Diffusion-Model Calculations of Long-Term and Short-Term Ground-Level SO2 Concentrations in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania

MARCH 1975 DIFFUSION-MODEL CALCULATIONS OF LONG-TERM AND SHORT-TERM GROUND-LEVEL SO2 CONCENTRATIONS IN ALLEGHENY COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA Prepared By H. E. Cramer, H. V. Geary and J. F. Bowers Prepared For U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Region III Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106 H. E. CRAMER COMPANY, INC. 540 ARAPEEN DRIVE UNIVERSITY OF UTAH RESEARCH PARK SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH 84108 ------- EPA 903/9-75-018 DIFFUSION-MODEL CALCULATIONS OF LONG-TERM AND SHORT-TERM GROUND-LEVEL SO2 CONCENTRATIONS IN ALLEGHENY COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA Prepared By H. E. Cramer, H. V. Geary and J. F. Bowers Prepared For U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Region III Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106 March 1975 H. E. Cramer company, inc. 540 ARAPEEN DRIVE UNIVERSITY OF UTAH RESEARCH PARK SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH 84108 ------- ACKNOWLEDGMENT Throughout the program of work culminating in the preparation of this report, the H. E. Cramer Company, Inc. has greatly benefited from the assist- ance, cooperation and guidance provided by many individuals. We are especially indebted to our EPA Project Officer and EPA Region III Meteorologist, Dr. Peter Finkelstein, for his keen interest in all aspects of the work, for the excellence of his guidance and for the very efficient manner in which he assisted us in resolving many of the complexities of the work. We are also very greatly indebted to the Director of the Allegheny County Bureau of Air Pollution Control, Mr. Ron J. Cheleboski, and to the professional staff of the Bureau who provided the oulk of the emissions and air quality data as well as much of the meteorological data used in the study. Expert assessment and interpretation of these data were provided by Mr. Bernard Bloom, Dr. Arvid Ek, Dr. Albert Smith, and Dr. Roger Westman of the engineering staff of the Allegheny County Bureau of Air Pollution Control. In addition to the authors of the report, other professional staff members of the H. E. Cramer Company, Inc. who made important contributions to the work include Mr. J. R. Bjorklund, who was principally responsible for the computer programming and machine calculations, and Mr. L. D. Bodkin who performed most of the checking of the emissions and source data. ------- ii ------- SUMMARY This report describes diffusion-model calculations of maximum 3-hour, 24-hour and average annual ground-level SO concentrations in Allegheny County Li produced by SO emissions from 107 major stationary sources and source com- £i plexes located within or adjacent to the county boundaries. Two different sets of emissions data, both supplied by the Allegheny County Bureau of Air Pollution Control, were used in the diffusion-model calculations: emissions data for 1973 and projected emissions data for a compliance case based on emissions-control regulations for attaining and maintaining SO air quality standards in Allegheny £1 County. The 1973 emissions data were used with concurrent meteorological observations from the Greater Pittsburgh and Allegheny County Airports to cal- culate the 1973 average annual SO ground-level maximums, as well as the 3-hour ^ and 24-hour maximums for three selected 24-hour periods. These 1973 model con- centrations were compared with observed air quality data from continuous moni- toring sites supplied by the Allegheny County Bureau of Air Pollution Control to confirm the accuracy of the modeling techniques prior to performing the compliance case calculations. As an additional check on the diffusion-modeling techniques, a numerical mesoscale wind-field model was used to determine the effects of the elevated terrain along the Monongahela River on the trajectories of SO plumes LA originating from the Clairton Coke Works during moderate to strong southwesterly flow. The results of the model calculations outlined above are summarized as follows: Calculations of the vector wind fields along the Monongahela River, made by means of a numerical model based on a shallow fluid analogy, showed terrain features have a negligible effect on the trajectories of plumes from the Clairton Coke Works during periods of persistent west or southwest winds and moderate 111 ------- to strong temperature inversions. These conditions are typically associated with the highest observed 3-hour and 24-hour SO concentrations at the Allegheny £1 County monitors (Liberty Borough School and Glassport.)- Comparisons of the 1973 model calculations with observed air quality at the three continuous SO monitoring sites for which data were available showed LI good agreement without any model calibration adjustments. According to the cal- culated average annual SO ground-level concentrations for 1973, which do not £t include any SO background estimates, the Annual Primary SO Standard of 80 Li £* micrograms per cubic meter was exceeded in two large areas. The first of these covers approximately 120 square kilometers and extends along both sides of the Mononghela River from the southern boundary of Allegheny County north to the junction of the Monongahela with the Youghiogheny River. Emissions from the Elrama and Mitchell Power Plants and the Clairton Coke Works are principally responsible for the high SO concentrations calculated for this area. The second Lt large area in which the calculated average annual SO ground-level concentrations LA for 1973 exceed the Annual Primary Standard covers approximately 40 square kilom- eters and is located principally on the north side of the Monongahela River, starting at a point directly opposite the Jones and Laughlin Pittsburgh Plant and extending upriver to a point opposite the U. S. Steel Homestead Plant. Emissions from these two plants are principally responsible for the high calculated SO concentrations in ^ this area. The calculated 3-hour and 24-hour SO ground-level rhaximums for three £t 1973 24-hour example cases showed that emissions from the West Penn Power Plant were almost entirely responsible for violations of the short-term SO standards in Lt a small area of approximately 1 square kilometer surrounding the Logans Ferry monitor. The 1973 short-term example calculations also showed that emissions from the Elrama and Mitchell Power Plants, the Irvin Works and the Clairton Coke Works, separately and in combination, caused violations of the 24-hour Primary Standard at various points on both sides of the Monongahela River. A very impor- IV ------- tant and somewhat unexpected result of the 1973 short-term example calculations was the important contributions made at the Glassport and Liberty Borough moni- tors, as well as at other locations within Allegheny County, by the plumes from the Elrama and Mitchell Power Plants. Diffusion-model calculations for the compliance case emissions showed that the annual Primary Air Quality Standard of 80 micrograms per cubic meter will be exceeded in the Clairton-Glassport-Liberty Borough area and in an area of several square kilometers east of Braddock. Emissions from the Clairton Coke Works are principally responsible for the calculated high annual average SO con- £t centrations in the Clairton-Glassport-Liberty Borough area while emissions from the Westinghouse Electric plant are principally responsible for the calculated high annual average SO concentrations in the area east of Braddock. The compliance ^ case concentration calculations also showed that the Annual Primary Standard will be equalled in the area surrounding the U. S. Steel Homestead plant. Short-term diffusion-model calculations for the compliance case emissions showed that the 24-hour Primary Air Quality Standard of 365 micrograms per cubic meter will be exceeded in a small area in the vicinity of the Logans Ferry SO monitor and, Zi depending on the value assigned to the SO background, may be exceeded in the ^ Clairton-Liberty Borough area and in a small area east of Braddock. The short- term compliance case calculations also showed that the 3-hour Secondary Air Quality Standard will not be exceeded. The detailed results of all of the diffusion-model calculations made during the study are contained in twenty-five bound volumes consisting of 30,500 computer printout sheets which have been supplied to EPA. These volumes present complete listing? of all source and meteorological inputs used in the calculations as well as the calculated concentrations at each grid point contributed independently by individual sources, source complexes and by all sources combined. The results of the calculations have also been recorded on magnetic tapes for possible future up- dating and revision. ------- VI ------- TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Title Page No. ACKNOWLEDGMENT i SUMMARY iii LIST OF TABLES xi LIST OF FIGURES xv 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Purpose and Major Tasks 3 1.3 Report Content and Organization 5 2 EFFECTS OF TERRAIN ON LOW-LEVEL WIND CIRCULATION PATTERNS IN THE CLAIRTON AREA 7 2.1 Background 7 2.2 The Numerical Wind Field Model 8 2.3 Calculation Procedures and Results 10 2.4 Conclusions 18 3 METEOROLOGICAL DATA 19 3.1 Introduction 19 3. 2 Definitions of the Pasquill Stability Categories 20 3. 3 General Meteorological Inputs 4 LONG-TERM MODEL CALCULATIONS FOR 1973 37 4.1 Introduction 37 4.2 Calculation Procedures and Results 37 4.3 Source Data 45 4.4 Meteorological Data 45 5 ANNUAL COMPLIANCE CALCULATIONS 59 5.1 Introduction 59 5.2 Calculation Procedures and Results 60 5.3 Source Data 65 5.4 Meteorological Data 65 Vll ------- TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Section Appendix A Title SHORT TERM HOURLY CONCENTRATIONS FOR 1973 6.1 The 4 January 1973 Air Pollution Episode at Logans Ferry 6.2 The 18 January 1973 Air Pollution Episode at Liberty Borough 6. 3 The 13 July 1973 Air Pollution Episode at Liberty Borough SHORT-TERM COMPLIANCE CALCULATIONS 7.1 Short-Term Compliance Calculations for the Logans Ferry Area 7.2 Short-Term Compliance Calculations for the Clairton-Liberty Borough Area 7. 3 Short-Term Compliance Calculations for the Hazelwood-Braddock Area SUMMARY OF THE LONG-TERM AND SHORT-TERM CONCENTRATION CALCULATIONS 8.1 Results of 1973 Concentration Calculations and Comparison with Observed Air Quality Data 8.2 Results of Compliance Case Calculations REFERENCES MATHEMATICAL MODELS USED TO CALCULATE GROUND-LEVEL CONCENTRATIONS A. 1 Introduction A. 2 Plume Rise Formulas A. 3 Short-Term Concentration Model A. 4 Long-Term Concentration Model A. 5 Application of the Short-Term and Long-Term Concentration Models in Complex Terrain Page No. 75 75 84 103 117 118 123 135 149 149 153 157 A-l A-l A-5 A-7 A-14 A-19 viii ------- TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Appendix Title Page No. B JOINT FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS OF WIND- SPEED AND WIND-DIRECTION CATEGORIES B-l C DESCRIPTION OF DIFFUSION-MODEL COMPUTER PROGRAMS AND EXPLANATION OF COMPUTER PRINTOUT C-l C. 1 General C-l C. 2 Description of the Short Term Diffusion-Model Computer Program — SHORT Z C-2 C. 3 Description of the Long-Term Diffusion-Model Computer Program — LONG Z C-18 IX ------- ------- LIST OF TABLES Table Page No. 2-1 Meteorological inputs for the Pittsburgh wind-field 12 calculations 3-1 Pasquill stability categories as a function of insola- 21 tion and wind speed 3-2 Insolation categories 21 3-3 Wind-profile exponents used in the annual average 24 concentration calculations 3-4 Vertical profiles of wind speed for the period 3 through 26 5 January 1973 3-5 Turbulent intensities for rural and urban areas 28 3-6 Mixing layer depths used in the annual concentration 30 calculations 3-7 Ambient air temperatures used in the annual average 32 concentration calculations 3-8 Vertical potential temperature gradients used in the 32 annual average concentration calculations 3-9 Persistence of wind directions for wind speeds above 34 3.1 meters per second 3-10 Persistence of wind directions for wind speeds above 35 5.1 meters per second 4-1 Calculated 1973 annual average ground-level SC>2 con- 43 centrations at the Glassport and Liberty Borough SC>2 monitors 4-2 Source and emissions data for the 1973 annual average 46 concentration calculations 4-3 Reported and calculated 1973 emissions for the U. S. 53 Steel facilities XI ------- LIST OF TABLES Table Page No. 5-1 Calculated annual average ground-level SC>2 con- 64 cent rations at the Glas sport and Liberty Borough areas for Compliance Case A 5-2 Source and emissions data for the annual average 66 concentration calculations for Compliance Case A 6-1 Calculated and observed hourly ground-level SO2 80 concentrations at the Logans Ferry SO2 monitor for 4 January 1973 6-2 Source and emissions data for the 4 January 1973 82 air pollution episode at Logans Ferry 6-3 Meteorological input parameters for 4 January 1973 83 6-4 Calculated 24-hour average ground-level SO2 con- 88 centrations at the Glas sport and Liberty Borough SO monitors on 18 January 1973 ^ 6-5 Calculated and observed hourly ground-level SO2 90 concentrations at the Glassport and Liberty Borough SO2 monitors on 18 January 1973 6-6 Source and emissions data for the 18 January 1973 97 air pollution episode at Liberty Borough 6-7 Meteorological input parameters for 18 January 1973 102 6-8 Calculated and observed hourly ground-level SO2 107 concentrations at the Glassport and Liberty Borough SO monitors on 13 July 1973 ^4 6-9 Calculated 24-hour average ground-level SO2 con- 108 centrations at the Glassport and Liberty Borough SO monitors on 13 July 1973 jL 6-10 Source and emissions data for the 13 July 1973 air 110 pollution episode at Liberty Borough 6-11 Meteorological input parameters for 13 July 1973 114 xii ------- LIST OF TABLES Table Page No. 7-1 Calculated hourly ground-level SO2 concentrations 121 at the Logans Ferry Monitor for the compliance case 7-2 Source and emissions data for the Logans Ferry 122 compliance case 7-3 Meteorological input parameters for the Logans 124 Ferry short-term compliance case calculations 7-4 Calculated 24-hour average ground-level SO con- 127 centrations at the Glassport and Liberty Borough SOg monitors for Compliance Case A 7-5 Source and emissions data for the Clairton-Liberty 129 Borough Compliance Case A calculations 7-6 Meteorological input parameters for the Clairton- 134 Liberty Borough short-term compliance calculations 7-7 Source and emissions data for the Hazelwood- 140 Braddock Compliance Case A calculations 7-8 Meteorological input parameters for the Hazelwood- 147 Braddock short-term Compliance Case A calculations 8-1 Comparison of calculated and observed 1973 ground- 150 level SO0 concentrations £i 8-2 Annual and 24-hour average ground-level SO con- 154 centrations calculated for the Clairton-Liberty Borough area during 1973 8-3 Calculated maximum 3-hour, 24-hour and annual 156 average concentrations in the Clairton-Liberty Borough and Hazelwood-Braddock areas for the compliance case A-l Hourly meteorological inputs required by the short-term A-2 concentration model A-2 Meteorological inputs required by the long-term con- A-4 centration model Xlll ------- LIST OF TABLES Table Page No. B-l Joint frequency of occurrence of wind-speed and B-2 wind-direction categories for winter 1973 B-2 Joint frequency of occurrence of wind-speed and B-8 wind-direction categories for spring 1973 B-3 Joint frequency of occurrence of wind-speed and B-14 wind-direction categories for summer 1973 B-4 Joint frequency of occurrence of wind-speed and B-20 wind-direction categories for fall 1973 B-5 Joint frequency of occurrence of wind-speed and B-26 wind-direction categories for winter 1965 B-6 Joint frequency of occurrence of wind-speed and B-32 wind-direction categories for spring 1965 B-7 Joint frequency of occurrence of wind-speed and B-38 wind-direction categories for summer 1965 B-8 Joint frequency of occurrence of wind-speed and B-44 wind-direction categories for fall 1965 xiv ------- LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page No. 2-1 Illustration of two-layer shallow-fluid model 9 2-2 Topographic map of the southeast Pittsburgh cal- 11 culation grid 2-3 Vector plot of the calculated wind field for Computer 14 Run 2 2-4 Trajectories for Computer Run 2 15 2-5 Vector plot of the calculated wind field for Computer 16 Run 3 2-6 Trajectories for Computer Run 3 17 4-1 Topographic map of the Clairton-Liberty Borough 38 area showing the locations of the major SCvj sources 4-2 Topographic map of the Hazelwood-Braddock area 39 showing the locations of the major SO2 sources 4-3 Calculated isopleths of annual average ground-level 41 SC>2 concentration for the Clairton-Liberty Borough area during 1973 4-4 Calculated isopleths of annual average ground-level 44 SO concentration for the Hazelwood-Braddock area during 1973 4-5 Annual frequency distributions of wind direction 57 during 1973 at the two Pittsburgh airports 5-1 Calculated isopleths of annual average ground-level 62 SO2 concentrations for the Clairton-Liberty Borough area under Compliance Case A 5-2 Calculated isopleths of annual average ground-level 63 SO2 concentration for the Hazelwood-Braddock area under Compliance Case A 5-3 Annual frequency distribution of wind direction during 74 1965 at the Greater Pittsburgh Airport xv ------- Figure LIST OF FIGURES Page No. 6-1 Topographic map of the Springdale-Logans Ferry 77 area showing the locations of the major SO2 sources 6-2 Calculated isopleths of 24-hour average ground- 78 level SO2 concentration in the Springdale-Logans Ferry area on 4 January 1973 6-3 Calculated isopleths of 24-hour average ground-level 86 SO2 concentration in the Clairton-Liberty Borough area on 18 January 1973 6-4 Mitchell and Elrama plume dimensions for Pasquill 91 stability category D and winds from 210° 6-5 Mitchell and Elrama plume dimensions for Pasquill 92 stability category D and winds from 220° 6-6 Approximate area affected by emissions from the 93 Clairton Coke Works for Pasquill stability category D and winds from 180° 6-7 Approximate area affected by emissions from the Clairton 94 Coke Works for Pasquill stability category D and winds from 230° 6-8 Calculated isopleths of 24-hour average ground-level 105 SO2 concentration in the Clairton-Liberty Borough area on 13 July 1973 7-1 Calculated isopleths of 24-hour average ground-level 120 concentration for the Logans Ferry Compliance case 7-2 Calculated isopleths of 24-hour average ground-level 126 SO concentration for the Clairton-Liberty Borough area under Compliance Case A 7-3 Calculated isopleths of 24-hour average ground-level SO2 137 concentration for the Hazelwood-Braddock area under Compliance Case A xvi ------- LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page No. 7-4 Calculated isopleths of 24-hour average ground-level 138 SC>2 concentration for the Clairton-Liberty Borough area under Compliance Case A (Hazelwood-Braddock case meteorological inputs) A-l Mixing depth Hm * {z } used to determine whether A-21 the stabilized plume is contained within the surface mixing layer A-2 Effective mixing depth H ' {z} assigned to the grid A-22 points for the concentration calculations C-l Example printout from the SHORT Z program listing C-5 program operating instructions, values of constants and UTM coordinates of all grid points C-2 Example printout from the SHORT Z program listing C-6 terrain heights for the grid points in the regular array C-3 Example printout from the SHORT Z program listing C-7 terrain heights for the grid points in the discrete array C-4 Example printout from the SHORT Z program listing C-8 input source data C-5 Example printout from the SHORT Z program listing C-10 meteorological inputs C-6 Example printout from the SHORT Z program listing C-12 hourly ground-level concentrations from Source I calculated at all grid points of the regular array C-7 Example printout from the SHORT Z program listing C-13 hourly ground-level concentrations from Source 1 calculated at all discrete grid points C-8 Example printout from the SHORT Z program listing C-14 24-hour average ground-level concentrations from Source 1 calculated at all grid points in the regular array xvi i ------- LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page No. C-9 Example printout from the SHORT Z program listing C-15 24-hour average ground-level concentrations from Source 1 calculated at all discrete grid points C-10 Example printout from the SHORT Z computer program C-16 listing 24-hour average concentrations from Sources 1 through 3 calculated at each grid point in the regular array C-ll Example printout from the SHORT Z computer program C-17 listing 24-hour average concentrations from Sources 1 through 3 calculated at all discrete grid points C-12 Example printout from the SHORT Z program listing c-19 24-hour average ground-level concentrations for the combined sources (1 through 8) calculated at each grid point in the regular array C-13 Example printout from the SHORT Z program listing C-20 24-hour average ground-level concentrations for the combined sources (1 through 8) calculated at all dis- crete grid points C-14 Example printout from the LONG Z program listing C-23 source input data C-15 Example printout from the LONG Z program listing C-24 seasonal mixing depths C-16 Example printout from the LONG Z program listing C-25 joint occurrence frequencies of wind-speed and wind- direction categories C-17 Example printout from the LONG Z program listing C-26 various meteorological input parameters XVlll ------- SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND Efficient management of air resources in the heavily industrialized area in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania requires a detailed knowledge of source-recep- tor relationships. As pointed out by Bloom and Smith (1974), most of the sulfur dioxide (SO ) emissions within Allegheny County are accounted for by large station- £4 ary sources associated with coke, iron and steel production facilities and with coal- fired utility boilers. Seven large steel mills are located along the Monongahela River between downtown Pittsburgh and the southern extremity of Allegheny County. Additionally, there are six coal-fired electrical generating plants located either within or adjacent to Allegheny County. Observations of 3-hour and 24-hour SO ^ concentrations made at continuous SO monitoring stations operated by Allegheny Lt County show that the highest concentrations occur during periods of persistent south-southwest to west-southwest wind directions with moderate to high wind speeds. In many instances, strong low-level temperature inversions are also present but they do not appear to be requisite. Bloom and Smith (1974) note that all of the 3-hour SO concentrations in excess of the Federal Secondary Standard recorded since £t 1971 by the continuous SO monitoring network occurred during 24-hour periods in £ which the Federal Primary Standard was also exceeded. For this reason, we have principally concentrated our attention in this study on the 24-hour Primary Standard. The complex fuel-usage system serving the U. S. Steel production facilities located along the Monongahela River makes it difficult to calculate accurate short- term SO emission rates. The six production facilities operated by U. S. Steel (Clair- £t ton, Irvin, National, Duquesne, Edgar Thompson and Homestead) are all served by a common highly-integrated fuel system which contains a variable mixture of fuel ------- oils, coal, natural gas, blast-furnaces gas, coke-oven gas and other coal deriva- tives. As pointed out by Bloom and Smith (1974), SC>2 emission rates from each of the several hundred exit points within these facilities vary widely depending on steel production rates, the availability of the various component fuels, and the availability of electrical generating equipment. We would also point out that there are significant short-term variations as well in the SO emissions from the six electrical generating plants located within or immediately adjacent to Allegheny County. The large land area covered by Allegheny County, the multiplicity of SO Lt sources, the high short-term variability of SO emission rates, the very limited Lt number of continuous SO monitoring stations, and other factors effectively pre- £ elude the establishment by direct empirical methods of the relationships between SO emissions and ambient air quality. The only practicable recourse currently 2i available is to use atmospheric diffusion-modeling techniques capable of calculating, for multiple-source emissions, both short-term and long-term SO ground-level Zt concentrations at a very large number of grid points. The calculations must be performed in such a way that the contribution of each individual source as well as the contributions of combined sources can be identified at each grid point. Addi- tionally, the models must be capable of adequately handling the effects of local terrain features and meteorological factors. Also, it is important that provisions be made to store the results of the multiple-source calculations on magnetic tape and to update calculations by repeated calculations involving only those sources for which the emissions or other source factors are altered. There are available for use in this study, as the result of recent work performed by the H. E. Cramer Company, Inc. for the State of Michigan and the U. S. Army, diffusion-modeling techniques and computer programs that very closely meet the above requirements. ------- This report describes the results obtained by the use of these newer tech- niques and computer programs to calculate SO ground-level concentrations pro- duced within Allegheny County for SO emission control strategies specified by the Li Allegheny County Bureau of Air Pollution Control. It is not presumed that these calculations, or any diffusion-model calculations, can by themselves provide a definitive answer to the question of the emission control strategies best suited for attaining and maintaining SO air quality standards. In addition to the judgment Lt that must be used in evaluating the probable accuracy of such model calculations, there are clearly very important social and economic factors that must be considered. We believe, however, that diffusion-modeling techniques of the type described above offer the most promising method at hand for obtaining a comprehensive overview of the SO problem in Allegheny County and the detailed definition of source-receptor relationships required to evaluate the effectiveness of SO emission control strate- gies. 1. 2 PURPOSE AND MAJOR TASKS The principal purpose of the work described in this report is to make diffu- sion-model calculations of the 3-hour, 24-hour and annual average ground-level SO concentrations in Allegheny County, using projected 1975 SO emission rates 2 2 for all major stationary sources supplied by the Allegheny County Bureau of Air Pollution Control. These projected 1975 emission rates reflect emissions regula- tions designed to attain and maintain both short-term and long-term ambient air quality standards. The results of the diffusion-model calculations will be used by EPA in evaluating the feasibility of achieving the requisite air quality standards for SO in Allegheny County through the use of the Allegheny County emission regula- tions. The program of work to be accomplished comprised the following six major tasks: ------- (1) Determination of the effects of prominent terrain features along the Monongahela River on the transport of airborne pollutants by using a computerized numerical model to calculate the vector wind-velocity fields above the area of interest and plume trajectories during periods of per- sistent southwesterly winds of moderate speed with near- neutral or slightly stable stratification. (2) Development of the meteorological, terrain and source inputs required for model calculations of the average annual, 3-hour and 24-hour SO ground-level concentra- £t tions within Allegheny County. (3) Preparation and adaptation of computer programs and diffusion models. (4) Model calculations of 1973 annual average concentrations as well as 3-hour and 24-hour concentrations for three selected 24-hour periods during 1973 when high SO con- u centrations were observed at air quality monitoring sites. (5) Comparison of 1973 model calculations with 1973 air quality data to test the accuracy of the modeling tech- niques. (6) Use of projected 1975 emissions data with worst-case meteorological inputs to calculate maximum long-term and short-term SO ground-level concentrations. ------- 1. 3 REPORT CONTENT AND ORGANIZATION The effects of terrain on low-level wind fields in the Clairton Liberty- Borough area, as revealed by vector wind-field calculations made by means of a computerized numerical model, are described in Section 2. Meteorological data as well as the meteorological inputs used in the long-term and short-term concen- tration calculations are described in Section 3. The calculation procedures used and the results obtained for the 1973 average annual concentrations, as well as comparisons between calculated and observed values, are given in Section 4. The annual average concentration calculations for the projected SO emissions (compli- Li ance case) are described in Section 5. Short-term concentration calculations for three 24-hour air pollution episodes during 1973 are presented in Section 6, while the calculated maximum 3-hour and 24-hour concentrations for the compliance case are given in Section 7. The results of all the long-term and short-term model cal- culations are summarized in Section 8. Additional information is presented in three appendices. Appendix A con- tains a complete description of the diffusion-modeling techniques used in the study including the mathematical formulas. Appendix B contains tabular summaries of the seasonal and annual joint frequency distributions of wind speeds and wind direc- tions, classified by Pasquill stability category, for the years 1973 and 1965 which were developed from hourly and 3-hourly surface observations made at the Greater Pittsburgh and Allegheny County Airports. Appendix C describes the contents of the short-term and long-term computer programs used to make all the concentra- tion calculations for the study and explains the data formats for the computer print- out sheets supplied to EPA. This printout, which comprises 30,500 pages contained in twenty-five separately bound volumes, provides a complete listing of all input parameters used in the calculations as well as the concentrations calculated at each grid point for each source, source group and all sources combined. ------- ------- SECTION 2 EFFECTS OF TERRAIN ON LOW-LEVEL WIND CIRCULATION PATTERNS IN THE CLAIRTON AREA 2.1 BACKGROUND In the atmospheric dispersion model currently available for general applica- tion to urban air pollution problems it is usually assumed, for simplicity, that the low-level wind field is uniform over the entire area and is unaffected by local varia- tions in terrain features that may occur at various points within the area. A ques- tion arises as to the validity of the uniform wind-field assumption along the Monongahela River Valley in the area of the Clairton Coke Works where the differences in elevation between the valley floor and the ridge line vary from about 85 to 150 meters (300 to 500 feet). Specifically, we wish to know whether there is an objective basis for pos- tulating that terrain features along the Monongahela River cause significant local varia- tions in the mean wind flow such that SO emissions from the Clairton Coke Works ^ follow curvilinear trajectories. Detailed wind observations of the type required to provide a direct answer to this question are not available and are logistically imposs- ible to obtain. The most objective alternative approach currently available is to use a computerized numerical model (Tingle and Bjorklund, 1973) capable of calculating the effects of terrain obstacles on the low-level wind field during periods of per- sistent moderate to strong winds and in the presence of an elevated temperature inversion that restricts the vertical growth of plumes. These meteorological conditions are identified with high ground-level SO concentrations observed at the £ Liberty Borough and Glassport monitoring stations operated by the Allegheny County Bureau of Air Pollution Control. This section of the report briefly describes the numerical modeling techniques and summarizes the results obtained from model calculations of the low-level wind fields in the area surrounding the Clairton Coke Works under the meteorological conditions outlined above. ------- 2. 2 THE NUMERICAL WIND FIELD MODEL Tingle and Bjorklund (1973) have developed and tested a two-layer numerical model for calculating wind fields above complex terrain that is based on the shallow- water equations of oceanography. In this model the atmosphere above the complex terrain is divided into two layers of different density: a lower active layer, capped by a temperature inversion, above which there is a deep passive layer of lesser density. The passive layer acts to reduce the speed of gravity waves in the lower layer and the height of the temperature inversion, which coincides with the top of the lower layer, is analogous to the free water surface of a single-layer shallow- water model with a reduced acceleration of gravity. The wind patterns are obtained by impulsively accelerating the velocity in the lower layer to a preselected value and by using the computerized shallow-fluid model to calculate the velocity field at fixed, sequential time steps until an approximate steady state is achieved. Basic features of the two-layer shallow fluid model are shown schematically in Figure 2-1. The symbols in the figure are defined as follows: p = density of the lower action layer p = density of the upper passive layer (p > p ) d = height of the temperature inversion surface capping the lower layer H = terrain elevation g = gravitational constant u - wind velocity in the active layer We believe the shallow-fluid model developed by Tingle and Bjorklund (1973) is well suited for application to an evaluation of the effects of terrain in the Clairton ------- DENSITY = p, INVERSION SURFACE DENSITY =p0 '////my///////Mmy^ FIGURE 2-1. Illustration of two-layer shallow-fluid model. ------- area on wind circulation patterns because the meteorological conditions of interest are precisely those for which the model was developed: a layer of persistent mod- erate to strong wind speeds, capped by a temperature inversion under neutral or slightly stable stratification, with the terrain influence dominating. 2. 3 CALCULATION PROCEDURES AND RESULTS Terrain elevations in the Clairton area were abstracted from topographic maps at regular 100-meter intervals in the horizontal plane and digitized for input to the wind-field computer model. Figure 2-2 shows a contour map of the computa- tional grid that was automatically plotted using the digitized terrain data; the vertical contour interval in Figure 2-2 is 30 meters. The Monongahela River appears in the center of the grid. The maximum terrain height is approximately 390 meters above the mean sea level. In addition to the terrain heights, the computer model requires as inputs the mean wind direction and speed, the height of the inversion level and the density difference across the inversion. In the Clairton area southeast of Pittsburgh, it is desired to know whether emissions from sources along the west bank of the Monon- gahela River are transported in an approximate straight line across the river when the wind is from the southwest or west-southwest, or whether the emissions are channeled by the river valley north toward the Glassport area. Table 2-1 summarizes the meteorological input parameters used in three com- puter runs of the shallow fluid model, which we believe to be an adequate number of runs on the basis of previous experience with the shallow fluid models. West-south- west and southwest winds were used for the mean wind directions in the surface mixing layer while the mean wind speeds in the mixing layer were set equal to 8 and 8. 75 meters per second. An analysis of mixing depth data for the Greater Pittsburgh Airport (see Section 3) indicates that, for a mean wind speed of 8 meters per second, the top of 10 ------- 4468 4467- 4466- 4465- 4464- 4463- 4462- 4461- 4460- 4459 592 594 595 596 597 FIGURE 2-2. Topographic map of the southeast Pittsburgh calculation grid. The contour labeled 1 corresponds to a height of 244 meters above mean sea level, and the contour interval is 30 meters. The x and y axes are labeled with the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinates in kilometers. 11 ------- TABLE 2-1 METEOROLOGICAL INPUTS FOR THE PITTSBURGH WIND-FIELD CALCULATIONS Run 1 2 3 Mixing Depth (m above MSL) 960 680 410 Mean Layer Wind Speed (m/sec) 8 8.75 8 Mean Layer Wind Direction (deg) 247.5 222.5 247.5 Density Difference Across Inversion (%) 1 2 2 12 ------- the mixing layer is generally greater than 960 meters above mean sea level (about 590 meters above the airport). This value was used for the mixing depth in Computer Run 1 with a change in density across the inversion of 1 percent. This corresponds to a temperature difference across the inversion of 2. 5 degrees Celsius. When these input values were used in the model, the calculated steady-state wind field showed no significant changes due to terrain effects. In Computer Run 2, the density difference was increased to 2 percent, the mixing depth was reduced to 680 meters and the mean wind speed was increased to 8. 75 meters per second in an effort to force the terrain effect. Figure 2-3 shows a vector plot of the adjusted winds for Computer Run 2 and the trajectories of parcels originating at three points on the west bank of the Monongahela River. The trajectory at the top of the figure originates at the U. S. Steel Irvin plant and the trajectories at the bottom of the figure originate at the northern and southern boundaries of the Clairton Coke Works. The orientation of each vector shows the direction of the wind at the grid point and the length of each vector is proportional to the mean wind speed in the layer. For convenience, the trajectories in Figure 2-3 have been reproduced on a base map of the Clairton-Liberty Borough area in Figure 2-4. As shown by Figure 2-3, the major terrain effects on the wind field are changes in wind velocity rather than in wind direction. The trajectories show a maximum lateral deviation from a straight-line trajectory of about 300 meters. If the base of the inversion layer is located just above the river channel, air trajectories are of course forced to follow along the channel. Computer Run 3 was made to show that the model reproduces these effects. The mixing depth for this calculation was set just 20 meters above the highest terrain elevation. The Run 3 vector plot for the Clairton portion of the calculation grid is shown in Figure 2-5. The trajectories in Figure 2-5 are also shown on a base map in Figure 2-6. All five trajectories in Figures 2-5 and 2-6 originate at the Clairton Coke Works. As shown by Figure 2-5, the calculated wind field was significantly affected by the terrain in this case. To the southwest (near Elizabeth), the wind follows the valley. 13 ------- 4468 4467- 4466- 4465- 4464 4463- 4462- 4461 4460- 4459 XXXXXXXX//XXXX/// XXXX/XX///XXXXX/ / XXXX/XXXX//XXX/// ///•//xxxx// x x .' x xxxx/xxxxxxxxxx// XXXXX/XXXXXXXXXX/ X///XXXXXXX / X X X X X X X X X ^ / / ^ X X xxx/xxxxxx SSSSSSS s/s/ssssssss //X//XXXXX xxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx/'X'yxxxxxxy / / / / S / //XXX S///////S SSS fSS/s/f// SSSS/S/SSS/S/S //x rrrfrffsf/s S/S/SS/SSSss /ff/S//f//SS SSf//////SS/// ' S ,' / S /f/fSS /////. ' /////. • /////////S/////S S//SSS/ss tfrff/rrrr>//rSSSS/SSf// /X/////XX ^-X X X / ^X X X X/X XXX / X XXX XXXXXXXXX X X X X S'SS'/SS/S/SS/SSS fs/rrr/f/s/ /////////// ''xxxxxxxxxxx ^xxxxxxxxxx ///•^/XXX.'XXXXX 592 593 594 595 596 'II I I I I I II I I I 597 598 FIGURE 2-3. Vector plot of the calculated wind field and three example tra- jectories for Computer Run 2. The x and y axes are labeled with the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinates in kilometers 14 ------- FIGURE 2-4. Trajectories for Computer Run 2. The locations of the Glassport and Liberty Borough SO monitors are shown by the two filled cir- cles. 15 ------- to 594 595 "~~li i i 596 597 i i i i r 598 FIGURE 2-5. Vector plot of the calculated wind field and example trajectories for Computer Run 3. Note that only a portion of the calculation grid shown in Figure 2-2 is included in this figure. 16 ------- FIGURE 2-6. Trajectories for Computer Run 3. The locations of the Glassport and Liberty Borough SC>2 monitors are shown by the two filled cir- cles. 17 ------- Near Clairton, the winds are light and southerly, but gradually turn east and head toward the Lincoln School. From Clairton to Glassport, the river channel has only a minor influence on the winds, but at Glassport the winds again become southerly and follow the valley. Except for the area to the west of Clairton near the inter- section of Peters Creek and Highway 51, the wind field is only slightly altered by the terrain even in this extreme case. 2.4 CONCLUSIONS Calculations using the "shallow water" equations indicate that the Mononga- hela River channel and adjacent valleys and hillsides have a negligible effect on the mean wind field in the surface mixing layer except with an extremely low and intense temperature inversion in combination with strong southwesterly winds. We believe this combination is very unlikely and the occurrence of very low mixing depths with strong winds is not supported by the Greater Pittsburgh Airport mixing depth data. We therefore conclude that the effects of terrain on the wind circulation in the surface mixing layer, in the presence of moderate to strong winds, are slight. It is recognized that the surface winds in the river valleys do tend to follow the terrain and, therefore, some pollutants (expecially low-level fugitive emissions) will be transported by the valley wind circulation. However, because the mixing layer extends well above the highest terrain and because the stabilization heights of the buoyant stack emissions from the Clairton Coke Works are generally also above the highest terrain, the bulk of the SO emissions are unaffected by the surface winds in £i the river valley. 18 ------- SECTION 3 METEOROLOGICAL DATA 3.1 INTRODUCTION The meteorological input parameters used to calculate long-term and short- term ground-level concentration patterns are defined in Appendix A in conjunction with detailed descriptions of the model equations. For both the long- and short- term model calculations, specific values of the meteorological input parameters are assigned on the basis of the Pasquill stability categories using the method suggested by Turner (1964) for relating hourly surface observations of cloud cover and mean wind speed to the various stability categories. In the long-term model calculations for the year 1973, the assignment of Pasquill stability categories was made by using 1973 hourly surface wind observa- tions from the Allegheny County Airport in combination with concurrent 3-hourly cloud-cover observations at the Greater Pittsburgh Airport (hourly observations at Allegheny County Airport of cloud cover and other meteorological parameters were not available for 1973). This procedure of combining the surface observations from the two airports was adopted because, in our judgment, the surface wind observa- tions from the Allegheny County Airport are more likely to be representative of the wind circulation in the Clairton-Liberty Borough area, which is of prime interest due to the excessively high SO concentrations. Ll In the long-term compliance calculations (see Section 5.1), Pasquill stability categories were assigned by using the hourly surface observations from the Greater Pittsburgh Airport for the year 1965. This particular year was chosen for the com- pliance calculations on the basis of an earlier diffusion-model study by Rubin (1974) who concluded that 1965 represented the poorest annual dilution conditions in the Pittsburgh area during the seven-year period from 1965 through 1971. 19 ------- In the short-term model calculations for 1973, concurrent hourly surface wind measurements from the Allegheny County Airport and the Greater Pittsburgh Airport were averaged to obtain hourly surface wind inputs for the three 24-hour periods studied: the 18 January 1973 and 13 July 1973 episodes in the Clairton- Liberty Borough area and the 4 January 1973 episode at Logans Ferry. Pasquill stability categories were determined from the average hourly surface wind speeds mentioned above and hourly cloud cover observations from the Greater Pittsburgh Airport. A general discussion of the procedures used to assign Pasquill stability categories and to develop the requisite meteorological inputs for the long- and short-term model calculations is presented below. Specific parameter values and other details are found in Sections 4 through 7 which describe the model calculations for each example 1973 case and each compliance case. 3. 2 DEFINITIONS OF THE PASQUILL STABILITY CATEGORIES The procedures developed by Turner (1964) for determining the Pasquill stability category from hourly airport surface weather observations are summarized in Tables 3-1 and 3-2 which list the wind-speed classes and the parameter values of the solar radiation (insolation) index assigned to the various stability categories. The wind speeds in Table 3-1 are in knots because airport surface wind speeds are reported to the nearest knot by the National Weather Service and Turner' s classi- fication is based on this convention. The thermal stratifications represented by the various Pasquill stability categories are: • A - Extremely unstable • B - Unstable • C - Slightly unstable • D - Neutral 20 ------- TABLE 3-1 PASQUILL STABILITY CATEGORY AS A FUNCTION OF INSOLATION AND WIND SPEED Wind Speed (knots) 0,1 2,3 4,5 6 7 8,9 10 11 >12 Insolation Index 4 A A A B B B C C C 3 A B B B B C C C D 2 B B C C C C D D D 1 C C D D D D D D D 0 D D D D D D D D D -1 F F E E D D D D D -2 F F F F E E E D D TABLE 3-2 INSOLATION CATEGORIES Insolation Category Insolation Index Strong Moderate Slight Weak Overcast < 7000 feet (day or night) Cloud Cover > 4/10 (night) Cloud Cover < 4/10 (night) 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 21 ------- • E - Slightly stable • F - Stable In both the long- and short-term calculations, the E and F categories have been combined because we believe that the effects of surface roughness and heat sources in the Pittsburgh area are incompatible with the small diffusion coefficients and minimal turbulent mixing associated with the Pasquill stability category F. Calder (1971) also recommends that the Pasquill stability categories E and F be combined for diffusion-model calculations in urban areas. 3. 3 GENERAL METEOROLOGICAL INPUTS The following procedures were used to specify the general meteorological inputs required by the long- and short-term diffusion models described in Appendix A. Wind-Profile Exponents In the diffusion models, the variation with height of the wind speed in the surface mixing layer is assumed to follow a wind-profile exponent law of the form -f -, _, , / z \ P u{z> = u{z }(—) (3-1) R \ZR/ where u{z} = wind speed at height z above the surface U{ZR) = wind speed at a reference height z above the surface p = the wind-profile exponent 22 ------- In the case of discharges from tall stacks, as discussed in Sections A. 3 and A. 5 of Appendix A, the wind-profile exponent law is used to adjust the mean wind speed from the reference (airport-measurement) height to the stack height for the plume rise calculations, and to the plume stabilization height for the concentration calcula- tions. In the case of low-level emissions, which are generally treated as building sources, the wind-profile exponent law is similarly used to obtain the wind speed at the assigned source height which depends on the vertical dimensions of the buildings or other structures. Values for the wind-profile exponent p assigned to the various combinations of wind speed and stability for the long-term calculations are listed in Table 3-3. These exponent values are based on the results obtained by De Marrais (1959) and Cramer, et al. (1972). For the three 1973 short-term calculations, values for the wind-profile exponent p were estimated from vertical wind profiles measured at the Greater Pittsburgh Airport by the following procedure. For specified values of U{ZL^} and z , Equation (3-1) reduces to the form R u{z} = a zP (3-2) where Wind-speed measurements at standard heights from the twice-daily Greater Pittsburgh Airport rawinsonde releases were averaged for each 24-hour period of interest to obtain a vertical profile of average wind speeds in the surface mixing layer. The average wind speeds were fitted to a logarithmic least-squares curve using the regression technique recommended by Brownlee (1965) for fitting data points to a power-law curve of the type contained in Equation (3-2). In applying Brownlee1 s technique, Equation (3-2) is first written in logarithmic form as 23 ------- TABLE 3-3 WIND-PROFILE EXPONENTS USED IN THE ANNUAL AVERAGE CONCENTRATION CALCULATIONS Pasquill Stability Category A B C D E Wind-Speed Category (m/sec)* 0-1.5 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.25 0.30 1.6-3.1 0.10 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 3.2-5.1 - 0.10 0.10 0.15 0.20 5.2-8.2 - - 0. 10 0.10 - 8.3-10.8 - - 0.10 0.10 - >10.8 - - - 0.10 - Measurement height is 6. 1 meters above the ground surface. 24 ------- Inu (z) = p In z + In a (3-3) The expression for the wind-profile exponent p is then given by N N N (Inzilnui) _ ( £ In zi) ( Z) In ui) N p = - f - if! - if! - (3-4) 2 2 N lnZZ - Inz where the summations are over the N values of z and u. Similarly, the coefficient a is defined by £ In u £ In z In a = - - - p («J-5) N N and the correlation coefficient r is given by _ zluu) - (Z lnz)(Z Inu) [N Z(ln z)2 - (Z In z)2] [N Z(lu u)2 - (Z In u)2] To illustrate our use of the above regression technique, we will describe the calculation of the wind-profile exponent p used in the diffusion-model calcula- tions for the 4 January 1973 air pollution episode at Logans Ferry (see Section 6.1). Table 3-4 lists the wind speeds obtained from rawinsonde soundings made at the Greater Pittsburgh Airport at 1900 EST on 3 January, 0700 and 1900 EST on 4 January, and 0700 EST on 5 January. The wind speeds in the table have been con- verted from knots (the units used by the National Weather Service) to meters per second. The mean wind profile, obtained by averaging the winds from the four soundings, was used with Equations (3-4) through (3-6) to calculate the following parameter values: p = 0.17 a = 5. 06 r = 0.98 25 ------- TABLE 3-4 VERTICAL PROFILES OF WIND SPEED MEASURED AT THE GREATER PITTSBURGH AIRPORT DURING THE PERIOD 3 THROUGH 5 JANUARY 1973 Height (m above ground level) 6 (surface) 259 564 869 1478 Wind Speed (m/sec) 3 January 1900 EST 6.2 13.4 19.6 24.7 21.1 4 January 0700 EST 10.3 14.4 19.6 23.2 27.3 4 January 1900 EST 6.2 11.3 13.4 12.9 17.5 5 January 0700 EST 6.2 7.2 9.3 6.2 11.8 Mean 7.2 11.6 15.4 16.7 19.4 26 ------- The calculated value of 0.17 for the wind-profile exponent p was used in the short- term concentration calculations for the 4 January 1973 air pollution episode at Logans Ferry. Values of the wind-profile exponent p used in the other 1973 short-term cal- culations and in the short-term compliance case calculations are given in Sections 6 and 7, respectively. Vertical Turbulent Intensities Our vertical expansion (cr ) curves, which include the effects of the initial Z vertical plume or building dimension, relate the vertical turbulent intensity directly to plume growth (see Equation (13) of Appendix A). Table 3-5 lists the values of the standard deviation of the wind elevation angle a' corresponding to the Pasquill stability categories for rural and urban areas. The rural a' values are based in part on the measurements of Luna and Church (1971) and are consistent with the a' values implicit in the ------- TABLE 3-5 TURBULENT INTENSITIES FOR RURAL AND URBAN AREAS Pasquill Stability Category A B C D E F ------- Mixing Depths The height of the top of the surface mixing layer is defined as the height at which the vertical intensity of turbulence becomes effectively zero. This condition is fulfilled when the vertical turbulent intensity is of the order of 0. 01 or smaller. Since direct measurements of the intensity of turbulence are not routinely made, indirect indicators such as discontinuities in the vertical wind and temperature profiles must be used to estimate the depth of the surface mixing layer. In the simplest case, the base of an elevated inversion layer is usually assumed to represent the top of the surface mixing layer. However, even with a surface-based inversion, a shallow mixing layer will exist due to the presence of surface roughness elements and, in urban areas, surface heat sources. Holzworth (1972) has developed a procedure for estimating early morning and afternoon mixing depths for urban areas from rawinsonde observations and surface temperature measurements. Tabulations of daily observations of the depth of the surface mixing layer, developed by using the Holzworth (1972) procedures, are available for most rawinsonde stations operated by the National Weather Service. For the seasonal concentration calculations, we analyzed seasonal tabulations of daily observations of mixing depth and average surface wind speed at the Greater Pittsburgh Airport for the period 1960 through 1964 (Environmental Data Service, 1966) in order to determine seasonal median early morning and afternoon mixing depths for each wind-speed category. The median afternoon mixing depths were assigned to the A, B and C stability categories; the median early-morning mixing depths were assigned to the combined E and F stability categories; and the median early morning and afternoon mixing depths were averaged and assigned to the D stability category. Table 3-6 gives the seasonal median mixing depths for the joint combinations of the wind-speed and stability categories determined for the Pittsburgh area. 29 ------- TABLE 3-6 MIXING-LAYER DEPTHS IN METERS USED IN THE ANNUAL CONCENTRATION CALCULATIONS Pasquill Stability Category Wind-Speed Category (m/sec) 0-1.5 1.6-3.1 3.2-5.1 5.2-8.2 8.3-10.8 >10. 8 (a) Winter A B C D E 500 500 500 320 140 650 650 650 470 290 — 710 710 670 630 — — 710 710 — — — 710 710 — — — — 710 — (b) Spring A B C D E 1530 1530 1530 825 120 1530 1530 1530 920 310 1530 1530 1030 530 — 1530 1415 — -- 1530 1530 — — — 1530 — (c) Summer A B C D E 1730 1730 1730 960 190 1730 1730 1730 1025 320 1730 1730 1235 740 __ __ 1730 1295 — 1730 1295 — (d) Fall A B C D E 1230 1230 1230 685 140 1230 1230 1230 740 250 __ 1230 1230 970 710 1230 1190 — 1230 1230 — — 1295 — __ ___ 1230 — 30 ------- For the 1973 short-term calculations, rawinsonde data taken at the Greater Pittsburgh Airport on the specific days of interest were plotted on a thermodynamic diagram. If an elevated inversion layer capped an adiabatic surface layer (such as on 4 January 1973), the mixing depth was set equal to the height above the airport of the base of the elevated inversion. If a surface-based inversion existed (such as on 18 January 1973), the minimum mixing depth was assumed to be 125 meters on the basis of our analysis of the Environmental Data Service (1966) tabulations of Pittsburgh early morning mixing depths. With a surface-based inversion, whenever the dry adiabat (line of constant potential temperature) passing through the surface temperature and pressure intersected the temperature profile at a height above the surface greater than 125 meters, the mixing depth was set equal to this height. If the surface temperature indicated that the surface-based inversion had been com- pletely dissipated, the mixing layer was assumed to extend to the base of the next stable iciyer. Section A. 5 of Appendix A discusses the procedures for adjusting the Greater Pittsburgh Airport mixing depths for variations in terrain height over the calculation grid. Ambient Air Temperatures The Briggs (1971) plume-rise formulas given in Section A. 2 of Appendix A require the ambient air temperature as an input. For the seasonal concentration calculations, seasonal average afternoon temperatures measured at the Greater Pittsburgh Airport during the period 1963 through 1972 were assigned to the A, B and C stability categories; average morning and evening temperatures were assigned to the D stability category; and average nighttime temperatures were assigned to the combined E and F categories. Table 3-7 lists the ambient air temperatures used in the long-term calculations. Hourly surface temperatures measured at the Greater Pittsburgh Airport were used in the 1973 short-term calculations. 31 ------- TABLE 3-7 AMBIENT AIR TEMPERATURES USED IN THE ANNUAL AVERAGE CONCENTRATION CALCULATIONS Pasquill Stability Category A B C D E Ambient Air Temperature (°K) Winter 273.2 273.2 273.2 271.2 269.7 Spring 287.0 287.0 287.0 283.7 280.3 Summer 298.3 298.3 298.3 294.4 290.7 Fall 289.5 289.5 289.5 286.3 282.4 TABLE 3-8 VERTICAL POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS IN DEGREES KELVIN PER METER USED IN THE ANNUAL AVERAGE CONCENTRATION CALCULATIONS Pasquill Stability Category A B C D E Wind-Speed Category (m/sec) 0-1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.015 0.030 1.6-3.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.010 0.020 3.2-5.1 0.0 0.0 0.005 0.015 5.2-8.2 — 0.0 0.003 — 8.3-10.8 __ — 0.0 0.003 — >10.8 __ — -- 0.003 — 32 ------- Vertical Potential Temperature Gradients The Briggs (1971) plume-rise formulas given in Section A. 2 of Appendix A also require the vertical potential temperature gradient as an input. Table 3-8 lists the vertical potential temperature gradients used in the long-term concentration calculations. The potential temperature gradients in Table 3-8 were assigned on the basis of the Turner (1964) and Pasquill (1961) definitions of the Pasquill stability categories, the measurements of Luna and Church (1971), and our own previous experience. For the 1973 short-term calculations, vertical potential temperature gradients were obtained from the rawinsonde measurements made at the Greater Pittsburgh Airport. Wind Persistence Statistics In selecting the meteorological inputs for the short-term compliance calcu- lations, it was necessary to analyze the joint persistence of wind speed and wind direction at the Greater Pittsburgh Airport in order to assure that the worst-case conditions assumed in the calculations were realistic. Table 3-9 shows the total number of occurrences, during the period January 1963 through December 1972, of the persistence within each wind-direction sector of wind speeds above 3.1 meters per second for time periods from 1 to 24 hours. Table 3-10 shows, for the same 10-year period, the total number of occurrences of the persistence within each wind-direction sector of wind speeds greater than 5.1 meters per second for time periods from 1 to 24 hours. 33 ------- TABLE 3-9 TOTAL NUMBER OF OCCURRENCES OF THE COMBINED PERSISTENCE OF WIND DIRECTIONS AND WIND SPEEDS ABOVE 3.1 METERS PER SECOND AT THE GREATER PITTSBURGH AIRPORT FOR THE PERIOD 1963-1972 oo Number of Hours of Persistence 5=1 >-2 a3 a4 as ae a7 as a9 a 10 ail a 12 a 13 a 14 ais aie a 17 ais ai9 a 20 a21 a 22 a 23 a 24 Wind Direction (Sector N 4095 1893 1217 708 590 577 141 134 130 108 104 103 31 31 31 26 26 26 5 5 5 5 5 5 NNE 1209 529 327 179 156 153 19 18 18 16 16 16 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 NE 1073 482 307 173 152 150 24 24 24 20 20 19 4 4 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 ENE 1371 629 402 232 199 195 44 40 38 34 31 31 9 9 9 7 7 7 3 3 3 3 3 3 E 1763 817 524 307 261 256 57 55 52 44 43 43 13 13 13 12 12 12 4 4 4 4 4 4 ESE 1674 765 497 289 239 234 59 54 52 44 43 43 10 9 9 9 9 9 2 2 2 2 2 2 SE 1967 907 590 335 288 283 60 55 52 43 42 42 13 13 12 11 11 11 5 5 5 4 4 4 SSE 1341 588 369 193 177 176 15 15 15 12 12 12 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 S 2880 1330 851 467 413 409 48 48 48 43 43 43 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 SSW 2647 1191 755 413 362 356 49 48 47 41 41 41 7 7 7 7 7 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 SW 5666 2621 1685 975 811 787 176 169 160 137 135 135 25 25 25 25 25 25 6 6 6 6 6 6 wsw 6750 3115 1985 1148 962 934 238 219 205 170 162 160 54 54 53 47 47 47 15 14 14 13 13 13 W 8814 4187 2698 1663 1337 1291 442 417 383 322 309 306 117 115 113 104 102 101 43 43 43 41 41 41 WNW 4966 2310 1471 859 719 701 159 153 144 122 121 118 33 32 31 30 30 30 9 9 9 9 9 8 NW 4041 1841 1175 664 562 556 108 105 102 84 83 83 21 21 20 19 19 19 3 3 3 3 3 2 NNW 3145 1409 887 507 415 409 86 82 80 68 68 67 15 14 14 14 14 14 3 3 3 3 3 3 ------- TABLE 3-10 TOTAL NUMBER OF OCCURRENCES OF THE COMBINED PERSISTENCE OF WIND DIRECTIONS AND WIND SPEEDS ABOVE 5. 1 METERS PER SECOND AT THE GREATER PITTSBURGH AIRPORT FOR THE PERIOD 1963-1972 Number of Hours of Persistence ^ I » 2 > 3 i4 5: 5 ^6 z 1 S: 8 2=9 5-10 5:11 5:12 5:13 5:14 5:15 5:16 517 5:18 >19 5:20 5-21 ^19 5:23 =24 Wind Direction (Sector N 11C8 533 335 180 163 161 16 14 13 13 13 12 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NNE 234 93 58 33 29 28 5 5 5 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 NE 177 83 52 27 26 2C 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 ENE 295 138 90 53 44 43 12 11 10 9 8 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 E 285 131 84 51 41 41 8 8 8 3 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ESE 397 174 112 63 53 52 12 12 12 10 10 10 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 SE 4G3 213 136 75 67 67 11 10 10 7 7 7 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 SSE 278 124 79 40 39 39 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 s 752 345 221 114 108 107 6 6 6 5 5 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 ssw 1007 451 288 154 139 139 16 16 16 14 14 14 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 sw 2846 1305 840 473 405 389 67 66 64 55 55 55 9 9 9 9 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 wsw 3923 1816 1153 668 562 539 125 116 107 95 91 90 23 23 22 20 19 19 8 8 8 7 7 7 W 5507 2C05 1G86 1032 829 806 249 239 221 191 187 186 56 54 54 50 49 49 21 21 21 21 21 21 WNW 3062 1430 907 530 442 429 94 90 85 74 74 73 15 15 14 14 14 14 3 3 3 3 3 3 NW 2086 946 603 345 289 284 54 54 53 44 44 44 8 8 8 8 8 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 NNW 1399 618 333 215 134 132 29 28 28 24 24 24 4 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 CO 01 ------- 36 ------- SECTION 4 LONG-TERM MODEL CALCULATIONS FOR 1973 4.1 INTRODUCTION To test the performance of the long-term concentration model described in Section A. 4 of Appendix A, including the adjustments for terrain effects discussed in Section A. 5, model calculations were made of the seasonal and annual average ground-level SO concentrations for the year 1973 using SO emissions data for A £ various major source complexes located in the Pittsburgh area. This year was selected because it is the most recent year for which comprehensive emissions and air quality data are available. Section 4. 2 contains a detailed description of the calculation procedures as well as a discussion of the results of the 1973 annual calculations. The 1973 source data used in the calculations are presented in Section 4. 3 and the meteorological inputs are discussed in Section 4.4. 4. 2 CALCULATION PROCEDURES AND RESULTS The source data given in Section 4. 3 and the meteorological data discussed in Section 4.4 were used with the long-term concentration model described in Section A. 4 of Appendix A to calculate seasonal and annual average ground-level SO concentrations for 649 grid points on a 21-kilometer by 28-kilometer grid £ enclosed by the areas shown in Figures 4-1 and 4-2. The procedures described in Section A. 5 of Appendix A were used to account for the effects of variations in terrain height over the calculation grid. It is important to note that we have not used any calibration constants to scale the calculated concentrations to concentrations observed at air quality monitoring sites. The model concentrations presented in 37 ------- FIGURE 4-1. Topographic map of the Clairton-Liberty Borough area showing the locations of the major SC>2 sources. Elevations are in feet above mean sea level, and the contour interval is 200 feet (61 meters). 38 ------- co FIGURE 4-2. Topographic map of the Hazelwood-Braddock area showing the locations of the major SO2 sources. Elevations are in feet above mean sea level, and the contour interval is 200 feet (61 meters). ------- this section have been calculated directly from the emissions data and meteorolog- ical data without any adjustments whatever to make them conform to observed air quality. Additionally, no background SO2 concentrations have been incorporated in the calculated concentrations. Figure 4-3 shows, for the combined sources, the calculated isopleths of annual average ground-level SO concentration for the Clairton-Liberty Borough area. Neglecting the annual ambient SO background concentration, Figure 4-3 indicates that the annual Primary Air Quality Standard of 80 micrograms per cubic meter was exceeded within a large area, centered on the west bank of the Mononga- hela River, that extends from the southern boundary of Allegheny County to the Liberty Borough area. The maximum annual average concentration calculated at a single grid point is 333 micrograms per cubic meter. This grid point is located on the elevated terrain northeast of the Clairton Coke Works (see Figure 4-3). Emissions from the Clairton Coke Works account for 90 percent of this calculated maximum. As shown by Figure 4-3, calculated annual average concentrations greater than or equal to 150 micrograms per cubic meter also occur in an area west of the Clairton Coke Works and in two other areas respectively located 2.5 kilometers north and northeast of the Elrama power plant. In the area west of the Clairton Coke Works, emissions from the Elrama power plant, the Mitchell power plant and the Clairton Coke Works account for 16, 5 and 76 percent, respec- tively, of the calculated maximum concentration of 168 micrograms per cubic meter. In the area 2. 5 kilometers north of the Elrama power plant, the contribu- tions of Elrama, Mitchell and the Clairton Coke Works to the maximum calculated concentration of 240 micrograms per cubic meter are 86, 7 and 4 percent, respec- tively. Finally, emissions from Elrama, Mitchell and the Clairton Coke Works account for 80, 10 and 6 percent, respectively, of the maximum calculated concentra- tion of 156 micrograms per cubic meter in the region 2. 5 kilometers northeast of Elrama. 40 ------- FIGURE 4-3. Calculated isopleths of annual average ground-level SC>2 concentration in micrograms per cubic meter for the Clairton-Liberty Borough area during 1973. The filled circles show the locations of the Glassport and Liberty Borough SO0 monitors. 41 ------- Table 4-1 lists, for the major source complexes independently and for all sources combined, the annual average ground-level SO2 concentrations calculated for the Glassport and Liberty Borough monitors. The locations of the two monitors are shown by the filled circles in Figure 4-3. The calculated annual average con- centration for the Glassport monitor is 80 micrograms per cubic meter, which is approximately equal to the annual average concentration of 79 micrograms per cubic meter measured by the monitor. Emissions from the Clairton Coke Works account for about 62 percent of the calculated total, while emissions from the Elrama and Mitchell power plants contribute 20 and 8 percent, respectively. The calculated annual average concentration at the Liberty Borough monitor is 116 micrograms per cubic meter, which is approximately 83 percent of the annual aver- age concentration of 139 micrograms per cubic meter measured by the monitor. As shown by Table 4-1, the Clairton Coke Works is responsible for about 76 percent of the annual average concentration calculated for the Liberty Borough monitor. The Elrama and Mitchell power plants contribute an additional 12 and 5 percent, respec- tively. Figure 4-4 shows, for the combined sources, the calculated isopleths of annual average ground-level SO concentration for the Hazelwood-Braddock area. & Neglecting the annual ambient SO background, Figure 4-4 indicates that the annual £1 standard was also exceeded over a large portion of the Hazelwood area. Two grid points have essentially identical calculated concentrations. In the crescent-shaped area where the Monongahela River dips to the south, the calculated maximum con- centration is 287 micrograms per cubic meter. Emissions from the Jones and Laughlin plant account for 89 percent of this calculated concentration. The second maximum calculated concentration in the Hazelwood area is located 3 kilometers east of the first maximum. Emissions from the U. S. Steel Homestead plant account for 85 percent of the calculated concentration of 288 micrograms per cubic meter. 42 ------- TABLE 4-1 CALCULATED 1973 ANNUAL AVERAGE GROUND-LEVEL SO2 CONCENTRATIONS AT THE GLASSPORT AND LIBERTY BOROUGH SO MONITORS £t Source Clairton Coke Ovens Power Boilers Reheat and Blast Furnaces Claus Plant All Sources Irvin Process Reheat All Sources Elrama Mitchell Pittron Others Combined Sources Annual Glassport 18. 7 (23%) 17. 5 (22%) 3. 2 ( 4%) 9.9 (12%) 1. 5 ( 2%) 2. 3 ( 3%) Average Concentration (ng/m^) Monitor 49. 3 ( 62%) 3. 8 ( 5%) 16. 2 ( 20%) 6. 1 ( 8%) 0. 0 ( 0%) 4. 7 ( 6%) 80. 1 (100%) Liberty Borough Monitor 37. 6 (32%) 26. 1 (23%) 2. 5 ( 2%) 21. 6 (19%) 87.8 1. 3 ( 1%) 1. 2 ( 2%) 2.5 13.8 6.3 0.1 5.2 115.7 ( 76%) ( 2%) ( 12%) ( 5%) ( 0%) ( 4%) (100%) Numbers inclosed in parentheses show the percentage of the total calculated con- centration allocated to each source. 43 ------- FIGURE 4-4. Calculated isopleths of annual average ground-level SO2 concentration in micrograms per cubic meter for the Hazelwood-Braddock area during 1973. ------- 4. 3 SOURCE DATA Table 4-2 lists the sources, source locations, SO emission rates and Li stack parameters that were used to calculate annual average ground-level SO Li concentrations for 1973. These parameters were taken directly from the emis- sions inventory and other data supplied by the Allegheny County Bureau of Air Pollution Control. The locations of all sources are reported in Universal Trans- verse Mercator (UTM) coordinates which were individually checked prior to their being used in the model calculations. Figures 4-1 and 4-2 show the locations of the sources used in the model calculations on topographic maps of the Clairton- Liberty Borough and Hazelwood-Braddock areas, respectively. As previously noted, the ambient SO background and the contributions of sources other than LA the sources listed in Table 4-2 were not included in the calculations for 1973. A check of the emissions data reported for the United States Steel facilities were made using fuel data from various reports and other information provided by the Allegheny County Bureau of Air Pollution Control. The results of these checks are summarized in Table 4-3. Discrepancies between the calculated and reported emissions appear to be minor and within the accuracies of the assumptions that were used in the calculations. 4. 4 METEOROLOGICAL DATA The general meteorological inputs (turbulent intensities, wind-profile exponents, median mixing depths, ambient air temperatures and vertical potential temperature gradients) used in the 1973 seasonal and annual concentration calcul- ations are discussed in Section 3. In addition to these inputs, the long-term con- centration model requires seasonal distributions of wind-speed and wind direction categories. These distributions were developed from airport surface weather observations by the National Climatic Center1 s STAR program which is based on 45 ------- TABLE 4-2 SO2 EMISSIONS, SOURCE LOCATIONS AND STACK PARAMETERS USED TO CALCULATE ANNUAL AND SEASONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY FOR 1973 Source 1 Clairton Underfire #1 2 Clairton Underfire #2 3 Clairton Underfire #3 7 Clairton Underfire #7 8 Clairton Underfire #8 9 Clairton Underfire #9 10 Clairton Underfire #10 11 Clairton Underfire #11 12 Clairton Underfire #12 13 Clairton Underfire #13 14 Clairton Underfire #14 15 Clairton Underfire #15 16 Clairton Underfire #16 17 Clairton Underfire #17 Location (UTM) X Coordinate 595,860 595,830 595,730 595,880 595,870 595,750 595,660 595, 630 595,520 595,380 595,360 595,210 595,190 595, 110 Y Coordinate 4,461,520 4,461,540 4,461,780 4,461,650 4,461,680 4,461,810 4,461,900 4,461,920 4,462,060 4,461,930 4,461,960 4,462,110 4,462,150 4, 462,240 s°2 Emissions (tons/year) 578 578 578 578 578 578 578 578 578 578 578 578 578 578 Stack Height (m) 69 69 69 65 65 65 69 69 69 69 69 69 61 61 Stack Exit Temperature (°K) 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 Actual Stack Gas Volume 3 , (m /sec) 37.27 37.27 37.27 35.87 35.87 35.87 37.27 37.27 37.27 37.74 37.74 37.74 32.13 32. 13 Stack Inner Radius (m) 1.220 1.220 1.220 1.270 1.270 1.270 1.220 1.220 1.220 1.310 1.310 1.310 1.310 1. 310 OS ------- TABLE 4-2 (Continued) Source 18 Clairton Underfire #18 19 Clairton Underfire #19 20 Clairton Underfire #20 21 Clairton Underfire #21 22 Clairton Underfire #22 23 Clairton Underfire #12A 24 Clairton B&W #1 25 Clairton CE #2 26 Clairton Benzene Boiler 27 Clairton Benzene Boiler 28 Clairton Blast Furnace 3C Clairton Claus Plant 31 Irvin 3 and 4 32 Irvin 5 and 6 33 Irvin 7 35 Elrama Location (UTM) X Coordinate 595,020 595,280 595,250 595,060 595,030 595,500 595,000 595,000 594,870 594,850 595,630 595,810 593,220 593,230 593,250 592,000 Y Coordinate 4,462,330 4,461,880 4,461,910 4,462,120 4,462,160 4,462,080 4,462,470 4,462,470 4,462,400 4,462,410 4,460,060 4,461,550 4,465,600 4,465,650 4,465,710 4,456,200 S°2 Emissions (tons/year) 578 578 578 578 578 578 3,730 1,175 588 588 303 5,074 824 1,232 937 12,079 Stack Height (m) 76 76 76 76 76 69 50 50 52 52 60 46 55 78 30 83 Stack Exit Temperature (OK) 700 700 700 700 700 700 455 455 16* 16* 716 561 646 633 483 416 Actual Stack Gas Volume (m ------- TABLE 4-2 (Continued) Source 36 Elrama 37 Elrama 38 Elrama 39 Mitchell 40 Mitchell 41 Mitchell 42 Mitchell 43 Irvin Reheat 44 Irvin Reheat 45 Irvin Reheat 46 Irvin Reheat 47 Irvin Reheat 48 Clairton Reheat 49 Clairton Reheat 50 Clairton Reheat 51 Clairton Reheat Location (UTM) X Coordinate 592,000 592,000 592,000 587,340 587,340 587,340 587,340 593,250 593,250 593,250 593,260 593,260 595,100 595,100 595,100 595,100 Y Coordinate 4,456,200 4,456,200 4,456,200 4,452,810 4,452,810 4,452,810 4,452,810 4,465,600 4,465,700 4,465,650 4,465,600 4,465,650 4,461,520 4,461,530 4,461,540 4,461,500 S°2 Emissions (tons/year) 12,079 13,920 20.935 27,142 6,769 6,769 6,769 365 365 365 365 365 131 131 131 131 Stack Height (m) 83 83 89 73 70 70 70 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 Stack Exit Temperature (OK) 430 430 416 403 467 467 467 10* 10* 10* 10* 10* 70* 70* 70* 70* Actual Stack Gas Volume (m^/sec) 198.950 229.450 299.140 534.810 223.640 223.640 223.640 50.000* 50.000* 50.000* 50. 000* 50.000* 70.000* 70. 000* 70. 000* 70. 000* Stack Inner Radius (m) 2.150 2.150 2.300 3.050 2.150 2.150 2.150 — — — — — — — — — 00 Indicates building source; building length and width are entered as Stack Temperature and Volume. ------- TABLE 4-2 (Continued) Source 52 Clairton Reheat 53 Clairton Reheat 54 Clairton Reheat 55 Pittron 60 Phillips Power Station 61 Phillips Po\ver Station 62 Phillips Power Station 63 Phillips Power Station 64 Phillips Power Station 65 Phillips Power Station 66 Brunots Island Turbines 67 Brunots Island Turbines 68 Brunots Island Turbines 69 12th Street Steam 70 Stanwix Street Steam 71 H. J. Heinz Co. Location (UTM) X Coordinate 595,100 595,100 595,100 593,850 565,260 565,260 565,260 565,260 565,260 565,260 580,680 580,730 580,770 585,200 584,380 586,000 Y Coordinate 4,461,560 4,461,570 4,461,580 4,464,500 4,491,020 4,491,020 4,491,020 4,491,020 4,491,020 4,491,020 4,479,680 4,479,720 4,479,750 4,477,600 4,477,300 4,478,900 S°2 Emissions tons/year) 131 131 131 39 3,217 3,216 5,307 5,307 5,307 8,524 28 28 28 1,179 1,040 745 Stack Height (m) 52 52 52 75 76 76 76 76 76 49 10 10 10 82 112 76 Stack Exit ^emperature (OR) 70 70* 70* 600 461 461 457 457 457 430 735 735 735 604 574 473 Actual tack Gas Volume mVsec) 70. 000* 70.000* 70.000* 88.000 83.460 83.460 118.070 118.070 118.070 167.850 237.600 237.600 237.600 108.260 227.230 18.730 Stack Innei Radius (m) — — — 2.000 1.800 1.800 1.800 1.800 1.800 2.300 .900 .900 .900 2.000 2.600 1.500 Indicates building source; building length and width are entered as Stack Temperature and Volume. ------- TABLE 4-2 (Continued) Ol o — Source 72 H. J. Heinz Co. 73 Westinghouse Electric 74 Westinghouse Electric 75 Bellefield Boilers 76 Bellefield Boilers 77 Pittsburgh Brewery 78 WABCO 79 Duquesne N C Boilers 80 Duquesne Reheat 81 E. T. N C Boilers 82 E. T. Soaking Pits 83 Homestead N C Boilers 84 Homestead Process 1 85 Homestead Process 2 86 Homestead Process 3 87 Homestead #5 OH Location (UTM) X Coordinate _ 586,000 599,020 599,020 589,190 589,190 587,550 594,400 598,120 598,360 597,110 597,440 592,850 593,400 591,900 593,150 592,350 . Y Coordinate — • 4,478,900 4,472,550 4,472,550 4,477,100 4,477,100 4,479,280 4,475,550 4,469,830 4,469,450 4,471,610 4,471,870 4,473,830 4,473,870 4,473,400 4,473,850 4,473,750 S°2 Emissions (tons/year) 745 110 110 464 460 365 135 157 402 73 402 15 1,376 1,376 1,376 1,515 TnrHfnt<5o VmilHinn- n^.,i»«n. v.,,ju.- i ^ •, . ,., Stack Height (m) 76 50 37 59 69 63 27 49 37 33 30 16 32 32 32 38 Stack Exit Temperature (°K) 473 505 461 589 561 472 569 '551 700 551 764 361 50 50* 50* 532 Actual Stack Gas Volume (mVsec) 16.290 17.420 7.470 26.950 24.150 39.560 19.310 32.870 26.300 26.230 22.320 25. 040 100. 000 100. 000* 100.000* 153.930 Stack Inner Radius (m) 1. 500 1. 100 1.000 1.400 1.700 1.200 .700 1.100 .900 1.200 .800 1.600 2.000 source; building length and width are entered as Stack Temperature and Volume. ------- TABLE 4-2 (Continued) Source 88 National #1 89 National #2 90 National #3 91 National #4 92 National #5 93 Duquesnc #15 94 Duquesne #17 95 E. T. #1 96 E. T. #2 97 E. T. #3 98 Homestead Carrie #3 99 Homestead Carrie #4 100 Mesta Machine Co. 101 J & L By Products Boilers 102 J & L Eliza Boilers 103 J & L South Side Boilers Location (UTM) X Coordinate 597,400 597,450 597,500 597,550 597,600 598,120 598,120 596,990 596,990 596,990 594,120 594,120 590,920 589,250 588,560 588,030 Y Coordinate 4,467,330 4,467,330 4,467,330 4,467,330 4,467,330 4,469,830 4,469,830 4,471,670 4,471,670 4,471,670 4,474,020 4,474,020 4,471,980 4,473,900 4,475,400 4,475,280 S°2 Emissions tons/year) 124 124 124 124 124 124 394 456 456 456 927 751 402 2,332 1,612 2,929 Stack Height (m) 46 46 46 46 46 49 49 50 50 50 43 43 61 24.4 36.6 35.7 Stack Exit Temperature (OK) 590 590 590 590 590 551 551 533 533 533 561 561 511 616 477 477 Actual tack Gas Volume m3/sec) 39.250 39.250 39.250 39.250 39.250 32.870 32. 870 121.550 121.550 121.550 200.320 154.030 7.360 6.150 66.630 26.650 Stack Inner Radius (m) 1.300 1.300 1.300 1.300 1.300 1.100 1.100 2.100 2.100 2.100 2.400 1.900 .900 .680 1.340 1.220 ------- TABLE 4-2 (Continued) Source 104 J & L Underfire #1 105 J & L Underfire #2 106 J & L Underfire #3 107 J & L Underfire #4 108 J & L Underfire #5 109 J & L Open Hearth 110 J & L Barmill #1 111 J & L Barmill #2 112 J & L Stripmill 113 J & L Soaking Pits 114 J & L Soaking Pits Location (UTM) X Coordinate 589,150 589,150 589,190 589,190 589,200 587,850 589,240 589,260 588,265 587,780 587,800 Y Coordinate 4,474,030 4,474,020 4,473,860 4,473,840 4,473,750 4,475,680 4,474,060 4,474,150 4,475,775 4,475,470 4,475,550 S°2 Emissions (tons /year) 1,572 1,564 1,544 1,544 1,832 1,742 707 554 2,523 2,024 1,241 Stack Height (m) 61 62.6 62.6 62.6 62.6 38 38.1 38.1 18.0 48 34 Stack Exit Temperature (°K) 600 600 600 600 600 532 727 727 727 727 727 Actual Stack Gas Volume m ------- TABLE 4-3 REPORTED AND CALCULATED 1973 EMISSIONS FOR U. S. STEEL FACILITIES PLANT COMPONENT Clairton B&W#1 CE#2 Benezene Boilers #13, #14 Blast F Boilers Reheat Underfire C. O. Irvin Boilers #3-7 Reheat National Boilers #1-5 N-C Boilers* Process* COMPONENT FUEL USAGE JAN-SEP 1973 (109 BTU/month) BFG <320 - - - 320 - _ < 0 - - < 95 69 26 - Pure Cog 2830 109 116 39 30 203 2333 208 125 83 326 90 - 236 Total Natural Gas or N. Gas in Mixed Cog 0 _ - - - Direct Natural Gas 913 _ 3 _ _ Coal 538 342 152 44 - Ammonia — 0 - - 58 16 - 42 [910] Plant 258 _ 258 77 29 - 48 _ 142 142 - 40 40 - - Fuel Oil 3 - - - - - 3 485 - 485 0 - - - Benzene Product 12 12 - - - _ _ 0 - - 0 - - - PTM 0> - - - - - _ 0> - - 0> - - - Total 4,616 1,093 596 SO0 EMISSIONS JAN-SEP 1973 (tons /day) Reported <51. 60> 10.22 3.22 3.22 0.83 2.51 31.60 <13. 2> 8.2 5.0 <1. 7> 1.7 N/R N/R Calc'd <51.42> 10.84 4.96 1.85 0.14 0.88 32.75 <10.56> 6.49 4.07 <2. 20> 1.12 0 1.08 en CO No Emissions Reported < > Indicates sum of total source complex emissions or fuel usage [ ] Indicates aggregate process fuel usage ------- TABLE 4-3 (Continued) PLANT COMPONENT Duquesne Boiler #15 Boiler #17 N-C Boilers Reheat Edgar Thomson Boilers #1-3 N-C Boilers Soaking Pits Homestead Carrie #3 Reilly Carrie #4 Reilly N-C Boilers OH Process 1 Reheat Process 2 Reheat Process 3 Reheat #5 Open Hearth COMPONENT FUEL USAGE JAN-SEP 1973 (109 BTU/month) BFG < 937 ll_1 937 - <1384 621 763 - <1109 271 242 596 - _ _ Pure Cog 157.8 h4" 54.4 77 134.3 20.4 28.9 85 1049 118.1 45.9 32.3 r -\| 852.6 L _ 1 Total Natural Gas or N. Gas in Mixed Cog 28 H Direct Natural Gas 347 [•] [3.3] [361] 34 3.6 241 6 [91.4] [ 174] 185 20.9 8.1 266 34 17 [37.7] — — 1 332.9 ^~ Coal 86 86 - - 47 47 - - 44 22 22 - - _ - Fuel Oil 49 — 37.2 11.8 1 - 1 JL 491.4 - - 34.4 — — 457 Benzene Product 0 — - - 0 - - - 0 - - - - _ - PTM 0> — - - 0> - - - 422> - - _ _ 422 Total 1,605 1,841 3,566 SOs EMISSIONS JAN-SEP 1973 (tons /day) Reported <4.31> 1.70 1.08 0.43 1.10 <3.8> 2.5 0.2 1.1 <20. 10> 2.62 1.98 0.04 3.77 3.77 3.77 4.15 Calc' d <4. 70> 1.86 1.86 0.54 0.44 <2. 59> 2.06 0.14 0.39 <16.71> 1.27 0.94 0.42 3.31 3.31 3.31 4.15 en ------- en en PLANT COMPONENT Total Additional: Clairton Claus Plant Stack COMPONENT FUEL USAGE BFG <3845 - Pure Cog 4705 JAN-SEP 1973 (109 BTU/month) Total Natural Gas or N. Gas in Mixed Cog 305 Direct Natural Gas 2102 Coal 897 Fuel Oil 1029 To Be Replaced By 1975 Benzene Product 12 - PTM 422> - Total 13,317 - SO2 EMISSIONS JAN-SEP 1973 (tons /day) Reported <94. 71 > 13.9 Calc' d <88. 18 > ------- the Turner (1964) definitions of the Pasquill stability categories (see Section 3.2). Figure 4-5 compares the 1973 annual frequency distributions of wind direction at the Greater Pittsburgh Airport (dashed line) and Allegheny County Airport (solid line). Inspection of the figure shows that, although the two distributions are generally similar, the most frequent winds at the Greater Pittsburgh Airport are from the west while those at the Allegheny County Airport are from the south and west-southwest, Because the Allegheny County Airport wind data are believed to be more represent- ative of the wind circulation over most of the area of concern, hourly surface wind observations at Allegheny County Airport were used in conjunction with cloud cover observations from the Greater Pittsburgh Airport (no cloud cover data were available for Allegheny County Airport) to generate the seasonal wind distributions used in the 1973 seasonal and annual average concentration calculations. The Greater Pittsburgh Airport surface weather observations were recorded only once every 3 hours, and it was necessary to assume that the cloud cover remained constant over the 3-hour period. The resulting distributions of wind-speed and wind-direction categories, classified according to the Pasquill stability categories, are listed in Appendix B. 56 ------- •ALLEGHENY COUNTY AIRPORT 1973 •GREATER PITTSBURGH AIRPORT 1973 102019 NW NNW N NNE NE (NW ENE •ID- \y V /sw •» A \ ESE SW SSW SSE SE FIGURE 4-5. Annual frequency distributions of wind direction during 1973 at Allegheny County Airport (solid line) and the Greater Pittsburgh Airport (dashed line). Percent frequency scale is shown at left center. 57 ------- 58 ------- SECTION 5 ANNUAL COMPLIANCE CALCULATIONS 5.1 INTRODUCTION A major purpose of this study is to calculate by means of an appropriate diffusion model the maximum annual average ground-level SO concentration that may z be expected to occur in Allegheny County under the current SO2 emission regulations for large stationary sources. The results of these calculations will assist the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency in determining the extent to which the current emission regulations will ensure the attainment and maintenance of the annual Primary Air Quality Standard of 80 micrograms per cubic meter. Projected SO emission rates reflecting the current emissions regulations Li were supplied by the Allegheny County Bureau of Air Pollution Control. These projected emission rates assume that all boilers are operated at capacity. Because of the complexity of the fuel distribution system supplying the U. S. Steel facilities, a number of varying emission rates are possible within the scope of the regulations. These variations result from changes in the supply of natural gas available to U. S. Steel and the decisions made by U. S. Steel on where to burn coke oven gas and where to make up any deficiencies in the supply of natural gas by burning coal in the many boilers in the six production facilities located along the Monongahela River. The Allegheny County Bureau of Air Pollution Control has supplied SO0 £t emissions data for three Compliance Cases (A, B and C) covering the major SO2 sources within Allegheny County. These Compliance Cases differ only in the assump- tions made with respect to the utilization of coke oven gas by the U. S. Steel facilities. Compliance Case A reflects the traditional U. S. Steel utilization of downriver coke oven gas with no curtailment of the 1973 natural gas supply in which 33 percent of the coke oven gas is consumed in boilers and 67 percent is used for process heating. 59 ------- la Compliance Case B, it is assumed that only 21 percent of the coke oven gas is available for use in boilers as a result of a partial curtailment of the natural gas supply. In Compliance Case C, a severe natural gas curtailment is assumed in which all of the coke oven gas normally used in the boilers is required for process heating. These changes in the utilization of coke oven gas have only a small effect on the total SO0 emissions from the boilers and process heating units in the various £1 U. S. Steel facilities. For example, the total SC>2 emissions in tons per day from all U. S. Steel boilers and process heating units for the three Compliance Cases are: Case A - 23. 78; Case B - 25. 38; and Case C - 26. 85. Because these Com- pliance Case SO emissions from the boilers and process heating units comprise Li less than 33 percent of the total SO2 emissions from any U. S. Steel production facility, the total SO0 emissions from any facility for the three Compliance Cases L differ by only a few percent. Diffusion model calculations made using the emissions data for the three Compliance Cases showed that the calculated ground-level SO concentrations for z the three cases were identical for all practical purposes. This result was to be expected from the above discussion of the small variation among the Compliance Cases in the SO2 emission rates from boilers and process heating units and in the total SO2 emissions from all sources. For these reasons, only the diffusion-model calculations made with the projected emissions data for Compliance Case A have been presented in this report. The calculation procedures and the results of the annual compliance calcu- lations are described in Section 5. 2. The compliance case emissions data and the meteorological data used in the calculations are described in Sections 5. 3 and 5.4. 5. 2 CALCULATION PROCEDURES AND RESULTS The meteorological data in Section 5.4 and the project SO2 emissions data in Section 5. 3 were used with the long-term concentration model described in 60 ------- Section A. 4 of Appendix A to calculate seasonal and annual average ground-level SO0 & concentrations for 649 grid points on a 21-kilometer by 28-kilometer grid enclosed by the areas shown in Figures 5-1 and 5-2. The model calculations provided for variations in terrain elevation over the calculation grid, as explained in Section A. 5 of Appendix A. Figures 5-1 and 5-2 show, for the combined sources, the calculated iso- pleths of annual average ground-level SOg concentration in the Clairton-Liberty Borough and Hazel wood-Brad dock areas, respectively. Neglecting the annual ambient background, Figure 5-1 indicates that the annual Primary Air Quality Standard of 80 micrograms per cubic meter will be exceeded in an area bounded by Clairton, Glassport and Liberty Borough. The maximum calculated concen- tration in the Clairton-Liberty Borough area of 120 micrograms per cubic meter is located on elevated terrain along the east bank of the Monongahela River. Emis- sions from the Clairton Coke Works account for about 85 percent of this calculated maximum. Similarly, the calculated concentration isopleths in Figure 5-2 indicate that the annual standard may also be exceeded in small areas near Hazelwood and Homestead and in an area of several square kilometers located east of Braddock. The maximum ground-level concentration calculated in this area is 156 micrograms per cubic meter. Emissions from Westinghouse Electric account for 80 percent of this calculated maximum concentration. Table 5-1 lists, for the major source complexes independently and for the combined sources, the annual average ground-level SO0 concentrations calculated u for the Glassport and Liberty Borough SO2 monitors. The locations of the two monitors are shown by filled circles in Figure 5-1. The calculated annual average concentrations for the two monitors are below the annual Primary Air Quality 61 ------- FIGURE 5-1. Calculated isopleths of annual average ground-level SC>2 concentration in micrograms per cubic meter for the Clairton-Liberty Borough area under Compliance Case A. The two filled circles show the locations of the Glassport and Liberty Borough SO2 monitors. 62 ------- Oi co FIGURE 5-2. Calculated isopleths of annual average ground-level SO2 concentration in micrograms per cubic meter for the Hazelwood-Braddock are under Compliance Case A. ------- TABLE 5-1 ANNUAL AVERAGE GROUND-LEVEL SO2 CONCENTRATION CALCULATED AT THE GLASSPORT AND LIBERTY BOROUGH SO2 MONITORS FOR COMPLIANCE CASE A Source Clairton Coke Ovens Power Boilers Reheat and Blast Furnaces Claus Plant All Sources Irvin Process Reheat All Sources Elrama Mitchell Pittron Others Combined Sources Annual Glassport Average Concentration (jitg/m3) Monitor 3. 2 ( 8%) 20. 1 (48%) 4. 7 (11%) 3. 2 ( 8%) 31. 3 ( 75%) 1. 3 ( 3%) 0. 9 ( 2%) 2. 2 ( 5%) 2. 4 ( 6%) 1. 5 ( 4%) 0. 0 ( 0%) 4. 3 ( 10%) 41. 7 (100%) Liberty Borough Monitor 5. 7 (11%) 20.6 (38%) 5.4 (10%) 4. 5 ( 8%) 36. 3 ( 68%) 2.4 ( 5%) l 1. 3 ( 2%) 3. 7 ( 7%) 2.5( 5% 1. 8 ( 3%) 0. 1 ( 01) 9. 4 ( 18%) 53. 7 (100%) Numbers inclosed in parentheses show the percentage of the total calculated con- centration allocated to each source. 64 ------- Standard. Emissions from the Clairton Coke Works account for about 75 percent of the calculated average annual concentration at the Glassport monitor and for about 68 percent of the calculated average annual concentration at the Liberty Borough monitor. 5. 3 SOURCE DATA Table 5-2 lists the sources, source locations, SO emission rates and Li stack parameters that were used to calculate annual average ground-level SO 2i concentrations for the compliance case. The parameter values in Table 5-2 were directly obtained from the inventory of projected emissions supplied by the Allegheny County Bureau of Air Pollution Control. The locations of the sources used in the model calculations are shown in Figures 5-1, 5-2 and on topographic maps in Figures 4-1 and 4-2 of Section 4. It should be noted that the ambient SO back- u ground and the contributions of sources other than the sources listed in Table 5-2 were not considered in the compliance calculations. 5.4 METEOROLOGICAL DATA The general meteorological inputs (turbulent intensities, wind-profile exponents, median mixing depths, ambient air temperatures and vertical potential temperature gradients) used in the annual compliance calculations are given in Section 3. Seasonal distributions of wind-speed and wind-direction obtained from hourly surface observations at the Greater Pittsburgh Airport for the year 1965 and classified by Pasquill stability categories were used in the annual com- pliance case calculations. These distributions are listed in Appendix B. The year 1965 was selected for the compliance calculations because Rubin (1974), using the Air Quality Display Model (Environmental Protection Agency, 1969) to calculate annual average ground-level SO concentrations in Allegheny County for the years 65 ------- TABLE 5-2 PROJECTED SO2 EMISSIONS, SOURCE LOCATIONS AND STACK PARAMETERS USED TO PREDICT ANNUAL AND SEASONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY FOR COMPLIANCE CASE A - - - Source 1 Clairton Underfire #1 2 Clairton Underfire #2 3 Clairton Underfire #3 7 Clairton Underfire #7 8 Clairton Underfire #8 9 Clairton Underfire #9 10 Clairton Underfire #10 11 Clairton Underfire #11 12 Clairton Underfire #12 13 Clairton Underfire #13 14 Clairton Underfire #14 15 Clairton Underfire #15 16 Clairton Underfire #16 17 Clairton Underfire #17 Location (UTM) X Coordinate 595,860 595,830 595, 730 595,880 595,870 595,750 595,660 595,630 595,520 595,380 595,360 595,210 595,190 595, no Y Coordinate 4,461,520 4,461,540 4,461,780 4,461,650 4,461,680 4,461,810 4,461,900 4,461,920 4,462,060 4,461,930 4,461,960 4,462,110 4,462,150 4,462, 240 S°2 Emissions (tons /year) 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 Stack Height (m) ' 69 69 69 65 65 65 69 69 69 69 69 69 61 61 Stack Exit Temperature (°K) 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 Actual Stack Gas Volume 3 , (m /sec) 37.27 37.27 37.27 35.87 35.87 35.87 37.27 37.27 37.27 37.74 37.74 37.74 32. 13 32. 13 Stack Inner Radius (m) 1.220 1.220 1.220 1.270 1.270 1.270 1.220 1.220 1.220 1.310 1.310 1.310 1.310 1. 310 C5 05 ------- TABLE 5-2 {Continued) Source 18 Clairton Underfire #18 19 Clairton Underfire #19 20 Clairton Underfire #20 21 Clairton Underfire #21 22 Clairton Underfire #22 23 Clairton Underfire #12A 24 Clairton B&W #1 25 Clairton CE #2 26 Clairton Benzene Boiler 27 Clairton Benzene Boiler 28 Clairton Blast Furnace 30 Clairton Claus Plant 31 Irvin 3 and 4 32 Irvin 5 and 6 33 Irvin 7 35 Elrama Location (UTM) X Coordinate 595,020 595,280 595,250 595,060 595,030 595,500 595,000 595,000 594,870 594,850 595,630 595,810 593,220 593,230 593,250 592,000 Y Coordinate 4,462,330 4,461,880 4,461,910 4,462,120 4,462,160 4,462,080 4,462,470 4,462,470 4,462,400 4,462,410 4,460,060 4,461,550 4,465,600 4,465,650 4,465,710 4,456,200 S°2 Emissions (tons/year) 120 120 120 120 120 120 2,062 1,537 723 723 299 1,413 683 971 756 0 Stack Height (m) 76 76 76 76 76 69 50 50 52 52 60 46 55 78 30 83 Stack Exit Temperature (°K) 700 700 700 700 700 700 455 455 16 16* 716 561 646 633 483 416 Actual Stack Gas Volume (m3/sec) 32.300 58.430 58.430 58.430 58.430 35.870 92.570 72.330 60.000* 60. 000* 180.580 18.030 54.550 79.620 33.400 198.950 Stack Inner Radius (m) 1.460 2.140 2.140 2.140 2.140 1.520 1.370 1.060 — — 1.880 .610 1.790 1.600 .920 2.150 05 -q Indicates building source; building length and width are entered as Stack Temperature and Volume. ------- TABLE 5-2 (Continued) Source 36 Elrama 37 Elrama 38 Elrama 39 Mitchell 40 Mitchell 41 Mitchell 42 Mitchell 43 Irvin Reheat 44 Irvin Reheat 45 Irvin Reheat 46 Irvin Reheat 47 Irvin Reheat 48 Clairton Reheat 49 Clairton Reheat 50 Clairton Reheat 51 Clairton Reheat Location (UTM) X Coordinate 592,000 592,000 592,000 587,340 587,340 587,340 587,340 593,250 593,250 593,250 593,260 593,260 595,100 595,100 595,100 595, 100 Y Coordinate 4,456,200 4,456,200 4,456,200 4,452,810 4,452,810 4,452,810 4,452,810 4,465,600 4,465,700 4,465,650 4,465,600 4,465,650 4,461,520 4,461,530 4,461,540 4,461,500 S°2 Emissions (tons/year) 0 0 12,994 6,690 1,945 1,945 1,945 150 150 150 150 150 48 48 48 48 Stack Height (m) 83 83 89 73 70 70 70 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 Stack Exit Temperature (OK) 430 430 416 403 467 467 467 10 10* 10* 10* 10* 70* 70* 70* 70* Actual Stack Gas Volume (m-Vsec) 198.950 229.450 299.140 534.810 223.640 223.640 223.640 50.000* 50.000* 50.000* 50.000* 50. 000* 70.000* 70. 000* 70. 000* 70. 000* Stack Inner Radius (m) 2.150 2.150 2.300 3.050 2.150 2.150 2.150 — — — — — — — — — 00 Incli.oa.tes Tau.il.cli/ng source; Tou.ildi.ns length, and width are entered as Stack Temperature and Volume ------- TABLE 5-2 (Continued) Source 52 Clairton Reheat 53 Clairton Reheat 54 Clairton Reheat 55 Pitron 60 Phillips Power Station 61 Phillips Power Station 62 Phillips Power Station 63 Phillips Power Station 64 Phillips Power Station 65 Phillips Power Station 66 Brunots Island Turbines 67 Brunots Island Turbines 68 Brunots Island Turbines 69 12th Street Steam 70 Stanvvix Street Steam 71 H. J. Heinz Co. Location (UTM) X Coordinate 595,100 595,100 595,100 593,850 565,260 565,260 565,260 565,260 565,260 565,260 580,680 580,730 580,770 585,200 584,380 586,000 Y Coordinate 4,461,560 4,461,570 4,461,580 4,464,500 4,491,020 4,491,020 4,491,020 4,491,020 4,491,020 4,491,020 4,479,680 4,479,720 4,479,750 4,477,600 4,477,300 4,478,900 S°2 Emissions (tons/year) 48 48 48 39 0 0 0 0 11,727 0 1,026 1,026 1,026 1,956 2,599 719 Stack Height (m) 52 52 52 75 76 76 76 76 76 49 10 10 10 82 112 76 Stack Exit Temperature (OK) 70 70* 70* 600 461 461 457 457 457 430 735 735 735 604 574 473 Actual Stack Gas Volume (m^/sec) 70. 000* 70.000" 70. 000* 88.000 83.460 83.460 118.070 118.070 118.070 167.850 237.600 237.600 237.600 108.260 227.230 18.730 Stack Inner Radius (m) — — — 2.000 1.800 1.800 1.800 1.800 1.800 2.300 .900 .900 .900 2.000 2.600 1.500 as CD Indicates building source; building length and width are entered as Stack Temperature and Volume. ------- TABLE 5-2 (Continued) Source 72 H. J. Heinz Co. 73 Westinghouse Electric 74 Westinghouse Electric 75 Bellefield Boilers 76 Bellefield Boilers 77 Pittsbui'gh Brewery 78 WABCO 79 Duquesne N C Boilers 80 Duquesne Reheat 81 E. T. N C Boilers 82 E. T. Soaking Pits 83 Homestead N C Boilers 84 Homestead Process 1 85 Homestead Process 2 86 Homestead Process 3 87 Homestead #5 OH Location (UTM) X Coordinate 586,000 599,020 599,020 589,190 589,190 587,550 594,400 598,120 598,360 597,110 597,440 592,850 593,400 591,900 593,150 592,350 Y Coordinate 4,478,900 4,472,550 4,472,550 4,477,100 4,477,100 4,479,280 4,475,550 4,469,830 4,469,450 4,471,610 4,471,870 4,473,830 4,473,870 4,473,400 4,473,850 4,473,750 S°2 Emissions tons/year) 975 1,427 1,113 865 1,113 467 580 87 343 44 230 7 445 445 445 1,515 Stack Height (m) 76 50 37 59 69 63 27 49 37 33 30 16 32 32 32 38 Stack Exit ( Temperature (°K) 473 505 461 589 561 472 569 "551 700 551 764 361 50 50* 50* 532 Actual Stack Gas Volume (mVsec) 16.290 17.420 7.470 26.950 24.150 39.560 19.310 32.870 26.300 26.230 22.320 25. 040 100.000* 100. 000* 100.000* 153.930 Stack Inner Radius (m) 1.500 1.100 1.000 1.400 1.700 1.200 .700 1.100 .900 1.200 .800 1.600 — — — 2.000 -q o Indicates building source; building length and width are entered as Stack Temperature and Volume. ------- TABLE 5-2 (Continued) Source 88 National #1 89 National #2 90 National #3 91 National #4 92 National #5 93 Duquesne #15 94 Duquesne #17 95 E. T. #1 96 E. T. #2 97 E. T. #3 98 Homestead Carrie #3 99 Homestead Carrie #4 100 Mesta Machine Co. 101 J & L By Products Boilers 102 J & L Eliza Boilers 103 J & L South Side Boilers Location (UTRI) X Coordinate 597,400 597,450 597,500 597,550 597,600 598,120 598,120 596,990 596,990 596,990 594,120 594,120 590,920 589,250 588,560 588,030 Y Coordinate 4,467,330 4,467,330 4,467,330 4,467,330 4,467,330 4,469,830 4,469,830 4,471,670 4,471,670 4,471,670 4,474,020 4,474,020 4,471,980 4,473,900 4,475,400 4,475,280 S°2 emissions tons/year) 752 752 752 752 752 475 475 1,405 1,405 1,405 1,964 1,588 511 387 66 1,602 Stack Height (m) 46 46 46 46 46 49 49 50 50 50 43 43 61 24.4 36.6 35.7 Stack Exit Temperature (OK) 590 590 590 590 590 551 551 533 533 533 561 561 511 616 477 477 Actual tack Gas Volume m^/sec) 39.250 39.250 39.250 39.250 39.250 32.870 32.870 121.550 121.550 121.550 200.320 154.030 7.360 6.150 66.630 26.650 Stack Inner Radius (m) 1.300 1.300 1.300 1.300 1.300 1.100 1.100 2.100 2.100 2.100 2.400 1.900 .900 .680 1.340 1.220 ------- TABLE 5-2 (Continued) Source 104 J & L Underfire #1 105 J & L Underfire #2 106 J & L Underfire #3 107 J & L Underfire #4 108 J & L Underfire #5 109 J & L Open Hearth 110 J & L Barmill #1 111 J & L Barmill #2 112 J & L Stripmill 113 J & L Soaking Pits 114 J & L Soaking Pits 115 J & L Glaus Plant Location (UTM) X Coordinate 589,150 589,150 589,190 589,190 589,200 587,850 589,240 589,260 588,265 587,780 587,800 589,190 Y Coordinate 4,474,030 4,474,020 4,473,860 4,473,840 4,473,750 4,475,680 4,474,060 4,474,150 4,475,775 4,475,470 4,475,550 4,474,000 S°2 Emissions tons/year) 51 51 51 51 77 1,825 84 40 69 95 88 694 Stack Height (m) 61 62.6 62.6 62.6 62.6 38 38.1 38.1 18.0 48 34 46 Stack Exit Temperature <°K) 600 600 600 600 600 532 727 727 727 727 727 977 Actual tack Gas Volume mVsec) 32.140 31.700 31.700 31.700 31.700 153.950 20.400 24.900 47.420 4.850 2.920 24.63 Stack Inner Radius (m) 1.300 1.450 1.450 1.450 1.450 1.980 .840 1.070 1.300 .860 .780 .700 ------- 1965 through 1971, found 1965 to represent the worst-case dilution conditions. Figure 5-3 shows the 1965 annual frequency distribution of wind direction at the Greater Pittsburgh Airport. 73 ------- WNW WSW FIGURE 5-3. Annual frequency distribution of wind direction obtained from the 1965 surface observations at the Greater Pittsburgh Airport. Percent frequency scale is shown at left center. 74 ------- SECTION 6 SHORT TERM HOURLY CONCENTRATIONS FOR 1973 To test the performance of the short-term model prior to using it for compliance-case calculations, model concentrations were calculated for three 24- hour periods during 1973 in which excessively high SO concentration levels were 4 observed at monitoring sites operated by the Allegheny County Bureau of Air Pollution Control. The three 24-hour periods and the monitor locations are: • The 4 January 1973 Air Pollution Episode at Logans Ferry • The 18 January 1973 Air Pollution Episode at Liberty Borough • The 13 July 1973 Air Pollution Episode at Liberty Borough The calculation procedures, the source and meteorological data and the results obtained for each of the three 24-hour cases are described below. 6.1 THE 4 JANUARY 1973 AIR POLLUTION EPISODE AT LOGANS FERRY 6.1.1 Background During 1973, the 3-hour Secondary Air Quality Standard of 1300 micrograms per cubic meter was exceeded 8 times at the Logans Ferry SO monitor and the Li 24-hour Primary Air Quality Standard of 365 micrograms per cubic meter was exceeded 20 times. Many of these high hourly ground-level SO concentrations Ll observed at the Logans Ferry monitor occurred during periods of neutral stability in combination with moderate to strong west-southwest winds. An episode of this type occurred on 4 January 1973 when strong west-southwest winds developed at about 0500 EST and persisted throughout the day. Two power plants, both located 75 ------- at a bearing of approximately 245 degrees from the Logans Ferry monitor, are the most likely major contributors to the observed high SC>2 concentrations. The West Penn power plant is located approximately 900 meters west-southwest of the moni- tor, while the Cheswick power plant is located at a distance of about 3100 meters west-southwest of the monitor. The ground elevation at both power plants, which corresponds to the elevation of the base of the stacks used in the calculations, is approximately 45 meters below the elevation of the Logans Ferry monitor. The calculation procedures and the results of the 4 January 1973 short- term concentration calculations are described in Section 6.1.2. The source data and the meteorological data used in the calculations are discussed in Sections 6.1.3 and 6.1.4. 6.1.2 Calculation Procedures and Results The short-term concentration model described in Section A. 3 of Appendix A, including the adjustments for variations in terrain elevation described in Section A. 5, was used with the source and meteorological data in Sections 6.1. 3 and 6.1.4 to calculate hourly ground-level SO concentrations at 256 grid points on the 10-kilo- Lt meter by 10-kilometer grid shown in Figure 6-1. It is important to note that no attempt was made to calibrate the model through the use of scaling coefficients relating the calculated hourly concentrations at the monitor to the hourly concentra- tions observed at the monitor. The calculated hourly concentrations presented below were thus obtained directly from the emissions data and meteorological data and were in fact calculated without prior knowledge of the observations at the monitor. Figure 6-2 shows, for the combined sources, the calculated isopleths of 24-hour average ground-level SO concentration for 4 January 1973. The location Li of the Logans Ferry monitor is shown by the filled circle in Figure 6-2. Neglect- ing the ambient SO2 background or the contributions of sources other than the West Penn and Cheswick power plants, the calculations indicate that the 24-hour Primary 76 ------- FIGURE 6-1. Topographic map of the Springdale-Logans Ferry area. Eleva- tions are in feet above mean sea level, and the contour interval is 200 feet. The + symbols show the locations of the West Penn Power Plant (Sources 116 and 117) and the Cheswick Power Plant (Sources 118). Filled circle shows the Logans Ferry SO9 moni- tor. 2 77 ------- FIGURE 6-2. Isopleths of 24-hour average ground-level SO2 concentration in micro- grams per cubic meter calculated for the Logans Ferry area on 4 January 1973. The filled circle shows the location of the Logans Ferry SO2 monitor. 78 ------- Air Quality Standard of 365 micrograms per cubic meter was exceeded over an elon- gated area of approximately one square kilometer extending eastward from the Allegheny River opposite the West Penn power plant through the Logans Ferry SO£ monitor. Calculated and observed hourly SO concentrations for the Logans Ferry £t monitor are given in Table 6-1. The calculated 24-hour average concentration of 979 micrograms per cubic meters for the combined sources is about 10 percent higher than the observed concentration. Additionally, the calculated maximum 3- hour concentration of 2207 micrograms per cubic meter is about 17 percent higher than the observed maximum 3-hour concentration of 1880 micrograms per cubic meter. Both the calculated and observed hourly concentrations show low values before 0500 EST, generally high values during the period 0600 to 1400 EST, and decreasing values after 1500 EST. The hour-by-hour correspondence of the cal- culated and observed concentrations is probably as good as can be expected because of the inherent coarseness of the hourly wind-direction data. As discussed in detail in Section 6.2. 