assess the overall hazard associated with the waste management
sequence between waste constituent generation and waste disposal.
Adequate waste management is defined in terms of maximum acceptable
levels of occurrence in air, water and soil, based mainly but not solely
on the toxicological effects of the waste constituent. Those maximum
acceptable levels of occurrence were designated Recommended Provisional
Limits and are tabulated in this section of the Profile Reports. The
Recommended Provisional Limits in air represent the maximum constituent
concentration considered safe in terms of continuous exposure in the air
outside the physical boundaries of any processing facilities. This limit
is equal in value to one-hundredth of the established Threshold Limit
Value. For constituents for which no Threshold Limit Value has been es-
tablished, that of a structurally related compound was used. The Recom-
mended Provisional Limits in water and soil represent the maximum constit-
uent concentrations considered safe in terms of continuous exposure in
potable water sources and soil outside the boundries of processing facil-
ities. The Recommended Provisional Limits in water and soil are equal in
value, based on the worst case assumption that contaminated soil is
completely non-retentive and that the contaminant eventually percolates to
the ground water table and eventually becomes potable water. These con-
centration limits are equal in numerical value to either established
current drinking water standards or one-hundredth of the reported lowest
drinking water study level in cases where no drinking water standards
currently exist. When no standards existed and no study limit values
could be found, the value was calculated on the basis of one-hundredth of
the limit as calculated by the Stokinger and Woodward Method (based on
TLV's). When the calculation method had to be applied, and no established
Threshold Limit Values existed, the Threshold Limit Values for structurally
similar compounds were used. A detailed description of the methods utilized
as well as tabulated values for Recommended Provisional Limits for every
waste constituent is presented in Volume II, "Toxicologic Summary". Also
contained in the summary tables in Volume II are Recommended Provisional
Limits in water for fish, Threshold Limit Values, Maximum Allowable Con-
centrations, toxic concentrations for selected animal species, percent
38
-------
theoretical Biological Oxygen Demands, critical fish toxicities, and Median
Tolerance Limits for fish for each waste stream constituent evaluated.
The following is an example of the Definition of Adequate Waste Manage-
ment section taken from the report discussing mercury and inorganic mercury
compounds.
39
-------
Example
4. DEFINITION OF ADEQUATE WASTE MANAGEMENT
Handling. Storage, Transportation
Because of the extreme toxicity of Mercury and mercury conpounds, care
must be exercised in their handling to minimize contact with the skin or the
inhalation of airborne dust, as Me 11 as ingestion. Safety precautions should
include adequate ventilation of all wort and storage areas, enforcing strict
standards of housekeeping and personal cleanliness, and the use of protective
equipment. Workers should be examined periodically by competent physicians,
and referred to medical treatment after any mishap that night give rise to
an abnormally high Intake of Mercury.
The volatility of Mercury and the dangers of airborne inorganic mercury
salt dusts have necessitated the storage of Mercury and Inorganic conpounds
in tiyit containers. Mercury, Mercuric chloride, and mercuric sulfate are
classified as Poison B by the Department of Transportation (DOT), and the
rules governing its transportation are given in the Code of Federal
Regulations (CFR) Title 49—Transportation, Parts 100 to 199.°2'8 Although
mercuric nitrate and Mercuric dlaMBoniuM chloride are not on the DOT 11st
of hazardous materials, the saMe regulations for Class B Poisons should
also be applied In the transportation of these compounds because of their
toxic nature.
Spilled mercury and Inorganic Mercury compounds on floors can normally
by handled by several of the removal Methods available. Sweeping with
special vacuum cleaners can effectively rcMOve large droplets of mercury
and the greater portion of Inorganic Mercury salt In powder or dust form,
and this can tie followed by flooding with water, collection of the water
•lith suction pumps, and subsequent removal of the mercury from the
contaminated water by chemical precipitation, chemical reduction, Ion
excnange, or solvent extraction methods. For the chemical removal of
mercury, a substance is generally applied to react readily with mercury at
ancient temperatures forming nearly nonvolatile mercury compounds, which
can then be swept up. The chearical agents commonly used are Inorganic
polysulfides or powdered sulfur.0533
*Refers to bibliography in this specific Profile Report.
40
-------
Example
Methods suggested for treating water spills of mercury and Inorganic
mercury compounds Include adsorption with activated carbon and ton-exchanger
masses such as the Q-13 resin. Results of experiments conducted at the
Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory (CAL) has shown that an activated carbon
dose of 500 ppm could effect greater than 99 percent removal of mercury
from water with an Initial mercury concentration (as mercuric chloride) of
100 ppm, and It has been suggested the activated carbon could best be
Introduced Into the stream In water-pe-meable bags which would allow the
pollutant-laden water to pass through the bag material and Interact with
1419
the contained carbon. Ion-exchanger misses that could be employed In
treating water spills of mercury will be discussed later along with other
methods for removing mercury and Inorganic mercury compounds fro» liquids.
Disposal/Reuse
The greater portion of aercury and Inorganic mercury compounds present
In air and water waste streams can be removed and the mercury recovered for
Its value. However, although zero mercury discharge 1s the eventual goal
of all concerns, this Is not achievable with current technology, especially
when economical factors are also considered. For these reasons, the safe
disposal of mercury and Inorganic mercury compounds must still be defined
In terns of recommended provisional limits in the atmosphere and potable
water source and/or marine habitat. The provisional limits are as follows:
Contaminant
1n Air _.
Mercury
Mercuric Chloride
Mercuric Nitrate
Mercuric Sulfate
Mercuric 01amnon1um
Chloride
Provisional Limits
0.0005 mg/M3
0.0005 mg/M3 as Hg
0.0005 mg/K3 as Hg
0.0005 mg/M3 as Hg
0.0005 mg/M3 as Hg
Bails for
Recommandatlon
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
Contaminant In
Hater and Soil
Mercury
Mercuric Chloride
Mercuric Nitrate
Mercuric Sulfate
Mercuric 01 ammonium
Chloride
Provisional Limits
0.005 ppm (mg/1)
0.005 ppm (mg/1) as Hg
0.005 ppm (mg/1) as Hg
0.005 ppm (mg/1) as Hg
0.005 ppm (mg/1) as Hg
Bails for
Recommendation
U. S. Drinking
Water Standard
U. S. Drinking
Water Standard
U. S. Drinking
Hater Standard
U. S. Drinking
Water Standard
U. S. Drinking
Water Standard
41
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Evaluation of Waste Management Practices. In this section of the
Profile Reports, the specific waste treatment techniques currently utilized
or applicable to the subject waste stream constituents were evaluated in
the context of disposal efficiency, operational safety and environmental
impact. Current methods of waste treatment for the various constituents
were determined through review of the Booz-Allen study, other technical
literature and direct contact with manufacturers and waste disposers. An
understanding of each of those methods and their limitations was essential
in evaluating the applicability and adequacy of a particular process or
combination of processes for the treatment of each hazardous waste constit-
uent. For that reason, preparation of Process Descriptions discussed later
in this chapter detailing the important features of the common waste treat-
ment processes became necessary. The preparation of these Process Descrip-
tions also eliminated unnecessary repetition of processing details in each
Profile Report.
The general conclusions reached in the Process Descriptions together
with information obtained from manufacturers and waste disposers knowledgable
in.the application of the various processes to the specific waste constit-
uents, were the basis for the adequacy judgements presented in the Evaluation
of Waste Management Practices sections of the Profile Reports. The following
is an example of the section from the Profile Report discussing barium com-
pounds and is a representative Evaluation of Waste Management Practices
section.
-------
Example
5. EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Dilute Waste
Option Ho. 1 - Precipitation. By far the most widespread method used
for removing barium from Industrial waters 1s precipitation with sulfate
1 794
ion (usually sulfurlc acid) in settling ponds. The precipitate formed,
BsSO^, 1s only slightly soluble In water and the resulting effluent from
the pond contains about 2 ppm of barium. This effluent would then be di-
luted with an equal amount of water to meet the permissible criteria for
barium In public water supplies (1.0 ppm). Precipitation and settling 1s
normally a slow procedure and with high effluent flow it 1s normally nec-
essary to have settling ponds or lagoons In which to allow the slow coag-
ulation process to occur, the clear effluent removed and the precipitate
dried. Since barium sulfate is important In the barium Industry (see
section on Manufacturing) It can be economically recycled. This method can
be used for both concentrated and dilute barium wastes. In the else of
barium cyanide wastes, the cyanide must be removed first before precipitating
the barium with sulfurlc add. The primary method of removing cyanide fs to
oxidize it to C0? and N? with an alkaline chlorine solution. Other methods
for removing cyanide Include Ion exchange, electro-oxidation, and reaction
with aldehydes (refer to Profile Report on cyanides for additional Informa-
tion). Barium could also be precipitated by chromate ion to form barium
chromate. This is a workable method but 1s not normally economically feas-
ible unless a market as pigments for the precipitate 1s available.
Option No. 2 - Ion Exchange. Ion exchange can be used to remove
barium from dilute aqueous waste streams. Barium will behave much like
calcium and magnesium and can be removed from an aqueous waste stream by
either a sulfonlc acid type cation exchange resin or a carboxyllc weak add
1795
type resin, depending upon the pH of the stream. A.- ion exchange unit
cannot usually handle an Influent concentration load ao. 1SOO ppm. An
advantage of Ion exchange Is that due to the concentrative effects It Is
possible to apply this process in recycling barium materials or 1n concen-
trating wastes for transport to centralized disposal. The major difficulty
in ion exchange operation 1s the critical dependence on flow rite. The Ion
exchange system 1s designed to operate with a particular efficiency at •
certain set flow. Should this flow be exceeded-for even short ptrlotfi of
time, the efficiency for absorbing the barium 1on decreases driitlcally
causing the effluent to exceed the permissible Unit.
4;
-------
Example
Option No. 3 - Reverse Osmosis. The effectiveness of reverse osoosls
Ifil 2
to remove barium from Hater has been Investigated by Sourlrajan. Follow-
ing passage of a barlun waste stream through a porous cellulose acetate aem-
brane, tt was found that the barium concentration was reduced from 34.35
g/liter to 7.35 g/liter. It 1s conceivable that °R.O." 1s applicable to
dilute barium salt solutions as well, but no data 1s available to support
this assertion. With an effluent concentration of 7.35 g/llter. the "R.O."
unit would have to be used In conjunction with some other process (Ion ex-
change for example) to produce an effluent with a permissible concentration
of barium.
Option Ho. 4 - Adsorption on Activated Carbon. Activated carbon has
been shown to remove barium firm acetate solutions by Kuzln et al.'8'3
Although the laboratory Investigation was principally directed towards the
separation of uranium from other metallic compounds; It was found 1n the
same study that activated carbon possessed a sorptlon capacity for soluble
barium compounds of 0.7 mg/g carbon, thus demonstrating the feasibility of
activated carbon adsorption as a near future process for removing soluble
barium compounds from water.
The processes mentioned above deal exclusively with barlun wastes In
the conventional aqueous form. If, however, the barium wastes are present
1n the paniculate fora In a gas stream, the usual methods for removal of
participates, such as bag filters, electrostatic precipitation, and wet
scrubbers should prevent their escape to the atmosphere.
The best method for disposing of both dilute and concentrated aqueous
barium wastes 1s precipitation with sulfate Ion. The technique Is efficient
and adequate for large scale removal of barlun.
The other processes discussed (Ion exchange, reverse osmosis, and
adsorption on activated carbon) will result In reduced amounts of waste
barium but are not applicable as primary treatment methods. These pro-
cesses should function mainly as a secondary treatment of the effluent
from a barium preclpltatlve facility.
44
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. Applicability to National Disposal Sites. This final section of the
Profile Report recommends the general class of waste treatment required
by the subject waste stream constituents. The basis of the recommendation
is also presented. The constituents were characterized as requiring either
National Disposal Site treatment, common industrial type treatment, munic- -
ipal type treatment or any combination thereof. Constituents requiring
industrial type disposal are defined as materials which can be handled in
industry with normal precaution but which require special disposal tech-
niques such as combustion with scrubbing or long-term biological oxidation.
Constituents requiring municipal type disposal are defined as materials
which require some safety precautions and proper choice of municipal type
treatment such as combustion with air in a pollution-free manner, common
municipal sewage treatment procedures, or common municipal landfill pro-
cedures. Characterization as requiring National Disposal Site treatment
was based upon a set of criteria generated during the course of the program.
The formalized set of criteria (Table 1) reflect: (1) abundance of the
material present as wastes; (2) the degree of hazard associated with the
waste material; and (3) the complexity of the treatment that is required
in the disposal/recovery of the waste material.
It should be emphasized that these criteria are all qualitative in
nature, and a value judgement was exercised in Profile Report evaluations
when an individual investigator identified a waste stream constituent as
a National Disposal Site candidate. It was also not always necessary for
a hazardous material to satisfy the quantity requirement in order to qualify
as a National Disposal Site candidate, as exemplified by the low volume
high-level radioactive wastes.
In addition to the formal criteria that were developed, considerations
were also given to other factors in the identification of National Disposal
Site candidates. These included the transportability of the waste material,
economics of the waste treatment at low volumes, the amount of training
required for waste treatment personnel, technical knowledge of the personnel
generating the waste material, and the recyclability of the waste material
-------
TABLE 1.
CRITERIA FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF CANDIDATES FOR
NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES
QUANTITY CRITERION
(1) Material is present in sizable quantities as a waste.
HAZARD CRITERIA
(1) Waste material is highly toxic.
.(2) Waste material is toxic and not degraded, oxidized, reduced or combined to a nontoxic form
by air, water, or soil organisms.
(3) Waste material is radioactive with long half-life and/or high level radiation.
(4) Waste material is spontaneously combustible or is an explosive sensitive to heat or mild shock.
TREATMENT CRITERIA
(1) No disposal method other than long term or permanent storage is considered adequate for the
material.
(2) Adequate disposal techniques for the material are too specialized or complex for general
application.
(3) Adequate disposal methods for the material are under development but not yet available,
requiring short term storage.
-------
as a valuable resource. For example, transportability criterion meant that
gaseous wastes.and dilute aqueous wastes would not normally be considered
for treatment at National Disposal Sites. The economical and the high
training requirements led to the conclusion that hexavalent chromium and
cyanide wastes, which are generated by a large number of small plating
shops, should be considered as candidates for National Disposal Sites.
Pesticides are handled by farmers and household users lacking knowledge
of the properties of their compounds and this provided an additional reason
that they be considered'as candidate waste stream constituents requiring
National Disposal Site treatment. Lastly, manufacturers of certain haz-
ardous materials indicated a willingness to accept wastes containing these
materials for reprocessing/recovery, thus eliminating the need for National
Disposal Site treatment.
This section of the Profile Report also recommends the appropriate
disposal techniques and their order of preference when the specific hazardous
waste constituent under discussion has been judged a National Disposal Site
candidate.
The Applicability to National Disposal Sites sections from Profile
Reports dealing with a National Disposal Site candidate (2,4-dichloro-
phenoxyacetic acid) and noncandidate (carbon disulfide) are illustrated
in the following example.
47
-------
Examp.1 e
6. APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES
It is anticipated that disposal systems to Handle both dilute and
concertrated 2,4-D will still be required at National Disposal Sites
located near formulators, users, and especially agriculture centers tn
the near future. The dilute 2,4-U wastes that Hill require treatment
include spent cleaning solutions for 2,4-0 containers and any other 2,4-0
contaminated waste water. The concentrated 2,4-u wastes that will require
treatment include any surplus, contaminated, partially or fully degraded
pesticides.
Thi procwm rtiKamiilnl for the treatment of dilute 2,4-0 waste* at
national DfsiMa) Sttei art:
Procati Order of Preference Reaarlts
Activated- First Choice Demonstrated technology on commercial
Carton Beds scale; also adequate for removal of
tilt sodium salt and esters of 2,4-j
and most other types of pesticides
from waste water.
Ion ticAanft Second Choice Demonstrated technology, requires
neutral Nation to the sodium salt
first and not adequate for the
rasnval of the 2,4-0 esters from
water.
Biological Third Choi;e Demonstrated tecfr:'ogy on corrniercia'
Degradation scale; requires dilution with muni-
cipal sewage before treatment in
aerated lagoons aro stabilization
ponds.
The processes ';r the treatment of concentrated J.4-C wastes at
National disposal Sites are:
Process Order of PrefereflfK Senarys
Incineration First Choice- Demonstrated technology; applicable ti-
the disposal of organic pesticide wastes;
possibility of recovering, chlorine'in
the fora of usable rydrogen chloride.
Soil Surface Second Choice Demonstrated technology; also applicable
Application to the Disposal of other types of herbi-
cides that are degradable by soil micro-
organisms.
It should be noted that the activated-carton bed and Moloqical
degradation processes could also be employed in the treatment of other
types of dilute ary!o>aUylcarooxylic acid wastes, such as .",4,5-T and
HI PA wastes. To dispose of other types of comrntialPd arloxaUyUar-
boxylic acid wastes, because of the lack of supporting data on soil
surface application, incineration Is the only recomwndeil process.
-------
Example
6. APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES
The wastes generated In the manufacture and use of carbon disulflde
can best be handled and treated at the .site of generation by incineration
or recycling. Incineration should be available at the National Disposal
Site where the industry generating the waste has a special problem or can
not handle the specific problem safely.
49
-------
The findings of each Profile Report with respect to treatment categories
and preferred treatment techniques are: tabulated and presented in the apr
pendix of Volume I.
Disposal Process Descriptions. Process Descriptions were prepared
for the common waste treatment processes currently utilized. The general
methods available for the disposalyre.ep.very of hazardous wastes were
categorized into physical treatment, chemical treatment, biological treat-
ment, and ultimate disposal processes. Table 2 lists the 45 basic waste
treatment techniques that are currently employed, in pollution abatement,
under the four separated categories..
It was felt that detailed descriptions of all the 45 processes, listed
were not warranted, and that only certain' processes should be selected in
preparing the "Process Descriptions". The bases for the selection were:
(1) The process should be one that is applicable to the treatment
of hazardous wastes.
(2) The process should be one that is a candidate process for
National Disposal Site utilization (not a municipal or
common industrial type).
(3) The process should be a major unit treatment component.
Pretreatment processes and add-on facilities for subsequent
treatment should not be included,
\
(4) Processes that are standard chemical engineering unit
operations and are applicable to a wide variety of other
uses should not be included.
(5) Chemical treatment processes that are not "equipment
oriented" should not be included.
Although all the 45 processes listed satisfied (1) and (2), (3) l
eliminated all the liquid-solid separation processes and the gas cleaning
processes. In addition, (4) eliminated most of the other physical treat-
ment processes, with the exception of dialysis, electrodialysis and reverse
50
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TABLE 2
CLASSIFICATION OF WASTE DISPOSAL/RECOVERY PROCESS
Physical Treatment Processes
Gas cleaning
Liquid-solids
separation
Removal of specific
components
Chemical Treatment Biological Treatment
Processes Processes
Ultimate
Disposal
Processes
cn
Mechanical
Collection
Electrostatic
Precipitation
Fabric Filter
Wet Scrubber
Activated
Carbon
Adsorpti on
Adsorption
Centrifugation
Clarification
Coagulation
Filtration
Flocculation
Flotation
Foaming
Sedimentation
Thickening
Adsorption
Crystallization
Dialysis
Distillation
Electrodialysis
Evaporation
Leaching
Reverse Osmosis
Solvent Extraction
Stripping
Absorption
Chemical Oxidation
Chemical Precipi-
tation
Chemical Reduction
Combination and
Addi ti on
Ion Exchange
Neutralization
Pyrolysis
Activated Sludge
Aerobic Lagoons
Anaerobic Lagoons
Spray Irrigation
Trickling Filters
Waste Stabilization
Ponds
Deep Well
Disposal
Dilute and
Disperse
Incineration
Ocean
Dumping
Sanitary
Landfill
Land
Burial
-------
osmosis. The reason for (5) was that most chemical treatment processes
involved the use of different chemical reagents in the treatment of specific
types of wastes, and were better dealt with when discussing the disposal/
recovery of individual wastes.
Using the five criteria cited here, 15 processes were selected.
Table 3 lists these 15 processes and sites the volume and page numbers
where each Process Description appears in this report. The following is
a brief description of the format generally utilized in the preparation
of the Process Description.
Introduction:
Operation Principle:
Process Design:
Process Economics:
Process Modifications:
Includes a general description of the
conventional process complete with flow
diagram.
Presents a discussion of the underlying
physical principles or chemical mechanisms
for removal or transformation of the
wastes.
Describes the auxiliary equipment used
in the process and the loading parameters
controlling the design and operation of
the process. The range of normal operating
conditions (e.g., temperature, pressure,
pH, value) is also discussed.
Briefly discusses the capital and oper-
ation costs for waste treatment and the
major factors determining these costs.
Describes the common variations of the
disposal process.
Process Applicability: Presents a .discussion of the general
types of wastes that are or may be
treated by the process as well as the
applicability of the process to National
Disposal Sites.
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TABLE 3
PROCESS DESCRIPTION LOCATIONS
Process Category
Ultimate Disposal
Processes
Biological Treatment
Processes
Physical Treatment
Processes
Chemical Treatment
Processes
Process Description
Deep Well Disposal
Land Burial
Landfill Disposal
Ocean Dumping
Incineration
Activated Sludge
Aerated Lagoons
Oxidation Ponds
Trickling Filters
Dialysis
Electrodialysis
Reverse Osmosis
Radioactive Waste
Solidification
Pyrolysis
Ion Exchange
Volume No.
III.
Ill
III
III
III
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
III
IV
Page No.
1
19
45
69
99
1
27
43
55
69
91
129
145
291
113
53
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The general conclusions and recommendations reached in each Process Report,
with respect to hazardous waste constituent application and National Dis-
posal Site utilization, are presented in tabular form as Table 4.
54
-------
TABLE 4
PROCESS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS
Process Description
Conclusions and Recommendations
Deep Well Disposal
cn
c/i
Land Burial
The use of deep well disposal techniques at National Disposal Sites
should be limited to those waste stream constituents which have low
toxicity in themselves and which also do not have breakdown or expected
reaction products demonstrating high toxicity. This recommendation is
based primarily on the apparent lack of control over wastes following
injection. Without proper and adequate monitoring techniques the
migration of hazardous materials from the "storage" area may not be
detected until there is an effect on the non-storage area (ground water
contamination, etc.) when it might be too late. Furthermore, given that
an unexpected migration is detected there are currently no tested pro-
cedures which will reverse the migration or allow total recovery of the
materials, or seal the periphera to insure halting the migration.
Land burial is a possible choice for National Disposal Site utilization
for those hazardous materials that require complete containment and per-
manent disposal. This includes radioactive wastes as well as highly
toxic chemical wastes. Disposal can be accomplished by either near-
surface or deep burial. Deep burial is more applicable to the highly
toxic or dangerous materials since better isolation from the biosphere
is afforded. The important criterion in evaluating a particular land
burial process is determining the integrity of the site. Sites with a
life expectancy of a few hundred years are not applicable to wastes with
a life expectancy of a few thousand years. In addition, before any
land disposal methods can be selected, it must be determined if eventual
retrieval of the wastes is required. This could be required if new repro-
cessing techniques are devised or under emergency conditions.
-------
TABLE 4 (CONTINUED)
PROCESS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS
Process Description
Conclusions and Recommendations
Landfill
Cfl
Ocean Dumping
The utilization of landfill procedures for the disposal of certain
hazardous waste mater.ials at a National Disposal Site, in an industrial
environment, or in municipal application will undoubtedly be required
in the future. In order to ensure that no damage to man or the environ-
ment results from this technique it is recommended that all sites
currently used or proposed for the landfill disposal of hazardous wastes
be subjected to stringent design procedures. It is further recom-
mended that any site considered as a National Disposal Site be subjected
to the analyses whether it is expected that landfill will be a primary
disposal mode at that site or not since account must also be taken of
possible accidental spillage of materials which represents an unintentional
but direct application of the landfill technique.
The utilization of ocean dumping for disposal of hazardous waste stream
constituents is not currently recommended. Further research with speci-
fic wastes is required to determine the necessary additional information
on the effects of the wastes on the ocean environment. The effects of
the ocean environment on the wastes to be dumped must also be deter-
mined to ensure that toxic materials are not formed as the result of
reaction and interaction. Finally, research is necessary to develop
waste forms stabilized to ensure compatibility with the ocean environ-
ment on both short and long term bases.
-------
TABLE 4 (CONTINUED)
PROCESS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS
Process Description
Conclusions and Recommendations
Incineration
cn
Some form of incineration capability will undoubtedly be required at all
disposal facilities. The particular incineration process utilized is
dependent upon the waste being treated at a given facility.
Fluidized Bed Incinerator. The. fluidized bed incinerator is generally
applicable to the ultimate disposal of combustible solid, liquid and
gaseous wastes; a significant advantage over most other incineration
methods. For that reason, it is probable that this type of incineration
unit would find application at National Disposal Sites, especially con-
sidering its suitability to the disposal of sludges.
Rotary Kiln Incinerator. The rotary kiln incinerator is generally
applicable to the ultimate disposal of any form of combustible waste
material and represents proven technology. It can incinerate combus-
tible solids (including explosives), liquids (including chemical war-
fare agents), gases, sludges and tars. For that reason, it is very
likely that a National Disposal Site would contain a large industrial type
rotary kiln incinerator. The National Disposal Site facility would re-
quire the addition of highly efficient secondary abatement such as scrub-
bers and precipitators.
Multiple Hearth Incinerator. The multiple hearth incinerator is generally
applicable to the ultimate disposal of most forms of combustible wastes
and represents proven technology. It can incinerate combustible sludges,
tars, granulated solids, liquids and gases and is especially well suited
to the disposal of spent biological treatment facility sludges. For that
reason, a disposal facility, especially one which contained biological
treatment facilities, could contain a multiple hearth unit.
-------
TABLE 4 (CONTINUED)
PROCESS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS
Process Description
Conclusions and Recommendations
Incineration .(Continued)
Liquid Waste Combustors. Liquid waste incinerators are generally applicable
to the ultimate disposal of most forms (including dilute] of combustible
liquid waste materials and represent proven technology. Because of their
versatility, it is likely that some form of liquid waste incinerator would
be an integral part of a National Disposal Site incineration system.
Multiple Chamber Incinerator. Multiple chamber incinerators are generally
applicable to the ultimate disposal of most forms of combustible solid
waste and represent proven technology. Some of the materials currently
disposed of in this type of unit are general refuse, paper, garbage, wood,
phenolic resins, rubber, wire coatings, acrylic resins, epoxy resins, and
polyvinyl chloride. Although the multiple chamber incinerator is capable
of handling various types of solid wastes, its unsuitability to process
liquids, gases, sludges and tars limits its application. Since there are
other types of incineration units available which are much more diverse in
application (i.e., rotary kiln fluidized bed and multiple hearth incinera-
tors), it is doubtful that the multiple chamber incinerator would be a
primary candidate for National Disposal Site utilization.
Catalytic Incinerator. Due to the form of waste material to be treated
(dilute and in the gaseous state) catalytic incineration is best suited
for use at the processing site where the waste material is generated. Cata-
lytic incineration would find use at a National Disposal Site only as a
secondary treatment (i.e., afterburner) oh primary treatment processes
evolving varying amounts of miscellaneous hydrocarbons, alcohols, amines,
acids, esters, aldehydes and many other contaminants which are basically
hydrocarbon in nature. These materials have varying degrees of toxicity
and different odor levels; however, they all lend themselves to catalytic
-------
TABLE 4 (CONTINUED)
PROCESS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS
Process Descriptions
Conclusions and Recommendations
Incineration (Continued)
07
oxidation. Generally, the commercial catalysts available for installation
in operations which emit compounds of this kind are not specific. That is,
they tend to oxidize all combustible organic compounds in the stream
regardless of their type and concentration. Catalysts are also effective
in the reduction of oxides of nitrogen and in burning sulfur bearing com-
pounds such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon bisulfide.
Direct Flame Combustor. Due to the form of the waste material being
treated (dilute and in the gaseous state) direct-flame combustors are best
suited for use at the processing site where the waste is generated. Direct-
flame combustors would find use at a National Disposal Site as a secondary
treatment (i.e., afterburner) on primary treatment processes evolving vary-
ing amounts of combustible contaminants. They are also well suited to the
purification of ventilation air or any air which is monitored for pollutant
control.
Open Pit Incinerator. A variety of wastes have been burned in the pit
incinerator.It readily accepts heavy timbers, cable reels and construction
wastes. It burns plastics and similar high heat-release materials that
might detonate, or erode the refractory in a closed unit. It effectively
handles numerous types of manufacturing and process wastes both liquid and
solid, plant trash and rubber wastes. Although the open pit incinerator is
currently used industrially, it is not recommended for use at a National
Disposal Site because of the associated lack of effluent control. This
lack of control might result in emissions to the surroundings of harmful
combustion products such as chlorides, fluorides, cyanides, sulfur compounds,
carbon monoxide, or any partially combusted waste material.
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TABLE 4 (CONTINUED)
PROCESS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS
Process Description
Conclusions and Recommendations
Incineration (Continued)
Pyrolysis
Open Burning. Open burning is not considered to be an adequate form of
waste disposal because of the associated loss of gaseous effluent con-
trol. Although open burning is currently utilized for the disposal of
explosives and explosive wastes, it is anticipated that this practice
will cease when new technology is developed for this application.
Flares. Flares are generally applicable to the ultimate disposal of
large volumes of combustible gases and aerosols. They have found
application in most petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants.
However, flares are not recommended for use at National Disposal Sites
because of the associated lack of effluent control. This lack of control
might result in emissions to the surrounding of harmful combustion pro-
ducts such as chlorides, fluorides, cyanides, sulfur compounds, carbon
monoxide and any partially combusted or uncombusted waste material.
Additionally, the form of waste handled by industrial flares (concentrated
gases in large volumes) suggests that flares are best suited for use at
the processing sites where the waste gas is generated.
Although the pyrolytic converter is a versatile piece of equipment that
can be operated under varying conditions with various feed materials,
its auxiliary equipment tends to be specific for various feeds and desired
end products 1 For that reason, the overall pyrolytic process tends to
lack versatility. At a National Disposal Site, a pyrolysis unit would
probably find little direct application as a hazardous waste conversion
unit. However, if sufficient refuse was generated at the site, a pyro-
lysis unit could be utilized to convert it into fuel gas for use in other
operations (furnaces, incinerators, reboilers, boilers for steam produc-
tion and possible subsequent conversion to electricity, etc.) and coke
which could be utilized for its heat content or converted to activated
carbon for use in water treatment facilities.
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TABLE 4 (CONTINUED)
PROCESS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS
Process Description
Conclusions and Recommendations
Activated Sludge Process
Aerated Lagoons
Although the activated sludge process is probably not applicable to the
direct treatment of hazardous wastes in National Disposal Sites, instal-
lation of the process with a proper analytical monitoring system is
recommended for treating all the process waste water (spent cleaning
solutions, incinerator scrubber waste liquor, and cooling water) generated
within the National Disposal Site to ensure no release of pollutants to
the environment. The activated sludge process is most adaptable for treat-
ing biodegradable organic wastes with influent BOD5 less than 3000 mg/1.
Due to the sensitivity of the process to surges in waste loads, however,
it is recommended that the process waste water be partially pretreated in
trickling filters to stabilize the reaction of the activated sludge process
to surges in loading.
The limitations on the BOD removal efficiency will probably circumvent the
use of aerated lagoons as a single waste treatment unit where high quality
effluents are specified. At National Disposal Sites handling hazardous
wastes, it is recommended that the installation of aerated lagoons be
considered only under the following circumstances.
(1) as an interim treatment process that will be later converted
to an activated sludge unit or;
(2) as an "equalization tank" preceding other treatment units in
a multistage biological treatment facility or;
(3) as a "polishing pond" following other treatment units in a multi-
stage biological treatment facility.
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TABLE 4 (CONTINUED)-
PROCESS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS
Process Description
Conclusions and Recommendations
Oxidation Ponds
Trickling Filters
At National Disposal Sites treating hazardous wastes, it is recommended
that oxidation ponds be considered for installation as a polishing stage
for effluents from other biological waste treatment processes. Because
of the complexity and possible toxicity of the incinerator scrubber waste
liquors, spent cleaning solution wastes and spill control system wastes
which possibly will be handled at a National Disposal Site, a multistage
biological treatment system involving trickling filter - activated sludge -
oxidation ponds will probably be required on effluent water streams. Sffeh
biological treatment would follow-the removal of toxic, inorganic components
from;the streams.
The complexity of industrial organic wastes and the stringent specification
of effluent qualities have at times circumvented the use to trickling
filter systems as a single stage treatment unit. At National Disposal
Sites for the disposal of hazardous wastes, it is recommended that trick-
ling filters be installed as a roughing device and the first stage in a
multistage biological treatment facility. For example, systems can be
designed with high rate trickling filters in series with the activated
sludge process, to take advantage of the trickling filter's ability to
handle shock-loads and the ability of the activated sludge process to
produce an effluent of high quality, and thus eliminate some of the short-
comings of each.
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TABLE 4 (CONTINUED)
PROCESS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS
Process Description
Conclusions and Recommendations
Dialysis
W
Electrodialysis
Dialysis is a suitable means of separation for any materials on the
hazardous materials list which form aqueous solutions, e.g., inorganic
salts such as ammonium chromate, or acids and bases such as phosphoric
acid and sodium hydroxide. It is particularly suitable where high solute
concentrations are involved, since reverse osmosis is then inapplicable
and electrodialysis requires large energy inputs and concomitant high
cost. Its inherent passivity, however, makes it inefficient where con-
centrations of feed or product solutions are much below 0.1 percent.
With regard to acids and bases, dialysis does not require neutralization
prior to treatment, as reverse osmosis does. But no dialysis membranes
presently available are suitable for both acids and bases. With regard
to National Disposal Site application, dialysis could most effectively be
used for the further concentration of concentrated waste streams of
extreme pH. The waste would then be stored or recycled for recovery.
Electrodialysis is applicable when it is desired to separate out a variety
of ionized species from an unionized solvent such as water. In this re- .
gard, it might prove advantageous over reverse osmosis, where different
species may interfere with one another, or dialysis, where the relative
diffusivities and activities of the species play an important role.
lonizable nitrates and phosphates (e.g., Pb(N03)?, Hg(N03)2, Na3 POa) are
removed with varying degrees of efficiency. With regard to National
Disposal Sites, electrodialysis is applicable for the treatment of waste
streams where it is desirable to reduce the concentrations of ionizable
species in the intermediate range (10,000 ppm to 500 ppm) over a broad
range of pH (e.g., pH 1 to 14). Such streams may be comprised of com-
bustor scrubber liquors, for example, or they may be the effluents from
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TABLE 4 (CONTINUED)
PROCESS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS
Process Description
Conclusions and Recommendations
Electrodialysis (Continued)
Ion Exchange
cn
Reverse Osmosis
another treatment process which handled a stream of much higher concen-
tration (e.g., dialysis). If an effluent of concentration lower than
500 ppm is desired, the electrodialysis effluent could be fed into
another treatment process such as ion exchange. Its applicability to
unionized organic species is effectively nil.
Ion exchange technology can be employed to remove, concentrate, and
immobilize all of the metallic and non-metallic ionic species listed by
the United States Public Health Service as toxic or undesirable when
present in .concentrations above certain levels. There are, for example,
ion exchange techniques for removing the following potentially undesirable
species from water and waste streams; iron, aluminum, manganese, copper,
zinc, chromium, silver, nickel, cobalt, cadmium, barium, uranium, radium,
mercury, lead, fluorine, boron, nitrates, phosphates, arsenic, sulfides,
phenol, chlorophenols, glucose, and glycerine. With regard to National
Disposal Sites, ion exchange could be used in conjunction with other
concentrating processes. The main purpose of ion exchange at the Site
would be to concentrate and remove specific hazardous wastes from various
waste forms prior to long-term storage or recycling.
