IRONTON, OHIO - ASHLAND, KENTUCKY -
HUNTINGTON, WEST VIRGINIA
AIR POLLUTION ABATEMENT ACTIVITY
REGION III LIBRARY
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
PRE-CONFERENCE INVESTIGATIONS
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT
IRONTON, OHIO - ASHLAND, KENTUCKY
HUNTINGTON, WEST VIRGINIA
AIR POLLUTION ABATEMENT ACTIVITY
PRE-CONFERENCE INVESTIGATIONS
Prepared for Conference Use Only
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
Bureau of Disease Prevention and Environmental Control
National Center for Air Pollution Control
Cincinnati, Ohio
May 1968
-------
This report is based upon an investigation of air pollution conducted
in the Ironton, Ohio; Ashland, Kentucky; and Huntington, West Virginia
areas for the period of September 1965 to August 1967. The report is in-
tended to assist the governmental agencies concerned with such air pollution
in their consideration of the following:
1. Occurrence of air pollution subject to abatement.
2. Adequacy of measures taken toward abatement of pollution.
3. Nature of delay, if any, in abating the pollution.
4. Necessary remedial action, if any.
-------
CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION 1
History of Abatement Investigation 2
Description of Study Area 2
Review of Past Studies 4
II. CLIMATOLOGY OF STUDY AREA 7
Topography 7
Sources of Climatic Information 7
Weather Factors Related to Air Pollution 7
III. PROJECT DESIGN 13
Air Sampling Measurements 13
Emission Inventory 13
Meteorological Observations 13
Material Effects Measurements 15
IV. RESULTS OF COMPREHENSIVE SURVEY 17
Particulate Pollutants 17
Gaseous Pollutants 22
Emission Inventory 25
Meteorological Measurements 42
Material Effects Measurements 47
V. POLLUTION IMPACT ON STUDY AREA 53
Geographic Distribution of Pollutants 53
Pollution and Wind Direction 56
Potential Impact of Major Pollution Sources 61
REFERENCES 65
APPENDICES 67
A. Aerometry Operations and Techniques 69
B. Emissions Inventory Procedure 73
C. Cumulative Frequency Distribution of Pollutants .... 81
-------
IRONTON, OHIO - ASHLAND, KENTUCKY
HUNTINGTON, WEST VIRGINIA
AIR POLLUTION ABATEMENT ACTIVITY
I. INTRODUCTION
Air pollution has been the subject of long-standing complaints in the area of
the Ohio River Valley where Ohio, Kentucky, and West Virginia adjoin. The degre-
dation of air quality by smoke and dust emissions from industrial plants has been
of concern to many area residents and in particular to citizens of Ironton, Ohio.
In 1964, at the urging of an organized citizens' group, city and county
officials in Ironton requested assistance from the Ohio Department of Health and
the Division of Air Pollution, Public Health Service, in determining the extent of
air pollution in Ironton, Ohio, and in implementing a local control program.
In response, the Ohio Department of Health conducted an air pollution survey
in Ironton during the spring and summer of 1964. Measurements obtained during the
survey clearly showed excessive levels of air pollution in the community. Repre-
sentatives of the Ohio Department of Health and the Public Health Service met with
Ironton and Lawrence County officials to discuss the survey findings and provide
guidance in resolving the air pollution problem.
Many of the pollution sources affecting the Ironton area were found to be located
outside of the jurisdiction of the city, and air pollution ordinances and control
authority enacted by the City of Ironton would be of limited effectiveness because
of sources in the county as well as the interstate nature of the problem.
-------
HISTORY OF ABATEMENT INVESTIGATION
Subsection 105 (c) (1) (C) of the Clean Air Act, as amended (42 U.S.C. 1857.
e_t seg_.), placed upon the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare the respon-
sibility to initiate air pollution abatement action when he has reason to believe
that pollution generated in one state endangers the health or welfare of any
persons in another state.
Available information on the geographic distribution of sources and meteorology
of the area indicated potential interstate transport of air pollutants.of sufficient
magnitude to endanger health and welfare. In September 1965, as part of the
national surveillance program, the Abatement Program, National Center for Air
Pollution Control, initiated intelligence-gathering activities aimed at obtaining
information relative to existing and potential air quality within the area encom-
passing Ironton, Ohio; Ashland, Kentucky; and Huntington, West Virginia. Technical
direction, administration, and coordination of the survey were provided by the
Abatement Program, with full cooperation of the state and local officials.
On the basis of preliminary data generated by the self-initiated survey,
the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare requested officials of Kentucky,
Ohio, and West Virginia to consult with the Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare on air pollution in the interstate area. On August 25, 1966, represent-
atives of the three state agencies, local governmental agencies invited by the
states, and the Public Health Service met for consultation in Ironton, Ohio. The
conduct of the investigation, the specific interests of the various agencies, and
the prospects for further activity were discussed at the meeting.
An air sampling program by the Abatement Program was completed in the autumn
of 1966, and field activities for an emissions inventory were accomplished during
the summer of 1967.
DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA
The geographic area of the study consists of the five-county, tri-state area
shown in Figure 1. The study boundaries include Greenup and Boyd Counties in
Kentucky, Lawrence County in Ohio, and Wayne and Cabell Counties in West Virginia.
The principal municipalities of the area are Ashland, Kentucky; Ironton, Ohio;
and Huntington, West Virginia. The area of primary interest in the study is that
encompassed generally by a circle of 10-mile radius about the intersection of the
state lines of Kentucky, Ohio, and West Virginia.
-------
LAWRENCE COUNTY
OHIO
IRONTON
iCoaI Grove
ASHLAND i
X
/
KENTUCKY
Chesapeake
Kenova
>
HUNTINGTON
^
WEST VIRGINIA
Figure 1. Geographical location of study area.
According to 1964 estimates, more than 250,000 people reside within the
1500-square-mile study area. About 52 percent of the area population live in the
West Virginia portion; 28 percent in Kentucky; and 20 percent in Ohio. Huntington,
West Virginia, with a population of 76,200, is the major wholesale and retail center
for the metropolitan area. Ashland, Kentucky, with a population of 31,000, and
Ironton, Ohio, with a population of 15,500, serve as trade centers for surrounding
counties in Kentucky and Ohio.
The area's long history of industrial activity reaches back to the mid-1800's.
At the present time manufacturing provides the major source of employment. Typical
of industrialized regions of the Ohio River Valley, parts of the Ironton-Ashland-
Huntington area are dominated by heavy industry, notably the metallurgical and
chemical industries.
-------
Coal is transported by rail to the area where it is converted to coke for the
production of iron and steel. Metallurgical facilities in the area include coking
operations, open-hearth furnaces, blast furnaces, foundries, rolling mills, and
galvanizing plants. Also included in the metallurgical group are plants involved
in nickel, copper, and brass processing. Most of these industries have been in
operation since before World War II.
The chemical industries, like the metallurgical group, were established in the
area over a long period of time. Their production volume and the variety of their
products have continued to increase. Chemical products include liquid fertilizers,
formaldehyde, melamine, phthalic anhydride, creosote, road tars, ammonia, activated
carbon, and petrochemicals.
A significant departure from the industrial pattern in other sections of the
Ohio River Valley is the absence of steam-electric plants in the Ironton-Ashland-
Huntington area. The area's high-energy needs are supplied by large coal-
burning power plants located outside of the stuay area on tne umo River and on
its tributaries. The effect of pollutants emitted from these plants on inhabited
sections of the study area is diminished by the distance of the plants from the
population centers.
REVIEW OF PAST STUDIES
National Air Sampling Network
Both Ashland, Kentucky, and Huntington, West Virginia, are among the 150
cities included in the National Air Sampling Network (NASN). The NASN is operated
jointly by the National Center for Air Pollution Control, and state and local air
pollution control agencies. Samples for suspended particulates have been obtained
on a bi-weekly basis on alternate years since 1960 in Huntington, and since 1964
in Ashland. The data obtained from these samples are summarized in Table 1.
Table 1. SUMMARY OF NATIONAL AIR SAMPLING NETWORK DATA FOR SUSPENDED PARTICULATES
IN HUNTINGTON, WEST VIRGINIA, AND ASHLAND, KENTUCKY
Station
Huntington, W. Va.
(700 block of 4th
Avenue)
Ashland, Kentucky
(340 W. 15th St.)
Year
1960
1962
1964
1966
1964
1966
No. samples
24
20
24
24
24
25
Concentration,pg/m
Maximum
219
194
392
291
455
423
Arith. Average
122
78
123
149
179
167
Percent of time
150 ug/m exceeded
20
10
22
43
53
43
-------
Participate Survey of Ironton, Ohio
At the request of the Ironton-Lawrence County Health Department, the Ohio
Department of Health conducted a survey of particulate pollution in the city of
Ironton during the period February 13 to August 29, 1964. Sampling was confined
to four stations located within the city limits of Ironton. Measurements made
2
for suspended particulates and dustfall are summarized in Tables 2 and 3.
Table 2. SUMMARY OF OHIO DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH DATA FOR
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE IN IRONTON, OHIO, 2/13/64-8/29/64
Station
General Hospital
Marti ng Hotel
Whitwell School
Pumphouse
Average all stations
No. samples
42
41
34
30
3
Arithmetic average, yg/m
Total
176.3
130.1
151.3
170.4
156.4
Inorganic
113.5
75.5
87.2
85.5
91.1
Iron
10.5
7.6
10.1
9.3
9.3
Table 3. SUMMARY OF OHIO DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH DATA FOR SETTLEABLE
PARTICULATES (DUSTFALL) IN IRONTON, OHIO, 2/13/64-8/29/64
Station
General Hospital
Marti ng Hotel
Whitwell School
Pumphouse
Near cement plant
Average all stations
No. samples
10
9
9
10
3
2
Arithmetic average, tons/mi -mo
Total
192.6
86.1
104.8
209.3
275.0
139.9
Inorganic
141.2
61.1
75.1
107.6
201.0
90.6
Iron
5.0
2.97
4.1
4.1
4.5
4.1
Background Pollution Measurements in Ashland, Kentucky
As part of a State-wide survey to obtain data on air pollution background levels,
the Kentucky Department of Health conducted short-term air quality tests at a single
station located at 20th and Central Avenue in Ashland, Kentucky. Measurements
were made for both suspended and settleable particulates as well as several gases
during a 10-day period, August 18 - September 2, 1965. The test data, although
representative of conditions particular to the actual collection period, showed
values comparable with those obtained by the Public Health Service and reported
herein in Section IV.
-------
II. CLIMATOLOGY OF STUDY AREA
TOPOGRAPHY
The Ironton-Ashland-Huntington area is located along the western foothills
of the Appalachian Mountains at the confluence of the Ohio and Big Sandy Rivers.
Within the area, the Ohio River averages a half-mile in width. The valley
averages about 1 1/2 miles in width with surrounding ridges on both sides rising
sharply 250 to 300 feet above the valley floor. Between Huntington and Kenova, the
Ohio flows in a west-southwest direction and then bends northwestward toward
Ashland and Ironton.
Nearly all of the major sources of air pollution in the survey area are
located in the valley. In this area, the valley shape and depth has an important
influence on the transport and dispersion of the air pollutants.
SOURCES OF CLIMATIC INFORMATION
The United States Weather Bureau has collected surface, winds aloft, and
upper-air temperature-humidity data at the Tri-State Airport since December 1,
1961. The Tri-State Airport is located on a well-exposed plateau, about 3 miles
southwest of Huntington. Before December 1961, official weather observations
were obtained in downtown Huntington and at the Huntington Airport located in Ohio
across the Ohio River from Huntington. The Tri-State Airport is 260 feet higher
than the former downtown observation site and 268 feet above the Huntington Airport.
The Environmental Sciences Service Administration routinely publishes
monthly climatological summaries for the Weather Bureau Station at the Tri-State
Airport. In addition to the monthly summaries, a 3-year summary of winds at the
Tri-State Airport and a similar summary covering 7 years at the Huntington Airport
were obtained from the National Weather Records Center, Asheville, North Carolina.
Finally, an amateur weather observer, Mr. Robert Harrod, provided valuable wind
data, which he gathered over several years at Kenova, West Virginia.
WEATHER FACTORS RELATED TO AIR POLLUTION
The atmosphere disperses and dilutes air contaminants. The primary meteorological
parameters that affect dispersion are wind direction, wind speed, and atmospheric
stability. Other parameters such as ambient temperature, sunshine, and cloud cover
influence dispersion principally through their effect on wind and stability, and
thereby less directly affect dispersion potential.
-------
Wind direction determines the direction of movement of pollutants, and
its variability contributes to horizontal dispersion. The frequency of hourly
wind directions over a reasonably long period is commonly used to indicate the
patterns of air pollution impact over an area.
Wind speed directly affects the rate of dilution of air pollutants.
Generally, the higher the wind speed, the lower the pollutant concentrations.
Stability of the atmosphere affects wind speed and direction variations,
and determines the rate at which pollutants are dispersed vertically. Stability
is commonly expressed in terms of temperature change with height. Vertical
dispersion is poorest when the air is stable and the temperature increases with
height to form a temperature inversion.
Wind Direction and Speed
Frequencies of hourly wind direction and speed at the Tri-State Airport for a
period of 3 years and at the Huntington Airport for 7 years are shown in Figures
2 and 3. The patterns of wind at the two airports show marked differences that
can largely be attributed to the relative influence of terrain.
N
4.9%
42%
4.2%
4.2%
5.1%
W 5.2%
77%
86%
9.9%
1-4 5-7 8-10 11-16 *17mph
Figure 2.
MILES PER HOUR
Annual wind rose for Tri-State
Airport, West Virginia, January
1962 through December 1964.
-------
VI 77%
-k 5-7 8-10 11-19 £-17mph
MILES PER HOUR
Figure 3. Annual wind rose for Huntington Airport at
Chesapeake, Ohio, January 1948 through
December 1964.
Wind flow at ridge level at the Tri-State Airport shows no evidence of being
significantly influenced by local terrain features. The predominant winds are
from the south through southwest; they occur about a third of the time. The
average hourly wind speed at the Tri-State Airport is 6.2 miles per hour (mph).
At the Huntington Airport on the valley floor, wind flow is markedly influenced
by the contour of the valley. The most frequent wind directions, southwest through
west and northeast, approximately parallel the valley axis. The tendency of the
winds to flow along the valley is indicative of channeling of the prevailing winds
by the valley walls. Channeling, a common phenomenon in valley situations, is
illustrated in Figure 4. Channeled flow was also evident in the wind observations
made by Mr. Robert Harrod at Kenova, West Virginia.
Figure 4. Channeling of wind by a valley
-------
The mean hourly wind speed at the Huntington Airport was 3.5 mph, about half
that at the Tri-State Airport. Lighter winds in the valley can be ascribed to
sheltering by the valley walls.
Frequency of light winds is an important consideration in evaluating air
pollution potential since the dilution capability of the atmosphere is inhibited
with low wind speeds. Wind speeds of 7 mph or less are usually associated with
significant accumulation of air pollution in urban areas. Wind speeds in the
0- to 7-mph range occurred at the Tri-State Airport 70 percent of the time and
at the Huntington Airport 84 percent of the time. Light wind speeds at the two
locations occurred more frequently during the nighttime hours. Seasonally,
the most frequent occurrence of light winds was during the summer and fall.
The wind patterns at the two airports show that the air pollution potential
in the valley is greater than at the higher, ridge elevations. Prevalent wind
direction frequencies along the valley cause pollutant concentrations in the
valley to be higher on an annual basis than if wind directions were more equally
distributed. Furthermore, the frequent light winds in the valley cause greater
accumulation of air pollutants.
Atmospheric Stability
Thermal stability or lapse rate, the change in temperature with height,
significantly affects vertical mixing. During the day when the air is heated from
below, air is exchanged by vertical mixing and pollutants near the surface are
diluted. At night, the air near the ground cools so that temperature increases with
height, thus a temperature inversion is formed and vertical dispersion of pollutants
is at a minimum.