2, hourly mean wind directions used in the model calculations are based on airport surface observations which are reported only to the nearest 10 degrees. Because the hourly wind directions reported at the two Pittsburgh Air- ports frequently differ by 20 degrees or more, there is a minimum uncertainty of at least plus or minus 10 degrees in the hourly mean wind directions which precludes accurate predictions of the location of the stack plumes with respect to single grid points. It should be noted that, although the SO emissions from the Cheswick £t power plant on 4 January 1973 were nearly double the emission from the West Penn power plant, the Cheswick emissions account for only about 3 percent of the maximum short-term concentrations calculated for the Logans Ferry monitor. This result is consistent with the observation by Bloom and Smith (1974) that no increase in ambient SO concentrations has been detected at the Logans Ferry £i monitor since the Cheswick power plant began operation in January 1971. The small contribution of the Cheswick emissions to the calculated concentrations at the Logans 79 ------- TABLE 6-1 CALCULATED AND OBSERVED HOURLY GROUND-LEVEL SO£ CONCENTRATIONS AT THE LOGANS FERRY MONITOR FOR 4 JANUARY 1973 Hour (EST) 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 24-Hour Average 3-Hour Maximum g Calculated Hourly SO2 Concentration (fg/m ) West Penn 0 0 0 0 3167 505 489 1971 2083 2147* 2174* 2064 2049 2199 410 22 44 1 44 1670 795 857 21 0 946 2135 Che s wick 0 0 0 0 108 13 14 78* 74* 72* 71 63 75 67 10 0 0 0 0 57 48 30 1 0 33 75 Combined Sources 0 0 0 0 3275 518 503 2049 2157* 2219* 2245* 2127 2124 2266 420 22 44 1 44 1727 843 887 22 0 979 2207 Observed Hourly Concentration (Mg/m3) 13 26 26 21 2028 1732* 1828* 2080* 1103 1517 1378 865 1378 865 1279 977 1344 1069 519 144 34 430 886 423 891 1880 80 ------- Ferry monitor is principally due to the fact that the Cheswick stack is about 3. 5 times higher than the West Penn stacks. The calculated maximum hourly and 24- hour average ground-level SO concentrations resulting from the Cheswick emis- & sions alone are 162 and 65 micrograms per cubic meter, respectively. Both of these maximums occur about 1000 meters east-northeast of the Logans Ferry moni- tor. 6.1.3 Source Data Table 6-2 lists the sources, source locations, SO emission rates and Lt stack parameters that were used to calculate hourly ground-level SO concentra- 4J tions for the 4 January 1973 air pollution episode at Logans Ferry. The source and emissions data given in Table 6-2 were supplied by the Allegheny County Bureau of Air Pollution Control. The locations of the West Penn power plant (Sources 116 and 117) and the Cheswick power plant (Source 118) are shown in Figures 6-1 and 6-2. The filled circles in these figures show the location of the Logans Ferry SO £i monitor. As mentioned above, the ambient SO background and the contributions ^ of sources other than the West Penn and Cheswick power plants were not included in the model calculations for 4 January 1973. 6.1.4 Meteorological Data Table 6-3 lists, for each hour, the wind direction, surface wind speed, mixing depth, ambient air temperature and vertical potential temperature gradient used in the calculations for the 4 January 1973 air pollution episode at Logans Ferry. The hourly wind directions and speeds are arithmetic means of the concurrent observ- ations at the Greater Pittsburgh Airport and Allegheny County Airport. Rawinsonde data taken at the Greater Pittsburgh Airport at 1900 EST on 3 January, 0700 and 1900 EST on 4 January and 0700 EST on 5 January were used to estimate mixing 81 ------- TABLE 6-2 SO2 EMISSIONS, SOURCE LOCATIONS AND STACK PARAMETERS USED TO CALCULATE 1-HOUR, 3-HOUR AND 24-HOUR GROUND-LEVEL SO CONCENTRATIONS FOR THE 4 JANUARY 1973 AIR POLLUTION EPISODE AT LOGANS FERRY Source 116 West Penn 117 West Perm 118 Cheswick Location (UTM) X Coordinate 604, 380 604, 380 602,330 Y Coordinate 4,488,740 4,488,740 4,487,800 S02 Emissions (tons /day) 30.3 30.3 120.0 Stack Height (m) 67.1 62.5 229.0 Stack Exit Temperature <°K) 472 444 411 Actual Stack Gas Volume (m3/sec) 160.98 162. 14 881.46 Stack Inner Radius (m) 2.60 1.85 3.20 oo to ------- TABLE 6-3 METEOROLOGICAL INPUT PARAMETERS FOR 4 JANUARY 1973 Hour (EST) 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Wind Direction ( ------- depths for the four observation times; mixing depths for intermediate hours were obtained by linear interpolation. The two Greater Pittsburgh Airport soundings on 4 January, as well as the 4 January 1200 EST sounding taken at the downtown Pittsburgh EMSU station, all showed a deep surface mixing layer with a near-adia- batic thermal stratification. Consequently, the vertical potential temperature gradient was set equal to zero for all hours of 4 January 1973. The ambient air temperatures listed in Table 6-2 are those observed at the Greater Pittsburgh Air- port. Wind speeds from the four Greater Pittsburgh Airport soundings were aver- aged and a logarithmic least-squares regression curve was fitted to the data to obtain a value for the wind-profile exponent p of 0.17. Details of the regression technique are given in Section 3. 3. Following the Turner (1964) criteria, the strong surface wind speeds and overcast clouds below 3000 feet require the Pasquill stability category D be assigned to all hours of 4 January 1973. The hourly lateral and vertical turbulent intensities were therefore set equal to the urban values for Pasquill stability category D of 0.1051 and 0. 0735 radians, respectively (see Table 3-5). 6.2 THE 18 JANUARY 1973 AIR POLLUTION EPISODE AT LIBERTY BOROUGH 6.2.1 Background During 1973, the 3-hour Secondary Air Quality Standard of 1300 micrograms per cubic meter was exceeded 3 times at the Liberty Borough SO monitor. Similarly Lt the 24-hour Primary Air Quality Standard of 365 micrograms per cubic meter was exceeded 16 times. The observed high SO concentrations at the Liberty Borough £i monitor typically occur during periods of persistent south-southwest winds. These conditions occurred in combination with shallow mixing depths on 18 January 1973. The Clairton Coke Works, which is located approximately 2.4 kilometers south- southwest of the Liberty Borough SO monitor, is a major source of SO emissions. & 2 84 ------- Other major sources include two large electrical generating plants, Mitchell and Elrama, which are respectively located 14. 5 and 8. 9 kilometers south-southwest of the Liberty Borough monitor. Section 6. 2. 2 describes the calculation procedures and the results of the 18 January 1973 short-term concentration calculations. Emissions data for the major sources on 18 January 1973 are given in Section 6. 2.3 and the meteorological inputs used in the 18 January 1973 calculations are described in Section 6. 2.4. 6. 2. 2 Calculation Procedures and Results The source and meteorological inputs in Sections 6.2.3 and 6.2.4 were used with the short-term concentration model described in Section A. 3 of Appendix A to calculate hourly ground-level SO concentrations for 649 grid points on a 21- £ kilometer by 28-kilometer grid that includes most of the area shown in Figure 6-3. A topographic map of the grid area is presented in Figure 4-1. Variations in ter- rain height over the calculation grid were considered in the calculations following the procedures outline in Section A. 5 of Appendix A. It should be noted that cal- culated concentrations were not adjusted through the use of any model calibration constants which are sometimes employed to obtain agreement between observed and calculated concentrations at monitor locations. The calculated concentrations for 18 January 1973 were thus obtained directly from the emissions data and meteor- ological inputs in Sections 6. 2. 3 and 6. 2.4. Figure 6-3 shows, for the combined sources, the calculated isopleths of 24-hour average ground-level SO concentrations for 18 January 1973. According ^ to the calculations, which do not include background SO nor contributions from 2t sources other than those listed in Table 6-6, the 24-hour Primary Air Quality Standard was exceeded in the three areas designated by Roman numerals I, II and HI in Figure 6-3. In Area I, which is located approximately 2. 2 kilometers north of the Elrama power plant, the calculated maximum 24-hour concentration is 457 85 ------- FIGURE 6-3. Isopleths of 24-hour average ground-level SC>2 concentration in micrograms per cubic meter calculated for the Clairton-Liberty Borough area on 18 January 1973. The two filled circles show the location of the Glassport and Liberty Borough SO2 monitors. The Roman numerals indicate areas in which the 24-hour Primary Standard was exceeded. 86 ------- micrograms per cubic meter of which the Elrama power plant contributed 89 per- cent and the Mitchell power plant contributed the remaining 11 percent. In Area n, which is located approximately 0. 5 kilometers north of the Irvin plant, the cal- culated maximum 24-hour concentration is 579 micrograms per cubic meter of which the Irvin plant contributed 54 percent, the Clairton Coke works 27 percent, the Elrama power plant 16 percent and the Mitchell power plant 3 percent. In Area III, which is located approximately 1. 2 kilometers north of the Clairton Coke Works, the calculated maximum 24-hour concentration is 472 micrograms per cubic meter of which the Clairton Coke Works contributed 88 percent and the Elrama power plant contributed 11 percent. The only air quality data available for comparison with the calculated con- centrations consists of observations of hourly SO concentrations from the Glassport £t and Liberty Borough monitors. As shown in Figure 6-3, the Glassport SO monitor z is located approximately 1. 5 kilometers north-northwest of the Clairton Coke Works and the Liberty Borough monitor is located approximately 2.4 kilometers north- northeast of the Clairton Coke Works. Table 6-4 lists the calculated 24-hour aver- age SO concentrations at the two monitors for the combined sources and for each Lt source and major source complex independently. Of the 24-hour average concentra- tion of 189 micrograms per cubic meter calculated for the Glassport monitor, 50 percent is contributed by the Clairton Coke Works, 45 percent by the Elrama power plant and 5 percent by the Mitchell power plant. Similarly, for the Liberty Borough monitor, of the calculated 24-hour average concentration from the combined sources of 268 micrograms per cubic meter, 70 percent is due to the Clairton Coke Works, 27 percent is due to the Elrama power plant and 3 percent is do to the Mitchell power plant. Table 6-5 presents the calculated and observed hourly concentrations at the two monitors as well as the 24-hour average and 3-hour maximum concentra- tions. The generally poor hour-by-hour correspondence at both monitors between calculated and observed concentrations can be shown to be an inevitable consequence 87 ------- TABLE 6-4 CALCULATED 24-HOUR AVERAGE GROUND-LEVEL SO2 CONCENTRATIONS AT THE GLASSPORT AND LIBERTY BOROUGH S0_ MONITORS ON 18 JANUARY 1973* L* Source Clairton Coke Ovens Power Boilers Reheat and Blast Furnaces Claus Plant All Sources Irvin Process Reheat All Sources Elrama Mitchell Pitron Combined Sources 24- Hour Average Concentration (/ug/m ) Glas sport Monitor 41 (22%) 30 (16%) 19 (10%) 3 ( 2%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 93 ( 50%) 0 ( 0%) 84 ( 45%) 9 ( 5%) 0 ( 0%) 186 (100%) Liberty Borough Monitor 110 (41%) 8 ( 3%) 9 ( 3%) 62 (23%) 188 ( 70%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 ( 0%) 72 ( 111] 8 ( 3%) 0 ( 0\|) 268 (1001) Numbers enclosed in parentheses show the percentage of the total calculated concentration allocated to each source. ------- of the limitations of the airport surface wind-direction data from which the hourly mean wind directions used as input to the model calculations are directly obtained. As pointed out above in the discussion of the results of the concentration calcula- tions for the 4 January 1975 episode at Logans Ferry (see Section 6.1), the hourly airport surface wind directions are reported only to the nearest 10 degrees. The accurate positioning of stack plume trajectories with respect to fixed grid points requires that the hourly mean wind direction be known within a few degrees. Figures 6-4 and 6-5 show the effect of a change of 10 degrees in the mean wind direction on the positions of the plume envelopes from the Elrama and Mitchell power plants with respect to the Glassport and Liberty Borough monitors for Pasquill stability category D. From Figure 6-4 it can be seen that when the hourly mean wind direction is 210 degrees, the Elrama plume is almost directly over the Liberty Borough monitor and has no effect on the Glassport monitor. Also, the Mitchell plume is above the Glassport monitor but does not affect the Liberty Borough monitor. Figure 6-5 shows that a shift of 10 degrees in the hourly mean wind direction to 220 degrees places the western edge of the Elrama plume about 0. 5 kilometers east of the Liberty Borough monitor. Similarly, the central portion of the Mitchell plume is about directly above the Liberty Borough monitor and the Glassport monitor is very close to the western edge of the Mitchell plume. Figures 6-6 and 6-7 show the envelope of the stack emissions from the Clairton Coke Works for hourly mean wind direc- tions respectively of 180 degrees and 230 degrees. According to the figures, the Glassport monitor is outside the Clairton plume envelope in both cases; Clairton emissions that reach the Glassport monitor for hourly mean wind directions between 180 and 230 degrees should therefore be small and presumably consist of low-level fugitive emissions and some of the stack emissions that do not rise above the valley sides, but follow the valley contours toward Glassport. The figures also show that the Clairton plume will affect the Liberty Borough monitor for all wind directions between 180 degrees and 230 degrees, with the maximum impact confined to wind directions from about 190 degrees to 220 degrees. It is important to note that wind directions in this sector are also responsible for transporting the Mitchell and 89 ------- TABLE 6-5 CALCULATED AND OBSERVED HOURLY GROUND-LEVEL SO2 CONCENTRATIONS AT THE GLASSPORT AND LIBERTY BOROUGH SO. MONITORS ON 18 JANUARY 1973 Hour (EST) 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 .; 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 24-Hour Average * 3-Hour Maximum Glassport Monitor Calculated Concentration (Mg/m3) 70 753 0 63 97 64 455 55 122 10 212 17 16 15 245 33 0 392 490 129 149* 494* 483* 92 186 375 Observed Concentration (Hg/m3) 177 151 133 135 117 130 135 151 166 216* 278* 406* 120 153 192 114 143 104 62 88 94 96 117 187 153 300 Liberty Borough Monitor Calculated Concentration (Mg/m3) 1440 401 1 627* 896* 627* 377 549 410 2 216 119 122 124 207 315 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 268 717 Observed Concentration (Mg/m3) 952 941 939 998 1284* 1240* 1391* 918 907 692 715 455 299 333 153 140 117 148 224 250 452 1110 562 291 647 1305 90 ------- FIGURE 6-4. Map of the Calirton area showing Mitchell and Elrama plume dimen- sions (t 2.15 a ) for Pasquill stability category D and winds from 210°. The Glassport and Liberty Borough SO2 monitors are indi- cated by the filled circles. 91 ------- FIGURE 6-5. Map of the Clairton area showing Mitchell and Elrama plume dimensions (i 2.15 cry) for Pasquill stability category D and winds from 220°. The Glassport and Liberty Borough SO2 monitors are indicated by the filled circles. 92 ------- FIGURE 6-6. Approximate area affected by emissions from the Clairton Coke Works for Pasquill stability category D and winds from 180° The filled cir- cles show the locations of the Glassport and Liberty Borough SO- moni- tors. 93 ------- FIGURE 6-7. Approximate area affected by emissions from the Clairton Coke Works for Pasquill stability Category D and winds from 230°. The filled cir- cles show the locations of the Glassport and Liberty Borough SO2 moni- tors. 94 ------- Elrama plumes to the Liberty Borough monitor (a wind direction of about 210 degrees places the axis of the Elrama plume above the Liberty Borough monitor and a direction of about 220 degrees places the axis of the Mitchell plume above the Liberty Borough monitor). Inspection of the hourly mean wind directions used in the 18 January 1973 model calculations, which are given below in Table 6-7, shows that they vary from 170 degrees to 220 degrees during the period 0100 to 1600 EST; during the period 1700 to 2400 EST, the hourly mean wind directions vary from 150 to 170 degrees. Therefore, in the model calculations, emissions from the Clairton Coke Works, Elrama and Mitchell cannot affect the Liberty Borough monitor after 1600 EST. As shown in Table 6-5, the observed hourly concentrations at the Liberty Borough moni- tor do reach their lowest values after 1400 EST, but never go below 117 micrograms per cubic meter. Very high concentrations were also observed at 2100, 2200 and 2300 EST. For these latter hours, if we assume the monitor observations are correct, there must be deficiencies in the wind-direction data and/or the emissions data. Deficiencies in the wind-direction data are to be expected since the only measurements available are the routine hourly surface observations at the two air- ports. In the model calculations, it is assumed that these surface wind directions are representative of the mean wind directions in the mixing layer which typically extends to heights of several hundred meters or more above the surface. Concurrent hourly wind directions measured at the Greater Pittsburgh Airport and at Allegheny County Airport differed by 20 or more degrees for 13 of the 24 hours on 18 January 1973. On this basis, a minimum uncertainty of 20 degrees in the hourly mean wind directions over the calculation grid appears to be likely. It should also be noted that the airport wind directions are 5 - minute averages rather than hourly averages as required by the short-term models. Thus, neglecting the additional complications of vertical wind-direction shear in the mixing layer, the hourly airport wind direction is clearly inadequate for making accurate model calculations of hourly concentrations at specific grid points. Additionally, it is likely that there were significant hour-to- hour variations in emissions rates that are not reflected in the emissions data used in the model calculations. 95 ------- For the reasons given above, we believe the poor hour-by-hour correspon- dence between claculated and observed hourly concentration is attributable both to deficiencies in the wind-direction data and in the emissions data. As might be expected, the averaging process tends to remove some of the effects of these deficiencies for averaging times of 12 to 24 hours. The 3-hour maximum concentra- tion calculated at the Glassport monitor is about 25 percent higher than the observed concentration and the 24-hour average concentration is about 22 percent higher than the observed value. At the Liberty Borough monitor, the calculated 24-hour average and 3-hour maximum concentrations are considerably lower than the observed concen- trations. However, it would be possible to obtain a very close agreement between the calculated and observed values simply by making a few adjustments in the hourly mean wind directions, using the observed hourly concentrations as a guide. For example, our analysis of the calculated values shows that the maximum hourly concentration at the Liberty Borough monitor on 18 January 1973 that could be produced by emissions from the Clairton Coke Works is probably less than 700 micrograms per cubic meter (see the calculated hourly values in Table 6-5 for 0400 EST and 0600 EST where the model wind direction is 190 degrees). We conclude that observed hourly concentra- tions significantly larger than 700 micrograms per cubic meter are principally caused by the Elrama plume. Emissions from Elrama account for 71 percent of the maximum hourly concentration calculated for the Liberty Borough monitor (1440 micro- grams per cubic meter). This calculated maximum hourly concentration, which com- pares favorably with the maximum observed hourly concentration of 1391 micrograms per cubic meter, occurs with the 210-degree wind direction which places the Elrama plume almost directly above the Liberty Borough monitor. 6. 2. 3 Source Data Table 6-6 lists the sources, source locations, SO2 emission rates and stack parameters that were used to calculate short-term ground-level SO0 concentrations j£ for the 18 January 1973 air pollution episode at Liberty Borough. The source and emissions data given in Table 6-6 were obtained from the Allegheny County Bureau of 96 ------- TABLE 6-6 SO2 EMISSIONS, SOURCE LOCATIONS AND STACK PARAMETERS USED TO CALCULATE SHORT-TERM SO2 CONCENTRATIONS FOR THE 18 JANUARY 1973 AIR POLLUTION EPISODE AT LIBERTY BOROUGH Source 1 Clairton Underfire #1 2 Clairton Underfire #2 3 Clairton Underfire #3 7 Clairton Underfire #7 8 Clairton Underfire #8 9 Clairton Underfire #9 10 Clairton Underfire #10 11 Clairton Underfire #11 12 Clairton Underfire #12 13 Clairton Underfire #13 14 Clairton Underfire #14 15 Clairton Underfire #15 16 Clairton Underfire #16 17 Clairton Underfire #17 Location (UTM) X Coordinate 595,860 595,830 595,730 595,880 595,870 595,750 595,660 595,630 595,520 595,380 595,360 595,210 595,190 595,110 Y Coordinate 4,461,520 4,461,540 4,461,780 4,461,650 4,461,680 4,461,810 4,461,900 4,461,920 4,462,060 4,461,930 4,461,960 4,462,110 4,462,150 4,462,240 so2 Emissions (tons/day) 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 Stack Height (m) 69 69 69 65 65 65 69 69 69 69 69 69 61 61 Stack Exit Temperature (°K) 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 Actual Stack Gas Volume (m3/sec) 37.27 37.27 37.27 35.87 35.87 35.87 37.27 37.27 37.27 37.74 37.74 37.74 32.13 32.13 Stack Inner Radius (m) 1.220 1.220 1.220 1.270 1.270 1.270 1.220 1.220 1.220 1.310 1.310 1.310 1.310 1.310 to ------- TABLE 6-6 (Continued) Source 18 Clairton Underfire #18 19 Clairton Underfire #19 20 Clairton Underfire #20 21 Clairton Underfire #21 22 Clairton Underfire #22 23 Clairton Underfire #12A 24 Clairton B&W #1 25 Clairton CE #2 26 Clairton Benzene Boiler 27 Clairton Benzene Boiler 28 Clairton Blast Furnace 30 Clairton Claus Plant 31 Irvin 3 and 4 32 Irvin 5 and 6 33 Irvin 7 35 Elrama Location (UTM) X Coordinate 595,020 595,280 595,250 595,060 595,030 595,500 595,000 595,000 594,870 594, 850 595,630 595,810 593,220 593,230 593,250 592,000 Y Coordinate 4,462,330 4,461,880 4,461,910 4,462,120 4,462,160 4,462,080 4,462,470 4,462,470 4,462,400 4,462,410 4,460,060 4,461,550 4,465,600 4,465,650 4,465,710 4,456,200 so2 Emissions (tons/day) 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 2.50 0 .5 .5 .83 11.0 2.26 3.38 2.57 32. Stack Height (m) 76 76 76 76 76 69 50 50 52 52 60 46 55 78 30 83 Stack Exit Temperature (°K) 700 700 700 700 700 700 455 455 16* 16* 716 561 646 633 483 416 Actual Stack Gas Volume (m^/sec) 32.300 58.430 58.430 58.430 58.430 35.870 92.570 72.330 60.000* 60.000* 180.580 18.030 54.550 79.620 33.400 198.950 Stack Inner Radius (m) 1.460 2.140 2.140 2.140 2.140 1.520 1.370 1.060 i — 1. 880 .610 1. 790 1.600 f .920 2.150 00 Indicates building source; building length and width are entered as Stack Temperature and Volume. ------- TABLE 6-6 (Continued) Source 36 Elrama 37 Elrama 38 Elrama 39 Mitchell 40 Mitchell 41 Mitchell 42 Mitchell 43 Irvin Reheat 44 Irvin Reheat 45 Irvin Reheat 46 Irvin Reheat 47 Irvin Reheat 48 Clairton Reheat 49 Clairton Reheat 50 Clairton Reheat 51 Clairton Reheat Location (UTM) X Coordinate 592,000 592,000 592,000 587,340 587,340 587,340 587,340 593,250 593,250 593,250 593,260 593,260 595,100 595,100 595,100 595,100 Y Coordinate 4,456,200 4,456,200 4,456,200 4,452,810 4,452,810 4,452,810 4,452,810 4,465,600 4,465,700 4,465,650 4,465,600 4,465,650 4,461,520 4,461,530 4,461,540 4,461,500 so2 Emissions (tons /day) 34. 0. 57. 0 20.18 20.18 20.18 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 .36 .36 .36 .36 Stack Height (m) 83 83 89 73 70 70 70 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 Stack Exit Temperature («K) 430 430 416 403 467 467 467 10 10* 10* 10* 10* 70* 70* 70* 70* Actual Stack Gas Volume (m^/sec) 198.950 229.450 299.140 534. 810 223.640 223.640 223,640 50.000* 50.000* 50. 000* 50.000* 50.000* 70.000* 70.000* 70.000* 70.000* Stack Inner Radius (m) 2.150 2.150 2.300 3.050 2.150 2.150 2.150 — — — — — — — — — to to Indicates building source; building length and width are entered as Stack Temperature and Volume. ------- TABLE 6-6 (Continued) Source 52 Clairton Reheat 53 Clairton Reheat 54 Clairton Reheat 55 Pittron Location (UTM) X Coordinate 595,100 595,100 595,100 593,850 Y Coordinate 4,461,560 4,461,570 4,461,580 4,464,500 so2 Emissions (tons /day) .36 .36 .36 .11 Stack Height (m) 52 52 52 75 Stack Exit Temperature (°K) 70 70* 70* 600 Actual Stack Gas Volume (m^/sec) 70.000* 70.000* 70.000* 88.000 Stack Inner Radius (m) — — — 2.000 o o ^Indicates building source; building length and width are entered as Stack Temperature and Volume. ------- Air Pollution Control and a paper by Smith (1973). The locations of the sources are shown in Figure 6-3 and on a topographic map of the Clairton-Liberty Borough area in Figure 4-1 of Section 4. It should be noted that the calculations for 18 January 1973 do not include the effects of the ambient SO2 background or the other SO2 sources in the Pittsburgh area. 6.2.4 Meteorological Data Table 6-7 lists, for each hour, the mean wind direction, surface wind speed, mixing depth, ambient air temperature and vertical potential temperature gradient used in the calculations for the 18 January 1973 air pollution episode at Liberty Borough. The hourly wind directions and speeds are arithmetic means of concur- rent pairs of observations at the Greater Pittsburgh Airport and Allegheny County Airport, and the ambient air temperatures are the temperatures measured at the Greater Pittsburgh Airport. The mixing depths in Table 6-7 were assigned on the basis of rawinsonde data from the Greater Pittsburgh Airport for 1900 EST on 17 January, 0700 and 1900 EST on 18 January and 0700 EST on 19 January. The nighttime and early morning mixing depth of 125 meters was estimated from the strength and vertical extent of the ground inversion, and from the results of the analysis of Pittsburgh mixing depths summarized in Table 3-6. The four Greater Pittsburgh Airport soundings and the 18 January 1200 EST sounding taken at the downtown Pittsburgh EMSU station provided five observations of the vertical potential temperature gradient. Potential temperature gradients for the remaining hours of 18 January 1973 were estimated by linear interpolation. Following the Turner (1964) procedures for determining the Pasquill sta- bility category, the average wind speeds listed in Table 6-7 and the cloud cover observations at the Greater Pittsburgh Airport were used to determine the stability category for each hour. As shown by the right-hand column of Table 6-7, there were 14 hours of Pasquill stability category D, 8 hours of Pasquill stability category E and 2 hours of Pasquill stability category C on 18 January 1973. The hourly lateral and vertical turbulent intensities were set equal to the appropriate urban values given in Table 3-5. 101 ------- TABLE 6-7 METEOROLOGICAL INPUT PARAMETERS FOR 18 JANUARY 1973 Hour (EST) 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Wind Direction (deg) 210 200 180 190 210 190 200 190 190 170 200 220 220 220 200 190 170 150 150 160 160 150 150 160 Wind Speed (m/sec) 3.6 3.6 2.6 3.6 4.6 3.6 4.6 4.1 4.1 4.1 5.1 7.7 6.7 6.2 6.7 7.2 4.1 2.6 3.6 3.6 3.1 3.6 4.1 4.1 Mixing Depth (m) 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 300 320 380 420 180 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 Ambient Air Temperature (°K) 279 279 279 279 279 279 278 278 278 282 286 287 288 289 289 289 287 284 283 282 282 281 280 278 Potential Temperature Gradient (QK/m) 0.015 0.016 0.017 0.019 0.020 0.021 0.022 0.018 0.014 0.011 0.007 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.007 0.010 0.014 0.017 0.021 0.020 0.019 0.018 0.017 0.016 Pasquill Stability Category E E E D D D D D C C D D D D D D E E E E E D D D 102 ------- The wind speed from the four rawinsonde flights at the Greater Pittsburgh Airport were averaged and a logarithmic least-squares regression curve was fitted to the data following the procedure described in Section 3. 3. From the regression curve, a wind-profile exponent of 0.25 was determined to be representative of con- ditions within the surface mixing layer, and this value of p was used in the calculations for all hours of 18 January 1973. 6.3 THE 13 JULY 1973 Affi POLLUTION EPISODE AT LIBERTY BOROUGH 6. 3.1 Background As mentioned above, two of the three 24-hour air pollution episodes selected for testing the performance of the short-term concentration model were evidenced by high SO2 concentrations observed at the Liberty Borough monitor. This monitor is located approximately 2.4 kilometers north-northeast of the Clairton Coke Works. During 1973, observation at the Liberty Borough monitor showed that the 24-hour Primary Air Quality Standard for SO2 of 365 micrograms per cubic meter was exceeded 16 times. One of these, the 18 January 1973 episode, has been used to test the performance of the short-term concentration model as described in Section 6. 2. The second 24-hour period of observed high SO2 concentrations at the Liberty Borough monitor selected for testing the short-term model occurred on 13 July 1973. Meteorological conditions on this date differed from those on 18 January 1973 princi- pally in that the winds were generally from the west-southwest rather than from the south-south west and the daytime mixing depths on 13 July 1973 were much larger than on 18 January 1973. Although the observations at the Liberty Borough monitor on 13 July 1973 are somewhat below the 24-hour Primary Air Quality Standard, this date was selected because it represents a summer situation in which very high SOg concentrations were observed. The calculation procedures and the results of the 13 July 1973 short-term concentration calculations are presented in Section 6. 3. 2. Emissions data and meteorological data used in the calculations are given in Sections 6. 3. 3 and 6. 3.4 103 ------- 6.3.2 Calculation Procedures and Results The emissions and meteorological data in Sections 6. 3. 3 and 6.3.4 were used with the short-term concentration model described in Section A. 3 of Appendix A to calculate hourly ground-level SO concentrations for 649 grid points on a 21- L* kilometer by 28-kilometer grid that includes most of the area shown in Figure 6-8. The procedures described in Section A. 5 of Appendix A were used to take into account the effects of variations in terrain height over the calculation grid. It should be noted that no calibration constants were used to scale the calculated concentrations to the concentrations observed at monitoring sites. The model concentrations were thus obtained directly from the reported emissions data and meteorological data with no calibration adjustment. Figure 6-8 shows, for the combined sources, the calculated isopleths of 24-hour average ground-level SO concentration for 13 July 1973. Neglecting the ^ ambient SO background concentration, the results indicate that the 24-hour Pri- L* mary Air Quality Standard was exceeded in an area of elevated terrain on the east side of the Monongahela River, approximately 1.5 kilometers northeast of the Clairton Coke Works; and, in an area along the Monongahela River just west of Elizabeth and approximately 3 kilometers northeast of the Elrama power plant. At the grid point northeast of the Clairton Coke Works where the maximum cal- culated 24-hour average concentration of 842 micrograms per cubic meter occurs, the coke ovens of the Clairton Coke Works account for 23 percent of the calculated maximum and the Clairton Claus plant accounts for 64 percent. Similarly, the con- tributions from the Elrama and Mitchell power plants are respectively 9 and 3 per- cent of the total calculated maximum. The maximum 24-hour concentration cal- culated in the area west of Elizabeth is 450 micrograms per cubic meter. Emis- sions from Elrama and Mitchell account for 95 and 5 percent, respectively, of the total concentration. 104 ------- FIGURE 6-8. Isopleths of 24-hour average ground-level SO2 concentration in micro- grams per cubic meter calculated for the Clairton-Liberty Borough area on 13 July 1973. The two filled circles show the locations of the Glassport and Liberty Borough SO2 monitors. 105 ------- Table 6-8 gives the calculated and observed hourly average SO concentra- tion for 13 July 1973 at the Glassport and Liberty Borough SC>2 monitors. The loca- tions of the monitors are shown by the filled circles in Figure 6-8. The calculated and observed 24-hour average concentrations given at the bottom of Table 6-8 are in reasonably good agreement, especially in view of the large gradient shown in the calculated concentration isopleths immediately south of the Liberty Borough moni- tor and the fact that the calculated isopleths do not include any background. The maximum 3-hour concentration calculated for the Glassport monitor of 496 micro- grams per cubic meter is about 26 percent higher than the observed 3-hour maxi- mum of 395 micrograms per cubic meter. The maximum 3-hour concentration cal- culated for the Liberty Borough monitor of 1204 micrograms per cubic meter is about 47 percent higher than the observed 3-hour maximum of 820 micrograms per cubic meter. There is, however, poor agreement between the hour-by-hour cal- culated and observed concentrations at the two monitors. As explained in Section 6.2, this is principally due to a fundamental lack of accuracy in the available wind-direc- tion data which precludes the accurate positioning of plumes with respect to specific grid points on an hourly basis. For periods of 24 hours, however, the effects of inaccuracies in the hourly meteorological data are considerably reduced by the aver- aging process. The small calculated hourly concentrations after 0800 EST at the two monitors are explained by a shift in the reported wind directions of about 20 degrees toward the southwest and west-southwest. Table 6-9 lists, for the major sources and source complexes independently and for the combined sources, the 24-hour average ground-level SO concentrations £t calculated for the Glassport and Liberty Borough monitors. The results indicate that, on 13 July 1973, the SO2 emissions from the Elrama power plant controlled the SO2 levels at the Glassport monitor, while emissions from both the Clairton Coke Works and the Elrama power plant controlled the SO levels at the Liberty ^ Borough monitor. 106 ------- TABLE 6-8 CALCULATED AND OBSERVED HOURLY GROUND-LEVEL SO2 CONCENTRATIONS AT THE GLASSPORT AND LIBERTY BOROUGH SO2 MONITOR ON 13 JULY 1973 Hour (EST) 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 24-Hour Average * 3-Hour Maximum Glas sport Monitor Calculated Concentration (Mg/m3) 779* 618* 92* 85 708 109 1 25 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 101 496 Observed Concentration (Mg/m3) 73 224 133 252 582* 179* 424* 255 107 120 68 70 73 83 94 107 86 83 99 94 91 18 8 10 139 395 Liberty Borough Monitor Calculated Concentration (Mg/m3) 643 523* 1615* 1473* 431 836 93 267 72 6 4 0 22 71 72 0 0 0 6 6 27 0 28 0 258 1204 Observed Concentration (Mg/m3) 1245 354 398 374 486 1017* 502* 941* 512 416 195 213 257 198 161 263 260 208 283 140 138 44 18 31 361 820 107 ------- TABLE 6-9 CALCULATED 24-HOUR AVERAGE GROUND-LEVEL SO2 CONCENTRATIONS AT THE GLASSPORT AND LIBERTY BOROUGH SO2 MONITORS ON 13 JULY 1973 Source Clairton Coke Ovens Power Boilers Reheat and Blast Furnaces Glaus Plant All Sources Irvin Process Reheat All Sources Elranaa Mitchell Pitron Combined Sources 24-Hour Average Concentration (jug/m3) Glassport 0 ( 0%) 0 ( 0%) 0 ( 0%) 0 ( 0%) 0 ( 0%) 0 ( 0%) Monitor 0 ( 0%) 0 ( 0%) 89 ( 88%) 12 ( 12%) 0 ( 0%) 101 (100%) Liberty Borough Monitor 70 (27%) 47 (18%) 5 ( 2%) 23 ( 9%) 144 ( 56%) 0 ( 0%) 0 ( 0%) 0 ( 0%) 105 ( 41%) 9 ( 3%) 0 ( 0%) 258 (100%) Numbers inclosed in parentheses show the percentage of the total calculated concentration allocated to each source. 108 ------- 6. 3. 3 Source Data Table 6-10 lists the sources, source locations, SO emission rates and Lt stack parameters used to calculate short-term ground-level SO concentrations Li for the 13 July 1973 air pollution episode at Liberty Borough. The source and emissions data in Table 6-10 were provided by the Allegheny County Bureau of Air Pollution Control. The locations of the sources are shown in Figure 6-8 and on a topographic map of the Clairton-Liberty Borough area in Figure 4-1 of Sec- tion 4. 6.3.4 Meteorological Data Table 6-11 lists by hour the wind directions, surface wind speeds, ambient air temperatures and vertical potential temperature gradients used in the calcula- tions for the 13 July 1973 air pollution episode at Liberty Borough. The hourly wind speeds and directions are averages of concurrent pairs of observations at the Greater Pittsburgh Airport and Allegheny County Airport. The ambient air temper- atures, which are the temperatures measured at the Greater Pittsburgh Airport, were used with rawinsonde data obtained from the Greater Pittsburgh Airport at 1900 EST on 12 July, at 0700 EST and 1900 EST on 13 July, and at 0700 EST on 14 July to estimate the mixing depths listed in Table 6-11. Measurements of the vertical potential temperature gradient were obtained from the four Greater Pittsburgh Airport rawinsonde flights. An adiabatic thermal stratification was assumed to exist at the time of the maximum temperature (1500 EST). Vertical potential temperature gradients for intermediate hours were obtained by linear interpolation. The wind speeds from the rawinsonde data were averaged and a least-squares regression curve was fitted to the data to obtain a wind-profile exponent p of 0.14. Details of the least-squares procedure are given in Section 3. 3. Applying the Turner (1964) definitions of the Pasquill stability categories, the Pasquill stability category D 109 ------- TABLE 6-10 S02 EMISSIONS, SOURCE LOCATIONS AND STACK PARAMETERS USED TO CALCULATE SHORT-TERM SO2 CONCENTRATIONS FOR THE 13 JULY 1973 AIR POLLUTION EPISODE AT LIBERTY BOROUGH Source 1 Clairton Underfire #1 2 Clairton Underfire #2 3 Clairton Underfire #3 7 Clairton Underfire #7 8 Clairton Underfire #8 9 Clairton Underfire #9 10 Clairton Underfire #10 11 Clairton Underfire #11 12 Clairton Underfire #12 13 Clairton Underfire #13 14 Clairton Underfire #14 15 Clairton Underfire #15 16 Clairton Underfire #16 17 Clairton Underfire #17 Location (UTM) X Coordinate 595,860 595,830 595,730 595,880 595,870 595,750 595,660 595,630 595,520 595,380 595,360 595,210 595,190 595,110 Y Coordinate 4,461,520 4,461,540 4,461,780 4,461,650 4,461,680 4,461,810 4,461,900 4,461,920 4,462,060 4,461,930 4,461,960 4,462,110 4,462,150 4,462,240 S°2 Emissions (tons /day) 1.58 1.58 1.58 1.58 1.58 1.58 1.58 1.58 1.58 1.58 1.58 1.58 1.58 1.58 Stack Height (m) 69 69 69 65 65 65 69 69 69 69 69 69 61 61 Stack Exit Temperature (°K) 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 Actual Stack Gas Volume 3 (m /sec) 37.27 37.27 37.27 35.87 35.87 35.87 37.27 37.27 37.27 37.74 37. 74 37.74 32.13 32. 13 Stack Inner Radius (m) 1.220 1.220 1.220 1.270 1.270 1.270 1.220 1.220 1.220 1.310 1.310 1.310 1.310 1.310 ------- TABLE 6-10 (Continued) Source 18 Clairton Underfire #18 19 Clairton Underfire #19 20 Clairton Underfire #20 21 Clairton Underfire #21 22 Clairton Underfire #22 23 Clairton Underfire #12 A 24 Clairton B&W #1 25 Clairton CE #2 26 Clairton Benzene Boiler 27 Clairton Benzene Boiler 28 Clairton Blast Furnace 3C Clairton Clans Plant 31 Irvin 3 and 4 32 Irvin 5 and 6 33 Irvin 7 35 Elrama Location (UTM) X Coordinate 595,020 595,280 595,250 595,060 595,030 595,500 595,000 595,000 594,870 594,850 595,630 595,810 593,220 593,230 593,250 592,000 Y Coordinate 4,462,330 4,461,880 4,461,910 4,462,120 4,462,160 4,462,080 4,462,470 4,462,470 4,462,400 4,462,410 4,460,060 4,461,550 4,465,600 4,465,650 4,465,710 4,456,200 S°2 Emissions (tons/day) 1.58 1.58 1.58 1.58 1.58 1.58 10.22 3.22 1.61 1.61 0.83 13.90 2.26 3.38 2.57 39.73 Stack Height (m) 76 76 76 76 76 69 50 50 52 52 60 46 55 78 30 83 Stack Exit Temperature (OK) 700 700 700 700 700 700 455 455 16 16* 716 561 646 633 483 416 Actual Stack Gas Volume (m^/sec) 32.300 58.430 58.430 58.430 58.430 35.870 92.570 72.330 60.000* 60. 000* 180.580 18.030 54.550 79.620 33.400 198.950 Stack Inner Radius (m) 1.460 2.140 2.140 2.140 2.140 1.520 1.370 1.060 — — 1.880 .610 1.790 1.600 .920 2.150 Indicates building source; building length and width are entered as Stack Temperature and Volume. ------- TABLE 6-10 (Continued) Source 36 Elrama 37 Elrama 38 Elrama 39 Mitchell 40 Mitchell 41 Mitchell 42 Mitchell 43 Irvin Reheat 44 Irvin Reheat 45 Irvin Reheat 46 Irvin Reheat 47 Irvin Reheat 48 Clairton Reheat 49 Clairton Reheat 50 Clairton Reheat 51 Clairton Reheat Location (UTM) X Coordinate 592,000 592,000 592,000 587,340 587,340 587,340 587,340 593,250 593,250 593,250 593,260 593,260 595,100 595,100 595,100 595,100 Y Coordinate 4,456,200 4,456,200 4,456,200 4,452,810 4,452,810 4,452,810 4,452,810 4,465,600 4,465,700 4,465,650 4,465,600 4,465,650 4,461,520 4,461,530 4,461,540 4,461,500 S°2 Emissions (tons /day) 42.52 45.79 68.86 0 15.83 15.83 15.83 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 Stack Height (m) 83 83 89 73 70 70 70 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 Stack Exit Temperature (OK) 430 430 416 403 467 467 467 10* 10* 10* 10* 10* 70* 70* 70* 70* Actual Stack Gas Volume (m«Vsec) 198.950 229.450 299.140 534.810 223.640 223.640 223.640 50.000* 50.000* 50.000* 50.000* 50.000* 70.000* 70.000* 70.000* 70. 000* Stack Inner Radius (m) 2.150 2.150 2.300 3.050 2.150 2.150 2.150 — — — — — — — — — to ^Indicates building source; building length and width are entered as Stack Temperature and Volume. ------- TABLE 6-10 (Continued) Source 52 Clairton Reheat 53 Clairton Reheat 54 Clairton Reheat 55 Pittron Location (UTM) X Coordinate 595,100 595,100 595,100 593,850 Y Coordinate 4,461,560 4,461,570 4,461,580 4,464,500 S02 Emissions (tons/da3r) 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.11 Stack Height (m) 52 52 52 75 Stack Exit Temperature (<>K) 70* 70* 70* 600 Actual Stack Gas Volume (m-Vsec) 70.000* 70.000* 70.000* 88.000 Stack Inner Radius (m) — — — 2.000 Indicates building source; building length and width are entered as Stack Temperature and Volume. ------- TABLE 6-11 METEOROLOGICAL INPUT PARAMETERS FOR 13 JULY 1973 Hour (EST) 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Wind Direction (deg) 195 195 210 210 200 215 225 220 225 230 235 260 230 225 225 240 235 240 230 230 225 230 225 230 Wind Speed (m/sec) 3.6 4.6 4.6 5.1 5.7 6.2 6.4 5.7 6.9 6.4 6.4 6.2 6.9 6.4 6.2 7.5 7.2 7.2 6.4 5.7 4.4 4.6 4.6 4.6 Mixing Depth (m) 125 125 125 125 125 125 200 350 500 750 900 1000 1050 1200 1700 1200 1220 1050 1000 825 650 475 300 125 Ambient Air Temperature (°K) 290 291 291 291 291 292 293 295 297 299 301 303 303 304 305 304 304 304 303 300 298 297 297 295 Potential Temperature Gradient (oK/m) 0.007 0.007 0.008 0.008 0.009 0.009 0.010 0.009 0.008 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.006 Pasquill Stability Category D D D D D D D C D D C C C D D D D D D D E E E E 114 ------- was assigned to 16 hours while the C and E categories were each assigned to 4 hours. The urban-area hourly lateral and vertical turbulent intensities given in Table 3-5 for the various Pasquill stability categories were also used in the 13 July 1973 short-term model calculations. 115 ------- 116 ------- SECTION 7 SHORT-TERM COMPLIANCE CALCULATIONS A major objective of this study is to calculate by means of an appropriate diffusion model the maximum 3-hour and 24-hour ground-level SO concentrations ^ that may be expected to occur in Allegheny County under the current SO2 emission regulations for large stationary sources. The purpose of these calculations is to assist the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency in determining the extent to which these proposed emission regulations will ensure the attainment and main- tenance of the Federal short-term Air Quality Standards for SO in Allegheny u County. Bloom and Smith (1974) have noted that all violations of the 3-hour Second- ary Air Quality Standard recorded in Allegheny County since 1971 occurred during 24-hour periods when the 24-hour Primary Air Quality Standard was also violated, and we concur that the 24-hour is the more restrictive. We therefore have empha- sized the 24-hour standard in the short-term compliance calculations. As previously noted in Section 5.1, the Allegheny County Bureau of Air Pollu- tion Control supplied SO2 emissions data for Compliance Cases A, B and C covering the major SO sources and source complexes included in the 1973 model calculations £i described in Sections 4 and 6. The emissions data for Compliance Case A were used in combination with assumed worst-case meteorological conditions to calculate short-term ground4evel SO concentrations for three specific areas within Allegheny £t County: Logans Ferry, Clairton-Liberty Borough, and Hazelwood-Braddock. The calculation procedures and results of the calculations, as well as the source para- meters and meteorological parameters used in the short-term model calculations for each of three areas, are described below. As explained in Section 5.1, differ- ences in SO emissions for the three Compliance Cases are slight and have a 2t negligible effect on the calculated ground-level SO concentrations. Therefore, £t only the results for Compliance Case A emissions are presented. 117 ------- 7.1 SHORT-TERM COMPLIANCE CALCULATIONS FOR THE LOGANS FERRY AREA 7.1.1 Background As explained in Section 6.1, the short-term model calculations for the 4 January 1973 air pollution episode at Logans Ferry showed that emissions from the West Penn power plant were primarily responsible for the excessively high SO concentrations observed at the Logans Ferry monitor. The meteorological ^ conditions associated with the 4 January 1973 episode (moderate to strong west- southwest winds and Pasquill stability category D) were selected to be representa- tive of worst-case meteorological conditions for the Logans Ferry short-term compliance calculations. The calculation procedures and results are presented in Section 7.1.2. The computed emissions data are given in Section 7.1. 3 and the meteorological data used in the Logans Ferry short-term compliance calculations are described in Section 7.1.4. 7.1. 2 Calculation Procedures and Results The source and meteorological data in Sections 7.1. 3 and 7.1. 4 were used with the short-term concentration model described in Section A. 3 of Appendix A to calculate hourly ground-level SO concentrations for 256 grid points on the 10-kilo- Lt meter by 10-kilometer grid in Figure 6-1 of Section 6. The procedures described in Section A. 5 of Appendix A were used to account for the effects of variations in terrain height over the calculated grid. 118 ------- Figure 7-1 shows, for the combined sources, the calculated isopleths of 24-hour average ground-level SO concentration. Neglecting the ambient SO back- ground, Figure 7-1 does not show that the 24-hour Primary Air Quality Standard of 365 micrograms per cubic meter is exceeded. However, the maximum calculated 24-hour concentration of 458 micrograms per cubic meter, which occurs at the grid point corresponding to the location of the Logans Ferry SO monitor, is above the £i 24-hour standard. The location of the monitor is given by the filled circle in Figure 7-1. The second highest calculated 24-hour concentration is 265 micrograms per cubic meter and this occurs at a grid point located 0. 2 kilometers from the Logans Ferry monitor. Thus, the 24-hour standard may be exceeded in a very small area under worst-case meteorological conditions. Table 7-1 gives the calculated hourly SO concentrations at the Logans Ferry monitor due to the SO emissions from each power plant independently and from both power plants combined. According to Table 7-1, the West Penn emis- sions account for about 97 percent of the calculated maximum short-term concentra- tions. A similar result was obtained in the short-term calculations for the 4 January 1973 air pollution episode at Logans Ferry described in Section 6.1. The calculated maximum 1-hour and 3-hour concentrations are 981 and 748 micrograms per cubic meter, respectively. Thus, the Logans Ferry compliance calculations indicate that the projected SO emissions will not endanger the 3-hour Secondary Air Quality £1 Standard of 1300 micrograms per cubic meter. 7.1. 3 Source Data Table 7-2 lists the sources, source locations SO emission rates and stack parameters used to calculate short-term ground-level SO concentrations for the Logans Ferry short-term compliance case. The locations of the West Penn and Cheswick power plants are shown in Figure 7-1. Comparison of Table 7-2 with Table 6-2 in Section 6 shows that, for the compliance case, the total SO emis- sions from the West Penn power plant are reduced to about 34 percent of the 4 January 1973 levels and that the Cheswick emissions are reduced to about 32 per- 119 ------- FIGURE 7-1. Calculated isopleths of 24-hour average ground-level SOo concen- tration in micrograms per cubic meter for the Logans Ferry compliance case. The location os the Logans Ferry SO2 monitor is shown by the filled circle. 120 ------- TABLE 7-1 CALCULATED HOURLY GROUND-LEVEL SOg CONCENTRATIONS AT THE LOGANS FERRY MONITOR FOR THE COMPLIANCE CASE Hour (EST) 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 24 -Hour Average Hourly SO Concentration (^g/m3) ^ West Penn 47 373 86 465 947 154 151 617 629 642 655 605 629 650 120 502 940 716 492 494 345 260 7 83 442 Cheswlck 1 11 2 15 34 4 4 25 24 23 22 20 24 21 3 25 32 28 13 19 17 10 0 3 16 Combined Sources 48 384 87 480 981 158 155 642 652 666 677 625 652 671 123 527 972 744 505 513 362 270 7 86 458 121 ------- TABLE 7-2 S02 EMISSIONS, SOURCE LOCATIONS AND STACK PARAMETERS USED TO CALCULATE SHORT-TERM GROUND-LEVEL SO2 CONCENTRATIONS FOR THE COMPLIANCE CASE AT LOGANS FERRY Source 116 West Perm 117 West Penn 118 Cheswick Location (UTM) X Coordinate 604,380 604,380 602,330 Y Coordinate 4,488,740 4,488,740 4,487,800 so2 Emissions (tons/day) 8.08 12.39 38.02 Stack Height (m) 67.1 62.5 229.0 Stack Exit Temperature (°K) 472 444 411 Actual Stack Gas Volume (nrVsec) 160.98 162.14 881.46 Stack Inner Radius (m) 2.60 1.85 3.20 to to ------- cent of their 4 January 1973 levels. It should be noted that the Logans Ferry short- term compliance calculations do not include the effects of ambient background or of any SO sources other than the West Penn and Cheswick power plants. A 7.1.4 Meteorological Data Table 7-3 lists, for each hour, the wind direction, surface wind speed, mixing depth, ambient air temperature and vertical potential temperature gradient used in the calculations for the Logans Ferry short-term compliance case. The parameters given in Table 7-3 are representative of neutral stability in combina- tion with moderate to strong winds from the west-southwest. This meteorological condition is similar to the situation that produced the air pollution episode at Logans Ferry on 4 January 1973, except that west-southwest winds with speeds above 5.1 meters per second are assumed to persist throughout the entire 24-hour period. Table 3-10 of Section 3 indicates that west-southwest winds greater than 5.1 meters per second persisted at the Greater Pittsburgh Airport for 24 or more hours, a total of 7 times during the period 1963 through 1972. Thus, the assumption of a 24-hour persistence of west-southwest winds with speeds greater than 5.1 meters per second appears to be reasonable. The wind-profile exponent was set equal to the value of 0.17 calculated for the 4 January 1973 episode (see Section 6.1.4) and the hourly lateral and vertical turbulent intensities were set equal to the urban values for Pasquill stability category D of 0.1051 and 0. 0735 radians, respectively shown in Table 3-5. 7.2 SHORT-TERM COMPLIANCE CALCULATIONS FOR THE CLAIRTON- LIBERTY BOROUGH AREA 7.2.1 Background Air quality observations at the Glassport and Liberty Borough monitors operated by the Allegheny County Bureau of Air Pollution Control have shown that 123 ------- TABLE 7-3 METEOROLOGICAL INPUT PARAMETERS FOR THE LOGANS FERRY SHORT-TERM COMPLIANCE CASE CALCULATIONS Hour (EST) 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Wind Direction (deg) 235 240 235 240 245 255 255 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 255 245 245 245 240 250 250 240 260 255 Wind Speed (m/sec) 6.2 6.7 10.3 9.8 8.2 9.3 9.8 10.3 9.3 8.7 8.2 7.2 9.3 7.7 6.7 6.2 7.7 6.7 7.7 6.7 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 Mixing Depth (m) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 Ambient Air Temperature (°K) 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 Potential Temperature Gradient (oK/m) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pasquill Stability Category D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D 124 ------- the highest ground-level SO concentrations occur with moderate to strong south- southwest winds (episodes of this type which occurred on 18 January 1973 and 13 July 1973 are discussed in Sections 6. 2 and 6. 3). For the Clairton-Liberty Borough short-term compliance calculations, a meteorological regime similar to that of 18 January 1973, which included low mixing depths as well as moderate south-south- west winds, was assumed to represent worst-case meteorological conditions. The calculation procedures and the results of the calculations are given in Section 7. 2. 2. The projected emissions data for Compliance Case A and the meteorological data used in the calculations are presented in Sections 7.2. 3 and 7.2.4. 7.2.2 Calculation Procedures and Results The source and meteorological data in Sections 7.2.3 and 7.2.4 were used with the short-term concentration model described in Section A. 3 of Appendix A to calculate the hourly ground-level SC>2 concentrations for 649 grid points on a 21-kilom- eter by 28-kilometer grid that includes most of the area shown in Figure 7-2. The effects of variations in terrain height over the calculation grid were included in the calculations following the procedures outlined in Section A. 5 of Appendix A. Figure 7-2 shows, for the combined sources, the calculated isopleths of 24-hour average ground-level SO concentration. Neglecting the ambient SO2 background, the compliance calculations indicate that the 24-hour Primary Air Quality Standard of 365 micrograms per cubic meter will not be exceeded. The max- imum calculated concentration of 310 micrograms per cubic meter is at the grid point located at the site of the Liberty Borough SO monitor. Table 7-5 lists, for the major £i sources complexes independently and for the combined sources, the 24-hour average ground-level SO concentrations calculated for the Glassport and Liberty Borough moni- 4j tors. The locations of the monitors are shown by the two filled circles in Figure 7-2. 125 ------- FIGURE 7-2. Calculated isopleths of 24-hour average ground-level SO? concentration in micrograms per cubic meter for the Clairton-Liberty Borough area under Compliance Case A. The two filled circles show the locations of the Glassport and Liberty Borough SO monitors. i~i 126 ------- TABLE 7-4 CALCULATED 24-HOUR AVERAGE GROUND-LEVEL SO2 CONCENTRATIONS AT THE GLASSPORT AND LIBERTY BOROUGH SO2 MONITORS FOR COMPLIANCE CASE A Source Clairton Coke Ovens Power Boilers Reheat and Blast Furnaces Glaus Plant All Sources Irvin Process Reheat All Sources Elrama Mitchell Pittron Combined Sources 24-Hour Average Concentration (ug/m^) Glassport 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) Monitor 0 ( 0%) 0 ( 0%) 32 ( 56%) 25 ( 44%) 0 ( 0%) 57 (100%) Liberty Borough Monitor 53 (17%) 145 (47%) 9 ( 3%) 5 ( 2%) 212 0 ( 0%) 0 ( 0%) 0 70 28 0 310 ( 68%) ( 0%) ( 23%) ( 9%) ( 0%) (100%) Numbers inclosed in parentheses show the percentage of the total calculated concentration allocated to each source. 127 ------- As shown by Table 7-4, the relative contributions to the total calculated 24-hour con- centration at the Liberty Borough monitor from the Clairton Coke Works, Elrama power plant and Mitchell power plant are 68, 23 and 9 percent, respectively. Sim- ilarly, at the Glassport monitor, 56 percent of the total calculated 24-hour concentra- tion is contributed by the Elrama power plant and 44 percent is contributed by the Mitchell power plant. Because of the mean wind directions used in the calculations, SO emissions from the Clairton Coke Works do not contribute to the concentration 2i calculated at the Glassport monitor. The calculated maximum hourly ground-level SO concentration is 952 £i micrograms per cubic meter and the calculated maximum 3-hour concentration is 699 micrograms per cubic meter. Emissions from the Clairton Coke Works account for all of the maximum hourly concentration, which is located on the ele- vated terrain northeast of the plant. The 3-hour maximum is located 1. 3 kilometers north-northeast of the Mitchell power plant, and emissions from the Mitchell plant are responsible for all of this calculated concentration. Because the maximum calculated hourly and 3-hour concentrations are well below the 3-hour Secondary Air Quality Standard of 1300 micrograms per cubic meter, it appears that the reduc- tions in SO emissions for Compliance Case A are sufficient to maintain the 3-hour /^ standard in the Clairton-Liberty Borough area. 7.2.3 Source Data Table 7-5 lists the sources, source locations, SO emission rates and £i stack parameters used to calculate short-term ground-level SO concentrations Li for the Clairton-Liberty Borough Compliance Case A. The locations of the sources are shown in Figure 7-2. A comparison of Table 7-5 with Table 4-2 of Section 4 reveals that total SO2 emissions from the Clairton Coke Works, Elrama power plant and Mitchell power plant under Compliance Case A are reduced to about 39, 22 and 26 percent, respectively, of the emissions given in the 1973 emissions 128 ------- TABLE 7-5 S02 EMISSIONS, SOURCE LOCATIONS AND STACK PARAMETERS USED TO CALCULATE SHORT-TERM GROUND-LEVEL SO2 CONCENTRATIONS FOR THE CLAIRTON-LIBERTY BOROUGH COMPLIANCE CASE A Source 1 Clairton Underfire #1 2 Clairton Underfire #2 3 Clairton Underfire #3 7 Clairton Underfire #7 8 Clairton Underfire #8 9 Clairton Underfire #9 10 Clairton Underfire #10 11 Clairton Underfire #11 12 Clairton Underfire #12 13 Clairton Underfire #13 14 Clairton Underfire #14 15 Clairton Underfire #15 16 Clairton Underfire #16 17 Clairton Underfire #17 Location (UTM) X Coordinate 595,860 595,830 595,730 595,880 595,870 595,750 595,660 595,630 595,520 595,380 595, 360 595,210 595,190 595, 110 Y Coordinate 4,461,520 4,461,540 4,461,780 4,461,650 4,461,680 4,461,810 4,461,900 4,461,920 4,462,060 4,461,930 4,461,960 4,462,110 4,462,150 4,462,240 S°2 Emissions (tons /day) .33 .33 .33 .33 .33 .33 .33 .33 .33 .33 .33 .33 .33 .33 Stack Height (m) 69 69 69 65 65 65 69 69 69 69 69 69 61 61 Stack Exit Temperature (°K) 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 Actual Stack Gas Volume 3 , (m /sec) 37.27 37.27 37.27 35.87 35.87 35.87 37.27 37.27 37.27 37.74 37.74 37.74 32.13 32.13 Stack Inner Radius (m) 1.220 1.220 1.220 1.270 1.270 1.270 1.220 1.220 1.220 1.310 1.310 1.310 1.310 1.310 INS ------- TABLE 7-5 (Continued) Source 18 Clairton Underfire #18 19 Clairton Underfire #19 20 Clairton Underfire #20 21 Clairton Underfire #21 22 Clairton Underfire #22 23 Clairton Underfire #12A 24 Clairton B&W #1 25 Clairton CE #2 26 Clairton Benzene Boiler 27 Clairton Benzene Boiler 28 Clairton Blast Furnace 3C Clairton Claus Plant 31 Irvin 3 and 4 32 Irvin 5 and 6 33 Irvin 7 35 Elrama Location (UTM) X Coordinate 595,020 595,280 595,250 595,060 595,030 595,500 595,000 595,000 594,870 594,850 595,630 595,810 593,220 593,230 593,250 592,000 Y Coordinate 4,462,330 4,461,880 4,461,910 4,462,120 4,462,160 4,462,080 4,462,470 4,462,470 4,462,400 4,462,410 4,460,060 4,461,550 4,465,600 4,465,650 4,465,710 4,456,200 S°2 Emissions (tons /day) .33 .33 .33 .33 .33 .33 5.65 4.21 1.98 1.98 .82 3.87 1.87 2.66 2.07 0 Stack Height (m) 76 76 76 76 76 69 50 50 52 52 60 46 55 78 30 83 Stack Exit Temperature (OK) 700 700 700 700 700 700 455 455 16* 16* 716 561 646 633 483 416 Actual Stack Gas Volume (m ------- TABLE 7-5 (Continued) Source 36 Elrama 37 Elrama 38 Elrama 39 Mitchell 40 Mitchell 41 Mitchell 42 Mitchell 43 Irvin Reheat 44 Irvin Reheat 45 Irvin Reheat 46 Irvin Reheat 47 Irvin Reheat 48 Clairton Reheat 49 Clairton Reheat 50 Clairton Reheat 51 Clairton Reheat Location (UTM) X Coordinate 592,000 592,000 592,000 587,340 587,340 587,340 587,340 593,250 593,250 593,250 593,260 593,260 595,100 595,100 595,100 595,100 Y Coordinate 4,456,200 4,456,200 4,456,200 4,452,810 4,452,810 4,452,810 4,452,810 4,465,600 4,465,700 4,465,650 4,465,600 4,465,650 4,461,520 4,461,530 4,461,540 4,461,500 S°2 Emissions (tons /day) 0 0 35.6 18.33 5.33 5.33 5.33 .41 .41 .41 .41 .41 .13 .13 .13 .13 Stack Height (m) 83 83 89 73 70 70 70 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 Stack Exit Temperature (OK) 430 430 416 403 467 467 467 10* 10* 10* 10* 10* 70* 70* 70* 70* Actual Stack Gas Volume (m^/sec) 198.950 229.450 299.140 534. 810 223.640 223.640 223.640 50.000* 50.000* 50.000* 50.000* 50. 000* 70.000* 70.000* 70.000* 70.000* Stack Inner Radius (m) 2.150 2.150 2.300 3.050 2.150 2.150 2.150 — — — — — — — — — Indicates building source; building length and width are entered as Stack Temperature and Volume. ------- TABLE 7-5 (Continued) Source 52 Clairton Reheat 53 Clairton Reheat 54 Clairton Reheat 55 Pittron Location (UTM) X Coordinate 595,100 595, 100 595,100 593,850 Y Coordinate 4,461,560 4,461,570 4,461,580 4,464,500 so2 Emissions (tons/day) .13 .13 .13 .11 Stack Height (m) 52 52 52 75 Stack Exit Temperature (°K) 70* 70* 70* 600 Actual Stack Gas Volume (m^/sec) 70.000* 70.000* 70.000* 88.000 Stack Inner Radius (m) — — — 2.000 CO to ^Indicates building source; building length and width are entered as Stack Temperature and Volume. ------- inventory compiled by the Allegheny County Bureau of Air Pollution Control. It should be noted that the Clairton-Liberty Borough short-term compliance calcula- tions do not consider the ambient SO background or the contributions of SO A 2 sources other than those listed in Table 7-5. 7.2.4 Meteorological Data Table 7-6 lists the hourly wind directions, surface wind speeds, mixing depths, ambient air temperatures and vertical potential temperature gradients used in the concentration calculations for the Clairton-Liberty Borough short-term Com- pliance Case A. These parameters were selected to be representative of a winter pre-frontal situation with persistent south-southwest winds greater than 3.1 meters per second, low mixing depths (125 to 300 meters), and overcast or broken sky con- ditions. Table 3-9 of Section 3 indicates that south-southwest winds greater than 3.1 meters per second persisted at the Greater Pittsburgh Airport for 12 or more hours 41 times during the period 1963 through 1972. Comparison of Tables 3-9 and 3-10 shows that the wind speed varied between 3.1 and 5.1 meters per second on 27 of the 41 occasions. Thus, a 12-hour persistence of south-southwest winds in the 3.1- to 5.1-meter per second range was assumed for the first 12 hours of the com- pliance case. Table 3-9 shows that south-southwest winds greater than 3.1 meters per second persisted for 24 or more hours once, and that southwest winds greater than 3.1 meters per second persisted for 24 or more hours 6 times, during the 10- year period. Therefore, the wind direction was constrained within a 30-degree sector for the entire 24-hour period. The mixing depths and vertical potential temperature gradients listed in Table 7-6 are similar to those observed during the air pollution episode at Liberty Borough on 18 January 1973 (see Section 6.2). The wind-profile exponent was set equal to the value of 0. 25 used in the calculations for 18 January 1973. Because we assumed that broken to overcast skies persist through- out the 24-hour period, the lateral and vertical turbulent intensities were set equal to the urban values for Pasquill stability category D of 0.1051 and 0. 0735 radians, respectively (see Table 3-5). 133 ------- TABLE 7-6 METEOROLOGICAL INPUT PARAMETERS FOR THE CLAIRTON-LIBERTY BOROUGH SHORT-TERM COMPLIANCE CALCULATIONS Hour (EST) 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Wind Direction (deg) 210 205 200 195 200 205 210 210 210 200 205 210 220 215 225 220 220 220 210 225 200 210 215 220 Wind Speed (m/sec) 3.6 3.6 4.1 3.6 4.6 3.6 4.1 4.1 4.6 4.6 5.1 5.1 7.2 6.2 6.2 5.7 5.1 4.1 3.6 4.6 3.6 4.1 3.6 3.6 Mixing Depth (m) 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 150 200 250 300 180 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 Ambient Air Temperature <°K) 273 273 273 273 273 273 273 273 273 273 273 273 273 273 273 273 273 273 273 273 273 273 273 273 Potential Temperature Gradient (oK/m) 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.018 0.014 0.011 0.007 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.007 0.010 0.014 0.017 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 Pasquill Stability Category D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D 134 ------- 7.3 SHORT-TERM COMPLIANCE CALCULATIONS FOR THE HAZELWOOD- BRADDOCK AREA 7.3.1 Background The meteorological conditions assumed in the Clairton-Liberty Borough short-term calculations for Compliance Case A (shallow mixing depths and moderate south-southwest winds) do not necessarily represent the worst-case meteorological conditions for the Hazelwood-Braddock area. Inspection of the source locations shown in Figure 7-3 indicates that west-northwest winds will maximize the super- position of plumes from the various sources in the Hazelwood-Braddock area. Moderate west-northwest winds in combination with shallow mixing depths were therefore assumed to represent worst-case meteorological conditions for the Hazelwood-Braddock short-term compliance calculations. The calculation procedures and the results of the calculations are presented in Section 7. 3. 2. The emissions data for Compliance Case A and the meteorological data used in the Hazelwood-Braddock short-term compliance calculations are des- cribed in Sections 7. 3. 3 and 7. 3.4. 7. 3.2 Calculation Procedures and Results The source and meteorological data in Sections 7. 3. 3 and 7. 3.4 were used with the short-term concentration model described in Section A. 3 of Appendix A to calculate hourly ground-level concentrations for 649 grid points on a 21-kilometer by 28-kilometer grid enclosed by the areas shown in Figures 7-3 and 7-4. The procedures described in Section A. 5 of Appendix A were used to account for the effects of variations in terrain height over the calculation grid. 135 ------- Figure 7-3 shows, for the combined sources, the calculated isopleths of 24-hour average ground-level SO concentration for the Hazelwood-Braddock area. Lt Neglecting the ambient SO background, Figure 7-3 does not indicate that the 24- L* hour Primary Air Quality Standard of 365 micrograms per cubic meter will be exceeded in the Hazelwood-Braddock area. The highest calculated 24-hour concentra- tion of 338 micrograms per cubic meter occurs at a grid point east of Braddock. Of this total, Westinghouse Electric contributes 52 percent, the U. S. Steel Homestead plant contributes 20 percent and the Jones and Laughlin plant contributes 5 percent. The highest calculated 1-hour and 3-hour concentrations in the Hazelwood-Braddock area are 1156 and 805 micrograms per cubic meter, respectively. Both maximums are located in the Hazelwood area within the isopleth for 300 micrograms per cubic meter shown in Figure 7-3. Emissions from the Bellefield Boilers account for 88 percent of the calculated 3-hour maximum, while emissions from the 12th Street Steam Plant, the Brunots Island Turbines and the Stanwix Street Steam Plant con- tribute 4, 3 and 3 percent, respectively. Thus, the short-term calculations indicate the SO emissions for Compliance Case A will maintain the 3-hour Secondary Air ^ Quality Standard and, depending on the ambient background, may maintain the 24- hour Primary Air Quality Standard in the Hazelwood-Braddock area. Figure 7-4 shows, for the combined sources, the calculated isopleths of 24-hour average ground-level SO concentration obtained for the Clairton-Liberty Li Borough area using the meteorological inputs for the Hazelwood-Braddock short- term compliance calculations. Neglecting the ambient SO background, the isopleths ^ in Figure 7-4 do not indicate that the 24-hour standard will be exceeded in the Clairton-Liberty Borough area. The grid point with the highest calculated 1-hour, 3-hour and 24-hour concentrations in this area is located on the elevated terrain east of the Clairton Coke Works. Emissions from the Clairton Coke Works account for 100 percent of the calculated maximum 1-hour, 3-hour and 24-hour concentra- tions of 808, 660 and 291 micrograms per cubic meter, respectively. Thus, the calculations described in this section and in Section 7. 2 indicate that SO emissions £1 136 ------- co FIGURE 7-3. Calculated isopleths of 24-hour average ground-level SO2 concentration in micrograms per cubic meter for the Hazelwood-Braddock area under Compliance Case A. ------- i5O- M3-47/ \ t loo FIGURE 7-4. Calculated isopleths of 24-hour average ground-level SO2 concentration in micrograms per cubic meter for the Clairton-Liberty Borough area under Compliance Case A (Hazelwood-Braddock case meteorological inputs). The two filled circles show the locations of the Glassport and Liberty Borough SO2 monitor. 138 ------- for Compliance Case A will maintain the 3-hour Secondary Air Quality Standard in the Clairton-Liberty Borough area and, if the ambient SO background is less than Li about 55 micrograms per cubic meter, will also maintain the 24-hour Primary Air Quality Standard. 7.3.3 Source Data Table 7-7 lists the sources, source locations, SO emission rates and Li stack parameters used to calculate short-term ground-level SO concentrations £ for the Hazelwood-Braddock Compliance Case A. Locations of the sources are shown in Figures 7-3 and 7-4 and on topographic maps in Figures 4-1 and 4-2. The Compliance Case A emissions data in Table 7-7 were supplied by the Allegheny County Bureau of Air Pollution Control. It should be noted that the Hazelwood- Braddock short-term compliance calculations do not consider the ambient SO Lt background or the contributions of sources other than those listed in Table 7-7. 7. 3.4 Meteorological Data Table 7-8 lists, for each hour, the wind direction, surface wind speed, mixing depth, ambient air temperature and vertical potential temperature gradient used in the calculations for the Hazelwood-Braddock compliance case. These para- meters are the same as those selected for the Clairton-Liberty Borough compliance case except that west-northwest wind directions have been substituted for south- southwest winds. Tables 3-9 and 3-10 of Section 3 indicate that west-northwest winds in the 3.1- to 5.1-meter per second range persisted at the Greater Pittsburgh Airport for 12 or more hours 45 times during the 10-year period 1963 through 1972. Thus, west-northwest winds of this magnitude were assumed to persist for the first 12 hours. After the first 12 hours, the wind speed was permitted to exceed 5.1 meters per second. Because Table 3-9 shows that west-northwest winds above 3. 1 meters per second persisted for 24 or more hours 8 times during the 10-year period, the wind direction was constrained within a 30-degree sector for the entire 24-hour 139 ------- TABLE 7-7 SO2 EMISSIONS, SOURCE LOCATIONS AND STACK PARAMETERS USED TO CALCULATE SHORT-TERM GROUND-LEVEL SO2 CONCENTRATIONS FOR THE HAZELWOOD- BRADDOCK COMPLIANCE CASE A Source 1 Clairton Underfire #1 2 Clairton Underfire #2 3 Clairton Underfire #3 7 Clairton Underfire #7 8 Clairton Underfire #8 9 Clairton Underfire #9 10 Clairton Underfire #10 11 Clairton Underfire #11 12 Clairton Underfire #12 13 Clairton Underfire #13 14 Clairton Underfire #14 15 Clairton Underfire #15 16 Clairton Underfire #16 17 Clairton Underfire #17 Location (UTM) X Coordinate 595,860 595,830 595,730 595,880 595,870 595,750 595,660 595,630 595,520 595,380 595,360 595,210 595,190 595, 110 Y Coordinate 4,461,520 4,461,540 4,461,780 4,461,650 4,461,680 4,461,810 4,461,900 4,461,920 4,462,060 4,461,930 4,461,960 4,462,110 4,462,150 4,462,240 S°2 Emissions (tons /day) .33 .33 .33 .33 .33 .33 .33 .33 .33 .33 .33 .33 .33 .33 Stack Height (m) 69 69 69 65 65 65 69 69 69 69 69 69 61 61 Stack Exit Temperature (°K) 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700 Actual Stack Gas Volume 3 . (m /sec) 37.27 37.27 37.27 35.87 35.87 35.87 37.27 37.27 37.27 37.74 37.74 37.74 32.13 32.13 Stack Inner Radius (m) 1.220 1.220 1.220 1.270 1.270 1.270 1.220 1.220 1.220 1.310 1.310 1.310 1.310 1.310 ------- TABLE 7-7 (Continued) Source 18 Clairton Underfire #18 19 Clairton Underfire #19 20 Clairton Underfire #20 21 Clairton Underfire #21 22 Clairton Underfire #22 23 Clairton Underfire #12A 24 Clairton B&W #1 25 Clairton CE #2 26 Clairton Benzene Boiler 27 Clairton Benzene Boiler 28 Clairton Blast Furnace 3C Clairton Clans Plant 31 Irvin 3 and 4 32 Irvin 5 and 6 33 Irvin 7 35 Elrama Location (UTM) X Coordinate 595,020 595,280 595,250 595,060 595,030 595,500 595,000 595,000 594,870 594,850 595,630 595,810 593,220 593,230 593,250 592,000 Y Coordinate 4,462,330 4,461,880 4,461,910 4,462,120 4,462,160 4,462,080 4,462,470 4,462,470 4,462,400 4,462,410 4,460,060 4,461,550 4,465,600 4,465,650 4,465,710 4,456,200 S°2 Emissions (tons /day) .33 .33 .33 .33 .33 .33 5.65 4.21 1.98 1.98 .82 3.87 1.87 2.66 2.07 0 Stack Height (m) 76 76 76 76 76 69 50 50 52 52 60 46 55 78 30 83 Stack Exit Temperature (OK) 700 700 700 700 700 700 455 455 16* 16* 716 561 646 633 483 416 Actual Stack Gas Volume (m3/sec) 32.300 58.430 58.430 58.430 58.430 35.870 92.570 72.330 60.000* 60. 000* 180.580 18.030 54.550 79.620 33.400 198.950 Stack Inner Radius (m) 1.460 2.140 2.140 2.140 2.140 1.520 1.370 1.060 — — 1.880 .610 1.790 1.600 .920 2.150 Indicates building source; building length and width are entered as Stack Temperature and Volume. ------- TABLE 7-7 (Continued) Source 36 Elrama 37 Elrama 38 Elrama 39 Mitchell 40 Mitchell 41 Mitchell 42 Mitchell 43 Irvin Reheat 44 Irvin Reheat 45 Irvin Reheat 46 Irvin Reheat 47 Irvin Reheat 48 Clairton Reheat 49 Clairton Reheat 50 Clairton Reheat 51 Clairton Reheat Location (UTM) X Coordinate 592,000 592,000 592,000 587,340 587,340 587,340 587,340 593,250 593,250 593,250 593,260 593,260 595,100 595,100 595,100 595,100 Y Coordinate 4,456,200 4,456,200 4,456,200 4,452,810 4,452,810 4,452,810 4,452,810 4,465,600 4,465,700 4,465,650 4,465,600 4,465,650 4,461,520 4,461,530 4,461,540 4,461,500 S°2 Emissions (tons /day) 0 0 35.60 18.33 5.33 5.33 5.33 .41 .41 .41 .41 .41 .13 .13 .13 .13 Stack Height (m) 83 83 89 73 70 70 70 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 Stack Exit Temperature (OK) 430 430 416 403 467 467 467 10 10* 10* 10* 10* 70* 70* 70* 70* Actual Stack Gas Volume (m3/sec) 198.950 229.450 299. 140 534. 810 223.640 223.640 223.640 50.000* 50.000* 50.000* 50.000* 50.000* 70.000* 70.000* 70.000* 70. 000* Stack Inner Radius (m) 2.150 2.150 2.300 3.050 2.150 2.150 2.150 — — — — — — — — — bO Indicates building source; building length and width are entered as Stack Temperature and Volume. ------- TABLE 7-7 (Continued) Source 52 Clairton Reheat 53 Clairton Reheat 54 Clairton Reheat 55 Pitron 60 Phillips Power Station 61 Phillips Power Station 62 Phillips Power Station 63 Phillips Power Station 64 Phillips Power Station 65 Phillips Power Station 66 Brunots Island Turbines 67 Brunots Island Turbines 68 Brunots Island Turbines 69 12th Street Steam 70 Stanwix Street Steam 71 H. J. Heinz Co. Location (UTM) X Coordinate 595,100 595,100 595,100 593,850 565,260 565,260 565,260 565,260 565,260 565,260 580,680 580,730 580,770 585,200 584,380 586,000 Y Coordinate 4,461,560 4,461,570 4,461,580 4,464,500 4,491,020 4,491,020 4,491,020 4,491,020 4,491,020 4,491,020 4,479,680 4,479,720 4,479,750 4,477,600 4,477,300 4,478,900 S°2 Emissions (tons/day) .13 .13 .13 .11 0 0 0 0 32.13 0 2.81 2.81 2.81 5.36 7.12 1.97 Stack Height (m) 52 52 52 75 76 76 76 76 76 49 10 10 10 82 112 76 Stack Exit Temperature (OK) 70 70 70 600 461 461 457 457 457 430 735 735 735 604 574 473 Actual Stack Gas Volume (m3/sec) 70. 000 70.000 70.000 88.000 83.460 83.460 118.070 118.070 118.070 167.850 237.600 237.600 237.600 108.260 227.230 18.730 Stack Inner Radius (m) — — — 2.000 1.800 1.800 1.800 1.800 1.800 2.300 .900 .900 .900 2.000 2.600 1.500 co Indicates building source; building length and width are entered as Stack Temperature and Volume. ------- TABLE 7-7 (Continued) Source 72 H. J. Heinz Co. 73 Westinghouse Electric 74 Westinghouse Electric 75 Bellefield Boilers 76 Bellefield Boilers 77 Pittsburgh Brewery 78 WABCO 79 Duquesne N C Boilers 80 Duquesne Reheat 81 E. T. N C Boilers 82 E. T. Soaking Pits 83 Homestead N C Boilers 84 Homestead Process 1 85 Homestead Process 2 86 Homestead Process 3 87 Homestead #5 OH Location (UTM) X Coordinate 586,000 599,020 599,020 589,190 589,190 587,550 594,400 598,120 598,360 597,110 597,440 592,850 593,400 591,900 593,150 592,350 Y Coordinate 4,478,900 4,472,550 4,472,550 4,477,100 4,477,100 4,479,280 4,475,550 4,469,830 4,469,450 4,471,610 4,471,870 4,473,830 4,473,870 4,473,400 4,473,850 4,473,750 S°2 emissions (tons/day) 2.67 3.91 3.05 2.37 3.05 1.28 1.59 .24 .94 .12 .63 .02 1.22 1.22 1.22 4.15 Stack Height (m) 76 50 37 59 69 63 27 49 37 33 30 16 32 32 32 38 Stack Exit Temperature (°K) 473 505 461 589 561 472 569 551 700 551 764 361 50* 50* 50* 532 Actual tack Gas Volume m^/sec) 16.290 17.420 7.470 26.950 24. 150 39.560 19.310 32.870 26.300 26.230 22.320 25. 040 100.000 100. 000 100.000 153.930 Stack Inner Radius (m) 1.500 1.100 1.000 1.400 1.700 1.200 .700 1.100 .900 1.200 .800 1.600 — — — 2.000 Indicates building source; building length and width are entered as Stack Temperature and Volume. ------- TABLE 7-7 (Continued) Source 88 National #1 89 National #2 90 National #3 91 National #4 92 National #5 93 Duquesne #15 94 Duquesne #17 95 E. T. #1 96 E. T. #2 97 E. T. #3 98 Homestead Carrie #3 99 Homestead Carrie #4 100 Mesta Machine Co. 101 J & L By Products Boilers 102 J & L Eliza Boilers 103 J & L South Side Boilers Location (UTM) X Coordinate 597,400 597,450 597,500 597,550 597,600 598,120 598,120 596,990 596,990 596,990 594,120 594,120 590,920 589,250 588,560 588,030 Y Coordinate 4,467,330 4,467,330 4,467,330 4,467,330 4,467,330 4,469,830 4,469,830 4,471,670 4,471,670 4,471,670 4,474,020 4,474,020 4,471,980 4,473,900 4,475,400 4,475,280 S°2 Emissions (tons/day) 2.06 2.06 2.06 2.06 2.06 1.30 1.30 3.85 3.85 3.85 5.38 4.35 1.40 1.06 .18 4.39 Stack Height (m) 46 46 46 46 46 49 49 50 50 50 43 43 61 24.4 36.6 35.7 Stack Exit Temperature (OK) 590 590 590 590 590 551 551 533 533 533 561 561 511 616 477 477 Actual Stack Gas Volume 'mVsec) 39.250 39.250 39.250 39.250 39.250 32.870 32.870 121.550 121.550 121.550 200.320 154.030 7.360 6.150 66.630 26.650 Stack Inner ; Radius (m) i 1.300 1.300 t ! 1.300 I 1.300 1.300 1.100 1.100 2.100 2.100 2.100 2.400 1.900 .900 .680 1.340 1.220 01 ------- TABLE 7-7 (Continued) Source 104 J & L Underfire #1 105 J & L Underfire #2 106 J & L Underfire #3 107 J & L Underfire #4 108 J & L Underfire #5 109 J & L Open Hearth 110 J & L Barmill #1 111 J & L Barmill #2 112 J & L Stripmill 113 J & L Soaking Pits 114 J & L Soaking Pits 115 J & L Glaus Plant Location (UTM) X Coordinate 589,150 589,150 589,190 589,190 589,200 587,850 589,240 589,260 588,265 587,780 587,800 587,190 Y Coordinate 4,474,030 4,474,020 4,473,860 4,473,840 4,473,750 4,475,680 4,474,060 4,474,150 4,475,775 4,475,470 4,475,550 4,474,000 S°2 Emissions (tons/day) .14 .14 .14 .14 .21 5.00 .23 .11 .19 .26 .24 1.90 Stack Height (m) 61 62.6 62.6 62.6 62.6 38 38.1 38.1 18.0 48 34 46 Stack Exit Temperature (°K) 600 600 600 600 600 532 727 727 727 727 727 977 Actual tack Gas Volume mVaec) 32.140 31.700 31.700 31.700 31.700 153.950 20.400 24.900 47.420 4.850 2.920 24.63 Stack Inner Radius (m) 1.300 1.450 1.450 1.450 1.450 1.980 .840 1.070 1.300 .860 .780 .700 1 Oi ------- TABLE 7-8 METEOROLOGICAL INPUT PARAMETERS FOR THE HAZELWOOD-BRADDOCK COMPLIANCE CASE A CALCULATIONS Hour (EST) 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Wind Direction (deg) 290 285 295 290 290 290 300 305 295 290 300 305 295 285 275 275 275 285 290 305 310 290 280 275 Wind Speed (m/sec) 3.6 3.6 4.1 3.6 4.6 3.6 4.1 4.1 4.6 4.6 5.1 5.1 7.2 6.2 6.2 5.7 5.1 4.1 3.6 4.6 3.6 4.1 3.6 3.6 Mixing Depth (m) 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 150 200 250 300 180 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 Ambient Air Temperature (°K) 273 273 273 273 273 273 273 273 273 273 273 273 273 273 273 273 273 273 273 273 273 273 273 273 Potential Temperature Gradient (oK/m) 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.018 0.014 0.011 0.007 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.007 0.010 0.014 0.017 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 Pasquill Stability Category D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D 147 ------- period. The mixing depths and vertical potential temperature gradients listed in Table 7-8 are similar to those observed during the air pollution episode of 18 January 1973 (see Section 6.2). The wind-profile exponent was set equal to the value of 0.25 derived from vertical wind profiles on 18 January 1973. Because it is assumed in the compliance calculations that broken to overcast skies persist throughout the 24-hour period, the lateral and vertical turbulent intensities were set equal to the urban values for Pasquill stability category D of 0.1051 and 0.0735 radians, respectively (see Table 3-5). 148 ------- SECTION 8 SUMMARY OF THE LONG-TERM AND SHORT- TERM CONCENTRATION CALCULATIONS J. 1 RESULTS OF 1973 CONCENTRATION CALCULATIONS AND COMPARI- SON WITH OBSERVED AIR QUALITY DATA The performance of the long-term and short-term diffusion models des- cribed in Appendix A was tested by calculating the annual average ground-level SO £t concentrations in Allegheny County for 1973, as well as 3-hour and 24-hour maxi- mums for three selected cases in 1973, for comparison with observed air quality at three continuous SO monitors operated by the Allegheny County Bureau of Air z Pollution Control. Table 8-1 lists the calculated and observed ground-level SO £t concentrations for each of the 1973 cases studied. As shown by the table, the cal- culated 3-hour concentrations are, on the average, about 14 percent higher than the measured concentrations, while the calculated 24-hour concentrations are about 83 percent of the measured concentrations. The poorest correspondence between calculated and observed 3-hour and 24-hour concentrations is the 18 January 1973 case for the Liberty Borough monitor. As explained in Section 6. 2, changes of 10 to 20 degrees in the hourly wind directions used in the calculations would bring both the 3-hour and 24-hour calculated and observed concentrations into close agree- ment. Table 8-1 also shows that the calculated annual average ground-level SO con- Lt centrations are, on the average, about 92 percent of the observed concentrations. Because the ambient SO background was not included in either the short-term or ^ the long-term calculations, the calculated concentrations are expected to be lower than the observed concentrations. The annual average concentration calculations for the year 1973 indicate that the annual Primary Air Quality Standard of 80 micrograms per cubic meter was exceeded over an area of approximately 120 square kilometers extending about 149 ------- TABLE 8-1 COMPARISON OF CALCULATED AND OBSERVED 1973 GROUND-LEVEL SO CONCENTRATIONS Case Monitor Location SO2 Concentration dug/m3) Calculated Observed Calculated Concentration Observed Concentration (a) 3-Hour Maximum Concentration 4 January 1973 18 January 1973 18 January 1973 13 July 1973 13 July 1973 Logans Ferry Glassport Liberty Borough Glassport Liberty Borough 2207 375 717 496 1204 1880 300 1305 395 820 Mean Ratio 1.17 1.25 0.55 1.26 1.47 1.14 (b) 24- Hour Average Concentration 4 January 1973 18 January 1973 18 January 1973 13 July 1973 13 July 1973 Logans Ferry Glassport Liberty Borough Glassport Liberty Borough 979 186 268 101 258 891 153 647 139 361 Mean Ratio 1.10 1.22 0.41 0.73 0.71 0.83 (c) Annual Average Concentration 1973 1973 Glassport Liberty Borough 80 116 79 139 Mean Ratio 1.01 0.83 0.92 150 ------- 3 kilometers on both sides of the Monongahela River from the southern boundary of Allegheny County north to the junction of the Monongahela and Youghiogheny River. Within this large area there are four subareas (hotspots) in which the calculated con- centrations exceed the annual standard by a factor of two or more. Two of these hot- spots are almost exclusively the result of emissions from the Elrama and Mitchell power plants; one is located approximately 2. 5 kilometers northeast of the Elrama power plant on the east side of the Monongahela River while the other is located approximately 2. 5 kilometers directly north of the Elrama power plant. A third hotspot, located in Clairton on the west side of the Monongahela River approximately 1 kilometer west of the center of the Clairton Coke Works, is principally caused by emissions from the Clairton Coke Works, plus contributions from the Elrama and Mitchell power plants. The fourth hotspot covers an area of about 10 square kilo- meters centered approximately 1 kilometer north and northeast of the Clairton Coke Works on the west side of the Monongahela River in the Glassport-Liberty Borough area. Within this 10-square kilometer area, emissions from the Clairton Coke Works contribute from 60 to 90 percent of the total calculated annual average, the Elrama power plant emissions from 6 to 20 percent and the Mitchell power plant emissions contribute 2 to 8 percent, depending on the point of interest. The annual average concentration calculations for 1973 also indicate that ground-level SO concentrations greater than the annual standard occurred over an LA area of about 40 square kilometers located along, and mostly on the north side of, the Monongahela River starting just east of the Jones and Laughlin Pittsburgh plant and extending upriver to the U. S. Steel Homestead plant. Within this large area there are two hotspots in which the calculated concentrations exceed the annual standard by a factor of two or more. One of these hotspots is located on the north side of the Monongahela River directly opposite the Jones and Laughlin Pittsburgh plant, which contributes about 85 percent of the total calculated annual average SO £ concentration at this spoL 151 ------- The short-term concentration calculations for the 4 January 1973 air pollu- tion episode at Logans Ferry show that both the 3-hour Secondary Air Quality Stan- dard of 1300 micrograms per cubic meter and the 24-hour Primary Air Quality Standard of 365 micrograms per cubic meter were exceeded within an area of about 1 square kilometer centered on the Logans Ferry monitor. According to the cal- culations, emissions from the West Penn power plant accounted for about 97 percent of both maximums, with the remaining 3 percent contributed by emissions from the Cheswick plant. The short-term calculations for the 18 January 1973 air pollution episode at Liberty Borough show that the 24-hour standard was exceeded in three separate areas. In one area approximately 2. 2 kilometers north of the Elrama power plant, the calculated maximum 24-hour concentration is 457 micrograms per cubic meter of which the Elrama power plant contributed 89 percent and the Mitchell power plant contributed the remaining 11 percent. In a second area approximately 0. 5 kilometers north of the Irvin plant, the calculated maximum 24-hour concentration is 579 micrograms per cubic meter of which the Irvin plant contributed 54 percent, the Clairton Coke Works 27 percent, the Elrama power plant 16 percent and the Mitchell power plant 3 percent. In a third area approximately 1.2 kilometers north of the Clairton Coke Works, the calculated maximum 24-hour concentration is 472 micrograms per cubic meter of which the Clairton Coke Works contributed 88 per- cent and the Elrama power plant contributed 11 percent. Average 24-hour concentra- tions approaching the 24-hour standard were also calculated in an area about 7. 5 kilometers northwest of the Elrama power plant and were produced by emissions from the Elrama and Mitchell power plants. The short-term model calculations for the 13 July 1973 air pollution episode at Liberty Borough indicate that the 24-hour standard was exceeded in two areas. One of these areas is located approximately 3 kilometers northeast of the Elrama power plant along the Monongahela River west of the town of Elizabeth; Elrama 152 ------- emissions account for 95 percent of the calculated concentration of 450 micrograms per cubic meter and Mitchell emissions account for the remaining 5 percent. The second area of high SO2 concentrations is located on the east side of the Monongahela River approximately 1. 5 kilometers northeast of the Clairton Coke Works. Of the calculated concentration of 842 micrograms per cubic meter, emissions from the Clairton Coke Works account for 9 percent of the total and the Mitchell power plant contributes 3 percent. Table 8-2 lists, for the major source complexes and for the combined sources, the 1973 24-hour and annual average ground-level SO2 concentrations calculated at the Glassport and Liberty Borough monitors. Table 8-2 also gives the individual source contributions to the calculated maximum concentrations in the Clairton-Liberty Borough area. It should be noted that, in contrast to the usual practice, no use was made of calibration constants to scale calculated concentrations to air quality observa- tions. The calculated concentrations presented in this report were directly obtained from the supplied source and meteorological data. On the basis of the correspondence between the calculated and observed concentrations shown in Table 8-1, we conclude that both the long-term and short-term diffusion models provide a satisfactory repre- sentation of the transport and diffusion of emissions from the major SO^ sources in Allegheny County. 8. 2 RESULTS OF COMPLIANCE CASE CALCULATIONS Calculations using the long-term diffusion model and the projected SO2 emis- sions for the compliance case (see Section 5.1) indicate that the annual Primary Air Quality Standard of 80 micrograms per cubic meter will be exceeded in the area between Clairton, Glassport and Liberty Borough and in an area of several square kilometers located east of Braddock. Calculations using the short-term diffusion model and projected SO2 emissions indicate that the 24-hour Primary Air Quality Standard of 365 micrograms per cubic meter will be exceeded in a small area in 153 ------- TABLE 8-2 ANNUAL AND 24-HOUR AVERAGE GROUND-LEVEL SO2 CONCENTRATIONS CALCULATED FOR THE CLAIRTON-LIBERTY BOROUGH AREA DURING 1973 Source Concentration (ng/m^) Glassport Monitor Liberty Borough Monitor Calculated Maximum (a) 18 January 1973 Clairton Irvin Elrama Mitchell Combined Sources 93 ( 50%) 0 ( 0%) 84 ( 45%) 9 ( 5%) 186 (100%) 188 ( 70%) 0 ( 0%) 72 ( 27%) 8 ( 3%) 268 (100%) 156 ( 27%) 311 ( 54%) 92 ( 16%) 19 ( 3%) 579 (100%) (b) 13 July 1973 Clairton Irvin Elrama Mitchell Combined Sources 0 ( 0%) 0 ( 0%) 89 ( 88%) 12 ( 12%) 101 (100%) 144 ( 56%) 0 ( 0%) 105 ( 41%) 9 ( 3%) 258 (100%) 739 ( 88%) 0 ( 0%) 78 ( 9%) 25 ( 3%) 842 (100%) (c) 1973 Annual Clairton Irvin Elrama Mitchell Others Combined Sources 49 ( 61%) 4 ( 5%) 16 ( 20%) 6 ( 8%) 5 ( 6%) 80 (100%) 88 ( 76%) 3 ( 3%) 14 ( 12%) 6 ( 5%) 5 ( 4%) 116 (100%) 301 ( 90%) 1 ( 0%) 19 ( 6%) 7 ( 2%) 5 ( 2%) 333 (100%) 154 ------- the vicinity of the Logans Ferry SO2 monitor and, depending on the ambient back- ground assigned, may be exceeded in the Clairton-Liberty Borough area and in a small area east of Braddock. The calculations for Compliance Case A indicate that the 3-hour Secondary Air Quality Standard will not be exceeded. Table 8-3 lists the individual contributions of major SO^ source complexes to the maximum 3-hour, 24-hour and annual average ground-level SO2 concentrations calculated in the Clairton-Liberty Borough and Hazel wood-Braddock areas. In the Logans Ferry area, emissions from the West Penn power plant account for about 97 per- cent of the calculated maximum 3-hour and 24-hour concentrations of 748 and 458 micrograms per cubic meter, respectively. 155 ------- TABLE 8-3 CALCULATED MAXIMUM 3-HOUR, 24-HOUR AND ANNUAL AVERAGE CONCENTRATIONS IN THE CLAIRTON- LIBERTY BOROUGH AND HAZELWOOD- BRADDOCK AREAS FOR THE COMPLIANCE CASE Source Maximum Concentration (ng/m^) 3-Hour 24-Hour Annual (a) Clairton- Liberty Borough Area Clairton Irvin Elrama Mitchell Others Combined Sources 0 ( 0%) 0 ( 0%) 0 ( 0%) 699 (100%) 0 ( 0%) 699 (100%) 212 ( 68%) 0 ( 0%) 70 ( 23%) 28 ( 9%) 0 ( 0%) 310 (100%) 102 ( 85%) 2 ( 2%) 4 ( 3%) 2 ( 2%) 10 ( 8%) 120 (100%) (b) Hazelwood-Braddock Area Homestead Westinghouse Electric Bellefield Boiler Jones and Laughlin Edgar Thomson Others Combined Sources 0 ( 0%) 0 ( 0%) 711 ( 88%) 0 ( 0%) 0 ( 0%) 94 ( 12%) 805 (100%) 69 ( 20%) 176 ( 52%) 10 ( 3%) 17 ( 5%) 2 ( 1%) 64 ( 19%) 338 (100%) 5 ( 3%) 125 ( 80%) 1 ( 1%) 1 ( 1%) 11 ( 7%) 13 ( 8%) 156 (100%) 156 ------- REFERENCES Bloom, B. and A. Smith, 1974: Air quality trends in Allegheny County, Pa. Paper Presented at the 67th Meeting of the APCA. Denver, Colorado, June 10-13, 1974. Bowne, N. E., 1974: Diffusion rates. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association. 24 (9), 832-835. Briggs, G. A., 1971: Some recent analyses of plume rise observations. In Proceedings of the Second International Clean Air Congress, Academic Press, New York. Briggs, G. A., 1972: Chimney plumes in neutral and stable surroundings. Atm. Env.. 6(7), 507-510. Brownlee, K. A., 1965: Statistical Theory and Methodology in Science and Engineering. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Calder, K. L., 1971: A climatological model for multiple source urban air pollution. Proc. 2nd Meeting of the Expert Panel on Air Pollution Modeling, NATO Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society, Paris, France, July 1971, 33. Cramer, H. E., etal., 1972: Development of dosage models and concepts. GCA Corporation Final Report under Contract DAAD09-67-C-0020(R) with the U. S. Army, Deseret Test Center Report DTC-TR-72-609, Fort Douglas, Utah. DeMarrais, G. A., 1959: Wind speed profiles at Brookhaven National Laboratory. J. Met., 1(5, 181-190. Environmental Data Service, 1966: Tabulation III, daily mixing depths and average wind speeds - Pittsburgh, PA. Job No. 6234 National Climatic Center, Federal Building, Asheville, N. C. Environmental Protection Agency, 1969: Air Quality Display Model. Prepared by TRW Systems Group, Washington, D. C., available as PB 189-194 from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia. Holzworth, G. C., 1972: Mixing heights, wind speeds and potential for urban air pollution throughout the contiguous United States. USEPA, OAP, Research Triangle Park, N. C., Publication No. AP-1Q1. 157 ------- Luna, R. E. and H. W. Church, 1971: A comparison of turbulence intensity and stability ratio measurements to Pasquill turbulence types. Paper pre- sented at a Conference on Air Pollution Meteorology, Raleigh, N. C., April 5-9, 1971. Osipov, Y. S., 1972: Diffusion from a point source of finite time of action. In AICE Survey of USSR Air Pollution Literature - Volume XII, distributed by National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia. Pasquill, F., 1961: The estimation of the dispersion of windborne material. Met. Mag., 90, 33-49. Pasquill, F., 1962: Atmospheric Diffusion. D. Van Nostrand Co., Ltd., London, 297. Rubin, E. S., 1974: The influence of annual meteorological variations on regional air pollution modeling: A case study of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, 24(4), 349-356. Smith, A. E., 1973: On the air pollution episode of January 17-19, 1973 at Liberty Boro Clairton. Report by the Episode Control Officer, Allegheny County Bureau of Air Pollution Control, Pittsburgh, PA. Tingle, A. G. and J. R. Bjorklund, 1973: Study and investigation of computer algorithms for the solution of the shallow-fluid equations as a means of computing terrain influences on wind fields. H. E. Cramer Company Tech. Rpt. TR-73-302-01, Final Report under Contract No. DAAD07- 72-C-0309 with ASL, ECOM, White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico. Turner, D. B., 1964: A diffusion model for an urban area. J. Appl. Meteor., 3(1), 83-91. 158 ------- APPENDIX A MATHEMATICAL MODELS USED TO CALCULATE GROUND-LEVEL CONCENTRATIONS A. 1 INTRODUCTION The computerized diffusion models described in this appendix fall into two general categories: (1) Short-term models for calculating time-averaged ground-level concentrations for averaging times of 1, 3, 8 and 24 hours; (2) Long- term models for calculating seasonal and annual ground-level concentrations. Both the short-term and the long-term concentration models are modified versions of the Gaussian plume model for continuous sources described by Pasquill (1962). In the short-term model, the plume is assumed to have Gaussian vertical and lateral concentration distributions. The long-term model is a sector model similar in form to the Environmental Protection Agency' s Climatological Disper- sion Model (Calder, 1971) in which the vertical concentration distribution is assumed to be Gaussian and the lateral concentration distribution within a sector is rectangular (a smoothing function is used to eliminate sharp discontinuities at the sector boundaries). The a vertical expansion curves and the a lateral expansion curves are determined by using turbulent intensities in simple power law expressions that include the effects of initial source dimensions. In both the short-term and long-term models, buoyant plume rise is calculated by means of the Briggs (1971) plume-rise formulas. An exponent law is used to adjust the surface wind speed to the source height for plume-rise calculations and to the plume stabilization height for concentration calculations. Both the short-term and the long-term models contain provisions to account for the effects of complex terrain. Table A-l lists the hourly meteorological inputs required by the short- term concentration model. Lateral and vertical turbulent intensities cr' and a' A-l ------- TABLE A-l HOURLY METEOROLOGICAL INPUTS REQUIRED BY THE SHORT-TERM CONCENTRATION MODEL Parameter Definition R 'A 'i H m dz Mean wind speed at height z R Mean wind direction at height z R Wind-profile exponent Wind azimuth-angle standard deviation in radians Wind elevation-angle standard deviation in radians Ambient air temperature ( K) Depth of surface mixing layer Vertical potential temperature gradient A-2 ------- may be directly specified or may be assigned on the basis of the Pasquill stability category. The Pasquill stability category is determined from surface weather observations using the Turner (1964) wind-speed and solar-index values. Mixing depths may be obtained from rawinsonde or pibal measurements, or they may be assigned on the basis of tabulations of the frequency of occurrence of wind speed and mixing depth (available from the National Climatic Center for synoptic rawin- sonde stations). Potential temperature gradients may be measured or assigned on the basis of climatology. Table A-2 lists the meteorological inputs required by the long-term concen- tration model. Joint-frequency distributions of wind-speed and wind-direction categories according to the Pasquill stability categories may be obtained from the National Climatic Center. Alternately, surface wind observations may be analyzed to generate wind-frequency distributions by time-of-day categories (night, morning, afternoon and evening). Vertical turbulent intensities may be determined from a climatology of actual measurements or may be assigned on the basis of the Pasquill stability categories. Median mixing depths may be determined from the seasonal tabulations of the frequency of occurrence of wind speed and mixing depth. Vertical potential temperature gradients may be assigned to stability or time-of-day cate- gories on the basis of climatology. We point out that the model descriptions contained in this appendix are comprehensive and in some instances contain features that were not used in this study. For example, the area source models described in Sections A. 3.3 and A. 4.3 were not used. Also, the decay constant fy was set equal to zero for both the short-term and long-term concentration calculations. A-3 ------- TABLE A-2 METEOROLOGICAL INPUTS REQUIRED BY THE LONG-TERM CONCENTRATION MODEL Parameter Definition f. . (Table) R p .(Table) K, 1 (Table) ' 90 , — . (Table) 9z / i, H . (Table) m;i, k, ^ U{ZR}. (Table) Frequency distribution of wind-speed and wind- direction categories by stability or time-of-day categories for the $"• season Height at which wind-frequency distributions were obtained Wind-profile exponents for each stability or time-of-day category and i wind speed category Standard deviation of the wind elevation angle in radians for the i^-h wind-speed category and k^n stability or time-of-day category and ,0th season tii Ambient air temperature for the k stability or time-of-day category and $"• season Vertical potential temperature gradient for the i.th wind-speed category and k stability or time-of-day category Median surface mixing depth for the i wind- speed category, l	------- A. 2 PLUME RISE FORMULAS The effective stack height H of a buoyant plume is given by the sum of the physical stack height h and the bouyant rise Ah. For an adiabatic or unstable atmosphere, the buoyant rise Ah is given by 3F ^/3 (ioh) 2/3~ n{h) where the expression in the brackets is from Briggs (1971; 1972) and u{h) = the mean wind speed at the stack height h y = the adiabatic entrainment coefficient ~0. 6 F = the initial buoyancy flux (2) V = the volumetric emission rate of the stack 2 = ?r r w r = inner radius of stack w = stack exit velocity g = the acceleration due to gravity T = the ambient air temperature (°K) a T = the stack exit temperature (°K) s The factor f, which limits the plume rise as the mean wind speed at stack height approaches or exceeds the stack exit velocity, is defined by A-5 ------- f = 3w - 3u(h)N w ; u{h) ^w/1.5 ; w/1.5 < u{h) -= w ; u{h) s w (3) The corresponding Briggs (1971) rise formula for a stable atmosphere (potential temperature gradient greater than zero) is Ahg = < 6F 1/3 lOh 1/3 2s lOh f (4) where y = the stable entrainment coefficient ~ 0.66 £i g se O _ -E_ S~ T 9z —— = vertical potential temperature gradient o z The entrainment coefficients Y and Y are based on the suggestions of Briggs JL L* (1972). It should be noted that Equation (4) does not permit the calculated stable rise Ah to exceed the adiabatic rise Ah as the atmosphere approaches a neutral s ri Q stratification I-— approaches 0 \9z Briggs (1972). A procedure of this type is recommended by A-6 ------- A.3 SHORT-TERM CONCENTRATION MODEL A. 3.1 Elevated Sources The atmospheric dispersion model used to calculate hourly average ground-level concentrations downwind from an elevated continuous source is given by K O x(x,y} = —- r \| (Vertical Term) (Lateral Term) (Decay Term) (5) y z where K = Q u(H} CT , a Y z scaling coefficient to convert input parameters to dimensionally consistent units source emission rate mean wind speed at the plume stabilization height H standard deviations of the lateral and vertical concentration distributions at downwind distance x The Vertical Term refers to the plume expansion in the vertical or z direction and includes a multiple reflection term that limits cloud growth to the surface mixing layer. (Vertical Term} = exp - - exp + exp ) - - I" / 2n H - H -I -f— L \ , . 2n H + H 1 ( m cr (6) where H is the depth of the surface mixing layer. The exponential terms in the m infinite series in Equation (6) rapidly approach zero near the source. At the A-7 ------- downwind distance at which the exponential terms are non-zero for n equal 3, the plume has become approximately uniformly mixed within the surface mixing layer. In order to shorten computer computation time, Equation (6) is changed to the form (Vertical Term) = 2 H m beyond this point. Equation (7) changes the form of the vertical concentration distribution from Gaussian to rectangular. If H exceeds Hm, the vertical term is set equal to zero which results in a zero value for the ground-level concentration. The Lateral Term refers to the crosswind expansion of the plume and is given by the expression ~~ . 2~ (Lateral Term) = exp „ , 1 ' 2 a (8) where y is the crosswind distance from the plume centerline to the point at which concentration is calculated. The Decay Term, which accounts for the possibility of pollutant removal by physical or chemical processes, is of the form (Decay Term} = exp f- 0 x/u {H}] (9) where 0 = the washout coefficient A (sec~ ) for precipitation scavenging 0.692 = ~T ' wnere Tj_/2 is the pollutant half life for physical J. / iL or chemical removal = 0 for no depletion ($ is automatically set to zero by the com- puter program unless otherwise specified) A-8 ------- In the model calculations, the observed mean wind speed u is adjusted R from the measurement height z to the source height h for plume rise calculations R and to the stabilization height H for the concentration calculations by a wind-profile exponent law u{z) = U{ZT R (10) The exponent p is assigned on the basis of atmospheric stability, ranging from about 0.1 for very unstable conditions to about 0.4 for very stable conditions. According to the derivation in the report by Cramer, et_al, (1972), the stan- dard derivation of the lateral concentration distribution ay is given by the expression {x} = a; x l J A ry x + x _ x (1 - a)' y xryv ry (11) x = y rylx cr. J v ry A A -XR ; cr < x ry ?R c (I - a); —;— > x ry aA (12) where a - the standard deviation of the wind-azimuth angle J\. in radians x = distance over which rectilinear plume expansion occurs downwind from an ideal point source (~ 50 meters) = the standard deviation of the lateral concentration distribution at downwind distance x_ A-9 ------- a - the lateral diffusion coefficient ( ~ 0. 9) The lateral turbulent intensity a' may be specified directly or may be assigned Pi. on the basis of the Pasquill stability category. The standard deviation of the vertical concentration distribution a is z given by the expression (X (13) X = z zR cr E (14) where a ' - standard deviation of the wind-elevation angle in radians cr = the standard deviation of the vertical concentration distribution zR at downwind distance x R The vertical turbulent intensity cr' may also be obtained from direct measure- Jii ments or may be assigned according to Pasquill stability category. When cr' E values corresponding to the Pasquill stability categories are entered in Equation (13), the resulting curves will differ from the corresponding Pasquill-Gifford curves in that Equation (13) assumes rectilinear expansion at all downwind dis- tances. Thus, cr values obtained from Equation (13) will be smaller than the Z values obtained from the Pasquill-Gifford A and B curves and larger than the values obtained from the D, E and F curves at long downwind distances. How- ever, the multiple reflection term in Equation (6) which confines the plume to the A-10 ------- surface mixing layer accounts for the behavior of the D, E and F curves (decrease in the expansion rate with distance) in a manner that may be related to the meteor- ology of the area. Following the recommendations of Briggs (1972), the lateral and vertical standard deviations of a stabilized buoyant plume are defined by ° yR 0.5 Ah 2.15 The downwind distance to stabilization x is given by (15) R =^ 90 10h ; - 0 7ru{h) S" 1/2 ; -\|p ^ 0 and 7ril{h} S~1/2 < lOh r\f\ -1/2 10h ; 7T- > 0 and7rii{h} S ' > lOh (16) A. 3.2 Application of the Short-Term Model to Low-Level Emissions The short-term diffusion model in Section A. 3.1 may be used to calculate ground-level concentrations resulting from low-level emissions such as losses through building vents. These emissions are rapidly distributed by the cavity circulation of the building wake and quickly assume the dimensions of the building. Ground-level concentrations are calculated by setting the release height h and the buoyancy parameter F equal to zero. The standard deviation of the lateral A-ll ------- concentration distribution at the source a is defined by the building crosswind i/ dimension y divided by 4. 