ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF ENFORCEMENT
EPA-330/2-75-008
Evaluation of Sewage Treatment Facilities
San Francisco, California
September 1975
NATIONAL ENFORCEMENT INVESTIGATIONS CENTER
DENVER. COLORADO
^fe° s**.
AND /*%'
REGION IX
SAN FRANCISCO. CALIFORNIA
*L PRO^°
OCTOBER 1975
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Supplement to Evaluation of Sewage Treatment Facilities
DISCHARGES OF HEAVY METALS AT THE SOUTHEAST PLANT
Special studies were conducted in September 1975 by the EPA at the
Southeast Water Pollution Control Plant to determine the presence and
evaluate the impact of heavy metals discharges.
Copper was found in toxic concentrations of 0.05 mg/1* in the Plant
effluent and in the Bay near to the plant outfall [Table 1]. Individually,
none of the other metal concentrations exceeded known toxic levels;
however, chromium concentrations were of concern. The-1.28 mg/1 of
chromium found in the plant effluent on 18 September 1975 approached the
value of 1.3 mg/1 Cr known'to be acutely toxic to threespine stickleback.**
. •
Zinc and cadmium concentrations were considered important also
because these metals act synergistically to increase toxicity. Specifically,
the combination of 0.179 mg/1 of zinc and 0.056 mg/1 of cadmium recorded
in the Bay at Station 8 on 17 September 1975 has been reported to cause
mortality of marine fish.***
Concentrations of the heavy metals (chromium, lead and zinc) in
sediments were higher at locations near the mouth of Islais Creek (Station
84), near the diffuser (Station 85) and under the effluent plume (Station
74) than at other points outside the immediate discharge or bypass areas
* V. S. Department of Interior. 1968. Water Quality Criteria. Report
on the National Technical Advisory Committee to the Secretary of the
Interior* Federal Water Pollution Control Administration* Washington*
D. C. April. 234 p.
** Murdock* H. R.* Industrial Wastes. 1953. Some Data, on Toxicity
of-Metals in Wastes to Fish Life are Presented. Ind. Eng. Chem.
45, 99A.
*** Hublou* W. F.* Wood* J. W. * and Jeffries* E. R.* The Toxicity of Zinc
or Cadmium for Chinook Salmon. 1954. Oregon Fish Comm. Briefs 5* 1.
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[Table 1]. High concentrations of chromium, lead, zinc, copper and
cadmium were found also in sediments at Station 62 near the Potrero
Power Plant discharge; high metals concentrations at Station 62 were not
attributed to the Southeast Plant discharge. Cadmium, copper and mercury
concentrations were generally highest near the Islais Creek mouth or the
diffuser; however, the distributional pattern of these metals was irregular.
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Table 1
HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATIONS
SOUTHEAST PLANT EFFLUENT AND SAN FRANCISCO BAY
September 1975
Station
Number
Station n .
Description uate
Metal
Pb
Zn
Cu
Cd
Cr Hg
Effluent (mg/1)
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Southeast Plant 9-15
Effluent at 9-16
Booster Pump 9-17
9-18
Receiving
San Francisco 9-17
Bay at the end 9-18
of the Army St. 9-19
Terminal ,
Surface (<0.5 m)
San Francisco 9-17
Bay at the end 9-18
of the Army St. 9-19
Terminal ,
Depth (11 m)
San Francisco 9-17
Bay, Approxi- 9-18
mately 200 m 9-19
from the end
of the Army St. Terminal
Surface (<0.5 m)
San Francisco 9-17
Bay, Approxi- 9-18
mately 200 m 9-19
from the end of
the Army St. Terminal
Depth (12 m)
San Francisco 9-17
Bay, Approxi- 9-18
mately 400 m 9-19
from the end of
the Army St. Terminal,
Surface (<0.5 m)
San Francisco 9-17
Bay, Approxi- 9-18
mately 400 m 9-19
from the end of
the Army St. Terminal,
Depth (12 m)
San Francisco 9-17
Bay, Approxi- 9-18
mately 1,000 m 9-19
from the end of
the Army St. Terminal,
Surface (<0.5 m)
San Francisco 9-17
Bay, Approxi- 9-18
mately 1,000 m 9-19
from the end of
the Army St. Terminal,
Depth (12 m)
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
0.05
Water
0.23
0.34
0.36
0.33
0.26
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.36
0.36
0.32
0.31
0.29
0.20
0.18
0.27
0.21
0.23
0.17
0.24
0.27
0.29
0.22
0.30
0.200
0.150
0.114
0.150
(mg/1)
0.050
0.059
0.041
0.096
0.080
0.075
0.074
0.064
0.062
0.100
0.060
0.052
0.083
0.043
0.079
0.179
0.076
0.062
0.073
0.029
0.038
0.081
0.060
0.046
0.08
0.07
0.05
0.07
0.04
0.10
0.04
0.12
0.13
0.13
0.09
0.02
0.05
0.12
0.11
0.07
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.07
0.14
0.08
0.03
0.07
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.09
<0.005
0.014
0.018
0.016
0.000
0.063
0.071
0.063
0.069
0.069
0.062
0.061
0.063
0.058
0.056
0.061
0.060
0.059
0.054
0.056
0.055
0.051
0.054
0.053
0.060
0.053
0.062
0.058
0.29
0.27
0.14
1.28
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.03
0.01
0.01
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Table 1 (Continued)
HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATIONS
SOUTHEAST PLANT EFFLUENT AND SAN FRANCISCO BAY
September 1975
Station
Number
Station n .
Description uate
Metal
Pb Zn Cu Cd
Cr Hg
(pq/kg)
Sediment (mg/kg)
85 San Francisco 9-20 41 110 33
Bay, 100 m North of
diffuser, 100 m out
from Army St. Terminal
84 San Francisco 9-20 43 112 46
Bay, 200 m from the
mouth of Islais Creek,
100 m south of diffuser
90 San Francisco 9-20 16 68 25
Bay, 200 m out from
Army St. Terminal,
300 m south of diffuser
at buoy "I"
83 San Francisco 9-20 32 84 33
Bay, 500 m out from
Army St. Terminal in
line with diffuser
61 San Francisco 9-24 20 77 33
Bay, 200 m north
of diffuser, 100 m
out from Army St. Terminal
74 San Francisco 9-24 37 102 41
Bay, 200 m north of
diffuser, 200 m out
from Army St. Terminal
62 San Francisco 9-24 46 121 49
Bay, 200 m directly
out from Potrero Pt.
Power Plant discharge
64 San Francisco 9-24 9 18 44
Bay, 100 m off dike
near Hunter's Point
(4,000 m south of
diffuser) /
1.12 71 0.35
1.06
0.94
0.92
0.94
77 <0.25
62 <0.25
65 0.31
0.84 62 <0.25
81 <0.25
1.10 83 <0.25
0.38 27 <0.25
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Enforcement
EVALUATION OF SEWAGE TREATMENT FACILITIES
San Francisco, California
September 1975
NATIONAL ENFORCEMENT INVESTIGATIONS CENTER - Denver, Colorado
and
REGION IX - San Francisco, California
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CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION 1
II. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 2
RICHMOND-SUNSET PLANT 2
NORTH POINT PLANT 6
SOUTHEAST PLANT 9
III'. DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA 14
IV. WATER QUALITY CRITERIA 16
BENEFICIAL USES 16
NPDES PERMITS 16
WATER QUALITY CONTROL PLAN 18
V. STUDY FINDINGS 21
RICHMOND-SUNSET PLANT 21
In~Plant Survey 21
Receiving-Water Survey 27
NORTH POINT PLANT 37
In-Plant Survey 37
Receiving-Water Survey 43
SOUTHEAST PLANT 52
In-Plant Survey 52
Receiving-Water Survey 58
REFERENCES 67
APPENDIX A: Survey Results 68
APPENDIX B: Methods . . .105
APPENDIX C: Chain of Custody . . . .113
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TABLES
1 Sampling Locations and Schedule . . . 69-74
2 In-Plant Survey Results
Richmond-Sunset Plant 75
3 Self-Monitoring Data
Richmond-Sunset Plant 76
4 Residual Chlorine Concentration
Richmond-Sunset Plant Effluent
and-Receiving Waters 77
5 Summary of Bacterial Densities
Richmond-Sunset Plant Effluent
and Receiving Waters 78-79
6 Acute Toxicity of Richmond-Sunset
Plant Effluent and Associated
Chemical Data 80
7 Physical-Chemical Data from
Receiving Water Stations
Richmond-Sunset Plant 81-82
8 Dissolved Sulfides
Richmond-Sunset Plant 83
9 Summary of Violations of
Bacteriological Limitations 84
10 Benthic Invertebrates
Richmond-Sunset Plant Area 85
11 In-Plant Survey Results
North Point Plant 86
12 Self-Monitoring Data
North Point Plant 87
13 Iron Analyses
North Point Plant 88
14 Residual Chlorine Concentrations
North Point Plant Effluent and
Receiving Waters 89
IV
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TABLES (Continued)
15 Summary of Bacterial Densities
North Point Plant Effluent and
Receiving Waters ......... . , 90
16 Acute Toxicity of North Point
Plant Effluent and Associated
Chemical Data .,.,,,, 91
17 Physical-Chemical Data from
Receiving Water Stations
North Point Plant ....,, .. , , , , 92-93
18 Diss-olved Sulfides
North Point Plant . , , , 94
19 Benthic Invertebrates
North Point Plant Area , . , ,. .. , .. 95
20 Iron Analyses
Southeast Plant ......... . .. 96
21 In-Plant Survey Results
Southeast Plant ........ , . . 97
22 Self-Monitoring Data
Southeast Plant ...... , , .. . , 98
23 Residual Chlorine Concentration
Southeast Plant Effluent
and Receiving Waters ..,,'„„,, .. 99
24 Summary of Bacterial Densities
Southeast Plant Effluent
and Receiving Waters .... . .. .. .. 100
25 Acute Toxicity of Southeast Plant
Effluent and Associated
Chemical Data ,,..,,.... TOT
26 Physical-Chemical Data from
Receiving Water Stations
Southeast Plant . . . . , , , , .. .. , T02
27 Dissolved Sulfides
Southeast Plant ...,,,,, .. .. .. 103
28 Benthic Invertebrates
Southeast Plant Area . , , . .. , 104
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FIGURES
1 San Francisco Sewerage System
Treatment Facilities and
Sampling Area 15
2 Flow Diagram and Sampling Locations
Richmond-Sunset Plant 22
3 Water Sampling Locations Near
Richmond-Sunset Plant 28
4 Physical-Chemical Data from Receiving
Water Adjacent to the Richmond-Sunset
Plan,t Discharge 29
5 Bacterial Densities
Richmond-Sunset Plant Sampling Area . 32
6 Seed Oyster Mortality
Richmond-Sunset Discharge Area ... 35
7 Biological Community of the
Intertidal Zone Northeast of the
Richmond-Sunset Plant Outfall .... 36
8 Flow Diagram and Sampling Locations
North Point Plant 39
9 Water Sampling Locations Near
North Point Water Pollution
Control Plant . . . . 44
10 Physical-Chemical Data from Receiving
Water Adjacent to the North Point
Plant Discharge Near Pier 33 .... 45
11 Physical-Chemical Data from Receiving
Water Adjacent to the North Point
Plant Discharge Near Pier 35 .... 46
12 Bacterial Densities
North Point Plant Sampling Area ... 49
13 Seed Oyster Mortality
North Point Discharge Area 50
14 Flow Diagram and Sampling Locations
Southeast Plant 54
VI
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FIGURES (Continued)
15 Water Sampling Locations Near
Southeast Water Pollution
Control Plant 59
16 Physical-Chemical Data from
Receiving Water Adjacent to
the Southeast Plant Discharge . . 61
17 Bacterial Densities
Southeast Plant Sampling Area . . 63
18 Seed- Oyster Mortality
Southeast Plant Discharge Area . . 65
vii
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I. INTRODUCTION
On 8 December 1975, the California Regional Water Quality Control
Board plans to conduct a hearing at which evidence of noncompliance with
time schedules and violations of effluent and receiving water limita-
tions or standards will be presented.
%
At the request of EPA Region IX, the National Enforcement Investi-
gations Center (NEIC) conducted studies from 12-26 September 1975 of the
Richmond-Sunset, North Point and Southeast Water Pollution Control
Plants of the City and County of San Francisco.
Investigations conducted by the NEIC were designed to meet the
following objectives:
1. To determine compliance with NPDES permit discharge limita-
tions of the North Point, Richmond-Sunset, and Southeast
wastewater treatment plants of the City and County of San
Francisco.
2. To determine if waste discharges from San Francisco wastewater
treatment plants are causing violations of established re-
ceiving water limitations, water quality standards, and bene-
ficial uses of San Francisco Bay and the Pacific Ocean.
3. To evaluate alternative, interim (prior to construction of
secondary facilities) pollution control measures for the North
Point, Richmond-Sunset and Southeast wastewater plants.
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II. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
At the request of EPA Region IX, the National Enforcement Investi-
gations Center conducted a survey in September 1975 of the San Francisco
sewage treatment facilities, line principal purposes of this investigation
were to determine the plant efficiencies, compliance with NPDES permit
conditions, and the environmental impact of wastewater discharges upon
the shoreline waters of San Francisco, California.
RICHMOND-SUNSET PLANT
1. The in-plant survey of the Richmond-Sunset Water Pollution
Control Plant was conducted 17-19 September 1975. Suspended
solids removal efficiencies were calculated to be 56, 87 and
88%, with an average of 77%. This degree of efficiency is
higher than is normally expected of a primary treatment plant.
Because of the limited solids-handling capability, which
precludes the addition of chemicals, there is no low-cost
revision to operating or maintenance procedures that would
significantly improve solids removal efficiency.
2. Results of the in-plant survey showed that the plant was in
compliance with the NPDES permit limitations for pH (6.0 to
9.0) and settleable solids (daily average <0.5 ml/1; daily
maximum <1.0 ml/1). It is expected that the plant will
violate the effluent settleable matter limitations during
periods of maximum peak dry weather flow and during wet
weather. This will be particularly true when one or more of
the final sedimentation tanks is out of service.
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3. Chlorine concentrations in the plant effluent ranged from 4.3
to 8.4 mg/1. The proposed residual chlorine permit limita-
tion, which is not currently in effect, is an instantaneous
maximum of 0.0 mg/1.
4. Pathogenic Salmonella enteritidis ser Agona were isolated from
the plant effluent. The discharge of these disease-producing
microorganisms creates a nuisance which is prohibited by the
California Water Code. Increased chlorine contact time would
%
reduce the discharge of these pathogens into the receiving
waters; also residual chlorine concentrations would be reduced.
5. Bioassays revealed that the plant effluent was acutely toxic
to threespine stickleback. The LC50 calculated from 96-hour
static bioassays ranged from 21 to 30.5%. The discharge of
toxic substances from the Richmond-Sunset plant was a violation
of the California Water Quality Control Plan.
6. Water quality investigations at the Richmond-Sunset plant
outfall and along the waterfront from Ocean Beach to Baker
Beach were conducted 15-24 September 1975. Physical and
chemical analyses of the water samples showed that offshore
stations south of the Richmond-Sunset plant outfall were
characteristically marine. Northeast of the outfall, the
water chemistry and physical characteristics reflected estuarine
conditions of higher water temperatures with lower salinity
and pH levels. The trend from marine to estuarine conditions
appeared to be influenced by both the discharge from the
Richmond-Sunset plant and ebbing from San Francisco Bay.
7. Receiving water at Stations 31, 33 and 35, immediately offshore
from the plant outfall, contained 0.01 mg/1 of dissolved
sulfide. The receiving water requirement of the NPDES
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permit that limits dissolved sulfide to less than 0.1 mg/1 was
not violated.
8. Measurable amounts (<1.0 mg/1) of chlorine were found at
Stations 31 and 33 during the 10-day September survey.
Residual chlorine in the receiving waters as low as 0.06 mg/1
has been found to be toxic to aquatic organisms.
9. Salmonella, a disease-producing microorganism, was isolated
from receiving water samples collected at the plant outfall
(Station 30) and along the waterfront at Ocean Beach
(Station 47). Presence of these pathogenic bacteria demon-
strates contamination of the receiving water by fecal material.
This degradation of bacterial water quality is a violation of
the California Water Quality Control Plan. Additionally,
these organisms create a nuisance which is a violation of the
California Water Code.
10. A fecal coliform bacterial density of 540/100 ml recorded-at
Station 43 was in violation of the State Water Quality Control
Plan limiting fecal coliform bacteria to an instantaneous
maximum of 400/100 ml. Total and fecal coliform bacteria den-
sities at Stations 45 and 47, near Ocean Beach, also exceeded
the California Water Quality Control Plan requirements (<240
total coliforms/100 ml and <50 fecal coliforms/100 ml, median
densities).
11. The California Water Quality Control Board has officially
recognized shellfish harvesting as a beneficial use of ocean
shoreline waters; however, the Richmond-Sunset outfall area
has not been designated as a shellfish harvesting area by the
Board. All sampling stations adjacent to the Richmond-Sunset
plant outfall, except Station 39 off Baker Beach, were in
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excess of the U. S. Public Health Service Bacteriological
Standards for Shellfish Harvesting Waters (median total
coliform density of <70/100 ml; and not more than 10% of
samples shall exceed 230/100 ml).
12. In situ tests indicated some impairment to the quality of the
oysters that were exposed in the Pacific Ocean near the
Richmond-Sunset plant outfall. Some of the surviving yearling
oysters exposed 5-1/2 days at Station 81 were putrid smelling.
When shucked,' the oyster tissues from these shellfish were
found to be unusually mucous. The tests also showed 18%
mortality of seed oysters exposed at Station 31. The dis-
charge of substances which are toxic or deleterious to marine
life is a violation of the California Water Quality Control
Plan.
13. Inspection of littoral and intertidal areas near the plant
outfall revealed substantial differences in the biological
community, but no sludge deposits. The intertidal zone within
50 m of the outfall contained no living algae or inverte-
brates. The zone 50-100 m (160-330 ft) northeast of the
outfall supported a few midge larvae. Water quality improved
in the area 100-200 m (330-660 ft) northeast of the outfall as
shown by the increased diversity of organisms; this intertidal
zone was inhabitated by algae, midge larvae, beach hoppers,
barnacles, limpets and other gastropods. At 200-400 m (660-
1,300 ft) northeast of the outfall, a typical marine biota was
found in the intertidal area including shrimp, polychaetes,
limpets, starfish, clams, barnacles, and sponges. Degradation
of the biological community in the vicinity of the Richmond-
Sunset outfall is a violation of the California Water Quality
Control Plan.
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NORTH POINT PLANT
1. The in-plant survey of the North Point plant was conducted
17-19 September 1975. Suspended solids removal efficiences
were 77, 82, and 91%, and averaged 83%. An increase in the
ferric chloride addition rate (to 150 mg/1 as FeCl3 or to the
maximum that can be handled by the sludge removal system)
could improve removal efficiencies.
%
2. The settleable solids' concentrations in the plant effluent
were within prescribed limitations on 17-19 September 1975.
3. The pH values of half of the effluent samples ranged from 6.1
to 6.4 and were in violation of the 6.5 unit lower limit
required in NPDES Permit No. CA0037672 and of the California
Water Quality Control Plan. Because no large industry is
involved, it is probable that the addition of chlorine and
ferric chloride caused the pH violations.
4. Iron analyses of wastewater samples collected before and after
ferric chloride addition showed that the control of the
chemical addition rate was poor. Improved control of the
chemical addition rate would increase suspended solids removal
efficiency.
5. Residual chlorine concentrations in the effluent ranged from
2.1 to 5.7 mg/1. The presence of residual chlorine in the
effluent after 5 October 1975 would constitute a violation of
NPDES permit limitations (0.0 mg/1).
6. The geometric mean number of fecal coliform bacteria in the
effluent was 770,000/100 ml for 10 consecutive days, far in
excess of the permit limitation of 400/100 ml for 7 consecutive
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days. Two violations of the limitation restricting total
coliform bacteria to <240/100 ml in five consecutive samples
occurred. Nine violations occurred for single samples con-
taining total coliform bacteria in excess of 10,000/100 ml.
Increased chlorine contact time would decrease the amount of
bacterial contamination discharged to the receiving waters;
also, residual chlorine concentrations would be reduced. The
reduced amount of chlorine that would be required if increased
contact time i,s provided would have the additional benefit of
reducing pH violations.
7. Pathogenic Salmonella enteritidis ser Anatum and 5. enter-iti-dis
ser Senftenberg were isolated from the effluent. These
disease-producing microorganisms constitute a nuisance which
is prohibited by the California Water Code.
8. Bioassays demonstrated that the North Point effluent was
acutely toxic to threespine stickleback. The LC50 calculated
from 96-hour static bioassays ranged from 48 to 68% and averaged
59%. This toxicity was a violation of the NPDES permit and
California Water Quality Control Plan limitations prohibiting
the introduction of "toxic or other deleterious substances"
into receiving waters.
9. Surface temperatures, pH and salinities clearly demonstrated
the influence of the North Point discharge upon San Francisco
Bay. Surface temperatures decreased from 16.3 to 15.5°C (61.3
to 59.9°F) in an outwardly direction from the discharge while
salinities and pH increased. The increase in pH values on 15,
17 and 18 September exceeded the NPDES Permit No. CA0037672
and California Water Quality Control Plan receiving water
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8
limitation of 0.2 pH unit variation. Dissolved oxygen con-
centrations were lower at points near the outfalls than at
points farther out into the Bay, but were not in violation of
permit limitations. The minimum dissolved oxygen recorded
during the survey was 5.0 mg/1 near Pier 35 on 15 September
1975.
10. Residual chlorine (<1.0 mg/1) was measured at Stations 13, 15,
21, 23 and 25. Residual chlorine in the receiving waters as
*
low as 0.06 mg/1 has been found to be toxic to aquatic organisms.
11. Although the limitation of 0.1 mg/1 dissolved sulfide was not
equaled or exceeded, sulfide concentrations approaching the
limitation were measured at several locations near the North
Point discharge.
12. Fecal coliform bacteria median densities at Stations 13, 15,
and 25 near the plant discharges ranged from 2 to >2400/100 ml
and exceeded the limitation 400/100 ml of the California Water
Quality Control Plan. Total coliform densities at Stations
13, 15, 17, 21 and 23 ranged from 5 to 9,200/100 ml and were
in excess of the U. S. Public Health Service Standards for
Shellfish Harvesting Waters (<70/100 ml, median density; nor
shall more than 10% of samples exceed 230/100 ml). The
California Regional Water Quality Control Board has officially
recognized shellfish harvesting as a beneficial use of San
Francisco Bay; however, the North Point outfall area has not
been designated as a shellfish harvesting area by the Water
Quality Board.
13. Extensive mortality occurred among oysters exposed in situ for
5-1/2 days near the North Point discharges. Mortality of seed
oysters was 22% at Pier 33 and 33% at Pier 35 (average 28%);
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caraong juvenile oysters 14% mortality occurred at Pier 33 and
^aTl yearling oysters survived at Pier 35. Some of the sur-
.^ r tn:ving juvenile oyster tissues from the Pier 33 exposure? were
<-*„ ••? -*se > -^unusually mucous and putrid smelling. The discharge uf sub
. :. ^s^ances which are toxic or deleterious to marine life \± a
:, -;. - violation of NPDES Permit No. CA0037672,, and «the- California
.Water Quality Control Plan.
