EPA 908
,11
1 111J
4
SOUTH DAKOTA
AIR QUALITY
MAINTENANCE AREA
Y
US:ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
REGON ViO
AIR a HAZARDOUS MATERIALS DMSON
DENVER COLORADO 8O295
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35^ fcg 70S Publication No. EPA-908/1-76-010
PEDCo-ENVIRONMENTAL
SUITE13 ATKINSON SQUARE
CINCINNATI. OHIO 45248
513 / 77 1-433O
SOUTH DAKOTA AIR QUALITY MAINTENANCE
AREA ANALYSIS
Prepared by
PEDCO-ENVIRONMENTAL SPECIALISTS, INC,
Suite 13, Atkinson Square
Cincinnati, Ohio 45246
Contract No. 68-02-1375
Task Order No. 19
EPA Project Officer: David Kircher
Prepared for
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Region VIII
Air Planning and Operations Section
Denver, Colorado 80203
June 1976
BRANCH OFFICES
Suite 110, Crown Center Suite 104-A, Professional Village
Kenu« City, Mo. 64108 Chapel Hill, N.C. 27514
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This report is issued by the Environmental Protection Agency to
report technical data of interest to a limited number of readers.
Copies are available free of charge - as supplies permit - from
the Air and Hazardous Material Division, Region VIII, Environmental
Protection Agency, Denver, Colorado 80295, or may be obtained for
a nominal cost, from the National Technical Information Service,
5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22151.
This report was furnished to the Environmental Protection Agency
by PEDCo-Environmental Specialists, Inc., Suite 13, Atkinson Square,
Cincinnati, Ohio 45246, in fulfillment of Contract No. 68-02-1375.
The contents of this report are reproduced herein as received from
the contractor. The opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed
are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Environmental
Protection Agency.
Publication No. EPA-908/1-76-010
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This report was prepared for the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency and the South Dakota Department of Envi-
ronmental Protection by PEDCo-Environmental Specialists,
Inc. Mr. Kenneth Axetell was the PEDCo project manager.
The principal author of this report was Mr. Stephen Walsh.
Mr. David Kircher was the project officer for the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. Mr. Roger Stead was the
principal contact with the South Dakota Department of
Environmental Protection. The author is appreciative of
their assistance and cooperation.
11
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CONTENTS
Page
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. SUMMARY 6
3. BLACK HILLS AQMA 11
Analysis Area 11
Methodology 14
Modeling 14
Location of Sources 17
Meteorology 19
EmissionsBase Year and Projected 19
Point Sources 20
Area Sources 22
Base Year Air Quality and Model Verification 29
Projected Air Quality 34
4. SIOUX FALLS AQMA 36
Analysis Area 36
Methodology 40
Modeling 40
Location of Sources 41
Stack Parameters 44
Meteorology 44
Receptor Locations 46
Background Air Quality 46
EmissionsBase Year and Projected 48
Point Sources 49
Area Sources 51
Base Year Air Quality and Model Verification 54
111
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Projected Air Quality 60
Short-term TSP Analysis 67
APPENDICES
A POINT SOURCE DATA FOR MINNEHAHA AND PENNINGTON 70
COUNTIES AND AQDM SOURCE INPUT DATA
B RAPID CITY GRID EMISSIONS AND EMISSION DENSITY 79
ESTIMATES
C SOUTH DAKOTA PARTICULATE AIR QUALITY DATA 90
D EMISSION FACTORS APPLIED TO MICROINVENTORY 92
ANALYSES OF FUGITIVE DUST SOURCES
REFERENCES 94
IV
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FIGURES
No. Page
1-1 Location of South Dakota AQMA's 2
3-1 Black Hills AQMA and Analysis Area 12
3-2 Rapid City Area Source Grids and Sampler Locations 16
3-3 Rapid City Point Source Locations 18
3-4 Location of Hi-Vol Sites and Microinventory Areas 31
in Rapid City
3-5 Particulate Emission Density versus Measured Air 33
Quality for South Dakota Hi-Vol Sites
4-1 Sioux Falls AQMA 37
4-2 Sioux Falls AQMA Modeling Area 39
4-3 Sioux Falls Analysis Area; Area Source Grid System 42
4-4 Sioux Falls Point Source Locations 43
4-5 Sioux Falls Analysis Area; Receptor Locations 47
4-6 Sioux Falls Analysis Area; Five Maximum Receptor 63
Locations
4-7 Sioux Falls Area 1974 Annual Geometric Mean 64
Particulate Concentrations,
4-8 Sioux Falls Area 1980 Annual Geometric Mean 65
Particulate Concentrations,
4-9 Sioux Falls Area 1985 Annual Geometric Mean 66
Particulate Concentrations,
v
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TABLES
No. Paqe
1-1 National Ambient Air Quality Standards 3
for Particulates
3-1 Point Source Emissions in the Rapid City 21
Analysis Area
3-2 Area Source Particulate Emissions for 23
Pennington County
3-3 Apportioning Factors by Source Category 25
3-4 Emissions by Grid and Source Category 26
in the Analysis Area, 1974
3-5 Emissions by Grid and Source Category 27
in the Analysis Area, 1980
3-6 Emissions by Grid and Source Category 28
in the Analysis Area, 1985
3-7 Rapid City Particulate Emission Density and 35
Predicted Air Quality
3-8 Rapid City Source Contribution to Grids in 35
Violation of Particulate NAAQS
4-1 Source Stack Parameters 45
4-2 Point Source Emissions in the Sioux Falls 50
Modeling Area
4-3 Area Source Particulate Emissions for Minnehaha 52
and Lincoln Counties
4-4 Apportioning Factors by Source Category 53
4-5 Emissions by Grid and Source Category in 55
the Sioux Falls Modeling Area, 1974
VI
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No. Page
4-6 Emissions by Grid and, Source Category in 56
the Sioux Falls Modeling Area, 1980
4-7 Emissions by Grid and Source Category in 57
the Sioux Falls Modeling Area, 1985
4-8 Comparison of Model-Predicted and Measured 59
Pollutant Concentrations in the Sioux Falls
AQMA Analysis Area, 1974
4-9 Source Contribution Table, 1974 62
A-l Point Source Listing for Minnehaha and 71
Pennington Counties
A-2 Sioux Falls AQMA Air Quality Analysis 78
B-l Rapid City Grid Emissions and Emission Density 80
Estimate, Grid No. 1
B-2 Rapid City Grid Emissions and Emission Density 81
Estimate, Grid No. 2
B-3 Rapid City Grid Emissions and Emission Density 82
Estimate, Grid No. 3
B-4 Rapid City Grid Emissions and Emission Density 83
Estimate, Grid No. 4
B-5 Rapid City Grid Emissions and Emission Density 84
Estimate, Grid No. 5
B-6 Rapid City Grid Emissions and Emission Density 85
Estimate, Grid No. 6
B-7 Rapid City Grid Emissions and Emission Density 86
Estimate, Grid No. 7
B-8 Rapid City Grid Emissions and Emission Density 87
Estimate, Grid No. 8
B-9 Rapid City Grid Emissions and Emission Density 88
Estimate, Grid No. 9
B-10 Rapid City Grid Emissions and Emission Density 89
Estimate, Grid No. 10
C-l South Dakota Particulate Air Quality Data 91
D-l Emission Factors Applied to Microinventory 93
Analyses of Fugitive Dust Sources
vii
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1. INTRODUCTION
The Administrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) has identified two areas in South Dakota which
have the potential to exceed the National Ambient Air Qual-
ity Standards (NAAQS) for particulates because of existing
air quality and/or projected growth over the next ten years
(1975 to 1985). EPA has published these areas as designated
Air Quality Maintenance Areas (AQMA's). The two AQMA's are
Black Hills and Sioux Falls, both of which are designated
for particulates only. Figure 1-1 shows the location of the
two AQMA's.
Once designated as an AQMA, a detailed analysis of the
impact of projected growth and resource development on air
quality is required. This report presents such an analysis
for the two areas.
If the AQMA analysis demonstrates that neither the
primary nor secondary NAAQS will be exceeded, no plan for
maintenance of standards is required and the AQMA can
possibly be de-designated. However, should the analysis
show a problem in attaining the NAAQS by 1975 and/or main-
taining the standards in the future, revisions to the South
Dakota State Implementation Plan (SIP) and development of an
Air Quality Maintenance Plan (AQMP) may very well be required,
The procedures used in the AQMA analysis are consistent
with the proposed regulations on maintenance of National
Ambient Air Quality Standards, 40 CFR, Part 51.1 Table 1-1
shows the primary and secondary NAAQS for particulate matter.
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South Dakota
Figure 1-1. Location of South Dakota AQMA's.
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Table 1-1. NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS
FOR PARTICULATES
Primary NAAQS , Secondary NAAQS,
Pollutant Frequency ug/m^
Suspended Annual geometric mean 75 60
Maximum 24 hoursa 260 150
particulate
a
a Not to be exceeded more than once per year.