3. The standard deviation of the vertical concentration distribution at the source a is obtained by dividing the building height by 2.15. zo The initial dimensions v and a are assumed to be applicable at the downwind yo zo edge of the building. It should be noted that separate turbulent intensities a' and A a' may be defined for the low-level sources to account for the effects of surface £ roughness elements and heat sources. A. 3. 3 Short-Term Concentration Model for Area Sources The atmospheric dispersion model used to calculate ground-level concen- trations at downwind distance x from the downwind edge of an area source is given by the expression X(x > XQ, y} = p {x} y (Vertical Term) (Lateral Term} (17) (Decay Term} where Q = area source strength in units of mass per unit time y = crosswind source dimension o _ x E o ' (x + x ) + h" Jli O (7 (X) + h CT ' (x + x /2) + h t o 3x ; X > 3x x = alongwind dimension of the area source h = the characteristic height of the area source The Vertical Term for an area source is given by (18) A-12 ------- {Vertical Term) =< 1 + 2 exp 1 /2nH 1 [ m 2 V a (x) ; exp 6H m cr (x) z L J 2H ; exp m 2\ cr 1/6H I/ m = 0 2\ cr (19) The Lateral Term is given by the expression (Lateral Term) = erf ~y /2 + y o 1/2" o- fx} y + erf -yo/2-y ^2" a {x} y _ (20) where and y = crosswind dimension of the area source o y = crosswind distance from the centerline of the area source cr {x} = ~y^fifh}xoyoa' V (x' + l) +h" a'+h (Vertical Term} where x' = distance downwind from the upwind edge of the area source (22) A-13 ------- A. 4 LONG-TERM CONCENTRATION MODEL A. 4.1 Elevated Sources The atmospheric dispersion model for elevated point and volume sources is similar in form to the Air Quality Display Model (Environmental Protection Agency, 1969) and the Climatological Dispersion Model (Calder, 1971). In the model, the area surrounding a continuous source of pollutants is divided into sectors of equal angular width corresponding to the class intervals of the seasonal and annual frequency distributions of wind direction. The emission rate during a season or year is partitioned according to the relative wind-direction frequencies. Ground-level concentration fields for each source are translated to a common reference coordinate grid system and summed to obtain the total due to all emissions. For a single source the mean seasonal concentration at a point (r, 9) is given by 2K Q itjtk UJ.k, g u.{H. , a . i i, k, 1} z;i,k, S{6 } V, -0 r/u.{H. r i1 i, (23) V. = exp n=l exp . /2n H - H. , 1 i m;i, k, / i,k, i 0" . . + exp , /2n H . + H , , 1 / m;i, k, i i,k, ?, (24) A-14 ------- where f. . . = frequency of occurrence of the i wind-speed 1? •* th th category, j wind-direction category and k stability or time-of-day category for the £ season A9' = the sector width in radians S{0} = a smoothing function < A0' t A6 0 e'-e1 j 1 ; 5 fl1 a' tl - a J i (25) 9. = the angle measured in radians from north to .th the centerline of the j wind-direction sector 9' = the angle measured in radians from north to the point (r, 9) As with the short-term model, the Vertical Term given by Equation (24) is changed to the form V2T a . , (26) 2H m;i, k, when the exponential terms in Equation (24) become non-zero for n equal 3. The remaining terms in Equations (23) and (24) are identical to those previously defined in Section A. 3.1 for the short-term model except that the turbulent intensities and potential temperature gradients may be separately assigned to each wind-speed and/or A-15 ------- stability (or time-of-day) category; the ambient air temperatures may be separately assigned to each stability (or time-of-day) category for each season; and the surface mixing depths may be separately assigned to each wind-speed and/or stability (or time-of-day) category for each season. As shown by Equation (25), the rectangular concentration distribution within a given angular sector is modified by the function s{0) which smoothes discontinuities in the concentration at the boundaries of adjacent sectors. The centerline concentration in each sector is unaffected by contributions from adja- cent sectors. At points off the sector centerline, the concentration is a weighted function of the concentration at the centerline of the sector in which the calculation is being made and the concentration at the centerline of the nearest adjoining sector. The mean annual concentration at the point (r, 0) is calculated from the seasonal concentrations using the -expression (27) A. 4.2 Application of the Long-Term Model to Low- Level Emissions Long-term ground-level concentrations produced by low-level emissions are calculated from Equation (23) by setting the source height h and the buoyancy parameter F equal to zero. The standard deviation of the vertical concentration distribution at the downwind edge of the building a is defined as the building zo height divided by 2. 15. Separate vertical turbulent intensities a' may be defined E for the low-level sources to account for the effects of surface heat sources and roughness elements. A virtual point source is used to account for the initial lateral dimension of the source in a manner identical to that described below for area sources. A-16 ------- A. 4. 3 Long-Term Concentration Model for Area Sources The mean seasonal concentration at downwind distance r with respect to the center of an area source is given by the expression f . . (28) exp - where R - radial distance from the virtual point source to the receptor 2 2s1/2 '+x) +y r' = distance from source center to receptor, measured along the plume axis r = effective source radius o y = lateral distance from the cloud axis to the receptor x = virtual distance Y . A0' = r cot — — o 2 (29) CT • i = < z;i,k 2cr, E;i, k o n aE-i E;i, a' k"" (r1 + ro> - r ) + h + h r1 < 6r a' . r' + h ; r' > 6r E;i,k o (30) A-17 ------- V. 1 + 2 exp n-1 2n H . 2-1 cr z;i,k ; exp 2H ; exp m;i, k g, i /6H • i 1 / m;i,k, f, 2 I a . . 7» I if /O, 1, K. 1 I 6H ' 1 If m;i,k, i 2\ a . . z;i,k (31) and the remaining parameters are identical to those previously defined. For points interior to the area source, the concentration for seasonal models is given by the expression X,{r< r } = where 2KQ V^ /2~7x y -^ v oo i,j, k ~ f. ' -I > ^-^ nM - , V' ^ — p Kn. aE;i,k (r1 ' +1) +h a' E;i, k, + h V. (32) r' ' = the downwind distance, measured along the plume axis from the upwind edge of the area source A-18 ------- A. 5 APPLICATION OF THE SHORT-TERM AND LONG-TERM CONCENTRATION MODELS IN COMPLEX TERRAIN The short-term and long-term concentration models described in Sections A. 3 and A. 4 are strictly applicable only for flat terrain where the base of the stack (or the building source) and the ground surface downwind from the source are at the same elevation. However, both models may also be applied to complex terrain by defining effective stabilization heights and mixing depths. The following assump- tions are made in the model calculations for complex terrain: • The top of the surface mixing layer extends over the calculation grid at a constant height above mean sea level • Ground-level concentrations at all grid points above the top of the surface mixing layer are zero • Plumes that stabilize above the top of the surface mixing layer do not contribute to ground-level concentrations at any grid point (this assumption also applies to flat terrain) In order to determine whether the stabilized plume is contained within the 3 mixing layer, it is ne source from the relationship surface mixing layer, it is necessary to calculate the mixing depth H (z } at the HI S where H* (z } - (H + z - z ) (33) m1- sj m a s H = the depth of the surface mixing layer measured at a point m with elevation z above mean sea level z = the height above mean sea level of the source s A-19 ------- Equation (33) is represented schematically in Figure A-l. As shown by the figure, the actual top of the surface mixing layer is assumed to remain at a constant elevation above mean sea level. If the height H of the stabilized plume above the base of the stack is less than or equal to Hm{z }, the plume is defined to be contained within s the surface mixing layer. The height H of the stabilized plume above mean sea level is given by the sum of the height H of the stabilized plume above the base of the stack and the ele- vation z of the base of the stack. At any elevation z above mean sea level, the s effective height H1 {z} of the plume centerline above the terrain is then given by H' {z} - H -z;H -z^ o o 0; H - z < 0 o (34) For building sources, H1 (z) is always set equal to zero. The effective mixing depth Hm' (z) above a point at elevation z above mean sea level is defined by H m z — z H + (z - z) ; z ma (35) Figure A-2 illustrates the assumptions implicit in Equation (35). For grid points at elevations below the airport elevation, the effective mixing depth K^1 {z} is allowed to increase in a manner consistent with Figure A-l. However, in order to prevent a physically unrealistic compression of plumes as they pass over elevated terrain, the effective mixing depth is not permitted to be less than the mixing depth measured at the airport. It should be noted that the concentration is set equal to zero for grid points above the actual top of the mixing layer (see Figure A-l). A-20 ------- Top of Mixing Layer Mixing Depth Measured at Greater Pittsburgh Airport = Minimum Depth Mixing Depth (No calculations made for grid points with terrain elevations above top of mixing layer (msl) at airport) FIGURE A-l. Mixing depth Hm{z } used to determine whether the stabilized plume is contained within the surface mixing layer. ------- Effective Top of Mixing Layer to to Effective Mixing Depth (No calculations made for grid points with terrain elevations above top of mixing layer (msl) at airport) Assigned to Grid Point Airport Elevation Mixing Depth Measured at Greater Pittsburgh Airport = Minimum Depth FIGURE A-2. Effective mixing depth Hm' {z} assigned to grid points for the concentration calculations. ------- The terrain adjustment procedures also assume that the mean wind speed at any given height above sea level is constant. Thus, the wind speed u_ measured at height z^ above the surface at a point with elevation z above mean sea level is a, a adjusted to the stack height for the plume rise calculations by the relationship ; h < z + z o a R (36) where h is height above mean sea level of the top of the stack. Similarly, the wind speed u {H} used in the concentration calculations is given by u{H} = ; H < z + z o a R (37) It should be noted that the terrain-adjustment procedures outlined above provide a very simple representation of complex plume-terrain interactions that are not yet well understood. Because the model assumptions are generally conserv- ative, it is possible that concentrations calculated for elevated terrain, especially elevated terrain near a source, exceed the concentrations that actually occur. It should also be noted that the procedures described above differ from previous "terrain-intersection" models in that terrain intersection is only permitted for a plume contained within a mixing layer. That is, terrain intersection is permitted for all stability categories, but only for a plume contained within the surface mixing layer. A-23 ------- A-24 ------- APPENDIX B JOINT FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS OF WIND-SPEED AND WIND-DIRECTION CATEGORIES Tables B-l, B-2, B-3 and B-4 list the seasonal joint frequency of occur- rence by Pasquill stability category* of wind-speed and wind-direction categories for the winter, spring, summer and fall of 1973, respectively. The corresponding seasonal distribution for 1965 are given in Tables B-5 through B-8. These distribu- tions were developed from surface weather observations by the STAR program of the National Climatic Center which uses the Turner (1964) definitions of the Pasquill stability categories. The 1973 distributions were derived from hourly surface wind speed and wind direction observations at Allegheny County Airport and 3-hourly cloud cover observations at the Greater Pittsburgh Airport. The 1965 distributions were developed from 3-hourly surface weather observations at the Greater Pittsburgh Airport. In the tables, the Pasquill A through F stability categories are labeled 1 through 6. The E and F stability categories were combined in the seasonal and annual concentration calculations. B-l ------- TABLE B-l JOINT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF WIND-SPEED AND WIND-DIRECTION CATEGORIES FOR WINTER 1973 W i to DiKC-CTlON (PHI OEbKEES) .000 22. bOO 45.000 07.500 90.UOO ii2.bUO STABILITY CATEGORY 1 A'INU SPEED WIND SPEED WIND SPEED WIND SPEED WIND SPEED rtlND SPEED CATEGORY 1 CATEGORY 2 CATEGORY 3 CATEGORY H CATEGORY 5 CATEGORY 6 ( ,7500MPS)( 2.5000MPS) ( 4.3000MPS) ( 6.8UOOi-iPS) ( 9.5000MPS) (12.5000MPS) i:>7.bOO 2u2.bOO 247. buO 2/0. uOO <^2.DOO 3i5.uOO OJ7.bOO .00003470 .00003470 .00003470 .00003470 .00003470 .00003470 .00003470 .00003470 .00003470 .00003470 .00003470 ,00003470 ,00003470 .00003470 .00003470 .00003470 .00000000 .OOOOOOuO .00000000 .00000000 .oocooooo .00000000 .00000000 .OOOOOOUO .00000000 .OOCOOOOO .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 ,00000000 .00000000 .00000000 ,00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .OOuOOOOO .00000000 .00000000 .OOoOOOOO .00000000 .oooooooo .00000000 .oooooooo .00000000 .oooooooo .oooooo&o .oooooooo .OOOOOOUO .oooooooo .oooooooo .ooooouoo .oocooooo .oooooooo . 0 0 0 0 0 U U U .OOOOOOOO .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .OOOOOOOO .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo ,00000000 .oooooooo .OOUOOOOO .oooooooo .OOOOOOOO .00000000 .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .00000000 .oooooooo .oooooooo ------- TABLE B-l (Continued) DIRECTION (PHI DEGREES) .UUO W i to 45. UUO o7.bUO yo.uoo 112. bUO U5.UOO ib7.bOO loO. UUO 2U2.bOO 270. UOO 2^2.500 3i5.UUO STABILITY CATEGORY 2 WIND SPEED WIND SPEED WIND SPEED KIND SPEED WIND SPEED WIND SPEED CATEGORY 1 CATF.LORY 2 CATEGORY 3 CATEGORY 4 CATEGORY 5 CATEGORY 6 ; ,7bOOMPS)( 2.5000MPS)( 4.3000MPS)( 6.8UOOMPSM 9.5000MPS)(12.5000MPS) .ooouoooo .00000000 .OOU16670 .OOObOOOO .00000000 .oouuuooo .00016670 ,00000000 .00000000 ,OUiObb60 .00016670 .00000000 .OOU16670 .00000000 .00000000 .ooooonoo .00000000 .00000000 ,000555oO .00166670 .00000000 .00000000 .OOOSb'bbO .OOOOOOuO . 0 0 0 0 0 0 U 0 .00111110 .00055560 .OOOOOOUO .000555^0 .OOOOOOuO .00000000 .OOOOOOUO .ouoooooo .00000000 .00000000 .oouooooo .00000000 .00000000 .oouooooo .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 ,000555bO .oouooooo .oouooooo .00000000 .oouoouoo .oouooooo .00000000 .OOOOOUUO .ouooouoo .00000000 .oouoouoo .OOOOOOUU .oouooooo .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .ooooouoo .00000000 .OOOOOUOO .OOOOOOUO .00000000 .ouoooooo .00000000 .ooouoooo .oouooooo .ooouoooo .ooooouoo .00000000 .00000000 .oouooooo .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .ouoooooo .00000000 .Ouoooooo .00000000 ,00000000 .00000000 .ouoooooo .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 ------- TABLE B-l (Continued) W DlHtCTlON (PHI DEGREES) .000 22.500 H5.000 £>7.bOO 90.000 Ii2.b00 135.000 lD7.bOO i 00.000 2u2.bUO 2^5.000 247.bOO 270.uOO 292.buO 515.000 STABILITY CATEGORY 3 SPEED VkJND SPEED WIND SPEED WIND SPEED WIN& SPEED WIND SPEED CATEGORY 1 CATEGORY 2 CATEGORY 3 CATEGORY 4 CATEGORY 5 CATEGORY 6 ( .7500MPSH 2.5000MPS)( 4.3000MPS)( 6.8GOOMPSX 9.5000MPS)(12.5000MPS) .00002780 .00000000 .00005560 .00006940 .00123610 .00002750 .00001390 .00002760 .00004170 .00008330 .00002780 .00001390 .00001390 .00002780 .00000000 .00000000 .00111110 .00000000 .00222220 .00277780 .00388890 .00111110 ,000555bO .00111110 .00166670 .00333330 .00111110 .00055560 .00055560 .00111110 .OOOOOOuO .00000000 .00222220 .00u55560 .00111110 .OOOSSboO .00277780 .00000000 .00055560 .00000000 .00277780 .00333330 .00166670 .00333330 .00111110 .00055560 .00111110 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .OOOOOOuO .00000000 .OOOOOOUO .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .OOOOOOUO .00000000 .OCOOOUUO .OOOOOOuO .00000000 .OOOOOOuO .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .OUOOOUOO .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .OuuOOOOO .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 ------- TABLE B-l (Continued) DlKuCTlON (Prii STABILITY CATEGORY 4 WINU SPEED hlNn SPEED WIND SPEED MND SPtEll WIND SPEED CATLGCRY 1 CATEGORY 2 CATEGORY 3 CATEGORY 4 CATEGORY 5 ,7bOOMPS)( 2.5COOMPS)( 4.3000MPS)( 6.8000MPS)( 9.5000MHS WIND SPEED CATEGORY 6 12 . SOOOtoPS) w 1 m .000 7.bOO 30.UOO xx2.500 105.000 1S7.500 160.000 <;u2.buO 2 ------- TABLE B-l (Continued) W DlKt_CTiON (PHI DEGREES) .uUO ^2.500 45.000 b7.500 90.000 112. bOO loS.OUO ib7.500 100.000 STABILITY CATEGORY 5 WIND SPEED IrtIND SPEED WIND SPEED VvINU SPEED WIND SPEED WIND SPEED CATEGORY 1 CATEGORY 2 CATEGORY 3 CATEGORY 4 CATEGORY 5 CATEGORY 6 ( ,7bOOMPS}( 2.5000MPS)( U.3000MPSX 6.6000MPSM 9.50COMPS)(12.5000MPS) 25.000 2H7.500 270.000 292.500 315.000 OJ7.500 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 ,00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .oouooooo .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00388890 ,00222220 .00722220 .00500000 .00500000 .00166670 .00388890 .00277780 .007777CO .00166670 .00055560 .000555oO .00388890 .00111110 .00000000 ,00222220 ,00388890 .00055560 .00000000 .00055560 .00055560 .00222220 .00111110 .00000000 .02111109 .01368089 .01055559 .01055559 .00777780 .00166670 .00166670 .00222220 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 •OOGOOOGU .00000000 .OOOOOOUO .OOOOOOUO .OOOOOOOU .00000000 •OObOOuOO .00000000 .OOOOOOUO .00000000 .OOOOOOUO .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 ,00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 ,00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .ccoooooo .cooooooo .00000000 .00000000 .cooooooo ------- TABLE B-l (Continued) W OiKc.Cl (PHI .UQO 22.bOO 45. UQO oT.buO 90.000 112. bOO Ub.uOO bTAtilLITY CATEGORY 6 WIND SPEED WIND SPEED WIND SPEED KIND SPLEO WIND SPEED WiriU SPEED CATEGORY 1 CATEGORY 2 CATEGORY 3 CATEGORY 4 CATEGORY 5 CATEGORY 6 ( .TbUOMPSX 2.5UOOMPSM «.3000MPS) ( 6.80uOMPS)( 9.5UOOMPS) (12.5000MPS) IdO.OOO 2u2.bOO 225.000 27. buO 270. UOO 292. bOO «iib.UOO 3o7.bOO .00116160 .00101010 .00070710 .00151520 .00055350 .00121210 .OOOlblbO .00020200 .oommio .ooo^b^50 .0004-0400 .00015150 .00136870 . 000,35350 .oouioioo .OOObUolO .00611110 .004444^0 .00777780 .00999999 .00388890 .00000000 .00166670 .00222220 .00888890 .00500000 .00444440 .001^6670 .00722220 .00388BVO .00111110 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .OOUOOOUO .00000000 . 0 0 0 0 0 U 0 0 .OOliOOUUO .00000000 .00000000 .OOOOOOuO .00000000 .OOUOOOUO .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 . ooooo u uo .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .ouoooooo .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .cooooooo .00000000 .00000000 ------- TABLE B-2 JOINT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF WIND-SPEED AND WIND-DIRECTION CATEGORIES FOR SPRING 1973 DlKuCTXON (PHI DEGREES) STABILITY CATEGOKY 1 WIND SPEED WIND SPEED WIND SPEED WIND SPEED WlNu SPEED WIND SPEED CATEGORY 1 CATEGORY 2 CATEGORY 3 CATEGORY U CATEGORY 5 CATEGORY 6 ( ,7bOOMPS)( 2.5COOMPS)( ------- TABLE B-2 (Continued) W CO Dlkc.cTj.uN (Phi Dt .000 <12.bOO 45.UOO bY.bOO 90. 000 J.i2.bOO 1J5.000 Ib7.b00 ioO.OOO 202. bOO 225.000 247. bOO 270.000 STABILITY CATEGORY 2 WIND SPEED wINn SPEnD WIND SPEED WIND SPEED WTNo SPEED WIND SPEED CATEGORY 1 CATEGORY 2 CATEGORY 3 CATEGORY 4 CATEGORY 5 CATEGORY 6 ( .7bOOMPS)( 2.5000MPS)( <.3000MP5){ 6.8000MPS)( 9.5000MPS)(12.5000MPS) 515.000 537.^00 .00010520 ,00003blO .00005510 .00000000 .00059610 .00000000 .00000000 .00001750 .00003510 .00001750 .OOU03510 .00l2i0970 .00005260 .00001750 .00001750 .000000,00 .00326090 .00106700 .00108700 .00000000 .00108700 .00000000 .00000000 .00054350 .00108700 .00054350 .00108700 .00271740 .00163040 .00054350 .00054350 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 ,000543oO .00000000 .00054350 .00054350 .00326090 .00108700 .00000000 .00054350 .00054350 .00000000 .00000000 .OOu5435C .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .OUOOOOOO .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .oocooooo ------- TABLE B-2 (Continued) W i DlKtCTlGN (PHI DEGREES) .000 22.500 45.000 to7.bOO 90.000 112.bOO US.000 1D7.500 ItiO.uOO 2U2.500 2 ------- TABLE B-2 (Continued) OIKECTION iPrii DEbKEES) .uUO 22.500 H5.000 67.bOO 90.000 112. bOO 135.000 107.500 loO.OOO 202. bOO 217. bOO 270. UOO STABILITY CATEGORY 4 WIND SPEED WIND SPEED WIND SPEED WIND SPEED WIND SPEED WIND SPEED CATEGORY 1 CATFGORY 2 CATEGORY 3 CATEGORY 4 CATEGORY 5 CATEGORY 6 ,7bOOMPS)( 2.5000MPSM 4.3000MPS)( 6.8000MPS)( 9.5000MPS)(12.5000MPS) 315.000 307.5UO .00068410 .00012790 .000^1300 .00028130 .00093990 .00025500 .00017900 .00014070 .00093990 ,OU01b620 .00078640 .00077370 ,00024300 .00005120 ,00063300 .00007670 .00543479 .00543479 .01032609 .01195649 .01630428 .01086959 .OQ7608o9 .00597329 .01630428 ,00706519 .00978259 .00923909 .01032609 .00217390 .00326090 .00326090 .01647828 .009239Q9 .00923909 .01358699 .02391298 .03260867 .03206517 .02771737 .03423907 .01956518 .03515217 .04076086 .02717387 .00923909 .00815219 .00706519 ,OC7608o9 .00163040 .00108700 .00000000 .OC21739U .01304349 .01956518 .01086959 .00543479 .00543479 .02391298 .04076066 .04836956 .01358699 .00271740 .00489130 .00000000 .00000000 .OUUOOOOO .00000000 .ooooooon .00000000 .00054350 .00000000 .00000000 .00054350 .OU326090 .00597829 .00434780 .00108700 .00000000 .OOUOOOOO .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00108700 .00000000 «00000000 .00000000 .00000000 ------- TABLE B-2 (Continued) OlKtCTlON (PHI DEGREES) STABILITY CATEGORY 5 WIND SPEED vIN[j SPEED WIND SPEED hlND SPEED WIND SPEED WIND SPEED CATEGORY 1 CATFGORY 2 CATEGORY 3 CATEGORY ^ CATEGORY 5 CATEGORY 6 I ,7bOOMPS)( 2.bOOOMPS)( 4.3000f-PS)( 6.8000MPS) ( 9.5000MPS) (12.5000MPS) W M to .UOO <;2.bOO H5.UOO o7.bOO 90.000 112.000 105. UOO U7.500 100. UOO «iU2.bOO 2 ------- TABLE B-2 (Continued) OlKuCTiON (PHi DEGREES) STABILITY CATCGORY 6 WINu SPEEO WIND SPEtQ WIND SPEED WIND SPEEO WlNn SPEED WIND SPEED CATcOUKY 1 CATEGORY 2 CATEGORY 3 CATEGORY 4 CATEGORY 5 CATEGORY 6 ( .7bUOMPS)( 2.5COOMPSM U.3QOOMPS)( 6.8000.v,PS)( 9.5000MPS) (12.5000MPS) .000 ------- TABLE B-3 JOINT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF WIND-SPEED AND WIND-DIRECTION CATEGORIES FOR SUMMER 1973 STABILITY CATEGORY 1 (PHi WIND SPEED WIND SPELD WIND SPEED CATtOORY 1 CATEGORY 2 CATEGORY 3 ( .75QOMPS)( 2.5000MPS)( 4 WIND SPEED WIND SPEED WIND SPEED CATEGORY H CATEGORY 5 CATEGORY 6 6.8000MPS)( 9.bOOOMPS) ( 12.5000MPS) u 1 It k .UOO ------- TABLE B-3 (Continued) STABILITY CATEGORY 2 WIND SPEED wINtj SPEc.0 WIND SPEED telND SPEED WlNo SPEED WIND SPEED CATLoORY 1 CATFGORY 2 CATEGORY 3 CATEGORY U CATEGORY 5 CATEGORY 6 ( .7500MPSM 2.5000MPS){ 4.3000MPS)( 6.8000MPS)( 9.5000MPS)(12.5000MPS) (PHI DEbKEES) .000 a H» Ol 4b,000 «7.bOO 90.000 112. bOO 105. UOO . UUO 202.500 2<;5.000 270,000 2'92.500 5x5. UOO 3J7.500 .00002810 .00004220 .00055750 ,00002810 .00118530 .00005620 .00064190 .00061380 .00078240 .00026710 .00015460 .00074030 .00015460 .00005620 .00005620 .OUOQ703Q .00108700 .00163040 .00000000 .00108700 .00271740 .00217390 .00326090 .002173^0 .00b69570 .01032610 .00597830 ,0o70d520 .00597830 .00217390 .00217390 .00271740 .00054350 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00054350 .00054350 .00108700 .00271740 .00271740 .00271740 .00489130 .00217390 .00054350 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .OOOOOOOfJ •OOOOOUOO .00000000 .OOOOOUOO .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 ------- TABLE B-3 (Continued) DlRtcTlON (PHI DEbKLtLS) .000 W 15. QUO 07.500 90.000 112. buO 105.000 IbO.OUO 2u2.bOO 247. bOO 2 7 0 . U U 0 292. bUO 015.000 Oo7.bUO STABILITY CATEGORY 3 WINU SPEED nINn SPEclC WIND SPEED VvlND SPEED WIND SPEED WIND SPEED CATEGORY 1 CATEGORY 2 CATEGORY 3 CATEGORY 4 CATEGORY 5 CATEGORY 6 ( ,7500MPS)( 2.5000MPS)( 4.3000MPS)( 6.8000,<1PS) < 9.5000MPS)(12.5000MPS) .00025080 .OOU12540 .OOU04160 .00016720 .00012540 .00016720 .00012540 .OOU37630 .00175590 ,OOOo27lO .OOU41810 .OUU50170 .00104520 .00004160 .00016720 .00326090 .00163040 ,00054350 .00217390 .00163040 .00217390 .00163040 .00489130 .01521709 .00615220 .00543400 .00652170 .00597850 .00054350 .00054350 .00217390 .00760670 .00054350 .00000000 .00000000 .00054350 .00108700 .00271740 .00326090 .01530429 .01006959 .01584779 .01413039 .00543460 .00217390 .00326090 .00108700 .00000000 .OOOOOOUO .00000000 .00000000 .COuOOOuO .ooooouoo .00000000 .ooooouou .00108700 .00163040 .00163040 .00360430 .00054350 .00000000 .00054350 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .OOUOOOOO .OOOUOOGO .OOOOOOUO .00000000 .00000000 .OOOOOOGO .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .OOOOOOUO .00000000 .OOOOOOUO .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 ------- TABLE B-3 (Continued) DlKtCHON (PHi DEGKLES) ,UQO STABILITY CATEGORY < WIND SPEED fclNo SPEtD WIND SPEED 1/vINC 5P£En WlNu SPCEO WINu SPEED CATLtORY 1 CATEGORY 2 CATEGORY 3 CATEGORY 4 CATEGORY 5 CATEGORY 6 ( ,7500MPS)( 2.5COOMPS)( *.3000MPS)( 6.8000HPS) ( 9.5000MPS) (12.5000MPS) I h-> 7.bOO yo.ooo Ii2. buO Ub.OOO Ib7.bu0 loO.DOO 2J2.bOO ^5.000 247.500 270. UQO 292. bOQ 3o.5.uOO OJ7.500 .00016720 ,00005230 .00008360 .00126550 .00127510 .00011500 .OOU05270 .00012540 .00113920 .00022990 .00033440 .00012540 .00022990 .00008360 .00002090 .00010450 .00669570 .00271740 .00^34780 .00923910 .00669570 .00597830 .00326090 .00652170 .03043479 .01195649 .01739129 .00652170 .01195649 ,00^347tiO .00108700 .00543480 .01304349 .00108700 .00108700 .00163040 .00434780 .00326090 .00706520 .Ol032blO .03532608 .02010869 ,03858698 .02282609 .01684779 .00380430 .Q04347UO .00489130 .00271740 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00054350 .00108700 .OOOJOOUO .00000000 .00054350 .00760870 .Olo30429 .00669570 .00217390 .00054350 .00054350 .00326090 .00000000 .00000000 .OOUOOOOO .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00054350 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .oooooooc .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .OOOOOOuO .oooooouo .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 ------- TABLE B-3 (Continued) W h-i 00 DIKtXTlfN (PHI OEbKEES) .UUO 22.500 45.000 67. boo 90. UUO 112. bOO loS.UOO STABILITY CATEGOkY 5 WIND bPEEO WIND SPEED WIND SPEED fclND SPEED WIND SPEED WIND SPEED CATEGORY 1 CATEGORY 2 CATEGORY 3 CATEGORY 4 CATEGORY 5 CATEGORY 6 ( .TbOOtoPSX 2.5000MHSX 4.3000MPS)« 6.8000MPSX 9.5000MPS) (12.5000MPS) UOO 2U2.500 2^5.000 270.000 2y2.5UO 3x5.000 3J7.500 .ooocoooo .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .OOOUOOOO .oooooooo .00000000 .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .OOOLOOOO .oooooooo .00978260 .00326090 ,00271740 .00108700 .00163040 .00^34780 .00489130 .00652170 .02608599 .00978260 ,Ol032olO .00669570 ,OOb'978JO .00108700 .OOOOoOuO .00163040 .00489130 .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .000543bO .00108700 .00163040 .00163040 .00543480 .01086959 .01684779 .00706520 .00163040 .00054350 .00217390 .00271740 .oooooooo .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOof) .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .00000000 .ooaooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .OOOUOOOO .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO .OuOOOOOO .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .00000000 .oooooooo .oooooooo .OOOOOOUO .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo ,00000000 .oooooooo ------- TABLE B-3 (Continued) STABILITY CATEGORY 6 a WIND SPEED CATEUORY 1 WINf) SPEc.0 WIND SPEED CATEGORY 2 CATEGORY 3 WIND SPEED CATEGORY 4 WlNu SPEED CATEGORY 5 WIND SPEED CATEGORY 6 DlKi_CTiuN (PHI JttrtLES) .000 22.5UO 45.UOO o7.bOO 90. GOO 10.2. buo 105. UUO Iu7.bu0 loo. 000 ------- TABLE B-4 JOINT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF WIND-SPEED AND WIND-DIRECTION CATEGORIES FOR FALL 1973 W i INS o DlHc-CTiGN (PHi DLbKEtiS) .000 ^2.500 H5.UUO STABILITY CATEGORY 1 WINU SPEED WIND SPEED WIND SPEED hi NO SPEED WIND SPEED WIND SPEED CATtOGRY 1 CATEGORY 2 CATEGORY 3 CATEGORY 4 CATEGORY 5 CATEGORY 6 ( .7bUOMPS)( 2.5000MPSM H. 3000i-lPS) ( 6.8000MPS) ( 9.5000MPS) (12.5000MPS) yo.uoo ii2,bOO lob.UOO JLoO.UUO «i/O.UUO dV2.bOO 5x5.000 .00006870 .00006870 .00006870 .00006870 .00006870 .OOGU6870 .00006870 .00006870 .00006870 .00005870 .00006870 .00006870 .00006870 .00006870 .00006870 .00006870 .00000000 .00000000 .OOOOOOuO .OOOOOOoO .00000000 .OOOOOOoO .00000000 .OOOOOOOO .OOUOOOuO .00000000 .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOuO .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOoO .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO .OOoOOOOO .OOOOOOuO .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO .OCOOOOUU .OOOOOOOO .00000000 .00000000 .OOOOOOUO .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO .oouuoooo .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO .00000000 .ouoooooo .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO •ooooooou .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO .OOOOOOOO ------- TABLE B-4 (Continued) STABILITY CATEGORY 2 W to (PHi DEGREES) .UUO 45.UOO o7.bUO 90. UUO lA2.bUU 135. UUO JLD7.0UO JL60.0UO 2u2.bOO 225. UUO I U . U 0 0 3.L5.UUO 337. bUO WINu SPEED wINf) SPEED WIND SPEED CATEGORY 1 CATEGORY 2 CATEGORY 3 .7500MPSX 2.bOOOMPS)( 4 WIND SPEED WIND SPEED CATEGORY U CATEGORY 5 6.8000MPS)( 9.bUOOMPS) WIND SPEED CATEGORY 6 12. 5000MPS) .OOU7J5680 .oouooooo .000187-30 .OOU03750 .ouumggo .OOU07<490 .00073680 ,OOUb2^40 .00022480 .00011240 .00003750 .00003750 .00007490 .001)03750 .00014990 .OOU07490 .00219779 .oocooouo .002747^9 .00054950 .00219779 .00109890 .00219779 .00054950 .00329669 .00164839 .00054950 .000549bO .00109890 .00054950 .00219779 .00109890 .OOU54950 .00000000 .000549^0 .00000000 .00164839 .00109690 .00000000 .oouooooo ,002197/9 .00054950 .00054950 .00000000 .OOU54950 .00054950 .00109890 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .oouooooo .oouooooo .00000000 .ooooouoo .00000000 .ooooouoo .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .UUOOOOOO .00000000 .00000000 .OOUOOOOO .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .OOUOOOOO .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .cooooooo .oocooouo .00000000 .00000000 .cooooooo .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 ,00000000 .00000000 .00000000 ------- TABLE B-4 (Continued) (PHi Qt^KEES) STABILITY CATEGORY 3 WINb SPEED KvIND SPEED WIND SPEED WIND SPEED CATtGORY 1 CATEGORY 2 CATEGORY 3 CATEoORY U ( ,7bOOMPS)( 2.5000MPS)( 4.3oOOMPS)( 6.8000.V1PS) WIND SPEED WIND SPEED CATEGORY 5 CATEGORY 6 [ 9.5000MPS)(12.5000MPS) .000 22.^00 H5.UUO 07.500 90.UUO 112. SOO W 135. uOO g 107.500 IoO.UOO 2U2.500 225. uOO 2H7.DUO 270.000 292.000 3J.5.UOO 337.500 .00003820 .00003050 .00002290 .00004580 .001)08390 .00059520 .00000760 .00003050 ,000o4870 .00002290 .00002290 .00003820 .00003050 .00001530 .00000000 .00001530 .00274729 .00219779 .00164839 .003296o9 .00604398 .00274729 .0005^950 .00219779 .00659338 .00164839 .00164839 .00274729 .00219779 .00109890 .00000000 .00109890 .00274729 .00000000 .00164839 .00219779 .00494508 .00384619 .00604398 .00219779 .01043957 .00329669 .00604398 .004945Q8 .00604398 .00274729 .00439559 .00329669 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .OCJOOOuO .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00054950 .00000000 .00000000 .00054950 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .OUOOOOOO .ouooouoo .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 ------- TABLE B-4 (Continued) STABILITY CATEGORY 4 WIND SPEED VHIN& SPEED WIND SPEED wiNQ SPEED CATEGORY 1 CATfGORY 2 CATEGORY 3 CATEGORY 4 WINn SPEED CATEGORY 5 WIND SPEED CATEGORY 6 w to OS UiKc-CTiON (PHI DEfaKEtS) .UOO 22.500 45. UOO o7.600 90.UOO lJ.2.500 1J5.UOO 157.500 180.000 2u2.500 259333 .01043957 .02307662 ,02362b32 .03901087 .01428565 .00989007 .00274729 9.5000MPS) 1 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .OOOOOUOO .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .OuOOOOOO .00000000 .00274729 .00219779 .00000000 .OOOOOUOO .00000000 [12.5000MPS .00000000 .00000000 ,00000000 .00000000 ,00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00164839 ,00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 ------- TABLE B-4 (Continued) OIKECTION (PHI DEbKLES) STABILITY CATEGORY 5 AINU SPEED WIND SPEED WIND SPEED MND SpEEO WING SPEED WIND SPEED CATEGORY 1 CATEGORY 2 CATEGORY 3 CATEGORY 4 CATEGORY 5 CATEGORY 6 .7500MPSX 2.5000MPS)( <.3000MPS){ 6.8000MPS)( 9.5000MPS) (12.5000MPS) .000 2.bOO 45.000 o7.5UO vo.ooo 112. bOO w U5.000 ,1, lb7.5UO • loO.OOO ------- TABLE B-4 (Continued) STABILITY CATEGORY 6 WlNu SPEED MNo SPEED WIND SPEED VvlND SPEEO WlNu SPEED WIND SPEED CATLwOKY 1 CATEGORY 2 CATL60RY 3 CATEGORY 4 CATEGORY 5 CATEGORY 6 ( .7bCU,v,pS)( 2.5COOMPS){ H.3000MPS) ( b.fiOUO/PS) ( 9.5000MPS) (12.5000MPS) (Phi DEbKEES) tUOO W to Ul 45.000 o7.bOO 90.UGO 112. bOO Ub.uOO iciO.OUO 2u2.bOO 225.000 247.500 270. UOO 292. buo 315.UUO 3o7.bOO .OU52U049 .OU109160 .00275169 .00^62439 .00244079 .00143260 .00117510 .001t)5039 ,002bbB69 .00197479 .00248249 .00155039 ,001o9l29 .00033370 ,000208cjO ,00223229 .01153846 ,00fc'593o8 .005^9448 .01923074 .00679117 .003296o9 .00769227 .012637J6 ,OlB131ti4 .01043957 .00934007 .01263736 .00934067 .00439559 .00274729 .00604398 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .ooooooco .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .001)00000 .00000000 .oouooooo .OOOOOUOu .OOOOOUUO .oouooooo .ooooouoo .OOUOOUOO .ooouoooo .00000000 .OOUOOOOO .ooooouoo .00000000 .ooooouoo .00000000 .OOOOOUUO .oooooouo .OOOOOOUO .oooooouo .00000000 .OOUOOOOO .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .Ouoooooo .oouooooo .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .OOUOOOOO .ooouoooo .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .OUOOOOOO .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .oooooouo .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 ------- TABLE B-5 JOINT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF WIND-SPEED AND WIND-DIRECTION CATEGORIES FOR WINTER 1965 STABILITY CATEGORY 1 W to o> DIRECTION (PHI DEbKEES) .000 £2. bOO Hb.OOO 67.600 yo.ooo H2.bOO 105.000 loQ.UOO 2u2.bOO 2c:b.oOO 270.000 92.bOO 515,000 WIND SPEED wINn SPEED WIND SPEED CATEGORY 1 CATEGORY 2 CATEGORY 3 .75GOMPS)( 2.5000MPS){ «f.300 Vi'IND SPEED WINu SPEED WIND SPEED cATEGORf 4 CATEGORY 5 CATEGORY 6 ( 6.8000MPS)( 9.5000MPS) (12.5000MPS) .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .OOOOOOuO .oouooooo .onoooooo .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .ooooouoo ,00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .oouooooo .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 ,00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .ouuoouoo .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .ouoooooo .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 ------- TABLE B-5 (Continued) STABILITY CATEGORY 2 WIND SPEED WIND SPEED WIND SPEED WIND SPEED WIND SPEED WIND SPEED CATEGORY 1 CATEGORY 2 CATEGORY 3 CATEGORY U CATEGORY 5 CATEGORY 6 ( ,75QOMPS)( 2.5000MPS){ 4.3000MPS)( 6.SOOOMPSX 9.5000MPS)(12.5000MPS) (PHI .UOO oT.bUO ?O.UUO U2.bUO W to -q JLo7.bOO loO.UUO 270.000 292. bOO 315, QUO .00000000 •OOUUOOOO .OOUOOOOO .oouooooo .oouoooou .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .OOOOUOOO .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .oooooouo .00000000 .oooooouo .00000000 .oooooouo .00000000 .oouooooo .00000000 .00000000 .oooooouo .00000000 .00000000 .oooooouo .oooooouo .00000000 .oooonooo .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .oouooooo .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .oooooooo .00000000 .oouooooo .oououooo .oooooooo .ooooouoo .ooooouuo .oouooooo .OOOOOOUO .oooooooo .oooooouu .oooooouo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooouo .ooooouoo .OOUOOUOO .OOOOOOUO .ooooouuo .oouooouo .OOOOOUOO .oooooooo .oooooooo .OOOOOOOO .oouuoooo .oooooooo .oouooooo .oouooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .OOUOOUOO .ouuooooo .oouooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .cooooooo .oooooooo ------- TABLE B-5 (Continued) W to oo OlKtCTlON (PHI UEbKEE .000 22.bOO STABILITY CATEGORY 3 WINU SPEED WIND SPEED WIND SPEED hIND SPEED WINQ SPEED HIND SPEED CATEGORY 1 CATEGORY 2 CATEGORY 3 CATEGORY 4 CATEGORY 5 CATEGORY 6 ( ,7500MPS)( 2.5000MPS)( 4.30QOMPSM 6.8000MPS)( 9.5000MPS)(12.5000MPS) ) t»7.bUO yo.ooo iJ.2.bOG 135,000 157.500 loO.OOO 202.500 bUO 270. UOO 292. bOO 3x5.000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00139280 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00139280 .00139280 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00139260 .00000000 .00139280 .OOOOOOuO .00278bbO .OOb57lOO .00000000 ,OOl392oO .00139280 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00139280 .00139280 .00000000 ,00000000 .00000000 .00139280 .00139280 .00139280 .00278550 .00000000 .00000000 .00139280 .OOUOQOOO .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .OOOOOUOO .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00139280 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .ouoooooo .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000009 ------- TABLE B-5 (Continued) W to to OlKt-CTJON (PHI DEbREES) .UOO 22.500 45.000 t>7.oOO VQ.UUO 112.500 Ub.OOO Io7.b00 160. OUO 2u2.bOO 225.000 247.500 270. UOO STABILITY CATtGOKY H WINIJ SPEEU WIND SPEED »/iNO SPEED WINU SPEED WIND SPEED WIND SPEED CATEGORY i UATEOORY 2 CATEGORY 3 CATEGORY 4 CATEGORY 5 CATEGORY 6 ,7bOOMPS)( 2.5000MPS)( <.3000MPS)( 6.BOOOMPS)( 9.5000MPS)(12.5000MPS) 3ib.'JOO 337.500 .00012860 .00004290 . 00147850 .00008b70 .0002b7lO .00017140 .001b2l30 .00008570 .00190700 .00008570 .00047140 .00012860 .00025710 .00017140 .00012860 .00004290 .00417830 .001392BO .00139260 ,00278bbO .00835649 .00557100 .00278550 .00278550 .01532029 .00278550 .015320^9 .00417630 .00835649 ,00557100 .00417850 .00139260 .00974929 .00557100 .00417830 .00974929 .01253479 .01532029 .01949659 .01810579 .02785518 .02089136 .03064068 .03621167 .02924788 .01392759 .00635649 .00557100 .00974929 .00278550 .00417830 .0041783U .00139280 .00557100 .00417830 .00139260 .00974929 .01949659 .06267405 .07103055 .05710306 .02785518 .00696379 .01392759 .00000000 .00000000 .OOOOOUOO .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00139280 .00835649 .01253479 .02228408 .01532029 .005571UO .00417630 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00139280 .00000000 .00557100 .00139280 .00139280 .00000000 ------- TABLE B-5 (Continued) W co o OlKtCTlON (PHI DEGREES) .000 22. bOO 45.000 o7.500 yo.ooo 112.600 1J5.000 U7.500 2U2.500 2 ------- TABLE B-5 (Continued) DiKt.cn ON (PHi DEGREES) STABILITY CATEGORY 6 WIND SPEED 'WIND SPEED WIND SPEED WIND SPEED WIND SPEED WIND SPEED CATEGORY 1 CATEGORY 2 CATEGORY 3 CATEGORY 4 CATEGORY 5 CATEGORY 6 ( ,7bOOMPS)( 2.bOOOMPS)( <.3000MPS)( 6.8000i4PS)( 9.5000MPS) (12.5000KPS) W CO .000 ^2.000 tb.000 o7.bOO 90.000 112. bOO 13b.oOO 1S7.500 180.000 202.500 225.000 ^47.500 270.000 292.500 3x5. uOO 337.500 .00051930 .00217180 .00269110 .00025970 .00077900 .00408380 ,0035b450 .00191210 .00243140 .00103870 .00103873 .00077900 .00538220 .00103870 .00^08380 .00025970 .00278550 .00278550 .00557100 .00139280 .00417830 .00417830 .00139280 ,00l392bO .00417830 .00557100 .00557100 .00417830 .01114209 .00557100 .00417830 .00139280 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 ,00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 ,00000000 .nooooooo ------- TABLE B-6 JOINT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF WIND-SPEED AND WIND-DIRECTION CATEGORIES FOR SPRING 1965 STABILITY CATEGORY 1 W DIKLCTION (PHI DtbREES) tUOO 22.bOO 45.000 67.bOO yo.uuo 112. bOO Ub.OOO ib7.bUO IciO.uOO 2u2.bOO 292.600 .Sib. 000 WIND SPEED WIND SPEED WIND SPEED CATEGORY 1 CATEGORY 2 CATEGORY 3 ,7bCOMPS)( 2.5000MPS)( 4 WIND SPEED CATEGORY 4 WIND SPEED CATEGORY 5 ( 9.5000MPS) WIND SPEED CATEGORY/ 6 12.5000MPS) .00135870 .OOUOOOOO .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .OOUOOOOO .00271740 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00135870 .00000000 .00000000 ,00000000 .00000000 .oooooouo .00000000 .00000000 .oooooouo .00000000 .00000000 •oooooooo .00000000 .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooouo .oooooooo .OOUOOOOO .ooouoooo .oouoooon .oooooooo .OOUOOOOO .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .OOUOOOOO .OUOOOOOO .ouoooooo .OUOOOOOO .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .OOOOOOOO .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .OOOOOOOO .00000000 .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo ------- TABLE B-6 (Continued) td CO co DlKc-CTlON (PHi DEGKEES) .UQG 22.500 4b.OOO O7.b00 90.UOO 112.bOO 105.UUO ioT.bUQ IbO.UUO 2U2.500 iiiib.UOU 247.bOO 270.UUO 292.500 315.UOO 337.bOU STABILITY CATEGORY 2 WINu SPEED blNn SPEED WIND SPEED WIND SPEEO CATtuORY 1 CATFGORY 2 CATEGORY 3 CATEGORY 4 ( ,7bOOMPS)< 2.5000MPS)( <.3UQOKPS)( 6.8000fviPS) WINL) SPEED CATEGORY 5 9.5000MPS) WIND SPEED CATEGORY 6 12. 5000MPS) .OUU15680 .00010^50 .00146320 .00156770 .00167220 .00000000 .00000000 .00005230 ,00005230 .00287420 .00000000 .00005230 .00000000 .oouooooo .00146320 .00005230 .00407609 .00271740 .00135670 .00407609 .00679349 .00000000 .00000000 .00135870 .00135870 .00135870 .00000000 .00135870 .00000000 .OOOOOOuO .00135870 .00135870 .00271740 .oouooooo .00000000 .00271740 .00000000 .00000000 .oouooouo .00135870 .oouooooo .00000000 .00135870 .00135870 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .OOOOOOOG .00000000 .ooooouou .00000000 .OOOOOOUO .00000000 .00000000 .ouoooouo .00000000 .OOOOOOUO .ooooouoo .OOOOOUOO .00000000 .OOOOOOUO .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .OOOOOUOO .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .OOOOOOUO .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 ------- TABLE B-6 (Continued) W k DIRECTION (PHI DEGREES) .UUO 22.bUO 4b.UUO o7.bUU 90. UUO 112. bUO loS.UUU lo7.bUU loO.UUO STABILITY CATEGORY 3 WIND SPEED WIND SPELD WIND SPEED WIND SPEED WIND SPEED WIND SPEED CATtoCRY 1 CATEGORY 2 CATEGORY 3 CATEGORY 4 CATEGORY 5 CATEGORY 6 ( .7bOOMPS){ 2.5000MPSX H.3000MPS)( 6.8000MPS)( 9.5000MPS)(12.5000MPS) 247. bUU 270. UUO 2^2. bUU 3i5.UUU .00187630 .OU16l7bO .OU025880 .OU077640 ,OOUbl760 .oouooooo .00213510 .OOUbl760 .00103520 .oouuoooo .oouooooo .OOU2588U .00051760 .oouooooo .uuuuoooo .ouuuoooo .00135870 .OOOOOOUO .00135870 .001076U9 .00271740 .OOOOOOUO .00271740 .00^71740 ,00b43479 .oouooouo .uooooouo .00135870 .00271740 .OOOOOOUO .uouooouo .oouooouo .00679349 .00271740 .00135870 .00407609 .00679349 .00407609 .00135870 .00135870 .00000000 .00271740 .00271740 .00407609 .00543479 .00135870 .00679349 .004076Q9 .OOUOOOOO .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00135870 .00000000 .00135870 .00000000 .00000000 .00135870 .oouooooo .00000000 .00407609 .00000000 .00271740 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 ,00000000 .00000000 .oouooooo .uuououoo .ououoooo .ooouoouo .00000000 .00000000 .ouoooouo .OOUOOOOO .OOUOOOOO .00000000 .oouooooo .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .ououoooo .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .ooooouoo •00000000 ------- TABLE B-6 (Continued) STABILITY CATEGORY W co en (PHI DEGREES) .000 22.500 Hb.OOO o7.bOU yo.ooo 112.bUO lOb.OUO 1D7.500 IttO.OOO 202.bOO 225.000 247.bOO 270.UUO 2V2.500 3J.5.000 337.500 WIND SPEED WIND SPEED WIND SPEED CATEGORY 1 CATEGORY 2 CATEGORY 3 ,7bUOMPS)( 2.bOOOMPS)( t WIMU SPEED WIND SPEED CATEGORY 4 CATEGORY 5 6.8uOOMPS)( 9.5000MPS) WIND SPEED CATEGORY 6 12.5000MPS) .00028600 .00017680 .00017880 .00010730 .00025030 .0001^300 .00017880 .00010730 .OOU17880 .00003580 .00157320 .00021450 .00171620 .00010730 .00202470 .00007150 .01086958 .00679349 .00679349 .00407009 .00951089 .00543479 .00679349 .00407609 .00679349 .00135870 .00679349 .00815219 .01222828 .004076U9 .00135070 ,00271740 .01358698 .01222628 .01222628 .01494568 .01086958 .01358698 .00615219 .00407609 .00543479 ,00b79349 .01494568 .02038037 .02445646 .01766297 .02173907 .02038037 .01766297 .00000000 .00000000 .00135870 .00135870 .00815219 .00951089 .00135670 .00407o09 .00951089 .01630428 .02717386 .05570642 .02445646 .02445646 .0122282ft .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .OOOUOOOO .00000000 .00000000 .00271740 .00543479 .00679349 .01358698 .00679349 .00407609 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00271740 .C0135870 .00000000 .00271740 .00000000 .00000000 ------- TABLE B-6 (Continued) DlRc-CTiUN (PHI DEt-KEES) STABILITY CATEGORY 5 WIND SPEED wINf) SPEED WIND SPEED WIND SPEED WIND SPEED CATEGORY 1 CATEGORY 2 CATEGORY 3 CATEGORY U CATEGORY 5 [ .7500MPS}( 2.5000MPS)( 4.3000MPS)( 6.8000MPSH 9.5000MPS) W i co 05 WIND SPEED CATEGORY 6 12.5000MPS) .000 22.500 45.000 o7.bOO 90.000 U2.500 105.000 1^7.500 loQ. UOO ------- TABLE B-6 (Continued) DlKtCTiON (Phi uEbKEES) STABILITY CATEGORY 6 WINU SPEED MNn SPEED WIND SPEED VvlND SPEED WIND SPEED WIND SPEED CATEGORY 1 CATEGORY 2 CATEGORY 3 CATEoORY U CATEGORY 5 CATEGORY 6 ( .75UOMPSX 2.5000MPSX .3000MPS)( 6.8000MPSX 9.5000.MPS) (12.5000MPS) O3 .uoo 22.500 45.UUO t»7.bUO 90.UUO 112. sUO lob.UUU Iu7 ,bUU 100.UUO ii02.bUO 247. bUU 270. UUO 292. bOO 015. OUO 3o7.b'UO .OU513289 , 00450379 . OU324580 . 00251610 .00367479 .00397539 .00198770 .00198770 .00857989 .00387479 .0019877U .00659219 .00774959 .00324580 .00000000 .00186710 .00679349 .00543479 .00271740 .00543479 ,004076u9 .00000000 .OOOOOOUO .OOOOOOUO .00135870 ,00<+076U9 .OOOOOOUO .00135870 .00815219 .00271740 .OOOOOObO .00^07609 .00000000 .00000000 .oouooooo .00000000 .00000000 .oouooooo .00000000 .oouooooo .oouooouo .00000000 .ouuooooo .00000000 .oouooooo .oouooouo .00000000 .oouoouuo .00000000 .oouooooo .00000000 .ooooouoo .00000000 .00000000 .oouooouu .00000000 .oouooouo .ouuoouuo .ooooouoo .00000000 .OOUOOOUO .oooooouu .ooooouoo .OGOOOUOO .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .ooooouoo .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .uouooooo .OOUUOOOO .oouooooo .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .ouoooooo .00000000 .00000000 .ouoooooo .00000000 .OOOOOOUO .00000000 .00000000 .ouoooooo .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 ------- TABLE B-7 JOINT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF WIND-SPEED AND WIND-DIRECTION CATEGORIES FOR SUMMER 1965 DlKuCTlUN (PHI DECREES) .UOO STABILITY CATEGOKY 1 WIND SPEED KvINn SPEED WIND 5P££D WIND SPEED WIND SPEED WIND SPEED CATEGORY 1 CATEGORY 2 CATEGORY 3 CATEGORY 4 CATEGORY 5 CATEGORY 6 ( .7bOOMPS)( 2.5000MPSH .3000MPS)( 6.8000MPSX 9.5000MPS) (12.5000KPS) W i co oo H5.000 o7.bOO 112. bOO Io7.b00 ItJO.OOO UOO buo 3ib.OOO .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00135870 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00135870 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00135870 .00000000 .oocooouo .00000000 .00000000 .OOOOOOuO .00000000 .00135870 .00000000 .00000000 .OOOOOOUO .00000000 .00000000 .oooooooo .00000000 .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .OOOOOOOO .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .OOOOOOOO .00000000 .ooouoooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .00000000 .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .OOOOOOUO .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oocooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .OOOOOOUO ------- TABLE B-7 (Continued) W co CO QlKtCTlON (PHI DEGREES) .UOO ------- TABLE B-7 (Continued) W DIRECTION (PHi DEbhE .000 22.500 Ib.UOO o7.buO yo.uoo 1X2.bUO 135.000 Io7.b00 ioO.UUO 2U2.bOO 2 ------- TABLE B-7 (Continued) OIKtCTlON (PHi DEGREES) • UOO <:2.5UO H5.000 o7.buU 90. UOO 112. bOO 135. UOO Ib7.b00 loO.UOO STABILITY CATEGORY 4 WIND SPEED WIND SPEfc.0 WIND SPtLED WIND SPEED WINu SPEED WIND SPEED CATEGORY 1 CATEGORY 2 CATEGORY 3 CATEGORY U CATEGORY 5 CATEGORY 6 ( ,7500MPS)( 2.5GOOMPSX ^.3000MPS)( 6.8000MPSX 9.5000MPS)(12.5000MPS) 225. UOO 247.500 270.000 292. bOO ilb.uUO . bOO .00152360 .oomyi^o .00006630 .00000000 .00006630 .00013260 .OOU13260 .00155750 .00311510 .00026510 .00149130 .00033140 .00169010 .00000000 .00019880 .00006630 .00^07610 .00135870 .00135870 .00000000 .00135870 .002717HO .00271740 .00271740 .00543479 .00543479 .00135870 .00679349 .00543479 .00000000 .00407610 .00135870 .02173908 .00951089 .00951089 .00407610 .00407610 .00407610 .00407610 .00679349 .00271740 .01766296 .03260667 .01358699 .02038038 .00679349 .01222829 .01222829 .01086959 .OQ407C.10 .00135870 .00679.549 .00271740 .00271740 .00000000 .00000000 .00679349 .01086959 .03940216 .02309778 .01766298 .01358699 .00951089 .01086959 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00135670 .00135870 .00000000 .OU271740 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 ------- TABLE B-7 (Continued) STABILITY CATEGORY 5 WIND SPEED WlNn SPEED HIND SPEED CATEbORY i LATeGORY 2 CATEGORY 3 { .7bOOMPS)( 2.5000MPS)( W ^ to WIND SPEED CATEGORY 4 6.8000KPS) WlNo SPEED WIND SPEED CATEGORY 5 CATEGORY 6 9.5000MPS) (12.5000MPS) (Phi DECREES ) .000 22.500 45.000 07.500 90.000 1.12.500 135. uOO 137.500 IoO.uOO 2U2.DUO 225.000 £47.500 270.000 292. bOO 315.000 337. 5UO .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .OUOOOOOO .00000000 .00000000 .00815219 .00543479 .00135870 .00407610 .00000000 .00615219 .00679349 .00679349 .01086959 .01630426 .01222829 .00679349 .00543479 .00679349 .00407610 .00135870 .02717387 .01086959 .00679349 .00271740 .00000000 .00135870 .00000000 .00135870 .00271740 .00407610 .01086959 .00407610 .00271740 .00271740 .00543479 .00271740 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .oocooooo .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .oouooooo .00000000 .00000000 .OUOOOOOO .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 ------- TABLE B-7 (Continued) STABILITY CATEGORY 6 WIND SPEtD WINn SPEED WIND SPEED WIND SPtLO WIN[j SPEED WIND SPEED CATEGORY 1 CATFOORY 2 CATEGORY 3 CATEGORY <4 CATEGORY 5 CATEGORY 6 ( ,7bOOMPS>( 2.5000MPSM 4.3000MPS)( 6.8000MPSX 9.5000MPS)(12.5000MPS) (PHi W i £>• co uOO Hb.UOO 67.bUO 90.UOO 112. buO Io7.b00 loO.UOO 225. DUO 247. 5UO 270. UUO 292. 5UU 3x5. UUO 3o7.bUO .00690699 .00800119 .00437800 .00000000 .00150970 .00301930 .00634059 .00573669 .01011469 .00362320 .00875599 .00452900 .00226450 .00724639 .00437800 .00000000 .01222829 .00679349 .00407610 .OOOOOOGO .00271740 .00543479 .00000000 .00271740 .00679349 .00271740 .00815219 .00815219 .00407610 .00543479 .00407610 .00000000 .00000000 .oouooooo .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .oooooooo .00000000 .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooouo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .00000000 .OOOOOOOO .oooooooo .oooooooo .OOOOOOOO .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .00000000 .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .00000000 .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo ------- TABLE B-8 JOINT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF WIND-SPEED AND WIND-DIRECTION CATEGORIES FOR FALL 1965 STABILITY CATEGORY 1 DiK£.CTluN (PHI UEbKEES) .UUO M 22.500 J^ Hb.uOO •* 67.5UO 90.UOO 112.bUO Ub.OOO loO.UUO 2U2.DUO bUO i/'O.uOO 2^2. bUU 315. UUO WIND SPEED MNn SPEED WIND SPEED CATEGORY 1 CATFGORY 2 CATEGORY 3 .7bOOMPS)( 2.5000MPS)( H WIND SPEED WIND SPEED CATEGORY 4 CATEGORY 5 ( fa.8000MPb)( 9.5UOOMPS) WIND SPEED CATEGORY 6 12. 5000MPS) .OUU17170 .OU017170 .0001717U .OOU17170 .OUU17170 .0001717U .00017170 .00017170 .00017170 .00017170 .00017170 .00017170 .00017170 .00017170 .00017170 .00017170 .00000000 .00000000 .oooooouo .oooooouo .onoooouo .oooooouo .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .oooooouo .00000000 .OOOOOOuO .00000000 .00000000 .OOOOOOUO .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .oooooooo .00000000 .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oouooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .ooooouoo .oooooooo .oouooooo .ooooooon .oouooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .OOUOOUUO .00000000 .ooooouoo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .ououoooo .oooooooo .OUOOOOOO .oooooooo .ouuooooo .ooooouoo .OUOOOOOO .00000000 .oooooooo .oouooooo .oooooooo .OUOOOOOO .OUOOOOOO .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooouo .oooooooo .oooooouo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .oooooooo .00000006 ------- TABLE B-8 (Continued) DlKuCTiuN (PHI UE^KEES) STABILITY CATEGORY ?. WIND SPEED WIND SPEED WIND SPEED WIND SPEED WlNo SPEED CATEGORY 1 CATEGORY 2 CATEGORY 3 CATEGORY 4 CATEGORY 5 ( ,/bOOMPS)( 2.5000MPSM <+.3000MPS)< 6.8GUOMPS)( 9.5000,MPS) W WIND SPEED CATEGORY 6 12.5000MPS) .UUO ------- TABLE B-8 (Continued) W (£• 05 DlKtCTlON (Pril UEbREES) .UOO 22.bUO 45.000 o7.bOO ^O.UUO 112. bUU 135.000 STABILITY CATEGORY 3 WINu SPEEJ hINn SPEED WIND SPEED WIND SPEED WINjj SPEED WIND SPEED CATEGORY 1 CATpGORY 2 CATEGORY 3 CATEGORY 4 CATEGORY 5 CATEGORY 6 ( .7500MPSX 2.5000MPS)( 4.3000MPS)( 6.8000MPS)( 9.5000MPS)(12.5000MPS) loO.UUO ^U2.bOU 2 ------- TABLE B-8 (Continued) (PHA STABILITY CATEGORY H WINU SPEED MNn SPEED WIMD SPEED ^IND SPEED WINu SPEED WIMD SPEED CATEGORY 1 LATpGORY 2 CATEGORY 3 CATEGORY 4 CATEGORY 5 CATEGORY 6 ( ,7bUOMPS)( 2.5000MPSH 1.3000MPS)< 6.80uOMPS)( 9.5000MPS)(12.5000MPS) W .UUO 45.000 07.500 yo.uuo 112. bOO UUO loO. UUO 2U2.bOO 225. UUO 247. bOO 3i5.UUU . bUO .00038040 .00076080 .000190 ------- TABLE B-8 (Continued) STAEULITY CATEGORY 5 AINU SPEED AiNn SPEtD WIND SPEED luJND SPEED WIND SPEED WIND SPEED CATEGORY 1 CATEGORY 2 CATEGORY 3 CATEGORr U CATEGORY 5 CATEGORY 6 .7bOOMPS)< 2.5000MHSM 4.3000MPS){ b.8000MPS)( 9.5000MPS)(12.5000MPS) (PHI DEGKEES) W i - oo .uoo ti2.bOO 45.UUO b7.bOO 90.000 Ii2.bu0 iJb.UOU la7.bUO loo. UOO 202. bOO 225. UOO 247. buo ti/O.UOO 292. bOO Jib.uUO 337. bUO .00000000 .oouooooo .00000000 .OOUOOOOO .ouuooooo .00000000 .00000000 .oouooooo .oouuoooo .00000000 .oouooooo .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .oouooooo .00274730 .Onb494bO .00274730 .00686810 .00024160 .00274730 .00^24180 ,OOl373oO ,0nb49450 .Ool373bO ,OOl373bO .00137360 .00961540 .00137360 .OOl373oO .00000000 .00274730 .00274730 .00137360 .00137360 .oouooooo .00000000 .00274730 .00137360 .00137360 .00686010 .00686010 .00274730 ,00b49450 ,OQb494bO .00412090 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .ouoooooo .00000000 .00000000 .oouooooo .00000000 .ooooouuo .00000000 .00000000 .oouooooo .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .ouoooooo .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 ------- TABLE B-8 (Continued) STABILITY CATEGORY 6 WIND SPEED IftlNn SPEED M/iND SPEED CATEGORY 1 CATpGORY 2 CATEGORY 3 SPc.EO CATEGORY 4 WINu SPEED CATEGORY 5 wIND SPEED CATEGORY 6 w ^ CO DIKLCT10N (PHj. LitbKEES) .000 0 .OU2b7l80 ,OOb026bO .00b82660 . 00a981<40 .00630960 .00039060 .ooooonoo 2.5000MPS) ( .Oo5194bO ,00961bHO .OObU9HbU .OQb^g^bO .01236260 .00686810 .00^12090 .00686810 .Ol2362bO .00^12090 ,OObU94bO .OOb'+g'+aO .00686810 .00274730 .00137360 .OOOOOOUO 4.3000MPS) \| .00000000 .OOUOOOOO .oooooouo .OOUOOOOO .00000000 .00000000 .OOUOOOOO .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .oooouooo .oooouooo .00000000 .oououuoo .OOUOOUOO .ouoooooo ; 6.8000.V1PS) i .00000000 .oouoouoo .oooooouo .oouoouoo .oouoouoo .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .oooooouo .ouuooooo .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .OOUOOOOO . oooooo ou ( Q.5000MPS) .00000000 .00000000 .OOUOOOOO .OOUOOOOO .oooooouo .00000000 .00000000 .OUOOOOOO .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .OOUOOOOO .00000000 .oouuoouo .00000000 .00000000 (12.5000MPS .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .cooooooo .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .ouoooooo ------- B-50 ------- APPENDIX C DESCRIPTION OF DIFFUSION-MODEL COMPUTER PROGRAMS AND EXPLANATION OF COMPUTER PRINTOUT C.1 General The atmospheric diffusion models described in Appendix A and used in this study to calculate ground-level SO concentration patterns within Allegheny County ^ are contained in two computer programs: • The short-term models for calculating 1-hour, 3-hour and 24-hour concentrations are contained in a computer program entitled SHORT Z • The long-term models for calculating seasonal and annual concentrations are contained in a separate computer pro- gram entitled LONG Z Both programs provide for calculating, at each grid point, the concentration con- tributed by each source, source complex and all sources combined. In the case of the SHORT Z program, 1-hour, 3-hour and 24-hour average concentrations may be calculated. In the case of the LONG Z program, seasonal and annual concentra- tions may be calculated. The results of all the concentration calculations made using the SHORT Z and LONG Z programs, as well as detailed listings of all meteorological data, source data, grid-point locations and terrain-elevation data, have been forwarded to EPA in the form of twenty-five bound volumes containing 30, 500 pages of com- puter printout. Additionally, all of the model inputs and the results of the LONG Z. program calculations are maintained in a master file on magnetic tape. The LONG C-l ------- Z program has the unique capability of updating the emissions data for a single source or group of sources and of recalculating the effects of such changes at each grid point without repeating all of the original calculations. This updating feature not only results in considerable savings in computer costs but also provides an effective means of maintaining a complete up-to-date file of emissions inventory data and long-term concentration data. The computer printout sheets supplied to EPA include the following specific diffusion-model calculations: • Annual average SO ground-level concentrations within u Allegheny County for 1973 and for Compliance Case A emissions data (using meteorological data for 1965) • One-hour, 3-hour and 24-hour SO ground-level concen- ^ trations for the 4 January 1973 air pollution episode at Logans Ferry, the 18 January 1973 and 13 July 1973 air pollution episodes are Liberty Borough, and for Com- pliance Case A emissions (using worst-case 24-hour meteorology) Additional details of the computer programs and explanation of the com- puter printout formats are given below. C.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE SHORT-TERM DIFFUSION-MODEL COMPUTER PROGRAM - SHORT Z C.2.1 Program Capabilities The computer program containing the short-term diffusion models, which is entitled SHORT Z, is written in Fortran IV and is designed to calculate C-2 ------- 1-hour, 3-hour, 8-hour and 24-hour ground-level pollutant concentrations at a large number of grid or receptor points. The program accepts a maximum of 120 individual sources and a maximum of 16, 500 grid points. Sources are classified in three basic categories (stack, building and area). It is not necessary to separate the three types of sources for input to SHORT Z; sources can be input in any sequence. A Cartesian coordinate system (normally the Universal Transverse Mercator system, UTM) is used to define the calculation grid with the positive x-axis directed toward the east (90 degrees) and the positive y-axis directed toward the north (0 or 360 degrees). The method of assigning grid-point locations is unrestricted; a regular grid array with uniform spacings of points may be used alone or in combination with an array of discrete points. The short-term model program calculates the total ground-level pollutant concentration at each grid point resulting from all sources by first calculating the contribution from each source independently for each basic time period, usually 1 hour or 3 hours, specified by the input data. The results of these calculations are then combined to obtain the concentrations at each grid point resulting from each individual source independently, from selected groups of sources and from all sources combined for the specific time periods given in the program input state- ments. All calculations using the short-term diffusion-model program were made at the University of Utah Computer Center on a UNIVAC 1108 central processor. The operating time for the SHORT Z program may be estimated from the expres- sion Operating time in seconds = RP x NS x H x 0.003 where RP is the number of grid points, NS is the number of sources and H is the number of hours or time-periods for which basic meteorological data are available. C-3 ------- C.2.2 Program Input Listings In addition to the program operating and control statements, the short-term diffusion models require that the following input information be supplied: • Coordinates and terrain elevations of all grid point locations • Coordinates and terrain elevations of all sources • Emission rates for all sources • Stack data and other source parameters for all sources • Meteorological parameters All of the operating, control and input information is listed in the computer program output. Figure C-l is an example output page produced by the SHORT Z program. The information printed at the top of the figure gives the operating instructions and constants provided as input to the program. The three tables at the bottom of the figure list the locations of all grid points. The tables that are labeled "Coordinate System X Axis" and "Coordinate System Y Axis" give the UTM X and Y coordinates for a regularly-spaced grid system given by the intersections of the UTM X and Y coordinates. These grid points are automatically assigned by the program. The table "Coordinates of Discrete Points" lists the UTM coordinates for grid points not included in the regular array. Discrete points are used to cal- culate ground-level concentrations at specific points such as the locations of air quality monitors. Figures C-2 and C-3 show example listings of grid-point eleva- tions (terrain heights) above mean sea level for the regular grid and the discrete- point grid, respectively. Figure C-4 is a printout sheet listing the source data input to the SHORT Z program. The first column at the left of the page lists the source numbers. In the C-4 ------- SHORT TERM PITTSBURGH CASE IB OAN 73 H E CRAME" CO INC --* TITLE PITTSBURGH SHORT TERM CASF IB JAN 73 DATE 03/28/75 t DATE 032875 --* PAGE O en NUMBER OF INPUT SOURCES NUMBER OF X ORIr. COOKDINATES NUMBER OF Y GRID COOKDINATES TOTAL NUMBER OF HOURS IN EACH DAY NUMBER OF DAYS nK CASES NUMBER OF CONCENTRATION REPORTS (SOURCE COMBINATIONS) NUMBER OF DISCRETE CALCULATION POINTS MET DATA INPUT CARD KATE (0= HOURLYr 1= 3 HOURLY 2= 8 HOUKLY, 3= - .58500000+06' .59300UuO+Oo> ,6010UUOO+Ob. .44500000+07, .44b800uO+07, .44b60UdO+07> .44740UOO+07, •58oOOoOO+Ob> .59400000+00. .60200000+001 .58700000+06' .59bOOOOO+06' .60300000+06' - COORDINATE SYSTEM Y AXIS (METERS) «-* .44S10000+07, .44bgoooo+o7> .44670000+07' .44750000+07, ,44b20000+07> .44oOoooo+07' .44b600UO+07' .44760000+07' (NSOUKC) (NXPNTS) (NYPNTS) (NHOURS) ( NOAYS) (NGROl'P) (NXWYPT) (ISW(l)l (ISWI2)) (ISW(3) ) 20000 + 07, .44700000+07, .44780000+07, • 59flOOOOO + 06' .59800000+06. .60600000+Ob, .44S50000+07, .44630000+07, .44710000+07, .59100000+06' .59900000+06' .59200000+06' .60000000+06' .44560000 + 07. .4457(1000 + 07. .44640000+07' .44650000+07. ,4472nOOO+07> .4473nOOO+n7, - COORDINATES OF DISCRETE POINTS (METERS) - (X,Y) = (X.Y) = (X,Y) = (X,Y) = (X,Y) = ( 605167.0 ( 589667.0 ( 591119.0 ( 596452.0 I 599012.0 4469107.0) 4473.^57. 0) 4467214.0) 4471262.0) 44635oO.O) ( 602976.Oi 44R90.56.0). ! 579738.0, 4482266.0) ( 596536.0, 44724b2.0>' ( ( 594069.0' 4461869.0). ( 593726.0, 44583b7.Q). ( 596» 596?84.0' 4464238.0'' 44634Pfl.o> ( 598P02.0' 4467262.0)' < 594774.0' 445670?.0'' ( FIGURE C-l. Example printout sheet from the SHORT Z program listing program operating instructions, values of constants used in the calculations, and UTM coordinates of all grid points. ------- o 05 SHORT TERM PITTSBURGH CASE 18 JAN 73 H E CRAMER CO INC --* TITLE PITTSBURGH SHORT TERM CASE is JAN 73 DATE 03/28/75 DATE 032875 --* PAGE 585000.OQn 506000.OOu - GRID SYSTEM TERRAIN HEIGHTS (MtTtRS) -» 587000.000 - X AXIS (METERS) - 588000.000 5890QO.OOO 590000.000 591000.000 592000000 593000.OQO T AXIS (METERS) - HEIGHT - 4478000.000 4477000.000 4476000. JOO 4475000.000 4 471000. 000 4473000.000 4472000.000 4471000000 4470000.000 4469000.000 4468000.000 4467000.000 4466000.000 4465000.000 4464000.000 4463000.000 4462000.000 4461000.000 4460004.000 4459000.000 4456000.000 44570QU.OOO 4456000.000 44550QU.OQO 4454000.000 445300U.OOO 4452000.000 4451000.000 44500QU.OOO 226.0000000 229.0000000 216.0000000 351.0000000 317.0000000 341.0000000 274.0000000 296.0000000 360.0000000 323.0000000 347.0000000 357.0000000 335.0UOOOOO 351.0000000 335.0000000 317.0000000 305.0UOOOOO 3<7.0000000 305.0000000 335.0000000 33tt. 0000000 311.01)00000 305.0000000 305.0000000 305.0000000 305.0000000 305.0000000 305.0000000 305.0000000 226.0000000 274.0000000 216.0000000 317.0000000 560.0000000 335.0000000 366.0000000 J47. 0000000 311.0000000 366.0000000 J69. 0000000 372.0000000 329.00QOOOO 305.0000000 326.0000000 317.0000000 347.0000000 311.0000000 299.00QOQOO 317.0000000 290.0000000 296.0000JOO 305.0000000 305.00QOUOO 305.0000000 305.0000000 305.0000000 305.0000000 305.0000000 347.0000000 287.0000000 219.0000000 268.0000000 323.0000000 £71.0000000 3?9. 0000000 363.000uOOO 372.0000000 372.000UOOO 347.0000000 344.0000000 354.0000000 3?6.000QOOO 317.0000000 3?9.000oOOO 280.0000000 329.0000000 329.0000000 268.0000000 262.0000000 326.000(jOOO 3n5.0oOi)000 3(15.0000000 3n5.0oOoOOO 305.0000000 305.0000000 305.0000000 3n5.000QOOO 354.0000000 308.0000000 223.0000000 232.0000000 320.0000000 354.0000000 347.0000000 375.0000000 369.0000000 335.0000000 335.0000000 320.0000000 369.0000000 338.0000000 347.0000000 363.0000000 354.0000000 366.0000000 293.0000000 265.0000000 308.0000000 351.0000000 3Q5.000000U 305.0000000 305.0000000 305.0001000 305.0000000 305.0000000 305.0000000 277.0000000 256.0000000 232.0000000 235.0000000 232.0000000 216.0000000 335.QOOOOUO 360.0000000 305.0000000 332.0000000 274.0000000 366.0000000 366.0000000 3^6.0000000 360.0000000 384.0000000 351.0000000 347.0000000 274.0000000 280.0000000 338.0000000 320.0000000 305.0000000 305.0000000 305.0000000 305.0000000 305.0000000 305.0000000 305.0000000 280.001)0000 317.0000000 311.0000000 329.0000000 277.0000000 265.0000000 219.0000000 341.0000000 259.0000000 363.0000000 366.0000000 372.0000000 372.0000000 351.0000000 299.0000000 287.0000000 332.0000000 323.0000000 293.0000000 268.0000000 335.0000000 323.0000000 305.0000000 305.0000000 305.0000000 305.0000000 305.0000000 305.000000P 305.0000000 314.0000000 335.0000000 332.0000000 323.0000000 363.0000000 274.0000000 226.0000000 341.0000000 3o5.00000oO 341.0000000 335.0000000 378.0000000 323.0000000 354,0000000 354.0000000 323.0000000 290.00000QO 320.COOOOOO 293.0000000 338.0000POO 250.0000000 317.0000POO 3Q5.0000000 3Q5.0000000 3o5.0QOOOOO 3Q5.0000COO 3Q5.0000000 3Q5.0000000 3Q5.0000000 305.0000000 341.0000000 347.0000000 314.0000000 216.0000000 235.0000000 3Q5.0000000 317.0000000 335.0000000 347.0000000 335.0000000 332.0000000 351.0000000 320-0000000 335.0000000 32°. 0000000 323.0000000 274.QOOOOOO 269.0000000 320.0000000 329.0000000 232.0000000 305.0000000 3Q5.0000000 30^.0000000 305.0000000 305.0000000 305.0000000 305.0000000 299.0000000 302.000000" 296.0000000 256.QOOOOOO 223.0000000 277.000QOOO 299.0000000 332.0000000 329.QOOOOOO 335.0000000 369.QOOOOOO 311.0000000 335.000QOOO 287.0000000 293.0000000 308.0000000 317.0000000 250.0000000 317.0000000 305.0000000 253.000QOOO 227.0000000 305.0000000 305.0000000 305,0000000 30^.0000000 30^.0000000 305.000QOOO 305.0000000 FIGURE C-2. Example printout sheet from the SHORT Z computer program listing terrain heights of the grid points in the regular array. ------- SHORT TERM PITTSBURGH CASE 16 JAN 73 H E CRAMER Co INC --* TITLE PITTSBURGH SHORT TERM CASE 18 JAN 73 DATE 03/28/75 , DATE 032875 --* PAGE 605167.0 585143.0 596536.0 597976.0 594298.0 596452.0 598202.0 596284.0 HEIGHT - GRID SYSTEM TERRAIN HEIGHTS (METERS) - HEIGHT HEIGHT 1489107.0 ------- SrtGhl TErtM PITTSBURGH CASE Ifl oAN 73 h E CMMER Cu INC __* TITLE PITTSUHRGH SHORT TERM CASE 18 JA'I 73 UATE 03/2rt/75 . JATt 032875 --* 10 UUMBEK 1 0 '£. 0 i 0 7 0 8 0 SOORCE X Y STRENGTH COORDINATE COORDINATE (TONS/DAY) (METERS) (METcRS) HEIGHT IF TYPE=0 IF TYPE=0 ABOVE GROUND TEMP (D^G K) VOL. IF TyPF.=10R2 RT. i"*3/SEC (METERb) LENGTH SHORT IF TYPE=10R2 1.16 1.16 1.16 b95730.0U 1.16 1.16 395870.OU i»i616aO.OO 69.00 69.oO 69. uO 65.uO 65.00 SIDE (MTRS) 700.000 700.000 700.QUO 700.QUO 700.000 LENGTH LONG SIDE IMTHS) 37.270 37.270 37.270 35.870 35.870 AIJfiLL TO LONG SlUt (OFt>) .UO .00 .00 .00 .00 STACK TNTEP.MAL RADIUS (METE, 1.22 1.2? l.?2 1.27 1.27 FLEVATIOII AT STACK BASF (METERS) 229.00 229.00 229.00 229.00 229.00 PARTICLE SFTTLING VELOCITY (METEI5S/SFC) niSTRIPUTION FREQUFNCY OF OCCURRENCE O I oo FIGURE C-4. Example printout sheet from the SHORT Z computer program listing input source data. ------- second column from the left, each source is assigned a code number that classifies the source into one of three basic categories: • 0 - Stack • 1 - Building • 2 - Area The third column from the left gives the source strength (pollutant emission rate) in tons per day for each source. The next two columns give the UTM coordinates for each source. The sixth column from the left gives the stack height above grade in meters. For a building source, this column gives the building height; for an area source, this column gives the characteristic emission height. For a stack, the next two columns give the exit temperature of the stack gas in degrees Kelvin and the actual volumetric emission rate of the stack in cubic meters per second. For building and area sources, these columns give the source width and length. Column 9 gives the deviation in degrees of the long side of the building or area source from north; this column is not used for a stack. Column 10 gives the internal radius of the stack in meters and Column 11 gives the elevation above mean sea level of the base of the stack or building. The last two columns of the printout, which provide information used to calculate ground-level concentrations when there is significant gravitational settling, are not applicable to this report. As with the source input parameters, the SHORT Z program prints a listing of meteorological inputs used in the calculations. Figure C-5 gives an example table of meteorological inputs. The first column from the left gives the hour, the second column gives the wind direction in degrees, the third column gives the airport wind speed in meters per second, the fourth column gives the mixing depth in meters, the fifth column gives the ambient air temperature in degrees Kelvin, the sixth column gives the vertical poetntial temperature gradient, the seventh column gives the stability category and the eighth column gives the wind- C-9 ------- SHORT TERM PITTSBURGH CASF 18 JAN 73 H E CRAMER CO INC --* TITLE PITTSBURGH SHORT TERM CASE 18 JAN 73 DATE 03/28/75 . DATE 032B75 --* PAGE 11 HOUR Ul^iO DIRECTION (DEGREES) TritrA 100 210.0000 200 200.0000 30Q 180.0CQO 400 190.0COO 500 210.0COO bOO 19U.UCOO 700 200.0000 800 190. OQOO 900 190.0000 1000 170.0000 1100 200.0000 1200 220.0000 1300 220.0000 1400 220.0000 1500 200.0000 loOO 190.0000 1700 170.3000 1800 150.0000 1900 150.0000 2000 160.0000 2100 16U.UOOO 2200 150.0000 2300 150.0000 0 160.0000 rtlNb SPEEj (MTR/StC) UBAR 3.604U 3.6040 2.5740 3.604U 4.6330 3.604U 4.6330 4.1180 4.1180 4.1180 5.1480 7.7220 6.6920 6.1770 6.6920 7.2070 4. neu 2.5740 3.6040 3.6040 3.0890 3.604U 4.1180 4.1180 LAYLR DEPTH (METt-RS) HM 125. UOO 125.000 125. UOO 125. UOO 125.000 125.000 125. UOO 125. UOO 125.000 125.000 300.000 320.000 580.000 420.000 180.000 125.000 125. UOO 125.000 125. UOO 125.000 125.000 125.000 125.000 125.000 AMBIENT TEMP ------- profile exponent. The next four columns give the standard deviations in radians of the wind azimuth and elevation angles for elevated (stack) and low-level (building and area) sources. Section 3 of the main body of the report discusses the specifica- tion of these meteorological inputs. C. 2. 3 Program Output Listing At each grid point, the SHORT Z program calculates the ground-level con- centration for each hour resulting from emissions from each source. Figures C-6 and C-7 show example printout sheets of calculated hourly ground-level concentra- tions in micrograms per cubic meter for a regularly-spaced grid and a discrete- point grid, respectively. In Figure C-6, the X coordinates are listed across the top of the page and the Y coordinates are listed in the extreme left-hand column. As shown by Figure C-7, the concentrations calculated for the discrete points are given following the X and Y coordinates of the points. In both figures, the source number is printed at the top of the page. Additionally, the concentration averaging time and the corresponding hours are shown at the top center of the page. Figures C-8 and C-9 show example printout sheets of calculated 24-hour average ground-level concentrations for a regularly-spaced grid and for a discrete- point grid, respectively. Because the hours in Figure C-5 are numbered 0100 to 0000, the averaging period for the 24-hour period is labeled "HOUR(S) 100 to 0" in Figures C-8 and C-9. In addition to hourly and 24-hour average concentrations, the SHORT Z program has the capability of calculating 3-hour and 8-hour concentra- tions. The SHORT Z program can calculate the short-term ground-level concentra- tions produced by all sources combined or by any combination of the sources. Thus, it is easy to determine the contributions of the individual source complexes to the total calculated concentrations. Figures C-10 and C-ll show example printout sheets C-ll ------- o SHORT TERM PITTSBURGH CASE 18 JAN 73 H E CR4MFR Co INC --« TITLE PITTSPURGH SHORT TERM CAS^ 18 JAN 73 DATE 03/20/75 JATE 032875 --* PAGE i3 Y AXIS (MtJERS) 1 HOuR GROUND LEVEL CONCENTRATION (MJCROGRAMS/CUBlC METER) FROM SOURCES 1 - HOUR(S) 100 TO 100 - - X AXIS (METERS) - 594000.000 5y5000.000 59f«OoO.OOO 59700P.OOO BgnOOO.OOO 59900n.OOO 60QOOO.OOO 601000.nnn 602100.000 - CONCENTRATION - 4478000.000 44770QU.OOO 4476000.000 4475000.000 4474000.000 4473000.000 4472000.000 4471000.000 4470000.000 4469000.000 4468000.000 4467000.000 4466000.000 4465000.000 4464000.000 4463000.000 4462000.000 4461000.000 44&OOOU.OOO 4459000.000 4458000.000 4457000.000 445oOOU.OOO 445500U.OOO 4454000.000 44530UU.OOO 4452000.000 4451000.000 4450000.000 .OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO .OUOOOOO .ooooooo .ouooooo •ouooooo •OOOOOOO •ooooooo •OUOOOOO •OUOOOOO •OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO •OUOOOOO •OOOOOOO •OUOOOUO •OOOOOOO •OUOOOOO •ouooooo •OUOOOOO .OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO . OUOOOOO .OUOQOQO .OUOOOOO .OOOOOOO .ouooooo .OUOOOOO •ouooooo .OUOOOOO .ooooooo .ooooooo .ooooooo .oooouoo .OOOOOOO .ooooooo .ooooooo .ooooooo .oooouoo .OOOOOOO .ooooooo .ooooooo .ooooooo .OOOOOOO .ooooooo .oooouoo .OOOOOOO .ooooooo .ooooooo .OOOOOOO .ooooooo .ooooooo .OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO .ooooooo .OOOOUOU .ooooooo .ooooooo .ooooooo .ooooooo .ooooooo .ooooooo .ooooooo .0000000 .ooooooo .ooooooo .ooooooo .ooooooo .ooooooo .ooooooo .OOOUOOO .ooooooo .OOOuOOO .ooooooo .ooooooo .ooooooo .OOOuOOO .ooooooo .OOOuOOO .OOOUOOO .OOUGOOO .OOOuOOO .OOOCiOOO .OOOuOOO .ooooooo .0000000 .ooooooo .ooooooo .noooooo •ooooooo .ooooooo .ooooooo .noooooo .ooooooo .ooooooo .nouoooo .ooooooo .noooooo .0000000 .0000017 .0057312 11.4187243 1.6829531 .ooooooo .OOOOOOO .ooooooo .noooooo .nouoooo .ooooooo .ooooooo .ooooooo .OOOOOOO •OOUOPOU .0000000 .ooooooo .noooooo .ooooooo .ooooooo •ooonoun .0000000 .ooooooo .ooooooo .ooooooo .ooooooo .0000001 .0000082 .0010659 .1680127 9.5931838 15.6324123 .0041883 .ooooooo .ooooooo .ooooooo .ooooooo .ooooooo .OOOOOOO .ooooooo .ouooooo .oooooun .ooonoon .ooooooo .ooooooo .0000000 .ooooooo .nooooon .nooooon •noooooo .ooooooo .noooooo .0000003 .0000106 .0006866 .0206322 .4287637 6.7Q46561 18.4230256 2.5299727 .0001892 .noooooo .noooooo .000001)0 .noooonn .noooooo .noooooo •nooooon .nooooon .noooooo .nooooon .oooooon .nouoooo .noooooo .OOOOOOO .noooooo .oonoooo .ooooooo .0000008 .0000155 .0002359 .0033963 .0907085 1.3636281 8.5433431 16.4936447 8.7023354 .1859874 .0000242 .ooooooo .ooooooo .OOOOOQO .onooooo .ooooooo .ooooooo .ooooooo .ooooooo .ooooooo .oonoooo .onnoono .ooooooo .OOOOOOO .ooooono .oooncoo .onooooo .0000121 .0001473 .0016761 .0209730 .1363460 1.2189598 3.7265809 1«. 0375988 15.0022228 2.4416988 •0254?80 .0000040 .OOOOOOO .ooooooo .oonopon •ooooooo •ooooooo •oooonoo .ooooooo .ooooooo .noooooo .ooooooo .ooooooo .ooooooo .OOOOPOO .0000000 .ooooooo .ooooooo .0000000 .0046413 .0463331 .3136460 1.8413819 5.0550602 12.0540670 7.9475324 6.4006110 .5512843 •0046870 •0000010 •ooooooo .ooooooo .ooooooo •OOOOOOO .ooooooo .ooooooo .ooooooo .onooooo .ooooooo .ooooooo .ooooooo .ooooooo .ooooooo •ooooooo .onooooo .ooooooo .ooooooo .ooooooo FIGURE C-6. Example printout sheet from the SHORT Z computer program listing 1-hour ground-level concentra- tions from Source 1 calculated at all grid points of the regular array. ------- SHORT TERM PITTSBURGH CASE 18 JAN 73 h E CRAMER CO INC --* TITLE PITTSBURGH SHORT TERM CASE ie JAN 73 DATE 03/88/75 t uATE 032875 --* PAGE 1 HOuR GROUND LEVEL CONCENTRATION (MlCROGRAMS/CUBlC METER) FROM SOUrtCES - HOOR(S) 100 TO 100 - CONCENTRATION CONCENTRATION CONCENTRATION O H1 oo 605167.0 585143.0 596536.0 597976. U b9t»298.0 596452.0 596202.0 596284.0 44891Q7.0 4476619.0 4472452.0 44697Q2.0 4463369.0 4471262.0 4467262.0 4464238.0 .0000349 .0000000 .OOUOOOO .0000002 .0000000 .0000000 .3474583 .OOUOOOO 602976.0 565060.0 596643.0 591119.0 596284.0 59726.0 594774.0 596619.0 4489036.0 4476738.0 4472833.0 4467214.0 4464238.0 4458357.0 44567Q2.0 4462190.0 .0000000 .0000000 .OOUOOOO .0000000 .OOUOOOO .0000000 .0000000 .0000002 579738.0 589667.0 5977H6.0 594869.0 596512.0 597333.0 599012.0 4482286.0 4473357.0 4469464.0 4461869.0 4463488.0 4456345.0 4463560.0 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0569119 .0000000 .0000000 FIGURE C-7. Example printout sheet from the SHORT Z computer program listing 1-hour ground-level concentra- tions from Source 1 calculated at all discrete grid points. ------- SHORT TERM PITTSBURGH CASE 18 JAN 73 H E CRAMER co INC -- TITLE PITTSBURGH SHORT TERM CASE is JAN 73 DATE 113/28/75 , DATE 032875 --* PAGE 109 T AXIS (Ml-TERS) 24 HOuR GROUND LEVEL CONCENTRATION (MICROGRAMS/CURIC METER) FROM SOURCES 1 - HOUR(S) 100 TO 0 - - X AXIS (METERS) - 594000.000 595000.000 5960oO.OoO 597000.000 598000.000 599000.000 60QOOO.OOO 60100n.OOO 602000.000 - CONCENTRATION - 4478000.000 4477000.000 4476000.000 447b000.030 4474000000 4473000.000 4472000.000 4471000.000 4470000. COO 446900U.OOO 4468000.000 4467000.000 4466000.000 4465000.000 4464000.000 4463000.000 4462000.000 4461000.000 4460000.000 4459000.000 445800U.OOO 4457000.000 4456000.000 4455000.000 4454000.000 44530UU.OQO 4452000.000 4451000.000 4450000.000 .16964t>6 .1929388 .2314955 .3104705 .3099595 .5t>86l23 .5723031 .8433035 1. lt>52424 .7285i78 1.21769b9 2.2226021 2.2t67fi82 2.8U56163 .8352695 .OU00196 .OOOOOOO .oooonoo .OOOOOOO •OUOOOOO .OOOOOOO .oooonoo .OUOOQUO •Ouoonoo .oooonuo .OOOOOOO .OUOOOOO .OUOOOOO .OUOOOJO .3751610 .3953894 .3564363 .3898844 .2946372 .2347740 .3792312 .3599227 .4206295 .5043561 .7475135 .7505549 1.6905537 1.9789464 6.3631001 10.4475714 .OOOOOOu .OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO ,0000000 .OOOOOOO .OUOOOOO .OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO .uooouOo .OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO .7987491 .7918494 .9102026 .8090999 .6418161 .5549557 .5644877 .9494208 1.1753744 1.4344518 1.5882804 1.0728407 1.8131068 2.6515557 4.0628141 8.6234735 .3950879 .OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO .OOOuOOO .OOOuOOO .OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO .OOOuOOO .OOOOOOO .OOOUOOO .OOOOOOO .OOOuOOO .OOOuOOO • 7ij4532 .R354397 .9519625 .7616007 1.09413Q9 1.4623749 .8753067 1.0909759 1.7382635 2.4168599 2.5202315 2.2063670 2.5020328 3.2364039 2.4699895 3.6728496 .OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO . oouoooo •oouooou • OOOOOOO .0000000 .oooonoo .noooooo .ooorooo . OOOOOOO 1.0949574 1.24467J7 1.6294191 1.8646240 1.2469132 1.7573038 1.2920607 1.1999278 1. 02869ol 1.2299315 1.4109287 1.5983561 1.3125Q92 1.2868801 1.0833874 .0022578 .OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO .ooooouo .OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO 1.3765536 1.0834176 1.1465207 .9397271 .«143035 .8016755 .8417409 1.6382184 1.3907349 .7517208 .7998521 1.2698533 .6840045 .5186685 .0108854 .noooooo .OOOOOOO . noooooo .OOOOOOO .noooooo .noooooo •nooooon '.noooooo • noooooo .noooooo .noooooo .noooooo •noooooo •noooooo .7944918 .6313994 .8158549 .9841974 .9524521 .8070644 1.0838295 .9219068 .9350021 1.1313433 .8016656 .4342364 .3524035 .0201394 .0000042 .OOOOOOO .0000000 .OOOOOOO .OOOOOQO .0000000 .0000000 .OOOOOOO •onnoooo .0000000 .OOOOOOO .0000000 .OOOOOOO •ooonooo .onooooo .7608455 .8977503 .9425779 .9934288 .5570962 .5047118 .4007039 1.2525357 1.0990139 .4915939 .4037369 .2511548 .02279Q7 •0000869 •OOOOOOO •OOOOOOO .oononoo .OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO .oooonoo •OOOOOOO •oononoo •oononoo .OOOOOOO •oooonoo .OOOOOOO •oononoo .oooonoo .OOOOOOO .6361767 .709765") .5661799 •5357818 .5215611 .8540183 . 5508021 .6423834 .3687892 .37403"»5 •1944952 •0296432 .0004348 •0000001 •OOOOOOO •OOOQOOO .OOOOOOO •OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO •OOOOOOO •oonoooo .onooooo •onooonn •ooooooo .onnoooo •OOOOOOO .ooooooo .onooooo FIGURE C-8. Example printout page from the SHORT Z computer program listing 24-hour average ground-level concentrations from Source 1 calculated at all grid points in the regular array. ------- SHORT TERM PITTSBURGH CASE 10 JAN 73 H E CRAMER Co INC --» TITLE PITTSBURGH SHORT TERM CASE ia JAN 73 DATF 03/26/75 . DATE 032875 -- PAGE iii 24 HOUK GROUND LEVEL CONCENTRATION (MICROGRAMS/CUBlC METER) FROM SOURCES - HOUR(S) 100 TO 0 - CONCENTRATION CONCENTRATION CONCENTRATION 0 l-> Ol 605167.0 565143.0 596536.0 597976.0 594298.0 59652.0 596202.0 596264.0 <489107.0 t-476619.0 4472452.0 4469702.0 4463369.0 4471262.0 4467262.0 4464236.0 .4426691 .2261481 .5339658 1.0347197 .2240199 .7203346 1.1043770 6.3771003 602976.0 565060.0 596643.0 591119.0 596284.0 593726.0 594774.0 596619.0 4469036.0 4476738.0 4472833.0 4467214.0 4464238.0 4458357.0 4456702.0 4462190.0 .3751389 .2292010 .6228511 .1246706 6.2657327 .0000000 .0000000 1.7947592 579738.0 58967.0 59776.0 59489.0 596512.0 597333.0 599012.0 4482286.0 4473357.0 4469464.0 4461869.0 4463488.0 4456345.0 4463560.0 .0346121 .7730466 1.2857970 .0000000 9.5160790 .0000000 .0001125 FIGURE C-9. Example printout sheet from the SHORT Z computer program listing 24-hour average ground-level concentrations from Source 1 calculated for all discrete grid-point locations. ------- SHORT TERM PITTSBURGH CASE is UAN 73 H t CFAMEP co INC _- TITLE PITTSBURGH SHORT TERM CASE lb JAU 73 DATE 07/28/75 DATE 032875 --* PAGP 209 Y AXIS (Mt-TERS) 24 HOuK GROUND LEVEL CONCENTRATION (MJCROGRAMS/CUBIC METER) FROM SOURCES 1 -3 - HOUR(S) 100 TO 0 - - X AXIS (METERS) - 594000.000 595000.000 596000.0QO 597000.000 598000.000 599000.000 600000.000 601000.000 602nno.OOO - CONCENTRATION - 4476000.000 4477000.030 4476000.000 4475000.000 447400U.OOO 4473000.000 O 4472000.000 1 4471000.000 £ 4470000.000 4469000. JOO 4468000.000 4467000.000 4466000.000 4465000.000 4464000.000 4463000.000 4462000.000 4461000.000 4460000.000 4459000.000 4450000.000 4457000.000 4456000.000 4455000.000 4454000.000 4453000.000 4452000.000 4451000.000 4450000.000 .4992264 .5606575 .6668105 .8914i»06 .8928700 1.6257947 1.6954729 2.5616663 3. 6062364 2.2787926 3.5259156 6.4672232 7.0054612 8. 5659282 2.3363918 .0000424 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .OUOOOOO .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 1.1954796 1.2676899 1.1503569 1.2667854 .9631U03 .7701358 1.2407042 1.1595403 1.3072629 1.4842133 2.1001244 2.1074899 5.0845801 6.4021553 18.4926190 32.4362254 .0000000 .OOOOUOO .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 lOOQOOOO .OOOOUOO .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 2.3636227 2.3420875 2.6906460 2.3908322 1.8957224 1.6386577 1.6666672 2.8042019 3.4757816 4.2541254 4.7397266 3.2453777 . 5.6402166 8.7548647 14.8951548 32.8001065 .6153410 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .OQOoOOO .ooouooo .0000000 .OOOClOOO .0000000 .0000000 .OOOuOOO 2.3407263 2.6468084 3.0331480 2.4378669 3.5125516 4.6967981 2. fl 027962 3.4656873 5.4402006 7.3809121 7.4288448 6.3118470 7.6654887 9.2122022 8.3318686 8.6476766 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 3.3875214 3.8283504 4.9735131 5.6356297 3.7235620 5.l7o53t>8 3.7496526 3.4682608 3.0668200 3.8762393 4.2259141 4.1646893 4.531437? 3.2747503 2.5150470 .0034065 .ooonooo .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .000001)0 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 4.0581690 3.1687904 3.3320215 2.7346819 2.4113041 2.4592485 2.6401647 4.9588889 3.R71B029 2.0524846 2.7056425 3.4274807 1.9599006 1.2267836 .0187978 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .noooooo .0000000 .noooooo .0000000 .noooooo .noooooo .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .noooooo .nooooon 2.3471867 1.9083435 2.5?41912 3.0648165 2.892B427 2.3291416 2.9704015 2.6522323 3.1257018 3.3128478 2.0590179 1.3132357 .8511294 .0381212 .0000067 . 'ooooono .oonoooo .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .onooooo .Ononono .ooonooo .onooooo .onnoooo •0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 2.3567554 2.7287970 2.7680726 2.80104Q6 1.5400384 1.4980082 1.3154605 3.8155549 2.9112804 1.3696453 1.1903075 .6188447 .0463399 .0001521 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .noooooo •oooonoo .oonoooo .0000000 .oooonoo .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .oonoooo .OOOOPOO .oooonoo 1.8311185 1.9986592 .5911983 .6289097 .7012547 .6502038 .5390715 .69585?7 .0959719 .0797716 .4S7378S .0636899 .0008159 .0000002 .0000000 .onnoooo .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .oonoooo .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 .0000000 FIGURE C-10. Example printout sheet from the SHORT Z computer program listing 24-hour average ground-level concentrations from Sources 1 through 3 calculated at each grid point location in the regular array. ------- SHORT TERM PITTSBURGH CASE 16 JAN 73 H E CRAMER CO INC -«-* TITLE PITTSBURGH SHORT TERM CASE 18 JAN 73 DATf P3/28/75 , OATE 032875 --* PAGE ?n HOuR GROUND LEVEL CONCENTRATION ------- of 24-hour average concentrations, produced by emissions from Sources 1 through 3, calculated respectively for regular and discrete grid point locations. Figures C-12 and C-13 show example printout sheets of 24-hour average ground-level con- centrations calculated for the combined sources on the regularly-spaced grid and the discrete-point grid, respectively. C. 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE LONG-TERM DIFFUSION-MODEL COMPUTER PROGRAM - LONG Z C. 3.1 Program Capabilities The computer program entitled LONG Z, which contains the long-term diffusion-models, is written in Fortran IV and is designed to calculate monthly, seasonal and annual average ground-level concentrations of pollutants at a large number of selected grid or receptor points. The program is capable of calculating ground-level concentrations for a maximum of 10, 000 individual sources at a maxi- mum of 15,000 grid points. As in the short-term model program, sources are classified in three basic categories (stack, building and area) which can be input in any sequence or combination. The program utilizes a Cartesian coordinate sys- tem (usually the Universal Transverse Mercator System UTM) to define the basic calculation grid in which the positive x-axis is directed toward the east (90 degrees) and the positive y axis is directed toward the north (0 or 360 degrees). The grid points may be assigned both on the basis of a regular spacing and at specially selected locations. This program first calculates, at each grid point, the seasonal and/or annual average ground-level concentration produced by each source; a summing pro- cess is used to calculate the ground-level concentrations due to groups of sources and all sources combined after the individual source calculations have been completed. A unique feature of the LONG Z program is the capability of maintaining a master file of the complete source emissions inventory and calculated concentrations on magnetic C-18 ------- SHORT TERM PITTSBURGH CASE IB JAN 73 H E CRAMER CO INC --* TITLE PITTSOIIRGH SHORT TERM CASE 16 JAN 73 DATE 03/28/75 . DATE 032875 --* PAGE 24 HOuR GROUND LEVEL CONCENTRATION (MlCRPGHAMS/CUBlC METER) FROM SOURCES - HOUR(S) 100 TO 0 - -8 Y AXIS (METERS) - X AXIS (METERS) - 591000.OOn 595000.OOU 5960oO.OoO 597000.000 598000.000 599000.000 600000.000 601000.000 6020no.OOO - CONCENTRATION - 4478000.000 4477000.000 4476000.000 4475000.000 .-. 4474000.000 , 4473000.000 h-> 4472000.000 <" 4471000.000 4470000.000 4469000.000 4468000.000 4467000.000 4466000.000 4465000.000 4464000.000 4463000.000 4462000.000 4461000.000 4460000.000 4459000.000 4458000.000 445700U.OOO 4456000.000 4455000.000 4454000.000 4453000.000 4452000.000 4451000.000 4450000.000 .8678407 1.0077578 1.2080856 1.6207fl91 1.6204513 2.926759 3.0057251 4.4376140 6.0633M36 3.8434660 6.5250692 11.7634208 11.0653225 15.8811175 3.Q525i56 .0000433 .OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO . OOOOOOO •OUOOoOO .OuOOnoo .OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO 2.00311)32 2.1169761 1.9142320 2.1006536 1.5925936 1.2724645 2.0578650 1.9490204 2.2613133 2.6802876 3.9333241 3.9356332 8.8965589 10.8383204 34.7882004 50.2765274 .OOOOOOO .OOOOUOO .OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO 4.122U477 4.0859546 4.6961787 4.1742460 3.3111602 2.8632824 2.9132030 4.9024825 6.0758958 7.4308255 8.2614031 5.6261947 9.6725087 14.6682684 24.0725684 53.7056298 1.0039998 .0000000 .OOOoOOO .OOOoOOO .OOOOOOO .OOOtOOO .OOOoOOO .OOOuOOO .OOOOOOO .OOOoOOO .OOOOOOO .OOOoOOO .OOOoOOO 3.8896606 4.3826804 5.0065533 4.0138442 5.7740709 7.71824QO 4.6119055 5.7226426 9.0403914 12.389P954 12.6470083 10.8724905 12.9803202 16.5578766 14.2066821 16.6503415 .OOOOOOO .noooooo .OOOOOOO .noooooo .nooonoo .OOOOOOO .oooooou .nooonoo .OOOOOOO .oooonoo .OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO 5.6356415 6.3840225 8.3190333 9.4631168 6.2820629 8.7724364 6.3968614 5.9329726 5.2159724 6.5530232 7.3446408 7.4549552 7.6155684 5.7169242 4.4895267 .0038939 .OOOOOOO .0000000 .0000000 .OOOOOuO .0000000 .OOOOOuO .OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO .ooonoon .oooooon .OOOOOuO .OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO 6.R703232 5.3818803 5.6751221 4.6628730 4.1020142 4.1643796 4.4810483 8.549Q563 6.P202102 3.^791727 4.5632191 6.138133Q 3.2806807 2.1117435 .n26325l .noooooo .nooooon .noooooo .nooooon .noooooo .noooooo .noooooo .noooooo .noooooo .nooooon .oouooon .noooooo .OOOOOUO .oooonoo 3.9904908 3.2367089 4.27487Q1 5.2121124 4.9764049 4.0647036 5.2150159 4.5488686 5.2813777 5.8425208 3.576F658 2.2071619 1.4437743 .0581628 .0000081 .oonoooo .onooono .oonoooo .OOOOOOO .onooooo .onooooo .onnnooo .onnocoo .onnnooo .ocnoooo .nonnnoo .OOOOOOO .nnoooQO .oonnooo 4.0158215 4. 687l«>55 4.8014342 4.8949165 2.68764Q5 2.5552871 2.2301928 6.6575519 5.1397622 2.3115801 2.0052626 1.0452825 .0738239 .0002085 .oooonon .OOOOOOO .OOOOOOO .oooonoo .OOOOOOO .oooonoo .oooooon •noonooo .OOOOOOO •0000000 .oooonon .oooonon .OOOOOOO .oooonon .oooonoo 3.1377849 3.1692145 ?. 7550209 2.7654709 2.8864833 4.5950240 2.709Q330 ? •93'56931 1 .8330156 1.8193655 .8213700 .1035568 .0012086 •ooooon3 •oooooon .onnoooo .oooooon .oooooon .onooooo .000000" .oooooon .OOOOOOn .oonoooo .oooooon .onooooo .oonooon .nnnooon .onnoonn •oonoonn FIGURE C-12. Example printout sheet from the SHORT Z computer program listing 24-hour average ground-level concentrations from the combined sources (1 through 8) calculated at all grid point locations in the regular array. ------- SHORT TERM PITTSBURGH CASE 1& oAN 73 H E CRAMER CO INC --* TITLE PITTSBURGH SHORT TERM CASF is JAN 73 DATE 03/2a/75 . DATE 032875 --* PAGE <• t1 24 HOuR GROUND LEVEL CONCENTRATION (MICROSRAMS/CUBIC METER) FROM SOURCES - HOuR(S) 100 TO 0 - CONCENTRATION CONCENTRATION -6 CONCENTRATION b05167.U 585143.0 596536.0 597976.0 591298.0 596452.0 596202.0 59620" . 0 4489107.0 4476619.0 4472452.0 4459702.0 1403369.0 4471262.0 4467262.0 4464238.0 2.30U1241 1.0760478 2. 813986 5.30U1669 .6863526 3.81o7787 5.1506255 32.8766254 602976.0 585060.0 596643.0 591119.0 596284.0 593726.0 594774.0 596619.0 4489036.0 4476738.0 4472«33. 0 4467214.0 4464238.0 4458357.0 44567Q2.0 4462190.0 1.8970941 1.0815159 3.2970305 .5046496 32.3149886 .0000000 .0000000 2.7379384 579738.0 589667.0 5977B6.0 594869.0 596512.0 597333.0 599012.0 4482286.0 4473357.0 4469164.0 4461869.0 4463188.0 4456345.0 4463560.0 .1631359 4.109F283 6.4388534 .noooooo 47.4937859 .0000000 .0002122 o CO o FIGURE C-13. Example printout sheet from the SHORT Z computer program listing 24-hour average ground-level concentrations from the combined sources (1 through 8) calculated at all discrete grid points. ------- tape or other convenient computer storage device. This capability allows one to update the information pertaining to a single source or group of sources, to recal- culate the updated sources' contribution at each grid point and to resum the con- tribution from all sources to obtain the updated values of ground-level concentra- tion without redoing all of the original calculations. Considerable savings in com- puter costs can be realized by using this feature and a current file of the emissions inventory and calculated concentrations is easily maintained and accessed. The calculations for this study using the LONG Z program were made at the University of Utah Computer Center on a UNIVAC 1108 machine. Operating time for the LONG Z program may be estimated from the expression Operating time in seconds = RP x NS x SE x VC x SC x 0. 0008 where RP is the number of receptor points, NS is the number of sources, SE is the number of seasons, VC is the number of wind-speed categories and SC is the number of Pasquill stability categories. C. 3.2 Program Input Listings In addition to the program operating instructions and control statements, the long-term diffusion models requires that the following information be supplied: • Coordinates and terrain elevations of all grid point locations • Coordinates and terrain elevations of all sources • Emission rates for all sources • Stack data and other source parameters for all sources • Meteorological parameters C-21 ------- All of the operating, control and input information is listed as part of the computer program output. With the exception of source emission rates and meteor- ological inputs, these listings are identical in form to those for the short-term model program described in Section C. 2. 2. An example table of source input parameters produced by the LONG Z program is shown in Figure C-14. The table format is the same as that in Figure C-l for the SHORT Z program, except that the emission rates are in tons per year and are given for each season. If only annual average concentrations are to be calculated, only the emission rate for Sea- son 1 (winter) is used by the program. The entry date column at the extreme left of Figure C-14 shows the date on which the emissions data for each source were last updated. Figures C-15, C-16 and C-17 are examples of the statistical summaries of meteorological input data provided to the program. Detailed explanations of these tables are presented in Section 3 and Appendix A of this report. C. 3. 3 Program Output Listings of Ground-Level Concentrations The output listings of seasonal and annual ground-level concentrations are in the same formats as those shown in Figures C-6 through C-12 for the short-term diffusion-model program, except for the time-frame heading at the top of each print- out sheet. C-22 ------- PITTSBURGH LONG TERM CLAIBTON 1965 COMPLIANCE H E CRAMER CO INC -- TITLE PITTSBURGH LONG TERM CLAIRTON 1965 COMPLIANCE • DATE OJ2675 --* DATE OJ/28/75 PAGE - OUTPUT TAPE SOURCE INVENTORY LISTING - ENTRY SOUrtCE T SOURCE STRENGTH (TONS/ YEAR) X Y DATE NUMBER Y 1 to CO MODYYK 02167b 021675 021675 02167b 021675 021675 021675 021675 021675 021675 021675 021675 021675 021675 021675 021675 021675 021675 021675 021675 021675 021675 021675 021675 021675 021675 021675 021675 021675 021675 021675 021675 021675 021675 021675 021675 021675 021675 021675 021675 U21675 yi 1 »75 vt XD f J 021675 021675 P E 1 0 2 0 3 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 10 0 11 0 12 0 13 0 lit 0 15 0 16 0 17 0 18 0 19 0 20 0 21 0 22 0 23 0 24 0 25 0 26 1 27 1 28 0 30 0 31 0 32 0 33 0 38 0 39 0 to o 41 0 42 0 43 1 44 1 45 1 46 1 47 1 48 1 49 1 50 1 J \J 51 1 52 1 SEASON i OR ANNUAL 120.000 120. 000 120, UOO 120.000 120. UOO 120. UOO 120.000 120.000 120.000 120.000 120.000 120.000 120.000 120.000 120.000 120.000 120.000 120.000 120.000 120.000 2062.000 1537. UOO 723. UOO 723.000 299. UOO 1413.000 683.000 971.000 756.000 12994.000 6690.000 1945. UOO 1945.000 1945.000 150.000 150. UOO 150.000 150. UOO 150. UOO 48,000 48. UOO 48. UOO 48. UOO 48.UOO SEASON 2 12U.OOO 12U.OOO 12U.OOO 12U.OOO 120.000 120.000 120.000 120.000 120.000 120.000 120.000 120.000 120.000 12U.OOO 120.000 120.000 120.000 120.000 120.000 120.000 2062.000 1537.000 723.000 723.000 299.000 1413.000 683.000 971,000 750.000 12994.000 6690.000 194b.OOO 1945.000 1945.000 15U.OOO 150.000 150.000 150.000 150.000 46.000 46.000 48.000 40.000 4tt.OOO SEASON 3 120.000 120.000 120.000 120.000 120.000 120.000 120.000 120.000 120.000 120.000 120.000 120.000 120.000 120.000 120.000 120.000 120.000 120.000 120.000 120.000 2062.000 1537.000 723.000 723.000 299.000 1413.000 683.000 971.000 756.000 12994.000 6690.000 1945.000 1945.000 1945.000 150.000 150.000 150.000 150.000 150.000 48.000 48.000 48.000 48.000 4d.OOO SEASON 4 COORDINATE COORDINATE (METFRS) (METERS) 120.000 595860.no 4461520.00 120.000 595830.00 4461540.00 120.000 595730.00 4461780.00 120.000 59580.00 4461650.00 12U.OOO 595870.00 4461680.00 120.000 595750.00 4461810.00 120.000 595660.00 4461900.00 120.000 595630.00 4461920.00 120.000 595520.00 4462060.00 120.000 595380.00 4461930.00 12u.OOO 595360.00 4461960.00 120.000 595210.00 4462110.00 120.000 595190.00 4462150.00 120.000 595110.00 4462240.00 120.000 595020.00 4462330.00 120.000 59528Q.OO 4461880.00 120.000 595250.00 4461910.00 120.000 595060.00 4462120.00 12U.OOO 595030.00 4462160.00 120.000 595500.00 4462080.00 2062.000 595000.00 4462470.00 1537.000 595000.00 4462470.00 723.000 594870.00 4462400.00 723.000 594850.00 4462410.00 299.000 595630.00 4460060.00 141J.OOO 595810.00 4461550.00 683.000 593220.00 4465600.00 971.000 593230.00-4465650.00 756.000 593250.00 4465710.00 12994.000 592000.00 4456200.00 6690.000 5B7340.00 4452«10.00 1945.000 58734Q.OO 4452810.00 1945.000 58734Q.OO 4452«10.00 1945.000 587340.no 4452B10.00 150.000 593250.00 4465700.00 15U.OOO 593250.00 4465600.00 150.000 593250.00 4465650.00 150.000 593260.00 4465600.00 ISu.OOO 593260.00 4465650.00 48.000 595100.00 4461520.00 48.000 595100.00 4461530.00 48.000 595100.00 4461540.00 46.000 595100.00 4461550. 00 46.000 595100.00 44615t>0.00 HEIGHT ELEVATION ABOVE GROUND (METERS) 69.00 69.00 69.00 65.00 65.00 65.00 69.00 69.00 69.00 69.00 69.00 69.00 61.00 61.00 76.00 76.00 76.00 76.00 7b.OO 69.00 50.00 50.00 52.00 52.00 60.00 46.00 55.00 78.00 30.00 B9.00 73.00 70.00 70.00 70.00 52.00 52.00 52.00 52.00 52.00 52.00 52.00 52.00 52.00 52.00 AT BASE (METERS) 229.00 229.no 229. UO 229.00 229.00 229.00 229.00 229.00 229.00 229.00 229.00 229.00 229.00 229.00 229.00 229.00 229.00 229.00 229.00 229.00 229.00 229.00 229.00 229.00 229.00 229.00 2o2.00 282.00 282.00 229.00 229.00 229.00 229.00 229.00 262.00 262.00 282.00 282.00 282.00 229.00 229.00 229.00 229.00 2 ------- o I to PITTSBURGH LONG TEKM CLAIRTON 1965 COMPLIANCE H E CRAMER co INC -- TITLE PITTSBURGH LONG TERM CLAIRTON 1965 COMPLIANCE • DATE 032875 -»- - PROGRAM INPUT PARAMETERS - - MIXING LAYER DEPTH (HM METERS) - STABILITY CATEGORY l STABILITY CATEGORY 2 STABILITY CATEGORY 3 STABILITY CATEGORY 4 STABILITY CATEGORY i STABILITY CATEGORY 2 STABILITY CATEGORY 3 STABILITY CATEGORY 4 STABILITY CATEGORY i STABILITY CATEGORY 2 STABILITY CATEGORY 3 STABILITY CATEGORY 4 STABILITY CATEGORY i STABILITY CATEGORY 2 STABILITY CATEGORY 3 STABILITY CATEGORY 4 DATE 03/28/75 PAGE WIND SPEED CATEGORY 1 .500000+03 .500000+03 .320000+03 .140000+03 WIND SPEED CATEGORY 1 .153000+04 .153000+01* .825000+03 .120000+03 WIND SPEED CATEGORY 1 . 173000+04 .173000+04 .960000+03 .190000+03 WIND SPEED CATEGORY i .123000+04 .123000+04 .685000+03 .lUOOOO+03 WIND SPEEO CATEGORY ? .650000+03 .650000+03 .470000+03 .290000+03 KINU SPEEP CATEGORY ? .153000+04 .153000+04 .921)000+03 .310000+03 WIND SPEED CATEGORY 2 .173000+04 .173000+04 .102500+04 .320000+03 WIND SPEEP CATLGORY a .123000+04 .123000+04 .740000+0? .250000+03 SEASON 1 WIND SPEEO CATEGORY 3 .710000+03 .710000+03 .670000+03 .630000+03 SEASON 2 WIND SPEED CATEGORY 3 .153000+04 .153000+04 .103000+04 .530000+03 SEASON 3 WIND SPEED CATEGORY 3 .173000+04 .173000+04 .133500+04 .740000+03 SEASON <* WIND SPEEn CATEGORY 3 .123000+04 .123000+04 .970000+03 .710000+03 WIND SPEED CATEGORY 4 .710000+03 .710000+03 .710000+03 .710000+03 WIND SPEED CATEGORY 4 .153000+04 .153000+04 .141500+04 .130000+04 WIND SPEED CATEGORY 4 .173000+04 .173000+04 .129500+04 .860000+03 WINJ SPEED CATEGORY 4 .123000+04 .123000+04 .119000+04 .115000+04 WIND SPEED CATEGORY 5 .710000+03 .710000+03 .710000+03 .710000+03 WIND SPEED CATEGORY 5 .153000+04 .153000+04 .153000+04 .153000+04 WIND SPuEO CATEGORY 5 .173000+04 .173000+04 .129500+04 .860000+03 WIND SPEED CATEGORY 5 .123000+04 .123000+04 .123000+04 .123000+04 WIND SPEED CATEGORY 6 .710000+03 .710000+03 .710000+03 .710000+03 WIND SPEEp CATEGORY 6 .153000+04 .153000+04 .153000+04 .153000+04 WIND SPEED CATEGORY 6 .173000+04 .173000+04 .129500+04 .860000+03 WINn SPEED CATEGORY 6 .123000+04 .123000+04 .123000+04 .123000+04 FIGURE C-15. Example printout page from the LONG Z computer program listing mixing layer depths by season for each stability category and wind speed category. ------- PITTSBURGH LONG TERM CLAlRTON 1965 COMPLIANCE H E CRAMER CO luC --» TITLE PITTSBURGH LONG TERM CLAlRTON 1965 COMPLIANCE , DATE 052875 --* DATE 03/28/75 PAGE »7 o to Ol - PROGRAM INPUT PARAMETERS -» »- FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF WIND SPEED,UIRECTION AND STABILITY - SEASON 4 STABILITY CATEGORY 3 WIND SPELD WIND SPEED WIND SPEED WIND SPEED "INQ SPEED WIND SPEED CATEGORY i CATEGORY 2 CATEGORY 3 CATEGORY 4 CATEGORY 5 CATEGORY 6 DIRECTION (PHI DEGREES) .000 22.500 45.000 67.500 90.000 112.500 155.000 157.500 180.000 202.500 225.000 247.500 270.000 292.500 315.000 i37.500 ( .7500MPSM .OOU38040 .00076080 .00019020 •00057060 •OQ076060 .00095100 •00076060 .00036040 .00114120 .00036040 .0089520 .00251480 .00076060 .00057060 .00445900 .00036040 2.5000MPS){" .00274730 • 005491+50 .00137360 .00412090 .00549450 .00666610 .00549450 •00274730 •00624180 •00274730 •00961540 .00666610 .00549450 •00412090 •00961540 •00274730 4.3000MPS) ( .01785710 .00112090 .00274730 .00686810 .00824180 .01236260 .01098900 .00274730 .01510990 .00624160 .03296701 .02335160 .04120861 .01098900 .00961540 .00549450 6.8000MPS) ( .00824180 .00137360 .00000000 .00137360 .00137360 .00412090 .00624160 .00824180 .01236260 .02197800 .05906591 .03021961 .04258241 .01785710 .01236260 .00686610 9.5000MPS) .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .oooooouo .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00549450 .00686810 .00961540 .00686810 .00137360 .00000000 (12.5000MPS .00000000 .00000000 .00(100000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .oonooooo .00000000 .oonooooo .0024180 .oonooooo •OOP74730 .00137360 .00000000 SEASON 4 STABILITY CATEGORY 4 SPEED WIND SPEED ulIND SPEED WIND SPEED WIND SPEtD WIND SPEED CATEGORY 1 CATEGORY 2 CATEGORY 3 CATEGORY 4 CATEGORY 5 CATEGORY 6 DIKECTION (PHI DEGREES) .000 22.500 45.000 67.500 90.000 112.500 135.000 157.500 160.000 202.500 225.000 247,500 «;70.000 292.500 315.000 337.500 ( .7500MPSH .00562660 .00623420 .00582660 .00356240 .01933640 .00671720 .00946440 .01124560 .012543dO .00267160 •005826oO .00582660 .00098140 .00630960 ,oooB90t>o .00000000 2.5000MPSX .00824160 .01510990 .00824180 .01236260 .02060440 •00961540 .01236270 •00824170 .01785710 .00649450 .00686810 . 00b86810 .01648350 .00412090 .00274720 .OOUOUOOO 4.3000MPSX .00274730 .00274730 .00137360 .00137360 .00000000 .OOuOOOOO .00274730 .00137360 .00l3736n .00686810 .00686810 .00274730 .00549450 .00649450 .00412090 .00000000 6.8000MPS) ( .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .oooooouo .oooooouo .00000000 .00000000 .oooooouo .10000000 .00000000 .nooonoou 9.5000MPS) .00000000 .00000000 .oooonooo .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .00000000 .oooooouo .oooonooo .oooooouo .OOOOOOuO .ooooooon .00000000 .oooooouo .00000000 (12.5000MPS .00000000 .00000000 .oonooooo .oonooooo .oonooooo .oonooooo .oonooooo .oonooooo .oonooooo .oonooooo .oonooooo .oonooooo •ooncoooo .oonooooo .oonooooo .00000000 JO f • PUU «UUUUUWV" .«„»----- _„_- , „_-.„_- -.,vvw.,w»u .-..uvuwuuv FIGURE C-16. Example printout sheet from the LONG Z computer program listing joint occurrence frequencies of wind speed and direction categories. ------- o to 05 PITTSBURGH LONG TEKM CLAlRTON 1965 COMPLIANCE H E CRAMER CO INC --« TITLE PITTSBURGH LONG TERM CLAIRTON 1965 COMPLIANCE DATE 03/28/75 PAGE DATE 032675 -- - PROGRAM INPUT PARAMETERS - -» STANDARD DEVIATION OF THE WIND ELEVATION ANGLE FOR ELEVATED POINT OR VOLUME SOURCES (SIGEPU RADIANS) «- WIND SPtED WINO SPEEn WIND SPEED WIND SPEED WIND SPEED WINn SPEED CATEGORY 1 CATEGORY 2 CATEGORY 3 CATEGORY 4 CATEGORY 5 CATEGORY 6 STABILITY STABILITY STABILITY STABILITY CATEGORY CATEGORY CATEGORY CATEGORY i 2 3 if .174500+00 .lobOOO+00 .735000-01 .465000-01 .174500+00 .108000+00 .73bOOO-01 .465000-01 .174500+00 .108000+00 .735000-01 .465000-01 - STANDARD DEVIATION OF THE WIND ELEVATION ANGLE F0R STABILITY STABILITY STABILITY STABILITY STABILITY STABILITY STABILITY STABILITY STABILITY STABILITY STABILITY STABILITY CATEGORY CATEGORY CATEGORY CATEGORY CATEGORY CATEGORY CATEGORY CATEGORY CATEGORY CATEGORY CATEGORY CATEGORY 1 2 3 4 - 1 2 3 4 - 1 2 3 4 WIND SPEED CATEGORY 1 .174500+00 .108000+00 .735000-01 .465000-01 VERTICAL WIND SPEED CATEGORY 1 .000000 .000000 .150000-01 .3(10000-01 WINO SPEED CATEGORY 2 .174500+00 .106000+00 .735000-01 .465000-01 WIND SPEED CATEGORY 3 .174500+00 .108000+00 .735000-01 .465000-01 .174500+00 .ioaooo+oo .735000-01 ,465000-01 .174500+00 .108000+00 .735000-01 .465000-01 .174500+00 .108000+00 .735000-01 .465000-01 AREA OR BUILDING EMISSIONS SOURCES ISIGEPL RADIANS) - WIND SPEED CATEGORY 4 .174500+00 .108000+00 .735000-01 .465000-01 POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE GRADIENT (DPD2 WIND SPEED CATtGORY 2 .000000 .000000 .100000-01 .200000-01 WIND PROFILE POWER LAW WlMD SPEED CATEGORY 1 .100000+00 .200000+00 .250000+00 .300000+00 WIND SPEEn CATEGORY 2 .looooo+on .150000+00 .200000+00 .250000+00 WlNb SPEED CATEGORY 3 .000000 .000000 .500000-02 .150000-01 EXPONENT (p) WIND SPEED CATtGORY 3 .100000+00 .lOuOOO+00 .150000+00 .200000+00 WIND SPEED CATEGORY 4 .000000 .000000 .300000-02 .300000-02 - WIND SPEED CATEGORY 4 .100000+00 .100000+00 .100000+00 .200000+00 WIND SPEED CATEGORY 5 .174500+00 .108000+00 .735000-01 .465000-01 WIND SPEED CATEGORY 6 .174500+00 .lonooo+no .735000-01 .465000-01 DEGREES KELVIN) *-» WIND SPEED CATEGORY 5 .000000 .000000 .300000-02 .300000-02 WIND SPtED CATEGORY b .100000+00 .100000+00 .100000+00 .200000+00 WINn SPEED CATEGORY 6 .oonooo .000000 .300000-02 .300000-02 WINn SPEED CATEGORY 6 .100000+00 .100000+00 .lonooo+oo .200000+00 FIGURE C-17. Example printout sheet from the LONG Z computer program listing various meteorological input parameters. -------