Temperature inversions have a tendency to occur more often and to be of
longer duration in the valley than on the ridges. Under clear skies at night,
lighter wind movement in the valley enhances inversion formation, and cold air drain-
age into the valley deepens the inversion layer. As a result, inversions in the
valley will tend to last longer after sunrise than those that form at ridge level.
Hosier estimated the frequency of inversions based below 500 feet in the
vicinity of the study area. He found such inversions occurring about 35 percent
of the time. Hosier's study, however, was based on upper air data obtained at
ridge-level airports in the region. A somewhat higher frequency of occurrence
would reasonably be expected at valley locations.
10
-------
Although insufficient data are available to estimate the duration of inversions
in the valley, an estimate of the persistence can be obtained from some observations
made by the Weather Bureau from June 1955 through May 19576 at Shippingport, Penn-
sylvania. Shippingport, also located in the Ohio River Valley, about 180 miles
upriver from the study area, has terrain features similar to those of the study
area. The Shippingport data were obtained from temperature sensors located 30 feet
above ground at valley and ridge levels to give the net temperature change with
height over the 400-foot valley-ridge elevation interval. Figure 5 gives, on a
seasonal basis, the percent of the temperature inversions that formed and persisted
between the valley and ridge for extended time periods. It shows that inversions
were generally most persistent in the fall. Inversions in the fall persisted for
8 hours or more in 33 percent of the cases and 4 hours or more in 54 percent of the
cases.
100 ' 1 1—I—i 1 1 1 1—I—I—I—i 1 1 1 1—r
3
o
3
O
o
o
. 10
<
z>
a
•z.
o
1/5
.WHITER
.SPRING
• SUMMER
-FALL
J 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I I L
0.01 0.1 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 98 99 99.9 99.99
PERCENT OF INVERSIONS OF DURATI ON >.! ND I GATED HOURS
Figure 5. Persistence of temperature inversions at Shippingport, Pennsylvania,
between Valley and Ridge stations, June 1955 through May 1957.
11
-------
Stagnations
Periods of atmospheric stagnation are associated with slow-moving or
stationary high-pressure cells. During such stagnations winds are light and
skies are generally clear so that frequent and persistent inversions occur.
Stagnations are conducive to the buildup of unusually high pollutant concentrations.
Stagnations occur relatively frequently in the Ironton-Ashland-Huntington
area. East of the Rocky Mountains, only areas to the south along the Appalachian
chain have more frequent stagnation periods.
About 54 stagnations lasting 4 days or more occurred in the vicinity of
Ironton-Ashland-Huntington over the 30-year period from 1936 through 1965.
This amounts to an average occurrence of nearly two such episodes per year.
More than half of the cases (59%) occurred during August, September, and October.
12
-------
III. PROJECT DESIGN
The objectives of the survey were to determine the nature, sources, extent,
and effects of air pollution in the study area. To achieve these objectives, a
program was undertaken to gather information through the activities discussed in
the following paragraphs.
AIR SAMPLING MEASUREMENTS
A 17-station air sampling network, shown in Figure 6, was established to
monitor ambient levels of airborne particulate matter and sulfur dioxide, the
primary pollutants of concern. The sampling stations were located throughout
the area primarily in population centers to provide data representative of
residential exposures. A detailed description of the network and its operation
are presented in Appendix A. The types of air pollution measurements and
sampling equipment included at each station are listed in Table 4.
EMISSION INVENTORY
An emission inventory was conducted to locate and quantify particulate and
sulfur dioxide emissions from industrial, commercial, governmental, and residential
sources in the area. The inventory was to provide the following:
1. Identification of source emissions within the study area and definition
of their location, magnitudes, and relative contribution of pollutants.
2. Data for calculations of interstate transportation of pollutants and the
magnitude of the impact of these emissions at selected receptor sites.
3. Information on fuel-use distributional patterns and industrial emissions.
ue utilized is a modified rapid ;
of the procedure is included in Appendix B.
p
The technique utilized is a modified rapid survey method. A detailed description
METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS
The United States Weather Bureau observations at the Huntington Tri-State
Airport were augmented during the survey by surface wind direction and speed
measurements at three sites in the valley. In addition, a series of meteorological
soundings were made to obtain data on the vertical distribution of wind and
temperature. The meteorological measurements provided information necessary for
proper interpretation of the air sampling data. These data were also used to
determine the "representativeness" of the 1965-1966 sampling period relative to
the established normals for past years.
13
-------
DMAJOR STATION
• MINOR STATION
Figure 6. Locations of air sampling stations in study area.
14
-------
Table 4. SAMPLING STATION LOCATIONS AND EQUIPMENT
Station Sampling Equipment3
1 Ironton, Ohio (south) A, B, C, D, E, H
2 - Ashland, Kentucky A, B, C, D, H
3 - Huntington, West Virginia A, B, C, D, E, H
4 - Coal Grove, Ohio B, C
5 - Ashland, Kentucky (southeast) B, C
6 - Kenova, West Virginia B, C, E
7 - Burlington, Ohio B, C
8 - Ironton, Ohio (central) C
9 - Ashland, Kentucky (south) C
10 - Catlettsburg, Kentucky C
11 - Huntington, West Virginia (west) C
12 - Huntington, West Virginia (south) C
13 - Chesapeake, Ohio C
14 - South Point, Ohio C
15 - Ironton, Ohio (north) C
16 Russell, Kentucky C
17 - Huntington, West Virginia (east) C
a Equipment legend:
A - Sulfur dioxide (SOj, sequential sampler
B Suspended particulate, high-volume sampler
C - Dustfall bucket, sulfation candle
D - Material effects surveillance sites
E - Meteorological instrumentation
H - Soiling, AISI tape sampler
MATERIAL EFFECTS MEASUREMENTS
Material effects were measured utilizing static components, developed by
National Center for Air Pollution Control personnel. These components provide
semiquantitative information on types of air pollutants and their effects on
specific materials. These devices were placed at sites in Ironton, Ohio; Ashland,
Kentucky; and Huntington, West Virginia. The components at these three surveillance
sites and the effect demonstrated by each are listed in Appendix A.
15
-------
IV. RESULTS OF COMPREHENSIVE SURVEY
PARTICIPATE POLLUTANTS
Suspended Particulates
Suspended particulate matter in the atmosphere is composed of finely divided
particles which normally remain airborne for long period of time and are carried
by wind currents over long distances. Although these particles do not settle
rapidly, they are deposited on all exposed surfaces by impaction and by thermal
and electrostatic forces. Fine particles infiltrate homes, businesses, hospitals,
and other buildings where they soil walls, furniture, clothing and other property.
One of the most noticeable effects of suspended particulates in the atmosphere
is decreased visibility. In addition to direct visibility reduction, suspended
particulates also can promote formation of fog and increase its persistence.
Atmospheric suspended particulate concentrations were measured with high-
volume samplers at seven locations in the study area. Samples were collected over
24-hour periods starting at midnight. Frequency distribution of daily measurements
at each station are presented in Appendix C, and a summary of these data appears in
Table 5.
Table 5. CUMULATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF TOTAL SUSPENDED
PARTICULATES CONCENTRATIONS
Station
1 Ironton (south)
2 Ashland
3 Huntington
4 Coal Grove
5 Ashland (southeast)
6 Kenova
7 - Burlington
Operating
period
9/65-9/66
9/65-9/66
9/65-9/6'6
9/65-5/66
9/65-5/66
9/65-9/66
9/65-5/66
No.
obs
290
83
265
64
58
264
64
Concentration, ug/m
Hin.
value
26
20
22
30
27
31
29
Percent of time concentration is exceeded:
90
73
46
67
71
42
58
39
70
122
76
94
101
64
86
54
50
170
108
119
130
82
112
69
30
232
152
150
165
101
151
88
16
310
210
190
209
128
191
110
10
365
250
211
238
150
225
127
1
690
402
340
340
310
391
209
Max.
value
1146
409
374
368
313
622
213
Arfth
mean
205
128
133
144
90
133
77
Std
dev
131
87
63
68
48
33
68
Geom
mean
169
104
119
129
80
112
60
Geom
Std dev
1.8
1.9
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.6
Highest readings were found at South Ironton, where the average concentration
for the entire year was 205 micrograms per cubic meter (yg/m3). Particulate levels
in the adjacent community of Coal Grove were second highest, with an annual average
of 144 ug/m3.
17
-------
Values in excess of 100 yg/m were recorded more than 50 percent of the time at
five of the seven stations. Levels greater than 150 yg/m occurred at the South
Ironton station 58 percent of the time. Coal Grove exceeded that level 37 percent
of the time; Ashland, 32 percent of the time; and Huntington and Kenova, 30 percent.
A detailed breakdown for all stations showing percent of time that selected
concentration levels were exceeded is given in Table 6.
Seasonal means of suspended particulate measurements are given in Table 7.
Values generally are highest during the autumn season, a period normally associated
with meteorological conditions unfavorable for the rapid dispersion of pollutants.
Table 6. PERCENT OF CONCENTRATIONS EXCEEDING SPECIFIC VALUES -
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE BY HIGH-VOLUME SAMPLER
Station
1 - Ironton (south)
2 - Ashland
3 - Huntington
4 - Coal Grove
5 - Ashland (southeast)
6 - Kenova
7 - Burlington
Percent of days exceeding:
3
65 yg/m
91
77
92
92
69
85
55
80 yg/m3
86
66
80
84
52
74
39
100 yg/m3
80
54
64
72
33
60
20
120 yg/m3
73
43
49
58
14
51
11
150 yg/m3
58
32
30
37
10
30
5
Table 7. SUSPENDED PARTICULATE SEASONAL ARITHMETIC AND GEOMETRIC MEANS -
BY HIGH-VOLUME SAMPLER (yg/m3)
Station
1 Ironton (south)
2 Ashland
3 - Huntington
4 - Coal Grove
5 - Ashland (southeast)
6 - Kenova
7 - Burlington
Arithmetic mean
Sept. -Nov.
1965
213
143
145
153
97
129
81
Dec. -Feb.
1965-1966
194
99
129
148
91
117
83
Mar. -May
1966
190
132
132
136
86
127
72
June-Aug.
1966
212
114
117
--
--
165
-
Sept.
1966
259
165
163
--
-
225
--
Geometric mean
Sept. -Nov.
1965
188
111
129
138
88
117
71
Dec. -Feb.
1965-1966
143
81
123
134
75
102
78
Mar. -May
1966
151
110
119
120
78
111
66
June-Aug.
1966
189
97
110
--
--
142
-
Sept.
1966
243
127
143
—
-
182
-
Suspended Particulate Metals
Composites of suspended particulate filter samples collected September 9
through October 8, 1965, for each of the seven stations, were analyzed for metal
content. These results are presented in Table 8, along with National Air
18
-------
Sampling Network (NASN) average and maximum concentrations for their nationwide
network of urban stations during 1964-1965.^ Results show that South Ironton
samples were highest in iron content, 34 ug/nr. This value for a monthly composite
sample is considerably in excess of the maximum 24-hour value obtained nationwide
by the NASN during 1964-1965. The Huntington station 1-month composite sample had
nickel content more than twice as high and a chromium content about 1-1/2 times
as high as the NASN maximum 1-day value. Five of the seven stations yielded values
for individual metals that exceeded the NASN average for all urban stations in 1965.
Table 8. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF METAL-CONTENT SUSPENDED PARTICULATE
SAMPLES COLLECTED IN THE STUDY AREA (yg/m3)
Station
l-Ironton(south)
2-Ashland
3-Huntington
4-Coal Grove
5-Ashland (southeast)
6-Kenova
7-Burlington
NASN average 1964-1965
NASN maximum 1 964-1 965b
Average
particulates
208
84
118
147
89
116
68
105
1254
Iron
34
1
6
2
0.5
1
1
1.58
22.0
Chromium
0.3
0.5
-
-
0.015
0.33
Manganese
0.61
0.08
0.73
0.43
0.05
0.06
0.08
0.10
9.98
Nickel
0.05
0.02
1.20
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.06
0.034
0.460
Zinc
4.0
-
2.0
-
0.5
0.67
58.00
Dashes indicate that no analysis was performed.
D24-hour value.
Settleable Particulates
Dustfall is determined by weighing the particles which accumulate in open
containers exposed for a month. It is composed of coarse particles that settle
rapidly from the air, generally within short distances from their sources.
Particulate material deposited in this fashion causes soiling, promotes deterior-
ation of materials, and generally creates a significant nuisance. The dirtiness
of heavily polluted areas often is attributed to settleable particulates.
Settleable particulate was measured on a monthly basis at 17 stations using
dustfall collectors. Data obtained are reported in tons per square mile per month
2
(tons/mi -mo) and are summarized in Table 9. The highest dustfall rates, both
maximum and average values, were reported for the South Ironton station.
19
-------
Table 9. MONTHLY AVERAGES OF SETTLEABLE PARTICULATE (DUSTFALL) MEASURED FROM
SEPTEMBER 1965 TO SEPTEMBER 1966
Station
1 - Ironton (south)
2 - Ashland
3 - Huntington
4 - Coal Grove
5 - Ashland (southeast)
6 - Kenova
7 - Burlington
8 - Ironton (central)
9 - Ashland (south)
10 - Catlettsburg
11 - Huntington (west)
12 - Huntington (south)
13 - Chesapeake
14 - South Point
15 - Ironton (north)
16 - Russell
17 - Huntington (east)
No.
obs
13
13
12
12
13
12
11
13
13
13
12
13
13
8
11
12
13
p
Dustfall, tons/mi -mo
Min.
value
36
12
15
19
4
13
4
10
1
13
8
3
10
12
5
9
9
Max.
value
98
64
33
46
36
23
13
30
23
30
23
19
27
27
17
28
22
Arith
Mean
55
23
22
32
18
18
8
21
11
20
15
10
16
20
11
13
15
Std
dev
19
13
5
9
9
3
3
7
6
5
5
4
4
5
4
6
4
Geom
Mean
53
21
21
31
16
18
7
20
9
20
14
9
15
20
10
12
15
Geom
std dev
1.5
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.8
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.8
1.3
1.3
.6
.3
.4
.4
.6
.2
Seasonal means for settleable particulate are shown in Table 10.
Table 11 lists the percent of recorded values for each station that exceeds
specific levels.
At South Ironton every reading exceeded 35 tons/mi2-mo. The next highest
station was Coal Grove where 58 percent of the values were greater than 30 tons/mi2-mo,
and 33 percent exceeded 35 tons/mi2-mo. Two other sites, Ashland and Southeast
P
Ashland each exceeded 35 tons/mi -mo once during the 13-month sampling period.
20
-------
Table 10. SEASONAL ARITHMETIC MEAN SETTLEABLE PARTICIPATE (DUSTFALL) AT ALL STATIONS
Station
1 - Ironton (south)
2 - Ashland
3 Huntington
4 Coal Grove
5 Ashland (southeast)
6 - Kenova
7 Burlington
8 Ironton (central)
9 Ashland (south)
10 - Catlettsburg
11 - Huntington (west)
12 - Huntington (south)
13 Chesapeake
14 South Point
15 Ironton (north)
16 - Russell
17 - Huntington (east)
Mean dustfall. tons/mi -mo
Sept. -Nov.
1965
56
30
19
25
14
17
5
23
5
16
12
7
16
14
10
13
17
Dec. -Feb.
1965-1966
65
21
22
32
22
15
6
23
10
22
11
7
13
10
12
14
Mar. -May
1966
47
27
26
34
16
20
9
23
17
21
18
13
21
22
13
14
17
June-Aug.
