-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Anthracene (466)
IUC Name anthracene
Structural Formula
Common Names green oil
Molecular Wt. 178.22
Density (Condensed) 1.25
Melting Pt. 217 C^
27/4 C*1* Density (gas) 6.15
Boiling Pt. 345 C
(1)
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 0
1 mm
G> 145.0 C
(1)
Flash Point 250 F (C.C.)u; Autolgnltion Temp. 881 Fu'
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower Upper_
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. X)
(2)
Lower 0.6%
(TT
Upper_
Solubility
Cold Water insoluble
Others:
Acid, Base Properties^
Hot Water
Ethanol
slightly m
soluble11'
Highly Reactive with
Compatible with
Shipped in_
ICC Classification
Comments Sublimes at 145
Coast Guard Classification
References (1) 0766
(2) 1492
99
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. H. Name Ethane (493)
btructura
IUC Name ethane
Common Names dimethyl CH,CH0
1 Formula '•
\
Molecular Wt. 30.07 Melting Pt. -172 C^ Boiling Pt. -88.6 C(1)
Density (Condensed) 0.446 0 .
Flash Point Autoignition Temp. 959 FUJ
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower Upper
@ i
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower 3.0%^ Upper 12.5^1}
Solubility
Cold Water insoluble(2J Hot Water Etf
Others:
Acid, Base Properties .
«.i siffijy« i
i
Highly Reactive with . ;
Compatible with i
Shipped in
ICC Classification Flammable, red aas laber1' Coast Guard Classification red gas laber ' j
Comment?
',
j'
<
References (1) 0766
(2) 1492 •
3,00
-------
PROFILE REPORT
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
Acrylic Acid (10), Adiplc Acid (12). Benzole Acid (57). Fatty Acids (197).
Formic Acid (202), Propionic Acid (356), Salicylic Acid (366).
1. GENERAL
Introduction
The carboxylic acids treated in this report have all been selected as
probable candidate waste stream constituents for municipal disposal. These
materials are similar in that most are commodity chemicals with low toxicity,
well-defined and safe methods of industrial handling, and common methods of
disposal. The carboxylic acids are, therefore, discussed as a class in this
report.
For a discussion of the manufacture, uses and toxicological
properties of the fatty acids and formic acid, one should refer to the
Profile Reports on oleic acid (316) and sodium formate (390).
Manufacture
Benzoic, adipic and propionic acids are manufactured by catalytic
oxidation procedures. Benzoic acid is made from toluene, adipic acid
from cyclohexanol, and propionic acid from propane, butane or a mixed
feed. Salicylic acid is produced by the Kolbe-Schmitt reaction of
sodium phenolate with carbon dioxide. Acrylic acid is made by several
procedures including the hydrolysis of ethylene cyanohydrin; the
destructive distillation of s-propriolactone; from acetylene, carbon
monoxide and water in the presence of nickel carbonyl; the hydrolysis
1433 1501
of acrylonitrile; and the catalytic oxidation of propylene. '
^1433.1506
Benzoic acid is used as a food additive (44%), as a plasticizer
(36%), in alkyd resins (10%) and in Pharmaceuticals, flavorings and
miscellaneous uses (10%). The major use of adipic acid is the production
101
-------
of nylon 6/6 (88%); other uses,such as esters for plasticizers and
synthetic lubes, and in urethans account for the remainder. Propionic acid
is used as a preservative and cattle feed additive in the form of the
calcium and sodium salts (45%), cellulose propionate plastics (30%), and in
herbicides and miscellaneous uses (6%). Salicylic acid is used in aspirin
(65%), medicinals (15%), as a rubber retarder and dye intermediate (10%),
and in miscellaneous uses (10%). Acrylic acid is used in paint lattices
(48%), textile manufacture (15%), acrylic fiber (6%), acrylic specialties
(7%), and in miscellaneous uses (14%). Most acrylic acid is used as the
ethyl, butyl and other esters.
Physical and Chemical Properties
The physical and chemical properties of the compounds discussed in
this report are included in the attached worksheets.
2. TOXICOLOGY0766
With the exception of acrylic acid and formic acid (see Profile
Report on sodium formate [390]), the carboxylic acids in this report show
a very low order of toxicity. In fact, they are all used as preservatives
and/or medicinals9 and can be ingested directly with neutral or positive
effects. Propionic acid is a relatively strong acid and its corrosive
effects are similar to those of acetic acid. The sodium and calcium salts
are innocuous. The toxic action of acrylic acid has not been investigated
thoroughly. However, it is a very strong irritant to the eyes, mucous
membranes and respiratory system.
102
-------
3. OTHER HAZARDS
Under the proper conditions,such as the presence of oxygen or other
polymerization initiator and heat, acrylic acid and its esters can polymerize
violently.0766'1433
4. DEFINITION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Handling. Storage and Transportation
Acrylic, propionic and formic acids are all toxic to a certain extent
due to the corrosive action of the liquid or vapors, especially in the
sensitive areas of the eyes, mucous membranes and the respiratory tract.
Thus, they should be handled in a well-ventilated area and protective
clothing and respirators are recommended where necessary. In cases of
accidental contact, all contaminated clothing should be removed and the
skin washed with soap and water. The remaining compounds are solids and
present no particular hazard.
These materials are shipped under a variety of U. S. Department of
Transportation, U. S. Coast Guard and International Air Transport
Association (IATA) regulations. Most regulations relate to the flammability
and corrosiveness of these compounds. Information on safe handling and use
of these compounds can be found in standard reference sources or manufac-
turers' Technical Data Sheets.
Disposal/Reuse
Manufacturers who use the carboxylic acids as chemical intermediates
recycle any unused material. Material used as food additives and medicinals
is consumed by the public and not recoverable. A substantial amount of the
acids in this group are used to produce plasticizers, resins, paint lattices
or plastics. This material is not recoverable.
103
-------
Many of the various manufacturing processes result in dilute
carboxylic acid containing waste streams which have a high chemical and
biological oxygen demand0295'1543 and a low pH due to their acidity. They
can be treated on site or discharged into the municipal sewer after pH
adjustment.
Recommended provisional limits for the carboxylic acids discussed in
this report are listed below.
Contaminant
in Air
Acrylic acid
Adi pic acid
Benzoic acid
Fatty acids
Formic acid
Propionic acid
Salicylic acid
Provisional Limit
ppm mg/M3
0.01
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.05 0.09
0.25
0.25
Basis for Recommendation
Based on similar compounds
Based on similar compounds
Based on similar compounds
Based on similar compounds
0.01 TLV
Based on similar compounds
Based on similar compounds
Contaminant in
Water and Soil
Acrylic acid
Adi pic acid
Benzoic acid
Fatty acids
Formic acid
Propionic acid
Salicylic acid
Provisional Limit
ppm (mg/1)
0.05
1.25
1.25
1.25
0.45
1.25
1.25
Basis for Recommendation
Based on similar compounds
Based on similar compounds
Based on similar compounds
Based on similar compounds
Stokinger and Woodward
Method
Based on similar compounds
Based on similar compounds
-------
5. EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Option No.1 - Recycling
Manufacturers that use carboxylic acids as chemical intermediates
recycle as much material as possible. In addition, a certain amount of
contaminated acids are eligible for reprocessing. This is the method
of choice wherever possible.
Option No.2 - Treatment of Haste Water to Reduce Chemical
and Biological Oxygen Demand
The carboxylic acids treated in this report have not only a low
level of toxicity but they can be biodegraded very rapidly by unacclimated
activated sludges. This is due in part to the fact that they are the same
as or very similar to carboxylic acids present in normal sewage. Thus,
the best method of disposal is via municipal sewage treatment plants
provided the rate of discharge is uniform and the pH is in the proper
range (6.0 to 9.0).
Option No.3 - Incineration
Bulk quantities of contaminated carboxylic acids that can not be
reprocessed or released by controlled dilution can best be disposed of
by incineration. Since this will probably be an unusual occurrence, this
is best done at industrial or municipal incineration sites.
6. APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES
All of the wastes generated by the industries that produce and use
the carboxylic acids discussed in this report can be handled by municipal
or industrial disposal methods such as sewage treatment and incineration.
Therefore, these materials are not judged to be candidate waste stream
constituents requiring National Disposal Site treatment.
105
-------
7. REFERENCES
0295. Land, H.F., ed., Industrial pollution control handbook. New York,
McGraw Hill Book Company, 1971.
0766. Sax, I.R., Dangerous properties of industrial materials. 3d ed.
New York, Reinhold Publishing Corporation, 1968. 1,251 p.
1433. Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology. 2d ed. 22 v.
New York, Interscience Publishers, 1963-1971.
1501- Faith, W.L., D.B. Keyes and R.L. Clark. Industrial chemicals.
3d ed. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 1965. 824 p.
1506. Chemical Profiles. Oil, paint and drug reporter profiles. New York,
Schnell Publishing Company, Inc., 1970.
106
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Acrvlic Acid (10)
IUC Name propenoic acid
Common Names acroleic acid
Structural Formula
CH2=CHC02H
Molecular Wt. 72.06
Density (Condensed) 1.062(1^ (?
Melting Pt. 14 C
(1)
Density (gas) 2.5
(1)
Boiling Pt. 141 C
(1)
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 Q
10 mm
(? 39.0 C
(1)
Flash Point 130 F (O.C.)(1)
Flammabillty Limits in Air (wt %)
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %)
Autoignition Temp._
Lower
Lower
Upper_
Upper_
Solubility
Cold Water
miscible
(2)
Hot Water
Others: ether
(2)
Ethanol
Acid. Base Properties
Highly Reactive with
Compatible with_
Shipped in_
ICC Classification,
Commen ts
Coast Guard Classification
References (1)
(2)
0766
1492
107
-------
Density (Condensed) 1.360 @ 25/4 Cu; Density (gas) 5.04^
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
I mm @ 159.5 C^ §
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Adipic Acid (12)
IUC Name .1,6-hexanedioic acid
Common Names 1,4-butane dicarboxylic acid
Structural Formula
H02C(CH2)4C02H
Molecular Wt. 146.14
Melting Pt. 152
Boiling Pt. 337.5 C
(1)
Flash Point 385 F (C.C.)(1) Autoignition Temp..
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower
Solubility
Cold Water
Hot Water soluble
Upper_
Upper
(2)
Ethanol
Others: methanol, acetone
Acid, Base Properties
(2)
Highly Reactive with_
Compatible with_
Shipped in_
ICC Classification
Comments
Coast Guard Classification
References (1) 0766
(2) 1492
108
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Nairn; Benzoic Acid (57)
IUC Name benzole acid
Common Names
Structural Formula
. C02H
Molecular Wt. 122.12
Melting Pt. 121.7
Density (Condensed) 1.316^ @ Density (gas) 4.21^
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 Q
Boiling Pt._249_c
1mm
96.0 C
(1)
Flash Point 250 F (C.C.)u;
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %)
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %)
Solubility
Cold Water
Others: ether, acetone^ '
Acid, Base Properties
Autoignition Temp. 1055 F
(1)
Lower_
Lower
Upper_
Upper_
Hot Water
Ethanol
Highly Reactive with_
Compatible with_
Shipped in_
ICC Classification
Comments Sublimes at 96 C
(i:
Coast Guard Classification
References (1) 0766
(2) 1492
109
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Fatty Acids (197)
IUC Name .
Common Names
Structural Formula
Molecular Wt.
Density (Condensed)
Melting Pt.
Boiling Pt..
@
Density (gas)_
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
Flash Point >15Q C Autoignition Temp.>ion F
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower Upper_
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. X)
Solubility
Cold Water insoluble
LoweK
Upper
Hot Water_
Ethanol soluble
Others: many common organic solvents.
Acid, Base Properties ,_
Highly Reactive with_
Compatible with_
Shipped in_
ICC Classification
Coast Guard Classification
Comments A series of naturally occurring acids of more than eight carbon atoms
usually found as esters.
References (1) 1433
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Formic Acid (202)
IDC Name methanoic acid
Common Names
Structural Formula
HC02H
Molecular Wt.
46.03
Melting Pt. 8.2
Density (Condensed) 1.2267 @ 15/14 C
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
40 mm g 24.0 C^ _ _
Density (gas) 1.59
Boiling Pt._
&
loo.8 r.
(1)
Flash Point 156 F (O.C.)
(1)
Autoignition Temp. 1114
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower Upper
/ -i \
Lower
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %)
(2)
(1)
Solubility
Cold Water
miscible^
18%
(90% solution)
Hot Water
Upper 57%
(1)
(90% solution)
Ethanol
Others: ether
Acid, Base Properties
Highly Reactive with
Compatible with_
Shipped in
ICC Classification Corrosive, white label Coast Guard Classification whit-
Commen ts _ dangerously caustic to the skin. 2'
References (1) 0766
(2) 1492
111
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES :
WORKSHEET
H. H. Name Propionic Acid (356)
Structural Formula j
iut Name propanoic acid
Common Names rn TH CO
H *
Molecular Wt. 74.1 Melting Pt. -22 C(1) Boiling Pt. 141 C(1) !
Density (Condensed) 0.992(1) & Density (gas) 2.56 &
1
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
10 mm & 39.7 C^ @
;
0 •[
Flash Point 130 F(1) Autolgnition Temp. !
• Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower Upper
t Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower Upper
! Solubility
;
Cold Water miscible^2' Hot Water Ethanol soluble^ \
'• Others: ether, chloroform. '
*
Acid, Base Properties I
1 ' i
Highly Reactive with '
.
Compatible with \
<
Shipped in i
ICC Classification Coast Guard Classification '
Commenti Azeotrooe with water, b.p. 99.98 C^ '
^
'.
.
References (1) 0766
; (2) 1492
'. - i* ---.. ^.. .-.. ^.,*.u t.-J. u.. ..i.iii.1 ^..v-:<.' ;• . i • ;..'.. •>i--.,.-^j».-m'-l.M..liaa'...tM>'*ri».A'l,>i mn^.'ia
* '.'. m- .*. .,». a ^Ji^**ryi^m<* -' -""^
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Salicylic Acid (366)
IUC Name 2-hydroxybenzoic acid
Common Names
Structural Formula
Molecular Wt.
138.12
Melting Pt.
-(1)
159 C
(1)
Density (Condensed) 1.443 @ 20/4 Cv'' Density (gas) 4.8
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 Q
'(1)
Boiling Pt.
1 mm
113.7 C
(1)
Flash Point 315 F
(T)
Auto1gn1t1on Temp. 1013 r '
Flammabllity Limits in Air (wt %) Lower Upper_
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %)
Solubility
Cold Water
Lower
Upper
Others: acetone, ether.
Acid, Base Properties
(2)
Hot Water slightly soluble^ Ethanol soluble
Highly Reactive with_
Compatible with
Shipped in
ICC Classification
Coast Guard Classification
Comments Sublimes at 76 C.
[1)
References (1) 0766
(2) 1492
113
-------
PROFILE REPORT ON
ALCOHOLS
Ally! Alcohol (14). Amyl Alcohol (31). Butanols (70.74.498), Cyclohexanol (132).
Decyl Alcohol (138). Diethylene Glycol (154). Dipropylene Glycol (168),
Ethanol (172). Ethylene GlycoT (186,206), Octyl Alcohol (191). Furfural
Alcohol (204), Glycerine (205) .Isopropanol (228). Methanol (261). Methyl Amyl
Alcohol (266). n-Propyl Alcohol (358). Propylene Glycol (361). Sorbitol (407).
Tri ethyl ene Glycol (443).
1 . GENERAL
Introduction
The alcohols treated in this report have all been selected as probable
candidates for municipal disposal. These materials are similar in that most
are commodity chemicals with relatively low toxicity, well-defined and safe
methods of industrial handling and common methods of disposal. The alcohols
are, therefore, discussed as a class in this report.
Manufacture1433'1506
The alcohols treated in this report are manufactured by a wide variety
of synthesis, some of which are specific to a given compound. The most
important commercial wastes are discussed below.
Hydration of Alkenes. Alkenes can be hydrated in dilute sulfuric
acid solution. The initial step is the addition of sulfuric acid across
the double bond which is then hydrolyzed to the alcohol.
CJ- H-OS03H
0-S03H OH
-------
Ethanol, as well as secondary and tertiary alcohols such as 2-propanol ,
2-butanol , t-butanol and 2- and 3-pentanol (amyl alcohols), are manufactured
in this way.
Reduction of Carbon Monoxide. The formation of methanol by the
reaction of carbon monoxide with hydrogen at 250 to 400 C and 100 to
120 atm is a very important commercial process.
CO + 2H2 - >• CH3OH
Hydrolysis of Organic Esters. The hydrolysis is catalyzed by both
acids and bases. It is of considerable commercial importance for the
production of alcohols from naturally occurring esters (C6 and higher
alcohols).
Reduction of Fatty Acids and Esters. The reduction of triglycerides,
fatty acids or fatty acid esters by metallic sodium and a reducing alcohol
or hydrogen in the presence of a specific catalyst is important in the
manufacture of alcohols containing more than six carbon atoms. Sorbitol is
manufactured from glucose in this manner.
Hydration of Alkylene Oxides. Ethyl ene and propylene glycol as well
as their dimers are produced by the hydration of ethylene and propylene
oxide. The dimeric alcohols di ethyl ene glycol and di propylene glycol are
always produced as byproducts. The ratio of monomer to dimer decreases as
the ratio of water to alkylene oxide decreases.
/0\ OH OH OH . OH
/ \ III i
CH2 - CH2 + H20 - v CH2-CH2 + CH2-CH20-CH2CH2
major minor
Glycerin or Glycerol is manufactured from propylene in the multi-
step synthesis shown below. Approximately 60 percent of all glycerol is
0
made this way, the remainder being produced from natural triglycerides.
CH2
CH Cl2 .
1 500C
CH3
CH2
CH H2°
1
CH2C1
CH2
. CH Cl2 ,
C,H H20
CH2OH
CH2C1
1
CH0OH
r
CH2OH
H20
CHo-OH
r
CH2OH
CH2-OH
116
-------
The Oxo Process or Hydroformylation of the alkenes is important in
the production of amyl alcohol, n-butanol, isobutanol,decyl alcohol, actyl
alcohol (2-ethylhexanol), and others. In this process the alkene is
hydroformylated with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of
a cobalt catalyst at 160 to 175 C and 1,500 to 4,000 psi. The resulting
aldehyde is then hydrogenated to the alcohol at 150 C and 400 atm in
the presence of a nickel or copper chromate catalyst.
Uses1433,1492,1506
Solvents and Chemical Intermediates. The major uses of alcohols
are as solvents and chemical intermediates, especially in the production
of esters and aldehydes. The esters are used in plasticizers, lubricants,
soaps, perfumes, flavors, cosmetics, etc. Further details can be found
in the Profile Report on Esters.
Antifreeze and Cosmetics. Glycerin and the glycols find wide use
as antifreeze (especially ethylene glycol) and as special agents in soaps,
perfumes and other cosmetics.
food Additives. Sorbitol is used as a food fortifier, especially
as a sugar substitute for diabetics.
2. TOXICOLOGY0766
With the exceptions of methanol and allyl alcohol which are discussed
below, the alcohols treated in this report are relatively non-toxic. All
are irritants to the mucous membranes, particularly the eyes, nose and
respiratory passages. The higher alcohols are generally more toxic, but
the danger is reduced due to their lack of volatility and low solubility
in water. Ingestion causes headache, nausea, vomiting, delirium and other
well-known symptoms generally classed as "hangover". Repeated exposure
can cause damage to the kidneys, liver and blood vessels. These effects
have not been investigated thoroughly for many of the alcohols. Glycerol,
sorbitol, ethanol, octyl alcohol, decyl alcohol and propylene glycol
present only slight danger. Allyl alcohol is a very strong irritant and
damage to the liver and kidneys occurs at much lower concentrations.
117
-------
Methanol, in addition to the effects discussed above, has a special
toxic effect on the nervous system, particularly the optic nerves and
possibly the retinae. Once absorbed, methanol is eliminated so slowly
that it can be regarded as a cumulative poison. It is detoxified in the
body by oxidation to formaldehyde and formic acid, both of which are toxic.
The Threshold Limit Values (TLV) and Maximum Allowable Concentrations
(MAC) that have been established are as follows:
Substance
Substance
Allyl Alcohol 25 2
Amyl Alcohol -
Butanols 100 300 100
Cyclohexanol 50 200
Decyl Alcohol -
Diethylene Glycol - -
Dipropylene Glycol - - r
Ethanol 1000 1900 1000
Ethylene Glycol - - 200
Octyl Alcohol -
Furfural Alcohol 5 20 -
Glycerin ~
Isopropanol 400 980 400
Methanol 200 260 200
Methyl Amyl Alcohol 25 100
n-Propyl Alcohol 200 500
Propylene Glycol - -
Sorbitol -
Triethylene Glycol -
3. OTHER HAZARDS
No special hazards are connected with the handling of these
compounds.0766'1433 They are all somewhat flammable.
11.8
-------
4. DEFINITION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Handling, Storage and Transportation
The alcohols treated in this report are all toxic to a certain
extent due to the narcotic effects of high concentrations and irritating
effects of the liquids or vapors, especially in the sensitive areas of
the eyes, mucous membranes and respiratory tract. Thus, they should be
handled in a well-ventilated area and protective clothing and respirators
are recommended where necessary. In cases of accidental contact, all
contaminated clothing should be removed and the skin washed thoroughly
with soap and water.
These materials are shipped under a variety of U.S. Department of
Transportation, U. S. Coast Guard and International Air Transport Association
(IATA) regulations. Most regulations relate to the flammability of these
compounds. Information on safe handling and use of these compounds can be
found in standard reference sources or manufacturers' Technical Data Sheets.
Disposal/Reuse
Manufacturers who use alcohols as chemical intermediates or process
solvents recycle as much material as possible. Material used in perfumes,
flavors, cosmetics, soaps, lubricants and antifreeze is consumed in small
quantities by the public and is not recoverable. A substantial amount of
the alcohols in this group is used to produce plasticizers, resins, paint
lattices or plastics. This material is not recoverable.
Many of the various manufacturing processes result in dilute alcohol
waste streams which have a high chemical and biological oxygen demand. '
They can be treated on site or discharged into the municipal sewer.
Recommended limits for the compounds discussed in this report are
listed below.
119
-------
Contaminant in
Air
Ally! Alcohol
Amyl Alcohol
Butanols
Cyclohexanol
Decyl Alcohol
Diethylene Glycol
Dipropylene Glycol
Ethanol
Ethylene Glycol
Octyl Alcohol
Furfural Alcohol
Glycerin
Isopropanol.
Methanol
Methyl Amyl Alcohol
n-Propyl Alcohol
Propylene Glycol
Sorbitol
Triethylene Glycol
Contaminant in
Hater and Soil
Allyl Alcohol
Amyl Alcohol
Butanols
Cyclohexanol
Decyl Alcohol
Diethylene Glycol
Dipropylene Glycol
Ethanol
Ethylene Glycol
Octyl Alcohol
Furfural Alcohol
Glycerin
Isopropanol
Provisional Limit-
ppm
0.02
-
1.0
0.5
-
-
-
10
-
-
0.05
-
4.0
2.0
0.25
2.0
-
-
_
mg/M'
0.05
3.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
2.0
2.0
19
2.0
1.0
0.20
2.0
9.8
2.6
1.0
5.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
Provisional Limit
ppm
0.23
15
15
10
5
10
10
95
1.0
5.0
1.0
1.0.
49
Basis for Recommendation
0.01 TLV
Based on similar compounds
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
Based on similar compounds
Based on similar compounds
Based on similar compounds
0.01 TLV
Based on similar compounds
Based on similar compounds
0.01 TLV
Based on similar compounds
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
Based on similar compounds
Based on similar compounds
Based on similar compounds
Basis for Recommendation
Stokinger & Woodward Method
Based on similar compounds
Stokinger & Woodward Method
Stokinger & Woodward Method
Based on similar compounds
Based on similar compounds
Based on similar compounds
Stokinger & Woodward Method
Based on similar compounds
Based on similar compounds
Stokinger & Woodward Method
Based on similar compounds
Stokinger & Woodward Method
-------
Contaminant in Provisional Limit Basis for Recommendation
Water and Soil ppm
Methanol 13 Stokinger & Woodward Method
Methyl Amy! Alcohol 5 Stokinger & Woodward Method
n-Propyl Alcohol 25 Stokinger & Woodward Method
Propylene Glycol 10 Based on similar compounds
Sorbitol 10 Based on similar compounds
Triethylene Glycol 10 Based on similar compounds
5. EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Option No.1 - Recycling
Manufacturers that use alcohols as chemical intermediates or process
solvents recycle as much material as possible. In addition, a certain
amount of contaminated alcohols are eligible for reprocessing. This is
the method of choice wherever possible.
Option No.2 - Treatment of Waste Water to Reduce
Chemical and Biological Oxygen Demand
The alcohols treated in this report not only have a low level
of toxicity but they can be biodegraded very rapidly by unacclimated
activated sludges. This is due in part to the fact that most are either
naturally occurring or components present in normal sewage. Thus, the
best method of disposal is via municipal sewage treatment plants, provided
the rate of discharge is uniform.
Option No.3 - Incineration
Bulk quantities of contaminated alcohols that can not be reprocessed
or released by controlled dilution can best be disposed of by incineration.
Since this will probably be an unusual occurrence, this is best done at
municipal or industrial incineration sites.
121
-------
6. APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES
All of the wastes generated by the industries that produce and use
the alcohols treated in this report can be handled by municipal and indus-
trial disposal methods such as sewage treatment and incineration. Therefore,
the alcohols discussed in this report are not judged to be waste stream
constituents requiring National Disposal Site treatment.
-------
7. REFERENCES
0285 Lund, H.F., ecK Industrial Pollution Control Handbook. New York,
McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1971.
0766 Sax, I.R. Dangerous properties of industrial materials. 3d ed.
New York, Reinhold Publishing Corporation, 1968. 1,251 p.
1433 Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology. 3d ed. 22 v. and
suppl. New York, Interscience Publishers, 1966.
1492 Merck index of chemicals and drugs. 7th ed. Rahway, New Jersey,
Merck Company, Inc., 1960. 1,634 p.
1506 Oil, paint and drug reporter profiles. New York, Schnell Publishing
Company, Inc., 1970.
1543 Luzack, F.J. and M.B. Ettinger, Journal Water Pollution Control
Federation, 32:1173-1200, 1960^
123
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Trlethylene Glycol (443)
Structural Formula
IUC Name 2,2'-Ethy1ene dioxydethanol
Conmon Names
(CH2OCH2OH)2
Molecular Wt. 150.17^^ Melting Pt. -4.3 C(1) Boiling Pt. 291.2 C(1
Density (Condensed) 1.122 @ 25 C(1) Density (gas) 5.17(1) @
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
1 mm @ 114 C^ 9
Flash Point Autoignition Temp. 700 F
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower Upper_
Explosive Limits in Air (vol. X) Lower 0.89 Upper_
Solubility
Cold Water Hot Water Ethanol.
Others:
Acid, Base Properties
Highly Reactive with
Compatible with_
Shipped in_
ICC Classification Coast Guard Classification,
Comments '.
References (1) 0766
_Ji
124
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Allvl Alcohol (14)
IUC Name 2-oropene- l-ol
Common Names
Structural Formula
Molecular Wt. 58.08
-129 C
Melting Pt. -50 C
CH2=CH-CH2OH
1)
(2)
Density (Condensed) .8540 @ 20/4 C^ Density (gas) 2.00^ @
Boiling Pt. 96-97 C
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
10 mm @ 10.5 r/1)
Flash Point 70 F (O.C.)
(Tj
Autoignition Temp. 713
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower Upper
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower 2._51
<7TT
Upper 18%
(1)
Solubility
Cold Water miscible
(2)
Hot Water miscible
(2)
Others: miscible chloroform, ether..petroleum ether
Acid, Base Properties
,(2)
Ethanol miscible
(2)
Highly Reactive with
Compatible with
Shipped in_
ICC Classification
Coast Guard Classification_
Comments Polymerizes slowly on storage to a thick svrup.
References (1) 0766
(2) 1492
125
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Amy! Alcohol (31)
IUC Name 1-pentanol
Common Names pentyl alcohol, n-amyl alcohol.
n-butyl carbinol
Structural Formula
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-OH
Molecular Wt. 88.15
Melting Pt. -79
Boiling Pt. 138.1
Density (Condensed) 0.824 @ 20/20 C^ Density (gas) 3.04^ @
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
1 mm
@ 13.6
tfZ)
10 mm @ 44.9
Flash Point 100 F (C.C.) Autoignition Temp. 572
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower _ _ Upper
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower
Upper 10% at 100
Solubility
Cold Uater 2.7 g/100 ml at 22 C^ Hot Water_
Othe rs:
Acid, Base Properties
Ethanol miscible
(2)
Highly Reactive with_
Compatible with_
Shipped in
Combustible
Coast Guard Classification liquid
ICC Classification
Comments There are three amvl alcohols: 1. 2 and 3-pentanol . All have similar properties.