Reverse osmosis is an appropriate method for concentrating wastes on the
hazardous materials list which form ions in aqueous solution, e.g., am-
monium chromate. Also, organic materials of large molecular weight, such
as dyes or bacteria, which dissolve or form suspensions in water are
readily separable. Materials whose rejections by reverse osmosis are
very poor are mainly low molecular weight organic compounds which do not
ionize in aqueous solution, e.g., ethanol or urea. As a general rule,
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TABLE 4 (CONTINUED)
PROCESS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS
Process Description
Conclusions and Recommendations
Reverse Osmosis (Continued)
Radioactive Waste
Solidification
materials which are marginally soluble or insoluble are not appropriates
since their precipitation clogs the membrane. With regard to National
Disposal Site application, reverse osmosis could be used for concentrating
scrubber liquors, as might originate from combustors. The waste could
then be further concentrated by evaporation, for example, prior to long-
term storage or recycling to the supplier.
The low-level radioactive waste solidification processes are applicable
to National Disposal Sites since they utilize those wastes that are
currently disposed 'of by direct burial in the ground. In general, these
solidification processes are more adaptable to the short-lived isotopes
(6 months to 30 yr) and less hazardous materials. The source of these
types of wastes are the secondary streams generated at nuclear power plants
and fuel reprocessing facilities, along with the wastes resulting from re-
search laboratories and medical and industrial applications of radioiso-
topes. Cement, asphalt, and polyethylene are used for the solidification
of these types of wastes.
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5. DETERMINATION OF FORMS, SOURCES, AND QUANTITIES OF HAZARDOUS WASTES
The need to ensure that National Disposal Sites will have the capa-
bility and capacity to properly treat candidate waste stream constituents
in the forms in which they would be sent there requires the determination
of: (1) the actual forms of the hazardous materials in the appropriate
waste streams; and (2) the quantities of the various waste forms on a
national basis, and wherever possible, on a regional basis. Recognizing
that the necessary information was not available in the literature or
from the previous contract, the TRW program was expanded to include this
additional effort. j
It was beyond the scope of the study to attempt to determine the forms
and quantities of every hazardous waste in a sufficient level of detail to
be useful. Since the need to limit the scope was realized from the early
beginning, the initial effort in this part of the program was to identify
the hazardous waste stream constituents which merit intensive study. The
general guidelines that have been employed in this selection task were
similar to those developed for the identification of candidate waste stream
constituents requiring treatment at National Disposal Sites. For each
hazardous material, considerations were given to its degree of toxicity.
the probability of its presence in sizable quantities as a solid, semi-
solid, or concentrated liquid waste, and the complexity of the treatment
that is required in its disposal/recovery. Utilizing the preliminary
findings in the TRW program as a basis, and the additional information
supplied by discussions with industrial and consultant contacts, the fol-
lowing were identified as hazardous waste stream-constituents whose waste
forms and quantities information would have the greatest potential impact
on the design of future National Disposal Sites:
(1) Pesticides — including inorganics, organic arsenicals,
organochloro and organophosphorus compounds;
(2) Mercury and mercury compounds;
(3) Arsenic and arsenic compounds;
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(4)4 Cadmium and cadmium compounds
(5) Lead compounds;
(6) Soluble copper compounds;
(7) Selenium and selenium compounds;
(8) Boron hydrides;
(9) Chromium compounds;
(10) Inorganic cyanides;
(11) Hydrofluoric and fluoboric acids;
(12) Specific organic chemicals—acrolein, dimethyl sulfate,
chloropicrin, pentachlorophenol, and polychlorinated
biphenyls;
(13) Explosives;
(14) Chemical warfare and riot control agents.
Radioactive wastes were not considered in the additional effort since
an inventory of AEC generated wastes were contained in the Booz-Allen re-
port. Radioactive wastes stored at Agreement State sites are being estimated
from data obtained from the Kentucky State Department of Public Health.
The information derived is summarized in the remainder of this section
and is presented in detail in Volume XIV.
Sources of Hazardous Wastes
Before the bulk of the information on the forms and quantities of
hazardous wastes could be assembled through industrial, consultant, and
governmental contacts, it was important to first determine the principal
sources of these hazardous wastes. The data base on the particular
hazardous waste stream constituents selected for this study, and specifi-
cally, the Booz-Allen report, the California State Department of Public
Health reports, the information obtained from the Rollins Environmental
Services subcontract effort Identifying the composition and types of haz-
ardous wastes generally received by waste disposal firms, and the Joint
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Logistics Commanders Inventory of Obsolete Conventional Munitions, were
extensively reviewed. The results of this investigation indicated that
the sources of hazardous wastes could be broadly classified as: (1)
manufacturing industry, (2) end users of finished products, (3) industrial,
regional Environmental Protection Agency, and Department of Defense storage
4
facilities.
Hazardous waste stream constituents are found in manufacturing wastes
due to their presence in the raw material, their application in the com-
mercial production of other materials, or chemical conversions from raw,
intermediate or finished products. The type of hazardous wastes generated
by the manufacturing industry may include contaminated rags and packaging
material, sludges, filter residues, fly ash and flue dust, tars from still
bottoms and reactors, process solutions, contaminated solvents, wash and
rinse water, and off-quality products. For the identification of the
sources of these hazardous wastes, the hazardous waste stream constituents
were correlated with the waste sources by industry* or government agency
and this information was summarized in tabulated form (Table 5).
Hazardous wastes are generated by the end users of finished products
as the products containing hazardous materials are replaced or as the
containers with residual amounts of hazardous material are discarded. Exam-
ples of hazardous wastes generated as the result of product replacement in-
clude old batteries, control instruments, and fluorescent tubes that contain
mercury, and old heat exchanger equipment, capacitors and transformers that
contain polychlorinated biphenyls. Examples of hazardous residue wastes
include pesticide and toxic paint residues left in used containers.
There are also large quantities of hazardous wastes stored in govern-
ment and industrial facilities awaiting disposal. These include surplus
pesticides, arsenic trioxide, pentaborane, other excess hazardous chemicals,1"
obsolete or overage conventional munitions, and surplus chemical warfare
Correlation of waste sources by Standard Industrial Code (SIC) is
usually too general.
"'"Excess hazardous chemicals in Department of Defense storage facilities;
mostly cpmpounds used in metal plating such as chromates, chromic trioxide,
and cyanides.
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TABLE 5
SOURCES OF HAZARDOUS WASTES BY INDUSTRY OR GOVERNMENT AGENCY
Industry and Government Agency
Hazardous Waste Stream Constituents
Pesticide manufacture
Pharmaceutical manufacture
Paint and allied products
manufacture
Sodium dichromate manufacture
Petroleum production
Organic chemical industry
Explosive manufacture
Phosphoric acid production
Smelting and refining of metals
Chior-alkali plants
Battery manufacture
Metal plating and finishing
Stainless steel pickling
Copper pickling
Printed circuit production
Xerox drum manufacture
Leather tanning industry
Textile industry
Department of Defense
Pesticides
Mercury
Cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury
selenium
Chromium
Organic lead
Copper, organic lead, acrolein,
dimethyl sulfate, chloropicrin,
pentachlorophenol, polychlorinated
biphenyls
Explosives
Arsenic
Arsenic, cadmium
Mercury
Cadmium, lead, mercury
Cadmium, chromium, copper, cyanides,
fluoboric acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Copper
Copper
Arsenic, selenium
Chromium
Chromium, copper
Explosives, riot control agents,
chemical warfare agents.
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materiel. Surplus pesticides have been accumulated as the result of can-
cellation of registrations and certain use patterns. In the case of ar-
senic tri oxide, there is currently a very limited demand for this compound,
and a satisfactory, economical disposal method has yet to be developed.
The pentaborane was produced under government contracts more than ten years
ago for research in rocket fuels, and has been in storage since this ap-
plication was terminated. Obsolete and overage conventional munitions
scheduled for disposal are in the custody of the U. S. Army and U. S. Navy,
at various military stations throughout the continental United States.
Chemical warfare materiel declared surplus by Executive Directive is under
the cognizance of the U. S. Army.
General Methodology
The approach taken to obtain information on the forms and quantities
of hazardous wastes depends on the source of the waste material. For those
wastes that are generated by the manufacturing industry or government
agencies, the sources of data came from: (1) consultants, (2) industrial
contacts, (3) government contacts, and to a much lesser degree, (4) existing
literature. The consultants employed included a large waste disposal firm,
Rollins Environmental Services, which provided information on the forms and
composition of industrial hazardous waste streams generated in the New York,
Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware region and in the Gulf Coast region.
Direct contacts with individual plants generating the hazardous wastes have
provided additional information on the forms and composition of industrial
hazardous waste streams, as well as most of the information on the quantities
of industrial hazardous waste streams.* These contacts were normally es-
tablished through telephone interviews and written communications, although
field visits were conducted to paint and pesticide manufacturing plants,
sanitary landfill disposal sites, and commercial waste disposal facilities.
The government agencies contacted for information on industrial hazardous
waste streams included the U. S. Army Munitions Command, the Joint
Logistics Commanders Panel of the Department of Defense, the California
*Some of the information provided was of indirect nature, such as the
percentage of arsenic present in phosphate rocks used in the production of
phosphoric acid.
phosphoric acid.
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State Department of Public Health and the California State Water Resources
Control Board.
For hazardous wastes that are generated by the end users of finished
products containing hazardous constituents, the forms of the waste streams
are normally the used or residual product and do not require further
definition. Information on the quantities of these hazardous wastes was
generally not available directly from any source. However, the data re-
quired for estimating the waste quantities, such as production volume and
application areas of the hazardous waste stream constituents, were readily
obtained from the published literature.
For hazardous wastes stored in industrial and government facilities,
the sources of data were primarily the individual plants where the particular
hazardous wastes were stored, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
the Joint Logistics Commanders Panel, the Munitions Command, and the U. S.
Defense Supply Agency.
Estimation of Total Hazardous Waste Quantities. The limitation of
time for this study precluded the survey of every plant in the country
that produces the industrial hazardous waste streams of interest. The
strategy to develop the waste forms and quantities information for the
identified industrial hazardous waste streams was therefore to personally
contact as many plants in each major waste source category as necessary to
provide a meani-ngful, representative "waste production factor".* The
number of plants contacted to obtain the required data ranged from one
to over thirty for each industrial hazardous waste stream investigated.
The waste production factors are multipliers which can be applied to
either the production or the consumption figure of a particular industry
for the estimation of the total quantity of hazardous wastes generated.
*The TRW study was based on data obtained directly from industrial
and consultant sources. The previous Booz-Allen study was based on survey
of available literature.
+When the plant is the sole source of a hazardous waste stream—in
which case there is no need to derive a waste production factor.
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Therefore, the waste production factors are expressed either as quantity
of hazardous waste generated per unit production volume or as quantity of
hazardous waste generated per unit hazardous material consumed. The first
type of waste production factor is used when the hazardous waste stream
constituent may also be the principal product or a by-product, and when
the hazardous waste volume is directly related to the production capacity
of the plant. The second type of waste production factor is used when
part of the hazardous material intended for consumption at a plant is lost
in the application or production process and becomes a constituent of the
waste stream from the plant, and is also used when the production capacity
of a plant is difficult to define. Examples of the first type of waste •
production factor included pound of toxic paint sludge generated per
pound of paint produced, and pound of mercury loss through brine sludges
per ton of chlorine produced. Examples of the second type of waste pro-
duction factor included pound of cadmium loss per pound of cadmium consumed
by the electroplating industry, and pound of copper loss per pound of
copper consumed by the printed circuit industry.
The waste production factors were normally obtained by dividing the
quantity of hazardous waste generated by the production or consumption
capacity of the plant. The total quantity of each hazardous waste stream
(or the total quantity of the hazardous constituent released into the
environment through that stream) was computed by multiplying the total
production or consumption figure for the industry by the corresponding
waste production factor.
For hazardous wastes that are generated by the end users of finished
products containing hazardous constituents, the methods used to estimate
the total quantities of hazardous wastes are separately discussed under
the individual reports on each hazardous waste constituent in Volume XIV
since a general method of computation was not applicable.
For hazardous wastes stored in industrial and government facilities,
information on the waste forms, quantities, and locations were reported
and there was no need for estimates. In the case of the information
reported by the Department of Defense on surplus pesticides, excess chem-
icals, and munitions awaiting disposal, the listings were lengthy and it
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was necessary to compile and summarize the data before these could be pre-
sented in a comprehensive form in Volume XIV.
Geographic Distribution of Hazardous Wastes. The geographic distri-
bution of the hazardous wastes investigated are generally presented in
terms of the standard U. S. Regions as identified by the Bureau of Census.*
Where the locations of the facilities producing hazardous wastes were not
known, estimates of the waste distribution were based on: (1) regional
production activity if the hazardous waste is generated by the manufacturing
industry;' and (2) regional consumption volume if the hazardous waste is
generated by the end users of finished products which contain hazardous
constituents.
For each industrial sector identified with a hazardous waste stream,
there were two types of methods to measure the regional production .activity.
When the production capacities and the locations of the plants generating
the hazardous wastes were known, distribution of the total hazardous wastes
was computed from the total production capacity in each U. S. Bureau of
Census region. This was usually the case when the hazardous waste stream
under investigation was generated by only a few major plants in the country.
The second type of measure for regional production activity was the value
added by the manufacture.* The value added by manufacture is derived by
subtracting the total cost of materials from the value of shipments and
other receipts, and adjusting the resulting amount by the net change in
finished products and work-in-process inventories between the beginning
*With the exceptions of pesticide waste distributions, which are
presented in terms of USDA regions, and explosive wastes distributions
which are presented by state.
*It was also assumed that technology within an industry is homogeneous
and does not change according to geographic location.
The "value added by manufacture" figures were only used to complete
the geographic distribution of the hazardous wastes. These figures are
given in terms of each major SIC category (and for each state) and would
not be useful for the estimation of the total quantity of any specific
waste stream.
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and end of the year. The value added factor is considered by the Department
of Commerce to be the best value measure available for comparing the rel-
ative economic importance of manufacturing among industries and geographic
areas. The regional value added figures for each industrial sector were
most useful for computing the distribution of hazardous wastes generated
by industries that are composed of a large number of smaller plants, such
as the electroplating industry.
Generally, the quantity of a hazardous waste stream generated in a
region by the end users of the finished product containing the hazardous
constituent is proportional to the quantity of the finished product con-
sumed in that region. For most cases, the regional consumption is also
proportional to the regional population, and the population distribution
was used to compute the geographic distribution of the hazardous wastes.
Where more specific information was available a more exact and detailed
approach was used as, for example, the regional pesticide use pattern was
used to give a more accurate geographic distribution of the type of pesti-
cide residue wastes left in used pesticide containers.
Summary of Findings
The specific assumptions and the 'methods of estimation used in the
determination of the forms and quantities of hazardous wastes, along with
detailed discussions of the sources, forms, composition, quantities and the
geographic distribution of these wastes, are included in Volume XIV. A
brief summary of the findings on each hazardous waste streams constituent
investigated is presented below.
Pesticide Wastes. The three principal types of pesticide wastes from
pesticide manufacturers and formulators are: (1) solid wastes containing
0.1 to 10 percent active ingredients on rags, bags, paper, fiber drums,
steel drums, filter solids, etc.; (2) contaminated solvents containing 1
to 10 percent active ingredients and inert carriers in aqueous or organic
solutions; and (3) process solutions that may contain up to 50 percent
active ingredients, Jecomposition products, jndesired by-products, etc. It
is estimated that 200 million Ib of pesticide contaminated solid wastes,
20 million Ib of pesticide contaminated organic solvents, and 10 million Ib
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of pesticide process solutions are generated each year by the pesticide
manufacturing industry. The amount of active pesticide ingredients lost
through these hazardous waste streams is approximately 3 million Ib per
year.
The total number of pesticide containers of all sizes requiring dis-
posal in 1970 were computed to be in excess of 199 million. Of these,
approximately 30 million are liquid pesticide containers which pose the
greatest disposal problem. The total quantity of pesticide active in-
gredients left in the empty containers has been estimated to be 870,000 Ib
in 1970.
Sizable quantities of surplus pesticides have been accumulated in
government facilities. The quantity of surplus pesticides currently in
storage in Department of Defense facilities in the continental United
States awaiting disposal amounts to 10 million Ib, including 8.2 million
Ib phenoxy herbicides, 1.4 million Ib polychlorinated hydrocarbon insec-
ticides, and 140,000 Ib organophosphorus insecticides. The quantity of
surplus pesticides currently under the custody of the regional Environmental
Protection Agency offices and requiring disposal amounts to 1.8 million Ib.
In addition, there are also 25,000 55-gal. drums of 2,4-D and 2,4;5-T
manufacturing by-product wastes stored at Alkali Lake, Oregon.
Mercury Wastes. The principal sources of mercury wastes in solid,
semi-solid, or concentrated liquid forms have been identified as: (1) brine
sludges from mercury cell chlor-alkali plants; (2) waste sludges from paint
manufacturers; (3) paint residue left in used paint containers; (4) mercury
used in electrical apparatus, industrial and control instruments, etc. that
are not currently recycled. Mercury wastes from pharmaceutical and battery
manufacture have been found to be insignificant.
The constituents of the brine sludges from mercury cell chlor-alkali
plants include barium sulfate, calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, magnesium
oxide, magnesium hydroxide, graphite, some iron, aluminum, mud, rocks, and
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typically 100 ppm mercury in the form of HgCl^. An estimated 16,500 1b
of mercury are lost through 57,000 tons of brine sludges per year.
Phenyl mercury compounds are still used as mildewcides in water-based
paints. The waste sludges from the latex washing system in paint manu-
facture typically contain 15 percent pigments, 20 percent binders, 65 per-
cent water, and 100 to 150 ppm mercury. It is estimated that 1,800 Ib of
mercury are lost through 26 million Ib of water-based paint sludges per
year.
The paint residues left in used containers discarded in municipal dumps
often contain 0.02 to 0.10 percent mercury. .It is estimated that as much as
32,700 Ib of mercury are lost through these paint residues per year.
Of the mercury used for other potentially recyclable uses, such as
electrical equipment, measurement and control apparatus, and general lab-
oratory uses, approximately 1 million Ib per year (in batteries, fluores-
cent tubes, switches, etc.) are disposed of in landfills, dumps and
incinerators.
Arsenic Wastes. The principal sources of arsenic wastes have been
identified as: (1) flue dust from coal combustion; (2) flue dust from
metal smelters; (3) production of food grade phosphoric acid; (4) pesti-
cide residues left in used containers; and (5) miscellaneous forms of
arsenic contaminated material, arsenic trioxide, and surplus arsenic
pesticides in storage.
An estimated 85 million Ib of arsenic trioxide are. oroduced from coal
combustion every year. The fraction of this amount that is currently being
trapped by particulate removal systems is not known, but is expected to
approach the above figure as tighter emission standards are enforced.
The amount of arsenic containing flue dusts recovered from the smelting
of copper, lead, zinc, and other arsenic-bearing ores is estimated to be
80 million Ib per year. The flue dusts normally contain 30 percent arsenic
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tri.oxide, along with mineral oxides, silica, and other materials. The
amount of arsenic trioxide recoverable from metal smelting is therefore
24 million Ib per year.
Nearly all phosphate rocks contain arsenic to some extent. As a
result, phosphoric acid contains arsenic as an impurity and must be treated
by sulfide precipitation to yield the food grade product. A typical waste
stream from this purification process contains 8 percent arsenic sulfide,
7 percent activated carbon, 29 percent filter aid, 35 percent phosphoric
acid, and water. Approximately 40,000 Ib of arsenic waste (as arsenic
sulfide) are generated in the manufacture of food grade phosphoric acid
per year.
The major organic arsenicals used as pesticides include cacodylic
acid, and the mono- and di-sodium salts of methane arsonic acid. The
amount of these organic arsenicals left as residues in pesticide containers
is estimated to be about 35,000 Ib per year.
Miscellaneous arsenic wastes in storage awaiting proper disposal or
treatment include: (1) a stockpile of 40 million Ib of crude arsenic
trioxide at American Smelting and Refining Company, Tacoma, Washington;
(2) 16,000 Ib of still bottom residues containing 15 percent arsenic stored
in 55-gal. drums at Aerojet General Corporation, Sacramento, California;
(3) 60 million Ib of solid wastes containing sodium chloride, sodium
sulfate, and 1 to 1.5 percent cacodylate contaminants stored in concrete
vaults at Marinette, Wisconsin; (4) 12 tons of lead arsenate at Los
Angeles Chemical Company, Los Angeles, California; (5) 34,000 Ib of calcium
arsenate, lead arsenate, copper acetoarsem'te and other inorganic arsenic
pesticides under the control of the Environmental Protection Agency and
the Department of Defense.
Cadmium Wastes. The principal sources of cadmium wastes have been
identified as: (1) rinse water and dragout from the electroplating in-
dustry; (2) waste sludges from paint manufacture; (3) paint residue left
in used paint containers; and (4) wash water from the manufacture of
nickel-cadmium batteries.
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The electroplating industry is the largest user of the cadmium metal
and is at the present also the largest source of cadmium wastes. The
cadmium wastes are generated primarily as the result of the rinsing oper-
ations, and the typical aqueous waste stream contains 100 to 500 ppm
cadmium, along with other heavy metals, cyanides, and metal surface
cleaning agents. Large volumes of liquid waste streams having a much
higher cadmium content, however, have also been reported. An example of
such a waste stream contains 1.5 percent cadmium cyanide, 8.5 percent
sodium cyanide, 3 percent sodium hydroxide, and traces of other metals.
The total amount of cadmium wastes as cadmium from the electroplating
industry has been estimated to be 1.44 million Ib per year.
Cadmium wastes are generated in paint manufacture as a result of the
kettle washings and equipment cleanup. The two most important cadmium
pigments are the cadmium sulfide and the cadmium sulfoselenide. Cadmium
in these forms are found in the solvent-based waste paint sludges, which
typically contain 27.5 percent pigments, 25.0 percent binders, and 47.5
percent organic solvents. It is estimated that 5,100 Ib of cadmium are
lost through 37 million Ib of solvent-based paint sludges per year. An
additional estimated 35,000 Ib of cadmium.are lost as paint residues left
in used paint containers each year.
•.The major source of cadmium waste in the manufacture of nickel-cadmium
batteries (sintered-plate type) is the wash water that is used to remove
excess material from the plates. The typical waste water effluent contains
cadmium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and potassium nitrate, often in
fairly high concentrations due to the cost of the deionized water normally
used. Cadmium loss as cadmium from battery manufacture amounts to 3,700
Ib per year.
Lead Hastes. The principal sources of lead wastes of concern have
been identified as: (1) waste sludges from petroleum refineries; (2) waste
sludges from the manufacture of alkyl lead compounds; (3) waste solvent-
based paint sludges from paint manufacture; (4) paint residue left in used
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paint containers; (5) waste sludges from the manufacture of lead acid
batteries; and (6) solvent and water washes from printing ink production.
Lead wastes from petroleum refineries are mainly the sludges from
the storage tanks of leaded gasoline. A typical sludge contains a 1 per-
cent mixture of tetraethyl lead and lead oxide, along with gasoline hydro-
carbons, iron oxide, and silt. Total quantity of tetraethyl lead sludges
from this source is estimated to be 4,800 tons per year.
Organic lead sludges are also generated from the manufacturing process
for alky! lead compounds. The sludge contains an average of 0.5 to 1.0
percent tetraethyl and teteramethyl lead. Annual production of this waste
sludge is estimated to amount to 260 tons.
The major lead containing pigments include white lead, red lead,
leaded zinc oxide, chrome green, chrome yellow, chrome orange, and molyb-
date orange. Lead is present in these pigments as the oxide, the carbonate,
the hydroxide, the chromate, and the molybdate. In paint manufacture, lead
is, found in the waste solvent-based paint sludges which typically contain
27.5 percent pigment, 25.0 percent binders, and 47.5 percent organic sol-
vents. It is estimated that a total of 640,000 Ib of lead are lost through
37 million Ib of solvent-based paint sludges per year. In addition, an
estimated 4.4 million Ib of lead are lost as paint residues left in used
paint containers each year.
Lead wastes from the manufacture of lead acid batteries are generated
as a result of the mixing operation of the lead acid pastes and .the appli-
cation of these pastes to support grids. It is estimated that over 1.3
million Ib of lead, mostly in the form of lead sulfate in neut^aWjZed"1^""'"
•3 ... "T '•'.-""'
sulfuric acid, are lost through the waste sludges,from battery manufacture
each year.
Lead wastes from printing ink production are generated as a result of
the operations to clean up the ball mills, mixing tanks, and other equip-
ments. The waste is in the form of a liquid containing 0.5 to 1.5 percent
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lead pigment mixed with varying amounts of other metals in organic solvents
and water washes. It is estimated that 21,000 Ib of lead are lost through
this waste stream each year.
Soluble Copper Wastes. Soluble copper wastes are of particular concern
because of their high degree of toxicity to aquatic organisms. The prin-
cipal sources of soluble copper wastes have been identified as: (1) rinse
water and dragout from the electroplating industry; (2) etching solution
wastes from printed circuit production; (3) spent copper catalysts; (4) cop-
per pickling liquor; and (5) waste water from the textile industry.
Copper wastes from the electroplating industry come from several
sources, but the most important of these is the rinse water. A typical
waste stream has soluble copper concentrations in.the range 50 to 10,000
ppm, alkaline concentrations from 1 to 20 percent as sodium hydroxide,
along with some cyanides, chromium, nickel, and lead. It is estimated
that there are 2.1 million Ib of copper lost in the waste streams from the
electroplating industry each year.
Copper wastes from the printed circuit production are generated mainly
in the etching process where the copper not comprising the circuit is
chemically removed from the circuit board. The waste is generally char-
acterized by a high concentration (1,000 to 50,000 ppm) of soluble copper.
The other constituents present in the waste depend primarily on the type
of etchant used. Ferric chloride is the major etchant material, but
cuprous chloride, ammoniacal chlorite, ammonium persulfate, and chrome/
sulfuric solutions are also used. It is estimated that 460,000 Ib of
copper are through the waste streams from printed circuit production each
year.
The chemical industry generates 600,000 Ib of copper wastes (as copper)
in the form of sludges each year by discarding spent copper catalysts. The
composition of the sludge depends on the type of copper catalyst used and
the particular segment of the chemical industry utilizing it. A typical
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waste sludge from aniline production contains 27 percent cuprpus-cupric
chloride tar in 65 percent mixed organics. The latter is mostly diphenyl
ether.
Copper wastes are generated from the acid pickling of copper largely
as a result of dragout of liquor from the pickling vats and the dumping
of the vats when the acid strength is depleted. The typical waste stream
from the pickling area contains 0.5 to 1 percent soluble copper, largely
as copper sulfate when sulfuric acid is used. The total amount of copper
waste generated from the pickling of copper is estimated to be 8.4 million
Ib (as copper) annually.
Copper wastes from the textile industry are generated mainly in the
dyeing and finishing of cotton cloth. Wastes from these operations are
extremely variable in contaminating matter, although the copper is usually
found in the form of copper sulfate, copper ammonium fluoride, and copper
ammonium carbonate. It is estimated that 6 million Ib of copper are lost
through the waste streams from the textile industry annually.
Selenium Wastes. Selenium is not found in significant quantities as
wastes. One source of selenium waste that has been identified is in the
manufacture and reconditioning of xerox drums. Selenium wastes generated
from these operations each year include: (1) about 700,000 Ib of solid
wastes containing cotton linter, steel, aluminum, and 300 to 400 Ib of
selenium and arsenic; and (2) 50,000 Ib of liquid waste consisting primarily
of caustic solutions and 0.3 percent selenium and arsenic.
Selenium as cadmium sulfoselenide is also found in paint wastes. How-
ever, it is estimated that only 370 Ib of selenium are lost in the waste
solvent-based paint sludges from paint manufacture each year, and an ad-
ditional 2,600 Ib as paint residue left in used paint containers.
Boron Hydride Wastes. The only source of diborane wastes is the
residual gas remaining in the manifolds when the diborane gas is diluted
with argon, nitrogen, or hydrogen for sale. The total quantity of this
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gaseous waste containing an average of 100 ppm diborane is estimated to be
less than 2 cu ft per year.
Pentaborane is no longer being manufactured. There is, however, a
stockpile of 20,000 Ib of pentaborane at Edwards Air Force Base, California.
Current consumption of pentaborane amounts to only 50 to 75 Ib per year.
Decaborane is a high-valued material and all decaborane containing
streams are normally recycled in the manufacturing process. The only
source of decaborane waste is the several pounds of decaborane contaminated
solid wastes generated each year from its production.
Chromium Wastes. The principal sources of chromium wastes in solid,
semi-solid, or concentrated liquid form have been identified as: (1) rinse
water and dragout from the metal finishing industry; (2) filter residue
from sodium dichromate manufacture; (3) waste sludges from paint manufacture;
(4) paint residue left in used paint containers; and (5) surplus chemicals
under the custody of Department of Defense. In addition, significant
amounts of chromium compounds in highly diluted forms (ppm level) are also
lost through the waste waters from the textile industry, the leather in-
dustry, and from the blowdown of cooling towers.
In the metal finishing industry, hexavalent chromium compounds are
formulated for use as cleaning agents, oxidizing agents, surface preparation
agents, as well as the chemicals used to electroplate the decorative chrome
surface. The wastes are generated from the extensive washing of the metal
parts as well as spills, tank leakages, and the periodic draining of the
metal treatment tanks. The composition of the wastes varies widely but
the chromium levels (present mostly as hexavalent chromium) are normally
between a few ppm and a few percent. Other constituents present in the
wastes may include copper, zinc, cadmium, nickel, cyanides, grease, oils,
acids, organic additives, and cleaning agents. The amount of chromium
compounds discharged through the waste streams from the metal finishing
industry is estimated to total 62 million Ib (calculated as sodium di-
chromate) per year.
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Chromium wastes from sodium dichromate manufacture are generated in
the processing of the chromium ores. The waste consists primarily of a
gangue residue containing about 4 percent trivalent chromium as Cr203
(dry weight basis), and some iron, aluminum, and calcium in varied forms
depending on the process employed. Approximately 18 million Ib of chromium
(as Cr-Oo) are lost as wastes from sodium dichromate manufacture each year.
The major chromium containing pigments include chrome green, chrome
oxide green, chrome yellow, chrome orange, zinc yellow, and molybdate
orange. With the exception of chrome oxide green (Cr203), all the other
chromium pigments contain chromium in the hexavalent form and are normally
only used in solvent-based paints. It is estimated that a total of 140,000
Ib of chromium are lost through 37 million Ib of waste solvent-based paint
sludges each year, and a total of 10,000 Ib of chromium lost through 26
million Ib of waste water-based paint sludges each year. An additional
estimated 1 million Ib of chromium are lost as paint residues left in used
paint containers each year.
Chromium compounds under the custody of Department of Defense and
awaiting disposal include 34,200 Ib of anhydrous sodium chromate, 39000 Ib
of potassium dichromate, 2,000 Ib of chromium trioxide, and smaller quan-
tities of potassium chromate and sodium dichromate dihydrate.
Cyanide Wastes. The principal source of cyanide wastes is the electro-
plating industry. Cyanide compounds are used extensively to make up the
plating baths because they serve as good complexing agents. Waste streams
from the electroplating industry contain varying amounts of cyanides
ranging from 0.5 to 20 percent, normally in an alkaline solution along
with cadmium, copper, zinc, nickel, and chromium compounds. It is esti-
mated that 21 million Ib of cyanides are discharged through electroplating
wastes each year.
The less toxic ferrocyanide is a component of the iron blue and the
chrome green pigments. Approximately 45,000 Ib of cyanides are lost through
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the 37 million Ib of waste solvent-based paint sludges generated each year.
In addition, 310,000 Tb of cyanides are lost as paint residues left in used
paint containers each year.
Cyanide compounds in Department of Defense storage facilities awaiting
disposal include sodium, calcium, copper, silver, and potassium cyanides,
but amount to less than 2,000 Ib total.
Hydrofluoric and Fluoboric Acid Wastes. The principal sources of
hydrofluoric acid waste* are the spent pickling solutions and the rinse
water from the stainless steel pickling process. The pickling waste
typically contains 1 to 2 percent hydrofluoric acid, along with sulfuric
acid, nitric acid, iron salts, and traces of other metals such as chromium,
nickel, and cobalt. Approximately 200 million Ib of stainless steel pickling
wastes containing 2.8 million Ib of hydrofluoric acid are generated each
year.
The principal source of fluoboric acid waste is the rinse water from
metal plating. The aqueous waste effluent normally contains 1 to 2 percent
of fluoboric acid, traces of lead, tin and other metals and acids. It is
estimated that 14,000 Ib of fluoboric acid are discharged through metal
plating waste streams each year.
Wastes of Specific Organic Chemicals. Of the five hazardous organic
chemicals investigated, the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are the only
compound(s) which can be found in sizable quantities as wastes. Acrolein
wastes are generated in insignificant quantities from its manufacturing
process and from its usage. The only chloropicrin waste that has been
identified is an aqueous effluent from the manufacturing process containing
less than 0.01 percent chloropicrin along with 3 percent sodium hydroxide
and 20 percent sodium chloride. The total chloropicrin loss from this
*0ther than the extremely dilute hydrogen fluoride discharges from the
fertilizer industry.
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waste effluent is estimated to be less than 1,700 Ib per year. The prin-
cipal dimethyl sulfate waste is a viscous dark brown still bottom liquid
residue containing less than 1 percent dimethyl sulfate from its manu-
facturing process. The total still bottom waste generated per year is
approximately 200,000 Ib, with a dimethyl sulfate loss of less than 200 Ib.
Pentachlorophenol loss from its manufacturing process is also insignificant*
and amounts to approximately 400 Ib per year. In the main application as
termite and mold controls on lumber products it is claimed that the wood
treating process is carried out in a closed system and almost no waste
effluent containing pentachlorophenol is generated.
Solid, semi-solid, and concentrated liquid polychlorinated biphenyl
wastes are generated as equipments or products containing these chemicals
are replaced and discarded. Although the current application of PCBs is
restricted to confined systems (prtmarlly as dielectric fluids for cap.ac-
itors and transformers), PCB wastes continue to be generated from appli-
cations which were previously acceptable such as industrial fluids for
hydraulic systems, heat transfer fluids, and plasticizers. It has been
estimated that approximately 19,000 tons of PCBs (mostly Aroclor 1242)
were disposed of in incinerators, dumps and landfills in 1970.
Explosive and Riot Control Wastes. The largest source of explosive
and riot control agent wastes is the Armed Services' obsolete conventional
munitions scheduled for disposal. The hazardous materials contained in
obsolete conventional munitions have been divided into six classes for
convenience. The amounts at U. S. Facilities awaiting disposal as of
November 30, 1972of each of these six classes, and the weight of the
obsolete conventional ordnance items in which they are contained are as
follows:
(1) initiating agents and primers--305,000 Ib (in 150,487,000
Ib gross weight munitions);
(2) propel 1 ants, nitrocellulose based—37,822,000 Ib (in
204,004,000 Ib gross weight munitions);
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(3) propellents, composite/other—1,000 Ib (in 834,000 Ib
gross weight munitions);
(4) high explosives —38,775,000 Ib (in 207,406,000 Ib gross
weight munitions);
(5) pyrotechnics and incendiaries--2,942,000 Ib (in 46,783,000
Ib gross weight munitions);
(6) riot control agents--!,018,000 Ib (in 2,691,000 Ib gross
weight munitions).
The variety and number of waste forms for obsolete conventional muni-
tions are very large. There are over 11,000 different Federal Stock
Numbers for obsolete ordnance items in California alone, ranging from fuze
components to artillery shells and from fractions of an ounce in weight to
hundreds of pounds per item.
The hazardous wastes destroyed by explosive manufacturers are generally
in two forms—either scrap explosive, or explosive-contaminated inert wastes.
The weights of the hazardous materials and explosive contaminated inert
wastes for five of the six classes above, subjected to disposal processing
annually by the explosive and munitions manufacturing industry are:
(1) initiating agents and primers—304,000 Ib peryear(plus
4,018,000 Ib per year contaminated inerts);
(2) propellents, nitrocellulose based—6,046,000 Ib per year
(plus 8,824,000 Ib per year contaminated inerts);
(3) propellants, composite/other--!,756,000 Ib per year (plus
333,000 Ib per year contaminated inerts);
(4) high explosives--13,810,000 Ib per year (plus 11,692,000
Ib per year contaminated inerts);
(5) pyrotechnics and incendiaries—783,000 Ib per year (plus
639,000 Ib per year contaminated inerts).