. Benthic communities were influenced by the North Point dis-
&3& /charges. The NPDES Permit No. CAOD37672 and the Water Quanty
.Control Plan specifically prohibit the deposition of-bottom
.deposits and the discharge of toxic or deleterious subst?.ncos
causing degradation of benthic communities. A sludg& deposit
.«as found to extend approximately 200 m (£60 ft) from Pier 33
to T$.en;31:. Nearly .=21-,QOO \benthic organisms ;per square meter,
doraiqrat^d by ponution-^olerantr.scuds^ polychaEtas, and
j-nenatodes, inhabited the sludge bed. In the area from Pier 29
obo Pier 39 but outside the sludge bank, .benthic communities
/"were also dominated by pollution- tolerant scuds and polychaete
.'.-•worms but in lower densities. At Stations 18 and 26, outside
• the zone of direct influence from the North Point discharges,
water quality conditions improved; pollution-sensitive barnacles
were the dominant benthic macroinvertebrates.
'SOUTHEAST PLANT
1. The in-plant survey of the Southeast Water Pollution Control
Plant was conducted 17-19 September 1975. Efficiencies of the
treatment plant in removal of suspended solids were calculated
to be 62, 84 and 93% with an average of 80%. Modifications in
the control of the chemical feed rate are necessary for sus-
tained high solids removal efficiency. An increase in the
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10
ferric chloride addition rate (to 150 mg/1 as FeClg or to the
maximum that can be handled by the sludge removal system)
would improve removal efficiencies.
2. Surges of industrial wastes in the plant influent were re-
ported to interfere with the coagulation effect of the chemicals
being added; thus reducing the plant efficiency. Minimization
of these changes in influent characteristics by equalization
or pretreatment of the industrial wastes would reduce the
frequency of plant upsets.
3. The return stream from sludge handling operations contributes
10-25% of the total suspended solids entering the sedimen-
tation tanks. This return stream is presently introduced into
the main flow downstream from the point of chemical addition.
Return of this flow from sludge handling upstream of the point
of chemical addition would increase the effect of the chemicals,
thus reducing the suspended solids content of the effluent.
4. Results of the in-plant survey showed that the plant was in.
compliance with the NPDES permit limitations for pH (6.0-9.0)
and settleable solids (daily average <0.5 ml/1; daily maximum
<1.0 ml/1).
5. During the September 1975 survey, chlorine concentrations in
the plant effluent ranged from 3.3 to 7.2 mg/1. The proposed
residual chlorine permit limitation, which is not currently in
effect, is an instantaneous maximum of 0.0 mg/1.
6. Total coliform bacteria densities in the effluent were con-
tinually in'excess of the NPDES median limit of 240/100 ml.
Additionally, four violations occurred for the single sample
maximum limit of 10,000 total coliforms/100 ml. These violations
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10
ferric chloride addition rate (to 150 mg/1 as FeCl3 or to the
maximum that can be handled by the sludge removal system)
would improve removal efficiencies.
2. Surges of industrial wastes in the plant influent were re-
ported to interfere with the coagulation effect of the chemicals
being added; thus reducing the plant efficiency. Minimization
of these changes in influent characteristics by equalization
or pretreatment of the industrial wastes would reduce the
frequency of plant upsets.
3. The return stream from sludge handling operations contributes
10-25% of the total suspended solids entering the sedimen-
tation tanks. This return stream is presently introduced into
the main flow downstream from the point of chemical addition.
Return of this flow from sludge handling upstream of the point
of chemical addition would increase the effect of the chemicals,
thus reducing the suspended solids content of the effluent.
4. Results of the in-plant survey showed that the plant was in
compliance with the NPDES permit limitations for pH (6.0-9.0)
and settleable solids (daily average <0.5 ml/1; daily maximum
<1.0 ml/1).
5. During the September 1975 survey, chlorine concentrations in
the plant effluent ranged from 3.3 to 7.2 mg/1. The proposed
residual chlorine permit limitation, which is not currently in
effect, is an instantaneous maximum of 0.0 mg/1.
6. Total coliform bacteria densities in the effluent were con-
tinually in'excess of the NPDES median limit of 240/100 ml.
Additionally, four violations occurred for the single sample
maximum limit of 10,000 total coliforms/100 ml. These violations
-------
11
were verified by repeat samples collected within 48 hours.
Increased chlorine contact time would decrease the amount of
bacterial contamination discharged into the receiving water;
also, residual chlorine concentrations would be reduced.
7. Pathogenic Salmonella enteritidis ser Derby were isolated from
the plant effluent. The discharge of these disease-producing
organisms creates a nuisance which is prohibited by the Cali-
fornia Water Code.
%
8. The chlorinated effluent from the Southeast plant was acutely
toxic to threespine stickleback. Bioassays showed the effluent
dramatically changed from day to day. The LC50 values ranged
from 17 to 78% and averaged 38%. The discharge of "toxic or
deleterious substances" is a violation of the NPDES permit and
the California Water Quality Control Plan.
i
9. The Southeast plant effluent caused minor changes in the water
temperature, DO, pH and salinity in San Francisco Bay. Trans-
parency measurements indicated the presence of the Southeast
plant effluent. The background station in the Bay had an
average transparency of 1.9 m (6.2 ft). Transparencies de-
creased moderately at stations influenced by the discharge
(1.4 to 1.5 m;.4.6 to 4.9 ft).
10. Receiving waters near the Southeast plant discharge contained
0.01 to 0.02 mg/1 of dissolved sulfide. The NPDES permit
limitation for dissolved sulfide (<0.1 mg/1) was not violated.
11. Daily monitoring of receiving waters near the Southeast plant
discharge (Stations 3 and 5) showed measurable amounts of
chlorine (<1.0 mg/1). Residual chlorine in the receiving
waters as low as 0.06 mg/1 has been reported to be toxic to
aquatic organisms.
-------
12
12. At Station 5, located within the influence of the Southeast
plant discharge, a violation of the Bacteriological Standards
of California Water Quality Control Plan occurred. The Plan
states that "no single sample shall exceed 400 fecal coli-
forms/100 ml." At Station 5, fecal coliform bacteria ranged
from <2 to 920/100 ml with one sample exceeding the 400 fecal
coliform/100 ml limitation. Additionally, receiving waters
within the influence of the plant effluent were in violation
of the U. S. ^Public Health Service Bacteriological Standards
for Shellfish Harvesting. The California Water Quality
Control Board has officially recognized shellfish harvesting
as a beneficial use of San Francisco Bay; however, the South-
east plant outfall area has not been designated as a shellfish
harvesting area by the Water Quality Board.
13. Extensive mortality occurred among oysters exposed in situ for
5-1/2 days near the Southeast plant discharge. Mortality of
seed oysters at exposure sites ranged from 7 to 58% with an
average of 27%. Mortality of yearling oysters averaged 5%.
Examination of the surviving juvenile oysters showed that some
of the tissues were unusually mucous and putrid smelling. The
discharge of substances which are toxic or deleterious to
marine life is a violation of the NPDES Permit and the Cali-
fornia Water Quality Control Plan.
14. Benthic populations were influenced by the Southeast plant
discharge. The NPDES Permit No. CA0037664 and the California
Water Quality Control Plan specifically prohibit the deposition
of bottom deposits. A sludge deposit at least 60 m (66 yd)
wide extended along the Southeast plant outfall diffuser.
Benthic invertebrate communities inhabiting all of the areas
in the vicinity of the discharge were characteristic of soft,
-------
13
organically rich substrates; scuds and polychaete worms were
2
extremely numerous (2,029-46,962/m ) and clams, Cumacea and
cockles were abundant. In the sandy bottom outside the area
of influence of the plant discharge, benthos consisted of
polychaete worms, clams and amphipods in low numbers.
-------
14
III. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA
The Richmond-Sunset, North Point and Southeast Water Pollution
Control Plants collect and treat sewage from the city of San Francisco.
Each of these primary plants serves a major section of the City [Fig. 1].
Studies described in this report were limited to evaluating the three
treatment plants, their ^effluents, and the quality of receiving waters.
In-plant sampling stations were established at the influent and
effluent pipes and at other selected locations in each plant. Waste-
water samples were collected from these sites and analyzed for the
parameters shown in Table 1.
Receiving water sampling stations were established in the immediate
vicinity (within 1,500 m; 5,000 ft) of wastewater discharges from the
North Point and the Southeast plants and along the waterfront near the
Richmond-Sunset plant from Baker Beach to Ocean Beach [Fig. 1]. In
these study areas the receiving water was analyzed for dissolved oxygen,
pH, temperature, dissolved sulfide, residual chlorine, transparency,
salinity, bacterial contamination and toxicity [Table 1]. Additionally,
benthic biota and sediment were collected from selected stations and
examined to determine the environmental impact of wastewater discharged
from the three San. Francisco sewage treatment plants.
-------
MILE ROCK
NORTH POINT
WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL PLANT
RICHMOND-SUNSET
WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL PLANT
N C I S C
S A N F
SOUTHEAST
WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL PLANT
O 1O.OOO 2O.OOO
b
SCALE IN METERS
tn
Figure ]. San Francisco Sewerage System, Treatment Facilities
and Sampling Areas
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16
IV. WATER QUALITY CRITERIA
BENEFICIAL USES
The California Regional Water Quality Control Board, San Francisco
Bay Region, has the responsibility for protection of beneficial uses of
the Bay and ocean adjacent to San Francisco. The Water Quality Control
Board has declared its intention to preserve the beneficial uses summar-
ized below:
1. Recreation
2. Industrial water supply
3. Fishing and fish propagation (including shellfish
and other aquatic resources)
4. Wildlife habitat
5. Navigation
6. Aesthetic enjoyment
To protect these beneficial uses, the Board has at least two means
of enforcement: the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES) and the California Water Quality Control Plan.1
NPDES PERMITS
Effluent limitations effective during this study are found in NPDES
Permit Nos. CA0037681 (Richmond-Sunset plant), CA0037672 (North Point
plant), and CA0037664 (Southeast plant) issued by the California Regional
Water Quality Control Board. The effective limitations are tabulated on
the following page.
-------
PERMIT EFFLUENT AND RECEIVING WATER LIMITATIONS
Parameter
i
Total Collform Bacteria
Fecal Conform Bacteria
Settleable solids
pH
Total Conform Bacteria*
Dissolved sulflde
Dissolved oxygen
PH
011
Bottom or aquatic growths
Toxic or deleterious
substances
Rlchmond-Sunse
MPN/100 ml <200
MPN/100 ml <400
0.5 ml/hr max
1.0 ml/hr max
6.0 - 9.0
MPN/100 ml, <1,
MPN/100 ml, not
MPN/100 ml, <10
<0.1 mg/1
>5.0 mg/1
6.5 - 8.5
~
Plant
t North Point
Effluent
MPN/100 ml <240
MPN/100 ml<10,000
30-day geom. mean MPN/100 ml <200
7-day geom. mean MPN/100 ml <400
24-hr Comp. sample MPN/100 ml 0.5 ml/hr
any grab sample MPN/100 ml 0.4 ml/hr
6.5 - 8.5
Receiving Water
000, 5 sample median
more than 20% of samples >1 ,000
,000, any sample
<0.1 mg/1
>5.0 mg/1
<0.2 unit variation
None visible
None visible
Nonexistant
. Southeast
5 sample median <240 5 sample median
any sample <10,000 any sample
30-day geom. mean <200 30-day geom. mean
7-day geom. mean <400 7-day geom. mean
avg. of 6 samples 0.5 ml/hr avg. of 6 samples
. 80% of 30'comp. 0.4 ml/hr 80% of 30 comp.
samples samples
1.0 ml/hr (any 1.0 ml/hr (any
grab sample) grab sample)
6.0 - 9.0
<0.1 mg/1
>5.0 mg/1
<0.2 unit variation
None visible
None visible
Nonexistent
t These limitations are applicable to the beaches within 460 m (1,500 ft) of the outfall.
-------
18
Also, each permit stipulates that no violations of the California Water
Quality Control Plan shall occur.
WATER QUALITY CONTROL PLAN
Most of the provisions in the California Water Quality Control Plan
have been considered in the NPDES permits for each particular discharge.
Applicable California Water Quality Control Plan provisions are summarized
below.
•«
pH - (for Bay waters) - shall not be depressed below 6.5 nor
raised above 8.5; <0.2 units variation.
- (for ocean waters) - shall not be depressed below 7.0 nor
raised above 8.5.
Dissolved Oxygen - .(for Bay waters) - >5.0 mg/1
- (for ocean waters) - Mean annual DO shall not be less than
6.0 mg/1; minimum DO shall not be less than 5.0 mg/1 at any
time.
Color - Discharge shall be free of coloration that causes nuisances
or adversely affects beneficial uses.
Tastes and Odors - There shall be no taste- or odor-producing
substances in concentrations that impart undesirable tastes or
odors to fish flesh or other edible products of aquatic origin
that cause nuisances or adversely affect beneficial uses.
Floating Material - Discharge shall not contain floating material,
including solids, liquids, foams, and scum in concentrations
that cause nuisances or adversely affect beneficial uses.
-------
19
Suspended Material - Discharge shall not contain suspended material
in concentrations that cause nuisances or adversely affect
beneficial uses.
Settleable Material - Discharge shall not contain settleable material
in concentrations that cause nuisances or adversely affect
beneficial uses.
Oil and Grease - Discharge shall not contain oils, greases, waxes
or other materials in concentrations that result in a visible
film or coating on the water or on objects in the water that
cause nuisances or adversely affect beneficial uses.
Biostimulatory Substances - Discharge shall not contain biostimu-
latory substances in concentrations that promote aquatic
growth to be a nuisance or affect beneficial uses.
Sediment - The sediment load and discharge rate of surface water
shall not be altered so as to cause nuisances or affect
beneficial uses.
.Turbidity - Discharge shall be free of changes in turbidity that
cause nuisances or affect beneficial uses.
Bacteria (Contact Recreation including ocean areas) -
<240/100 ml total coliforms, median of 5 samples; <10,000/100
ml, any one sample; <50/100 ml fecal coliforms, median of 5
samples; <400/100 ml, any one sample.
-------
20
Bacteria (Shellfish harvesting) - <70/100 ml total coliforms,
monthly median; not to exceed 230/100 ml in 10% of samples
collected.
Temperature - shall not be altered unless temperature does not
affect beneficial uses; <5° above natural conditions.
Tpxicity - Water shall be maintained free of toxic substances that
affect humans, plants, animals or aquatic life.
*
Pesticides - shall not be present in concentrations that adversely
affect bottom sediments, surface waters or aquatic life.
Sulfides - All waters shall be free of dissolved sulfides con-
centration above natural background levels.
Additional limitations have been determined specifically for
metals concentrations, individual pesticides and herbicides. These
relate to adverse effects upon the beneficial uses also.
-------
21
V. STUDY FINDINGS
RICHMOND-SUNSET PLANT
In-PI ant Survey
Operation and Efficiency
The Richmond-Sunset plant is located in the southwest corner of
Golden Gate Park on South Drive opposite 48th Avenue. Built in 1938,
the plant has a design peak flow rate of 397,400 m3/day (105 mgd). At
o
this flow rate, 265,000 m /day (70 mgd) receives complete primary
3
treatment and 132,500 m /day (35 mgd) is screened and chlorinated before
discharge. The normal dry weather flow to the plant is about 75,700
o
m /day (20 mgd). Figure 2, a flow diagrat
sampling stations used during the survey.
o
m /day (20 mgd). Figure 2, a flow diagram of this plant, shows the
The plant serves an area of 4,600 ha (11,300 acres) west of the
Twin Peaks-Mt. Davidson line with an estimated contributory population
of 230,000. It provides conventional primary treatment including pre-
screening, grit removal, sedimentation and post chlorination. Chemical
addition facilities have been provided at the plant but were not in use
at the time of the survey. The effluent is discharged into the Pacific
Ocean at an outfall near the beach at Land's End about 0.4 m (1.3 ft)
below mean lower low water. The grit and screenings are hauled by truck
to a sanitary landfill. During wet weather conditions the ocean outfall
also carries untreated storm water and sanitary wastes from combined
sewers within the Richmond-Sunset drainage area.
Solids handling processes for the Richmond-Sunset plant include
thickening, anaerobic digestion, elutriation and vacuum filtration. The
resulting sludge cake is used as a soil conditioner in the City parks
and is available to the general public.
-------
MILE ROCK OUTFALL TO OCEAN
INFLUENT
SLUDGE TO CITY PARKS
PLANT INFLUENT
SAMPLING. POINT
GRIT TANKS
PRIMARY SEDIMENTATION
TANKS
PRIMARY
SLUDGE
THICKENERS
THICKENER SUPERNATE
ELUTRIATE RETUI
(111
VACUUM
FILTERS
ELUTRIATIOI
TANKS
FILTRATE
t
Clj
u. O
a)
Figure 2. Flow Diagram and Sampling Locations, Richmond-Sunset Plant
City and County of San Francisco
ro
-------
23
Pumping of the thickening tank supernatant to the head of the plant
is a batch operation governed by the level in the thickening tank.
Supernatant pumping periods vary in frequency and duration according to
the amount of sludge and operator judgement. Details of the plant
facilities are well documented in a recent report by Cf^M Hill.3
Plant efficiency was evaluated during the inplant survey conducted
in September 1975. Sampling locations and schedules were designed to
evaluate the efficiency of suspended solids removal and the degree of
compliance with effluent limitations [Table 1]. Details of this sampling
design and associated methodology are presented in Appendix B.
The Richmond-Sunset sewage treatment plant achieved solids removals
of 56, 87 and 88% on 17, 18 and 19 September, respectively [Table 2].
The 56% represents average removal for a plant of this type. The 87 and
88% are unusually high for a primary plant not using chemical treatment.
They exceed the EPA suspended solids removal criteria of 85% for secondary
treatment.
During the three days of the in-plant survey, the suspended solids
removal efficiencies reported in the self-monitoring data were 53.1,
79.5 and 54.8% for an average of 63%. These figures do not agree with
the survey findings of 56, 87 and 88% (avg., 77%) on the same dates. In
part, the discrepancy occurred because the influent sample obtained by
plant personnel was collected downstream from the grit removal tank
[Fig. 2], while influent samples obtained by survey personnel were
collected upstream of the grit tanks. The influent sample should be
collected before any treatment occurs.
Table 3 shows the self-monitoring data on the Richmond-Sunset plant
from January to September 1975. The daily suspended solids removals
ranged from 0 to 92% during that period. Some of the low readings may
be the result of excessive flow caused by rain. These figures emphasize
the desirability of providing adequate facilities to handle wet weather
f1ows.
-------
24
Analysis of the samples taken during this survey showed that the
solids recycled in the elutriate and supernatant contributed 9, 8 and
14% of the total suspended solids entering the sedimentation tanks on
17, 18 and 19 September respectively. The daily composite suspended
solids concentration of the supernatant ranged from 710 to 2,000 mg/1
and that of the elutriate from 310 to 1,400 mg/1. These are not ex-
cessive contributions for recycle streams.
With respect to solids removal, the Richmond-Sunset plant is at
present doing all that can be expected of a primary plant. A recent
study by CFLM Hill3 disclosed that the sludge handling capabilities of
the plant are limiting. When these capabilities are increased, chemical
addition may be used to increase the removal of suspended and settleable
solids. This revision would probably enable the plant to increase its
load without violating effluent limitations.
Effluent Quality
Physical-Chemical Characteristics Settleable solids discharged by
the Richmond-Sunset plant were found to be in compliance with NPDES
Permit No. CA0037681 which limits settleable matter to a single sample
maximum of 1.0 ml/1 and a daily composite value of 0.5 ml/1. The in^-
plant survey revealed that a maximum of 0.6 ml/1 settleable solids was
discharged on 17 September 1975. Although a flow-proportional composite
was not collected for settleable matter, the arithmetic average of the
six samples collected each day was 0.25, 0.23 and 0.13 ml/1 for 17, 18
and 19 September, respectively.
The previously referenced report by CH9M Hill stated that, at a
3
total flow rate of 170,300 m /day (45 mgd), the plant would probably
exceed the limitation of 0.5 ml/1 of settleable matter on a 24-hour
composite sample. It also stated that at an instantaneous flow rate of
160,900 m3/day (42.5 mgd) the grab sample limitation of 1.0 ml/1 of
settleable matter would be violated.
-------
25
Historical data from plant records show that in the 1972-73 re-
porting period the maximum dry weather flow was 87,100 m /day (23 mgd).
During the survey period, it can be determined that the maximum dry
weather flow encountered in the 1972-73 period was 23 x 1.5, or 130,600
m /day (34.5 mgd). CH2M Hill reported that the peak dry weather flow is
147,600 m3/day (39 mgd).
Assuming that all five of the sedimentation tanks are on-stream,
the data indicate that it is unlikely that the settleable matter limi-
tation will be violated. The data further indicate that a 9% increase
[(42.5 mgd - 39 mgd) * 39 mgd] in hydraulic load could be accepted
before the limitation is exceeded. If one of the five sedimentation
tanks is shut down, however, the maximum flow allowable would be 129,000
o
m /day (42.5 mgd x 4/5, or 34 mgd).* Under these conditions, it can be
concluded that the Richmond-Sunset plant is, at present, operating at a
higher rate than the maximum flow rate that will enable them to meet
their permit conditions consistently under dry weather conditions.
Analyses of wastewater samples from the plant also showed that
during the survey the effluent quality complied with the NPDES permit
limitation for pH (range of 6.0 to 9.0). This monitoring showed that
residual chlorine concentrations ranged from 4.3 mg/1 to 8.4 mg/1 on
nine consecutive days of sampling [Table 4]. The proposed residual
chlorine permit limitation, which is not currently in effect, is an
instantaneous maximum of 0.0 mg/1.
Bacteriological Characteristics In the effluent (Station 29),
median values for total and fecal coliform bacteria were 230 and 2/100 ml
respectively [Table 5]. The feccl coliform effluent limitation of
* From 1 December 1974 to 30 July 1975, there were three sedimen-
tation tanks on-stream 3% of the time and four sedimentation tanks
on-stream 23% of the time.
-------
26
400/100 ml for a 7-day average was not violated. However, despite the
high residual chlorine concentrations found in the discharge,
Salmonella enteritidis ser Agona was isolated from the plume directly
adjacent to the discharge (Station 30). This indicates that although a
high residual chlorine was present and was eliminating most of the
bacteria, the chlorine contact period was inadequate for proper disin-
fection of the sewage discharge. The discharge of disease-producing
microorganisms creates a nuisance which is prohibited by the California
Water Code.
Toxicity Bioassays showed that the chlorinated effluent from the
Richmond-Sunset treatment plant was toxic to threespine stickleback.
Test fish survived 2 hours or less in undiluted effluent and no fish
survived for 24 hours in concentrations higher than 25% effluent [Table
6]. At the 25% effluent concentration, fish survival ranged from 40 to
100%; on the average, 85% of the test fish survived a 24-hour exposure.
During the next 24-hour interval an additional 12% of the fish died in
the tanks containing the 25% effluent. At 72 hours, 60% of the test
fish were alive, and at the conclusion of the 96-hour test the average
fish survival was 60%. Based on the results of this series of bio-
assays, the LC50* was calculated to range from 21 to 30.5% with an
average LC50 of 27.7%.
These values and results shown elsewhere for North Point and
Southeast plant effluents should be considered conservative estimates of
the toxicity for the following reasons: (1) the tests were static
bioassays which inherently underestimate actual toxicity ^'S'G.?.
(2) tests were conducted for 96 hours and reflect only acute toxicity;
(3) the test organism, threespine stickleback, is reported to be very
* LC50 indicates the lethal concentration (actual or interpolated)
at which 50% of the experimental animals survived. Some literature
sources use EC50 and TL50 which3 for the purpose of this report,
indicate values equivalent to LC50.
-------
27
tolerant to chlorinated sewage effluent;2 therefore, toxicity is under-
estimated because more sensitive species reside in the receiving waters
adjacent to the sewage plant outfall.