References (1) 0766
(2) 1492
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Amy! Alcohol (31)
Structural Formula
IUC Name 2-pentanol
Common Names di-sec-amy] alcohol, methyl propvl carbinol
OH
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
Molecular Wt. 88.15 _ Melting Pt. -50 C;1' Boiling Pt. 119.3
Density (Condensed) 0.811 @ 20/20 C^2' Density (gas) 3.04(1) @
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
Flash Point 105 F (O.C.)^ Autoignition Temp.650 F to 725 F
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower Upper_
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower Upper_
Solubility
Cold Water 16.6 g/100 ml at 20 C^Hot Water Ethanol miscible^ '
Others: miscible
Acid, Base Properties
Highly Reactive with_
Compatible with
Shipped in_
ICC Classification Coast Guard Classification
Commen ts __^__^_
References (1) Q766
(2) 1492
127
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Butanols 00.74.438}
IUC Name i-
Common Names
Molecular Wt.
Density (Conden
Vapor Pressure
5.5 mm &
Flash Point
structural Formula
DUtanol
a-butyl alcohol CH3-CH?-CH?-CH?-OH
74.12 Melting Pt. -90 C^2) Boiling Pt. H7-118 C
i ] \ ( i )
sed) 0.80978 @20/4Cu; Density (gas) 2.55V" @
(recommended 55 C and 20 C)
20 C(1) & G>
36-38 C(2) Autoignition Temp. 689 Fu^
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower Upper
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower 1.4% Upper 11.2%
Solubility
Cold Water
Others:
9.1 ml/100 ml at 25 r2W Water Ethanol miscible1 j
miscible ether and many other organic solvents. ;
Acid, Base Properties '--
,
! Highly Reactive
, Compatible with
" Shipped in
i
with i
?
!
ICC Classification Coast Guard Classification ;
Comment?; MCA.
warning label.
-
•
References (1 )
, (2)
,'riji^fa.mtiyAjv^m. . ^LU^J
0766 i
1492 !
i^S^, > ; ,,'tfit-,fa-iH.i*'---li>'ll*'.-l'..;'^H''--»-gi*- •. ~*t«- ,W™™^^r^'.&*z^^-fi-v,ii->«-vn*-.*r£
128
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Butanols (70.74.490)
IUC Name 2-butanol
Common Names methyl alkyl carbinol. sec-butyl alcohol
Structural Formula
OH
CH3-CH-CH2-CH3
Molecular Wt. 74.12
Melting Pt. -89 C
(1)
Density (Condensed) _ 0.808
@ 20/4
Density (gas) 2.55
(1)
Boiling Pt. 99.5 C
(1)
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 0
10 mm @ 20 C(1)
J")
r(D
Flash Point 75 F (C.C.)v'y Autoignition Temp. 763 Fv
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower Upper_
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %)
Solubility
Cold Water 10 wt.%^
Lower 1.7% at 100
Upper 9.8% at 100
Hot Water
Ethanol miscible
(2)
Others: miscible ether and other organic col vents. '
Acid, Base Properties
Highly Reactive with
Compatible with
Shipped in
ICC Classification
Coast Guard Classification
Comments MCA warning label.
References (1) 0766
(2) 1492
129
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Butanols (70.44.490)
IDC Name 2-methyl-2-propanol
Common Names trimethylcarbinol. tert-butanol
Structural Formula
OH
CH3- C - CH,
CH3
Molecular Wt. 74.12
Melting Pt. 25.3 C
(1)
Density (Condensed) 0.7887, @ 20/4 CUJ Density (gas) 2.55^
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
40 mm @ 24.5 C^' 9_
Boiling Pt. 82.41
Flash. Point 52 F (C.C.)'
1)
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %)
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %)
Solubility
Cold Water soluble^
Others:
Autoignition Temp. 892 F* ' ,
Lower Upper_
Lower 2,4%
(1)
Upper 8.0%
(TT
Hot Water
miscible ether
(2F
Acid, Base Properties_
Highly Reactive with_
Compatible with_
Shipped in
ICC Classification
Comments MCA warning label
Coast Guard Classification
References (1) 0766
(2) 1492
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H- M- Nan* Cvclohexanol (132)
IUC Name cvclohexanol
Common Names hexahydrophenol
Structural Formula
OH
Molecular Wt. 100.16
Melting Pt. -9
Density (Condensed) 0.9449 @25/4CUJ Density (gas) 3.45
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
1 mm @ 21.0 c' ' @
Boiling Pt. 161.5
@
Flash Point 154 F (C.C.)
(1)
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %)
Explosive Limits in Air {wt. %)
Solubility
Cold Water 3.6 wt.% at 20 C^
Autoignition Temp. 572 F
o
Lowe r
Lower
1) "
Upper_
Upper_
Hot Water
E t h a n o 1 _miscibiel2l_
Others: miscible ethyl acetate, linseed oil, petroleum solvents.
Acid, Base Properties
'
Highly Reactive with
Compatible with
Shipped in
ICC Classification
Comments
Coast Guard Classification
References (1) 0766
(2) 1492
131
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Decyl Alcohol (138)
Structural Formula
IDC Name 1-decanol
Common Names n-decyl alcohol, nonyl carbinol
CH3-(CH2)g-CH2OH
Molecular Wt. 158.3 Melting Pt. 7 CUJ Boiling Pt. 231.0 C(
Density (Condensed) 0.8297 020/4 C(1) Density (gas) 5.3(1) (J>
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
i mm 069.5 C^
Flash Point 180 F^1' Autoignition Temp.
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower_ Upper_
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) lower Upper_
Solubility
Cold Water_ Hot Water Ethanol
Others:
Acid, Base Properties
Highly Reactive with_
Compatible with
Shipped in
ICC Classification Coast Guard Classification_
Comments _^ . '.
References (1) 0766
132
-------
r
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Diethylene Glvcol (154)
IUC Name
Common Names di'qlvcol
Structural Formula
HO-CH2-CH2-0-CH2CH2-OH
Molecular Wt. 106.12
Freezing Pt. -8 C
(D
Density (Condensed) 1.1184 @ 20/20 C^ ' Density (gas) 3.66
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
M 9
(1)
(1)
Boiling Pt. 245.8 C
(1)
1 mm
@ 91.8
Flash Point 255 F
IT)
Autoigriition Temp. 444
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower Upper_
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower
Upper_
Solubility
J2)
J2)
Cold Water miscibleu; Hot Water nriscibleuj Ethanol miscible
Others: miscible ether, acetone, ^.'insoluble benzene and its homologues,
chlorinated hydrocarbons.
Acid, Base Properties
(2)
Highly Reactive with
Compatible with
Shipped in
ICC Classification
Comments
Coast Guard Classification
References (1) 0766
(2) 1492
133
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Dipropylene Glycol (168)
structura
lut Name 2.2'-dihvdroxvisopropv1 ether
CH3 C
Common Names 1 [
HO-CHp-C-0-C
1 Formula *
43 ;
-CH2-OH 1
Molecular Wt. 134.17 Melting Pt. Boiling Pt.^LLa^1)
Density (Condensed) 1.0252 020/20 C^ Density (gas) .,..'. -" .- . . - T-L
134
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Ethanol (172)
Structural Formula
IUC Name
Common Names methyl carbinol, ethyl alcohol
CH3-CH2-OH
Molecular Wt. 46.07 _ Freezing pt. -114.1 C Boiling Pt. 78.32
Density (Condensed) p. 7893 @ 20/4 C^ Density (gas) 1.59^
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
( ] J
40 mm
Flash Point 55 p'' Autoignition Temp. 793 F^ '
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower Upper_
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower 4.3%^' Upper_
Solubility
Cold Water miscible(2) _ Hot Water miscible^2) Ethanol
Others: miscib
Acid, Base Properties
_
Others: miscible acetone, ether, chloroform/ '
Highly Reactive with
Compatible with
Shipped in_
ICC Classification . Coast Guard Classification
Comments
References (1) 0766
(2) 1492
135
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. H. Name Ethvlene Glvcol (186,206)
Structural Formula
IUC Name 1,2-ethanediol
Common Names qlycol. qlycol alcohol
HO-CH2CH2-OH
Molecular Wt. 102.1 _ Freezing Pt. -13 C^1^ _ Boiling Pt. 197.5
Density (Condensed) 1.113 (?25/25 C^ Density (gas) 2.14^ @
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
0.05 mm @20 C
(1^
Flash Point 232 F (C.C.) Autoignition Temp. 775 F
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower _ Upper
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower 3.2% _ Upper
Solubility
Cold Water miscible^ ' _ Hot Water miscible^2^ _ Ethanol
Others: soluble lower alcohols, acetic acid, acetone, pyridine'2' ,„>
insoluble benzene and its homologues, chlorinated hydrocarbons^ '
Acid, Base Properties _ _
Highly Reactive with_
Compatible with
Shipped in
ICC Classification Coast Guard Classification
(2)
Comments very hydroscopicv '
References (1) 0766
(2) 1492
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. H. Name Octyl Alcohol (191)
IUC Name 2-ethyl-l-hexanol
Common Names 2-ethylhexyl alcohol
Structural Formula
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH-CH2OH
C2H5
Molecular Wt. 130.23
Density (Condensed) 0.834
_ Melting Pt. <-76 C(1) Boiling Pt. 179-185.5 C(1)
G> 20/20 C(1) Density (gas) 4.49(1) (3
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
0.2 mm @ 20 ci]) •
Flash Point
178 r
Autoignition Temp.
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %)
Lower
Upper_
Upper_
Solubility
Cold Water p.i ml/100 ml
Others: miscible
(2)
Hot Water
Ethanol miscible
(2)
Acid, Base Properties
Highly Reactive with_
Compatible with
Shipped in_
ICC Classification_
Comments
Coast Guard Classification
References (1) Q766
(2) 1492
137
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Furfuryl Alcohol (204)
Structural Formula
IUC Name
Common Names 2-furyl alcohol
Molecular Wt. 98.1 _ Melting Pt. -31 C^V) Boiling Pt.m c(75Qmnil(1)
Density (Condensed) 1.129 @ 20/4 C^ Density (gas) 3.37^) & _ • _
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
1 mm @ 31.8 C^ _ 9 _ _ @ _
Flash Point 167 F (O.C.)^ Autoignition Temp. 915 p^
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower _ Upper _
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower 1.8% (72-122 C) Clipper 16.3% (72-122 C)^
Solubility
Cold Water miscible'2^ _ Hot Water _ Ethanol
Others:
Acid, Base Properties easily resinified by acids. '
Highly Reactive with_
Compatible with_
Shipped in
ICC Classification Coast Guard Classification
(2)
Comment-; unstable in water.v '
References (1) 0766
(2) 1492
138
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Glycerin (205)
Structural Formula
IUC Name 1.2.3-propanetriol
Common Names glycerol
OH OH OH
I '
Molecular Wt. 92.09 _ Melting Pt. 17.9 C Boiling Pt. 290
Density (Condensed) 1.260 P 20/4 C^ Density (gas) 3.17^ @
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
0.0025 mmG> 50 C^
Flash Point 320 F*1' Autoignition Temp. 739 p1^
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower Upper_
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower Upper
Solubility
Cold Water miscible^ Hot Water miscible^ Ethanol miscible^2^
Others: soluble ethyl acetate, ether; ' insoluble benzene, chloroform, petroleum
Acid, Base ProPeSr^eTts-(2)
neutral
Highly Reactive with_
Compatible with_
Shipped in
ICC Classification Coast Guard Classification
Comments ah<;nrh$ i/^tpr H <; HCN. and SO.-, readily.
References (1) 0766
(2) 1492
139
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Isopropanol (228)
Structural Formula
IDC Name 2-propanol
Common Names isopropyl alcohol
OH
Molecular Wt. 60.09 Melting Pt. -88.5 C Boiling Pt. 82.3
Density (Condensed) 0.7854 (j> 20/4 C^ Density (gas) 2.07^ @
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
33.0 mm @ 20 C(1^
Flash Point 53 Fu; Autoignition Temp. .750 Fu;
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower Upper_
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower 2.0%^ Upper_
Solubility
(?1
ater misciblev ' Hot
(2)
Cold Water miscible^Hot Water miscible^2^ Ethanol
Others: soluble ether, chloroform.
Acid, Base Properties neutral
Highly Reactive with
Compatible with_
Shipped in
ICC Classification Coast Guard Classification
Comments _^ , ,
References (1) Q766
(2) 1492
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name
IUC Name
Methanol (261)
Structural Formula
Common Names methyl alcohol
CH3OH
Molecular Wt. 32.04
Freezing Pt. -97.8
_ Boiling Pt.fia a
Density (Condensed) 0.7913 @ 20/4 C^ Density (gas) l.ll^ @
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
100 mm @ 21.2 C(1)
Flash Point 52 F
(1)
Autoignition Temp. 867 F
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower _ Upper
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower 7.33,
'
Upper 36.5%
^
Solubility
Cold Water miscible^
Hot Water miscible^ Ethanol
(2)
Others: miscible ether, benzene and most organic solvents.
Acid, Base Properties
Highly Reactive with_
Compatible with
Shipped in_
ICC Classification
Commen ts
Coast Guard Classification
References (1) 0766
(2) 1492
141
-------
.
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Methyl Amyl Alcohol (266)
Structural Formula
IUC Name 4-methy1-2-pentano1
Common Names methyl isobutyl carbinol
r43
CH. QH
J;CH-CH0-CH-
CH
2--CH3
Molecular Wt. 102.2 Freezing Pt. <-90 C Boiling pt. 131.8
Density (Condensed) 0.8079 @ 20/20 C^1^ Density (gas) 3.53^^ @
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
(1)
2.8 mm @ 20 Cv
Flash Point 106 F(1) Autoignition Temp.
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower Upper_
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower 1.0%^ Upper 5.5%"'
Solubility
Cold Water insoluble Hot Water Ethanol soluble
Others:
Acid, Base Properties_
Highly Reactive with_
Compatible with_
Shipped in_
ICC Classification Coast Guard Classification_
Comments . .
References (1) 0766
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name n_-Propyl Alcohol (358)
IUC Name 1-propanol
Common Names ethyl carbinol
Structural Formula
CH3-CH2-CH2OH
Molecular Wt. 60.1
Melting Pt. -127 C
(D
Boiling Pt. 97.19 C
(D
Density (Condensed) 0.8044 @20/4CV
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Propylene Glycol (361)
Structural Formula
IUC Name 1,2-propanediol
Common Names
OH OH
CH2-CH-CH3
Molecular Wt. 76.1 _ Melting Pt. _ Boiling Pt. 188.2
Density (Condensed) 1.0362 @ 25/25 C^ Density (gas) 2.62^ @
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
0.08 mm @ 20 c(lL_
Flash Point 210 F(O.C. r Autoignition Temp. 790 p
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower _^___ Upper_
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower 2.6%^ ' Upper 12.(
Solubility
Cold Water miscible^ Hot Water miscible^2^ Ethanol miscible^2^
Others: miscibl
Acid, Base Properties
Others: miscible acetone, chloroform^ '
Highly Reactive with
Compatible with_
Shipped in_
ICC Classification Coast Guard Classification
Comments hydroscopic liquid.
References (1) 0766
(2) 1492
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Sorbitol (407)
IUC Name
Common Names
Structural Formula
HOCH2-(CH2OH)4-CH2OH
Molecular Wt. 182.
Jensity (Condensed) 1.47
-5 C
Melting Pt. 97.5 c
(I!
Boiling Pt.
Density (gas)_
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 0
Flash Point
Autoignition Temp.
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower_
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. 3>) Lower_
Upper_
Upper_
Solubility
Cold Water 83 wt.%
(2)
Hot Water
Ethanol soluble
Others: soluble alcohols, phenol, acetone, DMF, pyridine.
(2)
Acid, Base Properties 1^(17.5 C) = 2.5 x 1.0"14, aqueous pH 7.0
Highly Reactive with
Compatible with
Shipped in
ICC Classification
Comments
Coast Guard Classification
References (1) 0766
(2) 1492
145
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H- H. Name Trlethylene Glycol (504)
Structural Formula
IUC Name 2,2'-Ethylene dioxydethanol
Common Names
(CH2OCH2CH2OH)2
Molecular Wt. 150.17^ Melting Pt. -4.3 C^ Boiling Pt. ?QI ?
Density (Condensed) 1.122 .. & 25 C^ Density (gas) 5.17^ !
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
1 mm ra 114 C^ @
Flash Point Autoignition Temp.700
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower Upper_
Explosive Limits in Air (vol %) Lower 0-89 Upper 9.2U)
Solubility
Cold Water_ Hot Water Ethanol_
Others:
Acid, Base Properties
Highly Reactive with_
Compatible with_
Shipped in
ICC Classification Coast Guard Classification
Commen ts _^__ , .
References (1) Q766
-------
PROFILE REPORT
Allyl Chloride (15)
1. GENERAL
Allyl chloride (3-chloropropene) is a colorless, mobile liquid with a
characteristic pungent odor. It is employed as a chemical intermediate,
chiefly in the preparation of glycerine, resins, and fine chemicals. A wide
variety of compounds may be formed from ally! chloride by addition to the
olefinic double bond or by reaction of the chloride radical or both. Im-
portant intermediates derived from ally! chloride are glycerol chlorohydrins,
epichlorohydrin, glycerol and glycidyl ethers, allylamines; and allyl ethers
of trimethylolpropane. It finds use in the pharmaceutical field as a raw
material for the production of allyl isothiocyanate (synthetic mustard oil),
allyl substituted barbiturates (sedatives), and cyclopropane (anesthetic).
Allyl chloride is commercially synthesized directly by chlorinating pro-
pylene under conditions favoring substitution of a chlorine atom for a hydro-
gen atom on the saturated carbon; the double bond is preserved, and hydrogen
chloride is produced as a byproduct. The reaction occurs only at elevated
temperatures, the threshold being about 300 C. The reaction is carried out
in an adiabatic reactor designed to provide rapid and intimate mixing. The
1433
usual reaction temperature range is 500 to 510 C at approximately 15 psig.
Allyl chloride is separated from other components of the reactor pro-
duct stream by a series of fractionations. After initial removal of hydro-
gen chloride and propylene, the organic chloride fraction is separated in a
conventional two-step distillation. The propylene is recycled and hydrogen
chloride taken off for other use or to disposal. The heavy-boiling fraction
is taken off as a bottom product, which, after further processing, has been
found useful as a soil fumigant.
147
-------
Commercial facilities for the manufacture of ally! chloride are operated
1718
by Shell Chemical Corporation and Dow Chemical Company. Physical/chemi-
cal properties are summarized in the attached worksheet.
2. TOXICOLOGY
Allyl chloride is a toxic chemical capable of causing severe tissue
damage and death. Local skin contact causes irritation and burns; eye
damage results from liquid or vapor exposure; absorption through the skin
is rapid, with subsequent distribution throughout the system causing damage
to internal tissues; inhalation of vapors results in irritation and lung
damage, and ingestion is quite dangerous.
Concentrations of allyl chloride vapor of the order of 300 ppm and
greater are profoundly irritating to the lungs. Sensory responses by un-
conditioned personnel during or following five minutes of exposure to vapor
have been compiled below. The most frequent complaint following over-
exposure to the vapor has been referable to the eyes.
SENSORY PERCEPTION LIMITS
Threshold, Odor5Q 3-6 ppm
Threshold, Odor10Q 25 ppm
Threshold, Eye Irritation^ 50-100 ppm
Threshold, Nose Irritation™ <25 ppm
Threshold, Pulmonary Discomfort50 <25 ppm
Although human intoxication by ally! chloride has not been seen to date,
experimental data suggest that liver and kidney damage may occur. Human
experience indicates that prolonged skin contact with ally! chloride can
result in erythema and edema. The absorption of even small quantities
of the liquid through the intact skin is usually accompanied by deep-seated
pain in the contact area, and frequently repeated contacts with the liquid
1
'may result .in the absorption of. harmful quantities.
-------
No cases of systemic intoxication have been reported coincident with
the manufacture or industrial use of ally! chloride. However, it is to be
expected that this highly reactive chemical will produce marked physiologi-
cal effects if inhaled or otherwise taken into the body in excessive
quantities.1758
3. OTHER HAZARDS
This material is highly dangerous when exposed to heat or flame. When
heated to decomposition, it emits highly toxic fumes of chlorides. It is
also known to react vigorously with oxidizing material. Ally! chloride is
considered a moderate explosion hazard when exposed to flame.0766
4. DEFINITION OF ADEQUATE WASTE MANAGEMENT
Handling. Storage, and Transportation
Ally! chloride must be stored away from heat, radiators and sunlight.
Dry ally! chloride can be stored in steel for long periods of time without
appreciable corrosion. Experiments show that cast iron, 18-8 stainless
steel, monel, "Inconel," nickel, "Hastelloy AB," stoneware and red brass
are corroded less than 0.020-inch per year at storage temperatures. Alum-
inum, however, is corroded more than 0.05-inch per year by dry allyl
chloride under similar conditions. When allyl chloride contains more than
a trace of water, corrosion of carbon steel becomes appreciable and local-
ized attack is frequently observed. This is due to the hydrogen chloride
evolved during hydrolysis.
The liquid must be kept off the skin and clothes. Where danger of
spillage upon the body exist, workers should wear rubber gloves, goggles,
aprons, and/or other protective clothing to avoid the consequences of
spilling or splashing allyl chloride. Anti-splash face masks are also
recommended.
Good ventilation must be maintained. Work must be conducted in a fume
hood or with a closed system if possible, otherwise, sufficient ventilation
149
-------
must be used so that the odor of ally! chloride does not persist. If is
should be necessary to enter an area in which the odor of allyl chloride is
at all noticeable, it is recommended that a gas mask equipped with an
"organic vapor" canister be used.
Disposal/Reuse
Criteria for the disposal of allyl chloride in waste streams must take
into account the products formed during neutralization. Generally, hydrogen
chloride and hydrochloric acid are products of the current disposal procedure.
Current techniques utilize incineration or land burial for the dis-
posal of allyl chloride wastes. Both these methods are acceptable provided
the recommended provisional limits for allyl chloride, hydrogen chloride and
hydrochloric acid in the environment are not exceeded.
Contaminant and Basis for
Environment Provisional.Limits Recommendation
Allyl chloride in air 0.01 ppm (0.03 mg/M3) 0.01 TLV
3
Hydrogen chloride in 0.05 ppm (0.07 mg/M ) 0.01 TLV
air
o
Hydrochloric acid in 0.05 ppm (0.07 mg/M ) 0.01 TLV
air
Allyl chloride in 0.15 ppm (mg/1) Stokinger and
water and soil Woodward Method
5. EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Allyl chloride is expected to appear primarily as dilute organic waste
and in much lesser amounts as concentrated waste and dilute aqueous waste.
The processing options are briefly described in the following paragraphs
together with recommendations as to their adequacy.
150
-------
Concentrated Ally Chloride
Most of the allyl chloride produced by Shell Chemical Company is for
captive use and they have not experienced the need to dispose of concentra-
ted waste. It was recommended that concentrated waste be incinerated with
proper means of removing hydrogen chloride from the effluent stream. This
is easily done through the use of aqueous or caustic scrubbers. High tem-
perature incineration (1,800 F minimum, 2 seconds minimum) of allyl chloride
with hydrogen chloride removal from the effluent gas is an acceptable means
of disposing of this material.
Dilute Organic Ally! Chloride Haste
Most production of ally! chloride at the Shell Chemical Company plant
in Houston is used to produce ally! alcohol. Dilute organic allyl alcohol
waste is incinerated. If dilute organic waste containing allyl chloride is
generated, it is recommended that it be incinerated as discussed in the
preceding section on concentrated allyl chloride.
Dilute Aqueous Ally! Chloride Waste1771
Every effort is made to prevent allyl chloride from entering sewage
because of its high flammability. Spills are allowed to evaporate when
practical, or a chemical fog is used to suppress fumes and the material is
collected with sawdust or absorbent clay. , The sawdust and clay are com-
busted in incinerators equipped with particulate removal equipment and
caustic or wet scrubbers for hydrogen chloride removal. The clay may then
be reused as an adsorbent or buried in an approved landfill. If aqueous
allyl chloride waste is generated, it is recommended that it be concentrated
and incinerated with hydrogen chloride removal from the effluent gas or
hydrolyzed to ally! alcohol and treated with acclimated activated sludge.
It was reported that as much as 100 ppm allyl alcohol in water will not
upset a well acclimated activated sludge.
151
-------
6. APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES
Ally! chloride waste are expected to appear primarily as dilute organic
waste streams and in much lesser amounts as concentrated waste and as dilute
aqueous waste. Adequate means of handling the disposal of these wastes are
located at manufacturing sites and industrial disposal facilities and repre-
sent proven industrial technology. Therefore, this material is not judged
to be a candidate waste stream constituent for National Disposal Sites.
152
-------
7. REFERENCES
0278. Code of federal regulations, Department of Transportation. Title 49,
Parts 71-90. Washington, Superintendent of Documents, U. S.
Government Printing Office, 1967. 794 p.
0766. Sax, N. I. Dangerous properties of industrial materials. 3d ed.
New York, Reinhold Publishing Company, 1968. 1,251 p.
1433. Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology. 2d ed. 22 v. and
suppl. New York, Wiley-Interscience Publishers, 1963-1971.
1492. Merck and Company, Inc. The Merck index of chemicals and drugs.
Rahway, New Jersey, 1960. 1,643 p.
1570. Chemical Rubber Company. Handbook of chemistry and physics. 47th ed.
Cleveland, Chemical Rubber Company, 1966. 1,500 p.
1718. United States Tariff Commission. Synthetic organic chemicals, United
States production and sales, 1970. TC Publication 479. Washington,
U. S. Government Printing Office, 1972. 262 p.
1758. Shell Chemical Company. Safety data sheet, allyl chloride. Bulletin
No. SC:57-79, New York, Jan. 1959. 6 p.
1759. Shell Chemical Company. Ally! chloride. Bulletin No. IC:69-22,
New York, Apr. 1969. 2 p.
1760. Shell Chemical Company. Toxicity data sheet, ally! chloride. Bulletin
No. SC:57-80, New York, Apr. 1958. 4 p.
1771. Personal communication. A. De Benedictus, Shell Chemical Company,
to W. P. Kendrick, TRW Systems, May 26, 1972.
153
-------
r
H. M. Name Allyl Chloride (la)
IUC Name 3-chloropropene^ '
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
Structural Formula
Common Names 3-chloropropylene^ ' chlorallylene' ' ril „,,„,, „,
Molecular Wt. ^ 76.53
(D- •
Melting Pt. -134.5 C Boiling Pt. 45 C
Density (Condensed) Q 9357 @ ?n/a. r^) Density (gas) @ ;
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C
, 294.3 mm @ 20 C^
; Flash Point (Tnr) -?n F^)
' Flammability Limits' in Air (wt %)
; Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %)
i Solubil ity
I Cold Water Insoluble^ l)
\ Others: MisrihiP i^ith Pth»'-^
'•. Acid, Base Properties Produces
and 20 C)
& & l
Autoignition Temp. 1
Lower 3.27™ Upper 1]'15(4) !
Lower 3.28U) Upper M1.0(2)
Hot Water Ethanol Miscible^ ;
i-acetone' ' ligroin^' chloroform^' ;
HC1 on storage^5^ ;
Highly Reactive with Oxidizing
materiar ' '.
V
Compatible with Nickel, monel and other chloride-resistant materials '
i
I Shipped in Tank cars, SB-gallon
ICC Classification Not li<;tpd
Comments Mfg.* ': Dow Chemical
L.C. Rat in air: 300 ppm
;
Hriim<;
(7) Coast Guard Classification . '<•
.Co.. Shell Chemical Cornnratinn
(3) :
-, References (1) 1570 (4)
(2) 1760 (5)
', (3) 1492 (6)
1433 (7) 278 \
1759 (8) 766
1718
154
-------
PROFILE REPORT
ALIPHATIC AMINES:
Aminoethylethanol Anrine (18), n-Butylamine (75), Cyclohexylamine (134),
Diethanolamine (150), Diethylamine (151), Diethylene Trimlne (155),
Diisopropanolamine (158), Pi methyl amine (159). Ethanolanrine (Monoethanolamine)
(173,279), Ethylamine (Monoethy1amine)(178), Ethylene Diamine (184),
Hexamethylene Diamine (210), Isopropyl Amine (231), Methylamine (265),
Morpholine (281), Propylamine (359), Triethanolamine (441), Triethyl amine.(442),
Triethylene Tetramine (444). Trimethylamine (445). Urea (448).
1. GENERAL
Introduction
The aliphatic amines treated in this report have all been selected as
probable candidate waste stream constituents for industrial disposal. These
materials are similar in that most are commodity chemicals with relatively
low toxicity, good biodegradability, well-defined, safe methods of industrial
handling and common methods of disposal. The aliphatic amines are, there-
fore, discussed as a class in this report.