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An AQMA analysis consists of the following steps:
0 Define the analysis area to be modeled;
0 Select the atmospheric diffusion model;
° Identify base year and calculate point
source and area source emissions;
0 Develop an area source grid system and
allocate county area source emissions
to the grids and assign point source
emissions accordingly;
0 Identify projection years and develop
growth factors/projection parameters
and project all emissions;
0 Validate diffusion model for base year
and apply the model for projection
years;
0 If necessary, evaluate compliance with
short-term standards by statistical
modeling or other appropriate means;
0 Draw appropriate conclusions.
A base year of 1974 was used in validating the AQMA
modeling. This was the most recent year for which complete
data could be obtained. Projection years of 1980 and 1985
were used since a ten year planning period is specified in
the proposed regulations for areas in which no other fed-
erally sponsored planning programs have been conducted.
Also, this fulfilled the requirement in the guidelines of
analyzing for five year intervals. Although the two AQMA's
are both designated 208 planning areas, activities under
these programs have not yet progressed to the stage of
developing demographic projections. As projections for 208
activities become available, these will be checked for
consistency with those projections used in the AQMA analysis,
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The AQMA analysis focuses predominantly on projected
annual average concentrations. Short-term maximum concen-
trations, however, were examined quantitatively in the
Sioux Falls AQMA, recognizing the increased uncertainty of
predicting short-term variations in future occurrences and
of determining the joint probability of maximum predicted
emission rates coinciding with adverse meteorological con-
ditions. This analysis was necessary due to the closeness
of the predicted 1980 and 1985 annual geometric means to
the secondary standard.
This report is divided into three major chapters:
Chapter 2 summarizes the findings of the two AQMA analyses;
Chapter 3 includes a detailed analysis of the Black Hills
AQMA; and Chapter 4 presents the detailed analysis of the
Sioux Falls AQMA.
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2. SUMMARY
The analyses in both AQMA's utilized current, compre-
hensive emission inventory data and state-of-the-art regional
modeling techniques to predict annual average particulate
concentrations from emission estimates. The AQMA analyses
were conducted in accordance with procedures prescribed in
proposed Federal Regulations (40 CFR, Part 51, Subpart D)
and the series of AQMA guideline documents prepared by EPA.
Therefore, the analyses are considered to be complete and
assembled using the best available data and procedures.
The AQMA analysis of the Black Hills AQMA-Rapid City
area showed that the annual primary and secondary particu-
late NAAQS's have not been attained in several areas in
Rapid City and will probably continue to be exceeded through
1980 and 1985 under existing air pollution control regula-
tions. Therefore, both an attainment and a maintenance
problem are indicated.
The major cause of these high particulate concentra-
tions in the base year 1974 was shown to be almost equally
distributed between mineral products industry related point
sources (51 percent) and fugitive dust sources (49 percent) ,
primarily unpaved roads, paved roads, gravel pits, construc-
tion, and aggregate storage. In this region, these two
usually separable and distinct source categories are closely
related, as almost all industrial activity is mineral prod-
ucts related with both well-defined point process emissions
and ill defined, ubiquitous fugitive dust emissions.
In consonance with the projection methods and assump-
tions used in the analysis, by 1985 the predominant impact
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will be from fugitive dust sources (76 percent) in areas
with the worst predicted air quality, with point sources
accounting for 24 percent of the particulate loading.
Impacts resulting from secondary development over the anal-
ysis period were shown to be negligible.
It must be recognized that the accuracy of the Black
Hills AQMA analysis is limited by several factors:
u estimates of emissions from fugitive dust
source categories;
0 uncertainty of projected industrial
expansion;
0 assumption that particulate emission
density in an area is directly propor-
tional to measured air quality;
0 unrepresentative indications of air
quality in grid 4 by high volume sites
8 and 9 due to sampler placement.
The last factor warrants additional consideration. It
is questionable whether sites 8 and 9 (Ben Frieze Enter-
prises and Cement Plant) should be used as indicators of
regional air quality or in determining attainment and main-
tenance of NAAQS because of their extreme source oriented
exposure, which portends site bias and probable interfer-
ence. Ideally, they should be relocated away from the
immediate area of the quarries and the cement and power
plants to a suitable location considered more representative
of urban air quality-
Additionally, it should be noted that the worst pre-
dicted air quality is expected to occur in two grids (l and
4) peripheral to the Rapid City urban area, which are
relatively devoid of residential development and suburban
centers.
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A summary of the magnitude and extent of NAAQS viola-
tions for particulates in the Rapid City area follows:
Highest expected annual
concentration, ug/m3 Extent of area violating
Grid 1974 1980 1985 NAAQS, sq mi
1
2
4
7
300
107
480
92
230
60
375
78
255
63
410
80
1.5
2.9
2.2
2.0
a refer to Figure 3-2.
The Rapid City area was specified for modeling because
it is the only area in the AQMA that has identified current
high concentrations or the possibility of increasing concen-
trations as a result of development or industrial growth.
The remainder of the AQMA consists of forested unpopulated
terrain and small satellite towns devoid of heavy industrial
concentration. Sources such as teepee wood waste burners
were scattered and removed far enough from urban centers
that they do not constitute a significant threat to air
quality in the AQMA.
The air quality predictions made herein are considered
reasonably accurate, considering the problems attendant to
modeling an area characterized by complex terrain. Due to
the cyclical nature of the economy in the AQMA, i.e., the
dependence on construction and building products raw mater-
ials, it is possible that with a significant increase in
building and construction activity in surrounding states, a
rise in industrial output and growth accompanied by a mea-
surable deterioration of air quality could occur in the
AQMA. This, however, is impossible to predict at this time.
The AQMA analysis of the Sioux Falls AQMA showed that
the annual primary and secondary particulate NAAQS were
8
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being maintained in the analysis base year of 1974. Over
most of the area, ambient levels are shown to be only 5-10
ug/m over background (35 ug/m ). By 1980 and through 1985
respectively, projected levels in the northwest central part
of Sioux Falls are predicted to approach and slightly exceed
3
the secondary standard (60 ug/m ) under existing air pollu-
tion control regulations.
The major cause of this deterioration in air quality
from 1974 to 1985 is due to normal urban growth, i.e.,
population expansion and increases in industrial activity.
In 1974, point source process emissions accounted for approx-
imately 11 percent of the particulate loading while all area
sources constituted around 89 percent. This ratio is
expected to change only slightly by 1985 to 10 percent and
90 percent, respectively. It must be noted that within the
area source category, emissions due to fugitive dust from
paved and unpaved roads account for 6,610 tons per year in
1974, or 63 percent of the total. In 1985 this reduces
somewhat to 61 percent and 5,717 tons per year. Clearly
then, fugitive dust emissions by these two categories are of
major concern in resolving the maintenance problem indicated
for 1985.
The AQDM predicted source contribution from all point
sources to the TSP concentrations at the five maximum recep-
tors in 1974 was an average 31 percent, while that for area
sources was 69 percent.
The accuracy of the Sioux Falls AQMA analysis and model
was limited by:
0 estimates of emissions from fugitive dust
categories;
0 uncertainty of projected industrial growth;
0 source-receptor relationships estimated by
a Gaussian diffusion model;
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0 determination of background air quality -
The highest predicted annual average concentrations
(geometric) in 1974, 1980, and 1985 were 55, 58, and 61
ug/m , respectively.
The results of the short-term TSP analysis conducted
for Sioux Falls showed that the short-term secondary stan-
dard may be expected to be exceeded in all three analysis
years, as perceived by the current monitoring stations. The
expected 24-hour maximum at the City Hall station in 1985
was calculated to be 235 ug/m .
In summary, the results of the analyses indicate the
need for development of an attainment plan and an AQMP for
particulates in the Black Hills AQMA and an AQMP in the
Sioux Falls AQMA.
10
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3. BLACK HILLS AQMA
ANALYSIS AREA
The Black Hills AQMA was designated for suspended
particulates due to the concern expressed over prior non-
attainment problems and existing violations of the NAAQS in
several areas in Rapid City. Although current demographic
projections normally used to identify AQMA's do not indicate
the potential for substantial changes in air quality due to
urban development alone, the possibility for industrial
expansion combined with the existing problems dictated the
need for this detailed AQMA analysis.
The four-county (Pennington, Meade, Lawrence, Custer)
AQMA is located in the west central part of the state. It
has a land area of approximately 8,750 square miles and is
composed of contrasting land forms, with the forested Black
Hills rising immediately west of Rapid City, and rolling
prairie extending out in the other directions. From 40 to
70 miles southeast lie the eroded "Badlands." The Black
Hills, many of which are more than 5,000 feet above sea
level, with a number of peaks above 7,000 feet, exert a
pronounced influence on the climate of this area. The
rolling land to the east of Rapid City is cut by the valleys
of the Box Elder and Rapid Creeks, which flow generally
east-southeastward. Figure 3-1 depicts the AQMA and analy-
sis area.
Rapid City is the largest city in the AQMA, and is
located just southwest of its center in Pennington County.
A steep rising north-south ridge, parallel to the front
range of the Black Hills due west, bisects the two major
commercial/industrial districts and effectively separates
11
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20 Mi la i
Figure 3-1. Black Hills AQMA and analysis area.
12
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the city into two distinct airsheds. The major portion of
the urban and residential development lies to the east of
this ridge while most of the industrial activity is situated
on either side of a limestone ridge that extends in a
northwesterly direction from the center of town on the west
side of the major bisecting ridge. In addition, the terrain
is characterized by numerous smaller canyons, ridges, and
irregularities.
