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AIR POLLUTION ASPECTS
OF
IRON AND ITS COMPOUNDS
Prepared for the
National Air Pollution Control Administration
Consumer Protection & Environmental Health Service
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
(Contract No. PH-22-68-25)
Compiled by Ralph J. Sullivan
Litton Systems, Inc.
Environmental Systems Division
7300 Pearl Street
Bethesda, Maryland 20014
September 1969
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FOREWORD
As the concern for air quality grows, so does the con-
cern over the less ubiquitous but potentially harmful contami-
nants that are in our atmosphere. Thirty such pollutants have
been identified, and available information has been summarized
in a series of reports describing their sources, distribution,
effects, and control technology for their abatement.
A total of 27 reports have been prepared covering the
30 pollutants. These reports were developed under contract
for the National Air Pollution Control Administration (NAPCA) by
Litton Systems, Inc. The complete listing is as follows:
Aeroallergens (pollens) Ethylene
Aldehydes (includes acrolein Hydrochloric Acid
and formaldehyde) Hydrogen Sulfide
Ammonia Iron and Its Compounds
Arsenic and Its Compounds Manganese and Its Compounds
Asbestos Mercury and Its Compounds
Barium and Its Compounds Nickel and Its Compounds
Beryllium and Its Compounds Odorous Compounds
Biological Aerosols Organic Carcinogens
(microorganisms) Pesticides
Boron and Its Compounds Phosphorus and Its Compounds
Cadmium and Its Compounds Radioactive Substances
Chlorine Gas Selenium and Its Compounds
Chromium and Its Compounds Vanadium and Its Compounds
(includes chromic acid) Zinc and Its Compounds
These reports represent current state-of-the-art
literature reviews supplemented by discussions with selected
knowledgeable individuals both within and outside the Federal
Government. They do not however presume to be a synthesis of
available information but rather a summary without an attempt
to interpret or reconcile conflicting data. The reports are
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necessarily limited in their discussion of health effects for
some pollutants to descriptions of occupational health expo-
sures and animal laboratory studies since only a few epidemic-
logic studies were available.
Initially these reports were generally intended as
internal documents within NAPCA to provide a basis for sound
decision-making on program guidance for future research
activities and to allow ranking of future activities relating
to the development of criteria and control technology docu-
ments. However, it is apparent that these reports may also
be of significant value to many others in air pollution control,
such as State or local air pollution control officials, as a
library of information on which to base informed decisions on
pollutants to be controlled in their geographic areas. Addi-
tionally, these reports may stimulate scientific investigators
to pursue research in needed areas. They also provide for the
interested citizen readily available information about a given
pollutant. Therefore, they are being given wide distribution
with the assumption that they will be used with full knowledge
of their value and limitations.
This series of reports was compiled and prepared by the
Litton personnel listed below:
Ralph J. Sullivan
Quade R. Stahl, Ph.D.
Norman L. Durocher
Yanis C. Athanassiadis
Sydney Miner
Harold Finkelstein, Ph.D.
Douglas A. Olsen, Ph0D.
James L. Haynes
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The NAPCA project officer for the contract was Ronald C.
Campbell, assisted by Dr. Emanuel Landau and Gerald Chapman.
Appreciation is expressed to the many individuals both
outside and within NAPCA who provided information and reviewed
draft copies of these reports. Appreciation is also expressed
to the NAPCA Office of Technical Information and Publications
for their support in providing a significant portion of the
technical literature.
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ABSTRACT
Iron and its compounds present as pollutants in the
atmosphere can cause deleterious effects to humans, animals/
and materials. Iron and iron oxide are known to produce a
benign siderosis, and iron oxides have been implicated as a
vehicle for transporting high concentrations of both carcin-
ogens and sulfur dioxide deep into the lungs thereby enhanc-
ing the activity of these pollutants. Iron oxide also causes
damage by staining materials.
Analyses of urban air samples show that the iron con-
tent averages 1.6 |ag/m3 , with the iron and steel industry
probably the most likely source of emission. Pollution by
iron emission can be reduced by use of particulate control
equipment. No information has been found on the economic
costs of iron air pollution; costs of pollution abatement for
basic oxygen furnaces run between 14 to 19 percent of total
industrial plant costs. Adequate methods exist for the de-
termination of iron in the ambient air.
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CONTENTS
FOREWORD
ABSTRACT
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. EFFECTS 2
2.1 Effects on Humans „.... 2
2.1.1 Carcinogenesis •• 4
2.1.2 Synergism 7
2.1.3 Nutrition 8
2.1.4 Iron Pentacarbonyl 8
2.2 Effects on Animals 9
2e20l Commercial and Domestic Animals 9
2.2.2 Experimental Animals 9
2.3 Effects on Plants 9
2.4 Effects on Materials 9
2.5 Environmental Air Standards , . . . 11
3. SOURCES 15
3.1 Natural Occurrence 15
3.2 Production Sources 15
3.2.1 Iron and Steel Industry 15
3.2.1.1 Sintering Plants 20
3.2.1.2 Blast Furnaces 20
3.2.1.3 Ferromanganese Blast Furnaces . 21
3.2.1.4 Open-Hearth Furnaces 21
3.2.1.5 Electric-Arc Furnaces . . . „ . 22
3.2.1.6 Basic Oxygen Furnaces 22
3.2.1.7 Gray Iron Cupola 23
3.2.2 Coal 23
3.2.3 Fuel Oil 24
3.3 Product Sources 24
3.3.1 Incineration 24
3.3.2 Welding Rods . 24
3.3.3 Antiknock Compounds 25
3.4 Environmental Air Concentrations. ....... 25
40 ABATEMENT „ a ... 26
4.1 Iron and Steel Industry , 26
5. ECONOMICS „ 28
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CONTENTS (Continued)
6. METHODS OF ANALYSIS „ 29
6.1 Sampling Methods 29
6.2 Quantitative Methods 29
7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS. „ . . . 32
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
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LIST OF FIGURES
1. Location of Basic Steel Industry Capacity by State
and Steel Product Imports by Port of Entry 18
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LIST OF TABLES
Air Quality Criteria for Iron Oxide Recommended by
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
AIHA in 1968
Suggested Exposure Limit to Iron Pentacarbonyl . . .
Crude Iron Ore Mined in the U. S. by Districts,
Iron and Steel Producing and Finishing Works of the
United States, 1967
Iron Emissions from Metallurgical Processes ....
Iron Emissions from Coal-Fired Power Plants ....
Papers Relating to Control Methods in the Iron and
Expenditures for Pollution Control by the Steel
Number of Blast Furnaces on Jan. 1, 1968 Producing
U. S. Capacity for Steel Production, Jan. 1, 1960
Properties, Toxicity, and Uses of Some Iron
Compounds
1 ?
12
SS
S
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1. INTRODUCTION
Although inhalation of iron or iron oxide is believed
I OQ
to cause a benign pneumoconiosis, there is growing concern
about its synergistic effects with sulfur dioxide and carcin-
129 "39
ogens. Iron may also reduce visibility^ and cause materi-
al damage by staining paint.
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2. EFFECT S
Because of the sparsity of known effects of iron air
pollution at the concentrations found in the ambient air, in-
dustrial and experimental observations have been reviewed to
indicate the effects which might be expected from iron pollu-
tion.
2.1 Effects on Humans
Inhalation of iron or iron oxide fumes or dust by
workers in the iron and steel industry has caused siderosis,
198
an iron pigmentation of the lungs, a benign condition
recognizable by X-ray. Pendergrass and Leopold described
the condition as a benign pneumoconiosis. More recent liter-
ature has indicated a possible symptomatic pneumoconiosis.
f.Q ^ OQ
Kleinfeld et a.1. cited the work of Sadoul et al. in
Lorraine, France, where 575 iron-ore miners after long ex-
posure* (50 percent for over 25 years) frequently developed
chronic bronchitis and emphysema. However, the correlation
between these symptoms and the X-ray findings of pneumoconi-
osis was low.
69
Kleinfeld et al. in a comparison of 41 magnetite
miners, 16 sinterers (exposed predominantly to iron oxide
dust), and 18 healthy unexposed men found pneumoconiosis in
*The reader should bear in mind that in this study
and most of the others, iron oxide, although comprising a
high percentage of the concentration, is not the only dust
present. It is accompanied by small amounts of metals, sili-
cates, and free silica.
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one sinterer and six miners. Respiratory symptoms of cough
and dyspnea were present, but the sinterers showed no sig-
nificant difference from the control group. Although the
average exposure in both groups was greater than 27 years,
there was no consistent correlation between the clinical,
radiologic, -and pulmonary-function findings and duration of
exposure.
107
Roshchin investigated the health of 41 workers in
a Bessemer shop. These workers were exposed to dust contain-
ing 85 to 93 percent iron oxides, associated with silica and
oxides of chromium, manganese, and vanadium. The dust con-
centration ranged between 10,000 and 100,000 p.g/m3 , with the
average about 30,000-50,000 M-g/m3 . He found seven cases of
pneumoconiosis and three cases of suspected pneumoconiosis.
All of these workers had been exposed for 12 to 18 years.
He concluded that exposure to iron dust produces a variety
of pneumoconiosis that develops and progresses at a relative-
ly slow rate.
Exposure to mixed industrial dusts containing mostly
iron oxide produces siderosis, metal-fume fever, ''' sili-
cosis,39'14 pneumoconiosis, etc. It appears that iron alone
will not cause fibrosis, but small amounts of other pollutants-
such as zinc, silicon, sulfur dioxide, carcinogens, etc.—
may produce this condition.
The clearance of iron ore—especially hematite
from the lung has been studied-39,14 by use of radioactive
20
iron-59. Bronchial clearance occurs in two distinct
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phases. The first phase is completed in 2 to 4 hours, and
the second phase requires about 10 to 18 hours. These
clearances are also a function of particle size: iron oxide
particles 3 \J.* in diameter (which deposit largely in the
deeper part of the lung and a relatively small amount in the
bronchial tree) are cleared almost entirely in the 10- to 18-
hour phase. The iron oxide is phagocytized by the so-called
"dust cells" and eliminated via the bronchi and lymphatic
channels. Lung saturation with iron oxide dust causes an
accumulation at the peribronchial and perivascular lymphatic
spaces, in the lymphatic channels under the pleura, and at
the lymph nodes.
2.1.1 Carcinogenesis
A carcinogenic role of iron oxide has been suggested.
Faulds reported progressive, massive fibrosis among Cumber-
land iron-ore miners. This was accompanied by a high inci-
dence of lung tumors: out of 238 necropsies there were 24
cases of carcinoma, compared to one-third of this number in
non-miners. However, the exact role of iron oxide is diffi-
cult to assess in exposure to a complex environment where
p]
silica and other dusts are sure to be present. Bonser et al.
suggest that iron oxide may be synergistic in converting the
fibrosis caused by silica into a carcinogenic process.
129
Stokinger and Coffin have discussed the importance
: micron(s ) .
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of the enhancement of carcinogenic action of organic carcin-
ogens, such as benzo(a)pyrene, by seemingly inert particles.
Iron oxide in particular appears to have properties which con-
tribute to cancer production. These authors cite the work of
110,111,112
Saffiotti et al., who have produced a variety of
malignant tumors in the lungs of hamsters. Iron oxide was
used as an inert carrier to transport adsorbed benzo(a)pyrene
deep into the lung. The animals were intratracheally in-
jected with a saline suspension of benzo(a)pyrene adsorbed
on hematite (Fe^Og)3 in amounts equivalent to 3,000 ng of each
chemical. Fifteen weekly injections were given. Two impor-
b
tant facts were revealed in this study: (1) a high incidence
of lung cancer was produced—in as many as 100 percent of the
animals in some experiments; and (2) these lung cancers mim-
icked all the cell types seen in human lung cancers, such as
squamous cell carcinoma, anaplastic carcinoma, adenocarcinoma,
and even tracheal cancers. Dose response effects were in-
dicated, as were possibilities that a single high dose could
induce cancers in the system. According to Saffiotti et al..
the increased carcinogenic action of benzo(a)pyrene is due to the
iron oxide, which penetrates the bronchial and alveolar walls
alron oxide was chosen as the carrier dust because it
does not have any extremely irritating or toxic effects.
Saff iotti believes that in order to carry the carcinogen in
high concentrations to healthy cells, an inert carrier is
required — that is, a carrier which does not destroy the cells.
alone has induced cancer in the lungs of
experimental animals, but usually with some difficulty and in
low yield.
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and enters into the lung tissues without extensive damage or
destruction of the ciliary and mucous barrier; the iron ox-
ide thus acts as a vehicle to transport the carcinogen to
the lung tissues. The carcinogen is then eluted from the
particulates and diffuses through the tissue. Saffiotti et al.
surmise that the rate of removal of benzo(a)pyrene from
the respiratory tract is slowed by action of the inert dust
as it is stored in macrophages. Thus the carcinogen remains
in the lung unmetabolized in high local concentrations, an
129
important factor in producing cancer with benzo(a)pyrene.
Saffiotti et al. suggest that this mechanism is a realistic ap-
proach to what actually occurs in nature as man breathes the
polluted air: that is carcinogens adsorb on ferric oxide or
other "inert" particles that act as vehicles to transport
the carcinogens into the lungs through the respiratory tract
lining to the lung tissues, where the carcinogens are eluted
by the cell plasma.
