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             AIR POLLUTION ASPECTS

                       OF

             IRON AND  ITS  COMPOUNDS
                Prepared for the
  National Air Pollution Control Administration
Consumer Protection & Environmental Health Service
   Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
           (Contract No. PH-22-68-25)
          Compiled by Ralph J. Sullivan
               Litton Systems, Inc.
          Environmental Systems Division
                7300 Pearl Street
             Bethesda, Maryland 20014

                  September 1969

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                          FOREWORD


       As the concern for air quality grows, so does the con-

cern over the less ubiquitous but potentially harmful contami-

nants that are in our atmosphere.  Thirty such pollutants have

been identified, and available information has been summarized

in a series of reports describing their sources, distribution,

effects, and control technology for their abatement.

       A total of 27 reports have been prepared covering the

30 pollutants.  These reports were developed under contract

for the National Air Pollution Control Administration  (NAPCA) by

Litton Systems, Inc.  The complete listing is as follows:


    Aeroallergens (pollens)       Ethylene
    Aldehydes (includes acrolein  Hydrochloric Acid
      and formaldehyde)           Hydrogen Sulfide
    Ammonia                       Iron and Its Compounds
    Arsenic and Its Compounds     Manganese and Its Compounds
    Asbestos                      Mercury and Its Compounds
    Barium and Its Compounds      Nickel and Its Compounds
    Beryllium and Its Compounds   Odorous Compounds
    Biological Aerosols           Organic Carcinogens
      (microorganisms)            Pesticides
    Boron and Its Compounds       Phosphorus and Its Compounds
    Cadmium and Its Compounds     Radioactive Substances
    Chlorine Gas                  Selenium and Its Compounds
    Chromium and Its Compounds    Vanadium and Its Compounds
      (includes chromic acid)     Zinc and Its Compounds


       These reports represent current state-of-the-art

literature reviews supplemented by discussions with selected

knowledgeable individuals both within and outside the Federal

Government.  They do not however presume to be a synthesis of

available information but rather a summary without an attempt

to interpret or reconcile conflicting data.  The reports are

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necessarily limited in their discussion of health effects for

some pollutants to descriptions of occupational health expo-

sures and animal laboratory studies since only a few epidemic-

logic studies were available.

       Initially these reports were generally intended as

internal documents within NAPCA to provide a basis for sound

decision-making on program guidance for future research

activities and to allow ranking of future activities relating

to the development of criteria and control technology docu-

ments.  However, it is apparent that these reports may also

be of significant value to many others in air pollution control,

such as State or local air pollution control officials, as a

library of information on which to base informed decisions on

pollutants to be controlled in their geographic areas.  Addi-

tionally, these reports may stimulate scientific investigators

to pursue research in needed areas.  They also provide for the

interested citizen readily available information about a given

pollutant.  Therefore, they are being given wide distribution

with the assumption that they will be used with full knowledge

of their value and limitations.

       This series of reports was compiled and prepared by the

Litton personnel listed below:

       Ralph J. Sullivan
       Quade R. Stahl, Ph.D.
       Norman L. Durocher
       Yanis C. Athanassiadis
       Sydney Miner
       Harold Finkelstein, Ph.D.
       Douglas A. Olsen, Ph0D.
       James L. Haynes

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       The NAPCA project officer for the contract was Ronald C.




Campbell, assisted by Dr. Emanuel Landau and Gerald Chapman.




       Appreciation is expressed to the many individuals both




outside and within NAPCA who provided information and reviewed




draft copies of these reports.  Appreciation is also expressed




to the NAPCA Office of Technical Information and Publications




for their support in providing a significant portion of the




technical literature.

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                          ABSTRACT



        Iron and its compounds present as pollutants in the



atmosphere can cause deleterious effects to humans,  animals/



and materials.  Iron and iron oxide are known to produce a



benign siderosis, and iron oxides have been implicated as a



vehicle for transporting high concentrations of both carcin-



ogens and sulfur dioxide deep into the lungs thereby enhanc-



ing the activity of these pollutants.  Iron oxide also causes



damage by staining materials.



        Analyses of urban air samples show that the  iron con-



tent averages 1.6 |ag/m3 , with the iron and steel industry



probably the most likely source of emission.  Pollution by



iron emission can be reduced by use of particulate control



equipment.  No information has been found on the economic



costs of iron air pollution; costs of pollution abatement for



basic oxygen furnaces run between 14 to 19 percent of total



industrial plant costs.  Adequate methods exist for  the de-



termination of iron in the ambient air.

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                        CONTENTS


FOREWORD

ABSTRACT

1.  INTRODUCTION 	   1

2.  EFFECTS	   2

    2.1  Effects on Humans 	 „....   2
         2.1.1  Carcinogenesis	••   4
         2.1.2  Synergism	   7
         2.1.3  Nutrition	   8
         2.1.4  Iron Pentacarbonyl	   8
    2.2  Effects on Animals	   9
         2e20l  Commercial and Domestic Animals	   9
         2.2.2  Experimental Animals 	   9
    2.3  Effects on Plants	   9
    2.4  Effects on Materials	   9
    2.5  Environmental Air Standards	,  . .  .  11

3.  SOURCES	  15

    3.1  Natural Occurrence	15
    3.2  Production Sources	15
         3.2.1  Iron and Steel Industry	15
                3.2.1.1  Sintering Plants	20
                3.2.1.2  Blast Furnaces	20
                3.2.1.3  Ferromanganese Blast Furnaces  .  21
                3.2.1.4  Open-Hearth Furnaces	21
                3.2.1.5  Electric-Arc Furnaces . .  . „  .  22
                3.2.1.6  Basic Oxygen Furnaces 	  22
                3.2.1.7  Gray Iron Cupola	23
         3.2.2  Coal	23
         3.2.3  Fuel Oil	24
    3.3  Product Sources	24
         3.3.1  Incineration	24
         3.3.2  Welding Rods .	24
         3.3.3  Antiknock Compounds	25
    3.4  Environmental Air Concentrations.  .......  25

40  ABATEMENT	„	 a  ...  26

    4.1  Iron and Steel Industry  ,	26

5.  ECONOMICS	„  28

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                   CONTENTS (Continued)


6.  METHODS OF ANALYSIS	„	29

    6.1  Sampling Methods	29
    6.2  Quantitative Methods	29

7.  SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS.	„  .  .  .  32

REFERENCES

APPENDIX

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                       LIST OF FIGURES
1.  Location of Basic Steel Industry Capacity by State
    and Steel Product Imports by Port of Entry	    18

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                   LIST OF TABLES
Air Quality Criteria for Iron Oxide Recommended by

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
AIHA in 1968 	
Suggested Exposure Limit to Iron Pentacarbonyl . . .
Crude Iron Ore Mined in the U. S. by Districts,
Iron and Steel Producing and Finishing Works of the
United States, 1967 	


Iron Emissions from Metallurgical Processes ....
Iron Emissions from Coal-Fired Power Plants ....

Papers Relating to Control Methods in the Iron and
Expenditures for Pollution Control by the Steel
Number of Blast Furnaces on Jan. 1, 1968 Producing
U. S. Capacity for Steel Production, Jan. 1, 1960
Properties, Toxicity, and Uses of Some Iron
Compounds 	
1 ?
12
SS
S
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1.  INTRODUCTION



            Although inhalation of iron or iron oxide is believed


                                     I OQ
    to cause a benign pneumoconiosis,    there is growing concern



    about its synergistic effects with sulfur dioxide and carcin-


          129                                "39
    ogens.    Iron may also reduce visibility^  and cause materi-



    al damage by staining paint.

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2.   EFFECT S

           Because of the sparsity of known effects of iron air

    pollution at the concentrations found in the ambient air,  in-

    dustrial and experimental observations have been reviewed  to

    indicate the effects which might be expected from iron pollu-

    tion.

    2.1  Effects on Humans

           Inhalation of iron or iron oxide fumes or dust by

    workers in the iron and steel industry has caused siderosis,

                                      198
    an iron pigmentation of the lungs,    a benign condition

    recognizable by X-ray.    Pendergrass and Leopold   described

    the condition as a benign pneumoconiosis.  More recent liter-

    ature has indicated a possible symptomatic pneumoconiosis.
                    f.Q                                ^ OQ
    Kleinfeld et a.1.   cited the work of Sadoul et al.    in

    Lorraine, France, where 575 iron-ore miners after long ex-

    posure* (50 percent for over 25 years) frequently developed

    chronic bronchitis and emphysema.  However, the correlation

    between these symptoms and the X-ray findings of pneumoconi-

    osis was low.

                           69
           Kleinfeld et al.   in a comparison of 41 magnetite

    miners, 16 sinterers (exposed predominantly to iron oxide

    dust), and 18 healthy unexposed men found pneumoconiosis in
           *The reader should bear in mind that in this study
    and most of the others, iron oxide, although comprising a
    high percentage of the concentration,  is not the only dust
    present.  It is accompanied by small amounts of metals, sili-
    cates, and free silica.

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one sinterer and six miners.  Respiratory symptoms of cough



and dyspnea were present,  but the sinterers showed no sig-




nificant difference from the control group.   Although the



average exposure in both groups was greater than 27 years,



there was no consistent correlation between the clinical,



radiologic, -and pulmonary-function findings and duration of



exposure.


               107
       Roshchin    investigated the health of 41 workers in



a Bessemer shop.  These workers were exposed to dust contain-



ing 85 to 93 percent iron oxides, associated with silica and



oxides of chromium, manganese, and vanadium.  The dust con-



centration ranged between 10,000 and 100,000 p.g/m3 , with the



average about 30,000-50,000 M-g/m3 .  He found seven cases of



pneumoconiosis and three cases of suspected pneumoconiosis.



All of these workers had been exposed for 12 to 18 years.



He concluded that exposure to iron dust produces a variety



of pneumoconiosis that develops and progresses at a relative-



ly slow rate.



       Exposure to mixed industrial dusts containing mostly



iron oxide produces siderosis,   metal-fume fever, ''' sili-



cosis,39'14 pneumoconiosis, etc.  It appears that iron alone



will not cause fibrosis, but small amounts of other pollutants-



such as zinc, silicon, sulfur dioxide, carcinogens, etc.—



may produce this condition.



       The clearance of iron ore—especially hematite



from the lung has been studied-39,14 by use of radioactive


        20
iron-59.    Bronchial clearance occurs in two distinct

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phases.  The first phase is completed in 2 to 4 hours, and



the second phase requires about 10 to 18 hours.  These



clearances are also a function of particle size: iron oxide



particles 3 \J.* in diameter (which deposit largely in the



deeper part of the lung and a relatively small amount in the



bronchial tree) are cleared almost entirely in the 10- to 18-



hour phase.    The iron oxide is phagocytized by the so-called



"dust cells" and eliminated via the bronchi and lymphatic



channels.  Lung saturation with iron oxide dust causes an



accumulation at the peribronchial and perivascular lymphatic



spaces, in the lymphatic channels under the pleura, and at



the lymph nodes.



2.1.1  Carcinogenesis



       A carcinogenic role of iron oxide has been suggested.



Faulds   reported progressive, massive fibrosis among Cumber-



land iron-ore miners.  This was accompanied by a high inci-



dence of lung tumors: out of 238 necropsies there were 24



cases of carcinoma, compared to one-third of this number in



non-miners.  However, the exact role of iron oxide is diffi-



cult to assess in exposure to a complex environment where


                                                             p]
silica and other dusts are sure to be present.  Bonser et al.



suggest that iron oxide may be synergistic in converting the



fibrosis caused by silica into a carcinogenic process.


                           129
       Stokinger and Coffin    have discussed the importance
         : micron(s ) .

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of the enhancement of carcinogenic action of organic carcin-

ogens, such as benzo(a)pyrene, by seemingly inert particles.

Iron oxide in particular appears to have properties which con-

tribute to cancer production.  These authors cite the work of
                 110,111,112
Saffiotti et al.,            who have produced a variety of

malignant tumors in the lungs of hamsters.  Iron oxide was

used as an inert carrier to transport adsorbed benzo(a)pyrene

deep into the lung.  The animals were intratracheally in-

jected with a saline suspension of benzo(a)pyrene adsorbed

on hematite (Fe^Og)3 in amounts equivalent to 3,000 ng of each

chemical.  Fifteen weekly injections were given.  Two impor-
                                                            b
tant facts were revealed in this study: (1) a high incidence

of lung cancer was produced—in as many as 100 percent of the

animals in some experiments; and (2) these lung cancers mim-

icked all the cell types seen in human lung cancers, such as

squamous cell carcinoma, anaplastic carcinoma, adenocarcinoma,

and even tracheal cancers.  Dose response effects were in-

dicated, as were possibilities that a single high dose could

induce cancers in the system.  According to Saffiotti et al..

the increased carcinogenic action of benzo(a)pyrene is due to the

iron oxide, which penetrates the bronchial and alveolar walls
       alron oxide was chosen as the carrier dust because it
does not have any extremely irritating or toxic effects.
Saff iotti believes that in order to carry the carcinogen in
high concentrations to healthy cells, an inert carrier is
required — that is, a carrier which does not destroy the cells.
                       alone has induced cancer in the lungs of
experimental animals, but usually with some difficulty and in
low yield.

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and enters into the lung tissues without extensive damage or



destruction of the ciliary and mucous barrier; the iron ox-


ide thus acts as a vehicle to transport the carcinogen to


the lung tissues.  The carcinogen is then eluted from the


particulates and diffuses through the tissue.  Saffiotti et al.


surmise that the rate of removal of benzo(a)pyrene from



the respiratory tract is slowed by action of the inert dust


as it is stored in macrophages.  Thus the carcinogen remains


in the lung unmetabolized in high local concentrations, an

                                                         129
important factor in producing cancer with benzo(a)pyrene.


Saffiotti et al.    suggest that this mechanism is a realistic ap-


proach to what actually occurs in nature as man breathes the


polluted air: that is carcinogens adsorb on ferric oxide or


other "inert" particles that act as vehicles to transport


the carcinogens into the lungs through the respiratory tract


lining to the lung tissues, where the carcinogens are eluted


by the cell plasma.

                         54
       Haddow and Horning   suggest a possible role of iron


in cancer produced with the complex of iron-dextran.   However,

       91
Neukomm   has tested organic iron complexes for carcinogenic



power on mice.  He was unable to induce cancer with iron



complexes of polysomaltosate, plymaltosate, or iron-dextran.



However, he did induce sarcoma in 6 percent of the mice with



a ferric hydroxide (Fe(OH)3) complex of nitrilo-tri-propionic


acid that decomposed at the point of injection and did not


reabsorb for more than one year.

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2.1.2  Synergism


       The synergistic effects of iron compounds with certain


gases may be important when considering iron as an air pollu-

                           129
tant.  Stokinger and Coffin    have discussed the possible


enhancement of effects when particulate material adsorbs a


substance such as sulfur dioxide and carries it deep into


the lung in a high local concentration.

                          10
       Amdur and Underhill   studied the effect of various


aerosols on the response of guinea pigs to sulfur dioxide.