The estimated 1975 population of the AQMA was 111,227,
while Rapid City estimated a 1975 population of 48,442,
approximately 44 percent of the total. The next four largest
townsDeadwood, Spearfish, Sturgis, and Leadhave popula-
2 3
tions of 2,419 to 5,442 each. Population projections
indicate that the total AQMA population is expected to
increase approximately 1.0 percent per year to 1985, while
2
Rapid City forecasts a 2.3 percent per year increase. The
average increase for the secondary towns in the counties
(above) is less than 0.6 percent per year. Expected popu-
lation expansion in the remaining towns and rural areas in
the AQMA is negligible. Clearly then, with respect to
possible future impacts on air quality caused by urban
expansion, if any are likely to occur, Rapid City is the
only AQMA area likely to reflect these impacts.
At present, the Sixth District Council of Local Govern-
ments has no listing of any new industrial plants or plant
expansions. The types of industries that may potentially
locate in the AQMA are revealed by the type that have
located in the recent past and new plant inquiries for the
area received by the Industrial Division, Department of
Economic and Tourism Development. Two distinct possibili-
ties exist relative to new plant locations in the near
future based upon expressed interest: (1) if and when the
housing market recovers, a strong possibility exists that
one or more timber-related durable goods manufacturers would
13
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locate in the AQMA region; and (2) the location of manufac-
turers of electrical components or plastic medical products.
Total expected potential employment in each category would
be in the range, of 200-500. Any industrial growth activity
most likely will occur adjacent to the major transportation
networks within the AQMA study area. Historical trends and
data indicate that the majority of manufacturing activity
will be located within the Rapid City metropolitan area.
The industrial manufacturing structure of Rapid City is
relatively diversified as opposed to the outlying communi-
ties that are closely tied to the area's resources.
Since Rapid City was shown by virtue of historical air
quality trends, population and industrial concentration, and
capacity for future growth to be the only existing or poten-
tial problem area in the AQMA, it was the singular area
selected for air quality analysis and predictions. Most
existing point sources except for several feed and grain
elevators, construction companies, sawmills, and wigwam
burners, most of which are located in Custer and Sturgis,
are located in the Rapid City area.
METHODOLOGY
The methods used in the AQMA analysis of the Black
Hills AQMA are consistent with those described in the EPA
guideline series for air quality maintenance planning and
analysis with the exception of the modeling technique applied,
which will be described and justified below.
Modeling
Two multiple source atmospheric dispersion models are
available with capabilities of predicting annual average
pollutant concentrations throughout a study area: Air
14
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4
Quality Display Model (AQDM) and Climatological Dispersion
Model (COM). Both of these models employ Gaussian plume
dispersion and frequency distributions of annual meteorolog-
ical conditions. Both are generally applicable only to flat
or rolling terrain. Since the Rapid City area generally
*
consists of irregularly shaped valleys and ridges, both of
these models were necessarily excluded from consideration.
Alternatively then, two types of atmospheric simulation
techniques were considered for determining annual particu-
late concentrations in the Rapid City area: (1) the venti-
lated valley (box) model; and (2) emission density versus
air quality relationships. Although local mixing height data
were available, the difficulty in adapting the box model to
areas with irregularly shaped terrain excluded it from
consideration. Therefore, the most feasible, reasonable
approach in this case was to employ the empirical relation-
ship between calculated particulate emission density and
measured air quality to estimate annual average concentra-
tions .
The following data were required in order to determine
the emission density versus air quality relationship:
0 location of sampling sites and air
quality data for 1974;
0 "microinventory" area and grid size
and location;
0 emissions for each grid.
The Rapid City area was divided into ten grids which
are composed of areas similar in topography and development
*
Terrain elevation gradients of 200 to 700 feet per mile
are predominant in this area, as seen in Figure 3-2.
15
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645
en
<£&^&^^&^&±
4M5
4MO
Figure 3-2. Rapid City area source grids and sampler locations.
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type and density (Figure 3-2). Area source and point source
emissions were calculated, the emission density determined
for each grid, and the air quality estimated from a plot of
emission density versus measured concentration (developed in
a subsequent section). It is recognized that this technique
does not consider sampling site bias or inter-grid pollutant
transport phenomena. Additionally, it assumes uniform grid
emissions distribution and that ground level emission
density is directly proportional to particulate air quality.
However, it is presently the most practical method of esti-
mating annual regional particulate levels for areas such as
Radpid City that have complex terrain and contain predomi-
nantly area sources and fugitive dust sources.
Location of Sources
The locations of all major existing point sources in
the Rapid City modeling area are shown in Figure 3-3.
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates for each
source were obtained from NEDS listings and permit appli-
cations and checked by locating on USGS quadrangle maps. No
new or proposed sources were identified or located due to
the paucity of related information. The UTM coordinates, as
well as pertinent identification and emission information
for each point source, are cross-referenced by the source ID
numbers in Figure 3-3 to the point source listing for
Pennington County presented in Appendix A (Table A-l). The
point sources for the other Black Hills AQMA counties are
not summarized therein, as they are widely distributed and
are assumed to have no effect on the Rapid City analysis.
The spatial distribution of area sources was specified
by means of the grid system previously described (Figure 3-
2) .
17
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635
640
645
CO
4885
4880
Figure 3-3. Rapid City point source locations
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Meteorology
Meteorological data were not directly required for
input to a model, since this technique assumes that ground
level emission density is directly proportional to particu-
late air quality. However, an understanding of the general
meteorological climate of Rapid City will aid in defining
the pollution problem.
"The meteorology of a region greatly determines
the effect of pollutants once they are emitted into the
atmosphere. The direction of travel, the dispersion
rate, and the amount of dilution are connected with the
air movements. Northwesterly winds prevail throughout
most of the year in this region directing pollutants
toward Rapid City. There are an average of (only)
15.2% calm days per year in Rapid City. This fact
indicates that prolonged pollution buildups resulting
in episodes are improbable. It also allows for good
atmospheric dispersion and pollutant dilution during
most of the year. However, the area is sometimes
subject to short periods of poor atmospheric dispersion
and temporary temperature inversions. These periods
are linked to the diurnal cycle with atmospheric stabil-
ity occurring on cold, clear nights. During such
periods of stagnation, pollutants tend to accumulate in
the basins on either side of the ridge and over the
western portion of Rapid City. The inversions occur
more frequently during the fall and winter months and
occasionally during the summer."
EMISSIONSBASE YEAR AND PROJECTED
Pollutant emissions were summarized in two major cate-
gories for the purpose of calculating grid emission density
19
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and estimating air quality: (1) point sources, and (2) area
sources. Area sources were further identified as being of
*
conventional origin or fugitive dust related.
Point Sources
Most of the industrial point sources in Rapid City are
situated on either side of the northwesterly extending
limestone ridge bounded by Deadwood Avenue on the east and
Highway 79 on the west. Point source emission data for the
base year 1974 and source identification parameters were
obtained from NEDS reports supplied by PES, Inc. Emission
estimates for those sources for which the NEDS data were
unavailable were made from data supplied on South Dakota
Department of Environmental Protection permit applications
and variance requests. Generally, the NEDS data were incom-
plete and lacked sufficient identification information. This
made necessary the reliance on less accurate and specific
methods to arrive at emission estimates, i.e., the applica-
tion of emission factors to production data on permit appli-
cations. A listing of the affected point sources with their
emissions, compliance status, and data source is presented
in Table 3-1. Detailed data may be obtained by cross-
referencing the selected map point ID numbers (Figure 3-3)
with the source summary listing (Table A-l).
*Fugitive dust sources embrace those open atmospheric dust
sources consisting of operations which involve the mechani-
cal disturbance of granular material exposed to the air
environment. The dust generated is termed "fugitive"
because it is not discharged to the atmosphere in a conven-
tional flow stream. The dust generation process is com-
prised of pulverization and abrasion of surface material,
and entrainment of dust particles by the action of turbu-
lent air currents.
20
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Table 3-1. POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS IN THE RAPID CITY
ANALYSIS AREA
Map
point
ID no.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
0)
D
(d M
Particulate emissions,
Compliance ^ g
Source name/type
Black Hills Power and Light/power plant
Snow Brite Lime Co. /lime processing
Light Aggregates, Inc. /shale processing
Hills Materials Co. /asphalt batch
Hills Materials Co. /asphalt batch
South Dakota Cement Plant/cement mfg.
Pete Lien & Sons Quarry/gravel quarry
Pete Lien & Sons Lime/lime mfg.
Summit, Inc. /asphalt batch
Highway Construction Co. /rock crushing
Hills Materials Co. /sand & gravel
James E. Simon Co. /asphalt batch
Birdsall Sand & Gravel/concrete batch
Dakota Block Company/concrete block mfg.
L. G. Everist, Inc. /gravel crushing
Aby's Feed and Seed/feed & grain
Hubbard Milling Company/feed & grain
Total
status
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e
f
e
f
e
f
f
f
f
1974
449
76
306
8
11
221
129
2161+
1216
900
132
10
8
2
d
2
33
5664
ton/yr
1980
381
94
61
10
14
274
160
273
300
35
164
10
10
2
d
2
33
1823
h
1985°
438
109
70
11
16
316
184
315
346
40
189
10
11
2
d
2
33
2094
.Process emissions only, fugitive emissions accounted for separately.