54
Haddow and Horning suggest a possible role of iron
in cancer produced with the complex of iron-dextran. However,
91
Neukomm has tested organic iron complexes for carcinogenic
power on mice. He was unable to induce cancer with iron
complexes of polysomaltosate, plymaltosate, or iron-dextran.
However, he did induce sarcoma in 6 percent of the mice with
a ferric hydroxide (Fe(OH)3) complex of nitrilo-tri-propionic
acid that decomposed at the point of injection and did not
reabsorb for more than one year.
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2.1.2 Synergism
The synergistic effects of iron compounds with certain
gases may be important when considering iron as an air pollu-
129
tant. Stokinger and Coffin have discussed the possible
enhancement of effects when particulate material adsorbs a
substance such as sulfur dioxide and carries it deep into
the lung in a high local concentration.
10
Amdur and Underhill studied the effect of various
aerosols on the response of guinea pigs to sulfur dioxide.
Iron oxide fumes or open-hearth dust alone produced no al-
teration in pulmonary flow resistance, nor were there any
synergistic effects with sulfur dioxide. However, soluble
iron such as ferrous sulfate did prove to be synergistic
with sulfur dioxide. The ferrous ion probably catalyzes
the oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide, which
forms sulfuric acid. (See Section 2.4.)
119
Smith et al. in a joint effort by the National Air
Pollution Control Administration and Oak Ridge National Lab-
oratory studied the adsorption of sulfur dioxide (labeled
with radioactive sulfur-35) on iron oxide (FegO^) and alum-
inum oxide (A^Og) aerosols at ambient conditions. Prefer-
ential chemisorption was observed at low sulfur dioxide con-
centrations, and physical adsorption of multilayers was ob-
served at higher concentrations. The data show that mono-
layer coverage on iron oxide is achieved at 2 ppm sulfur
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8
dioxide; and at 66 ppm, 75 monolayers of sulfur dioxide are
adsorbed on the iron oxide.
The carcinogenic effects described above are also syn-
ergistic.
2.1.3 Nutrition
The nutritional requirements for iron are small and
vary somewhat with sex and age. The human adult absorbs
less than 5 mg of iron per day. Excess iron is stored in
the liver and spleen in the form of ferritin, a trace ele-
ment that is a vital constituent of every mammalian cell.
Iron is closely associated with hemoglobin in transporting
oxygen from the lung to tissue cells and plays a role in
the oxidation mechanism in body processes. Iron is frequent-
ly spoken of as a "one-way" substance. Once it is absorbed
by the body, usually in the ferrous state, there is no ef-
ficient way of excreting it. Ferrous iron as the sulfate
or gluconate is frequently administered to treat iron-defi-
ciency anemia. Most acute cases of iron poisoning result
from children's taking ferrous sulfate tablets.
2.1.4 Iron Pentacarbonyl
23
Iron pentacarbonyl, a yellow-brown flammable liquid,
boils at 102.5°C and has a vapor pressure of 40 mm mercury
at 30.3°C. It may be present where high partial pressures
of carbon monoxide come into contact with iron and steel.
This substance has also been used as an antiknock agent.
O -i
Brief et al.. have summarized the toxicity studies and
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9
recommended that the concentration for industrial workers
be maintained at less than 0.1 ppm (800 ug/m3).
2.2 Effects on Animals
2.2.1 Commercial and Domestic Animals
No evidence of lung damage was found in three horses
which had been exposed to iron oxide dust during a lifetime
of work in a coal mine. ^
2.2.2 Experimental Animals
The data obtained from experimental animals has been
discussed in Section 2.1.
2.3 Effects on Plants
No information has been found on plant damage by iron
air pollution. However, iron is an essential element in
plant nutrition.
2.4 Effects on Materials
Iron or iron oxide air pollution may cause soiling of
textiles or staining of buildings and paints. It may also
reduce visibility or combine chemically with other materials.
Damage to automobile paint was observed by Fochtman
49
and Langer in a Chicago parking lot. Iron particles from
a steel spring grinding operation were airborne to the near-
by parking lot where they were deposited and produced brown
stains. Many of the cars had to be repainted. The exact
mechanism for the paint damage was not determined. However,
the authors postulate that the iron is oxidized either in
the air or after it is deposited, and forms ferrous hydroxide
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10
upon absorbing water from rain or dew. This ferrous hydrox-
ide, in the form of a colloid, penetrates the paint surface,
loses water, and oxidizes to become a stable iron oxide.
Upon examination, material from the stain was found to be
magnetic and to contain small particles of iron. The air
concentrations of iron which caused the damage ranged between
11 and 63 |-ig/m3 .
Small quantities of soluble iron and other metals have
been observed in rainwater. These water-soluble particulates
are potential sources of osmatic blistering. In one labor-
atory study, the presence of 0.1 ppm iron in water in an ac-
celerated weathering apparatus produced yellow staining.
Iron catalyzes the oxidation of sulfur dioxide to
sulfur trioxide, which in the presence of water will form
sulfuric acid. The ferric oxide also reacts with the sulfur
trioxide to produce ferric sulfate. At room temperature,
the reaction proceeds almost to completion before equilibrium
is reached.
2S02 + 02 Fe2°3
or Fe+3 t
Fe203 + 3S03 - * •* - > Fe2(S04)3
22
Bracewell and Gall have studied the rate of oxidation of
sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide catalyzed by ferric ion.
Assuming a typical fog with a water concentration of 200,000
|jtg/m3 , a ferric ion concentration of 3 l~ig/m3 , and a sulfur
dioxide concentration of 1,750 p.g/m3 (0.5 ppm), the rate of
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11
a 12°
oxidation would be about 7.7 tag/in per hour. Smith et al.
studied the adsorption of gases on aerosols. Of 17 metals
tested, iron ranked 14th in decreasing adsorption capacity.
Certain physical properties of iron oxide fumes are
114,24
characteristic of emissions from steel melting processes.
Specifically, these particles have a strong tendency to adhere
to both natural and synthetic fabric surfaces and a high re-
fractive index, which enhances the reduction of visibility.
They are also difficult to wet and possess a high electrical
resistivity. Furthermore, the particle-size distributions
show that the particles are predominantly (approximately
70 percent by weight) less than 5 M. in diameter. Electron
photomicrographs indicate that about 95 percent of the parti-
cles are less than 0.5 |-i in diameter. Thus, the small parti-
cle size and high refractive index may cause such light
scattering that the reduction in visibility may be the limit-
32
ing effect when criteria are established. The larger
particles are undoubtedly due to the high agglomeration
tendency of these particles.
2.5 Environmental Air Standards
The American Industrial Hygiene Association has set
32
air quality criteria for iron oxides. These criteria are
"based on the annoyance effects of visibility reduction and
soiling inasmuch as no health effects can be demonstrated...
the iron oxide concentration should not exceed 50 percent
of the air quality criteria for total suspended particulate."
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12
TABLE 1
AIR QUALITY CRITERIA FOR IRON OXIDE
RECOMMENDED BY AIHA IN 1968'
Location
Rural
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
2 4 -Hour
Maximum
( uq/m3 )
100
150
200
250
30-Day
Maximum
( Ua/m3 )
100
The American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists reduced their recommended value from 15,000 |ag/m3
to 10,000 |jg/m3 in 1967. This, of course, is an 8-hour
I o/T
limit for industrial workers.
23
Brief et a.l. suggested the following iron penta-
carbonyl exposure limits for industrial workers.
TABLE 2
SUGGESTED EXPOSURE LIMIT TO IRON PENTACARBONYL"
23
Concentration of Fe(CO)5
Criterion
Target value
Require respiratory protection
Shut-down operation
ppm
0.1
0.5-5
> 5
ng/m3
800
4,000-40,000
> 40,000
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13
The National Air Pollution Control Administration
has issued a document, Air Quality Criteria for Particulate
Matter. This document gives criteria data which can be
used as guidelines in developing ambient air quality stan-
dards for total particulate matter.
Although no State criteria for ambient air concentra-
tions of iron were found, some States have laws to control
33 34
the particulate emissions from the iron and steel industry. '
The Illinois law appears to be most specific:
"3-3.2112 All new blast furnaces shall be equipped
with gas cleaning devices and so operated as
to reduce the particulate matter in gases
discharged to the atmosphere after burning
to contain no more than 0.05 grains of
particulate matter per standard cubic
foot (0.11 g/ma).
"3-3.2113 Excess blast furnace gases being bled
to the atmosphere shall contain no more
than 0.10 grains of particulate matter
per standard cubic foot (0.23 g/m3) and
gases shall be burned as bled to the at-
mosphere.
"3-3.2114 The provisions of Rule 3-3.2112 shall
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14
not apply during irregular movements of the
furnace burden when it is necessary to open
relief valves at the top of the furnace for
safe operation. . . .
"3-3.2132 All new sintering plants, open-hearth
furnaces, electric furnaces, and basic
oxygen furnaces shall be equipped with
gas cleaning devices as necessary to re-
duce the particulate matter in the gas
discharged to the atmosphere so that it
does not exceed 0.10 grains per standard
cubic foot (0.23 g/m3) of exhaust gas.
"3-3.2133 The provisions of Rule 3-3.2132
shall not apply to electric furnaces and
basic oxygen furnaces when the gas col-
lection system must be disconnected from
the furnace as in charging and pouring."
After investigating the health of workers in a Besse-
mer shop in the USSR, Roshchin recommended that dust con-
centration (approximately 90 percent iron oxides) should
not exceed 6,000
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15
3. SOURCES
3 •! Natural. Occurrence
Iron abounds in nature and is an essential element
for both animals and plants. The iron content of the earth's
8 3
crust has been calculated at 5.6 percent. A fractional
part of this has been concentrated, under varying geologic
conditions, in widely distributed deposits formed in many
rock types. Of the various commercial deposits, the most
productive to date have been the following: (1) sedimentary
hematitic deposits of primary ore enriched by weathering
processes, (2) hematite and magnetite deposits of complex
origin in metamorphic rocks, and (3) replacement and vein
deposits. The locations of deposits in the U.S. are shown
in Table 3 in the Appendix.
Open-pit mines produce approximately 90 percent of
the iron ore in the United States. The trend has been to-
ward more open-pit mining and less underground mining.
3.2 Production Sources
3.2.1 Iron and Steel Industry
Measurements of particulate concentrations in the
area downwind of iron and steel plants have shown that these
emissions can contribute significantly to air pollution. In
64
a report of a study in Ironton, Ohio, during the period
September 1965 to August 1967, particulates measured down-
wind from two iron and steel plants ranged between 190 and
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16
212 |-ig/m3 . The iron content of one sample was 16 percent
by weight. Estimates of the dust concentrations from open-
hearth furnaces indicated that the concentration might ex-
ceed 1,000 p.g/m3 at a distance of 4 km from the source, if
the wind conditions were right. Dust emission rates from
the Dayton Malleable Iron Plant were 935 tons per year and
from the Armco Steel Corporation, 7,926 tons per year.
114
Schueneman, High, and Bye, in an excellent review
of the air pollution aspects of the iron and steel industry,
have reported a significant difference in the air pollutants
when steel mills are shut down during strikes. In their
report, four steel-producing areas were studied during the
1956 steel strike.
Comparison of analytical results during and after the
strike showed that (1) suspended particulate concentrations
were higher by 44 to 171 percent in the post-strike period,
(2) the soiling index was higher by 200 percent, and (3)
the concentration of iron was higher by 2.6 to 10.8 times.
In the upper Ohio River Valley where two major steel
mills, two large coke plants, and a steam-powered electric-
generating plant were located, the suspended particulate con-
centration was 383 Hg/m3 and 186 ng/m3 in two nearby cities.
A maximum of 1,238 i-ig/m3 was measured in one city. One par-
ticulate sample from that city had an iron concentration of
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17
30.8 ng/m3. The soiling index averaged 5.5 to 5.3 cohs*
per 1,000 linear feet.
In a Pennsylvania town where the industry consisted
of steel mills with two blast furnaces, 11 open-hearth fur-
naces, a sintering plant and other equipment, and a zinc
plant, the particulate concentration near the furnaces fre-
quently exceeded 500 (ag/m3 at a distance of 0.25 to 0.5
mile from the furnaces after the strike.
In a Michigan community, the iron concentration mea-
sured near two coke plants was 5.8 ng/m3 compared to a value
of 0.6 |ag/m3 in a residential area.
In another small community (500 population) the pro-
cessing of blast furnace slag was found to be a major source
of pollution. Particulate concentrations downwind from the
slag processing plant 0.4 and 0.8 miles measured an average
of 411,000 Lig/m3 and 477,000 ug/m3 respectively. While
other pollution sources could have contributed to the parti-
culate air pollution, chemical analyses indicated that
from 35 to nearly 100 percent of the dust came from the
slag processing plant.
These community studies indicate that the iron and
steel industry may be a significant source of iron air pollu-
tion. The distribution of the steel industry is shown in
Figure 1 and listed in Table 4 in the Appendix. Although
*CohCoefficient of haze
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• Capacity — each dot represents 1,000,000 tons
• Imports—each dot represents 50,000 tons
VT.