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The quantity of explosive manufacturing wastes given above does not
include explosive wastes discharged to receiving water courses as dilute
solutions or suspensions. Data on such dilute waste discharges is not
available in sufficient depth to enable estimates on other than a very
rough order-of-magnitude basis. The amount of dilute aqueous waste dis-
charge of explosives, estimated on that basis, is less than 2,000,000 Ib
per year.
4
Information furnished to TRW by the California Department of Justice
and a major riot control device manufacturer, indicates that there are
no local government waste disposal requirements for overage of obsolete
riot control devices/agents. Governmental law enforcement agencies (local)
use all of the overage or obsolete devices for training exercises.
Chemical Warfare Agents. There is no information currently available
for publication on the quantities of chemical warfare agents and material
scheduled for disposal. The estimated quantities of salts which will be
produced by the disposal of chemical warfare materiel is 70,000 tons,. The
salts will be mixtures of the chloride, sulfate, sulfite, fluoride, car-
bonate, phosphate, and methylisopropylphosphonate of calcium and/or sodium.
There is no current official schedule available for disposal.
Radioactive Wastes. The records kept by the Kentucky State Department
of Public Health have been transcribed onto computer compatible media as a
first step in establishing an inventory of radioactive wastes stored in
Agreement State sites. The Kentucky data itemizes the wastes stored at the
Maxey Flats site (see discussion of Land Burial in Volume III). However,
the computerized data have not been reviewed or analyzed to any significant
degree at the present time (August 1973). Therefore, no quantitative data
are presented.
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6. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT RECOMMENDATIONS AND PLANNING
An important aspect of this program was the identification of those
specific areas within the hazardous waste management field where additional
research and/or development activity is needed in order to bring current
practice to an "adequate" level. In this chapter of the final report are
summarized the results of the program efforts aimed at defining, planning,
and outlining those research and development activities which are consid-
ered necessary for upgrading particular portions of current hazardous
waste management technology to an acceptable status.
Major identified areas requiring research and development are discussed
below together with a very brief description of specific recommended pro-
jects in each area. The identified areas include disposal of waste pesti-
cides, stabilization of non-degradable inorganic toxic chemical wastes,
utilization or ultimate disposal of hazardous solid wastes resulting from
air and water pollution control, stabilization and ultimate disposal of
radioactive wastes, reclamation of heavy metal contaminated soils and
silts, removal of very low concentration of mercury and other hazardous
heavy metals from aqueous waste streams, feasibility of ocean disposal
of hazardous wastes, feasibility of landfill disposal of hazardous wastes,
toxicological research on waste constituents and characterization of waste
forms, quantities and source locations. Criteria for the prioritization
of the recommended projects are presented together with recommended
priorities and expenditure levels for specific problem areas and projects.
In Volume XV are presented detailed R&D plans for many of the recommended
projects. Results of proof-of-principle experimentation on selected problems
in the hazardous waste field are also presented in Volume XV.
Major Identified Areas Requiring Research and Development
Disposal of Waste Pesticides. The disposal of pesticide wastes and
containers contaminated by pesticide residues is one of the serious environ-
mental problems that has caused growing concern in recent years. Large
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stocks of surplus pesticide wastes have been accumulated as a result of the
cancellation of registrations, the production of off-specification material
in pesticide manufacture, the degradation of pesticides from either long-
term or improper'Storage conditions, and the cleaning of empty pesticide
containers by rinsing. The total number of pesticide containers of all
sizes in 1970 has been estimated to be almost 200 million. Of these,
approximately 30 million are liquid pesticide containers which pose the
greatest disposal problem.
For surplus pesticides and pesticide manufacturing wastes, conventional
means of disposal such as deep-well injection and sanitary.landfill without
prior detoxification have been deemed inadequate because of potential pollu-
tion of land and water. At the present time, TRW has determined that con-
trolled incineration at high temperatures followed by efficient scrubbing
of the furnace gas effluent is the only satisfactory method for the disposal
of bulk quantities of organic and metallo-organic pesticide chemicals in
concentrated form.
It is recognized that a number of the incinerators currently in use for
the disposal of industrial and municipal wastes are readily adaptable to the
disposal of pesticide wastes. On the other hand, information on the com-
bustion characteristics of pesticides is limited so that at present it is
not possible to identify those existing incinerator installations that could
be safely used for the disposal of pesticide wastes. In its investigation
under the current contract, TRW has concluded that very little practical
experimental data relating to the incineration of pesticides has been deter-
mined. There is a definite need to fill this gap in the technological base.
Used pesticide containers normally retain significant amounts of pesti-
cide residues and the disposal of these "empty" pesticide containers consti-
tutes another haz'ard associated with the widespread use of pesticides. The
30-gal. and 55-gal. metal drums may be shipped to cooperage facilities for
reconditioning by: direct flame burning. Such activities, however, are often
not regulated and the adequacy of the decontamination procedures employed
has not been closely examined. The smaller 1-gal. and 5-gal. metal containers
and the 1-gal. glass containers; on the other hand, do not in general possess
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sufficient structural and thermal strength to warrant decontamination and
reuse. These are usually disposed of in sanitary landfills, either with or
without being previously rinsed and punctured or crushed. Again, there is
a need for more information to defirie the extent of decontamination achieved
by rinsing and to develop criteria for acceptable landfill sites. In the
case of the small metal containers, the alternative solution of reducing the
containers to smaller size nuggets by shredding followed by thermal inciner-
ation leads to the recovery of a valuable resource and merits being more
fully explored. Combustible used pesticide containers include paper sacks,
fiber drums, and plastic bottles and are most conveniently disposed of by
incineration. However, the type of information needed to characterize pesti-
cide incineration will also be required here to establish guidelines for
approved incinerators.
Specific Projects. As can be seen from the foregoing discussions,
many of the questions regarding the safe disposal of pesticide wastes and
empty pesticide containers remain unanswered. To provide the answers to
these questions, it is recommended that the following research and develop-
ment studies be carried out:
(1) Characterization of Incineration Parameters for the
Safe Disposal of Pesticides
This project will characterize pesticide incineration
to the degree necessary for incinerator selection,
develop qualification procedures for incinerators
suitable for pesticide disposal, and identify and
test incinerator installations throughout the
country for safe pesticide disposal. Details of the
project are presented in Volume XV.
(2) Development of New Chemical Concepts for Utilization
of Waste Pesticides
This program will include the development of thermo-
chemical and chemical kinetic models of the behavior
of a broad range of representative pesticides in
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high temperature combustion and/or coreactant environ-
ments, the identification of waste pesticide/coreactant
products of potential commercial value, and preliminary
engineering and economic evaluation of processing
approaches for waste pesticide utilization. Project
details are presented in Volume XV.
(3) Investigation of the Technical and Economic Feasibility
of Setting up a Network of Collection Centers, Storage
Sites; Decontamination Stations, Reclamation Plants
and Approved Landfill Disposal Sites for Used Pesticide
Containers
This program will also include the development of pro-
cedures to guarantee adequacy in the implementation of
the used pesticide container management system.
(4) Investigation of the Technical and Economic Feasibility
of Recycling Noncombustible Used Pesticide Container
Material
This project will include pilot scale testing of
shredded container material to determine the degree
of decontamination attainable by proper thermal
incineration.
Stabilization of Nondegradable Inorganic Toxic Chemical Wastes: Ulti-
mate disposal of solid waste materials and sludges which contain toxic, non-
degradable inorganic compounds such as those of mercury, arsenic, cadmium, chro-
mium, lead, etc., present a major problem. It is essential in the ultimate
disposal environment that these highly toxic and nondegradable wastes be
effectively isolated and not allowed to disperse significantly. It would
be very desirable to stabilize and agglomerate heavy metal containing wastes
to the point where their long-term rate of dispersion (by leaching, etc.)
in an ultimate disposal environment (e.g., landfill) is no greater than the
existing rate of dispersion of the naturally occurring ores. How to accom-
-------
plish adequate passification of heavy metal containing wastes and still
remain within economically acceptable boundaries is, of course, the key
problem. It is recommended that major emphasis on research programs in
this area be aimed at identifying the lowest cost techniques which will:
(1) Convert the heavy metals into their least soluble
compounds (sulfides, oxides, etc.).
(2) Agglomerate the sludges containing "least soluble"
heavy metal compounds into leach-resistant solid
"clinker" material.
(3) Coat the "clinker" material (if necessary) with
resins which will totally isolate the heavy metal
compounds from aqueous leachants.
Specific Projects.
(1) Development of Low Cost Cementation Approaches to
Passification of Heavy Metal Sludges and Solids
A number of concepts for stabilizing and agglomerating
solid wastes and sludges containing heavy metal com-
pounds were identified and several approaches were
briefly investigated in the laboratory. Further
laboratory development and economic assessment of the
most promising approaches is recommended. A detailed
description of this project is presented in Volume XV.
Utilization or Ultimate Disposal of Hazardous Solid Wastes Resulting
from Air and Water Pollution Control. It is anticipated that the dramati-
cally increased controls on air and water pollution planned for the near
future will have a major effect on the solid waste management field. A
marked decrease in the discharge of industrial wastes to the air, inland
waterways, and oceans must necessarily result in large new accumulations of
solid wastes or sludges. For example, control of the 30 million tons per
year of sulfur dioxide which is currently discharged into our atmosphere
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from fossil fuel burning power plants will result in greater than 60 million
tons per year of calcium sulfate-fly ash solid waste if the limestone-slurry
technique of S02 stack scrubbing is adopted.* This resulting solid waste
material from the limestone scrubbers is expected to contain potentially
Teachable hazardous trace metal constituents of the fossil fuels such as
mercury and beryllium compounds.
It is very likely that there will be many other examples of new solid
waste management problems which will occur as a result of increased air and
water pollution controls. It is recommended that a systematic investigation
be initiated, on ah industry-by-industry basis, aimed at identifying the
nature and magnitude of these problems. As specific problems are identified,
the research and development needs in each area should be detailed and pro-
jects initiated on a timetable which is consistent with the application of
new air and water pollution legislation and controls.
Specific Projects.
(1) Identification of Hazardous Solid Waste Management
Problems Created as a Result of Air and Water
Pollution Controls
This project will separately investigate each major
industrial classification"1" and determine the probable
forms, quantities, and disposal or reuse operations
associated with new solid wastes which would be
created as a result of:
1. Industry-wide application of the best air and ,
water pollution control technology currently
practiced within the industry.
2. Industry-wide application of the best
available air and water pollution control
technology.
Currently the leading approach.
+The program will probably best be handled as a series of sub-projects,
each assigned to a different industry.
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3. Industry-wide application of the best new
air and water pollution control technology
including processes which are still in the
development or demonstration stages.
(2) Development of a New Process for the Economic
Utilization of the Solid Waste Effluent From
Limestone Slurry Wet Scrubber Systems
A new process was conceived for utilizing the
CaS04-CaS03-fly ash solid waste effluent from
sulfur oxide wet scrubbing systems. The solid
effluent can be economically utilized in the
extraction of alumina from low grade domestic
ores (clay). The process also produces cement
(calcium silicates) and sulfur. This process-
ing scheme results in the total utilization of
the wet scrubber solid waste effluent and the
sale of the products produced are expected to
more than pay for the processing costs.
A Phase I program of bench-scale laboratory
investigation and preliminary engineering de-
sign is reconmended. A more detailed process
description and project plan is presented in
Volume XV.
Stabilization and Ultimate Disposal of Radioactive Wastes. Nearly all
projections of this nation's energy requirements and sources over the next
20 to 50 years point to a tremendous increase in nuclear reactor
generated power. The increase in nuclear generated power will, of course,
result in a corresponding increase in high level radioactive fission product
waste. It is anticipated that these reactor generated fission products will
present the greatest hazardous waste management challenge in the near future.
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The extreme hazard associated with these materials and lack of completely
satisfactory disposal options makes fission product waste disposal a prime
area for investment of research and development dollars. Awareness of the
potential problems in the ultimate disposal of high-level radioactive wastes
has spurred the Atomic Energy Commission to sponsor investigations into all
the major aspects of high level radioactive waste management. Responsi-
bility for this area is centered within the AEC's Division of Waste Manage-
ment and Transportation (DWMT). Primary efforts at DWMT in order of
decreasing emphasis are:
(1) Engineered surface storage facilities
(2) Salt mine pilot plant
(3) Assessment of long-term disposal methods
Since the major R&D planning activity associated with the ultimate
disposal of high level radioactive wastes is being performed under the
jurisdiction of the AEC, no specific projects in this area were considered
under the current study. However, it is felt that the importance of this
area, particularly in the future, must be very strongly emphasized and ade-
quate R&D funding made available.
Concentration of effort on the stabilization and disposal of the more
hazardous high-level wastes has diminished the attention placed on the dis-
oosal of low-level wastes (which in many cases are no longer a specific AEC
responsibility) and the proliferating amount of these wastes requires an
early effort aimed at their more careful control and more knowledge of their
ultimate fate. Basically, what is required is an accurate knowledge of
what material is being disposed of and what the long-term fate of that
material is in the disposal environment. This information is necessary in
order to select sites and site boundaries and predict the dose rate at the
boundaries as a function of time.
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Specific Projects In Low Level Radioactive Waste Management. The
following paragraphs describe several specific projects recommended for
further research and development in the area of low-level waste management.
(1) Development of Inventory Control Systems
Systems are needed whereby the type, quantity,
location, etc., of waste disposed at each site are
known. Work has already begun, under EPA sponsor-
ship, to establish an inventory data system at the
Morehead, Kentucky, low-level radioactive waste
burial site, and it is anticipated that this system
will be implemented at the other commercial burial
sites. However, this system will rely on the
material identification supplied by the originator
of the waste. Such an approach leads to inaccurate
information because of human error or intentional
mislabeling of materials. It is also possible that
the wastes submitted for disposal contain non-
radioactive chemicals which affect the rate at
which the radioactive elements leach into the soil.
Some means of positively identifying the type of
material and quantity received for disposal is re-
quired. A means of identifying each element is
also required. It may be feasible to utilize con-
.ventional counting equipment and a computer pro-
gram which identifies the material based on its
energy spectrum. It is recommended that the feasi-
bility of positively identifying at the burial site
the types and quantities of materials for disposal
be investigated.
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(2) Investigation of the Long-Term Leaching of Low-Level
Wastes
A percentage of the material deposited in trenches at
a low-level waste disposal site will eventually
leach into the soil and ultimately affect the radio-
active dose rate at and beyond the site boundary.
In order to be able to predict what that dose rate
will be, it is necessary to gain more complete infor- *
nation on the mobility of radioactive waste materials >'
in soils. It is recommended that a series of tests be '-.,/••'
conducted in which the behavior of typical low-level
wastes in soils would be investigated. Both vertical
and horizontal leaching tests should be included.
Vertical permeation data would be useful in assessing
the safety of a site located over a fresh-water
source. Data on the horizontal permeation rate would
be useful in selecting a site and establishing the
site boundaries.
Reclamation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Soils and Silts. The fate, in
soil environments, of heavy metal solid waste compounds containing mercury
and arsenic is of national interest due to their potential for getting into
animal and human food chains. One of the current goals of the Environmental
Protection Agency is to eliminate the further dispersion of mercury compounds
into the environment. Soils and silts from river bottoms, waste settling
basins, and agricultural areas in several parts of the country are con-
taminated with mercury and arsenic compounds. Mercury concentrations as
high as 560 ppm have been reported in the sediments from some lakes and
rivers. Known sources of this potentially hazardous contamination are
pesticide run-off, discharges from chlor-alkali plants, discharges from
wood pulp and paper plants, and military waste basins. For example. Rocky
Mountain Arsenal Basin A is known to contain approximately 1.3 million tons
of lagoon bottom soil contaminated with mercury halides, arsenic oxides,
98
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arsenic chloride, and other inorganic chemicals. An inexpensive process
for separating the heavy metal contaminants from soils is needed in order
to eliminate the further dispersion of those hazardous pollutants into the
environment.
Recommended Projects.
(1) Development of a Process for Gaseous Extraction
of Mercury and Arsenic Compounds from Contaminated
Soils or Silt
A gaseous extraction processing scheme was con-
ceived which addresses itself to the above described
problem of economically and selectively separating
mercury and arsenic contaminants from soils or silts.
Proof-of-principie experiments with samples of con-
taminated soil from the Rocky Mountain Arsenal were
very encouraging. Starting with soil samples con-
taining 40 ppm of mercury and 42 ppm of arsenic, .99.5
percent of the mercury and 70 percent of the arsenic
were removed frog) the soil by the proposed technique.
A phase I project of laboratory bench-scale develop-
ment and economic analysis is recommended. If
successful, the Phase I activity would be followed
by a pilot plant demonstration project. A detailed
plan for this recommended project is presented in
Volume XV together with a discussion of the results
of proof-of-principle testing.
(2) Mercury and Arsenic Recovery from Contaminated
Soils by Chemical Leaching
Several chemical leaching approaches to the separation
of mercury and arsenic contaminants from soils showed
promise in initial proof-of-principle testing. It
99
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is recommended that these approaches be further
explored in the laboratory.
Removal of Very Low Concentrations of Mercury and Other Hazardous
Heavy Metals from Aqueous Waste Streams. Elimination of the environmental
dispersion of mercury and other heavy metal containing wastes is an
Environmental Protection Agency goal. In order to meet this goal extremely
effective, low cost, final polishing techniques for the removal from water
of very low concentrations of mercury and other heavy metals are required.
Currently available technology is either not sufficiently effective, or
extremely expensive. A low cost technique for separating mercury compounds
from water down to the 1-10 ppb level or better is needed.
Specific Projects.
(1) Application of Polysulfide Systems to the Selective
Removal of Mercury and Other Heavy Metals from Water
New concepts for utilizing polymeric forms of sulfur
(very low cost or even worthless waste materials) as
complexing agents for separating mercury compounds
(and other heavy metals) from water were briefly in-
vestigated in the laboratory. The thrust of the
technical approach is to tailor polymeric sulfur
compounds in order to make effective selected sepa-
ration operations such as flocculation, ion exchange,
or extraction. Very effective separations of mercury
salts from water were demonstrated (<10 ppb) and it
is recommended that a program of detailed laboratory
investigation and engineering analysis be initiated.
Results of the laboratory proof-of-principle experi-
mentation and a specific project plan are presented
in Volume XV.
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Feasibility of Ocean Disposal of Hazardous Wastes. As mentioned
earlier, the use of the ocean environment as a "catch-all" for
the disposal of hazardous wastes was an important factor in stimulating
interest in the whole question of adequate disposal of such wastes. In the
course of the current study ocean disposal as an ultimate disposal techni-
que was the subject of a process description. In preparing this description
and in analyzing the possible application of the technique to various
wastes, a number of areas were found where information necessary to the
determination of criteria for the adequacy of ocean disposal was lacking.
While there is no question that a disposal technique cannot be advocated
without adequate assurance as to its safety, the adverse economics asso-
ciated with the utilization of other disposal techniques for many wastes
necessitates that the decision to eliminate recourse to ocean disposal
should not be made permanent without much more extensive information than
is currently available.
The analysis of ocean disposal made in the context of the current pro-
gram has indicated a great lack of hard data on what might be acceptable
ocean disposal. The hard data gaps fall into two general categories: 1)
the information necessary on the effects both of waste materials on the
ocean environment and of the ocean environment on the materials and 2)
the information required to identify waste forms acceptable to the ocean
environment.
Specific Projects. To fill the information voids cited, implementation
of the following research and development studies are recommended:
(1) Determination of the Effects of Selected Wastes on
the Ocean Environment
In this project, representative samples will be
obtained from wastes currently disposed of in the
ocean environment for which other disposal technology
is not available or is totally impractical economically.
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The representative samples will be used in laboratory
experiments in large tanks of seawater to determine
waste interactions at various dilution rates and ratios
with seawater and to identify the effects of the wastes
and their reaction products on representative marine
animal, fish and plant life. The experimental
apparatus will be used to follow the history of the
wastes selected in the simulated ocean environment,
and assist in determining their ultimate fate. The
final phase of this project will include extensive
field testing in ocean areas which have previously
been well characterized in their normal unperturbed
condition.
(2) Application and Field Test of Waste Stabilization
Technology in the Ocean Environment
This project will encompass the application and test-
ing in an ocean environment of selected stabilized
wastes. The most stable waste forms developed in the
previously discussed program.on stabilization of
nondegradable toxic wastes will be extensively
evaluated in ocean field tests.
Feasibility of Landfill Disposal of Hazardous Wastes. Land-
fill disposal is one of the most extensively employed techniques used for
both municipal" and industrial waste disposal. This technique (the subject
of a process evaluation in a later portion of this text) is based on the
principle that, subsequent to disposal of a waste by landfill, the earth
surrounding the waste will interact physically and chemically with the
waste material to maintain its Isolation from the vulnerable environment.
Since there are no data to suggest that interactions do occur, the extent
and form of the interactions are not well characterized. The extent of
protection offered by landfill disposal is, therefore, not well understood.
102
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Specific Projects. To provide the data needed for understanding the
extent of protection offered by landfill disposal, the following research
and development studies are recomnended.
(1) Development of a Quantitative Landfill Characterization
Model
This program will address, specifically, the construction.
of a suitable model, determination of the model parameters,
•and field testing of the model, as indicated in the brief
discussion of a quantitative evaluation technique in the
landfill disposal process evaluation (Volume III). The
intent of the quantitative rating system will be to pro-
vide a basis for comparison between potential sites, and
for determination of the suitability of individual sites
for specific wastes.
(2) Application and Field Test of Waste Stabilization
Technology in the Landfill Environment
This project will encompass the selection and testing
of stabilized wastes in the landfill environment. The
most stable waste forms developed in the program for
stabilization of nondegradable toxic wastes covered
earlier in this report will be extensively evaluated
in landfill field tests, to enable accurate prediction
of long term effects on the surrounding environment.
The model developed above and the results of the field
tests will be used to define waste forms which improve
the "storage" capability of the landfill site by limit-
ing the modes and rates of release of toxicants.
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ToxIcological Research on Waste Constituents. Criteria for defining
adequate waste management for some 516 potentially hazardous waste stream
constituents was recommended in this program. The criteria included a
definition of the recommended provisional maximum allowable concentrations
of waste constituents which can be released to air, water, and soil environ-
ments. Many of those recommendations were of necessity developed by
extrapolation from a very thin data base. It is apparent from this study
that there is an important requirement for the generation of additional
toxicological data on many industrial waste materials. In particular a
paucity of reliable data occurs in the area of chronic oral toxicity of the
waste constituents in water. The following waste constituents, all of which
have been designated as potential candidates for National Disposal Sites,
are considered to be materials for which additional toxicological infor-
mation is most needed:
Acrolein
Bromine pentafluoride
Carbonyl chloride
Chloroacetophenone
Copper chlorotetrazale
Decaborane
Detonators
Diazodinitrophenol
Diborane
Dimethyl sulfate
Dlnitro cresols
Dinitrotoluene
Dipentaerythritol
Glycol dinitrate
Hydrazine azide/hydrazine
Lead 2,4 dinitroresorcinate
Lead styphnate
Nitrocellulose
Nitrogen mustard
Nitroglycerine
Pentaborane
Pentachorophenol
Picric acid
Potassium dinitrobenz furoxan
Silver acetylide
Silver azide
Silver tetrazene
Smokeless gunpowder
Sulfur mustard
Tetrazene
104
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Characterization of Waste Forms, Quantities, and Source Locations. As
noted in Chapter 5 "Determination of Forms and Quantities of Hazardous
Wastes", the scope of the current study is limited to a one-time deter-
mination of the waste forms, quantities and source locations of hazardous
waste stream constituents which merit intensive study. The data obtained,
because of the restricted scope of the study and the scarcity of information
in several extremely important areas, is limited to use for the gross pre-
diction of hazardous waste management requirements in the immediate future.
Due to the enormous variability with time of hazardous waste forms, quanti-
ties and source locations, some means for updating the data periodically,
and for systematically interpreting the updated data is necessary for
accurate, continued inventory and management of hazardous wastes by the
Environmental Protection Agency. The following research and development
study is recommended to develop the vehicle needed for updating and system-
atic interpretation of the various hazardous waste form data:
(1) Development of a Hazardous Waste Form, Quantity and
Source Location Characterization Model
The study will develop a quantitative model for the
characterization of hazardous material waste forms,
quantities, and source locations encompassing the
use of periodically updated data, to permit system-
atic interpretation and accurate prediction, as
necessary for continued inventory and hazardous
waste disposal management. To further development
of the model and allow periodic updating, an
expanded study will be made of information sources
and an information system will be developed to meet
the updating requirements of. the model. A test up-
dating of the various hazardous waste form data will
be performed, and the model excercised thereon.
105
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Criteria for Prioritizatlon of Projects
In order to delineate the relative importance of the "problem areas"
and "specific projects" which were recommended and outlined in the previous
paragraphs, a system for prioritization was developed. The "problem areas"
were first assigned weights for each of two pertinent criteria, and ranked
as "critical", "important", or "desirable" in decreasing order of priority.
The projects, arranged according to the "problem areas" were then divided
into two classifications--"technology development projects" and "information
gathering projects", to permit rating in accordance with their appropriate
criteria. Each project was assigned a mathematical weight for each pertinent
criterion. The sum of the mathematical weights for the project represented
the relative net worth of the project. The relative importance obtained in
this way was used to categorize the project. The rating assigned each pro-
ject was, subject to the limitation imposed by .the rating assigned the
pertinent area of investigation, either "critical", "important" or
"desirable" in decreasing order of priority.
Recommended "problem areas" were weighed against two criteria; (1) the
magnitude of the environmental hazard involved, and (2) the paucity of
pertinent information and/or applicable technology. Relative weighting
scales of 0 to 6 were applied to each criterion. Overall "problem area"
net worth required for each of the three priority categories was:
Critical = > 9
Important = 6-8
Desirable =3-5
As noted above, R&D project recommendations were divided into two'
classifications. Those projects which were classified on the basis of their
work content and objectives as "information gathering projects" were assessed
for weighting against four criteria, as follows:
106
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(1) Importance of new data for assessing magnitude of
environmental hazard. Relative weighting on a
scale of 0 to 6.
(2) Importance of new data for assessing waste manage-
ment technology. Relative weighting on a scale of
0 to 6.
(3) Importance of new data for assessing economic
impact of pollution controls. Relative weighting
on a scale of 0 to 3.
(4) Probability of obtaining significant data.
Relative weighting on a scale of 0 to 3.
Overall information project net worth required for each of the three
priority categories was:
Critical = > 9
Important =6-8
Desirable = 4-5
Projects which were classified as "technology development projects"
were assessed for weighting against three criteria, as follows:
(1) Importance of environmental hazard reduction
possible through new technology. Relative
weighting on a scale of 0 to 6.
(2) Importance of economic benefits possible through
new technology. Relative weighting on a scale
of 0 to 3.
107
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(3) Probability of successful technology development.
Relative weighting on a scale of 0 to 6.
Overall technology development project net worth required for each of the
three primary categories was:
Critical = > 9
Important = 6-8
Desirable = 4-5
Assessment was in all cases made on the basis of individual judgement.
The baseline (0 weighting) for the "probability of obtaining significant
data" and "probability of successful technology development" criteria was
set at 0.2. Projects with lower probabilities of success were deleted.
108
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Recommended Priorities and Expenditure Levels
for Research and Development
The "problem areas" and the specific research and development
projects summarized in the prior portions of this section were assessed
for priority assignment as detailed above. In addition to the categori-
zation by priority, each project was analyzed to obtain an estimate of
costs over a five-year span (Table 6).
The five-year expenditure breakdown shown is not an overall schedule
recommending the order of project accomplishment; it is the estimate of
individual project costs over the five-year period from whatever date is
set for project start. Cost estimates were not extended to the full five-
year span for those cases where there was currently insufficient data on
which to base reasonable estimates, or where projects could be accomplished
in the time span shown.
It will be noted that annual costs for some projects increase during
the last year shown. This increase is in general due to the requirement
in the final project phase, to evaluate the data from several preceding
years of observation.
109
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TABLE 6
PRIORITY RATINGS AND ESTIMATED COSTS FOR RECOMMENDED
R & D PROBLEM AREAS & SPECIFIC PROJECTS
Problem Area •> Specific Project
1. Waste Pesticide Disposal
Characterization of in-
cineration parameters
Chemical concepts for
utilization of waste
pesticides
Pesticide container
collection and dis-
posal system
Recycle of noncombus-
tlble used pesticide
container .naterial
2. Stabilization, of Nnn-
degradable Inorganic
Toxic Chemical Wastes
Development of low
cost cementation
approaches
Rating* Total
ABCUEFGHI
45 9
--4522--- 13
------ 4 1 0 5
------ 4 - 5 9
------ 4 1 5 10
45 9
4-4 8
Priori ty
Critical
Critical
Desirable
Critical
Critical
Critical
Important
Five Year Cost
Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3
250 3001 3001
150
200 100
200
100 100 100
(SThousands)
Yr 4 Yr 5 Total
850
150
300
200
300
3. Utilization or Ultimate
Disposal of Hazardous
Solid Wastes from Air
and Water Pollution
Control
Identification of pro-
blems created as a result
of air and water pollution
controls
Utilization of solid
waste effluent from
limestone slurry wet
scrubber systems
3 6 -
3522
12
- 3 3 3
Critical
Critical
Critical
200 150
150 400 750 750
350
2050
-------
TABLE 6 - CONTINUED
PRIORITY RATINGS AND ESTIMATED COSTS FOR RECOMMENDED
R & D PROBLEM AREAS & SPECIFIC PROJECTS
Problem Area
4. Stabilization and Ulti-
nate Disposal of Radio-
active Wastes
5. Reclamation of Heavy
Metal Contaminated Soils
anH ^i 1 tc
flnu 3 i i 13
6. Removal of Low Concen-
trations of Heavy Metals
from Aqueous Waste
Streams
7. Ocean Disposal of
Hazardous Wastes
8. Landfill Disposal of
Hazardous Wastes
Specific Project
Development of inven-
tory control systems
Investigation of the
long-term leaching of
low level wastes
Development of a
gaseous extraction
process for Hg and As
Recovery of Hg and As
by, chemical leaching
Application of poly-
sulfide systems to
cp 1 pf t i up **pnv"l V A 1
iC 1 CL I 1 Vc f ClUUVfl I
Effects of selected
wastes on the ocean
environment
Field test of waste
stabilization tech-
nology
Rating* Total
ABCDEFGHI
6 6 ------- 12
3-4 7
- - 4 2 - 1 - - - 7
2*\ __--__ 7
213 6
211 4
33 6
4 5 - 9
- - 4 5 5 3 - - - 17
423 9
54 9
Priori ty
Critical
Important
Important
1 mpori*dn t
Important
Desirable
Important '
impor tfln t
Critical
Critical
Critical
Critical
Five Year Cost (SThousands)
Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 5 Total
T
150 150 300
150 100 100 50 50 450
100 200 500 800
100 200 500 800
i cn i t;n i Rn ARft
1 JU 1 «JU 1 JU 4JU
150 200 300 650
100 200 50 50 100 500
Development of a
quantitative landfill
characterization model
5422
13
Critical
100 200
300
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TABLE 6 - CONTINUED
PRIORITY RATINGS AND ESTIMATED 'COSTS FOR RECOMMENDED
R & D PROBLEM AREAS & SPECIFIC PROJECTS
Problem Area
Specific Project
Rating* Total Priority Five Year Cost ($Thousands)
ABCDEFGHI Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 5 Total
9. Toxicological Research
on H^ste Constituents
10. Characterization of
Waste Forms, Quantities
and Source Locations
Field test of waste
stabilization tech-
nology
Development of a
hazardous waste form,
quantity & source
location charac-
terization model
2 3
5 5
512 8 Important
- - - 5 Desirable
10
- 5 3 1 2
Critical
100 250
50
50 100
550
C$40,000 to $80,000 per
Individual hazardous materi.il)
11 Critical 250 300 300 300 300 1,450
•Rating categories are as follows:
A = Magnitude of the environmental hazard involved
B = Paucity of pertinent information and/or applicable technology
C = Importance of new data for assessing magnitude of environmental hazard
D = Importance of new data for assessing waste management technology
E = Importance of new data for assessing economic impact of pollution control
F = Probability of obtaining significant data
G = Importance of environmental hazard reduction possible through new technology
H = Importance of economic benefits possible through new technology
I = Probability of successful technology development
t Facility certification costs
+ U.S.A.E.C. Division of Waste Management and Transportation budget for research on disposal of high level radioactive wastes is
$7,000,000 for FY 1973
-------
7. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
*
In the course of this study a very complete overview was acquired of
the various factors influencing the proper management of hazardous
wastes. Three categories of broad conclusions and recommendations have
resulted from the investigations: (1) the requirement for National
Disposal Sites; (2) the requirement for the control of hazardous wastes;
and (3) the requirement for further research. Each of these categories
are discussed below.
The Requirement for National Disposal Sites
National Disposal Sites are essential to adequate waste management
for some wastes. In formulating the definition for a National Disposal
Site presented in Chapter 3 and in deriving the criteria for the identi-
fication of candidates for treatment at those sites, a rather restrictive
basis was utilized in order to avoid advocating an approach which would
duplicate what is currently available. Despite this restrictive frame-
work it is the conclusion of the TRW project team that a system of
disposal sites meeting the definition provided in Chapter 3 is required.
The need is defined most clearly in the cases of those waste stream
constituents requiring permanent storage of some type to protect the
public and/or the environment from the adverse effects of that material.
Examples of such materials are the long-lived radioisotopes found in
some nuclear wastes and the economically stagnant hazardous materials,
such as, the arsenic trioxide recovered in metal refining processes.
Other materials which require special handling and well monitored
disposal practice, such as, pesticides, might conceivably be treated in
industrial facilities. However, the current uncertainty in proper
operating conditions for the incineration of the pesticides and the general
lack of monitoring at the current disposal facilities precludes recommen-
dation thereof, thus necessitating National Disposal Site treatment.
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It is recommended, therefore, that a system of National Disposal sites
meeting the definition provided earlier be established. While it is not
necessary that these facilities be owned and/or operated by the government,
tt is required that their operation be carefully monitored by the
government to ensure their function of protecting the public and the
environment. To meet the requirement for handling those waste stream
constituents designated as candidates for National Disposal Sites, a
facility must* at the minimum, have unloading facilities, permanent storage
facilities (land burial and/or landfill), an incinerator equipped to
combust solids, liquids, and gases with adequate scrubbing and particulate
removal to maintain emissions below the statutory limits, acid and base
neutralization facilities, and chemical oxidative, reductive, and precipi-
tative reactors for stabilizing sludges in their least toxic and least
soluble forms. In addition, very complete monitoring of the effluents of
the processes within the facility and of the facility itself are mandatory.
At regular intervals reports should be made to the Federal Government from
each National Disposal Site summarizing the monitor data, reporting the
quantities, types, and sources of incoming wastes requiring treatment,
and indicating their within-facility and final disposition. These reports
would be interpreted for purposes of insuring compliance with various
regulations and determining the need for the modification of operations.
The strict dependence of such facilities on government, particularly
federal legislation and regulations, the requirement for extensive
reporting to and monitoring by the government, and the possible scarcity
of appropriate locations for economically servicing particular areas,
suggests the establishment of a utility to ensure financing and avoid
monopolistic business practice. Appropriate federal and state commissions
would be required to regulate the site structures and ensure compliance
with all regulations.
Control of Hazardous Wastes
Hazardous industrial wastes should be subject to strict accountability
in their disposal. The system of National Disposal Sites advocated above
114 • •
-------
is necessary to the proper management of some hazardous wastes, but it is
not sufficient to ensure that all potentially hazardous wastes can not
endanger the public. From many contacts with industry personnel made
during the course of the study, it was concluded that adequate disposal
processing often was not being applied to many of the waste stream
constituents under investigation. This was the conclusion both for those
constituents designated by our study as candidates for National Disposal
Sites and also for many of the materials which can be properly treated
by industrial or even municipal techniques. Many people with whom the
management of industrial wastes was discussed would not answer questions
as to their practice, indicating that they feared possible legal action.
Often the same people indicated that they were aware of proper technology
but that it was not applied generally, they said, because of cost. Many
industrial contacts also indicated that hazardous wastes were being stored,
often in open lagoons, until a proper disposal technique was identified.