No new or proposed sources can currently be identified; data reflect
projection of emissions from current known sources only.
Compliance status unknown.
Unknown.
INEDS.
South Dakota Department of Environmental Protection permit application.
-------
The total particulate emissions from all identified
point sources (17) in the analysis area in 1974 were 5,664
ton per year. This was approximately 46 percent of the
total emissions in the analysis area. Note that these are
process emissions only; source related fugitive emissions
are accounted for separately under Area Source emissions.
The projected emissions for all point sources are also
shown in Table 3-1. No detailed growth factors for the
specific facilities existed; therefore, it was necessary to
extrapolate based on the expected overall growth for the
industries in general. It was assumed that the sources out
of compliance in 1974 would employ emission reduction mea-
sures so that their entire facility would be in compliance
by 1975. The allowable emissions for each particular point
in each affected facility when in full compliance at the
1974 production level were then multiplied by the appro-
19
priate Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) industry-wide
growth factors to estimate 1980 and 1985 emissions. For the
facilities presently in compliance, or whose status was
undetermined, the 1974 emission rate was multipled by the
BEA growth factors. This procedure, then, accounts for
normal industry production growth among the current iden-
tified point sources. Overall, for the Rapid City analysis
area, the projected 1980 and 1985 point source emissions,
assuming full source compliance, demonstrate a 68 and 63
percent reduction, respectively, over 1974 levels.
Area Sources
Area source emissions and projections by source cate-
gory on a county-wide basis (Pennington County only) were
obtained from the Area Source Emission Inventory for South
7
Dakota. Table 3-2 summarizes these emissions. A detailed
22
-------
Table 3-2. AREA SOURCE PARTICULATE EMISSIONS
FOR PENNINGTON COUNTY^
Source category
Particulate emissions,
ton/yr
1974 1980 1985
Fuel combustion
Bituminous coal
Fuel oil, distillate
Fuel oil, residual
Natural gas
Other fuels, LPG
, wood
Mobile sources
Highway vehicles, gasoline
, diesel
Aircraft
Rail locomotive
Off-highway vehicles, gasoline
, diesel
Combustion of solid waste
1
6
neg
17
7
5
239
52
neg
5
7
65
1
6
neg
18
7
5
245
70
neg
5
7
65
1
7
neg
19
8
6
225
78
neg
5
7
65
Open burning 101 104 104
Incineration 12 12 12
Fugitive dust
Unpaved roads 20,291 20,291 20,291
Paved roads 2,135 2,861 3,203
Agriculture (tilling and erosion) 4,648 4,648 4,648
Construction 153 174 190
Aggregate storage piles neg neg neg
Total
27,744 28,519 28,869
Area Source Particulate Emission Inventory for South Dakota.
23
-------
description of the procedures used to estimate and project
the area source emissions may be found in the above report.
In order to allocate the county-wide area source emis-
sions (conventional only) into the ten grids comprising the
Rapid City analysis area, the methodologies described in
Volume 13 of the AQMA guidelines, Allocating Projected
p
Emissions to Sub-county Areas, were employed to assist in
developing apportioning factors for each source category.
The parameters used for apportioning these emissions are
summarized in Table 3-3.
Emissions from the fugitive dust sources were based on
the emission level parameters shown in Table 3-3. These
parameters and related emission factors were developed
through an on-site evaluation of the study area in November,
1975.9
The resulting emissions in Rapid City by grid (includ-
ing point sources) for the three analysis years are presen-
*
ted in Tables 3-4, 3-5, and 3-6. These tables are condensed
summaries of the detailed grid emissions summaries and
emission density estimates (Appendix B). It may be verified
that conventional area sources account for approximately 1
percent of the total emissions in 1974, while fugitive dust
sources comprise almost 53 percent. Since the point sources
accounted for 46 percent of the total, the significant
impact of the fugitive dust sources in this region is read-
ily apparent. It is also significant that even though total
*Note that although grid emissions from conventional sources
in Rapid City are directly proportional to Pennington Coun-
ty emissions (Table 3-2), fugitive emissions were developed
by a microscale analysis and are, therefore, more accurate
and not comparable or proportionate to county-wide emissions,
which were developed from regional data. As a result,
emissions from certain source categories (i.e., construc-
tion) may indeed exceed the total county-wide emissions for
that source.
24
-------
Table 3-3. APPORTIONING FACTORS BY SOURCE CATEGORY
Source category
Apportioning factor/
emission level parameters
Source of
apportioning data
Conventional area sources
Mobile sources
Highway vehicles
Off-highway vehicles
Railroad
Stationary source fuel
combustion
Combustion of solid wastes
Fugitive dust sources
Unpaved roads
Paved roads
Agriculture
Construction
Unpaved shoulders
Road sanding
Unpaved parking lots
Cleared/Storage areas
Gravel pits
Railroad rights-of-way
Aggregate storage
Railroad yards
Playgrounds
Grain elevators
miles of road (paved/unpaved) County highway map
population/construction
equipment use
miles railroad track
population
no. of incinerators
miles unpaved road
miles paved road
acres of cropland
acres of construction
miles of road w/shoulders
miles of sanded road
acres of parking lots
acres of cleared/storage
areas
acres of gravel pits
miles railroad track
acres of storage areas
acres of railroad yards
acres of playgrounds
no. of elevators
and USGS maps
County Business
Patterns
County highway map
and USGS maps
U.S. Census data
S.D. DEP permit files
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
An on-site evaluation was the predominant source of data for this source; no
apportioning was required.
-------
Table 3-4.
to
PARTICULATE EMISSIONS BY GRID AND SOURCE CATEGORY
IN THE ANALYSIS AREA, 1974
Source category , ton/yr
i
t7» CU CO CO
CO C Dl -P CO M
CD »4H CO -HfOX! T3O
Q) U O T3 C CJ> J*! M U< ^ -P
O M CD i-d>
3 OOOco^r03-P CO TJ Q4 W -H CU GO)
O -HCO-HtrJ O-PU MC X. at) -P t)3rH
to -P -P^rOiHrH3rc3CUnJrO tJ rtJ (dcunJOQ)
cocuco cu SrJCU-dcoo) 0 rHO>itntr>O>H
-P r3rH3rQ[>r^U4J^1_J [^ >-4CO-(CJ>C! rH
flrH^-H^-H rrj CU-H CO nJ3"d (dCO td(d >rH^ MJ-lrH >i-H (Tj
-H CU6J3 BrH p4> M G QjO (0 Gi-P CUdJ (O-HI tji O -H (0 rd -P
_., O 3O O OO C -H Uid O OSO
-------
Table 3-5.
to
PARTICULATE EMISSIONS BY GRID AND SOURCE CATEGORY
IN THE ANALYSIS AREA, 1980
Grid
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Total
nt source
-H
0
129
300
neg
1264
10
neg
85
neg
35
neg
1823
1
bustion
Q) e
3 O
fa O
2
1
3
2
3
3
5
3
5
5
32
ile sources
Q
O
53
1
3
5
7
13
12
18
9
10
12
90
bustion of
id waste
E H
0 0
U in
neg
neg
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
12
aved roads
ex
c
D
43
14
23
120
38
14
74
101
11
14
452
ed roads
iculture
> M
tO Cn
CU
C
H
C Cn X
O CM
H *H (0
-P tn TJ QJ
O M C
M rH >
in to 3 T3 (0 in
c
o
U
116
73
255
22
466
a. o
C X!
p in
neg
1
1
neg
neg
2
(0
o
1
7
7
3
4
9
11
9
7
13
71
Qj-P
C 0
P rH
1
1
4
1
neg
neg
2
1
3
13
ared/Storage o
as -^
^<
vel pits
Iroad rights-
way
-------
Table 3-6.
PARTICULATE EMISSIONS BY GRID AND SOURCE CATEGORY
IN THE ANALYSIS AREA, 1985
to
00
Source category, ton/yr
i
Cn rl -P
o M cy rd co CD o CriOco-H rdcord
M fi3c-Poran-H -H rd -P -P M >i -a >
3 OOOCOM 3 rH
CD -P -PS'T3>HrH3'O(Dfd'O T3 rd fdCUfdOd)
COQJCQ 0 3rlQJT3CQCU C1J rHO>iCnCnOH
4-> 3rH3rd>rOO-P>H > Mcocunrd (UrdMCnC rH
GrH^-iHi-H rd (U-H CO rd3T3 rdco rdfd t>rH^ V4>^rH >i-H rd
H (D6,QcrH Qi> SH C fiO rd Qj-P CUfl) rd-HI CnQ-H rd fd -P
., O3OOOOCrdCnOC^OCOrHMSHrdm Cn-PrSrHM O
Grid fv< fnU S Uco D &< < U oco rt DrH urd o etfo
-------
emissions are forecast to reduce by 24 percent (1980) and 17
percent (1985) over 1974 levels, emissions from all area
sources are expected to comprise 81 percent and 79 percent
of the total in 1980 and 1985, respectively -
Area source emissions projection factors are consistent
with those applied in the Area Source Emission Inventory.