Iron oxide fumes or open-hearth dust alone produced no al-


teration in pulmonary flow resistance, nor were there any


synergistic effects with sulfur dioxide.  However, soluble


iron such as ferrous sulfate did prove to be synergistic


with sulfur dioxide.  The ferrous ion probably catalyzes


the oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide, which


forms sulfuric acid.  (See Section 2.4.)

                   119
       Smith et al.    in a joint effort by the National Air


Pollution Control Administration and Oak Ridge National Lab-


oratory studied the adsorption of sulfur dioxide (labeled


with radioactive sulfur-35) on iron oxide (FegO^) and alum-


inum oxide (A^Og) aerosols at ambient conditions.  Prefer-


ential chemisorption was observed at low sulfur dioxide con-


centrations, and physical adsorption of multilayers was ob-


served at higher concentrations.  The data show that mono-


layer coverage on iron oxide is achieved at 2 ppm sulfur

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                                                           8
dioxide; and at 66 ppm, 75 monolayers of sulfur dioxide are


adsorbed on the iron oxide.


       The carcinogenic effects described above are also syn-


ergistic.


2.1.3  Nutrition


       The nutritional requirements for iron are small and


vary somewhat with sex and age.    The human adult absorbs


less than 5 mg of iron per day.  Excess iron is stored in


the liver and spleen in the form of ferritin, a trace ele-


ment that is a vital constituent of every mammalian cell.


Iron is closely associated with hemoglobin in transporting


oxygen from the lung to tissue cells and plays a role in


the oxidation mechanism in body processes.  Iron is frequent-


ly spoken of as a "one-way" substance.  Once it is absorbed


by the body, usually in the ferrous state, there is no ef-


ficient way of excreting it.  Ferrous iron as the sulfate


or gluconate is frequently administered to treat iron-defi-


ciency anemia.  Most acute cases of iron poisoning result


from children's taking ferrous sulfate tablets.


2.1.4  Iron Pentacarbonyl

                                                           23
       Iron pentacarbonyl, a yellow-brown flammable liquid,


boils at 102.5°C and has a vapor pressure of 40 mm mercury


at 30.3°C.  It may be present where high partial pressures


of carbon monoxide come into contact with iron and steel.


This substance has also been used as an antiknock agent.

            O -i
Brief et al..   have summarized the toxicity studies and

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                                                          9
recommended that the concentration for industrial workers



be maintained at less than 0.1 ppm (800 ug/m3).



2.2  Effects on Animals



2.2.1  Commercial and Domestic Animals



      No evidence of lung damage was found in three horses



which had been exposed to iron oxide dust during a lifetime



of work in a coal mine. ^



2.2.2  Experimental Animals



      The data obtained from experimental animals has been



discussed in Section 2.1.


2.3  Effects on Plants


       No information has been found on plant damage by iron



air pollution.  However, iron is an essential element in



plant nutrition.



2.4  Effects on Materials



       Iron or iron oxide air pollution may cause soiling of



textiles or staining of buildings and paints.  It may also


reduce visibility or combine chemically with other materials.



       Damage to automobile paint was observed by Fochtman


          49
and Langer   in a Chicago parking lot.  Iron particles from



a steel spring grinding operation were airborne to the near-



by parking lot where they were deposited and produced brown



stains.  Many of the cars had to be repainted.   The exact



mechanism for the paint damage was not determined.  However,



the authors postulate that the iron is oxidized either in



the air or after it is deposited, and forms ferrous hydroxide

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                                                         10
upon absorbing water from rain or dew.  This ferrous hydrox-



ide, in the form of a colloid, penetrates the paint surface,



loses water, and oxidizes to become a stable iron oxide.


Upon examination, material from the stain was found to be


magnetic and to contain small particles of iron.  The air


concentrations of iron which caused the damage ranged between


11 and 63 |-ig/m3 .


       Small quantities of soluble iron and other metals have



been observed in rainwater.  These water-soluble particulates


are potential sources of osmatic blistering.  In one labor-


atory study, the presence of 0.1 ppm iron in water in an ac-


celerated weathering apparatus produced yellow staining.


       Iron catalyzes the oxidation of sulfur dioxide to


sulfur trioxide, which in the presence of water will form



sulfuric acid.  The ferric oxide also reacts with the sulfur


trioxide to produce ferric sulfate.  At room temperature,



the reaction proceeds almost to completion before equilibrium


is reached.
               2S02 + 02 Fe2°3
                               or Fe+3    t
            Fe203 + 3S03 - * •*   - > Fe2(S04)3

                  22
Bracewell and Gall   have studied the rate of oxidation of



sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide catalyzed by ferric ion.



Assuming a typical fog with a water concentration of 200,000


|jtg/m3 , a ferric ion concentration of 3 l~ig/m3 , and a sulfur


dioxide concentration of 1,750 p.g/m3 (0.5 ppm), the rate of

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                                                          11
                                 a                        12°
oxidation would be about 7.7 tag/in  per hour.  Smith et al.



studied the adsorption of gases on aerosols.  Of 17 metals



tested, iron ranked 14th in decreasing adsorption capacity.



       Certain physical properties of iron oxide fumes are

                                                         114,24

characteristic of emissions from steel melting processes.



Specifically, these particles have a strong tendency to adhere



to both natural and synthetic fabric surfaces and a high re-



fractive index, which enhances the reduction of visibility.



They are also difficult to wet and possess a high electrical



resistivity.  Furthermore, the particle-size distributions



show that the particles are predominantly (approximately



70 percent by weight) less than 5 M. in diameter.  Electron



photomicrographs indicate that about 95 percent of the parti-



cles are less than 0.5 |-i in diameter.  Thus, the small parti-



cle size and high refractive index may cause such light



scattering that the reduction in visibility may be the limit-


                                         32
ing effect when criteria are established.    The larger



particles are undoubtedly due to the high agglomeration



tendency of these particles.





2.5  Environmental Air Standards



       The American Industrial Hygiene Association has set


                                     32
air quality criteria for iron oxides.    These criteria are



"based on the annoyance effects of visibility reduction and



soiling inasmuch as no health effects can be demonstrated...



the iron oxide concentration should not exceed 50 percent



of the air quality criteria for total suspended particulate."

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                                                          12
                          TABLE 1



            AIR QUALITY CRITERIA FOR IRON OXIDE

               RECOMMENDED BY AIHA IN 1968'
Location
Rural
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
2 4 -Hour
Maximum
( uq/m3 )
100
150
200
250
30-Day
Maximum
( Ua/m3 )



100
       The American Conference of Governmental  Industrial



Hygienists reduced their recommended value  from 15,000  |ag/m3



to 10,000 |jg/m3 in 1967.  This, of course,  is an 8-hour

                              I o/T

limit for industrial workers.


                   23
       Brief et a.l.   suggested the following iron penta-



carbonyl exposure limits for  industrial workers.
                          TABLE 2



      SUGGESTED EXPOSURE LIMIT TO IRON PENTACARBONYL"
23
Concentration of Fe(CO)5
Criterion
Target value
Require respiratory protection
Shut-down operation
ppm
0.1
0.5-5
> 5
ng/m3
800
4,000-40,000
> 40,000

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                                                       13
       The National Air Pollution Control Administration



has issued a document, Air Quality Criteria for Particulate



Matter.  This document gives criteria data which can be



used as guidelines in developing ambient air quality stan-



dards for total particulate matter.




       Although no State criteria for ambient air concentra-



tions of iron were found, some States have laws to control


                                                           33 34
the particulate emissions from the iron and steel industry.  '



The Illinois law appears to be most specific:



       "3-3.2112  All new blast furnaces shall be equipped



             with gas cleaning devices and so operated as



             to reduce the particulate matter in gases



             discharged to the atmosphere after burning



             to contain no more than 0.05 grains of



             particulate matter per standard cubic



             foot (0.11 g/ma).



       "3-3.2113  Excess blast furnace gases being bled



             to the atmosphere shall contain no more



             than 0.10 grains of particulate matter



             per standard cubic foot (0.23 g/m3) and



             gases shall be burned as bled to the at-



             mosphere.



       "3-3.2114  The provisions of Rule 3-3.2112 shall

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                                                         14
             not apply during irregular movements of the



             furnace burden when it is necessary to open



             relief valves at the top of the furnace for



             safe operation. . . .



       "3-3.2132  All new sintering plants, open-hearth



             furnaces, electric furnaces, and basic



             oxygen furnaces shall be equipped with



             gas cleaning devices as necessary to re-



             duce the particulate matter in the gas



             discharged to the atmosphere so that it



             does not exceed 0.10 grains per standard



             cubic foot (0.23 g/m3) of exhaust gas.



       "3-3.2133  The provisions of Rule 3-3.2132



             shall not apply to electric furnaces and



             basic oxygen furnaces when the gas col-



             lection system must be disconnected from



             the furnace as in charging and pouring."



       After investigating the health of workers in a Besse-



mer shop in the USSR, Roshchin    recommended that dust con-



centration (approximately 90 percent iron oxides) should



not exceed 6,000

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                                                              15
3.   SOURCES



    3 •!  Natural. Occurrence



           Iron abounds in nature and is an essential  element



    for both animals and plants.  The iron content of  the  earth's


                                             8 3
    crust has been calculated at 5.6 percent.    A fractional



    part of this has been concentrated,  under varying  geologic



    conditions, in widely distributed deposits  formed  in many



    rock types.  Of the various commercial deposits, the most



    productive to date have been the following:  (1) sedimentary



    hematitic deposits of primary ore enriched  by weathering



    processes, (2) hematite and magnetite deposits of  complex



    origin in metamorphic rocks, and (3) replacement and vein



    deposits.  The locations of deposits in the U.S. are shown



    in Table 3 in the Appendix.



           Open-pit mines produce approximately 90 percent of



    the iron ore in the United States.   The trend has  been to-



    ward more open-pit mining and less  underground mining.



    3.2  Production Sources



    3.2.1  Iron and Steel Industry



           Measurements of particulate  concentrations  in the



    area downwind of iron and steel plants have shown  that these



    emissions can contribute significantly to air pollution.  In


            64
    a report   of a study in Ironton, Ohio, during the period



    September 1965 to August 1967,  particulates measured down-



    wind from two iron and steel plants ranged  between 190 and

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                                                         16
212 |-ig/m3 .  The iron content of one sample was 16 percent



by weight.  Estimates of the dust concentrations from open-



hearth furnaces indicated that the concentration might ex-



ceed 1,000 p.g/m3 at a distance of 4 km from the source, if



the wind conditions were right.  Dust emission rates from



the Dayton Malleable Iron Plant were 935 tons per year and



from the Armco Steel Corporation, 7,926 tons per year.


                                 114
       Schueneman, High, and Bye,    in an excellent review



of the air pollution aspects of the iron and steel industry,



have reported a significant difference in the air pollutants



when steel mills are shut down during strikes.  In their



report, four steel-producing areas were studied during the



1956 steel strike.



       Comparison of analytical results during and after the



strike showed that (1) suspended particulate concentrations



were higher by 44 to 171 percent in the post-strike period,



(2) the soiling index was higher by 200 percent, and (3)



the concentration of iron was higher by 2.6 to 10.8 times.



       In the upper Ohio River Valley where two major steel



mills, two large coke plants, and a steam-powered electric-



generating plant were located, the suspended particulate con-



centration was 383 Hg/m3 and 186 ng/m3 in two nearby cities.



A maximum of 1,238 i-ig/m3 was measured in one city.  One par-



ticulate sample from that city had an iron concentration of

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                                                         17
30.8 ng/m3.   The soiling index averaged 5.5 to 5.3 cohs*



per 1,000 linear feet.



       In a Pennsylvania town where the industry consisted




of steel mills with two blast furnaces, 11 open-hearth fur-



naces, a sintering plant and other equipment, and a zinc



plant, the particulate concentration near the furnaces fre-



quently exceeded 500 (ag/m3 at a distance of 0.25 to 0.5



mile from the furnaces after the strike.



       In a Michigan community, the iron concentration mea-



sured near two coke plants was 5.8 ng/m3 compared to a value



of 0.6 |ag/m3 in a residential area.



       In another small community (500 population) the pro-



cessing of blast furnace slag was found to be a major source



of pollution.  Particulate concentrations downwind from the



slag processing plant 0.4 and 0.8 miles measured an average



of 411,000 Lig/m3 and 477,000 ug/m3 respectively.  While



other pollution sources could have contributed to the parti-



culate air pollution, chemical analyses indicated that



from 35 to nearly 100 percent of the dust came from the



slag processing plant.



       These community studies indicate that the iron and



steel industry may be a significant source of iron air pollu-



tion.  The distribution of the steel industry is shown in



Figure 1 and listed in Table 4 in the Appendix.  Although
       *CohCoefficient of haze

-------
                           • Capacity — each dot represents 1,000,000 tons



                           • Imports—each dot represents 50,000 tons
                                                               VT.
                                                -'"TV^* •••.•/.••:::: / \   CONN.
                                                :•.:•.  OHIO te;::£s!L>L

                                                :::: ••••••••'••sg&fiwT*N-J-
                                                ••   ••***^rwi-.«K.
                                                                          MASS.
 ALASKA
                 HAWAII
                                              PUERTO RICO
                            FIGURE I




Location  of Basic  Steel Industry  Capacity by State  and

         Steel  Product  Imports by  Port of Entry
CD

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                                                          19
the production of iron and steel in the United States is



increasing, as shown in Table 5 and 6 in the Appendix/  the



air pollution trend by steel production is uncertain.  The



main reason for the uncertain pollution trend is the remark-



able change in steel processing.  The Bessemer process  has



almost entirely been discontinued while the relatively  new



basic oxygen process has become increasingly important.



This has an impact on the air pollution aspects of the  iron



and steel industry since old furnaces without dust control



are being replaced with new furnaces with such control.



While every basic oxygen furnace constructed in the U.S.


                                            114
has been equipped with dust control devices,    Vincent and


         140
McGinnity    have indicated that there are several factors



which have tended to increase air pollution from oxygen



processes:



       1)  Fume generation rates in basic oxygen furnaces



are approximately six times those of open-hearth furnaces



without oxygen lancing.



       2)  The oxygen-blowing rates of many basic oxygen



furnaces have been increased considerably beyond the original



design rate.  As a result, the control systems have become



overloaded, resulting in the emission of copious amounts of




fumes.



       3)  Oxygen lancing has been used to increase the



production rate (See Section 3.2.1.4) in open-hearth

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                                                          20
 furnaces.   Because many of the  open-hearth  furnaces  lack



 dust control,  oxygen lancing has  resulted in  increased  emis-



 sions from these sources.




        Typical emissions from various  types of metallurgical



 furnaces are given in Table 7 in  the Appendix.