While the larger manufacturers and users were usually aware of the
general form of their wastes, the sources of the wastes, and the
disposition of those wastes, many of the smaller manufacturers and users
of hazardous materials considered in this study indicated that they had
no idea what happened to the materials. They knew only that these
materials required periodic replacement. These small producers may be
inadvertently causing much undetected damage to the environment and
possibly to public health.
It is our recommendation that a set of rigorous and uniform regula-
tions and controls be formulated and applied to the disposal of all
hazardous wastes. The following elements should be included in the
regulations: (1) the requirement that the waste be chemically destroyed,
converted to its least toxic and least soluble form and placed in suitable
permanent storage facilities, or safely shipped to a facility which will
perform those functions; (2) the requirement that records of the chemical
composition, physical form, and disposition of all wastes containing
hazardous constituents be maintained and submitted to EPA on a regular
basis; (3) the requirement that plant effluents from storage and disposal
115
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areas be monitored to detect these hazardous constituents with maintenance
and submittal of records; (4) a limit on the quantities of hazardous
materials that can be stored in a hazardous form on a facility "awaiting"
disposal; and (5) the requirement that the facilities be open to inspec-
tion by EPA personnel.
Hazardous wastes subjected t& municipal disposal should be limited
wherever possible. The control of hazardous industrial wastes addressed
above covers those wastes generated from relatively few sources, such as,
the industrial plants. The much broader problem is to determine control
strategies operable in the consumer environment. At the present time
almost all discarded items containing hazardous materials are subject
to municipal disposal management which would not be adequate to preclude
possible effects to the environment if the concentrations were high.
Much larger volumes of many hazardous wastes are discarded in municipal
facilities than in industrial facilities', for example, at least 20 times
as much paint sludge containing lead,, mercury, and other such compounds
are in old paint cans rather than in the wastes from the paint industry.
Two general control strategies which would limit possible dangers are
(1) to encourage industry to utilize substitutes for the hazardous
materials in consumer and other products which ultimately are subject to
municipal disposal, and (2) to develop and utilize municiple disposal
techniques which concentrate the hazardous wastes such that they may be
properly handled or sent to a National Disposal Site or which stabilize
the hazardous wastes such that the potential public and environmental
exposure levels are below the provisional limits discussed in Volume II.
Required Research
The TRW recommendations as to specific areas requiring further research
and proposed program approaches were provided in Chapter 6. As was stated
there, each of these programs is necessary to the development of an informa-
tion base or to development of an adequate disposal method for particular
materials. These programs were necessarily limited to technological objec-
tives since these had been emphasized in the TRW project. However, in the
116
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course of the program, another type of research with less immediate objec-
tives was identified as important and necessary to adequate waste manage-
ment. This additional research would be directed at determining the inter-
actions of the government, industry, the public, and technology in formula-
ting disposal/resuse strategies.
It is recommended that modeling studies be undertaken which will
simultaneously consider the effects of various government policies on the
use, recovery, and reuse of hazardous materials. Specific policies which
would require consideration in the model are disposal control regulations,
National Disposal Site fee structure, import/export regulation, depletion
allowances, mining or manufacturing quotas, tax incentives, and subsidies.
The modeling studies should provide economic (cost) and social (changes in
labor patterns) tradeoffs on the substitution of non-hazardous materials
for hazardous materials and the recovery of the hazardous materials from
the discarded end item. Other factors, such as, increased or reduced
pollution and conservation of natural resources (including, but not limited
to, the hazardous material) must also be considered in constructing the
models and in interpreting and providing the results. The complexity of
these interactions requires a broad» quantitative approach to provide the
information necessary to making decisions of best possible benefit to the
public and the environment.
117
-------
8. REFERENCES
1. Booz-Allen Applied Research Inc. A study of hazardous waste
materials, 'hazardous effects and disposal methods, v. 1-3.
Report prepared for the Environmental Protection Agency
under Contract ;No. 68-03-0032, June 1972.
2. Golueke, C. G. and P. -H. McGauhey. Comprehensive studies of
solid waste management, second annual report. Washington
U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970. 245 p.
3. Andres, D. R. and L. A. Barch. California solid waste planning
study—hazardous waste disposal survey 1971. California State
Department of Public Health, Jan. 1972. 69 p.
4. Defense Supply Agency. JLC Conus inventory, by location, of
obsolete conventional munitions as of July 28, 1972. Joint °
AMC/NMC/AFLC/AFSC Commanders' Panel on Disposal Ashore of
Ammunition.
118
-------
APPENDIX
119
-------
TABLE 7
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Acetaldehyde
Acetic Acid
Acetic Anhydride
Acetone
Acetone
Cyanohydrl n
Acetonitrile
Material Treatment
No. Category
1 Municipal
Type
Disposal
2 Municipal
Type
Disposal
3 Municipal
Type
Disposal
4 Municipal
Type
Disposal
5 Industrial
Disposal
6 Industrial
Disposal
Provisional Limit
Water and
Air Soil
(mg/M3) (mg/1)
1.8 9.0
0.25 1.25
0.20 1,0
24 60.0
0.45 1.99
0.7 3.5
Found
In
Volume Recommended Treatment
X Concentrated: Controlled incineration.
Dilute: Biodegradation by unacclimated activated sludges via municipal
sewage treatment plants.
X Concentrated: Controlled incineration.
Dilute: Chemical or biological degradation via municipal waste treatment
systems.
X Concentrated: Controlled incineration.
Dilute: Reaction with water to form acetic acid followed by chemical or
biological degradation via municipal waste treatment systems.
X Concentrated: Controlled incineration.
Dilute: Biodegradation by unacclimated activated sludges via municipal
sewage treatment plants.
X Concentrated: Controlled Incineration (oxides of nitrogen are removed
the effluent gas by scrubbers and/or thermal devices).
Dilute: Biological treatment (highly dependent upon pH and temperature
tions); activated carbon treatment (as a polishing step to be used in
conjunction with biological treatment).
X Concentrated: Controlled incineration (oxides of nitrogen are removed
the effluent gas by scrubbers and/or thermal devices).
from
condi
from
Dilute: Biological treatment (highly dependent upon pH and temperature con-
ditions); activated carbon treatment (as a polishing step to be used In
conjunction with biological treatment).
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Acetylene
Acetyl Chloride
Acridine
Acrolein
Acrylic Acid
Acrylonitrlle
Material Treatment
No. Category
7 Municipal
Type
Disposal
9 Municipal
Type
Disposal
464 Industrial
Disposal
8 National
Disposal
Site
10 Municipal
Type
Disposal
11 Industrial
Disposal
Provisional Limit
Water and
Air Soil
(mg/M3) (mg/1)
22 110
.01 .05
0.15 0.75
.0025 .01
.01 .05
0.45 1.99
Found
In
Volume Recommended Treatment
X Concentrated: Incineration.
Dilute: Discharge of dilute aqueous solutions into the municipal sewers
after preliminary treatment; Incineration (for dilute organic mixture).
X Concentrated: Controlled incineration.
Dilute: Reaction with water to form acetic acid followed by chemical or
biological degradation via municipal waste treatment systems.
X Concentrated: Controlled incineration whereby oxides of nitrogen are
removed from the effluent gas by scrubber, catalytic or thermal device.
Dilute: Oxidation by activated sludge; adsorption on activated carbon.
VIII Concentrated: Incineration (1500F, 0.5 seconds minumum for primary com-
bustion; 2000F, 1.0 second for secondary combustion) - combustion products
are C02 and water.
Dilute: Secondary biological treatment after neutralization; submerged
combustion (for concentrating the waste) followed by incineration.
X Concentrated: Incineration.
Dilute: Biodegradation with unacclimated activated sludges in municipal
sewage treatment plants.
X Concentrated: Controlled incineration (oxides of nitrogen are removed
from the effluent gas by scrubbers and/or thermal devices).
Dilute: Biological treatment (highly dependent upon pH and temperature
conditions); activated carbon treatment (as a polishing step to be used in
conjunction with biological treatment).
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Provisional Limit
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Adi pie Add
Aldrln
Allyl Alcohol
Allyl Chloride
Material Treatment
No. Category
12 Municipal
Type
Disposal
13 National
Disposal
Site
14 Municipal
Type
Disposal
15 Industrial
Disposal
Air
(mg/M3)
0.25
.0025
0.05
.03
Water and
Soil
1.25
.012
0.23
0.15
Found
In
Volume Recommended Treatment
X Concentrated: Incineration.
Dilute: Biodegradation with unacclimated activated sludges in municipal
sewage treatment plants.
V Concentrated: Incineration (1500F, 0.5 seconds minimum for primary com-
bustion; 3200F, 1.0 second for secondary combustion) with adequate scrubbing
and ash disposal facilities.
Dilute: Adsorption with activated-carbon beds; chemical oxidation with
potassium permanganate.
X Concentrated: Controlled incineration.
Dilute: Biodegradation by unacclimated activated sludges via municipal
sewage treatment plants.
X Concentrated: Controlled incineration (1800F. 2 seconds minimum).
Dilute: Controlled incineration (for dilute organic waste); hydrol.lzed,
then treated with acclimated activated sludge (for dilute aqueous waste)...
Aluminum Fluoride
Aluminum Oxide
16 Industrial .025 0.6-1.7 XII
Disposal (as F) (as F)
465 Municipal 0..1 0.5 XII
Type
Disposal
Concentrated: Precipitation'with soda ash or slaked Hme - resulting
sludge should be sent to a California Class 1 type landfill.
The supernatant liquid Is neutralized with dilute hydrochloric add before
being washed into a sewer or stream with large quantities of water.
Landfill 1n a California Class 2 type facility.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Provisional Limit
Hazardous Waste Material Treatment Water and
Stream Constituent No. Category Air Soil
(mg/M3)
Found
In
Volume
Recommended Treatment
Aluminum Sulfate
17
Amlnoethylethanol
Amlne
Ammonium
B1 fluoride
Ammonium Chloride
Ammonium Chromate
Ammonlurn
Dlchromate
18
544
20
21
22
Municipal 0.01
Type (as
Disposal H2S04
Municipal
Type
Disposal
.06
Industrial 0.025
Disposal (as F)
Municipal 0.10
Type
Disposal
250
(as SO.)
0.30
0.6-1.7
(as F)
250
(as Cl)
National .001 .05
Disposal (as CrO,) (as Cr)
Site J
National .001 .05
Disposal (as CrO,) (as Cr)
Site 3
XII Hydrolysis followed by neutralization with NaOH.
The insoluble aluminum hydroxide formed is removed by filtration and can
be heated to decomposition to yield alumina which has valuable industrial
applications. The neutral solution of sodium sulfate can be discharged
into sewers and waterways as long as its concentration is below the
recommend provisional limit of 250 mg/1.
X Concentrated: Controlled incineration (Incinerator is equipped with a
scrubber or thermal unit to reduce NOx emissions).
Dilute: Chemically and biologically degraded via municipal waste treat-
ment system.
XII Aqueous Waste: Reaction with an excess of lime, followed by lagoon!ng,
and either recovery or landfill disposal of the separated caclium
fluoride. The supernatant liquid from this process 1s diluted and dis-
charged to the sewer.
XII Treated with sodium hydroxide to liberate ammonia and form the soluble
sodium salt. The liberated ammonia can be recovered and sold. After
dilution to the permitted provisional limit, the sodium salt can be dis-
charged into a stream or sewer.
VI Concentrated: Reduction/Precipitation with hydroxide 1on.
Dilute: Reduction/Precipitation; Ion Exchange.
VI Concentrated: Reduction/Precipitation with hydroxide ion.
Dilute: Reduction/Precipitation; Ion Exchange.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Provisional Limit Found
Material Treatment Water and In
No. Category Air Soil Volume
(mg/M3)
Recommended Treatment
Airnionium Fluoride
Amnonium
Hydroxide
Ammonium Nitrate
Ammonium
Perch1 orate
Ammonium
Persulfate
Ammonium
Pi crate. Dry
23 Industrial 0..025 0.6-1.7
Disposal (as F) (as F)
19
24
25
26
27
Industrial 0.02
Disposal
Municipal 0.05
Type
Disposal
Industrial 0.01
Disposal
Industrial 0.01
Disposal
0.01
45
(as N03)
0.05
0.05
National .001 .005
Disposal (as picric (as picric
Site add) add)
XII Aqueous Waste: Reaction with an excess of l'1me, followed by lagooning,
and either recovery or landfill disposal of the separated calcium fluoride.
The supernatant liquid from this .process is diluted and-discharged
to the-sewer.
XII Neutralization with nitric add to form a solution of ammonium nitrate
which can'be used as fertilizer.
XII Treated with sodium hydroxide to liberate ammonia and form-the soluble
sodium salt. The liberated anmonia can be recovered and sold. After
dilution to the-permitted provisional lim'lt, the sodium salt can be dis-
charged Into a stream-or sewer.
XII Dissolve the material 1n-water and add to a large volume-of concentrated
reducing agent solution, then acidify with H,S04. When -reduction is
complete, soda ash 1s added to make'the solution alkaline. -'Ammonia'will
be liberated and will require recovery. The alkaline liquid 1s decanted
from any sludge formed, neutralized, diluted and discharged to a sewer or
stream. The sludge is landfilled.
XII Dissolve the material in water and add to a large volume of concentrated
reducing agent solution, then acidify with H2SO.. When reduction Is com-
plete, soda ash is added to make the solution alkaline. Amnonia will be
liberated and will require recovery. The alkaline liquid is decanted from
any sludge formed, neutralized, diluted and discharged to a sewer or stream.
The sludge is landfilled.
VII Concentrated: .Incineration followed by adequate partlculate abatement
and wet scrubbing equipment.
Dilute: Chemical degradation with sodium sulfide solution. The HjS and
NH3 liberated must be scrubbed from the vent air.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Provisional Limit Found
Material Treatment Water and In
No. Category Air Soil Volume
(mg/M3) (mg/1)
Recommended Treatment
cn
Ammonium PI crate 28
Ammonium Sulflde 29
Amyl Acetate 30
(Banana Oil)
Amyl Alcohol 31
(Fusel 011)
Aniline 32
(011-Amino Benzene)
Anthracene 466
National .001 .005 VII
Disposal (as picric (as picric
Site add) add)
Industrial 0.15 0.75
Disposal (as H2S) (as H2S)
Municipal 5.3 26.3
Type /
D1sposal
Municipal 3.0 15
Type
Disposal
Industrial 0.19 0.95
Disposal
Municipal 0.5 2.5
Disposal
XII
Concentrated: Incineration followed by adequate participate abatement
and wet scrubbing equipment.
Dilute: Chemical degradation with sodium sulfide solution. The H,S and
The H2S
NH. liberated must be scrubbed from the vent air.
Converted Into the insoluble ferrous sulfide by reaction .with ferrous
chloride solution. The ferrous sulfide precipitate may be removed by
filtration and reclaimed.
Concentrated: Controlled incineration.
Dilute: Biodegradatlon by unaccllmated activated sludges via municipal
sewage treatment plants.
Concentrated: Controlled incineration.
Dilute: Biodegradatlon by unaccllmated activated sludges via municipal
sewage treatment plants.
Concentrated: Controlled Incineration whereby oxides of nitrogen are
removed from the effluent gas by scrubber, catalytic or thermal device.
Dilute: Oxidation by activated sludge; adsorption on activated carbon.
Concentrated: Incineration.
Dilute: Discharge of dilute aqueous solution into the municipal sewers
after primary treatment; incineration (for dilute organic mixture).
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Provisional Limit
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Antimony
Antimony
Pentachloride
Antimony
PentafluoHde
. Antimony
Pentasulfide
Antimony
Potassium
. Tartrate
Antimony
Sulfate
Material
No.
33
35
36
37
38
39
Treatment
Category
Industrial
Disposal
Industrial
Disposal
National
Disposal
Site
Industrial
Disposal
Industrial
Disposal
Industrial
Disposal
Air.
(mg/M3)
0.005
0.005
(as Sb)
.005
(as Sb)
0.005
as Sb.
' 0.005
as Sb
6.005
as Sb
Water and
Soil
(mg/1 )
0.05
0.05
(as Sb)
.05
(as Sb)
0.05
as Sb
0.05
as Sb
0.05
as Sb
Found
In
Volume Recommended Treatment
XII Wastes- should be concentrated and recycled to antimony production facilities
which utilize the electrolytic production process.
XII When dissolved in water and neutralized, the slightly soluble oxide is
formed. Removal of the. oxide is followed by sulflde precipitation to
ensure the removal of the metal ion from solution. The antimony oxides
can be sent- to a refiner or placed in long term storage.
VIII The compound Is dissolved 1n dilute HC1 and saturated with H.S. The
precipitate (antimony sulflde) 1s filtered, washed, and dried. The filtrate
1s air stripped of dissolved, H.S and. passed Into. an. Incineration device
equipped with a lime scrubber. The stripped filtrate, is. reacted with
excess lime, the precipitate (CaF- - CaCl- mixture) 1s disposed of by land
burial. (This. Is a proposed process).
XII Landfill in California' Class 1 type sites.
XII Dissolve wastes 1n water, acidify and precipitate the sulflde using hydrogen
sulflde as the reactant. The antimony sulflde precipitate should be
returned to suppliers or manufacturers for reprocessing or be placed into
long term storage.
XII Landfill 1n California Class 1 type sites.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Provisional Limit
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Antimony
Trichloride
Antimony
Tri fluoride
Antimony
Trioxide
Antimony
THsulfide
Arsenic
Arsenic
Pentaselenide
Material
No.
41
43
45
. 40
46
467
Treatment
Category
Industrial
Disposal
National
Disposal
Site
Industrial
Disposal
Industrial
Disposal
Industrial
Disposal
Industrial
Disposal
Air
(mg/M3)
0.005
(as Sb)
.005
(as Sb)
0.005
as Sb
0.005
as Sb
0.005
0.005
as As
Water and
Soil
(rag/1 )
0.05
(as Sb)
.05
(as Sb)
0.05
as Sb
0.05
as Sb
0.05
0.05
as As
Found
In
Volume
XII
VIII
XII
XII
XII
XII
Recommended Treatment
When dissolved in water and neutralized, the slightly soluble oxide is
formed. Removal of the oxide is followed by sulfide precipitation to
ensure the removal of the metal ion from solution. The antimony oxides
can be sent to a refiner or placed in long term storage.
The compound is dissolved in dilute HC1 and saturated with H-S. The
precipitate (antimony sulfide) 1s filtered, washed, and dried. The filtrate
1s air stripped of dissolved H2S and passed into an incineration device
equipped with a lime scrubber. The stripped filtrate is reacted with excess
lime, the precipitate (CaF2-CaCl2 mixture) is disposed ot by land burial.
(This is a proposed process.)
Wastes should be concentrated and recycled to antimony production facilities
which utilize the electrolytic production process.
Landfill in California Class 1 type sites.
Elemental arsenic wastes should be placed in long term storage or returned
to suppliers or manufacturers for reprocessing.
Wastes should be placed 1n long term storage or returned to suppliers or
manufacturers for reprocessing.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
00
Provisional Limit
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Arsenic
Trichloride
Arsenic Trioxide
Asbestos
Barium Carbonate
Barium Chloride
Barium Cyanide
Material Treatment
No. Category
50 National
Disposal
Site
51 National
Disposal
Site
468 Municipal
Type
Disposal
52 Industrial
Disposal
53 Industrial
Disposal
469 Industrial
Disposal
Water and
Air Soil
(mg/M3) (mg/1)
0.005
as As
.005
(as As} 1
0.05 fibers
per ml
greater
than 5 in
length
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.05
as As
.05
[as As)
500
1.0
1.0
0.01
as CN
Found
In
Volume
XII
VI
XII
XII
XII
XII
Recommended Treatment
Hydrolyze to arsenic trioxide utilizing scrubbers for hydrogen chloride
abatement. The trioxide may then be placed in long term storage.
Long term storage in large siftproof and weatherproof silos.
Landfill 1n a California Class 2 type facility.
Chemical precipitation usually utilizing sulfuric acid to form barium sulfate
which may be separated from the stream and recycled. The supernatant may
then be neutralized and discharged Into the sewer system.
Chemical reaction with water, caustic soda and slaked lime, resulting in
precipitation of the metal sludge which may be landfilled. The supernatant
liquid may be neutralized with acid and discharged Into the sewer system.
Chemical precipitation of barium sulfate following oxidation of the
cyanide with chlorine. The reactant in the precipitation reaction 1s
generally sulfuric acid. The sulfate may be recovered for recycle and the
supernatant may be discharged into the sewer after neutralization.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Provisional Limit Found
Material Treatment Water and In
No. Category Air Soil Volume
(mg/M^) (mg/1)
Recommended Treatment
ca
Barium Fluoride
Barium Nitrate
Barium Sulfide
Benzene
Benzene
Hexachloride
(Lindane)
Benzene Sulfonic
Acid
470 Industrial .005 1.0
Disposal (as Ba) (as Ba)
471 Industrial 0.005
Disposal
54
55
Municipal
Type
Disposal
National
Disposal
Site
0.80
.005
1.0
472 Industrial 0.005 1:0
Disposal
3.5
.025
56 Industrial 0.05 0.25
Disposal
XII Precipitation with soda ash or slaked lime - resulting sludge should be
sent to a California Class 1 type landfill. The supernatant liquid
is neutralized with sulfuric acid to form the insoluble barium sulfate.
XII Chemical reaction with water, caustic soda and slaked lime, resulting in
precipitation of the metal sludge which may be landfilled. The super-
natant liquid may be neutralized with acid and discharged into the sewer
system.
XII Chemical reaction.with water, caustic soda and slaked lime, resulting in
precipitation of the metal sludge which may be landfilled. The super-
natant liquid may be.neutralized with acid and discharged Into the
sewer system.
X Concentrated: Incineration.
Dilute: Discharge of dilute aqueous solutions into the municipal sewer
after preliminary treatment; incineration (for dilute organic mixture).
V Concentrated: Incineration (1.500F, 0.5 seconds minimum for primary com-
bustion; 2.200F, 1.0 second for secondary combustion) with adequate
scrubbing and ash disposal facilities.
Dilute: Adsorption with activated-carbon beds; alkaline hydrolysis.
X Concentrated: Incineration followed by scrubbing to remove the S02 gas.
Dilute: Biological or chemical degradation using conventional waste
water techniques; treatment with lime to precipitate out calcium .benzene
sulfonate which can be landfilled 1n a California Class 1 type site.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Provisional Limit
Material Treatment Water and
No. Category Air Soil
(mg/M3)
Found
In
Volume
Recommended Treatment
CO
o
Benzole Add
Benzoyl Peroxide
Benzyl Chloride
57 Municipal
Type
Disposal
514 Industrial 0.05
Disposal
58 Industrial .05 0.25
Disposal
Beryllium
Carbonate
-Beryllium
Chloride
Beryl 11 urn
Hydroxi de
473
474
475
Industrial
Disposal
Industrial
Disposal
Industrial
Disposal
0.25 1.25 X Concentrated: Incineration.
Dilute: Biodegradation with unaccllmated activated sludges in municipal
sewage treatment plants.
0.45 XI Decomposition with sodium hydroxide. The final solution of sodium
benzoate, which is very biodegradable, may be flushed Into the drain.
Disposal of large quantities of solution may require pH adjustment before
release into the sewer; controlled incineration after mixing with a
noncombustible material.
X Concentrated: Incineration (1500F, 0.5 seconds minimum for primary com-
bustion; 2200F, 1.0 second for secondary combustion). Elemental chlorine
formation may be alleviated through Injection of steam or methane into
the combustion process.
Dilute aqueous waste: Convert to the alcohol with caustic, then subject
to secondary treatment with activated sludge. Dilute organic waste:
incineration followed by scrubbing to remove HC1.
0.0001 1.0 XII Wastes should be converted into the chemically Inert oxide using
as Be as Be incineration and participate collection techniques. The oxides may be
landfilled.
0.0001 1.0 XII Wastes should be converted Into chemically Inert oxide using Incineration
as Be as Be and participate collection techniques. The oxides may be landfilled.
0.0001 1.0 XII Wastes should be converted into chemically Inert oxide using incineration
as Be as Be and particulate collection techniques. The oxides may be landfilled.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
CJ
Provisional Limit
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Beryllium Oxide
Beryllium,
Powder
Beryllium
Selenate
Borox, Dehydrated
Boric Add
Boron Chloride
Material
No.
476
59
477
381
60
62
Treatment
Category
Industrial
Disposal
Industrial
Disposal
Industrial
Disposal
Municipal
Type
Disposal
Industrial
Disposal
Industrial
Disposal
Air
(mg/M3)
0.0001
as Be
0.0001
as Be
0.0001
as Be
0.02
0.1
0.03
Water and
Soil
(rag/1 )
1.0
as Be
1.0
as Be
1.0
as Be
0.10
1.0
as B
0.15
Found
In
Volume
XII
XII
XII
XII
XII
XII
Recommended Treatment
Wastes should be converted into chemically inert oxide using Incineration
and particulate collection techniques. The oxides may be landfllled.
Wastes should be converted into the chemically Inert oxide using
Incineration and particulate collection techniques. The oxides may be
landfUled.
Wastes should be converted into chemically inert oxide using incineration
and particulate collection techniques. The oxides may be landfllled.
The material is diluted to the recommended provisional limit in water.
The pH is adjusted to between 6.5 and 9.1 and then the material can be
discharged into sewers or natural streams.
Chemical reaction with lime to form calcium borates which may be filtered
from solution. The liquid must be further treated with adsorptive clays
or 1on exchange. The sludges and clays may be deposited In California
Class 1 type landfills and the liquid may be neutralized and discharged
Into the sewer system.
Addition of soda ash-slaked Hme solution to form the corresponding sodium
and calcium salt solution. This solution can be safely discharged
after dilution.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Provisional Limit
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Boron Hydrides
Material Treatment
No. Category
61,505 . National
Disposal
Site
Air
(mg/M3)
Diborane
.001
Penta-
borane
.0001
Mater and
Soil
(•9/1)
Diborane
.005
Penta-
borane
.onos
Found
In
Volume
VII
Incineration with
participates.
Recommended Treatment
aqueous scrubbing of exhaust gases
Hydrolysis with subseouent evaporation to solid boric
not applicable to borone containing solid wastes)
to remove '8,0,
acid (Generally
Decaborane Decaborane
.003 .015
CJ
Boron Trifluoride 63
Bromlc Add 64
Bromine ~ 65
Bromine 66
Pentafluorlde
Butadiene 68
Industrial 0.03
Disposal
Industrial 0.007
Disposal as Br
Industrial 0.007
Disposal
0.15
XII
0.035 XII
as Br
0.035
XII
National
Disposal
Site
Municipal
Type
Disposal
.007
22
Reacts VII
quantitatively
with water
110 X
Chemical reaction with water to for boric acid and fluorboric acid.
The fluorboric acid is reacted with limestone forming boric acid and
calcium fluoride. The boric acid may be discharged into the sewer system
while the calcium fluoride may be recovered or landfilled.
Chemical reaction with iron turnings forming ferrosoferric bromide. This
is then decomposed by sodium carbonate forming carbon dioxide and sodium
bromide which may be crystallized and recovered.
Aqueous streams containing bromine may be air stripped of the bromine
which is easily condensed'in ice cooled condensers. The liquid bromine
is generally recycled.
Chemical conversion to carbon tetrafluoride and bromine in a charcoal
reactor. The carbon tetrafluoride is vented and the bromine is collected
in an ice water cooled trap.
Concentrated: Incineration
Dilute: Discharge of dilute aqueous solutions into municipal sewers
after preliminary treatment. Incineration (for dilute organic mixture).
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
CJ
CO
Provisional Limit
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Butane
1.2.4-Butanetriol
Trinltrate
Butanols
(Butyl Alcohol -n.
-1so. -sec, -teyl)
1-Butene
Butyl Acetate
Butyl Aery late
Material
No.
69
515
70,74.
493
' 71
72
73
Treatment
Category
Municipal
Type
Disposal
Industrial
Disposal
Municipal
Type
Disposal
Municipal
Type
Disposal
Municipal
Type
Disposal
Municipal
Type
Disposal
Air
(mg/M3)
12
0.02
3.0
22
7.1
1.0
Water and
Soil
(rag/1 )
60
0.1
15
110
35.5
5.0
Found
In
Volume Recommended Treatment
y Concentrated: Incineration.
Dilute: Discharge of dilute aqueous solutions into the municipal sewers
after preliminary treatment; Incineration (for dilute organic mixture).
XI The current method of absorption in sawdust, wood pulp or fullers earth
followed by open pit burning is feasible but unsatisfactory because of
the NOX evolved. Methods currently under investigation for minimum
environmental impact include bacterial degradation and controlled
incineration with after burners and scrubbers for abatement of NOX.
X Concentrated: Controlled incineration.
Dilute: Biodegradation by unacclimated activated sludges via municipal
sewage treatment plants.
X Concentrated: Incineration.
Dilute: Discharge of dilute aqueous solutions into the municipal sewers
after preliminary treatment; Incineration (for dilute organic mixture).
X Concentrated: Controlled incineration.
Dilute: Biodegradation by unacclimated activated sludges via municipal
sewage treatment plants.
X Concentrated: Controlled incineration.
Dilute: Biodegradation by unacclimated activated sludges via municipal
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Provisional Limit
Hazardous Waste Material Treatment Mater and
Stream Constituent No. Category Air Soil
(mg/M3)
Found
In
Volume
Recommended Treatment
CO
n-Butylamine
Butylene
Butyl Mercaptan
Butyl Phenol
Butyraldehyde
Cacodyllc Add
75
76
77
78
79
80
Municipal 0.15
Type
Disposal
Municipal
Type
Disposal
National
Disposal
Site
22
Industrial 0.01
Disposal
Municipal 0.19
Type
Disposal
Municipal 0.1
Type
Disposal
.005
0.75
110
0.05
0.001
0.5
.05
VI
Concentrated: Controlled Incineration (Incinerator 1s equipped with
a scrubber or thermal unit to reduce NOx emissions).
Dilute: Chemically and biologically degraded via municipal waste
treatment system.
Concentrated: Incineration.
Dilute: Discharge of dilute aqueous solutions Into the municipal sewers
after preliminary treatment; Incineration (for dilute organic mixture).
Concentrated: Incineration followed by effective scrubbing of the
effluent gas.
Dilute Waste: Incineration (2000 F) followed by scrubbing with a caustic
solution.
Concentrated: Controlled Incineration.
Dilute: Biological treatment with activated sludges via municipal waste
treatment plants.
Concentrated: Controlled Incineration.
Dilute: Blodegradation by unaccllmated activated sludges via municipal
sewage treatment plants.
Long-term storage in concrete vaults or weatherproof bins; Landfill 1n a
California "Class 1" site for small amounts.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
CJ
Provisional Limit
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Cadmium
Cadmium
Chloride
Cadmium
Cyanide
Cadml urn
Fluoride
Cadmium
Nitrate
Cadmium Oxide
Material Treatment
No. Category
81 National
Disposal
Site
83 National
Disposal
Site
84 National
Disposal
Site
478 National
Disposal
Site
479 National
Disposal
Site
85 National
Disposal
Site
A1r,
(mg/M3)
.002
.002
.002
(as Cd)
.002
(as Cd)
.002
.001
Water and
Soil
(mg/1)
.01
.01
.01
(as CN)
.01
(as Cd)
.01
.01
Found
In
Volume Recommended Treatment
VI Concentrated: Coagulation with lime, then sedimentation followed by
sand filtration. The effluent from this process should be treated
further using activated-carbon beds or ion exchange.
Dilute: Absorption with activated-carbon beds; coagulation with time
followed by filtration.
VI Concentrated: Coagulation with lime, then sedimentation followed by
sand filtration. The effluent from this process should be treated
further using activated-carbon beds or ion exchange.
Dilute: Adsorption with activated-carbon beds; coagulation with lime
followed by filtration.
V • Concentrated: Chlorinatlon under alkaline conditions (after the waste
1s diluted). Additional treatment to remove the cadmium ion.
Dilute: Oxidation by the hypochlorlte 1on (chlorlnation under alkaline
conditions).
XII Precipitation with soda ash on slaked 11 me - resulting sludge should be
sent to a California Class 1 type landfill. The supernatant 1s treated
further with 1on exchange, reverse osmosis, or activated carbon adsorption.
VI Concentrated: Coagulation with lime, then sedimentation followed by
sand filtration. The effluent from this process should be treated further
using activated-carbon beds or ion exchange.
Dilute: Adsorption with activated-carbon beds; Coagulation with lime
followed by filtration.
VI Concentrated: Coagulation with Hme, then sedimentation followed by
sand filtration. The effluent from this process should be treated further
using activated-carbon beds or ion exchange.
Dilute: Adsorption with activated-carbon beds; coagulation with lime
followed by filtration.
Fume: Electrostatic predpltators, bag houses, and cyclones.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
CJ
Provisional Limit
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Cadml urn
Phosphate
Cadmium
Potassium
Cyanide
Cadmium,
Powered
Cadml urn
Sulfate
Calcium
Arsenate
Calcium
Arsenlte
Calcium
Carbide
Material Treatment
No. Category
86 National
Disposal
Site
480 National
Disposal
Site
82 National
Disposal
Site
481 National
Disposal
Site
87 National
Disposal
Site
88 National
Disposal
Site
89 Industrial
Disposal
Air
(mg/ft3)
.002
.002
.002
.002
.005
(as As)
.005
(as As)
0.025
Mater and
Soil
(mg/1)
.01
.01
.01
.01
.05
(as As)
.05
(as As)
0.125
Found
In
Volume Recommended Treatment
VI Concentrated: Coagulation with Hme, then sedimentation followed by
sand filtration. The effluent from this process should be treated
further using activated-carbon beds or 1on exchange.
Dilute: Adsorption with activated-carbon beds; coagulation with lime
followed by filtration.
VI Concentrated: Coagulation with Urne, then sedimentation followed by
sand filtration. The effluent from this process should be treated
further using activated-carbon beds or 1on exchange.
Dilute: Adsorption with activated-carbon beds; coagulation with 11 me
followed by filtration. Further treatment to remove the cyanide ion.
VI Concentrated Aqueous Solution: Coagulation with lime, then sedimentation
followed by sand filtration. The effluent from this process should be
treated further using activated-carbon beds or ion exchange.
Dilute Aqueous Solution: Adsorption with activated-carbon beds;
coagulation with lime followed by filtration. Removal -from air:
Electrostatic precipitators, bag houses, and cyclones.
VI Concentrated: Coagulation' with 11 me, then sedimentation followed by
sand filtration. The effluent from this process should be treated
further using activated-carbon beds or ion exchange.
Dilute: Adsorption with activated-carbon beds; coagulation with lime
followed by filtration.
VI Long term storage 1n large, weatherproof, and slftproof storage bins
or silos; Landfill in a California Class 1 site.
VI Long term storage in large weatherproof and slftproof storage bins or
silos; Landfill 1n a California Class 1 site.
XII The waste material 1s slowly added to a large container of water. The
acetylene aas liberated 1s burned off with a allot flame. The remaining
residue 1s 11me and can be sent to a landfill.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
CO
Provisional Limit
Hazardous Haste
Stream Constituent
Calcium Chloride
Calcium Cyanide
Calcium Fluoride
Calcium Hydride
Calcium Hydroxide
Calcium Hypochlorite
Material
No.
90
91
92
93
94
482
Treatment
Category Air
(mg/M3)
Municipal 0.07
Type (as HC1)
Disposal
National .05
Disposal (as CN)
Site
Industrial 0.025
Disposal as F
Industrial 0.025
Disposal
Municipal 0.05
Type
Disposal
Industrial 0.025
Disposal
Water and
Soil
(mg/D
250
(as Cl)
.01
(as CN)
0.6 to
1.7 as F
0.125
0.25
0.125
Found
In
Volume Recommended Treatment
XII Precipitation with soda ash to yield the insoluble calcium carbonate.
The remaining brine solution, when its sodium chloride concentration is
below 250 mq/1, may be discharged into sewers and waterways.
V Concentrated: Chlorination under alkaline conditions (after the waste
is diluted).
Dilute: Oxidation by the hypochlorite ion (chlorination under alkaline
conditions).
XII Landfill in California Class 2 type sites.
XII The waste material is mixed with dry sand before adding to water.