Manufacture
The compounds in this group are made by a wide variety of methods,
some of which are specific to a given compound. The common industrial
procedures representing over 95 percent of the total production of this
group will be discussed here.1718
Most processes for manufacturing aliphatic amines involve the
displacement of a reactive functional group from the appropriate aliphatic
compound. The resulting mono substituted amine then competes with ammonia
for unreacted starting material to produce a disubstituted amine which can
then react further to produce a trisubstituted amine. Varying the
155
-------
proportions of the starting materials and reaction conditions can result
in a preponderance of the mono-, di-, or tri-substituted product, but the
selectivity to the desired amine is rarely greater than 70 to 80 percent,
requiring each plant to have extensive purification facilities to separate
theisomers.1655'1501'1433'1434
The reaction of ammonia with an alcohol or alky! chloride produces
alkyl amines. The alcohol -ammonia reaction (Equation 1) is a gas phase
process that requires a dehydration catalyst, or a hydrogenation catalyst
in the presence of hydrogen. The alkyl chloride-ammonia reaction
(Equation 2) is a batch process that is carried out under pressure in an
autoclave. The alcohol -ammonia reaction is favored in most cases since the
alcohol is cheaper than the alkyl chloride and there is no problem with
the disposal of ammonium chloride or hydrochloric acid.1501'1433'1434
CHOH + NH - * CHNH + (CHNH + (CHN + H0 (1)
3 3 - 32
(2)
CH2-CH2 + NH3 1. HO-CH2CH2-NH2 + (HO-CH2CH9)?NH + (HO-CH?-CH2),N (3)
Cl-CH2CH2-d + NH3 >• H2N-CH2CH2-NH2 + H2N-CH2-CH2-NH
+ H2N-CH2-CH2-NH-CH2-CH2-NH2-CH2-CH2-NH2
156
-------
CH2 CH2 + NH3-
CH,
Cl
CH;
N
H
CH,
+ 2HC1
(5)
CO,
-*NH2-C-0-NH4-
»H2N-C-NH2 + H20
(6)
CH2=CH-CH=CH2
Cl
C1CH2-CH=CH-CH2C1
NC-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-CH
The reaction of aqueous ammonia and ethylene or propylene oxide at 50
to 60 C is used to manufacture the mono-, di-, and tri-ethanol or propanol
amines, respectively (Equation 3). If ethylene dichloride and aqueous
ammonia are reacted in an autoclave under pressure at 100 to 180 C, a mixture
of ethylene diamide, diethylene triamine tetraamine and higher poly amines
are produced (Equation 4). Morpholine is produced by reacting sym-
dichloroethyl ether with ammonia under pressure at 50 C (Equation 5).
Urea is produced by the reaction of carbon dioxide with ammonia at 150
to 200 C, and 150 to 300 atm pressure. Hexamethylene diamine is made by
several processes, often in conjunction with sebacic acid. One of the
most important routes is given below (Equation 7),1501»1433»1434
157
-------
Uses
The two amines that account for more than 80 percent of the total
production in this group are urea and hexamethylenediamine. Urea is
used as a fertilizer, cattle feed and in resins, while hexamethylenediamine
is used in the production of nylon 6,6 and 6,10J506,1718,1433
The remaining amines have a wide variety of uses as chemical
intermediates and in formulations of various types. These include detergent
manufacture (ethanol and isopropanol amines, isopropylamine, ethylenediamine,
diethylene triamine and triethylene tetraamine); soaps, waxes and emulsifiers
(alkylamines, ethylene diamines, etc.); corrosion inhibitors (alkylamines,
cyclohexylamine); complexing and chelating agents (di-, tri-, and polyamines);
in resins, and as reactive resin curing agents and polymerization catalysts;
antioxidants; rubber chemicals; and insecticides and fungicides (methyl amine,
ethylenediamine). The ethanol amines are used for gas scrubbing: dimethylamine
is used in the production of dimethyl formamide and dimethyl acetamide; and
morpholine is used in the production of optical brighteners for detergents. A
detailed list of uses can be found in standard reference sources, '1434'li506
?298 2299
and manufacturers data sheets. '
Physical and Chemical Properties
The physical and chemical properties of the compounds discussed in this
report are included in the attached worksheets.
2. TOXICOLOGY0766'1433'2298'2299'2343
• The amines in this report are all relatively strong bases and thus
share to some extent,'the corrosive and damaging effect on tissue that
are characteristic of the alkaline and alkaline earth hydroxides. Thus
all liquid amines severely damage the eyes, ingestion causes severe
internal corrosive injury, and prolonged contact with the skin can cause
serious skin burns. In addition, amine vapors are painful and irritating
to the eyes, nose, throat and respiratory system. However, most people
find these vapors so repulsive that they will leave the area before
serious injury occurs.
-------
Repeated exposure to amines, especially diamines, and to a lesser
extent, the ethanol amines, has been known to produce hypersensitivity,
dermatitis and to precipitate allergenic and asthmatic reactions in
some people.
The amines in this report are not particularly toxic systematically
and while their toxicological properties have not been extensively
investigated, it is felt that instances of ingestion or absorption of
quantities of amines that do not cause local injury, present little danger
to nonsensitive individuals. Chronic ingestion of amines that can be
tolerated locally and chronic ingestion of those compounds with more than
one amino group per molecule have been shown in some cases to cause liver
and kidney damage.
Ingestion of cyclohexyl amines is reputed to cause convulsions in
some cases. Urea has no importance as an industrial hazard.
The known Threshold Limit Values are listed below:
TLV
Compound ppm mq/M
Butyl amine 5 15
Cyclohexylamine 25 100
Diethylamine 25 75
Dimethyl amine 10 18
Ethyl amine 10 18
Isopropylamine 5 12
Methylamine 10 12
Propylamine N/A N/A
Triethylamine 25 100
Trimethylamine N/A N/A
Ethylenediamine 10 25
Hexamethylenediamine N/A N/A
Dethylenetriamine 1 4
Triethylenetetramine N/A N/A
Monoethanolamine 3 6
Diethanolamine N/A N/A
Diisopropanolamine N/A N/A
Triethanolamine N/A N/A
Aminoethanol amine N/A N/A
Morpholine 20 70
Urea N/A N/A
159
-------
3. OTHER HAZARDS
, 2297
The aliphatic amines burn cleanly without residue. However, when
heated to decomposition, they may emit noxious, irritating and toxic
076F
fumes." In addition, these compounds will react vigorously to form
potentially explosive mixtures with calcium and sodium hypochlorite and
with alkaline and alkaline earth metals. Direct contact of alkylamine
vapors with mercury can cause an explosion. Amines can cause the explosive
decomposition of maleic anhydride. These compounds have a wide range
of flammability and tendency to explode (noted in the respective worksheets);
none are shock-sensitive or subject to detonation.
4. DEFINITION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Handling. Storage and Transportation
The aliphatic amines are all toxic to a certain extent by inhalation
or skin contact. In addition, they are very corrosive to eyes and can
cause minor to severe primary skin irritation on contact. Thus, these
materials should be handled in a well -ventilated area and protective
clothing and respirators are recommended where necessary. In cases of
accidental contact, all contaminated clothing should be removed instantly
and the skin washed thoroughly with soap and water.
Storage of these materials should be in cool, dry, well -ventilated
areas, away from acute fire hazards. Materials with low boiling points
should be protected from excessive heat and against sudden rise in
temperature. Liquid materials that can solidify should be liquified
2298 2299
completely before transfer in order to obtain uniform material. '
These materials are shipped under a variety of U.S. Department of
Transportation, U. S. Coast Guard and International Air Transport Association
(IATA) regulations. Most regulations relate to the flammability and vola-
tility of the compounds. Information on safe handling and use of these
compounds can be found in the Chemical Data Sheets published bv the
2342
Manufacturing Chemists Association, U'"HI ' standard reference
sources,0766'1433'1434 or manufacturers' technical data sheets.2298'2299'
2340,2341,2342
-------
Disposal/Reuse
Commercial operators use aliphatic amines in literally hundreds of
applications. In many cases, the amine is used as an additive to improve
the performance of a given formulation. Disposal of amines used in this
manner is best considered in respect to the major component of the
formulation. Since many of these formulations are sold as consumer
items, detrimental environmental effects can not be controlled except by
reformulation. Aliphatic amines are also used as chemical intermediates
in the production of detergents, emulsifiers, soaps, waxes, nylon, resins,
catalysts, insecticides, fungicides, optical brighteners and other
chemicals. In these cases, the chemical form of the amines is changed
and disposal is best considered in respect to the new compound. ' '
1434,2298,2299
In manufacture, enormous amounts of research have gone into determining
the reaction conditions that allow production of a reaction mixture of
mono-, di-, and tri-amines that corresponds to sales demand. Unfortunately,
this is not always the case and a given manufacturer must store the unused
amine until a use can be found for it. This represents a serious
potential disposal problem.1433'1501'1718
The manufacture of urea has been developed to the point where there
is close to 100 percent utilization of all raw materials and reaction
products as various grades of animal feed and fertilizer.
All the compounds treated in this, report, with the exception of urea,
require extensive purification to separate the various products. Usable
or potentially usable products generally account for more than 90 to 95 percent
of the total raw material. This material or "heavy bottoms" is presently
disposed of by incineration, landfill, deep well injection or is processed
to reduce biological and chemical oxygen demand. '
Most, if not all, manufacturing procedures for the production and use
of amines produce dilute waste streams of nitrogen containing materials.
These materials are presently disposed of by discharge into municipal
sewer systems or rivers, with or without pre-treatment to reduce chemical
and biological oxygen demand, or by deep well injection. Since amines have
strong obnoxious odors, the pH of the effluent must be controlled to prevent
escape of the amine into the atmosphere.
161
-------
Recommended provisional limits for the aliphatic amines discussed in
this report are listed below:
Provisional Limit.,
Contaminant in
Air
Methyl amine
Ethyl amine
Propylamine
Isopropylamine
Butyl amine
Dimethyl amine
Diethyl amine
Trimethylamine
Triethyl amine
Cyclohexylamine
Ethyleneamine
Ethylenediamine
Hexamethylenediamine
Di ethylenetri ami ne
Triethylenetetrami ne
Monoethanolamine
Diethanolamine
Di i sopropanolami ne
Triethanolamine
Aminoethanol amine
Morpholine
Urea
Contaminant in
Water and Soil
Methylamine
Ethylamine
Propylamine
Isopropylamine
Butylamine
Dimethylamine
ppm
0.10
0.10
-
0.05
0.05
0.10
0.25
-
0.25
-
0.005
0.10
-
0.01
-
0.03
-
-
-
'-
-
_
mg/M"
0.12
0.18
0.12
0.12
0.15
0.18
0.75
1.0
1.0
0.1
0.01
0.25
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
Provisional Limit
ppm or mg/1
0.60
0.90
0.60
0.60
0.75 '
0.90
Basis for Recommendation
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
Based on similar compounds
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
Based on similar compounds
0.01 TLV
Based on similar compounds
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
Based on similar compounds
0.01 TLV -
Based on similar compounds
0.01 TLV
Based on similar compounds
Based on similar compounds
Based on similar compounds
Based on similar compounds
Based on similar compounds
Based on similar compounds
Basis for Recommendation
Stokinger & Woodward Method
Stokinger & Woodward Method
Based on similar compound
Stokinger & Woodward Method
Stokinger & Woodward Method
Stokinger & Woodward Method
162
-------
(Cont'd)
Contaminant in
Water and Soil
Diethyl amine
Trimethyl amine
Triethyl amine
Cyclohexylamine
Ethyleneamine
Ethyl enediamine
Hexamethylenediamine
Di ethylenetri ami ne
Tri ethylenetetrami ne
Monoethanolamine
Diethanolamine
Di i sopropanolami ne
Triethanolamine
Aminoethanol amine
Morpholine
Urea
Provisional Limit
ppm or mg/1
3.75
5.0
5.0
0.5
0.05
1.27
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
Basis for Recommendation
Stokinger & Woodward Method
Based on similar compounds
Stokinger & Woodward Method
Based on similar compounds
Stokinger & Woodward Method
Stokinger & Woodward Method
Based on similar compounds
Stokinger & Woodward Method
Based on similar compounds
Stokinger & Woodward Method
Based on similar compounds
Based on similar compounds
Based on similar compounds
Based on similar compounds
Based on similar compounds
Based on similar compounds
5. EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Option No.1 - Reformulation of Products
to Reduce Environmental Impact
A large portion of the amine compounds treated in this report are
consumer products or are used industrially in such a manner that they are
discharged directly into the environment either during or directly after
1433 1434 ??98 ??Q9
use. ' ' ' Since conventional waste management practices are
very difficult or impossible to apply under these conditions, reformulation
with or use of alternative materials that have less environmental impact is
recommended when necessary.
163
-------
Option No.2 - Treatment of Waste Water and Water Soluble By-products
to Reduce Biological and Chemical Oxygen Demand
Aliphatic amine compounds, as well as by-products of use and production,
can be chemically and biologically degraded very easily, making this method
1543
the ideal way for waste disposal. Depending on the quality and quantity
of effluent that must be treated, treatment can be carried out at the manu-
facturing site and/or by the municipal waste treatment system. Final
discharge should meet water quality standards.
Option No. 3 - Incineration
Badly contaminated amines that cannot be reclaimed, as well as by-
products that cannot be sold and unusable end-products, can be disposed of
by incineration. A scrubber and/or catalytic or thermal unit may be
necessary to reduce NO emissions to required levels.
/\
Option No. 4 - Landfill of Residue and Sludges
Obtained During Manufacturing or Use
Deposit or landfill of amine-containing waste presents a serious long-
term environmental hazard to man, animals and fish. These materials are
toxic and to some extent water soluble. Biodegradation of polymers or
polyamines will further increase mobility by molecular weight reduction.
Thus, landfill disposal of these wastes represents an excessive, long-term
threat to underground water supplies and must be considered much less
acceptable than Option No.3 (incineration). Option No.4 is acceptable
only when landfill sites meet California Class 1 specifications.
6. APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES
Most of the wastes generated by the industries that produce and use
the materials discussed in this report can be handled and treated locally
by incineration and conventional water treatment. Wastes presently land-
filled should be incinerated unless the landfills meet California Class 1
specifications. Since adequate industrial disposal methods are currently
-------
being utilized by most manufacturers, users and industrial waste disposal
facilities, the aliphatic amines discussed in this report are not judged
to be candidate waste stream constituents for National Disposal Site
treatment.
165
-------
7. REFERENCES
0314- Jones, H.E., Environmental control in the organic and petrochemical
industries. Park Ridge, New Jersey, Noyes Data Corporation, 1971.
0766- Sax, I.R., Dangerous properties of industrial materials. 3d ed.
New York, Reinhold Publishing Corporation, 1968. 1,251 p.
1433. Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology. 3d ed. 22 V.
New York, Interscience Publishers, 1966.
1434. Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of polymer science and technology. 12 V.
New York, Interscience Publishers, 1964-1970.
1501. Faith, W.L., D.B. Keyes, and R.L. Clark. Industrial chemicals.
3d ed. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.,1965. 824 p.
1506. Oil, paint and drug reporter profiles. New York, Schnell Publishing
.Company, Inc., 1970.
1543. Ludzack, F.J., M.B. Ettinger. Chemical structures resistant to aerobic
chemical stabilization. Journal Mater Pollution Control Federation.
32(11):1173-1200, Nov. 1960.
1569. Manual of hazardous chemical reactions. Boston National Fire
Protection Association, 1971. 308 p.
1655. Fieserm L.F. and M. Fieser, Organic chemistry. 3d ed. Boston,
P.C. Heath & Company, 1956. p 145-160, 644-655.
1718. Synthetic organic chemicals, U.S. production and sales. U.S. Government
Printing Office, Washington, D.C., Publication TC-479, 260 p.
2298. Technical data sheet for alkyl and alkylene amines. New York,
Union Carbide Chemicals Company, 1960. 48 p.
2299. Technical data sheet for alkanolamines and morpholines. New York,
Union Carbide Chemicals Companys 1960. 53 p.
2340. Methyl amines chemical safety data sheet., SD-57. Washington.,
Manufacturing Chemists Association, 1955. 20 p.
2341- Isopropylamine chemical safety data sheet, SD-72. Washington.,
Manufacturing Chemists Association, 1959. 13 p.
2342. Diethylene triamine chemical safety data sheet, SD-76. Washington.,
Manufacturing Chemists Association, 1959. 15 p.
2343. Gleason, M.M., R.E. Gusselin and H.C. Hodge, Chemical toxicology
of commercial products., Baltimore, The Williams and Wilkins
Company, 1960. 53 p.
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Aminoethylethanol amine (18)
IUC Name
Common Names 2-aminoethylethanol amine
N(2-hydroxyethy1)ethylenediamine
2-amino-2' hydroxydiethylamine
Structural Formula
Molecular Wt.
104.16
Melting Pt.
Density (Condensed) 1.0304 @ 20/20 Density (gas) 3.59^
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
<0.01 mm Hg @ 20 ^ 0
Boiling Pt. 243.7
(1)
Flash Point 265 F (C.C.)(1)
Autoignltion Temp. 695
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower
Combustible with non-toxic residue^ '
Solubility
(3)
Upper_
Upper_
Cold Water misciblev
Hot Water
Ethanol miscible
(3)
Others: slightly soluble in benzene,
Acid, Base Properties approx. neutral
Highly Reactive with can react with oxidizing materials^. Highly flammable.
Compatible with
Shipped in_
ICC Classification,
Comments
Coast Guard Classification
References (1) 0766
(2) 2297
(3) 1570
167
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name^-Buty1an""e (75)
Structural Formula
IUC Name 1-aminobutane
Common Names 1-aminobutane
CH3CH2CH2CH2MH
Molecular Wt. 73.14 Melting Pt. -50.5 C^ Boiling Pt. 71.8
Density (Condensed) 0.74-0.76 @ 20/20 (1^ Density (gas) 2.52^ @
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 0
9
Flash Point <45 F(C.C.)^ Autolgnition Temp. 594 pH)
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower Upper .-*——
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. X) Lower 1.7% Upper 9.8%UJ
Combustible with non-toxic residue^ '
Solubility
Cold Water miscible^3' Hot Water Ethanol miscible^
Others: miscible with ether^ '
Acid, Base Properties basic
Highly Reactive with
Compatible with
Shipped in
ICC Classification Flammable liquid.red label^ Coast Guard Classification
Comments
References (1) 0766
(2) 2297
(3) 1492
(4) 1570
(5) 2298
-------
H. M. Name Cyclohexylamine (134
IUC Name aminocyclohexane
Common Names cyclohexylamine
Molecular Wt. 99.18
Density (Condensed) .865 g/cm3fe
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
)
Structural Formula
ONH2
Melting Pt. -17.7 C(1) Boiling Pt. 134.5 C(1)
' 25/25 C Density (gas) 3.42 ^ 0
(Air=l)
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 0
24 C @ 9.6 mm^ . 55 C 9 46 mm^ @
Flash Point 90 FtC.C.r1)
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %)
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. X)
Moderate fire hazard when exposed
Solubility
— ..,«. (2)
Cold Water miscible
Others: miscible - all common
Acid, Base Properties strong
Autolgnitlon Temp. 560 F^
Lower Upper
Lower Upper
' "* }
to heat or f1amev ''
Hot Water miscible^3) Ethanol miscihle(2)
organic solvents(3)
base(3)
Highly Reactive with oxidizing materials^ '
Compatible with
Shipped in
ICC Classification
Comments forms azeotope with HjO
Coast Guard Classification
(65.8% H?0)^2' gives off toxic fumes on decomposition(HCN)'1 '
References (1) 0766
(2) 1570
(3) 1492 .
169
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
;' WORKSHEET
1 H. H. Name Diethanolamine (1501
'• structural
, IUC Name 2,2'-iminodiethanol
(1)
Common Names Di(2-hydroxyethyl ) aminev ' (HOCH CH ) NH
\ diethylolamine(3',bis(hydr9xyethy1)amine(4)
! N-(hydroxyethy1)ethylenediaminev ' i->\
! Molecular Wt. 105.14 Melting Pt. 28 Cm Bo1l1n
| Density (Condensed) 1.0919 0 30/20 G^1^ Density (gas) 3.65(1) %
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 0
• 5 mm Hq 0 138 C^ 9
i Flash Point 280 F.(O.C.)(1) Autolgnition Temp. 1224 F(1)
Flammabil i tv Li mi t^ in A*t r fwt *t.\ 1 nu/pr Hnnpr
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower Upper
> Combustible with non-toxic residuev '
Solubility
Formula
238-40 c'4 Aj
g Pt.269.1 C(decomp)v 3
9 !
*
i Cold Water very soluble(3' Hot Water Ethanol very soluble^' ;
Others: slightly soluble in ether, benzene^3', miscible in methanol ,
acetone^ '
Acid, Base Properties moderate base^4' pH of 0.1N aq.soln.: 11. 0( '
: Highly Reactive with
•: ' I
Compatible with
;
: Shipped in t
t ICC Classification Coast Guard Classification
Comments
$
;
; References (1)0766
(2)2297
(3) 1570
(4) 1492
1
.170
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Diethylamine
IUC Name
(151)
Structural Formula
Common Names diethylamine
(5)
Molecular Wt. 73.14
Hydrate m.p - 19
Melting Pt.
(CH3CH2
-48
-38.9
C(4
Density (Condensed) .71Qq/cc @ 20/20 cO) Density (gas) 2.53
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 0
Boiling Pt. 55.5
(3
(Air=l)
194 mm
9 20 C<2>
620 urn
50 C
(2)
Flash Point <0 C
(T)
Autoignition Temp. 594
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %)
Lower
Upper_
Upper_
Solubility
Cold Water very soluble
(3)
Others: sol. in
Acid, Base Properties strongly alkaline
Hot Water_
(5)
Ethanol miscible
(4)
Highly Reactive with
Compatible with
Shipped in tank cars, trucks, drums^ '
ICC Classification
Coast Guard Classification
Comments colorless liquid
(1)
References (1) 0766
(2) 2298
(3) 0281
(4) 1570
(5) 1492
171
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
I WORKSHEET
; H. M. Name Diethylene trimine (155)
; btructura
1 1UL Name ' ' . "
j ' H-N-CHp-CHp-N-
i Common Names 2,2'-diamindiethylamine 1
' H
1 Formula
•CH2CH2-NH« ;
.
1 Molecular Wt. 103.17 Melting Pt. -39 C(1) Boiling Pt. 208 c ;
Density (Condensed) .9542 @ 20C(1) Density (gas) @
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 0
i 0 2 mm @ 20 C^ 10 mm §86 C^
i Flash Point 215 p(2^ Autoignition Temp.
''. Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower Upper
8
@ >
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. 1) Lower Upper l
Solubility
! Cold Water miscible^1^ Hot Water miscible^ Ethanol miscible^1^ i
' Others: insoluble ether^) soluble ligroin(!)
i Acid, Base Properties basic
1 1
\ Highly Reactive with ;
i '
I Compatible with ,
; i
i Shipped in 1 qal tin cans; 5 and 55 qal iron drunr ''. '
- (2) ^
< ICC Classification Nonev" Coast Guard Classification i
i Comments
i
"• . t
\
References (1) 1570
(2) 2298
|
|
-------
H. M. Name Dii
IUC Name
Common Names
Molecular Wt.
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
sopropanolamine (158)
Structural Formula
[CHgCHfOHjCHpJo NH
133.19 Melting Pt. 42 C(1) Boiling Pt. 249 C(1^
Density (Condensed) 0.9890 ) Lower Upper
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower Upper
Solubility
Cold Water
87% at 20 C Hot Water Ethanol misclble
Others:
Acid, Base Properties moderately basic
Highly Reactive
Compatible with
Shipped in
with
iron or steel containers; stainless or aluminum where lack of color is imoortan
important .
ICC Classification none Coast Guard Classification
Comments
References (1)
(2)
0766
2299
173
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Pi methyl amine (159)
IUC Name
Common Names Dimethyl amine
Structural Formula
(CH3)2NH
Molecular Wt. 45.08
Melting Pt. -92 C
(1)
Density (Condensed) 0.680 g/cc @ 0/4 C^
Vapor Pressure (recommended §5 C and 20 Q
(Air=l)
2 atm
@ 25 C
(3)
Density (gas) 1.55^
5 atm @ 53.9 C(2)
Boiling Pt. $.88
@
Flash Point 21 F
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %)
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %)
Autolgnition Temp. 756 F
Lower
(1)
Lower 2.8%
Upper_
Upper_
Solubility
Cold Water
very
(2)
Others: soluble ether, tetrahydrofuran
Acid, Base Properties basic
Hot Water
(2) "
very
(2)
Ethanol soluble
(2)
Highly Reactive with
Compatible with
Shipped in
MCA warning label
ICC Classification flammable gas, red label
Coast Guard Classification red label
Comments.
References (1) 0766
(2) 1492
(3) 1570
174
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Ethylamine (178)
IUC Name aminoethane
Common Names ethylamine. aminoethane. monoethylamine
Structural Formula
Molecular Wt. 45.08
Density (Condensed) .706
0.6H92 @
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
Melting Pt. -80.6 C^
(1' Density (gas) 1.56(1)
/15~CTO (Air=l)
Boiling Pt. 16.6 C
(1)
400 mm
@ 2.0
700 mm @ 15 C
(1)
1 atm
5 atm
16.6 c}:{
9 65.3 C<4)
Flash Point
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Ethylene dlaming . ,0i,.
X H1flmijie ^0«j Structural Formula
IDC Name 1,2-diaminoethane
Common Names ethylene diamine, 1-2 ethanediamine
Molecular Wt. 60-10 Melting Pt. 8.5 C^1^ Boiling Pt. 117.2
Density (Condensed) b.899U) . @ 20/4 C Density (gas) 2.07(1^ @
Air=l
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
10.7 mn 8 20 C(1^ 53mm 3 50 r.<3) 0
Flash Point 93 F (C.C.)^ Autolgnition Temp.
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower Upper
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower Upper
Solubility
Cold Water miscible^ Hot Water__ Ethanol.
Others: slightly soluble ether, insoluble benzene^4'
Acid, Base Properties alkaline^
Highly Reactive with copper and copper
Compatible with aluminum, steels
(2)
Shipped in Tank cars, truck, drums, carbon steer .
ICC Classification Coast Guard Classification,
Comments forms hydrite m.p. 10 C. bp. 118 C* '. •
References (1) 0766
(2) 2298
(3) 1570
(4) 1492
176
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Isopropylamine (231)
IUC Name 2-aminopropane
Common Names isopropylamine
Structural Formula
(CH3)2CHNH2
Molecular Wt.
59.11
Melting Pt. -102 C
(1)
Density (Condensed) p.694 @ 15/4 C* 'Density (gas) 2.03
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 0
Boiling Pt. 31.7 C
'(3) ,
(1)
Air=1.0
Flash Point -15 p
(1)
_ Auto1gnit1on Temp. 756 Fvu
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower Upper_
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower 2.3%^ Upper
Solubility
Cold Water soluble
(3)
Hot Water soluble
(3)
Others: soluble in ether^
Add, Base Properties basic
Ethanol soluble^3*
Highly Reactive with
Compatible with
Shipped in Tank cars, truck, drums
(2)
ICC Classification
Comments colorless, highly volatile, strong irritating odor
Coast Guard Classification
(4)
References (1) 0766
(2) 0281
(3) 1570
(4) 2298
177
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Methvlamine
- — Structural Formula
IUC Name ami noe thane
Common Names mgthylamine
CH3N
Molecular Wt. 31.1 Melting Pt.-93.5 C(1) Boiling Pt.-6.79
Density (Condensed) 0.662 @ 20/4 C^ Density (gas) 1.07^^ 0
(Air=l)
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
1396 mm & 20 C(3* 5170 mm ® 52 C^ @
Flash Point 0 F (C.C.)U) Auto1gn1tion Temp. 806
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower Upper_
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower 4.95%^ Upper 20.
Solubility
Cold tjater very soluble^3^ Hot Water very soluble^ Ethanol sgluble
Others:
Acid, Base Properties
Highly Reactive. Corrosive to copper, copper alloys, zinc, zinc alloys, aluminum.
and galvanized surfaces '.
Compatible with
Shipped in steel tank cars, trucks, cylinders^ .
ICC Classification Coast Guard Classification,
Comments colorless gas or liquid, strong ammoniacal odor^ '.
References (1) 0766
(2) 1570
(3) 0281
178
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Monoethanolamine (173,279)
IUC Name 2-aminoethanol
Common Names 2-aminoethanol, ethanglamine
8-aminoethyl alcohol, 2-hydroxyethylamine.
B-hydroxyethylamine, ethylolanine, colanrin.
Structural Formula
Molecular Wt. 61.08
.(1)
Density (Condensed) 1.0180
__ Freezing Pt. 10.5 Cv
@ 20/4 ^ Density (gas) 2.11(1)
Boiling
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 0
6 mm Hg @ SO C^
Flash Point 200 F(O.C.)(1) Autolgnltlon Temp._
Fl amiability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower
Upper_
Upper
Solubility
Cold Water miscible^
Hot Water
Others: miscible with methanol. acetone*2^.
Acid, Base Properties strong base: K (25)c = 3.39x1Q"10: pK 25% Ag.<;o1n: 1?.1;
0.1N Aq. soln: 12.05^ •
Highly Reactive with
Compatible with
Shipped in ordinary steel containers^.
ICC Classification_
Comments
Coast Guard Classification
References (1) 0766
(2) 1492
179
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Morpholine (2fli)
Structural Formula
IUC Name
Common Names tetrahydro-2H-1,4-oxazine
tetrahydro-2,4-isoxazine
diethylene oximide
Molecular Wt. 87.12 Melting Pt. -4.9 C(1) Boiling Pt. 128 C(1)
Density (Condensed) 0.9994 @ 20/4 C^1' Density (gas) 3.00(3^ @
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
10 mm @ 23 C^
_ _
Flash Point 100 F (O.C.)(3) Autoignition Temp. 590 F^3)
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower _ Upper_
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower _ Upper_
Solubility
Cold Water miscible^ _ Hot Water _ Ethanol
Others: miscible acetone, benzene, ether, methanol, ethylene glycol , oils '.