 3.2.1.1  Sintering Plantj




        From U.S.  sintering plants,  20  pounds  of dust per



 ton  of sinter  is likely in a waste  gas of 160 scfm.a    This



 gas  ranges in  temperature  from  160° to 390°F, and contains



 1.1  to 6.8 g/m3  (0.5 to 3  grains/scf ).  Dust from a plant



 in Germany is  reported to  contain 50 percent  iron.42



3.2.1.2  Blast Furnaces



       The average blast furnace produces approximately



1,000 tons of pig iron per day,  during  which about 100  tons



of dust are produced.  The input to the furnace  is approxi-



mately 2,000 tons of ore, 900 tons of coke,  400  tons  of lime-



stone and dolomite, and 3,570 tons of air.   The  normal  emis-



sions are 16,000,000 to 22,800,000 ug/m3. Approximately 32



percent of the dust is fine particulates containing 30  per-


          il 4
cent iron. -^



        "Slips" are the principal factors in  pollution arising



from modern blast furnaces having typical air pollution con-



trol equipment.  A slip occurs when the crust of a furnace
       ascfm - standard cubic feet per minute.
       b
        scf - standard cubic feet.

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                                                          21
charge breaks and slips into a void.  This produces a sudden


rush of gas which automatically bypasses the control equip-


ment (to avoid high pressures in the system), thus releasing


a large black or red cloud of dust to the atmosphere.  In


recent years automation has helped to reduce the number of

      114
slips.


3.2.1.3  Ferromanganese Blast Furnaces


       Uncontrolled emissions from a ferromanganese blast


furnace in 1951 produced as much as 8.2 to 15.5 g/m3 of


exhaust gas/ with an average of 13.7 g/m3.  Two 350-ton


furnaces produced approximately 142 tons of dust per day con-


taining 0.3 to 0.5 percent iron.  The particle size of the


fume is extremely small, 0.1 to 1.0 p. in diameter.114


3.2.1.4  Open-Hearth Furnaces


       For economic reasons, oxygen injection is used to in-


crease the yield of steel from open-hearth furnaces.  How-


ever, it also increases the air pollution.     In 1960, the


fume loading was reported to increase from approximately 0.9


g/m3 (7.5 Ib/ton) to 1.4 g/m3 (9.3 Ib/ton) using oxygen in-


jection.  This represents about a 50 percent increase in


emissions per unit time, but only about a 25 percent increase


in emissions per ton.     More recent evidence, according to


Vincent and McGinnity,    indicates the emission rates range


from 15 to 40 Ib/ton of steel.  When the heat time is short


(3 hours) the emission rates would be 30 to 40 Ib/ton.

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                                                          22
The average open-hearth furnace in the U.S. has a capacity



of about 175 tons of steel per heat.  A heat takes about 11



hours without oxygen injection, but only 3 hours (in short



heats) with oxygen injection.



       Most of the dust is made up of iron oxide, predomi-



nantly Fe2O~.  If the heat contains a large fraction of



galvanized steel, zinc oxides may predominate.  Studies114



have shown that the iron oxide content averages about 50



percent of the total particulates with oxygen lancing.



These particles are small, 93 percent of them less than 40 \i



in diameter and 46 percent less than 5 |_i.



3.2.1.5  Electric-Arc Furnaces

  i

       Dust and fume emissions from an electric-arc furnace



average 10.5 Ib/ton of steel melted, ranging from 4.5 to 29.4



Ib/ton.  These particulates contain 40 to 50 percent Fe2C>3



with 70 percent of the particles less than 5 u- in diameter.



3.2.1.6  Basic Oxygen Furnaces



       The basic oxygen furnace appears to be the most  impor-



tant furnace for the future.  (See Sections 3.2.1 and 4.1)



Fortunately, all of the basic oxygen furnaces operating in



this country in 1960 were equipped with either wet scrubbers


                               114
or electrostatic precipitators.     Emissions from these



control devices range between 55,000 ug/m3  and 220,000  [_ig/m3 ;



emission rates of 0.5 to 1 ton/hr  have been reduced to



about 10 to 20 Ib/hr.  However, uncontrolled emissions  range



from 20 to 60 Ib/ton of steel with an average of 40 Ib/ton.156

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                                                          23
3.2.1.7  Gray Iron Cupola


                           197
       The gray iron cupola^  is still used to melt over 93



percent of the gray iron produced in the U.S.  There are



over 6,000 foundries which use over 3,300 cupolas.   These



cupolas range in capacity from 1 to over 50 tons/hr.  While



the quantity and concentration of iron in the dust  and fume



emitted is dependent on the quality of scrap melted, tests



indicate that emissions range from 10-45 pounds of  dust per



ton of melt.  From 15 to 55 percent of the particles from



these emissions measure less than 50 p., and 6 to 25 percent



less than 10 p.



3.2.2  Coal



       In general, the fly ash in coal contains 2 to 26.8



percent iron as Fe2C>3 or Fe3C>4, while the average concentra-
tion in West Virginia coal ash is 15.9 percent.   The fly


                                                      123
ash may range from 1 to 10 percent of the coal burned.



Cuffe and Gerstle^ have reported emissions of iron ranging



from 2 to 37 Ib/ton (0.1 to 1.8 percent) before  fly-ash



collection and 0.09 to 4 Ib/ton (0.004 to 0.2 percent) after



collection, depending on the type of equipment.   These data



are given in Table 8 in the Appendix.  Pursglove    has es-



timated that 6,000,000 tons/year of coal fly ash will be



produced in the Ohio River Valley by 1971.  This fly ash



would yield 1,200,000 tons of iron oxide which could make



1,000,000 tons/year of good, high-grade iron pellets for use



in blast furnaces.

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                                                         24
       Iron usually occurs in coal as pyrite, FeS-.  Recov-



ery of sulfur and iron from pyrite concentrates requires



crushing and grinding, which results in suspension of fine


,  .   71,152
dusts.



3.2.3  Fuel Oil



       Fly ash from burning fuel oil* is most commonly about



69,000 to 80,000 |~ig/m3 or approximately 2 g/lb of oil fired.



The concentration of Fe2O3 in the fly ash is about 3.5 per-



cent.  This would result in an emission of 50,000 tag of



Fe203 per pound of fuel oil burned.  A boiler burning 1,000



pounds of oil per hour would be discharging about 50 g of


                            122
Fe2O3 per hour into the air.



3.3  Product Sources



3.3.1  Incineration



       Incineration of municipal wastes may produce some



iron pollution in the air.  Burning such as this is reported


                                            44        67
to produce 17 pounds of particulate per ton.    Kaiser



has averaged the emissions from three incinerators in New



York City and found that the collected fly ash contains 6.3



percent iron, while the fly ash passing through the control



equipment contains 2.1 percent iron.



3.3.2  Welding Rods



       Welding rods contribute some iron pollution to the



air.   In one study, the dust contained 25 to 30 percent of
       *These data are based on residual oil.

-------
                                                          25
                              qp
iron as Fe O  and ^gamma-Fe^CU. °
          O T
3.3.3  Antiknock Compounds
       Ferrocene (dicyclopentadienyl iron) and iron carbonyl
                                                68
(Fe(CO) ) have been studied as antiknock agents.    Since
use of these compounds results in excessive engine deposits,
they have not been commercially used as antiknock agents.
Rose    does not think automobile exhaust emissions are an
important source of iron pollution.
3.4  Environmental Air Concentrations
       Air quality data obtained from the National Air Samp-
ling Network are shown in Table 9 in the Appendix.  The
national average concentration in 1964 was 1.58 M-g/m3 and
                                    •I  -3 C C.
the national maximum was 22.0 p.g/m3 .
                 70
       Lee et al.   determined the particle size distribution
of iron particulates from samples collected from ambient air
in downtown Cincinnati, Ohio, and Fairfax, a suburb of Cin-
cinnati.  The concentrations and mass median diameters were
significantly higher in downtown Cincinnati than in suburban
Fairfax.  The concentrations were 3.12 and 1.15 ug/m3 re-
spectively for Cincinnati and Fairfax, and the mass median
diameters were 3.7 and 1.4 |j respectively.

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                                                             26
4.  ABATEMENT



           Particulate control for the emission sources should


    be adequate to remove iron.



    4.1  Iron and Steel Industry



           Control of emissions from the iron and steel industry



    is being accomplished through improvements in steel process-



    ing.   '    In 1955 the basic oxygen process was initiated



    as an economical process of producing steel.  Every basic



    oxygen furnace constructed in this country has been equipped



    with control equipment.  In 1966, 28 percent of the steel



    made in the U.S. was refined in these new furnaces.  Wheel-


      144
    er    anticipates that this method of steel production will



    soon account for 60 percent or more of total steel production,



           Dust removal is accomplished by high-efficiency elec-

                                                    37
    trostatic precipitators, venturi type scrubbers,   or



    filters.  However, filters have not been used on basic oxygen



    furnaces in the U.S.  Table 10 in the Appendix gives a sum-


    mary of the relative efficiency of the various types of con-


    trol equipment.  Additional information can be found in the



    references listed in Table 11 in the Appendix.



           The quantity of dust collected averages 35 Ib/ton of



    steel or 35,000 tons/year for two 200-ton furnaces producing



    2,000,000 tons of steel per year.  Some of this dust (con-



    taining about 65 percent iron) is reclaimed by compacting it



    in a sintering plant or modulizer.  Dust which contains a



    large quantity of zinc oxide (produced from galvanized scrap)

-------
                                                          27
                 114
cannot be reused.


       The cost of fume control is given in Section 5.

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                                                              28
5.   ECONOMICS




           Economic losses due to iron pollution arise from




    soiling.  For example, a Chicago parking lot owner noted




    that one parking lot was not being used even though it was




    in a good location.  Investigation revealed that cars parked




    there were being stained by iron particles emitted from a




    nearby grinding operation.  Some cars required repainting




    because the stains could not be removed by cleaning and




    polishing.  Thus, both the parking lot owner and the automo-


                                                               49
    bile owners suffered economic losses due to iron pollution.




    However, no information has been found on the magnitude of




    losses resulting from material damage.




           The cost of fume control equipment for basic oxygen




    furnaces ranges between $3,000,000 and $7,500,000 and repre-




    sents 14 to 19 percent of the total plant cost.  Operating




    costs usually range from $0.15 to $0.25 per ton of steel,




    or $300,000 to $500,000 per year for a plant with two 200-




    ton furnaces.     The American Iron and Steel Institute has




    published the Expenditures for Pollution Control in the Iron




    and Steel Industry as given in Table 12 in the Appendix.




           Data on the production and consumption of iron and




    steel are presented in Section 3.

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                                                             29
6.  METHODS OF ANALYSIS


    6.1  Sampling Methods


           Dusts and fumes of iron compounds may be collected


    by any method suitable for collection of other dusts and


    fumes; the impinger, electrostatic precipitator, and filter


    are commonly used.  The National Air Sampling Network uses


    a high volume filtration sampler.


    6 . 2  Quantitative Methods


           Emission spectroscopy has been used by the National


    Air Pollution Control Administration for iron analysis of

                                                   135,2
    samples from the National Air Sampling Network.       The


    samples are ashed and extracted to eliminate interfering


    elements.  The minimum detectable iron concentration by emis-


    sion spectroscopy is 0.084 l-ig/m3 for urban samples and 0.006


    (ag/m3 for nonurban  samples.  The different sensitivities re-


    sult from the different  extraction procedures required for


    urban samples.


           Thompson et _al_.    have reported that the National


    Air Pollution Control Administration uses atomic absorption


    to supplement analyses obtained by emission spectroscopy.


    The method has a minimum detectable limit of 0.01 ug/m3


    based on a 2,000 m3 air  sample.


           Atomic absorption spectroscopy has been applied to

                                                               I QQ

    the analysis of iron in  air by Sachdev, Robinson, and West.


    The sensitivity is  50 |Jg/m3 of solution.

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                                                          30
       A method for determining iron in the ambient air



has been described by West et al.     The dust sample is



collected on filter paper with a high volume sampler and



analyzed by the ring oven technique, using ferrocyanide.



The limit of detection is 0.015 |ag, or approximately 2 ug/m3 .



       A flame emission spectrophotometry method for deter-



mining mass concentration of Fe2C>3 aerosol in exposure



chambers is reported by Crider, Strong, and Barkley-    This



is a continuous monitoring system sensitive to 3 M-g of



Fe2O3/m3 .  At the 100 to 1,000 |-ig/m3 level, the precision



was +12 percent.



       A procedure for determining the iron concentration in


                                                     95
plant tissue and soil extracts was set forth by Paul.    In



this procedure the ferrous ion forms a complex compound with



1,10-phenanthroline, which is then determined colorimetri-



cally.



       Strackee    has measured the iron content of air by



electron spin resonance spectrometry.


                  29
       Butt et al.   has recorded an emission spectrographic



method for determining the trace metal content (including



iron) in the human liver, kidney, lung, brain, spleen, and



heart.


                   23
       Brief et al.   has described a method for collecting



and determining the air concentration of iron pentacarbonyl.



The method has a sensitivity of 1|J of iron or 71 |J.g/m3 .

-------
                                                         31
                          28
       Bulba and Silverman   have developed a method of pro-



ducing aerosols of iron oxides.  A stream of nitrogen is



passed through iron pentacarbonyl, after which it is mixed



with an oxygen stream.  This mixture is passed through a



furnace which causes the oxidation of iron carbonyl to iron



oxide.



       Mallik and Buddhadev ^ have reported two spot-test



methods for the determination of iron.  Both methods use



phenyl-2-pyridylketoxine with color development with (1)



sodium carbonate and  (2) ammonia.  Interfering ions are



copper, cobalt, and cyanide.  The limit of identification



is about 0.05 |-ig.

-------
                                                              32
7.  SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS




           Inhalation of iron and iron oxides is known to pro-




    duce a benign siderosis (or pneumoconiosis).  However, in




    addition to the benign condition, there may be very serious




    synergistic effects as well as other undesirable effects,




    such as chronic bronchitis.  In the laboratory, iron oxide




    has been shown to act as a vehicle to transport the car-




    cinogens in high local concentrations to the target tissue.




    Similarly, sulfur dioxide is transported in high local con-




    centrations deep into the lung by iron oxide particles.  The




    relationships between dose and time and these conditions




    have not been determined.




          No evidence of animal or plant damage was found in this




    survey.



          Soiling of materials by airborne iron or its compounds




    may produce economic losses.  For example, iron particles




    have been observed to produce stains on automobiles, requir-




    ing them to be repainted.  Iron oxide particulates may also




    reduce visibility.



          The results from the National Air Sampling Network




    showed that iron concentrations ranged up to 22 ug/m3, with




    an average of 1.6 (ag/m3 in 1964.  The -most likely sources of




    iron pollution are from the iron and steel industry.  The




    validity of this conclusion has been demonstrated by the




    decrease in iron concentration during steel strikes as well




    as by analysis of iron in the stack emissions.  The iron




    pollution may be controlled by particulate removal equipment,

-------
                                                         33
such as electrostatic precipitators, venturi scrubbers,  and



filters.



       Air pollution control cost the steel industry approx-



imately $102 million in 1968.  Fume control equipment costs




for basic oxygen furnaces range between $3 and $7.5 million.



This represents 14 to 19 percent of the total plant cost.



Operating costs average $0.15 to $0.25 per ton of steel.



       Atomic absorption and emission spectroscopy analytical



methods are available for the determination of iron in the



ambient air.



       Based on the material presented in this report, fur-



ther studies are suggested in the following areas:



        (1)  The role of iron and its compounds in carcino-



genesis, especially at the low concentrations observed in



the atmosphere.