MARCH 1975

DIFFUSION-MODEL CALCULATIONS OF LONG-TERM

       AND SHORT-TERM GROUND-LEVEL SO2

          CONCENTRATIONS IN ALLEGHENY

               COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
                          Prepared By
                  H. E. Cramer, H. V. Geary and J. F. Bowers
                         Prepared For
             U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                          Region III
                   Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106
                  H. E. CRAMER COMPANY, INC.

                        540 ARAPEEN DRIVE
                    UNIVERSITY OF UTAH RESEARCH PARK
                      SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH 84108

-------
EPA  903/9-75-018
           DIFFUSION-MODEL CALCULATIONS OF LONG-TERM
                AND SHORT-TERM GROUND-LEVEL SO2
                   CONCENTRATIONS IN ALLEGHENY
                       COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
                            Prepared By

              H. E. Cramer,  H. V. Geary and J. F. Bowers
                            Prepared For
                 U. S.  Environmental Protection Agency
                             Region III
                    Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106
                             March 1975
                H. E. Cramer company, inc.
                          540 ARAPEEN DRIVE
                     UNIVERSITY OF UTAH RESEARCH PARK
                        SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH 84108

-------
                             ACKNOWLEDGMENT

        Throughout the program of work culminating in the preparation of this
report, the H.  E.  Cramer Company,  Inc. has greatly benefited from the assist-
ance, cooperation and guidance provided by many individuals.

        We are especially indebted to our  EPA Project Officer and EPA Region
III Meteorologist,  Dr. Peter Finkelstein, for his keen interest in all aspects of
the work,  for the excellence of his guidance and for the very efficient manner in
which he assisted us in resolving many of the complexities of the work.

        We are also very greatly indebted to the Director of the Allegheny County
Bureau of Air Pollution Control,  Mr.  Ron J.  Cheleboski,  and to the professional
staff of the Bureau who provided the oulk of the emissions and air quality data as
well as much of the meteorological data used in the study.  Expert assessment and
interpretation of these data were  provided by Mr. Bernard Bloom, Dr. Arvid Ek,
Dr. Albert Smith,  and Dr. Roger Westman of the engineering staff of the Allegheny
County Bureau of Air Pollution Control.

        In addition to the authors of the  report,  other professional staff members
of the H. E. Cramer Company, Inc. who made important contributions to the work
include Mr.  J.  R.  Bjorklund,  who was principally responsible for the computer
programming and machine calculations,  and Mr. L.  D.  Bodkin who performed most
of the checking of the emissions and source data.

-------
ii

-------
                                  SUMMARY





        This report describes diffusion-model calculations of maximum 3-hour,


24-hour and average annual ground-level SO  concentrations in Allegheny County
                                         Li

produced by SO  emissions from 107 major stationary sources  and source com-
              £i

plexes located within or adjacent to the county boundaries.   Two different sets of


emissions data,  both supplied by the Allegheny County Bureau of Air Pollution


Control, were used in the diffusion-model calculations: emissions data for 1973


and projected emissions data for a compliance case based on emissions-control


regulations for attaining and maintaining SO  air quality standards in Allegheny
                                         £1

County.  The 1973 emissions data were used  with concurrent meteorological


observations from the Greater Pittsburgh and Allegheny County Airports to cal-


culate the 1973 average annual SO  ground-level maximums, as well as the 3-hour
                                ^

and 24-hour maximums for three selected 24-hour periods.   These 1973 model con-


centrations were compared with observed air quality data from continuous moni-


toring sites supplied by the Allegheny County Bureau of Air Pollution Control to


confirm the accuracy of the modeling techniques prior to performing the compliance


case calculations.  As an additional check on the diffusion-modeling techniques,


a numerical mesoscale wind-field model was used to determine the effects of the


elevated terrain along the Monongahela River on the trajectories of SO  plumes
                                                                  LA

originating from the Clairton Coke Works during moderate to strong southwesterly


flow.   The results of the model calculations outlined above are summarized as


follows:




        Calculations of the vector wind fields along the Monongahela River, made


by means of a numerical model based on a shallow fluid analogy, showed terrain


features have a negligible effect on  the trajectories of plumes from the  Clairton


Coke Works during periods of persistent west or southwest winds and moderate
                                     111

-------
 to strong temperature inversions.  These conditions are typically associated with


 the highest observed 3-hour and 24-hour SO concentrations at the Allegheny
                                          £1

 County monitors (Liberty Borough School and Glassport.)-




         Comparisons of the 1973 model calculations with observed air quality at


 the three continuous SO monitoring sites for which data were available showed
                       LI

 good agreement without any model calibration adjustments.  According to the cal-


 culated average annual SO  ground-level concentrations for 1973, which do not
                         £t

 include any SO  background estimates, the  Annual Primary SO  Standard of 80
              Li                                            £*

 micrograms per cubic  meter was exceeded in two large areas.  The first of these


 covers approximately 120 square kilometers and extends along both sides of the


 Mononghela River from the southern boundary of Allegheny County north to the


 junction of the Monongahela with the Youghiogheny River.  Emissions from the


 Elrama and Mitchell Power Plants and the Clairton  Coke Works are principally


 responsible for the high SO  concentrations calculated for this area.  The second
                          Lt

 large area in which the calculated average annual SO  ground-level concentrations
                                                  LA

 for 1973 exceed the Annual Primary Standard covers approximately 40  square kilom-


 eters and is located principally on the north side of  the Monongahela River,  starting


 at a point directly opposite the Jones  and Laughlin Pittsburgh Plant and extending


 upriver to a point opposite the U.  S. Steel Homestead Plant.  Emissions from these


 two plants are principally responsible for the high calculated SO  concentrations in
                                                             ^

 this area.





        The calculated 3-hour and 24-hour SO  ground-level rhaximums for three
                                            £t

 1973 24-hour example cases showed that emissions  from the West Penn Power Plant


were almost entirely responsible for violations of the short-term SO  standards  in
                                                                 Lt

a small area of approximately 1 square kilometer surrounding the Logans Ferry


monitor.  The 1973 short-term example calculations also showed that emissions


from the Elrama and Mitchell Power Plants, the Irvin Works and the Clairton Coke


Works,  separately and in combination,  caused violations of the 24-hour Primary


Standard at various points on both sides of the Monongahela River.  A very impor-
                                     IV

-------
tant and somewhat unexpected result of the 1973 short-term example calculations


was the important contributions made at the Glassport and Liberty Borough moni-


tors,  as well as at other locations within Allegheny County,  by the plumes from


the Elrama and Mitchell Power Plants.




        Diffusion-model calculations for the compliance case emissions showed


that the annual Primary Air Quality Standard of 80 micrograms per cubic meter


will be exceeded in the  Clairton-Glassport-Liberty Borough area and in an area of


several square kilometers east of Braddock.  Emissions from the Clairton Coke


Works are principally responsible for the calculated high annual average SO  con-
                                                                       £t

centrations in the  Clairton-Glassport-Liberty Borough area while emissions from


the Westinghouse Electric plant are principally responsible for the calculated high


annual average SO  concentrations in the area east of Braddock.  The compliance
                  ^

case concentration calculations also showed that the Annual Primary Standard will


be equalled in the  area  surrounding the U.  S. Steel Homestead plant.  Short-term


diffusion-model calculations for the compliance case emissions showed that the


24-hour Primary Air Quality Standard of 365 micrograms per cubic meter will


be exceeded in a small  area in the vicinity  of the Logans Ferry SO  monitor and,
                                                              Zi

depending on the value assigned to the SO   background, may be exceeded in the
                                      ^

Clairton-Liberty Borough area and in a small area east of Braddock.   The short-


term  compliance case calculations also showed that the 3-hour Secondary Air


Quality Standard will not be exceeded.





        The detailed results of all of the diffusion-model calculations  made during


the study are contained in twenty-five bound volumes consisting of 30,500 computer


printout sheets which have been supplied to EPA.  These volumes present complete


listing? of  all source and meteorological inputs used in the calculations as well as


the calculated concentrations at each grid point contributed independently by


individual sources, source complexes and by all sources combined.  The results of


the calculations have also been recorded on magnetic tapes for possible future up-


dating and  revision.

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VI

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                           TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section                              Title                            Page No.

           ACKNOWLEDGMENT                                          i

           SUMMARY                                                   iii
           LIST OF TABLES                                             xi
           LIST OF FIGURES                                            xv
   1       INTRODUCTION                                               1

           1.1    Background                                             1
           1.2    Purpose and Major Tasks                                3
           1.3    Report Content and Organization                          5

   2       EFFECTS OF TERRAIN ON LOW-LEVEL WIND
           CIRCULATION PATTERNS IN THE CLAIRTON
           AREA                                                        7

           2.1    Background                                             7
           2.2    The Numerical Wind Field Model                         8
           2.3    Calculation Procedures and Results                      10
           2.4    Conclusions                                           18

   3       METEOROLOGICAL DATA                                    19

           3.1    Introduction                                           19
           3. 2    Definitions of the Pasquill Stability
                  Categories                                            20
           3. 3    General Meteorological Inputs

   4       LONG-TERM MODEL CALCULATIONS FOR 1973               37

           4.1    Introduction                                           37
           4.2    Calculation Procedures and Results                      37
           4.3    Source Data                                           45
           4.4    Meteorological Data                                    45

   5       ANNUAL COMPLIANCE CALCULATIONS                       59

           5.1    Introduction                                            59
           5.2    Calculation Procedures and Results                      60
           5.3    Source Data                                            65
           5.4    Meteorological Data                                    65
                                    Vll

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                       TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
  Section
Appendix

   A
                        Title

SHORT TERM HOURLY CONCENTRATIONS FOR
1973

6.1    The 4 January 1973 Air Pollution Episode
       at Logans Ferry
6.2    The 18 January  1973 Air  Pollution Episode at
       Liberty Borough
6. 3    The 13 July 1973 Air Pollution Episode at
       Liberty Borough

SHORT-TERM COMPLIANCE  CALCULATIONS

7.1    Short-Term Compliance Calculations for the
       Logans Ferry Area
7.2    Short-Term Compliance Calculations for the
       Clairton-Liberty Borough Area
7. 3    Short-Term Compliance Calculations for the
       Hazelwood-Braddock Area

SUMMARY OF THE LONG-TERM AND SHORT-TERM
CONCENTRATION CALCULATIONS

8.1    Results of 1973  Concentration Calculations
       and Comparison with Observed Air Quality
       Data
8.2    Results of Compliance  Case Calculations

REFERENCES
MATHEMATICAL MODELS USED TO CALCULATE
GROUND-LEVEL CONCENTRATIONS

A. 1    Introduction
A. 2    Plume Rise Formulas
A. 3    Short-Term Concentration Model
A. 4    Long-Term Concentration Model
A. 5    Application of the Short-Term and Long-Term
       Concentration Models in Complex Terrain
                                                         Page No.


                                                            75


                                                            75

                                                            84

                                                           103

                                                           117


                                                           118

                                                           123

                                                           135


                                                           149
                                                                      149
                                                                      153

                                                                      157
                                                                     A-l

                                                                     A-l
                                                                     A-5
                                                                     A-7
                                                                     A-14

                                                                     A-19
                                     viii

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                      TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Appendix                          Title                          Page No.

   B       JOINT FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS OF WIND-
           SPEED AND WIND-DIRECTION CATEGORIES               B-l

   C       DESCRIPTION OF DIFFUSION-MODEL COMPUTER
           PROGRAMS AND EXPLANATION OF COMPUTER
           PRINTOUT                                             C-l

           C. 1   General                                          C-l
           C. 2   Description of the Short Term Diffusion-Model
                  Computer Program — SHORT Z                      C-2
           C. 3   Description of the Long-Term Diffusion-Model
                  Computer Program — LONG Z                      C-18
                                    IX

-------

-------
                              LIST OF TABLES

Table                                                                Page No.

 2-1       Meteorological inputs for the Pittsburgh wind-field             12
           calculations

 3-1       Pasquill stability categories as a function of insola-            21
           tion and wind speed

 3-2       Insolation categories                                         21

 3-3       Wind-profile exponents used in the annual average             24
           concentration calculations

 3-4       Vertical profiles of wind speed for the period 3 through        26
           5 January 1973

 3-5       Turbulent intensities for rural and urban areas                28

 3-6       Mixing layer depths used in the annual concentration           30
           calculations

 3-7       Ambient air temperatures used in the annual average          32
           concentration calculations

 3-8       Vertical potential temperature gradients  used  in the            32
           annual average concentration calculations

 3-9       Persistence of wind directions for  wind speeds above          34
           3.1 meters per second

 3-10     Persistence of wind directions for  wind speeds above          35
           5.1 meters per second

 4-1       Calculated 1973 annual average ground-level SC>2 con-         43
           centrations at the Glassport and Liberty Borough SC>2
           monitors

 4-2       Source and emissions data for the 1973 annual average         46
           concentration calculations

 4-3       Reported and calculated 1973 emissions for the U. S.           53
           Steel facilities
                                    XI

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                             LIST OF TABLES

Table                                                              Page No.

 5-1       Calculated annual average ground-level SC>2 con-              64
           cent rations at the Glas sport and Liberty Borough
           areas for Compliance  Case A

 5-2       Source and emissions  data for the annual average              66
           concentration calculations for Compliance Case A

 6-1       Calculated and observed hourly ground-level SO2              80
           concentrations at the Logans Ferry SO2 monitor
           for 4 January 1973

 6-2       Source and emissions  data for the 4 January 1973              82
           air pollution episode at Logans Ferry

 6-3       Meteorological input parameters for 4 January 1973           83

 6-4       Calculated 24-hour average ground-level SO2 con-            88
           centrations at the Glas sport and Liberty Borough
           SO  monitors on 18 January 1973
             ^

 6-5       Calculated and observed hourly ground-level SO2              90
           concentrations at the Glassport and Liberty Borough
           SO2 monitors on 18 January 1973

 6-6       Source and emissions  data for the 18 January 1973            97
           air pollution episode at Liberty Borough

 6-7       Meteorological input parameters for 18 January 1973        102

 6-8       Calculated and observed hourly ground-level SO2            107
           concentrations at the Glassport and Liberty Borough
           SO  monitors on 13 July 1973
             ^4

 6-9       Calculated 24-hour average ground-level SO2 con-           108
           centrations at the Glassport and Liberty Borough
           SO monitors on  13 July 1973
             jL

 6-10       Source and emissions data for the 13 July 1973 air           110
           pollution episode  at Liberty Borough

6-11      Meteorological input parameters for 13  July 1973             114
                                  xii

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                             LIST OF TABLES

Table                                                              Page No.