1966
55
19
20
33
17
18
8
15
10
22
16
12
14
22
8
10
12
Sept
1966
50
25
24
38
31
23
11
24
21
23
21
19
14
-
17
28
19
Table 11. PERCENT OF MONTHS SETTLEABLE PARTICIPATE (DUSTFALL)
EXCEEDED SPECIFIC VALUES
Percent of months exceeding:
Station
1 - Ironton (south)
2 - Ashland
3 Huntington
4 - Coal Grove
5 Ashland (southeast)
6 Kenova
7 - Burlington
8 Ironton (central)
9 Ashland (south)
10 Catlettsburg
11 Huntington (west)
12 Huntington (south)
13 - Chesapeake
14 - South Point
15 - North Ironton
16 Russell
17 - Huntington (east)
15
tons/tni -mo
100
85
92
100
54
75
0
77
31
92
42
15
46
88
9
25
53
20
2
tons/mi -mo
100
46
50
92
38
25
0
54
15
46
17
0
8
50
0
8
15
25
2
tons/mi -mo
100
15
25
75
23
0
0
23
0
15
0
0
8
25
0
8
0
30
2
tons /mi -mo
100
8
8
58
15
0
0
15
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
35
2
tons/mi -mo
100
8
0
33
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
21
-------
Particulate Soiling Index
Soiling index was measured at South Ironton, Ashland, and Huntington using
AISI sequential filter-paper tape samplers. Data obtained over 2-hour averaging
periods are shown in Table 12. These results indicate only slight variation
between measured levels at the three stations.
Table 12. CUMULATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF BI-HOURLY SOILING INDEX
Station
1 Ironton (south)
2 - Ashland
3 - Huntington
Operating
period
12/65-9/66
12/65-5/66
12/65-5/66 J
No.
obs
1379
848
642J
Soiling Index, Cons/1000 lineal feet9
M1n.
value
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
Percent of time values exceeded:
90
0.2
0.2
0.1
70
0.4
0.4
0.3
50
0.8
0.7
0.4
30
1.2
1.2
1.1
16
1.8
1.9
1.2
10
2.3
2.4
1.6
1
4.6
4.5
3.7
Max.
value
6.6
6.5
4.4
Arlth
mean
1.1
1.1
0.7
Std.
dev
0.9
1.0
0.7
Geom
mean
0.7
0.7
0.4
Coefficient of haze per 1000 lineal feet of sampled air.
Table 13 gives the percent of time that specific values were exceeded.
South Ironton and Ashland had values in excess of 4.0 Cohs, ordinarily considered
an extremely heavy loading, 2 percent of the time.
Table 13. PERCENT OF SOILING INDEX VALUES WITHIN SPECIFIC RANGES
Soiling index range,
Cons/1000 lineal feet
0.0 - 0.4
0.5 - 0.9
1.0 - 1.9
2.0 - 2.9
3.0 - 3.9
4.0 plus
Percent values in range
Ironton
27
35
27
6
3
2
Ashland
26
33
24
12
3
2
Huntington
49
26
18
5
2
0
GASEOUS POLLUTANTS
Sulfur Dioxide
Sulfur dioxide (S02) in the atmosphere accelerates corrosion of metals and
other materials, damages sensitive plants and irritates human sensory and respiratory
systems. It is emitted predominantly from the combustion of sulfur-bearing fuels
for heat and power.
22
-------
Sulfur dioxide was measured for 2-hour sequential periods at South Ironton,
Ashland, and Huntington. The results, determined by West-Gaeke colormetric
method, are summarized in Table 14. Frequency distribution curves for the sulfur
dioxide data are presented in Appendix C.
Table 14. CUMULATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF SULFUR DIOXIDE
CONCENTRATIONS - 2-HOUR AVERAGES
Station
1 - Ironton
(south)
2 Ashland
3 - Huntington
Operating
period
9/65-9/66
9/65-1/66
9/65-1/66
Concentration, ppm
No.
obs
1213
768
779
Min.
val ue
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
Percent of time >_ stated value:
90
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
70
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
50
0.01
<0.01
0.01
30
0.01
0.01
0.01
16
0.02
0.02
0.02
10
0.02
0.02
0.03
1
0.07
0.05
0.09
Max.
value
0.12
0.07
0.14
Arith
mean
0.01
0.01
0.01
Geom
mean
0.01
0.01
0.01
Std.
dev.
0.01
0.01
0.02
Geom
std. dev
0.001
0.001
0.001
An arithmetic average concentration of 0.01 ppm was reported for all three
stations. The highest 2-hour reading, 0.14 ppm, was recorded at Huntington. South
Ironton had a maximum reading of 0.12 ppm.
Monthly sulfation rates were determined at 17 stations using lead peroxide
candles. The sulfation network was used to provide a study-wide indication of
sulfur dioxide levels. Data are reported in milligrams of sulfur trioxide per
100 square centimeters (exposed candle area) per day and are summarized in Table 15.
These results are consistent with the moderate S02 levels measured at the three
stations where colormetric determinations were made. Long-term levels of S02
throughout the study area are not excessive. Highest sulfation values were recorded
at South Ironton where levels in excess of 1.0 mg S03/100 cm2-day occurred 17 percent
of the time.
Hydrogen Sulfide
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a sulfur gas emitted from coke ovens and some other
industrial operations. It has the characteristic effect of darkening lead pigment
paints and tarnishing silver; but perhaps more important is its offensive odor even
in very low concentrations.
Hydrogen sulfide measurements made with lead acetate reagent impregnated
filter tapes were taken at five sites in the study area. Intermittent sampling was
conducted from December 1965 to September 1966. Results are given in Table 16.
23
-------
Table 15. SULFATION NETWORK RESULTS - MONTHLY AVERAGES
SEPTEMBER 1965- SEPTEMBER 1966
Station
1 - Ironton (south)
2 - Ashland
3 - Huntington
4 - Coal Grove
5 - Ashland (southeast)
6 - Kenova
7 - Burlington
8 - Ironton (central)
9 - Ashland (south)
10 - Catlettsburg
11 - Huntington (west)
12 - Huntington (south)
13 - Chesapeake
14 - South Point
15 - Ironton (north)
16 - Russell
17 - Huntington (east)
No.
obs
12
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
12
13
13
13
10
11
11
13
Sulfation, mg S03/100 cm2-day
Min.
value
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.2
Max.
value
5.2
0.8
0.6
2.9
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.8
0.6
0.8
0.8
0.5
0.7
0.6
1.9
1.5
0.8
Arith
mean
1.2
0.4
0.4
0.8
0.3
0.4
0.2
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.4
0.5
Std.
dev
1.3
0.2
0.1
0.7
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.4
0.4
0.2
Geom
mean
1.0
0.4
0.4
0.6
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.4
Table 16. HYDROGEN SULFIDE RESULTS
Station
1- Ironton (south)
3- Huntington
4- Coal Grove
18-Bellefontea
19-Sheridana
Operating period
12/15/65-1/20/66
4/18/66-5/19/66
8/18/66-9/11/66
4/ 2/66-5/18/66
I/ 4/66-1/23/66
2/ 7/66-4/18/66
2/14/66-2/28/66
4/ 1/66-5/13/66
8/ 5/66-9/ 5/66
No. obs
676
598
642
683
375
1186
333
793
717
Concentration, ppm
Arith avg
0.003
0.007
0.001
<0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
<0.001
Maximum
0.200
0.280
0.051
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.007
0.013
This station had hydrogen sulfide measurements only.
24
-------
The highest readings were obtained at South Ironton. Although the average
values for all five stations were less than 0.01 ppm, hourly concentrations reached
values considerably above these averages on several occasions, particularly at
South Ironton. Concentrations as high as 0.20 and 0.28 ppm were measured at the
South Ironton station. Observation of occasional high I^S levels at the South
Ironton station was consistent with reported incidents of odor nuisances. Special
h^S measurements were made at Sheridan, Ohio, and Bellefonte, Kentucky, in response
to odor complaints received from area residents during the survey period. Moderate
values were obtained during the sampling periods. Values higher or lower than
those reported may have occurred for short intervals during the sampling periods,
or at other times at these two sites.
EMISSION INVENTORY
An inventory of particulate and sulfur oxides emitted to the atmosphere from
fuel combustion by stationary and mobile sources, municipal and industrial refuse
burning, and manufacturing processes was conducted for the five counties in the study
area. Data are for 1965; this is the latest year for which emissions data were
available when the emissions inventory was initiated. The study area was sub-
divided into eight emission reporting zones consisting of the three major cities
and the five county areas outside the cities. Emission zones are shown in
Figure 7.
The results of the emission survey show that more than 49,000 tons of sulfur
oxides (calculated as S02 and referred to as SOX) and approximately 50,000 tons of
particulate were discharged to the atmosphere from sources in the study area during
1965. These emissions, delineated by source category and emission zone, are shown in
Tables 17 and 18. More than half of both sulfur oxides and particulate pollutants
are emitted in the Ohio portion of the study area. The Kentucky portion is responsible
for 35 to 40 percent of the emissions of these pollutants while the West Virginia
portion contributes about 10 percent. The proportional contribution of each pollutant
(particulates and SOX) by each of the three states is shown in Figure 8.
Emissions of SOX are shown by source category in Figure 9. Ninety-two percent
of the SO emitted in the study area is due to fuel combustion by stationary sources.
The remaining 8 percent of the S0x is emitted by motor vehicles and industrial process
losses. The SOV emissions from fuel combustion reflect both quantities and sulfur
X
contents of the fuel. For any surveyed source, the reported fuel sulfur content was
used for emission calculations. For other sources, an average sulfur content of 2
percent was used for both coal and residual fuel oil.
25
-------
OHIO
HUNTINGTON
Emission zone W Va -3
Figure 7. Emission zones and major point sources for the study area.
26
-------
Table 17. SULFUR OXIDES EMISSIONS IN STUDY AREA DURING 1965 (tons/year)
Source
category
Industrial fuel
Coal
Dist. oil
Resid. oil
Natural gas
Other
Total-
Commercial and government fuel
Coal
Dist. oil
Resid. oil
Natural gas
Total-
Residential fuel
Coal
Dist. oil
Natural gas
Total-
Total fuel consumption
Coal
Dist. oil
Resid. oil
Natural gas
Other
Total"
Process
Refuse
Transportation
Grand total"
Emission zones
Ohio
0-1
18,500
150
65
2
63
18,800
90
120
4
0
200
990
150
Neg.
1,100
19,600
430
69
2
63
20,200
38
11
82
20,300
0-2
750
31
110
1
2,000
2,900
no
150
5
0
300
91
15
Neg.
100
960
200
120
1
1,990
3,300
1,800
6
52
5,100
Total
19,250
181
175
3
2,063
21,700
200
270
9
0
500
1,081
165
Neg.
1,200
20,560
630
189
3
2,053
23,400
1,838
17
134
25,400
Kentucky
K-l
1,000
5
5
0
620
1,600
0
82
1
0
100
5
19
Neg.
20
1,040
110
6
0
620
1,800
630
8
51
2,500
K-2
1,600
38
840
2
8,000
10,500
100
90
1
0
200
360
13
. Neg.
400
2,080
140
840
2
8,000
11,100
900
14
23
12,000
K-3
1,800
64
69
0
2,300
4,200
0
210
3
0
200
5
18
Neg.
20
1,810
290
72
0
2,260
4,400
0
6
90
4,500
Total
4,400
107
914
2
10,920
16,300
100
382
5
0
500
370
50
Neg.
400
4,930
540
918
2
10,880
17,300
1,530
28
164
19,000
West Virginia
W Va-1
1,200
30
10
0
0
1,200
0
35
9
0
40
520
12
0
500
1,700
77
19
0
0
1,800
0
8
40
1,800
W Va-2
38
70
20
Neg.
0
100
0
28
7
Neg.
30
730
2
Neg.
700
770
100
27
Neg.
0
900
0
9
54
1,000
W Va-3
900
190
53
Neg.
0
1,100
85
270
66
Neg.
400
120
24
1
TOO
1,130
480
120
1
0
1,700
0
14
150
1,900
Total
2,138
290
83
Neg.
0
2,500
85
333
82
Neg.
500
1,370
38
1
1,400
3,600
657
166
1
0
4,400
0
31
244
4,700
Area
total
25,788
578
1,172
5
12,983
40,500
385
985
96
Neg.
1,500
2,821
253
1
3,100
29,090
1,827
1,273
6
12,933
45,100
3,368
76
542
49,100
aColumn totals have been rounded to three significant figures.
-------
ro
CO
Table 18. PARTICULATE EMISSIONS IN STUDY AREA DURING 1965 (tons/year)
Source
category
Industrial fuel
Coal
Dist. oil
Resid. oil
Natural gas
Other
Total3
Commercial and government fuel
Coal
Dist. oil
Resid. oil
Natural gas
Total a
Residential fuel
Coal
Dist. oil
Natural gas
Total a
Total fuel consumption
Coal
Dist. oil
Resid. oil
Natural gas
Other
Total a
Process
Refuse
Transportation
Grand Total
Emission zones
Ohio
0-1
11,100
26
2
no
i
11,200
61
3
Neg.
120
200
260
6
6
300
11,400
35
2
240
1
11,700
11,400
460
130
23,700
0-2
900
1
3
50
290
1,200
74
4
Neg.
2
80
24
1
7
39
1,000
6
3
59
290
1,400
1,720
240
84
3,400
Total
12,000
27
5
160
291
12,500
135
7
Neg.
122
300
284
7
13
399
12,400
41
5
299
291
13,000
13,120
700
214
27,100
Kentucky
K-l
690
Neg.
Neg.
58
48
800
0
2
Neg.
2
4
1
1
6
8
690
3
Neg.
66
48
800
8,230
320
78
9,400
K-2
1,500
1
21
100
100
1,700
90
2
Neg.
1
100
95
Neg.
5
100
1,690
3
21
110
100
1,900
1,490
320
35
3,800
K-3
1,840
2
2
2
65
1,900
0
5
Neg.
5
10
1
1
13
20
1,840
8
2
20
65
1,900
1,370
230
140
3.700
Total
4,390
3
23
160
213
4,400
90
9
Neg.
8
100
97
2
24
100
4,220
14
23
196
213
4,700
11,090
870
253
16,900
West Virginia
W Va-1
1,130
1
Neg.
2
0
1,100
0
1
Neg.
1
2
140
Neg.
4
100
1,270
2
Neg.
I
0
1,300
84
330
65
1,800
W Va-2
25
2
Neg.
3
0
30
0
1
Neg.
2
3
190
Neg.
8
200
220
3
Neg.
13
0
200
51
350
90
700
W Va-3
310
5
1
12
0
300
56
7
2
16
100
32
1
37
100
390
13
3
65
0
500
1,650
880
250
3,300
Total
1,465
8
1
17
0
1,500
56
9
2
19
100
362
1
49
400
1,880
18
3
85
0
2,000
1,785
1,560
405
5,700
Area
Total
1 7 ,S55
38
29
337
504
18,400
281
25
2
149
500
743
10
86
800
18,500
73
31
580
504
19,700
25,995
3,130
872
49,700
aColumn totals have been rounded to three significant figures.
-------
SULFUR OXIDES,
49,100 tons/yr
PARTICULATE,
49,700 tons/yr
Figure 8. Sulfur oxides and particulates emissions in the study area
by geographical origin
As shown in Figure 9, fuel combustion by stationary sources contributes 40
percent of the particulate emissions, industrial process losses contribute 52 per-
cent, and motor vehicles and refuse disposal are responsible for the remaining
8 percent of the particulate emissions. The particulate emissions in the study
area are primarily solid matter except for liquid aerosols emitted from sulfuric
acid manufacturing. Particulate emissions include both organic and inorganic
materials from fuel combustion and coking operations, charred cellulose and ash
from incineration, oxidized gasoline additives (mainly lead compounds) from
motor vehicles, mineral dust from cement batching plants, metallurgical fumes,
catalyst fines, and organic and inorganic dusts from industrial processes.
The particulate inventory for combustion reflects fuel quantities, ash con-
tents and, when controls are employed, control equipment efficiencies. For any sur-
veyed source, the reported ash content and control equipment efficiency were used for
emission calculations. Average ash contents (10 percent, by weight) and control
equipment efficiencies were used for coal-burning sources for which specific data
were not available. For most sources it was assumed that no control equipment is
used on coal-fuel units.