BASE YEAR AIR QUALITY AND MODEL VERIFICATION
Annual particulate concentrations measured at the four
high volume sampling stations in Rapid City are shown in
Appendix C (Table C-l). Sites 7, 8, and 9 showed viola-
tions of the annual primary NAAQS for particulates in 1974
33 3
and 1975 (112 ug/m , 148 ug/m , and 344 ug/m geometric
means, respectively). Site 6, located at the Water Treat-
ment Plant, was in violation of the secondary standard (61
ug/m ). Sites 8 and 9 were installed in December, 1974 and
January, 1975, respectively, so the measured concentrations
at these sites reflect 1975 air quality.- not the base year
1974. For the purposes of this analysis, the values must be
assumed representative of 1974 air quality.
The prime basis for development of the emission density
versus air quality relationship from which grid air quality
could be predicted was through employment of the "microin-
g
ventory" technique. This technique was developed by PEDCo
and applied to similar studies in other Region VIII states,
demonstrating reasonably good accuracy and reproducibility
in correlating quantified estimates of source emission
strength with measured air quality.
The survey procedure employed to provide the best
observation of overall site exposure was to ground survey,
via automobile, the sampler stations and all probable
sources of emissions within a 1.0 mile radius of each sam-
pling site to identify the sources with primary impact on
29
-------
the samplers. Sources of fugitive dust and conventional
point and area sources were located on the appropriate USGS
map and labelled with pertinent data, such as size and
boundaries, observed activity and operational character-
istics, estimated emission rate, and any other important
parameters. Two observers independently estimated and
agreed upon parameters observed at each site to increase
accuracy and completeness.
The high volume sampling station locations and survey
areas are shown in Figure 3-4. On the basis of exposure,
none of the sites are in a predominantly rural (agricultural
source oriented) area. The 1.0 mile radius about each
sampler was specified because that is approximately the
range to which theoretical treatments (dispersion modeling)
show that ground level sources will have a significant
impact.
The survey data were converted into estimates of partic-
ulate emission density (ton/sq mi/yr) from the 3.14 square
mile area (circle of 1.0 mile radius) by a three step proce-
dure. First, all identified sources within each site area
were listed and estimates of size in terms of emission
parameters were made. Next, appropriate emission factors
were applied to each source to calculate estimated annual
emissions. Third, conventional area and point source emis-
sions not accounted for by the survey were added to get
total particulate emissions in each survey area.
The emission factors for the fugitive dust sources are
summarized in Table D-l. Shown for comparison are those
factors developed for similar studies by PEDCo in Nevada,
Wyoming, and Kansas-Nebraska. Variations are accounted
for by differences in climate of the different geographic
areas, i.e., wind speed, soil erosion parameters, and precip-
itation-evaporation indices. Appropriate methodologies for
development of each factor were obtained from Compilation of
30
-------
toSTURGIS. STEAKFISH, LEA&OEADMOOO
U)
Figure 3-4. Location of hi-vol sites and nicroinvcntory areas in Rapid City,
-------
T 0
Air Pollutant Emission Factors (AP-42) and from Development
13
of Emission Factors for Fugitive Dust Sources. Factors
for those point sources for which no emission data were
available in the state agency data files or in the NEDS
system were based on those presented in AP-42.
Conventional area source emissions in the microinven-
tory areas were not estimated by emission factors, but as a
percentage of the respective total county emissions calcu-
lated for the categories included in the area source inven-
tory. The categories were condensed, for summary purposes,
into three general categories: stationary area source fuel
combustion, mobile sources, and combustion of solid wastes.
The percentages of county emissions were assumed to be the
same as the percentages of the county's population contained
in the microinventory areas.
Assuming then, that ground level emissions in the site
survey areas are, in fact, directly proportional to air
quality, the 1974/1975 annual geometric mean concentration
for each sampler (in both Rapid City and Sioux Falls) and
corresponding emission density were plotted (Figure 3-5).
Using the eight valid data points, a linear regression
analysis was performed to determine a line of best fit,
which resulted in a "background" concentration of 20 ug/m
(zero emission density) and a correlation coefficient of
0.878. This correlation between estimated emission density
and measured concentration is unusually high, but reveals a
strong relationship.
Since the results obtained from this approach are
reasonable, the empirical curve was used to determine air
quality in the ten grids for the base year and future years
from estimated emission density. The exact procedures
(foregoing) for determining microinventory area emission
density were employed to determine analysis grid emission
density. Those summaries are presented in Appendix B.
32
-------
0) ^
3 -P
C 0)
-rH W
-P C
C -H
o ~
u
900
800
CN
C
o
-P
£600
-H
(fl
C
0)
Q
§500
H
W
CO
H
e
W
QJ
-P
(0
400
3 34C
O
£300
200
100
3000
2600
2200
1800
1400
1000
i i
140 220 300 380 460 540
O Sioux Falls sites
^ Rapid City sites
Range of curves for
Region VIII states
A7
75
20
40
60
80 100 120 140 continued
(inset)
3
Measured Particulate Concentration (annual geometric mean), ug/m
Figure 3-5. Particulate emission density versus measured air
quality for South Dakota hi-vol sites.
33
-------
PROJECTED AIR QUALITY
Particulate air quality was projected for the Rapid
City analysis area using the same emission density-air
quality curve developed for the microinventory areas and
applied to the base year. Both base year and projected
particulate concentrations are shown for each grid in Table
3-7.
These results indicate that the annual primary and
secondary NAAQS for particulates were violated in the base
year 1974 in grids 1, 2, 4, and 7 and can be expected to be
exceeded in 1980 and 1985 in grids 1, 4, and 7, while the
secondary standard only is violated in grid 2.
Analysis of the grid emissions tables in Appendix B can
yield a reasonably accurate estimate of the relative contri-
bution from each major source category for the grids in
violation. Table 3-8 presents the source contribution to
particulate loading in the affected grids. It is indicated
that, in 1974, fugitive dust sources cause the greatest
impact in grids 1 and 7, while grid 2 is primarily affected
by the one point source contained therein and grid 4 re-
ceives equal impact from fugitive and point sources.
Within the fugitive dust source category, unpaved roads,
paved roads, gravel pits, construction, and aggregate stor-
age cause the greatest impact. As a general rule, the
percent contribution by fugitive dust sources increases
through 1980 in grids 1, 4, and 7 as existing point sources
are assumed to come into compliance. By 1985, fugitive dust
can be expected to account for approximately 83 percent of
the particulate loading in grids 1, 4, and 7.
34
-------
Table 3-7.
u>
en
RAPID CITY PARTICULATE EMISSION DENSITY
AND PREDICTED AIR QUALITY
Grid no.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Emission density,
ton/sq mi/yr
1974 1980 1985
1686
539
69
2798
171
64
443
86
147
58
1262
238
85
2136
195
78
357
97
172
74
1370
263
93
2337
206
85
386
102
184
82
TSP concentration,3
ug/m3
1974 1980 1985
300
107
31
480
47
30
92
34
43
29
230
60
34
375
53
32
78
36
47
32
255
63
35
410
54
34
80
37
50
33
Expected annual geometric mean concentration.
Table 3-8. RAPID CITY SOURCE CONTRIBUTION TO GRIDS IN VIOLATION
OF PARTICULATE NAAQS
Source
area source
Grid 1
1974 1980 1985
Percent contribution
Grid 2 Grid 4
1974 1980a 1985* 1974 1980 1985
Grid 7
1974 1980 1985
Fugitive dust
Point source
Conventional
62
38
-------
4. SIOUX FALLS AQMA
ANALYSIS AREA
The Sioux Falls AQMA was designated for suspended
particulates due to its potential to exceed the NAAQS within
the next ten years because of expected population growth and
accompanying urban expansion. The AQMA consists of Minne-
haha and Lincoln counties, which also form an SMSA. Sioux
Falls is the largest urban area in South Dakota.
The two-county AQMA is located in the southeastern
portion of the state (Figure 4-1). It has a land area of
approximately 1,400 square miles, consisting primarily of
gently rolling terrain. The Big Sioux River flows through
the area from north to south, with the river valley bisect-
ing Minnehaha County and forming the eastern boundary of
Lincoln County- Sioux Falls is the only large city in the
AQMA and is located approximately at its centroid. Within a
100 mile radius of Sioux Falls, the terrain slopes upward
300 to 400 feet to the north and northwest and slopes down-
ward 200 to 300 feet to the southeast. There is little
change in elevation in the remaining directions. To the
east, about 7 to 15 miles from Sioux Falls, the AQMA is
bordered by Minnesota and Iowa.
The terrain characterizing metropolitan Sioux Falls is
generally flat, with a gentle sloping rise extending to the
northeast from the center of town. The major industrial
concentration lies along the Big Sioux River Valley extend-
ing north-south through the eastern portion of town. Two
power plants are located northeast of town along the Brandon
Road.
36
-------
Figure 4-1. Sioux Falls AQMA.
37
-------
14
The estimated 1974 population of the AQMA was 122,000.