 7-1       Calculated hourly ground-level SO2 concentrations           121
           at the Logans Ferry Monitor for the compliance
           case

 7-2       Source and emissions data for the Logans Ferry             122
           compliance case

 7-3       Meteorological input parameters  for the Logans             124
           Ferry short-term compliance case calculations

 7-4       Calculated 24-hour average ground-level SO  con-           127
           centrations at the Glassport and Liberty Borough
           SOg monitors for Compliance Case A

 7-5       Source and emissions data for the Clairton-Liberty          129
           Borough Compliance Case A calculations

 7-6       Meteorological input parameters  for the Clairton-           134
           Liberty Borough short-term compliance calculations

 7-7       Source and emissions data for the Hazelwood-               140
           Braddock Compliance Case A calculations

 7-8       Meteorological input parameters  for the Hazelwood-         147
           Braddock short-term Compliance Case A calculations

 8-1       Comparison of calculated and observed 1973 ground-         150
           level SO0 concentrations
                   £i

 8-2       Annual and 24-hour average ground-level SO  con-          154
           centrations calculated for the Clairton-Liberty  Borough
           area during  1973

 8-3       Calculated maximum 3-hour, 24-hour and annual            156
           average concentrations in the Clairton-Liberty  Borough
           and Hazelwood-Braddock areas for the compliance case

 A-l       Hourly meteorological inputs required by the short-term     A-2
           concentration model

 A-2       Meteorological inputs required by the long-term con-        A-4
           centration model
                                   Xlll

-------
                             LIST OF TABLES

Table                                                              Page No.

 B-l      Joint frequency of occurrence of wind-speed and              B-2
           wind-direction categories for winter 1973

 B-2      Joint frequency of occurrence of wind-speed and              B-8
           wind-direction categories for spring 1973

 B-3      Joint frequency of occurrence of wind-speed and             B-14
           wind-direction categories for summer 1973

 B-4      Joint frequency of occurrence of wind-speed and              B-20
           wind-direction categories for fall 1973

 B-5       Joint frequency of occurrence of wind-speed and              B-26
           wind-direction categories for winter 1965

 B-6       Joint frequency of occurrence of wind-speed and              B-32
           wind-direction categories for spring 1965

 B-7       Joint frequency of occurrence of wind-speed and              B-38
           wind-direction categories for summer 1965

 B-8       Joint frequency of occurrence of wind-speed and              B-44
           wind-direction categories for fall 1965
                                 xiv

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                            LIST OF FIGURES

Figure                                                              Page No.

 2-1       Illustration of two-layer shallow-fluid model                   9

 2-2       Topographic map of the southeast Pittsburgh cal-             11
           culation grid

 2-3       Vector plot of the calculated wind field for Computer          14
           Run 2

 2-4       Trajectories for Computer Run 2                            15

 2-5       Vector plot of the calculated wind field for Computer          16
           Run 3

 2-6       Trajectories for Computer Run 3                            17

 4-1       Topographic map of the Clairton-Liberty Borough             38
           area showing the locations of the major SCvj sources

 4-2       Topographic map of the Hazelwood-Braddock area             39
           showing the locations of the major SO2 sources

 4-3       Calculated isopleths  of annual average ground-level           41
           SC>2 concentration for the  Clairton-Liberty Borough
           area during 1973

 4-4       Calculated isopleths  of annual average ground-level           44
           SO concentration for the  Hazelwood-Braddock area
           during 1973

 4-5       Annual frequency distributions of wind direction               57
           during 1973 at the two Pittsburgh airports

 5-1       Calculated isopleths  of annual average ground-level           62
           SO2 concentrations for the Clairton-Liberty Borough
           area under Compliance Case A

 5-2       Calculated isopleths  of annual average ground-level           63
           SO2 concentration for the  Hazelwood-Braddock area
           under Compliance Case A

 5-3       Annual frequency distribution of wind direction during         74
           1965 at the Greater Pittsburgh Airport

                                    xv

-------
Figure
                            LIST OF FIGURES

                                                                   Page No.
 6-1       Topographic map of the Springdale-Logans Ferry              77
           area showing the locations of the major SO2 sources

 6-2       Calculated isopleths of 24-hour average ground-               78
           level SO2 concentration in the Springdale-Logans Ferry
           area on 4 January 1973

 6-3       Calculated isopleths of 24-hour average ground-level          86
           SO2 concentration in the Clairton-Liberty Borough
           area on 18 January 1973

 6-4       Mitchell and Elrama plume dimensions for Pasquill           91
           stability category D and winds from 210°

 6-5       Mitchell and Elrama plume dimensions for Pasquill           92
           stability category D and winds from 220°

 6-6       Approximate area affected by emissions from the             93
           Clairton Coke Works for Pasquill stability category D
           and winds from 180°

 6-7       Approximate area affected by emissions from the Clairton     94
           Coke Works for Pasquill stability category D and winds
           from 230°

 6-8       Calculated isopleths of 24-hour average ground-level        105
           SO2 concentration in the Clairton-Liberty Borough
           area on 13 July 1973

 7-1       Calculated isopleths of 24-hour average ground-level        120
               concentration for  the Logans Ferry Compliance case
 7-2       Calculated isopleths of 24-hour average ground-level        126
           SO  concentration for the Clairton-Liberty Borough area
           under Compliance Case A

 7-3       Calculated isopleths of 24-hour average ground-level SO2    137
           concentration for the Hazelwood-Braddock area under
           Compliance Case A
                                  xvi

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                            LIST OF FIGURES

Figure                                                              Page No.

 7-4       Calculated isopleths of 24-hour average ground-level          138
           SC>2 concentration for the Clairton-Liberty Borough
           area under Compliance  Case A (Hazelwood-Braddock
           case meteorological inputs)

 A-l      Mixing depth Hm *  {z   } used to determine whether           A-21
           the stabilized plume is contained within the surface
           mixing layer

 A-2      Effective mixing depth  H   ' {z} assigned to the grid          A-22
           points for the concentration calculations

 C-l      Example printout from the SHORT Z program listing          C-5
           program operating instructions, values of constants
           and UTM coordinates of all grid points

 C-2      Example printout from the SHORT Z program listing          C-6
           terrain heights for the grid points in the regular array

 C-3      Example printout from the SHORT Z program listing          C-7
           terrain heights for the grid points in the discrete array

 C-4      Example printout from the SHORT Z program listing          C-8
           input source data

 C-5      Example printout from the SHORT Z program listing          C-10
           meteorological inputs

 C-6      Example printout from the SHORT Z program listing          C-12
           hourly ground-level concentrations from Source I
           calculated at all grid points  of the regular array

 C-7      Example printout from the SHORT Z program listing          C-13
           hourly ground-level concentrations from Source 1
           calculated at all discrete grid  points

 C-8      Example printout from the SHORT Z program listing          C-14
           24-hour average ground-level  concentrations  from
           Source 1 calculated at all grid points in the regular
           array
                                  xvi i

-------
                            LIST OF FIGURES

Figure                                                             Page No.

 C-9       Example printout from the SHORT Z program listing         C-15
           24-hour average ground-level concentrations from
           Source 1 calculated at all discrete grid points

 C-10     Example printout from the SHORT Z computer program      C-16
           listing 24-hour average concentrations from Sources 1
           through 3 calculated at each grid point in the  regular
           array

 C-ll     Example printout from the SHORT Z computer program      C-17
           listing 24-hour average concentrations from Sources 1
           through 3 calculated at all discrete grid points

 C-12     Example printout from the SHORT Z program listing         c-19
           24-hour average ground-level concentrations for the
           combined sources (1 through 8) calculated at  each grid
           point in the regular array

 C-13     Example printout from the SHORT Z program listing         C-20
           24-hour average ground-level concentrations for the
           combined sources (1 through 8) calculated at all dis-
           crete grid points

 C-14     Example printout from the LONG Z program listing          C-23
           source input data

 C-15      Example printout from the LONG Z program  listing          C-24
           seasonal mixing depths

 C-16      Example printout from the LONG Z program  listing          C-25
           joint occurrence frequencies of wind-speed and wind-
           direction categories

 C-17      Example printout from the LONG Z program listing          C-26
           various meteorological input parameters
                                  XVlll

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                              SECTION 1


                             INTRODUCTION





1.1     BACKGROUND




        Efficient management of air resources in the heavily industrialized area


in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania requires a detailed knowledge of source-recep-


tor relationships.  As pointed out by Bloom and Smith (1974), most of the sulfur


dioxide (SO ) emissions within Allegheny County are accounted for by large station-
           £4

ary sources associated with coke, iron and steel production facilities and with coal-


fired utility boilers. Seven large steel mills are located along the Monongahela


River between downtown Pittsburgh and the southern extremity of Allegheny County.


Additionally, there are six coal-fired electrical generating plants located either


within  or adjacent to Allegheny County. Observations of 3-hour and 24-hour SO
                                                                           ^

concentrations made at continuous SO  monitoring stations operated by Allegheny
                                   Lt

County show that the highest concentrations occur during periods of persistent


south-southwest to west-southwest wind directions with moderate to high wind speeds.


In many instances, strong low-level temperature inversions are also present but


they do not appear to be requisite.  Bloom and Smith (1974)  note that all of the 3-hour


SO   concentrations in excess of the Federal Secondary Standard recorded since
  £t

1971 by the continuous SO  monitoring network occurred during 24-hour periods in
                        £

which the  Federal Primary Standard was also exceeded. For this reason, we have


principally concentrated our attention in this study on the 24-hour Primary Standard.




        The complex fuel-usage  system serving the U.  S.  Steel production facilities


located along the Monongahela River makes it difficult to calculate accurate short-


term SO  emission rates.  The six production facilities operated by U. S. Steel (Clair-
        £t

ton, Irvin, National, Duquesne, Edgar Thompson and Homestead) are all  served by


a common highly-integrated fuel system which contains  a variable mixture of fuel

-------
 oils, coal, natural gas, blast-furnaces gas, coke-oven gas and other coal deriva-
 tives.  As pointed out by Bloom and Smith (1974), SC>2 emission rates from each of
 the several hundred exit points within these facilities vary widely depending on
 steel production rates, the availability of the various component fuels, and the
 availability of electrical generating equipment.  We would also point out that there
 are significant short-term variations as  well in the SO  emissions from the six
 electrical generating plants located within or immediately adjacent to Allegheny
 County.

         The large land area  covered by  Allegheny County, the multiplicity of SO
                                                                             Lt
 sources, the high short-term variability of SO  emission rates, the very limited
                                             Lt
 number of continuous  SO  monitoring stations, and other factors effectively pre-
                        £
 elude the establishment by direct empirical methods of the relationships between
 SO  emissions and ambient air quality.   The only practicable recourse currently
   2i
 available is to use atmospheric diffusion-modeling techniques capable of calculating,
 for multiple-source emissions, both short-term and long-term SO  ground-level
                                                                Zt
 concentrations at a very large number of grid  points.   The calculations must be
 performed in such a way that the contribution of each individual source as well as
 the contributions of combined sources can be identified at each grid point. Addi-
 tionally, the models must be  capable of adequately handling the effects of local
 terrain features and meteorological factors.  Also, it is important that provisions
 be made to store the results of the multiple-source calculations on magnetic tape
 and to update  calculations  by  repeated calculations involving only those sources for
 which the emissions or other  source factors are altered.  There are available for
 use in this study,  as the result of recent  work performed by the H.  E. Cramer
 Company, Inc. for the State of Michigan  and the U.  S. Army,  diffusion-modeling
techniques and computer programs that very closely meet the above requirements.

-------
        This report describes the results obtained by the use of these newer tech-
niques and computer programs to calculate SO ground-level concentrations pro-
duced within Allegheny County for SO  emission control strategies specified by the
                                   Li
Allegheny County Bureau of Air Pollution Control.  It is not presumed that these
calculations, or any diffusion-model calculations, can by themselves provide a
definitive answer to the question of the emission control strategies best suited for
attaining and maintaining SO air quality standards.  In addition to the judgment
                           Lt
that must be used in evaluating the probable accuracy of such model calculations,
there are clearly very important social and economic factors that must be considered.
We believe, however, that diffusion-modeling techniques of the type described above
offer the most promising method at hand for obtaining  a comprehensive overview of
the SO  problem in Allegheny County and the detailed definition of source-receptor
relationships required to evaluate the effectiveness of  SO emission control strate-
gies.

1. 2     PURPOSE AND MAJOR TASKS

         The principal purpose of the work described in this report is to make diffu-
sion-model calculations  of the 3-hour, 24-hour and annual average ground-level
SO  concentrations in Allegheny County, using projected 1975  SO  emission rates
   2                                                         2
for all major stationary  sources supplied by the Allegheny County Bureau of Air
Pollution Control.  These projected 1975 emission rates reflect emissions regula-
tions designed to attain and maintain both short-term and long-term ambient air
quality standards.  The results of the diffusion-model  calculations will be used by
EPA in evaluating the feasibility of achieving the requisite air quality standards for
SO  in Allegheny County through the use of the Allegheny County emission regula-
tions.

         The program of work to be accomplished comprised the following six
major tasks:

-------
 (1)    Determination of the effects of prominent terrain features
       along the Monongahela River on the transport of airborne
       pollutants by using a computerized numerical model to
       calculate the vector wind-velocity fields above the area
       of interest and plume trajectories during periods of per-
       sistent southwesterly winds of moderate speed with near-
       neutral or  slightly stable stratification.

 (2)    Development of the meteorological, terrain and source
       inputs  required for model calculations of the average
       annual, 3-hour and 24-hour SO  ground-level concentra-
                                   £t
       tions within Allegheny County.

 (3)   Preparation and adaptation of computer programs and
      diffusion models.

 (4)   Model calculations of 1973  annual average concentrations
      as well as 3-hour and 24-hour concentrations for three
      selected 24-hour periods during 1973 when high SO  con-
                                                      u
      centrations were observed  at air quality monitoring sites.

(5)   Comparison of 1973 model  calculations with 1973 air
      quality data to test the accuracy of the modeling tech-
      niques.

(6)    Use of projected 1975 emissions data with worst-case
      meteorological inputs to calculate maximum long-term
      and short-term SO ground-level concentrations.

-------
1. 3     REPORT CONTENT AND ORGANIZATION

        The effects of terrain on low-level wind fields in the Clairton Liberty-
Borough area,  as revealed by vector wind-field calculations made by means of a
computerized numerical model, are described in Section 2.  Meteorological data
as well as the meteorological inputs used in the long-term and short-term concen-
tration calculations are described in Section 3.  The calculation procedures used
and the results obtained for the 1973 average annual concentrations, as well as
comparisons between calculated and observed values,  are given in Section 4.   The
annual average concentration calculations for the projected SO emissions (compli-
                                                           Li
ance case) are described in Section 5.  Short-term concentration calculations for
three 24-hour air pollution episodes during 1973 are presented in Section 6, while
the calculated maximum 3-hour and 24-hour concentrations for the compliance case
are given in Section 7. The results of all the long-term and short-term model cal-
culations are summarized in Section 8.

        Additional information is presented in three appendices.  Appendix A  con-
tains a complete description of the diffusion-modeling techniques used in the study
including the mathematical formulas.  Appendix B contains tabular summaries of
the seasonal and annual joint frequency distributions of wind speeds and wind direc-
tions,  classified by Pasquill stability category,  for the years 1973 and 1965 which
were developed from hourly and 3-hourly surface observations made at the Greater
Pittsburgh and Allegheny County Airports.  Appendix C describes the contents of
the short-term and long-term computer programs used to make all the concentra-
tion calculations for the study and explains the data formats for the computer print-
out sheets supplied to EPA.  This printout, which comprises 30,500 pages contained
in twenty-five separately bound volumes,  provides  a complete listing of all input
parameters used in the calculations as well as the concentrations calculated at each
grid point for each source, source group and all sources combined.

-------

-------
                                   SECTION 2
                 EFFECTS OF TERRAIN ON LOW-LEVEL WIND
                       CIRCULATION PATTERNS IN THE
                                CLAIRTON AREA
2.1      BACKGROUND

         In the atmospheric dispersion model currently available for general applica-
tion to urban air pollution problems it is usually assumed, for simplicity,  that the
low-level wind field is uniform over the entire area and is unaffected by local varia-
tions in terrain features that may occur at various points  within the  area.  A ques-
tion arises as to the validity of the uniform wind-field assumption along the Monongahela
River Valley in the area of the  Clairton Coke Works where the differences in elevation
between the valley floor and the ridge line vary from  about 85 to 150 meters (300 to
500 feet).  Specifically,  we wish to know whether there is an objective basis for pos-
tulating that terrain features along the Monongahela River cause significant local varia-
tions in the mean wind flow such that SO emissions from the Clairton Coke Works
                                       ^
follow curvilinear trajectories.  Detailed wind observations of the type required to
provide a direct answer to this question are not available  and are logistically  imposs-
ible to obtain.   The most objective alternative approach currently available is to use
a computerized numerical model (Tingle and Bjorklund, 1973) capable of calculating
the effects of terrain obstacles on the low-level wind  field during periods of per-
sistent moderate to strong winds and in the presence  of an elevated temperature
inversion that restricts the vertical growth of plumes.  These meteorological
conditions are identified with high ground-level SO  concentrations observed at the
                                                £
Liberty Borough and Glassport monitoring stations operated by the Allegheny
County Bureau of  Air Pollution Control.  This section of the report briefly describes
the numerical modeling techniques and summarizes the results obtained from model
calculations of the low-level wind fields in the area surrounding the  Clairton Coke
Works under the meteorological conditions outlined above.

-------
 2. 2      THE NUMERICAL WIND FIELD MODEL

          Tingle and Bjorklund (1973) have developed and tested a two-layer numerical
 model for calculating wind fields above complex terrain that is based on the shallow-
 water equations of oceanography.  In this model the atmosphere above the  complex
 terrain is divided into two layers of different density: a lower active layer, capped
 by a temperature inversion, above which there  is a deep passive layer of lesser
 density.  The passive layer acts to reduce the speed of gravity waves in the lower
 layer and the height of the temperature inversion,  which coincides with the top of
 the lower layer,  is analogous to the free  water  surface of a single-layer shallow-
 water  model with a reduced acceleration  of gravity.  The wind patterns are obtained
 by impulsively accelerating the velocity in the lower layer to a preselected value and
 by using the computerized shallow-fluid model to calculate the velocity field at fixed,
 sequential time steps until an approximate steady state is  achieved.  Basic features
 of the two-layer shallow fluid model are shown  schematically in Figure 2-1.  The
 symbols in the figure are  defined as follows:

         p   = density of the lower action layer

         p   = density of the upper passive layer (p  > p )

          d  = height of the temperature  inversion surface capping the
               lower layer

          H  = terrain elevation

          g  = gravitational constant

          u -  wind velocity in the active  layer

        We believe the shallow-fluid model developed by Tingle and Bjorklund (1973)
is  well suited for application to an evaluation of  the effects of terrain in  the Clairton

-------
   DENSITY = p,
INVERSION SURFACE
   DENSITY =p0
'////my///////Mmy^
 FIGURE 2-1.  Illustration of two-layer shallow-fluid model.

-------
area on wind circulation patterns because the meteorological conditions of interest
are precisely those for which the model was developed: a layer of persistent mod-
erate to strong wind speeds, capped by a temperature inversion under neutral or
slightly stable stratification, with the terrain influence dominating.

2. 3 CALCULATION PROCEDURES AND RESULTS

Terrain elevations in the Clairton area were abstracted from topographic
maps at regular 100-meter intervals in the horizontal plane and digitized for input
to the wind-field computer model. Figure 2-2 shows a contour map of the computa-
tional grid that was automatically plotted using the digitized terrain data; the vertical
contour interval in Figure 2-2 is 30 meters. The Monongahela River appears in the
center of the grid. The maximum terrain height is approximately 390 meters above
the mean sea level.

In addition to the terrain heights, the computer model requires as inputs the
mean wind direction and speed, the height of the inversion level and the density
difference across the inversion. In the Clairton area southeast of Pittsburgh, it is
desired to know whether emissions from sources along the west bank of the Monon-
gahela River are transported in an approximate straight line across the river when
the wind is from the southwest or west-southwest, or whether the emissions are
channeled by the river valley north toward the Glassport area.

Table 2-1 summarizes the meteorological input parameters used in three com-
puter runs of the shallow fluid model, which we believe to be an adequate number of
runs on the basis of previous experience with the shallow fluid models. West-south-
west and southwest winds were used for the mean wind directions in the surface mixing
layer while the mean wind speeds in the mixing layer were set equal to 8 and 8. 75
meters per second.

An analysis of mixing depth data for the Greater Pittsburgh Airport (see
Section 3) indicates that, for a mean wind speed of 8 meters per second, the top of

-------
  4468
   4467-
   4466-
   4465-
  4464-
   4463-
  4462-
   4461-
  4460-
  4459
      592
594
595
596
                                   597
FIGURE 2-2.  Topographic map of the southeast Pittsburgh calculation grid.  The
              contour labeled 1 corresponds to a height of 244 meters above mean
              sea level, and the contour interval is 30 meters.  The x and y axes
              are labeled with the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinates in
              kilometers.
                                    11

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                 TABLE 2-1

METEOROLOGICAL INPUTS FOR THE PITTSBURGH
         WIND-FIELD CALCULATIONS
Run
1
2
3
Mixing Depth
(m above MSL)
960
680
410
Mean Layer
Wind Speed
(m/sec)
8
8.75
8
Mean Layer
Wind
Direction (deg)
247.5
222.5
247.5
Density Difference
Across
Inversion (%)
1
2
2
                   12

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the mixing layer is generally greater than 960 meters above mean sea level (about
590 meters above the airport). This value was used for the mixing depth in Computer
Run 1 with a change in density across the inversion of 1 percent. This corresponds
to a temperature difference across the inversion of 2. 5 degrees Celsius. When these
input values were used in the model, the calculated steady-state wind field showed no
significant changes due to terrain effects.

In Computer Run 2, the density difference was increased to 2 percent, the
mixing depth was reduced to 680 meters and the mean wind speed was increased to
8. 75 meters per second in an effort to force the terrain effect. Figure 2-3 shows a
vector plot of the adjusted winds for Computer Run 2 and the trajectories of parcels
originating at three points on the west bank of the Monongahela River. The trajectory
at the top of the figure originates at the U. S. Steel Irvin plant and the trajectories
at the bottom of the figure originate at the northern and southern boundaries of the
Clairton Coke Works. The orientation of each vector shows the direction of the wind
at the grid point and the length of each vector is proportional to the mean wind speed
in the layer. For convenience, the trajectories in Figure 2-3 have been reproduced
on a base map of the Clairton-Liberty Borough area in Figure 2-4. As shown by
Figure 2-3, the major terrain effects on the wind field are changes in wind velocity
rather than in wind direction. The trajectories show a maximum lateral deviation
from a straight-line trajectory of about 300 meters.

If the base of the inversion layer is located just above the river channel, air
trajectories are of course forced to follow along the channel. Computer Run 3 was
made to show that the model reproduces these effects. The mixing depth for this
calculation was set just 20 meters above the highest terrain elevation. The Run 3
vector plot for the Clairton portion of the calculation grid is shown in Figure 2-5.
The trajectories in Figure 2-5 are also shown on a base map in Figure 2-6. All
five trajectories in Figures 2-5 and 2-6 originate at the Clairton Coke Works. As
shown by Figure 2-5, the calculated wind field was significantly affected by the
terrain in this case. To the southwest (near Elizabeth), the wind follows the valley.
13

-------
  4468
  4467-
  4466-
  4465-
 4464
 4463-
 4462-
 4461
4460-
4459
XXXXXXXX//XXXX///
XXXX/XX///XXXXX/ /
XXXX/XXXX//XXX///
                    ///•//xxxx//
                               x x .' x
xxxx/xxxxxxxxxx//       	
XXXXX/XXXXXXXXXX/

                  X///XXXXXXX / X
                  X X X X X X X
                  X ^ / / ^ X X
                  xxx/xxxxxx
                                                          SSSSSSS
                                                          s/s/ssssssss
        //X//XXXXX
        xxxxxxxxxxx
        xxxxxx/'X'yxxxxxxy /
       / / / S /
       //XXX
       S///////S SSS
                                                                    fSS/s/f//
       SSSS/S/SSS/S/S
                                                  //x rrrfrffsf/s
S/S/SS/SSSss
/ff/S//f//SS
SSf//////SS/// ' S ,' / S
/f/fSS
/////. '
/////. •
/////////S/////S
                                                               S//SSS/ss
                                                  tfrff/rrrr>//rSSSS/SSf//
                                                   /X/////XX ^-X X X
                                                            / ^X X X
                                                            X/X XXX
                                                        / X XXX XXXXXXXXX
                                                                  X X X X
                          S'SS'/SS/S/SS/SSS
                                                                fs/rrr/f/s/
                                                   ///////////
                                                              ''xxxxxxxxxxx
                                                                 ^xxxxxxxxxx
                                                             ///•^/XXX.'XXXXX
     592
          593
                             594
                                  595
                                            596
'II I I I I I  II I I I
  597         598
 FIGURE 2-3.  Vector plot of the calculated wind field and three example tra-
                jectories for Computer Run 2.  The  x and y axes are labeled with
                the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinates in kilometers
                                      14

-------
FIGURE 2-4. Trajectories for Computer Run 2.  The locations of the Glassport
             and Liberty Borough SO  monitors  are shown by the two filled cir-
             cles.
                                   15

-------
to
    594
                       595
"~~li  i  i
 596
                                                              597
i  i  i  i  r
       598
   FIGURE 2-5.  Vector plot of the calculated wind field and example trajectories for

                 Computer Run 3.  Note that only a portion of the calculation grid

                 shown in Figure 2-2 is included in this figure.
                                        16

-------
FIGURE 2-6.  Trajectories for Computer Run 3.  The locations of the Glassport
              and Liberty Borough SC>2 monitors  are shown by the two filled cir-
              cles.
                                    17

-------
 Near Clairton, the winds are light and southerly, but gradually turn east and head
 toward the Lincoln School.  From Clairton to Glassport, the river channel has only
 a minor influence on the winds, but at Glassport the winds again become southerly
 and follow the valley.  Except for the area to the west of Clairton near the  inter-
 section of Peters Creek and Highway 51, the wind field is only slightly altered by
 the terrain even  in this extreme case.

 2.4     CONCLUSIONS

         Calculations using the "shallow water" equations indicate that the  Mononga-
 hela River channel and adjacent valleys and hillsides have a negligible effect on the
 mean wind field in the surface mixing layer except with an extremely low and intense
 temperature inversion  in combination with strong southwesterly winds.  We believe
 this combination is very unlikely and the occurrence of very low mixing depths with
 strong winds is not supported by the Greater Pittsburgh Airport mixing depth data.
We therefore conclude that the effects  of terrain on the wind circulation in the
 surface mixing layer, in the presence of moderate to strong winds,  are slight.  It
 is recognized that the surface winds in the river valleys do tend to follow the terrain
 and, therefore,  some pollutants (expecially low-level fugitive emissions) will be
transported by the valley wind circulation.  However, because the mixing layer
extends well above the  highest terrain and because the stabilization heights of the
buoyant stack emissions from the Clairton Coke Works are generally also above  the
highest terrain,  the bulk of the SO  emissions are unaffected by the surface winds in
                                 £i
the river valley.
                                        18

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                                  SECTION 3
                           METEOROLOGICAL DATA

3.1      INTRODUCTION

         The meteorological input parameters used to calculate long-term and short-
term ground-level concentration patterns are defined in Appendix A in conjunction
with detailed descriptions of the model equations.  For both the long- and short-
term model calculations, specific values of the  meteorological input parameters
are assigned on the basis of the Pasquill stability categories using the method
suggested by Turner (1964)  for relating hourly surface observations of cloud cover
and mean wind speed to the  various stability categories.

         In the long-term model calculations for the year 1973,  the assignment of
Pasquill stability categories was made by using 1973 hourly surface wind observa-
tions from the Allegheny County Airport in combination with concurrent  3-hourly
cloud-cover observations at the Greater Pittsburgh Airport (hourly observations at
Allegheny County Airport of cloud cover and other meteorological parameters were
not available for 1973).  This procedure of combining the surface observations from
the two airports was adopted because, in our judgment,  the surface wind observa-
tions from the Allegheny County Airport are more likely to be representative of the
wind circulation in the Clairton-Liberty Borough area, which is of prime interest
due to the excessively high  SO concentrations.
                             Ll
         In the long-term compliance calculations (see Section 5.1),  Pasquill stability
categories were assigned by using the hourly surface observations from the Greater
Pittsburgh Airport for the year 1965.  This particular year was chosen for the  com-
pliance calculations on the basis of an earlier diffusion-model study by Rubin (1974)
who concluded that 1965  represented the poorest annual dilution conditions in the
Pittsburgh area during the seven-year period from 1965 through 1971.
                                        19

-------
          In the short-term model calculations for 1973, concurrent hourly surface
 wind measurements from the Allegheny County Airport and the Greater Pittsburgh
 Airport were averaged to obtain hourly surface wind inputs for the three 24-hour
 periods studied:  the 18 January 1973 and 13 July 1973 episodes in the Clairton-
 Liberty Borough area and the 4 January 1973 episode at Logans Ferry.  Pasquill
 stability categories were determined from the average hourly surface wind speeds
 mentioned above and hourly cloud cover observations from the Greater Pittsburgh
 Airport.

          A general discussion of the procedures used to assign Pasquill stability
 categories and to develop the requisite meteorological inputs for the long- and
 short-term model calculations is presented below.  Specific parameter values and
 other details are found in Sections 4 through 7 which describe the model calculations
 for each example 1973 case and each compliance case.

 3. 2      DEFINITIONS OF THE PASQUILL STABILITY CATEGORIES

         The procedures developed by Turner (1964) for determining the Pasquill
 stability category from hourly airport surface weather observations are summarized
 in Tables 3-1 and 3-2 which list the wind-speed classes and the parameter values of
 the solar radiation (insolation) index assigned to the various stability  categories.
 The wind speeds  in Table 3-1 are in knots because airport surface wind speeds are
 reported to the nearest knot by the National Weather Service and Turner' s classi-
fication is based  on this convention.  The thermal stratifications represented by
the various Pasquill stability categories are:

         •     A -  Extremely unstable
         •     B -  Unstable
         •     C -  Slightly unstable
         •     D -  Neutral
                                      20

-------
                     TABLE 3-1
  PASQUILL STABILITY CATEGORY AS A FUNCTION
          OF INSOLATION AND WIND SPEED
Wind
Speed
(knots)
0,1
2,3
4,5
6
7
8,9
10
11
>12
Insolation Index
4
A
A
A
B
B
B
C
C
C
3
A
B
B
B
B
C
C
C
D
2
B
B
C
C
C
C
D
D
D
1
C
C
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
0
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
-1
F
F
E
E
D
D
D
D
D
-2
F
F
F
F
E
E
E
D
D
                     TABLE 3-2
              INSOLATION CATEGORIES
       Insolation Category
Insolation Index
Strong
Moderate
Slight
Weak
Overcast < 7000 feet (day or night)
Cloud Cover > 4/10  (night)
Cloud Cover < 4/10  (night)
       4
       3
       2
       1
       0
      -1
      -2
                         21

-------
         •     E  -  Slightly stable
         •     F  -  Stable

 In both the long- and short-term calculations, the E and F categories have been
 combined because we believe that the effects of surface roughness and heat sources
 in the Pittsburgh  area are incompatible with the small diffusion coefficients and
 minimal turbulent mixing associated with the Pasquill  stability category F.  Calder
 (1971) also recommends that the Pasquill stability categories E and F be combined
 for diffusion-model calculations in urban areas.

 3. 3      GENERAL METEOROLOGICAL INPUTS

         The following procedures were used to specify the general meteorological
 inputs required by the long- and short-term diffusion models described in Appendix
 A.

                            Wind-Profile  Exponents

         In the diffusion models, the variation with height of the wind speed in the
 surface mixing layer is assumed to follow a wind-profile exponent law of the form

                             -f -,    _,   , / z \ P
                             u{z>  = u{z  }(—)                           (3-1)
                                        R \ZR/

where
        u{z}  = wind speed at height z above the surface
       U{ZR)  = wind speed at a reference  height z  above the surface
           p  = the wind-profile exponent
                                     22

-------
In the case of discharges from tall stacks, as discussed in Sections A. 3 and A. 5
of Appendix A,  the wind-profile exponent law is used to adjust the mean wind speed
from the reference (airport-measurement) height to the  stack height for the plume
rise calculations,  and to the plume stabilization height for the concentration calcula-
tions.  In the case of low-level emissions, which are generally treated as building
sources,  the wind-profile exponent law is similarly used to obtain the wind speed
at the assigned source height which depends on the  vertical dimensions of the
buildings or other structures.  Values for the wind-profile exponent p assigned to
the various combinations of wind speed and stability for  the long-term calculations
are  listed in Table 3-3.  These exponent values are based  on the results obtained
by De Marrais (1959) and Cramer, et al. (1972).

         For the three 1973 short-term calculations, values for the wind-profile
exponent p were estimated from vertical wind profiles measured at the Greater
Pittsburgh Airport by the following procedure.  For specified values of U{ZL^}  and
z  ,  Equation (3-1) reduces to the form
 R

                                u{z}  = a zP                               (3-2)

where


Wind-speed measurements at standard heights from the  twice-daily Greater  Pittsburgh
Airport rawinsonde releases were averaged for each 24-hour period of interest to
obtain a vertical profile of average wind speeds in the surface mixing layer.  The
average wind speeds were fitted to a logarithmic least-squares curve using the
regression technique recommended by Brownlee (1965) for fitting data points to
a power-law curve of the type contained in Equation (3-2).  In applying  Brownlee1 s
technique, Equation (3-2) is first written in logarithmic form as
                                       23

-------
                              TABLE 3-3

           WIND-PROFILE EXPONENTS USED IN THE ANNUAL
              AVERAGE CONCENTRATION CALCULATIONS
Pasquill Stability
Category
A
B
C
D
E
Wind-Speed Category (m/sec)*
0-1.5
0.10
0.10
0.20
0.25
0.30
1.6-3.1
0.10
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
3.2-5.1
-
0.10
0.10
0.15
0.20
5.2-8.2
-
-
0. 10
0.10
-
8.3-10.8
-
-
0.10
0.10
-
>10.8
-
-
-
0.10
-
*Measurement height is 6. 1 meters above the ground surface.
                                24

-------
                             Inu (z)  = p In z + In a                         (3-3)
The expression for the wind-profile exponent p is then given by
                      N                  N          N
(Inzilnui) _  ( £ In zi)  ( Z)  In ui)

   N
          p =   - f - if! - if! -           (3-4)
                                      2              2
                        N        lnZZ  -       Inz
 where the summations are over the N values of z and u.
 Similarly,  the coefficient a is defined by
                                    £ In u    £ In z
                             In a = -  - - p                      («J-5)
                                       N        N
 and the correlation coefficient r is given by
                  _                zluu) -  (Z lnz)(Z Inu)
                      [N Z(ln z)2 - (Z In z)2] [N Z(lu u)2 - (Z In u)2]
         To illustrate our use of the above regression technique, we will describe
 the calculation of the wind-profile exponent p used in the diffusion-model calcula-
 tions for the 4 January 1973 air pollution episode at Logans Ferry (see Section 6.1).
 Table 3-4  lists the wind speeds obtained from rawinsonde soundings made at the
 Greater Pittsburgh Airport at 1900 EST on 3 January, 0700 and 1900 EST on 4
 January, and 0700 EST on 5 January.  The wind speeds in the table have been con-
 verted from knots (the units used by the National Weather Service) to meters per
 second.  The  mean wind profile,  obtained by averaging the winds from the four
 soundings, was used with  Equations  (3-4) through (3-6) to calculate the following
 parameter values:
                                    p =  0.17
                                    a =  5. 06
                                    r =  0.98
                                      25

-------
                         TABLE 3-4

VERTICAL PROFILES OF WIND SPEED MEASURED AT THE GREATER
           PITTSBURGH AIRPORT DURING THE PERIOD
                  3 THROUGH 5 JANUARY 1973
Height
(m above
ground level)
6 (surface)
259
564
869
1478
Wind Speed (m/sec)
3 January
1900 EST
6.2
13.4
19.6
24.7
21.1
4 January
0700 EST
10.3
14.4
19.6
23.2
27.3
4 January
1900 EST
6.2
11.3
13.4
12.9
17.5

5 January
0700 EST
6.2
7.2
9.3
6.2
11.8

Mean
7.2
11.6
15.4
16.7
19.4
                            26

-------
 The calculated value of 0.17 for the wind-profile exponent p was used in the short-
 term concentration calculations for the 4 January 1973 air pollution episode at Logans
 Ferry.  Values of the wind-profile exponent p used in the other  1973 short-term cal-
 culations and in the short-term compliance case calculations are given in Sections 6
 and 7, respectively.

                           Vertical Turbulent Intensities
        Our vertical expansion (cr ) curves, which include the effects of the initial
                                 Z
vertical plume or building dimension, relate the vertical turbulent intensity directly
to plume growth (see Equation (13) of Appendix A).  Table 3-5 lists the values of the
standard deviation of the wind elevation angle  a'  corresponding to the Pasquill
stability categories for rural and urban areas.  The  rural  a'  values are based in
part on the measurements of Luna and  Church (1971) and are consistent with the
a'  values implicit in the 
-------
            TABLE 3-5

TURBULENT INTENSITIES FOR RURAL
        AND URBAN AREAS
Pasquill
Stability
Category
A
B
C
D
E
F
-------
                                 Mixing Depths

        The height of the top of the surface mixing layer is defined as the height at
which the  vertical intensity of turbulence becomes effectively zero.  This condition
is fulfilled when the vertical  turbulent intensity is of the order of 0. 01 or smaller.
Since direct measurements of the intensity of turbulence are not routinely made,
indirect indicators such as discontinuities in the vertical wind and temperature
profiles must be used to estimate the depth of the  surface mixing layer. In the
simplest case,  the base of an elevated inversion layer is usually assumed to
represent the top of the surface mixing layer.  However, even with a surface-based
inversion, a shallow  mixing  layer will exist due to the presence of surface roughness
elements  and, in urban areas, surface heat sources.

        Holzworth (1972) has developed a procedure for estimating early morning
and afternoon mixing depths  for urban areas from rawinsonde observations and
surface temperature  measurements.  Tabulations of daily observations of the depth
of the surface mixing layer,  developed by using the Holzworth (1972) procedures,
are available for most rawinsonde  stations operated by the National Weather Service.
For the seasonal concentration calculations, we analyzed seasonal tabulations of
daily observations of mixing depth  and average surface wind speed at the Greater
Pittsburgh Airport for the period 1960 through 1964 (Environmental Data Service,
1966) in order to determine seasonal median early morning and afternoon mixing
depths for each  wind-speed category.  The median afternoon mixing depths were
assigned to the  A, B and C  stability categories; the median early-morning mixing
depths were assigned to the combined E and  F  stability categories; and the median
early morning and afternoon mixing depths were averaged and assigned to the  D
stability category.  Table 3-6 gives the seasonal median mixing depths for the joint
combinations of the wind-speed and stability categories determined for the Pittsburgh
area.
                                      29
-------
                TABLE 3-6

MIXING-LAYER DEPTHS IN METERS USED IN THE
  ANNUAL CONCENTRATION CALCULATIONS
Pasquill Stability
Category
Wind-Speed Category (m/sec)
0-1.5
1.6-3.1
3.2-5.1
5.2-8.2
8.3-10.8
>10. 8
(a) Winter
A
B
C
D
E
500
500
500
320
140
650
650
650
470
290
—
710
710
670
630
—
—
710
710
—
—
—
710
710
—
—
—
—
710
—
(b) Spring
A
B
C
D
E
1530
1530
1530
825
120
1530
1530
1530
920
310
	
1530
1530
1030
530
	
—
1530
1415
—
	
--
1530
1530
—
	
—
—
1530
—
(c) Summer
A
B
C
D
E
1730
1730
1730
960
190
1730
1730
1730
1025
320
	
1730
1730
1235
740
__
__
1730
1295
—

	
1730
1295
—
(d) Fall
A
B
C
D
E
1230
1230
1230
685
140
1230
1230
1230
740
250
__
1230
1230
970
710

	 	
1230
1190
—

	 	
1230
1230
—

	
—
1295
—


__
___
1230
—
                    30
-------
        For the 1973 short-term calculations, rawinsonde data taken at the Greater
Pittsburgh Airport on the specific days of interest were plotted on a thermodynamic
diagram.  If an elevated inversion layer capped an adiabatic surface layer  (such as
on 4 January 1973), the mixing depth was  set equal to the height above the airport
of the base of the elevated inversion. If a surface-based inversion existed (such  as
on 18 January 1973), the minimum mixing depth was assumed to be 125  meters on
the basis  of our analysis of the Environmental Data Service (1966) tabulations of
Pittsburgh early morning mixing depths.  With a surface-based inversion,  whenever
the dry adiabat (line of constant potential  temperature) passing through the surface
temperature and pressure intersected the temperature profile at a height above the
surface greater than 125 meters, the mixing depth was set equal to this height.  If
the surface temperature indicated that the surface-based inversion had been com-
pletely dissipated, the mixing layer  was assumed to extend to the base of the next
stable iciyer.

         Section A. 5 of Appendix A discusses the procedures for adjusting the
Greater Pittsburgh Airport mixing depths for variations in terrain height over the
calculation grid.

                           Ambient Air Temperatures

        The Briggs (1971) plume-rise formulas given in Section A. 2 of Appendix A
require the ambient air temperature as an input.   For the seasonal concentration
calculations, seasonal average afternoon  temperatures measured at the Greater
Pittsburgh Airport during the period 1963 through 1972 were assigned to the  A, B
and  C stability categories;  average  morning and evening temperatures  were assigned
to the  D stability category;  and average nighttime temperatures were assigned to the
combined E  and F categories.  Table 3-7 lists the ambient air temperatures used in
the long-term calculations.  Hourly  surface temperatures measured at the  Greater
Pittsburgh Airport were used in the  1973 short-term calculations.
                                     31
-------
                   TABLE 3-7

 AMBIENT AIR TEMPERATURES USED IN THE ANNUAL
     AVERAGE CONCENTRATION CALCULATIONS
Pasquill Stability
Category
A
B
C
D
E
Ambient Air Temperature (°K)
Winter
273.2
273.2
273.2
271.2
269.7
Spring
287.0
287.0
287.0
283.7
280.3
Summer
298.3
298.3
298.3
294.4
290.7
Fall
289.5
289.5
289.5
286.3
282.4
                   TABLE 3-8

VERTICAL POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS IN
    DEGREES KELVIN PER METER USED IN THE
       ANNUAL AVERAGE CONCENTRATION
                  CALCULATIONS
Pasquill Stability
Category
A
B
C
D
E
Wind-Speed Category (m/sec)
0-1.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.015
0.030
1.6-3.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.010
0.020
3.2-5.1
	
0.0
0.0
0.005
0.015
5.2-8.2
	
—
0.0
0.003
—
8.3-10.8
__
—
0.0
0.003
—
>10.8
__
—
--
0.003
—
                       32
-------
                   Vertical Potential Temperature Gradients

        The Briggs (1971) plume-rise formulas given in Section A. 2 of Appendix A
also require the vertical potential temperature gradient  as an input.  Table 3-8
lists the vertical potential temperature gradients used in the long-term concentration
calculations.  The potential temperature gradients in Table 3-8 were assigned on the
basis of the Turner (1964) and Pasquill (1961) definitions of the Pasquill stability
categories, the measurements of Luna and Church (1971),  and our own previous
experience.  For the 1973 short-term calculations,  vertical potential temperature
gradients were obtained from the rawinsonde measurements made at the Greater
Pittsburgh Airport.

                           Wind Persistence Statistics

        In selecting the meteorological inputs for the short-term compliance calcu-
lations, it was necessary to analyze the joint persistence of wind speed and wind
direction  at the Greater Pittsburgh Airport in order to assure that the worst-case
conditions assumed in the calculations were realistic. Table 3-9  shows the total
number of occurrences, during the period January 1963  through December 1972, of
the persistence within each  wind-direction sector of wind speeds above 3.1 meters
per second for time periods from 1 to 24 hours.  Table 3-10 shows, for the same
10-year period,  the total number of occurrences of the persistence within each
wind-direction sector of wind speeds  greater than 5.1 meters per second for time
periods from 1 to 24 hours.
                                      33
-------
                                            TABLE 3-9

                TOTAL NUMBER OF OCCURRENCES OF THE COMBINED PERSISTENCE OF
                 WIND DIRECTIONS AND WIND SPEEDS ABOVE 3.1 METERS PER SECOND
                  AT THE GREATER PITTSBURGH AIRPORT FOR THE PERIOD 1963-1972
oo
Number of
Hours of
Persistence
5=1
>-2
a3
a4
as
ae
a7
as
a9
a 10
ail
a 12
a 13
a 14
ais
aie
a 17
ais
ai9
a 20
a21
a 22
a 23
a 24
Wind Direction (Sector
N
4095
1893
1217
708
590
577
141
134
130
108
104
103
31
31
31
26
26
26
5
5
5
5
5
5
NNE
1209
529
327
179
156
153
19
18
18
16
16
16
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
NE
1073
482
307
173
152
150
24
24
24
20
20
19
4
4
4
4
4
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
ENE
1371
629
402
232
199
195
44
40
38
34
31
31
9
9
9
7
7
7
3
3
3
3
3
3
E
1763
817
524
307
261
256
57
55
52
44
43
43
13
13
13
12
12
12
4
4
4
4
4
4
ESE
1674
765
497
289
239
234
59
54
52
44
43
43
10
9
9
9
9
9
2
2
2
2
2
2
SE
1967
907
590
335
288
283
60
55
52
43
42
42
13
13
12
11
11
11
5
5
5
4
4
4
SSE
1341
588
369
193
177
176
15
15
15
12
12
12
3
3
3
3
3
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
S
2880
1330
851
467
413
409
48
48
48
43
43
43
5
5
5
5
5
5
0
0
0
0
0
0

SSW
2647
1191
755
413
362
356
49
48
47
41
41
41
7
7
7
7
7
7
1
1
1
1
1
1
SW
5666
2621
1685
975
811
787
176
169
160
137
135
135
25
25
25
25
25
25
6
6
6
6
6
6

wsw
6750
3115
1985
1148
962
934
238
219
205
170
162
160
54
54
53
47
47
47
15
14
14
13
13
13

W
8814
4187
2698
1663
1337
1291
442
417
383
322
309
306
117
115
113
104
102
101
43
43
43
41
41
41

WNW
4966
2310
1471
859
719
701
159
153
144
122
121
118
33
32
31
30
30
30
9
9
9
9
9
8

NW
4041
1841
1175
664
562
556
108
105
102
84
83
83
21
21
20
19
19
19
3
3
3
3
3
2

NNW
3145
1409
887
507
415
409
86
82
80
68
68
67
15
14
14
14
14
14
3
3
3
3
3
3
-------
                                                 TABLE 3-10

                   TOTAL NUMBER OF OCCURRENCES OF THE COMBINED PERSISTENCE OF
                    WIND DIRECTIONS AND WIND SPEEDS ABOVE 5. 1 METERS PER SECOND
                     AT THE GREATER PITTSBURGH AIRPORT FOR THE PERIOD 1963-1972
Number of
Hours of
Persistence
^ I
» 2
> 3
i4
5: 5
^6
z 1
S: 8
2=9
5-10
5:11
5:12
5:13
5:14
5:15
5:16
517
5:18
>19
5:20
5-21
^19
5:23
=24
Wind Direction (Sector
N
11C8
533
335
180
163
161
16
14
13
13
13
12
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
NNE
234
93
58
33
29
28
5
5
5
4
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
NE
177
83
52
27
26
2C
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
ENE
295
138
90
53
44
43
12
11
10
9
8
8
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
E
285
131
84
51
41
41
8
8
8
3
8
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
ESE
397
174
112
63
53
52
12
12
12
10
10
10
2
2
2
2
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
SE
4G3
213
136
75
67
67
11
10
10
7
7
7
3
3
3
3
3
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
SSE
278
124
79
40
39
39
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
s
752
345
221
114
108
107
6
6
6
5
5
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0

ssw
1007
451
288
154
139
139
16
16
16
14
14
14
2
2
2
2
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
sw
2846
1305
840
473
405
389
67
66
64
55
55
55
9
9
9
9
9
9
1
1
1
1
1
1
wsw
3923
1816
1153
668
562
539
125
116
107
95
91
90
23
23
22
20
19
19
8
8
8
7
7
7
W
5507
2C05
1G86
1032
829
806
249
239
221
191
187
186
56
54
54
50
49
49
21
21
21
21
21
21
WNW
3062
1430
907
530
442
429
94
90
85
74
74
73
15
15
14
14
14
14
3
3
3
3
3
3
NW
2086
946
603
345
289
284
54
54
53
44
44
44
8
8
8
8
8
8
1
1
1
1
1
1

NNW
1399
618
333
215
134
132
29
28
28
24
24
24
4
3
3
3
3
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
CO
01
-------
36
-------
                                  SECTION 4
                LONG-TERM MODEL CALCULATIONS FOR 1973

4.1      INTRODUCTION

         To test the performance of the long-term concentration model described
in Section A. 4 of Appendix A, including the adjustments for terrain effects discussed
in Section A. 5, model calculations were made of the seasonal and annual average
ground-level SO  concentrations for the year 1973 using SO  emissions data for
               A                                        £
various major source complexes located in the Pittsburgh area.  This year was
selected because it is the most recent year for which comprehensive emissions and
air quality data are available.

         Section 4. 2 contains a detailed description of the calculation procedures as
well as a discussion of the results of the 1973 annual calculations.  The 1973 source
data used in the calculations are presented in Section 4. 3 and the meteorological
inputs are discussed in Section 4.4.

4. 2      CALCULATION PROCEDURES AND RESULTS

         The source data given in Section 4. 3 and the meteorological data discussed
in Section 4.4 were used with the long-term concentration model described in
Section A. 4 of Appendix A to calculate seasonal and annual average ground-level
SO concentrations for 649 grid points on a 21-kilometer by 28-kilometer grid
   £
enclosed by the areas shown in Figures 4-1 and 4-2.  The procedures described
in Section A. 5 of Appendix A were used to  account for  the effects of variations in
terrain height over the calculation grid.  It is important to note that we have not used
any calibration constants to scale the calculated concentrations to concentrations
observed at air quality monitoring sites.  The model concentrations presented in
                                      37
-------
FIGURE 4-1.
Topographic map of the Clairton-Liberty Borough area showing the
locations of the major SC>2 sources.  Elevations are in feet above
mean sea level, and the contour interval is 200 feet (61 meters).
                                        38
-------
co
   FIGURE 4-2.  Topographic map of the Hazelwood-Braddock area showing the locations of the major SO2 sources.
                 Elevations are in feet above mean sea level, and the contour interval is 200 feet (61 meters).
-------
 this section have been calculated directly from the emissions data and meteorolog-
 ical data without any adjustments whatever to make them conform to observed air
 quality.  Additionally, no background SO2  concentrations have been incorporated
 in the calculated concentrations.

         Figure 4-3 shows, for the combined sources,  the calculated isopleths of
 annual average ground-level SO  concentration for the  Clairton-Liberty Borough
 area.  Neglecting the annual ambient SO  background concentration, Figure 4-3
 indicates that the annual Primary Air Quality Standard of 80 micrograms per cubic
 meter was exceeded within a large area,  centered on the west bank of the Mononga-
 hela River, that extends from the southern boundary of Allegheny County to the
 Liberty Borough area.  The maximum annual average concentration calculated at
 a single grid point is 333 micrograms per cubic meter.  This  grid point is located
 on the elevated terrain northeast of the Clairton Coke Works (see Figure 4-3).
 Emissions from the Clairton Coke Works account for 90 percent of this calculated
 maximum.  As shown by Figure 4-3, calculated annual average concentrations
 greater than or equal to  150 micrograms per cubic meter also occur in an area
 west of the Clairton Coke Works and in two other  areas respectively located 2.5
 kilometers north and northeast of the Elrama power plant.  In the area west of
 the Clairton  Coke Works, emissions from the Elrama power plant,  the Mitchell
power plant and the Clairton Coke Works account  for 16,  5 and 76 percent,  respec-
tively, of the calculated  maximum concentration of 168 micrograms per cubic
meter. In the area 2. 5 kilometers north of the Elrama power plant, the contribu-
tions of Elrama,  Mitchell and the Clairton Coke Works to the maximum calculated
concentration of 240 micrograms per cubic meter are  86, 7 and 4 percent, respec-
tively.  Finally, emissions from Elrama,  Mitchell and the Clairton Coke Works
account for 80, 10 and 6  percent, respectively, of the maximum calculated concentra-
tion of 156 micrograms per cubic meter in the region 2. 5 kilometers northeast of
Elrama.
                                    40
-------
FIGURE 4-3.  Calculated isopleths of annual average ground-level SC>2 concentration
              in micrograms per cubic meter for the Clairton-Liberty Borough area
              during 1973.  The filled circles show the locations of the Glassport and
              Liberty Borough SO0 monitors.
                                      41
-------
        Table 4-1 lists,  for the major source complexes independently and for all
sources combined, the annual average ground-level SO2 concentrations calculated
for the Glassport and Liberty Borough monitors.  The locations of the two monitors
are shown by the filled circles in Figure 4-3.  The calculated annual average con-
centration for the Glassport monitor is 80 micrograms per cubic  meter, which is
approximately equal  to the annual average concentration of  79 micrograms per
cubic meter measured  by the monitor.  Emissions from the Clairton Coke Works
account for about 62  percent of the calculated total, while emissions from the
Elrama and Mitchell power plants contribute 20 and 8 percent,  respectively.  The
calculated annual average concentration at the Liberty Borough monitor is 116
micrograms per cubic  meter, which is approximately 83 percent  of the annual aver-
age concentration of  139  micrograms per cubic meter measured by the monitor.  As
shown by Table 4-1,  the  Clairton Coke Works is responsible for about 76 percent of
the annual average concentration calculated for the Liberty Borough monitor.  The
Elrama and Mitchell power plants contribute an additional 12 and  5 percent,  respec-
tively.

        Figure  4-4 shows, for the combined sources, the calculated isopleths of
annual average ground-level SO  concentration for the Hazelwood-Braddock area.
                             &
Neglecting the annual ambient SO background,  Figure 4-4  indicates that the annual
                               £1
standard was also exceeded over a large portion of the Hazelwood area.  Two  grid
points have essentially identical  calculated concentrations.   In the crescent-shaped
area where the Monongahela River dips to the south, the  calculated maximum  con-
centration is 287 micrograms per cubic meter.  Emissions from  the Jones and
Laughlin plant account  for 89 percent of this calculated concentration.  The  second
maximum calculated  concentration in the  Hazelwood area is located 3  kilometers
east of the first maximum.  Emissions from the U. S. Steel Homestead plant account
for 85 percent of the  calculated concentration of 288 micrograms  per cubic meter.
                                    42
-------
                                TABLE 4-1
           CALCULATED 1973 ANNUAL AVERAGE GROUND-LEVEL
               SO2 CONCENTRATIONS AT THE GLASSPORT AND
                     LIBERTY BOROUGH SO  MONITORS
                                          £t

Source

Clairton
Coke Ovens
Power Boilers
Reheat and Blast Furnaces
Claus Plant
All Sources
Irvin
Process
Reheat
All Sources
Elrama
Mitchell
Pittron
Others
Combined Sources
Annual
Glassport


18. 7 (23%)
17. 5 (22%)
3. 2 ( 4%)
9.9 (12%)


1. 5 ( 2%)
2. 3 ( 3%)





Average Concentration (ng/m^)
Monitor






49. 3 ( 62%)



3. 8 ( 5%)
16. 2 ( 20%)
6. 1 ( 8%)
0. 0 ( 0%)
4. 7 ( 6%)
80. 1 (100%)

Liberty Borough
Monitor

37. 6 (32%)
26. 1 (23%)
2. 5 ( 2%)
21. 6 (19%)
87.8

1. 3 ( 1%)
1. 2 ( 2%)
2.5
13.8
6.3
0.1
5.2
115.7






( 76%)



( 2%)
( 12%)
( 5%)
( 0%)
( 4%)
(100%)
*Numbers inclosed in parentheses show the percentage of the total calculated con-
 centration allocated to each source.
                                    43
-------
FIGURE 4-4. Calculated isopleths of annual average ground-level SO2 concentration in micrograms per cubic
              meter for the Hazelwood-Braddock area during 1973.
-------
4. 3     SOURCE DATA

        Table 4-2 lists the sources, source locations, SO  emission rates and
                                                       Li
stack parameters that were used to calculate annual average ground-level SO
                                                                         Li
concentrations for 1973.  These parameters were taken directly from the emis-
sions inventory and other data supplied by the Allegheny County Bureau of Air
Pollution Control.  The locations of all sources are reported in Universal Trans-
verse Mercator (UTM) coordinates which were individually checked prior to their
being used in the model calculations.  Figures 4-1 and 4-2 show the locations of
the sources used in the model calculations on topographic maps of the Clairton-
Liberty Borough and  Hazelwood-Braddock areas,  respectively.  As previously
noted, the ambient SO  background and the contributions of sources other than
                     LA
the sources listed in  Table 4-2 were not included in the calculations for 1973.

         A check of the emissions data reported for the United States Steel facilities
were made using fuel data from various reports and other information provided by
the Allegheny County Bureau of  Air  Pollution  Control. The results of these checks
are  summarized in Table 4-3.   Discrepancies between the calculated and reported
emissions appear to be minor and within the accuracies of the assumptions that
were used in the calculations.

4. 4      METEOROLOGICAL DATA

         The general meteorological inputs (turbulent intensities,  wind-profile
exponents, median mixing depths, ambient air temperatures and vertical potential
temperature gradients) used in the 1973 seasonal and annual concentration calcul-
ations are discussed  in Section 3. In addition to these inputs, the  long-term con-
centration model requires seasonal  distributions of wind-speed and wind direction
categories.  These distributions were developed from airport surface weather
observations by the National Climatic  Center1 s STAR program which is based on
                                    45
-------
                                               TABLE 4-2
                          SO2 EMISSIONS,  SOURCE LOCATIONS AND STACK PARAMETERS
                                USED TO CALCULATE ANNUAL AND SEASONAL
                                      AMBIENT AIR QUALITY FOR 1973
Source
1 Clairton Underfire #1
2 Clairton Underfire #2
3 Clairton Underfire #3
7 Clairton Underfire #7
8 Clairton Underfire #8
9 Clairton Underfire #9
10 Clairton Underfire #10
11 Clairton Underfire #11
12 Clairton Underfire #12
13 Clairton Underfire #13
14 Clairton Underfire #14
15 Clairton Underfire #15
16 Clairton Underfire #16
17 Clairton Underfire #17
Location (UTM)
X
Coordinate
595,860
595,830
595,730
595,880
595,870
595,750
595,660
595, 630
595,520
595,380
595,360
595,210
595,190
595, 110
Y
Coordinate
4,461,520
4,461,540
4,461,780
4,461,650
4,461,680
4,461,810
4,461,900
4,461,920
4,462,060
4,461,930
4,461,960
4,462,110
4,462,150
4, 462,240
s°2
Emissions
(tons/year)
578
578
578
578
578
578
578
578
578
578
578
578
578
578
Stack
Height
(m)
69
69
69
65
65
65
69
69
69
69
69
69
61
61
Stack Exit
Temperature
(°K)
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
Actual
Stack Gas
Volume
3 ,
(m /sec)
37.27
37.27
37.27
35.87
35.87
35.87
37.27
37.27
37.27
37.74
37.74
37.74
32.13
32. 13
Stack
Inner
Radius
(m)
1.220
1.220
1.220
1.270
1.270
1.270
1.220
1.220
1.220
1.310
1.310
1.310
1.310
1. 310
OS
-------
                                           TABLE 4-2 (Continued)
Source
18 Clairton Underfire #18
19 Clairton Underfire #19
20 Clairton Underfire #20
21 Clairton Underfire #21
22 Clairton Underfire #22
23 Clairton Underfire #12A
24 Clairton B&W #1
25 Clairton CE #2
26 Clairton Benzene Boiler
27 Clairton Benzene Boiler
28 Clairton Blast Furnace
3C Clairton Claus Plant
31 Irvin 3 and 4
32 Irvin 5 and 6
33 Irvin 7
35 Elrama
Location (UTM)
X
Coordinate
595,020
595,280
595,250
595,060
595,030
595,500
595,000
595,000
594,870
594,850
595,630
595,810
593,220
593,230
593,250
592,000
Y
Coordinate
4,462,330
4,461,880
4,461,910
4,462,120
4,462,160
4,462,080
4,462,470
4,462,470
4,462,400
4,462,410
4,460,060
4,461,550
4,465,600
4,465,650
4,465,710
4,456,200
S°2
Emissions
(tons/year)
578
578
578
578
578
578
3,730
1,175
588
588
303
5,074
824
1,232
937
12,079
Stack
Height
(m)
76
76
76
76
76
69
50
50
52
52
60
46
55
78
30
83
Stack Exit
Temperature
(OK)
700
700
700
700
700
700
455
455
16*
16*
716
561
646
633
483
416
Actual
Stack Gas
Volume
(m
-------
                                                        TABLE 4-2 (Continued)
Source
36 Elrama
37 Elrama
38 Elrama
39 Mitchell
40 Mitchell
41 Mitchell
42 Mitchell
43 Irvin Reheat
44 Irvin Reheat
45 Irvin Reheat
46 Irvin Reheat
47 Irvin Reheat
48 Clairton Reheat
49 Clairton Reheat
50 Clairton Reheat
51 Clairton Reheat
Location (UTM)
X
Coordinate
592,000
592,000
592,000
587,340
587,340
587,340
587,340
593,250
593,250
593,250
593,260
593,260
595,100
595,100
595,100
595,100
Y
Coordinate
4,456,200
4,456,200
4,456,200
4,452,810
4,452,810
4,452,810
4,452,810
4,465,600
4,465,700
4,465,650
4,465,600
4,465,650
4,461,520
4,461,530
4,461,540
4,461,500
S°2
Emissions
(tons/year)
12,079
13,920
20.935
27,142
6,769
6,769
6,769
365
365
365
365
365
131
131
131
131
Stack
Height
(m)
83
83
89
73
70
70
70
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
Stack Exit
Temperature
(OK)
430
430
416
403
467
467
467
10*
10*
10*
10*
10*
70*
70*
70*
70*
Actual
Stack Gas
Volume
(m^/sec)
198.950
229.450
299.140
534.810
223.640
223.640
223.640
50.000*
50.000*
50.000*
50. 000*
50.000*
70.000*
70. 000*
70. 000*
70. 000*
Stack
Inner
Radius
(m)
2.150
2.150
2.300
3.050
2.150
2.150
2.150
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
00
      *Indicates building source; building length and width are entered as Stack Temperature and Volume.
-------
                                         TABLE 4-2 (Continued)
Source
52 Clairton Reheat
53 Clairton Reheat
54 Clairton Reheat
55 Pittron
60 Phillips Power Station
61 Phillips Po\ver Station
62 Phillips Power Station
63 Phillips Power Station
64 Phillips Power Station
65 Phillips Power Station
66 Brunots Island Turbines
67 Brunots Island Turbines
68 Brunots Island Turbines
69 12th Street Steam
70 Stanwix Street Steam
71 H. J. Heinz Co.
Location (UTM)
X
Coordinate
595,100
595,100
595,100
593,850
565,260
565,260
565,260
565,260
565,260
565,260
580,680
580,730
580,770
585,200
584,380
586,000
Y
Coordinate
4,461,560
4,461,570
4,461,580
4,464,500
4,491,020
4,491,020
4,491,020
4,491,020
4,491,020
4,491,020
4,479,680
4,479,720
4,479,750
4,477,600
4,477,300
4,478,900
S°2
Emissions
tons/year)
131
131
131
39
3,217
3,216
5,307
5,307
5,307
8,524
28
28
28
1,179
1,040
745
Stack
Height
(m)
52
52
52
75
76
76
76
76
76
49
10
10
10
82
112
76
Stack Exit
^emperature
(OR)
70*
70*
70*
600
461
461
457
457
457
430
735
735
735
604
574
473
Actual
tack Gas
Volume
mVsec)
70. 000*
70.000*
70.000*
88.000
83.460
83.460
118.070
118.070
118.070
167.850
237.600
237.600
237.600
108.260
227.230
18.730
Stack
Innei
Radius
(m)
—
—
—
2.000
1.800
1.800
1.800
1.800
1.800
2.300
.900
.900
.900
2.000
2.600
1.500
Indicates building source; building length and width are entered as Stack Temperature and Volume.
-------
                                                   TABLE 4-2 (Continued)
Ol
o
— 	 	 	 	 	 	
Source
	 	 	 	 	 	 	
72 H. J. Heinz Co.
73 Westinghouse Electric
74 Westinghouse Electric
75 Bellefield Boilers
76 Bellefield Boilers
77 Pittsburgh Brewery
78 WABCO
79 Duquesne N C Boilers
80 Duquesne Reheat
81 E. T. N C Boilers
82 E. T. Soaking Pits
83 Homestead N C Boilers
84 Homestead Process 1
85 Homestead Process 2
86 Homestead Process 3
87 Homestead #5 OH
	 	 	

Location (UTM)
X
Coordinate
	 _
586,000
599,020
599,020
589,190
589,190
587,550
594,400
598,120
598,360
597,110
597,440
592,850
593,400
591,900
593,150
592,350
	 	 	 . 	
Y
Coordinate
— • 	
4,478,900
4,472,550
4,472,550
4,477,100
4,477,100
4,479,280
4,475,550
4,469,830
4,469,450
4,471,610
4,471,870
4,473,830
4,473,870
4,473,400
4,473,850
4,473,750

S°2
Emissions
(tons/year)
745
110
110
464
460
365
135
157
402
73
402
15
1,376
1,376
1,376
1,515
*TnrHfnt<5o VmilHinn- n^.,i»«n. v.,,ju.- 	 i 	 ^ •, . ,.,
Stack
Height
(m)
76
50
37
59
69
63
27
49
37
33
30
16
32
32
32
38
Stack Exit
Temperature
(°K)
473
505
461
589
561
472
569
'551
700
551
764
361
50*
50*
50*
532

Actual
Stack Gas
Volume
(m*Vsec)
16.290
17.420
7.470
26.950
24.150
39.560
19.310
32.870
26.300
26.230
22.320
25. 040
100. 000*
100. 000*
100.000*
153.930
Stack
Inner
Radius
(m)
1. 500
1. 100
1.000
1.400
1.700
1.200
.700
1.100
.900
1.200
.800
1.600



2.000

source; building length and width are entered as Stack Temperature
                                                                                          and Volume.
-------
TABLE 4-2 (Continued)
Source
88 National #1
89 National #2
90 National #3
91 National #4
92 National #5
93 Duquesnc #15
94 Duquesne #17
95 E. T. #1
96 E. T. #2
97 E. T. #3
98 Homestead Carrie #3
99 Homestead Carrie #4
100 Mesta Machine Co.
101 J & L By Products Boilers
102 J & L Eliza Boilers
103 J & L South Side Boilers
Location (UTM)
X
Coordinate
597,400
597,450
597,500
597,550
597,600
598,120
598,120
596,990
596,990
596,990
594,120
594,120
590,920
589,250
588,560
588,030
Y
Coordinate
4,467,330
4,467,330
4,467,330
4,467,330
4,467,330
4,469,830
4,469,830
4,471,670
4,471,670
4,471,670
4,474,020
4,474,020
4,471,980
4,473,900
4,475,400
4,475,280
S°2
Emissions
tons/year)
124
124
124
124
124
124
394
456
456
456
927
751
402
2,332
1,612
2,929
Stack
Height
(m)
46
46
46
46
46
49
49
50
50
50
43
43
61
24.4
36.6
35.7
Stack Exit
Temperature
(OK)
590
590
590
590
590
551
551
533
533
533
561
561
511
616
477
477
Actual
tack Gas
Volume
m3/sec)
39.250
39.250
39.250
39.250
39.250
32.870
32. 870
121.550
121.550
121.550
200.320
154.030
7.360
6.150
66.630
26.650
Stack
Inner
Radius
(m)
1.300
1.300
1.300
1.300
1.300
1.100
1.100
2.100
2.100
2.100
2.400
1.900
.900
.680
1.340
1.220
-------
                                                   TABLE 4-2 (Continued)
Source
104 J & L Underfire #1
105 J & L Underfire #2
106 J & L Underfire #3
107 J & L Underfire #4
108 J & L Underfire #5
109 J & L Open Hearth
110 J & L Barmill #1
111 J & L Barmill #2
112 J & L Stripmill
113 J & L Soaking Pits
114 J & L Soaking Pits
Location (UTM)
X
Coordinate
589,150
589,150
589,190
589,190
589,200
587,850
589,240
589,260
588,265
587,780
587,800
Y
Coordinate
4,474,030
4,474,020
4,473,860
4,473,840
4,473,750
4,475,680
4,474,060
4,474,150
4,475,775
4,475,470
4,475,550
S°2
Emissions
(tons /year)
1,572
1,564
1,544
1,544
1,832
1,742
707
554
2,523
2,024
1,241
Stack
Height
(m)
61
62.6
62.6
62.6
62.6
38
38.1
38.1
18.0
48
34
Stack Exit
Temperature
(°K)
600
600
600
600
600
532
727
727
727
727
727
Actual
Stack Gas
Volume
m
-------
                                                      TABLE 4-3

                       REPORTED AND CALCULATED 1973 EMISSIONS FOR U.  S. STEEL FACILITIES




PLANT
COMPONENT


Clairton
B&W#1
CE#2
Benezene Boilers
#13, #14
Blast F Boilers
Reheat
Underfire C. O.

Irvin
Boilers #3-7
Reheat
National
Boilers #1-5
N-C Boilers*
Process*
COMPONENT FUEL USAGE
JAN-SEP 1973
(109 BTU/month)


BFG


<320
-
-

-
320
-
_

< 0
-
-
< 95
69
26
-


Pure
Cog


2830
109
116

39
30
203
2333

208
125
83
326
90
-
236
Total
Natural Gas
or
N. Gas
in Mixed
Cog
0
_
-

-
-
Direct
Natural
Gas
913
_
3

_
_


Coal


538
342
152

44
-
Ammonia
—

0
-
-
58
16
-
42
[910]
Plant
258
_
258
77
29
-
48
_

142
142
-
40
40
-
-




Fuel
Oil









3
-
-

-
- -
3











485

-

485




0
-
-
-






Benzene
Product


12
12
-

-
-
_
_

0
-
-
0
-
-
-


PTM


0>
-
-

-
-
-
_

0>
-
-
0>
-
-
-


Total


4,616








1,093


596



SO0 EMISSIONS
JAN-SEP 1973
(tons /day)


Reported


<51. 60>
10.22
3.22

3.22
0.83
2.51
31.60

<13. 2>
8.2
5.0
<1. 7>
1.7
N/R
N/R


Calc'd


<51.42>
10.84
4.96

1.85
0.14
0.88
32.75

<10.56>
6.49
4.07
<2. 20>
1.12
0
1.08
en
CO
      *No Emissions Reported

      < > Indicates  sum of total source complex emissions or fuel usage
      [ ]  Indicates aggregate process fuel usage
-------
                                              TABLE 4-3 (Continued)



PLANT
COMPONENT



Duquesne
Boiler #15
Boiler #17
N-C Boilers
Reheat
Edgar Thomson
Boilers #1-3
N-C Boilers
Soaking Pits
Homestead
Carrie #3 Reilly
Carrie #4 Reilly
N-C Boilers OH
Process 1 Reheat
Process 2 Reheat
Process 3 Reheat
#5 Open Hearth
COMPONENT FUEL USAGE

JAN-SEP 1973



(109 BTU/month)


BFG


< 937
ll_1
937
-
<1384
621
763
-
<1109
271
242
596
-
_
_

Pure
Cog
157.8
h4"
54.4
77
134.3
20.4
28.9
85
1049
118.1
45.9
32.3
r -|

852.6
L _

1














Total
Natural Gas
or
N. Gas
in Mixed
Cog
28
H
Direct
Natural
Gas
347
[•]
[3.3]
[361]
34
3.6
241
6
[91.4]
[ 174]
185
20.9
8.1
266
34
17
[37.7]
— — 1

332.9
^~



Coal


86
86
-
-
47
47
-
-
44
22
22
-
-
_
-

Fuel
Oil


49
—


37.2
11.8




1
-
1
JL




491.4


-
-


34.4




— —

457







Benzene
Product


0
—
-
-
0
-
-
-
0
-
-
-
-
_
-

PTM
0>
—
-
-
0>
-
-
-








422>
-
-

_ _

422










Total


1,605



1,841



3,566







SOs EMISSIONS
JAN-SEP 1973
(tons /day)


Reported


<4.31>
1.70
1.08
0.43
1.10
<3.8>
2.5
0.2
1.1
<20. 10>
2.62
1.98
0.04
3.77
3.77
3.77
4.15


Calc' d


<4. 70>
1.86
1.86
0.54
0.44
<2. 59>
2.06
0.14
0.39
<16.71>
1.27
0.94
0.42
3.31
3.31
3.31
4.15
en
-------
en
en
PLANT
COMPONENT
Total
Additional:
Clairton Claus
Plant Stack
COMPONENT FUEL USAGE

BFG
<3845
-
Pure
Cog
4705

JAN-SEP 1973
(109 BTU/month)
Total
Natural Gas
or
N. Gas
in Mixed
Cog
305
Direct
Natural
Gas
2102
Coal
897
Fuel
Oil
1029
To Be Replaced By 1975

Benzene
Product
12
-
PTM
422>
-
Total
13,317
-
SO2 EMISSIONS
JAN-SEP 1973
(tons /day)
Reported
<94. 71 >
13.9
Calc' d
<88. 18 >

-------
 the Turner (1964) definitions of the Pasquill stability categories  (see Section 3.2).
 Figure 4-5 compares the 1973 annual frequency distributions of wind direction at
 the Greater Pittsburgh Airport (dashed line) and Allegheny County Airport (solid
 line).   Inspection of the figure shows that,  although the two distributions are generally
 similar, the most frequent winds at the Greater Pittsburgh Airport are from the
 west while those at the Allegheny County Airport are from the south and west-southwest,
 Because the Allegheny County Airport wind data are believed to be more represent-
 ative of the wind circulation over most of the area of concern, hourly surface wind
 observations at Allegheny County Airport were used in conjunction with cloud cover
 observations from the Greater Pittsburgh Airport (no cloud cover data were available
 for Allegheny County Airport) to generate the seasonal wind distributions used in the
 1973 seasonal and annual average concentration calculations.   The Greater Pittsburgh
Airport surface weather observations were recorded only once every 3 hours, and it
was necessary to assume that the cloud cover  remained constant over the 3-hour
period.  The resulting distributions of wind-speed and wind-direction categories,
classified according to the Pasquill stability categories, are listed in Appendix B.
                                      56
-------
•ALLEGHENY COUNTY AIRPORT 1973
•GREATER PITTSBURGH AIRPORT 1973
                                                                              102019
NW
           NNW
                                          N
NNE
NE
(NW
                                                                    ENE
           •ID-
        \y
            V
/sw
                                     •»
                         A
                                        \
                                                                               ESE

  SW
           SSW
                                                       SSE
                        SE
      FIGURE 4-5.
     Annual frequency distributions of wind direction during 1973 at
     Allegheny County Airport (solid line) and the Greater Pittsburgh
     Airport (dashed line).  Percent frequency scale is shown at
     left center.
                                         57
-------
58
-------
                                  SECTION 5
                   ANNUAL COMPLIANCE CALCULATIONS

5.1     INTRODUCTION
        A major purpose of this study is to calculate by means of an appropriate
diffusion model the maximum annual average ground-level SO  concentration that may
                                                         z
be expected to occur in Allegheny County under the current SO2 emission regulations
for large stationary sources.  The results of these calculations will assist the U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency in determining the extent to which the current
emission regulations will ensure the attainment and maintenance of the annual
Primary Air Quality Standard of 80 micrograms per cubic meter.
        Projected SO emission rates reflecting the current emissions regulations
                     Li
were supplied by the Allegheny County Bureau of Air Pollution Control.  These
projected emission rates assume that all boilers are operated at capacity.  Because
of the complexity of the fuel distribution system supplying the U. S. Steel facilities,
a number of varying emission rates are possible within the scope of the regulations.
These variations result from changes in the supply of natural gas available to U.  S.
Steel and the decisions made by U.  S. Steel on where to burn coke oven gas  and
where to make up any  deficiencies in the supply of natural gas by burning coal in
the many boilers in the six production facilities located along the Monongahela
River.
        The Allegheny County Bureau of Air Pollution Control has supplied SO0
                                                                          £t
emissions data for three Compliance Cases (A, B and C) covering the major SO2
sources within Allegheny County.  These Compliance Cases differ only in the assump-
tions made with respect to the utilization of coke oven gas by the U. S. Steel facilities.
Compliance Case A reflects the traditional U. S.  Steel utilization of downriver coke
oven gas with no curtailment of the 1973 natural gas supply in which 33 percent of
the coke oven gas is consumed in boilers and 67 percent is used for process heating.
                                      59
-------
la Compliance Case B, it is assumed that only 21 percent of the coke oven gas is
available for use in boilers as a result of a partial curtailment of the natural gas
supply.  In Compliance Case C,  a severe natural gas curtailment is assumed  in
which all of the coke oven gas normally used in the boilers is required for process
heating.  These changes in the utilization of coke oven gas have only a small effect
on the total SO0 emissions from the boilers  and process heating units in the various
              £1
U. S. Steel facilities.  For example,  the total SC>2 emissions in tons per day from
all U. S. Steel boilers and process heating units for the three Compliance Cases
are: Case A - 23. 78; Case B - 25. 38; and Case C - 26. 85. Because these Com-
pliance Case SO  emissions from the boilers and process heating units  comprise
               Li
less than 33 percent of the total  SO2  emissions from any U. S.  Steel production
facility, the total SO0 emissions from any facility for the three Compliance Cases
                    L*
differ by only a few percent.

        Diffusion model calculations made using the emissions data for the three
Compliance Cases showed that the calculated ground-level SO  concentrations for
                                                          z
the three cases were identical for all practical purposes.  This result was to be
expected from the above discussion of the small variation among the Compliance
Cases in the SO2 emission rates from boilers and process heating units and in the
total SO2 emissions from all sources.  For  these reasons, only the diffusion-model
calculations made with the projected emissions data for Compliance Case A have
been presented in this report.

        The calculation procedures  and the results  of the annual compliance calcu-
lations are described in Section 5. 2.  The compliance case emissions data and the
meteorological data used in the calculations are described in Sections 5. 3 and 5.4.


5. 2     CALCULATION PROCEDURES AND RESULTS

        The meteorological  data in Section  5.4 and  the project SO2 emissions
data in Section 5. 3 were used with the long-term concentration model described in
                                     60
-------
Section A. 4 of Appendix A to calculate seasonal and annual average ground-level SO0
                                                                              &
concentrations for 649 grid points on a 21-kilometer by 28-kilometer grid enclosed
by the areas shown in Figures 5-1 and 5-2.  The model calculations provided for
variations in terrain elevation over the calculation grid, as explained in Section A. 5
of Appendix A.

        Figures 5-1 and 5-2 show,  for the combined sources, the calculated iso-
pleths of annual average ground-level SOg concentration in the Clairton-Liberty
Borough and Hazel wood-Brad dock areas, respectively.  Neglecting the annual
ambient background, Figure 5-1 indicates that the annual Primary Air  Quality
Standard of 80 micrograms per cubic meter will be exceeded in an area bounded
by Clairton, Glassport and Liberty Borough. The maximum calculated concen-
tration in  the Clairton-Liberty Borough area of 120 micrograms per cubic meter
is located on elevated terrain along the east bank of the Monongahela River.  Emis-
sions from the Clairton Coke Works  account for about 85 percent of this calculated
maximum. Similarly, the calculated concentration isopleths in Figure 5-2 indicate
that the annual standard may also be exceeded in small areas near Hazelwood and
Homestead and in an area of several square kilometers located east of  Braddock.
The maximum ground-level  concentration calculated in this area is 156 micrograms
per cubic  meter.   Emissions from Westinghouse Electric account for 80 percent of
this calculated maximum concentration.

        Table 5-1 lists, for the major source complexes independently and for the
combined  sources, the annual average ground-level SO0 concentrations calculated
                                                   u
for the Glassport and Liberty Borough SO2  monitors.  The locations of the two
monitors are shown by filled circles in Figure 5-1. The calculated annual average
concentrations for the two monitors are below the annual Primary Air Quality
                                     61
-------
FIGURE 5-1.  Calculated isopleths of annual average ground-level SC>2 concentration
             in micrograms per cubic meter for the Clairton-Liberty Borough area
             under Compliance Case A.  The two filled circles show the locations
             of the Glassport and Liberty Borough SO2 monitors.
                                       62
-------
Oi
co
     FIGURE 5-2.  Calculated isopleths of annual average ground-level SO2 concentration in micrograms per cubic

                  meter for the Hazelwood-Braddock are under Compliance Case A.
-------
                               TABLE 5-1


         ANNUAL AVERAGE GROUND-LEVEL SO2 CONCENTRATION
             CALCULATED AT THE GLASSPORT AND LIBERTY
                      BOROUGH SO2 MONITORS FOR
                          COMPLIANCE  CASE A
Source
Clairton
Coke Ovens
Power Boilers
Reheat and Blast Furnaces
Claus Plant
All Sources
Irvin
Process
Reheat
All Sources
Elrama
Mitchell
Pittron
Others
Combined Sources
Annual
Glassport

Average Concentration (jitg/m3)
Monitor

3. 2 ( 8%)
20. 1 (48%)
4. 7 (11%)
3. 2 ( 8%)
31. 3 ( 75%)

1. 3 ( 3%)
0. 9 ( 2%)





2. 2 ( 5%)
2. 4 ( 6%)
1. 5 ( 4%)
0. 0 ( 0%)
4. 3 ( 10%)
41. 7 (100%)
Liberty Borough
Monitor

5. 7 (11%)
20.6 (38%)
5.4 (10%)
4. 5 ( 8%)
36. 3 ( 68%)

2.4 ( 5%) l
1. 3 ( 2%)
3. 7 ( 7%)
2.5( 5%
1. 8 ( 3%)
0. 1 ( 01)
9. 4 ( 18%)
53. 7 (100%)
*Numbers inclosed in parentheses show the percentage of the total calculated con-
 centration allocated to each source.
                                   64
-------
Standard.   Emissions from the Clairton Coke Works account for about 75 percent
of the calculated average annual concentration at the Glassport monitor and for
about 68 percent of the calculated average annual concentration at the Liberty
Borough monitor.

5. 3     SOURCE DATA

        Table 5-2  lists the sources, source locations, SO emission rates and
                                                        Li
stack parameters that were used to calculate  annual average ground-level SO
                                                                         2i
concentrations for the compliance case.  The parameter values in Table 5-2 were
directly obtained from the  inventory of projected emissions supplied by the Allegheny
County Bureau of Air Pollution Control.  The locations of the sources used in the
model calculations  are shown in Figures  5-1, 5-2 and on topographic maps in
Figures 4-1 and 4-2 of Section 4.  It should be noted that the ambient SO  back-
                                                                    u
ground and the contributions of sources other than the sources listed in Table 5-2
were not considered in the compliance calculations.