The hydrogen gas liberated is burned off with a pilot flame. The remain-
ing residue 1s a hydroxide and should be neutralized by an add
before being disposed of.
XII Neutralization with hydrochloric acid to yield calcium chloride. The
calcium chloride formed can be treated by the method described earlier
for this compound.
XII Dissolve the material in water and add to a large volume of concentrated
reducing agent solution, then acidify the mixture with HoSO*. When reduction
is complete, soda ash is added to make the solution alkaline . The
alkaline liquid is decanted from any sludge produced, neutralized, and
diluted before discharge to a sewer or stream. The sludge 1s land-
filled.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Provisional Limit
Hazardous Haste
Stream Constituent
Calcium Oxide
Calcium Phosphate
Camphor
Carbolic Acids
(Phenol)
Material
No.
483
95
96
97
327
Treatment
Category
Municipal
Type
Disposal
Municipal
Type
Disposal
Municipal
Type
Disposal
Municipal
Type
Disposal
A1r
(mg/M3)
0.05
0.01
0.12
0.19
Water and
Soil
(mg/D
0.25
0,05
0.6
0.001
Found
In
Volume
XII
XII
X
X
Recommended Treatment
Neutralization with hydrochloric acid to yield calcium chloride. The
calcium chloride formed can be treated by the method described earlier
for this compound.
Landfill in a California Class 2 type facility.
Concentrated: Controlled incineration.
Dilute: Biodegradation by unaccllmated activated sludnes via municipal
sewage treatment plants.
Concentrated: Controlled incineration.
Dilute: Biological treatment with activated sludges
troatmont nlantc
via municipal waste
Carbon Dlsulflde
98 Industrial 0.2 ppm 1,0
Disposal
Controlled incineration - a'sulfur dioxide scrubber 1s necessary when
combusting significant quantities of carbon disulfide.
Carbon Monoxide
99 Industrial 0.055
Disposal
2.75
XII
Controlled incineration.
*Note that units are ppm not mg/M3.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
CO
Provisional Limit
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chloral Hydrate
Chlorates with
Red Phosphorus
Chlorobenzene
Chlordane
Material
No.
100
104
516
108,
278
484
Treatment
Category
Industrial
Disposal
Industrial
Disposal
Industrial
Disposal
Industrial
Disposal
National
Disposal
Site
Air
(mg/M3)
0.65
0.002
0.001
3.5
.005
Water and
Soil
1.95
0.01
0.005
17.5
.025
Found
In
Volume
X
X
XIII
X
V
Reconmended Treatment
Incineration— preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel. Care
must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation
of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids.
produced.
Incineration— preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel. Care
must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of
phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced.
Controlled incineration followed by effluent scrubbers to abate NOx, P«0,n,
HC1, S02 and metal oxides.
Incineration—preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel. Care
must be exercised to assure complete combustion to nrevent the formation
of phosgene. 4n acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced.
Concentrated: Incineration (1500F, 0.5 seconds minimum for primary
combustion; 3200F, 1.0 second for secondary combustion) with adequate
scrubbing and ash disposal facilities.
Chlorine
105 National .03
Disposal
Site
0.15
Dilute: Adsorption with activated-carbon beds.
VIII Water scrubbing and stripping units are used to remove chlorine from a
gas stream. Alkaline scrubbers are used to remove the residual chlorine
from the water scrubber vent gas.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Provisional Limit Found
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Chlorine Trifluoride
and Chlorine-
Pentafluoride
Chloroform
(Trichloromethane)
1 i Chloropicrin
o
Chlorosulfonic Acid
Chrome
Chromic Acid
(Liquids, Chromium
Trioxide)
Material Treatment
No. Category
106 National
Disposal
Site
109 Industrial
Disposal
111 Industrial
Disposal
112 Industrial
Waste
113 Industrial
Disposal
114 .National
Disposal
Site
Air
(mg/M3)
For C1F3
.001 ppm
For C1F5
.001 ppm
1.2
.007
0.05
units are
ppm,, not
mg/rr
0.01
.001
Water and In
Soil Volume
(mg/D
Reacts VII
quantitatively
with. water
to- form
C12 .15
HC1 .35
-HF .02
6 X
.035 XI
0.05 XII
None -XII
available
.05 VI
Recommended Treatment
Reaction with a charcoal bed to form carbon tetrafluoride and chlorine.
The carbon tetrafluoride is vented and the chlorine produced is removed
by a caustic scrubber, ' -,
Incineration—preferably after mixing with^another combustible fuel. Care
must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation
of phosgene. An acid-scrubber is necessary to-remove the halo acids
. produced.
Concentrated: -Incineration (1500F, 0.5 seconds minimum for primary
combustion; 2200F, 1.0 second for secondary- combustion) after mixing with
other fuel. The formation of elemental chlorine^may be prevented by Injection
of steam or using- methane as a fuel in the process.
Dilute waste: Incineration with scrubbing for HC1 and NOX removal .
Chemical decomposition using sodium bicarbonate, and ammonium hydroxide as
reactants with dilution with water, neutralization and discharge into the
sewer system.
Recycling scrap for reuse.
Concentrated: Reduction to Cr III and precipitation by pH adjustment.
Precipitates are normally land filled in a California "Class 1" site.
Dilute: Adsorotion on activated carbon: Ion exchange.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Provisional Limit
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Material
No.
Treatment
Category
A1r,
(mg/M3)
Water and
Soil
(mg/D
Found
In
Volume
Recommended Treatment
Chromic Fluoride 485
Chromic Sulfate 486
Chromium Cyanide 487
Coal 488
Cobalt Chloride 489
Cobalt Nitrate 116
Industrial
Disposal
Industrial
Disposal
Not
Applicable
Municipal
Type
Disposal
Industrial
Disposal
Industrial
Disposal
0.005 0.05
as Cr as Cr
0.005
as Cr
0.005
as Cr
0.02
0.001
as Co
0.001
as Co
0.05
as Cr
0.01
as CN
500
0.05
as Co
0.05
as Co
XIII
XIII
XII
XII
XII
Alkaline precipitation of the heavy metal gel followed by effluent
neutralization and discharge into the sewer system. The heavy metal may
be recovered from the sludge or the sludge may be landfilled in a
California Class 1 type site.
Alkaline precipitation of the heavy metal gel followed bv effluent
neutralization and discharge into the sewer system. The heavy metal
may be recovered from the sludge or the sludge may he landfilled in a
California Class 1 type site.
noes not exist and therefore treatment methods are not applicable.
Landfill in a California Class 2 type facility.
Chemical reaction with water, caustic soda and slaked lime, resulting
1n precipitation of the metal sludge which may be landfilled. The
supernatant liquid may be neutralized with acid and discharged Into the
sewer system.
Chemical precipitation usually utilizing sulfuric add to form barium
sulfate which may be separated from the stream and recycled. The
supernatant may then be neutralized and discharged Into the sewer system.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Provisional Limit
Hazardous Waste Material
Stream Constituent No.
Copper' Acetoarsenite 490 '
Copper Acetylide 517
Copper Arsenates 119
Copper Chlorotetrazole 518
Copper Cyanides 120
Copper Nitrate 121
Treatment
Category
National-
Disposal
Site
National
Disposal
Site
National
Disposal
Site
National
Disposal
Site
National
Disposal
-Site
Industrial
Disposal
Air
(mg/M^)
.005
(as As)
.01
(as Cu)
.005
(as As)
.01
(as Cu)
.01
(as Cu)
0.01
as Cu
Water and
Soil
(mg/1)
.05
(as As)
1.0
as Cu
.05
(as As)
1.0
(as Cu)
.01
(as Cu)
1.0
as Cu
Found
In
Volume
VI
VII
VI
VII
V
XII
Recommended Treatment
Long term storage in large weatherproof and siftproof storage bins or silos;
landfill in a California Class I site.
Detonation (on an interim basis until a fully satisfactory technique is
developed) - the copper salts liberated are disposed of in a California
Class 1 landfill site.
Long term storage in large, weatherproof, and siftproof storage bins
or silos; landfill in a California Class 1 site.
Controlled combustion employing a rotary kilm incinerator equipped with
appropriate scrubbing devices. The explosive is fed to the incinerator
as a slurry in water. The scrubber effluent would require treatment for
recovery of particulate metal compounds formed as combustion products.
Concentrated: Chlorination under alkaline conditions (after the waste
is diluted).
Dilute: Oxidation by the hypochlorite 1on (chlorlnatlon under alkaline
conditions) .
Copper wastes can be concentrated through the use of ion exchange,
reverse osmosis or multiple effect evaporators to the point where copper
can be electrolytically removed and sent to a
recovery is not desired, the copper can be precipitated through the use
of caustics and the sludges may be landfilled in a California Class 1 type
facility. Dilute wastes may be discharged into sewer systems after
neutralization.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Provisional Limit
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Copper Sulfate
Creosote
(coal tar)
Cresol
(Cresylic Add)
*j Crotonal dehyde
Cumene
Material
No.
122
123
124,
125
126
127
Treatment
Category
Industrial
Disposal
Municipal
Type
Disposal
Municipal
Type
Disposal
Municipal
Type
Disposal
Municipal
Type
Disposal
Air
(mg/M3)
0.01
as Cu
0.22
0.19
0.06
2.45
Water and
Soil
(mg/1 )
1.0
as Cu
.001
0.001
0.30
12.25
Found
In
Volume
XII
X
x •
X
X
Recommended Treatment
Copper wastes can be concentrated through the use of ion exchange, reverse
osmosis, or multiple effect evaporators to the point where copper can be
electrolytically removed and sent to a reclaiming firm. If recovery is
not desired, the copper can be precipitated through the use of caustics and
the sludges may be landfilled in a California Class 1 type facility. Dilute
wastes may be discharged into sewer systems after neutralization.
Concentrated: Incineration.
Dilute: Discharge of dilute aqueous solution into the municipal sewer
after preliminary treatment; incineration (for dilute organic mixture).
.Concentrated: Controlled incineration.
Dilute: Biological treatment with activated sludges via municipal waste
treatment plants.
Concentrated: Contplled incineration.
Dilute: Riodegradation by unacclimated activated sludges via municipal
sewage treatment plants.
Concentrated: Incineration.
Dilute: Discharge of dilute aqueous solutions into the municipal sewers
aftor nrel iminaru f-roatnmnt! I nrineratlnn tfnf Hilnto nraanlr mirtiirp^
Cuprous (Copper)
Cyanide
128
National .01
.01
Disposal (as Cu) (as CN)
Site
Concentrated: Chlorination under alkaline conditions (after the waste
is diluted).
Dilute: Oxidation by the hypochlorite ion (Chlorination under alkaline
conditions).
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Cyanides
Cyanoacetlc Add
Material
No.
129
130
Treatment
Category
National
Disposal
Site
Industrial
Disposal
Prov1s1o
A1r
(mg/M3)
.05
(as CN)
0.01
nal Limit
Hater and
Soil
(ng/D
.01 •
(as CN)
0.05
Found
In
Volume
V
X
Recommended Treatment
Oxidation by the hypochloHte 1on (chlorfnatlon under alkaline
for both dilute and concentrated wastes. Concentrated wastes
diluted before chlorinatlon.
conditions)
should be
Concentrated: Controlled Incineration (oxides of nitrogen are removed from
the effluent gas by scrubbers and/or thermal devices).
Cyanurlc Tr1az1de 519
Cyclohexane 131
Cyclohexanol 132
Cyclohexanone 133
Industrial Not Not
Disposal Available Available
Municipal
Type
Disposal
Municipal
Type
Disposal
Municipal
Type
Disposal
10.5
2.0
2.0
52.5
10
10.0
Dilute: Biological treatment (highly dependent upon pH and temperature
conditions); activated carbon treatment (as a polishing step to be used
in conjunction with biological treatment).
XI Bags containing the explosive, wet with water, are carried to a destruction
pit, placed in Intimate contact with each other and a blasting cap placed
between bags to initiate the explosives. This should be .done by an
ordnance disposal, team experienced in handling Initiating explosives.
X Concentrated: Incineration.
Dilute: Discharge of dilute aqueous solutions into the municipal sewers
after preliminary treatment; Incineration (for dilute organic mixture)
X Concentrated: Controlled incineration.
Dilute: Riodegradation by unacclimated activated sludges via municipal
sewage treatment plants.
X Concentrated: Controlled incineration.
Dilute: Biodegradation by unacclimated activated sludges via municipal
sewage treatment plants.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
U\
Provisional Limit
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Cyclohexylamlne
ODD
DDT
Decyl Alcohol
Deneton
Material Treatment
No. Category
134 Municipal
Type
Disposal
136 National
Disposal
Site
137 National
Disposal
Site
138 Municipal
Type
Dlsposdl
491 National
Disposal
Site
A1r,
(mg/M3)
0.1
.01
.01
1.0
.001
Mater and
Soil
(mg/1)
0.5
.05
.05
5
.005
Found
In
Volume Reconnended Treatment
X Concentrated: Controlled incineration (Incinerator Is equipped with a
scrubber or thermal unit to reduce NOx emissions).
Dilute: Chemically and biologically degraded via municipal waste treatment
system.
V Concentrated: Incineration (1,500 F., 0.5 seconds minimum for primary
combustion; 2,200 f, 1.0 second for secondary combustion) with adequate
scrubbing and ash disposal facilities.
Dilute: Adsorption with activated-carbon beds; alkaline hydrolysis.
V Concentrated: Incineration (1,500 F, 0.5 seconds minimum for primary
combustion; 2,200 F, 1.0 second for secondary combustion) with adequate
scrubbing and ash disposal facilities.
Dilute: Adsorption with activated-carbon beds; alkaline hydrolysis.
X Concentrated: Controlled Incineration.
Dilute: Biodegradation by unaccllmated activated sludges via municipal
sewage treatment plants. '
V Concentrated: Incineration (1,500 F, 0.5 seconds minimum for primary
combustion; 2,200 F, 1.0 second for secondary combustion) with adequate
scrubbing and ash disposal facilities.
Detonators
520 National Not Not
Disposal Available Available
Site
VII'
Dilute: Adsorption with activated-carbon beds; primary waste treatment
followed by an activated sludge process.
The Chemical Agent Munition Disposal System under development by the
U.S. Army Materiel Command.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Provisional Limit
Hazardous Waste
Strean Constituent
01-n-Butyl
Phthalate
Dlazodlnltrophenol
M&terlal Treatment
No. Category
139 -Municipal.
Type
Disposal
521 National
Disposal
Site
A1r
(mg/M3)
0.05
Not
Available
Hater and
Soil
(mg/1)
0.25
Not
Available
Found
In
Volume Recomnended Treatment
,X , Concentrated: Controlled Incineration. , . . .'-
Dilute: Blodegradation by unaccl imated activated sludqes via municipal
sewage treatment plants.
VII Controlled Incineration - the Incinerator Is equipped with
afterburner or alkaline scrubbing systems for the abatement
liberated.
Military and commercial munitions should be disposed of by
Materiel Command's Deactlvatlon Furnace.
suitable
of the NOx
the U.S. Army
0-D1chlorobenzene 140,278 Industrial 3.0 15.0
Disposal
P-D1chlorobenzene 141 Industrial 4.5 22.5
Disposal
Dlchlorofluoromethane 142 Industrial 49.5 247.5
(Freon) Disposal
Dlchloroethyl Ether 143 Industrial 0.30 1.5
Disposal
Incineration—preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel. Care
must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the,.formation of
phosgene. An acid scrubber Is necessary to remove the halo acids produced.
Incineration—preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel. Care
must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of
phosgene. An add scrubber 1s necessary to remove the halo acids produced.
Incineration—preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel. Care
must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of
phosgene. An acid scrubber Is necessary to remove the halo acids produced.
Incineration—preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel. Care
must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of
phosgene. An add scrubber Is necessary to remove the halo acids produced.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Provisional Limit Found
Hazardous Haste Material Treatment Hater and In
Stream Constituent No. Category Air Soil Volume
(mg/M3) (rag/1)
Recommended Treatment
Dlchloromethane 144
(Methylene Chloride)
2,4-D 135
(D1chlorophenoxyacet1c
Acid)
1,2 - Dlchloropropane 145,
363
1,3 - Olchloropropene 146,
(Propylene D1chlor1de) 363
mchlorotetra- 147
fluoroethane
D1cylopentad1ene 148
Industrial 17.4 87
Disposal
National 0.1 0.5
Disposal
Site
Industrial 3.5 17.5
Disposal
Industrial 0.03 0.15
Disposal
Industrial 70 350
Disposal
Municipal 15 75
Type
Disposal
Incineration—preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel. Care
must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of
phosgene. An acid scrubber 1s necessary to remove the halo adds produced.
Concentrated: Incineration {1500 F, 0.5 seconds minimum for primary
combustion; 2200 F, 1.0 second for secondary combustion) with adequate
scrubbing and ash disposal facilities.
Dilute: Adsorption with activated carbon beds; Ion Exchange after
neutralization to the sodium salt.
Incineration—preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel. Care
must exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of
phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced.
Incineration—preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel. Care
must be exercised to assure complete comhustlon to prevent the formation of
phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced.
Incineration—preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel. Care
must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of
phosgene. An add scrubber is necessary to remove the halo adds produced.
Concentrated: Incineration.
Dilute: Discharge of dilute aqueous solutions into the municipal sewers
after preliminary treatment; Incineration (for dilute organic mixture).
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Provisional Limit
Hazardous Waste Material Treatment Mater and
Stream Constituent No. Category Air Soil
(mg/M3)
Found
In
Volume
Recommended Treatment
00
,Djeldrin»< _.-
Diethanolamine
Diethylaraine
Diethyl ether
Diethylene Glycol
149. .National .0025
'Disposal
Site
.012.
150 Municipal 0.06 0.30
Type
Disposal
151 Municipal 0.75 3.75
Type
Disposal
152 Industrial 12 60
Disposal
Diethylstilbestrol 492 Municipal 0.19 0.001
Type
Disposal
154 Municipal 2.0
Type
Disposal
10
Concentrated: Incineration (1,500 f, 0.5 seconds minimum for primary
combustion; 3.200 F, 1.0 second for secondary combustion) with adequate
scrubbing and ash disposal facilities.
Dilute: Adsorption with actlva'ted-carbon beds.
Concentrated: Controlled incineration (incinerator is equipped with a
scrubber or thermal unit to reduce Nix emissions).
Dilute: Chemically and biologically degraded via municipal waste
treatment system.
Concentrated: Controlled incineration (Incinerator 1s equipped with a
scrubber or thermal unit to reduce NOx emissions).
Dilute: Chemically and biologically degraded via municipal waste
treatment system.
Discharge liquid at a
XI Concentrated waste containing no peroxides:
controlled rate near a pilot flame.
Concentrated waste containing peroxides: Perforation of a container of
the waste from a safe distance followed by open'burning.
Dilute Waste: Incineration (1500 F minimum).
X Concentrated: Controlled incineration.
Dilute: Biological treatment with activated sludges via municipal waste
treatment plants.
X Concentrated: Controlled incineration.
Dilute: Biodegradation by unacclimated activated sludges via municipal
sewage treatment plants.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Dlethyl Tr1m1ne
D11sobutylene
Dllsobutyl Ketone
D1 1 sopropanol ami ne
Dimethyl ami ne
Dimethyl Sulfate
(Methyl Sulfate)
Provisional Limit
Material Treatment Water and
No. Category Air Soil
(mg/M3) (mg/1 )
155 Municipal 0.04 0.20
Type
Disposal
156 Municipal 10 50
Type
Disposal
157 Municipal 1.5 7.5
Type
Disposal
158 Municipal 0.06 0.30
Type
Disposal
159 Municipal 0.18 0.90
Type
Disposal
160 National 0.05 0.25
Disposal
Site
Found
In
Volume Recommended Treatment
X Concentrated: Controlled incineration (incinerator is equipped with a
scrubber or thermal unit to reduce Nix emissions).
Dilute: Chemically and biologically degraded via municipal waste treatment
system.
X Concentrated: Incineration.
Dilute: Discharge of dilute aqueous solutions into the municipal sewers
after preliminary treatment; Incineration (for dilute organic mixture)
X Concentrated: Controlled Incineration.
Dilute: Biodegradation by unaccllmated activated sludges via municipal
sewage treatment plants.
X Concentrated: Controlled Incineration (Incinerator 1s equipped with a
scrubber or thermal unit to reduce NOx emissions).
Dilute: Chemically and biologically degraded via. municipal waste treatment
system.
X Concentrated: Controlled Incineration (Incinerator Is equipped with a
scrubber or thermal unit to reduce NOx emissions).
Dilute: Chemically and biologically degraded via municipal waste
treatment system.
VIII Incineration (1800 F, 1.5 seconds minimum) of dilute, neutralized dimethyl
sulfate waste Is recommended. The Incinerator must be equipped with
efficient oxides of sulfur scrubbing devices.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Provisional Limit
Hazardous Haste Material Treatment Water and
Stream Constituent No. Category A1r Soil
(mg/M3)
Found
In
Volume
Recommended Treatment
Ol
2.4 - Oinitroan1l1ne 161 .: Industrial 0.06 0.30
Disposal
Dinitrobenzol 163
(dinitrobenzene)
Dlnitro Cresols 162
Dinltrophenol 164
Dlnitrotoluene 165
Dioxane 153
(Dlethylene Oxide) -
Industrial 0.01
Disposal
National
Disposal
Site
National
Disposal
Site
.002
Industrial 0,002
Disposal
.015
Industrial 3.6
Disposal
0.05
.01
0.010
1.5
18
X Concentrated: Controlled incineration wherebv oxides of nitrogen are removed
from the effluent gas by scrubber, catalytic or thermal device.
Dilute: Oxidation by activated sludge; adsorption on activated carbon.
XI Concentrated and dilute Waste: Incineration (1800 F, 2.0 seconds minimum)
followed by removal of the oxides of nitrogen that are formed using
scrubbers and/or catalytic or thermal devices. The dilute wastes should be
concentrated before Incineration.
V Concentrated: Incineration (600 C minimum) with adequate scrubbing and ash
disposal facilities.
Dilute: Adsorption with granular activated-carbon beds or adsorption with
powdered activated carbon.
XI Concentrated: Incinerated (1800 F, 2.6 seconds minimum') with adequate
scrubbing equipment for the removal of NOx.
Dilute: Concentration followed by Incineration.
VII Mixture of the dinitrotoluene contaminated waste with NaHC03 and solid
combustibles followed by incineration in an alkaline-scrubber equipped
incinerator unit.
XI Concentrated waste containing no peroxides: Discharge liquid at a controlled
rate near a pilot flame.
Concentrated waste containing peroxides: Perforation of a container of the
waste from a safe distance followed by open burning.
Dilute Haste: Incineration (1500 F minimum).
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Hazardous Haste
Stream Constituent
Dlpentaerythrltol
Hexanitrate (DPEHN)
Dlphenylamlne
(Phenyl aniline)
Dlpropylene Glycol
Dodecyl Benzene .
Endrln
Material Treatment
No. Category
522 National
Disposal
Site
167 Municipal
Type
Disposal
168 Municipal
Type
Disposal
169 Municipal
Type
Disposal
170 National
Disposal
Site
Provisional Limit
Hater and
A1r Soil
(mg/M3) (mg/1 )
.02 0.1
0.1 0.5
2.0 10
3.75 18.75
.001 .005
Found
In
Volume
VII
XI
X
X
V
Recomended Treatment
Controlled Incineration 1n rotary kiln incinerators equipped with after-
burner or flue gas scrubbers.
Obsolete military and sporting ammunition containing this material should
be destroyed using the Chemical Agent Munition Disposal System.
Concentrated: Controlled Incineration with adequate scrubbing for NOx
removal; landfill in a California Class 1 site.
Dilute: Incineration or landfill in a California Class 1 site.
Concentrated: Controlled Incineration.
Dilute: Blodegradation t>y unaccl imated activated sludges via municipal
sewage treatment plants.
Concentrated: Incineration.
t>
Dilute: -Discharge of dilute aqueous solution Into the municipal sewers
after preliminary treatment; Incineration (for dilute organic mixture)
Concentrated: Incineration (1,500 F, 0.5 seconds minimum for primary
combustion; 3,200 F, 1.0 second for secondary combustion) with adequate
scrubbing and ash disposal facilities. .
Dilute: Adsorption with activated-carbon beds.
Ep1ch1orohydr1n 171 Industrial 0.19 0.95
Disposal
Incineration—preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel. Care
must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of
phosgene. An add scrubber Is necessary to remove the halo acids produced.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
M.
c/r
?S3
Hazardous Haste
Stream Constituent
Ethane
••
Ethanol
Ethanolamine
(.Monoethanolamlne)
t
Ethyl Acetate
Ethyl Acrylate
,
Ethylamine
Material
No.
493 :
172
173,
279
175
176
178
Provisional Limit
Treatment Hater and
Category A1r Soil
(mg/M3) (mg/1)
Municipal 9 45
Type
Disposal
Municipal 19 95
Type
Di sposdl
Municipal .06 0.30
Type -
Disposal
Municipal 14 70.0
Type
Dlsposdl
Municipal 1.0 5.0
Type
sposa
Municipal 0.18 0.90
».
Found
In
Volume
.X
X
X ..
X
X
X
Recommended Treatment
Concentrated: Incineration
Dilute: Discharge of dilute aqueous solutions into the municipal sewers
after preliminary treatment; Incineration (for dilute organic mixture)
Concentrated: Controlled incineration.
Dilute: Biodegradation by unacclimated activated sludges via municipal
sewage treatment plants.
Concentrated: Controlled Incineration (Incinerator 1s equipped with a
scrubber or thermal unit to reduce NOx emissions).
Dilute: Chemically and biologically degraded via municipal waste
treatment system.
Concentrated: Controlled Incineration.
Dilute: Biodegradation. by unacclimated activated sludges via municipal
sewage treatment plants.
Concentrated: Controlled incineration.
Dilute: Biodegradation by unacclimated activated sludges via municipal
sewage treatment plants.
Concentrated: Controlled Incineration (Incinerator 1s equipped with a
Type
Disposal
scrubber or thermal unit to reduce NOx emissions).
Dilute:
system.
Chemically and biologically degraded via municipal waste treatment
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Ethyl benzene
Ethyl Chloride
Ethyl ene
Ethyl ene Bromtd»
p* CEthylene
in D1brom1de)
W
-
Ethyl ene
CyanohydHn
Ethyl ene
Diamine
Provisional Limit
Material Treatment Water and
No. Category Air Soil
(mg/M3) (mg/1 )
179 Municioal 4.35 21.75
Type
Disposal
180 Industrial 26 130
Disposal
181 Municipal 22 110
Disposal
182, Industrial 1.45 7.25
494 Disposal
183 Industrial 0.45 1.99
Disposal
184 Municipal 0.25 1.27
Type
Dlsoosal
Found
In
Volume Recommended Treatment
X Concentrated: Incineration
Oilute: Oischarqe of dilute aqueous solution into the municipal sewers
after preliminary treatment; incineration (for dilute organic mixture).
X Incineration - preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel.
Care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to orevent the
formulation of phosqene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the
halo acids produced.
X Concentrated: Incineration
Dilute: Discharge of dilute aqueous solutions into the municipal sewers
after preliminary treatment; incineration (for dilute organic mixture).
XI Concentrated: Controlled incineration with adequate scrubbing and ash
disposal facilities.
Dilute: Steam stripping - the waste gases from strioping must be burned
1n incinerators equipped with adequate scrubbing equipment.
Removal from air: Refrigerated condensation.
X Concentrated: Controlled incineration (oxides of nitrogen are removed
from the effluent gas by scrubbers and/or thermal devices).
Dilute: Biological treatment (highly dependent upon pH and temperature
conditions); activated carbon treatment (as a polishing step to be used
In conjunction with biological treatment).
X Concentrated: Controlled Incineration (Incinerator Is equipped with a
scrubber or thermal unit to reduce NOx emissions).
miiita- rhomirallu anri hlnlnnlrall w HpnraripH via fflunlrlnal wactp trpat-
ment system.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
tn
Hazardous Haste
Stream Constituent
Ethyl ene
01chlor1de
Ethyl ene
Glycol
Ethyl ene Glycol
Monoethyl Ether
Ethyl ene Glycol
Honoethyl Ether
Acetate
Ethylen1m1ne
Ethyl Mercaptan
Provisional Limit
Material Treatment Water and
No. Category Air Soil
(mg/M3) (mg/1)
185 Industrial 2.0 10
Disoosal
186, Municioal 2.0 1.0
- 206 . Type
Disposal
187 Industrial 2.0 10
Disposal
188 Industrial 1.2 6.0
Disposal
190 Industrial 0.01 0.05
Disposal
192 Industrial 0.01 0.05
Disposal
Found
In
Volume Recommended Treatment
X Incineration - preferably after mixinq with another combustible fuel.
Care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the
formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the
halo acids produced.
X Concentrated: Controlled incineration
Dilute: Biodeqradation by unacclimated activated sludges via municipal
sewage treatment plants.
XI Concentrated waste containing no peroxides: Discharge liquid at a con-
trolled rate near a ollot flame.
Concentrated waste containing oeroxides: Perforation of a container of
the waste from a safe distance followed by open burning.
Dilute Waste: Incineration (1500 F minimum).
XI Concentrated waste containing no peroxides: Discharge liquid at a controlled
rate near a pilot flame.
Concentrated waste containing peroxides: Perforation of a container of
the waste from a safe distance followed by open burning.
Dilute Waste: Incineration. (1500 F minimum).
XI Concentrated: Mix with acidic water in an acid scrubber. The exit
scrubber solution should be sent to a covered holding pond or tank.
Solution should be maintained at or below oH4 until analysis Indicates
Dolvmerlzation 1s complete - followed by secondary treatment.
Dilute: Controlled Incineration followed by scrubbing for removal
of NOX
X Concentrated: Incineration followed by effective scrubbing of the effluent
gas.
Dilute Waste: Incineration (2000 F) followed by scrubbing with a caustic
solution.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Provisional Limit
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Ethyl Methyl
Ketone
Ethyl Phthalate
Ethyl Phenol
M
C/1 Fatty Adds
Cfl
Ferrous Sulfate
Fluorine
Material Treatment Water and
No. Category A1r Soil
(mg/M3) (mg/1)
193 Municipal 5.9
Type •
Disposal
194 Municipal 0.05
Type
Disposal
196 Municipal 0.19
Type
Disposal
197 Munldoal 0.25
Type
Disposal
198 Industrial 0.01
Disposal as Fe
200 National *,001 Om
Disposal
Site
29.5
0.25
0.001
1.25
0.03
as Fe
.10 oom
(as HF
which Is
of the
Found
In
Volume Recommended Treatment
X Concentrated: Controlled Incineration.
Dilute: Blodegradatlon by unaccllmated activated sludges via municipal
sewage treatment plants.
X Concentrated: Controlled Incineration.
Dilute: Blodegradatlon by unaccllmated activated sludges via 'municipal
sewage treatment plants.
X Concentrated: Controlled Incineration.
Dilute: Biological treatment with activated sludges via municipal waste
treatment plants.
X Concentrated: Incineration.
Dilute: Blodegradatlon with unaccllmated activated sludges In municipal
sewage treatment plants. •
XI Chemical orec1o1tat1on usually utilizing sulfuric a*c1d to form barium
sulfate which may be separated from the stream and recycled. The
supernatant may then be neutralized and discharged Into the sewer system.
VIII Reaction with a charcoal bed. The oroduct of the reaction Is carbon
tetrafluorlde which Is usually vented.
Residual fluorine can be combusted by means of a fluorine-hydrocarbon -
air burner followed by a caustic scrubber and stack.
reaction)
.Note units are ppm, not
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Provisional Limit
Hazardous Waste Material Treatment Water and
Stream Constituent No. Category Air Soil
(mg/M3)
Found
In
Volume
Recommended Treatment
Formaldehyde
formic Acid
Furfural
Furfural Alcohol
GB (Non
persistent Nerve
Gas)
Gelatinized
Nitrocellulose
(PNC)
201
202
203
204
287
Municipal 0.06 0.15
Type
Oisposal
Municipal 0.09 0.45
Type
Disposal
Municipal 0.20 1.0
Type
Disposal
Municipal 0.20 1.0
Type
Disposal
National 3 x 1Q"6 Not
Disposal Avail-
Site able
523 National Not Not
Disposal Avail- Avail-
Site able able
VII
VII
Concentrated: Controlled incineration.
Oilute: Chemical or biological degradation via municipal Waste
treatment systems.
Concentrated: Incineration.
Oilute: Biodeqradation with unacclimated activated sludges in municipal
treatment olants.
Concentrated: Controlled incineration.
Dilute: Biodeqradation by unacclimated activated sludges via municipal
sewage treatment olants.
Concentrated: Contro11ed.1nci nerat i on.
Oilute: . Biodeqradation by unacclimated activated sludges via municipal
sewage treatment plants.
Concentrated: Incineration followed by adequate gas scrubbing equlonent;
chemical reaction with sodium hydroxide.
Oilute: Hydrolysis using caustic soda to accelerate the hydrolysis
reactions.
Controlled Incineration In rotarv kiln incinerators equiooed with
afterburners or flue qas scrubbers.
Obsolete military munitions containing PNC should be destroyed uslnq
the Chemical Aqent Munition Olsoosal System.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
cn
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Glycerine
Gl ycerol monol acetate
Tr1 nitrate (GLTN)
Glycol 01 nitrate
(DON)
Gold Fulminate
Material
No.
205
524
525
526
Treatment
Category
Municipal
Type
Disposal
Industrial
Disposal
National
Disposal
Site
National
Disposal
Site
Provisional Limit
Hater and
Air Soil
(mg/M3) (mg/1)
2.0
0.02
0.02
Not
Avail-
able
1.0
0.1
0.1
Not
Avail-
able
Found
In
Volume
X
XI
VII
VII
Reconended Treatment
Concentrated: Controlled Incineration. . •
Dilute: Blodeqradatlon by unaccllmated activated sludges via municipal
sewage treatment olants.
The current method of absorotlon 1n sawdust, wood pulp or fullers earth
followed hv ooen olt burning Is feasible but unsatisfactory because of the
NOx evolved. Methods currently under Investigation for minimum environ-
mental Impact Include bacterial degradation and controlled Incineration
with after burners and scrubbers for abatement of NOX.
Controlled Incineration In the scrubber equipped Deactlvatlon Furnace
Incinerator (The Chemical Agent Munition Disposal System).
Controlled combustion employing a rotary kiln Incinerator equipped
with aooroorlate scrubbing devices. The explosive Is fed to the
Incinerator as a slurry In Mater. The scrubber effluent would require
Guthlon
n-Heptane
495
207
National
Disposal
Site
.002
Municipal 20
Type
Disposal
.01
100
treatment for recovery of partlculate metal compounds formed as
combustion products.
Concentrated: Incineration (1,500 F, 0.5 seconds minimum for primary
combustion; 2,200 F, 1.0 second for secondary combustion) with
adequate scrubbing and ash disposal facilities.
Dilute: Adsorption with activated-carbon beds; primary waste treat-
ment followed by an activated sludge process.
Concentrated: Incineration.
Dilute: Discharge of dilute aqueous solution Into the Municipal
sewers after preliminary treatment; Incineration (for dilute organic
mixture).
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Provisional Limit Found
Hazardous Waste Material Treatment Water and In
Stream Constituent No. Category Air Soil Volume
(mg/M3) (mg/1)
Recoonended Treatment
tn
Ob
l-Heptene
Heptachlor
Hexachlorophene
Hexamethylene
Diamine
Hexane
Hydrazine
(Anhydrous
Diamine)
208 Municipal 22
Type
Disposal
no
496 National .005 .025
Disposal
Site
497
210
211
212
Industrial Not
Disposal Avail-
able
Municipal 0.04
Type
Disposal
Municipal 18
Type
Disposal
Industrial 0.01
Disposal
Not
Avail
able
0.20
90
1.0
XIII
Concentrated: Incineration.
Dilute: Discharge of dilute aqueous solution into the municipal sewer
after preliminary treatment; incineration (for dilute organic mixture).
Concentrated: Incineration (1500 F, 0.5 seconds minimum for primary
combustion; 3200 F, 1.0 second for secondary combustion) with adequate
scrubbing and ash disposal facilities.
Dilute: Adsorption with activated-carbon beds; chemical oxidation
with potassium permanganate.