        (2)  The role of iron and its compounds as syner-



gistic agents with other air pollutants (such as sulfur  diox-



ide) from at least two viewpoints-catalytic oxidation of



pollutant in air and transport of pollutant into the lungs.



        (3)  The soiling characteristics of iron and its



compounds as related to particle size, concentration, and



ch emi ca1 compo s it i on.

-------
                                                            34
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-------
                                                           35


10.  Amdur, M. O. ,  and. D.  Underbill,  The Effect of Various Aero-
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-------
                                                           36
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                                                            37
31.  Cholak, J., L. J. Schafer,  and D. Yeager,  Air  Pollution
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                                                          48
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Casarett, L. J., and B. Epstein,  Deposition and  Fate
of Inhaled  Iron-59  Oxide  in Rats, Am.  Ind. Hyg.  Assoc. J.
,27.(6):533 (1966).

Chambers, L. A., M.  J.  Foter,  and J. Cholak, A Comparison
of Particulate Loadings in the Atmospheres of Certain
American Cities, Pro^.  Natl.  Air  Pollution Symp., 3rd,
Pasadena, Calif. (1955).

-------
                                                          49
Chittawadgi, B. S., and A. N. Voinov, Mechanism of
Action of Ferrocene on Smoke Reduction in Diffusion
Flames, Indian J. Techno 1. (India) 3.(7):209 (1965).

Cholak, J., The Nature of Atmospheric Pollution in a
Number of Industrial Communities, Proc. Natl. Air
Pollution Symp., 2nd, Pasadena, Calif. (1952).

Committee on Air Pollution Interim Report, Committee
on Air Pollution, London, England (1953).

Crider, W. L., N. P. Barkley, and A. A. Strong, Dry-
Powder Aerosol Dispersing Device with Long-Time Output
Stability, Sci. Instr. 39(2);152 (1968).

Documentation of Threshold Limit Values, American
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
Cincinnati, Ohio (1962).

A Feasibility Study of the Recovery of Sulfur and Iron
from Coal Pyrites. (Chicago:  Weir, 1966).

Finfer, E. Z., Fuel Oil Additives for Controlling Air
Contaminant Emissions, J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.
11(1) :43  (1967).

Haagen-Smit, A. J., Reactions of Sulfur Dioxide and
Other Air Contaminants in the Atmosphere, Proc. Am.
Power Conf. 26;117 (1964).

Hebley, H. F., The Control of Gob Pile Fires, J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc., 6.(1) :29 (1956).

Hofer,  L. J. E., P. Gusey, and R. B. Anderson, Specific-
ity of Catalysts for the Oxidation of Carbon Monoxide
Ethylene Mixtures, J. Catalysis 3:451 (1964).

Hull, H. M., and F. W. Went, Life Processes of Plants
as Affected by Air Pollution, Proc. Natl. Air Pollution
Symp.,  2nd, Pasadena, Calif. (1952).

Industrial Air Pollution Control, Heating, Piping, Air
Conditioning 39(3) ; 179 (1967).

Inouye, K., The Role of Copper (II) in the Oxidation of
Ferrous Hydroxide Colloid with Special Reference to the
Corrosion of Iron in an SO--Containing Environment,
J. Colloid Interface Sci. 27(2);171 (1968).

-------
                                                           50
Jutze, G- A., R. L. Harris, Jr., and M. Georgevich,
The Interstate Air Pollution Surveillance Program
(Effects Network), J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.
17.(5) :291 (1967).
Kaiser, E. R. , Composition and Combustion of Refuse,
Proc. MECAR Symp., Incineration of Solid Wastes,
New York City, p. 1 (1967).

Kalyuzhniy, D. N. , Sanitary Protection Against Air
Pollution by Waste Products from Ferrous Metallurgical
Enterprises, (Transl. as JPRS No. 17, 984), p. 166
(1963).

Katz, M., Sources of Pollution, Proc. Natl. Air Pollu-
tion Symp. , 2nd, Pasadena, Calif. (1952).

Kerns, B. A., Chemical Suppression of Nitrogen Oxides,
Westinghouse Electric Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa., Head-
quarters Manuf. Lab. (1964).

Kodama, I., Air Pollution in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan .
Air Cleaning Assoc. (Tokyo) 4_(2):23 (1967).

Konno, K. , Air Filter (3)  Japan. Air Cleaning Assoc.
(Tokyo) 2.(2):35 (1964).

Krueger, A. P., S. Kotaka, and P. C. Andriese,
A Study of the Mechanism of Air-Ion-Induced Growth
Stimulation in Hordeum Vulgar is, Intern. J. Biometeorol.
7(1):17 (1963).

Krueger, A. P., S. Kotaka, and P. C. Andriese,
Studies on Air-Ion-Enhanced Iron Chlorosis. I. Active
and Residual Iron, Intern. J. Biometeorol. 8(1);5 (1964).

Levy, A., and E. L. Merryman, Interactions in Sulphur
Oxide-Iron Oxide Systems, J. Eng. Power 89A(2):297
(1967).

Lodwick, J. R. , Chemical Additives in Petroleum Fuels:
Some Uses and Action Mechanisms, J. Inst. Petrol.
(London) 50.(491):297 (1964).

Louw, C. W. and E. C. Halliday, First Report on
Atmospheric Oxidant Measurements in the Towns of
Pretoria, Durban and Johannesburg, S. African Ind.
Chemist. 18 (11); 218 (1963).

-------
                                                         51
Mackenzie, R. C., and R. Meldau, The Morphology of
Finely-Particular Oxides and Hydroxides of Iron,
Aluminium and Manganese, Staub.  (English Transl.)
11(5) :19 (1967).

Matsufuji, H., Air Pollution of Work Area Due to Dust
Particles and Its Prevention, Clean Air (Tokyo),
3.(6) :52 (1966).

McCune, D. C., A. E. Hitchcock, and L. H. Weinstein,
Effect of Mineral Nutrition on the Growth and HF
Sensitivity of Gladiolus, Contrjb. Boyce Thompson
Inst. 23:295 (1966).

Morrow, P. E., Adaptations of the Respiratory Tract to
Air Pollutants, Arch. Environ. Health 14(1);127 (1967).

Nader, J. S., Problems and Developments in Monitoring
Air Pollution Sources, Preprint, Public Health Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution
Control (1967).

Nagelschmidt, G., The Study of Lung Dust in Pneumoconiosis,
Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 26;1 (1965).

Ohhira, T., Chemical Property of Dusts and Soot from
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Otani, N., et al., Studies on Atmospheric Corrosion of
Metals and Anti-Corrosive Coatings in Japan (7th Report).
Result of Weathering Test Conducted on Protective Coat-
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(1967).

Parkes, W. B., Measurement of Airborne Dust Concentra-
tions in Foundries, Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 25(5):447
(1964).

Pertinent Characteristics of the Iron and Steel Industry
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Petrova, A., Y. Dalakmanski, and D. Bakalov, Study of
Contamination of the Atmosphere by Injurious Road
(Transport and Industrial Products), J. Hyg. Epidemiol.,
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Pfefferkorn, G., and H. Desler, Investigating Smokes
Generated in Electric-Arc Welding, Staub. (English
Transl.) 2Z(8):1 (1967).

-------
                                                            52
 Potzl, K., Trace Analysis of Calcium in Dusts and
 Aerosols, Text  in German. Naturwissenschaften (Berlin)
 53(3):79  (1966).

 Potzl, K., Methods for Analysis of Inorganic Aerosols
 and Their Application to the Investigation of Industrial
 Dusts, Zentr. Aerosol-Forsch.  (Stuttgart) 13(5/6) :382
 (1967).

 Prasad, A. S.,  Trace Elements  in Nutrition:  Zinc, Iron,
 Chromium, Federation Proc.  25;172  (1967).

 Pretorius, S. T., and W. G. Mandersloot, The Removal
 of Air Pollutants from Gases by Reaction with Particulate
 Solids, Powder  Technol.  (Amsterdam) 1_(3):129 (1967).

 Raviolo, V. G., Automotive  Trends  in a Changing Market,
 Proc. Am. Petrol. Inst., Sect. Ill 41:114 (1961).

 Reid, W. T., Formation of Alkali Iron Sulfates and Other
 Compounds Causing Corrosion in Boilers and Gas Turbines,
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 The Rising Costs, Machine Design 39(17);23 (1967).

 Saffiotti, U.,  et al., Retention Rates of Particulate
 Carcinogens in  the Lungs, Chicago Med. School Quart.
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 Saruta, N., Air Pollution in Northern Kyushu, Japan.
 Air Cleaning Assoc.  (Tokyo) 4_(2):35 (1966).

 Sebesta, W.,  "Ferrous Metallurgical Processes," Chapter
 33, in Air Pollution  - Sources  and Their Control^, vol. Ill,
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 Smith, N. J., and R. P. Tessner, The Analysis of Trace
 Metals in Biological Specimens by a Direct Reading
 Spectrometric Technique, Preprint, Dow Chemical Co.,
 Midland, Mich., Chemical Physics Research Lab. (1966).

 Spenceley, G. D., The Role  of  Oxygen-Fuel Burners in
 Scrap Consuming Steel-Making Processes and Their Effect
 on Fume Emission, Proceedings  of the Clean Air Con-
 ference, National Society for  Clean Air, London (1967).

 Stanescu, D. B., et  al., Aspects of Pulmonary Mechanics
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 24(2):143 (1967).

-------
                                                          53
Stein, K. C., et al., Catalytic Oxidation of Hydro-
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for Air Pollution Control (1966).

Yocom, J. E., The Deterioration of Materials in Polluted
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(1958).

Zenz, C., J. P. Bartlett, and W. H. Thiede, Analysis of
Ventilation in Older Workers in Foundry, Machine Shop,
and Office, J. Occupational Med. 7(9):443 (1965).

-------
                                 54
APPENDIX

-------
APPENDIX

                                         TABLE 3
   CRUDE IRON ORE MINED IN THE UNITED STATES BY DISTRICTS, STATES, AND MINING METHODS
     (Thousand long tons and exclusive of ore containing 5 percent or more manganese)

District and State
Lake Superior

Wisconsin 	
Total
Southeastern States
Georgia 	
Total
Northeastern States
New Jersey, New York,
Pennsylvania . .
Western States
California 	
Colorado 	
Idaho .......
Mississippi ....
Missouri 	
Montana ......



Utah 	 	

Undistributed . . .
Total
Grand Total

Open Pit
17,342
112,664

130,006
3,444
1,697
5,141
*
*
*
115
*
*
299
9
*
17
*
2, 303
3,720
*
*
160,355
1965
Under-
ground
6, 562
1,263
56
7,881
659

659
*



2, 532

*



815
*
*
17,586

Total
23, 904
113, 927
56
137,887
4, 103
1,697
5,800
12,206
*
*
115
*
*
2, 831
9
1, 301
17
*
2, 303
4,535
10,937
22,048
177,941

Open Pit
18, 248
114,851

133,099
3, 390
1,645
5,035
*
*
*
163
*
*
264
12
*
15
*
2, 064
4, 265
*
*
164,165
1966
Under-
ground
6, 572
1, 227

7,799
778

778
*



2, 605

*



742
*
*
18,214

Total
24,820
116, 078

140,898
4,168
1,645
5,813
11,355
*
*
163
*
*
? 869
1?
1 224
15
*
? 064
5 007
12,959
24,313
182,379
   *Withheld to avoid disclosing individual confidential data;  included with "Undistributed.

-------
  APPENDIX
                                               TABLE 4

              IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES,  1967
                                                                                     63
State & City
County
                                                                                            Grades of
                                                                                              Steel*
ALABAMA
Birmingham

"

11
11
11
Do than

Fairfield

Gadsden
Haleyville
No . Birmingham
n n
Sheffield
Woodward
ARIZONA
Tempe

Jefferson

11

n
"
11
Houston

Jefferson

Etowah
Winston
Jefferson
11
Colbert
Jefferson

Mar i cop a

American Cast Iron Pipe Co.
American Steel Pipe Div.
H. K. Porter Co., Inc.
Connors Steel Div.
Republic Steel Corp.
Southern Electric Steel Co.
United States Pipe & Foundry Co.
Southern Fabricating Co., Inc.
Dixie Tube & Steel, Inc.
United States Steel Corp.
Sheet & Tin Products Oprs .
Republic Steel Corp.
Formed Tubes Southern, Inc.
Southeastern Metals Co., Inc.
United States Pipe & Foundry
Southern Fabricating Co., Inc.
Woodward Corp.

Allison Steel Mfg. Co.




Elec.
Coke-B/F
Elec.
B/F



Coke-B/F -OH-Bess
Coke-B/F-Bop-Elec


Coke-B/F

Coke-B/F




CA

CA

C


C

CA
CA
C
C

C



                                            Rolling  Mill  Div.
                                                                          Elec.
ARKANSAS
   Magnolia

CALIFORNIA
   Azusa
      n
   City Industry
   Emeryville
   Etiwanda
   Fontana
                      Columbia
                      Los Angeles
                      Alameda
                      San Bernardino
              Kalmar Steel Corp.
              Metalcraft Products Co.
              Southern Pipe & Casing Co.
              Techalloy Co., Inc.
              Judson Steel Corp.
              Etiwanda Steel Products, Inc.
              Kaiser Steel Corp.
Elec.
OH
Elec.
Coke-B/F-OH-Bop
C
C
C
C
CA
CA
                                                                                                        0%
                                                                                          (^corvt^inued)

-------
 APPENDIX
                                         TABLE 4
                                                                              63
       IRON AND  STEEL PRODUCING  AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES,  1967   (Continued)
State  &  City
     County
      Company
Major Furnaces
Grades of
  Steel*
:ALIFORNIA  (cont'd.)
   Hayward            Alameda
   Long  Beach         Los  Angeles
   Los Angeles
  Nap a
  Perris
  Pittsburg
Nap a
Riverside
Contra Costa
   So.  San Francisco  San Mateo
   ii    ii       H           ii
   Torrance           Los Angeles
  Union  City
Alameda
Davis Wire Corp.
Soule Steel Co.                  Elec.
Bethlehem Steel Corp.            Elec.
California Steel & Tube
Calstrip Steel Corp.
  (Washington Steel Corp.)
Davis Wire & Cable Corp., K.H.
Harris Tube, Inc.
Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
  Stainless & Strip Div.
National-Standard Co.
Pacific Tube Co.
Pittsburgh Steel Co.
  Johnson Steel & Wire Co.,Inc.
Republic Steel Corp.
Bliss & Laughlin Steel Co.
Southwest Steel Rolling Mills    Elec.
Kaiser Steel Corp.
Techalloy Co., Inc.
United States Steel Corp.
  Sheet & Tin Products Oprs.
Bethlehem Steel Corp.
Edwards Co., E. H.
Armco Steel Corp.
  National Supply Div.           Elec.
United States Steel Corp.
  Sheet & Tin Products Oprs.     OH
Cal-Metal Corp.
Columbia Steel & Shafting Co.
  (Columbia-Summerill)
Pacific States Steel Corp.       OH
                    C
                    C
                    CA
                    C

                    CAS
                    C
                    C

                    CA
                    C
                    CAS

                    C
                    C
                    C
                    C
                    C
                    C

                    C
                    C
                    C

                    CAS

                    CA
                    C

                    CA
                    CA

-------
 APPENDIX
                                               TABLE 4
                                                                                63
         IRON AND  STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES,  1967   (Continued)
State & Citv
COLORADO
Pueblo
Fort Collins
JONNECTICUT
Branford
Bridgeport

M
Bristol
E. Hartford
Georgetown
New Britain
New Haven
ii ii

Putnam

Shelton
Wai ling ford

II
Willimantic
County

Pueblo
Larimer

New Haven
Fairfield

n
Hartford
11
Fairfield
Hartford
New Haven
M M

Windham

Fairfield
New Haven

M n
Windham
Company Maior Furnaces

CF&I Steel Corp. Coke-B/F-OH-Bop
Southwest Pipe, Inc.