5.4     METEOROLOGICAL DATA

        The general meteorological inputs (turbulent intensities, wind-profile
exponents, median  mixing  depths, ambient air temperatures and vertical potential
temperature gradients) used in the annual compliance calculations are given in
Section 3.  Seasonal distributions of wind-speed and wind-direction  obtained from
hourly surface observations at the Greater Pittsburgh Airport for the year 1965
and classified by Pasquill  stability categories were used in the annual com-
pliance case calculations.  These distributions are listed in Appendix B.   The year
1965 was selected for the compliance calculations because Rubin (1974), using the
Air Quality Display Model  (Environmental Protection Agency,  1969)  to  calculate
annual average ground-level SO   concentrations in Allegheny  County for the years
                                     65
-------
                                               TABLE 5-2
                         PROJECTED SO2 EMISSIONS, SOURCE LOCATIONS AND STACK
                               PARAMETERS USED TO PREDICT ANNUAL AND
                                   SEASONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY FOR
                                           COMPLIANCE CASE A
- - - 	
Source
1 Clairton Underfire #1
2 Clairton Underfire #2
3 Clairton Underfire #3
7 Clairton Underfire #7
8 Clairton Underfire #8
9 Clairton Underfire #9
10 Clairton Underfire #10
11 Clairton Underfire #11
12 Clairton Underfire #12
13 Clairton Underfire #13
14 Clairton Underfire #14
15 Clairton Underfire #15
16 Clairton Underfire #16
17 Clairton Underfire #17
	
Location (UTM)
X
Coordinate
595,860
595,830
595, 730
595,880
595,870
595,750
595,660
595,630
595,520
595,380
595,360
595,210
595,190
595, no
Y
Coordinate
4,461,520
4,461,540
4,461,780
4,461,650
4,461,680
4,461,810
4,461,900
4,461,920
4,462,060
4,461,930
4,461,960
4,462,110
4,462,150
4,462, 240
S°2
Emissions
(tons /year)
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
Stack
Height
(m) '
69
69
69
65
65
65
69
69
69
69
69
69
61
61
Stack Exit
Temperature
(°K)
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
Actual
Stack Gas
Volume
3 ,
(m /sec)
37.27
37.27
37.27
35.87
35.87
35.87
37.27
37.27
37.27
37.74
37.74
37.74
32. 13
32. 13
Stack
Inner
Radius
(m)
1.220
1.220
1.220
1.270
1.270
1.270
1.220
1.220
1.220
1.310
1.310
1.310
1.310
1. 310
C5
05
-------
                                               TABLE 5-2 {Continued)
Source
18 Clairton Underfire #18
19 Clairton Underfire #19
20 Clairton Underfire #20
21 Clairton Underfire #21
22 Clairton Underfire #22
23 Clairton Underfire #12A
24 Clairton B&W #1
25 Clairton CE #2
26 Clairton Benzene Boiler
27 Clairton Benzene Boiler
28 Clairton Blast Furnace
30 Clairton Claus Plant
31 Irvin 3 and 4
32 Irvin 5 and 6
33 Irvin 7
35 Elrama
Location (UTM)
X
Coordinate
595,020
595,280
595,250
595,060
595,030
595,500
595,000
595,000
594,870
594,850
595,630
595,810
593,220
593,230
593,250
592,000
Y
Coordinate
4,462,330
4,461,880
4,461,910
4,462,120
4,462,160
4,462,080
4,462,470
4,462,470
4,462,400
4,462,410
4,460,060
4,461,550
4,465,600
4,465,650
4,465,710
4,456,200
S°2
Emissions
(tons/year)
120
120
120
120
120
120
2,062
1,537
723
723
299
1,413
683
971
756
0
Stack
Height
(m)
76
76
76
76
76
69
50
50
52
52
60
46
55
78
30
83
Stack Exit
Temperature
(°K)
700
700
700
700
700
700
455
455
16*
16*
716
561
646
633
483
416
Actual
Stack Gas
Volume
(m3/sec)
32.300
58.430
58.430
58.430
58.430
35.870
92.570
72.330
60.000*
60. 000*
180.580
18.030
54.550
79.620
33.400
198.950
Stack
Inner
Radius
(m)
1.460
2.140
2.140
2.140
2.140
1.520
1.370
1.060
—
—
1.880
.610
1.790
1.600
.920
2.150
05
-q
        *Indicates building source; building length and width are entered as Stack Temperature and Volume.
-------
                                                           TABLE 5-2 (Continued)
Source
36 Elrama
37 Elrama
38 Elrama
39 Mitchell
40 Mitchell
41 Mitchell
42 Mitchell
43 Irvin Reheat
44 Irvin Reheat
45 Irvin Reheat
46 Irvin Reheat
47 Irvin Reheat
48 Clairton Reheat
49 Clairton Reheat
50 Clairton Reheat
51 Clairton Reheat
Location (UTM)
X
Coordinate
592,000
592,000
592,000
587,340
587,340
587,340
587,340
593,250
593,250
593,250
593,260
593,260
595,100
595,100
595,100
595, 100
Y
Coordinate
4,456,200
4,456,200
4,456,200
4,452,810
4,452,810
4,452,810
4,452,810
4,465,600
4,465,700
4,465,650
4,465,600
4,465,650
4,461,520
4,461,530
4,461,540
4,461,500
S°2
Emissions
(tons/year)
0
0
12,994
6,690
1,945
1,945
1,945
150
150
150
150
150
48
48
48
48
Stack
Height
(m)
83
83
89
73
70
70
70
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
Stack Exit
Temperature
(OK)
430
430
416
403
467
467
467
10*
10*
10*
10*
10*
70*
70*
70*
70*
Actual
Stack Gas
Volume
(m-Vsec)
198.950
229.450
299.140
534.810
223.640
223.640
223.640
50.000*
50.000*
50.000*
50.000*
50. 000*
70.000*
70. 000*
70. 000*
70. 000*
Stack
Inner
Radius
(m)
2.150
2.150
2.300
3.050
2.150
2.150
2.150
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
00
          *Incli.oa.tes Tau.il.cli/ng source; Tou.ildi.ns length, and width are entered as  Stack Temperature and Volume
-------
                                                TABLE 5-2 (Continued)
Source
52 Clairton Reheat
53 Clairton Reheat
54 Clairton Reheat
55 Pitron
60 Phillips Power Station
61 Phillips Power Station
62 Phillips Power Station
63 Phillips Power Station
64 Phillips Power Station
65 Phillips Power Station
66 Brunots Island Turbines
67 Brunots Island Turbines
68 Brunots Island Turbines
69 12th Street Steam
70 Stanvvix Street Steam
71 H. J. Heinz Co.
Location (UTM)
X
Coordinate
595,100
595,100
595,100
593,850
565,260
565,260
565,260
565,260
565,260
565,260
580,680
580,730
580,770
585,200
584,380
586,000
Y
Coordinate
4,461,560
4,461,570
4,461,580
4,464,500
4,491,020
4,491,020
4,491,020
4,491,020
4,491,020
4,491,020
4,479,680
4,479,720
4,479,750
4,477,600
4,477,300
4,478,900
S°2
Emissions
(tons/year)
48
48
48
39
0
0
0
0
11,727
0
1,026
1,026
1,026
1,956
2,599
719
Stack
Height
(m)
52
52
52
75
76
76
76
76
76
49
10
10
10
82
112
76
Stack Exit
Temperature
(OK)
70*
70*
70*
600
461
461
457
457
457
430
735
735
735
604
574
473
Actual
Stack Gas
Volume
(m^/sec)
70. 000*
70.000"
70. 000*
88.000
83.460
83.460
118.070
118.070
118.070
167.850
237.600
237.600
237.600
108.260
227.230
18.730
Stack
Inner
Radius
(m)
—
—
—
2.000
1.800
1.800
1.800
1.800
1.800
2.300
.900
.900
.900
2.000
2.600
1.500
as
CD
           *Indicates building source; building length and width are entered as Stack Temperature and Volume.
-------
                                                   TABLE 5-2 (Continued)
Source
72 H. J. Heinz Co.
73 Westinghouse Electric
74 Westinghouse Electric
75 Bellefield Boilers
76 Bellefield Boilers
77 Pittsbui'gh Brewery
78 WABCO
79 Duquesne N C Boilers
80 Duquesne Reheat
81 E. T. N C Boilers
82 E. T. Soaking Pits
83 Homestead N C Boilers
84 Homestead Process 1
85 Homestead Process 2
86 Homestead Process 3
87 Homestead #5 OH
Location (UTM)
X
Coordinate
586,000
599,020
599,020
589,190
589,190
587,550
594,400
598,120
598,360
597,110
597,440
592,850
593,400
591,900
593,150
592,350
Y
Coordinate
4,478,900
4,472,550
4,472,550
4,477,100
4,477,100
4,479,280
4,475,550
4,469,830
4,469,450
4,471,610
4,471,870
4,473,830
4,473,870
4,473,400
4,473,850
4,473,750
S°2
Emissions
tons/year)
975
1,427
1,113
865
1,113
467
580
87
343
44
230
7
445
445
445
1,515
Stack
Height
(m)
76
50
37
59
69
63
27
49
37
33
30
16
32
32
32
38
Stack Exit (
Temperature
(°K)
473
505
461
589
561
472
569
"551
700
551
764
361
50*
50*
50*
532
Actual
Stack Gas
Volume
(mVsec)
16.290
17.420
7.470
26.950
24.150
39.560
19.310
32.870
26.300
26.230
22.320
25. 040
100.000*
100. 000*
100.000*
153.930
Stack
Inner
Radius
(m)
1.500
1.100
1.000
1.400
1.700
1.200
.700
1.100
.900
1.200
.800
1.600
—
—
—
2.000
-q
o
              *Indicates building source; building length and width are entered as Stack Temperature and Volume.
-------
TABLE 5-2 (Continued)
Source
88 National #1
89 National #2
90 National #3
91 National #4
92 National #5
93 Duquesne #15
94 Duquesne #17
95 E. T. #1
96 E. T. #2
97 E. T. #3
98 Homestead Carrie #3
99 Homestead Carrie #4
100 Mesta Machine Co.
101 J & L By Products Boilers
102 J & L Eliza Boilers
103 J & L South Side Boilers
Location (UTRI)
X
Coordinate
597,400
597,450
597,500
597,550
597,600
598,120
598,120
596,990
596,990
596,990
594,120
594,120
590,920
589,250
588,560
588,030
Y
Coordinate
4,467,330
4,467,330
4,467,330
4,467,330
4,467,330
4,469,830
4,469,830
4,471,670
4,471,670
4,471,670
4,474,020
4,474,020
4,471,980
4,473,900
4,475,400
4,475,280
S°2
emissions
tons/year)
752
752
752
752
752
475
475
1,405
1,405
1,405
1,964
1,588
511
387
66
1,602
Stack
Height
(m)
46
46
46
46
46
49
49
50
50
50
43
43
61
24.4
36.6
35.7
Stack Exit
Temperature
(OK)
590
590
590
590
590
551
551
533
533
533
561
561
511
616
477
477
Actual
tack Gas
Volume
m^/sec)
39.250
39.250
39.250
39.250
39.250
32.870
32.870
121.550
121.550
121.550
200.320
154.030
7.360
6.150
66.630
26.650
Stack
Inner
Radius
(m)
1.300
1.300
1.300
1.300
1.300
1.100
1.100
2.100
2.100
2.100
2.400
1.900
.900
.680
1.340
1.220
-------
TABLE 5-2 (Continued)
Source
104 J & L Underfire #1
105 J & L Underfire #2
106 J & L Underfire #3
107 J & L Underfire #4
108 J & L Underfire #5
109 J & L Open Hearth
110 J & L Barmill #1
111 J & L Barmill #2
112 J & L Stripmill
113 J & L Soaking Pits
114 J & L Soaking Pits
115 J & L Glaus Plant
Location (UTM)
X
Coordinate
589,150
589,150
589,190
589,190
589,200
587,850
589,240
589,260
588,265
587,780
587,800
589,190
Y
Coordinate
4,474,030
4,474,020
4,473,860
4,473,840
4,473,750
4,475,680
4,474,060
4,474,150
4,475,775
4,475,470
4,475,550
4,474,000
S°2
Emissions
tons/year)
51
51
51
51
77
1,825
84
40
69
95
88
694
Stack
Height
(m)
61
62.6
62.6
62.6
62.6
38
38.1
38.1
18.0
48
34
46
Stack Exit
Temperature
<°K)
600
600
600
600
600
532
727
727
727
727
727
977
Actual
tack Gas
Volume
mVsec)
32.140
31.700
31.700
31.700
31.700
153.950
20.400
24.900
47.420
4.850
2.920
24.63
Stack
Inner
Radius
(m)
1.300
1.450
1.450
1.450
1.450
1.980
.840
1.070
1.300
.860
.780
.700
-------
1965 through 1971, found 1965 to represent the worst-case dilution conditions.
Figure 5-3 shows the 1965 annual frequency distribution of wind direction at the
Greater Pittsburgh Airport.
                                     73
-------
WNW
WSW
     FIGURE 5-3.  Annual frequency distribution of wind direction obtained from the 1965
                  surface observations at the Greater Pittsburgh Airport. Percent
                  frequency scale is shown at left center.
                                           74
-------
                                 SECTION 6

             SHORT TERM HOURLY CONCENTRATIONS FOR 1973


        To test the performance of the short-term model prior to using it for

compliance-case calculations,  model concentrations were calculated for three 24-

hour periods during 1973 in which excessively high SO  concentration levels were
                                                  4
observed at monitoring sites operated by the Allegheny County Bureau of Air Pollution

Control.  The three 24-hour periods and the monitor locations are:


        •      The 4 January 1973 Air Pollution Episode at Logans Ferry


        •      The 18 January 1973  Air Pollution  Episode at Liberty
               Borough


        •      The 13 July 1973 Air Pollution Episode at Liberty Borough


The calculation procedures, the source and meteorological data and the results

obtained for each of the  three 24-hour cases are described below.


6.1     THE 4 JANUARY 1973 AIR POLLUTION EPISODE AT LOGANS FERRY


        6.1.1     Background


        During 1973, the 3-hour Secondary Air Quality Standard of 1300 micrograms

per cubic meter was exceeded 8 times at the Logans Ferry SO   monitor and the
                                                         Li
24-hour Primary Air Quality Standard of 365 micrograms per cubic meter was

exceeded 20 times.  Many of these high hourly ground-level SO  concentrations
                                                           Ll
observed at the Logans Ferry monitor occurred during periods of neutral stability

in combination with moderate to strong west-southwest winds.  An episode of this

type occurred on 4 January 1973 when strong west-southwest winds developed at

about 0500 EST and persisted throughout the day.  Two power plants, both located
                                     75
-------
at a bearing of approximately 245 degrees from the Logans Ferry monitor,  are the
most likely major contributors to the observed high SC>2 concentrations. The West
Penn power plant is located approximately 900 meters west-southwest of the moni-
tor, while  the Cheswick power plant is located at a distance of about 3100 meters
west-southwest of the monitor.  The ground elevation at both power plants,  which
corresponds to the elevation of the base of the stacks  used in the calculations, is
approximately 45 meters below the elevation of the Logans Ferry monitor.

        The calculation procedures and the results of the 4 January 1973 short-
term concentration calculations are described in Section 6.1.2.  The source data
and the meteorological data used  in the calculations are discussed in Sections
6.1.3 and 6.1.4.

        6.1.2      Calculation Procedures and Results

        The short-term concentration model  described in Section A. 3 of Appendix
A, including the adjustments for variations in terrain  elevation described in Section
A. 5, was used with the  source and meteorological  data in Sections 6.1. 3 and 6.1.4
to calculate hourly ground-level SO  concentrations at 256  grid points  on the 10-kilo-
                                  Lt
meter  by 10-kilometer grid shown in Figure 6-1.  It is important to note that no
attempt was made to calibrate the model through the use of scaling coefficients
relating the calculated hourly concentrations at the monitor to the hourly concentra-
tions observed at the monitor. The calculated hourly  concentrations presented
below were thus obtained directly from the emissions  data and meteorological data
and were in fact calculated without prior knowledge of the observations at the monitor.

        Figure 6-2 shows,  for the  combined sources, the calculated isopleths of
24-hour average ground-level SO  concentration for 4 January 1973. The location
                               Li
of the Logans  Ferry monitor is shown  by the filled  circle in Figure  6-2.  Neglect-
ing the ambient SO2 background or the contributions of sources other than the West
Penn and Cheswick power plants, the calculations indicate that the 24-hour Primary
                                     76
-------
FIGURE 6-1.  Topographic map of the Springdale-Logans Ferry area.  Eleva-
             tions are in feet above mean sea level, and the contour interval
             is 200 feet.  The + symbols show the locations of the West Penn
             Power Plant (Sources 116 and 117) and the Cheswick Power Plant
             (Sources 118). Filled circle shows the Logans Ferry SO9 moni-
             tor.                                                 2
                                     77
-------
FIGURE 6-2.  Isopleths of 24-hour average ground-level SO2 concentration in micro-
             grams per cubic meter calculated for the Logans Ferry area on 4
             January 1973.   The filled circle shows the location of the Logans
             Ferry SO2 monitor.
                                      78
-------
Air Quality Standard of 365 micrograms per cubic meter was exceeded over an elon-


gated area of approximately one square kilometer extending eastward from the


Allegheny River opposite the West Penn power plant through the Logans Ferry SO£


monitor.


         Calculated and observed hourly SO concentrations for the Logans Ferry
                                         £t

monitor are given in Table 6-1. The calculated 24-hour average concentration of


979 micrograms per cubic meters for the combined sources is about 10 percent


higher than the observed concentration.   Additionally, the calculated maximum 3-


hour concentration of 2207 micrograms per cubic meter is about 17 percent higher


than the observed maximum 3-hour concentration of 1880 micrograms per cubic


meter.  Both the  calculated and observed hourly concentrations show low values


before 0500  EST, generally high values during the period 0600 to 1400 EST, and


decreasing values after 1500 EST.  The hour-by-hour correspondence of the cal-


culated and observed concentrations is probably as good as can be expected because


of the inherent coarseness of the hourly wind-direction data.  As discussed in


detail in Section 6.2. 2,  hourly  mean wind directions used  in the model calculations


are based on airport surface observations which are reported only to the nearest


10 degrees.  Because the hourly wind directions reported at the two Pittsburgh Air-


ports frequently differ by 20 degrees or more,  there is a minimum uncertainty of at


least plus or minus 10 degrees in the hourly mean wind directions which precludes


accurate predictions of the location of the stack plumes with respect to single grid


points.




         It should be noted that, although the SO  emissions from the Cheswick
                                             £t

power plant on 4  January 1973 were nearly double the emission from the West


Penn power plant, the Cheswick emissions account for only about 3 percent of the


maximum short-term concentrations calculated for the Logans Ferry monitor.


This result is consistent with the observation by Bloom and Smith (1974) that


no increase in ambient SO concentrations has been detected at the Logans Ferry
                         £i

monitor since the Cheswick power plant began operation in January 1971.  The small


contribution of the Cheswick emissions to the calculated concentrations at the Logans
                                     79
-------
                    TABLE 6-1

CALCULATED AND OBSERVED HOURLY GROUND-LEVEL SO£
   CONCENTRATIONS AT THE LOGANS FERRY MONITOR
               FOR 4 JANUARY 1973
Hour
(EST)
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
24-Hour Average
*3-Hour Maximum
g
Calculated Hourly SO2 Concentration (f*g/m )
West Penn
0
0
0
0
3167
505
489
1971
2083*
2147*
2174*
2064
2049
2199
410
22
44
1
44
1670
795
857
21
0
946
2135
Che s wick
0
0
0
0
108
13
14
78*
74*
72*
71
63
75
67
10
0
0
0
0
57
48
30
1
0
33
75
Combined Sources
0
0
0
0
3275
518
503
2049
2157*
2219*
2245*
2127
2124
2266
420
22
44
1
44
1727
843
887
22
0
979
2207
Observed
Hourly
Concentration
(Mg/m3)
13
26
26
21
2028
1732*
1828*
2080*
1103
1517
1378
865
1378
865
1279
977
1344
1069
519
144
34
430
886
423
891
1880
                       80
-------
Ferry monitor is principally due to the fact that the Cheswick stack is about 3. 5


times higher than the West Penn stacks.  The calculated maximum hourly and 24-


hour average ground-level SO  concentrations resulting from the Cheswick emis-
                           &

sions alone are 162 and 65 micrograms per cubic meter,  respectively. Both of


these maximums occur about 1000 meters east-northeast of the Logans Ferry moni-


tor.





        6.1.3      Source Data





        Table 6-2 lists the sources, source locations, SO  emission rates and
                                                      Lt

stack parameters that were used to calculate hourly ground-level SO   concentra-
                                                               4J

tions for the 4 January 1973 air pollution episode at Logans Ferry. The source


and emissions data given in Table 6-2 were supplied by the Allegheny  County Bureau


of Air Pollution  Control.   The locations of the West Penn power plant  (Sources 116


and 117) and the Cheswick power plant (Source 118) are shown in Figures 6-1 and


6-2.  The filled  circles in these figures show the location of the Logans Ferry SO
                                                                            £i

monitor.  As mentioned above,  the ambient SO  background and the contributions
                                           ^

of sources other than the West Penn and Cheswick power  plants were not included


in the model calculations for 4 January 1973.






        6.1.4      Meteorological Data






        Table 6-3 lists,  for each hour, the wind direction, surface wind speed,


mixing depth,  ambient air temperature and vertical potential temperature gradient


used in the calculations for the 4 January 1973 air pollution episode at Logans Ferry.


The hourly wind directions and speeds are arithmetic  means of the concurrent observ-


ations at the Greater Pittsburgh Airport and Allegheny County Airport.  Rawinsonde


data taken at the Greater Pittsburgh Airport at 1900 EST  on 3 January, 0700 and


1900 EST  on 4 January and 0700 EST on 5 January were used to estimate mixing
                                     81
-------
                                                  TABLE 6-2

                         SO2 EMISSIONS, SOURCE LOCATIONS AND STACK PARAMETERS USED
                          TO CALCULATE 1-HOUR, 3-HOUR AND 24-HOUR GROUND-LEVEL
                                SO  CONCENTRATIONS FOR THE 4 JANUARY 1973 AIR
                                      POLLUTION EPISODE AT LOGANS FERRY
Source
116 West Penn
117 West Perm
118 Cheswick
Location (UTM)
X
Coordinate
604, 380
604, 380
602,330
Y
Coordinate
4,488,740
4,488,740
4,487,800
S02
Emissions
(tons /day)
30.3
30.3
120.0
Stack
Height
(m)
67.1
62.5
229.0
Stack Exit
Temperature
<°K)
472
444
411
Actual
Stack Gas
Volume
(m3/sec)
160.98
162. 14
881.46
Stack
Inner
Radius
(m)
2.60
1.85
3.20
oo
to
-------
            TABLE 6-3

METEOROLOGICAL INPUT PARAMETERS
        FOR 4 JANUARY 1973
Hour
(EST)
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Wind
Direction
(
-------
depths for the four observation times; mixing depths for intermediate hours were
obtained by linear interpolation.  The two Greater Pittsburgh Airport soundings on
4 January,  as well as the 4 January 1200 EST sounding taken at the downtown
Pittsburgh EMSU station, all showed a deep surface mixing layer with a near-adia-
batic thermal stratification.  Consequently, the vertical potential temperature
gradient was set equal to zero for all hours of 4 January 1973.  The ambient air
temperatures listed in Table 6-2 are those observed at the Greater Pittsburgh Air-
port.   Wind speeds from the four Greater Pittsburgh Airport soundings were aver-
aged and a logarithmic least-squares regression curve was fitted to the data to
obtain a value for the wind-profile exponent p of 0.17.   Details of the regression
technique are given in Section 3. 3. Following the Turner (1964) criteria, the
strong surface wind speeds and overcast clouds below  3000 feet require the Pasquill
stability category D be assigned to all hours of 4 January 1973.   The hourly lateral
and vertical turbulent intensities were therefore  set equal to the urban values for
Pasquill stability category D of 0.1051 and 0. 0735 radians,  respectively (see
Table 3-5).

6.2     THE 18 JANUARY 1973 AIR POLLUTION EPISODE  AT LIBERTY BOROUGH

        6.2.1      Background

        During 1973, the 3-hour Secondary Air Quality Standard of 1300 micrograms
per cubic meter was exceeded 3 times at the Liberty Borough SO  monitor.  Similarly
                                                              Lt
the 24-hour  Primary Air Quality Standard of 365 micrograms per cubic meter was
exceeded 16 times.  The observed high SO   concentrations at the Liberty Borough
                                        £i
monitor typically occur during periods of persistent south-southwest winds.  These
conditions occurred in combination with shallow mixing depths on 18 January 1973.
The Clairton Coke Works, which is located approximately 2.4 kilometers south-
southwest of the Liberty Borough SO  monitor, is a major source of SO  emissions.
                                  &                                2
                                      84
-------
Other major sources include two large electrical generating plants,  Mitchell and
Elrama,  which are respectively located 14. 5 and 8. 9 kilometers south-southwest
of the Liberty Borough monitor.

        Section 6. 2. 2 describes the calculation procedures and the results of the
18 January 1973 short-term concentration calculations.  Emissions data for the
major sources on 18 January 1973 are given in Section 6. 2.3 and the meteorological
inputs used in the 18 January 1973 calculations are described in Section 6. 2.4.

        6. 2. 2     Calculation Procedures and Results

        The  source and meteorological inputs in Sections 6.2.3 and 6.2.4 were
used with the short-term concentration model described  in Section A. 3 of Appendix
A to calculate hourly ground-level SO  concentrations for 649 grid points on a 21-
                                   £
kilometer by 28-kilometer grid that includes most of the area shown in Figure 6-3.
A topographic map of the grid area is presented in Figure 4-1.   Variations  in ter-
rain height over the calculation grid were considered in the calculations  following
the procedures outline in Section A. 5 of Appendix A.  It should be noted that cal-
culated concentrations were not adjusted through the use of any model calibration
constants which are sometimes employed to obtain agreement between observed
and calculated concentrations at monitor locations.  The calculated concentrations
for 18 January 1973 were thus obtained directly from the emissions data and meteor-
ological inputs in Sections 6. 2. 3 and 6. 2.4.

        Figure 6-3 shows,  for the combined sources, the calculated isopleths of
24-hour average ground-level SO concentrations for 18  January 1973.  According
                               ^
to the calculations, which do not include background  SO  nor contributions from
                                                    2t
sources other than those listed in Table 6-6,  the 24-hour Primary Air Quality
Standard was exceeded in the three areas designated by Roman numerals I,  II and
HI in Figure 6-3.  In Area I, which is located approximately 2. 2 kilometers north
of the Elrama power plant,  the calculated maximum  24-hour concentration is 457
                                     85
-------
FIGURE 6-3.  Isopleths of 24-hour average ground-level SC>2 concentration in micrograms
             per cubic meter calculated for the Clairton-Liberty Borough area on 18
             January 1973.   The two filled circles show the location of the Glassport and
             Liberty Borough SO2 monitors. The Roman numerals indicate areas in which
             the 24-hour Primary Standard was exceeded.
                                          86
-------
micrograms per cubic meter of which the Elrama power plant contributed 89 per-
cent and the Mitchell power plant contributed the remaining 11 percent. In Area
n, which is located approximately 0. 5 kilometers north of the Irvin plant, the cal-
culated maximum 24-hour concentration is 579 micrograms per cubic meter of
which the Irvin plant  contributed 54 percent, the Clairton Coke works 27 percent,
the Elrama power plant 16 percent and the Mitchell power plant 3 percent.   In Area
III, which is located approximately 1. 2 kilometers north of the Clairton Coke Works,
the calculated maximum 24-hour concentration is 472 micrograms per cubic meter
of which the Clairton Coke Works  contributed 88 percent and the Elrama power
plant contributed 11 percent.

        The only air quality data available for comparison with the calculated con-
centrations consists of observations of hourly SO  concentrations from the Glassport
                                             £t
and Liberty Borough monitors.  As shown in Figure 6-3,  the Glassport SO  monitor
                                                                     z
is located approximately 1. 5 kilometers north-northwest  of the Clairton Coke Works
and the Liberty Borough monitor is located approximately 2.4 kilometers  north-
northeast of the Clairton Coke Works.  Table 6-4 lists the calculated 24-hour aver-
age SO  concentrations at the two monitors for the combined sources and for each
      Lt
source and major source complex independently. Of the 24-hour average  concentra-
tion of 189 micrograms per cubic  meter calculated for the Glassport monitor, 50
percent is contributed by the Clairton Coke Works, 45 percent by the Elrama power
plant and 5 percent by the Mitchell power plant.  Similarly, for the Liberty Borough
monitor,  of the calculated 24-hour average concentration from the combined sources
of 268 micrograms per cubic meter,  70 percent is due to the Clairton Coke Works,
27 percent is due to the Elrama power plant and 3 percent is do to the Mitchell
power plant.

        Table 6-5 presents the calculated and observed hourly concentrations at
the two monitors as well as the  24-hour average and 3-hour maximum concentra-
tions.  The generally poor hour-by-hour correspondence  at both monitors between
calculated and observed concentrations can be shown to be an inevitable consequence
                                     87
-------
                              TABLE 6-4


         CALCULATED 24-HOUR AVERAGE GROUND-LEVEL SO2

          CONCENTRATIONS AT THE GLASSPORT AND LIBERTY

             BOROUGH S0_ MONITORS ON 18 JANUARY 1973*
                         L*
Source
Clairton
Coke Ovens
Power Boilers
Reheat and Blast Furnaces
Claus Plant
All Sources
Irvin
Process
Reheat
All Sources
Elrama
Mitchell
Pitron
Combined Sources
24- Hour
Average Concentration (/ug/m )
Glas sport Monitor

41 (22%)
30 (16%)
19 (10%)
3 ( 2%)

0 (0%)
0 (0%)




93 ( 50%)

0 ( 0%)
84 ( 45%)
9 ( 5%)
0 ( 0%)
186 (100%)
Liberty Borough
Monitor

110 (41%)
8 ( 3%)
9 ( 3%)
62 (23%)
188 ( 70%)

0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 ( 0%)
72 ( 111]
8 ( 3%)
0 ( 0|)
268 (1001)
*Numbers enclosed in parentheses show the percentage of the total calculated

 concentration allocated to each source.
-------
of the limitations of the airport surface wind-direction data from which the hourly
mean wind directions used as input to the model calculations are directly obtained.
As pointed out above in the discussion of the results of the concentration calcula-
tions for the 4 January 1975 episode at Logans Ferry (see Section 6.1), the hourly
airport surface wind directions are reported only to the nearest 10 degrees.  The
accurate positioning of stack plume trajectories with respect to fixed grid points
requires that the hourly mean wind direction be known within a few degrees.  Figures
6-4 and 6-5 show the effect of a change  of 10 degrees in the mean wind direction on
the positions  of the plume envelopes from the  Elrama and Mitchell power plants with
respect to the Glassport and Liberty Borough monitors for Pasquill stability category D.
From Figure 6-4 it can be seen that when the  hourly mean wind direction is 210
degrees, the  Elrama plume is almost directly over the Liberty Borough monitor
and has no effect on the Glassport monitor.  Also, the Mitchell plume is above the
Glassport monitor but does not affect the Liberty Borough monitor.  Figure 6-5
shows that a  shift of 10 degrees in the hourly mean wind direction to 220 degrees
places the western edge of the Elrama plume about 0. 5 kilometers east of the Liberty
Borough monitor.  Similarly, the central portion of the Mitchell plume  is about
directly above the Liberty Borough monitor and the Glassport monitor is very close
to the western edge of the Mitchell plume.   Figures  6-6 and 6-7 show the envelope
of the stack emissions  from the Clairton Coke Works for hourly mean wind direc-
tions  respectively of 180 degrees and 230 degrees.   According to the  figures, the
Glassport monitor is outside the Clairton plume envelope  in both cases;  Clairton
emissions that reach the Glassport monitor for hourly mean wind directions between
180 and 230 degrees  should therefore be small and presumably consist of low-level
fugitive emissions and some of the stack emissions that do not rise above the valley
sides, but follow the valley contours toward Glassport.  The figures also show that
the Clairton plume will affect the Liberty Borough monitor for all wind  directions
between 180 degrees and 230 degrees, with the maximum  impact confined to wind
directions from about 190 degrees to 220 degrees.  It is important to note that wind
directions in  this sector are also responsible for transporting the Mitchell and
                                     89
-------
                    TABLE 6-5

CALCULATED AND OBSERVED HOURLY GROUND-LEVEL SO2
  CONCENTRATIONS AT THE GLASSPORT AND LIBERTY
     BOROUGH SO. MONITORS ON 18 JANUARY 1973
Hour
(EST)
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11 *.;
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
24-Hour Average
* 3-Hour Maximum
Glassport Monitor
Calculated
Concentration
(Mg/m3)
70
753
0
63
97
64
455
55
122
10
212
17
16
15
245
33
0
392
490
129
149*
494*
483*
92
186
375
Observed
Concentration
(Hg/m3)
177
151
133
135
117
130
135
151
166
216*
278*
406*
120
153
192
114
143
104
62
88
94
96
117
187
153
300
Liberty Borough Monitor
Calculated
Concentration
(Mg/m3)
1440
401
1
627*
896*
627*
377
549
410
2
216
119
122
124
207
315
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
268
717
Observed
Concentration
(Mg/m3)
952
941
939
998
1284*
1240*
1391*
918
907
692
715
455
299
333
153
140
117
148
224
250
452
1110
562
291
647
1305
                     90
-------
FIGURE 6-4.
Map of the Calirton area showing Mitchell and Elrama plume dimen-
sions  (t  2.15 a ) for Pasquill stability category D and winds from
210°.   The Glassport and Liberty Borough SO2 monitors are indi-
cated  by the filled circles.
                                   91
-------
FIGURE 6-5.
Map of the Clairton area showing Mitchell and Elrama plume dimensions
(i 2.15 cry) for Pasquill stability category D and winds from 220°.  The
Glassport and Liberty Borough SO2 monitors are indicated by the filled
circles.
                                      92
-------
FIGURE 6-6.
Approximate area affected by emissions from the Clairton Coke Works
for Pasquill stability category D and winds from 180°   The filled cir-
cles  show the locations of the Glassport and Liberty Borough SO- moni-
tors.
                                    93
-------
FIGURE 6-7.
Approximate area affected by emissions from the Clairton Coke Works
for Pasquill stability Category D and winds from 230°.  The filled cir-
cles  show the locations of the Glassport and Liberty Borough SO2 moni-
               tors.
                                   94
-------
Elrama plumes to the Liberty Borough monitor (a wind direction of about 210 degrees
places the axis of the Elrama plume above the Liberty Borough monitor and a
direction of about 220 degrees places the axis of the Mitchell plume above the Liberty
Borough monitor).
        Inspection of the hourly mean wind directions used in the 18 January 1973
model calculations, which are given below in Table 6-7,  shows that they vary from
170 degrees to 220 degrees during the period 0100 to 1600 EST; during the period
1700 to 2400 EST, the hourly mean wind directions  vary from 150 to 170 degrees.
Therefore, in the model calculations, emissions from the Clairton Coke Works,
Elrama and Mitchell cannot affect the Liberty Borough monitor after 1600 EST.  As
shown in Table 6-5,  the observed hourly concentrations at the Liberty Borough moni-
tor do reach their lowest values after 1400 EST, but never go below 117 micrograms
per cubic meter.  Very high concentrations were also observed at 2100,  2200 and
2300 EST.  For these latter hours, if we assume the monitor observations are
correct,  there must  be deficiencies in the wind-direction data and/or the emissions
data.   Deficiencies in the wind-direction data are to be expected since the only
measurements available are the routine hourly surface observations at the two  air-
ports. In the model  calculations,  it is assumed that these surface wind directions
are representative of the mean wind directions in the mixing layer which typically
extends to heights of several hundred meters or more above the surface.  Concurrent
hourly wind directions measured at the Greater Pittsburgh Airport and at Allegheny
County Airport differed by 20 or more degrees for  13 of the 24 hours on 18 January
1973.  On this basis, a minimum uncertainty of 20  degrees in the hourly mean wind
directions over the calculation grid appears to be likely.  It should also be noted
that the airport wind directions  are 5 - minute averages rather than hourly averages
as required by the short-term models.  Thus, neglecting the additional complications
of vertical wind-direction shear in the mixing layer, the hourly airport wind  direction
is clearly inadequate for making accurate model calculations of hourly concentrations
at specific grid points.  Additionally, it is likely that there were significant hour-to-
hour variations in emissions rates that are not reflected in the emissions data used
in the model calculations.
                                      95
-------
        For the reasons given above, we believe the poor hour-by-hour correspon-
dence between claculated and observed hourly concentration is attributable both to
deficiencies in the wind-direction data and in the emissions data.  As might be
expected,  the averaging process tends to remove  some of the effects of these
deficiencies for averaging times of 12 to 24 hours.  The 3-hour maximum concentra-
tion calculated at the Glassport monitor  is about 25 percent higher than the observed
concentration and the 24-hour average concentration is about 22 percent higher than
the observed value.  At the Liberty Borough monitor,  the calculated 24-hour average
and 3-hour maximum concentrations are considerably lower than the observed concen-
trations.  However, it would be possible to obtain a very close agreement between the
calculated and observed values simply by making  a few adjustments in the hourly mean
wind directions, using the observed hourly  concentrations as a guide.  For example,
our analysis of the calculated values shows that the maximum hourly concentration at
the Liberty Borough monitor on 18 January 1973 that could be produced by emissions
from the Clairton Coke Works is probably less than 700 micrograms per cubic meter
(see the calculated hourly values in Table 6-5 for 0400 EST and 0600 EST where the
model wind direction is 190  degrees).  We conclude that observed hourly concentra-
tions significantly larger than 700 micrograms per cubic meter are principally
caused by the Elrama plume.  Emissions from Elrama account for 71 percent of the
maximum hourly concentration calculated for the  Liberty Borough monitor (1440 micro-
grams per cubic meter).  This calculated maximum hourly concentration, which com-
pares favorably with the maximum observed hourly concentration of 1391 micrograms
per cubic  meter, occurs with the 210-degree wind direction which places the Elrama
plume almost directly above the  Liberty Borough  monitor.

        6. 2. 3      Source Data
        Table 6-6 lists the sources,  source locations, SO2 emission rates and stack
parameters  that were used to calculate short-term ground-level SO0 concentrations
                                                               j£
for the 18 January 1973 air pollution episode at Liberty Borough.  The source and
emissions data given in Table 6-6 were  obtained from the Allegheny County Bureau of
                                     96
-------
                                                TABLE 6-6

                         SO2 EMISSIONS, SOURCE LOCATIONS AND STACK PARAMETERS
                           USED TO CALCULATE SHORT-TERM SO2 CONCENTRATIONS
                            FOR THE 18 JANUARY 1973 AIR POLLUTION EPISODE
                                          AT LIBERTY BOROUGH
Source
1 Clairton Underfire #1
2 Clairton Underfire #2
3 Clairton Underfire #3
7 Clairton Underfire #7
8 Clairton Underfire #8
9 Clairton Underfire #9
10 Clairton Underfire #10
11 Clairton Underfire #11
12 Clairton Underfire #12
13 Clairton Underfire #13
14 Clairton Underfire #14
15 Clairton Underfire #15
16 Clairton Underfire #16
17 Clairton Underfire #17
Location (UTM)
X
Coordinate
595,860
595,830
595,730
595,880
595,870
595,750
595,660
595,630
595,520
595,380
595,360
595,210
595,190
595,110
Y
Coordinate
4,461,520
4,461,540
4,461,780
4,461,650
4,461,680
4,461,810
4,461,900
4,461,920
4,462,060
4,461,930
4,461,960
4,462,110
4,462,150
4,462,240
so2
Emissions
(tons/day)
1.16
1.16
1.16
1.16
1.16
1.16
1.16
1.16
1.16
1.16
1.16
1.16
1.16
1.16
Stack
Height
(m)
69
69
69
65
65
65
69
69
69
69
69
69
61
61
Stack Exit
Temperature
(°K)
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
Actual
Stack Gas
Volume
(m3/sec)
37.27
37.27
37.27
35.87
35.87
35.87
37.27
37.27
37.27
37.74
37.74
37.74
32.13
32.13
Stack
Inner
Radius
(m)
1.220
1.220
1.220
1.270
1.270
1.270
1.220
1.220
1.220
1.310
1.310
1.310
1.310
1.310
to
-------
                                                 TABLE 6-6 (Continued)
Source
18 Clairton Underfire #18
19 Clairton Underfire #19
20 Clairton Underfire #20
21 Clairton Underfire #21
22 Clairton Underfire #22
23 Clairton Underfire #12A
24 Clairton B&W #1
25 Clairton CE #2
26 Clairton Benzene Boiler
27 Clairton Benzene Boiler
28 Clairton Blast Furnace
30 Clairton Claus Plant
31 Irvin 3 and 4
32 Irvin 5 and 6
33 Irvin 7
35 Elrama
Location (UTM)
X
Coordinate
595,020
595,280
595,250
595,060
595,030
595,500
595,000
595,000
594,870
594, 850
595,630
595,810
593,220
593,230
593,250
592,000
Y
Coordinate
4,462,330
4,461,880
4,461,910
4,462,120
4,462,160
4,462,080
4,462,470
4,462,470
4,462,400
4,462,410
4,460,060
4,461,550
4,465,600
4,465,650
4,465,710
4,456,200
so2
Emissions
(tons/day)
1.16
1.16
1.16
1.16
1.16
1.16
2.50
0
.5
.5
.83
11.0
2.26
3.38
2.57
32.
Stack
Height
(m)
76
76
76
76
76
69
50
50
52
52
60
46
55
78
30
83
Stack Exit
Temperature
(°K)
700
700
700
700
700
700
455
455
16*
16*
716
561
646
633
483
416
Actual
Stack Gas
Volume
(m^/sec)
32.300
58.430
58.430
58.430
58.430
35.870
92.570
72.330
60.000*
60.000*
180.580
18.030
54.550
79.620
33.400
198.950
Stack
Inner
Radius
(m)
1.460
2.140
2.140
2.140
2.140
1.520
1.370
1.060
i
—
1. 880
.610
1. 790
1.600 f
.920
2.150
00
          *Indicates building source; building length and width are entered as Stack Temperature and Volume.
-------
                                                TABLE 6-6 (Continued)
Source
36 Elrama
37 Elrama
38 Elrama
39 Mitchell
40 Mitchell
41 Mitchell
42 Mitchell
43 Irvin Reheat
44 Irvin Reheat
45 Irvin Reheat
46 Irvin Reheat
47 Irvin Reheat
48 Clairton Reheat
49 Clairton Reheat
50 Clairton Reheat
51 Clairton Reheat
Location (UTM)
X
Coordinate
592,000
592,000
592,000
587,340
587,340
587,340
587,340
593,250
593,250
593,250
593,260
593,260
595,100
595,100
595,100
595,100
Y
Coordinate
4,456,200
4,456,200
4,456,200
4,452,810
4,452,810
4,452,810
4,452,810
4,465,600
4,465,700
4,465,650
4,465,600
4,465,650
4,461,520
4,461,530
4,461,540
4,461,500
so2
Emissions
(tons /day)
34.
0.
57.
0
20.18
20.18
20.18
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
.36
.36
.36
.36
Stack
Height
(m)
83
83
89
73
70
70
70
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
Stack Exit
Temperature
(«K)
430
430
416
403
467
467
467
10*
10*
10*
10*
10*
70*
70*
70*
70*
Actual
Stack Gas
Volume
(m^/sec)
198.950
229.450
299.140
534. 810
223.640
223.640
223,640
50.000*
50.000*
50. 000*
50.000*
50.000*
70.000*
70.000*
70.000*
70.000*
Stack
Inner
Radius
(m)
2.150
2.150
2.300
3.050
2.150
2.150
2.150
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
to
to
        *Indicates building source; building length and width are entered as Stack Temperature and Volume.
-------
                                                 TABLE 6-6 (Continued)
Source
52 Clairton Reheat
53 Clairton Reheat
54 Clairton Reheat
55 Pittron
Location (UTM)
X
Coordinate
595,100
595,100
595,100
593,850
Y
Coordinate
4,461,560
4,461,570
4,461,580
4,464,500
so2
Emissions
(tons /day)
.36
.36
.36
.11
Stack
Height
(m)
52
52
52
75
Stack Exit
Temperature
(°K)
70*
70*
70*
600
Actual
Stack Gas
Volume
(m^/sec)
70.000*
70.000*
70.000*
88.000
Stack
Inner
Radius
(m)
—
—
—
2.000
o
o
         ^Indicates building source; building length and width are entered as Stack Temperature and Volume.
-------
Air Pollution Control and a paper by Smith (1973).  The locations of the sources are
shown in Figure 6-3  and on a topographic map of the Clairton-Liberty Borough area in
Figure 4-1 of Section 4.  It should be noted that the calculations for 18 January 1973 do
not include the effects of the ambient SO2 background or the other SO2  sources in the
Pittsburgh area.

        6.2.4       Meteorological Data
        Table 6-7 lists,  for  each hour, the mean wind direction, surface wind speed,
mixing depth, ambient air temperature and vertical potential temperature gradient
used in the calculations for the 18 January 1973 air pollution episode at Liberty
Borough.  The hourly wind directions and speeds are arithmetic means of concur-
rent pairs of observations at  the Greater Pittsburgh Airport and Allegheny County
Airport,  and the ambient air  temperatures are the temperatures measured at  the
Greater Pittsburgh Airport.  The mixing depths in Table 6-7 were assigned on the
basis of rawinsonde data from the Greater Pittsburgh Airport for 1900 EST on
17 January, 0700 and 1900 EST on 18 January and 0700 EST on  19 January.  The
nighttime and early morning mixing depth of 125 meters was estimated from the
strength and vertical extent of the ground inversion, and from the results of the
analysis of Pittsburgh mixing depths summarized in Table 3-6.   The four Greater
Pittsburgh Airport soundings and the 18 January 1200 EST sounding taken at the
downtown Pittsburgh EMSU station provided five observations of the vertical potential
temperature gradient.  Potential temperature gradients for the  remaining hours of
18 January 1973 were estimated by linear interpolation.
        Following the Turner (1964) procedures for determining the Pasquill  sta-
bility category, the average wind speeds listed in Table 6-7 and the cloud cover
observations at the Greater Pittsburgh Airport were used to determine the stability
category for each hour.  As shown by the right-hand column of  Table 6-7, there
were 14 hours of Pasquill stability category D, 8 hours of Pasquill  stability category
E and 2  hours of Pasquill stability category  C on 18 January 1973.  The hourly lateral
and vertical turbulent intensities were set equal to the appropriate urban values given
in Table 3-5.
                                     101
-------
              TABLE 6-7

METEOROLOGICAL INPUT PARAMETERS
        FOR 18 JANUARY 1973
Hour
(EST)
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Wind
Direction
(deg)
210
200
180
190
210
190
200
190
190
170
200
220
220
220
200
190
170
150
150
160
160
150
150
160
Wind
Speed
(m/sec)
3.6
3.6
2.6
3.6
4.6
3.6
4.6
4.1
4.1
4.1
5.1
7.7
6.7
6.2
6.7
7.2
4.1
2.6
3.6
3.6
3.1
3.6
4.1
4.1
Mixing
Depth
(m)
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
300
320
380
420
180
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
Ambient Air
Temperature
(°K)
279
279
279
279
279
279
278
278
278
282
286
287
288
289
289
289
287
284
283
282
282
281
280
278
Potential
Temperature
Gradient
(QK/m)
0.015
0.016
0.017
0.019
0.020
0.021
0.022
0.018
0.014
0.011
0.007
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.007
0.010
0.014
0.017
0.021
0.020
0.019
0.018
0.017
0.016
Pasquill
Stability
Category
E
E
E
D
D
D
D
D
C
C
D
D
D
D
D
D
E
E
E
E
E
D
D
D
                 102
-------
        The wind speed from the four rawinsonde flights at the Greater Pittsburgh
Airport were averaged and a logarithmic least-squares regression curve was fitted
to the data following the procedure described in Section 3. 3.  From the regression
curve, a wind-profile exponent of 0.25 was determined to be representative of con-
ditions within the surface mixing layer,  and this value of p was used in the calculations
for all hours of 18 January 1973.
6.3     THE 13 JULY 1973 Affi POLLUTION EPISODE AT LIBERTY BOROUGH
        6. 3.1      Background
        As mentioned above, two of the three 24-hour air pollution episodes selected
for testing the performance of the short-term concentration model were evidenced
by high SO2 concentrations observed at the Liberty Borough monitor.  This monitor
is located approximately 2.4 kilometers north-northeast of the Clairton Coke Works.
During 1973,  observation at the Liberty  Borough monitor showed that the 24-hour
Primary Air Quality Standard for SO2 of 365 micrograms per cubic meter was
exceeded 16 times.  One of these, the 18 January 1973 episode, has been used to
test the performance of the short-term concentration model as described in Section
6. 2.   The second 24-hour period of observed high SO2 concentrations at the Liberty
Borough monitor selected for testing the short-term model occurred on 13 July  1973.
Meteorological conditions on this date differed from those on 18 January 1973 princi-
pally  in that the winds were generally from the west-southwest rather than from the
south-south west and the daytime mixing depths on 13 July 1973 were much larger
than on 18 January 1973.  Although the observations at the Liberty Borough monitor
on 13  July 1973 are  somewhat below the 24-hour Primary Air Quality Standard,  this
date was selected because it represents a summer situation in which very high SOg
concentrations were observed.
        The calculation procedures and the results of the 13 July 1973 short-term
concentration calculations are presented in Section 6. 3. 2.  Emissions data and
meteorological data used in the calculations are given in Sections 6. 3. 3 and 6. 3.4
                                      103
-------
        6.3.2       Calculation Procedures and Results






        The emissions and meteorological data in Sections 6. 3. 3 and 6.3.4 were


used with the short-term concentration model described in Section A. 3 of Appendix


A to calculate hourly ground-level SO  concentrations for 649 grid points on a 21-
                                   L*

kilometer by 28-kilometer grid that includes  most of the area shown in Figure 6-8.


The procedures described in Section A. 5 of Appendix A were used to take into


account the effects of variations in terrain height over the calculation grid.  It should


be noted that no calibration constants were used to scale the calculated concentrations


to the concentrations observed at monitoring  sites.   The model concentrations were


thus obtained directly from the  reported emissions data and meteorological data


 with no calibration adjustment.




         Figure 6-8 shows, for the combined sources,  the calculated isopleths of


 24-hour average ground-level SO concentration for 13 July 1973.  Neglecting the
                                ^

 ambient SO  background concentration, the results  indicate that the 24-hour Pri-
           L*

 mary Air Quality Standard was exceeded in an area  of elevated terrain on the east


 side of the Monongahela River,  approximately 1.5 kilometers northeast of the


 Clairton Coke Works;  and, in an area along the Monongahela River just west of


 Elizabeth and approximately 3  kilometers northeast of the Elrama power plant.


 At the grid point northeast of the Clairton Coke Works where the maximum cal-


 culated 24-hour average concentration of 842 micrograms per cubic meter occurs,


 the coke ovens of the Clairton Coke Works account for 23 percent of the calculated


 maximum and the Clairton Claus plant accounts for  64 percent.   Similarly, the con-


 tributions from the Elrama and Mitchell power plants are respectively 9 and 3 per-


 cent of the total calculated maximum.  The maximum 24-hour concentration cal-


 culated in the area west of Elizabeth is 450 micrograms per cubic meter.   Emis-


 sions from Elrama and Mitchell account for 95 and  5 percent, respectively, of the


 total concentration.
                                     104
-------
FIGURE 6-8.  Isopleths of 24-hour average ground-level SO2 concentration in micro-
             grams per cubic meter calculated for the Clairton-Liberty Borough
             area on 13 July 1973.  The two filled circles show the locations of the
             Glassport and Liberty Borough SO2 monitors.
                                    105
-------
        Table 6-8 gives the calculated and observed hourly average SO  concentra-
tion for 13 July 1973 at the Glassport and Liberty Borough SC>2 monitors.  The loca-
tions of the monitors are shown by the filled circles in Figure 6-8.  The calculated
and observed 24-hour average concentrations given at the bottom of Table 6-8 are
in reasonably good agreement, especially in view of the large gradient shown in the
calculated concentration isopleths immediately south of the Liberty Borough moni-
tor and the fact that the  calculated isopleths do not include any background.  The
maximum 3-hour concentration calculated for the Glassport monitor of 496 micro-
grams per cubic meter  is about 26 percent higher than the observed 3-hour maxi-
mum of 395 micrograms per cubic meter.  The maximum 3-hour concentration cal-
culated for the Liberty Borough monitor of 1204 micrograms per cubic meter is
about 47 percent higher than the observed 3-hour maximum of 820 micrograms per
cubic meter. There is, however, poor agreement between the hour-by-hour cal-
culated and observed concentrations  at the two monitors.  As explained  in Section 6.2,
this is principally due to a fundamental lack of accuracy in the available wind-direc-
tion data which precludes  the accurate positioning of plumes with respect to specific
grid points on an  hourly basis.  For  periods of 24 hours, however, the effects of
inaccuracies in the hourly meteorological data are considerably reduced by the aver-
aging process.  The small calculated hourly concentrations after 0800 EST at the  two
monitors are explained by a shift in the reported wind directions of about 20 degrees
toward the southwest and west-southwest.

        Table 6-9 lists, for the major sources and source complexes independently
and for the combined sources, the 24-hour  average ground-level SO  concentrations
                                                               £t
calculated for the Glassport and Liberty Borough monitors.  The results indicate
that, on 13 July 1973, the SO2 emissions from the  Elrama power plant controlled
the SO2 levels at  the Glassport monitor, while emissions from both the  Clairton
Coke Works and the Elrama power plant controlled the SO  levels at the Liberty
                                                      ^
Borough monitor.
                                     106
-------
                      TABLE 6-8
CALCULATED AND OBSERVED HOURLY GROUND-LEVEL SO2
   CONCENTRATIONS AT THE GLASSPORT AND LIBERTY
       BOROUGH SO2 MONITOR ON 13 JULY 1973
Hour
(EST)
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
24-Hour Average
* 3-Hour Maximum
Glas sport Monitor
Calculated
Concentration
(Mg/m3)
779*
618*
92*
85
708
109
1
25
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
101
496
Observed
Concentration
(Mg/m3)
73
224
133
252
582*
179*
424*
255
107
120
68
70
73
83
94
107
86
83
99
94
91
18
8
10
139
395
Liberty Borough Monitor
Calculated
Concentration
(Mg/m3)
643
523*
1615*
1473*
431
836
93
267
72
6
4
0
22
71
72
0
0
0
6
6
27
0
28
0
258
1204
Observed
Concentration
(Mg/m3)
1245
354
398
374
486
1017*
502*
941*
512
416
195
213
257
198
161
263
260
208
283
140
138
44
18
31
361
820
                         107
-------
                               TABLE 6-9

          CALCULATED 24-HOUR AVERAGE GROUND-LEVEL SO2
           CONCENTRATIONS AT THE GLASSPORT AND LIBERTY
                 BOROUGH SO2 MONITORS ON 13 JULY 1973
Source
Clairton
Coke Ovens
Power Boilers
Reheat and Blast Furnaces
Glaus Plant
All Sources
Irvin
Process
Reheat
All Sources
Elranaa
Mitchell
Pitron
Combined Sources
24-Hour Average Concentration (jug/m3)
Glassport

0 ( 0%)
0 ( 0%)
0 ( 0%)
0 ( 0%)

0 ( 0%)
0 ( 0%)



Monitor

0 ( 0%)

0 ( 0%)
89 ( 88%)
12 ( 12%)
0 ( 0%)
101 (100%)
Liberty Borough
Monitor

70 (27%)
47 (18%)
5 ( 2%)
23 ( 9%)
144 ( 56%)

0 ( 0%)
0 ( 0%)
0 ( 0%)
105 ( 41%)
9 ( 3%)
0 ( 0%)
258 (100%)
*Numbers inclosed in parentheses show the percentage of the total calculated
 concentration allocated to each source.
                                 108
-------
        6. 3. 3       Source Data
        Table 6-10 lists the sources,  source locations, SO  emission rates and
                                                        Lt
stack parameters used to calculate short-term ground-level SO  concentrations
                                                            Li
for the 13 July 1973 air pollution episode at Liberty Borough.   The source and
emissions data in Table 6-10 were provided by the  Allegheny County Bureau of
Air Pollution Control.  The locations of the sources are shown in Figure 6-8 and
on a topographic map of the Clairton-Liberty Borough area in Figure 4-1 of Sec-
tion 4.
        6.3.4       Meteorological Data

        Table 6-11 lists by hour the wind directions,  surface wind speeds, ambient
air temperatures and vertical potential temperature gradients used in the calcula-
tions for the 13 July 1973 air pollution episode at Liberty Borough.  The hourly wind
speeds and directions are averages of concurrent pairs of observations at the
Greater Pittsburgh Airport and Allegheny County Airport. The ambient air temper-
atures,  which are the temperatures measured at the Greater Pittsburgh Airport,
were used with rawinsonde data obtained from the Greater Pittsburgh Airport at
1900 EST on 12 July,  at 0700 EST and 1900  EST on 13 July, and at 0700  EST on
14 July to estimate the mixing depths listed in Table 6-11.  Measurements of the
vertical potential temperature gradient were obtained from the four  Greater Pittsburgh
Airport rawinsonde flights. An adiabatic thermal stratification was assumed to exist
at the time of the maximum temperature (1500 EST).   Vertical potential temperature
gradients for intermediate hours  were obtained by linear interpolation.   The wind
speeds from the rawinsonde data  were averaged and a least-squares regression
curve was fitted to the data to obtain a wind-profile exponent p of 0.14.   Details of
the  least-squares procedure are given in Section 3. 3.  Applying the  Turner (1964)
definitions of the Pasquill stability categories, the Pasquill stability category D
                                     109
-------
                        TABLE 6-10

S02 EMISSIONS, SOURCE LOCATIONS AND STACK PARAMETERS
  USED TO CALCULATE SHORT-TERM SO2 CONCENTRATIONS
      FOR THE 13 JULY 1973 AIR POLLUTION EPISODE
                 AT LIBERTY BOROUGH
Source
1 Clairton Underfire #1
2 Clairton Underfire #2
3 Clairton Underfire #3
7 Clairton Underfire #7
8 Clairton Underfire #8
9 Clairton Underfire #9
10 Clairton Underfire #10
11 Clairton Underfire #11
12 Clairton Underfire #12
13 Clairton Underfire #13
14 Clairton Underfire #14
15 Clairton Underfire #15
16 Clairton Underfire #16
17 Clairton Underfire #17
Location (UTM)
X
Coordinate
595,860
595,830
595,730
595,880
595,870
595,750
595,660
595,630
595,520
595,380
595,360
595,210
595,190
595,110
Y
Coordinate
4,461,520
4,461,540
4,461,780
4,461,650
4,461,680
4,461,810
4,461,900
4,461,920
4,462,060
4,461,930
4,461,960
4,462,110
4,462,150
4,462,240
S°2
Emissions
(tons /day)
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.58
Stack
Height
(m)
69
69
69
65
65
65
69
69
69
69
69
69
61
61
Stack Exit
Temperature
(°K)
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
Actual
Stack Gas
Volume
3
(m /sec)
37.27
37.27
37.27
35.87
35.87
35.87
37.27
37.27
37.27
37.74
37. 74
37.74
32.13
32. 13
Stack
Inner
Radius
(m)
1.220
1.220
1.220
1.270
1.270
1.270
1.220
1.220
1.220
1.310
1.310
1.310
1.310
1.310
-------
                                        TABLE 6-10 (Continued)
Source
18 Clairton Underfire #18
19 Clairton Underfire #19
20 Clairton Underfire #20
21 Clairton Underfire #21
22 Clairton Underfire #22
23 Clairton Underfire #12 A
24 Clairton B&W #1
25 Clairton CE #2
26 Clairton Benzene Boiler
27 Clairton Benzene Boiler
28 Clairton Blast Furnace
3C Clairton Clans Plant
31 Irvin 3 and 4
32 Irvin 5 and 6
33 Irvin 7
35 Elrama
Location (UTM)
X
Coordinate
595,020
595,280
595,250
595,060
595,030
595,500
595,000
595,000
594,870
594,850
595,630
595,810
593,220
593,230
593,250
592,000
Y
Coordinate
4,462,330
4,461,880
4,461,910
4,462,120
4,462,160
4,462,080
4,462,470
4,462,470
4,462,400
4,462,410
4,460,060
4,461,550
4,465,600
4,465,650
4,465,710
4,456,200
S°2
Emissions
(tons/day)
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.58
10.22
3.22
1.61
1.61
0.83
13.90
2.26
3.38
2.57
39.73
Stack
Height
(m)
76
76
76
76
76
69
50
50
52
52
60
46
55
78
30
83
Stack Exit
Temperature
(OK)
700
700
700
700
700
700
455
455
16*
16*
716
561
646
633
483
416
Actual
Stack Gas
Volume
(m^/sec)
32.300
58.430
58.430
58.430
58.430
35.870
92.570
72.330
60.000*
60. 000*
180.580
18.030
54.550
79.620
33.400
198.950
Stack
Inner
Radius
(m)
1.460
2.140
2.140
2.140
2.140
1.520
1.370
1.060
—
—
1.880
.610
1.790
1.600
.920
2.150
Indicates building source; building length and width are entered as Stack Temperature and Volume.
-------
                                                 TABLE 6-10 (Continued)
Source
36 Elrama
37 Elrama
38 Elrama
39 Mitchell
40 Mitchell
41 Mitchell
42 Mitchell
43 Irvin Reheat
44 Irvin Reheat
45 Irvin Reheat
46 Irvin Reheat
47 Irvin Reheat
48 Clairton Reheat
49 Clairton Reheat
50 Clairton Reheat
51 Clairton Reheat
Location (UTM)
X
Coordinate
592,000
592,000
592,000
587,340
587,340
587,340
587,340
593,250
593,250
593,250
593,260
593,260
595,100
595,100
595,100
595,100
Y
Coordinate
4,456,200
4,456,200
4,456,200
4,452,810
4,452,810
4,452,810
4,452,810
4,465,600
4,465,700
4,465,650
4,465,600
4,465,650
4,461,520
4,461,530
4,461,540
4,461,500
S°2
Emissions
(tons /day)
42.52
45.79
68.86
0
15.83
15.83
15.83
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
Stack
Height
(m)
83
83
89
73
70
70
70
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
Stack Exit
Temperature
(OK)
430
430
416
403
467
467
467
10*
10*
10*
10*
10*
70*
70*
70*
70*
Actual
Stack Gas
Volume
(m«Vsec)
198.950
229.450
299.140
534.810
223.640
223.640
223.640
50.000*
50.000*
50.000*
50.000*
50.000*
70.000*
70.000*
70.000*
70. 000*
Stack
Inner
Radius
(m)
2.150
2.150
2.300
3.050
2.150
2.150
2.150
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
to
        ^Indicates building source; building length and width are entered as Stack Temperature and Volume.
-------
                                        TABLE 6-10 (Continued)
Source
52 Clairton Reheat
53 Clairton Reheat
54 Clairton Reheat
55 Pittron
Location (UTM)
X
Coordinate
595,100
595,100
595,100
593,850
Y
Coordinate
4,461,560
4,461,570
4,461,580
4,464,500
S02
Emissions
(tons/da3r)
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.11
Stack
Height
(m)
52
52
52
75
Stack Exit
Temperature
(<>K)
70*
70*
70*
600
Actual
Stack Gas
Volume
(m-Vsec)
70.000*
70.000*
70.000*
88.000
Stack
Inner
Radius
(m)
—
—
—
2.000
*Indicates building source; building length and width are entered as Stack Temperature and Volume.
-------
              TABLE 6-11

METEOROLOGICAL INPUT PARAMETERS
          FOR 13 JULY 1973
Hour
(EST)
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Wind
Direction
(deg)
195
195
210
210
200
215
225
220
225
230
235
260
230
225
225
240
235
240
230
230
225
230
225
230
Wind
Speed
(m/sec)
3.6
4.6
4.6
5.1
5.7
6.2
6.4
5.7
6.9
6.4
6.4
6.2
6.9
6.4
6.2
7.5
7.2
7.2
6.4
5.7
4.4
4.6
4.6
4.6
Mixing
Depth
(m)
125
125
125
125
125
125
200
350
500
750
900
1000
1050
1200
1700
1200
1220
1050
1000
825
650
475
300
125
Ambient Air
Temperature
(°K)
290
291
291
291
291
292
293
295
297
299
301
303
303
304
305
304
304
304
303
300
298
297
297
295
Potential
Temperature
Gradient
(oK/m)
0.007
0.007
0.008
0.008
0.009
0.009
0.010
0.009
0.008
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.001
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.004
0.005
0.006
Pasquill
Stability
Category
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
C
D
D
C
C
C
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
E
E
E
E
                 114
-------
was assigned to 16 hours while the C and E categories were each assigned to 4
hours. The urban-area hourly lateral and vertical turbulent intensities given in
Table 3-5 for the various Pasquill stability categories were also used in the 13
July 1973 short-term model calculations.
                                     115
-------
116
-------
                                SECTION 7

               SHORT-TERM COMPLIANCE CALCULATIONS


       A major objective of this study is to calculate by means of an appropriate
diffusion model the maximum 3-hour and 24-hour ground-level SO  concentrations
                                                             ^
that may be expected to occur in Allegheny County under the current SO2 emission
regulations for large stationary sources.  The purpose of these calculations is to
assist the U.  S. Environmental Protection Agency in determining the extent to
which these proposed emission regulations will ensure the attainment and main-
tenance of the Federal  short-term Air Quality Standards for SO  in Allegheny
                                                           u
County.  Bloom and Smith (1974) have noted that all violations of the 3-hour Second-
ary Air Quality Standard recorded in Allegheny County since 1971 occurred during
24-hour periods when the 24-hour Primary Air Quality Standard was also violated,
and we concur that the  24-hour is the more restrictive. We therefore have empha-
sized the 24-hour standard in the short-term compliance calculations.

       As previously noted in Section 5.1, the Allegheny County Bureau of Air Pollu-
tion Control supplied SO2 emissions data for Compliance Cases A,  B and C covering
the major SO  sources and source complexes included  in the 1973 model calculations
            £i
described in Sections 4 and 6.  The emissions data for Compliance Case A were
used in combination with assumed worst-case meteorological conditions to calculate
short-term ground4evel SO concentrations for three specific areas within Allegheny
                          £t
County: Logans Ferry, Clairton-Liberty Borough, and Hazelwood-Braddock.  The
calculation procedures and results of the calculations,  as well  as the source para-
meters and meteorological parameters used in the short-term  model calculations
for each of three areas, are described below.  As explained in Section 5.1, differ-
ences in SO  emissions for the three Compliance Cases are slight and have a
          2t
negligible effect on the calculated ground-level SO concentrations.  Therefore,
                                               £t
only the results for Compliance Case A emissions are presented.
                                   117
-------
7.1     SHORT-TERM COMPLIANCE CALCULATIONS FOR THE LOGANS FERRY
        AREA
        7.1.1      Background

        As explained in Section 6.1, the short-term model calculations for the 4
January 1973 air pollution episode at Logans Ferry showed that emissions from
the West Penn power plant were primarily responsible for the excessively high
SO concentrations observed at the Logans Ferry monitor.  The meteorological
   ^
conditions associated with the 4 January 1973 episode (moderate to strong west-
southwest winds and Pasquill stability category D) were selected to be representa-
tive of worst-case meteorological conditions for the Logans Ferry short-term
compliance calculations.

        The calculation procedures and results are presented in Section 7.1.2.
The computed emissions  data are given in Section 7.1. 3 and the meteorological
data used in the Logans Ferry short-term compliance calculations are described
in Section 7.1.4.

         7.1. 2      Calculation Procedures and Results

        The source and meteorological data in Sections 7.1. 3 and 7.1. 4 were used
with the short-term concentration model described in Section A. 3  of Appendix A to
calculate hourly ground-level SO concentrations for 256 grid points on the 10-kilo-
                               Lt
meter by 10-kilometer grid  in Figure 6-1  of Section 6.  The procedures described
in Section A. 5 of Appendix A were used to account for the effects of variations in
terrain height over the calculated grid.
                                    118
-------
        Figure 7-1 shows, for the combined sources, the calculated isopleths of
24-hour average ground-level SO  concentration.  Neglecting the ambient SO  back-
ground, Figure 7-1 does not show that the 24-hour Primary Air Quality Standard of
365 micrograms per cubic meter is exceeded.   However, the maximum calculated
24-hour concentration of 458 micrograms per cubic meter, which occurs at the grid
point corresponding to the location of the Logans Ferry SO monitor, is  above the
                                                       £i
24-hour standard.  The location of the monitor is given by the filled circle in  Figure
7-1. The second highest calculated 24-hour concentration is 265 micrograms per
cubic meter and this occurs at a grid point located 0. 2 kilometers from the Logans
Ferry monitor.  Thus, the 24-hour standard may be exceeded in a very small area
under worst-case meteorological conditions.

        Table 7-1 gives the calculated hourly SO  concentrations at the  Logans
Ferry monitor due to the SO  emissions from each power plant independently and
from both power plants combined.  According to Table 7-1, the West Penn emis-
sions account for about 97 percent of the calculated maximum short-term concentra-
tions.  A similar result was obtained in the short-term calculations for the 4  January
1973 air pollution episode at Logans Ferry described in Section 6.1.  The calculated
maximum 1-hour and 3-hour concentrations are 981 and 748 micrograms per  cubic
meter,  respectively.  Thus, the Logans Ferry  compliance calculations indicate that
the projected SO  emissions will not endanger the 3-hour Secondary Air Quality
                £1
Standard of 1300 micrograms per cubic meter.

         7.1. 3      Source Data

        Table 7-2 lists the sources, source locations SO  emission rates and stack
parameters used to calculate short-term ground-level SO  concentrations for the
Logans Ferry short-term compliance case.  The locations of the West Penn and
Cheswick power plants are shown in Figure 7-1.  Comparison of Table 7-2 with
Table 6-2 in Section 6 shows that,  for the compliance case, the total SO  emis-
sions from the West Penn power plant are reduced to about 34 percent of the 4
January 1973 levels and that the Cheswick emissions are reduced to about 32 per-
                                     119
-------
FIGURE 7-1.  Calculated isopleths of 24-hour average ground-level SOo concen-
              tration in micrograms per cubic meter for the Logans Ferry
              compliance case.  The location os the Logans Ferry SO2 monitor is
              shown by the filled circle.
                                 120
-------
                       TABLE 7-1

CALCULATED HOURLY GROUND-LEVEL SOg CONCENTRATIONS AT
    THE LOGANS FERRY MONITOR FOR THE COMPLIANCE CASE
Hour
(EST)
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
24 -Hour Average
Hourly SO Concentration (^g/m3)
^
West Penn
47
373
86
465
947
154
151
617
629
642
655
605
629
650
120
502
940
716
492
494
345
260
7
83
442
Cheswlck
1
11
2
15
34
4
4
25
24
23
22
20
24
21
3
25
32
28
13
19
17
10
0
3
16
Combined Sources
48
384
87
480
981
158
155
642
652
666
677
625
652
671
123
527
972
744
505
513
362
270
7
86
458
                           121
-------
                                              TABLE 7-2


                   S02 EMISSIONS, SOURCE LOCATIONS AND STACK PARAMETERS USED TO

                      CALCULATE SHORT-TERM GROUND-LEVEL SO2 CONCENTRATIONS

                               FOR THE COMPLIANCE CASE AT LOGANS FERRY
Source
116 West Perm
117 West Penn
118 Cheswick
Location (UTM)
X
Coordinate
604,380
604,380
602,330
Y
Coordinate
4,488,740
4,488,740
4,487,800
so2
Emissions
(tons/day)
8.08
12.39
38.02
Stack
Height
(m)
67.1
62.5
229.0
Stack Exit
Temperature
(°K)
472
444
411
Actual
Stack Gas
Volume
(nrVsec)
160.98
162.14
881.46
Stack
Inner
Radius
(m)
2.60
1.85
3.20
to
to
-------
cent of their 4 January 1973 levels.  It should be noted that the Logans Ferry short-
term compliance calculations do not include the effects of ambient background or of
any SO  sources other than the West Penn and Cheswick power plants.
      A

        7.1.4      Meteorological Data

        Table 7-3 lists, for each hour, the wind direction,  surface wind speed,
mixing depth,  ambient air temperature and vertical potential temperature gradient
used in the calculations  for the Logans Ferry short-term compliance case.  The
parameters given in Table 7-3 are representative of neutral stability  in combina-
tion with moderate to  strong winds from the west-southwest.   This meteorological
condition is similar to the situation that produced the air pollution episode at Logans
Ferry on 4 January 1973, except that west-southwest winds with speeds above 5.1
meters per second are assumed to persist throughout the entire 24-hour period.
Table 3-10 of Section  3  indicates that west-southwest winds greater than 5.1 meters
per second persisted at the Greater  Pittsburgh Airport for 24 or more hours,  a
total of 7 times during the period 1963 through 1972.  Thus, the assumption of a
24-hour persistence of west-southwest winds with speeds greater than 5.1 meters
per second appears to be reasonable. The wind-profile exponent was set equal to
the value of 0.17 calculated for the 4 January 1973 episode (see Section 6.1.4) and
the hourly lateral and vertical turbulent intensities were set equal to the urban
values for Pasquill stability category D of 0.1051 and 0. 0735 radians,  respectively
shown in Table 3-5.
7.2     SHORT-TERM COMPLIANCE CALCULATIONS FOR THE CLAIRTON-
        LIBERTY BOROUGH AREA
        7.2.1       Background

        Air quality observations at the Glassport and Liberty Borough monitors
operated by the Allegheny County Bureau of Air Pollution Control have shown that
                                    123
-------
                      TABLE 7-3

METEOROLOGICAL INPUT PARAMETERS FOR THE LOGANS FERRY
      SHORT-TERM COMPLIANCE CASE CALCULATIONS
Hour
(EST)
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Wind
Direction
(deg)
235
240
235
240
245
255
255
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
255
245
245
245
240
250
250
240
260
255
Wind
Speed
(m/sec)
6.2
6.7
10.3
9.8
8.2
9.3
9.8
10.3
9.3
8.7
8.2
7.2
9.3
7.7
6.7
6.2
7.7
6.7
7.7
6.7
6.2
6.2
6.2
6.2
Mixing
Depth
(m)
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
Ambient Air
Temperature
(°K)
280
280
280
280
280
280
280
280
280
280
280
280
280
280
280
280
280
280
280
280
280
280
280
280
Potential
Temperature
Gradient
(oK/m)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Pasquill
Stability
Category
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
                           124
-------
the highest ground-level SO concentrations occur with moderate to strong south-
southwest winds  (episodes of this type which occurred on 18 January 1973 and 13
July 1973 are discussed in  Sections 6. 2 and 6. 3).  For the Clairton-Liberty Borough
short-term compliance calculations, a meteorological regime similar to that of 18
January 1973,  which included low mixing depths as well as moderate south-south-
west winds,  was assumed to represent worst-case meteorological conditions.

        The calculation procedures and the results of the calculations are given
in Section 7. 2. 2.  The projected emissions data for Compliance Case A and the
meteorological data used in the calculations are presented in Sections 7.2. 3 and
7.2.4.

        7.2.2      Calculation Procedures and Results

        The source and meteorological data in Sections 7.2.3 and 7.2.4 were used
with the short-term concentration model described in Section A. 3 of Appendix A to
calculate the hourly ground-level SC>2 concentrations for 649 grid points on a 21-kilom-
eter by 28-kilometer grid that includes  most of the area shown in Figure 7-2. The
effects of variations in terrain height over the calculation grid were included in the
calculations following the procedures outlined  in Section A. 5 of Appendix A.

        Figure 7-2 shows, for the  combined sources, the calculated  isopleths of
24-hour average ground-level SO  concentration.  Neglecting the ambient SO2
background, the compliance calculations indicate that the 24-hour Primary Air
Quality Standard of 365 micrograms per cubic meter will not be exceeded.  The max-
imum calculated concentration of 310 micrograms per cubic meter is at the  grid point
located at the  site of the Liberty Borough SO  monitor.  Table 7-5 lists,  for the  major
                                          £i
sources complexes independently and for  the combined sources, the 24-hour average
ground-level SO  concentrations calculated for the Glassport and Liberty Borough moni-
               4j
tors.  The locations of the monitors are shown by the two filled circles in Figure 7-2.
                                      125
-------
FIGURE 7-2.  Calculated isopleths of 24-hour average ground-level SO? concentration

              in micrograms per cubic meter for the Clairton-Liberty Borough area

              under Compliance Case A.   The two filled circles show the locations of

              the Glassport and Liberty Borough SO  monitors.
                                                i~i
                                       126
-------
                              TABLE 7-4

         CALCULATED 24-HOUR AVERAGE GROUND-LEVEL SO2
          CONCENTRATIONS AT THE GLASSPORT AND LIBERTY
          BOROUGH SO2 MONITORS FOR COMPLIANCE CASE A
Source
Clairton
Coke Ovens
Power Boilers
Reheat and Blast Furnaces
Glaus Plant
All Sources
Irvin
Process
Reheat
All Sources
Elrama
Mitchell
Pittron
Combined Sources
24-Hour Average Concentration (ug/m^)
Glassport

0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)

0 (0%)
0 (0%)



Monitor

0 ( 0%)

0 ( 0%)
32 ( 56%)
25 ( 44%)
0 ( 0%)
57 (100%)
Liberty Borough
Monitor

53 (17%)
145 (47%)
9 ( 3%)
5 ( 2%)
212

0 ( 0%)
0 ( 0%)
0
70
28
0
310

( 68%)

( 0%)
( 23%)
( 9%)
( 0%)
(100%)
*Numbers inclosed in parentheses show the percentage of the total calculated
concentration allocated to each source.
                                   127
-------
As shown by Table 7-4, the relative contributions to the total calculated 24-hour con-


centration at the Liberty Borough monitor from the Clairton Coke Works,  Elrama


power plant and Mitchell power plant are 68, 23 and 9 percent, respectively.  Sim-


ilarly, at the Glassport monitor,  56 percent of the total calculated 24-hour concentra-


tion is contributed by the Elrama power plant and 44 percent is contributed by the


Mitchell power plant.  Because of the mean wind directions used in the calculations,


SO  emissions from the Clairton Coke Works do not contribute to the concentration
  2i

calculated at the Glassport monitor.



         The calculated maximum hourly ground-level SO  concentration is 952
                                                      £i

micrograms per cubic meter and the calculated maximum 3-hour concentration


is 699 micrograms per cubic meter.  Emissions from the Clairton Coke Works


account for all of the maximum hourly concentration, which is located on the ele-


vated terrain northeast of the plant.  The 3-hour maximum is located 1. 3 kilometers


north-northeast of the Mitchell power plant, and emissions from the Mitchell plant


are responsible for all of this calculated concentration.  Because the maximum


calculated hourly and 3-hour concentrations are well below the 3-hour Secondary


Air Quality Standard of 1300 micrograms per cubic meter, it appears that the reduc-


tions in SO  emissions for Compliance Case A  are sufficient to maintain the 3-hour
          /^

standard in the Clairton-Liberty Borough area.




         7.2.3      Source Data




         Table 7-5 lists the sources, source locations, SO  emission rates and
                                                       £i

stack parameters used to calculate short-term ground-level SO  concentrations
                                                            Li

for the Clairton-Liberty Borough Compliance Case A.  The locations of the sources


are shown in Figure  7-2.  A comparison of Table  7-5 with Table 4-2 of Section 4


reveals that total SO2 emissions from the Clairton Coke Works,  Elrama power


plant and Mitchell power plant under Compliance Case A are reduced to about


39,  22 and  26 percent, respectively, of the emissions given in the 1973 emissions
                                      128
-------
                                                TABLE 7-5
                          S02 EMISSIONS, SOURCE LOCATIONS AND STACK PARAMETERS
                            USED TO CALCULATE SHORT-TERM GROUND-LEVEL SO2
                                CONCENTRATIONS FOR THE CLAIRTON-LIBERTY
                                       BOROUGH COMPLIANCE CASE A
Source
1 Clairton Underfire #1
2 Clairton Underfire #2
3 Clairton Underfire #3
7 Clairton Underfire #7
8 Clairton Underfire #8
9 Clairton Underfire #9
10 Clairton Underfire #10
11 Clairton Underfire #11
12 Clairton Underfire #12
13 Clairton Underfire #13
14 Clairton Underfire #14
15 Clairton Underfire #15
16 Clairton Underfire #16
17 Clairton Underfire #17
Location (UTM)
X
Coordinate
595,860
595,830
595,730
595,880
595,870
595,750
595,660
595,630
595,520
595,380
595, 360
595,210
595,190
595, 110
Y
Coordinate
4,461,520
4,461,540
4,461,780
4,461,650
4,461,680
4,461,810
4,461,900
4,461,920
4,462,060
4,461,930
4,461,960
4,462,110
4,462,150
4,462,240
S°2
Emissions
(tons /day)
.33
.33
.33
.33
.33
.33
.33
.33
.33
.33
.33
.33
.33
.33
Stack
Height
(m)
69
69
69
65
65
65
69
69
69
69
69
69
61
61
Stack Exit
Temperature
(°K)
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
Actual
Stack Gas
Volume
3 ,
(m /sec)
37.27
37.27
37.27
35.87
35.87
35.87
37.27
37.27
37.27
37.74
37.74
37.74
32.13
32.13
Stack
Inner
Radius
(m)
1.220
1.220
1.220
1.270
1.270
1.270
1.220
1.220
1.220
1.310
1.310
1.310
1.310
1.310
INS
-------
                                                TABLE 7-5 (Continued)
Source
18 Clairton Underfire #18
19 Clairton Underfire #19
20 Clairton Underfire #20
21 Clairton Underfire #21
22 Clairton Underfire #22
23 Clairton Underfire #12A
24 Clairton B&W #1
25 Clairton CE #2
26 Clairton Benzene Boiler
27 Clairton Benzene Boiler
28 Clairton Blast Furnace
3C Clairton Claus Plant
31 Irvin 3 and 4
32 Irvin 5 and 6
33 Irvin 7
35 Elrama
Location (UTM)
X
Coordinate
595,020
595,280
595,250
595,060
595,030
595,500
595,000
595,000
594,870
594,850
595,630
595,810
593,220
593,230
593,250
592,000
Y
Coordinate
4,462,330
4,461,880
4,461,910
4,462,120
4,462,160
4,462,080
4,462,470
4,462,470
4,462,400
4,462,410
4,460,060
4,461,550
4,465,600
4,465,650
4,465,710
4,456,200
S°2
Emissions
(tons /day)
.33
.33
.33
.33
.33
.33
5.65
4.21
1.98
1.98
.82
3.87
1.87
2.66
2.07
0
Stack
Height
(m)
76
76
76
76
76
69
50
50
52
52
60
46
55
78
30
83
Stack Exit
Temperature
(OK)
700
700
700
700
700
700
455
455
16*
16*
716
561
646
633
483
416
Actual
Stack Gas
Volume
(m
-------
                                        TABLE 7-5 (Continued)
Source
36 Elrama
37 Elrama
38 Elrama
39 Mitchell
40 Mitchell
41 Mitchell
42 Mitchell
43 Irvin Reheat
44 Irvin Reheat
45 Irvin Reheat
46 Irvin Reheat
47 Irvin Reheat
48 Clairton Reheat
49 Clairton Reheat
50 Clairton Reheat
51 Clairton Reheat
Location (UTM)
X
Coordinate
592,000
592,000
592,000
587,340
587,340
587,340
587,340
593,250
593,250
593,250
593,260
593,260
595,100
595,100
595,100
595,100
Y
Coordinate
4,456,200
4,456,200
4,456,200
4,452,810
4,452,810
4,452,810
4,452,810
4,465,600
4,465,700
4,465,650
4,465,600
4,465,650
4,461,520
4,461,530
4,461,540
4,461,500
S°2
Emissions
(tons /day)
0
0
35.6
18.33
5.33
5.33
5.33
.41
.41
.41
.41
.41
.13
.13
.13
.13
Stack
Height
(m)
83
83
89
73
70
70
70
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
Stack Exit
Temperature
(OK)
430
430
416
403
467
467
467
10*
10*
10*
10*
10*
70*
70*
70*
70*
Actual
Stack Gas
Volume
(m^/sec)
198.950
229.450
299.140
534. 810
223.640
223.640
223.640
50.000*
50.000*
50.000*
50.000*
50. 000*
70.000*
70.000*
70.000*
70.000*
Stack
Inner
Radius
(m)
2.150
2.150
2.300
3.050
2.150
2.150
2.150
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Indicates building source; building length and width are entered as Stack Temperature and Volume.
-------
                                                 TABLE 7-5 (Continued)
Source
52 Clairton Reheat
53 Clairton Reheat
54 Clairton Reheat
55 Pittron
Location (UTM)
X
Coordinate
595,100
595, 100
595,100
593,850
Y
Coordinate
4,461,560
4,461,570
4,461,580
4,464,500
so2
Emissions
(tons/day)
.13
.13
.13
.11
Stack
Height
(m)
52
52
52
75
Stack Exit
Temperature
(°K)
70*
70*
70*
600
Actual
Stack Gas
Volume
(m^/sec)
70.000*
70.000*
70.000*
88.000
Stack
Inner
Radius
(m)
—
—
—
2.000
CO
to
      ^Indicates building source; building length and width are entered as Stack Temperature and Volume.
-------
inventory compiled by the Allegheny County Bureau of Air Pollution Control.  It
should be noted that the Clairton-Liberty Borough short-term compliance calcula-
tions do not consider the ambient SO  background or the contributions of SO
                                  A                                    2
sources other than those listed in Table 7-5.

        7.2.4      Meteorological Data

        Table 7-6 lists the hourly  wind directions, surface wind speeds, mixing
depths, ambient air temperatures and vertical potential temperature  gradients used
in the concentration calculations for the Clairton-Liberty Borough short-term Com-
pliance Case A.  These parameters were  selected to  be representative of a winter
pre-frontal situation with persistent south-southwest  winds greater than  3.1 meters
per second, low mixing depths (125 to 300 meters), and overcast or broken sky con-
ditions.  Table 3-9 of Section 3 indicates that south-southwest winds greater than
3.1 meters per second persisted at the Greater Pittsburgh Airport for 12 or more
hours 41 times during the period 1963 through 1972.  Comparison of Tables 3-9 and
3-10 shows that the wind speed varied between 3.1 and 5.1 meters per second on 27
of the 41 occasions.  Thus, a 12-hour persistence of  south-southwest winds in the
3.1- to 5.1-meter per second range was assumed for the first 12 hours of the com-
pliance case.  Table 3-9 shows that south-southwest winds greater than 3.1 meters
per second persisted for 24 or more hours once, and that southwest winds greater
than 3.1 meters per second persisted for  24 or more hours 6 times,  during the 10-
year period.  Therefore,  the wind direction was constrained within a 30-degree
sector for the entire 24-hour period.  The mixing depths and vertical potential
temperature gradients listed in Table 7-6 are similar to those observed  during the
air pollution episode at Liberty Borough on  18 January 1973 (see Section 6.2).  The
wind-profile exponent was set equal to the value of 0. 25 used in the calculations for
18 January 1973.   Because we assumed that broken to overcast skies persist through-
out the 24-hour period,  the lateral  and vertical turbulent intensities were set equal
to the urban values for Pasquill stability category D of 0.1051 and 0. 0735 radians,
respectively (see Table 3-5).
                                     133
-------
                TABLE 7-6
METEOROLOGICAL INPUT PARAMETERS FOR THE
  CLAIRTON-LIBERTY BOROUGH SHORT-TERM
         COMPLIANCE CALCULATIONS
Hour
(EST)
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Wind
Direction
(deg)
210
205
200
195
200
205
210
210
210
200
205
210
220
215
225
220
220
220
210
225
200
210
215
220
Wind
Speed
(m/sec)
3.6
3.6
4.1
3.6
4.6
3.6
4.1
4.1
4.6
4.6
5.1
5.1
7.2
6.2
6.2
5.7
5.1
4.1
3.6
4.6
3.6
4.1
3.6
3.6
Mixing
Depth
(m)
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
150
200
250
300
180
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
Ambient Air
Temperature
<°K)
273
273
273
273
273
273
273
273
273
273
273
273
273
273
273
273
273
273
273
273
273
273
273
273
Potential
Temperature
Gradient
(oK/m)
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.018
0.014
0.011
0.007
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.007
0.010
0.014
0.017
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
Pasquill
Stability
Category
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
                   134
-------
7.3     SHORT-TERM COMPLIANCE CALCULATIONS FOR THE HAZELWOOD-
        BRADDOCK AREA
        7.3.1      Background

        The meteorological conditions assumed in the Clairton-Liberty Borough
short-term calculations for Compliance Case A (shallow mixing depths and moderate
south-southwest winds) do not necessarily represent the worst-case meteorological
conditions for the Hazelwood-Braddock area. Inspection of the source locations
shown in Figure 7-3 indicates that west-northwest winds will maximize the super-
position of plumes from the various sources in the  Hazelwood-Braddock area.
Moderate west-northwest winds in combination with shallow mixing depths were
therefore assumed to represent worst-case meteorological conditions for the
Hazelwood-Braddock short-term compliance calculations.

         The calculation procedures and the  results of the  calculations are presented
in Section 7. 3. 2.  The emissions  data for Compliance Case A and the meteorological
data used in the Hazelwood-Braddock short-term compliance calculations are des-
cribed in Sections 7. 3. 3 and 7. 3.4.

         7. 3.2      Calculation Procedures and Results

         The source and meteorological data in Sections 7. 3. 3 and 7. 3.4 were used
with the short-term concentration model described in Section A. 3 of Appendix A to
calculate hourly ground-level concentrations for 649 grid points on a 21-kilometer
by 28-kilometer grid enclosed by  the areas shown in Figures 7-3 and 7-4. The
procedures described in Section A. 5 of Appendix A were used to account for the
effects of variations in terrain height over the calculation  grid.
                                     135
-------
        Figure 7-3 shows, for the combined sources, the calculated isopleths of
24-hour average ground-level SO  concentration for the Hazelwood-Braddock area.
                               Lt
Neglecting the ambient SO  background, Figure 7-3 does not indicate that the 24-
                        L*
hour Primary Air Quality Standard of 365 micrograms per cubic meter will be
exceeded in the Hazelwood-Braddock area.  The highest calculated 24-hour concentra-
tion of 338 micrograms per cubic meter occurs at a grid point east of Braddock.  Of
this total, Westinghouse Electric contributes 52 percent, the U. S. Steel Homestead
plant contributes 20 percent and the Jones and Laughlin plant contributes 5 percent.
The highest calculated 1-hour and 3-hour concentrations in the Hazelwood-Braddock
area are 1156 and 805 micrograms per cubic meter, respectively.  Both maximums
are located in the Hazelwood area within the isopleth for 300 micrograms per cubic
meter shown in Figure 7-3.  Emissions from the Bellefield Boilers account for 88
percent of the calculated 3-hour maximum, while emissions from the 12th Street
Steam Plant, the Brunots Island Turbines and the Stanwix Street Steam Plant con-
tribute 4, 3 and 3 percent, respectively.  Thus, the short-term calculations indicate
the SO  emissions for Compliance Case A will maintain the 3-hour Secondary Air
       ^
Quality Standard and, depending on the ambient background, may maintain the 24-
hour Primary Air Quality Standard in the Hazelwood-Braddock area.

         Figure 7-4 shows, for the combined sources, the calculated isopleths of
24-hour average ground-level SO  concentration obtained for the Clairton-Liberty
                               Li
Borough area using the meteorological inputs for the Hazelwood-Braddock short-
term compliance calculations.  Neglecting the ambient SO  background, the isopleths
                                                      ^
in Figure 7-4 do not indicate that the 24-hour standard will be exceeded in the
Clairton-Liberty Borough area.   The grid point with the highest calculated 1-hour,
3-hour and 24-hour concentrations in this area is located on the elevated terrain
east of the Clairton Coke Works.  Emissions from the Clairton Coke  Works account
for 100 percent of the calculated maximum 1-hour, 3-hour and 24-hour concentra-
tions of 808,  660 and 291 micrograms per cubic meter, respectively.  Thus, the
calculations described in this section and in Section 7. 2 indicate that  SO  emissions
                                                                    £1
                                     136
-------
co
        FIGURE 7-3.  Calculated isopleths of 24-hour average ground-level SO2 concentration in micrograms per cubic
                     meter for the Hazelwood-Braddock area under Compliance Case A.
-------
                                                            i5O-
                             M3-47/
                    \
                          t
                                                                        loo
FIGURE 7-4.  Calculated isopleths of 24-hour average ground-level SO2 concentration in
             micrograms per cubic meter for the Clairton-Liberty Borough area under
             Compliance Case A (Hazelwood-Braddock case meteorological inputs).
             The two filled circles show the locations of the Glassport and Liberty
             Borough SO2  monitor.
                                          138
-------
for Compliance Case A will maintain the 3-hour Secondary Air Quality Standard in



the Clairton-Liberty Borough area and, if the ambient SO  background is less than
                                                     Li

about 55 micrograms per cubic meter, will also maintain the 24-hour Primary Air



Quality Standard.
        7.3.3       Source Data






        Table 7-7 lists the sources, source locations, SO  emission rates and
                                                      Li

stack parameters used to calculate short-term ground-level SO  concentrations
                                                           £

for the Hazelwood-Braddock Compliance Case A.  Locations of the sources are


shown in Figures 7-3 and 7-4 and on topographic maps in Figures 4-1 and 4-2.


The Compliance  Case A emissions  data in Table 7-7 were supplied by the Allegheny


County Bureau of Air Pollution Control.   It should be noted that the Hazelwood-


Braddock short-term compliance calculations do not consider the ambient SO
                                                                        Lt

background or the contributions of  sources other than  those listed in Table 7-7.






        7. 3.4        Meteorological Data






        Table 7-8 lists,  for each hour,  the wind direction, surface wind speed,


mixing depth, ambient  air temperature and vertical potential temperature gradient


used in the calculations for the Hazelwood-Braddock compliance case.  These para-


meters are the same as those selected for the Clairton-Liberty Borough compliance


case except that  west-northwest  wind directions have been substituted for south-


southwest winds.  Tables 3-9 and 3-10 of Section 3 indicate that west-northwest winds


in the 3.1- to 5.1-meter per second range persisted at the Greater Pittsburgh



Airport for 12 or more hours 45 times during the 10-year period 1963 through 1972.