Incineration - preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel.
Care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the
formation of .phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the
halo acids produced.
Concentrated: Controlled .incineration (incinerator Is equipped with
a scrubber or thermal unit to reduce NOx emissions).
Dilute: Chemically and biologically degraded via Municipal waste
treatment system.
Concentrated: Incineration.
Dilute: Discharge of dilute aqueous solution into the Municipal
sewers after preliminary treatment; incineration (for dilute organic
mixture).
Controlled incineration with facilities for effluent scrubbing to
abate any ammonia formed in the combustion process.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Provisional Limit
O1
cr>
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Hydrazlne Azlde/
Hydrazlne
Hydrazolc Add
Hydrobromlc
Add
(Hydrogen
Bromide)
Hydrochloric
Add
Hydrocyanic
Add (Aq)
Hydrofluoric
Add
Material Treatment
No.- Category Air
(mg/N3)
527 Industrial .013
Disposal
528 Industrial 0.005
Disposal
213 Industrial 0.03
Disposal units
are
ppm
not
mg/M3
214 Industrial 0.07
Disposal mg
(vapor)/
M3
215 Industrial 0.11
Disposal
216 Industrial 0.02
Disposal mg
Water and
Soil .
(mg/1)
.065
0.025
0.05
0.35
0.01
as CN
0.01
Found
In
Volume
XI
XIII
XIII
XII
XIII
XII
Recommended Treatment
Incineration - the blends should be diluted with water and sprayed Into
an Incinerator -equipped with a scrubber.
Chemical decomposition utilizing nitrous add followed by neutralization
and dilution with water and discharge Into the sewer system.
Concentrated Waste: Separation and purification using fractlonatlon
permits recovery of pure hydrogen bromide. Vapors may be collected
using refrigerated condensers.
Soda ash - slaked lime 1s added to form the neutral solution of chloride
of sodium and calcium. This solution can be discharged after dilution
with water.
Chemical conversion to ammonia and carbon dioxide using chlorine or
hypochlorlte 1n a basic media. Controlled Incineration Is also ade-
quate to totally destroy cyanide.
Precipitation with soda ash-slaked lime solution to form the Insoluble
calcium fluoride which Is removed by filtration. The neutral super-
(vapor)/
M3
natant liquid can be discharged after dilution.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Provisional Limit
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Hydrogen Chloride
(G) (Anhydrous)
Hydrogen
Cyanide
Hydrogen
Peroxide
(Aq.<52X)
Hydrogen
Sulfide
Hydroquinone
'Hypochlorite.
Sodium
Material
No.
217
218
219
221
220
222
Treatment
Category Air
(mg/M3)
Industrial 0.07
Disposal mg
(vapor)/
M3
Industrial 0.11
Disposal
Industrial 0.014
Disposal
National 0.1
Disposal
Site
Municipal 0.02
Type
Disposal
Industrial 0.02
Disposal
Water and
Soil
(rag/D
0.35
0.01
as CN
0.07
0.75
0.10
0.10
Found
In
Volume
XII
XIII
XII
XIII
XI
XII
Recommended Treatment
Removal from a gas stream: scrub with water or caustic.
Dilute aqueous: Neutralization with soda ash - slaked lime solution.
Chemical conversion to ammonia and carbon dioxide using chlorine or
hypochlorite in a basic media. Controlled incineration is also
adequate to totally destroy cyanide.
Dilution with water to release the oxygen. After decomposition the
waste stream may be discharged safely. •'>
Conversion to elemental sulfur utilizing such processes as the
Claus-Bevon or Claus-IFP-Bevon processes.
Concentrated: Incineration (1800 f, 2.0 seconds minimum) followed
by 'scrubbing to remove harmful combustion products.
Dilute: Conventional secondary sewage treatment methods (activated
sludge, aerated lagoons or trickling filters).
Dissolve the material in water and add to a large volume of con-
centrated reducing agent solution, then acidify the mixture with
H2S04. When reduction is complete, soda ash Is added to make the
solution alkaline. The alkaline liquid is decanted from any sludge
produced, neutralized, and diluted before discharge to a sewer or
stream. The sludge Is landfllled.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Iodine, Tincture
of
Isobutyl Acetate
Isopentane
Isophorane
Isoprene
Isopropanol
Material
No.
223
224
225
226
227
228,
230
Provisional Limit
Treatment Water and
Category Air Soil
(mg/M3) (mg/1 )
Industrial 0.01 0.05
Disposal
Municipal 7.0 35.0
Type
Disposal
Municipal 15 75
Type
Disposal
Municipal 0.55 2.75
Type
Disposal
Municipal 22 110
Type
Disposal
Municipal 9.8 49
Type
Disposal
Found
In
Volume Recommended Treatment
XII Iodine is a volatile material and can be easily recovered by
fractionation.
X Concentrated: Controlled incineration.
Dilute: Biodegradation by unacclimated activated sludges via
municipal sewage treatment plants.
X Concentrated: Incineration
Dilute: Discharge of dilute aqueous solution Into the municipal
sewers after preliminary treatment; Incineration (for dilute organic
mixture).
X Concentrated: Controlled Incineration
Dilute: Biodegradatlon by unacclimated activated sludges via municipal
sewage treatment plants.
X Concentrated: Incineration
Dilute: Discharge of dilute aqueous solutions Into the municipal sewers
after preliminary treatment; incineration (for dilute organic mixture).
X Concentrated: Controlled Incineration
Dilute: Biodegradatlon by unacclimated activated sludges via municipal
cewane treatment nlxntc
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Provisional Limit
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Isopropyl
Acetate
Isopropyl
Amlne
Isopropyl
Ether
Material
No.
229
231
232
Treatment
Category Air
(mg/M3)
Municipal 9.5
Type
Disposal
Municipal 0.12
Type
Disposal
Industrial 10.5
Disposal
Mater and
Soil
(mg/1)
47.5
0.60
52.5
Found
In
Volume
X
X
XI
Recommended Treatment
Concentrated: Controlled incineration.
Dilute: Biodegradation by unacclimated activated sludges via municipal
sewage treatment plants.
Concentrated: Controlled incineration (^incinerator is equipped with
scrubber or thermal unit to reduce NOx emissions).
Dilute: Chemically and biologically degraded via municipal waste
treatment system. '
Concentrated waste containing no peroxides: Discharge liquid at a
controlled rate near a pilot flame.
a
Lead
lead Acetate
Lead Arsenate
233 Industrial 0.0015 0.05 XIII
Disposal
234 Industrial 0.0015 0.05 XIII
Disposal as Pb as Pb
235 National .005 .05 VI
Disposal (as As) (as As)
Site
Concentrated waste containing peroxides: Perforation of a container
of the waste from a safe distance followed by open burning.
Dilute waste: Incineration (1500 F minimum).
Recycle using blast furnaces designed for primary lead processing to
convert waste Into lead ingots. Small quantities may be landfllled
in California Class 1 site.
Concentrated waste: Chemical conversion to the nitrate using nitric acid
followed by conversion to the sulfide. The sulfide Is then collected
and sent through smeltering operations to recover the lead.
Dilute wastes: Chemical conversion to the sulfide or carbonate. These
precipitates are collected and sent to smelters for lead recovery.
Long term storage In large, weatherproof, and siftproof storage bins
or silos; landfill in a California Class 1 site. '
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Provisional Limit
Hazardous Haste Material Treatment
Stream Constituent No.
Lead Arsenlte 236
Lead Azlde 529
Category
National
Disposal
Site
National
Disposal
Site
Air
(mg/M3)
.005
(as As)
.0015
(as Pb)
Water and
Soil
(mg/1)
.05
(as As)
.05
(as Pb)
Found
In
Volume Recommended Treatment
V Long term storage in large weatherproof and sift proof storage bins or
silos; landfill in a California Class 1 site.
VII Electrolytic Destruction - this process converts the lead azide to
metallic lead and nitrogen.
W
Lead Carbonate 237
Lead Chlorite 238
Lead Cyanide 239
Lead 530
2,4 Dlnitroresorcl-
nate (LDNR)
Industrial 0.0015 0.05
Disposal as Pb as Pb
Industrial 0.0015 0.05
Disposal as Pb as Pb
National .0015 .01
Disposal (as Pb) (as CN)
Site
National .0015 .05
Disposal (as Pb) (as Pb)
Site
of by The Chemical Agent Munition Disposal System (U.S. Army Materiel
Command's Deactivation Furnace).
XIII Concentrated waste: Chemical conversion to the nitrate using nitric
acid followed by conversion to the sulfide. The sulfide is then col-
lected and sent through smeltering operations to recover the lead.
Dilute wastes: Chemical conversion to the sulfide or carbonate. These
precipitates are collected and sent to smelters for lead recovery.
XIII Concentrated waste: Chemical conversion to the nitrate using nitric
acid followed by conversion, to the sulfide. The sulfide is then
collected and sent through smelterinq operations to recover the lead.
Dilute wastes: Chemical conversion to the sulfide or carbonate. These
precipitates are collected and sent to smelters for lead recovery.
V Oxidation by the hypochlorite ion (chlorination under alkaline conditions)
for both dilute and concentrated wastes. Concentrated wastes should be
diluted before chlorination.
VII Controlled combustion - the lead dinitroresordnate is fed to the
incinerator as slurry in water. The scrubber effluent requires treat-
ment for recovery of the particulate lead oxide formed as a product of
combustion; U.S. Army Materiel Command's Deactivation Furnace.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Provisional Limit
Mater and
Hazardous Waste Material Treatment
Stream Constituent No. Category Air Soil
(mg/M3) (mg/1)
Found
In
Volume
Recommended Treatment
Lead Nitrate
Lead Nitrite
Lead Oxide
Lead Styphnate
Lewisite
240 Industrial 0.0015
Disposal as Pb
241 Industrial 0.0015
Disposal as Pb
242
531
243
Lithium Aluminum
Hydride
244
Industrial 0.0015
Disposal as Pb
National .0015
Disposal (as Pb)
Site
National
Disposal
Site
3x10
,-6
Industrial 0.00025
Disposal
0.05 XIII Concentrated waste: Chemical conversion to the nitrate using nitric
as Pb acid followed by conversion to the sulfide. The sulfide 1s then col-
lected and sent through smeltering operations to recover the lead.
Dilute wastes: Chemical conversion to the sulfide or carbonate. These
precipitates are collected and sent to smelters for lead recovery.
0.05 XIII Concentrated Waste: Chemical conversion to the nitrite using nitric
as Pb acid followed by conversion to the sulfide. The sulfide is then col-
lected and sent through smeltering operations to recover the lead.
Dilute wastes: Chemical conversion to the sulfide or carbonate. These
precipitates are collected and sent to smelters for lead recovery.
0.05 xill Chemical conversion to the sulfide or carbonate followed by collection
as Pb of the precipitate and lead recovery via smelting operations. Landfill
of the oxide is also an acceptable procedure.
•05 VII Controlled incineration - the lead Styphnate 1s fed to the Incinerator
(as Pb) as a slurry 1n water. The scrubber effluent would then require treat-
ment for recovery of the partkulate lead oxide formed as a combustion
product.
1.5x10" VII Concentrated: Incineration - products of combustion are carbon dioxide,
water, HC1, and arsenic trioxide. The arsenic trloxlde is removed by
alkaline scrubbing, converted to insoluble magnesium salt and placed 1n
controlled storage.
Dilute: Chlorination (conversion products are arsenic trloxlde and
dichloroethene which need further treatment); Hydrolysis
0.00125 xil The waste material is mixed with dry sand before adding to water. The
hydrogen gas liberated is burned off with a pilot flame. The remain-
ing residue 1s a hydroxide and should be neutralized by an add before
being disposed of.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
cn
Provisional Limit Found
Hazardous Maste Material Treatment Hater and In
Stream Constituent No. Category Air Soil Volume
(•S/H3) (mg/1)
Magnesium
Arsenlte
Magnesium
Chlorate
Magnesium
Oxide
Malelc
Anhydride
Manganese
Manganese
Arsenate
245 National .005
Disposal (as As)
Site
246 Industrial 0.01
Disposal
247 Municipal 0.10
Type
Disposal
249 Municipal 0.01
Type
Disposal
499 Municipal 0.05
Type
Disposal
500 National .005
Disposal (as As)
Site
.05 VI
(as As)
125 XII
(as Mg)
125 XII
0.05 XI
0.05 XIII
.05 VI
(as As)
Reconmended Treatment
Long term storage In weatherproof and sift proof storage bins or silos;
landfill in a California Class 1 site.
Dissolve the material in water and add to a large volume of concentrated
reducina agent solution, then acidify the mixture with H2S04. When
reduction is complete, soda ash is added to make the solution alkaline.
The alkaline liquid is decanted from any sludge produced, neutralized,
and diluted before discharge to a sewer or stream. The sludge Is
landfllled.
Landfill in a California Class 2 type facility.
Concentrated: Controlled Incineration - care must be taken that
complete oxidation to non toxic products occurs.
Dilute: Neutralization by NaOH addition followed by biological oxidation.
Landfill.
Long term storage In large, weatherproof, and siftproof storage bins or
silos; landfill in a California Class 1 site.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Provisional Limit
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Manganese
Chloride
Manganese
Methylcyclo-
pentadienyltri-
carbonyl
Manganese
Sulfate
Mannitol
Hexanitrate
Mercuric
Chloride
Mercuric
Cyanide
Material Treatment
No. Category Air
(mg/M3)
501 Industrial 0.05
Disposal as Mn
502 Industrial 0.05
Disposal (as Mn)
252 Industrial 0.05
Disposal as Mn
532 National .02
Disposal
Site
253 National .0005
Disposal (as Hg)
Site
254 National .0005
Disposal (as Hg)
Site
Mater and
Soil
(mg/1)
0.05
as Mn
0.05
(as Mn)
0.05
as Mn
n.i
.005
(as Hg)
.005
(as Hg)
Found
In
Volume Recommended Treatment
XIII Chemical conversion to the oxide followed by landfill or conversion to
the sulfate for use in fertilizer.
XI Oil Soluble Stream: Incineration with scrubbing to bring the air
emissions to an acceptable level. The effluent from the scrubber can
be combined with the water soluble waste stream.
Dilute Waste: Precipitation of the manganese by addition of lime in a
settling pond prior to discharging into the local river.
XIII Chemical conversion to the oxide followed by landfill or purification
of the sulfate for use as fertilizer.
VII Incineration followed by an afterburner to abate NOx, and cyclones and
scrubbing towers for removal of metallic dusts and fumes.
VI Concentrated: Incineration followed by recovery/removal of mercury ,
from the gas stream.
Dilute aqueous: Ion exchange; reduction with sodium borohydride
with removal of the elemental mercury - the effluent is sent to
polishing filters (Ventron Process).
Dilute gaseous: Adsorption with molecular sieves; sodium hypochlorite
scrubbinq.
VI Aqueous wastes: After alkaline chlorination to destroy the cyanide ion,
sodium borohydride is used to reduce mercury ions to the metal. The
mercury is collected by filtering and purified by vacuum distillation.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Provisional Limit
Hazardous Haste
Stream Constituent
Mercuric
01 ammonium
Chloride
Mercuric
Nitrate
^
s
vr
Mercuric
Sulfate
Material Treatment
No. Category
503 National
Disposal
Site
255 National
Disposal
Site
256 National
Disposal
Site
A1r
(mg/M3)
.0005
(as Hg)
.0005
(as Hg)
.0005
(as Hg)
Hater and
Soil
(mg/1)
.005
(as Hg)
.005
(as Hg)
.005
(as Hg)
Found
In
Volume Recommended Treatment
VI Concentrated: Incineration followed by recovery /removal of mercury from
the gas stream.
Dilute aqueous: Ion exchange; reduction with sodium borohydride with
removal of the elemental mercury - the effluent is sent to polishing
filters (Ventron Process).
Dilute gaseous: Adsorption with molecular sieves; sodium hypochlorlte
scrubbing.
VI Concentrated: Incineration followed by recovery/removal of mercury
from the gas stream.
Dilute aqueous: Ion exchange; reduction with sodium barohydrlde with
removal of the elemental mercury - the effluent 1s sent to polishing
filters (Ventron Process).
Dilute gaseous: Adsorption with molecular sieves; sodium hypochlorlte
scrubbing.
VI Concentrated: Incineration followed by recovery/removal of mercury from
the gas stream.
Dilute aqueous: Ion exchange; reduction with sodium barohydrlde with
removal of the elemental mercury - the effluent Is sent to polishing
filters (Ventron Process).
Mercury
257
National
Disposal
Site
Dilute gaseous: Adsorption with molecular sieves; sodium hypochlorlte
scrubbing.
.0005 .005 VI Concentrated: Incineration followed by recovery/removal of mercury from
(as Hg) (as Hg) the gas stream.
Dilute aqueous: Ion exchange; reduction with sodium barohydrlde with removal
of the elemental mercury - the effluent 1s sent to polishing filters
(Ventron Process).
Dilute gaseous: Adsorption with molecular sieves; sodium hypochlorlte
scrubbing.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
06
Provisional Limit Found
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Mercury
Compounds
(Organic)
Mercuric
Fulminate
Mesityl
Oxide
Metallic
Mixture of
Powdered
Magnesium
and
Aluminum
Methanol
Methyl
Acetate
Material Treatment
No. Category
258 National
Disposal
Site
533 National
Disposal
Site
259 Municipal
Type
Disposal
260 Industrial
Disposal
261, Municipal
264 Type
Disposal
262 Municipal
Type
Disposal
Air
(mg/M3)
Alkyl-
mercury
compounds
nnm
, UUU 1
Other
organic
mercury
compounds
.0005
.0005
(as Hg)
1.0
0.1
2.6
6.1
Mater and In
Soil Volume
(mg/1)
Alkyl- VI
mercury
compounds
nnnc
. UUUO
Other
organic
mercury
compounds
.0025
.005 VII
(as Hg)
5.0 X
0.25 XII
as Mg
13 X
30.5 X
Recommended Treatment
Concentrated: Incineration followed by recovery/removal of mercury from
the gas stream.
Dilute: Organic- mercury compounds are converted to inorganic -mercury
compounds usinn chlorine - the inorganic mercury compounds are reduced
with sodium borohydride to elemental mercury. The elemental mercury is
removed and the effluent is sent to polishing filters.
Incineration (Army Materiel Command Deactivation Furnace) followed by
caustic or soda ash gas scrubbing. The mercury is removed from the
scrubbing solution.
Concentrated: Controlled incineration.
Dilute: Biodegradation by unacclimated activated sludges via municipal
sewage treatment plants.
Landfill in California Class 2 type sites.
Concentrated: Controlled incineration
Dilute: Biodegradation by unacclimated activated sludges via municipal
sewage treatment plants.
Concentrated: Controlled incineration.
Dilute: Biodegradation by unacclimated activated sludges via municipal
cewane treatment Dlant<;.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Provisional Limit
Hazardous Waste Material Treatment Water and
Stream Constituent No. Category Air. Soil
(mg/M3)
Found
In
Volume
Recommended Treatment
Methyl
Acrylate
Methyl amine
Methyl Amyl
Alcohol
n-Methylaniline
Methyl
Bromide
Methyl
Chloride
263 Municipal 0.35
Type
Disposal
1.8
265 Munc11pal 0.12 0.60
Type
Disposal
266
280
267
268
Municipal
Type
Disposal
1.0
Industrial 0.09
Disposal
Industrial 0.6
Disposal
Industrial 2.1
D1sposal
0.45
1.80
10.5
XI
XI
Concentrated: Controlled Incineration.
Dilute: B1odegradat1on by unacclimated activated sludges via municipal
sewage treatment plants.
Concentrated: Controlled Incineration (Incinerator 1s equipped with a
scrubber or thermal unit to reduce NOx emissions).
Dilute: Chemically and biologically degraded via municipal waste treat-
ment system.
Concentrated: Controlled Incineration.
Dilute: Blodegradatlon by unacclimated activated sludges via municipal
sewage treatment plants.
Concentrated: Controlled Incineration whereby oxides of nitrogen are
removed from the effluent gas by scrubber, catalytic or thermal device.
Dilute: Oxidation by activated sludge; adsorption on activated carbon.
Concentrated: Controlled Incineration with adequate scrubbing and ash
disposal .facilities.
Dilute: Steam stripping - the waste gases from stripping must be burned
1n Incinerators equipped with adequate scrubbing equipment.
Removal from air: Refrigerated condensation.
Concentrated: Controlled Incineration with adequate scrubbing and ash
disposal facilities.
Dilute: Steam stripping—the waste gases from stripping must be burned 1n
Incinerators equipped with adequate scrubbing equipment.
Removal from air: Refrigerated condensation.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Methyl
Chloroformate
Methyl
Formate
Methyl Isobutyl
Ketone
Methyl
Mercaptan
Methyl
Methacryl ate ,
Monomer
Methyl
Parathion
Material Treatment
No. Category
269 Industrial
Disposal
270 Municipal
Type
Disposal
271 Municipal
Type
Disposal
272 Industrial
Disposal
273 Municipal
Type
Disposal
274 National
Disposal
Site
Provisional Limit
Air
(mg/M3)
0.03
2.5
4.1
0.01
4.1
.002
Water and
Soil
(mg/1)
0.15
12.5
20.5 .
0.075
20.5
.001
Found
In
Volume Recommended Treatment
X Incineration—preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel.
Care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the
formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo
acids produced.
X Concentrated: Controlled incineration.
Dilute: Biodegradation by unacclimated activated sludges via municipal
sewage treatment plants.
X Concentrated: Controlled incineration.
Dilute: Biodegradation by unacclimated activated sludges via municipal
treatment plants.
X Concentrated: Incineration followed by effective scrubbing of the
effluent gas.
Dilute waste: Incineration (2000 F) followed by scrubbing with a
caustic solution.
X Concentrated: Controlled incineration.
Dilute: Biodegradation by unacclimated activated sludges via municipal
sewage treatment plants.
V Concentrated: Incineration (1500 F, 0.5 seconds minimum for primary
combustion; 2200 F, 1.0 second for secondary combustion) with adequate
scrubbing and ash disposal facilities.
Dilute: Adsorption with activated-carbon beds; primary waste treatment
followed by an activated sludge process.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Provisional Limit Found
Hazardous Waste Material Treatment Hater and In
Stream Constituent No. Category A1r Soil Volume
(mg/M3)
Recommended Treatment
Mill Tailings,
Copper
Mill Tailings,
L«ad and Z1nc
Mixed Adds
Morpho11n«
Mud. Domestic
Bauxite
Mud. Foreign
Bauxite
275
276
277
281
282
283
Industrial Not Not
Disposal Available Available
Industrial Not Not
Disposal Available Available
Industrial 0.01 to
Disposal 0.05
Municipal
Type
Disposal
0.06
0.05 to
0.25
0.30
Industrial Not Not
Disposal Available Available
Industrial Not Not
Disposal Available Available
XIII Earth dams are constructed by retaining the tailings to the planned
height. After the dams are'completed, the trailing* are deposited
behind the- dams 1n essentially the same manner as ould be used to
fill a water reservoir. Such dams are usually designed and
constructed to water retention standards.
XIII Earth dams are constructed for retaining the tailings to the planned
height. After the dams are completed, the tailings are deposited behind
the dams 1n essentially the same manner as would be used to fill a water
reservoir. Such dams are usually designed and constructed to water
retention standards.
XII The addition of soda ash--s1akad 11ms to fora Insoluble precipitates and
a neutral solution. The precipitate 1s filtered out and the solution
Is discharged after dilution.
X Concentrated: Controlled Incineration (Incinerator 1s equipped with •
scrubber or thermal unit to reduce NOx emissions).
Dilute:
system..
XIII Earth dams are constructed for retaining the tailings to the planned
height. After the dams are completed, the tailings are deposited
behind the dams 1n essentially the same manner as would be used to fill
a water reservoir. Such dams are usually designed and constructed to
water retention standards.
XIII Earth dams are constructed for retaining the tailings to the planned
height. After the dams are completed, the tailings are deposited
behind the dams 1n essentially the same manner as would be used to fill
a water reservoir. Such dams are usually designed and constructed to
water retention standards.
Chemically and biologically degraded via municipal waste treatment
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Naphtha
(crude)
Naphthalene
B-Naphthylam1ne
^ Nickel
** Ammonium
Sulfate
Nickel
Antlnonlde
Nickel
Arsenide
Nickel
Carbonyl
Provisional Limit
Material Treatment Water and
No. Category Air Soil
(mg/M3) (mg/1)
284 Municipal 4 20
Type
Disposal
285 Municipal 0.5 2.5
Type
Disposal
. 286 Industrial 0 0
Disposal
290 Industrial 0.01 0.05
Disposal (as N1) (as Ni)
291 Industrial 0.005 0.05
Disposal (as Sb) (as Sb)
292 Industrial 0.005 0.05
Disposal (as As) (as As)
293 National .00007 .00035
Disposal
Site
Found
In
Volume Recommended Treatment
X Concentrated: Incineration.
Dilute: Discharge of dilute aqueous solutions Into the municipal sewers
after preliminary treatment; Incineration (for dilute organic mixture).
X Concentrated: Incineration.
Dilute: Discharge of dilute aqueous solutions Into the municipal sewers
after preliminary treatment; Incineration (for dilute organic mixture).
X Concentrated: Controlled incineration whereby oxides of nitrogen are
removed from the effluent gas by scrubber, catalytic or thermal device.
Dilute: Oxidation by activated sludge; adsorption on activated carbon.
XIII Concentrate and recycle through the use of reverse osmosis or multiple
effect evaporators. Conversion to the Insoluble carbonate followed by
separation and acidification yielding formation of concentrated nickel
chloride or sulfate.
XIII Encapsulation followed by landfill in California Class 1 type landfills.
XIII Encapsulation followed by landfill in California Class 1 type landfills.
VIII Thermal decompsoition and wet scrubbing for disposal of small quantities.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
CO
Provisional Limit
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Nickel
Chloride
Nickel
Cyanide
Nickel
Nitrate
Nickel
Selenlde
Nickel
Sulfate
Nitric
Add
Material
No.
294
295
296
297
298
299
Treatment
Category
Industrial
Disposal
National
Disposal
Site
Industrial
Disposal
Industrial
Disposal
Industrial
Disposal
Industrial
Disposal
Air
(mg/M3)
0.01
(as Ni)
.01
(as N1)
0.01
(as N1)
0.002
(as Se)
0.01
(as N1)
0.01
Water and
Soil
(mg/1)
0.05
(as Ni)
.01
(as Cn)
0.05
(as Ni)
0.01
(as Se)
0.05
(as N1)
0.25
Found
In
Volume Recommended Treatment
XIII Concentrate and recycle through the use of reverse osmosis or multiple
effect evaporators. Conversion to the Insoluble carbonate followed
by separation and acidification yielding formation of concentrated nickel
chloride or sulfate.
V Oxidation by the hypochlorite 1on (chlorinatlon under alkaline conditions)
for both dilute and concentrated wastes. Concentrated wastes should be
diluted before chlorinatlon.
XIII Concentrate and recycle through the use of reverse osmosis or multiple
effect evaporators. Conversion to the Insoluble carbonate followed by
separation and acidification yielding formation of concentrated nickel
chloride or sulfate.
XIII Encapsulation followed by landfill 1n California Class 1 type landfills.
XIII Concentrate and recycle through the use of reverse osmosis or multiple
effect evaporators. Conversion to the Insoluble carbonate followed by
separation and acidification yielding formation of concentrated nickel
chloride or sulfate.
XII Soda ash—slaked lime 1s added to form the neutral solution of nitrate
of sodium and calcium. This solution can be discharged after dilution
with water.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Provisional Limit
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
N1troan111ne
(Meta, para-
nltronlllne)
Material
No.
300
Treatment
Category
Industrial
Disposal
Air.
(mg/M3)
0.06
Water and
Soil
(mg/1)
0.03
Found
In
Volume
XI
Concentrated
by scrubbing
Dilute: It
Incinerated.
: Incineration
for removal of
1s recommended
Recommended
(1800 F. 2.
NOx.
that dilute
Treatment
0 seconds minimum) followed
streams be concentrated, then
Nitrobenzene
301 Industrial 0.05
Disposal
0.25
Nitrocellulose
534 National Not Not
Disposal Available Available
Site
Nltrochlorobenzene 302
(Meta, or para)
Industrial 0.01 0.05
Disposal
Nltroethane
303 Industrial 3.1
Disposal
15.5
XI Concentrated: Incineration (1800 F. 2.0 seconds minimum) with
scrubbing for NOx abatement.
Dilute: Primary waste water treatment followed by treatment with
Hme to adjust the pH from 2.5 to 7. The effluent 1s mixed with
municipal sewage and allowed to equilibrate, followed by lagoonlng with
mechanical aeration. Secondary treatment utilizing acclimated activated
sludge 1s recommended.
VII Controlled 1nc1nerat1on--1nc1nerator 1s equipped with scrubber for NOx
abatement.
Obsolete munitions should be disposed of using the Chemical Agent
Munition Disposal System.
XI Concentrated: Incineration (1500 F. 0.5 seconds for primary combustion;
2200 F, 1.0 second for secondary combustion). The formation of elemental
chlorine can be prevented through Injection of steam or methane Into the
combustion process. NOx may be abated through the use of thermal
or catalytic devices.
Dilute: Landfill In a California Class 1 type site.
XI Incineration—large quantities of material may require NOx removal by
catalytic or scrubbing processes.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
tn
Provisional Limit Found
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Nitrogen
Mustard
N1troglycer1n
Nltromethane
N1 troparaf f 1ns
4-N1trophenol
Ii2-N1tropropane
Material Treatment Water and In
No. Category A1r Soil Volume
(mg/M3) (mg/1)
306 National 3x1 O"6
Disposal
Site
307 National *.002 ppm
Disposal
Site *Note these
units are
ppm not
.308 Industrial 2.5
Disposal
309 Industrial 0.002
Disposal
310 Industrial 0.002
Disposal
311 Industrial l-N1tro-
DUposal propane
0.90
2-Nltro-
proptM
I.SxlO"5 VII
0.1 VII
12.5 XI
-
0.010 XI
0.01 XI
l-N1tro- XI
propane 4.5
l-N1tro-
propane 4.5
Recommended Treatment
Incineration— combustion products are carbon dioxide, water, HC1 and
nitrogen oxides. The nitrogen oxides require scrubbing or reduction
to nitrogen and oxygen before the combustion gases are released to the
atmosphere.
Chemical reaction (after acldulatlon) with calcium hypochlorlte to
yield aldehydes, chloramlnes, and chlorates.
Incineration— exit gases should be scrubbed 1n a packed tower with
a. solution of caustic soda or soda ash. (U.S. Army Materiel Command
Deactivatlon Furnace)
Incineration—large quantities of material may require NOx removal by
catalytic or scrubbing processes.
Concentrated: Controlled Incineration— care must be taken to maintain
complete combustion at all times. Incineration of large quantities may
require scrubbers to control the emission of NOx.
Dilute: Blodegradatlon with acclimated activated sludge.
Concentrated: Controlled Incineration— care must be taken to maintain
complete combustion at all times. Incineration of large quantltltes
may require scrubbers to control the emission of NOx.
Dilute: Blodegradatlon with acclimated activated sludge.
Incineration— large quantities of material may require NOx removal by
catalytic or scrubbing processes.
0.90
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Provisional Limit
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
4-N1troto1uene"
Nitrous Oxide
Nonyl Phenol
Octyl
Alcohol
(Ethyl Hexanol )
Olelc Add
Oxalic Acid
Material Treatment
No. Category
- 312 Industrial
Disposal
313 Industrial
Disposal
314 Municipal
Type
Disposal
191 Municipal
Type
Disposal
316 Municipal
Type
Disposal
317 Industrial
Disposal
Air
(mg/M3)
0.30
0.09
0.19
1.0
.25
0.01
Water and
Soil
(mg/1)
1.50
0.45
0.001
5.0
1.25
0.05
Found
In
Vol ume
XI
XII
X
X
X
XI
Recommended Treatment
Concentrated: Controlled incineration—care must be taken to maintain
complete combustion at all times." Incineration of large quantities
may require scrubbers to control the emission of NOx.
Dilute: Biodegradation with acclimated activated sludge.
Nitrous oxide can be safely discharged directly into the atmosphere
with an excess of air, because it would not lead to the formation
of photochemical smog or cause a harmful, toxic effect.
Concentrated: Controlled incineration.
Dilute: Biological treatment with activated sludges via municipal waste
treatment plants.
Concentrated: Controlled incineration.
Dilute: Biodegradation by unacclimated activated sludges via municipal
sewage treatment plants. '
Concentrated: Controlled Incineration.
Dilute: Chemical or biological degradation via municipal waste treatment
systems.
Chemical reaction with limestone or calcium oxide forming calcium oxalate.
This may then be incinerated utilizing participate collection equipment
to collect calcium oxide for recycling. Biological treatment with
activated sludge is also adequate.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Paraformaldehyde
Parathlon
Pentaborane
Pentachlorophenol
Pentaerythrltol
Tetranltrate
(PETN)
n-Pentane
Provisional Limit
Material Treatment Hater and
No. Category A1r Soil
(mg/M3) (mg/1)
320 Municipal 0.06 0.15
Type
Disposal
321 National .001 .005
Disposal
Site
(NDS)
505 National .0001 .0005
Disposal
Site
322 National .005 0.25
Disposal
Site
319 National .02 0.1
Disposal
Site
323 Municipal 15 75
Type
Disposal
Found
In
Volume
X
V
VII
VIII
VII
X
Recommended Treatment
Concentrated: Controlled Incineration.
Dilute: Blodegradatlon by unaccllmated activated sludges via municipal
sewage treatment plants.
Concentrated: Incineration (1,500 F, 0.5 seconds minimum for primary
combustion; 2,200 F, 1.0 second for secondary combustion) with adequate
scrubbing and ash disposal facilities.
Dilute: Adsorption with activated-carbon beds; primary waste treatment
followed by an activated sludge process.
Refer to Boron Hydrides
Concentrated: Incineration (600-900 C) coupled with adequate scrubbing
and ash disposal facilities.
Dilute: Adsorption with activated-carbon beds; Ion exchange.
The PETN 1s dissolved 1n acetone and Incinerated. The Incinerator should
be equipped with an after burner and a caustic soda solution scrubber.
Surplus munitions should be disposed of by the U.S. Army Materiel
Command's Deact1vat1on Furnace.
Concentrated: Incineration.
Dilute: Discharge of dilute aqueous solutions Into the municipal sewers
After nrellmlnarw treatment: Incineration (for dilute organic mixture).
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Provisional Limit
Hazardous Waste Material Treatment Water and
Stream Constituent No. Category Air Soil
(mg/M^) (mg/1)
Phosphorous
. Oxychlorlde
Phosphorous
PentachloHde
Phosphorous
Pentasulflde
Phosphorous
Trichloride
Phthalic
Anhydride
333 Industrial 0.07 0.35
Disposal (as HC1)
334 Industrial 0.01 0.05
Disposal
335 Industrial 0.01 0.05
Disposal
336 Industrial 0.03 0.15^
Disposal
337 Municipal 0.12 0.60
Type
Found
In
Volume Recommended Treatment
XIII Decompose with water forming phosphoric and hydrochloric acids.
Neutralize adds and dilute if necessary for discharge into the
sewer system.
XIII Decompose with water forming phosphoric and hydrochloric adds.
Neutralize adds and dilute 1f necessary for discharge into the
sewer system.
XIII Decompose with water forming phosphoric acid.sulfuric add and
hydrogen sulfide. Provisions must be made for scrubbing hydrogen sulfide
emissions. The adds may then be neutralized and diluted if necessary,
and discharged into the sewer system.
XIII Decompose with water forming phosphoric and hydrochloric acids.
Neutralize adds and dilute if necessary for discharge into the sewer
system.
X Concentrated: Controlled incineration.
Dilute? Reaction with a basic solution to nroduce a soluble ohthalate
Picric Acid
Disposal
338 National 0.001 0.005
Disposal
Site
salt followed by chemical or biological degradation via municipal waste
treatment systems.
VII Controlled incineration in a rotary kiln Incinerator equipped with
particulate abatement and wet scrubber devices.