Atlantic Wire Co.
Carpenter Steel Co . ,
New England Div. Elec.
Heppenstall Co.
Wallace Barnes Steel Div.
Republic Steel Corp.
Gilbert & Bennett Mfg. Co., Inc.
Stanley Works
Detroit Steel Corp.
United States Steel Corp.
Wire Products Operations
Screw and Bolt Corp. Of America
Wyckoff Steel Div.
Driscoll Wire Co.
Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp.
Wallingford Steel Co.
Ulbrich Stainless Steels, Inc.
Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
Grades of
Steel*

CA
C

c

CAS
C
CA
C
C
C
C

C

C
C

CAS
S
C
DELAWARE
   Claymont

FLORIDA
   Jacksonville
       n
   Tampa
New Castle


Duval
  M

Hillsborough
Phoenix Steel Corp.
Mid-States Steel & Wire Co.
Ivy Steel & Wire Co.
Florida Steel Corp.
OH
Elec.
CA
C
C
C
                             Ul
                             00
                                                                                         (continued)

-------
  APPENDIX
                                              TABLE 4
                                                                               63
       IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF  THE UNITED STATES,  1967   (Continued)
State & City
     County
           Company
                                 Manor Furnaces
Grades of
  Steel*
GEORGIA
   Atlanta
   Hartwell
   Norcross
   Tallapoosa
HAWAII
   Ewa

ILLINOIS
   Alton
   Blue Island
     ii ii

   Chicago
Fulton
Hart
Gwinnett
Haralson
Honolulu
Madison
Cook
   Chicago Heights
Atlantic Steel Co.
Monroe Auto Equipment Co.
Tull Allied Metal Products Co,
Atlantic Steel Co.
  Dixisteel Buildings, Inc.
Hawaiian Western Steel Ltd.
                                 Elec.
                                 Elec.
                                 Elec.
Laclede Steel Co.
Enterprise Wire Co.
Gilbert & Bennett Mfg. Co.,Inc.
Borg-Warner Corp.
  Ingersoll Products Div.
Chicago Steel & Wire Co.
Finkl & Sons Co., A.             Elec.
Interlace Steel Corp.            Coke-B/F
Naylor Pipe Co.
Regal Tube Co. (Lear-Siegler, Inc.)
Valley Mould & Iron Corp.
Wilson Steel & Wire Co.
Wire Sales Co.
Screw and Bolt Corp. of America
  Wyckoff Steel Div.
Alco Products, Inc.
Borg-Warner Corp.
                                           Calumet Steel Div.
                                         Columbia Tool Steel Co.
                                         Inland Steel Co.
                                                    Elec.
                                                    Elec.
   CA
   C
   C

   CA
   C
   C
   C

   CA
   C
   CA

   C
   C

   C
   C

   C
   C

   C
   A
   C
                                                              Ul
                                                                                         (continued)

-------
APPENDIX
                                             TABLE 4
                                                                               63
      IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES,  1967    (Continued)
Jtate & City
[LLINOIS (Cont'd.)
Cicero
n
Dixon
Evans ton
Fairbury
Franklin Park
n n
Granite City
Harvey
Joliet

"

Kankakee
Lemon t

Madison
Morton Grove
Peoria
Riverdale
South Chicago
M ii

n M

Sterling
Union
Waukegan

County

Cook
n
Lee
Cook
Livingston
Cook
11
Madison
Cook
Will

11

Kankakee
Will

Madison
Cook
Peoria
Cook
Cook
11

"

Whiteside
McHenry
Lake

Company

Taylor Forge & Pipe Works
Corey Steel Co.
National-Standard Co.
Mark & Co . , Clayton
International Tube Corp.
Nelsen Steel & Wire Co.
Thompson Wire Co.
Granite City Steel Co.
Bliss & Laughlin Steel Co.
Phoenix Manufacturing Co.
Div. Union Tank Car Co.
United States Steel Corp.
Wire Products Oprs.
Kankakee Electric Steel Co.
Ceco Corp.
Lemon t Mfg. Corp.
Laclede Steel Co.
Harper Co. , H. M.
Keystone Consolidated Industries
Inter lake Steel Corp.
Republic Steel Corp.
United States Steel Corp.
Heavy Products Oprs.
International Harvester Co.
Wisconsin Steel Div.
Northwestern Steel & Wire Co.
Techalloy Co., Inc.
United States Steel Corp.
Wire Products Oprs.
Grades of
Manor Furnaces Steel*








Cok e - B/F -OH- Bop





Elec.

Elec.

Elec.
OH
Bop
Coke-B/F-OH-Elec .

B/F-OH-Bess-Elec .

Coke -B/F -Bop
Elec.




C
CS
C
C
C
CA
C
CA
CA

C

CAS
C

C
C
s
CA
C
CA

CAS

CA
C
C

C
                                                                                          (continued)

-------
 APPENDIX
                                             TABLE 4
                                                                              63
       IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1967    (Continued)
State & City
     County
           Company
Major Furnaces
Grades of
  Steel*
INDIANA
   West Chester Twp.
   Crawfordsville
   East Chicago
   East Chicago
   Fort Wayne
   Gary
Porter
Montgomery
Lake
Lake
Allen
Lake
   Hammond
       n
   Indiana Harbor

   Indianapolis

   Kokomo
   Muncie
   New Castle

   Portage
Marion

Howard
Delaware
Henry

Porter
Bethlehem Steel Corp.
Mid-States Steel & Wire Co.
Inland Steel Co.
Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co.
Joslyn Stainless Steels Div.
Republic Steel Corp.
Taylor Forge & Pipe Works
United States Steel Corp.
  Heavy Products Oprs.
  Sheet and Tin Products Oprs.
  Tubular Products Oprs.
Western Cold Drawn Steel
Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
La Salle Steel Co.
Standard Alliance Industries,Inc,
  Standard Forgings Div.
Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
  Stainless & Strip Div.
Continental Steel Corp.
Indiana Steel & Wire Co.
Borg-Warner Corp.
  Ingersoll Steel Div.
National Steel Corp.
  Midwest Steel Div.
Coke-B/F-OH-Bop
Coke-B/F-OH
Elec.
                                                                          Coke-B/F-OH-Bop
OH-Elec.
Elec.
   CA
   C
   CA
   CA
   S
   CA
   C

   CAS
   CA
   C
   CA

   CAS

   CA
   C
   C

   CAS

   C
EOWA
   Clinton

KENTUCKY
   Ashland
   Coalton
Clinton


Boyd
Central Steel Tube Co.
Armco Steel Corp.
Kentucky Electric Steel Co,
B/F-OH-Bop
Elec.
   CA
   C
                                                                                         (continued)

-------
  APPENDIX
                                             TABLE 4
                                                                               63
       IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1967   (Continued)
State & Citv
KENTUCKY (Cont'd.)
Cynthiana
Henderson
Wilder
Owensboro
jOUISIANA
County
Harrison
Henderson
Campbell
Davies

Company
Bundy Corp.
Atlas Tack Corp.
Interlace Steel Corp.
Green River Steel Corp.
(Jessop Steel Co.)

Grades of
Maior Furnaces Steel*
C
C
Elec. CA
Elec. CAS



  Baton Rouge
MARYLAND
E. Baton Rouge
Stupp Corporation
Baltimore
11
11
Cockeysville
Cumberland
Sparrows Point

IAS SACHU SETTS
Boston
Fairhaven
Mansfield
Medford
Millbury

New Bedford
Palmer
Readville
Baltimore
11
11
11
Allegheany
Baltimore


Suffolk
Bristol
Bristol
Suffolk
Worcester

Bristol
Hampden
Suffolk
Armco Steel Corp. Elec.
Eastern Stainless Steel Corp. Elec.
Reid-Avery Co., Inc.
Maryland Specialty Wire, Inc.
Cumberland Steel Co .
Bethlehem Steel Corp. Coke-B/F-OH-Bop
Thompson Wire Co.

Thompson Wire Co.
Atlas Tack Corp.
Bliss & Laughlin Steel Co.
Northern Steel, Inc.
New England High Carbon
Wire Corp.
Rodney Metals, Inc.
CF&I Steel Corp.
Compressed Steel Shafting Co.
CAS
AS
C
AS
C
CA
C

C
C
CA
C
C

CAS
C
C
                                                                                          (continued)

-------
APPENDIX
                                           TABLE 4
                                                                            63
    IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING  WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1967   (Continued)
State & City County Company Manor Furnaces
VIASSACHUSETTS
Worcester Worcester National-Standard Co.
" Pittsburgh Steel Co.
Johnson Steel & Wire Co., Inc.
" " Thompson Wire Co.
United States Steel Corp.
Wire Products Oprs.
Wright Steel & Wire Co., G. F.
yilCHIGAN
Dearborn Wayne Ford Motor Co. Coke-B/F-Bop
" " Sharon Steel Corp.
Detroit " Barry Universal Corp.
" " Bliss & Laughlin Steel Co.
" " Bundy Tubing Co.
" " Detroit Steel Corp.
" " Hercules Drawn Steel Corp.
" " Lear Siegler, Inc.
McLouth Steel Corp.
" " Plymouth Steel Corp .
" " Production Steel Strip Corp.
" " Standard Tube Co.
(Michigan Seamless Tube Co.)
Ecorse " National Steel Corp.
Great Lakes Steel Corp. OH-Bop-Elec.
Ferndale " Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp. Elec.
" " Greer Steel Co.
" " Republic Steel Corp.
Gibraltar " McLouth Steel Corp.
Jackson Jackson Walker Mfg. Co.
Grades of
Steel*

C

C
C

C
C

CA
CS
C
CA
C
C
CA
C
CAS
C
CA

C

CA
CAS
C
C
C
CAS
                                                                                                   CO
                                                                                       (continued)

-------
 APPENDIX
                                             TABLE 4
                                                                              63
       IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1967    (Continued)
State & City
     County
           Company
Manor Furnaces
Grades of
  Steel*
MICHIGAN
   Ludington

   Madison Heights
   Niles
   Plymouth
   River Rouge

   South Lyon
   Sturgis
   Trenton
   Warren (Detroit)
MINNESOTA
   Duluth
   St. Paul
MISSISSIPPI
Mason

Oakland
Berrien
Wayne
   Aberdeen
   Flowood
   Biloxi
Oakland
St. Joseph
Wayne
Ma comb
St. Louis

Ramsey
Monroe
Jackson
Harrison
Motyka Metal Products Tubing
  Div., Inc.
James Steel & Tube Co.
National-Standard Co.
Screw and Bolt Corp. of America
  Pilgrim Drawn Works
  (Wyckoff Steel Div.)
National Steel Corp.
  Great Lakes Steel Corp.
Michigan Seamless Tube Co.
Formed Tubes, Inc.
McLouth Steel Corp.
Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
  Stainless & Strip Div.
United States Steel Corp.
  Wire Products Oprs.
North Star Steel Co.
Walker Mfg. Co.
Mississippi Steel Corp.
Southern Precision Steel Co.
  (Precision Drawn Steel Co.)
                    C
                    C
                    C
                                                    Coke-B/F
B/F-Elec.-Bop
                                                                          Elec.
Coke-B/F-OH
Elec.
Elec,
   CAS
   C
   CAS

   CAS
   CA
   CA
   CAS
   C

   CA
                                                                                         (continued)

-------
APPENDIX
                                           TABLE 4
                                                                             63
    IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES,  1967    (Continued)
State & City
MISSOURI
Kansas City
St. Louis
NEBRASKA
Cozad
Valley
NEW JERSEY
Camden
Clifton
Harrison
Metuchen
New Brunswick
New Market

Newark
"
11

Roebling
Trenton
ii

Union
n

NEW YORK
Brooklyn
Buffalo
County

Jackson
St. Louis

Dawson
Douglas

Camden
Passaic
Hudson
Middlesex
n
n

Essex
n
n

Burlington
Mercer
II

Union
II


Kings
Erie
Company Major Furnaces

Armco Steel Corp. Elec.
Missouri Rolling Mill Corp.

Monroe Auto Equipment Co.
Valmont Industries, Inc.

Precision Drawn Steel Co.
National-Standard Co.
Crucible Steel Corp.
Berger Industries
Carpenter Steel Co.
Union Steel Corp.
( Sharon Steel Corp . )
Wilbur B. Driver Co.
Igoe Brothers, Inc.
Screw and Bolt Corp. of America
Wyckoff Steel Div.
CF&I Steel Corp. Elec.
CF&I Steel Corp.
United States Steel Corp.
Wire Products Oprs .
Carpenter Steel Co.
Union Steel Corp.
(Sharon Steel Corp.)

Republic Steel Corp.
Bliss & Laughlin Steel Co.
Grades of
Steel*

CA
C

C
C

C
C
CA
C
C

CAS
AS
C

CA
C
C

C
C

CAS

CA
CA
                                                                                                    Ln
                                       Donner-Hanna Coke Corp.
                                       Gibraltar  Steel Corp.
Coke

-------
APPENDIX




                                            TABLE 4




     IRON AND  STEEL  PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED  STATES,  196763  (Continued)
State & City
JEW YORK (Cont'd. )
Buffalo
ii

ii
Cortland
Dunkirk
n
Lack a wanna
Lockport

New Hartford

New York
No . Ton a wan da
n n

Rome
n
Syracuse
Tonawanda
Troy
11
Watervliet
NORTH CAROLINA
Monroe

Croft
County

Erie
11

ii
Cortland
Chautauqua
II
Erie
Niagara

Oneida

New York
Niagara
n

Oneida
n
Onondaga
Erie
Rensselaer
n
Albany

Union

Mecklenburg
Company

Madison Wire Co., Inc.
National Steel Corp.
Hanna Furnace Corp.
Republic Steel Corp.
Wickwire Brothers, Inc.
Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp.
Roblin Steel Corp.
Bethlehem Steel Corp.
Wallace Murray Corp.
Simonds Steel Div.
Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp.
Special Metals Corp.
Washburn Wire Co .
Roblin Steel Corp.
Tonawanda Iron Div.
(Am. Rad. & Std. Corp.)
Rome Manufacturing Co .
Rome Strip Steel Co . , Inc .
Crucible Steel Corp.
Lake Erie Rolling Mill, Inc.
Poor & Co.
Republic Steel Corp.
Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp.