Acid, Base Properties strong base _
Highly Reactive with_
Compatible with_
Shipped in_
ICC Classification None Coast Guard Classification
Comments stpam uolatilp nn H fl a7pAi~y*nnp
1 - IL_T_-- _.-_
References (1) 1570
(2) 1492
(3) 0766
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name n-Propvlamine (359)
IUC Name 1-aminopropane
Common Names
Structural Formula
59.11
Melting Pt. -83 C
(1)
Molecular Wt.
Density (Condensed) Q.7173 9 2Q. £ Density (gas)_
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 0
Boiling Pt. 47.8 C
(1)
250 mm
@
Flash Point -35
-(2)
Autolgnition Temp. 604 F
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower _ Upper
Upper
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %)
Solubility
Cold Water soluble' ^
Others:
Lower 2.01
Hot Water soluble^
,(2)
Ethanolyerv soluble^
Acid, Base Properties
basic
Highly Reactive with
Compatible with
Shipped in _
irr n -x- J^TA: Flammable liquid, red label. „ . .,
ICC Classification _ M _ Coast Guard Classification,
Comnen ts
References (1) 1570
(2) 0766
181
-------
HAZARDOUS HASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Triethanolamine (441)
Structural Formula
IUC Name 2.2'.2"-trihydroxytr1ethy1am1ne
Common Names tris(hydroxyethy1)anrine
trihydroxytri ethyl ami ne
2,2',2"-nitrilotriethanol
(HO-CH2CH2)3N
Molecular Wt. 149.19 Melting Pt. 21.2 C( ' Boiling Pt. 360
Density (Condensed) 1.1258 @ 20/20 C^ Density (gas) 5.14^
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
10 mm & 205 C^ @
Flash Point 335 F(C.C.)^ Auto1gn1t1on Temp.
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower Upper_
Explosive Limits 1n A1r (wt. %) Lower_; '_ Upper_
Solubility
Cold Water miscible^3^ Hot falater miscible^3^ Ethanol.
Others:
Acid, Base Properties basic(3)
Highly Reactive with slightly ether (1.6%), benzene (4.2%), carbon tetrachlpride (0.9%),
n-heptane (0.1%), ligroin, soluble chloroform, miscible acetone, methanoP '.
Compatible with
Shipped in standard iron and steel containers
(4)
ICC Classification none Coast Guard Classification^
Comments very hydroscopic and viscous^ '
References (1) Q766
(2) 1570
(3) 1492
(4) 2299
182
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Triethvlamine (442)
IUC Name
Common Names triethvlamlne
Structural Formula
(CH3CH2)3N
Melting Pt. _m.7 r(1) Boiling Pt. 89.3 C^
Density (Condensed) 0.7275 0 20/4 C^ Density (gas) 3.48
Molecular Wt. 101.19
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
45 mm
&
20
Flash Point 20 F (O.C.)
(2)
210 mm 9 55
Auto1gn1tion Temp.
Flammability Limits in A1r (wt %) Lower;
Explosive Limits in A1r (wt. X)
Lower 1.2%
Upper_
Upper_
8.0%
(2)
Solubility
Cold Watermiscible less than 19 C^ot Water slightly soluble^ Ethanol
Others: acetone, benzene, ether^ above 19 C<
Acid, Base Properties basic
Highly Reactive with_
Compatible with_
Shipped in
ICC Classification IATA: "«™">1e. red label Coast Quard classification.
Comments
References (1) 1570
(2) 0766
(3) 1492
183
-------
H. M. NameTriethylene tetramlne
IUC Name
Common Names
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
(444)
Structural Formula
Molecular Wt. 146.24
Density (Condensed) Q.982 6 20 c'
Melting Pt. _J2_C.
(1)
Boiling Pt. 266.7
Density (gas)_
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 Q
20 mm @ 157 C(1 * <0.01 mm 9
20
Flash Point 290 F (Q.C.)^ Auto1gn1tion Temp. 640 F^
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower Upper_
Explosive Limits in Air (wt.
Solubility
Cold Water
Lower
Upper_
Others: acetone
,0)
Hot Mater soluble^
Ethanol soluble
(1)
Acid, Base Properties basic
Highly Reactive with_
Compatible with_
Shipped in_
ICC Classification
Comments ' _.
MCA Warning label
Coast Guard Classification
References (1) 1570
(2) 0766
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Tri methyl ami ne (445)
Structural Formula
IUC Name
Common Names
(CH3)3N
Molecular Wt. 59.11 _ Melting Pt. -117.2 C(1) Boiling Pt. ? R7
Density (Condensed) 0.6709 @ _ 0/4 C^ Density (gas) 2.p(3) @
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 0
_ 9 __ _ 9 _
Flash Point _ . _ Autolgnltlon Temp. 374 c^3^
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower _ Upper_
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. Xp) Lower 2.02 Upper
Solubility
^
Cold Uater miscible Hot Water Ethanol
_
Others : ether, benzene, toluene, chloroform' 1 '
Acid, Base Properties strong base.K^ = 7.4 x IP"5 (25
Highly Reactive with oxidizing materials^ '
Compatible with
Shipped in
trr ri
ICC Clas
Commen ts
trr ri **• ...IATA: Flammable gas, red label . . . ... .,. .. /
ICC Classification Fiammahio orf Coast Guard Classification POH i
References M) 1570
(2) 1492
.(3) 0766
185
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. H.' Name Urea (448)
Structural Formula
IUC Name
Common Names carbamide, carbonyl diamide
Molecular Wt. 60.1 Melting Pt. 132.7 C^ Boiling Pt. decomposes*1*
Density (Condensed) 1.335^ @ Density (gas)_
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
9 9
Flash Point Autolgnltlon Temp.
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower Upper_
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower Upper_
Slightly dangerous when heated to decomposition.
Solubility
(2) (2\ (
Cold Water very soluble^ ' Hot Water very soluble^ ' Ethanol soluble^
Others: almost soluble in chloroform and ether' ', soluble methanol, glyceror .
Acid, Base Properties neutral
Highly Reactive with_
Compatible with
Shipped in_
ICC Classification none Coast Guard Classification
Comments no importance as an industrial hazard' '
References (i) 0755
(2) 1492
186
-------
PROFILE REPORT ON ESTERS
Amyl Acetate (30), Butyl Acetate (72). Butyl Acrylate (73). Di-n-butyl
Phthalate (.139). Ethyl Acetate (175). Ethyl Acrylate .(176), Ethyl
Phthalate (194), Isobutyl Acetate (224), Isopropyl Acetate (229),
Methyl Acetate (262). Methyl Acrylate (263). Methyl Formate (270),
Methyl Methacrylate (273), n-Propyl Acetate (357), Vinyl Acetate (449).
1. GENERAL
Introduction
The esters treated in this report have all been selected as probable
candidate waste stream constituents for municipal disposal. These materials
are similar in that most are commodity chemicals with relatively low
toxicity, well-defined and safe methods of industrial handling and common
methods of disposal. The esters are, therefore, discussed as a class in
this report.
Manufacture
The most common method of ester formation is the direct reaction of a
carboxylic acid with an alcohol. The addition of an acid catalyst such as
p-toluenesulfonic acid, sulfuric acid or hydrogen chloride speeds the
approach to equilibrium. Many procedures are used to disturb this
equilibrium and force the reaction to completion. These involve the
removal of one or more reactants or products by simple or complex
distillation, azeotrope formation,and removal of water by desiccation
or chemical means.
Acrylic acid and the acrylates have a tendency to polymerize in the
presence of acid and for this reason, most acrylates are made by other
methods. The most widely used method is the reaction of carbon monoxide,
acetylene and an alcohol in the presence of a nickel catalyst.
187
-------
Vinyl acetate is produced by the reaction of acetic acid with
acetylene.
^1433,1506
Solvents and Plasticizers. The greatest uses of esters are as
solvents and plasticizers. The lower esters are used in the lacquer,
paint, and varnish fields, and the higher ones are used primarily as
plasticizers.
Resins, Plastics and Coatings. Many polymeric materials in commercial
use are based on esters. These include vinyl polymers made from such
unsaturated esters as the acrylates, methacrylates, vinyl acetate and
their homologs; alkyd resins which are essentially cross!inked polyesters
prepared from polyhydric alcohols and dibasic acids, and the polyester
resins and plastics.
Lubricants. Esters, in the form of natural fats, oils and waxes have
been used as lubricants since ancient times. Animal and vegetable fats
and oils have largely been supplanted by petroleum hydrocarbons and multi-
viscosity systems based on the acrylates and isobutylene.
Perfumes, Flavors, Cosmetics and Soap. Compared with the volume of
esters used in solvents and plasticizers, the tonnage of esters used in
improving odors and flavors is small, but nevertheless important
economically and aesthetically.
Medicinals. Although the ester group itself is relatively inert
physiologically, esters are used widely in Pharmaceuticals. In general,
esterification of a physiologically active alcohol or phenol with an
aliphatic acid detoxifies it by decreasing the concentration of active
compound present. The active compound is released gradually in the body
by hydrolysis of the ester. An example of detoxification is acetylation
of salicylic acid to give acetylsalicylic acid, the sodium salt of which
is the common analgesic, aspirin.
-------
2. TOXICOLOGY0766
The esters treated in this report are relatively non-toxic. They
act mainly as irritants to the mucous membranes, particularly the eyes,
gums and respiratory passages. Prolonged contact or repeated exposure
can cause conjunctival irritation and corneal clouding. They are also
mildly narcotic, the principal symptoms being headache, fatigue,
drowsiness and oppression in the chest. Death is extremely rare. The
methyl esters are greater irritants than the higher homologues, while
the opposite is true for the narcotic effects. The acrylates are
considered to be more toxic than the acetate, formate and phthalate
esters.
Chronic poisoning has not been fully investigated, but in the case of
ethyl acetate, it can produce secondary anemia, leucocystosis and cloudy
swelling, and fatty degeneration of the viscera.
The Threshold Limit Values (TLV) and Maximum Allowable Concentrations
(MAC) that have been established are:
PPILvmg/M3
Amy! acetate 100 525 100
Butyl acetate 150 710 200
Butyl aery late _
Di-n-butyl phthalate 5
Ethyl acetate 400 1400 400
Ethyl aery late 25 100 25
Ethyl phthalate - -
Isobutyl acetate 150 700
Isopropyl acetate 250 950
Methyl acetate 200 610 200
Methyl aery late 10 35
Methyl formate 100 250
Methyl methacrylate 100 410
n-Propyl acetate 200 840
Vinyl acetate 10 30
189
-------
3. OTHER HAZARDS
Under the proper conditions such as the presence of oxygen or other
polymerization initiator and heat, acrylate esters can polymerize
violently.0766'1433 Most esters are flammable.
4. . DEFINITION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Handling, Storage and Transportation
The esters treated in this report are all toxic to a certain extent
due to the narcotic effects of high concentrations and irritating effects
of the liquids or vapors, especially in the sensitive areas of the eyes,
mucous membranes and respiratory tract. Thus, they should be handled
in a well-ventilated area and protective clothing and respirators are
recommended where necessary. In cases of accidental contact, all contaminated
clothing should be removed and the skin washed thoroughly with soap and water.
These materials are shipped under a variety of U.S. Department of
Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard and International Air Transport Association
(IATA) regulations. Most regulations relate to the flammability and
corrosiveness of these compounds. Information on safe handling and use of
these compounds can be found in standard reference sources or manufacturers'
Technical Data Sheets.
Disposal/Reuse
Manufacturers who use the esters as chemical intermediates or process
solvents recycle as much material as possible. Material used in perfumes,
flavors, cosmetics, soaps, lubricants and medicinals is consumed in small
quantities by the public and not recoverable. A substantial amount of the
esters in this group are used to produce plasticizers, resins, paint lattices,
or plastics. This material is not recoverable.
-------
Many of the various manufacturing processes result in dilute ester
waste streams which have a high chemical and biological oxygen demand. »
They can be treated on-site or discharged into the municipal sewers.
Recommended provisional limits for the compounds discussed in this
report are listed below:
Contaminant in Air
Amy! acetate
Butyl acetate
Butyl acrylate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl acrylate
Ethyl phthalate
Isobutyl acetate
Isopropyl acetate
Methyl acetate
Methyl acrylate
Methyl formate
Methyl methacrylate
n-Propyl acetate
Vinyl acetate
Contaminant in
Water and Soil
Amyl acetate
Butyl acetate
Butyl acrylate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl acrylate
Ethyl phthalate
Isobutyl acetate
Isopropyl acetate
Methyl acetate
Methyl acrylate
Provisional Limits
ppm mg/M?
1.0
1.5
-
_
4.0
0.25
_
1.5
2.5
2.0
0.1
1.0
1.0
2.0
0.1
5.3
7.1
1.0
0.05
14
1.0
0.05
7.0
9.5
6.1
0.35
2.5
4.1
8.4
0.3
Provisional Limits
ppm (mg/1)
26.3
35.5
5.0
0.25
70.0
5.0
0.25
35.0
47.5
30.5
1.8
Basis for Recommendation
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
Based on
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
Based on
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
0.01 TL
0.01 TLV
Basis for
similar compounds
similar compounds
Recommendation
Stokinger and
Method
Stokinger and
Method
Based on simi
Stokinger and
Method
Stokinger and
Method
Stokinger and
Method
Based on simi
Stokinger and
Method
Stokinger and
Method
Stokinger and
Method
Stokinger and
Method
Woodward
Woodward
lar compounds
Woodward
Woodward
Woodward
lar compounds
Woodward
Woodward
Woodward
Woodward
191
-------
Contaminant in Provisional Limits
Water and Soil ppm (mg/1) Basis for Recommendation
Methyl formate 12.5 Stokinger and Woodward
Method
Methyl methacrylate 20.5 Stokinger and Woodward
Method
n-Propyl acetate 42.0 Stokinger and Woodward
Method
Vinyl acetate 1.5 Stokinger and Woodward
Method
5. EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Option No. 1 - Recycling
Manufacturers that use esters as chemical intermediates or process
solvents recycle as much material as possible. In addition, a certain
amount of contaminated esters are eligible for reprocessing. This is
the method of choice wherever possible.
Option No. 2 - Treatment of Waste Water to
Reduce Chemical and Biological Oxygen Demand
The esters treated in this report not only have a low level
of toxicity but they can be biodegraded very rapidly by unacclimated
activated sludges. This is due in part to the fact that after hydrolysis
the component acids and alcohols are the same as or very similar to
carboxylic acids present in normal sewage. Thus, the best method of
disposal is via municipal sewage treatment plants, provided the rate
of discharge is uniform.
Option No. 3 - Incineration
Bulk quantities of contaminated esters that can not be reprocessed
or released by controlled dilution can best be disposed of by incineration.
Since this will probably be an unusual occurrence, this is best done at
municipal or industrial incineration sites.
-------
6. APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL .SITES
All of the wastes generated by the industries that produce and use
the esters treated in this report can be handled by municipal and industrial
disposal methods such as sewage treatment and incineration. Therefore, the
esters discussed in this report are not judged to be candidate waste stream
constituents requiring National Disposal Site treatment
193
-------
7. REFERENCES
0285. Lund, H.F., ecL_ Industrial pollution control handbook. New York,
McGraw-Hill Book 'Companyl971.
0766. Sax, N.I., Dangerous properties of industrial materials. 3d ed.
New York, Reinhold Publishing Corporation, 1968. 1,251 p.
1433. Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology. 2d ed. 22v. and
suppl. New York, Interscience Publishers, 1966.
1501. Faith, W.L., D.B. Keyes, and R.L. Clark. Industrial chemicals.
3d ed. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1965. 824 p.
1506. Oil, paint and drug reported profiles. New York, Schnell
Publishing Publishing Company, Inc., 1970.
1543. Ludzack, F.J., M.B. Ettinger. Journal Mater Pollution Control
Federation. 32:1173-1200, 1960.
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Amyl Acetate (30)
IUC Name n-amyl acetate
Common Names Pear oi]
Structural Formula
Molecular Wt. 130.18
Melting Pt. -78.5 C
(1)
Density (Condensed) 0.879
20/20 C^ Density (gas) 4.5^
Boiling Pt.148 C/(737mm)
0)
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
(3
Flash Point 7? F (C.C.J
^
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %)
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %)
Autoignition Temp. 714
Lower
Lower
T.1%
(1)
Upper_
Upper
7.5%
(1)
Solubil ity
Cold Water insoluble
Others: ethyl ether
(2)
Hot Water
(2}
Ethanol solunle\ '
Acid, Base Properties
Highly Reactive with_
Compatible with
Shipped in
ICC Classification Flammable, red label' '
Comments
Coast Guard Classification red label
References (1) 0766
(2) 1492
195
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. H. Name Amy! Acetate (30)
Structural Formula
IUC Name 2^penty1 acetate
Common Names amyl acetate
CH3
CH0C00CH
Molecular Wt. 130.1 Melting Pt. . Boiling Pt. 12° c
Dens i ty (Condensed) 0.862-0.866(3 20/20 C(T)Density (gas) 4.48(1) @
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
Flash Point 89 F (C.C.)^ Autoignition Temp.
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower Upper_
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower ( Upper_
Solubility
Cold Water : Hot Water Ethanol_
Others: ethyl, ether
Acid, Base Properties
Highly Reactive with_
Compatible with
Shipped in
ICC Classification Coast Guard Classification_
Comments ,
References (1) 0766
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Butyl Acetate (72)
Structural Formula
IUC Name n-butyl acetate
Common Names
CH3-C02(CH2)3CH3
Molecular Wt. 116.16 Melting Pt. -73.5 c"' Boiling Pt. 126 C*1'
Density (Condensed) 0.88 @ 20/20 c"' Density (gas) 9
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
15 mm @ 25 C^
Flash Point 72 F(1^ Autoignition Temp. 790 F^
Fl amiability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower Upper
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower 1.7%^' Upper 7.6%^'
Solubility
Cold Water^ ^__ Hot Water soluble^ Ethanol miscible^2^
Others: ether, hydrocarbons^2^
Acid, Base Properties
Highly Reactive with
Compatible with
Shipped in
ICC Class
Comments
ICC Classification Flammable, red laber ' Coast Guard Classification Inflammable'
References (1) 0766
(2) 1492
197
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Butyl Acetate (72)
IUC Name sec-butyl acetate
Common Names
Structural Formula
CH3
CH3C02CH
CH2CHJ1
Molecular Wt. 116.16
Melting Pt.
Density (Condensed) 0.862-0.866(3 20/20
Density (gas)_
_ Boiling Pt. 112
4.00^ @
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
Flash Point 88 F (O.C.)'
Autoignition Temp.
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %} Lower 1.7%^'
Upper_
Upper
Solubility
Cold Water_
Others: ether
Hot Water slightly soluble^ Ethanol soluble
(2)
Acid, Base Properties
Highly Reactive with
Compatible with_
Shipped in_
ICC Classification
Coast Guard Classification
Comments n-butyl acetate and tert-butyl acetate can also be called butvl acetate and
have similar prnpprtip<: !
References (1) 0766
(2) 1492
198
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Butyl Aerylate (73)
IUC Name n.-butyl acrylate
Common Names
Structural Formula
CH2=CHC02-(CH2)3CH3
128.2
Molecular Wt.
Density (Condensed) 0.894
Melting Pt. -64.6 C
(1)
0 25/25
Density (gas) 4.42
(1)
Boiling Pt. 69 C/50mm
(1)
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
10 mm @ 35.5 C(1
^
Flash Point 120 F (O.C.) Autoignition Temp.
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower
Upper_
Upper_
Solubility
Cold Water_
Others:
Hot Water slightly soluble
(2)
Ethanol
ether
(2)
Acid, Base Properties_
Highly Reactive with
Compatible with
Shipped in_
ICC Classification,
Comments
Coast Guard Classification
References (1) 0766
(2) 1492
199
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Dlbutyl Phthalate (139)
IUC Name di-jj-butyl-o-phthalate
Common Names
Structural Formula
C02(CH2}3CH3
C02(CH2)3CH3
278.3
Molecular Wt.
Density (Condensed) 1.048
Melting Pt. -35 C Boiling Pt. 340
20/20 C^l Density (gas) 9.58^ @
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
Flash Point 315 F (C.C.r ' Autoignition Temp. 757
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %)
Solubility
Cold Water
Others:
Lower
Upper_
Upper_
Hot Water
Ethanol
Acid, Base Properties_
Highly Reactive with_
Compatible wi
Sh i pped i n_
ICC Classification_
Comments ' - _.
Coast Guard Classification
References (1) 0766
200
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Ethyl Acetate (175)
IUC Name ethyl acetate
Common Names
Structural Formula
Molecular Wt.
88.10
Melting Pt. -B3.fi r.
Density (Condensed) 0.8946 @ 25 C^' Density (gas) 3.04^ @
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
100 mm 0 27.0 C^ &
Boiling Pt. 77.15
Flash Point
24 F
^1'
Autoignition Temp. 800 F^ '
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower Upper_
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %)
Solubility
Cold Water slightly soluble^
Lower 2.5%
Hot Water
^'
Upper
Ethanol
/ Others: acetone, chloroform, ether'
Acid, Base Properties
' '
Highly Reactive with
Compatible with
Shipped in
ICC Classification Flammable, red label
' '
Coast Guard Classification red
Comments Azeotropic mixture with water b.p. 70.4 C^
References (1) 0766
(2) 1492
201
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Ethyl Aery late (176)
IUC Name ethyl aerylate
Common Names ethyl propenoate
Structural Formula
CH2=CHC02C2H5
Molecular Wt. 100.11
Melting Pt. <-72
Density (Condensed) 0.924 . @ 20/40^ Density (gas) 3.45^
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
29.3 mm (3 20 C^ &
Boiling Pt. 99.8 C
(1)
Flash Point 60 F
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %)
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %)
Solubility
Cold Water slightly soluble
Others: ether
Autoignition Temp.
Lower
Lower
. 82
(1)
Upper_
Upper_
Hot Water
Ethanol
Acid, Base Properties_
Highly Reactive with
Compatible with_
Shipped in
ICC Classification Flammable, red label' '
(2)
Commen ts Lacrimator _
azeotrooe
Coast Guard Classification
.hn 81 C^) "
References (1) 0766
202
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Ethyl Phthalate (194)
IUC Name diethyl o-phthalate
Common Names
Structural Formula
C02C2H5
Molecular Wt. 222.2
Melting Pt. -40.5 C^
Density (Condensed)
Density (gas) 7.66
^
Boiling Pt. 302
@
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 Q
Flash Point 325 F (C.C.r ' Autoignition Temp.
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower
Upper_
Upper
Solubility
Cold Water insoluble
Others: ether
(2)
J2)
Acid, Base Properties
Hot Water
Ethanol
(2)
Highly Reactive with_
Compatible with
Shipped in_
ICC Classification_
Commen ts
Coast Guard Classification
References (1) Q766
(2) 1492
203
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. H. Name Isobutyl Acetate (224)
IUC Name Isobutyl acetate
Common Names
-Structural Formula
Molecular Wt. 116.10
Melting Pt. -98.9 C
(1)
Density (Condensed) Q.8685 @ 15 C^ Density (gas) 4.0^
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
10 mm @ 12.8 C^ 9
Boiling Pt. 118.0 C
(1)
Flash Point 64 F (C.C.)
^
Autoignition Temp. 793 p
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower __ Upper_
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower _ Upper_
Solubility
Cold Water
Others:
Hot Water
Ethanol soluble
(2)
Acid, Base Properties
Highly Reactive with_
Compatible with_
Shipped in
ICC Classification Flammable, red label(1)
Comments ,
Coast Guard Classification
References (1) 0766
(2) 1492
204
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. H. Name Isopropyl Acetate (229)
JUC Name isopropyl acetate
Common Names
Structural Formula
CH3C02CH(CH3),
Molecular Wt. 102.13
Melting Pt.
Density (Condensed) 0.874 020/20 C. ' Density (gas) 3.52
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
^
Boiling Pt. 88.4 C^V
40 mm @ 17.0 C^
1)
Flash Point 40 F(1j
Autoignition Temp. 860 I
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower 1.8%
(1)
Upper_
Upper 7,8%
(1)
Solubility
Cold Water
Others: ether^
Hot Water soluble
(2)
Acid, Base Properties_
Highly Reactive with
Compatible with
Shipped in
ICC Classification Flammable, red label
Comments _ :
Coast Guard Classification
References (1) 0766
(2) 1492
205
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Methyl AcetatP (262)
IUC Name methyl acetate
Common Names
Structural Formula
Molecular Wt. 74.08
_ _
Density (Condensed ) 0. 92348* ] ^ @
Melting Pt. -98.7
Density (gas) 2.55
^
Boiling Pt. 57.8 r.
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
100 mm @ 9.4 C^
Flash Point 14
Autoignition Temp. 035 p
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower _ _____ Upper
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower. 3.1%^' Upper
Solubility
Cold Water soluble^
i ?\
Others:
Hot Water
Ethanol miscible^
Acid, Base Properties_
Highly Reactive with_
Compatible with
Shipped in
ICC Classification Flammable, red laber '
Comments . _ _
Coast Guard Classification red
References (1) 0766
(2) 1492
206
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Methyl Aery late (263)
IUC Name mathyl aerylate
Common Names
Structural Formula
CH2=CHC02CN3
Molecular Wt. 86.1
Melting Pt. -75 C
(1)
Density (Condensed) 0.949 @ 25
Density (gas) 2.97 (?
^
Boiling Pt. 80 C(1)
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
100 mm
28
~(D
Flash Point 27 F (O.C.)V ; Autoignition Temp.
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower 2,
TT
Upper_
Upper 25%(1)
Solubility
Cold. Water soluble^
Others:
Hot Water
Ethanol
Acid, Base Properties
Highly Reactive with
Compatible with
Shipped in_
ICC Classification
Comments Lacrimator; azeotrope with water. b.D. 73 C
Coast Guard Classification
(2)
References (1) Q766
(2) 1492
207
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Methyl Formate (270)
IUC Name methyl formate
Common Names
Structural Formula
HC02CH3
Molecular Wt. 60.05
Melting Pt. -99.8
.(1)
Boiling Pt. 32.0 c
(1)
Density (Condensed) 0.98149 @ 15/4 C ' Density (gas) 2.07(
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
400 mm @ 16.0 C^ . &
Flash Point -2 F
rn
Autoignition Temp. 853 F
(1)
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower_
Explosive-Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower 5.
(2)
Upper
Upper 20%
1)
Solubility
Cold Water soluble
Others:
Hot Water
Ethanol nrLscibleilL
Acid, Base Properties_
Highly Reactive with_
Compatible with_
Shipped in
ICC Classification Flammable, red
Comments _ :
Coast Guard Classification red label
(1)
References (1) Q766
(2) 1492
208
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Methyl Methacrylate (273)
IUC Name methyl 2-methylpropenoate
Common Names
Structural Formula
CH3
Molecular Wt. 100.11
Melting Pt. _sn r(l)
20/4 C(1) Density (gas)
Density (Condensed) 0.936
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 0
40 mm _®_™_Ji_£^) (a
Hash Point _^L^C^) Autoignition^
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower__
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower 2.1%(1>
Boiling Pt. IQl.p c^\
3.45(1) @
Upper
Upper 12.5%
ITT
Solubility
Cold Water
Others:
Hot Water
Ethanol
Acid, Base Properties
Highly Reactive with
Compatible with
Shipped in
ICC Classification Flammable, red
Cornnen ts
Coast Guard Classification
References (1) 0766
209
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name n^-Propyl Acetate (357)
Structural Formula
IUC Name n-propyl acetate
Common Names
Molecular Wt. 102.13 Melting Pt. -92.5 C Boiling Pt. 101.6
Density (Condensed) 0.887^ @ __ Density (gas) .rs?^ &
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
40 mm @ 28.8 C^ _ 9
Flash Point 58 Fv ' Autoigm'tion Temp. 842 F^1'
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower Upper
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower 2.0%(1) Upper 8.0%^
Solubility
Cold Water slightly soluble^ Hot Water Ethanol_
Others:
Acid, Base Properties_
Highly Reactive with
Compatible with_
Shipped in_
ICC Classification Coast Guard Classification
Comments _
References (1) 0766
(2) 1492
210
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Vinyl Acetate (449)
Structural Formula
IUC Name vinyl acetate
Common Names
CH3C02CH=CH2
Molecular Wt. 86.05 _ Melting Pt. -100.2 C^ Boiling Pt. 73
Density (Condensed) 0.9335 & _ 20_c£H_ Density (gas) 3.0^^ &
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
100 mm & 2-5 c^ ^
, _ _
Flash Point 18 F(1) Autoignition Temp. 800 F^
Flaronability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower _ Upper
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. 3>) Lower 2.6%^) _ Upper
Solubility
Cold Water slightly soluble^ Hot Water ^ Ethanol
f~r\ V ~
Others:
Acid, Base Properties
Highly Reactive with
Compatible with_
Shipped in
ICC Class
Comments
ICC Classification Flammable, red laber ' Coast Guard Classification red
References (1) Q766
(2) 1492
211
-------
PROFILE REPORT
Aniline (32), 2,4-Dinitroaniline (161). n-Methylaniline (280). 8-Naphthylamine
(286), Phenylhydrazine Hydrochloride (328). Pyridine (364), o-To1 undine (435).
Acridlne (464)
1. GENERAL
Introduction
The aromatic nitrogen-containing compounds treated in this report have
been selected as probable candidate waste stream constituents for industrial
disposal because of their comparatively low toxicity and well-defined methods
for handling in an industrial context. These materials also share common
methods for disposal and have therefore been grouped for discussion here.