-'"TV^* •••.•/.••:::: / \ CONN.
:•.:•. OHIO te;::£s!L>L
:::: ••••••••'••sg&fiwT*N-J-
•• ••***^rwi-.«K.
MASS.
ALASKA
HAWAII
PUERTO RICO
FIGURE I
Location of Basic Steel Industry Capacity by State and
Steel Product Imports by Port of Entry
CD
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19
the production of iron and steel in the United States is
increasing, as shown in Table 5 and 6 in the Appendix/ the
air pollution trend by steel production is uncertain. The
main reason for the uncertain pollution trend is the remark-
able change in steel processing. The Bessemer process has
almost entirely been discontinued while the relatively new
basic oxygen process has become increasingly important.
This has an impact on the air pollution aspects of the iron
and steel industry since old furnaces without dust control
are being replaced with new furnaces with such control.
While every basic oxygen furnace constructed in the U.S.
114
has been equipped with dust control devices, Vincent and
140
McGinnity have indicated that there are several factors
which have tended to increase air pollution from oxygen
processes:
1) Fume generation rates in basic oxygen furnaces
are approximately six times those of open-hearth furnaces
without oxygen lancing.
2) The oxygen-blowing rates of many basic oxygen
furnaces have been increased considerably beyond the original
design rate. As a result, the control systems have become
overloaded, resulting in the emission of copious amounts of
fumes.
3) Oxygen lancing has been used to increase the
production rate (See Section 3.2.1.4) in open-hearth
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20
furnaces. Because many of the open-hearth furnaces lack
dust control, oxygen lancing has resulted in increased emis-
sions from these sources.
Typical emissions from various types of metallurgical
furnaces are given in Table 7 in the Appendix.
3.2.1.1 Sintering Plantj
From U.S. sintering plants, 20 pounds of dust per
ton of sinter is likely in a waste gas of 160 scfm.a This
gas ranges in temperature from 160° to 390°F, and contains
1.1 to 6.8 g/m3 (0.5 to 3 grains/scf ). Dust from a plant
in Germany is reported to contain 50 percent iron.42
3.2.1.2 Blast Furnaces
The average blast furnace produces approximately
1,000 tons of pig iron per day, during which about 100 tons
of dust are produced. The input to the furnace is approxi-
mately 2,000 tons of ore, 900 tons of coke, 400 tons of lime-
stone and dolomite, and 3,570 tons of air. The normal emis-
sions are 16,000,000 to 22,800,000 ug/m3. Approximately 32
percent of the dust is fine particulates containing 30 per-
il 4
cent iron. -^
"Slips" are the principal factors in pollution arising
from modern blast furnaces having typical air pollution con-
trol equipment. A slip occurs when the crust of a furnace
ascfm - standard cubic feet per minute.
b
scf - standard cubic feet.
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21
charge breaks and slips into a void. This produces a sudden
rush of gas which automatically bypasses the control equip-
ment (to avoid high pressures in the system), thus releasing
a large black or red cloud of dust to the atmosphere. In
recent years automation has helped to reduce the number of
114
slips.
3.2.1.3 Ferromanganese Blast Furnaces
Uncontrolled emissions from a ferromanganese blast
furnace in 1951 produced as much as 8.2 to 15.5 g/m3 of
exhaust gas/ with an average of 13.7 g/m3. Two 350-ton
furnaces produced approximately 142 tons of dust per day con-
taining 0.3 to 0.5 percent iron. The particle size of the
fume is extremely small, 0.1 to 1.0 p. in diameter.114
3.2.1.4 Open-Hearth Furnaces
For economic reasons, oxygen injection is used to in-
crease the yield of steel from open-hearth furnaces. How-
ever, it also increases the air pollution. In 1960, the
fume loading was reported to increase from approximately 0.9
g/m3 (7.5 Ib/ton) to 1.4 g/m3 (9.3 Ib/ton) using oxygen in-
jection. This represents about a 50 percent increase in
emissions per unit time, but only about a 25 percent increase
in emissions per ton. More recent evidence, according to
Vincent and McGinnity, indicates the emission rates range
from 15 to 40 Ib/ton of steel. When the heat time is short
(3 hours) the emission rates would be 30 to 40 Ib/ton.
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22
The average open-hearth furnace in the U.S. has a capacity
of about 175 tons of steel per heat. A heat takes about 11
hours without oxygen injection, but only 3 hours (in short
heats) with oxygen injection.
Most of the dust is made up of iron oxide, predomi-
nantly Fe2O~. If the heat contains a large fraction of
galvanized steel, zinc oxides may predominate. Studies114
have shown that the iron oxide content averages about 50
percent of the total particulates with oxygen lancing.
These particles are small, 93 percent of them less than 40 \i
in diameter and 46 percent less than 5 |_i.
3.2.1.5 Electric-Arc Furnaces
i
Dust and fume emissions from an electric-arc furnace
average 10.5 Ib/ton of steel melted, ranging from 4.5 to 29.4
Ib/ton. These particulates contain 40 to 50 percent Fe2C>3
with 70 percent of the particles less than 5 u- in diameter.
3.2.1.6 Basic Oxygen Furnaces
The basic oxygen furnace appears to be the most impor-
tant furnace for the future. (See Sections 3.2.1 and 4.1)
Fortunately, all of the basic oxygen furnaces operating in
this country in 1960 were equipped with either wet scrubbers
114
or electrostatic precipitators. Emissions from these
control devices range between 55,000 ug/m3 and 220,000 [_ig/m3 ;
emission rates of 0.5 to 1 ton/hr have been reduced to
about 10 to 20 Ib/hr. However, uncontrolled emissions range
from 20 to 60 Ib/ton of steel with an average of 40 Ib/ton.156
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23
3.2.1.7 Gray Iron Cupola
197
The gray iron cupola^ is still used to melt over 93
percent of the gray iron produced in the U.S. There are
over 6,000 foundries which use over 3,300 cupolas. These
cupolas range in capacity from 1 to over 50 tons/hr. While
the quantity and concentration of iron in the dust and fume
emitted is dependent on the quality of scrap melted, tests
indicate that emissions range from 10-45 pounds of dust per
ton of melt. From 15 to 55 percent of the particles from
these emissions measure less than 50 p., and 6 to 25 percent
less than 10 p.
3.2.2 Coal
In general, the fly ash in coal contains 2 to 26.8
percent iron as Fe2C>3 or Fe3C>4, while the average concentra-
tion in West Virginia coal ash is 15.9 percent. The fly
123
ash may range from 1 to 10 percent of the coal burned.
Cuffe and Gerstle^ have reported emissions of iron ranging
from 2 to 37 Ib/ton (0.1 to 1.8 percent) before fly-ash
collection and 0.09 to 4 Ib/ton (0.004 to 0.2 percent) after
collection, depending on the type of equipment. These data
are given in Table 8 in the Appendix. Pursglove has es-
timated that 6,000,000 tons/year of coal fly ash will be
produced in the Ohio River Valley by 1971. This fly ash
would yield 1,200,000 tons of iron oxide which could make
1,000,000 tons/year of good, high-grade iron pellets for use
in blast furnaces.
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24
Iron usually occurs in coal as pyrite, FeS-. Recov-
ery of sulfur and iron from pyrite concentrates requires
crushing and grinding, which results in suspension of fine
, . 71,152
dusts.
3.2.3 Fuel Oil
Fly ash from burning fuel oil* is most commonly about
69,000 to 80,000 |~ig/m3 or approximately 2 g/lb of oil fired.
The concentration of Fe2O3 in the fly ash is about 3.5 per-
cent. This would result in an emission of 50,000 tag of
Fe203 per pound of fuel oil burned. A boiler burning 1,000
pounds of oil per hour would be discharging about 50 g of
122
Fe2O3 per hour into the air.
3.3 Product Sources
3.3.1 Incineration
Incineration of municipal wastes may produce some
iron pollution in the air. Burning such as this is reported
44 67
to produce 17 pounds of particulate per ton. Kaiser
has averaged the emissions from three incinerators in New
York City and found that the collected fly ash contains 6.3
percent iron, while the fly ash passing through the control
equipment contains 2.1 percent iron.
3.3.2 Welding Rods
Welding rods contribute some iron pollution to the
air. In one study, the dust contained 25 to 30 percent of
*These data are based on residual oil.
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25
qp
iron as Fe O and ^gamma-Fe^CU. °
O T
3.3.3 Antiknock Compounds
Ferrocene (dicyclopentadienyl iron) and iron carbonyl
68
(Fe(CO) ) have been studied as antiknock agents. Since
use of these compounds results in excessive engine deposits,
they have not been commercially used as antiknock agents.
Rose does not think automobile exhaust emissions are an
important source of iron pollution.
3.4 Environmental Air Concentrations
Air quality data obtained from the National Air Samp-
ling Network are shown in Table 9 in the Appendix. The
national average concentration in 1964 was 1.58 M-g/m3 and
•I -3 C C.
the national maximum was 22.0 p.g/m3 .
70
Lee et al. determined the particle size distribution
of iron particulates from samples collected from ambient air
in downtown Cincinnati, Ohio, and Fairfax, a suburb of Cin-
cinnati. The concentrations and mass median diameters were
significantly higher in downtown Cincinnati than in suburban
Fairfax. The concentrations were 3.12 and 1.15 ug/m3 re-
spectively for Cincinnati and Fairfax, and the mass median
diameters were 3.7 and 1.4 |j respectively.
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26
4. ABATEMENT
Particulate control for the emission sources should
be adequate to remove iron.
4.1 Iron and Steel Industry
Control of emissions from the iron and steel industry
is being accomplished through improvements in steel process-
ing. ' In 1955 the basic oxygen process was initiated
as an economical process of producing steel. Every basic
oxygen furnace constructed in this country has been equipped
with control equipment. In 1966, 28 percent of the steel
made in the U.S. was refined in these new furnaces. Wheel-
144
er anticipates that this method of steel production will
soon account for 60 percent or more of total steel production,
Dust removal is accomplished by high-efficiency elec-
37
trostatic precipitators, venturi type scrubbers, or
filters. However, filters have not been used on basic oxygen
furnaces in the U.S. Table 10 in the Appendix gives a sum-
mary of the relative efficiency of the various types of con-
trol equipment. Additional information can be found in the
references listed in Table 11 in the Appendix.
The quantity of dust collected averages 35 Ib/ton of
steel or 35,000 tons/year for two 200-ton furnaces producing
2,000,000 tons of steel per year. Some of this dust (con-
taining about 65 percent iron) is reclaimed by compacting it
in a sintering plant or modulizer. Dust which contains a
large quantity of zinc oxide (produced from galvanized scrap)
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27
114
cannot be reused.
The cost of fume control is given in Section 5.
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28
5. ECONOMICS
Economic losses due to iron pollution arise from
soiling. For example, a Chicago parking lot owner noted
that one parking lot was not being used even though it was
in a good location. Investigation revealed that cars parked
there were being stained by iron particles emitted from a
nearby grinding operation. Some cars required repainting
because the stains could not be removed by cleaning and
polishing. Thus, both the parking lot owner and the automo-
49
bile owners suffered economic losses due to iron pollution.
However, no information has been found on the magnitude of
losses resulting from material damage.
The cost of fume control equipment for basic oxygen
furnaces ranges between $3,000,000 and $7,500,000 and repre-
sents 14 to 19 percent of the total plant cost. Operating
costs usually range from $0.15 to $0.25 per ton of steel,
or $300,000 to $500,000 per year for a plant with two 200-
ton furnaces. The American Iron and Steel Institute has
published the Expenditures for Pollution Control in the Iron
and Steel Industry as given in Table 12 in the Appendix.
Data on the production and consumption of iron and
steel are presented in Section 3.
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29
6. METHODS OF ANALYSIS
6.1 Sampling Methods
Dusts and fumes of iron compounds may be collected
by any method suitable for collection of other dusts and
fumes; the impinger, electrostatic precipitator, and filter
are commonly used. The National Air Sampling Network uses
a high volume filtration sampler.
6 . 2 Quantitative Methods
Emission spectroscopy has been used by the National
Air Pollution Control Administration for iron analysis of
135,2
samples from the National Air Sampling Network. The
samples are ashed and extracted to eliminate interfering
elements. The minimum detectable iron concentration by emis-
sion spectroscopy is 0.084 l-ig/m3 for urban samples and 0.006
(ag/m3 for nonurban samples. The different sensitivities re-
sult from the different extraction procedures required for
urban samples.
Thompson et _al_. have reported that the National
Air Pollution Control Administration uses atomic absorption
to supplement analyses obtained by emission spectroscopy.
The method has a minimum detectable limit of 0.01 ug/m3
based on a 2,000 m3 air sample.
Atomic absorption spectroscopy has been applied to
I QQ
the analysis of iron in air by Sachdev, Robinson, and West.
The sensitivity is 50 |Jg/m3 of solution.
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30
A method for determining iron in the ambient air
has been described by West et al. The dust sample is
collected on filter paper with a high volume sampler and
analyzed by the ring oven technique, using ferrocyanide.
The limit of detection is 0.015 |ag, or approximately 2 ug/m3 .