29
-------
SULFUR OXIDES,
49,100 tons/yr
INDUSTRIAL FUEL
COMBUSTION
83%
REFUSE DISPOSAL NEGLIGIBLE
PARTICULATE,
49,700 tons/yr
MOTOR
VEHICLES
21
REFUSE
DISPOSAL
RESIDENTIAL FUEL
6%
COMMERCIAL AND
'GOVERNMENTAL HEATING
3%
INDUSTRIAL
PROCESS LOSSES
7%
MOTOR
VEHICLES
1%
INDUSTRIAL FUEL
COMBUSTION
37%
RESIDENTIAL FUEL
2%
COMMERCIAL AND
GOVERNMENTAL HEATING
INDUSTRIAL
PROCESS LOSSES
52%
Figure 9. Sulfur oxides and particulate emissions in the study area
by various sources
30
-------
Emission From Fuel Combustion
Coal, fuel oil, natural gas and industrial fuel gas were considered to be the
only significant types of fuel used in the study area for space, water, and proc-
ess heating. Quantities of these fuels burned are listed by emission zone and
source type in Table 19. Emissions by fuel type are listed in Tables 17 and 18 and
are shown by percentage in Figure 10. Coal was found to contribute 65 percent of
the 45,000 tons of SOX emissions and 94 percent of the 20,000 tons of particulate
emissions from fuel combustion. Burning distillate fuel oil contributes 4 percent
of the SOX emissions and less than 0.5 percent of the particulate emissions from
fuel combustion. Residual fuel oil contributes 3 percent of the SOX emissions, and
its particulate emissions are negligible. The use of natural gas for all phases of
heating and power generation yields negligible amounts of SOX and 3 percent of the
particulate emissions. The balance of the sulfur oxides and particulate emissions
from fuel combustion come from miscellaneous industrial fuels such as coke, coke
oven gas, and a high-sulfur fuel gas derived as a by-product from oil refining.
When the emissions from fuel combustion are separated into source types,
industrial fuel burning is responsible for 90 percent of the area SO emissions
and 94 percent of the particulate emissions, as shown in Figure 11. Residential
heating contributes another 7 percent and 4 percent of the SO and particulate
X
emissions, respectively. Commercial and governmental heating accounts for the
balance of the fuel combustion emissions.
Of the fuel used in the area, industrial operations consume 92 percent of the
coal, 53 percent of the distillate fuel oil, 92 percent of the residual oil, and
67 percent of the natural gas. Residential use accounts for 6.9 percent of the
coal, 24 percent of the natural gas usage, and 10 percent of the distillate fuel
oil consumed. Commercial and governmental uses account for the remaining fuel
oil, coal, and natural gas. These relationships are shown in Figure 12.
Process Emissions
Industrial processes emit 26,000 tons of particulate and 3,400 tons of SO in
the study area. Ninety-six percent of these pollutants from industrial process
losses come from manufacturing plants located in Ohio and Kentucky. The particulate
from process losses is primarily mineral dust from Portland cement plants, and
metallurgical fume and organic and inorganic dusts from steel, coke, and chemical
plants.
31
-------
CO
ro
Table 19. FUEL BALANCE IN STUDY AREA DURING 1965
Source
category
Industrial fuel
Coal , tons
Dist. oil, 1000 gal.
Resid. oil , 1000 gal .
Natural gas, 106 cf
Coke oven gas, 10^ cf
Fuel gas, 106 cf
Coke breeze, tons
Commercial and government fuel
Coal , tons
Dist. oil , 1000 gal .
Resid. oil, 1000 gal.
Natural gas, 106 cf
Residential fuel
Coal , tons
Dist. oil, 1000 gal.
Resid. oil, 1000 gal.
Natural gas, 106 cf
Total fuel consumption
Coal , tons
Dist. oil, 1000 gal.
Resid. oil, 1000 gal.
Natural gas, 106 cf
Coke oven gas, 106 cf
Fuel gas, 106 cf
Coke breeze, tons
Emission zones
Ohio
0-1
538,000
6,400
420
12,400
180
_
-
2,430
780
28
140
26,100
970
-
680
566,530
8,150
448
13,220
180
-
-
0-2
32,000
200
710
5,300
7,680
_
3,330
2,970
950
35
240
2,400
100
-
740
37,370
1,250
745
6,280
7,680
-
3,330
Kentucky
K-l
102,000
31
33
5,500
5,370
-
-
Neg.
520
9
150
130
122
-
620
102,130
673
42
6,270
5,370
-
-
K-2
86,000
240
5,340
10,600
_
10,000
26,100
3,600
580
10
84
9,480
80
-
510
99,080
900
5,350
11,194
.
10,000
26,100
K-3
45,000
410
440
220
7,280
-
-
Neg.
1,310
22
560
120
120
-
1,420
45,120
1,840
462
2,200
7,280
-
-
West Virginia
W Va-1
.40,000
190
55
280
-
-
-
Neg.
230
55
1,650
3,180
80
-
3,920
43,180
500
110
5,850
_
-
-
W Va-2
1,000
430
120
320
-
-
-
Neg.
180
42
200
19,200
15
-
820
20,200
625
162
1,340
_
-
-
W Va-3
3,000
1,190
340
1,200
-
-
-
2,250
1,720
420
1,650
3,180
150
-
3,920
8,430
3,060
760
6,770
_
-
-
Area
total
847,000
9,091
7,458
35,820
20,510
10,000
29,430
11,250
6,270
621
4,674
63,790
1,637
-
12,630
922,040
16,998
8,079
53,124
20,510
10,000
29,430
-------
SULFUR OXIDES,
45,100 tons/yr
PARTICULATE,
19,700 tons/yr
OTHER
INDUSTRIAL
FUELS
DISTILLATE OIL
ESIDUAL OIL
DISTILLATE OIL 0.5%
NATURAL GAS 3.0%
OTHER INDUSTRIAL
FUELS 2.5%
NATURAL GAS NEGLIGIBLE
Figure 10. Sulfur oxides and particulate emissions in the study area due to
fuel combustion by various fuels
SULFUR OXIDES,
45,100 tons/yr
RESIDENTIAL FUEL
COMMERCIAL AND
GOVERNMENTAL
HEATING
3%
PARTICULATE,
19,700 tons/yr
RESIDENTIAL
IFUEL
COMMERCIAL AND
GOVERNMENTAL
HEATING
2%
Figure 11. Sulfur oxides and particulate emissions in the study area
due to fuel combustion by various sources
33
-------
COAL,
922,040 tons/yr
COMMERCIAL
AND
GOVERNMENTAL
1.1%
RESIDENTIAL
DISTILLATE OIL,
16,998,000 gal/yr
COMMERCIAL AND
GOVERNMENTAL
37%
RESIDUAL OIL,
8,079,000 gal/yr
COMMERCIAL
AND
GOVERNMENTAL
9%
COMMERCIAL
AND
GOVERNMENTAL
NATURAL GAS,
53 x 109 ft3/yr
RESIDENTIAL
24%
Figure 12. Percentage of each heating fuel consumed in area by
various use categories
34
-------
Refuse Disposal Emissions
Over the course of a year 233,000 tons of refuse is generated in the study area,
of which 68 percent is burned in municipal dumps, or by on-site burning by industries
and individuals. The remaining 32 percent is either non-combustible refuse or is
disposed of in land-fills. Municipal collection service varies from very little
pickup in rural areas to almost 97 percent in one urban area. On-site burning in
residential and commercial areas and at industrial sites accounts for 70 percent
of the combustible material burned; the remaining 30 percent is burned in municipal
dumps. A breakdown of refuse disposal data by emission zones is shown in Table 20.
The 3,000 tons of particulates from refuse burning amounts to 6 percent of the total
area particulate emissions. Only 70 tons of SOX, a negligible portion of the areas
total SOX emissions, comes from refuse burning.
Table 20.' REFUSE DISPOSAL IN STUDY AREA DURING 1965
(tons/year)
Zone
0-1
0-2
Ohio
K-l
K-2
K-3
Ky.
W Va-1
W Va-2
W Va-3
W. Va.
Area
totals
Population
39,693
15,745
29,238
20,880
31,283
30,614
32,938
83,627
284,018
Total
refuse
produced3
32,600
12,900
24,000
17,100
25,700
25,100
27,000
68,600
233,000
Municipal
collection3
2,290
21,400
66,500
90,190
Industrial
on site9
disposal
180
4,170
4,270
2,060
10,680
Amount
burned
25,300
10,000
18,600
17,400
9,610
19,500
21,000
37,400
158,810
Emissions
Partic-
ulate
460
240
700
320
320
230
870
330
350
880
1,560
3,130
S0x
11
6
17
8
14
6
28
8
9
14
31
76
a
Noncombustible material included in table.
Mobile Sources
Automobiles, buses, and trucks operating in the study area consumed over 90.6
million gallons of gasoline and 6.8 million gallons of diesel fuel during 1965.
Together, the burning of these two fuels accounted for 1 percent of the SO and
X
particulate emissions in the area. The consumption of gasoline and diesel fuel and
the emissions from these fuels are shown in Table 21 for each zone.
35
-------
Emissions from aircraft, railroad engines, and river traffic were not consid-
ered separately in this study since these forms of traffic in the area were not
heavy enough to be of significance.
Table 21. MOTOR VEHICLE FUEL CONSUMPTION AND POLLUTANT EMISSIONS
Zone
0-1
0-2
Ohio total
K-l
K-2
K-3
Kentucky total
W Va-1
W Va-2
W Va-2
West Virginia total
Area total
Fuel consumption, gal
Gasoline
13,579,000
8,704,000
22,283,000
9,157,000
4,105,000
16,103,000
29,365,000
6,273,000
8,592,000
24,142,000
39,007,000
90,655,000
Diesel fuel
1,030,000
660,000
1,690,000
511,000
229,000
898,000
1 ,638,000
564,000
773,000
2,171,000
3,508,000
6,836,000
Pollutant emissions, tons/yr
Particulates
130
84
214
79
35
140
254
66
90
250
406
874
Sulfur oxides
82
52
134
51
23
90
164
40
54
150
244
542
Power Plants
There are no commercial power generation plants within the five-county study
area. One power generation plant is located approximately 6 miles north of
Louisa, Kentucky, and will be discussed later in this report in the section on
Point Sources Outside the Study Area.
Point Sources
Any individual site in the study area that emitted 100 tons or more per year of
either SOX or particulate was considered to be a point source. These sources consis-
ted of chemical companies, fertilizer plants, coke plants, cement plants, foundries,
and steel plants. Sixteen such point sources produce 33,000 tons of particulate and
40,000 tons of SOX per year. Locations of these 16 point sources are shown on Figure 7.
The two major categories of point sources of particulate emissions in the study
area are chemical pi ants(37 percent of the area total) and iron and steel manufacturing
plants (33 percent of the area total). Chemical plants are also the major point
source of sulfur oxides (49 percent of the area total) along with oil refineries
36
-------
(25 percent of tne area total). Participate emissions from point sources come from
fuel combustion and process emissions in about equal portion. The greatest portion
of SOX from point sources is from fuel combustion.
The information used to calculate emissions from the point sources, listed in
Table 22, was obtained through the voluntary response of each individual plant to a
questionnaire. With a few exceptions, each industry provided information that was
converted into a_nnual emissions by applying emission factors developed by the Public
Health Service or by utilizing actual emission rates provided by industry on the
inventory questionnaire.
Alpha Portland Cement Company supplied to the Public Health Service, on a
voluntary cooperative basis, their best estimate of 1700 tons per year as the
quantity of particulate matter emitted from the cement kilns in their Ironton plant.
The Public Health Service publication, "Atmospheric Emissions from the Manufacture
of Portland Cement," indicates that a dry process rotary kiln will emit approximately
46 pounds of particulates per barrel of cement produced. Based on the production
rate provided and the reported collection system efficiency, the resultant emissions
to the atmosphere would be 2600 tons of particulates per year. An annual emissions
of 2600 tons/year has been used in the remainder of this report for calculations used
in determining the impact and area-wide effect of this source. It is recognized
that this difference in estimated emissions should be resolved.
As noted in Table 22, estimations of emissions from two plants, Armco Steel
Corporation, and U.S.S. Chemicals Company, were made by the Public Health Service.
The U.S.S. Cnemicals Company returned data on an inventory questionnaire but a
company request regarding publication of such data resulted in return of the
questionnaire to the company by the Public Health Service. Armco Steel Corporation
participated in the initial phases of the survey and cooperated fully in a plant
visit maae by Public Health Service engineers. This company, however, elected not
to complete and return the questionnaire on a voluntary basis. Emissions from
these sources are the best engineering estimates possible from existing published
data on these facilities. These estimates could be verified or more accurate
estimates could be made through access to information requested on the inventory
questionnaire.
Tne Agricultural Division of Allied Chemical Corporation manufactures nitrogen
fertilizer at its plant at South Point, Ohio. Emissions from fuel combustion at this
plant are listed in Table 22. Data provided by this Company indicate that in addition
to those emissions from fuel combustion, the plant emits about 4,400 tons per year of
nitrogen oxides and about 2,600 tons per year of ammonia.
37
-------
Table 22. POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS IN STUDY AREA DURING 1965
(tons/year)
Table 22. POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS IN STUDY AREA DURING 1965
(tons/year)
Industry
1 Allied Chemical Corp.
Agricultural Div.
2 U.S.S. Chemicals Div.a
of U.S. Steel Corp.
3 Alpha Portland6
Cement Company
4 Dayton Malleable
Iron Co. Ironton
Malleable Div.
5 - Allied Chemical Corp.
Plastics Division
6 Allied Chemical Corp.
Semet-Sol vay Div.
Ohio totals
7 Armco Steel Corp.3
8 C & 0 Railway Co.
Plant II
Plant III
9 Kentucky Electric
Steel Company
10 Pittsburgh
Activated Carbon Co.
11 Ashland Oil and
Refining Co.
12 - Allied Chemical Corp.
Semet-Solvay Div.
Kentucky totals
13 - Novamont Corp.
14 International Nickel
Co. , Inc. , Huntington
Alloy Products Div.
15 H. K. Porter Co. ,
Conners Steel Div.
16 Holland-Suco
Color Company
West Virginia totals
Area totals
Fuel combustion
Particulate
10,700
400
5
45
120
890
12,160
96
360
90
2
Neg.
1,600
1,790
3,938
1,080
8
230
1,318
17,416
S0x
17,400
1,150
46
70
150
2,280
21 ,096
620
150
170
Neg.
Neg.
10,400
3,890
15,230
1,020
Neg.
800
1,820
38,146
Process emissions
Particulate
1,700
890
1,000
3,590
7,830
590
350
560
1,340
10,670
150
1,400
2
1,552
15,812
SOX
1,800
1,800
Neg.
400
500
Oc
900
j
Unknown
0
2,700
Refuse disposal
Particulate
4
-
4
SOX
Neg.
Neg.
Not reported
6
2
100
108
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
112
Neg.
8
8
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
8
Total emissions
Particulate
10,704
400
1,705
935
120
1,890
15,754
7,926
366
90
594
350
2,260
3,130
14,716
1,080
150
1,408
232
2,870
33,340
SOX
17,400
1,150
46
70
150
4,080
22,896
620
150
170
Neg.
400
10,908
3,890
16,138
1,020
Neg.
Neg.
j
800d
1,820
40,854
Information on this company was either not reported or was not released for use in this report because of
company policy. Estimates of the emissions were made by the engineering staff of NCAPC.
Emission data supplied by Alpha Portland Cement Company.
""During 1965 the plant's HjS emissions were not flared to produce SO?; therefore, 910 tons of ^S was dis-
charged that year.
The sulfur oxide emissions from the processes employed at Holland-Suco Color Company are unknown at this
time. During a plant visit by PHS personnel, it was noted, however, that strong odors of H2S and SOj
were observed.
38
-------
Other Sources
Sources that emit less than 100 tons of pollutant are included as part of the
aggregate total of emissions in each reporting zone. Although these sources do not
reach the 100 tons per year criterion for listing as point sources, several cause
local nuisance problems.
Small quantities of certain pollutants, because of pollutant characteristics
or nearness of residential areas, may substantially affect the surrounding environment.
Southern California Chemical Company in Ironton, Ohio, is a local source of
odorous hydrogen sulfide emissions. Emissions from this plant are small and vary
according to the batch process used to produce certain chemicals; consequently,
emission estimates were not made. Intermittent odors, however, can be of major con-
cern in a neighborhood.