Obsolete munitions containing picric acid should be disposed of using
the Chemical Agent Munition Disposal System.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
00.
o
Provisional Limit Found
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
PolychloHnated
Blphenyls
Polypropylene
Glycol Methyl
Ether
Polyvlnyl
Chloride
Polyvl nyl
Nitrate
(PVN)
Potassium
Arsenlte
Material Treatment
No. Category
507 Industrial
Disposal
339 Industrial
Disposal
340 Industrial
Disposal
535 Industrial
Disposal
341 National
Disposal
A1r,
(mg/M3)
Lower
Chlorin-
ated
Aroclors
0.01
Higher
Chlorin-
ated
Aroclors
0.005
2.0
Not
Available
Not
Available
.005
(as As)
Water and In
Soil Volume
(mg/1)
Lower XI
Chlorin-
ated
Aroclors
0.05
Higher
Chlorin-
ated
. Aroclors
0.025
10 XI
r
Not X
Available
Not XI
Available
.05 Vi
(as As)
Recommended Treatment
Concentrated: Incineration (3000 F) with scrubbing to remove any
chlorine containing products.
Dilute waste: Incineration after concentrating the stream.
Concentrated waste containing no peroxides: 'Discharge liquid at a con-
trolled rate near a pilot flame.
Concentrated waste containing peroxides: Perforation of a container of
the waste from a safe distance followed by open burning.
Dilute Waste: Incineration (1500 F minimum).
Incineration—preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel.
Care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the
formation of phosgene. An add scrubber 1s necessary to remove the halo
adds produced.
Controlled Incineration-- incinerator 1s equipped with scrubber for
NOx abatement.
Long term storage 1n large weatherproof and slftproof storage bins or
silos; Landfill 1n a California Class 1 site.
SHe
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
00
Provisional Limit
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Potassium
Bifluoride
Potassium
Binoxalate
Potassium
Chroma te
Potassium
Cyanide
(Solid)
Potassium
Dichromate
Potassium
Dlnitrobenzfuroxan
(KDNBF)
Potassium
Fluoride
Material
No.
545
342
343
344
345
536
346
Treatment
Category
Industrial
Disposal
Industrial
Disposal
National
Disposal
Site
National
Disposal
Site
National
Disposal
Site
National
Disposal
Site
Industrial
Disposal
Air
(mg/M3)
0.025
(as F)
0.02
.001
(as Cr03)
.05
(as Cn)
.001
(as Cr03)
Not
Available
0.025
(as F)
Water and
Soil
(mg/1)
0.6-1.7
(as F)
0.10
.05
(as Cr)
.01
(as Cn)
.05
(as Cr)
Not
Available
0.6-1.7
(as F)
Found
In
Vol ume
XII
XII
VI
V
VI
VII
XII
Recommended Treatment
Aqueous Waste: Reaction with an excess of lime, followed by lagooning,
and either recovery or landfill disposal of the separated calcium
fluoride. The supernatant liquid from this process is diluted and
discharged to the sewer.
Ignition—to convert it to a carbonate. Since carbonates are non-
toxic, the material may be sent to a landfill or simply sewered.
Concentrated: Reduction/Precipitation with hydroxide ion.
Dilute: Reduction/Precipitation; Ion Exchange.
Oxidation by the hypochlorlte Ion (chlorlnation under alkaline conditions)
for both dilute and concentrated wastes. Concentrated wastes should
be diluted before chlorlnation.
Concentrated: Reduction/Precipitation with hydroxide 1on.
Dilute: Reduction/Precipitation; Ion Exchange.
Obsolete munitions should be disposed of using the Chemical Agent Munition
Disposal System under development by the U.S. Army Materiel Command.
Aqueous Waste: Reaction with an excess of lime, followed by lagooning,
and either recovery or landfill disposal of the separated calcium
fluoride. The supernatant liquid from this process 1s diluted and
discharged to the sewer.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
00
Provisional Limit Found
Hazardous Waste Material Treatment
Stream Constituent No. Category
Potassium
Hydroxide
Potassium
Oxalate
Potassium
Permanganate
Potassium
Peroxide
Potassium
Phosphate
Potassium
Sulfate
347 Industrial
Disposal
343 Industrial
Disposal
349 Industrial
Disposal
350 Industrial
Disposal
351 Municipal
Type
Disposal
352 Municipal
Type
Water and In
Air Soil Volume
(mg/M3) (mg/1)
0.02
0.01
(as oxalic
acid)
0.05
(as Mn)
0.014
(as H202) .
0.01
0.01
(as H2SO,)
C.10 XII
0.05 XII
0.05 XIII
(as Mn)
0.1 XIII
(as KOH)
0.05 XII
(as H,PC4)
W "
250 XII
(as SO,)
Recommended Treatment
Dissolve in water followed by neutralization with an add and
sewering. •-' " •>•:••-•••••• •• -'- -
Ignition-to convert it to a carbonate. Since carbonates are nontoxic.
the material may be sent to a landfill or simply sewered.
Chemical reduction in a basic media resulting in Insoluble magnaese
dioxide formation. This material may be collected and placed 1n
landfills.
Neutralize liquid waste if necessary and dilute for discharge Into
the sewer system. ' *
The material 1s diluted to the recommended provisional Hm1t 1n water.
The pH is adjusted to between 6.5 and 9.1 and then the material can be
discharged into sewers or natural streams.
*
Potassium sulfate 1s relatively harmless and can be diluted to a
concentration below 250 mg/1 Her and released to sewers and
Disposal
waterways.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
CO
Provisional Limit Found
Hazardous Haste
Stream Constituent
Potassium
Sulflde
Primers
and
Detonators
Propane
Proplonaldehyde
Prop1on1c Add
n-Propyl
Acetate
Material Treatment
No. Category
353 Municipal
Type
Disposal
520 National
Disposal
Site
354 Municipal
Type
Disposal
355 Municipal
Type
Disposal
356 Municipal
Type
Disposal
357 Municipal
Type
Disposal
A1r
(mg/M3)
0.15
(as H2S)
Not
Available
50
0.1
0.25
8.4
Water and In
Soil Volume
(mg/1)
0.75 XII
(as H2S)
Not VII
Available
50 . x
0.5 x
1.25 X
42.0 x
Recommended Treatment
Precipitation with ferric chloride .solution. The Insoluble
FeS formed is removed by filtration. The remaining potassium
chloride solution can be diluted to a concentration below 250 rag/1 and
discharged to sewers and waterways.
The Chemical Agent Munition Disposal System which Includes a
Deact1vat1on Furnance should be used (under development by the U.S.
Army Materiel Command).
Concentrated: Incineration.
Dilute: Discharge of dilute aqueous solutions Into the municipal
sewers after preliminary treatment; Incineration (for dilute organic
mixtures)
Concentrated: Controlled Incineration.
Dilute: Blodegradatlon by unaccllmated activated sludges via municipal
sewage treatment plants.
Concentrated: Incineration.
Dilute: Blodegradatlon with unaccllmated activated sludges 1n municipal
treatment plants.
Concentrated: Controlled Incineration.
Dilute: Blodegradatlon by unaccllmated activated sludges via municipal
sewage treatment plants.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Provisional Limit Found
Hazardous Waste Material Treatment Mater and In
Stream Constituent No. Category Air Soil Volume
(mg/M3) (mg/1)
Recommended Treatment
00
n-Propyl
Alcohol
Propylamine
(mono-n-)
Propylene
Propylene
Glycol
Propylene
Oxide
358
359
Municipal
Type
Disposal
Municipal
Type
Disposal
5.0
0.12
360 Municipal 22
Type
Disposal
361 Municipal 2.0
Type
Disposal
362 Industrial 2.4
Disposal
25
0.60
no
10
12
XI
Concentrated: Controlled incineration.
Dilute: Blodegradation by unacclimated activated sludges via municipal
sewage treatment plants.
Concentrated: Controlled incineration (incinerator is equipped with a
scrubber or thermal unit to reduce NOx emissions).
Dilute: Chemically and biologically degraded via municipal waste treat-
ment system.
Concentrated: Incineration.
Dilute: Discharge of dilute acqueous solutions into the municipal
sewers after preliminary treatment; Incineration (for dilute organic
mixture).
Concentrated: Controlled incineration.
Dilute: Blodegradation by unacclimated activated sludges via municipal
sewage treatment plants.
Concentrated waste containing no peroxides: Discharge liquid at a
controlled rate near a pilot flame.
Concentrated waste containing peroxides: Perforation of a container
of the waste from a safe distance followed by open burning.
Dilute waste: Incineration (1500 F minimum).
Pyr1d1ne
364 Industrial 0.15
Disposal
0.75
Concentrated: Controlled Incineration whereby oxides of nitrogen are
removed from the effluent gas by scrubber, catalytic or thermal
devices.
Dilute: Oxidation by activated sludge; adsorption on activated carbon.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Provisional Limit
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Quinone
Salicylic Acid
Selenium,
ifc Powdered
00
W Sine.'
Silicon
TetrachloHde
Silver
Acetyllde
Material
No,
365
366
367
368
369
537
Treatment
Category
Municipal
Type
Disposal
Municipal
Type
Disposal
Industrial
Type
Disposal
Industrial
Disposal
Industrial
Disposal
National
Disposal
Air
(mg/M3)
0.001
0.25
0.002
0.1
0.01
Not
Available
Water and
Soil
(mg/1 )
0.02
1.25
0.01
0.5
0.50
Not
Available
Found
In
Vol ume
XI
X
XIII
XII
XII
VII
Recommended Treatment
Concentrated waste: Controlled incineration (1800 F. 2.0 seconds
minimum).
Dilute waste: Biological treatment utilizing acclimated activated
sludge.
Concentrated: Incineration.
Dilute: Biodegradation with unacclimated activated sludges 1n
municipal treatment plants.
Vapors and participate may be add scrubbed with an HBr solution
with subsequent recovery of selenium utilizing distillation.
Landfllled 1n California Class 1 type site.
Landfill In California Class 2 type sites.
Addition. of soda ash-slaked Ume solution to form the corresponding
sodium and calcium salt solution. This solution can be safely dis-
charged after dilution.
Detonation (on an Interim basis until a fully satisfactory technique
1s developed).
Site
(NDS)
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Provisional Limit
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Silver
Azide
Silver
Cyanides
Silver
Styphnate
Silver Tetrazene
Slag I (SIC 3331)
Copper Smelting
Slag II (SIC 3332)
Lead Smelting
Smokeless
Gunpowder
Material Treatment
No. Category
538 National
Disposal
Site
370 National
Disposal
Site
539 National
Disposal
Site
(NDS)
540 National
Disposal
Site
371 Municipal
Type
Disposal
372 Municipal
Type
Disposal
541 National
Disposal
Site
Air
(mg/M3)
.0001
.0001
(as Ag)
.0001
(as Ag)
.0001
(as Ag)
Not
Available
Not
Available
Not
Available
Water and
Soil
(mg/1)
.05
.01
(as Cn)
.05
(as Ag)
.05
(as Ag)
Not
Available
Not
Available
Not
Available
Found
In
Vol ume
VII
V
VII
VII
XIII
XIII
VII
Recommended Treatment
Oxidation with nitrous acid. Any NOx fumes evolved should be
removed by scrubbing with an alkaline solution. The silver present
should be recovered by electrolysis.
Obsolete munitions should be disposed of by the Chemical Agent
Munition Disposal System.
Oxidation by the hypochlorite ion (chlorlnatlon under alkaline
conditions) for both dilute and concentrated wastes. Concentrated
wastes should be diluted before chlorination.
Controlled combustion employing a rotary kiln Incinerator equipped with
appropriate scrubbing devices. The explosive 1s fed to the Incinerator as
a slurry in water. The scrubber effluent would require treatment for
recovery of parti cul ate metal compounds formed as combustion products.
Controlled combustion employing a rotary kiln Incinerator equipped with
appropriate scrubbing devices. The explosive 1s fed to the Incinerator
as a slurry 1n water. The scrubber effluent would require treatment
for recovery of parti cul ate metal compounds formed as combustion products.
The slag is deposited in a landfill.
The slag is deposited in a landfill.
Controlled Incineration—incinerator is equipped with scrubber for NOx
abatement.
Munition Disposal System.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Provisional Limit
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Sodium Alloy
Sodium Acid
Sulfite
Sodium Amide
£w Sodium
W Arsenate
Sodium
Arsenlte
Sodium Azlde
Material
No.
374
380
375
376
377
378
Treatment
Category A1r
(mg/M3)
Industrial 0.02
Disposal as NaOH
Municipal 0.02
Type
Disposal
Industrial 0.02
Disposal
National .05
Disposal (as As)
Site
(NDS)
National .005
Disposal (as As)
Site
Industrial 0.02
Disposal
Water and
Soil
(mg/1)
0.1
as NaOH
0.10
0.10
.05
(as As)
.05
(as As)
0.1
Found
In
Volume
XIII
XIII
XII
VI
VI
XIII
Recommended Treatment
Controlled incineration with subsequent effluent scrubbing.
Dilution with large volumes of water followed by reaction with soda ash,
calcium hvpochlorite and HC1 followed by discharge Into the sewer system.
Hydrolyzes rapidly to form sodium hydroxide and ammonia, both of which can
be neutralized by hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. The neutral solution can
be safely discharged if the salt content is below the Units set to maintain
water quality.
Long term storage in large, weathernroof , and slftproof storage bins or
silos; Landfill in a California Class 1 site.
Long term storage in large weatherproof an'* siftproof storage bins or silos;
Landfill in a California Class 1 site.
Reaction with sulfuric acic1 solution and sodium nitrate in a hard rubber
vessel. Nitrogen dioxide is generated by this reaction and the gas is
Controlled incineration is also acceptable (after mixing with other
combustible wates) with adequate scrubbing and ash disposal facilities.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Provisional Limit Found
Hazardous Waste Material Treatment Water and In
Stream Constituent No. Category Air Soil Volume
(mg/M3) (mg/1)
Recommended Treatment
Sodium Bifluoride 546 Industrial 0.025 0.6-1.7
Disposal (as F) (as F)
Sodium Cacodylate 382 National .005
Disposal
Site
OD
00'
Sodium Chlorate
Sodium
Chromate
Sodium Cyanide
385
386
387
Industrial 0.02
Disposal
National
Disposal
Site
National
Disposal
Site
.001
(as CrO,
.05
(as Cn)
.05
Sodium Carbonate 383 Municipal 0.02 0.10
Type
Disposal
Sodium Carbonate 384 Industrial 0.02 0.10
Peroxide Disposal
0.10
.05
(as Cr)
.01
(As Cn)
XII Aqueous Haste: Reaction with an excess of lime, followed by lagooning,
and either recovery or landfill disposal of the separated calcium
fluoride. The supernatant liquid from this process is diluted and dis-
charged to the sewer.
VI Long-term storage in concrete vaults or weathernroof bins; Landfill in
a California "Class 1" site.
XII The material is diluted to the recommended provisional limit in water.
The pH is adjusted to between 6.B and 9.1 and then the material can be
discharged into sewers or natural streams.
XII. Dissolve the material in water and add to a large volume of concentrated
reducing agent solution, then acidify the mixture with H2S04. When
reduction is comolete, soda ash is added to make the solution alkaline.
The alkaline liquid is decanted from any sludge produced, neutralized,
and diluted before discharge to a sewer or stream. The sludge is
landfilled.
XIII Chemical reduction with iron filings or waste pickle liquor followed by
reaction with lime, soda ash or sodium hydroxide followed by lagooning.
VI Concentrated: Reduction/Precipitation with hydroxide ion.
Dilute: Reduction/Precipitation; Ion Exchange.
V Oxidation by the hypochlorite ion (chlorination under alkaline conditions)
for both dilute and concentrated wastes. Concentrated wastes should be
diluted before chlorination.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
00
<£>
Provisional Limit
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Sodium
Oichromate
Sodium
Fluoride
Sodium Formate
Sodium Hydride
(Crystals)
Sodium
Hydrosulfite
Sodium Iodide
Material Treatment
No. Category
379 National
Disposal
Site
389 Industrial
Disposal
390 Municipal
Type
Disposal
391 Industrial
Disposal
392 Industrial
Disposal
395 Industrial
Disposal
Air
(mg/M3)
.001
(as Cr03)
0.025
(as F)
.09
0.02
0.02
0.02
Mater and
Soil
(mg/1)
.05
(as Cr)
0.6-1.7
(as F)
0.45
0.10
0.10
0.10
Found
In
Volume Recommended Treatment
VI Concentrated: "eduction/Precipitation with hydroxide ion.
Dilute: Reduction/Precipitation; Ion Exchange
XII Aqueous Waste: Reaction with an excess of lime, followed by lagooning,
and either recovery or landfill disposal of the separated calcium
fluoride. The supernatant liquid from this process is diluted and
discharged to the sewer.
X Concentrated: Conversion to formic acid followed by controlled
incineration.
Dilute: Chemical or biological degradation via municipal waste treatment
systems.
XII The waste material is mixed with dry sand before adding to water. The
hydrogen gas liberated 1s burned off with a pilot flame. The remaining
residue is a hydroxide and should be neutralized by an acid before
being disposed of.
XII Oxidation to yield sodium sulfate with the liberation of sulfur dioxide.
The exhaust gas 1s scrubbed to remove the SO- gas. The soluble sodium
sulfate is converted to the insoluble calcium sulfate which 1s removed
by filtration and sent to landfill. The filtrate 1s diluted and
discharged.
XIII Chemical reaction utilizing either the "Silver Iodide Process" or the
"Blow Out Process".
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS
SUMMARY
Provisional Limit Found
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Sodium Nitrate
(Solid)
Sodium Nitrite
(Solid)
Sodium
Orthophosphates
Sodium
Oxalate
Sodium
Oxide
Material Treatment
No. Category
396 Municipal
Type
Disposal
397 Municipal
Type
Disposal
401 Municipal
Type
Disposal
398 Municipal
Type
Disposal
508 Industrial
Disposal
Air
(mg/M3)
0.05
0.02
0.01
.01
0.02
(as NaOH)
Water and In
Soil Volume
(mg/1)
45 XII
0.10 XIII
0.05 XII
(as H3P04)
.05 X
0.1 XIII
(as NaOH)
Recommended Treatment
The material is dilute to the recommended provisional limit in water.
The pH is adjusted to between 6.5 and 9.1 and then the material can be
discharged into sewers or natural streams.
Dilution with large volumes of water followed by reaction with soda
ash, calcium hypochlorite and HC1 followed by discharge Into the
sewer system.
The material is diluted to the recommended provisional limit in water.
The pH is adjusted to between 6.5 and 9.1 and then the material can
be discharged into sewers or natural streams.
Concentrated: Conversion to oxalic acid followed by controlled
incineration.
Dilute: Chemical or biological degradation via municipal waste
treatment systems.
Chemical neutralization followed by solids separation with deposit
of sol Ids Into California Class 1 landfill sites. The supernatant 1s
diluted and discharged Into sewers and streams.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Provisional Limit
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Sodium
Perchl orate
Sodium
Peroxide
Sodium
Potassium
Alloy
Sodium Silicates
Sodium
Sulflde
Sodium
Sulftte
Material Treatment
No. Category
399 Industrial
Disposal
400 Industrial
Disposal
402 Industrial
Disposal
• 403 Municipal
Type
Disposal
404 Industrial
Disposal
405 Municipal
Type
Disposal
Air
(mg/M3)
0.02
0.014
as H202
0.02
as NaOH
0.02
0.15
(as H2S)
0.02
Water and
Soil
(rag/1 )
0.10
0.1
as NaOH
0.1
as NaOH
0.10
0.75
(as H2S)
0.10
Found
In
Volume Recommended Treatment
XII Dissolve the material in water and add to a large volume of concentrated
reducing agent solution, then acidify the mixture with H2S04- When
reduction is complete, soda ash is added to make the solution alkaline.
The alkaline liquid is decanted from any sludge produced, neutralized,
and diluted before discharge to a sewer or stream. The sludge is
landfilled.
XIII Neutralize liquid waste 1f necessary and dilute for discharge Into the
sewer system.
XIII Controlled incineration with subseouent effluent scrubbing.
. XIII Acidification with HC1 followed by neutralization, dilution with water
and release Into the sewer' system.
XII Converted Into the Insoluble ferrous sulflde by reaction with ferrous
chloride solution. The ferrous sulflde precipitate may be removed by
filtration and reclaimed.
XIII Dilution with large volumes of water followed by reaction with soda
ash, calcium hypochlorlte and HC1 followed by discharge Into the sewer
system.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Provisional Limit
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Sodium
Thlocyanate
Sorbitol
Stannic
Chloride
Stannous
Chloride
Material
No.
406
407
408
409
Treatment
Category
Industrial
Disposal
Municipal
Type
Disposal
Industrial
Disposal
Industrial
Disposal
Air
(mg/M3)
0.02
2.0
0.02
(as Sn)
0.02
as Sn
Mater and
Soil
{mg/1 )
0.10
10
0.05
(as Sn)
0.05
as Sn
Found
In
Volume Reconroended Treatment
XII Dissolve in a large quantity of water, buffer with a slight excess
of soda ash, neutralize with an acid, and sewer.
X Concentrated: Controlled incineration.
Dilute: Biodegradation by unaccl imated actived sludges via municipal
sewage treatment plants.
XII Mhen dissolved in water and neutralized, the slightly soluble oxide
is formed. Removal of the oxide is followed by sulfide precipitation
to ensure the removal of the metal ion from solution. The tin oxides
can be refined or landfilled.
XII Chemical precipitation usually utilizing sulfuric acid to form barium
sulfate which may be separated from the stream and recycled. The
Strontium
410
Styrene
412
Municipal
Type
Disposal
Municipal
Type
Disposal
Not Not
Available Available
4.2
21
supernatant may then be neutralized and discharged into the sewer system.
XIII Strontium metal is essentially non toxic and there .is negligible waste
generated.
The waste from the occasional use of a 10 Ib lot is washed down the
drain whereupon it forms very dilute Sr(OH)2 solution and small
quantities of H? gas. The Sr(OH)« in the sewer line 1s very dilute and
causes no problems. .The H2 gas is evolved slowly and is kept well below
the lower flammable limit.
X Concentrated: Incineration.
Dilute: Discharge of dilute aqueous solutions Into the municipal sewers
after preliminary treatment; Incineration (for d-lute organic mixture).
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
J-t
tt
CJ
Provisional Limit
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Sulfur
Sulfur
Dioxide
Sulfur
Mustard
Sulfur
Trloxlde
Sulfuric
Acid
Sulfurous
Acid
Material
No.
413
414
543
' 509
415
416
Treatment
Category
Municipal
Type
Disposal
Industrial
Disposal
National
Disposal
Site
Industrial
Disposal
Industrial
Disposal
Industrial
Disposal
A1r
(mg/M3)
0.1
0.013
3 x 10'6
0.01
0.01
0.01
Water and
Soil
(rag/D
500
0.65
1.5 x 10"5
0.05
0.05
0.05
Found
In
Volume •
XII
XII
VII
• XII
XII
XII
Recommended Treatment
Landfill in a California Class 2 type facility.
Removal from a gas stream: regenerative or non-regenerative .alkaline
absorption. These include, among others, various wet limestone
scrubbing processes and scrubbing with an aqueous solution of sodium
carbonate.
Dilute Aqueous: Neutralization with soda ash - slaked lime solution.
The sulfur mustard may be dissolved in gasoline and incinerated using
the U.S. Army Materiel Command's Deactivation Furnace (Chemical Agent
Munition Disposal System). The combustion products are removed by
alkaline scrubbing.
Neutralization with soda ash-slaked lime solution. Any precipitate is
filtered out and the supernatant is diluted and discharged.
Precipitation with soda ash-slaked lime solution to form the insoluble '
calcium sulfate which is removed by filtration. The neutral supernatant
liquid can be discharged after dilution.
Precipitation with soda ash— slaked lime solution to form the Insoluble
calcium sulfate which Is removed by filtration. The neutral supernatant
liquid can be discharged after dilution.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Provisional Limit
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Sulfuryl
Fluoride
TNT
Material
No.
417
418
Treatment
Category
Industrial
Disposal
National
Disposal
Site
Air
(mg/M3)
0.20
0.015
Hater and
Soil
(mg/1)
1.0
.075
Found
In
Volume
XII
VII
Recommended Treatment
Addition of soda ash-slaked lime solution to form the corresponding
sodium and calcium salt solution. This solution can be safely discharged
after dilution.
Incineration - The TNT is dissolved in acetone and incinerated. The
incinerator should be equipped with an after burner and a caustic soda
solution scrubber. Surplus munitions should be disposed of by the
U.S. Army Materiel Command's Deactivation Furnace.
Taconite
Tailings
Tantalum
Tear Gas
CN)
(Ch1oroacetophenone)
Tear Gas,
Irritant
419 Industrial Not Not
Disposal Available Available
510
422,
107
423
Industrial 0.05
Disposal
National
Disposal
Site
National
Disposal
Site
.003
.004
0.25
Not
Available
.020
XIII Earth dams are constructed for retaining the tailings to the planned
height. After the dams are completed, the tailings are deposited
behind the dams in much the same manner as would be used to fill a
water reservoir. Such dams are usually designed and constructed to
water retention standards.
XII Landfill In California Class 2 type sites.
VII The tear gas - containing waste Is dissolved 1n an organic solvent
and sprayed Into an Incinerator equipped with an afterburner and alkalle
scrubber; Reaction with sodium sulflde in an alcohol water solution.
Hydrogen sulflde 1s liberated and collected by an alkaline scrubber.
VII Chemical Agent Munition Disposal System (under development by U.S.
Army Materiel Command). This is an automated, scrubber equipped
Incineration system.
Hydrolysis In 95 percent ethanol and 5 percent water followed by
incineration and then by a caustic scrubber.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Provisional Limit
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Tetrachloreoethane
Tetraethyl
Lead
Material
No.
424
425
Treatment
Category Air
(mg/M3)
Industrial 0.35
Disposal
Industrial .0010
Disposal (as Pb)
Water and
Soil
(mg/1)
175
0.05
(as Pb)
Found
In
Vol ume
X
XI
Recommended Treatment
Incineration—preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel.
be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation
An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced.
Controlled incineration with scrubbing for collection of lead oxides
be recycled or landfilled.
Care must
of phosgene
which may
Tetrahydrofuran
426 Industrial 5.9 29.5
Disposal
cn
Tetramethyl
Lead
Tetranltromethane
Tetrapropylene
427
428
Industrial .005 0.05
Disposal (as Pb) (as Pb)
Industrial 0.08
Disposal
0.4
429 Municipal 10 50
Type
Disposal
Sulfide or carbonate precipitation followed by ion exchange is also an adequate
method for reducing lead levels in aqueous streams.
XI Concentrated waste containing no peroxides: Discharge liquid at a controlled
rate near a pilot flame.
Concentrated waste containing peroxides: Perforation of a container of the
waste from a safe distance followed by open burning.
Dilute waste: Incineration (1500 F minimum).
XI Controlled incineration with scrubbing for collection of lead oxides which may
be recylced or land filled.
Sulfide or carbonate precipitation followed by ion exhcange is also an adequate
method for reducing lead levels in aqueous streams.
XI Open burning at remote burning sites. This procedure is not entirely sat-
isfactory since it makes no provision for the control of the toxic effluents,
NOx and HCN. Suggested procedures are to emoloy modified closed pit burning,
using blowers for air supply and passing the effluent combustion gases through
wet scrubbers.
X Concentrated: Incineration.
Dilute: Discharge of dilute anueous solutions into the municipal sewers after
preliminary treatment; Incineration, (for dilute organic mixture).
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Provisional Limit
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Tetrazene
Thallium
Thallium
Sulfate
Thlocyanates
Toluene
Toluene
Ollsocyanate
Material Treatment
No. Category
542 National
Disposal
Site
-
430 Industrial
Disposal
431 Industrial
Disposal
432 Industrial
Disposal
434 Municipal
Type
Disposal
511 Industrial
Disposal
Air,
{mg/M3)
Not
Available
0.001
0.001
as Tl
Variable
3.75
0.0014
Hater and
Soil
(mg/1)
Not
Available
0.005
0.005
as Tl
Variable
18.75
0.007
Found
In
Volume Recommended Treatment
VII Treatment with steam - tetrazene is decomposed by passing Into
water containing tetrazene crystals. The products of the decomposition
may be sent to a sewage treatment olant.
Obsolete military munitions should be disposed of using the Chemical
Agent Munition Disposal System.
XIII Concentrated: Recvcle wastes utilizing extractive metallurgy.
Dilute Haste: Landfill in California Class 1 type site.
XIII Concentrated: Recycle wastes utilizing extractive metallurgy.
Dilute Haste: Landfill in California Class 1 type site..
XII Dissolve in a large quantity of water, buffer with a slight excess of
soda ash, neutralize with an add, and sewer.
X Concentrated: Incineration.
Dilute: Discharge of dilute aqueous solution into the municipal sewers
after primary treatment; Incineration (for dilute organic mixture).
X Concentrated: Controlled incineration (oxides of nitrogen are removed
from the effluent gas by scrubbers and/or thermal devices).
Dilute: Biological treatment (highly dependent upon pH and temperature
conditions); Activated carbon treatment (as a polishing step to be used
in conjunction with biological treatment).
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
w
05
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Triethanolamine
Triethylamine
Triethylene
Glycol
Triethylene
Tetramine
Trimethylamine
Tripropane
(Norene)
Provisional Limit
Material Treatment Water and
No. Category Air Soil
(mg/M3) (mg/1)
44V Vunicinal 0.06 0.30
Type
Disposal
442 Municipal 1.0 5.0
Type
Disposal
443 Municipal 2.0 10
Type
Disposal
' 444 Municipal 0.04 Q.20
Tvpe
Disposal
44? Municipal 1.0 5.0
Type
Disposal
446 Municipal 10 50
Type
Disposal
Found
In
Volume Recommended Treatment
X Concentrated: Controlled incineration (incinerator is enuioped with
a scrubber or thermal unit to reduce NOx emissions).
Dilute: Chemically and biologically degraded via municipal waste
treatment system.
X Concentrated: Controlled incineration (incinerator is eaui oped with
a scrubber or thermal unit to reduce NOx emissions).
Dilute: Chemically and biologically degraded via municipal waste
treatment system.
X Concentrated: Controlled incineration.
Dilute: Biodegradation by unaccl imated activated sludges via municipal
sewage treatment plants.
X Concentrated: Controlled incineration (incinerator is eouipped with a
scrubber or thermal unit to reduce NOx emissions).
Dilute: Chemically and biologically degraded via municipal waste
treatment system.
X Concentrated: Controlled incineration (incinerator is equipped with
a scrubber or thermal unit to reduce NOx emissions).
Dilute: Chemically and biologically degraded. via municipal waste
treatment system.
X Concentrated: Incineration.
Dilute: Discharge of dilute aqueous solution into the municipal sewers
after preliminary treatment; Incineration {for dilute organic mixture).
-------
TABLE 7
WASTE STREAM CONSITIUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Provisional Limit Found
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Turpentine
Urea
(Plus Salts)
Vanadium
Pentoxide
Vinyl
Acetate
Vinyl
Chloride
VX (persistent
nerve gas)
Material Treatment
No. Category
447 Municipal
Type
Disposal
448 Municipal
Type
Disposal
513 Municipal
Type
Disposal
449 Municipal
Type
Disposal
450 Industrial
Disposal
288 National
Disposal
Site
Air
(mg/M3)
5.6
0.06
0.005 for
fume
0.001 for
dust
0.3
7.70
3xlO'6
Water and In
Soil Volume
(mg/1)
28 X
0.30 x
0.05 XII
as V
1.5 X
38.50 X
Not VII
Available
Recommended Treatment
Concentrated: Incineration
Oilute: Discharge of dilute aqueous solution into the municipal sewers
after preliminary treatment; Incineration (for dilute organic mixture).
Concentrated: Controlled Incineration (incinerator is equiooed with
a scrubber or thermal unit to reduce N0x emissions).
Dilute: Chemically and biologically degraded via municipal waste
treatment system.
Landfill in a California Class 2 type facility.
Concentrated: Controlled incineration.
Dilute: Biodegradation by unacclimated activated sludges via municipal
sewage treatment plants;
Incineration—preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel.
Care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the
formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary 'to remove the
halo acids produced.
Concentrated: Incineration followed by adequate gas scrubbing equipment.
Dilute: Hydrolysis using caustic soda to accelerate the hydrolysis
reactions.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Provisional Limit
Hazardous Waste Material Treatment Water and
Stream Constituent No. Category Air Soil
(mg/M3)
Found
In
Volume
Recommended Treatment
Xvlene
Xylenol
(Xylol)
451 Municipal 4.35 4.35
Type
Disposal
452 Municipal 0.19 0.001
Type
Disposal
Concentrated: Incineration.
Dilute: Discharge of dilute aqueous solution into the municipal sewers
after primary treatment; Incineration (for dilute organic mixture).
Concentrated: Controlled incineration.
Dilute: Biological treatment with activated sludges via municipal
waste treatment plants.
18
i O
Zinc
Arsenate
Zinc
Arsenite
Zinc Chlorate
Zinc Chloride
453 National .005 .05
Disposal (as As) (as As)
Site
454
455
456
National
Disposal
Site
Industrial
Disposal
.005
(as As)
0.01
.05
(as As)
5.0
(as Zn)
Industrial 0.01
Disposal
5.0
(as Zn)
VI Long term storage in larqe, weatherproof, and siftproof storage bins or
silos; Landfill in a California Class 1 site.
VI Long term storage in large weatherproof and siftproof storage bins
or silos; Landfill in a California Class 1 site.
XII Dissolve the material in water and add to a large volume of concentrated
reducing agent solution, then acidify the mixture with H.SQ^ When reduction
is complete, soda-ash is added to make the solution alkaline. The alkaline
liquid is decanted from any sludge produced, neutralized, and diluted before
discharge to a sewer or stream. The sludge is landfilled.
XIII Recovery of zinc utilizing reverse osmosis, multiple effect evaporation,
ion exchange or precipitation as the sulfide or hydroxide.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Provisional Limit
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Zinc
Cyanide
Zinc Nitrate
Zinc Oxide
?0
Uk Zinc
Permanganate
Zinc .
Peroxide
Zinc Sulfide
Material
No.
457
459
460
461
462
463
Treatment
Category
National
Disposal
Site
Industrial
Disposal
Municipal
Type
Disposal
Industrial
Disposal
Industrial
Disposal
Industrial
Disposal
Air
(mg/M3)
.05
(as Cn)
0.05
as HN03
0.05
0.05
as Mn
0.14
as H.O£
0.15
as H-S
Water and
Soil
(mg/1)
.01
(as Cn)
5.0
as Zn
5.0
as Zn
5.0
as Z n
5.0
as Zn
5.0
as Zn
Found
In
Volume
V
XIII
XIII
XIII
XIII
XIII
Recommended Treatment
Oxidation by the hypochlorite ion (chlorination under alkaline conditions)
for both dilute and concentrated wastes. Concentrated wastes should
be diluted before chlorination.
Recovery of zinc utilizing reverse osmosis, multiple effect evaporation,
ion exchange or precipitation as the sulfide or hydroxide.
Landfill in a California Class 2 type facility.
Recovery of zinc utilizing reverse osmosis, multiple effect evaporation,
ion exchange or precipitation as the sulfide or hydroxide.
Recovery of zinc utilizing reverse osmosis, multiple effect evaporation,
ion exchange or precipitation as the sulfide or hydroxide.