That for Sioux Falls alone was 76,000, about 63 percent of
the total. The surrounding towns in the AQMA are not large
Colton, Brandon, Dell Rapids, and Canton had 1973 populations
of from 629 to 2,635. Current population projections
indicate that the two counties will increase in population
an average of 1.1 percent per year to 1985, when the popu-
lation is forecast to be 136,300. The actual modeling
analysis area was designed with boundaries closely coinciden-
tal with those for the Sioux Falls Transportation Planning
ProcessTraffic Assignment Zone Study Area. This area
contained 93,540 total population in 1974, 77 percent of the
AQMA population.
The Southeastern Council of Governments indicated that
several large subdivisions are being developed south and
east of Sioux Falls. Most industrial development is taking
place north of the city. Unfortunately, no detailed quanti-
tative data were provided to permit realistic estimates of
urban expansion to be made.
In order to maintain the degree of resolution necessary
to accurately locate concentration gradients with the atmos-
pheric dispersion model, the entire two-county AQMA cannot
be efficiently modeled as a single entity. To include an
area of some 1,400 square miles, receptor sites in the model
would have to be spaced at unacceptably large intervals or
computer running time would be prohibitive if a close recep-
tor spacing were used. Therefore, a smaller analysis area
which should encompass the points of highest ambient concen-
tration in the AQMA has been specified. This area is
depicted in Figure 4-2. Most existing point sources of
significant size, with the exception of some grain elevators,
quarrying operations, etc. in the outlying towns, are located
in this area. It is not expected at this time that any of
these outlying population centers will present a significant
potential for growth by 1985.
38
-------
U>
Scale
2 Mllei
Figure 4 2. Sioux Falls AQMA modeling area.
-------
METHODOLOGY
The AQMA analysis for suspended particulate is based on
the use of regional dispersion modeling to predict ambient
concentrations throughout the analysis area in the base year
and two projection years for comparison with air quality
standards. The methods used in the analysis are consistent
with those described in the EPA guideline series for air
quality maintenance planning and analysis. Volume 12 of the
guidelines, Applying Atmospheric Simulation Models to Air
Quality Maintenance Areas, was used to review available
models for application in the Sioux Falls AQMA.
Modeling
4 5
The AQDM and COM were introduced in Chapter 3 as
being capable of predicting annual average pollutant concen-
trations in a regional analysis area. Although COM is a
second generation multiple source model and includes some
improvements over AQDM, it was excluded since it required
meteorological data in day-night STAR program format.
Meteorological data obtained from the National Weather
Service (NWS) for Sioux Falls were summarized in regular
STAR program format, the required input for AQDM. Therefore,
AQDM, which estimates annual mean and maximum concentrations
at given receptor locations for both point and area sources,
was selected. The AQDM is applicable to flat or rolling
terrain.
The predicted concentrations can be calibrated by
comparison with concentrations measured at sites within the
area being modeled. The slope of the line of best fit
between measured and predicted concentrations is used to
correct for persistent over- or underprediction and the
correlation coefficient provides an estimate of the accuracy
of the simulation model.
40
-------
The following input data are required for AQDM:
Description Format
Source locations UTM coordinates
Stack parameters Stack height and diameter,
exit temperature and flow
rate (or velocity)
Meteorology Joint frequency distribution
of 16 wind directions, 6 wind
speeds, and 5 stability classes
Receptor locations UTM coordinates
Background concen- Annual arithmetic mean
tration
Emission rates Tons per year
Each of these data inputs are discussed in sections
that follow.
In addition, a short-term analysis evaluating compliance
with the 24-hour TSP standard was conducted. This was based
on the empirical mathematical model developed by Larsen and
predicts the 24-hour maximum concentrations experienced at
the four hi vol sites.
Location of Sources
The Sioux Falls area was subdivided into a system of 22
grids of non-uniform size in order to accommodate nonuniform
development densities and obtain better spatial resolution.
Figure 4-3 depicts this grid system. County-wide area
source emissions were calculated and apportioned to the
grids accordingly.
The locations of major existing point sources in the
AQMA are shown in Figure 4-4. The UTM coordinates for the
existing sources were obtained from NEDS listings and
checked by locating the sites on USGS quadrangle maps. No
41
-------
**e
**
4S33
4S»
X
Hi-Vol Site
4*30
UTM
Coordinates
4S1S
Figure 4-3. Sioux Falls analysis area; area source grid system.
-------
CO
675 680
1
5
i
9l
2
B
,-,
1 1
_J 1
1 ' '
1 19
1
685
2
X
j
^y
~1 6
i
X
10
\
\ 6 11 12, 14,20
K
1 , 10
9,13
1
I
15
11
17 4
16
20
*» 694.35
3
7
^15
^7,18
1 12
i
17
r
J
i
i
13
'
1
1
1
J
1 18
"
1 21
1 Sioui Foils
|"* city
limit
4 I
16
8
14
22
4830
4825
4820
Figure 4-4. Sioux Falls point source locations.
-------
new or proposed sources were identified or located due to
the unavailability of information. Complete source identi-
fication, as well as UTM coordinates and emission and stack
data for each source are listed by source in Minnehaha
County in Appendix A (Table A-l). The actual sources in the
modeling area, as well as the actual data parameters input
to AQDM, are referenced to Figure 4-4 by the source numbers
in the listing in Table A-2. Point sources for Lincoln
County do not appear therein because none are located in the
Sioux Falls modeling area. They consist mainly of small
grain elevators, fertilizer plants, and concrete products
companies located in the outlying towns.
Stack Parameters
Insofar as possible, stack parameters were obtained
from NEDS reports and are listed in Appendix A. For quite
a few sources however, the requisite data were missing and
it was necessary to make assumptions. Table 4-1 lists the
stack parameters used for these sources. For the Pathfinder
and Lawrence power plants, complete data were obtained from
NEDS, source summaries, and permit applications, and assump-
tions were unnecessary -
Meteorology
The primary meteorological input data for AQDMthe
joint frequency distribution of six wind speed classes, 16
wind directions, and five stability classes in the STAR
program formatwas available from the Sioux Falls NWS
station for the year 1974 (eight observations per day). The
station is located at Joe Foss Field. There are no recorded
annual mixing heights for this station, so Holzworth17
isopleths were used to determine an average afternoon annual
44
-------
Table 4-1. SOURCE STACK PARAMETERS
Source type Ht, ft
Grain elevators 10-20
Fertilizer plant 30
Feed mills 200
Asphalt batch 20-50
Stack parameter
Dia, ft Vel, ft/sec Temp, °F
5.0
5.0
10.0
10.0
1.0 77.0
1.0 77.0
1.0 77.0
5.0 300.0
plants
Concrete batch 5-20 10.0 5.0 77.0
plants
Sand plant 5 5.0 5.0 77.0
Rock crushing 20 10.0 5.0 77.0
a assumed values input to AQDM.
45
-------
mixing height of 1,300 meters. The data indicate that the
1974 annual average wind speed was 11.6 mph and resultant
wind direction was from the west (270°). Therefore, these
data were assumed representative of the area for the base
year and future analysis years.
Receptor Locations
The AQDM permits the user to input a rectangular array
of receptors and up to 12 special receptors. For the Sioux
Falls analysis area, an array was specified so as to place a
receptor at each corner of a 2 km by 2 km grid. This array,
shown in Figure 4-5, is superimposed over the area source
grids.
Only four special receptors were specified for the
areaone at each high volume sampling siteso that pre-
dicted and measured concentrations could be compared. This
design resulted in a total of 125 receptors spaced through-
out the 20 km by 20 km area.
Background Air Quality
Background concentration is that portion of measured
ambient pollutant levels that cannot be reduced by con-
trolling emissions from local man-made sources. For SC>2 and
NOX, background is usually considered to be negligible. For
particulate, the non-reducible fraction may originate from
long-range transport, natural sources such as windblown dust
and biological debris, and atmospheric aerosol formation.
The method specified in the Federal regulations (Sec-
tion 51.13C)1 for estimating particulate background is to
use the concentration measured at a nonurban site in or near
the study area that is unaffected by nearby emission sources,
In Sioux Falls, all four of the high volume sampler sites
would be characterized as urban with 1974 measured annual
46
-------
575 6
i
.
.
5
i
9
i
,_,
1 1
1 * H !_*
i
1 19
> 1 .§
30
«
X
j
/
' *
\
]
I-V 10
r r
i
i
15
i.
68
2
i
~n, 6
i
A
_ _'
A '
* n
A
(
16
A
'
20
'_
5
i
f
i Q
T _
~ " 1
1
1 *2
i
>
17
r
/- J
1 j
i
i
i
1 !
^
69
3
7
*13
n
i
1
j
1 18
"
21
0
0 69J
4
i
. .
8
.
14
22
0 0
1835
4830
4825
4820
4
A
Receptor Location
^Hi-Vol Site/11 eceplor
Figure 4-5. Sioux Falls analysis area; receptor locations.
-------
geometric mean concentrations from 47 to 61 ug/m.3 It is
evident that none of these sites could be considered as
reflecting background air quality. When the South Dakota
SIP was written in 1972, there were no specific background
measurements available, so a value of 18 ug/m3, measured at
a nonurban site in the Black Hills, was used in standard
rollback calculations. This value, however, was considered
inappropriate for use in a detailed analysis such as this in
that there are vast differences in the terrain, climatology,
and wind erosion potential between the Black Hills and Sioux
Falls.