Although effluent limitations on toxicity are not presently in
effect, current receiving water limitations prohibit the introduction of
"toxic or other deleterious substances" into receiving waters. Thus,
the discharge of toxic substances from the Richmond-Sunset plant con-
stitutes a violation of the California Water Quality Control Plan.
Re ce i v i ng-Water Su r vey
Water Quality
Physical-Chemical Characteristics Receiving waters adjacent to
wastewater discharges from the Richmond-Sunset sewage treatment plant
were monitored daily, 15-24 September 1975 [Fig. 3]. At each location,
water depth was measured by a recording fathometer and water clarity was
estimated using a Secchi disc. Also, dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature
and salinity were measured on the water surface, <0.5 m (<1.6 ft), and
approximately 0.5 m (1.6 ft) from the bottom.
Offshore Stations (34, 45, 47) to the south of the Richmond-Sunset
discharge were characteristically oceanic with water temperatures of
12.2 to 14.5°C (54.9 to 58.1°F) and salinities of 29.1 to 33.2 ppt. At
Stations 31, 33, 37, 39, 41 and 43, directly offshore and northeast of
the discharge, water temperatures were generally higher (12.2 to 15.2°C;
54..9 to 59.4°F) and salinities lower (26.4 to 32.4 ppt), reflecting the
estuarine influence of San Francisco Bay and possibly the freshwater
waste discharge from Richmond-Sunset. The pH levels were similar at all
stations [Fig. 4, Table 7].
Dissolved oxygen (DO) measurements showed a trend of decreasing
concentration as sampling locations approached the Richmond-Sunset
-------
I
28
LEGEND
^JSTATION LOCATION
40 STATION NUMBER
Y
GOLDEN GATE PARK
RICHMOND SUNSET WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL PLANT
NOT TO SCALE
Figure 3. Wafer Samp/ing tocafions Near Richmond - Sonsef Plant
$an Francisco , California September 1975
-------
zu •
o It-
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111
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£ .0-
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0.5-
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STATION
NUMBER
DISTANCE
|
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H
T -r T — *•[ "1 1 "J i A
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9000 JOOO 100 75 JOO ISOO 1750 7000 2150
29
FROM DISCHARGE (m)
Figure 4. Physical - Chemical Data from Receiving Wafer
Ad/acont lo fhe Richmond - Sunief Plant Discharge
San Francisco Bay Study, September 1975
-------
30
discharge at the entrance to San Francisco Bay [Table 7]. Offshore,
along Ocean Beach (Stations 45, 47), the average DO was about 7.5 mg/1.
At Stations 31, 33 and 35, nearest the Richmond-Sunset discharge, the
average DO decreased to approximately 7 mg/1 and remained near this
concentration along the shoreline of Phelan and Baker Beaches (Stations
37, 39, 41 and 43).
No substantial change in water clarity occurred when comparing an
offshore station (45) with stations nearest the Richmond-Sunset dis-
charge (31, 33, 35). Lowest water transparency was observed at the
inshore beach stations (37, 39, 41, 43, 47) where wave agitation
temporarily suspended sand and bottom detritus in the shallower waters.
Receiving waters at Stations 31, 33 and 35, immediately offshore
from the Richmond-Sunset plant outfall, were monitored daily from 15-18
September 1975 for dissolved sulfides. Analyses showed the presence of
dissolved sulfides in concentrations of 0.01 mg/1 [Table 8]. The
receiving water requirement imposed by the NPDES permit that limits
dissolved sulfide to less than 0.1 mg/1 was not violated.
Daily monitoring done near the Richmond-Sunset outfall (Stations 31
and 33) from 15-24 September 1975 showed that the sewage effluent
contained measureable amounts (<1.0 mg/1) of chlorine after being
diluted in the Pacific Ocean. Residual chlorine in concentrations as
low as 0.06 mg/1 in the receiving water constitutes a hazard to aquatic
organisms.8
Bacteriological Characteristics The California Water Quality
Control Plan requires that the median total coliform density for five
consecutive samples shall not exceed an MPN of 240/100 ml and the median
fecal coliform density shall not exceed 50/100 ml with an instantaneous
maximum not to exceed 400/100 ml.
-------
31
Station 43, offshore from Baker Beach, and Stations 45 and 47,
offshore from Ocean Beach, all fall within the influence of the Rich-
mond-Sunset plant discharge [Fig. 5]. Station 43 was in violation of
the California Water Quality Control Plan (MPN = 540/100 ml, fecal
coliforms, instantaneous maximum). Median coliform densities at Stations
45 and 47 also exceeded bacterial limitations of the State Water Quality
Control Plan (total coliforms = 280 and 410/100 ml, fecal coliforms =
130 and 87/100 ml, median values, respectively). A list of these bacterio-
logical violations is presented in Table 9. Of additional concern is
the fact that Salmonella enteritidis ser Ohio was isolated at Station
47. Presence of this disease-producing microorganism further demon-
strates contamination by fecal material. Additionally, the discharge of
disease-producing microorganisms creates a nuisance which is prohibited
by the California Water Code. The high pollution indicator densities at
Stations 43, 45 and 47 may be explained as bacterial resuscitation which
occurs in the presence of organic materials as the chlorine is diluted.9
This phenomenon does not occur if the chlorination contact time is
adequate.
The remaining receiving water sampling stations in the Richmond-
Sunset area did not show NPDES permit violations of bacteriological
criteria; however, shellfish harvesting in these waters was impaired by
bacterial contamination.
The California Regional Water Quality Control Board has officially
recognized but has not designated shellfish harvesting as a beneficial
use of ocean shoreline waters near the Richmond-Sunset plant outfall.
The State and Federal Standards for shellfish harvesting waters require
that the median total coliform density throughout the water column shall
not exceed 70/100 ml nor shall 10% of the samples collected exceed
230/100 ml. All stations [Fig. 5] in the area of the Richmond-Sunset
discharge except Station 39, off Baker Beach, were in violation of
either or both requirements for shellfish waters.
-------
32
-HI-
MEDIAN RANGE
1C: 33 7-2.400
FC: 8 2-330
MEDIAN RANGE
TC: 51 2-540
FC: 10 2-540
MEDIAN RANGE
TC: 23 5-920
FC: 12 2-220
MEDIAN RANGE
TC: 56 13-540
FC: 23 < 2-140
MEDIAN RANGE
TC: 75 17-460
FC: 28 5-140 (35
$0*
MEDIAN RANGE
TC: 280 130-2,400
FC: 130 33-490
MEDIAN RANGE
TC: 410 80-1.400
FC: 87 20-^30
GOIDEN GATE PARK
I E G E N D
STATION NUMBER
AND LOCATION
TC: TOTAL COLIFORMS
FC: FECAL COLIFORMS
SALMONELLA ISOLATED
VIOLATION OF WATER QUALITY
CRITERIA FOR BACTERIA
RICHMOND SUNSET WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL PLANT
NOT TO SCALE
Figure 5. Bacterial Dens/ties - Richmond-Sunset Plant Sampling Aroa
San Francisco, California September 1975
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33
Oyster Exposure Tests An oyster exposure study was conducted to
further evaluate the quality of receiving water near the outfall of the
Richmond-Sunset sewage treatment plant. Four areas were selected for
the study (Stations 31, 80, 81 and 82); salinity ranged from 28.9 to
32.3 ppt which is suitable for oyster survival and propagation.10 The
area near Mile Rock (Station 82) served as a reference site. The
remaining three tests were located near the effluent field* of the
Richmond-Sunset Water Pollution Control Plant (Stations 31, 80, 81).
Cultch containing seed and yearling Pacific oysters (crassostrea
gigas) were exposed at each site as described in the Methods section of
this report. After 5-1/2 days' exposure at each tost area, the oysters
were retrieved and examined to determine their condition. The 5-1/2 day
duration of the exposure is considered minimal because oysters can
remain closed for several days, thereby avoiding exposure to adverse
environmental conditions. Larger (juvenile) oysters can remain closed
for longer periods than can smaller (seed) oysters. Exposure of oysters
in the North Point outfall areas for periods longer than 5-1/2 days
could cause mortalities greater than were produced during this study.
Survival of yearling oysters averaged 96% at the four exposure
areas. The juvenile oysters from the study areas near the sewage
outfall (Stations 31, 80, 81) were shucked and compared with the refer-
ence area oysters (Station 82). Close examination and comparison
revealed that the tissues from a few oysters (about 2%) exposed at
Station 81 were unusually mucous and putrid-smelling while reference
oyster tissues had normal texture and no unpleasant odor.
* Zone of mixed sewage effluent and receiving water, delineated in
this study by discolored surface water near the treatment plant
outfall.
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34
Survival of seed oysters ranged from 82 to 100% at the four ex-
posure areas [Fig. 6]. The 100% survival of seed oysters occurred at
Stations 80 and 82 directly offshore from the Richmond-Sunset discharge.
A 96% survival of seed oysters was recorded at shoreline Station 81
while 82% survival was recorded for seed oysters exposed near the
shoreline at Station 31.
In summary, oyster exposure tests indicated some impairment to the
quality of the oysters that were exposed along the San Francisco shore-
line near the Richmond-Sunset sewage treatment plant outfall. No
significant toxicity (less than 10% oyster mortality*) was recorded at
Stations 80, 81 and 82. However, tests showed 18% mortality of seed
oysters suspended near the surface of the Pacific Ocean approximately
100 m (330 ft) northeast of the Richmond-Sunset sewage outfall (Station
31). The discharge of substances which are toxic or deleterious to
marine life is a violation of the California Water Quality Control Plan.
Benthic Conditions The area of the Richmond-Sunset plant outfall
at Land's End was examined by divers. No sludge deposits were observed.
Strong currents, wave action, and great amounts of dilution would
prevent the deposition of sludge in the area. Benthic communities at
Land's End not only reflected the presence of the Richmond-Sunset
discharge, but also were influenced by the presence of hard sand and
rock substrates and lack of soft substrates such as would exist in
sludge beds.
In the intertidal zone within 50 m (164 ft) of the outfall (Station
30), no invertebrate organisms or attached algae were found [Table 10;
Fig. 7]. Examination of the shoreline to the southwest was not attempted
because steep terrain and heavy surf made entry into the area extremely
* 10% or less mortality of test organisms is acceptable in a control or
reference bioassay.1^
-------
(Reference)
SOME SURVIVORS PUTRID
Figure 6. Seed Oysfer Mortality, Richmond-Sunset Discharge Area
-------
15 -
5 _
NO LIFE
MIDGES
MIDGES
ALGAE
I
50
SEWAGE OUTFALL
li
i
SNAILS
LIMPETS
BARNACLES
BEACH HOPPERS
MIDGES
ALGAE
POLYCHAETES
SPONGES
SHRIMP
STARFISH
CLAMS
SNAILS
LIMPETS
BARNACLES
ALGAE
100
DISTANCE IN DETERS
200
400
Figure 7. Biological Community of the Intertidal Zone
Northeast of the Richmond-Sunset Plant Outfall
San Francisco/ California (September 1975)
co
-------
37
hazardous. At 50 to 100 m (164 to 330 ft) from the outfall (Station 70)
only a single kind of organism, chironomid midge larvae of the subfamily
Orthocladiinae, was found; no attached algae were found in this zone.
At approximately 100 m (330 ft) northeast and points farther from the
diffuser, intertidal rocks became populated with attached algae (primarily
the red alga, Prionitis] and the diversity of invertebrates increased.
Water quality improved in the area 100 to 200 m (330 to 660 ft) north-
east of the outfall (Station 71); the diversity of benthic invertebrates
increased to five kinds, including midge larvae, beach hoppers, barnacles,
limpets and other gastropods. The diversity of the intertidal inverte-
brate community from 200 to 400 m (660 to 1,300 ft) northeast of the
outfall, at Station 72, increased to eleven kinds, including such
typically marine forms as skeleton shrimp, polychaetes, limpets, other
gastropods, starfish, clams, barnacles, and sponges. Degradation of the
biological community in the vicinity of the Richmond-Sunset outfall is a
violation of the California Water Quality Control Plan.
In the littoral zone offshore from the Richmond-Sunset outfall
(Station 32), the benthic invertebrate community was quite diverse.
Fifteen kinds of organisms were collected from the area, including
polychaetes, nematodes, sea slugs, starfish, sponges, scuds, crabs,
skeleton shrimp, anemones, chiton, and barnacles. It is judged that the
sea bottom in the area of Station 32 was not affected by pollutants
discharged from the Richmond-Sunset plant.
NORTH POINT PLANT
In-Pi ant Survey
Operation and Efficiency
The North Point plant is at 111 Bay Street, east of the Fisherman's
Wharf area. The plant was completed in 1951 and has a maximum hydraulic
o
capacity of 605,600 m /day (160 mgd). Flows in excess of this are
bypassed directly into San Francisco Bay.
-------
38
The plant serves a dry weather flow area of approximately 3,764 ha
(9,300 acres). The contributory area is mostly residential but includes
commercial and industrial developments along the Port of San Francisco.
It provides conventional primary treatment consisting of pre-chlorination,
screening, grit removal, primary sedimentation and post-chlorination.
During the survey, ferric chloride and an anionic polymer were being
added just downstream from the grit tank from 0700 to 2400 hours each
day. During the time that the chemicals were being added, approximately
6,434 1/min (1,700 gpm) of Bay water was being added to the influent to
enhance the effect of the chemicals. The final effluent is discharged
into San Francisco Bay via four outfalls located at the ends of Piers 33
and 35. A new outfall diffuser system to increase dispersion of the
wastes is under construction.
Grit and screening are hauled away for disposal, and the sludge and
scum removed from the clarifiers are pumped directly to the Southeast
plant for treatment.
Figure 8, a flow diagram of the plant, shows the sampling points.
Sampling stations were selected to allow an evaluation of the efficiency
of suspended solids removal, the degree of compliance with effluent
limitations, and the accuracy of the ferric chloride addition rate.
Suspended solids removals during the survey were 77, 82 and 91% on
17, 18 and 19 September, respectively [Table 11]. These results show
that the plant was effective in removing suspended solids. The plant is
not a conventional one, in that it does not have to treat any return
solids from sludge handling — and this is a significant benefit. An
increase in the ferric chloride addition rate could improve suspended
solids removal efficiencies. Addition rates up to 150 mg/1 as FeCl3 or
up to the maximum that can be handled by the sludge removal facilities
should be evaluated.
-------
PLANT INFLUENT
SAMPLE POINT —i
(54)
INFLUENT
GRIT TANKS
— FERRIC CHLORIDE ADDITION
POLYMER ADDITION
PRIMARY SEDIMENTATION
TANKS
SLUDGE TO SOUTHEAST PLANT
OUTFALL TO BAY
CHLORINE
CONTACT TANK
T
Cli
Figure 8. Flow Diagram and Sampling Locations, North Point Plant
City and County of San Francisco
GO
UD
-------
41
that, 5% of the time, the amount of ferric chloride being added would be
less than 0.44 mg/1 or more than 32.8 mg/1. Improved control of the
ferric chloride addition rate should improve the suspended solids
removal efficiency.
Effluent Quality
Physical-Chemical Characteristics The limitations now in effect
for the North Point plant effluent (NPDES Permit No. CA0037672) state
that the arithmetic average of the settleable matter concentrations of
six or more samples collected on any one day shall not exceed 0.5 ml/1.
The permit further states that the settleable matter concentration of
any sample shall not exceed 1.0 ml/I. Both the permit and the California
Water Quality Control Plan require that the final effluent shall have a
pH of not less than 6.5 nor more than 8.5 units.
Table 11 shows that the settleable solids concentration was within
the prescribed limits at all times but that the pH values of half of the
samples ranged from 6.1 to 6.4 and were below the lower limit of 6.5
units. The pH of the influent was not measured, but since no large
industry is involved it is probable that the addition of chemicals
(ferric chloride and chlorine) was the major cause of the pH violation.
Improvement in the control of the ferric chloride addition rate may
reduce or eliminate the pH violations.
Water samples collected from the North Point plant discharge
contained residual chlorine concentrations in the range of 2.1 to 5.7
mg/1 [Table 14]. If these high residual chlorine concentrations are
present after 5 October 1975, the North Point plant will be in violation
of NPDES permit limitations (0.0 mg/1).
Bacteriological Characteristics The North Point plant was in
violation of NPDES Permit No. CA0037672 effluent limitations for total
and fecal coliform bacteria. The fecal coliform geometric mean during
-------
40
The self-monitoring data from the North Point plant show suspended
solids removal efficiencies of 75, 74 and 73% (avg., 74%) on the 3 days
of the survey. As at the Richmond-Sunset plant, the North Point plant
staff collected the influent sample downstream from the grit tanks.
Survey personnel collected the influent sample upstream of the grit
tanks. This difference in sampling locations caused the discrepancy in
removal efficiency results. The influent sample should be collected
before any treatment occurs.
Table 12 presents the suspended solids removal efficiencies from
January to September 1975. These efficiencies varied from 21 to 87%
during this period. The low removal efficiencies could have been caused
by high wet weather flows.
q
Flow rates during the survey averaged about 223,300 m /day (59
mgd). Assuming a dry weather peak-to-average flow ratio of 1.5, the
o
peak flow would be 335,000 m /day (88.5 mgd). This agrees with the
o
reported maximum peak dry weather flow in 1971 of 325,500 m /day (86
mgd).
At 335,000 m3/day (88.5 mgd), with all six clarifiers in use, the
surface overflow rate would be 53.3 m3/m2/day (1,307 gpd/ft2). This
figure is excessive, even when chemicals are being added. When one of
the clarifiers is out of service, the surface overflow rate at peak flow
32 2
will be 64.0 m /m /day (1,570 gpd/ft ), far in excess of optimum conditions,
An operations and maintenance evaluation by the Department of
Public Works did not reveal any significant problems at the North Point
.. pi ant, nor did it recommend any revisions that would appreciably affect
effluent quality. Results of the NEIC survey showed that the amount of
ferric chloride being added averaged 16.6 mg/1, close to the 15 mg/1
target value [Table 13]. However, control of the feed rate of ferric
chloride was poor. The measured values during the survey ranged from
4.5 to 35.7 mg/1 and the standard deviation was 8.08 mg/1. This means
-------
42
ten consecutive days of sampling was 770,000/100 ml, far in excess of
the permit limitations of 400/100 ml (7 consecutive days, geometric
mean). Two violations of the median total coliform bacteria limitation
of 240/100 ml occurred in five consecutive samples [Table 15]. Nine
violations occurred for single samples in excess of 10,000/100 ml. A
list of these bacteriological violations is presented in Table 9.
Increased chlorine contact time would decrease the amount of
bacterial contamination discharged to the receiving waters; also,
residual chlorine concentrations would be reduced. The reduced amount
of chlorine that would be required if increased contact time is provided
would have the additional benefit of reducing pH violations.
It is the practice of plant personnel to hold bacteriological
samples for 10 minutes after collection before they are dechlorinated
and subsequently analyzed. This is the expected chlorine-exposure time
between the collection site and the point of discharge into the Bay.
There is no evidence to support the theory that conditions are similar
in both the discharge pipe and the sample bottle; therefore, NEIC samples
were collected in accordance with procedures in Standard Methods.11 The
dechlorination agent is present in the sample bottle at the time of
collection.
Pathogenic Salmonella enteritidis ser Anatum and S. enteritidis ser
Senftenberg were isolated from the discharge. These pathogens (disease-
producing microorganisms) discharged into receiving waters create a
nuisance in violation of the California Water Code.
Toxicity A series of bioassays demonstrated that North Point
chlorinated effluent (2.1-5.7 mg/1) was toxic to threespine stickleback.
No test fish survived more than 24 hours in undiluted effluent. In
-------
43
the series of diluted effluent tests, fish survival ranged from 0 to 70%
in the 66% concentrations effluent [Table 16]. The calculated LC50
based on these bioassay findings ranged from 48 to 68%, averaging 59%.
Although effluent limitations on toxicity are not presently in
effect, current receiving water limitations prohibit the introduction of
"toxic or other delterious substances" into receiving waters. Thus, the
discharge of toxic substances in the North Point wastes constitutes a
violation of both NPDES Permit No. CA0037672 and California Water
Quality Control Plan receiving-water limitations.
Receiving-Water Survey
Water Quality
'Physical-Chemical Characteristics Receiving water sampling stations
were located along transects adjacent to Piers 33 and 35 [Fig. 9].
Surface temperatures, pH, and salinities clearly demonstrated an in-
fluence of the discharges at the end of Piers 33 and 35 [Figs. 10, 11],
while corresponding measurements at the bottom demonstrated only a minor
influence [Table 15]. Average surface temperatures decreased from 16.3
to 15.5°C (61.3 to 59.9 °F) in an outwardly direction from the discharge
along the transects, while surface salinities and pH increased.
The increase in pH values on 15, 17 and 18 September exceeded the
limits of 0.2 pH unit variation both in the receiving water limitations
of Permit No. CA0037672 issued to the North Point plant and in the
California Water Quality Control Plan for enclosed Bays and Estuaries
[Table 17]. On 15 September, a pH value of 7.8 was obtained on the
surface water adjacent to Pier 35, directly over the discharge, while at
the control station outside the influence of the discharge the pH was
8.5. On 17 September, a pH value of 7.0 was recorded adjacent to Pier 35
-------
44
NORTH POINT
WATER POLLUTION l\\
CONTROL PLANT
I E G E N D
STATION LOCATION
HOT TO SCALE
STATION NUMBER
Figure 9. Wafer Samp/ing Locations Near North Point
Wafer Poffufion Control Plant
San Francisco, California September 1975.
-------
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STATION NUMBER 13
DISTANCE FROM 3
DISCHARGE (m)
15
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Figure 10. Physical - Chemical Oafa from Receiving Wafer Adjacenf
Jo »ne North Point Plant Pier 33
' San Francisco Bay Study, September 1975
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DISTANCE FROM
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figure JI. Physical - Chemical Dafa from Receiving Wafer
Adjacent to the North Point Plant Discharge
San Francisco Boy Study, September 1975
-------
47
while at the control station a value of 7.5 was recorded. On 18 Sep-
tember the pH adjacent to Pier 33 over the second discharge was 7.3
while at the control station the pH was 7.6, indicating an additional
violation.
Average surface DO increased markedly with distance from the ends
of Piers 33 and 35. Values of 6.0 and 5.9 mg/1 were obtained at Stations
13 and 21 adjacent to Piers 33 and 35, respectively. At the next
stations away from the piers (15 and 23) DO had increased to 6.3 mg/1,
and at the control stations (19 and 27) outside the influence of the
discharges DO had risen to 6.6 mg/1. The minimum surface DO recorded
during the survey was 5.0 mg/1 at Station 21 adjacent to Pier 35 on 15
September. Bottom DO reflected a similar but less pronounced trend of
increasing DO along both Pier 33 and 35 transects in an offshore direction.
Bayward from the end of Piers 33 and 35, an almost linear trend of
increasing transparencies was observed. Values increased from 1.0 m
(3.3 ft) near the discharges to 2.5 m (8.2 ft) at control Stations 19
and 27.
Chlorine was detected in the receiving waters in the vicinity of
the North Point discharges [Table 14]. Residual chlorine (<1.0 mg/1)
was measured at Stations 21, 13, 15, 23 and 25. Chlorine in the re-
ceiving waters in concentrations as low as 0.06 mg/1 has been found to
be toxic to aquatic organisms.8
Although the NPDES permit limitation of 0.1 mg/1 dissolved sulfide
was never equaled or exceeded, sulfide concentrations approaching the
limitation were measured at several locations near North Point [Table
18]. On 16 September 1975, at Stations 17, 19, 21 and 23, 0.08 mg/1
dissolved sulfide was detected, while at Stations 13 and 15 the dissolved
sulfide concentrations were 0.04 mg/1.