Recovery of zinc utilizing reverse osmosis, multiple effect evaporation,
ion exchange or precipitation as 'the sulfide or hydroxide.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED*
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Americium - 241f
. -'
Americium -,-243f
Carbon - 14. f . -
. ' ' f
x,"
Cerium - 144f
(Praseodymium - 144)
, i; <^*
Cesium - 134t£*'~
••- ' ''&
Cesium -137 +
(Barium - 137m)
: Cobalt - 60*4-.- -T^T^
^Maximum Permissible Concentration
(mi crocur i es/mi 1 1 i 1 1 ter )
air water
Soluble form
0.67 x 10-13
Insoluble form
1.33 x 10-12
Soluble form
0.67 x 10-13
Insoluble form
1.33 x 10-12
Soluble form
0.33 x 10-7
Submersion
0.33 x 10-6
Soluble form
1.0 x 10-10
Insoluble form
. 0.67 x 10-10
Soluble form
0.33 x 10-9
Insoluble form
1/.33 x 10-10
Soluble form
0.67 x 10-9
Insoluble form
1.67 x 10-10
-"^Soluble form"
0.33 x 10-8 •-•-
Insoluble form
1.0 x 10-10
Soluble form
1.33 x 10-6
Insoluble form •
0.67 x TO"5
Soluble form
1.33 x 10-6
Insoluble form
1.0 x 10-5
Soluble form
2.7 x 10-4
Not applicable
Soluble form
0.33 x 10-5
Insoluble form
0.33 x 10-5
Soluble form
3.0 x 10-6
Insoluble form
1.33 x 10-5
Sol ubl e form
0.67 x 10-5
Insoluble form
1.33 x 10-5
Soluble form ••:
1.67 x 10-5
Insoluble form
1.0 x 10-5
Hazardous Waste Max!mum Permissible Concentration
Stream Constituent (•mcrocunes/milliliter)
air Wd tSr
Curium - 242f Soluble form
1.33 x 10-12
Insoluble form
2.0 x 10-12
Curium - 244* Soluble form
1.0 x 10-13
Insoluble form
1.0 x 10-12
Iodine - 129* Soluble form
.67 x 10-H
Insoluble form
0.67 x 10-9
Iodine - 131* Soluble form
0.33 x 10-10
Insoluble form
0.33 x 10-8
Iridium - 192f Soluble form
1.33 x ID'9
Insoluble form
3.0 x 10-10
Krypton - 85* Submersion 8
1.0 x 10-7
Niobium - 95f . Soluble form
0.67 x 10-8
Insoluble form
1.0 x 10-9
Soluble form
0.67 x 10-5
Insoluble form
1.0 x 10-5
Soluble form
2.33 x lO-6
Insoluble form
1.0 x 10-5
Soluble form
2.0 x 10-8
Insoluble form
0.67 x 10-4
Soluble form
1.0 x ID"7
Insoluble form
2.0 x 10-5
Soluble form
1.33 x ID"5
Insoluble form
1.33 x 10-5
Not applicable
Soluble form
0.33 x 10-4
Insoluble form
0.33 x 10-*
All high-level radioactive waste stream constituents are candidates for National Disposal Site treatment. The radioactive waste stream constituent
Profile Reports are presented in Volume IX.
The recommended treatment sequence 1s recovery from the aqueous high-level waste stream, solidification at the fuel reprocessing facility, transport
to the National Disposal Site for temporary storage 1n engineered storage facilities until ultimate disposal in salt deposits.
*The recommended treatment sequence is recovery from gaseous waste streams, transport to the Natio.nal Disposal Site for temporary storage in engineered
storage facilities until ultimate disposal in salt deposits.
The values given are for submersion in a semispherical Infinite cloud of airborne material.
-------
TABLE 7 - CONTINUED*
WASTE STREAM CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
CO
Hazardous Waste
Stream Constituent
Plutonium - 238t
Plutonium - 239f
Plutonium - 240f
Plutonium - 241 f
PrometMum - 147+
Radium - 2261
Maximum Permissible Concentration
• (microcuries/millillter)
air water
Soluble form
2.33 x 10-14
Insoluble form
0.33 x 10-12
Soluble form
2.0 x 10-'4 '
Insoluble form
0.33 x 10-12
Soluble form
2.0 x ID-'4
Insoluble form
0.33 x 10-12
Soluble form
1.0 x 10-12
Insoluble form
0.33 x 10-9
Soluble form
0.67 x 10-9
Insoluble form
1.0 x 10-9
Soluble form
1.0 x 10-12
"Insoluble form
0.67 x 10-12
Soluble form
1.67 x ID'6
Insoluble form
1.0 x 10"5
Soluble form
1.67 x 10-6
Insoluble form
1.0 x 10-5
Soluble form
1.67 x 10-6
Insoluble form
1.0 x 10-5
Soluble form
0.67 x 10-4
Insoluble form
0.33 x 10-3
Soluble form
0.67 x 10-4
Insoluble form
0.67 x 10-4
Soluble form
1.0 x 10"8
Insoluble form
1.0 x 10-5
u •,* H« <• u ..»,> Maximum Permissible Concentration
S^rcon.mue'nt (microcuries/mill iliter)
Ruthenium - 106 Soluble form
(Rhodium - 106) 1.0 x 10-9
Insoluble form
0.67 x 10-1°
Strontium - 90f Soluble form
(Yttrium - 90) 1.0 x 10'11
- Insoluble form
0.67 x 10-10
H3 - Tritiumf Soluble form
0.67 x 10-'
— Submersion'
1.33 x 10-5
Xenon - 133* Submersion5
1.0 x 10-'
Zirconium - 95 Soluble form
1.33 x 10-9
Insoluble form
0.33 x 10-9
0 •
Soluble form
0.33 x 10-5
Insoluble form
0.33 x 10-5
Soluble form
1.0 x 10-'
Insoluble form
1.33 x 10-5
Soluble form
1.0 x lO-3
_ Not applicable
Not applicable
Soluble form
2.0 x 10-5
Insoluble form
2.0 x ID"5
All high-level radioactive waste stream constituents are candidates for National Disposal Site treatment.
Profile Reports are presented 1n Volume IX.
The radioactive waste stream constituent
The recommended treatment sequence 1s recovery from the-aqueous high-level waste stream, solidification at the fuel reprocessing facility, transport
to the National Disposal Site for temporary storage 1n engineered storage facilities until ultimate disposal in salt deposits.
The recommended treatment sequence Is recovery from gaseous waste streams, transport to the National Disposal Site for temporary storage in engineered
storage facilities until ultimate disposal in salt deposits.
The values given are for submersion In a semispherical infinite cloud of airborne material.
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA
SHEET
1. Report No.
EPA-670/2-73-053-a
3. Recipient's Accession No.
and Subtitle
Recommended Methods of Reduction, Neutralization,- Recovery, or
Disposal of Hazardous Waste.
Volume I. Summary Report
5- Report Date
issuing date - Aug. 1973'
6.
7. Author(s) R. s. Ottinger, J. L. Blumenthal, D. F. Dal Porto,
G.'I. Gruber. M. J. Santy, and C. C. Shih
8. Performing Organization Rept.
No'21485-6013-RU-OO
9. Performing Organization Name and Address
TRW Systems Group, One Space Park
Redondo Beach, California 90278
10. Project/Task/Work Unit No.
11. Contract/Grant No.
68-03-0089
12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address
National Environmental Research-Center
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
13. Type of Report & Period
Covered
Final
14.
15. Supplementary Notes
Volume I of 16 volumes.
16. Abstracts '
A summary of the work performed on the hazardous waste research project is presented in
the first volume of the 16 volume report. The report includes an updated listing of
hazardous waste stream constituents, an evaluation of the adequacy of current waste
management practices for these materials, and an identification of the research and
development required to provide necessary information or develop adequate treatment
methods. The results of this study clearly indicate the requirement for a system of
National Disposal Sites to provide a repository for certain classes of hazardous waste
stream constituent residues which must be stored and monitored permanently to avoid
harm to the public and/or the environment. '
17. Key Words and Document Analysis. 17a. Descriptors
|
Hazardous Waste
National Disposal Site
Waste Management
Treatment Methods
\ ., "
17b. Identifiers/Open-Ended Terms
17c. COSATI Field/Group
. T3H;. |9A;
18. Availability Statement
Release to public.
- 204 -
19.; Security Class (Th'is
Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
20. Security Class (This
Page
UNCLASSIFIED
21. Nor of Pages
212
22. Price
-------
WASTE MATERIAL REFERENCE INFORMATION FOR "RECOMMENDED METHODS OF
REDUCTION, NEUTRALIZATION, RECOVERY OR DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS WASTE," EPA 670/Z-73-053
WASTE MATT-RIAL
VOLUME H
PAP.F
DISPOSAL CATEGORY
WASTE STREAM
ACFTALOFHYPIF ( 1 )
ACETIC. ACID (21
ACFTir A\>HYr°ir.r-
E f. YAMnRYDRIN (5)
AfETrNI IPILF (A)
AfFTYL CHLORIDE (°l
Arpir;r--r (4t4>
ACKPLFir; ( •? I
ACRYLIC '.cm do)
ArpYLONITPILF (111
A ('If If. AC IP (12)
ALPS' I 'I (131
ALLYL AlCOHCt. ( 14 I
ALLYL ri-LGRinF (15)
FHIOR inF (16)
UXI'IF (4*1;) .
lLL!vIf.''JM SLI1 FATF ( 17)
AWF.P ICH.'M (2*1)
AMfMOFTHYl r.TwpNPL AMINP
•— AM-'ON'IUM
Ai'Mi'nll'M
AMYL
(201
ChP.OMATF (211-
DirHPOVATF (221
FLUOR I. 'IF (23)
HYn^n'x inr i iq)
MTfATF (2'r)
pr-PCHL r.Q ».TF . ( 25)
PEI'SI-)LCA.TE (26),
IUM fICRATF, DRY (27)
IIM' PICRATF, WFT (28)
niM 5ULFIPF. C2.9)
Af FTfl.TF (30)
ALr.CHCL 1311'
(331
ANTIMP'..-Yt PCwnFRF.M ( 3« I
ANTINOMY PF.NTACHLP"ini; (351
PFM.TAf LUORIfJF (361 •
PFNTASlJLFinF.' (37)'
PC1STASSIIIM TARTRATF (38)
SULFATF. ( 31)
'TRICHLORIDE IM>
ANTMKCNY
• ANTIMONY
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
M
10
10
10
5-
10
10
12
12
12
10
12
12
6
6
12
12
12
12
12
7
7
12
10
10
10
12
12
•12
8
12
12
12
12
I
21
21
1
41
41
55
21
213
CATEOP.KIES SEF LAST PAGE
'PAGE'l >
-------
VOLUMF
PAGE
DISPOSAL CATEGORY
WASTE STREAM
ANTIMONY TPIFLUORIOE (43)
ANTIMONY TPIQXIDI? (451
TPISUIFIDE c-o)
F (466)
ARS':MC (AM
"F.iMTASCLFNine (467)
TRICHLORIDE (50)
TPICXIPE (51 I
BARIUM
OAF IUM
BAPIU"
PAP IUM
PAP.IUM
RENZENF
BFM70YI
ARSFNIC
A°SFNIf
ASf'fSTPS (4(-3l
BAR IUV CABBONATE ( r>2 )
CHLP.MRE (53)
CYANIOF (4691
FLUORIDE (470)
NITBATE (471 )
SULFIDE (472)
(54)
HFXACHLCRDE (55)
Sill. FONIC ACIO (56)
ACID (57)
XIDE (514)
8FNZYL CHITRIOE (53)
•3FRYLLIU"t PCWOE". (591 •
"JFP.YLLIUM CARBONATE (473)
-------
WASTE MATERIAL
VOLUME (9
PAGE
DISPOSAL CATEGORY
WASTE STREAM
(fi3)
<»4)
(478)
N-BUTYLAMINE (75)
3UTYLENF !76I
FUJTYRALTEHYDE (79)
CAcrnvuc *CID isoi
CACMIU* (81)
CAC^'IUM CHLCRIOE
CAC'-'IUM CYAN-TOPS
CArviuN' FLUORIDE
CADV1UM NITRATE
r.AO'-'IU" OXIDE FUMF. (85!
CATVIUM POWDERED <82)
CACfMUM PHOSPHATE (86)
CADMIUM POTASSIUM CYANIDE (480)
r.Ar.viuy SULFATF «,en
CALCIU^ APSENATF ( 87)
CALCIUM APSENITF (R8I
TALC HIM C APR [ni: ( P9 )
OALC!UV CHLORIDE (90)
CAICIU"
CALCIUM
CALCIUM
CALCIUM
CALCIUM
CALCIUM
CAVPHCR
CAPPOLIC
FLUORIDE
-------
WASTF MATFRIAL
VOLUME
PAGE #
DISPOSAL CATEGORY
WASTE STREAM
CHRTME (113)
CHROMIC ACID
CHRCMIC
CHROMIC
COAL
COPPFR
CCPPER
CCPPFR
CTPPFR
(114)
FlUCRIDE <4ft5)
SULFATT (486)
C.YANIOF (4871
(60)
COBALT CHLCPIPE C-89)
COBALT NITRATE (116)
CONTAMINATED ELECTROLYTE (1181
ACFTOARSFNITE (4°o)
ACFTYLirE (517)
APSPNATFS (11°)
CHLOFOTFTRAZOLE (518)
CYAMIDFS (120)
C.CPPFP NITRATE (1211
CTPPFR SULCATE u?2>
CRECSCTF (CPAL TAR I (123)
CRESOL (CRESYLIE ACID) (12^
CRPTCNALDEHYDE (1261
CUMFNF (127)
CUPPOUS (CTPPF.R) CYANIDE (128)
CUP IU^ (2'-<- \
CYA^inc S ( 120 )
CVJNOACETIC ACID (130)
CYANURIC TPIAZIOE (519)
CYCLOHFXANE (131)
CYCLOHFXAMQL (132)
f.VCLOKFXANONF (133)
CYCLOHFXYLAf INE (134)
ODD ( 136)
DOT (137)
OECYL ALCOHOL (138)
f-EVFTON (4Q1I
OIAZOrtNITprpHFNOL (521)
n-DICHLCPCBFA'ZFNE (140, 2781
o-DICHLOPQSFNZENF (141)
DICHLTPOETHYL ETHER (143)
niCHLOPtFLUOROMC-THANF (142)
125)
2,4-n (2,4-riCHLOROPHFN-OXACFTIC ACID)
If 2-niC.HLCROPROPAMF (14^, .363)
It a-OICHLCRCPROPENf (1461
DICHLCROTETRAFLUOROETHANf ( 147)
12
6
13
13
13
12
9
12
12
8
6
7
6
7
5
12
12
10
10
10
10
5
9
5
10
11
10
10
10
10
5
10-
5
7
10
10
10
10
10
5
10
10
10
295
171
13
13
13
33
1
301
301
23
115
77
91
83
1 15
313
313
55
245
1
55
115
77
115
M
21
55
115
1
155
29
2.9
115
73
R9
2S3
283
283
283
283
55
283
2S3
283
I!
I
III
III
I II
I II
I
I II
I II
I
I
I
I
I
I
II
II
I II
I II
I II
I II
I
I
I
I!
II
I II
I II
I II
II
I
I
III
I
I
II
II
II
II
II
I
II
II
II
7, 9,11,17
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8,12,20
4, 6, 8,12
It 2, 3, 4, 6, 8,12,20
4, 6, 8,12
4, 6, 8,12
2,16,18,19
2,16,18,19
2,16,19
16
2,16,18,19
NUMBERS IN PARENTHESES!1) - TRW MATERIAL NUMBER LOCATED IN VOLUME I
DISPOSAL CATEGORY - I =•NATIONAL DISPOSAL
SITE CANDIDATE
II = INDUSTRIAL DISPOSAL
SITF CANDIDATE
III = MUNICIPAL DISPOSAL
SITE CANDIDATE
NOTE: FOR WASTE STREAM CATEGORIES SEE LAST PAGE
PAGE 4
-------
HASTE MATERIAL
VOLUME #
PAGE #
DISPOSAL CATEGORY
WASTE STREAM
OICYCLOPENTAOIFNE (148)
OIELTPIN (149)
DIFTWANCLAMINF (150)
OIFTHYI AMINF (151)
OIFTHYLFNE GLYCOL I IS'-)
OlETHYLENF TRIMIMF (155)
OIFTHYLETHEP (1*2)
DIETHYLSTILPftSTROL (492)
OIISDRUTYL KFTf.NP (157)
')! ISOPRCPANCLA^INF (159)
OIMFTHYLA^INF ( 159)
DIMETHYL SULFATE (160)
OI-N-PUTYL PHTHALATF (139)
?., 4-IMMTROANUINE (161)
OINITPfPENZENE (163)
ni.MITRC CKFSOLS
DIMTPOPMENCL
OINITPrTCHEUNE (165)
1ICXANF (1=3,166)
DIPPrjTAFP.YTHRITOL-HFXA.MITRATE ( 522)
OIPH=NYLAMINE (167)
niPPOPYl = N'E GLYCPL (168)
DISTBUTYI.FNF (156)
ornECYLetA'ZF.NE (169)
END" IN (1701
FPICHLCFCHYr.RIN (171)
FTH*MF (4Q3)
ETHAMOL (172, 177)
c.THANnLAMINF (173, 279)
T-t'HYt : ACFT/TTE 1175)
ETHYL AC^YLSTE (176)
FTMYLAVINF (17S)
ETHYLPFNZTNIF (179)
ETHYL CHLTRIOE (180)
ETHYLE.'.'F (1P1)
PKCMIPE (1821
CYANCHYOTN (Ifl3)
PIAMINE (184)
DICHLCRIOF (185)
ETHYLFNF GLYCC1L (186, 206)
CTHYLENE GLYCOL MONOETHYL ETHER (187)
ETHYLENF GLYCCL MONOETHYL ETHFR ACETATE
ETHYLFNE
FTHYLENF
ETHYLFNE
10
5
10
10
10
10
11
10
to
.10
10
a
10
10
n
5
u
7
11
7
11
10
10
10
•5
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
11
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
55
1
155
115
155
27
245
1
155
155
59
187
213
43
101
51
97
27
103
63
115
55
55
1
283
55
115
155
187
155
55
283
55
69
41
155
115
27
27
91
I II
I
II
II
I II
II
II
I II
II
II
II
I
III
II
II
I
II
I
II
I
II
I II
I II
III
I
II
I I!
I II
II
II
I II
I II
II
I II
II
I II
II
II
II
II
I II
II
II
II
2, 16,1?, 19
14,15
14,15
14,15
18
2,16,18,19
LEGEND:
NUMBERS IN PARENTHESES!!) - TRW MATERIAL NUMBER LOCATED IN VOLUME I
DISPOSAL CATEGORY - I =.NATIONAL DISPOSAL
SITE CANDIDATE
II = INDUSTRIAL DISPOSAL
SITE CANDIDATE
III = MUNICIPAL DISPOSAL
SITE CANDIDATE
NOTE: FOR WASTE STREAM CATEGORIES SEC LAST PAGE
PAGE 5
-------
WASTE MATERIAL
VOLUME #
PAGE *
DISPOSAL CATEGORY
WASTE STREAM
ETHYL fERCAPTAN (192)
ETHYL '-'ETHYL KETONF (193)
ETHYL PHFNOL (1961
ETHYL PHTHALATE (194)
= ATTY AC I OS (197)
EFRaruS SULFATF (198)
FLUCRINF 12001
<=nR"ALOF.HYCF. (201)
FCPPIC ACID (202)
.FURFURAL (203)
CHR^UPAL ALCOHOL (20^)
r.FLATR' !7Fn NIT°OCELLULOSE (523)
GLYCERINE (205)
nLYCcPOLMCi\CLACTATE TP.INITP.ATE (
GLYC.CL IMNITRATF (525)
GCLH Rllf-'INATF (52fi)
HEPTAfHCR
N-HFPTANE (207)
l-l'cPTFf.'F I20fl»
HFXACHLCSrPHENf (497)
HFXAWFTHYLFNE OIAMINE (210)
HfXANF (211)
HYCP.PCUINCINF (2201
HYDPAZK-F (212) .
HYC5AZINE AZ IDF/HYORAZINE (527)
HYPPAZPIC ACtP -C528)
ACID (213)
ACID (216)
HYDROCYANIC ACID (215)
HYCROFI.unp. 1C ACID (216)
HYDDCC-fiM CHLOPir.E (GAS) (217)
HYD»rGFN CYANinE (218)
HYCPPGFN1 PEPCXIOE (21C')
HYDROGFK SULFIDE (221)
ICOIXF (12")
inriNF TIN'CTUPF (233)
IP. I T HIM (]o?)
tsc"uTYL ACETATE (22-41
ISOSUTYL ALCOHOL (*Ofl)
ISCPFN'TAN'F (225)
ISCPHGRCNF (226)
tSOPP.OME (227)
ISCPRCPANCL (228, 230)
10
10
10
10
10
12
8
10
10
10
10
7
10
11
7
7
5
5
10
10
10
10
10
11
12
11
13
13
12
13
12
12
13
12
13
9
12
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
263
.1
245
187
101
301
25
21
101
I
115
55
115
oq
111
S3
73
1
55
55
283
155
55
111
327
105
A5
51
91
57
91
91
57
91
65
53
91
1
187
115
55
1
55
115
II
I II
III
I II
I II
I II
.1
I II
I II
I II
I II
I
I II
I!
I
I
I
I
I II
I II
II
II
I I I
III
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
I
II
I
I II
I I!
I II
I II
I II
I II
18
18
18
2,16,19
2,16,19
IB
LEGEND:
NUVPERS IN PARENTHESES(l) - TRW MATERIAL NUMBER LOCATED IN VOLUME. I
DISPOSAL CATEGORY - I = NATIONAL DISPOSAL
SITE CANDIDATE
II = INDUSTRIAL DISPOSAL
SITE CANDIDATE
in = VUNICIPAL DISPOSAL
SITE CANDIDATE
NOTE: FOP WASTE STREAM CATEGORIES SEE LAST PAGE
PAGE 6
-------
WASTE MATERIAL
VOLUME »
PAGE »
DISPOSAL CATEGORY
WASTE STREAM
ISCPROPYL ACETATE (229)
ISCPRTPYL AVINF (231)
FSOPPOPYL FTHF.P (232)
KRYPTCN (85)
LEST (233)
LFAH ACETATF (234)
LF.\r, ARSENATE (235)
LFAD iRSENITE (236)
"LEAP. AZ IDF. (529 I
LI AT CAPROMATF. (737)
LFAT r.HLriRITF (238)
LFAT CYANIDE (2391
LFAO ClMTRPRFSroCINATE (530)
LEAP NITRATF (2401
LFAf NITR !TF (241 )
LEAP CXIDF (242)
LF/sr STYOHANTF (531)
LFW! SIT<= (243)
LITHIUM- ALUMINUM HYDRIDE (244)
MAGNESIUM R ALUMIMUM, POWDERED METALLIC
MAGNTSIUM APSF^ITE (245)
"AGNFSIUM CHLORATF
vAr,iVcSIU« OXIDE (247)
M4KGAMESF AFSTMATF (500)
MA\C.ANFSE CHLOR IDF 15011
MAN'GAI-.FSE VFTHLCYCLOPENTADIENYLTRICARBON
•-1AMGAMFSF SULFATF (2^?)
MANNITHL HEXAMTRATE (5321
MfRCURlC THLOPICF (253)
MERTLialC [IIAMMFN'HIX CHLORIDE (503)'
CYA^IDF (25'>)
FULMINATE (?33)
NITRATE (2551
••'EfTUPIC SDLFATF (256)
VEPCUPY (257)
MEPCU°Y CPVPOUNDS (OPGANIC) (258)
v.EMTYl OXIDE (2^^)
MFPCUPIC
=«EPCUPIC
MERCURIC
TTHYLAMINE (2^5)
N-ygTHYLANILINF (280)
'•iFTPYL ACETATE (?62)
MFTHYL ACRYLATE. (263)
10
10
11
9
13
13
6
6
7
13
13
5
7
13
13
13
7
7
12
12
6
12
12
11
13
6
13
11
13
7
ft
6
6
7
6
6
6
6
10
10
10
10
10
10
167
155
27
53
79
87
115
125
87
87
115
137
87
R7
103
145
247
145
187
137
129
33
119
115
91
129
127
129
154
1
1
49
163
1
1
1
55
1
115
155
213
187
187
III
II
II
I
II
II
I
I
I
II
II
I
I
II
II
II
I
I
II
II
I
II
III
II
II
I
II
II
II
I
I
I
II
I
I
I
I
III
III
II
II
I M
I II
It 2t 3, 5, 7,14,17,20
1, 2, 3, 5, 7,14,17,20
18
2, 4, 5, 7,14,17
18
18
1, 2, 3,20
It 2, 3,20
18
1, 2, 5, 7,10.17
1, 2, 5, 7,in,17
1, 2, 4, 5, 7,10,17
I, 2, 5, 7.10V17
1. 2, 5, 7,10,17
1, 2, 5, 7,10,17
1, 2, 5, 7, 10,14,15,17
LEGEND:
NUNBFPS IN PARENTHESES!11 - TRW MATERIAL NUMBER LOCATED IN VOLUME I
DISPOSAL CATEGORY - I =•NATIONAL DISPOSAL
SITE CANDIDATE
II = INDUSTRIAL DISPOSAL
SITE CANDIDATE
III = (-"JNICIPAL DISPOSAL
SITE CANDIDATE
NOTF: FOR WASTE STRFAf CATEGORIES SEE LAST PAGE
PAGE 7
-------
HASTE MATERIAL
VOLUME *
PAGE
DISPOSAL CATEGORY
WASTE STREAM
METHYL «MYL ALCCHPL (2661
MFTHYL RW-IDE (267)
•'ETHYL CHLCPIOP (268)
METHYL CHLPPO^ORMATF. (269)
METHYL FORMATE (270)
MFTHYL ISOnUTYl. KFTONF (271)
MF.THYL MERCAPTAN (272)
METHYL FFTHACYLATF (273)
MfTHYL PARATHIQN (274)
"ILL TAILIMGS — COPPER (2751
'•1ILL TAILINGS — LFAO AND ZINC (276)
MIXFB AC IPS (2771
'•"COPHCL INF (2*U)
MUD, PAUXITF, DOMESTIC (282)
«UD. PAUXITE, FCREIGN tzasi
NAPHTHA (CRUDE) (2S1*)
VAPHTHAIEI>F (2C5)
B-NAPTHYLAMINF (2B6I
NFPVE GAS (GP) (NCN'PERSISTFNT) (287)
NEPVF GAS (YX) (PFRSISTFNT) (2S8)
NICKEL A'.".ir,\'iuM SULFATF (290)
ANTJVONIRE (2911-
APSEN'IOF (2921
CAR^CNYL (2"3)
CHLCPIOE: (294)
CYANIDE (295)
(2'36)
(297)
(2<3B)
NlfKEL
NICKEL
"MfKFl
NICKFL
NICKEL
NICKCL
NICK.FL
NICKFL
NITRATE
SULFATE
(95)
NITP.tC ACIO (29=1
N1TPOAMLINF (300)
».NITHOGFNZF\'E (301)
MITROCFLLIILCSF C?3*)
NITOQCHIP,PCPENZ«;NF 0021
M!T»OF.THANF (3031
NIT'OGFN "USTAPO (3061
.fJITPCGLYCERIN (307)
NI TPOPAPArF INS (30°)
'i-NITUCPHrNOL (310)
1-MTRPPRCPANE (311)
A-NITPTTOLUrNF (312)
NiTprus nxice 013)
NITRCMETHANF (308)
10
11
11
10
10
10
10
to-
5
13
13
12
10
13
13
10
10
10
7
7
13
13
13
8
13
5
13
13
13
Q
12
11
11
7
11
11
7
7
11
It
11
11
12
11
115
69
69
283
' 187
1
263
187
73
29
29
91
155
1
1
55
55
- 213
231
231
137
153
I* 3
35
137
115
137
153
137
147
91
137
145
47
153
161
255
171
161
173
161
173
91
161
LEGENC:
NUMBERS IN 1
DISPOSAL CA'
III
II
I!
II
I II
III
II
III
I 2,1^,18,19
II
II
II
II
II
II
III
III
II
I 18
I IP
II
II
II
II
I 4
II
II
II
I
II
II
I!
I 18
II
II
I 18
I 18
II
I!
II
II
II
II
IN PARENTHESES!1) - TRH MATERIAL NUMBER LOCATED IN VOLUME I
RY - I =.NATIONAL DISPOSAL
SITE CANDIDATE
II = INDUSTRIAL DISPOSAL
SITE CANDIDATE
III = MUNICIPAL DISPOSAL
SITF CANDIDATE
NOTF: FDR WASTE STREAM CATEGORIES SFE LAST PAGE
PAGE 8
-------
WASTE MATFRIAL
VOLUME M
PAGE
DISPOSAL CATEGORY
WASTE STREAM
'40NYL PHENOL (314) 10
OCTYL ALCOHOL < i9i> . 10
HLEIC ACID oi6> 10
OXALIC ACID (317) 11
PAOAF-CRfAl CFHYOE (320) 10
PAPATHION (3211 5
PFNTACHLORCPHENOL (3221 8
N-PENTANF (323) I'O
PEPCHLOFKTHYLENE (325)- 10
PERCHLORIC AGIO (324) 8
PEFCHLORYl FLLinSIOE 1326) ' 7
PETN (PFi'jTAtPYTWRITOL TETRANITRATEIt319 I 7
<>HE\'Yl HRRAZINE HYDROCHLORIOE (328) 10
pHcscirr-iF (CAnpfNYL CHLORIDE) d.oi, 329) 11
PHOSPHORUS, WHTTF OR YELLOW (332) 13
PHOSPHORUS, OXYCHLTPinF (3331 13
OHCSPHrou? PENTftCHLORIOE (33't) 13
Pt-'GSPHOFUS PCMTA.SULFIne (3351 13
PHOSPHORUS TRICHLORIOE (3361 13
PHTHALIC /Nf-YORlOE (337) 10
C ACIO (333) 7
PLUTCMUM (23R) ' °
POI.YCHLCR! N'ATFO PIPHFMYLS (507) 11
PCLYPRfipYLIrfv'E GLYCOL MFTHYL ETHER (33P) 11
PPLYV1NYL CHLCPIOE (SAO) 10
PCLYVI\YL NITRATE (PVN) (535) • 11
POTASSIL'" ARSCMITE (341) 6
POTASSIUM RIFLUC"?IDE (?4S) 12
PCTASSIUM DINOXALATE (3^2) 12
POTASSIUM CHROWATE (343) 6
PfTASSIUM CYANIDE (34^1 5
POTASSIUM niCHPOMATF (3''5) 6
PCT*SSIL)M CIMTRnBENZFUROXflN (5361 7
POTASSIUM FLUORIDE (346) 12
POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE (3A7I 12
POTASSIUM OXALATE <3«8I 12
POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE (349) 13
PCTASSIIJM PEROXIDE (350) 13
POTASSIU" PHOSPHATE (351) 12
POTASSIUM SULrATE (352) 12
POTASSIUM SULFICE (353) 12
PRIfFRS £ DETONATORS (520) 7
PRO"ETHIUV (147) 9
PPOPANP (354) 10
245
115
21
183
1
73
67
55
283
45
61
179
213
191
163
171
171
1R7
171
21
189
77
w
27
263
219
1 15
1
145
143
115
143
197
1
145
• 145
195
201
73
55
55
205
103
55
lit
III
I II
II
I I
II
I!
II
II
II
II
II
I II
I
I
II
II
I!
II
I
II
II
I
I
I
I
II
II
II
II
II
I II
I I I
I II
I
I
I I!
2,16,19
14,15
4,12
It 2, 3,20
4, 7, 9,11,17
4
4, 7, 9,11,17
18
LEGFND:
NUMBERS IN PAREMTHESESt1) - TPW MATERIAL NUMBER LOCATED IN VOLUME I
DISPOSAL CATEGORY - I. = NATIONAL DISPOSAL
SITF CANDIDATE
II = INDUSTRIAL DISPOSAL
SITE CANDIDATE
III = MUNICIPAL DISPOSAL
SITE CANDIDATE
NOTE: FOR WASTE STREAM CATEGORIES SEE LAST PAGE
PAGE 9
-------
WASTE r-'ATFRIAL
VOLUME
PAGE II
DISPOSAL CATEGORY
WASTE STREAM
PRCPICNALCEI-YOF (355)
PTPICNIC ACID (356)
fj-PpnPYL ACETATE (357)
N-PROPYL ALCOHOL (359)
PPPPYLAMINE (359)
PRPPYLF.NF (360)
PSCPYLTN't? OLYCOL (361)
PP.OPYl.fNF nxIOF (362)
(364)
(226)
RUTHFNIU'-I (10ft) (PHOniUM-106)
SAUCYCLIC ACID 1366)
SFLFN'IUM, PCWOFRED (367)
SILICA ( 3 (• * )
SILICON TFTPACHLCPICF (369)
SILVEP ACFTYLIPF (537)
S ILVE° AZ IPE (53fl)
SILVER CYANIDES (370)
SILVER STYPHNATF (539)
SILVER TFTRAZDNE (540)
SLAO I (SIC 3331) COPPER SMELTING (371)
SLAG Jl (SIC 3332) LFAC SMELTING (3721
SMOXCLFSS GUM PTWPER (541)
STCMUl" ACID SULFITE (380)
ALLCY (3741
IE (375)
iRSENATF (376)
ftP.fFNITe (377)
AZIHF (378)
SODIUM BKHRHMATn (379, 38P)
. SPPIUM
SPPIU"
STDIUM
SOCIU".
SCCIUM
SCPIU."
SCDIll"
SOniU«
SCRIU."
SODIUM
(382)
CARIICNATF (3H3)
CARBONATE PFP-OXIDE
THL^PATF (385)
CHCCM/UE (386)
CYiiN'IDF (3H7)
FLUCPIOF <3"9)
FOPI'AT^ I3"OI
HYnuiOE (3 = 1)
HYCPOSULF ITE (392)
HYPOCHLC^ITF (222)
TODIPE .(3«5)
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
11
10
11
9
9
10
13
12
12
7
7
5
7
7
13
13
7 '
13
13
12
6
6
13
6
12
6
12
12
13
6
5
.12
10
12
12
12
13
I
101
187
115
155
55
115
27
213
223
1
103
101
211
187
91
77
211
115
83
119
221
229
145
91
115
237
143
1
79
73
129
243
143
115
I
21
145
145
129
253
I II
I II'
I II
I II
II
I M
I II
II
II
II
I
I
I II
II
I!
II
I
I
I
I
I
II
II
I
I II
II
II
I
I
II
I
I I
II
I II
II
II
I
I
II
I II
II
II
II
II
18
IS
4
18
18
18
It 2, 3,20
1, 2, 3,20
9,11,17
4, 7, 9,11,17
LFGEMD:
NUMBERS IN PARENTHESES!I) - TRW MATERIAL NUMBER LOCATED IN VOLUME I
DISPOSAL CATEGORY - I .=> NATIONAL DISPOSAL
SITE CANDIDATE
II = INDUSTRIAL DISPOSAL
SITE CANDIDATE
III = MUNICIPAL DISPOSAL
S!TE CANDIDATE
NOTF: FOP WASTE STREAM CATEGORIES SEF LAST PAGE
PAGE 10
-------
WASTE NATFRIAL
VCl'JMF
PAGF.
DISPOSAL CATEGORY
WASTE STREAM
SCDIU."
SCTIUM
SCOW
srntuM
Snp!Uv
SCMUM
SOriUM
MON'PXIDF (50BI
NITRATE (39ft>
NITRITE (397)
ORTHOPHOSPHATES (401)
ATf (398)
ox in* (?o°.)
PFRCHLTf-'ATF (399)
PFPPXIOF 14001
POTASS HIV ALLOY (402)
SILICATES (4031
SULFIDF <404i
SULFITE (4051
SCriUM THIPCYANATE (406)
SCPPITOL C-07)
STANMIC CHLCRinC
-------
WASTE VATFPIAL
VOLUME #
PAGE *
DISPOSAL CATEGOPY
WASTE STREAM
(43
-------
WASTE STREAM CATPf.CRIES
NC. CODE WASTE STREAM
1 PHARMEC5UTICAL
2 PESTICIDE
3 SMELTING AND REFINING OF METALS
4 METAL PLATING AND FINISHING
5 ' 5ATTFPY MANUFACTURF
6 OP. E EXTRACT" I ON
7 PAINT AND PIGMENTS
E TEXTILE
o ' LEATHEP TANNING
10 CHLO"-ALKALI
11 SODIUM OICHROMATE MANUFACTURE
12 COMPUTER 'MANUFACTURE
13 XEROGRAPHY
14 PETROLEUM AND PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY
15 TPGAN'IC CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
If- PESTICIDES LEFT IN 'EMPTY' CONTAINERS
17 OLD OR OFF-SPECIFICATION PAINT DISCAROEC IN CONTAINERS
1* DOO—STORAGE
is MUNICIPAL, STATE AMD FEDERAL INSTALLATIONS—STORAGE
20 INDUSTRIAL INSTALLATIONS — STORAGE
PAGE 13
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