Thus, west-northwest winds of this magnitude were assumed to persist for the first


12 hours.  After  the first 12 hours, the wind speed was permitted to exceed 5.1 meters


per second.  Because Table 3-9  shows that west-northwest winds above 3. 1 meters



per second persisted for 24 or more hours 8 times during the  10-year period,  the


wind direction was constrained within  a 30-degree sector for the entire 24-hour
                                     139
-------
                      TABLE 7-7
SO2 EMISSIONS, SOURCE LOCATIONS AND STACK PARAMETERS
  USED TO CALCULATE SHORT-TERM GROUND-LEVEL SO2
        CONCENTRATIONS FOR THE HAZELWOOD-
            BRADDOCK COMPLIANCE CASE A
Source
1 Clairton Underfire #1
2 Clairton Underfire #2
3 Clairton Underfire #3
7 Clairton Underfire #7
8 Clairton Underfire #8
9 Clairton Underfire #9
10 Clairton Underfire #10
11 Clairton Underfire #11
12 Clairton Underfire #12
13 Clairton Underfire #13
14 Clairton Underfire #14
15 Clairton Underfire #15
16 Clairton Underfire #16
17 Clairton Underfire #17
Location (UTM)
X
Coordinate
595,860
595,830
595,730
595,880
595,870
595,750
595,660
595,630
595,520
595,380
595,360
595,210
595,190
595, 110
Y
Coordinate
4,461,520
4,461,540
4,461,780
4,461,650
4,461,680
4,461,810
4,461,900
4,461,920
4,462,060
4,461,930
4,461,960
4,462,110
4,462,150
4,462,240
S°2
Emissions
(tons /day)
.33
.33
.33
.33
.33
.33
.33
.33
.33
.33
.33
.33
.33
.33
Stack
Height
(m)
69
69
69
65
65
65
69
69
69
69
69
69
61
61
Stack Exit
Temperature
(°K)
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
Actual
Stack Gas
Volume
3 .
(m /sec)
37.27
37.27
37.27
35.87
35.87
35.87
37.27
37.27
37.27
37.74
37.74
37.74
32.13
32.13
Stack
Inner
Radius
(m)
1.220
1.220
1.220
1.270
1.270
1.270
1.220
1.220
1.220
1.310
1.310
1.310
1.310
1.310
-------
                                          TABLE 7-7 (Continued)
Source
18 Clairton Underfire #18
19 Clairton Underfire #19
20 Clairton Underfire #20
21 Clairton Underfire #21
22 Clairton Underfire #22
23 Clairton Underfire #12A
24 Clairton B&W #1
25 Clairton CE #2
26 Clairton Benzene Boiler
27 Clairton Benzene Boiler
28 Clairton Blast Furnace
3C Clairton Clans Plant
31 Irvin 3 and 4
32 Irvin 5 and 6
33 Irvin 7
35 Elrama
Location (UTM)
X
Coordinate
595,020
595,280
595,250
595,060
595,030
595,500
595,000
595,000
594,870
594,850
595,630
595,810
593,220
593,230
593,250
592,000
Y
Coordinate
4,462,330
4,461,880
4,461,910
4,462,120
4,462,160
4,462,080
4,462,470
4,462,470
4,462,400
4,462,410
4,460,060
4,461,550
4,465,600
4,465,650
4,465,710
4,456,200
S°2
Emissions
(tons /day)
.33
.33
.33
.33
.33
.33
5.65
4.21
1.98
1.98
.82
3.87
1.87
2.66
2.07
0
Stack
Height
(m)
76
76
76
76
76
69
50
50
52
52
60
46
55
78
30
83
Stack Exit
Temperature
(OK)
700
700
700
700
700
700
455
455
16*
16*
716
561
646
633
483
416
Actual
Stack Gas
Volume
(m3/sec)
32.300
58.430
58.430
58.430
58.430
35.870
92.570
72.330
60.000*
60. 000*
180.580
18.030
54.550
79.620
33.400
198.950
Stack
Inner
Radius
(m)
1.460
2.140
2.140
2.140
2.140
1.520
1.370
1.060
—
—
1.880
.610
1.790
1.600
.920
2.150
*Indicates building source; building length and width are entered as Stack Temperature and Volume.
-------
                                                TABLE 7-7 (Continued)
Source
36 Elrama
37 Elrama
38 Elrama
39 Mitchell
40 Mitchell
41 Mitchell
42 Mitchell
43 Irvin Reheat
44 Irvin Reheat
45 Irvin Reheat
46 Irvin Reheat
47 Irvin Reheat
48 Clairton Reheat
49 Clairton Reheat
50 Clairton Reheat
51 Clairton Reheat
Location (UTM)
X
Coordinate
592,000
592,000
592,000
587,340
587,340
587,340
587,340
593,250
593,250
593,250
593,260
593,260
595,100
595,100
595,100
595,100
Y
Coordinate
4,456,200
4,456,200
4,456,200
4,452,810
4,452,810
4,452,810
4,452,810
4,465,600
4,465,700
4,465,650
4,465,600
4,465,650
4,461,520
4,461,530
4,461,540
4,461,500
S°2
Emissions
(tons /day)
0
0
35.60
18.33
5.33
5.33
5.33
.41
.41
.41
.41
.41
.13
.13
.13
.13
Stack
Height
(m)
83
83
89
73
70
70
70
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
Stack Exit
Temperature
(OK)
430
430
416
403
467
467
467
10*
10*
10*
10*
10*
70*
70*
70*
70*
Actual
Stack Gas
Volume
(m3/sec)
198.950
229.450
299. 140
534. 810
223.640
223.640
223.640
50.000*
50.000*
50.000*
50.000*
50.000*
70.000*
70.000*
70.000*
70. 000*
Stack
Inner
Radius
(m)
2.150
2.150
2.300
3.050
2.150
2.150
2.150
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
bO
    *Indicates building source; building length and width are entered as Stack Temperature and Volume.
-------
                                              TABLE 7-7 (Continued)
Source
52 Clairton Reheat
53 Clairton Reheat
54 Clairton Reheat
55 Pitron
60 Phillips Power Station
61 Phillips Power Station
62 Phillips Power Station
63 Phillips Power Station
64 Phillips Power Station
65 Phillips Power Station
66 Brunots Island Turbines
67 Brunots Island Turbines
68 Brunots Island Turbines
69 12th Street Steam
70 Stanwix Street Steam
71 H. J. Heinz Co.
Location (UTM)
X
Coordinate
595,100
595,100
595,100
593,850
565,260
565,260
565,260
565,260
565,260
565,260
580,680
580,730
580,770
585,200
584,380
586,000
Y
Coordinate
4,461,560
4,461,570
4,461,580
4,464,500
4,491,020
4,491,020
4,491,020
4,491,020
4,491,020
4,491,020
4,479,680
4,479,720
4,479,750
4,477,600
4,477,300
4,478,900
S°2
Emissions
(tons/day)
.13
.13
.13
.11
0
0
0
0
32.13
0
2.81
2.81
2.81
5.36
7.12
1.97
Stack
Height
(m)
52
52
52
75
76
76
76
76
76
49
10
10
10
82
112
76
Stack Exit
Temperature
(OK)
70
70
70
600
461
461
457
457
457
430
735
735
735
604
574
473
Actual
Stack Gas
Volume
(m3/sec)
70. 000
70.000
70.000
88.000
83.460
83.460
118.070
118.070
118.070
167.850
237.600
237.600
237.600
108.260
227.230
18.730
Stack
Inner
Radius
(m)
—
—
—
2.000
1.800
1.800
1.800
1.800
1.800
2.300
.900
.900
.900
2.000
2.600
1.500
co
      *Indicates building source; building length and width are entered as Stack Temperature and Volume.
-------
                                         TABLE 7-7 (Continued)
Source
72 H. J. Heinz Co.
73 Westinghouse Electric
74 Westinghouse Electric
75 Bellefield Boilers
76 Bellefield Boilers
77 Pittsburgh Brewery
78 WABCO
79 Duquesne N C Boilers
80 Duquesne Reheat
81 E. T. N C Boilers
82 E. T. Soaking Pits
83 Homestead N C Boilers
84 Homestead Process 1
85 Homestead Process 2
86 Homestead Process 3
87 Homestead #5 OH
Location (UTM)
X
Coordinate
586,000
599,020
599,020
589,190
589,190
587,550
594,400
598,120
598,360
597,110
597,440
592,850
593,400
591,900
593,150
592,350
Y
Coordinate
4,478,900
4,472,550
4,472,550
4,477,100
4,477,100
4,479,280
4,475,550
4,469,830
4,469,450
4,471,610
4,471,870
4,473,830
4,473,870
4,473,400
4,473,850
4,473,750
S°2
emissions
(tons/day)
2.67
3.91
3.05
2.37
3.05
1.28
1.59
.24
.94
.12
.63
.02
1.22
1.22
1.22
4.15
Stack
Height
(m)
76
50
37
59
69
63
27
49
37
33
30
16
32
32
32
38
Stack Exit
Temperature
(°K)
473
505
461
589
561
472
569
551
700
551
764
361
50*
50*
50*
532
Actual
tack Gas
Volume
m^/sec)
16.290
17.420
7.470
26.950
24. 150
39.560
19.310
32.870
26.300
26.230
22.320
25. 040
100.000
100. 000
100.000
153.930
Stack
Inner
Radius
(m)
1.500
1.100
1.000
1.400
1.700
1.200
.700
1.100
.900
1.200
.800
1.600
—
—
—
2.000
Indicates building source; building length and width are entered as Stack Temperature and Volume.
-------
                                                TABLE 7-7 (Continued)
Source
88 National #1
89 National #2
90 National #3
91 National #4
92 National #5
93 Duquesne #15
94 Duquesne #17
95 E. T. #1
96 E. T. #2
97 E. T. #3
98 Homestead Carrie #3
99 Homestead Carrie #4
100 Mesta Machine Co.
101 J & L By Products Boilers
102 J & L Eliza Boilers
103 J & L South Side Boilers
Location (UTM)
X
Coordinate
597,400
597,450
597,500
597,550
597,600
598,120
598,120
596,990
596,990
596,990
594,120
594,120
590,920
589,250
588,560
588,030
Y
Coordinate
4,467,330
4,467,330
4,467,330
4,467,330
4,467,330
4,469,830
4,469,830
4,471,670
4,471,670
4,471,670
4,474,020
4,474,020
4,471,980
4,473,900
4,475,400
4,475,280
S°2
Emissions
(tons/day)
2.06
2.06
2.06
2.06
2.06
1.30
1.30
3.85
3.85
3.85
5.38
4.35
1.40
1.06
.18
4.39
Stack
Height
(m)
46
46
46
46
46
49
49
50
50
50
43
43
61
24.4
36.6
35.7
Stack Exit
Temperature
(OK)
590
590
590
590
590
551
551
533
533
533
561
561
511
616
477
477
Actual
Stack Gas
Volume
'm*Vsec)
39.250
39.250
39.250
39.250
39.250
32.870
32.870
121.550
121.550
121.550
200.320
154.030
7.360
6.150
66.630
26.650
Stack
Inner ;
Radius
(m) i
1.300
1.300
t
!
1.300 I
1.300
1.300
1.100
1.100
2.100
2.100
2.100
2.400
1.900
.900
.680
1.340
1.220
01
-------
                                                TABLE 7-7 (Continued)
Source
104 J & L Underfire #1
105 J & L Underfire #2
106 J & L Underfire #3
107 J & L Underfire #4
108 J & L Underfire #5
109 J & L Open Hearth
110 J & L Barmill #1
111 J & L Barmill #2
112 J & L Stripmill
113 J & L Soaking Pits
114 J & L Soaking Pits
115 J & L Glaus Plant
Location (UTM)
X
Coordinate
589,150
589,150
589,190
589,190
589,200
587,850
589,240
589,260
588,265
587,780
587,800
587,190
Y
Coordinate
4,474,030
4,474,020
4,473,860
4,473,840
4,473,750
4,475,680
4,474,060
4,474,150
4,475,775
4,475,470
4,475,550
4,474,000
S°2
Emissions
(tons/day)
.14
.14
.14
.14
.21
5.00
.23
.11
.19
.26
.24
1.90
Stack
Height
(m)
61
62.6
62.6
62.6
62.6
38
38.1
38.1
18.0
48
34
46
Stack Exit
Temperature
(°K)
600
600
600
600
600
532
727
727
727
727
727
977
Actual
tack Gas
Volume
mVaec)
32.140
31.700
31.700
31.700
31.700
153.950
20.400
24.900
47.420
4.850
2.920
24.63
Stack
Inner
Radius
(m)
1.300
1.450
1.450
1.450
1.450
1.980
.840
1.070
1.300
.860
.780
.700
1
Oi
-------
                TABLE 7-8
METEOROLOGICAL INPUT PARAMETERS FOR THE
     HAZELWOOD-BRADDOCK COMPLIANCE
           CASE A CALCULATIONS
Hour
(EST)
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Wind
Direction
(deg)
290
285
295
290
290
290
300
305
295
290
300
305
295
285
275
275
275
285
290
305
310
290
280
275
Wind
Speed
(m/sec)
3.6
3.6
4.1
3.6
4.6
3.6
4.1
4.1
4.6
4.6
5.1
5.1
7.2
6.2
6.2
5.7
5.1
4.1
3.6
4.6
3.6
4.1
3.6
3.6
Mixing
Depth
(m)
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
150
200
250
300
180
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
Ambient Air
Temperature
(°K)
273
273
273
273
273
273
273
273
273
273
273
273
273
273
273
273
273
273
273
273
273
273
273
273
Potential
Temperature
Gradient
(oK/m)
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.018
0.014
0.011
0.007
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.007
0.010
0.014
0.017
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
Pasquill
Stability
Category
D
D
D
D
D
D
D

D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
                    147
-------
period. The mixing depths and vertical potential temperature gradients listed in
Table 7-8 are similar to those observed during the air pollution episode of 18
January 1973  (see Section 6.2).  The wind-profile exponent was set equal to the
value of 0.25 derived from vertical wind profiles on 18 January 1973.  Because it
is assumed in the compliance calculations that broken to overcast skies persist
throughout the 24-hour period, the lateral and vertical turbulent intensities were
set equal to the urban values for Pasquill stability category D of 0.1051 and 0.0735
radians,  respectively (see Table 3-5).
                                     148
-------
                                  SECTION 8
                SUMMARY OF THE LONG-TERM AND SHORT-
                  TERM CONCENTRATION CALCULATIONS
J. 1     RESULTS OF 1973 CONCENTRATION CALCULATIONS AND COMPARI-
        SON WITH OBSERVED AIR QUALITY DATA
        The performance of the long-term and short-term diffusion models des-

cribed in Appendix A was tested by calculating the annual average ground-level SO
                                                                             £t
concentrations in Allegheny County for 1973,  as well as 3-hour and 24-hour maxi-
mums for three selected cases  in 1973, for comparison with observed air quality
at three continuous SO  monitors operated by the  Allegheny County Bureau of Air
                     z*
Pollution Control.  Table 8-1 lists the calculated  and observed ground-level SO
                                                                          £t
concentrations for each  of the 1973 cases studied.  As shown by the table, the cal-
culated 3-hour concentrations are, on the average, about 14 percent higher than
the  measured concentrations, while the calculated 24-hour concentrations are
about 83 percent of the measured concentrations.  The poorest correspondence
between calculated and observed 3-hour and 24-hour concentrations is the 18  January
1973 case for the Liberty Borough monitor.  As explained in Section 6. 2, changes of
10 to 20 degrees in the hourly wind directions used in the calculations would bring
both the 3-hour and 24-hour calculated and observed concentrations into close agree-
ment.  Table 8-1 also shows that the calculated annual average ground-level SO  con-
                                                                          Lt
centrations are, on the average, about 92 percent of the observed concentrations.
Because the ambient SO  background was not included in either the short-term or
                      ^
the  long-term calculations, the calculated concentrations are expected to be lower
than the observed concentrations.

        The annual average concentration calculations for the year 1973 indicate
that the annual Primary Air Quality Standard of 80 micrograms per cubic meter
was exceeded over an area of approximately 120 square kilometers extending about
                                      149
-------
                 TABLE 8-1

COMPARISON OF CALCULATED AND OBSERVED 1973
      GROUND-LEVEL SO CONCENTRATIONS
Case
Monitor
Location
SO2 Concentration
dug/m3)
Calculated
Observed
Calculated Concentration
Observed Concentration
(a) 3-Hour Maximum Concentration
4 January 1973
18 January 1973
18 January 1973
13 July 1973
13 July 1973
Logans Ferry
Glassport
Liberty Borough
Glassport
Liberty Borough
2207
375
717
496
1204
1880
300
1305
395
820
Mean Ratio
1.17
1.25
0.55
1.26
1.47
1.14
(b) 24- Hour Average Concentration
4 January 1973
18 January 1973
18 January 1973
13 July 1973
13 July 1973
Logans Ferry
Glassport
Liberty Borough
Glassport
Liberty Borough
979
186
268
101
258
891
153
647
139
361
Mean Ratio
1.10
1.22
0.41
0.73
0.71
0.83
(c) Annual Average Concentration
1973
1973
Glassport
Liberty Borough
80
116
79
139
Mean Ratio
1.01
0.83
0.92
                    150
-------
3 kilometers on both sides of the Monongahela River from the southern boundary of
Allegheny County north to the junction of the Monongahela and Youghiogheny River.
Within this large  area there are four subareas (hotspots)  in which the calculated con-
centrations exceed the annual standard by a factor of two  or more.  Two of these hot-
spots are almost  exclusively the result of emissions from the Elrama and Mitchell
power plants; one is located approximately 2. 5 kilometers northeast of the Elrama
power plant on the east side of the Monongahela River  while the other is located
approximately 2. 5 kilometers directly north of the Elrama power plant.  A third
hotspot,  located in Clairton on the west side of the Monongahela River approximately
1 kilometer west of the center of the Clairton Coke Works, is principally caused by
emissions from the Clairton Coke Works, plus contributions from the Elrama and
Mitchell power plants.  The fourth hotspot covers an area of about 10 square kilo-
meters  centered approximately  1 kilometer north and  northeast of the Clairton Coke
Works on the west side of the Monongahela River in the Glassport-Liberty Borough
area. Within this 10-square kilometer area, emissions from the Clairton Coke
Works contribute from 60 to 90  percent of the total calculated annual average, the
Elrama power plant emissions from 6 to 20 percent and the Mitchell power plant
emissions contribute 2 to 8 percent, depending on the  point of interest.

         The annual average concentration calculations for 1973 also indicate that
ground-level SO  concentrations greater than the annual standard occurred over an
               LA
area of  about 40 square kilometers located along, and mostly on the north side of,
the Monongahela River starting  just east of the Jones  and Laughlin Pittsburgh plant
and extending upriver to the U.  S. Steel Homestead plant. Within this  large area
there are two hotspots in which  the calculated concentrations exceed the annual
standard by a factor of two or more.  One of these hotspots is  located on the north
side of the Monongahela River directly opposite the Jones and Laughlin Pittsburgh
plant, which contributes about 85 percent of the total calculated annual average  SO
                                                                              £
concentration at this  spoL
                                      151
-------
        The short-term concentration calculations for the 4 January 1973 air pollu-
tion episode at Logans Ferry show that both the 3-hour Secondary Air Quality Stan-
dard of 1300 micrograms per cubic meter and the 24-hour Primary Air Quality
Standard of 365 micrograms per cubic meter were exceeded within an area of about
1 square kilometer centered on the Logans Ferry monitor. According to the cal-
culations,  emissions from the West Penn power plant accounted for about 97 percent
of both maximums, with the remaining 3 percent contributed by emissions from the
Cheswick plant.

        The short-term calculations for the 18 January 1973 air pollution episode
at Liberty Borough show that the 24-hour standard was exceeded in three separate
areas. In one area approximately 2. 2 kilometers north of the Elrama power plant,
the  calculated maximum 24-hour concentration is 457  micrograms per cubic meter
of which the Elrama power plant contributed 89 percent and the Mitchell power
plant contributed the  remaining 11 percent.  In a second area approximately 0. 5
kilometers north of the Irvin plant, the calculated maximum 24-hour concentration
is 579 micrograms per cubic meter of which the Irvin plant contributed 54 percent,
the  Clairton Coke Works 27 percent, the Elrama power plant  16 percent and the
Mitchell power plant 3 percent.  In a third area approximately 1.2 kilometers north
of the Clairton Coke Works, the calculated maximum 24-hour concentration is 472
micrograms per cubic meter of which the  Clairton Coke Works contributed 88 per-
cent and the Elrama power plant contributed 11 percent.  Average 24-hour concentra-
tions approaching the 24-hour standard were also calculated in an area about 7. 5
kilometers northwest of the Elrama power plant and were  produced by emissions
from the Elrama and Mitchell power plants.
        The short-term model calculations for the 13 July 1973 air pollution episode
at Liberty Borough indicate that the 24-hour standard was exceeded in two areas.
One of these areas is located approximately 3 kilometers northeast of the Elrama
power plant along the Monongahela River west of the town  of Elizabeth; Elrama
                                    152
-------
emissions account for 95 percent of the calculated concentration of 450 micrograms
per cubic meter and Mitchell emissions account for the remaining 5 percent.  The
second area of high SO2 concentrations is located on the east side of the Monongahela
River approximately  1. 5 kilometers northeast of the Clairton Coke Works.  Of the
calculated concentration of 842 micrograms per cubic meter, emissions from the
Clairton Coke Works account for 9 percent  of the  total and the Mitchell power plant
contributes 3 percent.
        Table 8-2 lists, for the major source complexes and for the combined
sources,  the 1973 24-hour and annual average ground-level SO2 concentrations
calculated at the Glassport and Liberty Borough monitors.  Table 8-2 also gives
the individual source contributions to the calculated maximum concentrations in the
Clairton-Liberty  Borough area.
        It should be  noted that,  in contrast to the usual practice, no use was made
of calibration constants to scale  calculated  concentrations to air quality observa-
tions.  The calculated concentrations presented in this  report were directly obtained
from the  supplied source and meteorological data.  On  the basis of the correspondence
between the calculated  and observed concentrations  shown in Table 8-1, we conclude
that both the long-term and short-term diffusion models provide a satisfactory repre-
sentation of the transport and diffusion of emissions from the major SO^ sources in
Allegheny County.

8. 2     RESULTS OF  COMPLIANCE CASE CALCULATIONS

        Calculations using the long-term diffusion model and the projected SO2 emis-
sions for the compliance case (see Section  5.1) indicate that the annual Primary Air
Quality Standard of 80 micrograms per cubic  meter will be exceeded in the area
between Clairton, Glassport and Liberty Borough and in an area of several square
kilometers located east of Braddock.  Calculations using the  short-term diffusion
model and projected SO2 emissions indicate that the 24-hour  Primary Air Quality
Standard  of 365 micrograms per cubic meter will be exceeded in a small area in
                                    153
-------
                 TABLE 8-2

ANNUAL AND 24-HOUR AVERAGE GROUND-LEVEL SO2
    CONCENTRATIONS CALCULATED FOR THE
      CLAIRTON-LIBERTY BOROUGH AREA
                DURING 1973

Source
Concentration (ng/m^)
Glassport Monitor
Liberty Borough Monitor
Calculated
Maximum
(a) 18 January 1973
Clairton
Irvin
Elrama
Mitchell
Combined Sources
93 ( 50%)
0 ( 0%)
84 ( 45%)
9 ( 5%)
186 (100%)
188 ( 70%)
0 ( 0%)
72 ( 27%)
8 ( 3%)
268 (100%)
156 ( 27%)
311 ( 54%)
92 ( 16%)
19 ( 3%)
579 (100%)
(b) 13 July 1973
Clairton
Irvin
Elrama
Mitchell
Combined Sources
0 ( 0%)
0 ( 0%)
89 ( 88%)
12 ( 12%)
101 (100%)
144 ( 56%)
0 ( 0%)
105 ( 41%)
9 ( 3%)
258 (100%)
739 ( 88%)
0 ( 0%)
78 ( 9%)
25 ( 3%)
842 (100%)
(c) 1973 Annual
Clairton
Irvin
Elrama
Mitchell
Others
Combined Sources
49 ( 61%)
4 ( 5%)
16 ( 20%)
6 ( 8%)
5 ( 6%)
80 (100%)
88 ( 76%)
3 ( 3%)
14 ( 12%)
6 ( 5%)
5 ( 4%)
116 (100%)
301 ( 90%)
1 ( 0%)
19 ( 6%)
7 ( 2%)
5 ( 2%)
333 (100%)
                    154
-------
the vicinity of the Logans Ferry SO2 monitor and, depending on the ambient back-
ground assigned, may be exceeded in the Clairton-Liberty Borough area and in a
small area east of Braddock. The calculations for Compliance Case A indicate
that the 3-hour Secondary Air Quality Standard will not be exceeded.  Table 8-3
lists the individual contributions of major SO^ source complexes to the maximum
3-hour, 24-hour and annual average ground-level SO2  concentrations  calculated
in the Clairton-Liberty Borough and Hazel wood-Braddock areas.  In the Logans
Ferry area, emissions from the West Penn power plant account for about 97 per-
cent of the calculated maximum 3-hour and 24-hour concentrations of 748 and 458
micrograms per cubic meter, respectively.
                                     155
-------
                   TABLE 8-3
CALCULATED MAXIMUM 3-HOUR, 24-HOUR AND ANNUAL
    AVERAGE CONCENTRATIONS IN THE CLAIRTON-
        LIBERTY BOROUGH AND HAZELWOOD-
            BRADDOCK AREAS FOR THE
               COMPLIANCE CASE
Source
Maximum Concentration (ng/m^)
3-Hour
24-Hour
Annual
(a) Clairton- Liberty Borough Area
Clairton
Irvin
Elrama
Mitchell
Others
Combined Sources
0 ( 0%)
0 ( 0%)
0 ( 0%)
699 (100%)
0 ( 0%)
699 (100%)
212 ( 68%)
0 ( 0%)
70 ( 23%)
28 ( 9%)
0 ( 0%)
310 (100%)
102 ( 85%)
2 ( 2%)
4 ( 3%)
2 ( 2%)
10 ( 8%)
120 (100%)
(b) Hazelwood-Braddock Area
Homestead
Westinghouse
Electric
Bellefield Boiler
Jones and
Laughlin
Edgar Thomson
Others
Combined Sources
0 ( 0%)
0 ( 0%)
711 ( 88%)
0 ( 0%)
0 ( 0%)
94 ( 12%)
805 (100%)
69 ( 20%)
176 ( 52%)
10 ( 3%)
17 ( 5%)
2 ( 1%)
64 ( 19%)
338 (100%)
5 ( 3%)
125 ( 80%)
1 ( 1%)
1 ( 1%)
11 ( 7%)
13 ( 8%)
156 (100%)
                     156
-------
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Bloom, B. and A. Smith, 1974: Air quality trends in Allegheny County, Pa. Paper
        Presented at the 67th Meeting of the APCA. Denver, Colorado, June 10-13,
        1974.

Bowne, N. E.,  1974:  Diffusion rates.  Journal of the Air Pollution Control
        Association. 24 (9), 832-835.

Briggs,  G. A.,  1971: Some recent analyses of plume rise observations.  In
        Proceedings of the Second International Clean Air Congress, Academic
        Press, New York.

Briggs,  G. A.,  1972: Chimney plumes in neutral and stable surroundings.
        Atm. Env..  6(7), 507-510.

Brownlee, K. A., 1965:  Statistical Theory and Methodology in Science and
        Engineering.  John Wiley and Sons, New York.

Calder,  K. L.,  1971: A climatological model for multiple source urban air
        pollution.  Proc.  2nd Meeting of the Expert Panel on Air Pollution
        Modeling, NATO Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society,
        Paris,  France, July 1971, 33.

Cramer, H.  E., etal., 1972:  Development of dosage models and concepts.
        GCA Corporation Final Report under Contract DAAD09-67-C-0020(R)
        with the U. S.  Army,  Deseret Test Center Report DTC-TR-72-609,
        Fort Douglas,  Utah.

DeMarrais,  G. A.,  1959:  Wind speed profiles at Brookhaven National Laboratory.
        J. Met., 1(5, 181-190.

Environmental Data Service, 1966: Tabulation III, daily mixing depths and
        average wind speeds - Pittsburgh,  PA.  Job No.  6234 National
        Climatic Center,  Federal Building, Asheville, N. C.

Environmental Protection Agency,  1969: Air Quality Display Model.  Prepared by
        TRW Systems  Group,  Washington,  D.  C.,  available as PB 189-194 from
        the  National Technical Information Service, Springfield,  Virginia.

Holzworth, G. C.,  1972:  Mixing heights, wind speeds and potential for urban air
        pollution throughout the contiguous United States. USEPA, OAP,  Research
        Triangle Park, N. C., Publication No. AP-1Q1.
                                    157
-------
Luna, R. E. and H. W. Church, 1971:  A comparison of turbulence intensity and
        stability ratio measurements to Pasquill turbulence types.  Paper pre-
        sented at a Conference on Air Pollution Meteorology,  Raleigh, N. C.,
        April 5-9,  1971.

Osipov, Y. S., 1972:  Diffusion from a  point source of finite time of action.  In
        AICE Survey of USSR Air Pollution Literature - Volume XII,  distributed
        by National Technical Information Service,  Springfield,  Virginia.

Pasquill, F.,  1961: The estimation of the dispersion of windborne material.   Met.
        Mag., 90,  33-49.

Pasquill, F.,  1962:  Atmospheric Diffusion.  D. Van Nostrand Co., Ltd., London,
        297.

Rubin, E. S.,  1974:  The influence of annual meteorological variations on regional
        air pollution modeling:  A case study of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania.
        Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, 24(4),  349-356.

Smith, A. E., 1973:  On the air pollution episode of January 17-19,  1973  at Liberty
        Boro  Clairton. Report by the Episode Control Officer, Allegheny County
        Bureau of Air Pollution Control, Pittsburgh,  PA.

Tingle, A.  G.  and J.  R. Bjorklund,  1973:  Study and investigation of computer
        algorithms for the solution of the shallow-fluid equations as a means of
        computing terrain influences on wind fields.  H.  E. Cramer Company
        Tech. Rpt. TR-73-302-01,  Final Report under Contract No. DAAD07-
        72-C-0309 with ASL, ECOM, White Sands Missile  Range, New Mexico.

Turner, D.  B.,  1964:  A diffusion model for an urban area.  J. Appl.  Meteor.,  3(1),
        83-91.
                                     158
-------
                               APPENDIX A
             MATHEMATICAL MODELS USED TO CALCULATE
                    GROUND-LEVEL CONCENTRATIONS
A. 1     INTRODUCTION

        The computerized diffusion models described in this appendix fall into
two general categories:  (1) Short-term models for calculating time-averaged
ground-level concentrations for averaging times of 1,  3, 8 and 24 hours; (2)  Long-
term models for calculating seasonal and annual ground-level concentrations.
Both the short-term and the long-term concentration models are modified versions
of the Gaussian plume model for continuous sources described by Pasquill  (1962).
In the short-term model, the plume  is assumed to have Gaussian vertical and
lateral concentration distributions.  The long-term model is a sector model
similar in form to the Environmental Protection Agency' s  Climatological Disper-
sion Model (Calder, 1971) in which the vertical concentration distribution is
assumed to be Gaussian and the lateral concentration distribution within a sector
is rectangular (a smoothing function is used to eliminate sharp discontinuities at
the  sector boundaries).   The a  vertical expansion curves and the a  lateral
expansion curves are determined by using turbulent intensities in simple power
law expressions that include the effects of initial source dimensions. In both
the  short-term and long-term models, buoyant plume rise  is calculated by means
of the Briggs (1971) plume-rise formulas.  An exponent law is used to adjust the
surface wind speed to the source height for plume-rise calculations and to  the
plume stabilization height for concentration calculations.  Both the short-term
and the long-term models contain provisions to account for the effects of complex
terrain.

        Table A-l lists the hourly meteorological inputs required by the short-
term concentration model.   Lateral  and vertical turbulent intensities cr' and a'
                                    A-l
-------
                          TABLE A-l


   HOURLY METEOROLOGICAL INPUTS REQUIRED BY THE

           SHORT-TERM CONCENTRATION MODEL
Parameter
                   Definition
    R
    'A

    'i
   H
     m
   dz
                     Mean wind speed at height z
                          R


Mean wind direction at height z
                             R


Wind-profile exponent



Wind azimuth-angle standard deviation in radians



Wind elevation-angle standard deviation in radians



Ambient air temperature ( K)



Depth of surface mixing layer





Vertical potential temperature gradient
                             A-2
-------
may be directly specified or may be assigned on the basis of the Pasquill stability
category.  The Pasquill stability category is determined from surface weather
observations using the Turner (1964) wind-speed and solar-index values.  Mixing
depths may be obtained from rawinsonde or pibal measurements, or they may be
assigned on the basis of tabulations of the frequency of occurrence of wind speed
and mixing depth (available from the National Climatic Center for synoptic rawin-
sonde stations).  Potential temperature gradients may be measured or assigned on
the basis of climatology.

        Table A-2 lists the meteorological  inputs required by the long-term concen-
tration model.  Joint-frequency distributions of wind-speed and wind-direction
categories according to the Pasquill stability categories may be obtained from the
National Climatic Center.  Alternately, surface wind observations may be analyzed
to generate wind-frequency distributions by time-of-day categories (night, morning,
afternoon  and  evening).  Vertical turbulent intensities may be determined from a
climatology of actual measurements or may be assigned on the basis of the Pasquill
stability categories.  Median mixing depths may be determined from the seasonal
tabulations of  the frequency of occurrence of wind speed and mixing depth.  Vertical
potential temperature gradients may be assigned to stability or time-of-day cate-
gories on  the basis  of climatology.

        We point out that the model descriptions contained  in this appendix are
comprehensive and  in some instances contain features that were not used in this
study.  For example, the area  source  models described in Sections  A. 3.3 and
A. 4.3 were not used.  Also,  the decay constant fy was set equal to zero for both
the short-term and  long-term concentration calculations.
                                     A-3
-------
                             TABLE A-2

           METEOROLOGICAL INPUTS REQUIRED BY THE
              LONG-TERM CONCENTRATION MODEL
   Parameter
                                         Definition
f.  .      (Table)
       R
   p  .(Table)
    K, 1
        (Table)
              '
 90 ,
 —   .    (Table)
 9z / i,
H   .      (Table)
 m;i, k, ^
   U{ZR}. (Table)
Frequency distribution of wind-speed and wind-
direction categories by stability or time-of-day
categories for the $"• season

Height at which wind-frequency distributions
were obtained
Wind-profile exponents for each stability or
time-of-day category and i   wind speed category

Standard deviation of the wind elevation angle in
radians for the i^-h wind-speed category and k^n
stability or time-of-day category and ,0th season
                                tii
Ambient air temperature for the k   stability or
time-of-day category and $"• season
Vertical potential temperature gradient for the
i.th wind-speed category and k  stability or
time-of-day category

Median surface mixing depth for the i   wind-
speed category, l

-------
A. 2     PLUME RISE FORMULAS

        The effective stack height H of a buoyant plume is given by the sum of
the physical stack height h and the bouyant rise  Ah.  For an adiabatic or unstable
atmosphere,  the buoyant rise Ah  is given by


                                   3F ^/3 (ioh) 2/3~
                           n{h)

where the expression in the brackets is from Briggs (1971; 1972) and

          u{h)  =  the mean wind speed at the stack height h
            y  =  the adiabatic entrainment coefficient ~0. 6
             F  =  the initial buoyancy flux
                                                                            (2)
             V =  the volumetric emission rate of the stack
                    2
               =  ?r r  w
             r =  inner  radius of stack
             w =  stack  exit velocity
             g =  the acceleration due to gravity
           T  =  the ambient air temperature (°K)
             a
           T  =  the stack exit temperature (°K)
             s
The factor  f, which limits the plume rise as the  mean wind speed at stack height
approaches or exceeds the stack exit velocity, is defined by
                                     A-5

-------
                f =
                         3w - 3u(h)N
                             w
                                      ; u{h)  ^w/1.5
                                      ; w/1.5 < u{h) -= w
                                      ;  u{h)  s
                                                w
(3)
The corresponding Briggs (1971) rise formula for a stable atmosphere (potential


temperature gradient greater than zero) is
   Ahg  =  <
                               6F
                                       1/3
                                                                     lOh
                                               1/3
                                                                  2s  lOh
                                                                           f    (4)
where
              y  = the stable entrainment coefficient ~ 0.66
               £i


                    g  se
               O _  -E_ 	

               S~  T   9z
             ——  = vertical potential temperature gradient
             o z
The entrainment coefficients  Y  and Y  are based on the suggestions of Briggs
                             JL     L*

(1972).  It should be noted that Equation (4) does not permit the calculated stable


rise  Ah  to exceed the adiabatic rise Ah   as the atmosphere approaches a neutral

       s
              ri Q
stratification I-—  approaches 0
             \9z

Briggs (1972).
                                  A procedure of this type is recommended by
                                     A-6

-------
  A.3
SHORT-TERM CONCENTRATION MODEL
          A. 3.1   Elevated Sources

        The atmospheric dispersion model used to calculate hourly average
ground-level concentrations downwind from an elevated continuous source is given
by

              K O
x(x,y}  = —- r |	 (Vertical Term) (Lateral  Term)  (Decay Term)       (5)
                   y  z
where
          K =
          Q
      u(H}
      CT , a
       Y  z
     scaling coefficient to convert input parameters to
     dimensionally consistent units
     source emission rate
     mean wind speed at the plume stabilization height H
     standard deviations of the lateral and vertical
     concentration distributions at downwind distance x
          The Vertical Term refers to the plume expansion in the vertical or z
direction and includes a multiple reflection term that limits cloud growth to the
surface mixing layer.
(Vertical Term}  =
exp  - -
                                    exp
                +  exp ) - -
I"     / 2n H   - H
 -I   -f—
L     \
                              ,   . 2n H   + H
                              1   (     m
                                      cr
                                                                  (6)
where H  is the depth of the surface mixing layer.  The exponential terms in the
        m
infinite series in Equation (6) rapidly approach zero near the source.  At the
                                       A-7

-------
downwind distance at which the exponential terms are non-zero for  n equal 3,
the plume has become approximately uniformly mixed within the surface mixing
layer.  In order to shorten computer computation time,  Equation (6) is changed to
the form

                          (Vertical Term)  =
                                                2 H
                                                   m
beyond this point.  Equation (7) changes the form of the vertical concentration
distribution from Gaussian to rectangular.  If H exceeds Hm, the vertical term
is set equal to zero which results in a zero value for the ground-level concentration.
          The Lateral Term refers to the crosswind  expansion of the plume and is
given by the expression
                                            ~~  .       2~
(Lateral Term)  =  exp   „ ,
1              '           2  a
                                                                             (8)
where  y is the crosswind distance from the plume centerline to the point at which
concentration is calculated.

          The Decay Term, which accounts for the possibility of pollutant removal
by physical or chemical processes, is of the form

                      (Decay Term} =  exp f- 0 x/u {H}]                      (9)

where
         0  =  the washout coefficient A (sec~ )  for precipitation
               scavenging
               0.692
            =  ~T	  ' wnere Tj_/2 is the pollutant half life for physical
                J. / iL
               or chemical removal
            =  0 for no depletion ($  is automatically set to zero by the com-
               puter program unless otherwise specified)

                                      A-8

-------
         In the model calculations, the observed mean wind speed u  is adjusted
                                                                 R

from the measurement height  z   to the source height h for plume rise calculations
                              R

and to the stabilization height  H  for  the concentration calculations by a wind-profile


exponent law
u{z)  = U{ZT
                                               R
                                                                             (10)
 The exponent p is assigned on the basis of atmospheric stability,  ranging from about


 0.1 for very unstable conditions to about 0.4 for very stable conditions.




         According to the derivation in the report by Cramer, et_al, (1972), the stan-


 dard derivation of the lateral concentration distribution ay is given by the expression
                       {x}  =  a; x
                       l  J      A  ry
x + x _ x  (1 - a)'
     y  xryv


        ry
                                               (11)
              x   =
               y
                        rylx   cr.
                         J v  ry  A
              *A  -XR    ;
                                                            cr
                                                                  <  x
                                                                       ry
                                                             ?R
                  c   (I -  a); —*;—   > x
                  ry          aA
                                               (12)
where
         a    - the standard deviation of the wind-azimuth angle
          J\.

                in radians


         x    = distance over which rectilinear plume expansion occurs


                downwind from an ideal point source  (~ 50 meters)


              = the standard deviation of the lateral concentration


                distribution at downwind distance x_
                                      A-9

-------
                   a  -  the lateral diffusion coefficient ( ~ 0. 9)
The lateral turbulent intensity a'  may be specified directly or may be assigned
                               Pi.

on the basis of the Pasquill stability category.




         The standard deviation of the vertical concentration distribution a  is
                                                                        z

given by the expression
                                   (X
                                                     (13)
X  =
 z
                                            zR
                                            cr
                                             E
                                                                               (14)
where
         a '  -  standard deviation of the wind-elevation angle in radians



         cr   =  the standard deviation of the vertical concentration distribution
          zR

                at downwind distance x
                                     R



The vertical turbulent intensity cr'  may  also be obtained from direct measure-
                                Jii

ments or may be assigned according to Pasquill stability category.  When cr'
                                                                         E

values corresponding to the Pasquill stability categories are entered in Equation


(13), the resulting curves will differ from the corresponding Pasquill-Gifford


curves in that Equation (13) assumes rectilinear expansion at all downwind dis-


tances.  Thus, cr values obtained from  Equation (13) will be smaller than the
                Z

values obtained from the Pasquill-Gifford A and B curves and larger than the


values obtained from the D, E and F curves at long downwind distances.  How-


ever, the multiple reflection term in Equation (6) which confines the plume to the
                                     A-10

-------
surface mixing layer accounts for the behavior of the  D,  E and  F curves (decrease
in the expansion rate with distance) in a manner that may be related to the meteor-
ology of the area.

        Following the recommendations of Briggs (1972), the lateral and vertical
standard deviations of a stabilized buoyant plume  are defined by
                            °
                             yR
                         0.5 Ah
                          2.15
The downwind distance to stabilization x  is given by
(15)
           *R  =^
                                  90
                         10h   ; -  * 0
7ru{h) S" 1/2 ; -|p  ^ 0 and 7ril{h} S~1/2 <  lOh
                                  r\f\                  -1/2
                         10h   ; 7T-  >  0 and7rii{h} S   '  > lOh
(16)
        A. 3.2    Application of the Short-Term Model to Low-Level Emissions

        The short-term diffusion model in Section A. 3.1 may be used to calculate
ground-level concentrations resulting from low-level emissions such as losses
through building vents.  These emissions are rapidly distributed by the cavity
circulation of the building wake and quickly assume the dimensions of the building.
Ground-level concentrations are calculated by setting the release height h  and the
buoyancy parameter F equal to  zero.  The standard deviation of the lateral
                                      A-ll

-------
concentration distribution at the source a   is defined by the building crosswind
                                       i/

dimension y   divided by 4. 3.  The standard deviation of the vertical concentration


distribution at the source a   is obtained by dividing the building height by 2.15.
                          zo

The initial dimensions v   and  a    are assumed to be applicable at the downwind
                       yo      zo

edge of the building.  It should be noted that separate turbulent intensities  a' and
                                                                       A

a'  may be defined for the low-level sources to account for  the effects of surface
 £

roughness elements and heat sources.
        A. 3. 3   Short-Term Concentration Model for Area Sources




        The atmospheric dispersion model used to calculate ground-level concen-


trations at downwind distance x from the downwind edge of an area source is given


by the expression
X(x > XQ, y} =

                                p {x} y   (Vertical Term)  (Lateral Term}  (17)


                                          (Decay Term}
where
             Q =  area source strength in units of mass per unit time
            y  =  crosswind source dimension
             o
                          _ x
                          E  o
                          '  (x + x ) + h"
                          Jli	O	

                             (7  (X) + h
                    CT ' (x + x /2) + h
                     t      o
                                           3x
                                    ;  X  >  3x
           x  = alongwind dimension of the area source


            h = the characteristic height of the area source


            The Vertical Term for an area source is given by
                                                                               (18)
                                     A-12

-------
 {Vertical Term)  =<
                    1 + 2
                               exp
                             1 /2nH
                             1 [	m

                             2 V  a (x)
                                                    ; exp
                                                             6H
                                                                m
                        cr  (x)
                         z L  J
                      2H
                                                    ; exp
                         m
                                                           2\ cr
1/6H
I/   m
            = 0
2\ cr
                   (19)
          The Lateral Term is given by the expression
 (Lateral Term)  =
erf
~y /2 + y
o
1/2" o- fx}
y
+ erf
-yo/2-y
^2" a {x}
y _
                 (20)
 where
and
          y  =  crosswind dimension of the area source
           o

           y =  crosswind distance from the centerline of the


                area source
                            cr {x}  =    ~y^fifh}xoyoa'
                                     V (x' + l) +h"
                                         a'+h
                                                     (Vertical Term}
where
        x'  =  distance downwind from the upwind edge of the area source
                 (22)
                                    A-13

-------
A. 4     LONG-TERM CONCENTRATION MODEL

        A. 4.1  Elevated Sources

        The atmospheric dispersion model for elevated point and volume sources
is similar in form to the Air Quality Display Model (Environmental Protection
Agency, 1969) and the Climatological Dispersion Model (Calder, 1971).  In the
model, the area surrounding a continuous source of pollutants is divided into
sectors of equal angular width corresponding to the class intervals of the seasonal
and annual frequency distributions of wind direction.  The emission rate during a
season or year is partitioned  according to the relative wind-direction frequencies.
Ground-level concentration fields for each source are translated to a common
reference coordinate grid system and summed to obtain the total due to all emissions.
For a single source the mean seasonal concentration at a point (r, 9) is given by
           2K Q
                     itjtk
                                             UJ.k, g
                                      u.{H.     ,  a  .
                                       i   i, k, 1}   z;i,k,
                                                  S{6 } V,
                       -0 r/u.{H.
                        r    i1  i,
                                                                             (23)
V.
                = exp
                                         n=l
                                     exp
.  /2n H        - H.    ,
1  i     m;i, k, /    i,k, i
        0"   . .
                + exp
                        ,  /2n H   .     + H  ,   ,
                        1  /     m;i, k, i    i,k, ?,
                                                                              (24)
                                      A-14

-------
where
          f. .  .    = frequency of occurrence of the i   wind-speed
           1? •*                   th                             th
                    category, j  wind-direction category and k
                    stability or time-of-day category for the  £
                    season
              A9' = the sector  width in radians
             S{0} = a smoothing function
                                                < A0'
t
A6
0
e'-e1
j
1

;
5
fl1 a'
tl - a
J
i
(25)
                9. = the angle measured in radians from north to
                                        .th
                    the centerline of the j   wind-direction sector
                9' = the angle measured in radians from north to
                    the point (r, 9)

          As with the short-term model,  the Vertical Term given by Equation
(24) is changed to the form

                                    V2T  a  . ,
                                                                             (26)
                                     2H
                                       m;i, k,
when the exponential terms in Equation (24) become non-zero for n  equal 3.  The
remaining terms in Equations (23) and (24) are identical to those previously defined
in Section A. 3.1 for the short-term model except that the turbulent  intensities and
potential temperature gradients may be separately  assigned to each wind-speed and/or
                                     A-15

-------
stability (or time-of-day) category; the ambient air temperatures may be separately
assigned to each stability (or time-of-day) category for each season; and the surface
mixing depths may be separately assigned to each wind-speed and/or stability (or
time-of-day) category for each season.

       As shown by Equation (25), the rectangular concentration distribution
within a given angular sector is modified by the function s{0) which smoothes
discontinuities in the concentration at the boundaries of adjacent sectors.  The
centerline concentration in each sector is unaffected by contributions from adja-
cent sectors.  At points off the sector centerline, the concentration is a weighted
function of the concentration at the centerline of the sector in which the calculation
is being made and the concentration at the centerline of the nearest adjoining
sector.

       The mean annual concentration at the point (r, 0) is calculated from the
seasonal concentrations using the -expression
                                                                          (27)
       A. 4.2  Application of the Long-Term Model to Low- Level Emissions

       Long-term ground-level concentrations produced by low-level emissions
are calculated from Equation (23) by setting the source height h and the buoyancy
parameter F equal to zero.   The standard deviation of the vertical  concentration
distribution at the downwind edge of the building a   is defined as the building
                                                zo
height divided by 2. 15.  Separate vertical turbulent intensities a' may be defined
                                                              E
for the low-level sources to account for the effects of surface heat  sources and
 roughness elements.   A virtual point source is used to account for the initial
 lateral dimension of the source in  a manner identical to that described below
 for area sources.
                                       A-16

-------
      A. 4. 3  Long-Term Concentration Model for Area Sources
      The mean seasonal concentration at downwind distance r with respect to


the center of an area source is given by the expression


                                      f  .  .
                                                                             (28)
             exp -
where
             R - radial distance from the virtual point source to the receptor

                         2   2s1/2
                    '+x)  +y
            r' = distance from source center to receptor,  measured along the


                 plume axis


            r  = effective source radius
             o

             y = lateral distance from the cloud axis to the receptor


            x  = virtual distance

             Y        . A0'
               = r  cot — —
                  o     2
                                                                      (29)
CT  • i  =  <
 z;i,k
                         2cr,
                           E;i, k   o
n
aE-i
E;i,
a'
k""
(r1
+ ro>
- r )
+ h
+ h
                                                     r1 < 6r
                               a'   .  r' + h  ;   r' > 6r
                                E;i,k                   o
                                                                             (30)
                                     A-17

-------
V.
1 + 2
                       exp
                 n-1
                                 2n H   .
                                              2-1
                                      cr
                                       z;i,k
                                                    ;  exp
                                      2H
                                                    ; exp
                                         m;i, k  g,
i /6H  •  i
1 /    m;i,k, f,
2 I  a  .  .
     *7» I  if
     /O, 1, K.
                                                 1  I 6H   ' 1
                                                 If   m;i,k, i
                                                 2\ a  .  .
                                                     z;i,k
                                                                                  (31)
 and the remaining parameters are identical to those previously defined.

         For points interior to the area source,  the concentration for seasonal
 models is given by the expression
 X,{r<  r } =
 where
2KQ V^
/2~7x y -^
v oo i,j, k
~ f.
' -I > ^-^ nM
- , V' ^ — p 	 Kn.
aE;i,k (r1 ' +1) +h
a'
E;i, k, + h
                                                             V.
                                                                      (32)
            r' '  = the downwind distance, measured along the plume axis from
                  the upwind edge of the area source
                                       A-18

-------
A. 5    APPLICATION OF THE SHORT-TERM AND LONG-TERM CONCENTRATION
       MODELS IN COMPLEX TERRAIN

       The short-term and long-term concentration models described in Sections
A. 3 and A. 4 are strictly applicable only for flat terrain where the base of the stack
(or the building source) and the ground surface downwind from the source are at the
same elevation.  However, both models  may also be applied to complex terrain by
defining effective stabilization heights and mixing depths.  The following assump-
tions are made in the model calculations for complex terrain:

       •      The top of the surface mixing layer extends over the calculation
              grid at a constant height above  mean sea level
       •      Ground-level concentrations  at all grid points above the top of the
              surface mixing layer are  zero
       •      Plumes that stabilize above the top of the surface mixing layer do
              not contribute to ground-level concentrations at any grid point
              (this assumption also applies to flat terrain)
       In order to determine whether the stabilized plume is contained within the
      3 mixing layer,  it is ne
source from the relationship
surface mixing layer, it is necessary to calculate the mixing depth H* (z } at the
                                                                 HI   S
where
                           H* (z }  - (H   + z  - z )                            (33)
                            m1- sj      m   a    s
           H    = the depth of the surface mixing layer measured at a point
            m
                  with elevation z  above  mean sea level
            z   = the height above mean sea level of the source
             s
                                     A-19

-------
Equation (33) is represented schematically in Figure A-l.  As shown by the figure,
the actual top of the surface mixing layer is assumed to remain at a constant elevation
above mean sea level.  If the height H of the  stabilized plume above the base of the
stack is less than or equal to Hm*{z  }, the plume is defined to be contained within
                                  s
the surface mixing layer.

        The height H   of the stabilized plume above mean sea level is given by the
sum of the height H of the stabilized plume above the base of the stack and the ele-
vation z  of the base of the stack.  At any elevation z  above mean sea level, the
        s
effective height H1 {z}  of the plume centerline above the terrain is then given by
                         H' {z}  -
                                    H  -z;H -z^
                                     o        o
                                         0;  H  - z  < 0
                                              o
(34)
For building sources, H1 (z) is always set equal to zero.

         The effective mixing depth Hm' (z) above a point at elevation z above mean
sea level is defined by
                                   H
                                    m
                                                   z — z
                                   H   + (z  - z) ;  z
                                    ma
                                                                            (35)
 Figure A-2 illustrates the assumptions implicit in Equation (35).  For grid points
at elevations below the airport elevation, the effective mixing depth K^1 {z} is
allowed to increase in a manner consistent with Figure A-l.  However, in order to
prevent a physically unrealistic compression of plumes as they pass over elevated
terrain,  the effective mixing depth is not permitted to be less than the mixing depth
measured at the airport.  It should be noted that the concentration is set equal to
zero for grid points above the actual top of the mixing layer (see Figure A-l).
                                      A-20

-------
                                 Top of Mixing Layer
         Mixing Depth
         Measured at
         Greater Pittsburgh
         Airport =
         Minimum
         Depth
Mixing Depth
                           (No calculations
                           made for grid
                           points with
                           terrain elevations
                           above top of
                           mixing layer
                           (msl) at airport)
FIGURE A-l.  Mixing depth Hm*{z  }  used to determine whether the stabilized plume is contained within
              the surface mixing layer.

-------
                                                        Effective Top of Mixing Layer
to
to
                                                                                                  Effective
                                                                                                  Mixing Depth
(No calculations
made for grid
points with
terrain elevations
above top of
mixing layer
(msl) at airport)
                                                                                                  Assigned to
                                                                                                  Grid Point
                         Airport
                        Elevation
Mixing Depth
Measured at
Greater Pittsburgh
Airport =
Minimum
Depth
                  FIGURE A-2.  Effective mixing depth Hm' {z} assigned to grid points for the concentration calculations.

-------
        The terrain adjustment procedures also assume that the mean wind speed
at any given height above sea level is constant.  Thus, the wind speed u_  measured
at height z^ above the surface at a point with elevation  z   above mean sea level is
          a,                                           a
adjusted to the stack height for the plume rise calculations by the relationship
                                            ;  h  < z  + z
                                               o    a   R
                                                                            (36)
where  h  is height above mean sea level of the top of the stack.  Similarly,  the
wind speed u {H} used in the concentration calculations is given by
                 u{H} =
                                             ;  H  < z  + z
                                                 o    a   R
(37)
        It should be noted that the terrain-adjustment procedures outlined above
provide a  very simple representation of complex plume-terrain interactions that
are not yet well understood.  Because the model assumptions are generally conserv-
ative,  it is possible that concentrations calculated for elevated terrain,  especially
elevated terrain near a  source,  exceed the concentrations that actually occur. It
should also be noted that the procedures described above differ from previous
"terrain-intersection" models in that terrain intersection is only permitted for a
plume  contained within a mixing layer. That is, terrain intersection is permitted
for all stability categories, but only for a plume contained within the surface mixing
layer.
                                     A-23

-------
A-24

-------
                                 APPENDIX B
             JOINT FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS OF WIND-SPEED
                      AND WIND-DIRECTION CATEGORIES
        Tables B-l,  B-2, B-3 and B-4 list the seasonal joint frequency of occur-
rence by Pasquill stability category* of wind-speed and wind-direction categories
for the winter, spring, summer and fall of 1973, respectively.  The corresponding
seasonal distribution for 1965 are given in Tables B-5 through B-8.  These distribu-
tions were developed from surface weather observations by the STAR program of the
National Climatic Center which uses the Turner (1964) definitions of the Pasquill
stability categories.  The 1973 distributions  were derived from hourly surface wind
speed and wind direction observations at Allegheny County Airport and 3-hourly
cloud cover observations at the Greater Pittsburgh Airport.  The 1965 distributions
were developed from  3-hourly surface weather observations at the Greater Pittsburgh
Airport.
*In the tables, the Pasquill A through F stability categories are labeled 1 through
 6.  The E and F stability categories were combined in the seasonal and annual
 concentration calculations.
                                      B-l

-------
                                            TABLE B-l

                           JOINT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF WIND-SPEED
                                 AND WIND-DIRECTION CATEGORIES FOR
                                            WINTER 1973
W
i
to
 DiKC-CTlON
(PHI  OEbKEES)
      .000
    22. bOO
    45.000
    07.500
    90.UOO
   ii2.bUO
                                        STABILITY CATEGORY  1

                    A'INU SPEED  WIND SPEED  WIND SPEED   WIND  SPEED   WIND SPEED  rtlND SPEED
                    CATEGORY 1  CATEGORY 2  CATEGORY  3   CATEGORY  H   CATEGORY 5  CATEGORY 6
                   (   ,7500MPS)( 2.5000MPS) ( 4.3000MPS) (  6.8UOOi-iPS) (  9.5000MPS) (12.5000MPS)
        i:>7.bOO
       2u2.bOO
       247. buO
       2/0. uOO
       <^2.DOO
       3i5.uOO
       OJ7.bOO
.00003470
.00003470
.00003470
.00003470
.00003470
.00003470
.00003470
.00003470
.00003470
.00003470
.00003470
,00003470
,00003470
.00003470
.00003470
.00003470
.00000000
.OOOOOOuO
.00000000
.00000000
.oocooooo
.00000000
.00000000
.OOOOOOUO
.00000000
.OOCOOOOO
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
,00000000
.00000000
.00000000
,00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.OOuOOOOO
.00000000
.00000000
.OOoOOOOO
.00000000
.oooooooo
.00000000
.oooooooo
.00000000
.oooooooo
.oooooo&o
.oooooooo
.OOOOOOUO
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.ooooouoo
.oocooooo
.oooooooo
. 0 0 0 0 0 U U U
.OOOOOOOO
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.OOOOOOOO
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
,00000000
.oooooooo
.OOUOOOOO
.oooooooo
.OOOOOOOO
.00000000
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.00000000
.oooooooo
.oooooooo

-------
                                       TABLE B-l (Continued)
     DIRECTION
    (PHI DEGREES)
          .UUO
W
i
to
 45. UUO
 o7.bUO
 yo.uoo
112. bUO
U5.UOO
ib7.bOO
loO. UUO
2U2.bOO
       270. UOO
       2^2.500
       3i5.UUO
                                STABILITY CATEGORY 2

            WIND SPEED  WIND SPEED  WIND SPEED  KIND SPEED  WIND SPEED   WIND  SPEED
            CATEGORY 1  CATF.LORY 2  CATEGORY 3  CATEGORY 4  CATEGORY  5   CATEGORY  6
            ;  ,7bOOMPS)( 2.5000MPS)( 4.3000MPS)( 6.8UOOMPSM 9.5000MPS)(12.5000MPS)
.ooouoooo
.00000000
.OOU16670
.OOObOOOO
.00000000
.oouuuooo
.00016670
,00000000
.00000000
,OUiObb60
.00016670
.00000000
.OOU16670
.00000000
.00000000
.ooooonoo
.00000000
.00000000
,000555oO
.00166670
.00000000
.00000000
.OOOSb'bbO
.OOOOOOuO
. 0 0 0 0 0 0 U 0
.00111110
.00055560
.OOOOOOUO
.000555^0
.OOOOOOuO
.00000000
.OOOOOOUO
.ouoooooo
.00000000
.00000000
.oouooooo
.00000000
.00000000
.oouooooo
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
,000555bO
.oouooooo
.oouooooo
.00000000
.oouoouoo
.oouooooo
.00000000
.OOOOOUUO
.ouooouoo
.00000000
.oouoouoo
.OOOOOOUU
.oouooooo
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.ooooouoo
.00000000
.OOOOOUOO
.OOOOOOUO
.00000000
.ouoooooo
.00000000
.ooouoooo
.oouooooo
.ooouoooo
.ooooouoo
.00000000
.00000000
.oouooooo
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.ouoooooo
.00000000
.Ouoooooo
.00000000
,00000000
.00000000
.ouoooooo
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000

-------
                                       TABLE B-l (Continued)
W
 DlHtCTlON
(PHI  DEGREES)
      .000
   22.500
   H5.000
   £>7.bOO
   90.000
   Ii2.b00
   135.000
   lD7.bOO
   i 00.000
   2u2.bUO
   2^5.000
   247.bOO
   270.uOO
   292.buO
   515.000
                                        STABILITY CATEGORY 3

                         SPEED   VkJND SPEED  WIND SPEED  WIND SPEED  WIN& SPEED  WIND SPEED
                    CATEGORY  1   CATEGORY 2  CATEGORY 3  CATEGORY 4  CATEGORY 5  CATEGORY 6
                   (   .7500MPSH 2.5000MPS)( 4.3000MPS)( 6.8GOOMPSX 9.5000MPS)(12.5000MPS)
.00002780
.00000000
.00005560
.00006940
.00123610
.00002750
.00001390
.00002760
.00004170
.00008330
.00002780
.00001390
.00001390
.00002780
.00000000
.00000000
.00111110
.00000000
.00222220
.00277780
.00388890
.00111110
,000555bO
.00111110
.00166670
.00333330
.00111110
.00055560
.00055560
.00111110
.OOOOOOuO
.00000000
.00222220
.00u55560
.00111110
.OOOSSboO
.00277780
.00000000
.00055560
.00000000
.00277780
.00333330
.00166670
.00333330
.00111110
.00055560
.00111110
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.OOOOOOuO
.00000000
.OOOOOOUO
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.OOOOOOUO
.00000000
.OCOOOUUO
.OOOOOOuO
.00000000
.OOOOOOuO
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.OUOOOUOO
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.OuuOOOOO
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000

-------
                                  TABLE B-l (Continued)
 DlKuCTlON
(Prii
                    STABILITY CATEGORY 4

WINU SPEED  hlNn SPEED  WIND SPEED  MND SPtEll   WIND  SPEED
CATLGCRY 1  CATEGORY 2  CATEGORY 3  CATEGORY  4   CATEGORY  5
  ,7bOOMPS)( 2.5COOMPS)( 4.3000MPS)( 6.8000MPS)(  9.5000MHS
WIND SPEED
CATEGORY 6
12 . SOOOtoPS)






w
1
m








.000
7.bOO
30.UOO
xx2.500
105.000
1S7.500
160.000
<;u2.buO
2
-------
                                       TABLE B-l (Continued)
W
 DlKt_CTiON
(PHI  DEGREES)
      .uUO
   ^2.500
   45.000
   b7.500
   90.000
   112. bOO
   loS.OUO
   ib7.500
   100.000
                                        STABILITY CATEGORY 5

                    WIND SPEED  IrtIND SPEED  WIND SPEED  VvINU SPEED  WIND SPEED  WIND SPEED
                    CATEGORY 1  CATEGORY 2  CATEGORY 3  CATEGORY  4  CATEGORY 5  CATEGORY 6
                   (   ,7bOOMPS}(  2.5000MPS)(  U.3000MPSX 6.6000MPSM  9.50COMPS)(12.5000MPS)
        2*5.000
        2H7.500
        270.000
        292.500
        315.000
        OJ7.500
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
,00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.oouooooo
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00388890
,00222220
.00722220
.00500000
.00500000
.00166670
.00388890
.00277780
.007777CO
.00166670
.00055560
.000555oO
.00388890
.00111110
.00000000
,00222220
,00388890
.00055560
.00000000
.00055560
.00055560
.00222220
.00111110
.00000000
.02111109
.01368089
.01055559
.01055559
.00777780
.00166670
.00166670
.00222220
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
•OOGOOOGU
.00000000
.OOOOOOUO
.OOOOOOUO
.OOOOOOOU
.00000000
•OObOOuOO
.00000000
.OOOOOOUO
.00000000
.OOOOOOUO
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
,00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
,00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.ccoooooo
.cooooooo
.00000000
.00000000
.cooooooo
-------
                                        TABLE B-l (Continued)
W
 OiKc.Cl
(PHI
      .UQO
    22.bOO
    45. UQO
    oT.buO
    90.000
   112. bOO
   Ub.uOO
                                        bTAtilLITY CATEGORY  6

                    WIND SPEED  WIND SPEED   WIND SPEED   KIND  SPLEO  WIND SPEED  WiriU SPEED
                    CATEGORY 1  CATEGORY  2   CATEGORY  3   CATEGORY 4  CATEGORY 5  CATEGORY 6
                   (  .TbUOMPSX 2.5UOOMPSM  «*.3000MPS) (  6.80uOMPS)( 9.5UOOMPS) (12.5000MPS)
        IdO.OOO
        2u2.bOO
        225.000
        2*7. buO
        270. UOO
        292. bOO
        «iib.UOO
        3o7.bOO
.00116160
.00101010
.00070710
.00151520
.00055350
.00121210
.OOOlblbO
.00020200
.oommio
.ooo^b^50
.0004-0400
.00015150
.00136870
. 000,35350
.oouioioo
.OOObUolO
.00611110
.004444^0
.00777780
.00999999
.00388890
.00000000
.00166670
.00222220
.00888890
.00500000
.00444440
.001^6670
.00722220
.00388BVO
.00111110
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.OOUOOOUO
.00000000
. 0 0 0 0 0 U 0 0
.OOliOOUUO
.00000000
.00000000
.OOOOOOuO
.00000000
.OOUOOOUO
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
. ooooo u uo
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.ouoooooo
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.cooooooo
.00000000
.00000000
-------
                                        TABLE B-2

                      JOINT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF WIND-SPEED
                             AND WIND-DIRECTION CATEGORIES FOR
                                       SPRING 1973
 DlKuCTXON
(PHI  DEGREES)
                     STABILITY CATEGOKY 1

 WIND SPEED  WIND SPEED  WIND SPEED  WIND SPEED  WlNu SPEED  WIND  SPEED
 CATEGORY 1  CATEGORY 2  CATEGORY 3  CATEGORY U  CATEGORY 5  CATEGORY  6
(   ,7bOOMPS)( 2.5COOMPS)( 
-------
                                       TABLE B-2 (Continued)
W
CO
 Dlkc.cTj.uN
(Phi  Dt
      .000
    <12.bOO
    45.UOO
    bY.bOO
    90. 000
   J.i2.bOO
   1J5.000
   Ib7.b00
   ioO.OOO
   202. bOO
   225.000
   247. bOO
   270.000
                                        STABILITY  CATEGORY 2

                   WIND SPEED   wINn  SPEnD   WIND SPEED  WIND SPEED  WTNo SPEED  WIND SPEED
                   CATEGORY  1   CATEGORY 2   CATEGORY 3  CATEGORY 4  CATEGORY 5  CATEGORY 6
                   (   .7bOOMPS)(  2.5000MPS)(  <*.3000MP5){ 6.8000MPS)(  9.5000MPS)(12.5000MPS)
       515.000
       537.^00
.00010520
,00003blO
.00005510
.00000000
.00059610
.00000000
.00000000
.00001750
.00003510
.00001750
.OOU03510
.00l2i0970
.00005260
.00001750
.00001750
.000000,00
.00326090
.00106700
.00108700
.00000000
.00108700
.00000000
.00000000
.00054350
.00108700
.00054350
.00108700
.00271740
.00163040
.00054350
.00054350
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
,000543oO
.00000000
.00054350
.00054350
.00326090
.00108700
.00000000
.00054350
.00054350
.00000000
.00000000
.OOu5435C
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.OUOOOOOO
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.oocooooo
-------
                                     TABLE B-2 (Continued)
W
i
 DlKtCTlGN
(PHI  DEGREES)
      .000
   22.500
   45.000
   to7.bOO
   90.000
   112.bOO
   US.000
   1D7.500
   ItiO.uOO
   2U2.500
   2
-------
                                 TABLE B-2 (Continued)
 OIKECTION
iPrii  DEbKEES)
      .uUO
   22.500
   H5.000
   67.bOO
   90.000
   112. bOO
   135.000
   107.500
   loO.OOO
   202. bOO
   217. bOO
   270. UOO
                    STABILITY CATEGORY 4

WIND SPEED  WIND SPEED  WIND SPEED  WIND SPEED  WIND SPEED  WIND SPEED
CATEGORY 1  CATFGORY 2  CATEGORY 3  CATEGORY 4  CATEGORY 5  CATEGORY 6
  ,7bOOMPS)( 2.5000MPSM 4.3000MPS)( 6.8000MPS)( 9.5000MPS)(12.5000MPS)
   315.000
   307.5UO
.00068410
.00012790
.000^1300
.00028130
.00093990
.00025500
.00017900
.00014070
.00093990
,OU01b620
.00078640
.00077370
,00024300
.00005120
,00063300
.00007670
.00543479
.00543479
.01032609
.01195649
.01630428
.01086959
.OQ7608o9
.00597329
.01630428
,00706519
.00978259
.00923909
.01032609
.00217390
.00326090
.00326090
.01647828
.009239Q9
.00923909
.01358699
.02391298
.03260867
.03206517
.02771737
.03423907
.01956518
.03515217
.04076086
.02717387
.00923909
.00815219
.00706519
,OC7608o9
.00163040
.00108700
.00000000
.OC21739U
.01304349
.01956518
.01086959
.00543479
.00543479
.02391298
.04076066
.04836956
.01358699
.00271740
.00489130
.00000000
.00000000
.OUUOOOOO
.00000000
.ooooooon
.00000000
.00054350
.00000000
.00000000
.00054350
.OU326090
.00597829
.00434780
.00108700
.00000000
.OOUOOOOO
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00108700
.00000000
«00000000
.00000000
.00000000
-------
                                       TABLE B-2 (Continued)
     OlKtCTlON
    (PHI  DEGREES)
                     STABILITY CATEGORY 5

 WIND SPEED  *vIN[j SPEED  WIND SPEED  hlND SPEED  WIND SPEED   WIND SPEED
 CATEGORY 1  CATFGORY 2  CATEGORY 3  CATEGORY ^  CATEGORY  5   CATEGORY 6
I   ,7bOOMPS)( 2.bOOOMPS)( 4.3000f-PS)( 6.8000MPS) ( 9.5000MPS) (12.5000MPS)
W
M
to
.UOO
<;2.bOO
H5.UOO
o7.bOO
90.000
112.000
105. UOO
U7.500
100. UOO
«iU2.bOO
2
-------
                                  TABLE B-2 (Continued)
 OlKuCTiON
(PHi  DEGREES)
                     STABILITY CATCGORY 6

 WINu SPEEO  WIND SPEtQ  WIND SPEED  WIND SPEEO  WlNn SPEED  WIND  SPEED
 CATcOUKY 1  CATEGORY 2  CATEGORY 3  CATEGORY 4  CATEGORY 5  CATEGORY  6
(   .7bUOMPS)( 2.5COOMPSM U.3QOOMPS)( 6.8000.v,PS)( 9.5000MPS) (12.5000MPS)
.000
-------
                                        TABLE B-3

                       JOINT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF WIND-SPEED
                            AND WIND-DIRECTION CATEGORIES FOR
                                       SUMMER 1973
                                   STABILITY CATEGORY 1
(PHi
 WIND SPEED  WIND SPELD  WIND SPEED
 CATtOORY 1  CATEGORY 2  CATEGORY 3
(   .75QOMPS)(  2.5000MPS)( 4
                                                   WIND SPEED  WIND SPEED   WIND  SPEED
                                                   CATEGORY H  CATEGORY  5   CATEGORY 6
                                                    6.8000MPS)( 9.bOOOMPS) ( 12.5000MPS)


u
1
It
*k











.UOO
-------
                                       TABLE B-3 (Continued)
                                        STABILITY CATEGORY  2

                    WIND SPEED  wINtj SPEc.0  WIND SPEED   telND  SPEED   WlNo SPEED  WIND SPEED
                    CATLoORY 1  CATFGORY 2  CATEGORY  3   CATEGORY  U   CATEGORY 5  CATEGORY 6
                   (   .7500MPSM 2.5000MPS){ 4.3000MPS)(  6.8000MPS)(  9.5000MPS)(12.5000MPS)
     (PHI  DEbKEES)
           .000
a
H»
Ol
 4b,000
 «7.bOO
 90.000
112. bOO
105. UOO
           . UUO
        202.500
        2<;5.000
        270,000
        2'92.500
        5x5. UOO
        3J7.500
.00002810
.00004220
.00055750
,00002810
.00118530
.00005620
.00064190
.00061380
.00078240
.00026710
.00015460
.00074030
.00015460
.00005620
.00005620
.OUOQ703Q
.00108700
.00163040
.00000000
.00108700
.00271740
.00217390
.00326090
.002173^0
.00b69570
.01032610
.00597830
,0o70d520
.00597830
.00217390
.00217390
.00271740
.00054350
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00054350
.00054350
.00108700
.00271740
.00271740
.00271740
.00489130
.00217390
.00054350
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.OOOOOOOfJ
•OOOOOUOO
.00000000
.OOOOOUOO
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
-------
                                      TABLE B-3 (Continued)
     DlRtcTlON
    (PHI DEbKLtLS)
          .000
W
 15. QUO
 07.500
 90.000
112. buO
105.000
       IbO.OUO
       2u2.bOO
       247. bOO
       2 7 0 . U U 0
       292. bUO
       015.000
       Oo7.bUO
                     STABILITY CATEGORY 3

 WINU SPEED  nINn SPEclC   WIND SPEED  VvlND SPEED  WIND SPEED  WIND SPEED
 CATEGORY 1  CATEGORY 2   CATEGORY 3  CATEGORY 4  CATEGORY 5  CATEGORY 6
(   ,7500MPS)(  2.5000MPS)(  4.3000MPS)( 6.8000,<1PS) < 9.5000MPS)(12.5000MPS)

  .00025080
  .OOU12540
  .OOU04160
  .00016720
  .00012540
  .00016720
  .00012540
  .OOU37630
  .00175590
  ,OOOo27lO
  .OOU41810
  .OUU50170
  .00104520
             .00004160
             .00016720
.00326090
.00163040
,00054350
.00217390
.00163040
.00217390
.00163040
.00489130
.01521709
.00615220
.00543400
.00652170
.00597850
.00054350
.00054350
.00217390
.00760670
.00054350
.00000000
.00000000
.00054350
.00108700
.00271740
.00326090
.01530429
.01006959
.01584779
.01413039
.00543460
.00217390
.00326090
.00108700
.00000000
.OOOOOOUO
.00000000
.00000000
.COuOOOuO
.ooooouoo
.00000000
.ooooouou
.00108700
.00163040
.00163040
.00360430
.00054350
.00000000
.00054350
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.OOUOOOOO
.OOOUOOGO
.OOOOOOUO
.00000000
.00000000
.OOOOOOGO
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.OOOOOOUO
.00000000
.OOOOOOUO
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
-------
                                 TABLE B-3 (Continued)
 DlKtCHON
(PHi  DEGKLES)
      ,UQO
                                       STABILITY CATEGORY <*

                   WIND  SPEED   fclNo SPEtD  WIND SPEED  1/vINC 5P£En  WlNu SPCEO   WINu  SPEED
                   CATLtORY  1   CATEGORY 2  CATEGORY 3  CATEGORY 4  CATEGORY  5   CATEGORY  6
                  (   ,7500MPS)(  2.5COOMPS)( **.3000MPS)( 6.8000HPS) ( 9.5000MPS) (12.5000MPS)
I
h->
7.bOO
    yo.ooo
   Ii2. buO
   Ub.OOO
   Ib7.bu0
   loO.DOO
   2J2.bOO
   ^5.000
   247.500
   270. UQO
   292. bOQ
   3o.5.uOO
   OJ7.500
.00016720
,00005230
.00008360
.00126550
.00127510
.00011500
.OOU05270
.00012540
.00113920
.00022990
.00033440
.00012540
.00022990
.00008360
.00002090
.00010450
.00669570
.00271740
.00^34780
.00923910
.00669570
.00597830
.00326090
.00652170
.03043479
.01195649
.01739129
.00652170
.01195649
,00^347tiO
.00108700
.00543480
.01304349
.00108700
.00108700
.00163040
.00434780
.00326090
.00706520
.Ol032blO
.03532608
.02010869
,03858698
.02282609
.01684779
.00380430
.Q04347UO
.00489130
.00271740
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00054350
.00108700
.OOOJOOUO
.00000000
.00054350
.00760870
.Olo30429
.00669570
.00217390
.00054350
.00054350
.00326090
.00000000
.00000000
.OOUOOOOO
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00054350
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.oooooooc
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.OOOOOOuO
.oooooouo
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
-------
                                      TABLE B-3 (Continued)
W
h-i
00
 DIKtXTlfN
(PHI  OEbKEES)
      .UUO
    22.500
    45.000
    67. boo
    90. UUO
   112. bOO
   loS.UOO
                                       STABILITY CATEGOkY 5

                   WIND bPEEO  WIND SPEED  WIND SPEED  fclND SPEED  WIND SPEED  WIND SPEED
                   CATEGORY 1  CATEGORY 2  CATEGORY 3  CATEGORY 4  CATEGORY 5  CATEGORY 6
                  (   .TbOOtoPSX 2.5000MHSX 4.3000MPS)« 6.8000MPSX 9.5000MPS) (12.5000MPS)
           UOO
       2U2.500
       2^5.000
       270.000
       2y2.5UO
       3x5.000
       3J7.500
.ooocoooo
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.OOOUOOOO
.oooooooo
.00000000
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.OOOLOOOO
.oooooooo
.00978260
.00326090
,00271740
.00108700
.00163040
.00^34780
.00489130
.00652170
.02608599
.00978260
,Ol032olO
.00669570
,OOb'978JO
.00108700
.OOOOoOuO
.00163040
.00489130
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.000543bO
.00108700
.00163040
.00163040
.00543480
.01086959
.01684779
.00706520
.00163040
.00054350
.00217390
.00271740
.oooooooo
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOof)
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.00000000
.ooaooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.OOOUOOOO
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
.OuOOOOOO
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.00000000
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.OOOOOOUO
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
,00000000
.oooooooo
-------
                                       TABLE B-3 (Continued)
                                        STABILITY CATEGORY 6
a
WIND SPEED
CATEUORY 1
WINf) SPEc.0  WIND SPEED
CATEGORY 2  CATEGORY  3
WIND SPEED
CATEGORY 4
WlNu SPEED
CATEGORY 5
                                                                                 WIND SPEED
                                                                                 CATEGORY 6
DlKi_CTiuN
(PHI JttrtLES)
.000
22.5UO
45.UOO
o7.bOO
90. GOO
10.2. buo
105. UUO
Iu7.bu0
loo. 000
-------
                                             TABLE B-4

                            JOINT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF WIND-SPEED
                                 AND WIND-DIRECTION CATEGORIES FOR
                                             FALL 1973
W
i
INS
o
      DlHc-CTiGN
     (PHi  DLbKEtiS)
           .000
         ^2.500
         H5.UUO
                     STABILITY CATEGORY  1

 WINU SPEED  WIND SPEED  WIND SPEED  hi NO SPEED   WIND SPEED  WIND SPEED
 CATtOGRY 1  CATEGORY 2  CATEGORY 3  CATEGORY  4   CATEGORY 5  CATEGORY 6
(   .7bUOMPS)( 2.5000MPSM H. 3000i-lPS) ( 6.8000MPS) (  9.5000MPS) (12.5000MPS)
         yo.uoo
        ii2,bOO
        lob.UOO
        JLoO.UUO
        «i/O.UUO
        dV2.bOO
        5x5.000
.00006870
.00006870
.00006870
.00006870
.00006870
.OOGU6870
.00006870
.00006870
.00006870
.00005870
.00006870
.00006870
.00006870
.00006870
.00006870
.00006870
.00000000
.00000000
.OOOOOOuO
.OOOOOOoO
.00000000
.OOOOOOoO
.00000000
.OOOOOOOO
.OOUOOOuO
.00000000
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOuO
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOoO
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
.OOoOOOOO
.OOOOOOuO
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
.OCOOOOUU
.OOOOOOOO
.00000000
.00000000
.OOOOOOUO
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
.oouuoooo
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
.00000000
.ouoooooo
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
•ooooooou
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
.OOOOOOOO
-------
                                        TABLE B-4 (Continued)
                                         STABILITY  CATEGORY 2
W
to
     (PHi DEGREES)
           .UUO
 45.UOO
 o7.bUO
 90. UUO
lA2.bUU
135. UUO
JLD7.0UO
JL60.0UO
2u2.bOO
225. UUO
         I U . U 0 0
        3.L5.UUO
        337. bUO
WINu SPEED  wINf) SPEED  WIND SPEED
CATEGORY 1  CATEGORY 2  CATEGORY  3
  .7500MPSX 2.bOOOMPS)( 4
                                                 WIND  SPEED  WIND SPEED
                                                 CATEGORY  U  CATEGORY 5
                                                  6.8000MPS)(  9.bUOOMPS)
                                                                                 WIND SPEED
                                                                                 CATEGORY 6
                                                                                 12. 5000MPS)
.OOU7J5680
.oouooooo
.000187-30
.OOU03750
.ouumggo
.OOU07<490
.00073680
,OOUb2^40
.00022480
.00011240
.00003750
.00003750
.00007490
.001)03750
.00014990
.OOU07490
.00219779
.oocooouo
.002747^9
.00054950
.00219779
.00109890
.00219779
.00054950
.00329669
.00164839
.00054950
.000549bO
.00109890
.00054950
.00219779
.00109890
.OOU54950
.00000000
.000549^0
.00000000
.00164839
.00109690
.00000000
.oouooooo
,002197/9
.00054950
.00054950
.00000000
.OOU54950
.00054950
.00109890
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.oouooooo
.oouooooo
.00000000
.ooooouoo
.00000000
.ooooouoo
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.UUOOOOOO
.00000000
.00000000
.OOUOOOOO
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.OOUOOOOO
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.cooooooo
.oocooouo
.00000000
.00000000
.cooooooo
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
,00000000
.00000000
.00000000
-------
                                  TABLE B-4 (Continued)
(PHi  Qt^KEES)
                                   STABILITY CATEGORY 3

               WINb SPEED  KvIND SPEED  WIND SPEED  WIND SPEED
               CATtGORY 1  CATEGORY 2  CATEGORY 3  CATEoORY  U
              (   ,7bOOMPS)( 2.5000MPS)( 4.3oOOMPS)( 6.8000.V1PS)
 WIND  SPEED  WIND SPEED
 CATEGORY 5  CATEGORY 6
[  9.5000MPS)(12.5000MPS)
.000
22.^00
H5.UUO
07.500
90.UUO
112. SOO
W 135. uOO
g 107.500
IoO.UOO
2U2.500
225. uOO
2H7.DUO
270.000
292.000
3J.5.UOO
337.500
.00003820
.00003050
.00002290
.00004580
.001)08390
.00059520
.00000760
.00003050
,000o4870
.00002290
.00002290
.00003820
.00003050
.00001530
.00000000
.00001530
.00274729
.00219779
.00164839
.003296o9
.00604398
.00274729
.0005^950
.00219779
.00659338
.00164839
.00164839
.00274729
.00219779
.00109890
.00000000
.00109890
.00274729
.00000000
.00164839
.00219779
.00494508
.00384619
.00604398
.00219779
.01043957
.00329669
.00604398
.004945Q8
.00604398
.00274729
.00439559
.00329669
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.OCJOOOuO
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00054950
.00000000
.00000000
.00054950
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.OUOOOOOO
.ouooouoo
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
-------
                   TABLE B-4 (Continued)
                    STABILITY CATEGORY  4

WIND SPEED  VHIN& SPEED  WIND SPEED   wiNQ  SPEED
CATEGORY 1  CATfGORY 2  CATEGORY  3   CATEGORY 4
WINn SPEED
CATEGORY 5
WIND SPEED
CATEGORY 6








w
to
OS








UiKc-CTiON
(PHI DEfaKEtS)
.UOO
22.500
45. UOO
o7.600
90.UOO
lJ.2.500
1J5.UOO
157.500
180.000
2u2.500
259333
.01043957
.02307662
,02362b32
.03901087
.01428565
.00989007
.00274729
9.5000MPS) 1

.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.OOOOOUOO
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.OuOOOOOO
.00000000
.00274729
.00219779
.00000000
.OOOOOUOO
.00000000
[12.5000MPS

.00000000
.00000000
,00000000
.00000000
,00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00164839
,00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
-------
                                  TABLE B-4 (Continued)
 OIKECTION
(PHI  DEbKLES)
                    STABILITY CATEGORY 5

AINU SPEED  WIND SPEED  WIND SPEED  MND SpEEO  WING SPEED   WIND SPEED
CATEGORY 1  CATEGORY 2  CATEGORY 3  CATEGORY 4  CATEGORY 5   CATEGORY  6
  .7500MPSX 2.5000MPS)( <*.3000MPS){ 6.8000MPS)( 9.5000MPS) (12.5000MPS)
.000
*2.bOO
45.000
o7.5UO
vo.ooo
112. bOO
w U5.000
,1, lb7.5UO
*• loO.OOO
-------
                                       TABLE B-4 (Continued)
                                        STABILITY  CATEGORY  6

                    WlNu SPEED  MNo SPEED   WIND SPEED   VvlND  SPEEO  WlNu SPEED  WIND SPEED
                    CATLwOKY 1  CATEGORY  2   CATL60RY  3   CATEGORY 4  CATEGORY 5  CATEGORY 6
                   (  .7bCU,v,pS)( 2.5COOMPS){  H.3000MPS) (  b.fiOUO/PS) (  9.5000MPS) (12.5000MPS)
     (Phi DEbKEES)
           tUOO
W
to
Ul
 45.000
 o7.bOO
 90.UGO
112. bOO
Ub.uOO
        iciO.OUO
        2u2.bOO
        225.000
        247.500
        270. UOO
        292. buo
        315.UUO
        3o7.bOO
.OU52U049
.OU109160
.00275169
.00^62439
.00244079
.00143260
.00117510
.001t)5039
,002bbB69
.00197479
.00248249
.00155039
,001o9l29
.00033370
,000208cjO
,00223229
.01153846
,00fc'593o8
.005^9448
.01923074
.00679117
.003296o9
.00769227
.012637J6
,OlB131ti4
.01043957
.00934007
.01263736
.00934067
.00439559
.00274729
.00604398
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.ooooooco
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.001)00000
.00000000
.oouooooo
.OOOOOUOu
.OOOOOUUO
.oouooooo
.ooooouoo
.OOUOOUOO
.ooouoooo
.00000000
.OOUOOOOO
.ooooouoo
.00000000
.ooooouoo
.00000000
.OOOOOUUO
.oooooouo
.OOOOOOUO
.oooooouo
.00000000
.OOUOOOOO
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.Ouoooooo
.oouooooo
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.OOUOOOOO
.ooouoooo
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.OUOOOOOO
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.oooooouo
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
-------
                                             TABLE B-5


                            JOINT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF WIND-SPEED
                                 AND WIND-DIRECTION CATEGORIES FOR
                                            WINTER 1965
                                        STABILITY CATEGORY  1
W
to
o>
 DIRECTION
(PHI  DEbKEES)
      .000
    £2. bOO
    Hb.OOO
    67.600
    yo.ooo
   H2.bOO
   105.000
        loQ.UOO
        2u2.bOO
        2c:b.oOO
        270.000
        *92.bOO
        515,000
WIND SPEED  wINn SPEED  WIND SPEED
CATEGORY 1  CATEGORY 2  CATEGORY 3
  .75GOMPS)( 2.5000MPS){ «f.300
                                                         Vi'IND  SPEED   WINu SPEED  WIND SPEED
                                                         cATEGORf  4   CATEGORY 5  CATEGORY 6
                                                        (  6.8000MPS)(  9.5000MPS) (12.5000MPS)
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.OOOOOOuO
.oouooooo
.onoooooo
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.ooooouoo
,00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.oouooooo
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
,00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.ouuoouoo
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.ouoooooo
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
-------
                                         TABLE B-5 (Continued)
                                          STABILITY  CATEGORY  2

                     WIND  SPEED   WIND  SPEED   WIND  SPEED   WIND  SPEED  WIND SPEED  WIND SPEED
                     CATEGORY  1   CATEGORY 2   CATEGORY  3   CATEGORY  U  CATEGORY 5  CATEGORY 6
                     (   ,75QOMPS)(  2.5000MPS){  4.3000MPS)(  6.SOOOMPSX  9.5000MPS)(12.5000MPS)
       (PHI
             .UOO
          oT.bUO
          ?O.UUO
          U2.bUO
W
to
-q
JLo7.bOO
loO.UUO
         270.000
         292. bOO
         315, QUO
.00000000
•OOUUOOOO
.OOUOOOOO
.oouooooo
.oouoooou
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.OOOOUOOO
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.oooooouo
.00000000
.oooooouo
.00000000
.oooooouo
.00000000
.oouooooo
.00000000
.00000000
.oooooouo
.00000000
.00000000
.oooooouo
.oooooouo
.00000000
.oooonooo
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.oouooooo
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.oooooooo
.00000000
.oouooooo
.oououooo
.oooooooo
.ooooouoo
.ooooouuo
.oouooooo
.OOOOOOUO
.oooooooo
.oooooouu
.oooooouo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooouo
.ooooouoo
.OOUOOUOO
.OOOOOOUO
.ooooouuo
.oouooouo
.OOOOOUOO
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.OOOOOOOO
.oouuoooo
.oooooooo
.oouooooo
.oouooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.OOUOOUOO
.ouuooooo
.oouooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.cooooooo
.oooooooo
-------
                                        TABLE B-5 (Continued)
W
to
oo
 OlKtCTlON
(PHI  UEbKEE
      .000
    22.bOO
                                         STABILITY CATEGORY 3

                     WINU SPEED  WIND SPEED  WIND SPEED  hIND SPEED  WINQ SPEED  HIND SPEED
                     CATEGORY 1  CATEGORY 2  CATEGORY 3  CATEGORY 4  CATEGORY 5  CATEGORY 6
                     (  ,7500MPS)( 2.5000MPS)( 4.30QOMPSM 6.8000MPS)( 9.5000MPS)(12.5000MPS)
                  )
    t»7.bUO
    yo.ooo
   iJ.2.bOG
   135,000
   157.500
   loO.OOO
   202.500
             bUO
         270. UOO
         292. bOO
         3x5.000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00139280
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00139280
.00139280
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00139260
.00000000
.00139280
.OOOOOOuO
.00278bbO
.OOb57lOO
.00000000
,OOl392oO
.00139280
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00139280
.00139280
.00000000
,00000000
.00000000
.00139280
.00139280
.00139280
.00278550
.00000000
.00000000
.00139280
.OOUOQOOO
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.OOOOOUOO
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00139280
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.ouoooooo
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000009
-------
                                        TABLE B-5 (Continued)
W
to
to
 OlKt-CTJON
(PHI  DEbREES)
      .UOO
   22.500
   45.000
   t>7.oOO
   VQ.UUO
   112.500
   Ub.OOO
   Io7.b00
   160. OUO
   2u2.bOO
   225.000
   247.500
   270. UOO
                                         STABILITY CATtGOKY H