Vasco Metals Corp.
Allvac
Florida Steel Corp.
Grades of
Major Furnaces Steel*



B/F
B/F-OH
Elec.
Elec.
Elec.
Coke-B/F-OH-Bop

Elec.

Elec.



B/F


Elec.


B/F
Elec.


Elec.
Elec.

C


CA
C
CAS
CA
CA

CAS

C
C
CA


CAS
CA
CAS
CA
C

AS


CA
C
                                                                                        (continued)

-------
APPENDIX
                                            TABLE 4
                                                                              63
      IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED  STATES,  1967    (Continued)
State & City
OHIO
Akron
11

Alliance
Campbell
Canton
11
"
"

Cincinnati
Cleveland
"

11
"
"
"


"
Co shoe ton


Dover
11


11

Fostoria
Grades of
County Company Maior Furnaces Steel*

Summit National-Standard Co.
" Pittsburgh Steel Co.
Johnson Steel & Wire Co., Inc.
Stark Babcock & Wilcox Co.
Mahoning Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co. Coke-B/F-OH
Stark Poor & Co.
" Republic Steel Corp. B/F-OH-Elec.
" Timken Roller Bearing Co. Elec.
11 United States Steel Corp.
Sheet & Tin Products Oprs.
Hamilton American Compressed Steel Corp. Elec.
Cuyahoga Angell Nail & Chaplet Co.
" Cuyahoga Steel & Wire Co .
(Div. Hoover Ball & Bearing Co.)
" Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. B/F-Bop-Elec.
" Republic Steel Corp. Coke-B/F-OH-Bop
" Solar Steel Corp.
" United States Steel Corp.
Wire Products Oprs.
Tubular Products Oprs. B/F
11 United Tube Corp. of Ohio
Coshocton Universal-Cyclops
Specialty Steel Div.
(Cyclops Corp. )
Tuscarawas Greer Steel Co.
" Cyclops Corp.
Empire-Reeves Steel Div. OH-Elec.
Lorain Republic Steel Corp.
" Western Cold Drawn Steel
( Standard Screw Co . )
Seneca Seneca Wire & Manufacturing Co.

C

C
C
CA
CA
CAS
CAS

C
C
C

CA
CA
CA
CA

CA

C


S
CA

CAS
C

CA
C
                                                                                        (continued)

-------
APPENDIX
                                            TABLE 4
                                                                             63
     IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS  OF  THE UNITED STATES,  1967   (Continued)
State  & City
                         County
Company
                 Grades of
Maior Furnaces     Steel*
3HIO ( Cont ' d . )
Hubbard
Jackson
Lorain

Louisville

Mansfield

Marion
Martins Ferry
Massillon
Medina
Middletown
Orwell
Piqua

Portsmouth
Shelby

"

Steubenville

"
Toledo
11
"
n
11
Warren
11


Trumbull
Jackson
Lorain

Stark

Richland

Marion
Belmont
Stark
Medina
Butler
Ashtabula
Miami

Scioto
Richland

"

Jefferson

11
Lucas
"
"
11
"
Trumbull
li


Valley Mould & Iron Corp.
Jackson Iron & Steel Co.
United States Steel Corp.
Tubular Products Oprs.
Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
Stainless and Strip Div.
Cyclops Corp.
Empire-Reeves Steel Div.
Pollak Steel Co.
Wheeling Steel Corp.
Republic Steel Corp.
Bliss & Laughlin Steel Co.
Armco Steel Corp.
Welded Tubes, Inc.
Miami Industries Div.
(MSL Industries, Inc.)
Detroit Steel Corp.
Copperweld Steel Co.
Ohio Seamless Tube Div.
Standard Tube Co.
(Michigan Seamless Tube Co.)
National Steel Corp.
Weirton Steel Div.
Wheeling Steel Corp.
AP Parts Corp.
Baron Drawn Steel Corp.
Interlake Steel Corp.
Kaiser Jeep Corp.
Toledo Steel Tube Co.
Copperweld Steel Co.
Pittsburgh Steel Co .
Thomas Strip Div.

B/F
B/F

Coke- B/F -OH-Bess



OH-Elec.


Coke-B/F

Coke -B/F -OH



Coke -B/F -OH






Coke-B/F -OH-Bop


Coke-B/F


Elec.






CA

S

CAS
C
C

CA
C
C

C
C

CA

C

C
CA
C
CA

C
C
CAS

C
                                                                                                    00
                                                                                        continuedT'

-------
APPENDIX
                                            TABLE 4
                                                                             63
     IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1967   (Continued)
State & Citv
DHIO ( Cont ' d . )
Warren
"

"

Wooster
Yorkville
Youngstown

"
"
11

n
Zanesville
New Miami
OKLAHOMA
Oklahoma City
Sand Springs
County

Trumbull
11

"

Wayne
Jefferson
Mahoning

11
11
"

"
Musk ing um
Butler

Oklahoma
Tulsa
Company

Republic Steel Corp.
Sharon Steel Corp.
Brainard Steel Strapping Div.
Van Huff el Tube Corp.
(Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co.)
Timken Roller Bearing Co.
Wheeling Steel Corp.
Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
Stainless & Strip Div.
Fitzsimons Steel Co., Inc.
Republic Steel Corp.
United States Steel Corp.
Tubular Products Oprs.
Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co.
Armco Steel Corp.
Armco Steel Corp.

Hoster Investment Co.
Armco Steel Corp.
Grades of
Maior Furnaces Steel*

Coke-B/F-Bop-Elec,









Coke-B/F-OH

B/F-OH
Coke-B/F-OH

Coke-B/F


Elec.

CA

C

CAS
CAS
C

CAS
CA
CA

CA
CA
A


C
C
OREGON
   Portland

PENNSYLVANIA
                    Multnomah
Oregon Steel Mills
Elec.
Aliquippa
Allenport
Ambridge
Beaver
Washington
Beaver
n
Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
Pittsburgh Steel Co.
A. M. Byers Co.
Armco Steel Corp.

v-OJve is/ r — uri tsess I^AO
Bop
CAS
CA
( continued)

-------
APPENDIX
                                           TABLE 4
                                                                             63
      IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1967    (Continued)
State & City
PENNSYLVANIA (Cont
Ambridge

Avis
Beaver Falls
n
ii
Bethlehem
Brack enridge
Braddock

Braeburn
Bridgeville


Bur ham
~
Butler
Carnegie

n
Catasauqua
Glair ton

Coatesville
Corry
Dravosburgh

Duquesne
Ellwood

Erie
n
County
'd.)
Beaver

Clinton
Beaver
n
n
Northampton
Allegheny
11

Westmoreland
Allegheny


Mifflin

Butler
Allegheny

n
Lehigh
Allegheny

Chester
Erie
Allegheny

n
Lawrence

Erie
n
Company

Screw & Bolt Corp.
Wyckoff Steel Div.
Jersey Shore Steel Co.
Babcock & Wilcox Co.
Moltrup Steel Products Co.
Republic Steel Corp.
Bethlehem Steel Corp.
Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp.
United States Steel Corp.
Heavy Products Oprs.
Braeburn Alloy Steel Corp.
Universal-Cyclops
Specialty Steel Div.
(Cyclops Corp. )
Baldwin-Lima-Hamilton Corp .
Standard Steel Works Div.
Armco Steel Corp.
Columbia Steel & Shafting Co.
(Columbia-Summerill )
Union Electric Steel Corp.
Phoenix Manufacturing Co.
United States Steel Corp.
Heavy Products Oprs .
Lukens Steel Co .
Mclnnes Steel Co.
United States Steel Corp.
Sheet & Tin Products Oprs.
Heavy Products Oprs.
United States Steel Corp.
Tubular Products Oprs.
Erie Forge & Steel Corp.
Interlake Steel Corp.
Grades of
Major Furnaces Steel*




Elec.


Coke-B/F-OH-Elec .
Bop-Elec.

B/F-OH
Elec.


Elec.





Elec.


Coke-B/F
OH-Elec.



B/F-Bop-Elec.


Elec.
Coke-B/F


C
C
CAS
CA
CA
CAS
CAS


CA


CAS

CAS
CAS

CAS
A
C

CA
CA
CAS

CAS
CAS

CA
CA

                                                                                     (continued)

-------
   APPENDIX
                                             TABLE  4
                                                                               63
       IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED  STATES,  1967    (Continued)
State & City
     County
           Company
Manor Furnaces
Grades of
  Steel*
PENNSYLVANIA (Cont'd.)
   Fairless Hills     Bucks
   Farrell
   Franklin

   Glassport
   Greenville
   Harrisburg

   Hometown
   Houston
   Irvine
   Ivy Rock
   Johnstown
   Latrobe
   Lebanon
   McKeesport
   Midland
   Milton
Mercer
Venango

Allegheny
Mercer
Dauphin

Schuylkill
Washington
Warren
Montgomery
Cambria
Westmoreland
Lebanon
Allegheny
Beaver
Northumberland
United States Steel Corp.
  Sheet & Tin Products Oprs,
  Tubular Products Oprs.
Sharon Steel Corp.
Borg-Warner Corp.
  Franklin Steel Div.
Copperweld Steel Co.
Damascus Tube Co.
Harsco Corp.
  Harrisburg Steel Co.
Bundy Corp.
Washington Steel Corp.
National Forge Co.
Alan Wood Steel Co.
Bethlehem Steel Corp.
United States Steel Corp.
  Heavy Products Oprs.
Alco Products, Inc.
Latrobe Steel Co.
Vanadium-Alloys Steel Co.
  Vanadium Plant
Bethlehem Steel Corp.
United States Steel Corp.
  Tubular Products Oprs.
  (Christy Park Wks.)
  (National Wks.)
United States Steel Corp.
  Heavy Products Oprs.
Crucible Steel Corp.
Ceco Corp.
  Milton Mfg. Co.
Coke-B/F-OH

B/F-OH-Bop-Elec,
OH

Elec.
Elec.
OH
Coke-B/F-OH

Elec.
OH
Elec.
Elec.
B/F-OH-Bess


Coke-B/F-OH-Elec.

Elec.
   CAS
   C
   CAS

   C
   CA
   S

   CA
   C

   CAS
   CA
   CA

   CAS
   CA
   CAS
   CA
   CA
   CA
   CA

   C
   CAS

   CA
                                                                                         (continued)

-------
APPENDIX
                                             TABLE 4
                                                                              63
       IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1967"" (Continued)
State & City
     County
           Company
Manor Furnaces
Grades of
  Steel*
PENNSYLVANIA  (Cont'd.)
  Monaca             Beaver
  Monessen
  Muncy
  Munhall

  Neville Island
  New Brighton
  New Castle
    11  ii
  New Kensington
  Norristown
  Oakmont
  Oil City
  Philadelphia
  Phoenixville
  Pittsburgh
Westmoreland
Lycoming
Allegheny
Beaver
Lawrence

Westmoreland
Montgomery
Allegheny
Venango
Philadelphia
Chester
Allegheny
Pittsburgh Tube Co.
Superior Drawn Steel Co.
Vanadium-Alloys Steel Co.
  Colonial Steel Plant
  Pittsburgh Plant
American Chain & Cable Co.,Inc.
  Page Steel & Wire Div.
Pittsburgh Steel Co.
Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
United States Steel Corp.
  Heavy Products Oprs.
Shenango Furnace Co.
Townsend Co.
Blair Strip Steel Co.
Mesta Machine Co.
American Shim Steel Co.
Superior Tube Co.
Edgewater Corp.
Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
Philadelphia Steel & Wire Corp.
Heppenstall Co.
  Midvale-Heppenstall Co.
Phoenix Steel Corp.
Cyclops Corp.
  Universal-Cyclops Specialty
  Stl. Div.
Crucible Steel Corp.
Heppenstall Co.
Elec.



Coke-B/F-OH-Bop


OH
Coke/BF


OH


Elec.
Elec.
OH
                                                                         OH
   C
   C

   CAS
   C

   CAS
   CA
   C

   CA

   CA
   C
   C
   C
   CAS
   CA
   C
   C

   CAS
   CA
                                                                        CAS
                                                                        C
                                                                        CA
                                                                                                      to
                                                                                         (continued)

-------
 APPENDIX
                                             TABLE 4
                                                                              63
       IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1967    (Continued)
State & City
     County
           Company
Major Furnaces
Grades of
  Steel*
PENNSYLVANIA (Cont'd.)
   Pittsburgh        Allegheny
   Rahns             Montgomery
   Rankin            Allegheny
   Reading
   Scottdale

   Sharon
   Sharpsville
   Sheridan
   Sinking Springs
   South Avis
   Spring City

   Steelton
   Swedeland
   Templeton
   Titusville
   Uniontown
   Vandergrift

   Washington
       ii
   West Homestead
Berks
Westmoreland

Mercer
Allegheny
Lebanon
Berks
Clinton
Chester

Dauphin
Montgomery
Armstrong
Crawford
Fayette
Westmoreland

Washington
     n
Allegheny
Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
Techalloy Co., Inc.
United States Steel Corp.
  Heavy Products Oprs.
Carpenter Steel Co.
Columbia Steel & Shafting Co.
  (Columbia-Summerill)
Sawhill Tubular Div.
  (Cyclops Corp.)
Sharon Tube Co.
Shenango Furnace Co.
E. J. Lavino & Co.
Hofmann Industries, Inc.
Jersey Shore Steel Co.
Keystone Drawn Steel Co.
  (La Salle Steel Co.)
Bethlehem Steel Corp.
Alan Wood Steel Co.
Carpenter Coal & Coke Co.
Cyclops Corp.
  Universal-Cyclops Specialty
  Stl. Div.
Cavert Wire Co., Inc.
United States Steel Corp.
  Sheet and Tin Products Oprs,
Jessop Steel Co.
Washington Steel Corp.
Mesta Machine Co.
                                                    Coke-B/F-OH-Elec.
B/F
Elec.
B/F
B/F
OH-Elec.
Coke-B/F
Elec.

OH-Elec.
                    CA
                    C
   CAS

   S

   C
   C
   C
   C

   CA
   CA
   AS
   C

   CAS
   CAS
   S
   CA
                                                                                         (continued)

-------
 APPENDIX
                                             TABLE  4
                                                                               63
       IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS  OP  THE UNITED STATES,  1967    (Continued)
State & City
     County
           Company
Major Furnaces
Grades of
  Steel*
PENNSYLVANIA (Cont'd)
   West Leechburg
   Wheatland
   Williamsport

RHODE ISLAND
   Pawtucket
   Phillipsdale

SOUTH CAROLINA
   Cayce

TENNESSEE
   Chattanooga
   Counce
   Knoxville
   Lyles-Wrigley

   Memphis
   Mur freesboro
   Harriman

TEXAS
   Fort Worth
   Galveston
   Houston
Westmoreland
Mercer
Lycoming


Providence



Lexington
Hamilton
Hardin
Knox
Hickman

Shelby
Rutherford
Roane
Tarrant
Galveston
Harris
Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp.
Sawhill Tubular Div.
  (Cyclops Corp.)
Wheatland Tube Co.
Bethlehem Steel Corp.
Newman-Crosby Steel Co.
Washburn Wire Co.
OH
Owen Electric Steel Co. of S.C.  Elec.
Woodward Corp.                   Coke
Cal-Metal Corp.
Knoxville Iron Co.               Elec.
Merritt-Chapman & Scott Corp.
  Tenn. Products & Chemical Corp. B/F
Poor and Co.
Samsonite Corp.
Tennessee Forging Steel Corp.    Elec.
Texas Steel Co.
Kane Boiler Works, Inc.
Armco Steel Corp.
Bliss & Laughlin Steel Co.
Cameron Iron Works, Inc.
Detroit Steel Corp.
  Tex  Tube Div.
Elec.