Process emissions of particulates were estimated for the Standard Slag Company
in Ashland, Kentucky; however, air-borne dusts resulting from wind action on stone
storage piles may contribute more particulate to the atmosphere than the company
processing, wind blown dusts from open coal cars in the area and large coal storage
piles in South Ironton also were neglected because realistic estimates of actual loss
could not be determined. Nonetheless, such emissions are real and constitute a prob-
lem to downwind residents.
Occasional burning of car bodies at the Manshach Metal Company in Ashland
produces only small quantities of particulates on an annual weight basis, but local
fallout of coarse sootfall particulates from open burning of organic materials in
the salvage operation could appreciably affect the nearby commercial district of
Ashland.
Point Sources Outside the Study Core Area
Because of their remote locations and meteorological considerations, emis-
sions from certain sources outside the study core area have only limited impact on
the air quality in the area; examples are Marquette Cement Manufacturing Company,
located at Pedro, Ohio, and Kentucky Power Company, located at Louisa, Kentucky.
Marquette Cement Company emits a calculated 7500 tons of particulates per year,
and the Kentucky Power Company emits 6240 tons of SO annually. Neither of these
emissions has been included in the emissions inventory.
39
-------
Space Heating
An important reason for delineating sources of fuel burning is to ascertain the
seasonal variation in emissions due to space-heating requirements. Most of the resi-
dential, commercial, and governmental fuel is burned during the winter for space-
heating; smaller quantities are used in other seasons for cooking, air conditioning,
and water heating. Small manufacturing establishments utilize a portion of their
fuel for space heating. However, larger industries, ordinarily utilize excess proc-
cess steam or some other form of process heat for their space-heating requirements.
Emissions of SOX and particulates, based on various space-heating days, are
shown in Tables 23 and 24. Variation in SO emissions from a minimum to a maximum
space-heating day amounts to only 70 tons per day. The reason for this small
variation is shown in Figure 13. The amount of heat consumed by industrial sources
accounts for 73 percent of the total heat consumption. Since this is predominately
process heat, emissions are at a constant rate and, therefore, little variation
would occur from a minimum to a maximum space-heating day.
The greatest portion of the particulate emissions is from industrial processes
and industrial fuel combustion, which are nearly constant throughout the year.
Thus, there is very little variation in particulate emissions throughout the year.
Table 23. SULFUR OXIDE EMISSIONS ON MINIMUM, AVERAGE, AND MAXIMUM
SPACE-HEATING DAYS IN THE STUDY AREA DURING 1965
SO emissions, tons/day
Zone Area
0-1 Lawrence County (450 mi )
0-2 City of Ironton (6.0 mi )
2
K-l Greenup County (350 mi )
K-2 Boyd County (151 mi2)
K-3 City of Ashland (8.0 mi2)
WVa-1 Wayne County (511.6 mi2)
WVa-2 Cabell County (265.0 mi2)
WVa-3 City of Huntington (14.0 mi2)
Totals Study area 1755.6 mi
Min.
52
11
5
33
14
3
1
2
121
Avg.
59
14
5
36
21
7
5
6
153
Max.
71
19
6
41
24
12
11
13
197
40
-------
Table 24. PARTICULATE EMISSIONS ON MINIMUM, AVERAGE, AND MAXIMUM
SPACE-HEATING DAYS IN THE STUDY AREA DURING 1965
Zone Area
2
0-1 Lawrence County (450 mi )
0-2 City of Ironton (6.0 mi2)
K-l Greenup County (350 mi2)
K-2 Boyd County (151 mi2)
K-3 City of Ashland (8.0 mi2)
WVa-1 Wayne County (511.6 mi2)
WVa-2 Cabell County (265.0 mi2)
WVa-3 City of Huntington (14.0 mi2)
Totals Study area 1755.6 mi2
Parti cul ate emissions, tons/day
Min.
70
6
27
10
9
5
2
9
138
Avg.
72
7
27
12
9
5
3
10
145
Max.
77
9
27
15
10
7
5
11
161
HEAT SUPPLIED BY PRINCIPAL FUELS
FUEL OIL
HEAT CONSUMED BY SOURCE CATEGORIES
HEAT VALUES OF FUELS
COAL - 26 x 106 Btu/ton
FUEL OIL - 142,000 Btu/gal
NATURAL GAS - 1100 Btu/ft3
COMMERCIAL
AND
GOVERNMENTAL
Figure 13. Heat consumed by source categories and supplied by principal fuels.
INDUSTRIAL
CONSUMPTION
73%
41
-------
METEOROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS
Winds
During the course of the survey the Public Health Service operated wind recording
systems at Huntington, Kenova, and Ironton. Aerovane wind sensors of the type used
at the Tri-State Airport were utilized. The measurements were taken at these valley
locations since wind data collected routinely during the study at the Tri-State Airport
were not considered representative of the valley conditions. Wind roses for the data
collected at the three valley stations are shown in Figure 14.
At the Huntington station, the most frequent wind direction was west-southwest,
directly parallel to the centerline of the valley. Winds from this direction occurred
12 percent of the time. South through west winds were more frequent than winds from
COUNTY
OHIO
'\
Figure 14. Wind roses for Huntington, Kenova, and South Ironton, September 1965
through August 1966.
42
-------
other quadrants; this is indicative of the influence of the prevailing winds for the
region exclusive of any local topographic effects. The least frequent winds are those
that blew across the valley. Northwest, north-northwest, and south-south^st winds
each occurred only 3 percent of the time.
The most frequent wind direction at Kenova was west, which occurred 12.8 percent
of the time. A westerly flow is generally parallel to the Ohio River Valley at this
point. The next two most frequent directions were south and north, indicative of airflow
out of and into the Big Sandy River Valley, which is oriented north-south, and which
joins the Ohio Valley at Kenova.
The wind rose for the Ironton station also shows the effect of the prevailing
winds for the region. The most outstanding feature at the station is the frequent
wind from the east, which occurred 18.1 percent of the time. The east wind is caused
by nighttime and morning drainage of cold air down the Ice Creek Valley just east of
the South Ironton station. The easterly flow is shallow and would not be expected to
cross the Ohio River Valley as an east wind. It would join with air in the valley,
spread out, or turn and follow the valley, and then augment a northwesterly or
southeasterly flow.
Temperature Inversions
As in the case of wind data, vertical temperature information collected at the
Tri-State Airport was not considered representative of stability conditions in the
valley. To obtain suitable data in the valley, vertical temperature measurements were
taken for each of the four seasons using a tethered balloon system in the lower 1000-
foot layer above the valley floor. Measurements were made at 2-hour intervals at
Kenova, West Virginia, during the periods October 5-10, 1965, May 12-16, 1966, and
August 17-25, 1966, and at Ashland, Kentucky, during January 17-22, 1966.
Temperature soundings were made between 4 ana 12 a.m. and between 4 and 12 p.m.
Useful data were collected in a total of 123 soundings. A summary of the soundings
is shown in Table 25. It shows that a temperature inversion condition occured in
67 of the soundings, and a surface-based inversion in 37 of the soundings. The
elevation of the top of the surface-based inversion varied with meteorological con-
ditions, but generally ranged between about 100 and 700 feet. Many of the soundings
showed more than one inversion- layer, and sometimes inversion conditions existed to
the top of the sounding, 800 feet or more above the ground surface. Figure 15 shows
examples of surface-based inversions on two successive days. Either would have
severely reduced the vertical diffusion of atmospheric pollution.
43
-------
Table 25. SUMMARY OF TETHERSOHDE MEASUREMENTS OF TEMPERATURE INVERSION3
Time of
sounding to
nearest hour
(E.S.T.)
0400 - 0600
0700 - 0900
1000 - 1200
1600 - 1800
1900 - 2100
2200 - 2400
Seasonal
period
(1965-66)
Fall
Winter
Spring
Sunnier
Fall
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
Winter
Spring
Summer
Total
No Inversion
(cases)
0
0
1
2
0
2
8
8
0
3
2
7
2
1
4
4
0
2
2
2
0
2
1
3
56
Inversion
(cases)
1
3
4
4
3
4
0
4
1
0
1
1
0
3
3
1
2
4
5
9
2
1
5
6
67
Surface-based
Inversion
(cases)
1
1
3
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
2
3
0
0
2
5
5
1
1
5
5
37
Average top of
surface-based
Inversion
(feet)
55
110
475
c
—
110
...
100
210
...
...
...
...
165
26E
—
...
375
300
280
100
100
255
380
Inversion aloft
with no surface-
based inversion
(cases)
0
2
1
4
3
3
0
3
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
2
2
0
4
1
0
0
1
30
Average base,
lowest inversion
layer aloft, no
surface inversion
(feet)
—
165
495
95
290
365
—
380
...
...
930
400
...
530
...
805
495
535]
...
100
195
...
...
200
Average top,
lowest inversion
layer aloft, no
surface Inversion
(feet)
...
565
810
480
380
555
...
590
...
>955
595
...
645
—
>945
>765
>680
—
415
470
...
...
595
aA temperature inversion was considered to have occurred when air temperature increased with height through a
layer and the measured temperature increase exceeded o.5T..
bFa11 - October 5-10, 1965; Kenova, West Virginia
Winter - January 17-22, 1966; Ashland, Kentucky
Spring - May 12-16, 1966; Kenova, West Virginia
Summer - August 17-25, 1966; Kenova, West Virginia
C0ashed line Indicates no appropriate data
-------
1000
900
800
700
: 600
500
400
300
200
100
+15
• DRY AOIABATIC LAPSE RATE
TIME: 2100 EST
DATE: MAY 15, 1966
SKY CONDITION: THIN HIGH CLOUDS
VISIBILITY : 10 mil.s
WEATHER: THIN SMOKE
SURFACE WIND: CALM
GROUND ZERO: 540 ft. MSL
TEMPERATURE
I
% DRY ADIABATIC LAPSE RATE
TIME: 0525 EST %
DATE: MAY 16, 1966 %
SKY CONDITION: BROKEN HIGH CLOUDS %
VISIBILITY: 3 miles %
WEATHER: FOG AND SMOKE
SURFACE WIND: 180 degrees, 7 mph
GROUND ZERO: 540 ft. MSL
'TEMPERATURE
I
I
+16
+17
+18 +19
TEMPERATURE, "C
+20
+21
+22
+11
+12
+13
+14 +15
TEMPERATURE, "C
+16
+17
+18
Figure 15. Vertical temperature soundings taken at Kenova, W. Va.
-------
Meteorological Representativeness
In order to properly evaluate the significance of the pollutant data, meteor-
ological data were analyzed to determine whether weather conditions during the
sampling period were representative of those normally experienced in the area.
Meterological data collected at the Tri-State Airport durina the study period
910
were compared with the normals ' experienced over several years at this and
previous observational sites.
The entire study period averaged only 1.3°F colder than normal. January and
February 1966, however, were much colder than normal. The significance in relation
to air pollution is that emissions from the combustion of fuel used for space heating
are likely to have been higher than normal during the two mid-winter months. Heating
degree-day totals were 34 percent greater than normal in January and 12 percent
greater than normal in February. The heating degree-day is used by the fuel industry
to estimate fuel use for space heating.
Total precipitation for the period was nearly normal. Monthly precipitation,
however, was somewhat variable. April and September were wetter than normal, while
December 1965 and March, May, and June 1966 were dryer. Daytime cloudiness was
about normal for the overall period, although March 1966 was cloudier than normal,
while January and April had comparatively less cloudiness. Precipitation and cloudi-
ness are usually associated with conditions favorable for good atmospheric dispersion
of pollutants.
Wind speed is a primary factor affecting dispersion of pollutants since it
determines the amount of air available for dilution of pollutants. The mean hourly
wind speed for the period was very close to normal, and monthly deviations from
normal were not significant.
The pattern of wind direction frequencies for the study period was very
similar to that over a previous three-year period (Figure 16.). Notable deviations,
about 3 percent in each case, were a greater incidence of south winds and fewer
calms during the study period. The greater incidence of south winds indicates that
the flow of air pollution from West Virginia and Kentucky into Ohio was somewhat
higher than normal.
Some of the monthly departures from normal were significant and may have
caused short-term anomalies in the pollutant data collected. Overall, however, the
average weather conditions for the period of the study were very nearly normal.
46
-------
4.9%
4.6%
5.0%
— 67%
•5.1%
•42%
— 4.4%
— 6.7%
9.9%
— 13.4%
S
•SEPT. 1965 - AUG. 1966
•JAN. 1962 - DEC. 1964
Figure 16. Percent frequency of wind directions for survey period
vs comparable long-term period at Tri-State Airport.
MATERIAL EFFECTS MEASUREMENTS
The effects of air pollution on materials are measured throughout the United
States at Interstate Surveillance Stations operated by the National Center for Air
Pollution Control. In the study area Interstate Surveillance Stations have been
operating since January 1966 in Ironton, Ashland, and Huntington. At these three
stations measurements were made of zinc and steel corrosion, dye fading, rubber
deterioration, silver tarnishing, sulfation, dustfall, and wind-blown particulates.
The 1966 and 1967 annual corrosion rates for zinc and steel in the study area are
listed in Table 26. For comparison, in 1966, 25 percent of the some 60 Inter-
state Surveillance Stations had a corrosion rate of less than 0.03 mil penetration
47
-------
per year (mpy) for zinc and 1.1 mpy for steel; 50 percent of the stations had a rate
of less than 0.07 mpy for zinc and 1.4 mpy for steel; and 75 percent of all stations
had a rate of less than 0.1 mpy for zinc and 2.0 mpy for steel.
Table 26. ANNUAL CORROSION RATE OF ZINC AND STEEL AT STUDY AREA STATIONS
Stations
Ironton
Ashland
Huntington
Corrosion rate, mpy
1966
0.05
0.08
0.07
Zinc
1967
0.05
0.04
-
Steel
1966
2.1
1.8
1.7
1967
1.5
1.5
1.5
Dyed fabrics known to be sensitive to oxides of nitrogen and ozone were exposed.
The average dye-fading rate in Judd units per 90 days for 1966 and 1967 at the three
stations are listed in Table 27. In 1966, 25 percent of all Interstate Surveillance
Stations had an average color-change rate of less than 26 Judd units per 90 days for
NO -sensitive fabric and 17 Judd units per 90 days for the ozone-sensitive fabric.
Half of the stations had rates less than 31 and 20, respectively.
Table 27. AVERAGE DYE-FADING RATE AT STUDY AREA STATIONS
Stations
Ironton
Ashland
Huntington
Fading rate, Judd units/90 days
NO -sensitive
1966 A 1967
23 18
23 15
22 17
Oo-sensitive
1966J 1967
18 15
16 16
18 17
Nylon panels were exposed at three study area sites. Damage to these panels,
however, was negligible.
Rubber deterioration was measured during the entire period on a weekly basis;
however, because of a sampling discrepancy, all results prior to October 1966 were
voided. Figure 17 is a comparison between median and upper quartile cracking rates
for all Interstate Surveillance Stations and the average monthly cracking rates for
the three stations in the study area. The bars on the graph represent the values
not exceeded by 75 percent and 50 percent, respectively, of all Interstate
Surveillance Stations, while the individual study area station values are identified
by horizontal lines on the figure.
48
-------
250
200
o
s_
(J
'i
. 150
Q_
LlJ
Q
o
2
o
100
50
J75 percent!le) NATIONAL
]50 percentilej AVERAGE
-IRONTON
•ASHLAND
•HUNTINGTON
OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT
1966 1967
Figure 17. Rubber cracking in study area cities compared with national averages.
In general the rubber cracking at Ironton and Ashland approximates the median
levels of the Surveillance Network; however, the levels at Huntington after January
1967 were consistently higher than this median value and often approached the upper
quartile levels of the Surveillance Network.