-------
48
Bacteriological Characteristics Three stations (13, 15 and 25) in
receiving waters of the North Point plant discharges [Fig. 12] exceeded
the fecal coliform limitation of 400/100 ml set by the California Water
Quality Control Plan. A single sample maximum violation of 1,600/100 ml
fecal coliforms occurred at Station 13 [Table 15]. Two samples exceeded
this limitation at Station 15 with fecal coliform densities of 920 and
2300/100 ml, respectively. Station 25, near Pier 35, exceeded the Water
Quality Control Plan limitation with a maximum MPN value of ;>2,400 fecal
coliforms/100 ml. A list of these bacteriological violations is presented
in Table 9.
The California Regional Water Quality Control Board has officially
recognized shellfish harvesting as a beneficial use of waters of San
Francisco Bay; however, the North Point outfall area has not been designated
as a shellfish harvesting area. The U. S. Public Health Service Shellfish
Harvesting Standards require that the median total coliform density
throughout the water column shall not exceed 70/100 ml nor shall 10% of
the samples collected exceed 230/100 ml. Stations 13, 15, 17, 21 and
23, adjacent to the North Point discharge, exceeded these standards.
Oyster Exposure. Cultch containing seed and juvenile Pacific
oysters (Crassostrea gigas} were exposed at the ends of Piers 33 and 35
(Stations 13 and 21). After 5-1/2 days' exposure, the oysters were
recovered from Piers 33 and 35 (the oyster set was lost from an offshore
reference location) and examined to determine their condition.
Mortality of seed oysters was 22% at Pier 33 and 33% at Pier 35, as
compared to no mortality at the Mile Rock reference area [Fig. 13].
"Juvenile oyster survival was better than that of seed oysters; 14%
mortality occurred at Pier 33 and no mortality occurred at Pier 35.
However, examination revealed that some of the surviving oyster tissues
from the Pier 33 exposure were unusually mucous and putrid-smelling.
Oyster tissues from the reference area had normal texture and no un-
pleasant odors. Overall, mortality of seed oysters was 28% and mortality
-------
RANGE
11->2.400
2-350
MEDIAN RANGE
TC: 17 8-9.200
FC: 4 2-2.300
MEDIAN
TC: 27
MEDIAN RANGE
TC: 75 5- > 2,400
8 2-1.600
NORTH POINT
WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL PLANT
HOT TO SCALE
LEGEND
(32) STATION NUMBER AND LOCATION
TC: TOTAL COLIFORMS
FC: FECAL COLIFORMS
Jiff : VIOLATION OF WATER QUALITY
CRITERIA FOR BACTERIA
if • SALMONELLA ISOLATED
Figure 12. Bacterial Densities - North Point Plant Sampling Area
San Francisco, California September 1975
.£>
UD
-------
50
SOME SURVIVORS PUTRID
Figure 13. Seed Oyster Mortality, North Point Discharge Area
-------
51
of juvenile oysters was 12% in the North Point outfall area. The dis-
charge of substances which are toxic or deleterious to marine life is a
violation of NPDES Permit No. CA0037672 and the California Water Quality
Control Plan.
Benthio Conditions Benthic communities were influenced both qualita-
tively and quantitatively by North Point plant discharges. In the areas
of Piers 33, 31 and 29 (Stations 14, 66 and 67) water quality was poor
and the Bay bottom was inhabited primarily by scuds and pollution-
tolerant polychaete worms [Table 19]. From near Pier 33 (Station 14)
southeasterly, approximately 200 m (600 ft) to the vicinity of Pier 31
(Station 66), a large sludge deposit was observed. The benthic community
inhabiting the sludge bed consisted primarily of scuds, polychaete
worms, nematodes, and a few clams; the benthic population numbered
2
nearly 21,000/m . At no other location near North Point was sludge
detected, and at no other point was the density of the benthic community
so great. Southeast at Pier 29 (Station 67) the bottom consisted of
sand and clay inhabited by low numbers of scuds and polychaete worms.
The California Water Quality Control Plan and NPDES Permit No.
CA0037672 specifically prohibit sludge deposits and the discharge of
toxic or deleterious substances causing degradation of benthic communities.
The sludge deposit and the degraded benthos at North Point each con-
stituted separate violations of the California regulations.
From Pier 35 west to Pier 39, the bottom of the Bay is subjected to
nearly continuous scouring by strong tidal currents and dredging is
practiced; no sludge deposits were observed. The benthos in this reach
consisted predominantly of low densities of polychaete worms and pollution-
tolerant nematodes, with lesser numbers of Cumacea, clams, cockles and
isopods.
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52
At the sampling points farthest from the North Point discharges,
benthic communities contained some polychaete worms, but were dominated
by organisms considered to be more sensitive to organic pollution.
Offshore 500 to 600 m (1,600 to 2,000 ft) at Stations 18 and 26, pollution-
sensitive barnacles were the predominant benthic invertebrates.
SOUTHEAST PLANT
In-Plant Survey
Operation and Efficiency
The Southeast Water Pollution Control plant is at 1700 Jerrold Ave.
This facility, completed in 1951, may be considered as two plants con-
structed side-by-side. The first section of the plant provides con-
ventional primary treatment to wastes from the heavily industrialized
southeast area of the City of San Francisco. The second section consists
of the sludge digestion and processing facilities which handle not only
the sludge from the Southeast plant but also the sludge transferred from
the North Point plant. The Southeast plant, which serves an area of
approximately 4,130 ha (10,200 acres), was designed for an average dry
weather flow of 113,600 m /day (30 mgd) and a peak wet weather flow of
o
265,000 m /day (70 mgd). The normal dry weather flow at present is
about 68,100 m3/day (18 mgd).
Principal treatment units include pre-chlorination, screening, grit
removal, primary sedimentation and post-chlorination. At the average
q
dry weather flow of 68,000 m /day (18 mgd), the sedimentation tanks
provide a residence time of 4.6 hours and a surface overflow rate of
32 2
18.9 m /m /day (464 gpd/ft ). Raw sludge from the sedimentation tanks
is pumped to the adjacent sludge digesting and processing plant. During
the survey conducted on 17, 18 and 19 September, one of the four sedimen-
tation tanks was out of service.
-------
53
Raw sludges from both the Southeast plant and the North Point plant
are pumped to the sludge processing section of the Southeast plant. The
North Point sludge is thickened, mixed with the Southeast sludge and
pumped to the digesters. The digested sludge is elutriated and
filtered. The elutriate and filtrate are returned to the head end of
the grit removal tanks. The filter cake and the grit and screenings
from primary treatment are hauled to sanitary landfill.
Ferric chloride is added in the influent channel prior to grit
removal and the polymer is added at the Parshall flumes, downstream
from grit removal. During the survey, the target ferric chloride dosage
was 30 mg/1 (as FeClg). Figure 14 is a flow diagram of the Southeast
plant; selected sampling points are indicated.
After chlorination, plant effluent flows to the outfall booster
pumping station on the south side of Islais Creek. The effluent may
flow by gravity from the pumping station or be pumped to a submerged
outfall which extends about 244 m (800 ft) offshore from the Army Street
terminal. A 91 m (300 ft) diffuser section is located about 12 m
(40 ft) below mean lower low water.
The suspended solids removal efficiencies for this plant were
calculated on the basis of solids in the influent and in the effluent.
This method of calculation does not take into account the solids that
enter the plant from the North Point facility. The ratio of solids from
the North Point plant to solids in the Southeast influent ranged from
0.6 to 2.7.
The daily suspended solids removal efficiencies on 17, 18 and 19
September were found to be 62, 84 and 93%, respectively, for an average
removal of 80% [Table 21]. Little information is available on the
efficiencies that could be expected at a plant of this type. The
-------
PLANT INFLUENT
"SAMPLE POINT
r-POLYRJER ADDITION
(Si
FERRIC CHLORIDE
~ ADDITION
INFLUENT
SLUDGE FROM
NORTH POINT
PLANT
GRIT TANK:
PRIMARY SEDIMENTATION
TANKS
vs.
12
OS
H
Oil
THICKENERS
OUTFALL BOOSTER
STATION
TO IAY
CU
Ci
ELUTRIATION TANKS
FILTERS
Figure 14. F/ow Diagram and Sampling Locafions, Soufheasf Plant
City and County of San Francisco.
en
-------
55
removal efficiencies reported by the plant staff for this same time
period were 69, 76 and 62%, respectively (avg., 69%). The largest
discrepancy (31%) occurred on 19 September when the survey influent
sample contained 910 mg/1 of suspended solids. This is approximately
three times the expected value and could have been the result of a
contaminated sample.
The high suspended solids removal efficiencies found at the South-
east plant were unexpected. The plant management stated that the
variable nature of industrial input caused problems in that the sulfide
in the industrial wastes nullified the effect of the ferric chloride.
Another problem reported was that the polymer delivery lines between the
polymer pumps and the Parshall flumes (where polymer enters the main
stream) were so large that polymer control is difficult.
Table 20 shows that the ferric chloride dosage averaged 33.3 mg/1
and that the variation in dosage was slight during the 3-day in-plant
survey. However, management has indicated that the control of chemicals
at this plant is poor. It has been reported that ferric chloride usage
can vary almost two-fold from one day to the next when there is no
appreciable change in flow. Improvement in the accuracy of control of
chemical addition would increase the suspended solids removal efficiency.
An increase in the ferric chloride addition rate could improve
suspended solids removal efficiencies. Addition rates up to 150 mg/1 or
up to the.maximum that could be handled by the sludge removal system
should be evaluated.
The performance of any plant will be improved if variations in
influent characteristics can be minimized. The unusually highly variable
influent is a problem at the Southeast plant. If the contributing
industries equalize their input to the sewer, the fluctuations in
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56
effluent quality would be reduced. It would be even more beneficial if
the industries pre-treat to remove noncompatible wastes.
During an earlier survey12 of the Southeast plant by the EPA,
severe short-circuiting in the primary clarifiers was noted. The
clarifiers seem to be operating efficiently so a large expenditure of
manpower and funds to solve this problem does not seem warranted.
The report on the earlier survey recommended that the return flow
from sludge handling be added to the mainstream well before the addition
of ferric chloride. This flow, during the survey, averaged 7,950 m /day
o
(2.1 mgd). A 10-inch line could conveniently handle up to 18,900 m day
(5 mgd) and should not be expensive to install.
Another recommendation of the March report was that the floccu-
lation study using the paddles be repeated when adequate control and
mixing of chemicals is obtained. Air agitation, downstream from the
ferric chloride addition point, has been installed since the April
survey and mixing now appears adequate. The previous flocculation
studies showed that the input of mechanical energy caused little or no
change in effluent quality. Repeating this study with varying ferric
chloride doses may result in operating practices that will improve plant
performance.
The suspended solids "in the return from the sludge handling system
were 26, 21 and 8% of the total solids entering the grit chambers on the
three days of the survey. These are considerably higher than the
similar figures for the Richmond-Sunset plant (9, 8, and 14%).
Table 22 presents the suspended solids removal efficiencies at the
Southeast plant from January to September 1975 as reported in the self-
monitoring data. Removal efficiencies varied from 0 to 84.1%. The low
-------
57
values may have been caused by high wet weather flow or by industrial
surges affecting the coagulation properties of the ferric chloride.
Effluent Quality
Physical-Chemical Characteristics Settleable solids removal by the
Southeast plant was found to be in compliance with NPDES Permit No.
CA0037664 which limits settleable matter to a maximum of 1.0 ml/1 and a
daily average of 0.5 ml/1.
None of the effluent samples taken during the survey were in vio-
lation of permit limitations for pH (6.0 - 9.0).
The chlorine residual in the Southeast plant discharge ranged from
3.3 to 7.2 mg/1 [Table 23]. The proposed residual chlorine limitation,
which is not currently in effect, is an instantaneous maximum of 0.0 mg/1.
Bacteriological Characteristics The Southeast Water Pollution
Control Plant was in violation of NPDES Permit No. CA0037664 effluent
limitations for total coliform bacteria. Total coliform bacteria
densities were continually in excess of the median limit of 240/100 ml
[Table 24]. Four violations occurred for the single sample maximum of
10,000 total coliforms/100 ml when verified by a sample taken within 48
hours. A list of these bacteriological violations is presented in Table
9. Increased chlorine contact time would decrease the amount of bacterial
contamination discharged to the receiving waters; also, residual chlorine
concentrations would be reduced.
Plant sampling practices involve a 10-minute holding time prior to
dechlorination of bacteriological samples, this is an attempt to simulate
the expected chlorine contact period between the collection site and the
point of discharge into the Bay. There is no evidence to support the
theory that conditions in both the discharge pipe and the sample bottle
-------
58
are similar; therefore, NEIC samples were collected in accordance with
procedures described in Standard Methods. The dechlorinating agent is
present in the sterile bottle prior to collection of the sample.
Pathogenic bacteria, Salmonella enteritidis ser Derby were isolated
from the effluent at Station 1, located at the outfall booster pump.
The discharge of these microorganisms creates a nuisance and is pro-
hibited by the California Water Code.
Toxicity The chlorinated effluent from the Southeast plant was
toxic to threespine stickleback. Bioassays showed the effluent dramatically
changed from day-to-day [Table 25: Series 1 versus Series 2 and 3].
Effluent used for the first set of replicate bioassays was found to be
the least toxic to threespine stickleback. Fish survival decreased only
in the undiluted effluent. Mortalities were recorded after 48 hours of
exposure and no test fish survived the 96-hour bioassay in the tanks
containing undiluted effluent. In two successive bioassays (Series 2
and 3) no test fish survived in effluent concentrations higher than 10%.
In fact, most of the test fish died within 4 hours. Based on these bio-
assay results, the LC50 was calculated to range from 17-78%, with an
average of 38%. The discharge of "toxic or deleterious substances" is a
violation of NPDES Permit No. CA0037664 and the California Water Quality
Control Plan.
Receiving-Water Survey
Water Quality
Physical-Chemical Characteristics Physical and chemical character-
istics of the receiving waters adjacent to the Southeast sewage treatment
plant were monitored daily from 15-24 September 1975 [Fig. 15]. At
each location water depth was measured by a recording fathometer and
-------
CENTRAL BASIN
POTRERO POINT
ARMY STREET TERMINAL
PLANT
OUTFALL
ISLAIS CREEK CHANNEL
59
-N-
I E G E N D
STATION LOCATION
1 STATION NUMBER
NOT TO SCALE
Figure 15. Wafer Sampling Locations Near Southeast Wafer Pollution Control Plant
San Francisco, California September 1975
-------
60
water clarity was estimated using a Secchi disc. Dissolved oxygen, pH,
temperature and salinity were measured on the water surface, <0.5 m
(<1.6 ft), and approximately 0.5 m (1.6 ft) from the bottom. Tidal
current effects were not considered significant because some sampling
locations were shifted to remain within the discharge plume. The
influence of the Southeast plant effluent was not as apparent in the Bay
as was that of the North Point plant effluent. A trend in the physical-
chemical observations that would delineate the presence of the Southeast
plant effluent was evident only in the transparency measurements.
Temperature remained relatively constant at all stations with
values fluctuating around 17°C (63°F) on the surface and near bottom
[Fig. 16 and Table 26].' Salinity and pH measurements were also similar
at all stations along the transect.
Dissolved oxygen at the surface and bottom showed no apparent
increase in a direction from the stations nearest the diffusers to the
control station outside the visible plume. Mean DO values ranged from
6.2 to 6.5 mg/1. The lowest recorded DO was 5.2 mg/1 which occurred at
the two stations furthest from the discharge (07 and 09).
Average transparencies decreased at stations influenced by the
plume, from 1.4 to 1.5 m (4.6 to 4.9 ft), while at the control station
the average transparency was 1.9 m (6.2 ft). This reflects the general
lack of clarity of waters in this section of the Bay.
Receiving waters at Stations 3, 5 and 7, offshore from the Army
Street Terminal and adjacent to the Southeast plant discharge, were
monitored daily for dissolved sulfides from 15-18 September 1975. Analyses
showed the presence of dissolved sulfides in concentrations of 0.01-0.02
mg/1 [Table 27]. The NPDES requirement for receiving waters limits
dissolved sulfides to <0.1 mg/1; there was no violation of the sulfide
limitation.
-------
v
e
IU
DC
3
t-
ee
IU
CL
IU
Z
to
X
CL
0
E
6
d
z
IU
oc
CL
Z
ee
10 •
II-
17-
U •
14 •
1) •
•JI 1 I 1
I! ^
Ji-
ll •
JO-
2f •
21-
27-
26-
25-
24-
i
i
i
o!T T T -
i; — j_ — 1_
VJl 1 •*• •*•
"1
1
t
1.5-
1.0-
7.5-
7 0-
i
i
1
1
o]
5i
III I I i
i
7.0-
4.5-
4.0-
i
1 T '
°l
1
1 1
4.5-
4.0-
S.5-
3.0-
2.5-
2.0-
1.5-
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0.5-
1
1
1
"I
<
IU T T •]
°ir - r~ " -r- .
- 1
1
1
[
STATION NUMBER 0.1 0.5 0.7 0.9
DISTANCE FROM J *' !" >OJ
DISCHARGE (m)
61
Figure 16. Physical - Chemical Dafo from Receiving Wafer
Adjacent to the Southeast Plant Discharge
San Francisco Bay Study, September 1975
-------
62
Daily monitoring of receiving waters at Stations 3 and 5, near the
Southeast plant discharge, showed measurable amounts of chlorine (<1.0
mg/1). Residual chlorine in the receiving waters as low as 0.06 mg/1
has been reported to be toxic to aquatic organisms.8
Bacteriological Characteristics Fecal coliform bacterial densities
at Station 5 exceeded the State of California Water Quality Control Plan
(no sample shall exceed a maximum fecal coliform density of 400/100 ml).
At Station 5, which is within the influence of the Southeast plant
discharge, fecal coliform densities ranged from <2 to 920/100 ml with
one sample exceeding the 400 fecal coliforms/100 ml requirement [Tables
9 and 24, Fig. 17]. The remaining receiving water stations in the
Southeast plant discharge area were in compliance with the receiving
water quality objectives.
The California Regional Water Quality Control Board has officially
recognized shellfish harvesting as a beneficial use of San Francisco
Bay; however, the Southeast plant outfall area has not been designated
as a shellfish harvesting area by the Water Quality Board. Receiving
waters within the influence of the Southeast plant discharge, Stations 3
and 5, were in excess of both of the U. S. Public Health Service Bacterio-
logical Standards for Shellfish Waters (not more than 10% of samples
shall exceed 230 total coliforms; 100 ml, or the median total coliform
density shall not exceed 70/100 ml).
Oyster Exposure An oyster exposure study was conducted to further
evaluate the quality of receiving water near the outfall of the South-
east sewage treatment plant. The four areas that were selected for the
study (Stations 78, 79, 85 and 90) had salinities that ranged.from 23.7
to 30.1 ppt. These levels are suitable for oyster survival and propa-
gation.10 The area near Mile Rock (Station 82) served as a reference
site. The four tests were located within the effluent field of the
Southeast plant.
-------
63
CENTQAL GASIH
ARMY STREET TERMINAL
ISIAIS CREEK. CHANNEl
PUMP HOUSE
**G)
MEDIAN RANGE
TC: 3.500 20- 22.400.000
FC: 60 ^20-1,600,000
MEDIAN RANGE
TC: 23 <2-130
FC: 4 ^2-79
I E 0 E N D
T-\ STATION NUMBER AND
-I/ LOCATION
TC: TOTAL COLIFORMS
FC: FECAL COLIFORMS
lff[ : VIOLATION OF WATER
QUALITY CRITERIA FOR BACTERIA
It : SALMONELLA ISOLATED
NOT TO SCALE
figure 17. Bacterial Densities - Southeast Plant Sampling Area
San Francisco, California September, 1975
-------
64
Seed and yearling Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas] were exposed
at each site as described in Appendix B, Methods. After 5-1/2 days'
exposure at each test area, the oysters were retrieved and examined to
determine their condition.
Mortality of yearling oysters averaged 5% at the four exposure
areas. The surviving juvenile oysters from the study areas near the
sewage outfalls (Stations 78, 79, 85 and 90) were shucked and compared
with the reference area oysters (Station 82). Examination revealed that
the tissues from some oysters ; nsed at Station 90 were unusually
mucous and putrid-smelling, wfri reference oyster tissues appeared
normal in texture and odor. The discharge of substances which are toxic
or deleterious to marine life is a violation of the NPDES Permit No.
CA0037664 and the California Water Quality Control Plan.
Mortality of seed oysters ranged from 7 to 58% at the four exposure
areas. As shown in Figure 18 the greatest oyster mortality occurred at
the stations located nearest the sewage outfall.
Benthic Conditions Benthic populations were influenced by the
Southeast plant discharge. The NPDES Permit No. CA0037664 and the
California Water Quality Control Plan specifically prohibit the deposition
of bottom deposits and the discharge of toxic or deleterious substances
causing degradation of benthic communities. A sludge deposit 60 m (200
ft) wide extended along the Southeast plant (Station 86, 87 and 84).
This actively-decomposing sludge was dark brown and had a strong sewage
odor. Sediment samples from locations farther from the diffuser may
have contained older, stable sludge, but they consisted mostly of odorless
vClay and silt. At the sampling locations nearest the Potrero Power
Plant (Station 64), sediments consisted of clay plus a layer of black
(non-oily) matter. The black layer may have been old, stable sludge
-------
65
POTRERO POINT
ARMY STREET TERMINAL
ISLAIS CREEK
* SOME SURVIVORS PUTRID
Figure IS. Seed Oyster Mortality Southeast Plant Discharge Area
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66
(which is usually black), but was not the dark brown color of actively-
decomposing sludge and was not odoriferous.
Benthic invertebrate communities inhabiting all of the areas in the
vicinity of the Southeast plant discharge were characteristic of soft,
organically rich substrates. Scuds and polychaete worms were extremely
numerous (2,029 to 46,962/m2; 190
cockles were abundant [Table 28].
2 ?
numerous (2,029 to 46,962/m ; 190 to 4,370/ft ) and clams, Cumacea and
At Station 65 located 3,000 m (9,840 ft) south of the diffuser, the
bottom of the Bay consisted of hard sand, silt and shell. Here, the
benthos consisted of polychaete worms, clams, and amphipods in low
numbers.
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67
REFERENCES
1. Water Quality Control Plan, San Francisco Bay Basin, Addendum,
April 8, 1975, in preparation.
2. Brown and Caldwell, Consulting Engineers, San Francisco, A Pre-
design Report on Marine Waste Disposal, Vol. 1, September, 1971.
3. CH2M Hill, Consulting Engineers, Operation and Maintenance Evaluation
at the Richmond-Sunset Water Pollution Control Plant for the City
and County of San Francisco Dept. of Public Works, August, 1975.
4. Gaufin, A. R., S. Heon, and G. Pearlsey, 1972. Studies on the Tolerance
of Aquatic Invertebrates to Low pH, unpublished data, University
of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
5. Lemke, A. E. 1970, Effects of Copper on Stenonema rubrum. Unpublished
Manuscript, National Water Quality Lab, Duluth, Minn.
6. Arthur, J. W. and J. G. Eaton, 1971. Chloramine Toxicity to the
Amphipod, Gammarus pseudolimnaeus and the Fathead Minnow. Jour.
Fish Res. Bd. Canad. , 28, 1841.
7. Smith, W. E. 1970. Preliminary Data on the Thermal Tolerance of
Two Species of Gammarus. Unpublished data, National Water Quality Lab.,
Duluth, Minn.
8. Stone, R.W., W. J. Kaufman, and A. J. Home. 1974. Long-term
Effects of Toxicants and Biostimulants on the Water of Central San
Francisco Bay. Publ No. 51, California State Water Resources
Control Board.