A flame emission spectrophotometry method for deter-
mining mass concentration of Fe2C>3 aerosol in exposure
chambers is reported by Crider, Strong, and Barkley- This
is a continuous monitoring system sensitive to 3 M-g of
Fe2O3/m3 . At the 100 to 1,000 |-ig/m3 level, the precision
was +12 percent.
A procedure for determining the iron concentration in
95
plant tissue and soil extracts was set forth by Paul. In
this procedure the ferrous ion forms a complex compound with
1,10-phenanthroline, which is then determined colorimetri-
cally.
Strackee has measured the iron content of air by
electron spin resonance spectrometry.
29
Butt et al. has recorded an emission spectrographic
method for determining the trace metal content (including
iron) in the human liver, kidney, lung, brain, spleen, and
heart.
23
Brief et al. has described a method for collecting
and determining the air concentration of iron pentacarbonyl.
The method has a sensitivity of 1|J of iron or 71 |J.g/m3 .
-------
31
28
Bulba and Silverman have developed a method of pro-
ducing aerosols of iron oxides. A stream of nitrogen is
passed through iron pentacarbonyl, after which it is mixed
with an oxygen stream. This mixture is passed through a
furnace which causes the oxidation of iron carbonyl to iron
oxide.
Mallik and Buddhadev ^ have reported two spot-test
methods for the determination of iron. Both methods use
phenyl-2-pyridylketoxine with color development with (1)
sodium carbonate and (2) ammonia. Interfering ions are
copper, cobalt, and cyanide. The limit of identification
is about 0.05 |-ig.
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32
7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Inhalation of iron and iron oxides is known to pro-
duce a benign siderosis (or pneumoconiosis). However, in
addition to the benign condition, there may be very serious
synergistic effects as well as other undesirable effects,
such as chronic bronchitis. In the laboratory, iron oxide
has been shown to act as a vehicle to transport the car-
cinogens in high local concentrations to the target tissue.
Similarly, sulfur dioxide is transported in high local con-
centrations deep into the lung by iron oxide particles. The
relationships between dose and time and these conditions
have not been determined.
No evidence of animal or plant damage was found in this
survey.
Soiling of materials by airborne iron or its compounds
may produce economic losses. For example, iron particles
have been observed to produce stains on automobiles, requir-
ing them to be repainted. Iron oxide particulates may also
reduce visibility.
The results from the National Air Sampling Network
showed that iron concentrations ranged up to 22 ug/m3, with
an average of 1.6 (ag/m3 in 1964. The -most likely sources of
iron pollution are from the iron and steel industry. The
validity of this conclusion has been demonstrated by the
decrease in iron concentration during steel strikes as well
as by analysis of iron in the stack emissions. The iron
pollution may be controlled by particulate removal equipment,
-------
33
such as electrostatic precipitators, venturi scrubbers, and
filters.
Air pollution control cost the steel industry approx-
imately $102 million in 1968. Fume control equipment costs
for basic oxygen furnaces range between $3 and $7.5 million.
This represents 14 to 19 percent of the total plant cost.
Operating costs average $0.15 to $0.25 per ton of steel.
Atomic absorption and emission spectroscopy analytical
methods are available for the determination of iron in the
ambient air.
Based on the material presented in this report, fur-
ther studies are suggested in the following areas:
(1) The role of iron and its compounds in carcino-
genesis, especially at the low concentrations observed in
the atmosphere.
(2) The role of iron and its compounds as syner-
gistic agents with other air pollutants (such as sulfur diox-
ide) from at least two viewpoints-catalytic oxidation of
pollutant in air and transport of pollutant into the lungs.
(3) The soiling characteristics of iron and its
compounds as related to particle size, concentration, and
ch emi ca1 compo s it i on.
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34
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Stein, K. C., et al., Catalytic Oxidation of Hydro-
carbons (Tests of Single Oxides and Supported Catalysts
in a Microcatalytic Reactor), Bureau of Mines,
Washington, D.C., Bulletin No. 608 (1963).
Tanaka, S., and J. Lieben, Community Chest X-Rays for
Pneumoconiosis Prevention, Arch. Environ. Health
.L2.:10 (1966).
Tanimura, H., Benzo(a)pyrene in an Iron and Steel Works,
Arch. Environ. Health 17;172 (1968).
Taylor, W. G., et al., Reducing Smoke from Gas Turbines,
Mech. Eng. 90(7);29 (1968).
Toishi, K., and T. Kenjo, Alkaline Material Liberated
Into Atmosphere from New Concrete, J. Paint Technol.
39_(506):152 (1967).
Toxicity of Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Lung, American
Petroleum Institute Research Project MC-6, (Progress
Rept. for Nov- 1, 1962-Oct. 31, 1963 and program for
1964), Chicago Medical School, Chicago, 111., Inst. of
Medical Research (1963).
Van Beukering, J. A., The Occurrence of Pneumonia Among
Miners in an Iron Mine and a Manganese Ore Mine in
South Africa, Ned. Tydschr. Geneesk 110(10);473 (1966);
Translated from Dutch, Joint Publications Research
Service, Washington, B.C., R-9047-D (1968).
Walker, F. E., and F. E. Hartner, Forms of Sulphur
in U.S. Coals, U.S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D.C.,
Information Circular 8301 (1966).
Washington, D.C., Metropolitan Area Air Pollution
Abatement Activity, Public Health Service, Cincinnati,
Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control (1967).
Williams, J. D., et al., Interstate Air Pollution Study,
Phase II, Project Report. VI. Effects of Air Pollution,
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center
for Air Pollution Control (1966).
Yocom, J. E., The Deterioration of Materials in Polluted
Atmospheres, J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 8.( 3) :203
(1958).
Zenz, C., J. P. Bartlett, and W. H. Thiede, Analysis of
Ventilation in Older Workers in Foundry, Machine Shop,
and Office, J. Occupational Med. 7(9):443 (1965).
-------
54
APPENDIX
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 3
CRUDE IRON ORE MINED IN THE UNITED STATES BY DISTRICTS, STATES, AND MINING METHODS
(Thousand long tons and exclusive of ore containing 5 percent or more manganese)
District and State
Lake Superior
Wisconsin
Total
Southeastern States
Georgia
Total
Northeastern States
New Jersey, New York,
Pennsylvania . .
Western States
California
Colorado
Idaho .......
Mississippi ....
Missouri
Montana ......
Utah
Undistributed . . .
Total
Grand Total
Open Pit
17,342
112,664
130,006
3,444
1,697
5,141
*
*
*
115
*
*
299
9
*
17
*
2, 303
3,720
*
*
160,355
1965
Under-
ground
6, 562
1,263
56
7,881
659
659
*
2, 532
*
815
*
*
17,586
Total
23, 904
113, 927
56
137,887
4, 103
1,697
5,800
12,206
*
*
115
*
*
2, 831
9
1, 301
17
*
2, 303
4,535
10,937
22,048
177,941
Open Pit
18, 248
114,851
133,099
3, 390
1,645
5,035
*
*
*
163
*
*
264
12
*
15
*
2, 064
4, 265
*
*
164,165
1966
Under-
ground
6, 572
1, 227
7,799
778
778
*
2, 605
*
742
*
*
18,214
Total
24,820
116, 078
140,898
4,168
1,645
5,813
11,355
*
*
163
*
*
? 869
1?
1 224
15
*
? 064
5 007
12,959
24,313
182,379
*Withheld to avoid disclosing individual confidential data; included with "Undistributed.
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 4
IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1967
63
State & City
County
Grades of
Steel*
ALABAMA
Birmingham
"
11
11
11
Do than
Fairfield
Gadsden
Haleyville
No . Birmingham
n n
Sheffield
Woodward
ARIZONA
Tempe
Jefferson
11
n
"
11
Houston
Jefferson
Etowah
Winston
Jefferson
11
Colbert
Jefferson
Mar i cop a
American Cast Iron Pipe Co.
American Steel Pipe Div.
H. K. Porter Co., Inc.
Connors Steel Div.
Republic Steel Corp.
Southern Electric Steel Co.
United States Pipe & Foundry Co.
Southern Fabricating Co., Inc.
Dixie Tube & Steel, Inc.
United States Steel Corp.
Sheet & Tin Products Oprs .
Republic Steel Corp.
Formed Tubes Southern, Inc.
Southeastern Metals Co., Inc.
United States Pipe & Foundry
Southern Fabricating Co., Inc.
Woodward Corp.
Allison Steel Mfg. Co.
Elec.
Coke-B/F
Elec.
B/F
Coke-B/F -OH-Bess
Coke-B/F-Bop-Elec
Coke-B/F
Coke-B/F
CA
CA
C
C
CA
CA
C
C
C
Rolling Mill Div.
Elec.
ARKANSAS
Magnolia
CALIFORNIA
Azusa
n
City Industry
Emeryville
Etiwanda
Fontana
Columbia
Los Angeles
Alameda
San Bernardino
Kalmar Steel Corp.
Metalcraft Products Co.
Southern Pipe & Casing Co.
Techalloy Co., Inc.
Judson Steel Corp.
Etiwanda Steel Products, Inc.
Kaiser Steel Corp.
Elec.
OH
Elec.
Coke-B/F-OH-Bop
C
C
C
C
CA
CA
0%
(^corvt^inued)
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 4
63
IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1967 (Continued)
State & City
County
Company
Major Furnaces
Grades of
Steel*
:ALIFORNIA (cont'd.)
Hayward Alameda
Long Beach Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Nap a
Perris
Pittsburg
Nap a
Riverside
Contra Costa
So. San Francisco San Mateo
ii ii H ii
Torrance Los Angeles
Union City
Alameda
Davis Wire Corp.
Soule Steel Co. Elec.
Bethlehem Steel Corp. Elec.
California Steel & Tube
Calstrip Steel Corp.
(Washington Steel Corp.)
Davis Wire & Cable Corp., K.H.
Harris Tube, Inc.
Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
Stainless & Strip Div.
National-Standard Co.
Pacific Tube Co.
Pittsburgh Steel Co.
Johnson Steel & Wire Co.,Inc.
Republic Steel Corp.
Bliss & Laughlin Steel Co.
Southwest Steel Rolling Mills Elec.
Kaiser Steel Corp.
Techalloy Co., Inc.
United States Steel Corp.
Sheet & Tin Products Oprs.
Bethlehem Steel Corp.
Edwards Co., E. H.
Armco Steel Corp.
National Supply Div. Elec.
United States Steel Corp.
Sheet & Tin Products Oprs. OH
Cal-Metal Corp.
Columbia Steel & Shafting Co.
(Columbia-Summerill)
Pacific States Steel Corp. OH
C
C
CA
C
CAS
C
C
CA
C
CAS
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
CAS
CA
C
CA
CA
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 4
63
IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1967 (Continued)
State & Citv
COLORADO
Pueblo
Fort Collins
JONNECTICUT
Branford
Bridgeport
M
Bristol
E. Hartford
Georgetown
New Britain
New Haven
ii ii
Putnam
Shelton
Wai ling ford
II
Willimantic
County
Pueblo
Larimer
New Haven
Fairfield
n
Hartford
11
Fairfield
Hartford
New Haven
M M
Windham
Fairfield
New Haven
M n
Windham
Company Maior Furnaces
CF&I Steel Corp. Coke-B/F-OH-Bop
Southwest Pipe, Inc.
Atlantic Wire Co.
Carpenter Steel Co . ,
New England Div. Elec.
Heppenstall Co.
Wallace Barnes Steel Div.
Republic Steel Corp.
Gilbert & Bennett Mfg. Co., Inc.
Stanley Works
Detroit Steel Corp.
United States Steel Corp.
Wire Products Operations
Screw and Bolt Corp. Of America
Wyckoff Steel Div.
Driscoll Wire Co.
Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp.
Wallingford Steel Co.
Ulbrich Stainless Steels, Inc.
Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
Grades of
Steel*
CA
C
c
CAS
C
CA
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
CAS
S
C
DELAWARE
Claymont
FLORIDA
Jacksonville
n
Tampa
New Castle
Duval
M
Hillsborough
Phoenix Steel Corp.
Mid-States Steel & Wire Co.
Ivy Steel & Wire Co.
Florida Steel Corp.
OH
Elec.
CA
C
C
C
Ul
00
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 4
63
IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1967 (Continued)
State & City
County
Company
Manor Furnaces
Grades of
Steel*
GEORGIA
Atlanta
Hartwell
Norcross
Tallapoosa
HAWAII
Ewa
ILLINOIS
Alton
Blue Island
ii ii
Chicago
Fulton
Hart
Gwinnett
Haralson
Honolulu
Madison
Cook
Chicago Heights
Atlantic Steel Co.
Monroe Auto Equipment Co.
Tull Allied Metal Products Co,
Atlantic Steel Co.
Dixisteel Buildings, Inc.
Hawaiian Western Steel Ltd.
Elec.
Elec.
Elec.
Laclede Steel Co.
Enterprise Wire Co.
Gilbert & Bennett Mfg. Co.,Inc.
Borg-Warner Corp.
Ingersoll Products Div.
Chicago Steel & Wire Co.
Finkl & Sons Co., A. Elec.
Interlace Steel Corp. Coke-B/F
Naylor Pipe Co.
Regal Tube Co. (Lear-Siegler, Inc.)
Valley Mould & Iron Corp.
Wilson Steel & Wire Co.