Tarnishing of silver was measured on specimens with 1-month exposure
periods. The 1966 and 1967 average tarnishing rates, in percent reflectance loss per
30 days, are presented in Table 28. In 1966, 50 percent of the Interstate Surveillance
Stations had a silver tarnishing rate of less than 69 percent reflectance loss per
30 days; 75 percent had a rate of less than 80; and 90 percent had a rate of less
than 87.
49
-------
Table 28. SILVER TARNISHING RATES AT STUDY AREA STATIONS
Stations
Ironton
Ashland
Huntington
Percent reflectance loss per 30 days
1966
89
79
71
1967
88
73
71
Annual average sulfation rates are listed in Table 29. The units of sulfation
are milligrams of sulfur trioxide equivalent accumulated on 100 square centimeters
of surface per day. Results obtained from the effects measurements are consistent
with those obtained at sampling stations during the course of the comprehensive air
quality survey.
Table 29. SULFATION RATES AT STUDY AREA STATIONS
Stations
Ironton
Ashland
Huntington
2
Sulfation, mg SO.,/100 cm -day
1966
1.0
0.5
0.4
1967
1.9
0.5
0.3
The annual average dustfall rates listed in Table 30 represent the total dustfall,
both soluble and insoluble, and are reported in tons per square mile per month. These
data are consistent with those obtained in the comprehensive survey.
Table 30. DUSTFALL RATE AT STUDY AREA STATIONS
S tations
Ironton
Ashland
Huntington
2
Dustfall, tons/mi -mo
1966
56
20
22
1967
59
17
17
50
-------
Wind-blown particulates were measured by a sticky pap^r method. Vertical cyl-
inders around which are attached bands of adhesive paper with the adhesive surface
outward are exposed so wind-borne particles may impinge upon them. Particles are cap-
tured and accumulate on the side of the cylinder facing the wind. Results for the
three stations are presented in the form of pollution roses in Figure 18. The 1966 and
1967 average deposition rate, reported as the number of particles deposited per square
IRONTON
0 0.2 0.6 1.0 U
I I I I I
RATIO
Figure 18. Pollution roses showing ratio of annual rate of particulate loading
from each direction to overall annual average rate for all directions,
1966 and 1967.
51
-------
millimeter of paper exposed for 7 days, is presented in the center of each rose. The
lengths of the bars extending from the center are proportional to the ratio of the rate
of particle deposition from that direction to the average rate of particle deposition
from all directions. The data are presented in this way to show the particulates
accumulated when the wind blows from each direction. Since data are available for 2
years, there are two annual averages presented in the center and each direction has
two bars. The 1966 average is the upper value and the 1967 average the lower in the
center of each figure. From these pollution roses it is readily apparent that 1967
data are almost identical to the 1966 data. The Ironton station receives about 20
percent more particulates from the northeast, east, and southeast than it does from
the opposite directions. The Ashland station receives about 40 percent more partic-
ulates from the northwest than from the southeast. The Huntington station receives
about 30 percent more particulate from the southwest and south than it does from the
opposite directions. The Ironton station has extremely high values while the average
for the Ashland and Huntington stations are considered moderate. The particulates
at all locations were generally classified to be of a combustible nature.
In summary, the Interstate Surveillance Station results indicate that pollu-
tion levels have not changed significantly from 1966 to 1967. Rubber cracking in-
dicates that the ozone season starts in February, a month earlier than it is normal-
ly expected. The tarnishing of silver, probably from hydrogen sulfide pollution, is
a problem in Ironton, Ohio.
52
-------
V. POLLUTION IMPACT ON STUDY AREA
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF POLLUTANTS
Iso-intensity maps were constructed for suspended participate, sulfation, and
dustfall results. Mean concentrations of sulfation and dustfall were plotted, anrd
median concentrations were used for suspended particulates. As would be expected,
the patterns of pollutant iso-intensity lines coincide with similar high emissions,
as determined by the source emission inventory.
The iso-intensity map for suspended particulate high-volume samples appears in
Figure 19. The area of highest concentrations, above 125 yg/irr, was centered about
the Coal Grove - South Ironton sites. Next highest concentrations, above 100 yg/m^,
LAWRENCE COUNTY
OHIO
D < 75 pg/m
EJ 75 - 99 wg/m3
E! 100 12l( yg/m3
• > 12
-------
form a circular pattern that includes the South Ironton - Coal Grove area and extends
south to encompass a large part of the Ashland, Kentucky, area. Two additional
areas of suspended particulate in excess of 100 vg/m were found in Kenova
and Huntington. Concentrations exceeding 75 ug/m3 were generally found to exist
over the river valley area extending from the middle of Ironton southeast to Kenova;
a similar area exists in Huntington, but its boundary was not defined.
Geographic distribution of settleable particulate (dustfall) is given in
2
Figure 20. Concentrations greater than 25 tons/mi - mo. were found about the
2
South Ironton and Coal Grove sites. Levels in excess of 20 tons/mi - mo. comprise
an almost circular area about 4 miles in diameter, centered about the South Ironton
station. Other isolated areas of high dustfall levels were found about the Kenova -
South Point sites and the central Huntington station. Generally, the entire urban
2
portion of the study area reflected levels in excess of 10 tons/mi - mo.
LAWRENCE •"•lir.TV
OHIO
D
< 10 tons/mi - mo
010 19 tons/mi - mo
Q20 25 tons/mi2- mo
• > 25 tons/mi - mo
Figure 20. Geographic distribution of mean values for settleable
particulate (dustfall).
54
-------
An iso-concentration map depicting the geographic distribution of sulfation
levels is given in Figure 21. Previous studies have shown that these sulfation
measurements can be used as a gross indication of sulfur dioxide pollution. As
pointed out in earlier sections, existing sulfation data indicate the lack of an
overall sulfur dioxide problem in the study area; however, it was considered advis-
able to present the geographic distribution shown in Figure 21 to pinpoint possible
areas where localized problems might occur. The only area depicting sulfation
2
levels in excess of 0.6 mg S03/100 cm - day is centered about the South Ironton -
Coal Grove stations.
OHIO
, A
.S*"/
KENTUCKY
D < O.^ m)gSO /100 cm - day
HO.') 0.5 migSO^/100 cm2 -day
ED0.6 0.7'mgso /Ioo cm2 day
• > 0.7'm|gSO /100 cm2 - day
Figure 21. Geographic distribution of mean sulfation concentrations
55
-------
POLLUTION AND WIND DIRECTION
Smoke
Smoke roses were prepared for the Tri-State Airport to relate the occurrence
of smoke, or smoke and haze (in the absence of fog or precipitation) to wind direc-
tion. The smoke rose for the period September 1965 through August 1966 is shown in
Figure 22. Reduction of visibility by smoke occurred at the airport 7.5 percent of
the time. The more prominent smoke directions were northwest through north, con-
stituting about a fourth of the occurrences. In considering only those cases in
which visibility was reduced to less than 3 miles, the prominent directions contri-
buted more than a third of 64 hourly occurrences. Instrument navigation is required
for flight operations at the airport with visibility less than 3 miles. On three oc-
casions, visibility was reduced below a mile by smoke, a condition that causes
severe curtailment of flights at the airport.
CALM
Figure 22. Smoke rose showing percent frequency of wind directions with occurence
of smoke or smoke and haze as a restriction to visibility at Tri-State
Airport, W. Va., September 1965 through August 1966.
56
-------
The smoke roses point to the Ohio River Valley in the direction of major
industrial sources in the vicinity of South Point and Ashland as the primary origin
of the offending smoke. Interstate transport from Kentucky and Ohio into West
Virginia is indicated. Other less prominent legs point to portions of the Big
Sandy River Valley and toward the Ohio River Valley in the direction of Huntington
as additional sources of smoke. It is evident that smoke pollution causes visibility
to be reduced at the Tri-State Airport and occurs frequently enough to significantly
affect flight operations.
Soiling Index
Soiling index roses were constructed for the period December 1965 through May
1966. Roses for Ironton, Ashland, and Huntington stations are shown in Figure 23.
The roses show the percentage of time each wind direction was accompanied by a Coh
value greater than 3.0 per 1000 lineal feet. Data for wind speeds below 1 mph were
not included.
IRONTON
ASHLAND
STATION 1
7.7* OF VALUES >3.0 Coh
IRONTON
ASHLAND
STATION 2
4.A* OF VALUES >3.0 Coh
HDNT1NGTON
STATION 3
2.1* OF VALUES >3.0 Coh
WIND DATA FROM SAME STATION
EXCEPT STATION 1 WINDS USED
WITH STATION 2 POLLUTION DATA
DATA FOR WIND SPEEDS
<1 nph NOT USED
10
I
20 30
OCCURRENCE,
Figure 23. Soiling index pollution roses showing percent of values for each wind
direction exceeding 3.0 Cohs/1000 lineal feet, December 1965 through
May 1966.
At all stations, winds with an easterly component were frequently accompanied
by the higher index values. This in part, reflects relatively lighter winds and
less dispersion occurring with easterly flow. At Huntington, the east through
57
-------
southeast legs are most prominent. Major participate sources in the indicated
directions are Holland-Suco Color Company and Huntington Alloy. The Ashland rose
points generally upriver in the direction of the Allied Chemical plants at Ashland
and at South Point on the Ohio side of the Ohio River. The rose for the South
Ironton station has very prominent legs toward the east-northeast, the direction of
Alpha Portland Cement and southeast toward the Allied Chemical (Semet-Solvay)Plant.
Suspended Particulate
Pollution wind roses, Figure 24, were prepared for three sampling stations for
the periods when the mean 24-hour concentration of suspended particulates exceeded
a given value. At Huntington (3) and Kenova (6) the roses show the frequency of
hourly wind directions that correspond to daily concentrations in excess of 200
3 3
pg/m , while at South Ironton (1) the rose relates to values greater than 300 yg/m .
Particulate concentrations were generally higher in South Ironton than at Huntington
and Kenova.
JH'O
SEPTEMBER, 1965
SEPTEMBER, 1966
_,' STATION 3
>200 yg/m3
X0 5 10 15 20
SEPTEMBER,1965 -
SEPTEMBER, 1966
WEST VIRGINIA
CALM
OCCURRENCE,
Figure 24. Hourly wind roses for 24-hour periods with suspended particulate
concentrations in excess of indicated value.
58
-------
The Huntington rose shows that east and east-southeast are the most frequent
wind directions during high particulate periods. As with the soiling index roses
for this station, the east through southeast legs point in the direction of the
Holland Suco and Huntington Alloy Plants. The prominent directions at Kenova, north
through north-northeast, indicate interstate pollution transport from the Allied
Chemical South Point Plant. Also frequent winds with particulate pollution were
southeast through south-southeast, the general direction of Huntington with allow-
ance made from the river's bend. At South Ironton east-northeast through south are
the frequent directions for high particulate loadings. Such high loadings occurred
on about a third of the easterly wind occurrences. Major sources located in the
direction of the frequent sector are Alpha Portland Cement to the east-northeast,
Allied Chemical (Semet-Solvay) to the southeast, and Allied Chemical Plastics
Division and Armco Steel to the south.
Sulfur Dioxide
The concentrations of sulfur dioxide sampled in the area were generally low.
Nevertheless, SC>2 pollution roses show a directional influence of higher concen-
trations of S02 sampled. Roses for Huntington, Ashland, and South Ironton are
shown in Figure 25. The roses show the percent of time each wind direction was
accompanied by an S02 concentration exceeding 0.02 ppm.
IRONTON
STATION 1
14.8% OF VALUE >0.02 ppm
STATION 3
18.8% OF VALUES > 0.02 ppm
f*
-UNT1NGTON
I
ASHLAND
STATION 2
12.0% OF VALUES > 0.02 ppm t
fl
WIND DATA FROM SAME STATION
EXCEPT STATION 1 WINDS USED
WITH STATION 2 POLLUTION DATA
DATA FOR WIND SPEEDS
<1 mph NOT USED
0 10 20 30
I 1 i i
OCCURRENCE,
Figure 25. Sulfur dioxide pollution roses showing percent of 2-hour
concentrations for each wind direction exceeding 0.02 ppm,
September 1965 through January 1966.
59
-------
At the Huntington station, north through east winds occurred frequently with
the higher S02 concentrations. Holland-Suco is the only major S0? source located
in the indicated sector. Sulfur dioxide pollution at Ashland occurred generally
with winds from the west-southwest through east-northeast, suggesting transport
from sources located in the northwest portion of Ashland and South Ironton. Sulfur
dioxide pollution at South Ironton originates from the southeast through west-
southwest of South Ironton. Major SO- sources in the specified directions that can
affect the South Ironton station are Allied Chemical (Semet-Solvay) to the south-
east, Allied Chemical Plastics Division to the south, and Armco Steel toward the
southwest.
Hydrogen Sulfide
A hydrogen sulfide pollution rose was prepared for two periods during which
significant concentrations of hydrogen sulfide were sampled at station 1 in
South Ironton. This rose, for the periods December 15, 1965 to January 20, 1966
and April 18, 1966 to May 19, 1966, is shown in Figure 26.
The rose shows frequent occurrence of high HpS levels with generally south-
easterly winds. The most frequent occurrence, 56-percent of the time, was with
south-southeast winds. The probable source of the hydrogen sulfide pollution is the
Allied Chemical (Semet-Solvay) coking operation, which is known to emit substantial
quantities of this malodorous sulfur compound into the atmosphere.
00% 33%
DEC. 15, 1965 - JAN. 20, 1966
APR. 18, 1966 - HAY 19, 1966
53% of values >Q004 ppm
213%
255%
561%
Figure 26. Hydrogen sulfide pollution rose showing percent of 1-hour concentrations
for each wind direction exceeding 0.004 ppm, Station 1 - South Ironton.
60
-------
POTENTIAL IMPACT OF MAJOR POLLUTION SOURCES
Theoretical diffusion calculations were performed to estimate the potential
short-term impact of major point sources on selected receptor points. The calcula-
tions permit a comparison of the expected to the observed impact indicated by the
pollution roses.
Ground-level centerline concentrations of pollutants that can occur at the
sampling stations in Huntington, Kenova, Ashland, and Ironton were calculated for
each of the significantly contributing sources (Tables 31 and 32). The Gaussian
diffusion equation, as given by Gifford , was used. The calculations give esti-
mates of peak, 3- to 15-minute, concentrations for various stability conditions.
Stability was assumed constant in each case through the lowest 1000 meters of the
atmosphere. A mean wind speed of 2.0 meters per second (4.5 mph) was used to
calculate transport rate for sources emitting within the valley, and 3 meters per
second (6.7 mph) was assumed for sources emitting above the valley rim. Calcula-
tions for sources emitting within the valley were limited to relatively
straight and level portions of the valley to minimize the effect that the valley
walls exert on plume dispersion.
The wind roses shown previously in Figure 25 provide indications of the rela-
tive frequency that contaminants are transported from the various major sources
toward the receptor sites. The directions that the sources lie from the receptors
are shown in the tabulations.
The calculations indicate that in the vicinity of Ironton, Armco Steel and
Allied Chemical (Semet-Solvay) are potentially two of the larger contributors to
air pollution near /ground-level. The tabulations for the two Ironton stations show
that the South Ironton station should receive higher pollution levels since it is
nearer the large sources. The calculations do not consider fallout of larger
particulates in the vicinity of the Alpha Cement Plant in South Ironton. About a
tenth of the particulate emissions from the Alpha Cement Plant would be expected to
fall out near the source. The South Ironton station, located less than a mile from
the plant and in the path of frequent easterly winds, would be significantly affected
by this fallout.
The two sources that can have the greatest effect on Ashland are Armco Steel
and the Allied Chemical Agricultural Division plant at South Point. The Allied
Chemical Semet-Solvay plant in South Ashland can also produce a significant con-
tamination at Ashland.