9. McKee, J. E., R. T. McLaughlin and P. Lesgoulges, 1957. Application
of Molecular Filter Techniques to the Bacterial Assay of Sewage. Ill
Effects of Physical and Chemical Disinfection. Sewage Works 30(3):
245-252.
10. Hopkins, A. E., 1936. Adaptation of the Feeding Mechanism of the
Oyster (Ostrea gigas) to Changes in Salinity. Bull. Bur. Fisheries
XLVIII, Bull 21:345-364.
11.. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 13th
Ed., American Public Health Assn. 1971.
12. Evaluation of San Francisco's Southeast Water Pollution Control Plant.
National Enforcement Investigations Center, EPA, Memorandum
Report to Region IX, March, 1975.
13. Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes, EPA (1974).
EPA-625-6-74-003 Methods Development and Quality Assurance Research
Laboratory Cincinnati, Ohio.
-------
68
APPENDIX A
SURVEY RESULTS
-------
Table 1
SAMPLING VOCATIONS AND SCHEDULE
Station Number
50
51
52
53 .
29
54
55
11
57
58
59
1
Description
Richmond-Sunset
Plant Influent
Richmond-Sunset
Elutriate Return
Richmond-Sunset
Thickening Tank Supernatant
Richmond-Sunset
Plant Effluent
Downstream 'from Chlorine Addition
Richmond-Sunset
Plant Effluent, Manhole
@ 48th & Balboa Streets
North Point
Plant Influent
North Point
East Basin Inlet
North Point
Plant Effluent
(? Post Chlor1nat1on
Building
Southeast Plant
Influent
Southeast Plant
Return flow from sludge handling
Southeast Plant
Grit Tank Inlet
Southeast Plant
Effluent @ Booster
Pump
Parameter
Suspended
Sol Ids
Suspended
Solids
Suspended
Solids
Suspended Solids
Settleable Solids
pH, Temperature
Col i form Bacteria
Residual Chlorine
Salmonella
Fish Bioassay
Suspended Sol Ids
Iron
Iron
Suspended Sol Ids
Settleable Solids
pH, Temperature
Coliform Bacteria
Residual Chlorine
Salmonella
Fish Bioassay
Suspended Solids
Iron
Suspended Sol Ids
Iron
Suspended Solids
Scttloablc Solids
pH, Temperature
CoHform Bacteria
Residual Chlorine
Salmonella
Fish Bioassay
Frequency
3 days (I/day)
3 days (I/day)
3 days (I/day)
3 days (I/day)
3 days (6/day)
3 days (6/day)
10 days (I/day)
9 days (I/day)
2 days (I/day)
4 days (I/day)
3 days (I/day)
3 days (8/day)
3 days (8/day)
3 days (I/day)
. 3 days (6/day)
3 days (6/day)
10 days (I/day)
9 days (I/day)
2 days (I/day)
3 days (I/day)
3 days (I/day)
3 days (8/day)
3 days (I/day)
3 days (8/day)
3 days (I/day)
3 days (6/day)
3 days (6/day)
10 days (I/day)
9 days (I/day)
2 days (I/day)
3 days (I/day)
Sample Type
24-hr composite
24-hr composite
24-hr composite
of pumped sludge
24-hr composite
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Swab
50-1 1ter Grab
24-hr composite
Grab
Grab
24-hr composite
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Swab
50- liter Grab
24-hr composite
Grab
24-hr composite
Grab
24-hr composite
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Swab
50-liter Grab
-------
Table 1 (Continued)
SAMPLING LOCATIONS AND SCHEDULE
Station Number Description
30 Richmond-Sunset
Discharge Into Pacific Ocean
- 47 (48)f Ocean Beach,
Approximately 300 meters
offshore adjacent to Golden
Gate Park
45 (46) Ocean Beach,
Approximately 300 meters
offshore adjacent to
Balboa Street
35 (36) Lands End, Approximately
100 meters Southwest of
Richmond-Sunset WWTP
Outfall and 200 meters
offshore
82 Mile-Rock Lighthouse
33 Lands End, Approximately
200 meters offshore in
direct line with the
Richmond-Sunset WWTP Outfall
31 (32) Lands End, Approximately 100 .
meters Northeast of Richmond-
Sunset WWTP Outfall and 50
meters offshore
Parameter
Salmonella
Benthos
Field Measurements**
Col i form Bacteria
Salmonella
Field Measurements
Col i form Bacteria
Salmonella
Field Measurements
Coliform Bacteria
Dissolved Sulfides
Oyster Exposure
Field Measurements
Coliform Bacteria
Residual Chlorine
Salmonella
Dissolved Sulfides
Field Measurements
Coliform Bacteria
Residual Chlorine
Salmonella
Dissolved Sulfides
Benthos
Oyster Exposure
Frequency
1 day (I/day)
1 day (I/day)
10 days (I/day)
10 days (I/day)
1 day (I/day)
10 days (I/day)
10 days (I/day)
1 day (I/day)
10 days (I/day)
10 days (I/day)
1 day (I/day)
5-1/2 days' exposure
10 days (I/day)
10 days (I/day)
10 days (I/day)
2 days (I/day)
2 days (I/day)
' 10 days (I/day)
10 days (I/day)
10 days (I/day)
2 days (I/day)
2 days (I/day)
1 day (I/day)
5-1/2 days'exposure
Sample Type
30-liter Grab
Grab
Grab & Instrument
Grab
30-liter Grab
Grab & Instrument
Grab
30- liter Grab
Grab & Instrument
Grab
Grab
Grab & Instrument
Grab
Grab
30- liter Grab
Grab
Grab & Instrument
Grab
Grab
30-liter Grab
Grab
Grab Composite
70
71
Lands End Intertidal, Benthos
50 meters North of Richmond-
Sunset WWTP Outfall
Lands End Intertidal, Benthos
100 meters North of Richmond-
Sunset WWTP Outfall
1 day (I/day)
1 day (I/day)
Grab Composite
Grab Composite
Number in parentheses represents field measurements at the station cite collected approximately O.S m from bottom.
Field measurements include: water depth, temperature, pH, salinity, transparency, and dissolved oxygen.
-------
Table 1 (Continued)
SAWLIKG LOCATIONS AND SCHEDULE
Station Number
Description
Parameter
Frequency
Sample Type
72
80
81
37 (38)
39 (40)
41 (42)
43 (44)
21 (22)
22A
23 (24)
Lands End Intertidal,
200 meters North of Richmond-
Sunset WWTP Outfall
Lands End, 50 meters directly
offshore from Richmond-Sunset
WWTP Outfall
Lands End, 100 meters South
of Richmond-Sunset WWTP Outfall,
50 meters offshore
Phelon Beach, Approximately
50 meters offshore
Baker Beach
(South end) approximately
50 meters offshore
Baker Beach (middle) approximately
50 meters offshore
Baker Beach (North End),
Approximately 50 meters
offshore
San Francisco Bay 9 the
end of Pier 35
San Francisco Bay,
Approximately 30 meters
from the end of Pier 35
San Francisco Bay, Approximately
200 meters from the end of
Pier 35
Benthos
Oyster Exposure
Oyster Exposure
Field Measurements
CoHform Bacteria
Salmonella
Field Measurements
Collform Bacteria
Salmonella
Field Measurements
Col 1 form Bacteria
Salinonalla
Field Measurements
CoHform Bacteria
Salmonella
Field Measurements
CoHform Bacteria
Chlorine Residual
Salmonella
Dissolved Sulfides
Benthos
Oyster Exposure
Benthos
Field Measurements
Coliform Bacteria
Salmonella
Dissolved Sulfides
1 day (I/day)
5-1/2 days'exposure
5-1/2 days'exposure
10 days (I/day)
10 days (I/day)
1 day (I/day)
10 days (I/day)
10 days (I/day)
1 day (I/day)
10 days (I/day)
10 days (I/day)
1 day (I/day)
10 days (I/day)
10 days (I/day)
1 day (I/day)
10 days (I/day)
10 days (I/day)
10 days (1/day)
2 days (I/day)
3 days (I/day)
1 day (2/day)
5-1/2 days' e
-------
Table 1 (Continued)
SAMPUNG WCATIONS AND SCHEDULE
Station Number
25 (26)
27 (28)
13 (14)
15 (16)
17 (18)
19 (20)
66
67
68
69
Description
San Francisco Bay,
Approximately 400
meters from the end
of P1er 35
San Francisco Bay,
Approximately 1000
meters from the
end of Pier 35
San Francisco Bay,
at the end of P1er 33
San Francisco Bay,
Approximately 200 meters
from the end of P1er 33
San Francisco Bay,
Approximately 400 meters
from the end of P1er 33
San Francisco Bay,
Approximately 1000 meters from
the end of Pier 33
San Francisco Bay, 20
meters off Pier 31
San Francisco Bay, 20
meters off Pier 29
San Francisco Bay, 20
meters off Pier 37
San Francisco Bay, 20
Parameter
Field Measurements
Col i form Bacteria
Dissolved Sulfides
Benthos
Field Measurements
Col i form Bacteria
Dissolved Sulfides
Field Measurements
Col i form Bacteria
Chlorine Residual
Salmonella
Dissolved Sulfides
Benthos
Oyster Exposure
Field Measurements
Col i form Bacteria
Salmonella
Dissolved Sulfides
Benthos
Field Measurements
Coliform Bacteria
Dissolved Sulfides
Benthos
Field Measurements
Coliform Bacteria
Dissolved Sulfides
Benthos
Benthos
Benthos
Benthos
Frequency
10 days (I/day)
10 days (I/day)
2 days (I/day)
1 day (I/day)
10 days (I/day)
10 days (I/day)
2 days (I/day)
10 days (I/day)
10 days (I/day)
10 days (I/day)
2 days (I/day)
4 days (I/day)
1 day (I/day)
5-1/2 days' exposure
10 days (I/day)
10 days (I/day)
2 days (I/day)
3 days (I/day)
1 day (I/day)
10 days (I/day)
10 days (I/day)
3 days (I/day)
1 day (I/day)
10 days (I/day)
10 days (I/day)
3 days (I/day)
1 day (I/day)
1 day (I/day)
1 day (I/day)
1 day (I/day)
Sample Type
Grab & Instrument
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab & Instrument
Grab
Grab
Grab & Instrument
Grab
Grab
30-liter Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab & Instrument
Grab
30-liter Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab & Instrument
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab & Instrument
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
meters off P1er 39
ro
-------
Table 1 (Continued)
SAMPLING LOCATIONS AND SCHEDULE
Station Number
03 (04)
05 (06)
07 (08)
09 (10)
Description
San Francisco Bay at
the end of the Army
Street Terminal
San Francisco Bay,
Approximately 200 meters
from the end of the Army
Street Terminal
. San Francisco Bay,
Approximately 400 meters
from the end of the Army
Street Terminal
San Francisco Bay,
Approximately 1000 meters
Parameter
Field Measurements
Col i form Bacteria
Chlorine Residual
Salnonclla
Dissolved Sulfides
Field Measurements
Coliform Bacteria
Chlorine Residual
Salmonella
Dissolved Sulfides
Field Measurements
Coll form Bacteria
Dissolved Sulfides
Field Measurements
Coliform Bacteria
Frequency
10 days (I/day
10 days (I/day
10 days (I/day
2 days (I/day)
4 days (I/day)
Sample Type
Grab & Instrument
Grab
Grab
30-liter Grab
Grab
10 days (I/day) Grab & Instrument
10 days (I/day) Grab
10 days (I/day) Grab
2 days (I/day)
4 days (I/day)
30-liter Grab
Grab
10 days (I/day) Grab & Instrument
10 days (I/day
4 days (I/day)
Grab
Grab
10 days (I/day) Grab & Instrument
10 days (I/day) Grab
63
62
61
74
85
78
from the end of the
Army street Terminal
Potrero Point, 500 meters
offshore, 500 meters North
of Potrero Point Power Plant
(3000 meters North of Diffuser)
San Francisco Bay, 200 meters
directly out from Potrero
Point Power Plant discharge
San Francisco Bay, 200 meters
north of diffuser, 100 meters
out from Army Street Terminal
San Francisco Bay, 200 meters
north of diffuser, 200 meters
out from Army Street Terminal
San Francisco Bay, 100 meters
north of diffuser, 100 meters
out from Army Street Terminal
San Francisco Bay, 100 meters
north of diffuser, 50 meters
out from Army Street Terminal
Benthos
Benthos
Sediments
Benthos
Sediments
Sediments
Oyster Exposure
Sediments
Oyster Exposure
1 day (I/day)
1 day (I/day)
1 day (I/day)
1 day (I/day)
1 day (l/day)
1 day (I/day)
5-1/2 days' exposure
1 day (I/day)
5-1/2 days' exposure
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
-J
Go
\
-------
Table 1 (Continued)
SAMPLING LOCATIONS AND SCHEDULE
Station Number
86
87
88
79
Description
San Francisco Bay, 30 meters
north of diffuser, 100 meters
out from Army Street Terminal
San Francisco Bay, 30 meters
north of diffuser, 200 meters
out from Army Street Terminal
San Francisco Bay, 70 meters
north of diffuser, 300 meters
out frqm Army Street Terminal
San Francisco Bay, 50 meters
Parameter
Benthos
Benthos
Benthos
Oyster Exposure
Frequency
1 day (I/day)
1 day (I/day)
1 day (I/day)
5 1/2 days exposure
Sample Type
Grab
Grab
Grab
....
84
89
83
90
64
65
out from mouth of Islais
Creek, 100 meters south of
diffuser
San Francisco Bay, 200 meters Sediments
out from mouth of Isllas Creek,
100 meters south of diffuser
San Francisco Bay, 300 meters Benthos
out from mouth of Isllas Creek,
70 meters south of diffuser
San Francisco Bay, 500 meters Sediments
out fromAnny St. Terminal 1n
line with diffuser
San Francisco Bay, 200 meters Oyster Exposure
out from Army St. Terminal, 300 Sediments
meters south of diffuser at buoy "I"
San Francisco Bay, 100 meters off Benthos
dike near Hunter's Point (4000 Sediments
meters south of diffuser)
India Basin, 2000 meters Southeast Benthos
of Hunter's Point Power Plant
Discharge, 1000 meters offshore
1 day (I/day)
1 day (I/day)
1 day (I/day)
5-1/2 days' exposure
1 day (I/day)
1 day (I/day)
1 day (I/day)
1 day (I/day)
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
-------
Table 2
IN-PLMT SURVEY RESULTS - RICHMOND-SUNSET PLANT
Date
9/17
9/18
9/19
Time
0300
0700
1100
1500
1900
2300
24-hr
Composite
0300
0700
1100
1500
1900
2300
24-hr
Composite
0300
0700
1100
1500
1900
2300
24-hr
Composite
Effluent
Settleable Solids
(ml/1)
<0.1
<0.1
0.6
0.2
0.1
0.4
-
<0.1
<0.1
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
-
<0.1
<0.1
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.1
•
PH
6.9
7.2
7.0
6.8
6.9
6.7
-
7.2
7.2
7.2
6.8
6.8
6.3
-
7.2
7.1
6.7
6.4
6.4
6.5
-
Suspended Sol Ids
Influent Sunernatant. Elutriate Effluent % Removal
(mg/1)
180 770 310 80 56
180 710 360 24 87
360 . 2000 1400 44 88
-J
in
-------
76
Table 3
SELF-MONITORING DATA - RICHMOND-SUNSET PLANT
Date
1975
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
• June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Settleable Solids
(ml/1)
Avg. of 6/Day
Min.
0.19
0.21
0.22
0.19
0.13
0.15
0.08
0.09
-
Avg.
0.63
0.44
0.41
0.30
0.22
0.23
0.16
0.14
-
Max.
1.81
0.82
0.98
4.8
0.35
0.33
0.37
0.26
-
Min.
-
7.1
6.6
7.0
7.0
7.0
6.6
7.0
-
PH
Avg.
- •
7.9
7.0
7.2
7.1
7.1
7.0
7.2
-
Suspended Solids
Removal
(%)
Max.
-
8.1
7.0
7.5
7.3
7.2
7.2
7.3
-
Min.
8
0
51
30
48
53
29
42
48
Avg.
54
51
64
68
69
66
61
59
63
Max.
84
65
86
92
86
89
76
80
80
-------
77
Table 4
RESIDUAL CHLORINE CONCENTRATION
RICHMOND-SUNSET PLANT EFFLUENT AND RECEIVING WATERS
September 1975
Station Residual Clg
Number Station Description Date
(mg/1)
01 .Richmond-Sunset Plant Effluent, Manhole 9/16/75
at 48th & Balboa Streets 9/17/75
9/18/75
9/19/75
9/20/75
9/21/75
9/22/75
9/23/75
1 9/24/75
31 Land's End, approximately 100 9/15/75
' meters NE of Richmond-Sunset 9/16/75
outfall and 50 meters offshore 9/17/75
9/18/75
9/19/75
9/20/75
9/21/75
9/22/75
9/23/75
9/24/75
33 Land's End, approximately 200 9/15/75
•meters offshore in direct line 9/16/75
with the Richmond-Sunset outfall 9/17/75
9/18/75
9/19/75
9/20/75
9/21/75
9/22/75
9/23/75
9/24/75
5.4
4.3
8.1
5.6
4.0
8.4
7.5
7.9
8.3
NDf
ND
<1.0
ND
ND
ND
ND
<1 .0
<1 .0
<1.0
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
<1 .0
<1 .0
<1.0
t ND .- None Detected
-------
Table 5
SUMMARY OP BACTERIAL DENSITIES
RICHMOND-SUNSET PLANT EFFLUENT AND RECEIVING WATERS
September 1375
Station
No.
29
30
31
33
35
37
39
41
Station OescrlDtlon Number of
Samples • • Rax {mum
Richmond-Sunset 10 13,000
Effluent, Manhole 0
48th 4 Ralboa Sts+t
Pacific Ocean 2 70
adjacent to Richmond-
Sunset discharge'1"1"1'
Lands End, approx. 10 2,400
100 meters NE of
Richmond-Sunset
Plant Outfall and
50 meters offshore
Lands End, approx. 10 540
200 meters offshore
1n direct line with
the Richmond-
Sunset WHIP outfall
Lands End, approx. 10 460
100 meters SW of
Richmond-Sunset
Outfall and
200 meters offshore
Phelan Beach approx. 10 350
50 meters offshore
Baker Beach (South 10 240
end), approx. 50
meters offshore
Baker Beach (Middle), 10 920
approx. 50 meters
offshore
Total Conforms
Minimum Median GoemetHc
Mean
(MPN/lOOml)
5 230 170
<20
7 33 52
13 • 56 • 63
17 75 78
33 64 83
5 58 44
5 23 36
Fecal
No. Samples Maximum
>10, 000/100 ml
N/Af 130
0 20
0 330
0 140
0 140
0 350
0 49
0 220
Col 1 forms
Minimum Median
(MPN/lOOml)
<2 2
<20
2 8
<2 23
5 28
2 11
2 18
2 12
Goemetrlc
Mean
3
—
12
17
24
14
13
13
No.
Sanipl es
>400/ 100ml •
N/A
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
* Effluent limitation Hot Applicable
tt Salmonella enteritidis ser Aqona isolated
ttt Salmonella enteritidie ser Anatum isolated
00
-------
Table S (Continued)
SUMMARY OF BACTERIAL DENSITIES
RICHMOND-SUNSET PLANT EFFLUENT AND RECEIVING HATERS
September 1975
Station
No.
Station Description Number of
Sample
Total Conforms
Maximum Minimum
Median Geometric
Mean
No. Samples Maximum
>10, 000/100 ml
(MPN/ 100ml)
43
Baker Beach 10
(North end).
approx. 50 meters
offshore
540 2
51 45
0 540
Fecal Conforms
Minimum Median
(MPN/lOOml)
2 10
No.
Geometric Samples •
Mean >400/100ml
15 lf .
45 Ocean Beach, 10 2.4CO 130 280ft 300
approx. 300 meters
offshore adjacent
to Balboa St.
47 Ocean Beach. 10 1,400 80 410ft 360
approx. 300 meters
offshore adjacent
to Golden Gate
ParkWl
490 33 130+tt 110
230 20 87
+tt
75 0
t Violation of Water Quality Control Plan for fecal coliform bacteria, single sample maximum of 400/100 ml
tt Violation of Water Quality Control Plan for total coliform bacteria, median value of 240/100 ml
ttt Violation of Water Quality Control Plan for fecal coliform bacteria, median value of SO/100 ml
tttt Salmonella enteritidis ser Ohio isolated
-------
Table 6
ACUTE TOXICm OF RICHMOND-SUNSET PLANT EFFLUENT
AND ASSOCIATED CHEMICAL DATA
15-21 September 1975
Parameter
Effluent Concentrations*
100X
Series »1
_t| /M_ 1 ^t, \
pH lunitS)
Dissolved Oxygen
Temperature (°C)
Residual Chlorine
Salinity (ppt)
% Survival
at 24 hours
48 hours
72 hours
96 hours
Series #2
nU /lln 4 * c \
pn (UnltSJ
Dissolved Oxygen
Temperature (°C)
Residual Chlorine
Salinity (ppt)
t Survival
at 24 hours
48 hours
72 hours
96 hours
Series 11
nu llnife
pn units
Dissolved Oxygen
Temperature (°C)
Residual Chlorine
Salinity (ppt)
% Survival
at 24 hours
at 48 hours
at 72 hours
at 96 hours
T Average values in tng/l,
tt Letters A and B signify
A
7Q Q ft
.3-0. U
7.5
17.0
5.9
<14.0
(all dead
0
0
• 0
0
7.8
18.0
5.8
<14
(all dead
0
0
0
0
7e 7 e
.D-/.O
7.5
17.0
6.6
<14
(all dead
0
0
0
0
Bn
8A Q ft
.U-o.U
7.5
15.5
5.9
In 1 hr)
0
0
0
0
18.0
5.8
In 1 hr)
0
0
0
0
7777
./-/./
7.5
15.5
6.6
In 2 hrs)
0
0
0
0
50%
. A
7.4
17.2
2.95
0
0
0
0
7C 7 C
, D-/.I)
7.4
18.0
2.9
0
0
0
0
7171
. J- / • 3
7.4
17.2
3.3
0
0
0
0
B
7.3
17.2
2.95
0
0
0
0
7 A 7 A
»*!"/.
-------
Tabla 7
PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL DATA PROM RECEIVING WATER STATIONS - RICHMOHD-SUNSET PLANT
15-24 September 1B7S
Station Date 9-15
Time 0850-1115
Tidal Stage Ebbing
31
Temp. °C surface
l>o t torn
Sal.°/«o surface
bottom
O.O.mg/1 surface
bottom
pH surface
bottom
Transparency (m)
Depth (m)
33
Temp.°C surface
bollun
Sal.0/., surface
bottom
D.O.mg/1 surface
bottom
pH surface
bbltuni
Transparency(m)
Depth (m)
35
Terop.°C surface
b'lttcjm
Sal.'/oo surface
but loin
D.O.nQ/1 '.urf.ice
bottom
pH surface
bottom
Transparency (m)
Depth (m)
37
Temp.°C surface
bottom
Sa1.°/0« surface
bottom
D.O.mg/1 surface
bottom
pH surface
bottom
Transparency (m)
Depth (m)
15.1
15.1
30.9
. 31.0
7.1
7.4
7.7
7.6
1.8
9.1
14.1
14.2
32.3
31.6
7.4
7.1
7.8
7.8
3.3
15.2
14.2
14.5
32.3
32.3
7.3
7.0
7.8
7.8
2.9
19.8
15.1
15.0
29.9
30.1
7.3
7.1
7.7
7.7
2.1
4.6
9-16
0910-1100
Ebbing
14.8
14.4
30.4
30.6
6.9
7.7
8.«
8.4
2.6
7.6
14.8
14.2
29.1
30.0
7.5
8.5
7.9
8.2
2.7
15.2
13.9
13.8
30.1
30.5
R.6
7.6
7.8
7.9
2.7
21.3
14.6
14.8
30.7
28.2
7.8
7.4
8.3
8.3
2.0
6.1
9-17
0905-1010
Slack
14.6
..