Manufacture
Aniline. Aniline is produced commercially by the reduction of nitro
benzene either in a continuous, vapor-phase process, by a batch solution
method, or by the ami nation of chlorobenzene. Total U.S. production
of aniline for 1970 was 398,362,000 1b.1718> 1655
Acridine. Acridine is one of the chief components produced commer-
cially from coal tar. It is also readily available by a synthesis route
employing the ring-closure of phenylanthranilic acid to acridone followed
by reduction with zinc dust.
2,4-Dinitroam'line. 2,4-dinitroaniline is prepared by ammonolysis of
2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene.1433 U.S. production was 196,000 Ib in 1970.1718
n-Methylaniline. Aniline reacts with methanol in the presence of a
copper-alumina catalyst to give a 96 percent yield of n-methylaniline.
213
-------
e-Naphthy1amine. g-naphthylamine is prepared by a procedure developed
by Bucherer (1904) consisting of heating e-naphthal with aqueous ammonium
sulfite under pressure. The corresponding amine is obtained in excellent
purity and 89 to 95 percent yield.
o-Toluidine. Toluidines are prepared by reduction of the corres-
ponding nitrotoluenes with iron and dilute acid or by their catalytic hydro-
genation.
Phenylhydrazine Hydrochloride. Aniline is converted to the
diazonium salt, which in turn is reduced with a sodium sulfite to phenylhy-
drazine and then isolated as the hydrochloride.
Pyridine. Pyridine is a byproduct of coke production. Every ton of
coal carbonized produces from 0.07 to 0.21 Ib pyridine bases. The pyridine
bases thus obtained consist of approximately 70 percent pyridine and 30
percent higher homologs, mainly picoline. Synthetic pyridine is produced
1433
from acetaldehyde and ammonia.
Uses
Aniline. The two most important uses of aniline are in the manu-
facture of dyes and rubber chemicals. Aniline is also important in the
manufacture of sulfa drugs and synthetic sweetening agents.
Acridine. Used in the manufacture of dyes and intermediates.
Some dyes derived from it are used as antiseptics.
2,4-Dinitroaniline. 2,4-dinitroaniline is used in the preparation
of Pigment Orange (CI 12075).
n rMethylamine. Methylamine is used in tanning and in organic
synthesis for the introduction of methylamine groups.
S-Naphthylamine. This material is used in the manufacture of
dyes.
214
-------
textile water repellent agents, rubber chemicals, piperidine, bactericides
1433
1433
o-Toliiidine. o-toluidine is used mainly as a dye intermediate to
prepare Acid Red 24, Solvent Yellow 3, Solvent Red 26, Direct Red 62 and
others.
1492
Phenylhydrazine Hydrochloride. Phenylhydrazine hydrochloride is
used to manufacture phenylhydrazine and as a pharmaceutical.
Pyridine. It is an intermediate in the manufacture of Pharmaceuticals,
ile water r<
and herbicides.
Physical and Chemical Properties
The physical and chemical properties of these aromatic nitrogen-
containing compounds are included in the attached worksheets.
2. TOXICOLOGY0766'1492
Aromatic Amines
Aromatic amines are highly toxic but may be handled safely if proper
precautions are observed. These materials can enter the body through the
lungs, the gastrointestinal tract or skin. Long and continued exposure to
even small amounts may produce tumors and cancer of the bladder.
The most important action of aniline on the body is the formation of
methemoglobin, with the resulting anoxemia and depression of the central
nervous system. In acute exposures, the signs of aniline poisoning are
methemoglobinaemia and anoxemia. In less acute exposures which have been
prolonged over some weeks or months, there is usually hemolysis of the red
blood cells, followed by stimulation of the bone marrow and attempts at
regeneration. The liver may be affected with production of jaundice. Long
continued employment in the manufacture of aniline dyes has been associated
with the development of papillomatous growths of the bladder, some of which
became malignant. Aniline and certain other amino compounds, particularly
benzidine and beta-naphthylamine, have been suspected of causing the
condition. '
215
-------
o-Toluidine behavior is generally comparable to that of aniline. The
symptoms produced by intoxication due to o-toluidine are headache, weakness,
difficulty in breathing, air-hunger, psychic disturbances and marked irri-
tation of the kidneys and bladder. Both n-methylaniline and 2,4-dinitro-
anjline have toxic properties similar to those of aniline.
Acridine
Acridine is strongly irritating to the skin and mucous membranes.
Upon inhalation it causes sneezing, itching or even violent burning of
the skin; sometimes with inflammatory swelling. It is regarded as the
effective irritant in tar and creosote or pitch, which can sensitize the
skin to light.
f
Pyridine
Chronic exposure to pyridine has been known to cause liver and kidney
damage. It may cause central nervous system depression and irritation of
the skin and respiratory tract. Large doses may produce gastrointestinal
disturbance.
Phenylhydrazine Hydrochloride
The ingestion or subcutanous injection of phenylhydrazine has been
shown to cause hemolyses of the red blood cells, an effect which has been
utilized in the treatment of polycythemia. Pathological changes seen in
animals exposed to phenylhydrazine hydrochloride include congestion of the
spleen with hyperplasia of the reticuloendothelial system, degeneration
and necrosis of the liver cells with extensive pigmentation, early damage
to the tubules of the kidneys with fatty changes in the critical portion,
V
and hyperplasia of the bone marrow.
The most common effect of occupational exposure is the development of
dermatitis, which in sensitized persons may be quite severe. Systemic
effects include anemia and general weakness, gastrointestinal disturbances
and injury to the kidneys.
216
-------
Other Hazards
In general, these materials will emit highly toxic fumes when heated
to decomposition. The liquids are flammable but most can be handled
2269
with little danger of fire. Solids present only a moderate fire hazard
when exposed to heat and flame.
4. DEFINITION OF ADEQUATE WASTE MANAGEMENT
Handling, Storage and Transportation
All necessary precautions must be taken to guard against health and
fire hazards whenever these materials are handled. Leaking containers
should be removed to the outdoors or to an isolated, well-ventilated area
and promptly attended to by repairing the container or transferring the
contents to a new container. Protective equipment suitable to prevent
workers from coming into contact with these materials should be worn during
handling. Adequate respiratory protection must be supplied in areas of
poor ventilation.
Storage of these materials should be in cool, dry, and well-ventilated
areas, away from acute fire hazards. It may be desirable to prevent liquids
from freezing by storing them in a heated building. Small quantities should
be stored in tightly closed, well labeled, approved containers to avoid
leakage, spillage and careless handling as a result of ignorance of the
contents.
A list of hazardous materials with packing and shipping instructions
n?7R
is found in Code of Federal Regulations, Title 49, parts 100 to 199. °
Disposal/Reuse
Contaminated or degraded materials found to be unusable in a recycling
process must be disposed of in a safe manner, defined in terms of recommended
provisional limits in the environment. These recommended provisional limits
are as follows:
217
-------
Contaminant in Air
Provisional Limits
Basis for Recommendation
Acridine
Aniline
2,4-Dinitroaniline
n-Methylaniline
g-Naphthylamine
Phenylhydrazine HC1
Pyridine
o-Toluidine
0.15 mg/M°
0.05 ppm (0.19
0.06 mg/M3
0.02 ppm (0.09
0 ppm
0.05 ppm (0.22
0.05 ppm (0.15
0.05 ppm (0.22
mg/M3)
mg/M3)
mg/M3)
mg/nr)
mg/M3)
Based on similar compounds
0.01 TLV
Based on similar compounds
0.01 TLV
Carcinogen
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
Contaminant in
Water and Soil
Acridine
Aniline
2,4-Dinitroaniline
n-Methylaniline
e-Naphthylamine
Phenylhydrazine HC1
Pyridine
o-Toluidine
Provisional Limits
0.75 ppm (mg/1)
0.95 ppm (mg/1)
0.30 ppm (mg/1)
0.45 ppm (mg/1)
0 ppm (mg/1)
1.10 ppm (mg/1)
0.75 ppm (mg/1)
1.10 ppm (mg/1)
Basis for Recommendation
Based on similar compounds
Stokinger and Woodward
Method
Based on similar compounds
Stokinger and Woodward
Method
Carcinogen
Stokinger and Woodward
Method
Stokinger and Woodward
Method
Stokinger and Woodward
Method
5. EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Option 1. Recycling of Concentrated Waste
It would be advisable in all cases to first contact the manufacturer
to determine if the material can be recycled. The applicability of this
option depends on the type and extent of contamination or degradation the
material has suffered.
Option 2. Incineration of Concentrated and Dilute Organic Waste
In the event that it becomes necessary to dispose of a significant
quantity of organic waste and purification/recycling is impractical, in-
cineration of the materials is the recommended method of disposal. The
218
-------
material must be incinerated under controlled conditions whereby oxides of
nitrogen are removed from the effluent gas by scrubber, catalytic and/or
1435
thermal devices.
Option 3. Activated Sliidge Treatment of Dilute Aqueous Waste
The ability of activated sludge microorganisms to oxidize aromatic
1044
organic compounds has been demonstrated. Aromatic amines are generally
0534
considered to be biodegradable. In some cases, such as aniline and
o-toluidine, the microorganisms must be acclimated for 24 hours
before oxidation takes place. Additional research in this area is
indicated for individual compounds, particularly for 2,4-dinitroaniline
to assure that the subject waste is completely deactivated by biological
treatment.
Option 4. Activated Carbon Treatment of Dilute Aqueous Waste
The removal of trace organic contaminants from treated waste water
by absorption on activated carbon has been successfully demonstrated.
This method has proven to be particularly effective in the removal of
aromatic nitrogen-containing compounds which are difficult to remove by
conventional biological treatment processes.
6. APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES
Most of the wastes generated by the industries that produce and use the
aromatic nitrogen-containing materials discussed in this report can best be
handled and treated at the site of the generation by the common industrial
methods discussed in Section 5. Since adequate methods are available for
the disposal of these materials and since those methods are currently employed
by most manufacturers, users and industrial waste disposal sites, the aromatic
nitrogen-containing compounds discussed in this report are not judged to be
candidate waste stream constituents for National Disposal Site treatment.
219
-------
The severe hazard associated with beta-naphthylamine deserves special
mention. Although the ease of disposal processing causes this material
not to be recommended as a candidate for National Disposal Site treatment
it must be reiterated that all steps in handling and disposal must be
safeguarded to avoid release to the environment.
-------
7. REFERENCES
0278. Code of Federal Regulations. Title 49 — transportation, parts 100
to 199. (Revised as of January 1, 1972). Washington, U.S.
Government Printing Office, 1972. 891 p.
0314. Jones, H. R. Environmental control in the organic and petrochemical
industries. Park Ridge, New Jersey, Noyes Data Corporation 1971.
257 p.
0766. Sax. N. J. Dangerous properties of industrial materials. 3d ed.
New York, Reinhold Publishing Corp., 1968. 1,251 p.
1044. Marion, C. V. and George W. Maloney. Ability of activated sludge
microorganisms to oxidize aromatic organic compounds. Proceeding
of the 18th Industrial Waste Conference, 1963. Engineering
Bulletin of Purdue University 1963. p 297-308.
1433. Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology. 2d ed. New York,
Interscience Publishers, 1966. 899 p.
1435. John Zink Company. NO destructor. Bulletin No. N0x1071m, Tulsa,
John Zink Company. T p.
1492. The Merck index of chemicals and drugs. 7th ed. Rahway, Merck
Company, Inc. 1960. 1634 p.
1655. Fieser, L. F. and M. Fieser. Organic chemistry. 3d ed. Boston,
D. C. Heath and Company, 1956. 1112 p.
1656. Condon, F. E. and H. Meislich. Introduction to organic chemistry.
New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. 1960. 841 p.
1718. United States Tariff Commission. Synthetic organic chemicals.
United States production and sales, 1970. Washington, U.S.
Government Printing Office, 1972. 262 p.
2269. Manufacturing Chemists' Association, Inc. Chemical safety data
sheet SD-17. Properties and essential information for safe
handling and use of aniline. Revised 1963, Washington,
Manufacturing Chemists' Association, Inc. 14 p.
221
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Aniline (32)
Structural Formula
IUC Name
Common Names Aniline, phenylamine. aminobenzene
aniline oil, aminophen
C6H5NH2
Molecular Wt. 93.12(1^ Melting Pt. 6.2 C^ Boiling Pt. 184.4
Density (Condensed) 1.02^ @ 20/4 C Density (gas)3.22^ _ 9
(to air = 1.0)
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
1mm _ @ 3*C IQrnm 8 70 C^ 9
Flash Point 168 F Autolgnition Temp. 617 C
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower _ Upper_ _
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) LowerJ _ Upper _
" (4)
Solubility 3.9g/100 mlv 6.4g/100 ml
Cold Water soluble^ _ Hot Water soluble*3) Ethanol . soluble*3^
Others: °° in benzene^ , miscible alcohol, benzene, chloroform & most other organic
M \
Acid, Base Properties solvents bas1(. p|( = g 3(4) _
Highly Reactive with oxldizers^ ', solutions of Fe.Zn, Al
Compatible with
Shipped in Tank cars, trucks, drums, bottles
ICC Classification Coast Guard Classification
Comments Colorless, oily liquid^ ', noncorrosive^ '.
^ '
Allied Chemical Corp.: Am. Cvanamiri r.n. • F — I — du Pont da Namgurt i Co., Inc.
First Chem. Corp.; Mobay Chem. Co.; Rubicon Chem.f Inr
References (1) 0766 (5) 1718
(3) 1570
(4) 2269
222
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name 2.4 - dinitroaniline (161)
Structural Formula
IUC Name
Common Names 2,4 - dinitrophenylamine
L6M5W3U4
Molecular Wt. 183.12(1) _ Melting Pt. 187. 5-188 C(1) Boiling Pt..
Density (Condensed) 1.61 @ 14 C(2^ Density (gas) 6-31 _
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 0 (A1r = 1)
(
Flash Point 435 F(C.C.) Auto1gnit1on Temp.
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower Upper_
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. X) Lower Upper
Solubility
Cold Water insoluble ' _ Hot Water very slightly ' Ethanol 18 g/100
Others: soluble in hot
Acid, Base Properties Neutral pk 18.
46
Highly Reactive with Can react with oxidizing materials
(3)-
Compatible with
Shipped in
ICC Classification ; Coast Guard Classification,
Comments Yields toxic materials upon decomposition.
Mfo, ' • American Anil ing nrodurtis: Anipn'can ^vflnjuypH f-n 'a
Southern Dyestuff Co.
References (1) 1492 • (4) 1718
(2) 1570 '
(3) 0766
223
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Monomethylaniline (280)
Structural Formula
IUC Name
(3)
Common Names Methylphenylamine
N - methylaniline(3)
(4)
LD oral rabbits: 280mg/kg
C,H0N
,4
(i) (i)
Molecular Wt. 107.15UJ Melting Pt. -57.0 C Boiling Pt. 195.7 C
Density (Condensed) 0.986 @ 20/4^ Density (gas) 3.7l1^
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 0
1mm (a 36 C(1^ 10mm g 76.2 C^ 40mm
Flash Point Autolgnition Temp._
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower Upper_
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. X) Lower Upper_
Solubility (3) (3)
Cold Water insoluble Hot Water Ethanol soluble
Others: soluble in ethe> , chloroform^3*
Acid, Base Properties
Highly Reactive with Wnen heated to decomposition, it emits highly toxic fumes of aniline.
Compatible with_
Shipped in_
ICC Classification Coast Guard Classification
Comments Sources^: American Cyanamid Co.; E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.. Inc.
References (1) 0766 (5) 1571
(2) 1570
(3) 1492
224
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name 8 " Naphthylamine (286)
IUC Name 2 - aminonaphthalene 2-naphthylamine
Common Names
Structural Formula
C10HgN
Molecular Wt. 143.18
Density (Condensed) 1.061
Melting Pt. 111.5 C
98/4 .cj Density (gas)
1^
Boiling Pt. 306.0 C
(1)
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 0
1 mm Hg @ 108 C
Flash Point
ff
Autolgnltlon Temp._
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) i?) Lower
Combustible with nontoxic residue
Solubility
Cold Water
Upper_
Upper_
Hot Water volatile w/stean
3'
Ethanol soluble
^
Others: soluble in ether v
Acid, Base Properties
Highly Reactive with Very toxic chemical in any of its physical forms.
Repeated absorption may result in bladder tumors/ '
(1)
Compatible with
Shipped in
ICC Classification
Coast Guard Classification
Comments Sources:'4' Wilson Dye & Chemical Dist. Inc.; Wilson Export & Import Corp.
References (1) 0766
(2) 1570
(3)
(4) 1571
225
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Phenylhydrazine Hydrochloride (328)
Structural Formula
IUC Name
Common Names Phenylhydrazine Hydrcchloride
C6H5NHNH2HC1
Molecular Wt. 144.6(1^ Melting Pt. 245 c Boiling Pt._
Density (Condensed) @ Density (gas)
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
Flash Point Autolgnition Temp.
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower Upper
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower Upper
Solubi1ity(3)
Cold Water soluble Hot Water Ethanol soluble
Others:
Acfd, Base Properties
Highly Reactive with_
Compatible with_
Shipped in
ICC Classification 'Coast Guard Classification
(4)
Comments Mfg:v ' Eastern Chemical Corp. .
References (1) 0766
(2) 1492
(3) 1571
226
-------
H. H. Name Pyridine
(2)
IUC Name Azine
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
(364)
Structural Formula
Common Names . CCHCN
Molecular Wt. 79.
Density (Condensed)
Vapor Pressure (recoi
10mm Hg @ 13.
Flash Point 68 F(C.C.
(1) Solidif. (^ M\
10U' Melting Pt. -42 c Boiling Pt. 115-116 C ' g
0.9780 @ 25/4u; Density (gas) 2.73W @
mended 55 C and 20 0
2 C<3) 9 9
) Autoignitlon Temp. 900 F '
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower Upper 1
Explosive Range in Air (wt. %) Lower 1.8 Upper 12..4'3' }
Solubility
Cold Water Misc
Others: Miscible
Acid, Base Properties
Highly Reactive with
can react vigorously
Compatible with
ible' Hot Water Ethanol Miscible1 !
with ether'1', Petr. Ether'1', oils' ' and many other organic solvents' '
, Weak base(1) pKa = 5.19(1) k
|
when heated to decomposition, it emits highly toxic fumes of cyanides'3'
with oxidizing materials. '3J Highly flammable'4) Highly explosive'4^
Highly toxic''4)
Shipped in
.. '. .m - ..... .(3} 1
/2\ lomoustioie liquid' •innanynaoie iiquio
ICC Classification flammable liquid^ coast Guard Classification
Comments Sources' ':
Ore & Ferro Corp. ; S
4. T. Baker Chemical Co.: Corco Chemical Corp.: Koppers Co.. Inc.;
.S.T. Corp. George UHE Co., Inc.;
References (1) 1492
(2) 1570
(2) 0766
(5) 1571
227
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name o-toluidine (435)
,,, Structural Formula
IUC Name 2-aminotoluene
Common Names 2-methylaniline
(1) a- -23-7 c (1)
Molecular Wt. 107.16\ ' Melting Pt. 8. -14.7 C Boiling Pt. 200.23 Cv
Density (Condensed) 0.9984^) @ 20/4 Density (gas) 9
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 Q
1mm p 44 C(3) 0
Flash Point 87 c Autplgnition Temp.900 F(
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower Upper_
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower Upper_
Solubility1
Cold Water si. sol. ^ Hot Water Ethanol.
Others: Ether («-). CCl^ (°°)
Acid, Base Properties basic
Highly Reactive with Oxidizing agents
(4)
Compatible with
Shipped in_
ICC Classification Coast Guard Class1f1cat1on_
Comments °Ve Manufacture^2', MAC:5 ppm in air'3', Supplier: DuPont^
References (1) 1570 (4) 1569
(2) 1492 (5) 1571
(3) 0766
228
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Acridine
IUC Name
(464)
Structural Formula
Common Names Acridine; 2,3.5,6-dibenzopyridine
10-azaanthracene
(i);
C13HgN
Molecular Wt. 179.21
(2)
Melting Pt. 110 C
(1)
-(1)
Boiling Pt. 346C
(1)
Density (Condensed) 1.1005 @19.7/4CV'; Density (gas)_
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
1 mm
G> 129.4 C
(2)
lOrm
0 184.0
40mm
0 224.2 C
(3)
Flash Point
_ Autolgnltlon Temp.
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower _
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower _
Upper_
Upper
Solubility
Cold Water
Hot Water slightly soluble Ethanol soluble
Others: ether, benzene, CS-
Acid, Base Properties Weak base
(1)
Highly Reactive with Volatile with steam
Compatible with_
Shipped 1n_
ICC Classification
Gormen ts
Coast Guard Classification
References (1) 1492
(2) 0766
(3) 1570
229
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PROFILE REPORT
Benzene Sulfom'c Acid (56)
Manufacture
Commercial methods of producing benzene sulfonic acid include those
based on using sulfuric acid, oleum, or sulfur trioxide as sulfonating
agents. Benzene is added either as a liquid or as a vapor (in excess) —
the latter makes for a better acid economy. There are also processes
which use a combination of these two types of hydrocarbon feed. Procedures
of fairly recent origin use sulfur trioxide dissolved in sulfur dioxide
(or other solvents) as a sulfonating agent and elevated temperature and
pressure to increase the reaction rate and to reduce the acid consumption.
Processes can be of either the batch or continuous type, though major
1433
manufacturers in this country use continuous methods.
C6H6 + H2S04 > C6H5S03H + H20
Uses
The main use of benzene sulfonic acid is in the production of phenol.
A secondary use is in the production of resorcinol. Small amounts are
used in the production of benzenesulfonyl chloride and other derivatives
which serve as starting materials in various organic syntheses. Minor
amounts are used as catalysts in condensation, dehydration and esterification
14T3
reactions.
Physical and Chemical Properties
The physical and chemical properties of the compound discussed in
this report are included in the attached worksheet.
231
-------
2. TOXICITY0766'1433
Benzene sulfonic acid is a very strong acid and as a consequence,
causes acute local irritation when exposed to the skin, ingested or inhaled.
Further details are unknown, except that animal experiments indicate
moderate systemic toxicity and high irritation.
No Threshold Limit Value (TLV) has been established, however, it has
been estimated to be 5.0 mg/K (based on similar compounds).
3. OTHER HAZARDS
Since benzene sulfonic acid is a very strong acid, similar in many
respects to sulfuric acid, dry material or aqueous solutions should not
be stored or used in containers readily attacked by acid.
4. DEFINITION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Handling, Storage and Transportation
Benzene sulfonic acid is an acute local irritant to the skin, eyes
and respiratory passages. The presence of moisture enhances this effect.
For that reason, it should be handled in a well-ventilated area and
protective clothing and respirators are recommended Where dusting is a
severe problem. In case of accidental contact, all contaminated clothing
should be removed instantly and the skin washed thoroughly with soap
and water.0766
Benzene sulfonic acid should be stored in a cool, dry, well-
ventilated area. Opened containers should be carefully re-sealed.
Containers should be checked frequently for corrosion and stock should
be rotated.0766
Disposal
Dilute waste streams of benzene sulfonic acid are produced in its
manufacture and when it is used as a raw material in the production of
phenol. However, the benzene sulfonic acid is mixed with much higher
concentrations of sulfuric acid in the manufacturing wastes and with
phenolic and sodium sulfate wastes from the manufacture of phenol. These
are best treated by methods discussed in the Profile Reports dealing with
sulfuric acid, sodium sulfate and phenol.
232
-------
The benzene sulfonic acid content of aqueous waste streams Is reduced
by treatment with lime which results in a precipitate of calcium benzene
sulfonate. The benzene sulfonic acid content of the water is still 0.1 to
0.2 g/1 which may be too high for disposal of large quantities. The
1543
remaining acid content can be reduced by biological treatment.
Recommended provisional limits for benzene sulfonic acid in the environ-
ment are as follows:
Contaminant and
Environment
Benzene sulfonic
acid in air
Benzene sulfonic
acid in water
and soil
Provisional Limit
0.05 mg/M3
0.25 ppm (mg/1)
Basis for
Recommendation
Based on similar
compounds.
Based on similar
compounds.
5. EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Option No. 1 - Treatment of Aqueous
Waste Streams with Lime
The benzene sulfonic acid level of aqueous waste streams can be re-
duced to less than 0.5 percent by treatment with lime. This effluent can
be discharged directly into the municipal sewer system provided that the
total daily discharge does not overload the sewage treatment plant. If
this occurs, treatment as outlined in Option No. 2 is necessary. Calcium
benzene sulfonate is an intermediate in the production of benzene sulfonic
acid and can be reprocessed or buried in an approved California Class I-
type landfill.
233
-------
Option No. 2 - Reduction in Concentration by
Biological and Chemical Degradation
In those cases where the total quantity of benzene sulfonic acid can
not be handled by the local waste water treatment plant, benzene sulfonic
acid can easily be degraded biologically and chemically on site by conven-
tional waste water treatment methods. Depending on whether or not the
treatment is partial or complete, the waste water can be discharged either
into the sewer or the storm drain.
Option No. 3 - Incineration
Badly contaminated bulk material that cannot be reclaimed, can be
disposed of by incineration. This method of disposal will require the use
of an S02 scrubber on the incineration unit.
Option No. 4 - Landfill of
Calcium Benzene Sulfonate
Disposal of benzene sulfonic acid can be accomplished by mixing it with
a slurry of lime to form unsoluble calcium benzene sulfonate. The resulting
solid has a small but significant solubility, making it readily mobile in
underground water. Thus, landfill disposal represents a long-term threat
to underground water supplies and must be considered much less acceptable
than Option No. 3 (incineration). Option No. 4 is acceptable only when
landfill sites are totally isolated from ground and surface water and thus
meet the requirements of California Class I-type landfills.
6. APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES
Benzene sulfonic acid is not a candidate waste stream constituent for
National Disposal Sites since it can be treated adequately at the sources
of generation. Furthermore, treatment methods employed represent common
industrial techniques.
-------
7. REFERENCES
0766. Sax, N. I. Dangerous properties of industrial materials. 3d ed.
New York, Reinhold Publishing Corporation, 1968. 1,251 p.
1433. Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology. 3d ed. 22 v. and
suppl. New York, Interscience Publishers, 1966.
1543. Ludzack, F. J., and M. B. Ettinger. Chemical structures resistant to
aerobic chemical stabilization. Journal Water Pollution Control
Federation. 32(11):1.173-1.200. Nov. 1960.
235
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Benzene sulfonic acid (56)
Structural Formula
IUC Name benzene sulfonic acid
Common Names
S03H
45 C. (hydrate)
Molecular Wt. 158.18 _ Melting Pt. 50 c(2> _ Boiling Pt..
Density (Condensed) _ @ __ Density (gas) _ __@ _
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 0
Flash Point _ Autoignitlon Temp. _
Flanmability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower _ Upper
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower _ Upper
Solubility cni.-hiJ2)
M) (1} soluble* /,»
Cold Water soluble^' Hot Water solub1evu Ethanol insoluble1'^
Others: slightly soluble benzene;1' .insoluble in carbon disulphldej1' insoluble ether^2'
-1 (2)
Acid, Base Properties K(25 C) = 2 x 10 ..very strong acid
Highly Reactive with_
Compatible with
Shipped in_
ICC Classification Coast Guard Classification
Comments used in manufacture of phenol by fusion with NaOH
References (1) 1570
(2) 1492
(3) 0766
236
-------
PROFILE REPORT
Benzyl Chloride (58)
1. GENERAL
Benzyl chloride is a colorless, highly refractive liquid with a very
pungent aromatic odor. Its vapors are irritating to the eyes and mucous
membranes, and it is classified as a powerful lacrimator. Benzyl chloride
is insoluble in cold water, but decomposes in hot water to give benzyl
alcohol.1433
Benzyl chloride may be commercially produced by several methods. The
principal method consists of chlorinating boiling toluene in the absence
of light. The reaction mixture is agitated with mild alkali and distilled.
It can also be produced in a continuous manner by mixing toluene and
chlorine in the vapor phase.
Commercial facilities for the manufacture of benzyl chloride are oper-
ated by Hooker Chemical Company,1815 Stauffer Chemical Company»
Tenneco Chemicals Incorporated, and Velsicol Chemical Corporation.
2. TOXICOLOGY1495
Benzyl chloride is an irritant in both its liquid and vapor form. On
contact with the skin it can cause redness and irritation. The warning
properties of benzyl chloride are tears and coughing which generally result
after exposure to concentrations of approximately 16 ppm. After severe
vapor exposure, pulmonary edema may occur.
Benzyl chloride, if allowed to remain on the skin, will produce severe
irritation comparable to a first degree burn. Contact with the eyes will
produce severe immediate damage which may result in loss of sight. Re-
peated exposure to the vapor can cause tears and burning of the eyes as
well as coughing.
237
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3. OTHER HAZARDS1495
^fc
Benzyl chloride presents a moderate fire hazard [flash point i5*153 F
(c.c.)] and should not be handled at temperatures near its flash point unless
it is in a closed system free of air or oxygen.
Unstabilized benzyl chloride readily undergoes a Friedel-Crafts type
condensation reaction in the presence of copper, aluminum, iron, zinc,
magnesium, tin and various other metals which act as catalysts. The heat
and hydrogen chloride which are liberated, further accelerate the reaction
and may result in the extremely rapid build-up of dangerous pressures in
closed vessels. Stabilized benzyl chloride will also undergo the condensa-
tion reaction if the aqueous sodium carbonate stabilizing solution becomes
exhausted.