61
-------
CTl
ro
Table 31. CALCULATED GROUND-LEVEL CENTERLINE PARTICULATE CONCENTRATIONS
FROM SINGLE SOURCES UNDER VARIOUS STABILITY CONDITIONS
Station Source
8 - Ironton U.S.S. Chemical Division, U.S. Steel
Dayton Malleable Iron Company
Allied Chemical - Semet-Solvay (Ohio)
Armco Steel Corporation
-Sintering plant
-Blast furnace
-Open hearth
-Basic oxygen furnace
1 - Ironton Alpha Portland Cement
(south) Allied Chemical-Plastics Division
Allied Chemical - Semet-Solvay (Ohio)
Dayton Malleable Iron Company
Armco Steel Corporation
-Sintering plant
-Blast furnace
-Open hearth
-Basic oxygen furnace
2 - Ashland Allied Chemical-Agricultural Division
Allied Chemical - Semet Solvay (Ohio)
Dayton Malleable Iron Company
Armco Steel Corporation
A. C. Lawrence Leather Company
Allied Chemical - Semet Solvay (Ky.)
6 - Kenova Allied Chemical - Agricultural Division
Ashland Oil
Allied Chemical - Semet Solvay (Ky.)
Novamont Corporation
3 - Huntington International Nickel, Hunt. Alloy
H. K. Porter
Holland-Suco Color Company
Direction
of source
WNW
SSE
SE
SSE
SSE
SSE
SSE
ENE
S
SSE
W
ssw
sw
ssw
S
SE
NNW
NNW
NW
SE
SE
N
SSW
NNW
S
ESE
NNW
E
Distance,
km
13.4
2.7
3.6
3.9
3.7
4.1
4.4
1.1
0.7
0.4
0.6
1.4
1.6
1.4
1.4
6.4
3.8
4.7
3.8
1.2
3.4
3.5
3.7
6.5
11.6
3.6
0.5
0.7
Concentration ,yq/m
Unstable
__
35
28
—
--
195
--
238
43
671
478
136
78
>1000
43
86
25
-_
94
21
74
226
40
21
--
--
430
—
Slightly
unstable
__
104
88
39
27
561
44
264
109
>1000
658
341
114
>1000
--
276
79
37
300
45
217
705
126
57
--
--
889
--
Neutral
__
298
286
144
63
>1000
--
24
218
>1000
249
857
31
550
--
>1000
263
142
944
54
555
>1000
354
179
54
41
>1000
—
Slightly
stable
28
427
493
280
60
>1000
--
__
262
>1000
54
>1000
--
52
--
>1000
457
250
>1000
28
>1000
>1000
419
413
106
80
>1000
--
Stable
59
449
>1000
587
--
488
--
-_
197
>1000
--
>1000
--
--
--
>1000
980
386
>1000
_-
>1000
>1000
243
843
171
168
336
32
aDashed line indicates concentration of less than 20
-------
Table 32. CALCULATED GROUND-LEVEL CENTERLINE SULFUR DIOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS
FROM SINGLE SOURCES UNDER VARIOUS STABILITY CONDITIONS
Station Source
8 - Ironton U.S.S. Chemical Division, U.S. Steel
Allied Chemical - Semet Solvay (Ohio)
Armco Steel Corporation
1 - Ironton (south) Allied Chemical - Semet Solvay (Ohio)
Allied Chemical - Plastics Division
Armco Steel Corporation
2 - Ashland Allied Chemical - Agricultural Division
Armco Steel Corporation
Allied Chemical - Semet Solvay (Ohio)
Allied Chemical - Semet Solvay (Ky.)
6 - Kenova Allied Chemical - Agricultural Division
Ashland Oil
Allied Chemical - Semet Solvay (Ky.)
Wood Mosaic
3 - Huntington Holland-Suco Color Company
Direction
of source
WNW
SE
S
SSE
S
WSW
SE
NW
NNU
SE
N
SSW
NNW
E
E
Distance
km
13.4
3.6
3.2
0.4
0.7
1.4
6.4
3.8
3.8
3.4
3.5
3.7
6.5
0.6
0.7
Concentration3 , ppm
Unstable
~
0.22
0.05
0.05
0.13
0.07
b
Slightly
Unstable
0.06
0.09
0.05
0.12
0.16
0.05
0.08
0.42
0.23
0.06
b
Neutral
0.12
0.05
0.10
0.31
0.68
0.12
0.13
1.34
0.64
0.06
0.11
b
Slightly
stable
0.03
0.10
0.10
0.12
0.53
1.24
0.05
0.10
0.04
2.05
0.76
0.07
0.12
b
Stable
0.06
0.21
0.09
0.81
1.97
0.12
2.43
0.43
0.06
b
Dashed line indicates concentration of less than 0.03 ppm.
Process sulfur dioxide emissions not reported.
-------
The main pollution impact at Kenova is indicated to come from the Allied Chem-
ical Agricultural Division plant at South Point. The substantial theoretical im-
pact of SOp from the South Point plant is notable since relatively short-term, 2-
hour sequential, sampling performed at Huntington, Ashland, and South Ironton
appeared to show that SOp ground concentration levels in the study area were not
excessive. Of the plants along the Big Sandy River, only Ashland Oil appears cap-
able of producing significantly high pollutant concentrations at Kenova.
At Huntington, H. K. Porter, Conners Steel Division, is indicated to be the
principal source of particulate pollution. The potential effect of H. K. Porter
emissions on the Huntington station is minimized by infrequent winds from the
direction of the plant; however, other locations in Huntington in the path of more
frequent winds would be affected.
Pollutants other than particulates and SOo can also produce significant
contamination over portions of the study area. Of particular concern are NO- and
gaseous ammonia emitted from the Allied Chemical Agricultural Division plant.
Theoretical calculations performed to estimate the short-term centerline impact
on nearby Kenova showed that N02 concentrations of 0.15 ppm can occur under typical
daytime conditions (slightly unstable) and 0.85 ppm under typical nighttime con-
ditions (slightly stable). The estimated plume centerline concentrations for
gaseous ammonia were 0.24 ppm for daytime and 1.34 ppm for nighttime conditions.
64
-------
REFERENCES
1. "Air Quality Data from the National Air Sampling Network, 1964-1965."
U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health
Service, Division of Air Pollution, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1966.
2. Ohio Department of Health, Division of Engineering, Air Pollution
Unit, Unpublished report: Ironton Survey. Columbus, Ohio 1965.
3. Report in Preparation: "Air Pollution in Seven Urban Areas." Air
Pollution Program. Division of Environmental Health, Kentucky State
Department of Health, Frankfort, Kentucky 1967.
4. "Meteorology and Atomic Energy" U. S. Weather Bureau, Department of
Commerce 1955.
5. Hosier, C. R., "Low Level Inversion Frequency in the Contiguous United
States", Monthly Weather Review, 89: 319-339, September 1961.
6. Pack, D. H., C.R. Hosier, and T. Harris, "A Meteorological Survey of the
PWR Site at Shippingport, Pennsylvania", Special Projects Section, Office
of Meteorological Research, U. S. Weather Bureau, Washington, D.C. 1957.
7. Korshover, J., "Climatology of Stagnating Anticyclones East of Rocky
Mountains, 1936-1965", Public Health Service, Pub. No. 999-AP-34, 1967.
8. Ozolins, G., R. Smith, "A Rapid Survey Technique for Estimating Community Air
Pollution Emissions," Public Health Service, Pub. No. 999-AP-29, 1966. NCACP,
Cincinnati, Ohio.
9. Local Climatological Data. 1965, Annual Summary. Huntington, West
Virginia. U. S. Department of Commerce. Weather Bureau.
10. Local Climatological Data, Annual Summary with Comparative Data, 1966.
Huntington, West Virginia. U.S. Department of Commerce. Environmental
Science Services Administration, Environmental Data Service.
11. Gifford, F. A., "Use of Routine Meteorological Observations for
Estimating Atmospheric Dispersion", Nuclear Safety, 2(4) June, 1961.
65
-------
APPENDICES
Appendix A. AEROMETRY OPERATIONS AND TECHNIQUES
Appendix B. EMISSIONS INVENTORY PROCEDURE
Appendix C. CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF POLLUTANTS
67
-------
Appendix A. AEROMETRY OPERATIONS AND TECHNIQUES
AIR SAMPLING STATIONS
The air sampling network consisted of three major stations located in the
principal population centers and 14 minor stations uniformly distributed for area-
wide coverage of the study area. The major stations were equipped with various
powered air-sampling instruments for several pollutant measurements. The remaining
stations were outfitted for fewer measurements; the simplest stations consisted of
only static dustfall and sulfation devices.
Table A-l lists the air sampling stations and types of sampling devices
employed at each site.
Table A-l. STATION SUMMARY
Station
Number
1
2
3
4
5
Name and
address
State Highway Buildina
6th St. and Clinton
Ironton, Ohio
Kentucky State Building
19th and Carter
Ashland, Kentucky
Marshall University
5th Ave. and 19th Street
Huntington, W. Virginia
Dawson-Bryant High School
Marion Park
Coal Grove, Ohio
Wade Clay Elem. School
49th and Williams
Ashland, Kentucky
Analyzer
Parti culate
Soiling Index
S02-sequential
Effect package
H?S
Dustfall
Sulfation
Parti culate
Soiling Index
SOo-sequential
Effects package
Dustfall
Sulfation
Parti culate
S02-sequential
Effects package
Dustfall
Sulfation
Parti culate
Dustfall
Sulfation
H2S
Parti culate
Dustfall
Sulfation
Frequency
20/month
12/day
12/day
24/day
monthly
monthly
20/month
12/day
12/day
monthly
monthly
20/month
12/day
24 hr/day
month
month
20/month
monthly
monthly
24 hr/day
20/month
month
month
Technique
Hi-vol
smoke shade
colormetric-
West Gaeke
Pb02 candle
Hi-vol
smoke shade
colormetric-
West Gaeke
Pb02 candle
Hi-vol
colormetric-
West Gaeke
Pb02 candle
Hi-vol
Pb02 candle
Hi-vol
Pb02 candle
69
-------
Table A-l. (CONT'D) STATION SUMMARY
Station
Number
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Name and
address
American Oil Station
Oak and 17th Street
Kenova, West Virginia
Burlington Elem. School
3rd Avenue
Burlington, Ohio
Briggs- Lawrence Co. Library
321 South 4th Street
Ironton, Ohio
Poague School
3215 S. 29th Street
Ashland, Kentucky
Iris Dress Shop
2704 Louisa
Catlettsburg, Kentucky
Engine Co. No. 8
Camden Street
Huntington, W. Virginia
Beverly Hills Presbyterian
Church
Norway and Green Oak
Huntington, W. Virginia
Chesapeake West Elem. School
3rd Avenue
Chesapeake, Ohio
First National Bank
Ashland Drive
Southpoint, Ohio
Ironton Junior High School
Delaware Avenue
Ironton, Ohio
Russell High School
Stone Road
Russell , Kentucky
Store Building
2702 First Avenue
Huntington, W. Virginia
Bellefonte, Kentucky
Special sampling site
Sheridan, Ohio
Special sampling site
Analyzer
Parti cul ate
Dustfall
Sulfation
Parti cul ate
Dustfall
Sulfation
Dustfall
Sulfation
Dustfall
Sulfation
Dustfall
Sulfation
Dustfall
Sulfation
Dustfall
Sulfation
Dustfall
Sulfation
Dustfall
Sulfation
Dustfall
Sulfation
Dustfall
Sulfation
Dustfall
Sulfation
H2S
H2S
Frequency
20/month
month
month
20/month
month
month
month
month
month
month
month
month
month
month
month
month
month
month
month
month
month
month
month
month
month
month
24 hr/day
24 hr/day
Technique
Hi-vol
Pb02 candle
Hi-vol
Pb02 candle
Pb02 candle
Pb02 candle
Pb02 candle
Pb02 candle
Pb02 candle
Pb02 candle
Pb02 candle
Pb02 candle
PbOp candle
Pb02 candle
70
-------
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE
High-volume samplers'were located in pairs at seven air sampling stations.
Each sampler was electrically programmed to operate from midnight to midnight, 24-
hours out of every 72 hours; thus, each pair of samplers sampled 2 days of each 3-
day period.
Total suspended particulate was collected on 8-by 10-inch glass-fiber filters
over 24-hour periods. Results were based on differences between the tare weight
and final gross weight of each filter, and volume of air sampled. Data are
reported as micrograms of total particulate per cubic meter of air.
SULFUR DIOXIDE
Sequential samplers were used at three stations to collect 2-hour integrated
samples of sulfur dioxide. The air stream was passed through bubblers containing
West-Gaeke reagent. These samples were then forwarded to the Cincinnati laboratory
for colormetric determination of sulfur dioxide.
LEAD PEROXIDE SULFATION CANDLES
A 17-station sulfation candle network was employed to determine an index of
the activity of SO^ in the study atmosphere. The measurement is based on exposing
lead peroxide (Pb02) paste in ambient air and determining the sulfation caused by
gaseous S02- After exposure, the material is stripped from the candles with
sodium carbonate, and the amount of sulfate is determined by a turbidimetric pro-
cedure. The sulfation rate is reported as milligrams of SO, per 100 square centi-
meters per day. Correlation studies have shown that multiplying this lead candle
sulfation value by 0.04 gives as approximation of the average S02 concentration in
ppm for the period of exposure. This factor when applied under applicable condi-
tions permits gross estimates of S02 values.
DUSTFALL
A network of 17 dustfall containers was established to determine the settle-
able dust rates in the study area. Exposure periods were calendar months. The
contents of the containers are rinsed with distilled water and tranferred to
preweighted beakers. The beakers are placed in a drying oven held at 110°C. The
weight of the dry solids is determined, and results are reported in tons per
square mile per month.
INTERSTATE SURVEILLANCE STATIONS
Surveillance stations were equipped by the Field Operations Activity of the
Abatement Program, Public Health Service, to provide semiquantative information on
types of air pollutants and their effects on specific materials. Three of these
stations were operated in the study area.
71
-------
Table A-2 lists the components of the Interstate Surveillance Stations and the
effect demonstrated by each.
Table A-2. SUMMARY OF SURVEILLANCE STATION COMPONENTS AND EFFECTS
Component
Steel and
zinc panels
Silver plate
panels
Cloth fabric
dyed panels
Nylon fabric
panels
Rubber
panels
Dustfall
Sulfation
Measurement
technique
Weight loss
Reflectance
Reflectance
Microscopic
examination
Crack depth
Gravimetric
Lead peroxide
Exposure
period, days
365
30
90
30 and 90
7
30
30
Reporting
units
mil penetration/
year, mpy
Reflectance loss
Judd units
Number of
breaks/7 in
microns/per
7 days
ton/mi 2-mo
mgS03/100 cm2-day
Effect
demonstration
Corrosion
Tarnishing by
H2S
Color change
(03,N02)
Acidic soot
Material deterior-
ation (03,)
Soiling
Sulfur dioxide
pollution
SOILING INDEX
AISI filter paper tape samplers were installed at two stations. Fine particu-
late matter was sampled continuously over successive 2-hour intervals, and the
darkness of the resulting stain determined by light transmission photometer.
Measurements were reported in coefficient of haze (Coh) units per 1000 lineal feet
of sampled air.
HYDROGEN SULFIDE
AISI tape samplers with lead-acetate-impregnated filter paper were used at five
stations to monitor hydrogen sulfide concentrations. Sampling intervals were of
1-hour duration. Darkening of the paper tape caused by chemical reaction of the
tape reagents with hydrogen sulfide was measured by a light transmission technique.
72
-------
APPENDIX B. EMISSIONS INVENTORY PROCEDURE
A variety of approaches can be used to locate and quantify pollutant emissions
in an area, depending on the type of information available. This appendix describes
the procedure employed to accomplish this task in the study area. Generally, where
emissions were of significant magnitude, efforts were made to obtain exact information,
usually by direct interview or mail survey. For the multitude of smaller sources,
information was collected from traffic study data, from published information on
various sources, and from census figures on population, dwelling units, and manu-
facturing operations.
The emission survey area included Lawrence County in Ohio, Greenup and Boyd
Counties in Kentucky, and Cabell and Wayne Counties in West Virginia. The area was
further subdivided into eight reporting zones, as shown in Figure 7. These zones
consist of the three major cities and the remainder of the five counties that comprise
the study area.