Coke-B/F-OH-Elec.

Elec.
                    CAS

                    C
                    C
                    C
   CAS
   CA
                    C
                    CA
                    CA
                    C
                    C
   C
   C
   CAS
   CA
   CA
                                                                                         (continued)

-------
APPENDIX
                                          TABLE 4




   IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND  FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES,  1967
63
    (Continued)
State & City
TEXAS (Cont'd.)
Houston
ii
Lone Star
Longview
Pampa
Rosenberg

Seguin
Sherman

Vinton
UTAH
Geneva

VIRGINIA
Chesapeake
Harrisonburg
Lynchburg
Newport News

Richmond
Roanoke
WASHINGTON
Seattle

It
II
County

Harris
ii
Morris
Gregg
Gray
Fort Bend

Guadalupe
Gray son

El Paso

Utah


Northampton
Rockingham
Campbell
ii

Chesterfield
Roanoke

King

II
II
Company

A. O. Smith Corp. of Texas
Southwestern Pipe, Inc.
Lone Star Steel Co.
R. G. Le Tourneau, Inc.
Cabot Corp.
Michigan Seamless Tube Co.
Gulf States Tube Corp.
Structural Metals, Inc.
Mid-States Steel & Wire Co.
(Keystone Consl. Industries)
Border Steel Rolling Mills

United States Steel Corp.
Sheet and Tin Products Oprs.

Intercoastal Steel Corp.
Walker Manufacturing Co.
E. J. Lavino & Co.
Newport News Shipbuilding &
Drydock Co .
Tredegar Co.
Roanoke Electric Steel Corp.

Bethlehem Steel Corp.
Bliss & Laughlin Steel Co.
Davis Wire Corp.
Jorgensen Co., E. M.
Major Furnaces



Coke-B/F-OH
Elec.
Elec.


Elec.


Elec.


Coke-B/F-OH

Elec.

B/F

Elec.

Elec.

Elec.


Elec.
Grades of
Steel*

C
C
C
CA
A

CAS
C

C
CA


CA

CA
CAS


CAS
C
C

CA
C
C
CAS
                                                                                      (continued)

-------
APPENDIX
                                            TABLE 4
                                                                              63
     IRON AND STEEL  PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES,  1967    (Continued)

State & City
WASHINGTON (Cont1
Seattle

tfEST VIRGINIA
Fairmont
Follansbee
Huntington

Weir ton

Wheeling
WISCONSIN
Cedarburg

East Troy

Green Bay
Kenosha
Milwaukee
u
Racine

County
d.)
King


Marion
Brooke
Cabell

Hancock

Ohio

Ozaukee

Wai worth

Brown
Kenosha
Milwaukee
"
Racine
Grades of Steel - C - Carbon,
B/F - Blast
Furnace.

Company Manor Furnaces

Northwest Steel Rolling Mills, Elec.
Inc.

Sharon Steel Corp. Coke
Wheeling Steel Corp.
H. K. Porter Co., Inc.
Connors Steel Div. Elec.
National Steel Corp.
Weirton Steel Div. Coke-B/F-OH-Bop
Wheeling Steel Corp.

Cedarburg Wire, Wire Nail &
Screw Co.
Crucible Steel Corp.
Trent Tube Div.
Fort Howard Steel & Wire Div.
Macwhyte Co.
Babcock & Wilcox Co.
A. O. Smith Corp.
Walker Mfg. Co.
A - Alloy, S - Stainless .

Grades of
Steel*

C



C

CA

CA
CA

C


S
C
CS
CAS
CA
CAS


OH - Open Hearth.
Bop - Basic
Oxygen Process.


Elec - Electric Furnace.

-------
                                                            77
                           TABLE 5

            PRODUCTION OF  PIG IRON AND FERROALLOYS

                    BY STATES,  1967, 196
State
                                           Thousands of Short Tons
 1967
 1960
                           PIG IRON

New York
Pennsylvania
Maryland, West Virginia, Kentucky,
  Tennessee, Texas
Alabama
Ohio
Indiana
Illinois
Michigan, Minnesota
Colorado, Utah, California

     Total
 6,172
20,542

10,824
 4,290
14,485
12,167
 6,309
 7,439
 4,756

86,756
 4,205
16,533

 7,987
 3,541
11,788
 8,404
 5,307
 4,981
 3,735

66,481
                          FERROALLOYS
New York
Pennsylvania
Virginia, West Virginia, South
  Carolina, Tennessee
Ohio
Other States

     Total
   109
   468

   559
   734
   618
 2,488
   153
   510

   345
   658
   419
 2,085
     Grand. Total
89,472
68,566

-------
APPENDIX
78
                            TABLE 6




                     RAW STEEL PRODUCTION11
Thousands of Short
Year
1967
1966
1965
1964
1963
1962
1961
1960
1959
1958
1957
1956
1955
1954
1953
Open-
Hearth
70,690
85,025
94,193
98,098
88,834
82,957
84,502
86,368
81,669
75,880
101,658
102,840
105,359
80,328
100,474
Bessemer
*
278
586
858
963
805
881
1,189
1,380
1,396
2,475
3,228
3,320
2,548
3,856
Basic
Oxygen
Process
41,434
33,928
22,879
15,442
8,544
5,553
3,967
3,346
1,864
1,323
611
506
307


Tons
Electric
15,089
15,870
13,804
12,678
10,920
9,013
8,664
8,379
8,533
6,656
7,971
8,641
8,050
5,436
7,280

Total
127,213
134,161
131,462
127,076
109,261
98,328
98,014
99,282
93,446
85,255
112,715
115,216
117,036
88,312
111,610
      *Included in open-hearth figures.

-------
                    TABLE 7
IRON  EMISSIONS FROM METALLURGICAL PROCESSES'
                                               ,114


Iron (Fe2O.j)
in Particulate
Furnace
Ferromanganese
blast furnace
Open-hearth furnace
Electric-arc
steel furnace
Basic oxygen furnace
Blast furnace
Sintering plant
(Percent)

0.3-0.5
50-90

40-50
90
30
50
Dust
Iron (Fe2O3)
Emission Rate
(pounds dust/ton ore)
No Control

360
9.3

11
20-40
100
20
Control

60
1.7

1.2
0.2-0.4
0.4-0.2
2-4
Emission Rate
(pounds/ton ore)
No Control

1.1-1.8
4.6-8.3

4.4-5.5
18-36
30
10
Control

0.18-0.
0.85-1.

0.48-0.
0.18-0.
0.12-0.
1-2

30
5

60
36
06


-------
APPENDIX
                                                TABLE 8
                              IRON EMISSIONS FROM COAL-FIRED POWER PLANTS
                                                                         36
Type of
ler Firing
tical
Corner
Front -wall
Spreader-stoker
Cyclone
Horizontally
opposed
A: After
B: Before

Coal
Rate
ton/hr
65.6
56.1
52.2
9.2
64.4
9.6
fly-ash
fly-ash

Ash in Flue Gas Iron Emissions
Coal (as Volume 3
fired) % scfm x 10 uq/m kq/min
B A B A B A
20.2 397.4 409.9 110,000 3,900 1.2 .045
14.9 362.9 351.0 433,000 23,000 4.4 .23
10.3 329.0 328.0 110,000 13,000 1.0 .12
8.4 53.9 59.6 250,000 87,000 .38 .15
7.7 553.6 500.8 310,000 87,000 4.9 1.2
8.2 62.2 62.2 1,550,000 166,000 2.7 .29
collection.
collection.


kq/ton
B A
1.1 .041
4.7 .25
1.1 .14
2.4 .98
4.6 1.1
17. 1.8


00
o

-------
APPENDIX
                      TABLE 9.  CONCENTRATION OF  IRON IN THE AIR
                                                                 1,3,5,6
Location
Alabama
Birmingham
Arizona
Phoenix
California
Los Angeles
San Francisco
Colorado
Denver
District of Columbia
Washington
Georgia
Atlanta
Idaho
Boise
Illinois
Chicago
Cicero
East St. Louis
Indiana
East Chicago
Indianapolis
Iowa
Des Moines
Louisiana
New Orleans
Maryland
Baltimore
Massachusetts
Boston
Michigan
Detroit
Missouri
St. Louis
Montana
Helena
1954-59
Max




11.4
0.8

5.3

10.1
7.3



15.5
10.0

30.0



4.0
13.0

1.7

2.9


Avq




6.2
0.2

1.8

3.9
2.6



4.0
2.8

3.6



0.6
3.0

0.5

1.4


1960
Max


41.0

8.8





2.2






7.9









Avq


13.5

3.2





1.2






2.7









1961
Max




8.4







8.7


5.8




5.4






Avq




2.6







4.0


2.8




2.9






1962
Max


8.1

12.0
2.8

7.2

2.8

2.5

9.6


2.8

6.0

2.6
4.8


3.5
8.6


Avq


2.9

4.7
0.7

2.6

1.4

1.1

2.8


1.4

1.4

0.7
1.6


1.3
2.2


1963
Max




4.3
3.7

5.5

3.1
3.0



8.0
13.0





2.5



6.9
l
3.0


Avq




1.3
0.6

1.9

1.1
1.2



1.8
3.0





0.7



1.5
1.1


1964
Max

11.0
16.0



2.4

2.6

1.3

3.3


22.0

2.0


16.0

1.7
8.2
3.0

2.1
Avq

2.3
2.5



1.2

1.0

0.7

1.6


5.5

0.9


2.2

0.9
1.8
1.1

0.5
                                                                                                       00
                                                                                (continued)

-------
APPENDIX
                 TABLE 9. CONCENTRATION OF IRON IN THE  AIR1'3'5'6 (Continued)
Location
Nevada
Las Vegas
New Jersey
Newark
Nebraska
Omaha
New York
Buffalo
New York
North Carolina
Charlotte
Ohio
Cincinnati
Cleveland
Pennsylvania
All en town
Philadelphia
Pittsburgh
Scranton
Tennessee
Chattanooga
Texas
El Paso
Washington
Seattle
Tacoma
West Virginia
Charleston
Wisconsin
Milwaukee
Wyoming
Cheyenne
United States
1954-59
Max





29.0


10.7



12.7



15.7
16.0


3.3



10.0


8.1

14.0



Avq





4.8


3.3



4.5



1.2
3.5


0.9



3.8


2.8

3.2



1960
Max












26.0



11.0
















Avq












5.4



4.5
















1961
Max



17.0




14.0



30.0


6.9
8.6

15.0

9.6






33.0





Avq



2.2




3.3



5.0


2.6
3.7

3.9

4.2






8.3





1962
Max

18.0

4.1

3.7

10.0
6.2



23.0
9.8


6.6
11.0




3.9

2.3
1.2







Avq

2.8

1.8

1.5

1.8
2.8



4.7
2.8


3.4
3.4




1.9

1.0
0.5







1963
Max

5.1






4.1



13.0
5.2


4.3
19.0






1.8








Avq

1.4






1.5



1.9
2.4


1.8
3.0






0.7








1964
Max

4.4

3.1




1.9

8.6

13.0
4.0


3.2
12.0


3.6

4.2


1.3

5.3

7.7

0.8
22.0*
Avq

1.5

1.3




0.9

1.0

2.5
1.5


1.7
2.8


1.6

1.3


0.4

1.7

1.9

0.3
1.58*
                                                                                                      00
                                                                                                      to
             *Average 1962-1964.

-------
TABLE 1O, EMISSIONS FROM STEEL MILLS
                                    82'78

1

Operation
Blast furnace











Sintering
machine



Sinter machine
discharge -
crusher,
screener, and
cooler
Open-hearth
(not oxygen-
lanced )

Before Control

Stack
Loading
(g/m3r
16-22.8











1.1-6.9






13


0.22-0.9-
4.5



Ib/ton
of Product3
200











5-20-100






22


1.5-7.5-20.0


Emission with Control


Control
Used0
Preliminary
cleaner
( settling
chamber or
dry cycloner*
Primary
cleaner (wet
scrubber)
Secondary
cleaner
(E.S.P. or
V.S.)b
Dry cyclone

E.S.P. (in
series with
dry cyclone)


Dry cyclone


E.S.P.
V.S.
Baghouse

Stack
Load, ing
(g/m3)


7-14


0.11-0.7-
1.6



0.009-0.018

0.45-1.3


0.02-0.11



0.9


0.02-0.11
0.02-0.14
0.02


Ib/ton
of Prod.uc





5.4




0.1-1.4

2.0


1.0



1.5


0.15
0.15-1.1
0.07
Approx .
Effi-
ciency
(percent;


60


90




90

90


95



93


98
85-98
99



Approx . Value
of Gases Handled.
87,000 scfm for
a 1, 00 0-t on/day
furnace









120,000-160,000
scfm for a
1, 000-ton/d.ay
machine

17,500 scfm for
a 1, 000-ton/d.ay
machine


35, 000 scfm for
a 175-ton
furnace

                                                           (continued)

-------
 APPENDIX
                                                            Q O  "7 Q
                       TABLE  10.  EMISSIONS  FROM  STEEL MILLS  '    (Continued)

Operation
Open-hearth
(with oxygen
lance )
Electric-arc
furnace
Bessemer
converter
Basic oxygen
furnace
Scarfing
machine
Before Control
Stack
Loading
(g/m3)a
0.2-1.4-5.7
0.22-0.91-13
1.8->23
11-18
0.4-1.8
Ib/ton
of Product3
9.3
4.5-10.6-37.8
15-17-44
20-40-60
3 Ib/ton of
steel
processed
Emission with Control
Cont rol
Usedc
E.S.P.
V.S.
High
efficiency
scrubber
E.S.P.
Baqhouse
No practi-
cal method
of control
V.S.
E.S.P.
Settling
chamber
Stack
Loading
(g/m3)
0.02-0.013
0.02-0.14
0.02
0.02-0.09
0.02

0.06-0.27
0.11
No data
Ib/ton
of Product
0.2
0.2-1.4
0.2
0.3-0.8
0.1-Q.2

0.4
0.4
No data
Approx .
Effi-
ciency
(percent)
98
85-98
Up to 98
92-97
98-99

99
99
No data

Approx. Value
of Gases Handled
35,000 scfm for
a 175-ton
furnace
Highly variable
depending on
type of hood .
May be about
30,000 scfm for
a 50-ton furnace

Varies with
amount of oxygen
blown.
20 to 25 scfm
per cfm of
oxygen blown
85, 000 scfm for
a 45-inch, 4-
side machine
     aWhen three values are given, such as 5-20-100, the center value is the approximate average and
values at either end are the lowest and highest values reported.  All data are highly variable
depending on nature of a specific piece of equipment, materials being processed, and operating
procedure.
     bUsed in series.  Data on that basis.