31.3
.
6.6
.'
7.6
.
2.9
.
14.5
.
31.6
.
6.6
,
7.5
.
2.6
-
13.7
. •
32.3
.
7.0
.
7.6
.
3.0
-
14.6
.
31.5
.'
6.3
.
7.6
_
2.1
-
9-18
0800-0920
Flooding
14.4
14.1
28.9
29.3
6.4
6.3
7.5
7.5
2.6
9.1
14.1
13.8
29.3
29.6
6.2
6.4
7.4
7.5
3.0
15.2
13.6
13.9
31.9
29.8
6.6
6.3
7.5
7.3
3.5
15.2
14.5
14.4
31.2
30.0
7.0
6.2
7.4
7.5
2.9
6.1
9-19
0745-0905
Flooding
14.5
13.9
31.1
30.5
7.2
7.0
7.7
7.7
2.4
10.7
14.0
13.9
31.0
30.7
7.2
7.6
7.7
7.7
• 3.0
15.2
14.1
13.7
31.8
31.0
7.0
7.5
7.7
7.7
2.7
12.2
14.2
14.0
29.8
30.4
7.0
7.2
7.7
7.7
2.3
4.6
9-20
0800-0930
Flooding
14.3
13.9
31.1
31.4
6.9
6.9
7.7
7.6
-
-
14.2
13.7
31.9
31.2
7.0
7.0
7.7
7.7
3.0
-
14.4
13.2
31.5
31.3
7.5
7.5
7.7
7.7
3.0
-
14.1
13.7
32.0
31.4
7.0
7.0
7.7
7.7
2.9 ,
-
9-21
0800-0913
Flooding
14.0
13.7
30.5
28.3
7.0
7.2
7.7
7.7
3.2
10.0
14.0
13.7
31.7
29.6
7.1
7.2
7.7
7.7
2.7
13.1
14.0
13.9
31.7
29.5
7.1
7.1
7.7
7.7
2.9
23.0
14.0
14.0
28.3
31.2
7.0
7.1
7.7
7.7
2.9
6.1
9-22
0745-0855
Flooding
13.7
13.8
31.3
30.1
7.1
7.1
7.7
7.7
3.2
6.4
13.8
13.7
30.5
30.3
7.2
7.3
7.7
7.6
3.0
14.6
13.7
13.6
32.2
30.7
7.3
7.3
7.7
7.7
3.2
14.3
13.7
13.6
31.0
31.0
7.1
7.7
7.7
7.7
3.2
6.7
9-23
1050-1221
Flooding
14.2
13.5
31.4
29.7
7.2
7.2
7.6
7.5
3.5
9.1
13.2
12. Z
32. Z
32.2
7.4
7.2
7.1
7.3
3.8
14.0
12.8
12.5
32.2
32.2
7.1
7.1
7.7
7.7
3.8
16.7
14.5
14.0
31.3
30.1
7.0
6.8
7.5
7.5
3.0
4.9
9-24
0742-0857
Flooding
14.2
13.5
31.4
29.7
6.4
6.3
7.7
7.7
3.5
12.2
13.2
12.2
32.2
32.2
6.3
6.2
7.7
7.7
3.8
14.0
12.8
U.5
31.0
32.2
5.7
5.4
7.7
7.7
3.8
12.2
14.5
14.0
31.3
30.1
6.4
6.5
7.7
7.8
3.0
7.6
Mean
14.4
14.0
30.8
30.1
6.9
7.0
2.9
9.3
14.0
13.5
31.2
30.8
7.0
7.2
3.1
14.6
13.7
1J.5
31.7
31.1
7.1
7.0
3.2
16.8
'14.4
14.2
30.5
30.3
7.0
7.0
2.6
5.8
co
-------
Table f (Continued)
r
Station Date 9-15
Tlrre 0850-1115
Tidal Stage Ebbing
39
Temp. "C surface
bottom
Sal."/., surface
bottom
O.O.mg/1 surface
bottom
pH surface
bottom
Transparency (m)
Depth (m)
41
Temp.°C surface
bottom
Sa1.°/e. surface
bottom
O.O.mg/1 surface
bottom
pH surface
bottom
Transparency (m)
Depth (m)
43
Temp.'C surface
bo I loin
Sal.0/., siirfaco •
bottom
O.O.mg/1 surface
bottom
pH surtace
bollun
Transparency (m)
Depth (m)
45
Temp.T. surface
bottom
Sal.°/i>« surface
bottom
O.O.mg/1 surf.n.t:
bottom
pH surface
bottom
Transparency (m)
Depth (m)
47
Temp.'C surface
bottom
Sal. "/oo surface
bottom
D.O.mg/1 surface
bottom
pH surface
bottom
Transparency (m)
Depth (m)
14.9
15.1
30.9
30.8
7.4
7.2
7.7
7.7
1.8 .
4.6
15.1
15.1
31.3
31.3
6.8
7.1
7.7
7.7
1.5
6.1
15.2
15.0
31.4
31.3
7.0
7.2
7.6
7.4
1.5
3.0
13.8
14.2
31.5
31.2
0.0
7.5
7.8
7.8
3.0
4.6
14.0
13.5
31.3
31.9
8.4
7.3
7.8
7.7
2.9
5.2
9-16
0910-1100
Ebbing
14.9
15.0
29.7
30.0
7.7
7.4
8.5
8.5
2.0
3.7
14.8
14.7
• 30.7
30.2
7.9
7.8
8.5
8.5
1.7
4.6
14.6
14.6
31.2
30.6
. 7.2
7.1
8.5
0.6
2.1
4.6
13.6
13.7
33.1
29.1
8.2
7.9
7.9
7.9
3.2
4.6
13.7
13.6
32.5
30.0
7.6
7.8
8.1
7.8
2.9
6.1
9-17
0905-1010
Slack
14.5
-
30.6
.
7.0
.
7.6
_
1.7
-
14.6
.
31.0
.
6.6
.
7.5
.
2.6
-
14.6
.
31.2
.
6.7
_
7.5
.
2.4
-
12.9
_
33.0
-
6.9
.
7.8
_
3.0
-
13.0
-
32.3
.
7.7
.
7.4
.
1.5
-
9-18
0800-0920
Flooding
14.5
14.7
29.5
28.1
6.7
6.0
7.6
7.4
2.0
-
14.6
14.3
27.8
27.6
7.2
6.3
7.5
7.3
2.6
4.6
14.6
14.2
30.8
30.7
6.9
6.1
7.4
7.5
2.6
6.1
13.6
13.5
32.0
32.0
6.9
6.2
7.4
7.3
3.3
-
13.6
13.7
31.5
32.0
7.0
6.8
7.5
7.5
3.2
6.1
9-19
0745-0905
Flooding
14.2
14.3
30.6
29.7
7.0
7.2
7.7
7.7
2.3
3.0
14.2
14.2
30.8
30.8
7.1
7.2
7.7
7.7
2.1
4.6
14.4
14.3
30.6
30.0
7.0
6.9
7.7
7.8
2.4
4.6
13.4
13.0
33.2
31.9
7.2
7.2
7.6
7.7
2.1
6.1
13.0
13.1
33.2
31.3
7.3
7.8
7.5
7.5
1.7
6.1
9-20
0800-0930
Flooding
14.1
14.1
31.7
29.3
7.1
7.1
7.7
7.7
2.9
-
14.4
14.0
31.3
30.4
7.3
7.3
7.7
7.7
2.1
1
14.1
13.8
32.1
26.4
7.0
7.0
7.7
7.7
3.0
-
13.5
13.4
31.4
31.3
8.0
8.2
7.8
7.7
3.2
-
13.3
13.0
32.7
31.4
7.5
7.9
7.4
7.8
2.9
-
9-21
0800-0913
Flooding
14.0
13.9
31.0
30.6
7.1
7.0
7.7
7.6
2.6
7.0
13.9
13.9
31.2
28.7
7.0
7.2
7.6
7.7
3.2
5.8
14.0
13.8
31.3
28.8
7.1
7.0
7.7
7.7
2.9
8.5
13.1
13.3
32.0
30.2
7.7
7.6
7.7
7.7
3.0
7.9
13.1
13.4
32.6
30.9
6.9
7.2
7.7
7.7
2.9
5.8
9-22
0745-0855
Flooding
13.7
13.7
29.9
29.9
7.0
7.0
7.7
7.7
3.2
7.3
13.7
13.8
31.3
30.8
6.9
6.9
7.7
7.7
3.2
9.4
13.9
13.9
30.6
28.5
6.9
7.2
7.7
7.7
3.2
7.9
13.4
12.9
31.3
29.5
7.5
7.9
7.7
7.7
3.2
13.7
13.1
12.2
32.1
29.8
7.3
7.3
7.7
7.7
2.9
10.7
9-23
1050-1221
Flooding
14.7
14.4
31.8
29.4
7.1
6.8
7.5
7.3
2.6
8.5
13.6
14.1
30.6
28.6
6.8
6.8
7.4
7.4
3.2
10.0
14.6
13.5
30.6
30.2
6.8
6.9
7.5
7.6
3.2
8.2
12.8
12.7
32.0
31.5
7.4
7.6
7.4
7.4
3.3
3.6
13.2
12.8
31.6
31.2
7.4
7.6
7.4
7.4
3.2
5.8
9-24
0742-0857
Flooding
14.7
14.4
31.8
29.4
6.9
6.6
7.7
7.7
2.6
9.1
13.6
14.1
30.6
28.6
6.7
6.8
7.7
7.7
3.2
8.5
14.6
13.5
30.6
30.2
6.9
e.n
7.7
7.6
3.2
8.5
12.8
12.7
32.0
31.5
6.8
6.1
7.7
7.7
3.3
9.1
13.2
12.8
31.6
31.2
6.2
5.6
7.8
7.7
3.2
12.2
Mean
14.4
14.4
30.7
29.7
7.1
6.9
2.4
6.2
14.2
14.3'
30.7
29.7
7.0
7.0
2.6
6.5
14.4
14.0
31.0
29.7
6.9
6.9
2.7
6.4
13.2
13.2
32.2
30.9
7.5
7.4
3.0
7.1
13.3
13.1
32.1
31.1
7.3
7.3
2.4
7.2
00
ro
-------
83
Table 8
DISSOLVED SULFIDES*
RICHMOND-SUNSET PLANT
September 1975
Station
Number
31
32
33
35
36
Depth
Surface
. 9m
Surface
Surface
16m
(<0.5m)
(<0.5m)
(<0.5m)
9/15/75
0.01
0.01
0.01
ND
ND
Date Sampled
9/16/75 9/17/75
NDtt
ND
ND
ND
ND
O.OT
ND
0.01
ND
ND
9/18/75
ND
ND
ND
0.01
0.01
t Amounts in mg/l
tt None detected
-------
84-
Table 9
SUMMARY OF VIOLATIONS OF BACTERIOLOGICAL LIMITATIONS
15-24 September, 1975
Station Station
Number Description
Total
Date
Col i forms
(MPN/100 ml)
Fecal Col i forms
(MPN/100 ml)
Richmond-Sunset
43
45
47
North
11
13
15
25
Baker Beach (North End),
Approximately 50 meters
offshore
Ocean Beach, Approximately
300 meters offshore,
adjacent to Balboa Street
Ocean Beach, Approximately
300 meters offshore,
adjacent to Golden Gate Park
Point
North Point Plant
Effluent @ Post Chlorir
nation Building
San Francisco Bay at
end of Pier 33
San Francisco Bay,
Approximately 200 meters
from end of Pier 33
San Francisco Bay, Approxi-
mately 400 meters from end
of Pier 35
9/19/75
9/15-24/75
9/17/75
9/15-24/75
9/15-24/75
9/15/75
9/16/75
9/17/75
9/18/75
9/19/75
9/20/75
9/21/75
9/22/75
9/23/75
9/24/75
9/21/75
9/21/75
9/22/75
9/21/75
7
>2
7
7
7
7
13
1
1
1
,000
,400
,000
,900
490
,900
,000
,000
,700
,600
,300
280t .
41 Of
,000*
,000**
,000**
,000**
,000**
,000**
,000**
,000**
,000**
,000**
,000**
540ftt
110ft
490ttf
75tf
770,000***
1 .600ftt
920ftt
2,300ftt
>2,400tn
Southeast
01
05
NPDES
4
44
444
Southeast Plant effluent
at Booster Pump
San Francisco Bay, Approxi-
mately 200 meters from end
of Army Street Terminal
Limitations
9/15-24/75
9/16/75
9/17/75
9/18/75
9/20/75
9/19/75
240 total coliforms/100 ml, median value
10,000 total coliforms/100 ml
400 fecal coliforms/100 ml, 7
>2
of 5
3
,400
33
28
17
,500*
,000**
,000**
,000**
,000**
• 920ttf
samples.
, single sample maximum.
day geometric mean.
California Voter Quality Control Plan Limitations
t 240 total coli,forms/100 ml, median of S samples.
tt SO fecal coliforms/100 ml, median of 5 samples.
ttt 400 fecal coliforms/100 ml, single sample maximum.
-------
Table 10
BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES'
RICHMOND-SUNSET PLANT AREA
September 1975
Sub-
Phylum Phylum Class Order
Porl fera
Coelenterata
Anthozoa
Nematoda
Annelida
Polychaeta
Arthropods
Crustacea
Kalacostraca •
Cumacea
AmpMpoda
Decapoda
Thoraclea
Insecta
D1 ptera
Mollusca
Amphlneura
Pelecypoda
Gastropoda
Echlnodermata
Asteroldea
Forclpulata
Number of Taxa
Genus
Family Species 30
Dlopatra sp.
Errantla sp.
Nereis sp.
Pectinarla
californ1ens1s
Caprella sp.
Orcnestoldea spp.
Cancer antennarlus
Cancer magister
Balanus sp.
Chlronomldae
(Orthocladllnae)
Cyanoplax hartweq)
Cyanoplax sp.
Mytilus edulls
Tegula funebralls
Acmaea sp.
Plsaster ochraceus
Plsaster sp.
0
Station Number
72 71 70
Q
Q 2spp
Q
Q
Q Q
Q Q
Q
Q
Q
" ,
Q
Q
Q
11 5 1
32
Q 3spp
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
1-5
CO
tn
-------
Table 11
IN-PLANT SURVEY RESULTS - NORTH POINT PLANT
Date
9/17
9/18
9/19
Time
0300
0700
1100
1500.
1900
2300
24-hr
Composite
0300
0700
1100
1500
1900
2300
24-hr
Composite
0300
0700
1100
1500
1900
2300
24-hr
Composite
Effluent
Settleable Solids
(ml/1)
0.1
0.1
0.1
<0.1
0.1
-
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.1
<0.1
<0. 1
-
<0.1
<0.1
<0. 1
<0. 1
0.1
~
PH
7.2
7.1
7.0
6.9
6.6-
6.4^
-
6.4. f
6.5
.6.5 .
6.3 f
6.5:
6.4 f
.
6.1 f
6.3.1
6-4?
6.4 f
6.5 .
6.3 f
~
Suspended Solids
Influent Effluent % Removal
(mg/D
260 60 77
130 24 82
.
360 32 91
t Effluent limitations violations
00
-------
87
Table 12
SELF-MONITORING DATA - NORTH POINT PLANT
Date
1975
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
• June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Settleable Solids
(ml/1)
Avg. of 6/Day
Min.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-
Avg.
0.02
0.02
0.05
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.03
0.1
-
Max.
0.19
0.13
0.22
0.12
0.22
0.10
0.18
0.08
-
Min.
6.2
6.1
6.2
6.5
6.5
6.5
6.2
6.5
-
PH
Avg.
6.8
6.7
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.6
6.7
6.7
-
Suspended Solids
Removal
(%)
Max.
7.2
7.1
8.3
8.2
8.2
6,7
6.9
7.0
-
Min.
49
30
21
41
61
61
54
64
61
Avg.
69
67
61
64
73
73
77
72
74
Max.
82
86
78
85
83
83
87
86
86
-------
r
Table IS
IRON ANALYSES, NORTH POINT PLANT
Date
9/17
9/18
•
9/19
«
Time
1300
1500
1700
1900
2100
2300
0900
1100
1300
1500
1700
1900
2100
2300
0900
1100
1300
1500
1700
1900
2100
2300
After Iron
Addition
10.10
9.11
11.80
9.72
13.60
7.21
8.61
4.02
4.57
8.05
9.76
6.37
5.46
5.69
8.52
3.43
4.27
7.45
8.04
8.26
5.17
8.56
Iron (mn/1)
Before Iron
Addition
1.58
,2.04
1.61
1.34
1.32
4.02
1.25
1.58
1.71
1.46
1.89
1.37
1.31
1.74
1.31
1.87
1.83
1.91
5.10
1.46
1.30
3.36
Amount of Iron
Added
8.52
7.07
10.19
8.38
12.28
3.19
7.36
2.44
2.86
6.59
7.87
5.0
4.15
3.99
7.21
1.56
2.44
5.54
2.94
6.80
3.87
5.20
Avg = 5.70f
t 5.70 mg/l iron is equivalent to 16.6 mg/l ferric chloride.
-------
Table 14
RESIDUAL CHLORINE CONCENTRATION
NORTH POINT PLANT EFFLUENT AND RECEIVING WATERS
September 1975
89
Station
Number
Station Description
Date
Residual C12
-mg/1
11 North Point Plant Effluent at 9/16/75
Collection Basin 9/17/75
9/18/75
9/19/75
9/20/75
9/21/75
. 9/22/75
9/23/75
• 9/24/75
13 San Francisco Bay at the end 9/15/75
of Pier 33 . 9/16/75
9/17/75
9/18/75
9/19/75
. 9/20/75
9/21/75
9/22/75
9/23/75
9/24/75
21 San Francisco Bay at the end 9/15/75
of Pier 35 9/16/75
9/17/75
9/18/75
9/19/75
9/20/75
9/21/75
9/22/75
9/23/75
9/24/75
2.1
5.1
4.0
2.1
4.9
2.3
2.3
4.5
5.7
NDf
ND
<1 .0
<1 .0
<1 .0
<1 .0
<1 .0
<1 .0
<1 .0
<1..0
<1.0
<1 .0
<1 .0
<1 .0
<1 .0
<1 .0
<1 .0
<1 .0
<1 .0
<1.0
t None Detected
-------
Table IS
Of BACTERIAL DENSITTES
SOUTH POINT PLANT EFFLUENT AND RECEIVING WATERS
September 19?S
Station
No.
11
13
15
Station Description
North Point WWTP
Effluent at
Collection Basin*
San Francisco Bayat
the end of Pier 33
San Francisco Bay,
Number of
Samples
10
10
10
Total Conforms
Maximum
13,000.000
>. 2,400
9,200
Minimum
(MPN/100 ml)
1,300,000 7
.
5
8
Median
,000,000
75
17
Goemetric
Mean
«* 3,300,000
55
37
No. Samples
>10,000/100ml
TO""
0
0
Fecal
Maximum
4,600,000
1,600
2.300
CoHforms
Minimum Median
(MPN/ 100ml)
220.000 580.000
2 8
<2 4
Goemetric
Mean
770,000t
12
10
No.
Samples
>400/
100ml
N/An
lm
2ttt
approximately 200
meters from the end
of Pier 33
17 San Francisco Bay, 10 >. 2,400 11
approximately 400 ~"
meters from the end
of Pier 33
19 San Francisco Bay, 10 79 8
approximately 1000
meters from the end
of Pier 33
21 San Francisco Bay 10 490
at the end of Pier 35
23 San Francisco Bay, 10 1,600
approximately 200
meters from the
end of Pier 35
25 San Francisco Bay, 10 >2,400
approximately 400
meters from the
end of Pier 35
27 San Francisco Bay, 1& 130
approximately 1000
meters from the end
of Pier 35
* Salmonella enteritidie ser Agona end S. enteritidis ser Senftenberq isolated '
** Violation of NPDES Pernit limit for total coliform bacteria, median value of 240/100 ml
*** Violation of 11FDES Permit limit for total coliform bacteria, aingla sample maximum of 10,000/100 ml
t Violation of IIPDES Permit limit for fecal aoliform bacteria, geometric mean value of 400/100 ml
tt Effluent limitation not applicable
ttt Violation of Water Quality Control Plan for fecal coliform bacteria, single sample maximum of
400/100 ml
<20
20
13
27
23
66
36
27
41
39
24
68
53
30
33
350
13
130
170
^2,400
49
<2
«2
<20
<2
10
17
10
9
10
,ttt
-------
Table 18
ACUTE Toxicrrr OF NORTH POINT PLANT EFFLUENT
AND ASSOCIATED CHEMICAL DATA
1S-Z1 September 1S7.S
Parameter
Effluent Concentrations
100%
Series 11
pH (Units)
Dissolved Oxygen
Temperature (°C)
Residual Chlorine
Salinity (ppt)
% Survival
at 24 hours
48 hours
72 hours
96 hours
Series 12
pH (Units)
Dissolved Oxygen
Temperature (°C)
Residual Chlorine
Salinity (ppt)
X Survival
at 24 hours
48 hours
72 hours
96 hours
Series #3
pH (Units)
Dissolved Oxygen
Temperature
Residual Chlorine
Salinity (ppt)
% Survival
at 24 hours
48 hours
72 hours
96 hours
t Avorarja values in mg/lt
+t Letters A and B signify
A
7^2-8.0
7.0
14.5
2.0
<14
0
0
0
0
7.9-8.2
7.6
16.8
1.7
•04
0
0
0
0
8.2-8.3
8.5
17.5
2.9
<14
0
0
0
0
Bft
7.2-8.0
7.0
14.5
2.0
0
0
0
0
7.7-8.1
7.3
16.8
1.7
0
0
0
0
7.9-8.1
7.8
17.0
2.9
0
0
0
0
66%
A
7.0-8.0
7.8
16.4
1.32
100
70
30
30
7,6-7.9
9.0
16.2
1.12
0
0
0
. 0
7.7-7.9
7.7
16.5
1.91
90
60
60
60
B
7.2-7.8
7.3
16.4
1.32 .
100
70
70
70
7.6-8.0
9.0
16.0
1.12
0
0
0
0
7.2-8.0
7.3
16.3
1.91
100
80
40
30
33%
A
6.9-7.7
7.7
16.1
0.66
100
100
100
100
7.7-7.9
8.0
15.9
0.56
100
100
100
90
7.4-7.8
7.4
16.3
0.96
100
100
• 100
100
B
7.2-7.7
7.0
16.4
0.66
100
100
100
100
7.6-7.9
8.1
16.0
0.56
90
90
90
90
7.5-7.9
6.9
16.3
0.96
100
100
100
100
10%
A
7.2-8.0
7.6
16.1
0.20
100
100
100
100
7.7-7.9
8.1
. 15.9
0.17
100
100
100
100
7.6-7.8
7.5
16.3
0.29
100
100
100
100
B
7.3-7.9
7.2
16.2
0.20
100
100
100
100
7.7-7.9
8.0
15.8
0.17
100
100
100
100
7.6-7.9 '
7.3
16.3
0.29
100
100
100
100
Control
A
7.1-7.9
7.7
16.3
31
100
100
100
100
7.7-8.0
7.7
16.0
28.2
100
100
100
100
7.6-8.1
7.3
16.1
28.2
100
100
100
100
B
7.3-8.
7.7
16.4
100
100
100
100
7.6-7.
7.8
15.8
100
90
90
90
7.1-8.
7.5
16.3
100
100
100
100
0
9
1
rango in paranLhtmno.
duplicate bioaaoaye.