4. DEFINITION OF ADEQUATE WASTE MANAGEMENT
Handling, Storage, and Transportation
Benzyl chloride is classified by the Interstate Commerce Commission
as a corrosive liquid. As such it must be packed in ICC specified con-
tainers when shipped by rail, water or highway and all of the ICC regula-
fl?7R
tions regarding loading, handling, and labeling must be followed.
Employees handling containers of benzyl chloride should wear personal
protective equipment such as chemical safety goggles, gloves and for best
protection, clothing made of rubber or other impervious materials to pro-
tect the body against splashes.
Persons exposed to concentrations of benzyl chloride vapor above recom-
mended limits should be provided with proper respiratory protection. 5
Stabilized benzyl chloride should never be bulk stored because of its
reactive and corrosive nature. It is suggested that this material be stored
in the steel drums in which it is shipped and used as soon as possible.
238
-------
Anhydrous benzyl chloride may be stored for slightly longer periods
than the stabilized form. Although it is usually stored in its nickel and
glass shipping containers, it may be bulk stored. The material should be
protected from water at all times.
Disposal/Reuse
A definition of acceptable criteria for the disposal of benzyl chloride
must also take into account acceptable criteria for the release of hydrogen
chloride and hydrochloric acid to the environment, since recommended dis-
posal methods involve some processes that reduce the benzyl chloride to
these materials.
Current techniques utilize incineration and land burial. The recom-
mended provisional limits for benzyl chloride and hydrogen chloride in the
environment are as follows:
Contaminant and Basis of
Environment Provisional Limits Recommendation
Benzyl chloride in air 0.01 ppm (0.05 mg/M3) 0.01 TLV
3
Hydrogen chloride in 0.05 ppm (0.07 mg/M ) 0.01 TLV
air
Hydrochloric acid in 0.05 ppm (0.02 mg/M3) 0.01 TLV
air
Benzyl chloride in 0.25 ppm (mg/1) Stokinger and
water and soil Woodward Method
•
5. EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Benzyl chloride is expected to appear primarily as dilute aqueous and
organic waste streams and occasionally as concentrated waste. The process-
ing options are briefly described in the following paragraphs together with
recommendations as to their adequacy.
239
-------
Concentrated Benzyl Chloride
In the event it becomes necessary to dispose of a. significant quantity
of concentrated benzyl chloride, two disposal options are available. The
first option is to incinerate the material. It is expected that a liquid
combustor followed by secondary combustion and aqueous or caustic scrubbing
would be an acceptable disposal method. Primary combustion should be carried
out at a minimum of 1,500 F for at least 0.5 seconds with secondary com-
bustion at a minimum temperature of 2,200 F for at least 1.0 second. The
abatement problem may be simplified by insuring against elemental chlorine
formation through injection of steam or methane into the combustion process.
This is an adequate means of disposal. The second option, is adding
solid sodium carbonate or solid lime to the concentrated benzyl chloride and
then burying the material in an approved California Class I type landfill.
Concentrated benzyl chloride should not be washed down the drain or burned
in open pits.
Dilute Aqueous Waste
Benzyl chloride is insoluble in cold water, but decomposes in hot water
to give benzyl alcohol. It can also be reacted with caustic to form the
alcohol. It is recommended that aqueous waste containing benzyl chloride
be converted to the alcohol and then be subjected to secondary treatment with
activated sludge.
Dilute Organic Waste
Dilute organic waste containing benzyl chloride can be adequately dis-
posed of by incineration with proper scrubbing of the effluent gas to remove
hydrogen chloride.
240
-------
6. APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES
Benzyl chloride is expected to appear primarily as dilute organic waste
and to a much lesser degree as dilute aqueous waste and concentrated waste.
It is anticipated that facilities for handling the disposal of these wastes
will be located at the manufacturing sites or at industrial disposal faci-
lities since the disposal techniques represent common industrial technology.
This material is not judged to be a candidate waste stream constituent for
National Disposal Sites.
241
-------
7. REFERENCES
1433. Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology. 2d ed. 22v. and suppl
New Yorks Intersciences Publishers, 1963.
1495. Manufacturing Chemists Association. Properties and essential
information for safe handling and use of benzyl chloride. Safety
data sheet SD-69. Washington, 1957. 15 p.
1571. Schnell Publishing Company, Inc. 1971-72 OPD chemical buyers guide.
59th ed. New York, 1971. 1,584 p.
1815. Personal communication. J. F. Henry, J. F. Henry Chemical Company
Inc., to W. P. Kendrick, TRW Systems, June 8, 1972.
1816. Personal communication. H. McClure, Velsicol Chemical Corporation,
to W. P. Kendrick, TRW Systems, June 8, 1972.
-------
HAZARDOUS HASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET #58
H. M. Name Benzyl Chloride (58)
IUC Name
Common Names alpha-chlorotoluene3^
Structural Formula
Molecular Wt(^ 126.58
Melting Pt(^-43 C
Boiling Pt.(1)179 C
Density (Condensed) 1.1026 @ 18/4 C' Density (gas) 4.36]) 9 air
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
1 mm
22
5 mm
9 47.8
Flash Point 140
165
(cc) fr^f.
(o.c.) F
Flamiability Limits In Air (wt %)
Explosive Limits In Air (vol %}
Solubility
Cold Water 0.0033%
Others:
Autoignltlon Temp. 1161
Lower
Lowar 1.1 (In ain
10 mm
8 60.i
Upper.
Upper.
Hot Water Hydrolyzes
Ethanol
Acid, Base Properties Form
Highly Reactive with Unless stabilized with sodium carbonate solution this compound undergoes
a Friedel-Crafts type condensation w/HCl liberation!3)
Compatible with Glass3! nickel3l earthenware3^
Shipped in Glass and earthenware containers, drums, tank trucks and tank cars )
ICC Classification Corrosive liquid Coast Guard Classification
Comments Mfg. by: Hooker Chemical Co. { Stauffer Chemical Co. { Tenneco Chemicals
Inrnrnnratort • anH Uolcirnl Phamiral rni-J>''
References (1) 766
(2) 1433
(3) 1495
(4) 1815
(5) 1571
(6) 1816
243
-------
PROFILE REPORT
Butyl Phenol (78). Carbolic Acids (Phenol) (97.327). Cresol (Cresylic Acid)
(124.125). Ethyl Phenol (196). Nonyl Phenol (314), Xylenol (452).
Piethylstibestrol (492)
1. GENERAL
Introduction
The materials treated in this report belong to the class of organic
chemicals called phenols. They are distinguished by the presence of at
least one hydroxyl (-OH) group, attached directly to a benzene ring. They
have been grouped for discussion because of the similarities in their chem-
ical behavior and in the applicable methods for their disposal.
Manufacture and Use
Several of these phenolic materials comprise mixtures of isomeric
compounds obtained from natural sources. For example, cresol, synonymous
with cresylic acid, is a mixture of the three isomeric, monomethyl phenols
1492
obtained by the distillation of coal tar. It has an unpleasant
phenolic odor and may range in color from almost colorless to dark brown,
depending on age, exposure to light and original purity. Cresol is used
as an intermediate in the manufacture of synthetic resins and as a local
1492
antiseptic and disinfectant.
The six xylenol isomers are also derived from coal tar by
distillation and are sometimes constituents of "cresylic acid." They
are used in the preparation of disinfectants and synthetic resins.
Butyl, ethyl and nonyl phenol are manufactured by alkylation of
phenol with the appropriate olefin in the presence of an acid catalyst.
These sterically hindered phenols are used as antioxidants and as
1433
intermediates in the manufacture of antioxidants and synthetic resins.
245
-------
Phenol, at one time obtained principally from natural sources, is now
prepared by a number of synthetic processes. The major portion of the
phenol manufactured in this country is produced by the cumene peroxidation
process and by alkaline hydrolysis of chlorobenzene. The preparation of
phenolic resins consumes 50 percent of the phenol used. The rest of the
production is employed in the synthesis of monomers for other resins (e.g.,
caprolactam, bisphenol-A and adipic acid) and of other commodities.
There are a number of possible synthetic routes to diethylstilbestrol
using a variety of starting materials. It is used in estrogenic hormone
therapy in humans, as an aid to increase weight gain in cattle, sheep and
1492
pigs, and as a caponization agent for poultry.
Physical and Chemical Properties
The physical and chemical properties of the compounds discussed in
this report are included in the attached worksheets.
2. TOXICOLOGY0766'1492'2351
All of the phenolic compounds discussed in this report, with the
exception of diethylstilbestrol, have toxicological effects which are
similar to those of phenol itself. The principal effect is on the central
nervous system, manifested by headache, dizziness and muscular weakness
followed, in acute cases, by loss of consciousness, collapse and death.
Solid and liquid phenols have a corrosive effect on body tissues and
fatal doses are readily absorbed through the skin. The severity of the
toxicity and corrosiveness of the substituted phenols varies with the nature
of the substitution, but it is generally less extreme than that of the
unsubstituted material.
Diethylstilbestrol is less corrosive to body tissues than the other
materials treated in this report. When employed in hormone therapy it
has shown such side effects as gastrointestinal upset, dizziness,
menstrual disturbances and headache. Its use has been associated with
246
-------
cell damage and is therefore contraindicated during pregnacy and lactation.
There has been a great deal of concern recently with birth defects possibly
caused by ingestion of meat containing trace amounts of diethylstilbestrol
used to fatten cattle. This possibility is now under intensive investi-
gation and the future use of diethylstilbestrol as a feed additive is in
question.
3. OTHER HAZARDS0766
All of these phenols are considered slight fire hazards when exposed
to heat or flame. However,they must be considered as moderately dangerous
because of the toxic fumes emitted when they are heated to decomposition.
4. DEFINITION OF ADEQUATE WASTE MANAGEMENT
Handling, Stroage and Transportation
1 The most important considerations with regard to the handling, storage
and transportation of these materials are provisions for adequate ventilation
in work areas and stringent fire prevention procedures. Personnel handling
these phenols must be supplied with protective clothing to prevent skin and
2351
eye contact.
Disposal/Reuse
Material which is contaminated in such a manner as to preclude its pro-
cessing for reuse may be disposed of by any process whose environmental
impact is less than the provisional limits given below:
Contaminant Provisional Limit Basis for
* in Air ppm mg/M^ Recommendation
Phenol (carbolic acid) 0.05 0.19 0.01 TLV
Cresol (cresylic acid) 0.05 0.19 0.01 TLV
Ethyl Phenol - 0.19 Based on similar
compounds
-------
Contaminant
in Air
Butyl Phenol
Nonyl Phenol
Diethylstilbestrol
Xylenol
Contaminant in
Water and Soil
Phenol (carbolic acid)
Cresol (cresylic acid)
Ethyl Phenol
Butyl Phenol
Nonyl Phenol
Diethylstilbestrol
Xylenol
Provisional Limit
ppm mg/M3
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
Provisional Limit
ppm or mg/1
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
Basis for
Recommendation
Based on similar
compounds
Based on similar
compounds
Based on similar
compounds
Based on similar
compounds
Basis for
Recommendation
Drinking Water
Standards
Drinking Water
Standards
Based on similar
compounds
Based on similar
compounds
Based on similar
compounds
Based on similar
compounds
Based on similar
compounds
5. EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Option No. 1 - Biological Treatment of Aqueous Wastes
Phenolic compounds, with few exceptions, have been found to show very
1543
little resistance to acclimated microorganisms. The use of biological
treatment processes, particularly activated sludge, is a recommended method
for the disposal of aqueous wastes containing these materials and of
concentrated phenolic wastes after they have been extensively diluted
with water.
248
-------
Option No. 2 - Incineration
Controlled incineration of phenolic wastes is a currently used and is an
acceptable method for the disposal of organic and aqueous waste containing
these materials.
6. APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES
Wastes containing the materials discussed in this report may be pro-
perly disposed of by incineration or biological treatment, provided that
no other contaminants are present which preclude the use of those methods.
Since the equipment necessary for the implementation of these processes
are commonly available at municipal and industrial facilities, these
materials are not judged to be candidate waste stream constituents requir-
ing National Disposal Site treatment.
249
-------
7. REFERENCES
0285 Lund, H.F., ed_. Industrial pollution control handbook. New York,
McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1971. 843 p.
0766 Sax, I.R., Dangerous properties of industrial materials. 3d ed.
New York, Reinhold Publishing Corporation, 1968. 1,251 p.
1433 Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology. 3d ed. 22 V.
New York, Interscience Publishers, 1966.
1492 The Merck i-ndex of chemicals and drugs. 7th ed. Rahway, New Jersey,
Merck Company, Inc., 1960. 1,634 p.
1506 Oil, paint and drug reported profiles. New York, Schnell Publishing
Company, Inc., 1970. ,
1543 Ludzack, P.O., M.B. Ettinger. Chemical structures resistant to
aerobic chemical stabilization. Journal Water Pollution Control
Federation. 32(11):1173-1200, Nov. 1960.
1570 Weast, R.C., ed_. Handbook of chemistry and physics. 48th ed.
Cleveland, Ohio, Chemical Rubber Company, 1969. 2,100 p.
1571 Schnell Publishing Company. 1971-72 OPD chemical buyers guide.
1971. 1584 p.
2351 Baskin, A.D., ed. Handling guide for potentially hazardous
commodities. Chicago, Railway Systems and Management Association,
1972.
250
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Butyl Phenol (78)
IUC Name 4-t.-butylphenol
Common Names j)-,t.-buty1 phenol, butylphen
Structural Formula
C4H9C6H4OH
Molecular Wt. 150.21
(1)
Melting Pt. 98 C
(1)
Density (Condensed) 0.9081 @ 114/4 C Density (gas) 5.1
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
(2)
T2)
Boiling Pt. 237 C
o:
1 mm
70 Cv
Flash Point
Autoignition Temp.
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower_
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower
Upper_
Upper_
Solubility
Cold Water insoluble
Others: ether
(1)
Hot Water
Ethanol soluble
Acid, Base Properties
weak acid
Highly Reactive with
Compatible with_
Shipped in_
ICC Classification
Coast Guard Classification
Comments volatile with steam/2). Sources^3': CPS Chemical Co.. Fallek Products Co..
Prndnrtnl Chemical Co. :
References (1) 1492
(2) 0766
(3) 1571
251
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Ethvl Phenol (196)
IUC Name l-ethvl-2-hvdroxvbenzene
Common Names 2-ethvlphenol. o-ethvlphenol. phlorol
Structural Formula
C2H5C6H4OH
Molecular Wt. 122.17
Melting Pt. <-]8 C
Boiling Pt. 207
Density (Condensed) 1.Q371
@ PC
Density (gas)_
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
10 mm @ 84.1 C
Flash Point
Autoignition Temp._
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower_
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower
Upper_
Upper_
Solubility
Cold Water slightly soluble^ Hot Water_
Others: ether, acetone, benzene
Acid, Base Properties weak acid
Ethanol soluble
Highly Reactive with
Compatible with
Shipped in
ICC Classification_
Comments
Coast Guard Classification
References (1) 1570
252
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Nonyl Phenol (314)
IUC Name
Common Names g.-nonyl phenol
Structural Formula
CgH19C6H4OH
Molecular Wt. 220.34
Melting Pt.
Density (Condensed) 0.949 @ 20/4 C Density (gas) 7.59
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
(3 @
(1)
Boiling Pt. 290-301 C
(1)
Flash Point 300 F (T.O.C.)u; Autoignition Temp.
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower
Upper_
Upper_
Hot Water
Solubility
Cold Water very slight^
v
Others: benzene, chlorinated solvents, heptane
Acid, Base Properties
Ethanol soluble
Highly Reactive with_
Compatible with_
Shipped in_
ICC Classification
Coast Guard Classification
Comments Sources* ': Fallek Chemical Corp., ICI American Inc., Jefferson Chemical Co.,
Prnductol Ehpiirical fo., Rnhm and Mass Tn. , Stepan Chemical Co..
References (1) 0766
(2) 1492
(3) 1571
253
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Xvlenol (452)
IUC Name 2.3-dimethylphenol
Common Names vos-Q-xylenol
Structural Formula
OH
CH3
CH3
Molecular Wt. 122.16
Melting Pt. 75 C
(1)
Boiling Pt. 218 C
(1)
Density (Condensed)
Density (gas)_
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
Flash Point
Autoignition Temp._
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower_
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower
Upper_
Upper_
Solubility
Cold Water slightly soluble^ Hot Water_
Others: chloroform, ether, benzene
Acid, Base Properties
Ethanol soluble
Highly Reactive with_
Compatible with
Shipped in_
ICC Classification_
Comments
Coast Guard Classification
References (1) 1492
254
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. H. Name XylPnnl (452)
IUC Name 2.4-dimethylphenol
Common Names as-m-xylenol
Structural Formula
Molecular Wt. 122.16
Density (Condensed)
Meltjng Pt. 25.4-26
Density (gas)
Boiling Pt.211.5
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
Flash Point
Autoignition Temp.
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %)
Lower
Upper_
Upper_
Solubility
Cold Water slightly soluble^ Hot Water_
Others: chloroform, ether, benzene
Acid, Base Properties
Highly Reactive with_
Compatible with_
Shipped in
ICC Classification
Coast Guard Classification
Commen ts Sources^ ' : Aceto Chemical Co.. Profuctol Chemical Co.
References (1) 1492
(2) 1571
255
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Xylenol (452)
IUC Name 2.5-dimethyl phenol
Common Names g-xylenol
Molecular Wt. 122.16
Density (Condensed)_
(1)
Melting Pt. 74.5 C
Density (gas)_
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
Structural Formula
qn
CH.
CH.
Boiling Pt. 211.5 C
(1)
Flash Point
Autoignition Temp._
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower_
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower
Upper_
Upper_
Solubility
Cold Water slightly soluble^ Hot Water_
Others: chloroform, ether, benzene
Acid, Base Properties
Ethanol soluble
Highly Reactive
Compatible with_
Shipped in_
ICC Classification
Coast Guard Classification
.(2).
Comments Sourcesv ' : M.W. Hardy & Co.. Productol Chemical Co.
References (1) 1492
(2) 1571
256
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Xylenol
(452)
IUC Name 2.6-dimethyl phenol
Common Names vlc-m-xvlenol
Structural Formula
CH.
CH-
Molecular Wt. 122.16
Melting Pt. 49 C
(1)
Boiling Pt. 203 C
(1)
Density (Condensed)
Density (gas)_
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
Flash Point
Autolgnition Temp.
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower_
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower
Upper_
Upper_
Solubility
(1)
Cold Water slightly soluble*1' Hot Water
Others: chloroform, ether, benzene
Acid, Base Properties
Ethanol soluble
Highly Reactive with
Compatible with
Shipped in
ICC Classification
Coast Guard Classification
Comments Source1 ': M.W. Hardy & Co.
References (1) '1492
^ 1571
257
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. H. Name Xylenol
IUC Name 3,4-dimethylphenol
Common Names aj-g-xylenol
Structural Formula
Molecular Wt. 122.16
Melting Pt. 62.5
Boiling Pt. 225
Density (Condensed) _^ @
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
Density (gas)
Flash Point
Autoignition Temp.
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower_
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower_
Upper
Upper
Solubility
(1)
Cold Water slightly soluble^ ' Hot Water
Others: chloroform, ether^ benzene
Acid, Base Properties . . ...
Ethanolsoluble
Highly Reactive wi
Compatible with
Shipped in
ICC Classification
Coast Guard Classification
,(2).
Comments Sources .• M.W. Hardy & Co.. Koppers Co.. Productol Chemical Co.
References (1) 1492
(2) 1571
2.58
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. H. Name Xylenol
Structural Formula
IUC Name 3.5-dimethylphenol
Common Names s^m-ni-xylenol
OH
Molecular Wt. 122.16 Melting Pt. 64 C^ Boiling Pt. 219.5
Density (Condensed) & Density (gas) &
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Diethylstilbestrol (492)
IUC Name 4,4'-dihydroxy-g,B-diethy1stilbene
Common Names stilbestrol
Structural Formula
Molecular Wt. 268.34
Density (Condensed)
@
Melting Pt. 169-172
Density (gas)
Boiling Pt.
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
Flash Point
Autoignition Temp.
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower
Upper_
Upper_
Solubility
Cold Water almost insoluble^
Hot Water
Ethanol soluble
Others: ether, chloroform, fatty oils, dilute hydroxides
Acid, Base Properties _ neutrar '
^
Highly Reactive with_
Compatible with_
Shipped in_
ICC Classification
Coast Guard Classification
(2)
'
Comments Sources ': Abbott Laboratories. American Roland Corp.. Chemetron Corp.
Dp<;mn f.hemical Corp.
References (1) 1492
(2) 1571
260
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Creso]. Cresvlic Acid (124,125)
IUC Name
Common Names cresylol. tricresol
Structural Formula
CH3C6H4OH
Molecular Wt. 108.1 Melting Pt. 10.9-35.5 C^ ' Boiling Pt. 191-203
Density (Condensed) 1.030-1.038 @ 25/25 C^ Density (gas)- 3.72^ &
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
1 mm
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Carbolic Acid. Phenol (97,327)
Structural Formula
IUC Name phenol
Common Names phenic acid, phenyllc acid
C,HCOH
b b
Molecular Wt. 94.11 • Melting Pt. 40.6 c^ Boiling Pt. 181.9 C^
Density (Condensed) 1.072^' @ __ Density (gas) 3.24^ @ __ .
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
_ 1 mm @ 40.1 C^
Flash Point 175 F (C.C.T1^ Autoignition Temp. 1319 F^
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower _ Upper__
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower^ _ Upper
Solubility
Cold Water 1 g in 15 ml^ _ Hot Water _ ,-,— — Ethanol soluble
Others: chloroform, ether, glycerol. carbon disulfide^2'
(2)
Acid, Base Properties acidx ' _
Highly Reactive with oxidizing materials
(1)
Compatible with_
Shipped in
ICC Classification Poison B^ _ Coast Guard Classification Poison
Comments Sources^ ': Allied Chemical Corp.. Browning Chemical Corp., Dow Chemical Co.
many othprs. •—-—: :
References (1) 0766
(2) 1492
(3) 1571
262
-------
PROFILE REPORT
Butyl Mercaptan (77). Ethyl Mercaptan (192), Methyl Mercaptan (272)
1. GENERAL
Mercaptans (thiols) are sulfur-containing organic compounds analogous
in structure to alcohols and phenols with the hydroxyl oxygen replaced by
a sulfur atom (-SH). Their physical and chemical properties, however, are
often strikingly different than those of their oxygen analogs. The
volatile mercaptans have an extremely disagreeable odor; e.g., as little
as one volume of ethyl mercaptan in 60 billion volumes of air can be de-
tected by the nose. The obnoxious odor of mercaptans decreases with in-
creasing molecular weight. Like hydrogen sulfide, the lower molecular
weight mercaptans are toxic.
The isomeric butyl mercaptans (normal, secondary and tertiary) are
1492
mobile liquids having a very disagreeable heavy skunk-like odor. They
are classified as moderately, toxic as well as moderate fire hazards. All
emit highly toxic fumes when heated to decomposition or on contact with
acid or acid fumes. Ethyl mercaptan is a colorless liquid having a
1492
penetrating leek-like odor. It is considered less toxic than butyl
mercaptan but is still a moderate toxic hazard. Methyl mercaptan is
1492
a flammable gas having an odor of rotten cabbage. It is less toxic
than butyl but more so than ethyl mercaptan.
The major industrial processes for the manufacture of alkanethiols
(aliphatic mercaptans) employ the reaction of hydrogen sulfide with olefins
or with alcohols. Reaction of hydrogen sulfide with a tertiary olefin in
the presence of an acidic catalyst results in a tertiary alkanethiol.
263
-------
Ethyl and butyl mercaptan are used as intermediates in the manufacture
of various agricultural chemicals. Methyl mercaptan is used in the first
step of a commercial synthesis of methionine, an ami no acid feed supple-
ment.1433
Commercial facilities for the manufacture of n-butyl and ethyl mer-
captan are operated by Pennwalt Corporation and Phillips Petroleum Company.
Phillips Petroleum Company also manufactures sec- and tert- butyl mercaptan.
Methyl mercaptan is manufactured by Air Products & Chemical Inc. and Pennwalt
Corporation. Physical/chemical properties are summarized in the attached
worksheets.
2. TOXICOLOGY
Butyl Mercaptan
The butyl mercaptans are moderately toxic when ingested, inhaled or
come in contact with the skin. The maximum allowable concentration (MAC)
for n-butyl mercaptan is 10 ppm for 8-hr exposure. The compound is
only slightly toxic but its revolting odor may cause nausea. It may be
1492
narcotic in high concentrations.
Ethyl Mercaptan
Ethyl mercaptan is moderately toxic when ingested, inhaled or comes
in contact with the skin. The MAC for ethyl mercaptan is 250 ppm for an
8-hr exposure. I
mercaptan poisoning.
Methyl Mercaptan
8-hr exposure. Headache, nausea and irritability are signs of ethyl
Methyl mercaptan is moderately toxic when ingested, inhaled or comes
in contact with the skin. The MAC for methyl mercaptan is 50 ppm for an
8-hr exposure. It is somewhat similar to but less severe than the to;
effects of hydrogen sulfide. It is recommended that the Manufacturing
264
-------
Chemists Association (MCA) Bulletin on hydrogen sulfide, SD36, be read
before handling this material.
3. HEALTH AND SAFETY FACTORS0766'1492
All the subject mercaptans are flammable, with ethyl mercaptan having
known explosive li
-------
Disposal/Reuse
A definition of acceptable criteria for the disposal of mercaptans
must also take into account acceptable criteria for the release of sulfur
dioxide and hydrogen sulfide to the environment since current practice in
mercaptan disposal usually involves processing the mercaptans to hydrogen
sulfide and/or sulfur dioxide. Provisional limits for mercaptans, h^S and
S02 in effluent streams released to the environment from'mercaptan waste
disposal processes are as follows:
Contaminant in Air
Butyl mercaptan
Provisional Limits
0.005 ppm (0.01 mg/M3)
Basis for
Recommendation
0.01 TLV
Ethyl mercaptan
0.005 ppm (0.01 mg/M3)
0.01 TLV
Methyl mercaptan
0.005 ppm (0.01 mg/M3)
0.01 TLV
hLS released to the
afr outside the
boundaries of the
processing plant.
HLS released to the
afr inside the
boundaries of the
processing plant.
SOp released to air
from tall processing
stack.
Contaminant in
Hater and Soil
Butyl mercaptan
Ethyl mercaptan
Methyl mercaptan
HpS released to public
water sources.
0.1 ppm
10 ppm
200 Ib/hr of S02 effluent
at a maximum stack concen-
tration of 500 ppm
Provisional Limit
0.05 ppm(mg/l)/24 hrs
0.05 ppm(mg/l)/24 hrs
0.075 ppm(mg/l)/24 hrs
0.1 mg/liter
Below the concentration
where an odor can be
detected074-*
Threshold limit for
repeated 8-hr ex-
posure07^
Los Angeles Air
Pollution Control
District Rule 53.2
Basis for
Recommendation
Stokinger and
Woodward Method
Stokinger and
Woodward Method
Stokinger and
Woodward Method
To avoid fish kills
and water taste009'
266
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5. EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Mercaptans are expected to appear primarily as organic waste streams,
some as aqueous waste and rarely as concentrated waste. The processing
options are briefly described in the following paragraphs together with
recommendations as to their adequacy.
Concentrated Mercaptans
Concentrated mercaptan wastes appear in two forms; gaseous and liquid.
All the subject mercaptans have gaseous waste to some degree. Liquid waste
is associated with the ethyl and butyl mercaptans.
Gaseous Haste. It is recommended in the handling and storage of
mercaptans that incineration be used to burn vapors emitted during pressure
reduction of storage tanks. This method is adequate provided some means is
used to remove the sulfur components in the effluent gas (see Profile Report
on Hydrogen Sulfide [221]). For low volume or intermittant discharge such
as tank car venting, an activated-carbon scrubber may be used.
Liquid Haste. Recycling of the concentrated mercaptans is practical
in some cases depending on the contaminating materials, but in most cases
the waste is disposed of by incineration. In the current incineration
disposal process, a Claus sulfur recovery unit is used to recycle the sul-
fur and reduce hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide emissions to meet state
and local regulations. Incineration followed by effective scrubbing
of the effluent gas is an acceptable means of disposing of mercaptans.
Dilute Mercaptan Haste
Dilute mercaptan waste can appear as organic or aqueous waste. Dilute
organic wastes are incinerated and the effluent gas scrubbed with a caustic
solution. Dilute aqueous waste is thermally oxidized (incinerated) by
spraying the aqueous solution into an incinerator at a temperature of
2000 F then scrubbing the effluent gas with caustic solution. These
are adequate methods for the disposal of dilute mercaptan waste.
267
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6. APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES
Mercaptan wastes are expected to appear as concentrated liquid and
gaseous wastes and as dilute organic and aqueous waste. It is anticipated
that systems as described in Section 5 to handle mercaptan wastes will be
located at the source of the waste generation. Adequate methods are avail-
able for the disposal of these materials and are currently in use, there-
fore, they are not judged to be candidate waste stream constituents for
National Disposal Sites.
268
-------
7. REFERENCES
0091. Cost of clean water, Jji Industrial waste profiles, v. 3. No. 5.
petroleum refining. Federal Water Pollution Control Administration.
Washington, Publication No. IWP-5, 1968. 199 p.