Wire Sales Co.
Screw and Bolt Corp. of America
Wyckoff Steel Div.
Alco Products, Inc.
Borg-Warner Corp.
Calumet Steel Div.
Columbia Tool Steel Co.
Inland Steel Co.
Elec.
Elec.
CA
C
C
CA
C
C
C
CA
C
CA
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
A
C
Ul
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 4
63
IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1967 (Continued)
Jtate & City
[LLINOIS (Cont'd.)
Cicero
n
Dixon
Evans ton
Fairbury
Franklin Park
n n
Granite City
Harvey
Joliet
"
Kankakee
Lemon t
Madison
Morton Grove
Peoria
Riverdale
South Chicago
M ii
n M
Sterling
Union
Waukegan
County
Cook
n
Lee
Cook
Livingston
Cook
11
Madison
Cook
Will
11
Kankakee
Will
Madison
Cook
Peoria
Cook
Cook
11
"
Whiteside
McHenry
Lake
Company
Taylor Forge & Pipe Works
Corey Steel Co.
National-Standard Co.
Mark & Co . , Clayton
International Tube Corp.
Nelsen Steel & Wire Co.
Thompson Wire Co.
Granite City Steel Co.
Bliss & Laughlin Steel Co.
Phoenix Manufacturing Co.
Div. Union Tank Car Co.
United States Steel Corp.
Wire Products Oprs.
Kankakee Electric Steel Co.
Ceco Corp.
Lemon t Mfg. Corp.
Laclede Steel Co.
Harper Co. , H. M.
Keystone Consolidated Industries
Inter lake Steel Corp.
Republic Steel Corp.
United States Steel Corp.
Heavy Products Oprs.
International Harvester Co.
Wisconsin Steel Div.
Northwestern Steel & Wire Co.
Techalloy Co., Inc.
United States Steel Corp.
Wire Products Oprs.
Grades of
Manor Furnaces Steel*
Cok e - B/F -OH- Bop
Elec.
Elec.
Elec.
OH
Bop
Coke-B/F-OH-Elec .
B/F-OH-Bess-Elec .
Coke -B/F -Bop
Elec.
C
CS
C
C
C
CA
C
CA
CA
C
CAS
C
C
C
s
CA
C
CA
CAS
CA
C
C
C
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 4
63
IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1967 (Continued)
State & City
County
Company
Major Furnaces
Grades of
Steel*
INDIANA
West Chester Twp.
Crawfordsville
East Chicago
East Chicago
Fort Wayne
Gary
Porter
Montgomery
Lake
Lake
Allen
Lake
Hammond
n
Indiana Harbor
Indianapolis
Kokomo
Muncie
New Castle
Portage
Marion
Howard
Delaware
Henry
Porter
Bethlehem Steel Corp.
Mid-States Steel & Wire Co.
Inland Steel Co.
Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co.
Joslyn Stainless Steels Div.
Republic Steel Corp.
Taylor Forge & Pipe Works
United States Steel Corp.
Heavy Products Oprs.
Sheet and Tin Products Oprs.
Tubular Products Oprs.
Western Cold Drawn Steel
Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
La Salle Steel Co.
Standard Alliance Industries,Inc,
Standard Forgings Div.
Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
Stainless & Strip Div.
Continental Steel Corp.
Indiana Steel & Wire Co.
Borg-Warner Corp.
Ingersoll Steel Div.
National Steel Corp.
Midwest Steel Div.
Coke-B/F-OH-Bop
Coke-B/F-OH
Elec.
Coke-B/F-OH-Bop
OH-Elec.
Elec.
CA
C
CA
CA
S
CA
C
CAS
CA
C
CA
CAS
CA
C
C
CAS
C
EOWA
Clinton
KENTUCKY
Ashland
Coalton
Clinton
Boyd
Central Steel Tube Co.
Armco Steel Corp.
Kentucky Electric Steel Co,
B/F-OH-Bop
Elec.
CA
C
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 4
63
IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1967 (Continued)
State & Citv
KENTUCKY (Cont'd.)
Cynthiana
Henderson
Wilder
Owensboro
jOUISIANA
County
Harrison
Henderson
Campbell
Davies
Company
Bundy Corp.
Atlas Tack Corp.
Interlace Steel Corp.
Green River Steel Corp.
(Jessop Steel Co.)
Grades of
Maior Furnaces Steel*
C
C
Elec. CA
Elec. CAS
Baton Rouge
MARYLAND
E. Baton Rouge
Stupp Corporation
Baltimore
11
11
Cockeysville
Cumberland
Sparrows Point
IAS SACHU SETTS
Boston
Fairhaven
Mansfield
Medford
Millbury
New Bedford
Palmer
Readville
Baltimore
11
11
11
Allegheany
Baltimore
Suffolk
Bristol
Bristol
Suffolk
Worcester
Bristol
Hampden
Suffolk
Armco Steel Corp. Elec.
Eastern Stainless Steel Corp. Elec.
Reid-Avery Co., Inc.
Maryland Specialty Wire, Inc.
Cumberland Steel Co .
Bethlehem Steel Corp. Coke-B/F-OH-Bop
Thompson Wire Co.
Thompson Wire Co.
Atlas Tack Corp.
Bliss & Laughlin Steel Co.
Northern Steel, Inc.
New England High Carbon
Wire Corp.
Rodney Metals, Inc.
CF&I Steel Corp.
Compressed Steel Shafting Co.
CAS
AS
C
AS
C
CA
C
C
C
CA
C
C
CAS
C
C
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 4
63
IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1967 (Continued)
State & City County Company Manor Furnaces
VIASSACHUSETTS
Worcester Worcester National-Standard Co.
" Pittsburgh Steel Co.
Johnson Steel & Wire Co., Inc.
" " Thompson Wire Co.
United States Steel Corp.
Wire Products Oprs.
Wright Steel & Wire Co., G. F.
yilCHIGAN
Dearborn Wayne Ford Motor Co. Coke-B/F-Bop
" " Sharon Steel Corp.
Detroit " Barry Universal Corp.
" " Bliss & Laughlin Steel Co.
" " Bundy Tubing Co.
" " Detroit Steel Corp.
" " Hercules Drawn Steel Corp.
" " Lear Siegler, Inc.
McLouth Steel Corp.
" " Plymouth Steel Corp .
" " Production Steel Strip Corp.
" " Standard Tube Co.
(Michigan Seamless Tube Co.)
Ecorse " National Steel Corp.
Great Lakes Steel Corp. OH-Bop-Elec.
Ferndale " Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp. Elec.
" " Greer Steel Co.
" " Republic Steel Corp.
Gibraltar " McLouth Steel Corp.
Jackson Jackson Walker Mfg. Co.
Grades of
Steel*
C
C
C
C
C
CA
CS
C
CA
C
C
CA
C
CAS
C
CA
C
CA
CAS
C
C
C
CAS
CO
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 4
63
IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1967 (Continued)
State & City
County
Company
Manor Furnaces
Grades of
Steel*
MICHIGAN
Ludington
Madison Heights
Niles
Plymouth
River Rouge
South Lyon
Sturgis
Trenton
Warren (Detroit)
MINNESOTA
Duluth
St. Paul
MISSISSIPPI
Mason
Oakland
Berrien
Wayne
Aberdeen
Flowood
Biloxi
Oakland
St. Joseph
Wayne
Ma comb
St. Louis
Ramsey
Monroe
Jackson
Harrison
Motyka Metal Products Tubing
Div., Inc.
James Steel & Tube Co.
National-Standard Co.
Screw and Bolt Corp. of America
Pilgrim Drawn Works
(Wyckoff Steel Div.)
National Steel Corp.
Great Lakes Steel Corp.
Michigan Seamless Tube Co.
Formed Tubes, Inc.
McLouth Steel Corp.
Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
Stainless & Strip Div.
United States Steel Corp.
Wire Products Oprs.
North Star Steel Co.
Walker Mfg. Co.
Mississippi Steel Corp.
Southern Precision Steel Co.
(Precision Drawn Steel Co.)
C
C
C
Coke-B/F
B/F-Elec.-Bop
Elec.
Coke-B/F-OH
Elec.
Elec,
CAS
C
CAS
CAS
CA
CA
CAS
C
CA
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 4
63
IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1967 (Continued)
State & City
MISSOURI
Kansas City
St. Louis
NEBRASKA
Cozad
Valley
NEW JERSEY
Camden
Clifton
Harrison
Metuchen
New Brunswick
New Market
Newark
"
11
Roebling
Trenton
ii
Union
n
NEW YORK
Brooklyn
Buffalo
County
Jackson
St. Louis
Dawson
Douglas
Camden
Passaic
Hudson
Middlesex
n
n
Essex
n
n
Burlington
Mercer
II
Union
II
Kings
Erie
Company Major Furnaces
Armco Steel Corp. Elec.
Missouri Rolling Mill Corp.
Monroe Auto Equipment Co.
Valmont Industries, Inc.
Precision Drawn Steel Co.
National-Standard Co.
Crucible Steel Corp.
Berger Industries
Carpenter Steel Co.
Union Steel Corp.
( Sharon Steel Corp . )
Wilbur B. Driver Co.
Igoe Brothers, Inc.
Screw and Bolt Corp. of America
Wyckoff Steel Div.
CF&I Steel Corp. Elec.
CF&I Steel Corp.
United States Steel Corp.
Wire Products Oprs .
Carpenter Steel Co.
Union Steel Corp.
(Sharon Steel Corp.)
Republic Steel Corp.
Bliss & Laughlin Steel Co.
Grades of
Steel*
CA
C
C
C
C
C
CA
C
C
CAS
AS
C
CA
C
C
C
C
CAS
CA
CA
Ln
Donner-Hanna Coke Corp.
Gibraltar Steel Corp.
Coke
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 4
IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES, 196763 (Continued)
State & City
JEW YORK (Cont'd. )
Buffalo
ii
ii
Cortland
Dunkirk
n
Lack a wanna
Lockport
New Hartford
New York
No . Ton a wan da
n n
Rome
n
Syracuse
Tonawanda
Troy
11
Watervliet
NORTH CAROLINA
Monroe
Croft
County
Erie
11
ii
Cortland
Chautauqua
II
Erie
Niagara
Oneida
New York
Niagara
n
Oneida
n
Onondaga
Erie
Rensselaer
n
Albany
Union
Mecklenburg
Company
Madison Wire Co., Inc.
National Steel Corp.
Hanna Furnace Corp.
Republic Steel Corp.
Wickwire Brothers, Inc.
Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp.
Roblin Steel Corp.
Bethlehem Steel Corp.
Wallace Murray Corp.
Simonds Steel Div.
Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp.
Special Metals Corp.
Washburn Wire Co .
Roblin Steel Corp.
Tonawanda Iron Div.
(Am. Rad. & Std. Corp.)
Rome Manufacturing Co .
Rome Strip Steel Co . , Inc .
Crucible Steel Corp.
Lake Erie Rolling Mill, Inc.
Poor & Co.
Republic Steel Corp.
Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp.
Vasco Metals Corp.
Allvac
Florida Steel Corp.
Grades of
Major Furnaces Steel*
B/F
B/F-OH
Elec.
Elec.
Elec.
Coke-B/F-OH-Bop
Elec.
Elec.
B/F
Elec.
B/F
Elec.
Elec.
Elec.
C
CA
C
CAS
CA
CA
CAS
C
C
CA
CAS
CA
CAS
CA
C
AS
CA
C
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 4
63
IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1967 (Continued)
State & City
OHIO
Akron
11
Alliance
Campbell
Canton
11
"
"
Cincinnati
Cleveland
"
11
"
"
"
"
Co shoe ton
Dover
11
11
Fostoria
Grades of
County Company Maior Furnaces Steel*
Summit National-Standard Co.
" Pittsburgh Steel Co.
Johnson Steel & Wire Co., Inc.
Stark Babcock & Wilcox Co.
Mahoning Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co. Coke-B/F-OH
Stark Poor & Co.
" Republic Steel Corp. B/F-OH-Elec.
" Timken Roller Bearing Co. Elec.
11 United States Steel Corp.
Sheet & Tin Products Oprs.
Hamilton American Compressed Steel Corp. Elec.
Cuyahoga Angell Nail & Chaplet Co.
" Cuyahoga Steel & Wire Co .
(Div. Hoover Ball & Bearing Co.)
" Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. B/F-Bop-Elec.
" Republic Steel Corp. Coke-B/F-OH-Bop
" Solar Steel Corp.
" United States Steel Corp.
Wire Products Oprs.
Tubular Products Oprs. B/F
11 United Tube Corp. of Ohio
Coshocton Universal-Cyclops
Specialty Steel Div.
(Cyclops Corp. )
Tuscarawas Greer Steel Co.
" Cyclops Corp.
Empire-Reeves Steel Div. OH-Elec.
Lorain Republic Steel Corp.
" Western Cold Drawn Steel
( Standard Screw Co . )
Seneca Seneca Wire & Manufacturing Co.