The sites at Brookings, Mitchell, and Yankton, South
Dakota had recorded 1974 annual geometric mean concentra-
tions of 41, 52, and 76 ug/m3, respectively. A site in
rural Fargo, North Dakota recorded an annual mean (geo-
metric) of 34 ug/m3.18 Fargo is due north of Sioux Falls
and has similar exposure, terrain, and climatological pat-
terns. Actual background in Sioux Falls is probably some-
where between the values recorded in Brookings and Fargo.
By subtracting the source impact indicated by the uncali-
brated AQDM model at the airport site (the most nonurban
site in Sioux Falls), an estimate of local background was
obtained. The value for source impact was 12 ug/m3 (geo-
metric) , resulting in an estimated background concentration
of (47 - 12) = 35 ug/m3 (geometric). This value seems
entirely reasonable and agrees closely with the value used
for Fargo.
EMISSIONSBASE YEAR AND PROJECTED
Following the same procedures employed for the Rapid
City analysis, pollutant emissions were tabulated for the
two major categories of point sources and area sources
(conventional and fugitive origin).
48
-------
Point Sources
Point source emission data and identification parameters
for the base year 1974 were obtained from NEDS reports
supplied by PES, Inc. Emissions estimates for those sources
for which the NEDS data were incomplete were made from data
on South Dakota DEP permit applications and variance requests
by employing appropriate emission factors. As with Rapid
City, this less accurate estimating procedure was necessary
for many sources due to the lack of sufficiently accurate
and complete NEDS data. A listing of the point sources with
their emissions, compliance status, and data source is
presented in Table 4-2. Detailed source specific data may
be obtained by cross-referencing the selected map point ID
number (Figure 4-4) with the listing in Tables A-l and A-2.
The total particulate emissions from all identified
point sources (20) in the modeling area in 1974 were 1,169
tons, approximately 11 percent of the total.
The projected emissions from all point sources are also
shown in Table 4-2. Sources were assumed to be in compliance
by 1975. Detailed growth factors for each specific facility
were unavailable, so projections were made based on expected
industry growth in the area as reflected in BEA projected
earnings by industry.19 For feed/grain elevators, feed
mills, and fertilizer plants, the projected earnings for all
of agriculture were used to develop growth factors and
project emissions. For asphalt batching and concrete batching
operations, growth factors were developed based on projected
earnings for all contract construction.
The Northern States Power Company's (NSP) Pathfinder
Generating Plant is presently in compliance with applicable
particulate emissions regulations.
It has previously been proposed to alternatively employ
gas fired boilers presumably to come into compliance with
NOX regulations. With this change, particulate emissions
49
-------
Table 4-2. POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS IN THE SIOUX FALLS
MODELING AREA
Map
point
ID no.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
(0
o
(0 M
Particulate emissions,3
Compliance +} ^
Source name/type
Farmers Union Central Exchange/fertilizer
Golden Sun Feeds/Feed and grain
Pure Plant Food International/fertilizer
Zip Feed Mills/Feed and grain
City of Sioux Falls/asphalt batching
Concrete Materials Co. /concrete batch
Eagle Materials Co. ^/concrete batch
Gage Bros. Concrete Products/concr . batch
Sweetman Construction Co./constr.
Traub Silo Co. /concrete batch
Concrete Materials Co.d/asphalt batch
Concrete Materials Co. ^/asphalt batch
Sweetman Construction Co./constr.
Sweetman Construction Co./constr.
Northern States Power Co. /Pathfinder Pit.
Northern States Power Co./Lawre-nce Pit.
Unknown/ food processor-confectionary
Concrete Materials Co.^/sand plant
Eagle Materials Co.^/open pit mining
Concrete Materials Co. ^/gravel
Total
status
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
in
c
in
out
in
in
in
out
in
in
c
out
Q CO
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
e
f
e
e
e
e
f
f
e
e
f
e
1974
36
40
1
1
30
1
4
0
3
0
35
181
7
2
48
388
94
29
0
269
1169
ton/yr
1980b
42
47
1
1
38
1
5
1
4
1
44
64
9
3
55
125
111
37
1
240
830
K
1985b
44
49
1
1
45
2
6
2
5
2
53
76
11
3
63
144
115
44
2
285
953
a Process emissions only, fugitive emissions accounted for separately.
b No new or proposed sources can currently be identified; data reflect
projection of emissions based on current levels only.
c Compliance status unknown.
d Division of Sweetman Construction Company (as of 4/1/76).
e NEDS.
f South Dakota Air Pollution Control Commission permit application.
-------
are estimated to be 40 tons per year in 1985.20 Neverthe-
less, emissions were projected to 1985 based on the 1974
level (48 ton/yr) because the source is in compliance and
has been assumed to experience a normal rate of growth in
future years.
The NSP Lawrence Plant, based on current emission
levels (388 ton/yr), must be derated by approximately 68
percent in order to meet applicable particulate regulations.
This approach has been seriously considered by company
officials and regulatory officials as being the most viable
option at least for the near future. It has been proposed
that with the construction of a new coal gasification facil-
ity, 1985 emissions should equal approximately 25 tons per
year.20 Again, because the status of these proposals is not
currently known, emissions have been projected to 1985 based
on the reduction achieved by derating and applying a factor
to account for normal growth.
Based on the foregoing assumptions for point sources
then, it may be noted that emissions therefrom are expected
to decrease slightly (i.e., 19 percent) by 1985 to 953 tons.
Area Sources
Area source emissions and projections by source cate-
gory on a county-wide basis (Minnehaha/Lincoln Counties)
were obtained from the Area Source Emission Inventory for
South Dakota.7 Table 4-3 tabulates these emissions. A
detailed accounting of the procedures used to estimate and
project the area source emissions may be found in the above
report.
In order to allocate the county-wide area source emis-
sions into the 22 grids comprising the analysis area, the
methodologies described in Volume 13 of the AQMA Guidelines8
were employed to assist in developing apportioning factors
for each source category. These parameters are presented in
Table 4-4.
51
-------
Table 4-3. AREA SOURCE PARTICULATE EMISSIONS
FOR MINNEHAHA AND LINCOLN COUNTIES
Source category
Particulate emissions,
ton/yr
1974 1980 1985
Fuel combustion
Bituminous coal
Fuel oil, distillate
Fuel oil, residual
Natural gas
Other fuels, LPG
, wood
Mobile sources
Highway vehicles, gasoline
, diesel
Aircraft
Rail locomotive
Off-highway vehicles, gasoline
, diesel
Combustion of solid waste
Open burning
Incineration
Fugitive dust
Unpaved roads
Paved roads
Agriculture (tilling and erosion)
Construction
Total
2
35
neg
31
12
6
491
87
19
3
22
139
neg
14
61,679
4,198
24,174
70
90,982
2
41
neg
33
13
6
512
117
23
3
23
143
neg
14
47,577
5,633
24,174
94
78,408
2
42
neg
35
13
7
537
148
27
3
24
147
neg
14
33,474
7,135
24,174
109
65,891
52
-------
Table 4-4. APPORTIONING FACTORS BY SOURCE CATEGORY
ui
U)
Source category
Apportioning factor/
emission level parameters
Source of
apportioning data
Conventional area sources
Mobile sources
Highway vehicles
Off-highway vehicles
Railroad
Aircraft
Stationary source fuel
combustion
Combustion of solid wastes
Fugitive dust sources
Unpaved roads
Paved roads
Agricultural tilling
Construction
miles of road (paved/unpaved) County highway map
acres agricultural land
miles railroad track
point allocation
no. of dwelling units
no. of incinerators
miles unpaved road
miles paved road
acres agricultural land
acres open land and
commercial development areas office
USGS maps
County highway map
and USGS maps
N/A
a
S.D. DEP file data
County highway map
and USGS maps
County highway map
and USGS maps
USGS maps
City building permit
Sioux Falls Transportation Planning Process, Traffic Assignment Zone Study.
-------
Tables 4-5, 4-6, and 4-7 summarize the emissions by
grid (area and point sourcel for the three analysis years.
Throughout the analysis period, total emissions should
decline about 10 percent, from 10,441 tons per year in 1974
to 9,405 tons per year in 1985. This is due primarily to a
9 percent decrease in the area source contribution, mainly
fugitive dust from unpaved roads. During this period, point
sources are shown to decrease by about 18 percent as sources
come into compliance and experience normal growth. The area
source/point source mix remains relatively constant over the
years, with area sources comprising about 89 percent of the
total in 1974 and close to 90 percent in 1985.
BASE YEAR AIR QUALITY AND MODEL VERIFICATION
The sampling stations, judged by their site location
and relative exposure profiles, seem to provide a reasonably
unbiased indication of baseline air quality in the Sioux
Falls region. The installation of a station appropriately
located to indicate a reasonable estimate of background air
quality would round out the monitoring efforts currently
underway.