-------
Table 17
PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL DATA FROM RECEIVING WATER STATIONS - IKWIW POINT PLANT
15-24 September 197S
Station Date
Time
Tidal Staqe
13
Temp. "C surface
bottom
Sal.Voo surface
bottom
D.O.mg/1 surface
bottom
pH surface
bottom
Transparency (m)
Depth (m)
15
Temp.'C surface
bottom
Sal.Voo surface
bottom
D.O.mg/1 surface
bottom
pH surface
bottom
Transparency (m)
Depth (m)
17
Temp.'C surface
bottom
Sal.Voo surface
Lollorn
D.O.mg/1 surface
bottom
pH surface
bottom
Transparency (m)
Depth (m)
19
Temp.'C surface
bottom
Sal.Voo surface
bottom
D.O.mg/1 surface
bottom
pH surface
bottom
Transparency (m)
Depth (m)
9-15
1500-1710
Flooding
17.0
16.3
28.5
29.4
6.2
6.1
7.6
7.6
0.9
9.1
18.5
16.3
26.0
29.8
5.8
5.5
7.5
7.6
0.8
10.7
17.5
16.0
29.2
30.4
6.6
6.2
7.6
7.7
1.8
16.8
16.6
16.0
29.4
30.3
6.7
6.5
7.7
8.3
2.1
15.2
9-16
1345-1515
Ebbing
16.8
17.0
27.2
27.3
5.8
6.6
8.7
8.6
1.2
7.0
16.4
16.1
29.9
27.5
6.2
6.7
8.7
8.7
1.5
12.2
16.2
16.0
29.9
28.6
6.4
6.7
8.9
8.7
1.2
12.2
16.3
16.0
29.3
26.6
6.6
6.8
8.7
8.9
1.4
15.2
9-17
1325-1400
Ebbing
16.0
.
28.9
-
5.8
.
7.3
.
1.1
-
16.2
.
30.5
.
6.2
.
7.5
'
1.7
-
15.7
29.2
.
6.2
.
7.4
.
1.7
-
16.2
.
30.1
.
6.4
-
7.5
.
2.0
-
9-18
1105-1145
Slack
15.1
14.7
28.0
28.8
5.9
5.5
7.3
7.5
1.1
16.8
16.2
14.7
28.0
28.6
6.1
5.7
7.5
7.6
1.4
16.8
16.1
14.8
28.6
30.2
6.0
5.8
7.3
7.5
1.7
16.8
15.6
14.8
29.6
30.1
6.5
6.2
7.6
7.7
1.7
18.3
9-19
1100-1200
Slack
14.9
14.6
29.5
31.2
6.2
6.1
7.5
7.6
0.8
-
15.6
14.1
29.1
30.3
6.9
7.5
7.5
7.5
.1.4
-
16.2
14.1
29.4
30.6
6.3
6.4
7.5
7.5
1.4
-
14.5
14.5
31.5
30.4
6.8
7.2
7.6
7.7
1.7
-
9-20
1105-1200
Flooding
15.5
15.0
28.0
30.2
6.5
7.2
7.5
7.6
0.9
9.4
15.7
14.6
29.2
29.2
7.1
7.1
7.6
7.7
1.2
13.7
16.1
14.5
29.4
29.1
7.0
7.4
7.7
7.7
1.7
17.1
14.6
14.4
31.8
29.8
7.3
7.2
7.7
7.7
2.3
19.2
9-21
1100-1148
Flooding
15.0
14.9
29.9
29.6
5.5
6.0
7.6
7.6
0.8
10.0
15.4
14.4
28.9
28.9
5.6
6.1
7.6
7.6
1.2
13.7
15.4
14.7
29.0
29.5
6.4
5.9
7.6
7.7
1.2
18.9
14.5
14.2
31.7
29.9
5.9
5.9
7.7
7.7
2.0
20.1
9-22
1040-1140
Flooding
;
16.1
14.7
29.2
29.0
5.6
5.9
7.6
7.6
0.8
18.3
15.7
16.0
27.7
29.2
5.7
6.3
7.6
7.7
1.4
14.0
16.0
14.7
30.3
29.0
6.1
6.3
7.7
7.7
1.5
18.3
14.5
14.6
30.5
29.2
6.5
6.3
7.7
7.7
2.6
20.1
9-23
1500-1555
Ebbing
16.2
15.0
28.6
28.5
6.0
6.0
7.6
7.8
1.1
13.7
16.3
14.4
29.2
29.2
6.1
6.3
7.8
7.8
1.7
13.7
15.7
14.3
29.7
30.6
5.5
5.7
7.8
7.8
2.6
16.8
15.7
13.9
28.3
29.6
6.7
5.4
7.8
7.8
2.9
18.3
9-24
1100-1148
Flooding
16.8
16.6
27.0
26.1
7.1
7.1
7.6
7.6
1.7
19.8
16.8 .
16.8
27.6
26.3
7.2
7.0
7.6
7.6
2.3
11.6
15.5
16.5
27.3
Z6.5
7.1
6.8
7.6
7.7
2.0
20.1
17.0
16.6
26.5
26.6
7.1
6.9
7.6
7.7
2.3
11.0
Mean
15.9
15.4
28.4
28.9
6.3
6.3
1.1
11.6
16.2
15.2
28.6
28.8
6.3
6.5
1.4
11.8
16.0
15.1
29.2
29.4
6.4
6.4
1.6
17.1
15.5
15.0
29.9
29.2
6.6
6.5
2.1
17.2
PO
-------
Table 17 (Continued)
PSISICAL-CHEMICAL DATA FROM RECEIVING HATER STATIONS - HORTH POINT PLANT
1S-24 September 197S
Station Date 9-15
Time 1500-1710
Tidal Stage Flooding
21
Temp. *C surface
bottom
Sal.'/oo surface
bottom
O.O.mg/1 surface
bottom
pH Surface
bottom
Transparency (m)
Depth (m)
23
Temp.'C surface
bottom
Sal.Voo surface
bottom
D.O.mg/1 surface
bottom
pH surface
bottom
Transparency (m)
Depth (m)
25
Temp.°C surface
bottom
Sal."/,,,, surface
bottom
O.O.mg/1 surface
bottom
pH surface
bottom
Transparency (tn)
Depth (m)
27
Temp.°C surface
bottom
Sal.'/o, surface
bottom
D.O.mg/1 surface
bottom
pH . surface
bottom
Transparency (m)
Depth (n)
17.8
16.4
23.1
30.1
5.8
5.0
7.8
7.8
0.6
9.1
17.0
16.0
27.2
30.0
6.2
5.8
7.8
8.0
0.9
15.2
16.2
15.9
29.6
30.6
6.7
6.3
8.4
8.5
1.7
18.3
16.0
.
30.6
-
6.3
-
8.5
.
2.7
18.3
9-16
1345-1515
Ebbing
17.3
17.8
27.3
25.2
5.6
6.8
8.4
8.9
, 0.5
8.2
16.9
17.1
27.0
28.5
6.3
6.9
8.7
8.7
1.4
12.8
16.3
16.1
28.4
28.8
6.8
7.1
8.7
8.9
1.4
12.8
16.3
15.8
29.2
29.2
6.8
7.0
8.9
8.9
1.7
17.7
9-17
1325-1400
Ebbing
17.8
.
22.6
-
5.0
-
7.0
.
. 0.6
-
16.1
.
28.8
-
6.2
.
7.4
.
1.5
-
15.7
.
30.3
.
6.2
.
7.5
.
1.7
•
16.3
.
30.0
-
6.5
-
7.5
.
2.3
*
9-18
1105-1145
Slack
16.4
14.8
28.8
28.7
6.0
5.4
7.4
7.5
1.1
18.3
16.7
15.0
27.3
28.5
6.3
5.7
7.4
7.5
1.7
18.3
16.0
15.4
27.6
28.0
6.0
5.8
7.4
7.5
1.5
18.3
15.0
14.6
28.5
28.8
6.5
6.3
7.5
7.5
2.3
19.8
9-19
1100-1200
Slack
14.9
14.3
28.2
31.0
6.5
6.5
7.5
7.6
1.1
-
15.8
14.5
29.0
30.6
6.2
6.0
7.3
7.7
1.2
-
15.8
15.1
28.8
30.1
5.9
6.4
8.7
n.7
1.4
-
14.7
14.1
30.8
30.5
7.0
6.7
7.7
7.7
2.1
•
•9-20
1105-1200
Flooding
14.5 .
14.6
28.0
29.1
6.6
7.2
7.5
7.7
1.4
10.7
15.6
14.4
28.5
29.7
6.7
7.4
7.6
7.7
1.4
14.6
16.1
14.5
29.0
29.9
6.9
7.2
7.6
7.7
1.4
19.2
14.8
14.4
31.4
30.5
7.1
7.7
7.7
7.7
2.3
18.6
9-21
1100-1148
Flooding
16.0
14.3
25.7
29.2
5.0
6.0
7.5
7.6
1.2
12.5
14.7
14.1
29.8
29.3
5.7
5.8
7.6
7.6
1.4
15.2
14.9
14.1
. 29.8
30.2
5.7
5.9
7.7
1.1
1.7
18.0
14.2
14.3
30.9
31.0
5.9
6.0
7.7
7.7
2.0
18.3
9-22
1040-1140
Flooding
15.3
14.9
29.8
28.6
6.2
6.3
7.7
7.6
1.2
10.4
14.6
14.6
30.5
29.0
6.3
6.2
7.7
7.7
1.5
14.0
14.8
14.6
29.7
30.2
6.1
6.1
7.7
7.7
1.7
16.1
14.6
14.6
29.7
29.7
6.0
6.1
7.7
7.7
2.9
20.4
9-23
1500-1555
Ebbing
16.5
15.5
25.1
28.7
5.5
6.0
7.3
7.8
1.1
13.7
15.5
14.6
28.7
29.0
6.2
6.9
7.7
. 7.8
1.5
13.7
15.7
14.2
28.7
29.4
6.4
5.7
7.8
7.9
2.3
15.2
15.5
14.7
29.7
28.9
7.2
6.2
7.8
7.8
3.2
15.2
9-24
1100-1148
Flooding
17.5
16.0
24.6
27.3
7.0
6.2
7.5
7.5
1.8
10.0
18.0 .
16.7
25.6
27.1
6.7
6.9
7.5
7.5
1.4
10.0
17.0
16,5
26.6
27.8
7.0
7.0
7.6
7.6
2.3
8.2
16.7
16.0
27.0
28.7
7.3
6.8
7.6
7.6
2.6
14.6
Mean
16.4
15.4
26.3
28.7
5.9
6.2
1.1
11.6
16.1
15.2
28.2
29.0
6.3
6.4
1.4
14.2
15.8
15.1
28.8
29.4
6.4
6.4
1.7
15.8
15.4
14.8
29.7
29.7
6.7
6.6
2.4
17.9
\o
co
-------
94
Table 18
DISSOLVED SULFIDES*
NORTH POINT PLANT
September 1975
Station
Number Depth
13
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
27
Surface (<0.5m)
Surface (<0.5m)
12 m
Surface (<0.5m)
12m
Surface (<0.5m)
15m'
Surface (<0.5m)
9m .
Surface (<0.5m)
13m
Surface (<0.5m)
Surface (<0.5m)
Date Sampled
9/15/75
.02
NDft
ND
. ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
9/16/75
.04
.04
.05
.08
.08
.08
.08
.08
.08 '
.08
.08
ND
ND
9/17/75
.01
.01
ND
.01
ND
.01
ND
.01
ND
.01
ND
.01
.01
9/18/75
.02
.02
ND
.01
ND
.01
ND
.02
ND
.02
ND
.02
.01
t Amounts in mg/l
tt None detected
-------
Table 19
BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES
WORTH POINT PLANT AREA
NUMBER OF ORGANISMS PER SQUARE METER
L
Sub-
Phylum Phylum Class Order
Coelenterata
Anthozoa
Platyhelmlnthes
Nematoda
Annelida
Polychaeta
Arthropoda
Crustacea
Malacostraca
Cumacea
Amphlpoda
Isopoda
Thoraclca
Mollusca
Pelecypoda
Gastropoda
Number of Taxa
Number of Organisms
Genus
Family Species
\
Dlopatra sp.
Pectinaria
californiensls
Caprella sp.
Orchestoldea spp.
Balanus sp.
Cardium corbis
Macoma secta
67 66
5114
15 2557
7439
465
15 4184
1161
2 6
30 20,920
Station Number
14 16 18 22 22A 26
15
961
62 31 .30
294 170 31
77 15
108
341 15
1425 1302
15
31
33351 2
712 108 1,471 1,269 30 1,333
68 69
15 46
15
15
2 2
30 61
10
01
-------
96
Table 20
IRON ANALYSES, SOUTHEAST PLANT
Date
9/17
9/18
•
9/19
Time
0900
1100
1300
1500
1700
1900
2100
2300
0900
1100
1300
1500
1700
1900
2100
2300
0900
1100
1300
1500
1700
1900
2100
2300
After Iron
Addition
13.7
13.0
14.5
16.0
14.5
12.6
14.0
13.1
15.3
15.1
18.1
15.0
14.2
13.5
14.4
13.4
14.4
17.1
15.5
15.2
24.3
14.3
13.2
14.7
Iron (mq/1)
Before Iron
Addition
2.50
2.97
2.90
3.27
2.87
2.08
2.13
1.61
4.03
3.63
8.57
3.37
2.40
2.02
2.36
1.58
3.13
5.58
3.27
3.04
15.2
2.62
1.86
1.60
Amount of Iron
Added
11.20
10.03
11.60
12.73
11.66
10.52
11.87
11.49
11.27
11.47
9.53
11.63
11.80
11.48
12.04
11.82
11.27
11.52
12.23
12.16
9.10
11.68
11.34
13.10
Avg = 11.44f
t 11.44 mg/l iron is equivalent to 33.26 mg/l ferric chloride
-------
Table 21
IN-PLANT SURVEY RESULTS - SOUTHEAST PLANT
Date
9/17
9/18
9/19
Time
0400
0800
1200
1600
2000
2400
24-hr
Composite
0400
0800
1200
1600
2000
2400
24-hr
Composite
0400
0800
1200
1600
2000
2400
24-hr
Composite
Effluent
Settleable Solids
(ml/1)
0.1
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
Trace
0,3
-
0.2
0.1
0.2
Trace
0.3
0.3
-
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.1 .
_
-
-
pH Influent
6.4
6.4
6.3
6.4
6.4
6=3
240
6.3
• 6.5
6.4
6.4
6.5
6.3
350
6.1
6.5
6.6
6.4
6.5
6.5
910
Suspended Solids
Return Effluent % Removal
(mg/0
.
730 92 62
730 59 84
600 68 93
(0
-------
98
Table 22
SELF-MONITORING DATA - SOUTHEAST PLANT
Date
1975
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Settleable Solids
(ml/1)
Avg. of 6/Day
Min.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
•-
Avg.
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.05
0.03
0.04
-
Max.
0.30
0.21
0.22
0.18
0.13
0.22
0.25
0.82
-
Min.
5.9
4.7
4.9
6.5
6.0
6.2
6.3
5.8
- .
PH
Avg.
6.6
6.2
6.5
6.7
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.6
Suspended Solids
Removal
(%)
Max.
7.5
7.7
6.9
7.2
6.7
6.7
6.8
6.8
-
Min.
21
35
0
37
40
15
21
28
43
Avg.
62
52
47
57
65
58
58
59
64
Max.
80
68
80
77
82
79
77
80
84
-------
Table 23
RESIDUAL CHLORINE CONCENTRATION
SOUTHEAST PLANT EFFLUENT AND RECEIVING WATERS
September 1975
99
Station Residual C12
Number Station Description Date (mg/1 )
01 Southeast Plant Effluent at 9/16/75
Booster-pump wet well . 9/17/75
9/18/75
9/19/75
9/20/75
9/21/75
9/22/75
9/23/75
9/24/75
03 San Francisco Bay, at the end 9/15/75
of the Army Street Terminal 9/16/75
9/17/75
9/18/75
9/19/75
9/20/75
' 9/21/75
9/22/75
9/23/75
9/24/75
05 San Francisco Bay, approximately 9/15/75
.200 meters offshore at the end of 9/16/75
the Army Street Terminal 9/17/75
9/18/75
9/19/75
9/20/75
9/21/75
9/22/75
, 9/23/75
9/24/75
3.3
5.5
7.2
5.7
3.3
4.9
6.6
7.2
4.9
NDf
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
<1 .0
<1 .0
<1.0
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
<1.0
<1 .0
<1.0
t None Detected
-------
Table 24
SUMMARY OF BACTERIAL DENSITIES
SOUTHEAST PLANT EFFLUENT AND RECEIVING WATERS
September 1975
Station Station
No.
Description Number of Total Conforms
Samples Maximum Minimum
Median
Geometric
Mean
No. Samples
>1 0,000/1 00 ml
(MPN/lOOml)
Fecal Conforms
Maximum Minimum
Median
Geometric
Mean
Ho,
Sam;
>400/
)les
' 100ml
(MPN/lOOml)
01 Southeast WWTP at
Booster -Pumpf
10
>"2,400,000 20
3,500ft 3,800
4+tt
1,600,000 <20
60
31
N/A
03 San Francisco Bay, 10 330 11 85 65
at the end of the
Army Street Terminal
05 San Francisco Bay, 10 1,600 22 79 120
approx. 200 meters
offshore at the end
of the Army Street
Terminal.
07 San Francisco Bay, 10 280 5 64 54
approx. 400 meters
offshore of the Army
Street Terminal
09 San Francisco Bay, 9 130 <2 23 21
approx. 1000 meters
offshore of the Army
Street Terminal
330
920 <2
140
79
<2
<2
10 13
11 14
11 10
,tnt
t Salmonella enteritidis ser Derby isolated
tt Violation of NPDES Permit limit for total aoliform bacteria, median value of 240/100 ml
ttt Violation of NPDES Permit limit for total aoliform bacteria, single sample maximan of 10,000/100 ml
tttt Violation of Water Quality Control Plan for fecal coliform bacteria, single sample maximum of 400/100 ml
O
o
-------
Table 25
ACUTE TOXICITY OF SOUTHEAST PLANT EFFLUENT
AND ASSOCIATED CHEMICAL DATA
15-21 September 1975
Parameter
Effluent Concentrations
100%
Series #1
pH (Units)
Dissolved Oxygen
Temperature (°C)
Residual Chlorine
Salinity (ppt)
% Survival
at 24 hours
48 hours
72 hours
96 hours
Series #2
fiU t \ In -1 *o \
pn lumts;
Dissolved Oxygen
Temperature (°C)
Residual Chlorine
Salinity (ppt)
X Survival
at 24 hours
48 hours
72 hours
96 hours
Series #3
pH (Units)
Dissolved Oxygen
Temperature (°C)
Residual Chlorine
Salinity
% Survival
at 24 hours
48 hours
72 hours
96 hours
t Average values in mg/l.
tt Letters A and B signify
A
7.6-8.1
6.6
17.0
3.1
<14
100
30
0
0
79 7 9
.£-/.£
8.5
17.0
6.2
<14
all dead
0
0
0
0
7.7-7.7
6.8
19.5
8.3
<14
all dead
0
0
0
0
Btf
7.8-8.1
6.3
17.0
• 100
80
10
0
7979
•C-/.C
8.5
17.0
In 1/2 hour
0
0
0
0
_
6.8
19.5
1n 20 m1n.
0
0
0
0
66%
A .
7.2-7.4
7.1
16.8
100
100
100
100
7070
.£-/. £.
16.0
all dead
0
0
0
0
6.9-6.9
7.1
19.5
all dead
0
0
0
0
B
7.5-7.8
7.0
16.8
100
100
100
100
7979
• t-/ . C.
16.0
in 4 hours
0
0
0
0
_
7.1
19.5
1n 2 hrs.
0
0
0
0
33%
•A
7.2-8.0
7.4
16.5
100
100
100
100
_
16.0
8 dead
0
0
0
0
7.0-7.0
7.5
19.0
t
all dead
0
0
0
0
B
7.0-7.8
7.4
16.6
100
100
100
100
^ _
16.0
1n 4 hours
0
0
0
0
_
7.5
19.0
In 2 1/2 hr.
0
0
0
0
10%
A
7.3-7.6
6.6
16.5
100
100
ioo
100
79 7 Q
.C-/.O
16.5
100
100
100
100
7.2-7.8
7.0
16.5
100
100
100
90
B
7.4-7.8
7.5
16.6
100
100
100
100
7077
.6-1,1
16.5
100
100
100
100
7.4-7.8
7.2
16.5
100
100
90
90
Control
A
7.0-8.0
7.4
16.4
28.2
100
inn
• \j\j
100
100
8.4
16.3
28.2
100
100
100
100
7.1-7.7
7.1
16.4
28.2
100
100
100
100
B
7.1-7.9
7.3
16.4
100
100
100
100
8.4
16.4
100
100
100
100
7.5-7.6
6.9
16.3
100
100
100
90
range in parentheses, ,
duplicate
bioa.88O.y8.
o
-------
Table 28
PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL DATA FROM RECEIVING HATER STATIONS - SOUTHEAST PLANT
1S-S4 Scpt-mbf-r 107S
Station Date 9-15 9-16
Time 1330-1415 1305-1340
Tidal Stage ebbing ebbing
03
Temp. °C surface
bottom
Sal.Voo surface
bottom
O.O.mg/1 surface
bottom
pH surface
bottom
Transparency (m)
Depth (m)
05
Temp.°C surface
bottom
Sal."/,,, '.urface
bottom
D.O.mg/1 surface
bottom
pH surface
bottom
Transparency (m)
Depth (m)
07
Temp.°C surface
Lot lorn
Sal.°/0» surface
bottom
D.O.mg/1 surface
bottom
pH surface
bottom
Transparency (m)
Depth (m)
09
Temp.°C surface
bottom
Sal."/., surface
bottom
D.O.mg/1 surface
bottom
pH surface
bottom
Transparency (m)
Depth (m)
19.0
19.0
27.0
29.5
6.7
6.4
7.6
7.6
1.2
10.7
19.1
18.0
27.2
28.3
6.5
6.3
7.7
7.7
1.2
12.1
18.2
19.1
28.3
28.3
6.7
6.5
7.7
7.6
1.2
12. T
18.0
.
28.1
27.9
6.5
-
7.6
.