C
C
C
CA
CA
CAS
CAS
C
C
C
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
C
S
CA
CAS
C
CA
C
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 4
63
IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1967 (Continued)
State & City
County
Company
Grades of
Maior Furnaces Steel*
3HIO ( Cont ' d . )
Hubbard
Jackson
Lorain
Louisville
Mansfield
Marion
Martins Ferry
Massillon
Medina
Middletown
Orwell
Piqua
Portsmouth
Shelby
"
Steubenville
"
Toledo
11
"
n
11
Warren
11
Trumbull
Jackson
Lorain
Stark
Richland
Marion
Belmont
Stark
Medina
Butler
Ashtabula
Miami
Scioto
Richland
"
Jefferson
11
Lucas
"
"
11
"
Trumbull
li
Valley Mould & Iron Corp.
Jackson Iron & Steel Co.
United States Steel Corp.
Tubular Products Oprs.
Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
Stainless and Strip Div.
Cyclops Corp.
Empire-Reeves Steel Div.
Pollak Steel Co.
Wheeling Steel Corp.
Republic Steel Corp.
Bliss & Laughlin Steel Co.
Armco Steel Corp.
Welded Tubes, Inc.
Miami Industries Div.
(MSL Industries, Inc.)
Detroit Steel Corp.
Copperweld Steel Co.
Ohio Seamless Tube Div.
Standard Tube Co.
(Michigan Seamless Tube Co.)
National Steel Corp.
Weirton Steel Div.
Wheeling Steel Corp.
AP Parts Corp.
Baron Drawn Steel Corp.
Interlake Steel Corp.
Kaiser Jeep Corp.
Toledo Steel Tube Co.
Copperweld Steel Co.
Pittsburgh Steel Co .
Thomas Strip Div.
B/F
B/F
Coke- B/F -OH-Bess
OH-Elec.
Coke-B/F
Coke -B/F -OH
Coke -B/F -OH
Coke-B/F -OH-Bop
Coke-B/F
Elec.
CA
S
CAS
C
C
CA
C
C
C
C
CA
C
C
CA
C
CA
C
C
CAS
C
00
continuedT'
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 4
63
IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1967 (Continued)
State & Citv
DHIO ( Cont ' d . )
Warren
"
"
Wooster
Yorkville
Youngstown
"
"
11
n
Zanesville
New Miami
OKLAHOMA
Oklahoma City
Sand Springs
County
Trumbull
11
"
Wayne
Jefferson
Mahoning
11
11
"
"
Musk ing um
Butler
Oklahoma
Tulsa
Company
Republic Steel Corp.
Sharon Steel Corp.
Brainard Steel Strapping Div.
Van Huff el Tube Corp.
(Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co.)
Timken Roller Bearing Co.
Wheeling Steel Corp.
Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
Stainless & Strip Div.
Fitzsimons Steel Co., Inc.
Republic Steel Corp.
United States Steel Corp.
Tubular Products Oprs.
Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co.
Armco Steel Corp.
Armco Steel Corp.
Hoster Investment Co.
Armco Steel Corp.
Grades of
Maior Furnaces Steel*
Coke-B/F-Bop-Elec,
Coke-B/F-OH
B/F-OH
Coke-B/F-OH
Coke-B/F
Elec.
CA
C
CAS
CAS
C
CAS
CA
CA
CA
CA
A
C
C
OREGON
Portland
PENNSYLVANIA
Multnomah
Oregon Steel Mills
Elec.
Aliquippa
Allenport
Ambridge
Beaver
Washington
Beaver
n
Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
Pittsburgh Steel Co.
A. M. Byers Co.
Armco Steel Corp.
v-OJve is/ r — uri tsess I^AO
Bop
CAS
CA
( continued)
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 4
63
IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1967 (Continued)
State & City
PENNSYLVANIA (Cont
Ambridge
Avis
Beaver Falls
n
ii
Bethlehem
Brack enridge
Braddock
Braeburn
Bridgeville
Bur ham
~
Butler
Carnegie
n
Catasauqua
Glair ton
Coatesville
Corry
Dravosburgh
Duquesne
Ellwood
Erie
n
County
'd.)
Beaver
Clinton
Beaver
n
n
Northampton
Allegheny
11
Westmoreland
Allegheny
Mifflin
Butler
Allegheny
n
Lehigh
Allegheny
Chester
Erie
Allegheny
n
Lawrence
Erie
n
Company
Screw & Bolt Corp.
Wyckoff Steel Div.
Jersey Shore Steel Co.
Babcock & Wilcox Co.
Moltrup Steel Products Co.
Republic Steel Corp.
Bethlehem Steel Corp.
Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp.
United States Steel Corp.
Heavy Products Oprs.
Braeburn Alloy Steel Corp.
Universal-Cyclops
Specialty Steel Div.
(Cyclops Corp. )
Baldwin-Lima-Hamilton Corp .
Standard Steel Works Div.
Armco Steel Corp.
Columbia Steel & Shafting Co.
(Columbia-Summerill )
Union Electric Steel Corp.
Phoenix Manufacturing Co.
United States Steel Corp.
Heavy Products Oprs .
Lukens Steel Co .
Mclnnes Steel Co.
United States Steel Corp.
Sheet & Tin Products Oprs.
Heavy Products Oprs.
United States Steel Corp.
Tubular Products Oprs.
Erie Forge & Steel Corp.
Interlake Steel Corp.
Grades of
Major Furnaces Steel*
Elec.
Coke-B/F-OH-Elec .
Bop-Elec.
B/F-OH
Elec.
Elec.
Elec.
Coke-B/F
OH-Elec.
B/F-Bop-Elec.
Elec.
Coke-B/F
C
C
CAS
CA
CA
CAS
CAS
CA
CAS
CAS
CAS
CAS
A
C
CA
CA
CAS
CAS
CAS
CA
CA
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 4
63
IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1967 (Continued)
State & City
County
Company
Manor Furnaces
Grades of
Steel*
PENNSYLVANIA (Cont'd.)
Fairless Hills Bucks
Farrell
Franklin
Glassport
Greenville
Harrisburg
Hometown
Houston
Irvine
Ivy Rock
Johnstown
Latrobe
Lebanon
McKeesport
Midland
Milton
Mercer
Venango
Allegheny
Mercer
Dauphin
Schuylkill
Washington
Warren
Montgomery
Cambria
Westmoreland
Lebanon
Allegheny
Beaver
Northumberland
United States Steel Corp.
Sheet & Tin Products Oprs,
Tubular Products Oprs.
Sharon Steel Corp.
Borg-Warner Corp.
Franklin Steel Div.
Copperweld Steel Co.
Damascus Tube Co.
Harsco Corp.
Harrisburg Steel Co.
Bundy Corp.
Washington Steel Corp.
National Forge Co.
Alan Wood Steel Co.
Bethlehem Steel Corp.
United States Steel Corp.
Heavy Products Oprs.
Alco Products, Inc.
Latrobe Steel Co.
Vanadium-Alloys Steel Co.
Vanadium Plant
Bethlehem Steel Corp.
United States Steel Corp.
Tubular Products Oprs.
(Christy Park Wks.)
(National Wks.)
United States Steel Corp.
Heavy Products Oprs.
Crucible Steel Corp.
Ceco Corp.
Milton Mfg. Co.
Coke-B/F-OH
B/F-OH-Bop-Elec,
OH
Elec.
Elec.
OH
Coke-B/F-OH
Elec.
OH
Elec.
Elec.
B/F-OH-Bess
Coke-B/F-OH-Elec.
Elec.
CAS
C
CAS
C
CA
S
CA
C
CAS
CA
CA
CAS
CA
CAS
CA
CA
CA
CA
C
CAS
CA
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 4
63
IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1967"" (Continued)
State & City
County
Company
Manor Furnaces
Grades of
Steel*
PENNSYLVANIA (Cont'd.)
Monaca Beaver
Monessen
Muncy
Munhall
Neville Island
New Brighton
New Castle
11 ii
New Kensington
Norristown
Oakmont
Oil City
Philadelphia
Phoenixville
Pittsburgh
Westmoreland
Lycoming
Allegheny
Beaver
Lawrence
Westmoreland
Montgomery
Allegheny
Venango
Philadelphia
Chester
Allegheny
Pittsburgh Tube Co.
Superior Drawn Steel Co.
Vanadium-Alloys Steel Co.
Colonial Steel Plant
Pittsburgh Plant
American Chain & Cable Co.,Inc.
Page Steel & Wire Div.
Pittsburgh Steel Co.
Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
United States Steel Corp.
Heavy Products Oprs.
Shenango Furnace Co.
Townsend Co.
Blair Strip Steel Co.
Mesta Machine Co.
American Shim Steel Co.
Superior Tube Co.
Edgewater Corp.
Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
Philadelphia Steel & Wire Corp.
Heppenstall Co.
Midvale-Heppenstall Co.
Phoenix Steel Corp.
Cyclops Corp.
Universal-Cyclops Specialty
Stl. Div.
Crucible Steel Corp.
Heppenstall Co.
Elec.
Coke-B/F-OH-Bop
OH
Coke/BF
OH
Elec.
Elec.
OH
OH
C
C
CAS
C
CAS
CA
C
CA
CA
C
C
C
CAS
CA
C
C
CAS
CA
CAS
C
CA
to
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 4
63
IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1967 (Continued)
State & City
County
Company
Major Furnaces
Grades of
Steel*
PENNSYLVANIA (Cont'd.)
Pittsburgh Allegheny
Rahns Montgomery
Rankin Allegheny
Reading
Scottdale
Sharon
Sharpsville
Sheridan
Sinking Springs
South Avis
Spring City
Steelton
Swedeland
Templeton
Titusville
Uniontown
Vandergrift
Washington
ii
West Homestead
Berks
Westmoreland
Mercer
Allegheny
Lebanon
Berks
Clinton
Chester
Dauphin
Montgomery
Armstrong
Crawford
Fayette
Westmoreland
Washington
n
Allegheny
Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
Techalloy Co., Inc.
United States Steel Corp.
Heavy Products Oprs.
Carpenter Steel Co.
Columbia Steel & Shafting Co.
(Columbia-Summerill)
Sawhill Tubular Div.
(Cyclops Corp.)
Sharon Tube Co.
Shenango Furnace Co.
E. J. Lavino & Co.
Hofmann Industries, Inc.
Jersey Shore Steel Co.
Keystone Drawn Steel Co.
(La Salle Steel Co.)
Bethlehem Steel Corp.
Alan Wood Steel Co.
Carpenter Coal & Coke Co.
Cyclops Corp.
Universal-Cyclops Specialty
Stl. Div.
Cavert Wire Co., Inc.
United States Steel Corp.
Sheet and Tin Products Oprs,
Jessop Steel Co.
Washington Steel Corp.
Mesta Machine Co.
Coke-B/F-OH-Elec.
B/F
Elec.
B/F
B/F
OH-Elec.
Coke-B/F
Elec.
OH-Elec.
CA
C
CAS
S
C
C
C
C
CA
CA
AS
C
CAS
CAS
S
CA
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 4
63
IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OP THE UNITED STATES, 1967 (Continued)
State & City
County
Company
Major Furnaces
Grades of
Steel*
PENNSYLVANIA (Cont'd)
West Leechburg
Wheatland
Williamsport
RHODE ISLAND
Pawtucket
Phillipsdale
SOUTH CAROLINA
Cayce
TENNESSEE
Chattanooga
Counce
Knoxville
Lyles-Wrigley
Memphis
Mur freesboro
Harriman
TEXAS
Fort Worth
Galveston
Houston
Westmoreland
Mercer
Lycoming
Providence
Lexington
Hamilton
Hardin
Knox
Hickman
Shelby
Rutherford
Roane
Tarrant
Galveston
Harris
Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp.
Sawhill Tubular Div.
(Cyclops Corp.)
Wheatland Tube Co.
Bethlehem Steel Corp.
Newman-Crosby Steel Co.
Washburn Wire Co.
OH
Owen Electric Steel Co. of S.C. Elec.
Woodward Corp. Coke
Cal-Metal Corp.
Knoxville Iron Co. Elec.
Merritt-Chapman & Scott Corp.
Tenn. Products & Chemical Corp. B/F
Poor and Co.
Samsonite Corp.
Tennessee Forging Steel Corp. Elec.
Texas Steel Co.
Kane Boiler Works, Inc.
Armco Steel Corp.
Bliss & Laughlin Steel Co.
Cameron Iron Works, Inc.
Detroit Steel Corp.
Tex Tube Div.
Elec.
Coke-B/F-OH-Elec.
Elec.
CAS
C
C
C
CAS
CA
C
CA
CA
C
C
C
C
CAS
CA
CA
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 4
IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1967
63
(Continued)
State & City
TEXAS (Cont'd.)
Houston
ii
Lone Star
Longview
Pampa
Rosenberg
Seguin
Sherman
Vinton
UTAH
Geneva
VIRGINIA
Chesapeake
Harrisonburg
Lynchburg
Newport News
Richmond
Roanoke
WASHINGTON
Seattle
It
II
County
Harris
ii
Morris
Gregg
Gray
Fort Bend
Guadalupe
Gray son
El Paso
Utah
Northampton
Rockingham
Campbell
ii
Chesterfield
Roanoke
King
II
II
Company
A. O. Smith Corp. of Texas
Southwestern Pipe, Inc.
Lone Star Steel Co.
R. G. Le Tourneau, Inc.
Cabot Corp.
Michigan Seamless Tube Co.
Gulf States Tube Corp.
Structural Metals, Inc.