The emissions inventory was initiated in May 1967 to determine the amounts of
sulfur oxides and particulates released to the atmosphere over the study area. Data
were compiled over a 2-month period. During this period questionnaires were sent
to identifiable potential sources of pollution, and visits were made to 14 large
industrial establishments. Data were also collected from municipal and private
sources in the area to obtain information on traffic, refuse disposal, and fuel usage.
This information was then translated into emissions and reported on an annual
basis by source category and by reporting zone. Daily emissions were calculated for
minimum, average, and maximum space-heating days to reflect any seasonal variations
due to space-heating.
POINT SOURCES
Each source - commercial building, apartment building, industrial plant, etc. -
from which 100 tons or more of either sulfur oxides or particulates was emitted per
year was considered as a point source. There were 16 such sources in the study area.
Most of these sources were visited by Public Health Service personnel to obtain
information that would allow calculation of emissions.
73
-------
MOTOR VEHICLES
The emissions from motor vehicles were subdivided into gasoline-burning vehicles
and diesel-oil-burning vehicles. To obtain the quantity of fuel consumed, state
consumption totals were apportioned into each reporting zone according to that zone's
percent of state service station sales. The inflow of fuel into the area was assumed
to be equal to the outflow of fuel for motor vehicles. These quantities of fuel were
translated into emissions by applying the appropriate emission factor as listed in
Table B-l.
Table B-l. EMISSION FACTORS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES2
Type of fuel
Gasoline
Diesel
Emission factor, Ibs pollutant/1000 gal.
Particulates
11
110
Sulfur oxides
9
40
Emissions from railroads, airplanes, and river vessels were considered negligible
after consideration of the amounts of fuel consumed.
PROCESS SOURCES
The emissions from industrial processes were determined from plant inspections,
information obtained from plant officials, and a questionnaire survey. Sources were
selected for inspection on the basis of number of employees and type of industry, and
from information received from state and local officials. Emission estimates provided
by plant officials were compared with reported emissions for plants of similar size
and operation. Unless large differences were found, these estimates were used without
adjustment. For the most part, the data acquired from plant officials were consistent
with emission factors used by the Public Health Service. In those cases in which data
were not available, process emissions were estimated by Public Health Service engineers
using available references and best engineering judgement.
FUEL COMBUSTION
The sources of fuel combustion emissions were subdivided into (1) residential,
(2) industrial and (3) commercial and governmental categories. A fourth category,
power generation, is generally included in studies of this type; but this category
was excluded since there are no large power utilities in the immediate study area.
The portion of fuel burned for space heating and the portion burned on a constant
day-to-day basis throughout the year were determined. Virtually all commercial and
governmental fuel, residential fuel, and a small amount of industrial fuel was found
74
-------
to be consumed for space-heating. The variable use of fuel for space heating
determines the difference in emissions on minimum, average, and maximum space-heating
days.
Residential Fuel Use
The quantities of fuels consumed in dwelling units were determined from infor-
mation available on population; dwelling units; and the relative use of coal, oil,
and natural gas. The number of occupied dwelling units was obtained from the 1960
Census of Housing. These totals were increased in accordance with the percent
increase in population for the area, shown in Table B-2.
Table B-2. PERCENT CHANGE IN POPULATION FROM 1960 IN
IRONTON - ASHLAND - HUNTINGTON STUDY AREA 4
Area
Population increase, %
Ohio
Lawrence County
Kentucky
Greenup County
Boyd County
West Virginia
Wayne County
Cabell County
1.3
4.4
17.5
0.2
0.7
The amount of fuel required to heat each dwelling unit was applied to these revised
totals to obtain the total quantity of each fuel consumed in residential units. It
was assumed that the smaller residential units used natural gas, distillate oil, and
bituminous or anthracite coal for heating. Bituminous coal was used in Kentucky and
West Virginia is all residential coal-burning units. Larger apartment buildings of
50 units or more that used oil or coal were assumed to use residual oil and
bituminous coal for all areas.
Coal
The number of occupied units using coal in 1960 was taken from information of
the Bureau of Census and updated to 1965 as described above. It was assumed that
no new dwelling units would use coal as a heating fuel; therefore, the number of
coal-fired dwelling units in 1965 was assumed to be equal to the units in 1960. It
was determined through climatological data that the average coal-burning dwelling
unit in the study area requires 6 tons of either bituminous or anthracite coal per
year.
75
-------
Oil
The number of dwelling units burning fuel oil was determined in the same manner
as was the number of coal users. The 1960 census information was updated to 1965
with the assumption that 20 percent of the new dwelling units use fuel oil as a heating
fuel.
The census information reported the number of structures with 50 or more dwelling
units. It was assumed that those structures that used oil utilized residual oil as
their heating fuel and that all other smaller units consumed distillate oil.
The Ohio portion of the study area had the only significant number of structures
with 50 or more dwelling units. The Kentucky and West Virginia portions of the area
were assumed to use distillate oil in all oil-burning dwelling units. It was
determined from climatological data that each dwelling unit consumes 900 gallons per
year of distillate oil or 600 gallons per year of residual oil.
Natural Gas
The quantities of natural gas consumed in the study area were obtained from the
gas utilities servicing each state area. These quantities include natural gas for
space heating, water heating, and cookinq.
Industrial Fuel Use
Point Sources - Industrial users that were considered to be possible point
sources were interviewed or sent questionnaires. The information obtained from
these interviews and forms gave the amount of each fuel consumed and its chemical
composition. This information was translated into emissions except where the company
provided specific emission quantities. These were used in the survey after
verification of the calculations.
Homogenous Fuel Use - The amount of fuel consumed in smaller industrial
plants, those producing less than 100 tons per year of either sulfur oxides or
particulates, was estimated by the following method. The amount of each fuel
consumed in industrial plants for each state was obtained for each reporting
p
zone by using the percent of manufacturing employees as an indication of industrial
activity. The amount of fuel consumed at the point sources in each reporting
zone was subtracted from this total, with the remainina fuel representing the
consumption of small industrial establishments. This amount was then checked with
local fuel dealers and governmental officials and then empirically adjusted to be as
accurate as possible. The quantities of natural gas consumed in this category was
obtained through the gas utility companies.
76
-------
Commercial and Governmental Fuel Use
Point Sources- Information was received from Federal, state, and local governmental
agencies on an individual basis when data were available.
Homogenous Fuel Use- The homogenous fuel usage for commercial and governmental
establishments was determined by proportioning the fuel consumption for commercial
and governmental sources into the study area by using the percentage of wholesale and
retail establishments to indicate the fuel consumption in this category.
REFUSE DISPOSAL
The amount of refuse disposed of in the study area was acquired through interviews
with municipal officials. City and county officials were contacted as to the quantities
of refuse collected, the mode of disposal, and any pertinent information regarding
private haulers, open burning, etc. It was assumed that, annually each person accounts
for 1640 pounds of refuse, of which lk!75 pounds is combustible. This amount was applied
to the population of each zone to obtain a total amount of refuse generated. The
amount of refuse collected by municipal and private services was subtracted from this
total, and the remainder represents the amount of refuse disposed of on-site.*
The refuse generated at industrial establishments was obtained by questionnaire.
The amount of refuse disposed on on-site was determined, and the amount hauled to off-
site disposal areas was allocated to these respective areas. The amount of refuse
burned at the municipal dump was estimated, and the appropriate emission factors were
applied to each of the categories.
DAILY VARIATIONS IN SULFUR OXIDES AND PARTICULATES RESULTING FROM SPACE HEATING
Emissions for the minimum, average, and maximum space-heating days for 1965
were determined. The emissions of sulfur oxides and particulates were divided into
a variable fraction resulting from space heating and a steady fraction resulting
from operations that are essentially constant throughout the year.
The space-heating emissions consist of:
1. All commercial and governmental emissions.
2. A portion of industrial fuel combustion emissions.
3. A portion of the residential fuel combustion emissions.
The steady emissions consist of:
1. All process emissions.
2. A portion of the industrial fuel combustion emissions.
3. A portion of residential fuel combustion emissions.
On-site means the refuse is disposed of on the premises where it is generated.
77
-------
4. All refuse disposal emissions.
5. All vehicular emissions.
On a minimum day, it was assumed that there was no space heating; therefore,
emissions are represented by the above-mentioned steady emissions.
Average and maximum space-heating-day emissions were calculated by adding
fractions of the variable emissions to the steady emissions, during respective days.
Heating degree-day data acquired from the U. S. Weather Bureau were used to determine
those fractions of the yearly variable pollutants that are emitted during average
and maximum heating days.
The following formulas were used to calculate the daily emissions.
Minimum day - Steady emissions (tons/day) 20
Average day - Minimum day + Variable emissions (tons/yr) (4446)
Maximum day - Minimum day + Variable emissions (tons/yr) (4445)
The fractions (20/4446) and (53/4446) represent the fraction of annual
degree-days occurring on the average and maximum heating days.
78
-------
APPENDIX B. REFERENCES
1. "Analysis of Motor-Fuel Usage in Calendar Year 1965".
Tables G-21 and G-25, Department of Commerce, Bureau of Public Roads, July 1966.
2. Mayer, M., "A Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors for Combustion
Processes, Gasoline Evaporation, and Selected Industrial Processes."
Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service, Division
of Air Pollution, Technical Assistance Branch, Cincinnati, Ohio, May 1965.
3. "Census of Housing 1960". United States Bureau of Census, HC(1)(19)(37)(50),
United States Department of Commerce, 1960.
4. "County and City Data Book, 1962" Bureau of Census, Department of Commerce.
5. "Census of Housing1; I9601: United States Bureau of Census HC(1)(19) ,(37)(50)
Department of Commerce, 1960.
6. Personal communications, local gas utilities in each state.
7. Minerals Yearbook, Volume 11, 1962 and 1964, Department of Interior, Bureau
of Mines.
8. "Census of Manufacturing Area Reports Ohio, Kentucky, West Virginia". Department
of Commerce.
79
-------
Appendix C. CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF POLLUTANTS
81
-------
00
ro
10.0
8.0
6.0
14.0
3.0
VI
3 2.0
-111 i i i TI i i 11 i i i in n 11 -
-STATION 1, SOUTH IRONTON
IDECEMBER 1, 19&5 to SEPTEMBER 30, 1966'
-1379 OBSERVATIONS
u 0.8
~ 0.6
° 0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
001 0.1 05 1 2 5 10 20 40 60 80 90 95 99
PERCENT LESS THAN GIVEN CONCENTRATION
9999
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
3.0
tfl
3 2.0
5 i.o
u> 0.8
tj 0.6
° 0.4
0.3
0.2.
001
PSTAT.6N2,
-DECEMBER 1, 1965 to MAY 31, 1966
-848 OBSERVATIONS
OS 1 2 5 10 20 40 60 80 90 95 99
PERCENT LESS THAN GIVEN CONCENTRATION
9999
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
3.0
M
3 2.0
5 i.o
u 0.8
~ 0.6
° 0.4
0.3
0.2.
O.I
fill II —
-III II I IT T III fit
^ STATION 3, HUNTINGTON
- DECEMBER I, '19&5 to May 31, 1966
- 642 OBSERVATIONS
III III
I I I I II
001 0.1 OS 1 2 5 10 20 40 60 80 90 95 99
PERCENT LESS THAN GIVEN CONCENTRATION
9399
Figure C-1. Soiling index 2-hour cumulative frequency distribution for South Ironton, Ashland, and Huntington.
-------
Q.
O.
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.03
0.02
-I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IT
Z STATION 1, SOUTH IRONTON
- SEPTEMBER 1965 -
SEPTEMBER 1966
1213 OBSERVATIONS
«M
O
0.01
O.Q08
0.006
0.004
0.003
0.002
0001
n
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.03
0.02
-I I I 1 I I I I TTT
ZSTATION 2, ASHLAND
-SEPTEMBER 1, 1965
JANUARY 31, 1966
768 OBSERVATIONS
a.
a.
" 0.01
O 0.008
*" 0.006
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.01 0.1 0512 5 10 20 40 60 809095 99 99.99
PERCENT LESS THAN GIVEN CONCENTRATION
0.001
I I
0.01 0.1 0.512 5 10 20 40 60 809095 99 99.99
PERCENT LESS THAN GIVEN CONCENTRATION
a.
a.
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.03
0.02
— i 11 i i i [ii i i IT i i
— STATION 3, HUNTINGTON
-SEPTEMBER 1, 1965 -
- JANUARY 31, 1966
r~779 OBSERVATIONS
o 0.01
00 0.008
0.006
' 0.004
0.003
0.002
0.0 0_1
I I
0.01 0.1 0.512"5 10 20 40 60 809095 99 99.99
PERCENT LESS THAN GIVEN CONCENTRATION
oo
GO
Figure C-2. Sulfur dioxide 2-hour cumulative frequency distribution for South Ironton, Ashland, and Huntington.
-------
00
*»
1,000
800
600
I- 11 i ill—r~i—i i i M i i—r~l TT
- STATION 1, SOUTH IRONTON
^SEPTEMBER1965-SEPTEMBER 1966,
_290 OBSERVATIONS
S 300 -
uT 200
h-
<
_J
^
tJ
p 100
I 80
2 60
5 1*0
Q.
2 30
t^
20
10
1,000
800
600
300
200
100
80
60
'•o
30
0.01 0.\ 05 1 2 5 10 20 liO 60 80 90 95 99
PERCENT LESS THAN GIVEN CONCENTRATION
99.99
-MI11 i n i i i 11 i i
-STATION k, COAL GROVE
- SEPTEMBER 1965 - MAY 1966
- 64 OBSERVATIONS
20 —
10
n n 11 -i
0.01 O.I 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 to 60 80 90 95 99
PERCENT LESS THAN GIVEN CONCENTRATION
99.99
1 ,000
800
600
300
200
100
80
60
40
30
20
10
— INN! n i i i i i i i ri rr
— STATION 7, BURLINGTON
H- SEPTEMBER 1965 - MAY 1966
6k OBSERVATIONS
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II
0.01 0.1 05 1 2 5 10 20 40 60 80 90 95 99
PERCENT LESS THAN GIVEN CONCENTRATION
9999
Figure C-3. Suspended particulate cumulative frequency distribution for South Ironton, Coal Grove, and Burlington.
-------
1,000
800
600
, ItOO
E
S 300
j 200
i
J
D
: 100
\ 80
3 60
5 'to
3 30
i
20
10
= l 11 I I I I I—I I I I I I I II II
- STATION 2, ASHLAND
- SEPTEMBER 1965 - SEPTEMBER 1966
83 OBSERVATIONS
I I H
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
QOI O.I 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 1(0 60 80 90 95 99 •
PERCENT LESS THAN GIVEN CONCENTRATION
99.99
,000
800
600
300
200
100
80
60
1(0
30 -
20 —
M i I i i n M MI i I i i r
- STATION 5, SOUTHEAST ASHLAND
- SEPTEMBER 1965 - MAY 1966
58 OBSERVATIONS
10
I I I I I I I I
I
QOI 0.1 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 1(0 60 80 90 95 99
PERCENT LESS THAN GIVEN CONCENTRATION
99.99
oo
en
1,000
800
600
, "(00
5i 300
5
u 200
t
_l
D
: 100
J 80
3 6o
§ 1(0
3 30
o
20
= 111 111 rn n i i i i i i i i i
- STATION 6, KENOVA
- SEPTEMBER 1965 - SEPTEMBER 1966
- 26k OBSERVATIONS
10
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
QOI 0.1 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 1(0 60 80 90 95 99
PERCENT LESS THAN GIVEN CONCENTRATION
99.99
1 ,000
800
600
, 1(00
i, 300
200 —
100
80
60
1(0
30
20
10
= l I I I I I I I M I I M I I
— STATION 3, HUNTINGTON
- SEPTEMBER 1965 - SEPTEMBER 1966
265 OBSERVATIONS
n rr
11 I I I I I I
I I I I I I II
QOI 0.1 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 1(0 60 80 90 95 99
PERCENT LESS THAN GIVEN CONCENTRATION
99.99
Figure C-4. Suspended particulate cumulative frequency distribution for Ashland, Southeast Ashland, Kenova, and
Huntington.
------- |