                     WINIJ SPEEU  WIND SPEED  »/iNO SPEED  WINU SPEED   WIND  SPEED   WIND SPEED
                     CATEGORY i  UATEOORY 2  CATEGORY 3  CATEGORY 4   CATEGORY  5   CATEGORY 6
                       ,7bOOMPS)( 2.5000MPS)( <*.3000MPS)( 6.BOOOMPS)(  9.5000MPS)(12.5000MPS)
         3ib.'JOO
         337.500
.00012860
.00004290
. 00147850
.00008b70
.0002b7lO
.00017140
.001b2l30
.00008570
.00190700
.00008570
.00047140
.00012860
.00025710
.00017140
.00012860
.00004290
.00417830
.001392BO
.00139260
,00278bbO
.00835649
.00557100
.00278550
.00278550
.01532029
.00278550
.015320^9
.00417630
.00835649
,00557100
.00417850
.00139260
.00974929
.00557100
.00417830
.00974929
.01253479
.01532029
.01949659
.01810579
.02785518
.02089136
.03064068
.03621167
.02924788
.01392759
.00635649
.00557100
.00974929
.00278550
.00417830
.0041783U
.00139280
.00557100
.00417830
.00139260
.00974929
.01949659
.06267405
.07103055
.05710306
.02785518
.00696379
.01392759
.00000000
.00000000
.OOOOOUOO
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00139280
.00835649
.01253479
.02228408
.01532029
.005571UO
.00417630
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00139280
.00000000
.00557100
.00139280
.00139280
.00000000
-------
                                         TABLE B-5 (Continued)
W
co
o
 OlKtCTlON
(PHI  DEGREES)
      .000
   22. bOO
   45.000
   o7.500
   yo.ooo
   112.600
   1J5.000
   U7.500
         2U2.500
         2
-------
                                        TABLE B-5 (Continued)
       DiKt.cn ON
      (PHi DEGREES)
                     STABILITY CATEGORY 6

 WIND SPEED  'WIND SPEED  WIND SPEED  WIND SPEED  WIND  SPEED   WIND SPEED
 CATEGORY 1  CATEGORY 2  CATEGORY 3  CATEGORY 4  CATEGORY  5   CATEGORY  6
(   ,7bOOMPS)( 2.bOOOMPS)( <*.3000MPS)( 6.8000i4PS)( 9.5000MPS) (12.5000KPS)
W
CO
.000
^2.000
tb.000
o7.bOO
90.000
112. bOO
13b.oOO
1S7.500
180.000
202.500
225.000
^47.500
270.000
292.500
3x5. uOO
337.500
.00051930
.00217180
.00269110
.00025970
.00077900
.00408380
,0035b450
.00191210
.00243140
.00103870
.00103873
.00077900
.00538220
.00103870
.00^08380
.00025970
.00278550
.00278550
.00557100
.00139280
.00417830
.00417830
.00139280
,00l392bO
.00417830
.00557100
.00557100
.00417830
.01114209
.00557100
.00417830
.00139280
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
,00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
,00000000
.nooooooo
-------
                                            TABLE B-6

                            JOINT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF WIND-SPEED
                                 AND WIND-DIRECTION CATEGORIES FOR
                                            SPRING 1965
                                        STABILITY CATEGORY  1
W
 DIKLCTION
(PHI  DtbREES)
      tUOO
    22.bOO
    45.000
    67.bOO
    yo.uuo
   112. bOO
   Ub.OOO
   ib7.bUO
   IciO.uOO
   2u2.bOO
        292.600
        .Sib. 000
WIND SPEED  WIND SPEED  WIND SPEED
CATEGORY 1  CATEGORY 2  CATEGORY 3
  ,7bCOMPS)( 2.5000MPS)( 4
                                                   WIND SPEED
                                                   CATEGORY 4
 WIND SPEED
 CATEGORY 5
( 9.5000MPS)
                                                                                 WIND SPEED
                                                                                 CATEGORY/ 6
                                                                                 12.5000MPS)
.00135870
.OOUOOOOO
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.OOUOOOOO
.00271740
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00135870
.00000000
.00000000
,00000000
.00000000
.oooooouo
.00000000
.00000000
.oooooouo
.00000000
.00000000
•oooooooo
.00000000
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooouo
.oooooooo
.OOUOOOOO
.ooouoooo
.oouoooon
.oooooooo
.OOUOOOOO
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.OOUOOOOO
.OUOOOOOO
.ouoooooo
.OUOOOOOO
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.OOOOOOOO
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.OOOOOOOO
.00000000
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
-------
                                       TABLE B-6 (Continued)
td
CO
co
 DlKc-CTlON
(PHi  DEGKEES)
      .UQG
   22.500
   4b.OOO
   O7.b00
   90.UOO
   112.bOO
   105.UUO
   ioT.bUQ
   IbO.UUO
   2U2.500
   iiiib.UOU
   247.bOO
   270.UUO
   292.500
   315.UOO
   337.bOU
                     STABILITY CATEGORY  2

 WINu SPEED  blNn SPEED  WIND SPEED  WIND  SPEEO
 CATtuORY 1  CATFGORY 2  CATEGORY 3  CATEGORY  4
(   ,7bOOMPS)< 2.5000MPS)( <*.3UQOKPS)( 6.8000fviPS)
WINL) SPEED
CATEGORY 5
 9.5000MPS)
                                                                                  WIND SPEED
                                                                                  CATEGORY 6
                                                                                  12. 5000MPS)
.OUU15680
.00010^50
.00146320
.00156770
.00167220
.00000000
.00000000
.00005230
,00005230
.00287420
.00000000
.00005230
.00000000
.oouooooo
.00146320
.00005230
.00407609
.00271740
.00135670
.00407609
.00679349
.00000000
.00000000
.00135870
.00135870
.00135870
.00000000
.00135870
.00000000
.OOOOOOuO
.00135870
.00135870
.00271740
.oouooooo
.00000000
.00271740
.00000000
.00000000
.oouooouo
.00135870
.oouooooo
.00000000
.00135870
.00135870
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.OOOOOOOG
.00000000
.ooooouou
.00000000
.OOOOOOUO
.00000000
.00000000
.ouoooouo
.00000000
.OOOOOOUO
.ooooouoo
.OOOOOUOO
.00000000
.OOOOOOUO
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.OOOOOUOO
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.OOOOOOUO
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
-------
                                         TABLE B-6 (Continued)
W

k
 DIRECTION
(PHI  DEGREES)
      .UUO
    22.bUO
    4b.UUO
    o7.bUU
    90. UUO
   112. bUO
   loS.UUU
   lo7.bUU
   loO.UUO
                                         STABILITY CATEGORY 3

                     WIND SPEED  WIND SPELD  WIND SPEED  WIND SPEED  WIND  SPEED   WIND  SPEED
                     CATtoCRY 1  CATEGORY 2  CATEGORY 3  CATEGORY 4  CATEGORY  5   CATEGORY  6
                     (   .7bOOMPS){ 2.5000MPSX H.3000MPS)( 6.8000MPS)(  9.5000MPS)(12.5000MPS)
         247. bUU
         270. UUO
         2^2. bUU
         3i5.UUU
.00187630
.OU16l7bO
.OU025880
.OU077640
,OOUbl760
.oouooooo
.00213510
.OOUbl760
.00103520
.oouuoooo
.oouooooo
.OOU2588U
.00051760
.oouooooo
.uuuuoooo
.ouuuoooo
.00135870
.OOOOOOUO
.00135870
.001076U9
.00271740
.OOOOOOUO
.00271740
.00^71740
,00b43479
.oouooouo
.uooooouo
.00135870
.00271740
.OOOOOOUO
.uouooouo
.oouooouo
.00679349
.00271740
.00135870
.00407609
.00679349
.00407609
.00135870
.00135870
.00000000
.00271740
.00271740
.00407609
.00543479
.00135870
.00679349
.004076Q9
.OOUOOOOO
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00135870
.00000000
.00135870
.00000000
.00000000
.00135870
.oouooooo
.00000000
.00407609
.00000000
.00271740
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
,00000000
.00000000
.oouooooo
.uuououoo
.ououoooo
.ooouoouo
.00000000
.00000000
.ouoooouo
.OOUOOOOO
.OOUOOOOO
.00000000
.oouooooo
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.ououoooo
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.ooooouoo
•00000000
-------
                                         TABLE B-6 (Continued)
                                          STABILITY  CATEGORY
W
co
en
(PHI  DEGREES)
      .000
    22.500
    Hb.OOO
    o7.bOU
    yo.ooo
   112.bUO
   lOb.OUO
   1D7.500
   IttO.OOO
   202.bOO
   225.000
   247.bOO
   270.UUO
   2V2.500
   3J.5.000
   337.500
WIND SPEED  WIND SPEED  WIND SPEED
CATEGORY 1  CATEGORY 2  CATEGORY 3
  ,7bUOMPS)( 2.bOOOMPS)( t
                                                   WIMU SPEED  WIND SPEED
                                                   CATEGORY 4  CATEGORY 5
                                                    6.8uOOMPS)( 9.5000MPS)
                                                                                  WIND SPEED
                                                                                  CATEGORY 6
                                                                                  12.5000MPS)
.00028600
.00017680
.00017880
.00010730
.00025030
.0001^300
.00017880
.00010730
.OOU17880
.00003580
.00157320
.00021450
.00171620
.00010730
.00202470
.00007150
.01086958
.00679349
.00679349
.00407009
.00951089
.00543479
.00679349
.00407609
.00679349
.00135870
.00679349
.00815219
.01222828
.004076U9
.00135070
,00271740
.01358698
.01222628
.01222628
.01494568
.01086958
.01358698
.00615219
.00407609
.00543479
,00b79349
.01494568
.02038037
.02445646
.01766297
.02173907
.02038037
.01766297
.00000000
.00000000
.00135870
.00135870
.00815219
.00951089
.00135670
.00407o09
.00951089
.01630428
.02717386
.05570642
.02445646
.02445646
.0122282ft
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.OOOUOOOO
.00000000
.00000000
.00271740
.00543479
.00679349
.01358698
.00679349
.00407609
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00271740
.C0135870
.00000000
.00271740
.00000000
.00000000
-------
                                         TABLE B-6 (Continued)
        DlRc-CTiUN

       (PHI  DEt-KEES)
                     STABILITY CATEGORY 5


 WIND  SPEED  wINf) SPEED  WIND SPEED  WIND SPEED   WIND  SPEED

 CATEGORY 1  CATEGORY 2  CATEGORY 3  CATEGORY U   CATEGORY  5

[   .7500MPS}(  2.5000MPS)( 4.3000MPS)( 6.8000MPSH  9.5000MPS)
W
i
co
05
WIND SPEED

CATEGORY 6

12.5000MPS)
.000
22.500
45.000
o7.bOO
90.000
U2.500
105.000
1^7.500
loQ. UOO
-------
                                        TABLE B-6 (Continued)
      DlKtCTiON
     (Phi uEbKEES)
                     STABILITY CATEGORY 6

 WINU SPEED  MNn SPEED  WIND SPEED  VvlND SPEED   WIND  SPEED  WIND SPEED
 CATEGORY 1  CATEGORY 2  CATEGORY 3  CATEoORY  U   CATEGORY 5  CATEGORY 6
(   .75UOMPSX 2.5000MPSX **.3000MPS)( 6.8000MPSX  9.5000.MPS) (12.5000MPS)
O3
.uoo
22.500
45.UUO
t»7.bUO
90.UUO
112. sUO
lob.UUU
Iu7 ,bUU
100.UUO
ii02.bUO

247. bUU
270. UUO
292. bOO
015. OUO
3o7.b'UO
.OU513289
, 00450379
. OU324580
. 00251610
.00367479
.00397539
.00198770
.00198770
.00857989
.00387479
.0019877U
.00659219
.00774959
.00324580
.00000000
.00186710
.00679349
.00543479
.00271740
.00543479
,004076u9
.00000000
.OOOOOOUO
.OOOOOOUO
.00135870
,00<+076U9
.OOOOOOUO
.00135870
.00815219
.00271740
.OOOOOObO
.00^07609
.00000000
.00000000
.oouooooo
.00000000
.00000000
.oouooooo
.00000000
.oouooooo
.oouooouo
.00000000
.ouuooooo
.00000000
.oouooooo
.oouooouo
.00000000
.oouoouuo
.00000000
.oouooooo
.00000000
.ooooouoo
.00000000
.00000000
.oouooouu
.00000000
.oouooouo
.ouuoouuo
.ooooouoo
.00000000
.OOUOOOUO
.oooooouu
.ooooouoo
.OGOOOUOO
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.ooooouoo
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.uouooooo
.OOUUOOOO
.oouooooo
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.ouoooooo
.00000000
.00000000
.ouoooooo
.00000000
.OOOOOOUO
.00000000
.00000000
.ouoooooo
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
-------
                                              TABLE B-7


                             JOINT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF WIND-SPEED

                                  AND WIND-DIRECTION CATEGORIES FOR

                                            SUMMER 1965
       DlKuCTlUN
      (PHI DECREES)
            .UOO
                               STABILITY CATEGOKY 1


           WIND SPEED  KvINn SPEED  WIND 5P££D  WIND SPEED  WIND SPEED  WIND SPEED
           CATEGORY 1  CATEGORY 2  CATEGORY 3  CATEGORY 4  CATEGORY 5  CATEGORY 6
          (  .7bOOMPS)( 2.5000MPSH **.3000MPS)( 6.8000MPSX 9.5000MPS) (12.5000KPS)
W
i
co
oo
H5.000
o7.bOO
         112. bOO
         Io7.b00
         ItJO.OOO
             UOO
             buo
         3ib.OOO
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00135870
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00135870
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00135870
.00000000
.oocooouo
.00000000
.00000000
.OOOOOOuO
.00000000
.00135870
.00000000
.00000000
.OOOOOOUO
.00000000
.00000000
.oooooooo
.00000000
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.OOOOOOOO
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.OOOOOOOO
.00000000
.ooouoooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.00000000
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.OOOOOOUO
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oocooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.OOOOOOUO
-------
                                         TABLE B-7 (Continued)
W
co
CO
 QlKtCTlON
(PHI  DEGREES)
      .UOO
    
-------
                                       TABLE B-7 (Continued)
W
 DIRECTION
(PHi  DEbhE
      .000
    22.500
    Ib.UOO
    o7.buO
    yo.uoo
   1X2.bUO
   135.000
   Io7.b00
   ioO.UUO
   2U2.bOO
   2
-------
                                  TABLE B-7 (Continued)
 OIKtCTlON
(PHi  DEGREES)
      • UOO
    <:2.5UO
    H5.000
    o7.buU
    90. UOO
   112. bOO
   135. UOO
   Ib7.b00
   loO.UOO
                     STABILITY CATEGORY 4

 WIND SPEED  WIND SPEfc.0  WIND SPtLED  WIND SPEED  WINu SPEED  WIND SPEED
 CATEGORY 1  CATEGORY 2  CATEGORY 3  CATEGORY U  CATEGORY 5  CATEGORY 6
(   ,7500MPS)( 2.5GOOMPSX ^.3000MPS)( 6.8000MPSX 9.5000MPS)(12.5000MPS)
   225. UOO
   247.500
   270.000
   292. bOO
   ilb.uUO
       . bOO
.00152360
.oomyi^o
.00006630
.00000000
.00006630
.00013260
.OOU13260
.00155750
.00311510
.00026510
.00149130
.00033140
.00169010
.00000000
.00019880
.00006630
.00^07610
.00135870
.00135870
.00000000
.00135870
.002717HO
.00271740
.00271740
.00543479
.00543479
.00135870
.00679349
.00543479
.00000000
.00407610
.00135870
.02173908
.00951089
.00951089
.00407610
.00407610
.00407610
.00407610
.00679349
.00271740
.01766296
.03260667
.01358699
.02038038
.00679349
.01222829
.01222829
.01086959
.OQ407C.10
.00135870
.00679.549
.00271740
.00271740
.00000000
.00000000
.00679349
.01086959
.03940216
.02309778
.01766298
.01358699
.00951089
.01086959
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00135670
.00135870
.00000000
.OU271740
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
-------
                                         TABLE B-7 (Continued)
                                          STABILITY CATEGORY 5
 WIND SPEED  WlNn SPEED  HIND SPEED
 CATEbORY i  LATeGORY 2  CATEGORY 3
{   .7bOOMPS)(  2.5000MPS)(
W
^
to
WIND SPEED
CATEGORY 4
 6.8000KPS)
                                                                      WlNo SPEED  WIND SPEED
                                                                      CATEGORY 5  CATEGORY 6
                                                                       9.5000MPS) (12.5000MPS)
(Phi DECREES )
.000
22.500
45.000
07.500
90.000
1.12.500
135. uOO
137.500
IoO.uOO
2U2.DUO
225.000
£47.500
270.000
292. bOO
315.000
337. 5UO

.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.OUOOOOOO
.00000000
.00000000

.00815219
.00543479
.00135870
.00407610
.00000000
.00615219
.00679349
.00679349
.01086959
.01630426
.01222829
.00679349
.00543479
.00679349
.00407610
.00135870

.02717387
.01086959
.00679349
.00271740
.00000000
.00135870
.00000000
.00135870
.00271740
.00407610
.01086959
.00407610
.00271740
.00271740
.00543479
.00271740

.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.oocooooo
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000

.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.oouooooo
.00000000
.00000000
.OUOOOOOO
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000

.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
-------
                                       TABLE B-7 (Continued)
                                        STABILITY CATEGORY 6

                    WIND SPEtD  WINn SPEED  WIND SPEED  WIND SPtLO  WIN[j SPEED   WIND  SPEED
                    CATEGORY 1  CATFOORY 2  CATEGORY 3  CATEGORY <4  CATEGORY  5   CATEGORY  6
                   (   ,7bOOMPS>( 2.5000MPSM 4.3000MPS)( 6.8000MPSX 9.5000MPS)(12.5000MPS)
     (PHi
W
i
£>•
co
            uOO
         Hb.UOO
         67.bUO
         90.UOO
        112. buO
Io7.b00
loO.UOO
        225. DUO
        247. 5UO
        270. UUO
        292. 5UU
        3x5. UUO
        3o7.bUO
.00690699
.00800119
.00437800
.00000000
.00150970
.00301930
.00634059
.00573669
.01011469
.00362320
.00875599
.00452900
.00226450
.00724639
.00437800
.00000000
.01222829
.00679349
.00407610
.OOOOOOGO
.00271740
.00543479
.00000000
.00271740
.00679349
.00271740
.00815219
.00815219
.00407610
.00543479
.00407610
.00000000
.00000000
.oouooooo
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.oooooooo
.00000000
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooouo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.00000000
.OOOOOOOO
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.OOOOOOOO
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.00000000
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.00000000
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
-------
                                  TABLE B-8

                    JOINT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF WIND-SPEED
                         AND WIND-DIRECTION CATEGORIES FOR
                                      FALL 1965
                                STABILITY  CATEGORY  1
     DiK£.CTluN
     (PHI UEbKEES)
           .UUO
M       22.500
J^       Hb.uOO
•*       67.5UO
        90.UOO
       112.bUO
       Ub.OOO
loO.UUO
2U2.DUO
    bUO
i/'O.uOO
2^2. bUU
315. UUO
WIND SPEED  MNn SPEED  WIND SPEED
CATEGORY 1  CATFGORY 2  CATEGORY 3
  .7bOOMPS)( 2.5000MPS)( H
 WIND  SPEED  WIND SPEED
 CATEGORY  4  CATEGORY 5
(  fa.8000MPb)( 9.5UOOMPS)
                                                                         WIND SPEED
                                                                         CATEGORY 6
                                                                         12. 5000MPS)
.OUU17170
.OU017170
.0001717U
.OOU17170
.OUU17170
.0001717U
.00017170
.00017170
.00017170
.00017170
.00017170
.00017170
.00017170
.00017170
.00017170
.00017170
.00000000
.00000000
.oooooouo
.oooooouo
.onoooouo
.oooooouo
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.oooooouo
.00000000
.OOOOOOuO
.00000000
.00000000
.OOOOOOUO
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.oooooooo
.00000000
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oouooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.ooooouoo
.oooooooo
.oouooooo
.ooooooon
.oouooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.OOUOOUUO
.00000000
.ooooouoo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.ououoooo
.oooooooo
.OUOOOOOO
.oooooooo
.ouuooooo
.ooooouoo
.OUOOOOOO
.00000000
.oooooooo
.oouooooo
.oooooooo
.OUOOOOOO
.OUOOOOOO
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooouo
.oooooooo
.oooooouo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.oooooooo
.00000006
-------
                                      TABLE B-8 (Continued)
     DlKuCTiuN
    (PHI UE^KEES)
                     STABILITY CATEGORY ?.

 WIND SPEED  WIND SPEED  WIND SPEED  WIND SPEED   WlNo  SPEED
 CATEGORY 1  CATEGORY 2  CATEGORY 3  CATEGORY 4   CATEGORY  5
(   ,/bOOMPS)( 2.5000MPSM <+.3000MPS)< 6.8GUOMPS)(  9.5000,MPS)
W
WIND SPEED
CATEGORY 6
12.5000MPS)
.UUO
-------
                                      TABLE B-8 (Continued)
W
(£•
05
 DlKtCTlON
(Pril  UEbREES)
      .UOO
    22.bUO
    45.000
    o7.bOO
    ^O.UUO
   112. bUU
   135.000
                                       STABILITY  CATEGORY  3

                   WINu  SPEEJ   hINn  SPEED   WIND SPEED   WIND  SPEED   WINjj  SPEED   WIND  SPEED
                   CATEGORY  1   CATpGORY 2   CATEGORY  3   CATEGORY 4   CATEGORY  5   CATEGORY  6
                  (   .7500MPSX  2.5000MPS)(  4.3000MPS)(  6.8000MPS)(  9.5000MPS)(12.5000MPS)
       loO.UUO
       ^U2.bOU
       2
-------
                                       TABLE B-8 (Continued)
     (PHA
                                       STABILITY CATEGORY H

                   WINU SPEED  MNn SPEED  WIMD SPEED   ^IND  SPEED   WINu  SPEED   WIMD SPEED
                   CATEGORY  1  LATpGORY  2  CATEGORY  3   CATEGORY  4   CATEGORY  5   CATEGORY 6
                   (   ,7bUOMPS)( 2.5000MPSH  1.3000MPS)<  6.80uOMPS)(  9.5000MPS)(12.5000MPS)
W
           .UUO
 45.000
 07.500
 yo.uuo
112. bOO
    UUO
        loO. UUO
        2U2.bOO
        225. UUO
        247. bOO
        3i5.UUU
           . bUO
.00038040
.00076080
.000190
-------
                                       TABLE B-8 (Continued)
                                        STAEULITY CATEGORY 5




                    AINU SPEED  AiNn SPEtD  WIND SPEED  luJND SPEED  WIND SPEED   WIND  SPEED

                    CATEGORY 1  CATEGORY 2  CATEGORY 3  CATEGORr U  CATEGORY  5   CATEGORY 6

                      .7bOOMPS)<  2.5000MHSM 4.3000MPS){ b.8000MPS)( 9.5000MPS)(12.5000MPS)
     (PHI  DEGKEES)
W
i
*-
oo
.uoo
ti2.bOO
45.UUO
b7.bOO
90.000
Ii2.bu0
iJb.UOU
la7.bUO
loo. UOO
202. bOO
225. UOO
247. buo
ti/O.UOO
292. bOO
Jib.uUO
337. bUO
.00000000
.oouooooo
.00000000
.OOUOOOOO
.ouuooooo
.00000000
.00000000
.oouooooo
.oouuoooo
.00000000
.oouooooo
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.oouooooo
.00274730
.Onb494bO
.00274730
.00686810
.00024160
.00274730
.00^24180
,OOl373oO
,0nb49450
.Ool373bO
,OOl373bO
.00137360
.00961540
.00137360
.OOl373oO
.00000000
.00274730
.00274730
.00137360
.00137360
.oouooooo
.00000000
.00274730
.00137360
.00137360
.00686010
.00686010
.00274730
,00b49450
,OQb494bO
.00412090
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.ouoooooo
.00000000
.00000000
.oouooooo
.00000000
.ooooouuo
.00000000
.00000000
.oouooooo
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
*00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.ouoooooo
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
-------
TABLE B-8 (Continued)
  STABILITY  CATEGORY 6
WIND SPEED  IftlNn  SPEED   M/iND SPEED
CATEGORY 1  CATpGORY  2   CATEGORY 3
     SPc.EO
CATEGORY 4
WINu SPEED
CATEGORY 5
                                           wIND SPEED
                                           CATEGORY 6






w
^
CO








DIKLCT10N
(PHj. LitbKEES)
.000
0
.OU2b7l80
,OOb026bO
.00b82660
. 00a981<40
.00630960
.00039060
.ooooonoo
2.5000MPS) (
.Oo5194bO
,00961bHO
.OObU9HbU
.OQb^g^bO
.01236260
.00686810
.00^12090
.00686810
.Ol2362bO
.00^12090
,OObU94bO
.OOb'+g'+aO
.00686810
.00274730
.00137360
.OOOOOOUO
4.3000MPS) |
.00000000
.OOUOOOOO
.oooooouo
.OOUOOOOO
.00000000
.00000000
.OOUOOOOO
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.oooouooo
.oooouooo
.00000000
.oououuoo
.OOUOOUOO
.ouoooooo
; 6.8000.V1PS) i
.00000000
.oouoouoo
.oooooouo
.oouoouoo
.oouoouoo
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.oooooouo
.ouuooooo
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.OOUOOOOO
. oooooo ou
( Q.5000MPS)
.00000000
.00000000
.OOUOOOOO
.OOUOOOOO
.oooooouo
.00000000
.00000000
.OUOOOOOO
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.OOUOOOOO
.00000000
.oouuoouo
.00000000
.00000000
(12.5000MPS
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.cooooooo
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.ouoooooo
-------
B-50
-------
                                 APPENDIX C
               DESCRIPTION OF DIFFUSION-MODEL COMPUTER
                      PROGRAMS AND EXPLANATION OF
                            COMPUTER PRINTOUT
C.1     General

        The atmospheric diffusion models described in Appendix A and used in this
study to calculate ground-level SO concentration patterns within Allegheny County
                                ^
are contained in two computer programs:

        •     The short-term models for calculating 1-hour, 3-hour and
              24-hour concentrations are contained in  a computer program
              entitled SHORT Z

        •     The long-term models for calculating seasonal and annual
              concentrations are contained in a separate computer pro-
              gram entitled LONG Z

Both programs provide for calculating, at each grid point, the concentration con-
tributed by each source,  source complex and all sources combined.  In the case
of the SHORT Z program, 1-hour, 3-hour and 24-hour  average concentrations may
be calculated.  In the case of the LONG Z  program, seasonal and annual concentra-
tions may be calculated.

        The results of all the concentration calculations made using the SHORT
Z and LONG  Z programs, as well as detailed listings of all meteorological data,
source data,  grid-point locations  and terrain-elevation data, have been forwarded
to EPA in the form of twenty-five bound volumes containing 30, 500 pages of com-
puter printout.  Additionally, all of the model inputs and the results of the  LONG Z.
program calculations are maintained in a master file on magnetic tape.  The LONG
                                   C-l
-------
Z program has the unique capability of updating the emissions data for a single
source or group of sources and of recalculating the effects of such changes at each
grid point without repeating all of the original calculations.  This updating feature
not only results in considerable savings in computer costs but also provides an
effective means of maintaining a complete up-to-date file of emissions inventory
data and long-term concentration data.

        The computer printout sheets  supplied to EPA include the following specific
diffusion-model calculations:

        •     Annual average SO  ground-level concentrations within
                               u
              Allegheny County for 1973 and for Compliance Case A
              emissions data (using meteorological data for 1965)

        •     One-hour, 3-hour and 24-hour SO  ground-level concen-
                                             ^
              trations for the 4 January 1973 air pollution episode at
              Logans Ferry,  the 18 January 1973 and 13 July 1973 air
              pollution episodes are Liberty Borough, and for Com-
              pliance Case A emissions (using worst-case 24-hour
              meteorology)

        Additional details of the computer programs and explanation of the com-
puter printout  formats are given below.
C.2     DESCRIPTION OF THE SHORT-TERM DIFFUSION-MODEL COMPUTER
        PROGRAM -  SHORT Z
        C.2.1     Program Capabilities

              The computer program containing the short-term diffusion models,
which is entitled SHORT Z, is written in Fortran IV and is designed to calculate
                                    C-2
-------
1-hour, 3-hour, 8-hour and 24-hour ground-level pollutant concentrations at a
large number of grid or receptor points.  The program accepts a maximum of 120
individual sources and a maximum of 16, 500 grid points.  Sources are classified
in three basic categories (stack,  building and area).  It is not necessary to separate
the  three types of sources for input to SHORT Z; sources can be input in any sequence.
A Cartesian coordinate system (normally the Universal Transverse Mercator system,
UTM) is used to define the calculation grid with the positive x-axis directed toward
the  east (90 degrees) and the positive y-axis directed toward the north (0 or 360
degrees).   The method of assigning grid-point locations is unrestricted; a regular
grid array with uniform spacings of points may be used alone or in combination
with an array of discrete points.

        The short-term model program calculates the total ground-level pollutant
concentration at each grid point resulting from all sources by first calculating the
contribution from each source independently for each basic time period, usually 1
hour or 3 hours,  specified by the input data. The results of these calculations are
then combined to obtain the concentrations at each grid point resulting from each
individual source independently, from selected groups of sources and from all
sources combined for  the specific time periods  given in the program input  state-
ments.

        All calculations using the short-term diffusion-model program were made
at the University of Utah Computer Center on a UNIVAC 1108 central processor.
The operating time for the SHORT Z program may be estimated from the expres-
sion

                Operating time in seconds =  RP x NS x H x 0.003

where RP is the number of grid points, NS is the number of sources and H is the
number of hours or time-periods  for which basic meteorological data are  available.
                                     C-3
-------
         C.2.2      Program Input Listings

         In addition to the program operating and control statements, the short-term
diffusion models require that the following input information be supplied:

         •    Coordinates and terrain elevations of all grid point locations
         •    Coordinates and terrain elevations of all sources
         •    Emission rates for all sources
         •    Stack data and other source parameters for all sources
         •    Meteorological parameters

         All of the  operating, control and input information is listed in the computer
program output.  Figure C-l is an example output page produced by the SHORT Z
program.  The information printed at the top of the figure gives the operating
instructions and constants provided as input to the program.  The three tables  at
the bottom of the figure list the locations of all grid points. The tables that are
labeled "Coordinate System X Axis" and "Coordinate System Y Axis" give the UTM
X and Y coordinates for a regularly-spaced grid system given by the intersections
of the UTM X and Y coordinates.  These grid points are automatically assigned by
the program.  The  table "Coordinates of Discrete Points" lists the UTM coordinates
for grid  points not included in the regular array.  Discrete points are used to cal-
culate ground-level concentrations  at specific points such as the locations of  air
quality monitors.  Figures C-2 and C-3 show example listings of grid-point eleva-
tions (terrain heights)  above  mean sea level for the regular grid and the discrete-
point grid, respectively.

         Figure C-4 is a printout sheet listing the source data input to the SHORT Z
program.  The first column at the left of the page lists the source numbers.  In the
                                    C-4
-------
        SHORT TERM PITTSBURGH CASE  IB OAN 73  H E CRAME" CO INC

                                  *-*-* TITLE PITTSBURGH SHORT TERM CASF IB JAN 73
                                                                                       DATE 03/28/75

                                                                            t  DATE 032875 *-*-*
                                                                                                                            PAGE
O
en
NUMBER OF INPUT SOURCES
NUMBER OF X ORIr. COOKDINATES
NUMBER OF Y GRID COOKDINATES
TOTAL NUMBER OF HOURS IN EACH DAY
NUMBER OF DAYS nK CASES
NUMBER OF CONCENTRATION REPORTS (SOURCE COMBINATIONS)
NUMBER OF DISCRETE CALCULATION POINTS
MET DATA INPUT CARD KATE (0= HOURLYr 1= 3 HOURLY
    2= 8 HOUKLY, 3=  *-*
            .58500000+06'
            .59300UuO+Oo>
            ,6010UUOO+Ob.
            .44500000+07,
            .44b800uO+07,
            .44b60UdO+07>
            .44740UOO+07,
          •58oOOoOO+Ob>
          .59400000+00.
          .60200000+001
.58700000+06'
.59bOOOOO+06'
.60300000+06'
                             *-* COORDINATE SYSTEM Y  AXIS  (METERS) «-*
          .44S10000+07,
          .44bgoooo+o7>
          .44670000+07'
          .44750000+07,
,44b20000+07>
.44oOoooo+07'
.44b600UO+07'
.44760000+07'
(NSOUKC)
(NXPNTS)
(NYPNTS)
(NHOURS)
( NOAYS)
(NGROl'P)
(NXWYPT)
(ISW(l)l
(ISWI2))
(ISW(3) )
20000 + 07,
.44700000+07,
.44780000+07,
• 59flOOOOO + 06'
.59800000+06.
.60600000+Ob,
.44S50000+07,
.44630000+07,
.44710000+07,
.59100000+06'
.59900000+06'
.59200000+06'
.60000000+06'
.44560000 + 07.    .4457(1000 + 07.
.44640000+07'    .44650000+07.
,4472nOOO+07>    .4473nOOO+n7,
                                                   *-*  COORDINATES OF DISCRETE POINTS (METERS)  *-*
(X,Y) =
(X.Y) =
(X,Y) =
(X,Y) =
(X,Y) =
( 605167.0
( 589667.0
( 591119.0
( 596452.0
I 599012.0
4469107.0)
4473.^57. 0)
4467214.0)
4471262.0)
44635oO.O)
                                          (  602976.Oi  44R90.56.0).  ! 579738.0, 4482266.0)
                                          (  596536.0,  44724b2.0>'  (
                                          (  594069.0'  4461869.0).
                                          (  593726.0,  44583b7.Q).
                                          (  596»
                                                                         596?84.0' 4464238.0''
                                                                                                          44634Pfl.o>
                                                                       (  598P02.0' 4467262.0)' < 594774.0' 445670?.0''
                                                                       (
           FIGURE C-l.  Example printout sheet from the SHORT Z program listing program operating instructions,  values
                            of constants used in the calculations,  and UTM coordinates  of all grid points.
-------
o
05
      SHORT  TERM PITTSBURGH CASE 18  JAN 73  H E CRAMER  CO  INC

                               *-*-* TITLE PITTSBURGH  SHORT TERM CASE  is JAN 73
                                                    DATE 03/28/75

                                            DATE  032875 *-*-*
                                                          PAGE
                     585000.OQn    506000.OOu
  *-*  GRID SYSTEM TERRAIN  HEIGHTS (MtTtRS)  *-»


587000.000
     -  X AXIS (METERS)  -
588000.000   5890QO.OOO   590000.000   591000.000    592000*000   593000.OQO
       T  AXIS  (METERS)
                                                               - HEIGHT -
4478000.000
4477000.000
4476000. JOO
4475000.000
4 471000. 000
4473000.000
4472000.000
4471000*000
4470000.000
4469000.000
4468000.000
4467000.000
4466000.000
4465000.000
4464000.000
4463000.000
4462000.000
4461000.000
4460004.000
4459000.000
4456000.000
44570QU.OOO
4456000.000
44550QU.OQO
4454000.000
445300U.OOO
4452000.000
4451000.000
44500QU.OOO
226.0000000
229.0000000
216.0000000
351.0000000
317.0000000
341.0000000
274.0000000
296.0000000
360.0000000
323.0000000
347.0000000
357.0000000
335.0UOOOOO
351.0000000
335.0000000
317.0000000
305.0UOOOOO
3<*7.0000000
305.0000000
335.0000000
33tt. 0000000
311.01)00000
305.0000000
305.0000000
305.0000000
305.0000000
305.0000000
305.0000000
305.0000000
226.0000000
274.0000000
216.0000000
317.0000000
560.0000000
335.0000000
366.0000000
J47. 0000000
311.0000000
366.0000000
J69. 0000000
372.0000000
329.00QOOOO
305.0000000
326.0000000
317.0000000
347.0000000
311.0000000
299.00QOQOO
317.0000000
290.0000000
296.0000JOO
305.0000000
305.00QOUOO
305.0000000
305.0000000
305.0000000
305.0000000
305.0000000
347.0000000
287.0000000
219.0000000
268.0000000
323.0000000
£71.0000000
3?9. 0000000
363.000uOOO
372.0000000
372.000UOOO
347.0000000
344.0000000
354.0000000
3?6.000QOOO
317.0000000
3?9.000oOOO
280.0000000
329.0000000
329.0000000
268.0000000
262.0000000
326.000(jOOO
3n5.0oOi)000
3(15.0000000
3n5.0oOoOOO
305.0000000
305.0000000
305.0000000
3n5.000QOOO
354.0000000
308.0000000
223.0000000
232.0000000
320.0000000
354.0000000
347.0000000
375.0000000
369.0000000
335.0000000
335.0000000
320.0000000
369.0000000
338.0000000
347.0000000
363.0000000
354.0000000
366.0000000
293.0000000
265.0000000
308.0000000
351.0000000
3Q5.000000U
305.0000000
305.0000000
305.0001000
305.0000000
305.0000000
305.0000000
277.0000000
256.0000000
232.0000000
235.0000000
232.0000000
216.0000000
335.QOOOOUO
360.0000000
305.0000000
332.0000000
274.0000000
366.0000000
366.0000000
3^6.0000000
360.0000000
384.0000000
351.0000000
347.0000000
274.0000000
280.0000000
338.0000000
320.0000000
305.0000000
305.0000000
305.0000000
305.0000000
305.0000000
305.0000000
305.0000000
280.001)0000
317.0000000
311.0000000
329.0000000
277.0000000
265.0000000
219.0000000
341.0000000
259.0000000
363.0000000
366.0000000
372.0000000
372.0000000
351.0000000
299.0000000
287.0000000
332.0000000
323.0000000
293.0000000
268.0000000
335.0000000
323.0000000
305.0000000
305.0000000
305.0000000
305.0000000
305.0000000
305.000000P
305.0000000
314.0000000
335.0000000
332.0000000
323.0000000
363.0000000
274.0000000
226.0000000
341.0000000
3o5.00000oO
341.0000000
335.0000000
378.0000000
323.0000000
354,0000000
354.0000000
323.0000000
290.00000QO
320.COOOOOO
293.0000000
338.0000POO
250.0000000
317.0000POO
3Q5.0000000
3Q5.0000000
3o5.0QOOOOO
3Q5.0000COO
3Q5.0000000
3Q5.0000000
3Q5.0000000
305.0000000
341.0000000
347.0000000
314.0000000
216.0000000
235.0000000
3Q5.0000000
317.0000000
335.0000000
347.0000000
335.0000000
332.0000000
351.0000000
320-0000000
335.0000000
32°. 0000000
323.0000000
274.QOOOOOO
269.0000000
320.0000000
329.0000000
232.0000000
305.0000000
3Q5.0000000
30^.0000000
305.0000000
305.0000000
305.0000000
305.0000000
299.0000000
302.000000"
296.0000000
256.QOOOOOO
223.0000000
277.000QOOO
299.0000000
332.0000000
329.QOOOOOO
335.0000000
369.QOOOOOO
311.0000000
335.000QOOO
287.0000000
293.0000000
308.0000000
317.0000000
250.0000000
317.0000000
305.0000000
253.000QOOO
227.0000000
305.0000000
305.0000000
305,0000000
30^.0000000
30^.0000000
305.000QOOO
305.0000000
         FIGURE C-2.  Example printout sheet from the SHORT Z computer program listing terrain heights of the grid points
                         in the regular array.
-------
    SHORT TERM PITTSBURGH CASE 16 JAN  73  H E CRAMER Co  INC

                             *-*-*  TITLE PITTSBURGH SHORT TERM CASE 18  JAN 73
                                                                           DATE 03/28/75

                                                                , DATE 032875 *-*-*
                                                                                             PAGE
      605167.0
      585143.0
      596536.0
      597976.0
      594298.0
      596452.0
      598202.0
      596284.0
                            HEIGHT
                                              *-* GRID  SYSTEM TERRAIN HEIGHTS (METERS)  *-*
                                            HEIGHT
                                                                                                        HEIGHT
1489107.0
-------
     SrtGhl TErtM PITTSBURGH CASE Ifl oAN 73  h E  CMMER Cu INC

                              *_*_* TITLE PITTSUHRGH SHORT TERM CASE  18 JA'I 73
                                                                                       UATE 03/2rt/75

                                                                             .  JATt  032875 *-*-*
                                                                                                                            10
      UUMBEK
1 0
'£. 0
i 0
7 0
8 0
 SOORCE        X          Y
STRENGTH   COORDINATE COORDINATE
(TONS/DAY)   (METERS)   (METcRS)
                                                HEIGHT  IF TYPE=0
                                                                     IF TYPE=0
                                       ABOVE
                                     GROUND
      TEMP (D^G K) VOL.
      IF TyPF.=10R2 RT. i"**3/SEC
                                                (METERb) LENGTH SHORT  IF TYPE=10R2
                      1.16
                      1.16
                      1.16 b95730.0U
                      1.16
                      1.16  395870.OU  i»i*616aO.OO
69.00
69.oO
69. uO
65.uO
65.00
                                        SIDE (MTRS)

                                            700.000
                                            700.000
                                            700.QUO
                                            700.QUO
                                            700.000
LENGTH LONG
SIDE IMTHS)
    37.270
    37.270
    37.270
    35.870
    35.870
AIJfiLL
TO
LONG
SlUt
(OFt>)
.UO
.00
.00
.00
.00
STACK
TNTEP.MAL
RADIUS
(METE,
1.22
1.2?
l.?2
1.27
1.27
FLEVATIOII
AT
STACK
BASF
(METERS)
229.00
229.00
229.00
229.00
229.00
PARTICLE
SFTTLING
VELOCITY
(METEI5S/SFC)
niSTRIPUTION
FREQUFNCY
OF
OCCURRENCE
O
 I
oo
       FIGURE C-4.   Example printout sheet from the SHORT Z computer program listing input source data.
-------
second column from the left,  each source is assigned a code number that classifies
the source into one of three basic categories:

         •    0 - Stack
         •    1 - Building
         •    2 - Area

The third column from the left gives the source strength (pollutant emission rate)
in tons per day for each source.   The next two columns give the UTM coordinates
for each source.  The sixth column from the left gives the stack height above grade
in meters.  For a building source, this column gives the building height; for an
area source, this column gives the characteristic emission height.  For a stack,
the next two columns give the exit temperature of the stack gas in degrees Kelvin
and the actual volumetric emission rate of the stack in cubic meters per second.
For building and area sources, these columns give the source width and length.
Column 9 gives the deviation in degrees of the long side of the building or area
source from north; this column is not used for a stack.  Column 10 gives the internal
radius of the stack in meters  and Column 11 gives the elevation above mean sea
level of the base of the  stack or building.  The last two columns of the printout,
which provide information used to calculate ground-level concentrations when there
is significant gravitational settling, are not applicable to this report.

         As with the source input parameters, the SHORT Z program prints a
listing of meteorological inputs used in the calculations.  Figure C-5 gives an
example  table of meteorological inputs.  The first column from the left gives the
hour,  the second column gives the wind direction in degrees, the third column
gives the airport wind speed in meters per second, the fourth column gives the
mixing depth in meters, the fifth column gives the ambient air temperature in
degrees Kelvin,  the sixth column  gives the vertical poetntial temperature gradient,
the seventh column gives the stability category and the eighth column gives the wind-
                                      C-9
-------
SHORT TERM PITTSBURGH CASF 18 JAN 73  H E CRAMER CO INC




                       *-*-* TITLE  PITTSBURGH SHORT TERM CASE 18 JAN 73
          DATE 03/28/75




.  DATE 032B75 *-*-*
                                                                                                      PAGE
                                                                                                              11
HOUR Ul^iO
DIRECTION
(DEGREES)
TritrA
100 210.0000
200 200.0000
30Q 180.0CQO
400 190.0COO
500 210.0COO
bOO 19U.UCOO
700 200.0000
800 190. OQOO
900 190.0000
1000 170.0000
1100 200.0000
1200 220.0000
1300 220.0000
1400 220.0000
1500 200.0000
loOO 190.0000
1700 170.3000
1800 150.0000
1900 150.0000
2000 160.0000
2100 16U.UOOO
2200 150.0000
2300 150.0000
0 160.0000
rtlNb
SPEEj
(MTR/StC)
UBAR
3.604U
3.6040
2.5740
3.604U
4.6330
3.604U
4.6330
4.1180
4.1180
4.1180
5.1480
7.7220
6.6920
6.1770
6.6920
7.2070
4. neu
2.5740
3.6040
3.6040
3.0890
3.604U
4.1180
4.1180
LAYLR
DEPTH
(METt-RS)
HM
125. UOO
125.000
125. UOO
125. UOO
125.000
125.000
125. UOO
125. UOO
125.000
125.000
300.000
320.000
580.000
420.000
180.000
125.000
125. UOO
125.000
125. UOO
125.000
125.000
125.000
125.000
125.000
AMBIENT
TEMP
-------
profile exponent.  The next four columns give the standard deviations in radians of
the wind azimuth and elevation angles for elevated (stack) and low-level (building
and area) sources.  Section 3 of the main body of the report discusses the specifica-
tion of these meteorological inputs.

         C. 2. 3      Program Output Listing

         At each grid point, the SHORT Z program calculates the ground-level con-
centration for each hour resulting from emissions from each source.  Figures C-6
and C-7  show example printout sheets of calculated hourly ground-level concentra-
tions  in micrograms per cubic meter for a regularly-spaced grid and a discrete-
point  grid, respectively.  In Figure C-6,  the X coordinates are listed across the top
of the page and the Y coordinates are listed in the extreme left-hand column.  As
shown by Figure C-7,  the concentrations calculated for the discrete points are
given following the X and Y coordinates of the points.  In both figures, the source
number is printed at the top of the page.  Additionally, the concentration averaging
time and the corresponding hours are shown at the top center of the page.

         Figures C-8 and C-9 show example printout sheets of calculated 24-hour
average  ground-level concentrations for a regularly-spaced grid and for a discrete-
point  grid, respectively.  Because the hours in Figure C-5 are numbered 0100 to
0000,  the averaging period for the 24-hour period is  labeled "HOUR(S)  100 to 0"
in Figures C-8 and C-9.  In addition to hourly and 24-hour average concentrations,
the SHORT Z program has the capability of calculating 3-hour and  8-hour concentra-
tions.

         The SHORT Z program can calculate the short-term ground-level concentra-
tions produced by all sources combined or by any combination of the sources.  Thus,
it is easy to determine the contributions of the individual source complexes to the
total calculated concentrations.   Figures C-10 and C-ll show example printout sheets
                                     C-ll
-------
o
   SHORT TERM PITTSBURGH CASE 18  JAN 73  H E  CR4MFR Co INC

                            *-*-« TITLE PITTSPURGH SHORT TERM CAS^ 18 JAN 73
                                                                           DATE 03/20/75

                                                                   JATE  032875 *-*-*
PAGE    i3
    Y AXIS (MtJERS)
     1 HOuR GROUND LEVEL CONCENTRATION (MJCROGRAMS/CUBlC METER) FROM SOURCES      1

                            - HOUR(S)  100 TO  100 -

                                         - X  AXIS (METERS) -
594000.000   5y5000.000   59f«OoO.OOO   59700P.OOO   BgnOOO.OOO   59900n.OOO   60QOOO.OOO   601000.nnn   602100.000

                                         - CONCENTRATION -
4478000.000
44770QU.OOO
4476000.000
4475000.000
4474000.000
4473000.000
4472000.000
4471000.000
4470000.000
4469000.000
4468000.000
4467000.000
4466000.000
4465000.000
4464000.000
4463000.000
4462000.000
4461000.000
44&OOOU.OOO
4459000.000
4458000.000
4457000.000
445oOOU.OOO
445500U.OOO
4454000.000
44530UU.OOO
4452000.000
4451000.000
4450000.000
.OOOOOOO
.OOOOOOO
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11.4187243
1.6829531
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.0010659
.1680127
9.5931838
15.6324123
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.0206322
.4287637
6.7Q46561
18.4230256
2.5299727
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.0000008
.0000155
.0002359
.0033963
.0907085
1.3636281
8.5433431
16.4936447
8.7023354
.1859874
.0000242
.ooooooo
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.ooooooo
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.onooooo
.0000121
.0001473
.0016761
.0209730
.1363460
1.2189598
3.7265809
1«. 0375988
15.0022228
2.4416988
•0254?80
.0000040
.OOOOOOO
.ooooooo
.oonopon
•ooooooo
•ooooooo
•oooonoo
.ooooooo
.ooooooo
.noooooo
.ooooooo
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.0000000
.ooooooo
.ooooooo
.0000000
.0046413
.0463331
.3136460
1.8413819
5.0550602
12.0540670
7.9475324
6.4006110
.5512843
•0046870
•0000010
•ooooooo
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.ooooooo
.ooooooo
.ooooooo
•ooooooo
.onooooo
.ooooooo
.ooooooo
.ooooooo
      FIGURE C-6.  Example printout sheet from the SHORT Z computer program listing 1-hour ground-level concentra-
                      tions from Source 1 calculated at all grid points of the regular array.
-------
    SHORT  TERM PITTSBURGH  CASE 18 JAN 73  h E CRAMER CO INC

                            *-*-* TITLE PITTSBURGH SHORT TERM CASE ie JAN 73
                                DATE 03/88/75


                      t uATE  032875 *-*-*
                                                  PAGE
                        1  HOuR GROUND LEVEL CONCENTRATION (MlCROGRAMS/CUBlC  METER) FROM SOUrtCES


                                               - HOOR(S)  100  TO  100 -
                         CONCENTRATION
CONCENTRATION
                                                                                                  CONCENTRATION
O

H1
oo
605167.0
585143.0
596536.0
597976. U
b9t»298.0
596452.0
596202.0
596284.0
44891Q7.0
4476619.0
4472452.0
44697Q2.0
4463369.0
4471262.0
4467262.0
4464238.0
.0000349
.0000000
.OOUOOOO
.0000002
.0000000
.0000000
.3474583
.OOUOOOO
602976.0
565060.0
596643.0
591119.0
596284.0
59*726.0
594774.0
596619.0
4489036.0
4476738.0
4472833.0
4467214.0
4464238.0
4458357.0
44567Q2.0
4462190.0
.0000000
.0000000
.OOUOOOO
.0000000
.OOUOOOO
.0000000
.0000000
.0000002
579738.0
589667.0
5977H6.0
594869.0
596512.0
597333.0
599012.0

4482286.0
4473357.0
4469464.0
4461869.0
4463488.0
4456345.0
4463560.0

.0000000
.0000000
.0000000
.0000000
.0569119
.0000000
.0000000

       FIGURE C-7.  Example printout sheet from the SHORT Z computer program listing 1-hour ground-level concentra-

                      tions from Source 1 calculated at all discrete grid points.
-------
SHORT  TERM PITTSBURGH CASE 18 JAN  73  H E CRAMER co INC

                        *-*-*  TITLE PITTSBURGH SHORT TERM CASE is JAN 73
                                                                           DATE  113/28/75

                                                                 , DATE 032875  *-*-*
PAGE   109
 T AXIS  (Ml-TERS)
    24 HOuR GROUND  LEVEL CONCENTRATION (MICROGRAMS/CURIC  METER) FROM  SOURCES      1

                            -  HOUR(S)  100  TO    0 -

                                        - X AXIS (METERS) -
594000.000   595000.000   5960oO.OoO   597000.000   598000.000   599000.000   60QOOO.OOO   60100n.OOO   602000.000

                                        - CONCENTRATION  -
4478000.000
4477000.000
4476000.000
447b000.030
4474000*000
4473000.000
4472000.000
4471000.000
4470000. COO
446900U.OOO
4468000.000
4467000.000
4466000.000
4465000.000
4464000.000
4463000.000
4462000.000
4461000.000
4460000.000
4459000.000
445800U.OOO
4457000.000
4456000.000
4455000.000
4454000.000
44530UU.OQO
4452000.000
4451000.000
4450000.000
.16964t>6
.1929388
.2314955
.3104705
.3099595
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.8433035
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1.21769b9
2.2226021
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1.6905537
1.9789464
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1.1753744
1.4344518
1.5882804
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2.5202315
2.2063670
2.5020328
3.2364039
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1.2299315
1.4109287
1.5983561
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•oononoo
•oononoo
.OOOOOOO
•oooonoo
.OOOOOOO
•oononoo
.oooonoo
.OOOOOOO
.6361767
.709765")
.5661799
•5357818
.5215611
.8540183
. 5508021
.6423834
.3687892
.37403"»5
•1944952
•0296432
.0004348
•0000001
•OOOOOOO
•OOOQOOO
.OOOOOOO
•OOOOOOO
.OOOOOOO
.OOOOOOO
•OOOOOOO
•oonoooo
.onooooo
•onooonn
•ooooooo
.onnoooo
•OOOOOOO
.ooooooo
.onooooo
  FIGURE C-8.  Example printout page from the SHORT Z computer program listing 24-hour average ground-level
                  concentrations from Source 1 calculated at all grid points in the regular array.
-------
SHORT  TERM PITTSBURGH CASE 10 JAN 73  H E CRAMER Co INC

                        *-*-» TITLE PITTSBURGH SHORT TERM CASE ia JAN  73
                                                                      DATF  03/26/75

                                                            .  DATE 032875 *-*-*
PAGE   iii
                   24 HOUK GROUND LEVEL CONCENTRATION (MICROGRAMS/CUBlC METER) FROM SOURCES

                                           - HOUR(S)  100 TO    0 -
                     CONCENTRATION
                                                         CONCENTRATION
                                                                          CONCENTRATION








0
l->
Ol
605167.0
565143.0
596536.0
597976.0
594298.0
596*52.0
596202.0
596264.0


<*489107.0
t-476619.0
4472452.0
4469702.0
4463369.0
4471262.0
4467262.0
4464236.0


.4426691
.2261481
.5339658
1.0347197
.2240199
.7203346
1.1043770
6.3771003


602976.0
565060.0
596643.0
591119.0
596284.0
593726.0
594774.0
596619.0


4469036.0
4476738.0
4472833.0
4467214.0
4464238.0
4458357.0
4456702.0
4462190.0


.3751389
.2292010
.6228511
.1246706
6.2657327
.0000000
.0000000
1.7947592


579738.0
5896*7.0
5977*6.0
5948*9.0
596512.0
597333.0
599012.0



4482286.0
4473357.0
4469464.0
4461869.0
4463488.0
4456345.0
4463560.0



.0346121
.7730466
1.2857970
.0000000
9.5160790
.0000000
.0001125



    FIGURE C-9.
Example printout sheet from the SHORT Z computer program listing 24-hour average ground-level
concentrations from Source  1 calculated for all discrete grid-point locations.
-------
SHORT  TERM PITTSBURGH CASE is UAN 73  H t CFAMEP co INC

                        *_*-* TITLE PITTSBURGH SHORT TERM CASE  lb JAU 73
        DATE 07/28/75

DATE  032875 *-*-*
                                                                                                           PAGP   209
 Y  AXIS (Mt-TERS)
                  24 HOuK GROUND LEVEL CONCENTRATION  (MJCROGRAMS/CUBIC METER) FROM SOURCES      1     -3

                                          - HOUR(S)  100 TO    0 -

                                                       - X AXIS (METERS)  -
               594000.000   595000.000   596000.0QO   597000.000   598000.000  599000.000   600000.000  601000.000   602nno.OOO

                                                       -  CONCENTRATION  -
4476000.000
4477000.030
4476000.000
4475000.000
447400U.OOO
4473000.000
O 4472000.000
1 4471000.000
£ 4470000.000
4469000. JOO
4468000.000
4467000.000
4466000.000
4465000.000
4464000.000
4463000.000
4462000.000
4461000.000
4460000.000
4459000.000
4450000.000
4457000.000
4456000.000
4455000.000
4454000.000
4453000.000
4452000.000
4451000.000
4450000.000
.4992264
.5606575
.66681*05
.8914i»06
.8928700
1.6257947
1.6954729
2.5616663
3. 6062364
2.2787926
3.5259156
6.4672232
7.0054612
8. 5659282
2.3363918
.0000424
.0000000
.0000000
.0000000
.0000000
.0000000
.0000000
.0000000
.0000000
.OUOOOOO
.0000000
.0000000
.0000000
.0000000
1.1954796
1.2676899
1.1503569
1.2667854
.9631U03
.7701358
1.2407042
1.1595403
1.3072629
1.4842133
2.1001244
2.1074899
5.0845801
6.4021553
18.4926190
32.4362254
.0000000
.OOOOUOO
.0000000
.0000000
.0000000
.0000000
lOOQOOOO
.OOOOUOO
.0000000
.0000000
.0000000
.0000000
.0000000
2.3636227
2.3420875
2.6906460
2.3908322
1.8957224
1.6386577
1.6666672
2.8042019
3.4757816
4.2541254
4.7397266
3.2453777 .
5.6402166
8.7548647
14.8951548
32.8001065
.6153410
.0000000
.0000000
.0000000
.0000000
.0000000
.OQOoOOO
.ooouooo
.0000000
.OOOClOOO
.0000000
.0000000
.OOOuOOO
2.3407263
2.6468084
3.0331480
2.4378669
3.5125516
4.6967981
2. fl 027962
3.4656873
5.4402006
7.3809121
7.4288448
6.3118470
7.6654887
9.2122022
8.3318686
8.6476766
.0000000
.0000000
.0000000
.0000000
.0000000
.0000000
.0000000
.0000000
.0000000
.0000000
.0000000
.0000000
.0000000
3.3875214
3.8283504
4.9735131
5.6356297
3.7235620
5.l7o53t>8
3.7496526
3.4682608
3.0668200
3.8762393
4.2259141
4.1646893
4.531437?
3.2747503
2.5150470
.0034065
.ooonooo
.0000000
.0000000
.0000000
.0000000
.0000000
.000001)0
.0000000
.0000000
.0000000
.0000000
.0000000
.0000000
4.0581690
3.1687904
3.3320215
2.7346819
2.4113041
2.4592485
2.6401647
4.9588889
3.R71B029
2.0524846
2.7056425
3.4274807
1.9599006
1.2267836
.0187978
.0000000
.0000000
.0000000
.noooooo
.0000000
.noooooo
.0000000
.noooooo
.noooooo
.0000000
.0000000
.0000000
.noooooo
.nooooon
2.3471867
1.9083435
2.5?41912
3.0648165
2.892B427
2.3291416
2.9704015
2.6522323
3.1257018
3.3128478
2.0590179
1.3132357
.8511294
.0381212
.0000067
. 'ooooono
.oonoooo
.0000000
.0000000
.0000000
.onooooo
.Ononono
.ooonooo
.onooooo
.onnoooo
•0000000
.0000000
.0000000
.0000000
2.3567554
2.7287970
2.7680726
2.80104Q6
1.5400384
1.4980082
1.3154605
3.8155549
2.9112804
1.3696453
1.1903075
.6188447
.0463399
.0001521
.0000000
.0000000
.0000000
.0000000
.noooooo
•oooonoo
.oonoooo
.0000000
.oooonoo
.0000000
.0000000
.0000000
.oonoooo
.OOOOPOO
.oooonoo
1.8311185
1.9986592
.5911983
.6289097
.7012547
.6502038
.5390715
.69585?7
.0959719
.0797716
.4S7378S
.0636899
.0008159
.0000002
.0000000
.onnoooo
.0000000
.0000000
.0000000
.0000000
.0000000
.oonoooo
.0000000
.0000000
.0000000
.0000000
.0000000
.0000000
.0000000
  FIGURE C-10.   Example printout sheet from the SHORT Z computer program listing 24-hour average ground-level
                   concentrations from Sources 1 through 3 calculated at each grid point location in the regular array.
-------
SHORT  TERM PITTSBURGH CASE  16 JAN 73  H  E CRAMER CO INC

                        *-«-* TITLE  PITTSBURGH SHORT TERM CASE  18 JAN 73
                                                                     DATf P3/28/75

                                                           ,  OATE 032875 *-*-*
PAGE   ?n
                      HOuR GROUND LEVEL CONCENTRATION  
-------
of 24-hour average concentrations,  produced by emissions from Sources 1 through
3, calculated respectively for regular and discrete grid point locations.  Figures
C-12 and C-13 show example printout sheets of 24-hour average ground-level con-
centrations calculated for the combined sources on the regularly-spaced grid and
the discrete-point grid, respectively.

C. 3    DESCRIPTION OF THE LONG-TERM DIFFUSION-MODEL COMPUTER
        PROGRAM - LONG Z

        C. 3.1     Program Capabilities

        The computer program entitled LONG Z, which contains the long-term
diffusion-models,  is written in Fortran IV and is designed to calculate monthly,
seasonal and annual average ground-level concentrations of pollutants at a large
number of selected grid or receptor points.   The program is capable of calculating
ground-level concentrations for a maximum of 10, 000 individual sources at a maxi-
mum of 15,000 grid points.  As in the short-term model program, sources are
classified in three basic categories (stack,  building and area) which can be input
in any  sequence or combination.  The program utilizes a Cartesian coordinate  sys-
tem (usually the Universal Transverse Mercator System UTM)  to define the basic
calculation grid in which the positive x-axis is directed toward the east (90 degrees)
and the positive y  axis is directed toward the north (0 or 360 degrees).  The grid
points  may be assigned both on the basis of a regular spacing and at specially
selected locations.

        This program first calculates, at each grid point, the seasonal and/or
annual average ground-level concentration produced  by each source; a summing pro-
cess is used to calculate the ground-level concentrations due to groups of sources and
all sources combined after the  individual source calculations have been completed.  A
unique feature of the LONG Z program is the capability of maintaining a master file of
the complete source emissions inventory and calculated concentrations on magnetic

                                    C-18
-------
SHORT  TERM PITTSBURGH CASE  IB JAN 73  H E  CRAMER CO INC

                        *-*-* TITLE PITTSOIIRGH SHORT TERM CASE 16 JAN 73
                                                                            DATE  03/28/75

                                                                  . DATE 032875 *-*-*
                                                                                              PAGE
                   24 HOuR GROUND LEVEL  CONCENTRATION (MlCRPGHAMS/CUBlC METER) FROM  SOURCES

                                           - HOUR(S)   100 TO    0  -
                                                                                  -8
 Y AXIS (METERS)
                                         - X AXIS  (METERS)  -
591000.OOn   595000.OOU   5960oO.OoO   597000.000   598000.000   599000.000   600000.000   601000.000   6020no.OOO

                                         -  CONCENTRATION  -
4478000.000
4477000.000
4476000.000
4475000.000
.-. 4474000.000
, 4473000.000
h-> 4472000.000
<" 4471000.000
4470000.000
4469000.000
4468000.000
4467000.000
4466000.000
4465000.000
4464000.000
4463000.000
4462000.000
4461000.000
4460000.000
4459000.000
4458000.000
445700U.OOO
4456000.000
4455000.000
4454000.000
4453000.000
4452000.000
4451000.000
4450000.000
.8678407
1.0077578
1.2080856
1.6207fl91
1.6204513
2.9267*59
3.0057251
4.4376140
6.0633M36
3.8434660
6.5250692
11.7634208
11.0653225
15.8811175
3.Q525i56
.0000433
.OOOOOOO
.OOOOOOO
.OOOOOOO
.OOOOOOO
.OOOOOOO
. OOOOOOO
•OUOOoOO
.OuOOnoo
.OOOOOOO
.OOOOOOO
.OOOOOOO
.OOOOOOO
.OOOOOOO
2.00311)32
2.1169761
1.9142320
2.1006536
1.5925936
1.2724645
2.0578650
1.9490204
2.2613133
2.6802876
3.9333241
3.9356332
8.8965589
10.8383204
34.7882004
50.2765274
.OOOOOOO
.OOOOUOO
.OOOOOOO
.OOOOOOO
.OOOOOOO
.OOOOOOO
.OOOOOOO
.OOOOOOO
.OOOOOOO
.OOOOOOO
.OOOOOOO
.OOOOOOO
.OOOOOOO
4.122U477
4.0859546
4.6961787
4.1742460
3.3111602
2.8632824
2.9132030
4.9024825
6.0758958
7.4308255
8.2614031
5.6261947
9.6725087
14.6682684
24.0725684
53.7056298
1.0039998
.0000000
.OOOoOOO
.OOOoOOO
.OOOOOOO
.OOOtOOO
.OOOoOOO
.OOOuOOO
.OOOOOOO
.OOOoOOO
.OOOOOOO
.OOOoOOO
.OOOoOOO
3.8896606
4.3826804
5.0065533
4.0138442
5.7740709
7.71824QO
4.6119055
5.7226426
9.0403914
12.389P954
12.6470083
10.8724905
12.9803202
16.5578766
14.2066821
16.6503415
.OOOOOOO
.noooooo
.OOOOOOO
.noooooo
.nooonoo
.OOOOOOO
.oooooou
.nooonoo
.OOOOOOO
.oooonoo
.OOOOOOO
.OOOOOOO
.OOOOOOO
5.6356415
6.3840225
8.3190333
9.4631168
6.2820629
8.7724364
6.3968614
5.9329726
5.2159724
6.5530232
7.3446408
7.4549552
7.6155684
5.7169242
4.4895267
.0038939
.OOOOOOO
.0000000
.0000000
.OOOOOuO
.0000000
.OOOOOuO
.OOOOOOO
.OOOOOOO
.ooonoon
.oooooon
.OOOOOuO
.OOOOOOO
.OOOOOOO
6.R703232
5.3818803
5.6751221
4.6628730
4.1020142
4.1643796
4.4810483
8.549Q563
6.P202102
3.^791727
4.5632191
6.138133Q
3.2806807
2.1117435
.n26325l
.noooooo
.nooooon
.noooooo
.nooooon
.noooooo
.noooooo
.noooooo
.noooooo
.noooooo
.nooooon
.oouooon
.noooooo
.OOOOOUO
.oooonoo
3.9904908
3.2367089
4.27487Q1
5.2121124
4.9764049
4.0647036
5.2150159
4.5488686
5.2813777
5.8425208
3.576F658
2.2071619
1.4437743
.0581628
.0000081
.oonoooo
.onooono
.oonoooo
.OOOOOOO
.onooooo
.onooooo
.onnnooo
.onnocoo
.onnnooo
.ocnoooo
.nonnnoo
.OOOOOOO
.nnoooQO
.oonnooo
4.0158215
4. 687l«>55
4.8014342
4.8949165
2.68764Q5
2.5552871
2.2301928
6.6575519
5.1397622
2.3115801
2.0052626
1.0452825
.0738239
.0002085
.oooonon
.OOOOOOO
.OOOOOOO
.oooonoo
.OOOOOOO
.oooonoo
.oooooon
•noonooo
.OOOOOOO
•0000000
.oooonon
.oooonon
.OOOOOOO
.oooonon
.oooonoo
3.1377849
3.1*692145
?. 7550209
2.7654709
2.8864833
4.5950240
2.709Q330
? •93'56931
1 .8330156
1.8193655
.8213700
.1035568
.0012086
•ooooon3
•oooooon
.onnoooo
.oooooon
.oooooon
.onooooo
.000000"
.oooooon
.OOOOOOn
.oonoooo
.oooooon
.onooooo
.oonooon
.nnnooon
.onnoonn
•oonoonn
   FIGURE C-12.  Example printout sheet from the SHORT Z computer program listing 24-hour average ground-level
                    concentrations from the combined sources (1 through 8)  calculated at all grid point locations in the
                    regular array.
-------
    SHORT TERM PITTSBURGH CASE 1& oAN 73  H E CRAMER CO INC


                           *-*-* TITLE PITTSBURGH SHORT TERM CASF is JAN 73
                                DATE 03/2a/75



                      . DATE 032875 *-*-*
             PAGE   <• t1
                      24 HOuR GROUND LEVEL CONCENTRATION  (MICROSRAMS/CUBIC  METER) FROM SOURCES



                                             - HOuR(S)  100 TO    0 -
                        CONCENTRATION
CONCENTRATION
                                                                                                  -6
CONCENTRATION
b05167.U
585143.0
596536.0
597976.0
591*298.0
596452.0
596202.0
59620"* . 0
4489107.0
4476619.0
4472452.0
4459702.0
1403369.0
4471262.0
4467262.0
4464238.0
2.30U1241
1.0760478
2. 81*3986
5.30U1669
.6863526
3.81o7787
5.1506255
32.8766254
602976.0
585060.0
596643.0
591119.0
596284.0
593726.0
594774.0
596619.0
4489036.0
4476738.0
4472«33. 0
4467214.0
4464238.0
4458357.0
44567Q2.0
4462190.0
1.8970941
1.0815159
3.2970305
.5046496
32.3149886
.0000000
.0000000
2.7379384
579738.0
589667.0
5977B6.0
594869.0
596512.0
597333.0
599012.0

4482286.0
4473357.0
44691*64.0
4461869.0
44631*88.0
4456345.0
4463560.0

.1631359
4.109F283
6.4388534
.noooooo
47.4937859
.0000000
.0002122

o

CO
o
      FIGURE C-13.  Example printout sheet from the SHORT Z computer program listing 24-hour average ground-level

                      concentrations from the combined sources (1 through 8) calculated at all discrete grid points.
-------
tape or other convenient computer storage device.  This capability allows one to
update the information pertaining to a single source or group of sources, to recal-
culate the updated sources'  contribution at each grid point and to resum the con-
tribution from all sources to obtain the  updated values of ground-level concentra-
tion without redoing all of the original calculations.  Considerable savings in com-
puter costs can be realized by using this feature and a current file of the emissions
inventory and calculated concentrations is easily maintained and accessed.

         The calculations for this study using the LONG Z program were made at
the University of Utah Computer Center on a UNIVAC 1108 machine.  Operating
time for the LONG Z program may be estimated from the expression

          Operating time in seconds =  RP x NS x SE x VC x SC x 0. 0008

where RP is the number of receptor points, NS is the number of sources, SE is
the number of seasons, VC is the number of wind-speed categories and SC is the
number of Pasquill stability categories.

         C. 3.2      Program Input Listings

         In addition to the program operating instructions and control statements,
the long-term diffusion models requires that the following information be supplied:

         •     Coordinates and terrain  elevations of all grid point locations
         •     Coordinates and terrain  elevations of all sources
         •     Emission rates for all sources
         •     Stack data and other source parameters for all sources
         •     Meteorological parameters
                                     C-21
-------
        All of the operating, control and input information is listed as part of the
computer program output.  With the exception of source emission rates and meteor-
ological inputs, these listings are identical in form to those for the short-term
model program described in Section C. 2. 2.  An example table of source input
parameters produced by the LONG Z program is shown in  Figure  C-14.  The table
format is the same as that in Figure C-l for the SHORT Z  program, except that
the emission rates are in tons per year and are given for each season.  If only
annual  average concentrations are to be  calculated, only the emission rate for Sea-
son 1 (winter) is used by the program.  The entry date column at the extreme left of
Figure C-14 shows the date on which the emissions data for each source were last
updated.

        Figures C-15, C-16 and C-17 are examples of the statistical summaries of
meteorological input data provided to the program. Detailed explanations of these
tables are presented in Section 3 and Appendix A of this report.

        C. 3. 3      Program Output Listings of Ground-Level Concentrations

        The output listings of seasonal and annual ground-level concentrations are
in the same formats as those shown in Figures C-6 through C-12 for the short-term
diffusion-model program, except for the time-frame heading at the top of each print-
out sheet.
                                    C-22
-------
PITTSBURGH LONG TERM CLAIBTON 1965 COMPLIANCE  H E CRAMER CO INC




         *-*-* TITLE PITTSBURGH LONG TERM  CLAIRTON 1965 COMPLIANCE
•  DATE OJ2675 *-*-*
                         DATE OJ/28/75
                                          PAGE
                                         *-* OUTPUT TAPE SOURCE INVENTORY LISTING *-*
ENTRY SOUrtCE T
SOURCE STRENGTH (TONS/ YEAR) X Y
DATE NUMBER Y






















1
to
CO























MODYYK



02167b
021675
021675
02167b
021675
021675
021675
021675
021675
021675
021675
021675
021675
021675
021675
021675
021675
021675
021675
021675
021675
021675
021675
021675
021675
021675
021675
021675
021675
021675
021675
021675
021675
021675
021675
021675
021675
021675
021675
021675
U21675
yi 1 *»75
vt XD f *J
021675
021675
P
E


1 0
2 0
3 0
7 0
8 0
9 0
10 0
11 0
12 0
13 0
lit 0
15 0
16 0
17 0
18 0
19 0
20 0
21 0
22 0
23 0
24 0
25 0
26 1
27 1
28 0
30 0
31 0
32 0
33 0
38 0
39 0
to o
41 0
42 0
43 1
44 1
45 1
46 1
47 1
48 1
49 1
50 1
*J \J *
51 1
52 1
SEASON i
OR ANNUAL


120.000
120. 000
120, UOO
120.000
120. UOO
120. UOO
120.000
120.000
120.000
120.000
120.000
120.000
120.000
120.000
120.000
120.000
120.000
120.000
120.000
120.000
2062.000
1537. UOO
723. UOO
723.000
299. UOO
1413.000
683.000
971.000
756.000
12994.000
6690.000
1945. UOO
1945.000
1945.000
150.000
150. UOO
150.000
150. UOO
150. UOO
48,000
48. UOO
48. UOO
48. UOO
48.UOO
SEASON 2



12U.OOO
12U.OOO
12U.OOO
12U.OOO
120.000
120.000
120.000
120.000
120.000
120.000
120.000
120.000
120.000
12U.OOO
120.000
120.000
120.000
120.000
120.000
120.000
2062.000
1537.000
723.000
723.000
299.000
1413.000
683.000
971,000
750.000
12994.000
6690.000
194b.OOO
1945.000
1945.000
15U.OOO
150.000
150.000
150.000
150.000
46.000
46.000
48.000
40.000
4tt.OOO
SEASON 3



120.000
120.000
120.000
120.000
120.000
120.000
120.000
120.000
120.000
120.000
120.000
120.000
120.000
120.000
120.000
120.000
120.000
120.000
120.000
120.000
2062.000
1537.000
723.000
723.000
299.000
1413.000
683.000
971.000
756.000
12994.000
6690.000
1945.000
1945.000
1945.000
150.000
150.000
150.000
150.000
150.000
48.000
48.000
48.000
48.000
4d.OOO
SEASON 4 COORDINATE COORDINATE
(METFRS) (METERS)


120.000 595860.no 4461520.00
120.000 595830.00 4461540.00
120.000 595730.00 4461780.00
120.000 5958*0.00 4461650.00
12U.OOO 595870.00 4461680.00
120.000 595750.00 4461810.00
120.000 595660.00 4461900.00
120.000 595630.00 4461920.00
120.000 595520.00 4462060.00
120.000 595380.00 4461930.00
12u.OOO 595360.00 4461960.00
120.000 595210.00 4462110.00
120.000 595190.00 4462150.00
120.000 595110.00 4462240.00
120.000 595020.00 4462330.00
120.000 59528Q.OO 4461880.00
120.000 595250.00 4461910.00
120.000 595060.00 4462120.00
12U.OOO 595030.00 4462160.00
120.000 595500.00 4462080.00
2062.000 595000.00 4462470.00
1537.000 595000.00 4462470.00
723.000 594870.00 4462400.00
723.000 594850.00 4462410.00
299.000 595630.00 4460060.00
141J.OOO 595810.00 4461550.00
683.000 593220.00 4465600.00
971.000 593230.00-4465650.00
756.000 593250.00 4465710.00
12994.000 592000.00 4456200.00
6690.000 5B7340.00 4452«10.00
1945.000 58734Q.OO 4452810.00
1945.000 58734Q.OO 4452«10.00
1945.000 587340.no 4452B10.00
150.000 593250.00 4465700.00
15U.OOO 593250.00 4465600.00
150.000 593250.00 4465650.00
150.000 593260.00 4465600.00
ISu.OOO 593260.00 4465650.00
48.000 595100.00 4461520.00
48.000 595100.00 4461530.00
48.000 595100.00 4461540.00
46.000 595100.00 4461550. 00
46.000 595100.00 44615t>0.00
HEIGHT ELEVATION
ABOVE
GROUND
(METERS)


69.00
69.00
69.00
65.00
65.00
65.00
69.00
69.00
69.00
69.00
69.00
69.00
61.00
61.00
76.00
76.00
76.00
76.00
7b.OO
69.00
50.00
50.00
52.00
52.00
60.00
46.00
55.00
78.00
30.00
B9.00
73.00
70.00
70.00
70.00
52.00
52.00
52.00
52.00
52.00
52.00
52.00
52.00
52.00
52.00
AT
BASE
(METERS)


229.00
229.no
229. UO
229.00
229.00
229.00
229.00
229.00
229.00
229.00
229.00
229.00
229.00
229.00
229.00
229.00
229.00
229.00
229.00
229.00
229.00
229.00
229.00
229.00
229.00
229.00
2o2.00
282.00
282.00
229.00
229.00
229.00
229.00
229.00
262.00
262.00
282.00
282.00
282.00
229.00
229.00
229.00
229.00
2
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     PITTSBURGH LONG  TEKM CLAIRTON 1965  COMPLIANCE  H E  CRAMER co INC


               *-*-*  TITLE PITTSBURGH LONG TERM CLAIRTON 1965 COMPLIANCE    • DATE 032875 *-»-*



                                        *-* PROGRAM INPUT PARAMETERS  *-*



                        *-* MIXING LAYER DEPTH (HM METERS) *-*
      STABILITY CATEGORY l
      STABILITY CATEGORY 2
      STABILITY CATEGORY 3
      STABILITY CATEGORY 4
      STABILITY CATEGORY i
      STABILITY CATEGORY 2
      STABILITY CATEGORY 3
      STABILITY CATEGORY 4
      STABILITY CATEGORY i
      STABILITY CATEGORY 2
      STABILITY CATEGORY 3
      STABILITY CATEGORY 4
      STABILITY  CATEGORY i
      STABILITY  CATEGORY 2
      STABILITY  CATEGORY 3
      STABILITY  CATEGORY 4
DATE 03/28/75
                  PAGE

WIND SPEED
CATEGORY 1
.500000+03
.500000+03
.320000+03
.140000+03

WIND SPEED
CATEGORY 1
.153000+04
.153000+01*
.825000+03
.120000+03

WIND SPEED
CATEGORY 1
. 173000+04
.173000+04
.960000+03
.190000+03

WIND SPEED
CATEGORY i
.123000+04
.123000+04
.685000+03
.lUOOOO+03

WIND SPEEO
CATEGORY ?
.650000+03
.650000+03
.470000+03
.290000+03

KINU SPEEP
CATEGORY ?
.153000+04
.153000+04
.921)000+03
.310000+03

WIND SPEED
CATEGORY 2
.173000+04
.173000+04
.102500+04
.320000+03

WIND SPEEP
CATLGORY a
.123000+04
.123000+04
.740000+0?
.250000+03
SEASON 1
WIND SPEEO
CATEGORY 3
.710000+03
.710000+03
.670000+03
.630000+03
SEASON 2
WIND SPEED
CATEGORY 3
.153000+04
.153000+04
.103000+04
.530000+03
SEASON 3
WIND SPEED
CATEGORY 3
.173000+04
.173000+04
.133500+04
.740000+03
SEASON <*
WIND SPEEn
CATEGORY 3
.123000+04
.123000+04
.970000+03
.710000+03

WIND SPEED
CATEGORY 4
.710000+03
.710000+03
.710000+03
.710000+03

WIND SPEED
CATEGORY 4
.153000+04
.153000+04
.141500+04
.130000+04

WIND SPEED
CATEGORY 4
.173000+04
.173000+04
.129500+04
.860000+03

WINJ SPEED
CATEGORY 4
.123000+04
.123000+04
.119000+04
.115000+04

WIND SPEED
CATEGORY 5
.710000+03
.710000+03
.710000+03
.710000+03

WIND SPEED
CATEGORY 5
.153000+04
.153000+04
.153000+04
.153000+04

WIND SPuEO
CATEGORY 5
.173000+04
.173000+04
.129500+04
.860000+03

WIND SPEED
CATEGORY 5
.123000+04
.123000+04
.123000+04
.123000+04

WIND SPEED
CATEGORY 6
.710000+03
.710000+03
.710000+03
.710000+03

WIND SPEEp
CATEGORY 6
.153000+04
.153000+04
.153000+04
.153000+04

WIND SPEED
CATEGORY 6
.173000+04
.173000+04
.129500+04
.860000+03

WINn SPEED
CATEGORY 6
.123000+04
.123000+04
.123000+04
.123000+04
      FIGURE C-15.  Example printout page from the LONG Z computer program listing mixing layer depths by season

                       for each stability category and wind speed category.
-------
    PITTSBURGH LONG TERM CLAlRTON 1965 COMPLIANCE  H E CRAMER  CO  luC

              *-*-» TITLE PITTSBURGH LONG  TERM CLAlRTON 1965 COMPLIANCE   ,  DATE  052875 *-*-*
DATE 03/28/75
                  PAGE
                          »7
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Ol
                                       *-* PROGRAM INPUT PARAMETERS *-»
                       »-* FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF WIND  SPEED,UIRECTION AND  STABILITY *-*
                                                  SEASON 4
                                            STABILITY CATEGORY 3
                         WIND SPELD  WIND SPEED  WIND SPEED WIND SPEED  "INQ SPEED  WIND SPEED
                         CATEGORY i  CATEGORY 2  CATEGORY 3 CATEGORY 4  CATEGORY 5  CATEGORY 6
DIRECTION
(PHI DEGREES)
.000
22.500
45.000
67.500
90.000
112.500
155.000
157.500
180.000
202.500
225.000
247.500
270.000
292.500
315.000
i37.500
( .7500MPSM

.OOU38040
.00076080
.00019020
•00057060
•OQ076060
.00095100
•00076060
.00036040
.00114120
.00036040
.00*89520
.00251480
.00076060
.00057060
.00445900
.00036040
2.5000MPS){"

.00274730
• 005491+50
.00137360
.00412090
.00549450
.00666610
.00549450
•00274730
•00624180
•00274730
•00961540
.00666610
.00549450
•00412090
•00961540
•00274730
4.3000MPS) (

.01785710
.001*12090
.00274730
.00686810
.00824180
.01236260
.01098900
.00274730
.01510990
.00624160
.03296701
.02335160
.04120861
.01098900
.00961540
.00549450
6.8000MPS) (

.00824180
.00137360
.00000000
.00137360
.00137360
.00412090
.00624160
.00824180
.01236260
.02197800
.05906591
.03021961
.04258241
.01785710
.01236260
.00686610
9.5000MPS)

.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.oooooouo
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00549450
.00686810
.00961540
.00686810
.00137360
.00000000
(12.5000MPS

.00000000
.00000000
.00(100000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.oonooooo
.00000000
.oonooooo
.00*24180
.oonooooo
•OOP74730
.00137360
.00000000
                                                  SEASON 4

                                            STABILITY CATEGORY 4

                              SPEED  WIND SPEED  ulIND SPEED   WIND SPEED  WIND SPEtD  WIND SPEED
                          CATEGORY 1  CATEGORY 2  CATEGORY 3   CATEGORY 4  CATEGORY 5  CATEGORY  6
DIKECTION
(PHI DEGREES)
.000
22.500
45.000
67.500
90.000
112.500
135.000
157.500
160.000
202.500
225.000
247,500
«;70.000
292.500
315.000
337.500
( .7500MPSH

.00562660
.00623420
.00582660
.00356240
.01933640
.00671720
.00946440
.01124560
.012543dO
.00267160
•005826oO
.00582660
.00098140
.00630960
,oooB90t>o
.00000000
2.5000MPSX

.00824160
.01510990
.00824180
.01236260
.02060440
•00961540
.01236270
•00824170
.01785710
.00649450
.00686810
. 00b86810
.01648350
.00412090
.00274720
.OOUOUOOO
4.3000MPSX

.00274730
.00274730
.00137360
.00137360
.00000000
.OOuOOOOO
.00274730
.00137360
.00l3736n
.00686810
.00686810
.00274730
.00549450
.00649450
.00412090
.00000000
6.8000MPS) (

.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.oooooouo
.oooooouo
.00000000
.00000000
.oooooouo
.10000000
.00000000
.nooonoou
9.5000MPS)

.00000000
.00000000
.oooonooo
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.00000000
.oooooouo
.oooonooo
.oooooouo
.OOOOOOuO
.ooooooon
.00000000
.oooooouo
.00000000
(12.5000MPS

.00000000
.00000000
.oonooooo
.oonooooo
.oonooooo
.oonooooo
.oonooooo
.oonooooo
.oonooooo
.oonooooo
.oonooooo
.oonooooo
•ooncoooo
.oonooooo
.oonooooo
.00000000
              JO f • PUU      «UUUUUWV"   .«„»-----   	_„_-   , „_-.„_-    -.,vvw.,w»u   .-..uvuwuuv
            FIGURE C-16.  Example printout sheet from the LONG Z computer program listing joint occurrence
                             frequencies of wind speed and direction categories.
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05
     PITTSBURGH LONG TEKM CLAlRTON  1965 COMPLIANCE  H E CRAMER CO INC
              *-*-« TITLE PITTSBURGH LONG TERM CLAIRTON 1965 COMPLIANCE
                       DATE 03/28/75
                                         PAGE
DATE 032675 *-*-*
                                       *-* PROGRAM INPUT PARAMETERS *-*
          *-»  STANDARD DEVIATION  OF THE WIND ELEVATION ANGLE  FOR ELEVATED  POINT OR VOLUME SOURCES (SIGEPU RADIANS) «-*
                           WIND  SPtED  WINO SPEEn  WIND SPEED  WIND SPEED  WIND SPEED  WINn SPEED
                           CATEGORY 1  CATEGORY 2  CATEGORY  3  CATEGORY 4  CATEGORY 5  CATEGORY 6
STABILITY
STABILITY
STABILITY
STABILITY
CATEGORY
CATEGORY
CATEGORY
CATEGORY
i
2
3
if
.174500+00
.lobOOO+00
.735000-01
.465000-01
.174500+00
.108000+00
.73bOOO-01
.465000-01
.174500+00
.108000+00
.735000-01
.465000-01
*-* STANDARD DEVIATION OF THE WIND ELEVATION ANGLE F0R
STABILITY
STABILITY
STABILITY
STABILITY

STABILITY
STABILITY
STABILITY
STABILITY

STABILITY
STABILITY
STABILITY
STABILITY
CATEGORY
CATEGORY
CATEGORY
CATEGORY

CATEGORY
CATEGORY
CATEGORY
CATEGORY

CATEGORY
CATEGORY
CATEGORY
CATEGORY
1
2
3
4
*-*
1
2
3
4
*-*
1
2
3
4
WIND SPEED
CATEGORY 1
.174500+00
.108000+00
.735000-01
.465000-01
VERTICAL
WIND SPEED
CATEGORY 1
.000000
.000000
.150000-01
.3(10000-01
WINO SPEED
CATEGORY 2
.174500+00
.106000+00
.735000-01
.465000-01
WIND SPEED
CATEGORY 3
.174500+00
.108000+00
.735000-01
.465000-01
.174500+00
.ioaooo+oo
.735000-01
,465000-01
.174500+00
.108000+00
.735000-01
.465000-01
.174500+00
.108000+00
.735000-01
.465000-01
AREA OR BUILDING EMISSIONS SOURCES ISIGEPL RADIANS) *-*
WIND SPEED
CATEGORY 4
.174500+00
.108000+00
.735000-01
.465000-01
POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE GRADIENT (DPD2
WIND SPEED
CATtGORY 2
.000000
.000000
.100000-01
.200000-01
WIND PROFILE POWER LAW
WlMD SPEED
CATEGORY 1
.100000+00
.200000+00
.250000+00
.300000+00
WIND SPEEn
CATEGORY 2
.looooo+on
.150000+00
.200000+00
.250000+00
WlNb SPEED
CATEGORY 3
.000000
.000000
.500000-02
.150000-01
EXPONENT (p)
WIND SPEED
CATtGORY 3
.100000+00
.lOuOOO+00
.150000+00
.200000+00
WIND SPEED
CATEGORY 4
.000000
.000000
.300000-02
.300000-02
*-*
WIND SPEED
CATEGORY 4
.100000+00
.100000+00
.100000+00
.200000+00
WIND SPEED
CATEGORY 5
.174500+00
.108000+00
.735000-01
.465000-01
WIND SPEED
CATEGORY 6
.174500+00
.lonooo+no
.735000-01
.465000-01
DEGREES KELVIN) *-»
WIND SPEED
CATEGORY 5
.000000
.000000
.300000-02
.300000-02

WIND SPtED
CATEGORY b
.100000+00
.100000+00
.100000+00
.200000+00
WINn SPEED
CATEGORY 6
.oonooo
.000000
.300000-02
.300000-02

WINn SPEED
CATEGORY 6
.100000+00
.100000+00
.lonooo+oo
.200000+00
       FIGURE C-17.  Example printout sheet from the LONG Z computer program listing various meteorological input
                        parameters.
-------