Mid-States Steel & Wire Co.
(Keystone Consl. Industries)
Border Steel Rolling Mills
United States Steel Corp.
Sheet and Tin Products Oprs.
Intercoastal Steel Corp.
Walker Manufacturing Co.
E. J. Lavino & Co.
Newport News Shipbuilding &
Drydock Co .
Tredegar Co.
Roanoke Electric Steel Corp.
Bethlehem Steel Corp.
Bliss & Laughlin Steel Co.
Davis Wire Corp.
Jorgensen Co., E. M.
Major Furnaces
Coke-B/F-OH
Elec.
Elec.
Elec.
Elec.
Coke-B/F-OH
Elec.
B/F
Elec.
Elec.
Elec.
Elec.
Grades of
Steel*
C
C
C
CA
A
CAS
C
C
CA
CA
CA
CAS
CAS
C
C
CA
C
C
CAS
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 4
63
IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1967 (Continued)
State & City
WASHINGTON (Cont1
Seattle
tfEST VIRGINIA
Fairmont
Follansbee
Huntington
Weir ton
Wheeling
WISCONSIN
Cedarburg
East Troy
Green Bay
Kenosha
Milwaukee
u
Racine
County
d.)
King
Marion
Brooke
Cabell
Hancock
Ohio
Ozaukee
Wai worth
Brown
Kenosha
Milwaukee
"
Racine
Grades of Steel - C - Carbon,
B/F - Blast
Furnace.
Company Manor Furnaces
Northwest Steel Rolling Mills, Elec.
Inc.
Sharon Steel Corp. Coke
Wheeling Steel Corp.
H. K. Porter Co., Inc.
Connors Steel Div. Elec.
National Steel Corp.
Weirton Steel Div. Coke-B/F-OH-Bop
Wheeling Steel Corp.
Cedarburg Wire, Wire Nail &
Screw Co.
Crucible Steel Corp.
Trent Tube Div.
Fort Howard Steel & Wire Div.
Macwhyte Co.
Babcock & Wilcox Co.
A. O. Smith Corp.
Walker Mfg. Co.
A - Alloy, S - Stainless .
Grades of
Steel*
C
C
CA
CA
CA
C
S
C
CS
CAS
CA
CAS
OH - Open Hearth.
Bop - Basic
Oxygen Process.
Elec - Electric Furnace.
-------
77
TABLE 5
PRODUCTION OF PIG IRON AND FERROALLOYS
BY STATES, 1967, 196
State
Thousands of Short Tons
1967
1960
PIG IRON
New York
Pennsylvania
Maryland, West Virginia, Kentucky,
Tennessee, Texas
Alabama
Ohio
Indiana
Illinois
Michigan, Minnesota
Colorado, Utah, California
Total
6,172
20,542
10,824
4,290
14,485
12,167
6,309
7,439
4,756
86,756
4,205
16,533
7,987
3,541
11,788
8,404
5,307
4,981
3,735
66,481
FERROALLOYS
New York
Pennsylvania
Virginia, West Virginia, South
Carolina, Tennessee
Ohio
Other States
Total
109
468
559
734
618
2,488
153
510
345
658
419
2,085
Grand. Total
89,472
68,566
-------
APPENDIX
78
TABLE 6
RAW STEEL PRODUCTION11
Thousands of Short
Year
1967
1966
1965
1964
1963
1962
1961
1960
1959
1958
1957
1956
1955
1954
1953
Open-
Hearth
70,690
85,025
94,193
98,098
88,834
82,957
84,502
86,368
81,669
75,880
101,658
102,840
105,359
80,328
100,474
Bessemer
*
278
586
858
963
805
881
1,189
1,380
1,396
2,475
3,228
3,320
2,548
3,856
Basic
Oxygen
Process
41,434
33,928
22,879
15,442
8,544
5,553
3,967
3,346
1,864
1,323
611
506
307
Tons
Electric
15,089
15,870
13,804
12,678
10,920
9,013
8,664
8,379
8,533
6,656
7,971
8,641
8,050
5,436
7,280
Total
127,213
134,161
131,462
127,076
109,261
98,328
98,014
99,282
93,446
85,255
112,715
115,216
117,036
88,312
111,610
*Included in open-hearth figures.
-------
TABLE 7
IRON EMISSIONS FROM METALLURGICAL PROCESSES'
,114
Iron (Fe2O.j)
in Particulate
Furnace
Ferromanganese
blast furnace
Open-hearth furnace
Electric-arc
steel furnace
Basic oxygen furnace
Blast furnace
Sintering plant
(Percent)
0.3-0.5
50-90
40-50
90
30
50
Dust
Iron (Fe2O3)
Emission Rate
(pounds dust/ton ore)
No Control
360
9.3
11
20-40
100
20
Control
60
1.7
1.2
0.2-0.4
0.4-0.2
2-4
Emission Rate
(pounds/ton ore)
No Control
1.1-1.8
4.6-8.3
4.4-5.5
18-36
30
10
Control
0.18-0.
0.85-1.
0.48-0.
0.18-0.
0.12-0.
1-2
30
5
60
36
06
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 8
IRON EMISSIONS FROM COAL-FIRED POWER PLANTS
36
Type of
ler Firing
tical
Corner
Front -wall
Spreader-stoker
Cyclone
Horizontally
opposed
A: After
B: Before
Coal
Rate
ton/hr
65.6
56.1
52.2
9.2
64.4
9.6
fly-ash
fly-ash
Ash in Flue Gas Iron Emissions
Coal (as Volume 3
fired) % scfm x 10 uq/m kq/min
B A B A B A
20.2 397.4 409.9 110,000 3,900 1.2 .045
14.9 362.9 351.0 433,000 23,000 4.4 .23
10.3 329.0 328.0 110,000 13,000 1.0 .12
8.4 53.9 59.6 250,000 87,000 .38 .15
7.7 553.6 500.8 310,000 87,000 4.9 1.2
8.2 62.2 62.2 1,550,000 166,000 2.7 .29
collection.
collection.
kq/ton
B A
1.1 .041
4.7 .25
1.1 .14
2.4 .98
4.6 1.1
17. 1.8
00
o
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 9. CONCENTRATION OF IRON IN THE AIR
1,3,5,6
Location
Alabama
Birmingham
Arizona
Phoenix
California
Los Angeles
San Francisco
Colorado
Denver
District of Columbia
Washington
Georgia
Atlanta
Idaho
Boise
Illinois
Chicago
Cicero
East St. Louis
Indiana
East Chicago
Indianapolis
Iowa
Des Moines
Louisiana
New Orleans
Maryland
Baltimore
Massachusetts
Boston
Michigan
Detroit
Missouri
St. Louis
Montana
Helena
1954-59
Max
11.4
0.8
5.3
10.1
7.3
15.5
10.0
30.0
4.0
13.0
1.7
2.9
Avq
6.2
0.2
1.8
3.9
2.6
4.0
2.8
3.6
0.6
3.0
0.5
1.4
1960
Max
41.0
8.8
2.2
7.9
Avq
13.5
3.2
1.2
2.7
1961
Max
8.4
8.7
5.8
5.4
Avq
2.6
4.0
2.8
2.9
1962
Max
8.1
12.0
2.8
7.2
2.8
2.5
9.6
2.8
6.0
2.6
4.8
3.5
8.6
Avq
2.9
4.7
0.7
2.6
1.4
1.1
2.8
1.4
1.4
0.7
1.6
1.3
2.2
1963
Max
4.3
3.7
5.5
3.1
3.0
8.0
13.0
2.5
6.9
l
3.0
Avq
1.3
0.6
1.9
1.1
1.2
1.8
3.0
0.7
1.5
1.1
1964
Max
11.0
16.0
2.4
2.6
1.3
3.3
22.0
2.0
16.0
1.7
8.2
3.0
2.1
Avq
2.3
2.5
1.2
1.0
0.7
1.6
5.5
0.9
2.2
0.9
1.8
1.1
0.5
00
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 9. CONCENTRATION OF IRON IN THE AIR1'3'5'6 (Continued)
Location
Nevada
Las Vegas
New Jersey
Newark
Nebraska
Omaha
New York
Buffalo
New York
North Carolina
Charlotte
Ohio
Cincinnati
Cleveland
Pennsylvania
All en town
Philadelphia
Pittsburgh
Scranton
Tennessee
Chattanooga
Texas
El Paso
Washington
Seattle
Tacoma
West Virginia
Charleston
Wisconsin
Milwaukee
Wyoming
Cheyenne
United States
1954-59
Max
29.0
10.7
12.7
15.7
16.0
3.3
10.0
8.1
14.0
Avq
4.8
3.3
4.5
1.2
3.5
0.9
3.8
2.8
3.2
1960
Max
26.0
11.0
Avq
5.4
4.5
1961
Max
17.0
14.0
30.0
6.9
8.6
15.0
9.6
33.0
Avq
2.2
3.3
5.0
2.6
3.7
3.9
4.2
8.3
1962
Max
18.0
4.1
3.7
10.0
6.2
23.0
9.8
6.6
11.0
3.9
2.3
1.2
Avq
2.8
1.8
1.5
1.8
2.8
4.7
2.8
3.4
3.4
1.9
1.0
0.5
1963
Max
5.1
4.1
13.0
5.2
4.3
19.0
1.8
Avq
1.4
1.5
1.9
2.4
1.8
3.0
0.7
1964
Max
4.4
3.1
1.9
8.6
13.0
4.0
3.2
12.0
3.6
4.2
1.3
5.3
7.7
0.8
22.0*
Avq
1.5
1.3
0.9
1.0
2.5
1.5
1.7
2.8
1.6
1.3
0.4
1.7
1.9
0.3
1.58*
00
to
*Average 1962-1964.
-------
TABLE 1O, EMISSIONS FROM STEEL MILLS
82'78
1
Operation
Blast furnace
Sintering
machine
Sinter machine
discharge -
crusher,
screener, and
cooler
Open-hearth
(not oxygen-
lanced )
Before Control
Stack
Loading
(g/m3r
16-22.8
1.1-6.9
13
0.22-0.9-
4.5
Ib/ton
of Product3
200
5-20-100
22
1.5-7.5-20.0
Emission with Control
Control
Used0
Preliminary
cleaner
( settling
chamber or
dry cycloner*
Primary
cleaner (wet
scrubber)
Secondary
cleaner
(E.S.P. or
V.S.)b
Dry cyclone
E.S.P. (in
series with
dry cyclone)
Dry cyclone
E.S.P.
V.S.
Baghouse
Stack
Load, ing
(g/m3)
7-14
0.11-0.7-
1.6
0.009-0.018
0.45-1.3
0.02-0.11
0.9
0.02-0.11
0.02-0.14
0.02
Ib/ton
of Prod.uc
5.4
0.1-1.4
2.0
1.0
1.5
0.15
0.15-1.1
0.07
Approx .
Effi-
ciency
(percent;
60
90
90
90
95
93
98
85-98
99
Approx . Value
of Gases Handled.
87,000 scfm for
a 1, 00 0-t on/day
furnace
120,000-160,000
scfm for a
1, 000-ton/d.ay
machine
17,500 scfm for
a 1, 000-ton/d.ay
machine
35, 000 scfm for
a 175-ton
furnace
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX
Q O "7 Q
TABLE 10. EMISSIONS FROM STEEL MILLS ' (Continued)
Operation
Open-hearth
(with oxygen
lance )
Electric-arc
furnace
Bessemer
converter
Basic oxygen
furnace
Scarfing
machine
Before Control
Stack
Loading
(g/m3)a
0.2-1.4-5.7
0.22-0.91-13
1.8->23
11-18
0.4-1.8
Ib/ton
of Product3
9.3
4.5-10.6-37.8
15-17-44
20-40-60
3 Ib/ton of
steel
processed
Emission with Control
Cont rol
Usedc
E.S.P.
V.S.
High
efficiency
scrubber
E.S.P.
Baqhouse
No practi-
cal method
of control
V.S.
E.S.P.
Settling
chamber
Stack
Loading
(g/m3)
0.02-0.013
0.02-0.14
0.02
0.02-0.09
0.02
0.06-0.27
0.11
No data
Ib/ton
of Product
0.2
0.2-1.4
0.2
0.3-0.8
0.1-Q.2
0.4
0.4
No data
Approx .
Effi-
ciency
(percent)
98
85-98
Up to 98
92-97
98-99
99
99
No data
Approx. Value
of Gases Handled
35,000 scfm for
a 175-ton
furnace
Highly variable
depending on
type of hood .
May be about
30,000 scfm for
a 50-ton furnace
Varies with
amount of oxygen
blown.
20 to 25 scfm
per cfm of
oxygen blown
85, 000 scfm for
a 45-inch, 4-
side machine
aWhen three values are given, such as 5-20-100, the center value is the approximate average and
values at either end are the lowest and highest values reported. All data are highly variable
depending on nature of a specific piece of equipment, materials being processed, and operating
procedure.
bUsed in series. Data on that basis.
CV.S.: venturi scrubber.