1.5
12.1
17.8
17.8
28.3
27.4
6.1
5.9
8.6
8.5
1.5
12.2
18.2
20.2
28.2
26.0
5.4
6.0
8.5
8.5
1.5
12.2
17.5
10.2
28.1
27.0
5.8
6.2
8.5
8.7
1.4
11.3
17.2
17.8
27.5
27.9
6.2
6.0
8.7
8.5
1.4
12.2
9-17
1214-1315
slack
16.7
17.2
28.9
23.7
6.3
6.4
7.6
7.5
2.0
10.7
16.7
17.6
28.5
24.6
6.1
6.2
7.6
7.5
2.0
13.7
16.9
10.0
28.9
25.0
5.9
6.2
7.5
7.4
1.7
12.8
17.0
17.0
28.1
26.4
6.4
6.4
7.5
7.4
1.7
12.8
9-18
1020-1050
flooding
15.9
16.0
29.3
30.0
6.2
5.7
7.4
7.6
1.7
12.2
16.2
14.6
28.0
29.0
5.7
5.7
7.4
7.5
1.5
12.2
16.1
16.2
27.8
28.8
5.8
5.2
7.4
7.4
1.5
12.2
16.0
16.0
28.0
28.2
5.8
5.2
7.4
7.5
1.4
12.2
9-19
1000-1035
flooding
16.2
16.2
30.0
29.2
7.6
7.4
7.5
7.5
1.4
-
15.3
16.3
29.7
29.0
6.9
6.6
7.5
8.2
1.4
-
16.1
16.0
28.3
28.4
7.0
7.0
7.5
8.2
1.7
-
15.8
15.9
29.3
26.8
6.8
6.7
8.2
8.2
2.0
~
9-20
1020-1050
flooding
16.3
16.0
30.1
28.8
6.8
7.5
7.5
7.5
1.5
13.7
16.1
16.0
29.5
28.5
7.5
7.2
7.5
7.5
1.4
12.2
16.1
16.2
29.5
27.5
7.2
7.2
7.5
7.6
1.4
11.3
16.1
15.7
29.1
27.8
7.2
7.5
7.6
7.6
1.7
9.4
9-21
1020-1035
flooding
16.4
16.0
29.7
28.1
5.6
5.7
7.6
7.6
1.1
13.7
16.3
16.0
29.7
28.2
5.7
5.7
7.6
7.6
1.4
12.2
16.2
15.6
29.5
27.8
5.8
5.8
7.6
7.6
1.4
11.9
16.0
15.9
29.4
27.2
5.8
5.9
7.6
7.6
1.5
11.6
9-22
1000-1023
flooding
16.1
16.0
29.4
27.9
6.1
6.1
7.5
7.6
1.2
12.5
16.2
16.2
29.7
27.9
6.2
6.2
7.6
7.6
1.4
11.0
16.2
16.0
29.8
29.3
6.3
6.3
7.6
7.6
1.4
11.6
15.9
16.0
30.0
26.0
6.2
6.2
7.6
7.6
1.7
10.0
9-23
1405-1435
flooding
18.3
16.0
27.1
26.6
6.7
6.5
7.2
7.6
0.8
12.8
17.5
17.6
27.6
27.0
6.9
7.0
7.3
7.6
0.9
13.7
17.3
17.3
27.3
25.9
6.7
5.4
7.5
7.4
1.7
9.8
16.5
.16.5
28.5
27.3
6.5
6.0
7.4
7.7
2.3
12.2
9-24
1025-1047
flooding
18.7
18.6
27.2
26.8
6.8
6.7
7.7
8.1
1.4
10.7
18.6
17.5
28.7
26.2
6.9
6.8
7.5
7.6
1.2
11.0
17.9
17.6
28.6
27.5
6.7
6.7
7.6
7.6
1.7
11.6
17.7
17.5
28.0
27.3
6.5
6.7
7.6
7.6
1.8
10.0
Mean
17.1
16.8
28.7
27.8
6.5
6.4
1.4
12.1
16.9
17.0
28.7
27.5
6.4
6.4
1.4
12.3
16.8
17.0
28.6
27.5
6.4
6.2
1.5
11.6
16.6
16.5
28.6
27.2
6.4
6.3
1.9
11.4
o
ro
-------
103
Table 27
DISSOLVED SULFIDES*
SOUTHEAST PLANT
September 1975
Station
Number
3
4
5
6
7
8
Depth
Surface (<0.5m)
11 m
Surface (<0.5m)
12 m
Surface (<0.5m)
12 m
9/15/75
.01
.01
.01
.02
.01
.02
Date SampJ
9/16/75
.01
.01
.02
.02
.01
.02
ed
9/17/75
ND1"1"
.01
ND
.01
ND
9/18/75
.01
ND
.01
ND
.02
ND
t Amounts in mg/1
tt Hone detected
-------
Table 28
BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES
SOUTHEAST PLANT AREA
NU14BER OF ORGANISMS PER SQUARE METER
Phylum
Sub-
Phylum Class Order
Platyhelminthes
Nematoda
Annelida
Polychaeta
Genus
Family Species 65
77
Errantia sp.
Nereis sp.
Pectinaria
californlensls
64 89
93 270
1,611
123
Station Number
86 87
108
31 108
88 61
62
743
15
62
154
15
63
2,169
1,038
Arthropoda
Crustacea
Malacostraca
Cumacea
Amphipoda
Orchestoidea spp.
929
5,548 11,903 6.153 8,012 4,215 1,100 3,781 41,272
Decapoda
Thoradca
Mollusca
Pelecypoda
Number of Taxa
Number of Organisms
Un. sp.
Cancer antennarius
Cancer magister
•Balanus sp.
Cardium corbis
Ma coma secta
Macrocallista sp.
Mytilus sp.
Protothaca sp.
46
31
15
4
169
185 15 46
108 805 . 150 77 2,603 914 31 1,239
62
310
3 6 54 4356
5,749 14,897 6,457 8,259 7,623 2,029 4,027 46,962
-------
105
APPENDIX B
METHODS
-------
106
METHODS
IN-PLANT SURVEY
Sample locations at Richmond-Sunset, North Point and Southeast
Water Pollution Control Plants were selected so that the efficiency of
removal of suspended solids could be determined. Samples of the influent
and effluent were collected every 2 hours and composited over 24 hours
according to flow. Sampling at all plants began at 0100 hours on 17
September 1975 and was concluded at 2300 hours on 19 September 1975.
All composited wastewater samples were returned under chain-of-custody
procedures [Appendix C] to the NEIC laboratories in Denver, Colorado for
suspended solids analysis. Suspended solids were determined by the
procedure described in the EPA Manual (1974).13
Every 4 hours during the in-plant surveys, a grab sample of the
final effluent was taken (downstream from the point at which chlorine
was added). Temperature, pH and settleable solids concentration were
determined at the site on each of these samples. Temperature, as meas-
ured with a standard centigrade thermometer, was determined for the sole
.purpose of calibrating the pH meters. Settleable solid determinations
were made according to procedures described in Standard Methods.11
Richmond-Sunset Plant
With the help of the plant staff, a 90° weir box was installed in
the discharge channel of the first stage elutriation tank. This in-
stallation enabled calculation of the volume of the elutriate being re-
turned to the main stream. Based on this calculation, a daily flow-
proportional sample of the elutriation return was taken every 2 hours
from 0100 on 17 September to 2300 on 19 September.
-------
107
A representative daily composite sample of the thickening tank
supernatant was collected by taking a 25 ml grab sample when pumping
first began and another 25 ml grab sample as the level in the thickening
tank dropped 15 cm (6 in). This procedure of collecting a 25 ml sample
every 15 cm was continued until pumping was stopped. This sampling
procedure was followed every other time the pumping of supernatant was
initiated.
North Point Plant
As part of the North Point plant treatment process, ferric chloride
and an anionic polymer were added to the main stream from 0700 to 2400
hours each day during the survey. During the time the chemicals were
o
added, approximately 9,265 m /day (1,700 gpm) of Bay water was added to
the influent to enhance the effect of the chemicals. According to the
chief chemist of the North Point plant, the pumping rate of chemicals
was flow-controlled and the pumps and controls were set to maintain a
ferric chloride addition rate of 15 mg/1 (as FeCl-J. Grab samples of
the influent and of the flow as it entered the east sump (after Fed-
addition) were taken every 2 hours in pre-acidified bottles and sent to
the NEIC laboratories for iron analysis. The purpose of this procedure
was to enable measurement of how closely the chemical addition rate was
being controlled. Total iron was determined by the Atomic Absorption
procedure described in the EPA Manual (1974).13
Southeast Plant
At the Southeast plant, ferric chloride and an anionic polymer were
added to the main stream 24 hours per day. The control equipment was
set to maintain the ferric chloride addition rate at 30 mg/1 (as Fed-).
*5
Grab samples 'of influent and of the main stream as it entered the grit
tank were taken every 2 hours from 0900 to 2300 in pre-acidified bottles
and returned to the NEIC laboratories for iron analysis.
-------
108
To determine the contribution of suspended solids in the sludge
handling return stream, a flow-proportional composite sample was taken
every 2 hours. The flow rate was determined by measuring the depth of
flow in the return pipe and determining its velocity at quarter-points
with a Marsh-McBirney* flow meter.
BACTERIOLOGY
Analysis of total and fecal coliform bacteria were performed using
the most probable number procedure according to standard techniques.11
Using aseptic techniques, all samples were collected in sterile bottles
prepared by the accepted procedure.
Sampling for Salmonella involved two separate procedures. For
effluent sampling, sterile gauze pads were placed in the discharge for
3-5 days. The pads were retrieved aseptically, placed in sterile
plastic bags, chilled and transported to the laboratory within 3 hours
for analyses. In the case of receiving water samples, large volume
samples (30 liters) were collected aseptically according to accepted
procedures.
There is no standard procedure for the detection of Salmonella in
surface waters. The methods employed by NEIC are a combination of those
present in Standard Methods11 and methods developed by the NEIC bac-
teriology staff. Large volume samples were vacuum filtered through
sterile Balston* Grade AA micro-fiber filter tube elements in sterile
Balston filter assemblies. After filtration, the filter elements were
shredded aseptically. Filter emulsions and gauze pads were placed in
containers of selective enrichment media consisting of dulcitol-selenite
broth and incubated at 41.5°C (107°F). On each of four successive days,
the growths in the enrichment media containing the pads or the filter
Mention of brand names does not imply endorsement by EPA.
-------
109
emulsions were streaked onto selective plates of xylose-lysine-
deoxycholate agar. After a 24-hour incubation period at 35°C (95°F) the
plates were examined for colonies with characteristics typical of
Salmonella. Typical colonies were picked from the plates and subjected
to biochemical and serological identification.
BIOASSAY
The static bioassay was used to test toxicity response of the
threespine stickleback (25-35 mm, total length) to dilutions of the San
Francisco wastewater treatment plant effluents.
Test organisms were obtained from the Alex Fish Company, San
Rafael, California. The bioassays were short term (96-hour) tests which
measured acute toxicity by means of percent survival. The procedure
used in these tests is described in Standard Methods for the Examination
of Water and Wastewater.i:l
Before the start of the bioassay, each container was filled with
fresh San Francisco Bay water collected near shore at the Presidio, and
a volume of effluent sample was added to selected containers to produce
the desired dilution. A typical bioassay contained a control and four
effluent dilutions in duplicate. Three consecutive replicates were
tested.
Once the proper dilutions had been prepared, ten test fish were
carefully transferred from the large holding tank into each 8-liter
glass test aquarium. Next the pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, re-
sidual chlorine and salinity were measured in each aquarium. These
parameters, with the exception of residual chlorine and salinity, were
measured daily and recorded as were the number of surviving fish. At
-------
no
each check all dead specimens were removed. If the dissolved oxygen was
below 5.0 mg/1 at the start of a test or during a test, aeration was
begun.
The LC50 values were estimated using graphic interpolation.
CHEMISTRY
With the exception of dissolved oxygen, all field measurements of
the receiving waters were made aboard the survey vessels. Dissolved
oxygen analyses were performed with a galvanic DO probe in the field
laboratory and routinely checked by Winkler titrations. Methods of
analyses conformed to those prescribed in Standard Methods.11
An inductive-conductive instrument combined with a Wheatstone
bridge-type thermocouple was used for salinity and temperature determina-
tions. The pH meters used were glass electrode type and were frequently
calibrated with standard buffer solutions.
Samples for residual chlorine were performed at the NEIC Mobile
Laboratory by the lodimetric method described in Standard Methods.ll
Samples for total sulfide concentration were analyzed at the NEIC
Mobile Laboratory by the Methylene Blue Photometric Method described in
Standard Methods. 1*
OYSTER EXPOSURE TESTS
Seed and yearling oysters (Crassostrea gigas) were collected from a
commercial shellfish grower at Drakes Estero, California. These Pacific
oysters were used for the exposure studies conducted in San Francisco
Bay during October 1975.
-------
Ill
Five to seven clusters of yearling oysters and three to four cultch
shells containing seed oysters were strung on a wire or nylon line;
oyster clusters were separated by a piece of hard plastic tubing (about
10 cm or 4 in long). At selected stations, the line-strung clusters of
oysters were suspended so the oysters were submerged 1 to 3 m (3 to
10 ft) underwater. After 5-1/2 days of exposure (considered to be the
minumum time required for juvenile oysters to respond to environmental
conditions), the oysters were retrieved and examined to determine
mortality. Also, the yearling oysters were shucked to inspect the
texture and odor of the tissues.
BENTHOS
At Land's End near the Richmond-Sunset discharge, qualitative
benthos collections were made by hand-sampling. Station 32 consisted of
a transect directly offshore from and parallel to the discharge. Here,
divers examined all available habitats and collected invertebrates by
hand. Organisms collected at Station 32 were preserved in 90% ethanol.
Stations 30, 70, 71 and 72 were located in the intertidal zone from the
discharge northeast. In this area, divers waded into the surf, examined
all available habitats, and collected organisms by hand. Benthos
samples from the Land's End intertidal zone were preserved in 10%
formalin solutions.
Quantitative samples of benthic invertebrates were collected in the
areas of the North Point and Southeast plant discharges. At these lo-
cations, sediments were raised from the bottom by a Petersen grab,
deposited in a bucket, and examined for consistency, and the presence or
absence of sludge. Samples were then washed through a U.S. Standard No.
30 sieve, and retained organisms and debris were preserved in the 10%
formalin solutions.
-------
112
In the laboratory, benthic samples were examined, separated from
debris, sorted, identified and counted. Densities of benthic organisms
were expressed as numbers of organisms per square meter.
SEDIMENTS
In the vicinity of the Southeast plant outfall, sediment samples
were collected by divers using transparent coring tubes, 3 cm (1.1 in)
in diameter. The top 10 cm (4 in) of sediment was removed from the
core, examined, and preserved on wet ice.
-------
113
APPENDIX C
CHAIN OF CUSTODY PROCEDURES
-------
114
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office Of Enforcement
NATIONAL ENFORCEMENT INVESTIGATIONS CENTER
Building 53, Box 25227, Denver Federal Center
Denver, Colorado 80225
July 24, 1974
CHAIN OF CUSTODY PROCEDURES
General:
The evidence gathering portion of a survey should be characterized by the
minimum number of samples required to give a fair representation of the
effluent or water body from which taken. To the extent possible, the quan-
tity of samples and sample locations will be determined prior to the survey.
Chain of Custody procedures must be followed to maintain the documentation
necessary to trace sample possession from the time taken until the evidence
is introduced into court. A sample is in your "custody" if:
1. It is in your actual physical possession, or
2. It is in your view, after being in your physical possession, or
3. It was in your physical possession and then you locked it up in
a manner so that no one could tamper with it.
All survey participants will receive a copy of the survey study plan and will
be knowledgeable of its contents prior to the survey. A pre-survey briefing
will be held to re-appraise all participants of the survey objectives,, sample
locations and Chain of Custody procedures. After all Chain of Custody samples
are collected, a de-briefing will be held in the field to determine adherence
to Chain of Custody procedures and whether additional evidence type samples
are required.
Sample Collection:
1. To the maximum extent achievable, as few people as possible should
handle the sample.
2. Stream and effluent samples shall be obtained, using standard field
sampling techniques.
3. Sample tags (Exhibit I) shall be securely attached to the sample
container at the time the complete sample is collected and shall
contain, at a minimum, the following information: station number,
station location, date taken, time taken, type of sample, sequence
number (first sample of the day - sequence No. 1, second sample -
sequence No. 2, etc.), analyses required and samplers. The tags
must be legibly filled out in ballpoint (waterproof ink).
-------
115
Chain of Custody Procedures (Continued)
Sample Collection (Continued)
4. Blank samples shall also be taken with preservatives which will
be analyzed by the laboratory to exclude the possibility of
container or preservative contamination.
5. A pre-printed, bound Field Data Record logbook shall be main-
tained to record field measurements and other pertinent infor-
mation necessary to refresh the sampler's memory in the event
he later takes the stand to testify regarding his action's
during the evidence gathering activity. A separate set of field
notebooks shall be maintained for each survey and stored in a
safe place where they could be protected and accounted for at
all times. Standard formats (Exhibits II and III) have been
.established to minimize field entries and include the date, time,
survey, type of samples taken, volume of each sample, type of
analysis, sample numbers, preservatives, sample location and
field measurements such as temperature, conductivity, DO, pH,
flow and any other pertinent information or observations. The
entries shall be signed by the field sampler. The preparation
and conservation of the field logbooks during the survey will
be the responsibility of the survey coordinator. Once the
survey is complete, field logs will be retained by the survey
coordinator, or his designated representative, as a part of the
permanent record.
6.. The field sampler is responsible for the care and custody of the
samples collected until properly dispatched to the receiving lab-
oratory or turned over to an assigned custodian. He must assure
that each container is in his physical possession or in his view
at all times, or locked in such a place and manner that no one can
tamper with it.
7. Colored slides or photographs should be taken which would visually
show the outfall sample location and any water pollution to sub-
stantiate any conclusions of the investigation. Written documenta-
tion on the back -of the photo should include the signature of the
photographer, time, date and site location. Photographs of this
nature, which may be used as evidence, shall also be handled
recognizing Chain of Custody procedures to prevent alteration.
Transfer of Custody and Shipment:
1. Samples will be accompanied by a Chain of Custody Record which
includes the name of the survey, samplers signatures, station
number, station location, date, time, type of sample, sequence
number, number of containers and analyses required (Fig. IV).
When turning over the possession of samples, the transferor and
transferee will sign, date and time the sheet. This record sheet
-------
116
Chain of Custody Procedures (Continued)
allows transfer of custody of a group of samples in the field,
to the mobile laboratory or when samples are dispatched to the
NFIC - Denver laboratory. When transferring a portion of the
samples identified on the sheet to the field mobile laboratory,
the individual samples must be noted in the column with the
signature of the person relinquishing the samples. The field
laboratory person receiving the samples will acknowledge receipt
by signing in the appropriate column.
2. The field custodian or field sampler, if a custodian has not
been assigned, will have the responsibility of properly pack-
aging and dispatching samples to the proper laboratory for
analysis. The "Dispatch" portion of the Chain of Custody Record
shall be properly filled out, dated, and signed.
3. Samples will be properly packed in shipment containers such as
ice chests, to avoid breakage. The shipping containers will be
padlocked for shipment to the receiving laboratory.
4. All packages will be accompanied by the Chain of Custody Record
showing identification of the contents. The original will accom-
pany the shipment, and a copy will be retained by the survey
coordinator.
5. If sent by mail, register the package with return receipt request-
ed. If sent by common carrier, a Government Bill of Lading should
be obtained. Receipts from post offices and bills of lading will
be retained as part of the permanent Chain of Custody documentation.
6. If samples are delivered to the laboratory when appropriate person-
nel are. not there to receive them, the samples must be locked in
a designated area within the laboratory in a manner so that no
one can tamper with them. The same person must then return to the
laboratory and unlock the samples and deliver custody to the
appropriate custodian.
Laboratory Custody. Procedures:
1. The laboratory shall designate a "sample custodian." An alternate
will be designated in his absence. In addition, the laboratory
shall set aside a "sample storage security area." This should be
a clean, dry, isolated room which can be securely locked from the
outside.
2. All samples should be handled by the minimum possible number of
persons.
3. All incoming samples shall be received only by the custodian, who
will indicate receipt by signing the Chain of Custody Record She'et
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117
Chain of Custody Procedures (Continued)
accompanying the samples and retaining the sheet as permanent
records. Couriers picking up samples at the airport, post
office, etc. shall sign jointly with the laboratory custodian.
4. Immediately upon receipt, the custodian will place the sample
in the sample room, which will be locked at all times except
when samples are removed or replaced by the custodian. To the
maximum extent possible, only the custodian should be permitted
in the sample room.
5. The custodian shall ensure that heat-sensitive or light-sensitive
samples, or other sample materials having unusual physical
characteristics, or requiring special handling, are properly
stored and maintained.
6. Only the custodian will distribute samples to personnel who are
to perform tests.
7. The analyst will record in his laboratory notebook or analytical
worksheet, identifying information describing the sample, the
procedures performed and the results of the testing. The notes
shall be dated and indicate who performed the tests. The notes
shall be retained as a permanent record in the laboratory and
should note any abnormalities which occurred during the testing
procedure. In the event that the person who performed the tests
is not available as a witness at time of trial, the government
may be able to introduce the notes in evidence under the Federal
Business Records Act.
8. Standard methods of laboratory analyses shall be used as described
in the "Guidelines Establishing Test Procedures for Analysis of
Pollutants," 38 F.R. 28758, October 16, 1973. If laboratory
personnel deviate from standard procedures, they should be prepared
to justify their decision during cross-examination.
9. Laboratory personnel are responsible for the care and custody of
the sample once it is handed over to them and should be prepared
to testify that the sample was in their possession and view or
secured in the laboratory at all times from the moment it was
received from the custodian until the tests were run.
10. Once the sample testing is completed, the unused portion of the
sample together with all identifying tags and laboratory records,
should be returned to the custodian. The returned tagged sample
will be retained in the sample room until it is required for trial.
Strip charts and other documentation of work will also be turned
over to the custodian.
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118
Chain of Custody Procedures (Continued)
11. Samples, tags and laboratory records of tests may be destroyed
only upon the order of the laboratory director, who will first
confer with the Chief, Enforcement Specialist Office, to make
certain that the information is no longer required or the samples
have deteriorated.
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119
EXHIBIT I
EPA, NATIONAL ENFORCEMENT INVESTIGATIONS CENTER
Station No.
Date
Time
Sequence No.
Station Location
.Metals
_Oil and Grease
_D.O.
.Bact.
.Other
Samplers:
.Grab
.Comp.
Remarks / Preservative:
Front
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF ENFORCEMENT
NATIONAL ENFORCEMENT INVESTIGATIONS CENTER
BUILDING 53, BOX 25227, DENVER FEDERAL CENTER
DENVER, COLORADO 80225
Back
-------
EXHIBIT II
FOR
SURVEY, PHASE.
DATE
TYPE OF SAMPLE.
ANALYSES REQUIRED
STATION
NUMBER
STATION DESCRIPTION
TOTAL VOLUME
TYPE CONTAINER
PRESERVATIVE
NUTRIENTS I
O
O
CO
Q
O
u
o
o
to
0
6
i/j
<
o
SUSPENDED SOLIDS]
ALKALINITY |
O
0
*
X
Q.
CONDUCTIVITY' J
TEMPERATURE' |
TOTAL COLIFORM |
•
FECAI. COLIFORM |
TURBIDITY J
UJ
to
<
UJ
Q£
O
Q
z
<
6
METALS |
U
<
m
•
PESTICIDES |
ca
en
LU
X
•
TRACE ORGANICS |
PHENOL . |
CYANIDE |
REMARKS _
ro
o
-------
Samplers:
FIELD DATA REC
STATION
•
NUMBER
DATE
TIME
TEMPERATURE
°C
ORD
CONDUCTIVITY
p. mhos/cm
pH
S.U.
D.O.
mg/1
Gage H».
or Flow
Ft. or CFS
ro
-------
EXHIBIT IV
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office Of Enforcement
NATIONAL ENFORCEMENT INVESTIGATIONS CENTER
Building 53, Box 25227, Denver Federal Center
Denver, Colorado 80225
CHAIN OF CUSTODY RECORD
122
SURVEY
STATION
NUMBER
STATION LOCATION
DATE
Relinquished by: (Signature;
Relinquished by: (signature)
Relinquished by: (Signature;
Relinquished by: (Signature)
Dispatched by: (Signature;
Method of Shipment:
Date/
TIME
SAMPLERS: (Signature;
SAMPLE TYPE
Water
Comp.
Grab.
Air
SEO.
NO.
NO. OF
CONTAINERS
ANALYSIS
REQUIRED
•
Received by: (Signature)
Received by: (Signature;
Received by: (Signature;
Received by Mobile Laboratory for field
analysis: (Signature;
'Time
Received for Laboratory by:
Date/Time
Date/Time
Date/Time
Date/Time
>
Date/Time
Distribution: Orig.—Accompany Shipment
1 Copy—Survey Coordinator Field Files
GPO 854 - 809
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