0743. Stauffer Chemical Company. Safe handling of liauid hydrogen sulfides.
Product Report. Los Angeles. 24 p.
0766. Sax, N. I. Dangerous properties of industrial materials. 3d ed.
New York, Reinhold Publishing Company, 1968. 1,251 p.
1316. Moller, C. R. Chemistry of organic compounds. 2d ed. Philadelphia,
W. B. Saunders Company, 1957. 978 p.
1433. Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology. 2d ed. 22 v. and
suppl. New York, Wiley-Interscience Publishers, 1963-1971.
1492. Merck and Company. The Merck index of chemicals and drugs. Rahway,
New Jersey, 1960. 1,643 p.
1571. 1971-72 OPD chemical buyers guide. New York, Schnell Publishing
Company, 1971. 1,584.p.
1656. Condon, L. E., and H. Meislick. Introduction to organic chemistry.
New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc., 1960. 841 p.
1680. Personal communication. R. Laltner, Pennwalt Corporation, to
W. Kendrick, TRW Systems, May 5, 1972.
1684. Personal communication. D. Treet, Rollins Purle, to W. Kendrick,
TRW Systems, May 8, 1972.
1696. Pennsalt Chemicals Corporation. Handling and properites of methyl
mercaptan. S-189-A. Philadelphia, 1968. 12 p.
1697. Pennwalt Corporation. Pennwalt Mercaptans, storage, and handling.
19102, Philadelphia. 6 p.
269
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. H. Name Ethyl Mercaptan (192)
• _ . Structural Formula
IUC Name Ethanethiol
')
Common Names Thioethy] alcohol) Ethyl Hydros ulfide
tthyl Sulfhydrate1 '
MAC: (ACGIH) Tentative; 250 ppm in
CH3CH2SH
Molecular Wt. 62.13 Melting Pt. -121 to -140 C Boiling Pt. 34 - 37
Density (Condensed) 0.83907 @ 20 C/4 C^Density (gas) 2.14^ @
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
@
Flash Point <80 F (c.c)(3j Autolgnition Temp. 570 F^3'
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower Upper_
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %} Lower. 2.8 Upper_
Solubility
' ' Un+ Ulatn* r+h:>nn1 ?n1nK1oV '
Cold Water 67 parts waterv '' Hot Water Ethanol Soluble
Others: Soluble in ether^ '
Acid, Base Properties Slightly acidicv
Highly Reactive with Acid or acid fumes^ , oxidizing materials^ ^forms insoluble salts with
Highly Reactive with Acid or acid fumes' ', oxidizing ni
heavy metals^ , pyrophnric ferrous sulfide with iron^ '
Compatible with Glass, stainless steer . aluminunr '
Shipped in
ICC Classification Coast Guard Classification
Comments Mfq^ ': Pennwalt Corp.; Phil1ips,.Petroleum Co. has penetrating leek-like odor. ^ '
Attacks copper and copper-bearing alloys/"1' '.
References (1) 1492 (4) 1571
(2) 1656 (5) 1697
(3) 0766
270
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Methyl mercaptan (272)
IUC Name
Methanethiol
Structural Formula
Common Names Methyl mercaptan
MAC: ACGIH (Tentative); 50 ppm in air
LC for rats in air: 10,000 ppnn1)
CHgSH
Molecular Wt. 48.11
Melting Pt.
.(2),
-121 C
Density (Condensed) 0.868 @ 20/4 Cvt-yDensity (gas) 1.66
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
F2)
Boiling Pt. 6.1 - 6.2 C
W
43.7 psi g 100. F
Flash Point OP7^
(6)
2 atm
26.1 C
(6)
5 atm
@ 55.9 C
Autoignition Temp.
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower '
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower
Upper_
Upper_
Solubility
Cold Water Freely soluble
(1)
Others: Freely soluble in methanol^
Acid, Base Properties Slightly acidic
Hot Water Slightly soluble
(5)
Ethanol
Highly Reactive with Will react with water, steam or acids to produce toxic and flammable
vapors '. Can react vigorously with oxidizing materials^2'. Forms pyrophoric ferrous
suitiae with iron
Compatible with
Glass, stainless steel, aluminum
(5)
Shipped in Tank trucks, tank cars, 800 1b cylinders
ICC Classification Flammable gas
- 9-
(2)
Mfg
(4):
Coast Guard Classification Inflammable gas
(2)
Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.; Pennwalt Corp. has odor of rotten
Commen ts
cabbage^ , attacks copper and copper-bearing
References (1) 1492 (4) 1571
(2) 0766 (5) 1697
(3) 1656 (6) 1696
271
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Butyl mercaptan (77)
IUC Name l-butar,ethiol
Structural Formula
Common Names Normal butyl thioajcoho
Thiobutyl alcoholu;
MAC: ACGIH (Tentative); 10 ppm in air
CH3(CH2)2CH2SH
Molecular Wt. 90.19 Melting Pt. -115.9 C
Density (Condensed) 0.8365 @ 25/4 C*2\)ens1tv (gas)
Boiling Pt. 98.2 C
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
§
Flash Point
Autolgnition Temp.
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower
Explosive Limits in Air (wt.
Solubility
Lower
Upper_
Upper_
Cold Water Slightly soluble
(1)
Hot Water
Ethanol Very soluble
(1)
Others: Very soluble in ether, liquid hydrogen sulfide^
Acid, Base Properties,
Slightly acidic^
Highly Reactive with Oxidizing materials, on contact with acid or acid fumes^ '. Forms
pyrophoric ferrous sulfide with iron^ '. Attacks copper and copper-bearing alloys..
Compatible with Glass, stainless steel, aluminunr ',
Shipped in
ICC Classification
Comments __MIi
.(4)
Coast Guard Classification Inflammable liquid
Pennwalt Corp.; Phillies Petroleum, Co. Heavy skunk odor
(1)
References (1) 1492 (4) 1571
(2) 0766 (5) 1697
(3) 1656
272
-------
HAZARDOUS HASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Butyl mercaptan (77)
nT Structural Formula
IUC Name 2-butanethior "
(y\
Common Names sec, -butyl mercaptaiv ' . _
sec. -butyl tioalcohor^'
CH3CH2CH(SH)CH,
Molecular Wt. 90-19 Melting Pt. -MS C Boiling Pt. 84-85 C
Density (Condensed) @ Density (gas) 8
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 Q)
0 9 9
Flash Point Autoignltlon Temp.
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower Upper_
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. J) Lower Upper_
Solubility
Cold Hater Slightly so1ub!e(1) Hot Water Etnanol Very soluble(1)
Others: Very soluble in ether, liquid hydrogen sulfide* '
/ n \
Acid, Base Properties Slightly
Highly Reactive with forms pyrophoric ferrous sulflde with iron^ '. Attacks copper and
copper-bearing alloys '
Compatible with Glass, stainless steel, .aluminum'
Shipped in
ICC Classification Coast Guard Classification,
Comments Mfg ''• P"1'11^5 Petroleum Co. Heavy skunk odor.
References (1) 1492 (4) 1697
(2) 1656
(3) 1571
273
-------
! HAZARDOUS HASTES PROPERTIES
KORJSHEET
I H. M. Name B"tyl marcaptan (77)
m Structura
i Common Namss tert. -butyl ffarcaptan (CH3)3C
!
1 Formula
SH
Molecular Ut. 90.19 Melting Pt. -0.5 C Boiling Pt.63.7 - 64.2 C
Density (Condensed) 0 Density (gas) 9
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 0
0 • •
; Flash Point Auto1gn1t1on To®.
FlanmaMl i tu MmHfre In &1r /wt 1\ 1 reae>v llnnor
Explosive Limits In A1r (wt. S) Lower Upper
; Solubility
Cold Water Slightly soluble11 } Hot Hater Eth
Others: Very solM^le 1|) Rthftr» liquid hydrogen ^ulflde^1^
' Acid, Base Properties Sliahtly acidic
%
anol Very soluble1')
: Highly Reactive with Forms pyrophoric ferrous sulflde with Iron*'. Flammable^1'
\ Attacks copper and copper-bearing alloys* '
Compatible with Glass, stainless steel, aluirinisn
; Shipped in >
ICC Classification Coast Guard Classification
Comments Mfa* : PhUHns Petrol<»Lira rn HanuM chunk n<4o«
!
i
;
References (1) 1492 (4) 1697
(2) 1656 i
| (3) 1571 ;
i
274
-------
PROFILE REPORT
Carbon Distil fide (98)
1. GENERAL
Manufacture1433'1501
Carbon disulfide is made by the reaction of methane with sulfur
in the presence of a silica gel catalyst in a multi-stage gas phase
reactor at 570 to 620 C and 20 to 30 psig. Yields based on methane are
90 to 95 percent. The major by-product, hydrogen sulfide is converted back
to sulfur in a two-stage reactor. Separation from a small amount of
heavy ends (mercaptans and polysulfides) is done by distillation.
Reaction:
4S * CS2 + 2H2S
Regeneration of sulfur:
C.I 1 f\*J
so2 +
°H ^
> 3S +
* t-l 1 OW
2H20
c . . . 1433, 1718
Some major manufacturers are:
Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Chemical Division
S. Charleston, West Virginia
FMC Corporation, Inorganic Chemicals Division
S. Charleston, West Virginia
Stauffer Chemical Company,
Le Moyne, Alabama
Delaware City, Delaware
275
-------
Uses2336'1433
The major use of CSp is as an essential ingredient in the manufacture
of xanthates and xanthides. These compounds are important intermediates
in the manufacture of regenerated cellulosic products, such as viscose
rayon, cellophane, cellulose sponge, non-woven fabrics, and others.
Xanthates and their corresponding disulfides are also used as ore
flotation agents, rubber vulcanization accelerators, and chain transfer
agents in the polymerization field. Other carbohydrate xanthates, such
as cereal starch xanthates, impart superior strength to paper products
when added during the paper-making process.
The reaction of carbon disulfide with amines leads to carbamate
derivatives, some of which are potent fungicides, and others which are
useful in rubber vulcanization acceleration.
Carbon disulfide is a raw material in the manufacture of carbon
tetrachloride, organic mercaptans, high-purity metal sulfides, thioureas,
thiocyanates, trithiocarbamates, disulfide and monosulfide organic
derivatives, and rhodanines, to name but a few of the many end-products.
As a solvent, carbon disulfide is an excellent solubilizer for oils,
waxes, sulfur and sulfur compounds. In mixtures with light petroleum
fractions it is used for removing paraffin from pipelines and oil well
casings. Extraction of vegetable oils is carried out with carbon disulfide.
Absorbent clays and petroleum catalysts, used in the petroleum refining
industry, can be regenerated by extraction with carbon disulfide.
Carbon disulfide, in combination with other solvents, finds use in
emulsion polymerization, and as nitrocellulose and polyvinyl solvents.
It is used in the recovery of sulfur ores and as a solvent in the vapor-
phase curing of rubber sheets.
In the agricultural field carbon disulfide mixtures are excellent
grain fumigants, soil conditioners, herbicides, rodenticides and
nematocides. Carbon disulfide is also used as an insecticidal fumigant
for nursery stock and for soil treatment against beetles.
276
-------
Other uses for carbon disulfide include treatment of wood to improve
flexural strength, corrosion inhibition and de-worming of livestock.
i
Physical and Chemical Properties
The physical and chemical properties of carbon disulfide are included
in the attached work sheet.
2. TOXICOLOGY0766'2336'2344
Carbon disulfide poisoning is practically always caused by breathing
its fumes (due to its volatility) although significant amounts can be
absorbed through the skin. Skin contact can cause local inflammation.
The chief toxic effect is on the central nervous system, acting as a
narcotic and anesthetic in acute poisoning with death following from
respiratory failure. The anesthetic action is much more powerful than
that of chloroform. In chronic poisoning, the effect on the nervous
system is one of central and peripheral damage, which may be permanent if
the damage has been severe. Sensory symptoms usually precede motor
involvement. A secondary effect may be anemia.
In acute poisoning, early excitation of the central nervous system
resembling alcoholic intoxication occurs, followed by depression with
stupor, restlessness, unconsciousness and possibly death. If recovery
occurs, the patient usually passes through the after-stage of narcosis
with nausea, vomiting, headache, etc. In chronic poisoning, the picture
is that of involvement of the nervous system, with neuritis and disturbance
of the vision being the commonest early changes. Sensory changes such as
crawling sensation of the skin, sensation of heaviness and coldness, and
visual "veiling" of objects so that they appear indistinct, are noticed
first. Often there is a pain in the affected parts, particularly in the
limbs. These symptoms are followed by gradually increasing loss of
strength. Wasting of muscles my occur. Mental symptoms vary from simple
excitation or depression and irritability in the mild cases to mental
deterioration, Parkinsonian paralysis and even insanity. These changes
are accompanied by insomnia, loss of memory and personality changes,
and chronic fatigue is a very common complaint.
277
-------
The Threshold Limit Values (TLV) and Maximum Allowable Concentration
(MAC) are 20 ppm and 60 mg/M respectively.
3. OTHER HAZARDS
Carbon disulfide is a highly flammable, volatile liquid with a low
flash point (-22 F), wide explosive range and an autoignition temperature
of 100 C (212 F). Contact with exposed steam lines or the surface of an
ordinary electric light bulb may cause ignition. Carbon disulfide vapor
when mixed with air or oxygen in certain concentrations, is flammable
opoc
and explosive. Carbon disulfide reacts violently or explosively with
azides, chlorine in the presence of iron, chlorine monoxide and
fluorine.1569
4. DEFINITION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Handling, Storage and Transportation
Due to the high degree of flammability and extreme volatility of
carbon disulfide, strict ICC precautions regulate the loading, handling,
transporting and labelling of containers. Non-sparking tools and hose
connections must be used and the container should be grounded to prevent
accumulation of static electricity. Transfer is accomplished by water
padding, nitrogen displacement or pumping. Vapors should be purged from
empty drums with steam while empty tank cars must have four "Dangerous
Empty" placards in place.2236'2344
Drums and other containers of carbon disulfide should be stored
in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated place away from acute fire hazards.
Storage should be limited to minimize the hazard and the storage area
should be of fire-resistant construction and equipped with sprinklers
2336
and/or portable fire extinguishers.
Disposal. Use, Reuse1433'2336
The major use (65%) of carbon disulfide is in the production of
cellophane and rayon by extraction of the desired compounds as xanthites.
After extraction, the carbon disulfide is regenerated and reused.
278
-------
Carbon disulfide is used as a chemical intermediate in the production
of carbon tetrachloride, xanthates, xanthides and carbamates. Due to its
toxicity and flammability, unreacted material is carefully recovered for
reuse.
Carbon disulfide is also used as an extraction solvent for oils, waxes,
sulfur, and sulfur compounds, as well as in emulsion polymerization and in
the extractive regeneration of absorbent clays and petroleum catalysts. In
these uses, the material is recycled indefinitely.
In the agricultural field, mixtures of carbon disulfide are used as
grain fumigants, soil conditioners, herbicides, rodenticides and nematocides,
This material escapes directly into the environment and cannot be recovered.
Recommended provisional limits for carbon disulfide in the environment
are as follows:
Contaminant Provisional Basis for
and Environment Limit Recommendation
Carbon disulfide in air 0.2 ppm .01 TLV
Carbon disulfide in 1.0 ppm (mg/1) Stokinger and
water and soil Woodward Method
5. EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Option No. 1 - Recycling
The industries that use carbon disulfide as a chemical intermediate or
as a solvent recycle as much material as possible. This is the method of
choice, whenever possible.
Option No. 2 - Incineration
Unusable carbon disulfide solvents, as well as residues from manufacture,
can be disposed of by controlled incineration. A sulfur dioxide scrubber is
necessary when combusting significant quantities of carbon disulfide.
279
-------
6. APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES
The wastes generated in the manufacture and use of carbon disulfide
can best be handled and treated at or near the site of generation by
recycling or incineration. These methods are currently employed by most
manufacturers and users of carbon disulfide as well as most industrial waste
disposal facilities. Since these methods represent common industrial
technology, carbon disulfide is not judged to be a candidate waste stream
constituent for National Disposal Sites.
280
-------
7. REFERENCES
1433. Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology. 3d ed. 22 v.
New York, Interscience Publishers, 1966.
1501. Faith, W.L., D.B. Keyes, and R.L. Clark. Industrial chemicals.
3d ed. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1965. 824 p.
1569. Manual of hazardous chemical reactions. Boston National Fire
Protection Association, 1971. 308 p.
1718. Synthetic organic chemicals, U.S. production and sales,
U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.,
Publication TC-479, 260 p.
2336. Technical data sheet for carbon disulfide, New York, Stauffer
Chemical Company, 1964, 36 p.
2344. Carbon disulfide chemical safety data sheet, SD-12, Washington,
Manufacturing Chemists Association, 1967, 16 p.
281
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
fcflRKSHEET
H. M. Name Carbon disulfide (93)
— *• Structural Formula
IUC Name
Common Names carbon bisulfide, dithiocarbonic anhydride
CS
2
Molecular Wt. 76.14 Melting Pt. -112 C^1* Boiling Pt. 45 C^
Density (Condensed) ].2$2g & 20 C/JV Density (gas)_2Ji7. 9 20 C*2)
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
400 mm @ 28 C^1^ 760 mm 9 46.5 C^ 9
Flash Point -30 fW Autolgnltlon
OO C\ ^/
FlanrnabiHty L'lmlts in Air (wt %) Lower Upper_
Explosive Limits 1n Air (wt. X) Lower Upper 5Q%^2'4^
Solubility
Cold Water very slightly Hot Water Ethanol_
Others: soluble chloroform, ether, benzene, carbon tetrachlorlde, oils' .
Acid, Base Properties
Highly Reactive with air when hot surface is present, azldes. chlorine (1n presence of Iron
surfacer3^ oxidizing materials^
Compatible with iron, aluminum, glass^jaojcelftin. teflon
(2)
Shipped in
ICC Classification Flammable liquid: red label Coast Guard Classification jsarne^
Comments Ref 2 has complete data.
References (1) 1570
(2) 1492
(3) 1569
(4) 0766
282
-------
PROFILE REPORT
ALIPHATIC HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS:
Carbon Tetrachloride (100). Chloral Hydrate (104). Chloroform (109).
Dichlorofluoromethane (142). Dichloroethyl Ether (143). Dichloromethane (144),
1,2-Dichloropropane (145.363). 1-3-Dichloropropene (146). Dichlorotetra-
fluoroethane (147). Epichlorohydrin (171), Ethyl Chloride (180). Ethylene
Dichloride (185). Methyl Chloroformate (269). Perch! oroethylene (325).
Polyvinyl Chloride (340). Tetrachloroethane (424). Trichloroethane (437),
Tricfrlorofluoromethane (439). Vinyl Chloride (450)
AROMATIC HyLOGENATED HYDROCARBONS:
Chlorobenzene (Ch1orobenzo1)(108). o-Dichlorobenzene (140,278).
p-Dichlorobenzene (141), Tn'chlorobenzene (436). Hexachlorophene (497)
1. GENERAL
Introduction
The halogenated hydrocarbons treated in this report have all been selected
as probable candidate waste stream constituents for industrial disposal. These
materials are similar in that most are commodity chemicals with relatively low
toxicity, well-defined and safe methods of industrial handling and common
methods of disposal. The halogenated hydrocarbons are, therefore, discussed
as a class in this report.
*
Manufacture
Most of this group of chemicals are produced by chlorination of the
parent hydrocarbon by addition and/or substitution reactions. Addition of
chlorine to a double bond (Equation 1) yields no side products and the selec-
tivity is nearly 100 percent. By contrast, substitution (Equations 2 and 3)
(1) R-CH=CH-R + C12—*R-CHC1CHC1-R addition
(2) Ar-H + C12 -Ar-Cl + HC1 ' substitution
(3) R-H + C12 vR-Cl + HC1 substitution
283
-------
results in the formation of hydrogen chloride as a by-product and has a selec-
tivity less than 90 percent. The side products are usually isomers containing
.more or less chlorine than the desired product. ' Several steps may
be necessary to produce the desired compound in a series of addition and sub-
stitution reactions. The crude products can contain isomers, side products,
hydrochloric acid, chlorine and varying amounts of chlorinated sludge. Thus
all commercial processes have units for removing hydrochloric acid and
chlorine and a final distillation is used to remove isomers and "heavy bottoms."
Vinyl chloride is made by pyrolysis of ethylene dichloride (or related
technology) and the fluorochlorohydrocarbons are made from the corresponding
chloro compounds by displacement of the required amount of chlorine by
hydrofluoric acid in the presence of antimony pentachloride.0534'1433'1501
Uses
The fluorochlorohydrocarbons(Freons^) are used principally as
refrigerants and aerosol propel 1 ants due to their chemical inertness,
non-flammability, non-toxicity and almost total lack of allergenic
reactions.
Chlorinated hydrocarbons have excellent solvent properties. By varying
the basic hydrocarbon (usually methane, ethane, ethylene or benzene) and
the amount of chlorine substitution, a wide range of solvent specificity
and operating temperatures can be obtained. In addition, they are simple
and relatively cheap to prepare and have a high degree of chemical stability.
For these reasons, they are widely used as solvents for oils, fats, lacquers,
resins, varnishes, extraction solvents for natural products, solvents for
organic reactions, degreasers and dry cleaning agents.
The chlorinated hydrocarbons, because of their relatively low toxicity
have also found use as soil fumigants (carbon tetrachloride, 1,3-dichloropropene, ,
dichloroethylene, tetrachloroethane), insecticides (o- and p-dichlorobenzene,
carbon tetrachloride, tetrachloroethylene, trichlorobenzene), disinfectants
(hexachlorophene), and various medical and veterinary uses (chloral, ethyl
chloride, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene)
as well as food additives (ethylene dichloride, hexachlorophene).1492'1506'2253
284
-------
Many of these compounds are used as starting materials in organic
synthesis. Chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, perchloroethylene and
others are used to make refrigerants, aerosols and propel 1 ants
(Freons^).1433'1506'1655 Chloral hydrate and chlorobenzene are used
in the manufacture of DDT, ethyl chloride is used to make tetraethyl lead,
ethylene dichloride is a precursor to vinyl chloride, chlorobenzene is
used to manufacture phenol and aniline and methyl chloroformate is used
in a variety of organic syntheses. '
The higher boiling chlorohydrocarbons, chlorobenzene, and o-dichloro-
benzene are used as heat transfer media. Vinyl chloride is used to make
polyvinyl chloride and epichlorohydrin is used in epoxy resins. '
Physical and Chemical Properties
The physical and chemical properties of the compounds discussed in
this report are included in the attached worksheets.
2. TOXICOLOGY0766'1433'1492'2253
Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
The substitution of a chlorine atom for a hydrogen greatly
increases the anaesthetic action of a member of the aliphatic hydrocarbon
series. In addition,the chlorine derivative is usually less specific in
its action and may affect other tissues of the body in addition to those
of the central nervous system; in many cases, the chlorine derivative is
quite toxic. For example, chloroform, in addition to its narcotic
qualities, may cause liver, heart and kidney damage.
As a general rule, the unsaturated chlorine derivatives are highly
narcotic but less toxic than the saturated derivatives, thus causing
degenerative changes in the liver and kidneys less frequently. In the
saturated group, the narcotic effect is enhanced with an increase in the
number of chlorine atoms. However, there is less relationship between
the number of chlorine atoms present and the toxicity of the compound.
285
-------
In dealing with these chlorinated hydrocarbons, it must be remembered
that a toxic action may result from repeated exposure to concentrations
which are too low to produce a narcotic effect, and which consequently,
are too low to give warning of danger. Individual susceptibility is also
important when poisoning by this group of solvents is being considered.
Certain workmen may be seriously affected by concentrations that seem to
have no effect on fellow employees in the same exposure.
The chlorinated hydrocarbons are also irritants to the eyes and the
mucous membranes. Repeated direct exposure to the skin may result in
dermatitis and poses the additional danger of absorption through the skin.
The chlorofluorohydrocarbons have a very low level of toxicity and are
almost completely non-allergenic. The primary danger associated with these
materials is that very high concentrations cause narcosis and anaesthesia.
Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons
In most instances, it is difficult to predict the toxicity of these
compounds. However, in the case of most aromatic chlorine compounds, their
toxicity is usually no greater, and frequently less, than that of the
corresponding aromatic hydrocarbons.
The Threshold Limit Values (TLV) and Maximum Allowable concentrations (MAC)
that have been established are:
1. Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons TLV MAC
ppm mg/M3 ppm
Carbon Tetrachloride 10 65 25
Chloral Hydrate -
Chloroform (Trichloromethane) 25 120 50
Dichlorofluoromethane (Freon 12) 1,000 4,950 1,000
Dichloroethyl Ether 5 30
1,2-Dichloropropane 75 350 75
1,3-Dichloropropene -
Dichlorotetrafluoroethane (F 114) 1,000 7,000
Epichlorohydrin 5 19
Ethyl Chloride (Chloroethane) 1,000 2,600 1.000
-------
1. Confd TLV MAC
ppm mg/M3 ppm
Ethylene Dichloride (Dichloroethylene) 50 200 50
Methyl Chloroformate ~
Perchloroethylene TOO 670
Polyvinyl Chloride ~
Tetrachloroethane 5 35
Dichloromethane 500 1,740 500
Trichloroethane 350 1,900 500
Trichloroethylene 100 535 100
Trichlorofluoromethane MOO 5,600
Vinyl Chloride 200 770
2. Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Chlorbenzene (Chlorbenzol) 75 350 75
o-Dichlorobenzene • 50 300 50
p-Dichlorobenzene 75 456 75
Trichlorobenzene ~
Hexachlorophene (Methylene) • ~
3. OTHER HAZARDS
All chloro-9 chlorofluoro- and bromohydrocarbons, when heated to
decomposition, give off noxious and highly toxic fumes. The fumes consist
of the corresponding halo-acids, the free halogens and, in the case of
chlorine containing compounds,, phosgene.0766'1492'1569 In addition, these
compounds will also react, sometimes explosively, when they come into
contact with the alkaline and alkaline earth metals, and may be very
corrosive to aluminum, especially under abrasive conditions. ' These
compounds have a wide range of flammability and tendency to explode (noted
in the respective worksheets); none are shock-sensitive or subject to
detonation.
287
-------
4. DEFINITION OF ADEQUATE WASTE MANAGEMENT
Handling, Storage, and Transportation
The halogenated hydrocarbons are all toxic to a certain extent by
inhalation or skin contact. These materials should be handled in a well-
ventilated area and protective clothing and respirators are recommended
where necessary. In cases of accidental contact, all contaminated
clothing should be removed instantly and the skin washed thoroughly with
soap and water.0096'1811'2253
Storage of these materials should be in cool, dry, well-ventilated
areas, away from acute fire hazards. Materials with low boiling points
should be protected from excessive heat and against sudden rise in
temperature.
These materials are shipped under a variety of U.S. Department of Trans-
portation (DOT), U.S. Coast Guard and'IATA regulations. Most regulations
relate to the flammability and volatility of these compounds.0018'2253'1569
Information on safe handling and use of these compounds can be found in the
"Chemical Data Sheets published by the Manufacturing Chemists Association, 8'225^
standard reference sources for manufacturers' Technical Data Sheets.2253
Disposal/Reuse
Commercial operations that use chlorinated compounds for dry cleaning,
degreasing, and as solvents, usually have on-site reclaiming procedures that
ppcc OOf\(\ P?£7
recycle the materials indefinitely. ' "°»"D/ jn most operations, there
is a finite loss to the atmosphere and the materials must be constantly
replenished. There is usually no provision for solvent exchange but there
are commercial solvent reclaimers who will re-possess contaminated
solvents.2257'2258
The fluorohydrocarbons are used indefinitely or until equipment failure
2261
results in their release into the atmosphere. The aerosol propellants
are discharged directly into the air and are not recoverable.
-------
In manufacture, recycling and reclaiming, there is a solid, semi-solid
or liquid residue containing varying amounts of solvent and chlorinated and
non-chlorinated materials. In the manufacture of ethylene dichloride/vinyl
chloride, this sludge represents approximately 1 percent of the total raw
open
materials used, or 50 to 70,000,000 Ib per year. Present practice is
ppco ??fin
to dispose of this material by landfill. "*' It is not known whether
the complete elmination.of atmospheric losses resulting in indefinite
recycling of solvents will generate a severe reclaiming problem.
The users of very large volume chemical intermediates (ethyl chloride,
ethylene dichloride, vinyl chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride,
perchloroethylene, epichlorhydrin, etc.,) completely recycle any unused
materials after a stripping/purification step.0534'1501>2259'2260
The halogenated products considered in this report do not usually come
into contact with aqueous media during manufacture except in special cases.
Therefore, the discharge of dilute aqueous waste streams is not a problem.
In most cases, small amounts of dispersed halocarbons can be removed by
settling and the small amounts dissolved may be removed by lagooning and
slow evaporation.0534'1501
Recommended provisional limits
report are listed below.