     CV.S.:  venturi scrubber.
      E.S.P.:  electrostatic precipitator.
oo

-------
                                                             85
APPENDIX
                           TABLE 11

           PAPERS  RELATING TO CONTROL METHODS IN THE
                     IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY
Process
             Reference
Basic oxygen furnace



Electric furnace


Open-Hearth furnace


Blast furnace

Cupola

General
20, 30, 37, 52, 58, 59, 70, 80, 86,
  88-90, 94, 97, 118, 137, 138, 146,
  147

16-18, 24, 27, 37, 38, 40, 48, 60,
  61, 65, 66, 92, 115, 149

12, 19, 26, 37, 70, 113, 116, 117,
  121, 134, 150, 151

37, 45, 53, 79, 104, 148

13, 37, 50, 127, 133, 139, 147

25, 37, 41, 42, 45, 47, 56, 57, 62,
  74, 81, 85, 87, 93, 99, 102, 103,
  118, 121, 124, 125, 130, 141, 145

-------
                                                              86

APPENDIX
                             TABLE  12

    EXPENDITURES FOR POLLUTION  CONTROL  BY THE  STEEL  INDUSTRY126
Year
1968*
1967
1966
1951-67

Air
102
39.4
37.7

Millions of Dollars
Water
120
54,7
18.8


Total
222
94.1
56.5
~600
     *Includes committed funds  for  control  equipment  that may not
have been completed  and  placed  in operation in  1968.

-------
APPENDIX
                                            TABLE 13


                          NUMBER OF  BLAST FURNACES ON JANUARY 1,  1968

                                                                 Q -3
                             PRODUCING PIG IRON AND FERROALLOYS
1968
State .
In
Blast
Total
1967
In
Blast
Total
1966
In
Blast
Total
1965
In
Blast
Total
1964
In
Blast
Total
PIG IRON
Alabama
California
Colorado
Illinois
Indiana
Kentucky
Maryland
Michigan
Minnesota
New York
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Tennessee
Utah
West Virginia
9
4
4
14
22
2
10
9
1
12
33
39
0
3
4
17
4
4
18
24
3
10
9
2
15
47
58
3
3
4
10
4
4
12
20
2
7
9
2
12
29
38
0
3
4
17
4
4
19
23
3
10
9
2
15
48
59
3
3
4
8
4
4
12
21
2
7
9
1
11
26
34
0
2
3
18
4
4
22
23
3
10
9
2
15
49
56
3
5
4
15
4
3
16
21
2
10
9
2
12
36
45
0
3
4
18
4
4
22
23
3
10
9
2
15
49
58
3
5
4
10
3
3
7
21
2
6
9
1
9
27
34
1
2
3
20
4
4
22
23
3
10
9
2
16
49
60
3
5
4
FERROALLOYS
All States
Total
5
173
7
230
6
164
7
232
5
151
7
236
7
191
8
239
5
147
8
244
                                                                                                      00

-------
APPENDIX
                                              TABLE 14


                       U.S. CAPACITY FOR STEEL PRODUCTION, JAN. 1, 1960
84
State
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Illinois
Michigan
Texas
Alabama
California
Kentucky
Missouri
Washington
Georgia
New York
Maryland
Oregon
Oklahoma
West Virginia
Indiana
Connecticut
Arizona
Florida
Mississippi
Virginia
Tennessee
New Jersey
Colorado
Minnesota
Massachusetts
Utah
Rhode Island
Delaware
Total
Electric Furnace
No. of
Plants/
Furnaces
8/36
31/105
8/28
4/20
5/12
4/8
3/8
2/5
1/2
3/6
1/2
6/28
2/11
1/3
1/1
1/1
2/7
1/2
1/2
1/1
1/1
2/4
1/2
1/6






91/301
Annual
Capacity
(net tons)
3,078,600
2,888,780
2,400,400
1,178,600
699 , 080
670,020
628,000
466,190
420,000
401,000
325,000
225,010
180,960
150,000
140,000
117,000
101,500
84,000
60,000
51,000
45,000
40,000
38,000
7,800






14,395,940
Blast Furnace
No. of I
Plants/
Furnaces
22/52
23/76
6/22
3/9
2/2
7/22
1/4
1/3



6/17
1/10


2/5
3/23




1/2
2/3

1/4
2/3
1/1
2/5


86/263
Annual
Capacity
(net tons)
18,734,500
26,381,750
7,955,200
5,290,250
925,000
5,817,440
1,997,800
1,058,000



5,947,000
5,480,000


2,646,000
10,324,350




128,000
217,740

922,400
696,000
195,000
1,804,200


96,520,630'
Open-Hearth Furnace
No. of
Plants/
Furnaces
17/169
30/283
6/62
2/27
2/13
3/31
6/30
2/15
1/4


3/47
1/35


1/14
4/120






1/9
1/17
1/9

1/10
1/4
1/7
84/906
Annual
Capacity
(net tons)
22,688,280
34,944,350
9,842,000
5,420,000
1,825,000
4,786,000
2,727,500
1,363,000
420,000


7,195,000
7,864,000


3,300,000
18,339,000






235,000
1,800,000
973,000

2,300,000
93,000
506,500
126,621,630
Basic Oxygen Steel
Furnace
No. of
Plants/
Furnaces

1/2
1/2
1/5


1/3























4/12
Annual
Capacity
(net tons)

880,000
452,000
1,385,400


1,440,000























4,157,400
                                                                                                      00
                                                                                                      00
    *Includes 877,500 tons ferroalloys capacity.

-------
APPENDIX
           TABLE 15. PROPERTIES, TOXICITY, AND USES  OF  SOME IRON COMPOUNDS
                                                                           82
Compound
Dextran iron
  complex
Ferric acetate,
  basic
FE(OH)(CH3COO)2
Ferric bromide
Ferric chloride

    3
Properties
Decomposes
                   Melts  and
                   volatilizes
                   about  300°C
                   bp  316°C
  Toxicity
Irritant.
Liberates
irritating
fumes of
bromine
              Anhydrous
              form is ir-
              ritant,
              astringent
                                                             Uses
                             Med. use:  in iron-deficiency  anemia
                             when parenteral  (im) administration
                             is indicated.  Vet. use:  for  iron-
                             deficiency anemia, particularly  in
                             baby-pig anemia
                             In textile industry as a mordant  in
                             dyeing and printing, and for the
                             weighting of silk and felt; as wood
                             preservative; in leather dyes; as
                             medicament
                                               As catalyst for organic reactions,
                                               particularly in bromination of
                                               aromatic compounds
               In photoengraving, photography, manu-
               facture of other Fe salts, pigments,
               ink; as a catalyst in organic re-
               actions; purifying factory effluents
               and deodorizing sewage; chlorination
               of Ag and Cu ores; as mordant in
               dyeing and printing textiles; oxidi-
               zing agent in dye manufacture.  Med.
               use:  hexahydrate topically as
               astringent, styptic; in test for
               phenylketonuria.  Vet. use:  styptic,
               astringent in skin diseases, stoma-
               titis pharyngitis.  Rarely used
               internally
                                                                          (continued)
                                                                                              oo

-------
APPENDIX

   TABLE  15.  PROPERTIES,  TOXICITY,  AND USES  OF  SOME IRON COMPOUNDS (Continued)
 lompound
Properties
Toxicity
Uses
Ferric
  chromate VI
Fe2(Cr04)3
                             As pigment for ceramics, glass, and
                             enamels
 Ferric
   ferrocyanide
 Fe4(Fe(CN)6)3
                             As pigment in printing inks, paints,
                             alkyd resin enamels, linoleum, leather
                             cloth, carbon papers, typewriter rib-
                             bons, rubbers, plastics, artists'
                             colors; in removal of H2S from gases
Ferric
   fluoride
Sublimes at
1000°C
             As catalyst in organic reactions
Ferric
   formate
Fe(HCOO)3
                             For preservation of silage
Ferrichromes
C27H42FeN9012
Shrink and
blacken at
240-242°C
without
melting
             As growth-promoting agents (iron
             chelates produced by rust fungus)
             In purifying water; as absorbent in
             chemical processing; as pigment; as
             catalyst
 Ferric
   hydroxide
 Fe(OH)3
              Practically
              nontoxic
 Ferric nitrate
 Fe(N03)3
mp 47°C
             As mordant in dyeing, weighting  silks,
             tanning; as reagent in analytical
             chemistry; as corrosion inhibitor
                                                                          (continued)

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APPENDIX

   TABLE 15.
PROPERTIES, TOXICITY, AND USES OF SOME IRON COMPOUNDS  (Continued)
Compound
    Properties
  Toxicity
            Uses
 'erric oxide
  hematite
    mp 1565°C
Hematite dust
causes a benign
pneumoconiosis
As pigment for rubber, paints,
paper, linoleum, ceramics,
glass; in paint for ironwork, ship
hulls; as polishing agent for glass,
precious metals, diamonds; in
electrical resistors; as semicon-
ductor in magnetic tapes, magnets;
as catalyst
 Ferric phosphate
 FeP04
                                   As food and feed  supplement, par-
                                   ticularly in bread enrichment; as
                                   fertilizer
 Ferric subsulfate
   solution
 Fe4(OH)2(S04)5
                  Practically non-
                  toxic.  A mild
                  local irritant.
                  Large doses
                  orally  can cause
                  diarrhea
                 As mordant in dyeing textiles.
                 Med. use:  styptic for local use on
                 skin.  Vet. use:  locally as styptic
                 Diluted for oral use in gastroin-
                 testinal tract hemorrhages
 Ferric sulfate
 Fe2(S04)3
     Decomposes
     at  480°C
                 In preparation of iron alums, other
                 iron salts and pigments; as coagu-
                 lant in water purification and
                 sewage treatment; in etching alu-
                 minum; in pickling stainless steel
                 and copper; as mordant in textile
                 dyeing and calico printing; in
                 soil conditioners; as polymeriza-
                 tion catalyst
 Ferric
   thiocyanate
 Fe(SCN)3
                                   As analytical reagent
                                                                           (continued.)

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APPENDIX

    TABLE 15.  PROPERTIES, TOXICITY, AND USES OF  SOME  IRON COMPOUNDS  (Continued)
Compound
Ferrite
Ferrocene
clOH10Fe
Ferrosoferric
  oxide
  magnetite
Fe304
Ferrous bromide
Ferrous  carbonate
  mass
FeCO-,
Ferrous  chloride
FeCl2
 Ferrous
   hydroxide
 Fe(OH)2
Properties
mp 173-174°C
mp 1538°C
mp 684°C
  Toxicity
              The dust can
              cause pulmonary
              irritation
No specific data.
Animal feeding
experiments show
almost complete
absence of
toxicity
              Mild irritant
            Uses
                 For radio and television coil cores,
                 slug tuners, loop-stick antennas
As antiknock additive for gasoline,
catalyst
                 As pigment in paints, linoleum,
                 ceramic glazes; in coloring glass;
                 as polishing compound ;  in textile
                 industry; in cathodes;  as catalyst
                 As polymerization catalyst.  Med.
                 use:  formerly in chorea, tuber-
                 culous cervical adenitis
                               Med. use:  has been used in iron-
                               deficiency anemia.  Vet. use:  in
                               iron deficiency.  Dose:  for cattle
                               and horses 6 g; for dogs 200-500 mg
                 In metallurgy; as reducing agent;
                 in pharmaceutical preparations; as
                 mordant in dyeing
                                                                           (continued)
                                                                                              to

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APPENDIX

    TABLE 15.  PROPERTIES, TOXICITY, AND USES OF SOME IRON COMPOUNDS  (Continued)
 Compound
                  Properties
Toxicity
Uses
                                               As catalyst for organic reactions.
                                               Med. use:  formerly  in chronic
                                               tuberculosis.  Vet.  use:   source of
                                               iron and iodine
Ferrous iodide

   2
Ferrous oxalate
FeC204
                  Decomposes
                  at 150-160°G
             As photographic developer for silver
             bromide-gelatin plates; to impart a
             greenish-brown tint to optical glass
             (sunglasses, windshields, railroad
             car windows); for decorative glass-
             ware; as pigment for plastics, paints,
             lacquers
Ferrous oxide
FeO
                  mp 1360°C
             In manufacture of green, heat-absor-
             bing glass; in steel manufacture; in
             enamels; as catalyst
Ferrous
  pho sphate
                                               In ceramics; as catalyst
Ferrous
  phosphide
Fe2P
Ferrous  sulfide
FeS
                  mp  1194°C
             As laboratory source of H-S; in cera-
            .mics industry; as paint pigment; in
             anodes; in lubricant coatings
                                                                           (continued)

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APPENDIX
   TABLE 15.  PROPERTIES,  TOXICITY, AND USES OF SOME IRON COMPOUNDS (Continued)
Compound
Ferrous sulfate
FeS04
TT


















Ferrous
thiocyanate
Fe(SCN)2'3H20
Iron
Fe

Properties
























mp pure
1535°C
bp 3000°C
Toxicity
Side effects :
G.I. disturbances
(e.g. gastric dis-
tress, colic, con-
stipation, diar-
rhea) may occur.
In children, inges-
tion of large
quantities may
cause vomiting,
hematemesis, hepa-
tic damage, tachy-
cardia, peripheral
vascular collapse.
(Iron medicaments
render the feces
black or tar-
colored and may
interfere with
tests for occult
blood)






Uses
In manufacture of Fe, Fe com-
pounds, other sulfates; in Fe
electroplating baths; in ferti-
lizer; as food and feed supple-
ment; in radiation dosimeters;
as reducing agent in chemical
processes; as wood preserva-
tive; as weed killers; in pre-
vention of chlorosis in plants;
in other pesticides; in writing
ink; in process engraving and
lithography; as dye for leather;
in etching aluminum; in water
treatment; in qualitative analysis
("brown ring" test for nitrates);
as polymerization catalyst. Med.
use: in iron-deficiency anemia,
dose 300 mg orally. Vet. use:
as source of iron in anemias of
livestock. Topically used as
astringent
As indicator for peroxides in
organic solutions

Supplied as ingots, powder, wire,
sheets, etc.

                                                                              (continued)

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APPENDIX

    TABLE 15.  PROPERTIES, TOXICITY, AND USES OF  SOME  IRON COMPOUNDS (Continued)
Compound
Properties
Toxicity
                                                 Uses
Iron
  pentacarbonyl
Fe(CO)_
bp 103°C
Pyrophoric
in air; burns
to Fe203
              Decomposes readily
              to produce carbon
              monoxide.  Inhala-
              tion may cause
              headache, nausea/
              vertigo.  Prolonged
              exposure may cause
              asphyxia.  May be
              irritating to lungs,
              but less toxic than
              nickel carbonyl
                 To make finely divided iron,
                 so-called carbonyl iron, which
                 is used in manufacture of
                 powdered iron cores for high-
                 frequency coils used in radio
                 and television industry; as
                 antiknock agent in motor
                 fuels; as catalyst in organic
                 reactions
                                                                                              Ul

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