E.S.P.: electrostatic precipitator.
oo
-------
85
APPENDIX
TABLE 11
PAPERS RELATING TO CONTROL METHODS IN THE
IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY
Process
Reference
Basic oxygen furnace
Electric furnace
Open-Hearth furnace
Blast furnace
Cupola
General
20, 30, 37, 52, 58, 59, 70, 80, 86,
88-90, 94, 97, 118, 137, 138, 146,
147
16-18, 24, 27, 37, 38, 40, 48, 60,
61, 65, 66, 92, 115, 149
12, 19, 26, 37, 70, 113, 116, 117,
121, 134, 150, 151
37, 45, 53, 79, 104, 148
13, 37, 50, 127, 133, 139, 147
25, 37, 41, 42, 45, 47, 56, 57, 62,
74, 81, 85, 87, 93, 99, 102, 103,
118, 121, 124, 125, 130, 141, 145
-------
86
APPENDIX
TABLE 12
EXPENDITURES FOR POLLUTION CONTROL BY THE STEEL INDUSTRY126
Year
1968*
1967
1966
1951-67
Air
102
39.4
37.7
Millions of Dollars
Water
120
54,7
18.8
Total
222
94.1
56.5
~600
*Includes committed funds for control equipment that may not
have been completed and placed in operation in 1968.
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 13
NUMBER OF BLAST FURNACES ON JANUARY 1, 1968
Q -3
PRODUCING PIG IRON AND FERROALLOYS
1968
State .
In
Blast
Total
1967
In
Blast
Total
1966
In
Blast
Total
1965
In
Blast
Total
1964
In
Blast
Total
PIG IRON
Alabama
California
Colorado
Illinois
Indiana
Kentucky
Maryland
Michigan
Minnesota
New York
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Tennessee
Utah
West Virginia
9
4
4
14
22
2
10
9
1
12
33
39
0
3
4
17
4
4
18
24
3
10
9
2
15
47
58
3
3
4
10
4
4
12
20
2
7
9
2
12
29
38
0
3
4
17
4
4
19
23
3
10
9
2
15
48
59
3
3
4
8
4
4
12
21
2
7
9
1
11
26
34
0
2
3
18
4
4
22
23
3
10
9
2
15
49
56
3
5
4
15
4
3
16
21
2
10
9
2
12
36
45
0
3
4
18
4
4
22
23
3
10
9
2
15
49
58
3
5
4
10
3
3
7
21
2
6
9
1
9
27
34
1
2
3
20
4
4
22
23
3
10
9
2
16
49
60
3
5
4
FERROALLOYS
All States
Total
5
173
7
230
6
164
7
232
5
151
7
236
7
191
8
239
5
147
8
244
00
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 14
U.S. CAPACITY FOR STEEL PRODUCTION, JAN. 1, 1960
84
State
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Illinois
Michigan
Texas
Alabama
California
Kentucky
Missouri
Washington
Georgia
New York
Maryland
Oregon
Oklahoma
West Virginia
Indiana
Connecticut
Arizona
Florida
Mississippi
Virginia
Tennessee
New Jersey
Colorado
Minnesota
Massachusetts
Utah
Rhode Island
Delaware
Total
Electric Furnace
No. of
Plants/
Furnaces
8/36
31/105
8/28
4/20
5/12
4/8
3/8
2/5
1/2
3/6
1/2
6/28
2/11
1/3
1/1
1/1
2/7
1/2
1/2
1/1
1/1
2/4
1/2
1/6
91/301
Annual
Capacity
(net tons)
3,078,600
2,888,780
2,400,400
1,178,600
699 , 080
670,020
628,000
466,190
420,000
401,000
325,000
225,010
180,960
150,000
140,000
117,000
101,500
84,000
60,000
51,000
45,000
40,000
38,000
7,800
14,395,940
Blast Furnace
No. of I
Plants/
Furnaces
22/52
23/76
6/22
3/9
2/2
7/22
1/4
1/3
6/17
1/10
2/5
3/23
1/2
2/3
1/4
2/3
1/1
2/5
86/263
Annual
Capacity
(net tons)
18,734,500
26,381,750
7,955,200
5,290,250
925,000
5,817,440
1,997,800
1,058,000
5,947,000
5,480,000
2,646,000
10,324,350
128,000
217,740
922,400
696,000
195,000
1,804,200
96,520,630'
Open-Hearth Furnace
No. of
Plants/
Furnaces
17/169
30/283
6/62
2/27
2/13
3/31
6/30
2/15
1/4
3/47
1/35
1/14
4/120
1/9
1/17
1/9
1/10
1/4
1/7
84/906
Annual
Capacity
(net tons)
22,688,280
34,944,350
9,842,000
5,420,000
1,825,000
4,786,000
2,727,500
1,363,000
420,000
7,195,000
7,864,000
3,300,000
18,339,000
235,000
1,800,000
973,000
2,300,000
93,000
506,500
126,621,630
Basic Oxygen Steel
Furnace
No. of
Plants/
Furnaces
1/2
1/2
1/5
1/3
4/12
Annual
Capacity
(net tons)
880,000
452,000
1,385,400
1,440,000
4,157,400
00
00
*Includes 877,500 tons ferroalloys capacity.
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 15. PROPERTIES, TOXICITY, AND USES OF SOME IRON COMPOUNDS
82
Compound
Dextran iron
complex
Ferric acetate,
basic
FE(OH)(CH3COO)2
Ferric bromide
Ferric chloride
3
Properties
Decomposes
Melts and
volatilizes
about 300°C
bp 316°C
Toxicity
Irritant.
Liberates
irritating
fumes of
bromine
Anhydrous
form is ir-
ritant,
astringent
Uses
Med. use: in iron-deficiency anemia
when parenteral (im) administration
is indicated. Vet. use: for iron-
deficiency anemia, particularly in
baby-pig anemia
In textile industry as a mordant in
dyeing and printing, and for the
weighting of silk and felt; as wood
preservative; in leather dyes; as
medicament
As catalyst for organic reactions,
particularly in bromination of
aromatic compounds
In photoengraving, photography, manu-
facture of other Fe salts, pigments,
ink; as a catalyst in organic re-
actions; purifying factory effluents
and deodorizing sewage; chlorination
of Ag and Cu ores; as mordant in
dyeing and printing textiles; oxidi-
zing agent in dye manufacture. Med.
use: hexahydrate topically as
astringent, styptic; in test for
phenylketonuria. Vet. use: styptic,
astringent in skin diseases, stoma-
titis pharyngitis. Rarely used
internally
(continued)
oo
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 15. PROPERTIES, TOXICITY, AND USES OF SOME IRON COMPOUNDS (Continued)
lompound
Properties
Toxicity
Uses
Ferric
chromate VI
Fe2(Cr04)3
As pigment for ceramics, glass, and
enamels
Ferric
ferrocyanide
Fe4(Fe(CN)6)3
As pigment in printing inks, paints,
alkyd resin enamels, linoleum, leather
cloth, carbon papers, typewriter rib-
bons, rubbers, plastics, artists'
colors; in removal of H2S from gases
Ferric
fluoride
Sublimes at
1000°C
As catalyst in organic reactions
Ferric
formate
Fe(HCOO)3
For preservation of silage
Ferrichromes
C27H42FeN9012
Shrink and
blacken at
240-242°C
without
melting
As growth-promoting agents (iron
chelates produced by rust fungus)
In purifying water; as absorbent in
chemical processing; as pigment; as
catalyst
Ferric
hydroxide
Fe(OH)3
Practically
nontoxic
Ferric nitrate
Fe(N03)3
mp 47°C
As mordant in dyeing, weighting silks,
tanning; as reagent in analytical
chemistry; as corrosion inhibitor
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 15.
PROPERTIES, TOXICITY, AND USES OF SOME IRON COMPOUNDS (Continued)
Compound
Properties
Toxicity
Uses
'erric oxide
hematite
mp 1565°C
Hematite dust
causes a benign
pneumoconiosis
As pigment for rubber, paints,
paper, linoleum, ceramics,
glass; in paint for ironwork, ship
hulls; as polishing agent for glass,
precious metals, diamonds; in
electrical resistors; as semicon-
ductor in magnetic tapes, magnets;
as catalyst
Ferric phosphate
FeP04
As food and feed supplement, par-
ticularly in bread enrichment; as
fertilizer
Ferric subsulfate
solution
Fe4(OH)2(S04)5
Practically non-
toxic. A mild
local irritant.
Large doses
orally can cause
diarrhea
As mordant in dyeing textiles.
Med. use: styptic for local use on
skin. Vet. use: locally as styptic
Diluted for oral use in gastroin-
testinal tract hemorrhages
Ferric sulfate
Fe2(S04)3
Decomposes
at 480°C
In preparation of iron alums, other
iron salts and pigments; as coagu-
lant in water purification and
sewage treatment; in etching alu-
minum; in pickling stainless steel
and copper; as mordant in textile
dyeing and calico printing; in
soil conditioners; as polymeriza-
tion catalyst
Ferric
thiocyanate
Fe(SCN)3
As analytical reagent
(continued.)
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 15. PROPERTIES, TOXICITY, AND USES OF SOME IRON COMPOUNDS (Continued)
Compound
Ferrite
Ferrocene
clOH10Fe
Ferrosoferric
oxide
magnetite
Fe304
Ferrous bromide
Ferrous carbonate
mass
FeCO-,
Ferrous chloride
FeCl2
Ferrous
hydroxide
Fe(OH)2
Properties
mp 173-174°C
mp 1538°C
mp 684°C
Toxicity
The dust can
cause pulmonary
irritation
No specific data.
Animal feeding
experiments show
almost complete
absence of
toxicity
Mild irritant
Uses
For radio and television coil cores,
slug tuners, loop-stick antennas
As antiknock additive for gasoline,
catalyst
As pigment in paints, linoleum,
ceramic glazes; in coloring glass;
as polishing compound ; in textile
industry; in cathodes; as catalyst
As polymerization catalyst. Med.
use: formerly in chorea, tuber-
culous cervical adenitis
Med. use: has been used in iron-
deficiency anemia. Vet. use: in
iron deficiency. Dose: for cattle
and horses 6 g; for dogs 200-500 mg
In metallurgy; as reducing agent;
in pharmaceutical preparations; as
mordant in dyeing
(continued)
to
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 15. PROPERTIES, TOXICITY, AND USES OF SOME IRON COMPOUNDS (Continued)
Compound
Properties
Toxicity
Uses
As catalyst for organic reactions.
Med. use: formerly in chronic
tuberculosis. Vet. use: source of
iron and iodine
Ferrous iodide
2
Ferrous oxalate
FeC204
Decomposes
at 150-160°G
As photographic developer for silver
bromide-gelatin plates; to impart a
greenish-brown tint to optical glass
(sunglasses, windshields, railroad
car windows); for decorative glass-
ware; as pigment for plastics, paints,
lacquers
Ferrous oxide
FeO
mp 1360°C
In manufacture of green, heat-absor-
bing glass; in steel manufacture; in
enamels; as catalyst
Ferrous
pho sphate
In ceramics; as catalyst
Ferrous
phosphide
Fe2P
Ferrous sulfide
FeS
mp 1194°C
As laboratory source of H-S; in cera-
.mics industry; as paint pigment; in
anodes; in lubricant coatings
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 15. PROPERTIES, TOXICITY, AND USES OF SOME IRON COMPOUNDS (Continued)
Compound
Ferrous sulfate
FeS04
TT
Ferrous
thiocyanate
Fe(SCN)2'3H20
Iron
Fe
Properties
mp pure
1535°C
bp 3000°C
Toxicity
Side effects :
G.I. disturbances
(e.g. gastric dis-
tress, colic, con-
stipation, diar-
rhea) may occur.
In children, inges-
tion of large
quantities may
cause vomiting,
hematemesis, hepa-
tic damage, tachy-
cardia, peripheral
vascular collapse.
(Iron medicaments
render the feces
black or tar-
colored and may
interfere with
tests for occult
blood)
Uses
In manufacture of Fe, Fe com-
pounds, other sulfates; in Fe
electroplating baths; in ferti-
lizer; as food and feed supple-
ment; in radiation dosimeters;
as reducing agent in chemical
processes; as wood preserva-
tive; as weed killers; in pre-
vention of chlorosis in plants;
in other pesticides; in writing
ink; in process engraving and
lithography; as dye for leather;
in etching aluminum; in water
treatment; in qualitative analysis
("brown ring" test for nitrates);
as polymerization catalyst. Med.
use: in iron-deficiency anemia,
dose 300 mg orally. Vet. use:
as source of iron in anemias of
livestock. Topically used as
astringent
As indicator for peroxides in
organic solutions
Supplied as ingots, powder, wire,
sheets, etc.
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 15. PROPERTIES, TOXICITY, AND USES OF SOME IRON COMPOUNDS (Continued)
Compound
Properties
Toxicity
Uses
Iron
pentacarbonyl
Fe(CO)_
bp 103°C
Pyrophoric
in air; burns
to Fe203
Decomposes readily
to produce carbon
monoxide. Inhala-
tion may cause
headache, nausea/
vertigo. Prolonged
exposure may cause
asphyxia. May be
irritating to lungs,
but less toxic than
nickel carbonyl
To make finely divided iron,
so-called carbonyl iron, which
is used in manufacture of
powdered iron cores for high-
frequency coils used in radio
and television industry; as
antiknock agent in motor
fuels; as catalyst in organic
reactions
Ul
------- |