Contaminant in
Air
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloral hydrate
Chloroform
Di ch1orof1uoromethane
Dichloroethyl ether
1,2-Dichloropropane
1,3-Dichloropropene
Di chlorotetraf1uoro-
ethane
Epichlorohydrin
Provisional
ppm
0.1
-
0.25
10
0.05
0.75
-
10
0.05
Limit
mg/M3
0.65
0.002
1.2
49.5
0.30
3.5
0.03
70
0.19
for the compounds discussed in this
Basis for Recommendation
0.01 TLV
Based on similar compounds
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
Based on similar compounds
Based on similar compounds
Based on similar compounds
289
-------
(Cont'd)
Contaminant in
Air
Ethyl chloride
Ethylene dichloride
Methyl chloroformate
Perch!oroethylene
Polyvinyl chloride
Tetrachloroethane
Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Provisional Limit
10
0.5
1.0
0.05
3.5
1.0
Trichl orofluoromethane 10
Vinyl chloride 2.0
Chlorobenzene 0.75
o-Dichlorobenzene 0.50
p-Dichlorobenzene 0.75
Trichlorobenzene
Dichloromethane 5
Hexachlorophene
0.35
19
5.35
56
7.70
3.5
3.0
4.5
3.0
17.4
Basis for Recommendation
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
Based on similar compounds
0.01 TLV
Insufficient data
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
0.01 TLV
Based on similar compounds
0.01 TLV
Insufficient data
Contaminant in
Water and Soil
Provisional Limit
Basis for Recommendation
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloral hydrate
Chloroform
Dichlorofluoromethane
Dichloroethyl ether
1,2-Dichloropropane
1,3-Dichloropropene
Di chl orotetraf1uoroethane
Epichlorohydrin
Ethyl chloride
Ethylene dichloride
ppm or mg/1
1.95
0.01
6
247.5
1.5
17.5
0.15
e 350
0.95
130
10
Stokinger and Woodward Method
Based on similar compounds
Stokinger and Woodward Method
Stokinger and Woodward Method
Stokinger and Woodward Method
Stokinger and Woodward Method
Based on similar compounds
Stokinger and Woodward Method
Stokinger and Woodward Method
Stokinger and Woodward Method
Stokinger and Woodward Method
290
-------
(Cont'd)
Contaminant in
Water and Soil
Methyl chloroformate
Perchloroethylene
Polyvinyl chloride
Tetrachloroethane
Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Trichlorofluoromethane
Vinyl chloride
Chlorobenzene
-------
5. EVALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Option No.1 - Recycling .
The dry cleaning, refrigeration, degreasing and solvent extraction
industries, as well as processors using halocarbons as raw materials, all
recycle as much of their halocarbons as possible. For small users or
companies with badly contaminated lots, commercial solvent reclaimers
reprocess the materials for further use.2255,2256,2257,2261
Option No.2 - Incineration
Badly contaminated solvents that cannot be reel aimed,as well as
chlorinated and non-chlorinated residues and sludges^can be disposed of
by incineration. Some of the materials, especially those with high chlorine
content may not support combustion by themselves, but can be burned if an
auxiliary fuel is used. Care must be exercised to assure complete com-
bustion. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced.
In this manner, both long- and short-term environment effects are eliminated
at the sources in one simple disposal step.
Option No.3 - Landfill of Residue and Sludges
Obtained During Manufacture or Use
The total production of the major halocarbons exceeded 16 billion Ib
in 1970. If one makes the conservative estimate that byproduct production
of chlorine-containing residues and sludges is equivalent to 1 percent of
production, at least 160 million Ib (80,000 tons) of unusable material
must be disposed of each year. Presently, this material is collected by
various commercial scavengers and landfilled, often in remote places. '
ppCQ OOf.(]
' The dry cleaning, degreasing and solvent recovery industries,
as well as the industries that use halocarbons for raw materials, also
generate sludge of waste solids but with very much lower chlorine content.
These wastes, especially the smaller smounts, are often landfilled
locally.2256
292
-------
Deposit by landfill of halogen-containing waste, especially those
which are generated in the production of chlorinated hydrocarbons, presents
a serious long-term environmental hazard to man, animals and fish. These
materials are toxic and to some extent water soluble. Biodegradation will
further increase their mobility. Thus, landfill disposal of these wastes
represents an excessive, long-term threat to underground water supplies
and must be considered much less acceptable than Option No.2 (incineration).
Option No.3 is acceptable only when the landfill site is totally isolated
from ground and surface water and meets California Class 1 standards.
6. APPLICABILITY TO NATIONAL DISPOSAL SITES
Most of the wastes generated by the industries that produce and use
these materials can best be handled and treated at the site of generation
by incineration. This includes wastes that are presently landfilled by
private scavengers. These scavengers could also set up incineration sites
in those cases where size and economics make this the preferred method of
disposal. Incineration should be available at National Disposal Sites for
situations where both the industry generating the waste and the local
scavenging industry cannot handle the waste safely. However, except in
extreme cases, the halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons discussed in th-ls
report are not judged to be candidate waste stream constituents requiring
National Disposal Site treatment.
293
-------
7. REFERENCES
0096. Fire protection guide on hazardous materials, 3d ed. Boston,
National Fire Protection Association, 1969. 91 p.
0534. Jones, H.E. Environmental control in the organic and petrochemical
industries. Park Ridge, New Jersey, Noyes Data Corporation, 1971.
- 257 p.
0766. Sax, I.R. Dangerous properties of industri-al materials. 3d ed.
New York, Reinhold Publishing Corporation, 1968. 1,251 p.
1433. Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology. 3d ed. 22 v.
New York, Interscience Publishers, 1966.
1492. Merck index of chemicals and drugs, 7th ed. Rahway, New Jersey,
Merck Company, Inc., 1960. 1,634 p.
1501. Faith, W.L., D.B. Keyes, and R.L. Clark. Industrial chemicals.
3d ed. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1965. 824 p.
1506. Oil, paint and drug reporter profiles. New York, Schnell Publishing
Company, Inc., 1970.
1569. Manual of hazardous chemical reactions. Boston National Fire
Protection Association,' 1971. 308 p.
1655. Fieser, L.F. and M. Fieser. Organic chemistry. 3d ed. Boston,
P.C. Heath & Company, 1956. p 145-160, 644-655.
1809. Ethylene Dichloride Chemical Safety Data Sheet SD-18. Washington,
Manufacturing Chemists Association, 1970.
1811. Methyl Chloride Chemical Safety Data Sheet SD-40. Washington,
Manufacturing Chemists Association, 1970.
2253 Technical Data Sheet for Organic Chlorine Compounds. New York,
Union Carbide Chemical Company, 1960. 44 p.
2254. Carbon Tetrachloride Chemical Safety Data Sheet, SD-3. Washington,
Manufacturing Chemists Association, 1970.
2255. Personal communication, Joseph Elich, Van Waters & Rogers United,
to J.W. Hamersma, TRW Systems, Aug.15, 1972.
2256. Personal communications Richard Wilsons E.I. DuPont De Nemours
Company, to J.W. Hamersma, TRW Systems, Aug.15, 1972.
2257. Personal communication, William Calvin, Hooker Chemical Corporation,
to J.W. Hamersma, TRW Systems„ Aug. 15, 1972.
2258. Personal communication, Thomas Schenley, Service Chemical Corporation,
to J.W. Hamersma, TRW Systems, Aug.24, 1972.
2259. Personal communication, Mr. King, American Chemical Corporation,
to J.W. Hamersma, TRW Systems, Aug.15, 1972.
2260. Personal communication, Richard Crocker, Chevron Research Corporation,
to J.W. Hamersma, TRW Systems, July 1969.
2261. Personal communication, Don Beck, Sweet Anderson, TRW Systems, to
J.W. Hamersma, TRW Systems, Aug.14, 1972.
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Dlchloromethane (144)
Structural Formula
IUC Name
Common Names Methylene Chloride
CHoCl
2"'2
Molecular Wt. 94.94^ Melting Pt. -96.7 C^ Boiling Pt. an.l
Density (Condensed) 1.326g/cc@ 20/4 C^ Density (gas) 2.93^ @
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 0
380 mm @ 22 C^ 9 9
Flash Point Autolgnltlon Temp. 1224 F
Flammability Limits 1n Air (wt %) Lower Upper.
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. X) Lower Upper_
Solubi1ity(2)
Cold Mater slightly soluble Hot Water slightly inluhlo Ethanol totaly soluble
Others: totaly soluble in othor
Acid, Base Properties
Highly Reactive with_
Compatible with
Shipped in
ICC Class1fication__ Coast Guard Classification,
Comments
References (1) 0766
(2) 1492
295
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Ethyl Chloride (180)
IUC Name Chloroethane
Common Names Hydrochloric ether
Structural Formula
Muriutic Ether
C2HgCl
Molecular Wt.
62.54
Density (Condensed) .9028 015/4 6
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
2 atm @ 32.5 C^1' 5 atm
Melting Pt. -138.7
(1)
J Boiling Pt. 13.1 C
Density (gas) 2.22 F^ &
(1)
9 64.0
20 atm
@ 127.3
^
Flash Point -58 F (C.C.) Autolgnition Temp. 966
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower 3.(
High fire hazard(2)
Solubility
Cold Water slightly
Others:
Upper
Upper 15. 4%^
Hot Water
insoluble
Ethanol very
Miscible ether
Acid, Base Properties
Highly Reactive with
Compatible with_
$1-PP1 rlinHprc
Shipped in_
ICC ClassificationFlammable liquid - red label Coast Guard Classification red label
Comments '.
References (1) 1570
(2) 0766
296
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. H. Name Epichlorohydrin (171)
Structural Formula
IUC Name l-ch1oro-2,3-epoxypropane
Common Names g-epichlorohydrin
a-chloropropylene oxide
chloromethyloxirane , ^
-25.6 C(Z)
C3H5C1°
Molecular Wt. 92.53 _ Melting Pt. -48 CO) -57,1 Ceiling Pt. ne.5 C
Density (Condensed) 1.1801 @ 20/4^ Density (gas) 3.29 (2) @
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 fj
10 mm (3 16.6 C^ ]00 mm @ 62 C^3^ 400 mm @ 98
Flash Point 105 F (O.C.) Autoignition Temp. _
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower Upper_
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower Upper_
Solubil ity
Cold Water slightly Hot Water decomposes Ethanol
Others: soluble benzene, °°ether. chloroformf trichloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride,
immiscible petroleum hydrocarbons'^'.
Acid, Base Properties neutral
Highly Reactive with_
Compatible with
Shipped in_
ICC Classification ; . Coast Guard Classification
Comments
References (1) 1570
(2) 0766
(3)
297
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
A. M. Name Dichlorotetrafluoroethane (147)
IUC Name 1,1-dichloro-l,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
Common Names F-114 (Freon-114)
Structural Formula
CC12FCF3
C2C12F4
Molecular Wt. 170.92
(2)
Melting Pt. -94
(2)
Density (Condensed) @
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
Density (gas)
Boiling Pt. 3.5 C
9
(1)
13 psig @ 70 F
(3)
Flash Point
Autoignition Temp.
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower_
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower_
Solubility
Cold Water insoluble
(2)
Hot Water insoluble
Upper_
Upper_
(2)
Ethanol soluble
(2)
Others: soluble ether
Acid, Base Properties neutral
Highly Reactive with_
Compatible with_
Shipped in steel cylinders
ICC Classification_
Comments
Coast Guard Classification
References (1) 766 (649)
(2) 1570
(3) Air products catalogue
l-ii.* u.!..1.'^
298
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. H. Name 1,3-dichloropropene (145)
IDC Name 1,3-dichloropropene
Common Names a.Y-dichloropropylene
I ,J-dichloropropy lene
Y-chloroallyl chloride
Structural Formula
Molecular Wt.
110.98
Density (Condensed) 1.220
(TJ
Melting Pt.
) Lower
Upper_
Upper_
Solubility
Cold Water insoluble
Others: soluble chloroform
Hot Water
Ethanol soluble
Acid, Base Properties neutral
Highly Reactive with_
Compatible with
Shipped in
ICC Classification
Coast Guard Classification
Comments The physical constants are for the equilibrium- Mixture of oia and trans isomers.
References (1) 1492
(2) 0766
299
-------
sssas
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Pichloroethvlether (143)
Structural Formula
IUC Name l-ch1oro-2-(B-ch1oroethoxy)ethane
Common Names B.B-dichloroethylether, chlorex
sym-dichloroethylether
,2-dichlorodiethyl ether
C4H8C120
Molecular Wt. 143.02(1) Melting Pt. Boiling Pt.
Density (Condensed) 1.22 @ 20/J?0 C^Density (gas) 1.182 @ 19719 C^
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
0.7 mm @ 20 C^ 100 mm 0 62 C^ 40 mm G> 91.5 C^*
Flash Point 131 F (C.C.)^ Autoignition Temp. 696 F^
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower Upper_
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower Upper_
Solubility
Cold Water insoluble^1' Hot Water Ethanol soluble^
Others: most organic solvents^ '
Acid, Base Properties '
Highly Reactive with explosive hazards common with ethers' 'i reacts with water,
^—^-j.
oxidizing materials
Compatible with_
Shipped in
ICC Classification Coast Guard Classification_
Comments '.
References (1) 1492
(2) 1570
(3)
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Pichlorodi f1uoromethane (142)
IUC Name Dichlorodifluoromethane
Common Names Frepn-12, Frigen-12, Gentron-12.
Isotron-IZ, Halon, Arcton-6
Structural Formula
Molecular Wt. 120.92
(1)
Melting Pt. -158
Boiling Pt. -29 C
(1)
Density (Condensed)
@
Density (gas)
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
5 atm
@ 16.1
Flash Point
. 70 psig .. 9 70 F
Autoigm'tion Temp.
(1)
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower_
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower_
Upper_
Upper
Solubility
Cold Water insoluble^
Hot Water
Ethanol soluble
(2)
Others : soluble ether
Acid, Base Properties neutral
Highly Reactive with non-corrosive(3)
Compatible with_
Shipped in STEEL CYLINDERS
ICC Classification Non-flammable, green label
Gormen ts
I ATA
nonflammable
Coast Guard Classification Non-flam. ,green
(1)
References (1) Q766
(2) 1570
(3) 1492
301
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Chloroform
IUC Name Trichloromethane
Common Names
Molecular Wt. H9.38(1)
Density (Condensed) 1.4916 @
, Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C
15 psiq G> 84 C(1)
! Flash Point non-flammable^ '
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %)
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %)
Solubility
Cold Water slightlyUJ
Others: miscible in all propo
Structural Formula
Melting
18C(1)
and 20 C)
60 psig
CHC1,
Pt. -63.5 C(1) Boilinq Pt. 61.2 C(1)
Density (gas) &
& 120C(1)
@
Autoignition Temp.
Lower non-flammable' ' Upper
Lower
Upper
Hot Water slightly*2^ Ethanol miscible^
rtions ether
( 2 }
, acetone, benzene, 1i groin
Acid, Base Properties neutral
Highly Reactive with aluminum and magnesium powder; impact sensitive with alkali metals;
highly exothermic reaction with alcohols plus base. Forms explosive mixture with nitrogen
tetroxideO).
Compatible with_
Shipped in steel drums
ICC Classification
Coast Guard Classification
Comments MCA warning label . decomposes to phosgene when heated to decomposition
V4)
TLV (accepted) 50 ppm; 240
References (1) 1570
(2) 1492
(3) 1569
(4) 0766
302
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Chloral hydrate (104)
IUC Name 2,2,2-Trichloro-l,1-ethanediol
Common Names Trichlorocetaldehyde nionohydrate
Structural Formula
Molecular Wt. 165.42
(I!
57
Density (Condensed) 1.9081
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
Melting Pt.
20 C^ Density (gas)_
Boiling Pt. 98
10
20 C
(2)
100 urn & 55 C
(2)
Flash Point
Autoigm'tion Temp.
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower
Upper_
Upper_
Solubility
Cold Water very soluble
1)
Hot Water very soluble
(1)
Ethanolvery soluble
1)
Others: very soluble in chloroform, ether, carbon disulfide, glycerol, olive oil, benzene,
toluene, turpentineO)
Acid, Base Properties acidic
Highly Reactive with_
Compatible with
Shipped in
ICC Classification
Comments Complete medical data in Refs. 2 & 3
Coast Guard Classification
References (1) 1492
(2) 1570
(3) 0766
303
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Carbon tetrachloride (100)
IUC Name Tetrachloromethane
Structural Formula
Common Names
Perchloromethane
CC1,
Molecular Wt. 153.82
:D
Density (Condensed) 1.5942
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Ethylene dichloride (185)
Structural Formula
IUC Name 1.2-Dichloroethane
Common Names Ethylene chloride
sym.-Pi chloroe thane. Dutch liquid,
Brocide
Molecular Wt. 98.96 Melting Pt. -35 C Boiling Pt. 84
Density (Condensed) 1.256 (P 20/4 C^ Density (gas) 3.35^ &
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 Q
100 nm @ 29.4 C^
Flash Point 56 F' Autoignition Temp. 779
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower Upper 60-
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %} Lower 6.2%'2' Upper ]5.9%(2)
Solubility
Cold Water SLIGHTLYu; Hot Water Ethanol verv(
Others: - ether chloroform^ '
Acid, Base Properties neutral
Highly Reactive with_
Compatible with
Shipped in_
ICC Class
Conjnents.
/2) IATA:
ICC Classification Flammable liquid; redu; Coast Guard Classification red label1
References (1) 1576
(2) 0766
(3) 1492
305
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Pprrhlnrnpthylene (325)
IUC Name Tetrachloroethene
Common Names Tetrachloroethylene. ethylene tetrachlorlde,
carbon dichloride, many trade namesl*J
Structural Formula
Molecular Wt. 165.85
Density (Condensed) 1.6311
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
15.8 m ra " r^
Flash Point
Melting Pt. -23.35 C
@ 15/4 C^1' Density (gas)_
(1)
Boiling Pt.121.20 C
9
(1!
22
none
Autoignition Temp.
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %)
Lower
Upper_
Upper_
Solubility
Cold Water
100 ppm
(2)
Hot Water
Ethanol misciblev
Others: miscible ether, chloroform, benzene
Acid, Base Properties _
(2)
Highly Reactive with extremely stable and resists hydrolysis .
Compatible with
Shipped 'in
ICC Classification
Comments
IATA: other restricted articles, Class A.
Coast Guard Classification
References (1) Q766
(2) 1492
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Ethylene dichloride (185)
Structural Formula
IUC Name ! »2-Dichloroethane
Common Names Ethylene chloride
syjn.-Dichloroethane, Dutch liquid,
Brocide
Molecular Wt. 98.96 Melting Pt. -35 C( ' Boiling Pt. 84
Density (Condensed) 1.256 @ 20/4 C^ Density (gas) 3.35^ &
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
100 nm (3 29.4 C^ @ . @
17} I ")\
Flash Point 56 r ' Autoignition Temp. 779 r '
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower Upper 60-70%'^
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower 6.23. ' Upper 15.9%(2)
Solubility
Cold Water SLIGHTLY^^ Hot Water Ethanol verv^
Others: ° ether chloroform^3^
Acid, Base Properties neutral
Highly Reactive with
Compatible with
Shipped in
/2\ IATA: nju«-' ,„.
ICC Classification Flammable liquid; red* ' Coast Guard Classification red label' '
Conments
References (1) 1576
(2) 0766
(3) 1492
305
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Pprrhlnrnpthylene (325)
IUC Name Tetrachloroethene
Common Names Tetrachloroethylene. ethylene tetrachloride
carbon dichloride, many trade namesl*J
Structural Formula
c2ci4
Molecular Wt. 165.85
Density (Condensed) 1.6311
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
15.8 nm @ 22 C^
Melting Pt. -23.35 Cv
15/4 C(1) Density (gas)
1)
Boiling Pt.121.20 C
@
(1
Flash Point none Autoignition Temp.
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower
Upper_
Upper_
Solubil ity
Cold Water 100 ppm
(2)
Hot Water
Ethanol misciblev
Others: miscible ether, chloroform, benzene
Acid, Base Properties
(2)
v
Highly Reactive with extremely stable and resists hydrolysis^ '.
Compatible with
Shipped in
IATA: other restricted articles, Class A.
ICC Classification Coast Guard Classification
Comments.
References (1) Q766
(2) 1492
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Propylene dichloride (363)
IUC Name 1,2-Dichloropropane
Common Names
Structural Formula
112.99
Molecular Wt.
Density (Condensed) 1.1593
Melting Pt. -100.42
^1
& 20/20 C ensity (gas) 3,9
Boiling Pt. 96.
&
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
40 mm @ J9-4 i ]'
Flash Point 60 F^1'
Autoignition Temp. 1Q35
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %)
^
Lower 3.4%
^ '
Upper_
Upper_
Solubility
Cold Water
slightly
Hot Water
Ethanol_
Others : common organic solvents
Acid, Base Properties neutral
Highly Reactive with_
Compatible with
Shipped in
ICC Classification Flammable liquid; red laber ' Coast Guard Classification_
Conrients
References (1) 0766 (646)
(2) 1570 (C-488)
307
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Trichloroethylene (438)
IDC Name Trichloroethene
Common Names Ethinyl trichloride, ethylene trichloride,
many trade names^
Structural Formula
fp
-86.8 C
C2HC13
TT
Molecular Wt.
131.39
Density (Condensed) 1.45560 @ 25/4 Cv; Density (gas) 4.53
Melting Pt. -73 C
(1)
Boiling Pt. 87.1 C
(1)
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
(1)
100 mm
.0 32 Cv
Flash Point 90 r
Autoignition Temp. 770 Fv '
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower Upper_
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower 2.5%^ Upper_
90%
(I,
Solubility
Cold Water slightly
Hot Water
Ethanol
Others: soluble in most organic sol vents
Acid, Base Properties neutral
Highly Reactive with_
Should be stored away from light, especially when moist.
(2)
Compatible with_
Shipped in
IATA: other restricted articles, Class A.
ICC Classification Coast Guard Classification_
Comments ____________^ -.
References (1) 0766
(2) 1492
308
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Trichlorof1uoromethane (439)
IUC Name Fluorotrichloromethane
Common Names Fluorotrichloromethane, Freon-11
Structural Formula
CC13F
Molecular Wt.
137.38
Density (Condensed) 1.494
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
&
_ Melting Pt. -in cu
9 17.2 C(1) Density (gas)_
Boiling Pt. 24.1 C
Flash Point
Autoignition Temp.
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower_
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower
Upper_
Upper_
Solubility
Cold Water_
Others:
Hot Water
Ethanol
Acid, Base Properties neutral
Highly Reactive with_
Compatible with_
Shipped in_
ICC Classification
Conine n ts
Coast Guard Classification
References (1) 0766
309
-------
aft.-.jfry'l-ft- „ j,..u.-m: -x?
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Hexachlorophene (497)
IDC Name (2-hydroxy-3.4,6-trich1oropheny1) methane
Hexosan
Common Names G-11
2,2'-Methylene bis (3,4,6-tricholophenol)
Structural Formula
C13H6C16°2
Molecular Wt.
Density (Condensed)_
406.9
Melting Pt. 165
&
Density (gas)
Boiling Pt._
@
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 0
e
Flash Point
Autoignition Temp.
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower_
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower_,_
Solubility
Upper_
Upper_
(2)
Cold Mater soluble (ph >9-10) Hot Water
Others : soluble ether, acetone, chloroform
Acid, Base Properties weakly acidic
Ethanol So1ub1e
(2)
Highly Reactive with
Compatible with_
Shipped in_
ICC Classification
Correnents.
Coast Guard Classification
References (1) 0766
(2) 1570
310
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name o-Dichlorobenzene (140)
IUC Name 1,2-Dichlorobenzene
Common Names
Structural Formula
Molecular Wt. 147,
Melting Pt. -17 C
(1)
L?/.UI_ _ Melting Pt. -17 ^ '
Density (Condensed)_L3048__ @_20Z40_cl!i Density (gas) 5.05^
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 Q)
Boiling Pt. 179 c*
Flash Point 151 F(2) Autoignition Temp. 1198 F^
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %} Lower Upper_
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower_2.2%
Upper 9.2%
Solubility
Cold Water insoluble^
Others: soluble ether, benzene '
JAcid, Base Properties neutral
Hot Water
Ethanol soluble^2)
Highly Reactive with
Shipped in
lSAClSS??l3|?Sicted 3rtic1es- class *>
1, no limit.
Coast Guard Classification
Comments Similar in toxic pffects 1
and para isomers.(2)
References (1) 1570
(2) 0766
(3) 1492
311
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name p-Dichlorobenzene
IDC Name 1,4-Dichlorobenzene
Common Names
Structural Formula
Molecular Wt. 140.01
.Melting Pt. 53
Density (Condensed)1.533 @ 0/4 C^ Density (gas) 5.08^
Boiling Pt. 174 C(1)
G>
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 C)
10 mn @_ 54.8 C' '
Flash Point
Autoignition Temp.
Flammability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower_
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower_
Upper_
Upper
Solubility
Cold Mater Insoluble
Others:
(1)
Hot Water
EthanolsVLg^tlylLL
soluble, hot^ '
Acid, Base Properties neutral
Highly Reactive with_
Compatible with_
Shipped in_
\: other restricted cargos, class A; no limit.
Classification
Coast Guard Classification
Comments.
References (1) 1570
(2) 0766
(3) 1492
312
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. H. Name Trichlorobenzene (436)
Structural Formula
IDC Name 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
Common Names unsym.-T ri ch1orobenzene run
^n-L I -,
D J J
Molecular Wt. 181.46 Melting Pt. 16.9 C^]) Boiling Pt.213-213 C(1)
Density (Condensed) 1.4542 (j> 20/4 C^ Density (gas) 6.26^ &
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 Q
10 mm (8 78.0 C^ 9 @
Flash Point 225 F (C.C.)(3) Autolgnition Temp.
Flaimability Limits in Air (wt %) Lower Upper_
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %) Lower Upper_
Solubility
Cold Water insoluble^ Hot Water Ethanolslightlv^
Others: miscible - ether, benzene, carbon disulfide, petroleum ether^2'
Acid, Base Properties
Highly Reactive with_
Compatible with
Shipped in_
ICC Classification ; Coast Guard Classification
Connents steam volatile1^
References (1) 1570 (C-171)
(2) 1492 (1059)
313
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTES PROPERTIES
WORKSHEET
H. M. Name Chlorobenzene (108)
IUC Name Chlorobenzene
Common Names Phenyl chloride
Structural Formula
Chlorobenzol
Monoch1orobenzene
C6H5C1
Molecular Wt.
112.56
(I!
Melting Pt. .45
.a:
(2)
Density (Condensed) 1.107 & 20 C
Vapor Pressure (recommended 55 C and 20 0
10 mn (3 22 C 40 nrn
Density (gas) 3.88
(3)
Boiling Pt. 131-2
(2)
Flash Point 28 C
(2)
50
Autolgnitlon Terop. >1245 F
(3)
uangerous wnen /~>
Flammability Limits in Air (wt 3!) Lower exposed to flame^ tipper
Explosive Limits in Air (wt. %)
Dangerous when
exposed to 1
Lower 1.8 (212 F)
Upper 9.6 1302 F)
(3)
Solubility
Cold Water
insoluble
(2)
Hot Water
Ethanol very soluble
(2)
Others: very soluble benzene, chloroform, ether
Acid, Base Properties
(2)
Highly Reactive with_
Compatible with_
Shipped in_
ICC Classification
Comments
Flammable liquid' '
Coast Guard ClassificationFlammable liquid^
References (1)1570
(2)1492
(3)
0766
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA
SHEET
1. Report No.
EPA-670/2-73-053-.1
4. Title and Subtuie Recommended Methods of Reduction, Neutralization,
Recovery, or Disposal of Hazardous Waste. Volume X, Industrial
and Municipal Disposal Candidate Waste Stream Constituent Pro-
file Reports - Organic Compounds
3. Recipient's Accession No.
5. Report Date
Issuing date - Auq 1973
6.
ill-- ix^t^yi 10 ~ \ji vjuni^ <->umyuuimj
7. Author(S) R. s. Ottinger, J. L. Blumenthal, D. F. Dal Porto,
G. I. Gruber,.M. J. Santy, and C. C. Shin
8- Performing Organization Rcpt.
N°" 21485-6013-RU-OO
10. Project/Task/Work Unit No.
|9. Performing Organization Name and Address
TRW Systems Group, One Space Park
Redondo Beach, California 90278
11. Contract/Grant No.
68-03-0089
12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address
National Environmental Research Center
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati. Ohio 45268
13. Type of Report & Period
Covered
Final
14.
15. Supplementary Notes
Volume X of 16 volumes.
16. Abstracts
This volume contains summary information and evaluation of waste management methods in
the form of Profile Reports for organic compounds. These Profile Reports were prepared
for either a particular hazardous waste stream constituent or a group of related con-
stituents. Each Profile Report contains a discussion of the waste stream constituents,
their toxicology and other associated hazards, the definition of adequate management
for the waste material, an evaluation of the current waste management practices with
regard to their adequacy, and recommendation as to the most appropriate processing
methods available and whether the waste material should be considered .as a candidate
for National Disposal, Industrial Disposal, or Municipal Disposal.
7o
Descriptors
17. Key Words and Document Analysis.
Organic Compounds
Industrial Disposal Candidate
Municipal Disposal Candidate
Hazardous Wastes
Aliphatic and Aromatic Carbonyl Compounds and Derivatives
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
Carboxylic Acids
Alcohols
Aliphatic Amines
17b. Identifiers/Open-Ended Terms
Esters
Aliphatic Halogenated Hydrocarbons
I7c. COSATI Field/Group 06F. 06T; 07B; 07C .
1 3B ; 1 3H ; 19A; 19B
18. Availability Statement
Release to public.
- 315 -
19.. Security Class (This
Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
20. Security Class (This
UNCLASSIFIED
21. No. of Pages
321
22. Price
-------