The airport and wastewater treatment plant stations
were installed in 1972 and yielded a continuous year of data
for 1974 for use in this analysis. The station at Augustana
College was installed in February of 1975, so annual aver-
ages for 1974 were not available. The 1975 data were,
therefore, assumed representative of 1974 for purposes
utilized herein. The City Hall station is an EPA NASN
station for which 1974 annual averages were available. All
of the sampling data for the four stations show concentra-
tions to be below the annual and short-term averages for the
primary and secondary particulate standards, with the excep-
tion of the wastewater treatment plant station, which
recorded an annual geometric mean of 61 ug/m3 and a 24-hour
maximum of 153 ug/m3 (see Appendix C).
54
-------
Table 4-5. PARTICULATE EMISSIONS BY GRID AND SOURCE CATEGORY
IN THE SIOUX FALLS MODELING AREA, 1974
Grid
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Total
tion
CO
3
rH £1
0) g
3 O
fn O
1
5
2
neg
3
7
13
9
2
6
10
2
1
5
3
2
neg
71
y motor
es
(d rH
S O
X3 -H
H 0)
K >
7
4
5
5
7
13
8
5
7
7
12
9
3
5
8
12
5
2
3
2
2
1
132
Source category,
c
>i 0) O
03 SH -H
S 3 -P
-P T3 £ tfl -P (C
MH (0 ij> Q) rH lH
cd o
1 1 Lj
U H
M -H
H (d
-H
rH
tJl
Q)
c
19 neg
-H
.C
1
m
O
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
19
H 3
0 0
H -H
X3 M
w
(d ^
cu fd
(d O
eu M
84
45
50
50
65
229
101
50
80
131
229
177
49
39
142
224
90
32
34
24
15
7
1947
uction
j_i
-P
w
C
o
u
12
12
12
12
12
12
70
0)
-P O
C M
rl 3
O O
en to
388
36
518
82
40
10
95
169
rH
(d
-P
o
H
575
503
539
962
690
986
597
461
573
169
363
209
148
593
170
260
111
141
630
549
645
567
10441
55
-------
Table 4-6. PARTICULATE EMISSIONS BY GRID AND SOURCE CATEGORY
IN THE SIOUX FALLS MODELING AREA, 1980
Grid
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Total
fl
o
H
-P
CO
3
1 ' *y
CD £
3 O
fa 0
1
5
2
neg
3
8
14
9
2
7
11
3
1
5
3
2
neg
76
o
-P
o
e
CO
>i Q)
(0 rH
S O
X! -H
tn.c!
H
8
5
6
6
7
14
9
5
7
8
13
10
3
6
8
13
5
2
3
2
2
1
143
Source category, ton/yr
>i (1) O
5 3 -P
p T) .c co .p to
MH (0 tn 0) H ^ T)
rH
rH
01
0)
G
23 neg
H
x!
I
MI
1 r [
O
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
19
rH |3
0 0
H -H
x; n
0) GI
191
191
191
191
191
72
77
143
120
37
191
48
108
161
215
215
2342
Q)
G
H
O
C
H
2
2
2
2
2
2
12
QJ
> (0
(0 t)
c o
D M
201
180
201
225
269
89
225
180
222
40
246
40
423
315
361
301
3518
13 (0
0) T3
K* nJ
OJ O
A . ij
112
60
67
67
87
307
135
67
108
175
307
237
65
52
190
300
120
43
46
33
20
10
2608
uction
M
-P
CO
c
o
u
15
15
15
15
15
15
90
0)
-P 0
c n
H 3
o o
CM (0
125
42
391
99
48
13
112
830
rH
(0
-P
O
EH
514
438
467
615
598
902
548
397
509
220
463
273
147
496
222
341
144
134
585
515
601
528
9657
56
-------
Table 4-7. PARTICULATE EMISSIONS BY GRID AND SOURCE CATEGORY
IN THE SIOUX FALLS MODELING AREA, 1985
Grid
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Total
o
H
.p
0)
3
rH £j
d) £
3 O
fc< O
1
5
2
neg
3
8
14
10
2
7
12
3
1
6
3
3
neg
80
o
-P
o
e
w
>i Q)
td « i
S o
G *H
t7* rG
H (U
K >
8
5
6
6
8
16
10
6
8
8
15
11
4
6
9
14
6
3
3
2
2
2
158
Source category, ton/yr
c
>i Q) O
(d M -H
S 3 .p
-P T3 .G W .p rd
^ (d tn 0) rH ^ T3
(d o
^ in
U rH
^1 -H
H (d
27 M
G
O
H
W
03
-H
g
0)
0)
rH
X)
H
-H
rH
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
19
3
u
-H
VH
tn
191
191
191
191
191
72
77
143
120
37
191
48
108
161
215
215
2355
(U
G
H
O
C
H
2
2
2
2
2
2
12
0)
> w
rd Tf
& 03
G O
D rH
111
99
111
124
148
49
124
99
123
22
135
22
365
272
312
260
2376
T3 W
0) T!
t> id
rd O
144
77
87
87
112
394
173
87
138
225
394
305
83
67
244
385
154
55
55
39
24
12
3341
action
j_i
-P
G
O
U
17
17
17
17
17
17
102
QJ
-P O
G rH
O O
144
44
466
116
51
16
116
953
rH
4J
O
EH
456
375
396
553
505
1030
503
336
444
276
558
345
148
401
279
430
182
128
537
478
556
489
9405
57
-------
The AQDM model was first run for the base year 1974 so
that the modeling results could be verified by comparison
with measured concentrations. The model predicts annual
arithmetic concentrations at all specified receptor sites,
subject to the constraints and input data explained in
previous sections of this chapter. Model-predicted values
are compared with measured values in Table 4-8. Linear
regression analysis between measured and predicted values
yielded a slope of -0.2 and a y-intercept of 61.7 for the
line of best fit, and a correlation coefficient of -0.04.
Ideally, the slope and correlation should approach 1.0 and
the y-intercept should be near zero when background has been
included in the predicted concentrations. The slope of the
line of best fit can be used to correct for persistent over-
or underprediction (calibration).
While the linear regression values indicate that the
model is not very accurate, review of the data pairs shows
that the model was within at least 1 ug/m of the measured
value in all but one case. There are some limitations on
the accuracy of any model that would be inherent in the
input data for this analysis area:
0 The concentrations due to source emissions are
much less than background, which was assumed
to be constant throughout the analysis area.
Small variations in actual background in dif-
ferent parts of the AQMA would have a strong
influence on the total measured concentrations
and on the resulting correlation between pre-
dicted and measured concentration.
0 The majority of particulate emissions are from
fugitive dust sources which, by their nature,
are difficult to quantify or to locate
accurately.
58
-------
Table 4-8. COMPARISON OF MODEL-PREDICTED AND MEASURED
POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS IN THE SIOUX FALLS
AQMA ANALYSIS AREA, 1974
Predicted annual Measured annual
geometric mean,a geometric mean,
Receptor site ug/m3 ug/m^
Joe Foss Field
Wastewater Treatment
Plant
City Hall
Augustana College
47
48
50
49
47
61
50
50
Includes background concentration of 35 ug/m (geometric).
59
-------
Also, differences in magnitude between data pairs,
which may not appear large in a cursory analysis, cause an
extreme loss in regression sensitivity when only four data
sets are used.
In view of the reasonable values obtained in spite of
the aforementioned limitations, the AQDM model has been
applied uncalibrated to predict future particulate concen-
trations in the analysis area.
Prior to plotting the predicted particulate concentra-
tions on a map of the analysis area, the values were con-
verted from annual arithmetic to annual geometric means so
that they could be compared directly with the applicable
primary and secondary standards of 75 and 60 ug/m3, respec-
tively. This was accomplished by use of the following
equation relating the two measures:
arith. mean _ &L/2 In2 SGD , 1«
geom. mean ""
where SGD = standard geometric deviation
Standard geometric deviations of the sampling data at
the four stations varied from 1.56 to 1.85. Since back-
ground is such a large portion of the predicted concentra-
tions at all the receptors, the SGD of 1.65 from the airport
site (the most rural site, and the one from which the back-
ground estimate was derived) was assumed to be representa-
tive for all locations. By solving equation 1 above for an
SGD of 1.65, it can be determined that the geometric mean is
0.882 of the predicted arithmetic mean at a receptor.
This correction factor having been applied to the
predicted arithmetic concentrations, the background concen-
tration of 35 ug/m3 (geometric) was added to complete the
conversion.
60
-------
Table 4-9 summarizes the predicted source contributions
(in ug/m-3 and percent) from the five largest contributing
point and area source to the perceived concentrations at the
five maximum receptors in 1974. Figure 4-6 shows the locations
of the five maximum receptors for 1974, 1980, and 1985. It
is predicted that an average of 59 percent of the perceived
TSP loading at the five maximum receptors will be caused by
the 10 point and area sources indicated. All point sources
account for approximately 3 percent of the concentrations at
the five maximum receptors, while all area sources are
responsible for about 69 percent of the loading.
The isopleth showing predicted 1974 concentrations is
presented in Figure 4-7. It may be noted that concentra-
tions approach the secondary standard, although areas of
steep gradients are not indicated, which would point out a
severe localized pollution problem.
PROJECTED AIR QUALITY
Again, the model was applied to the analysis area using
the 1980 and 1985 emissions data, with other input data
(meteorological parameters, receptors) remaining constant.
Expected 1980 and 1985 annual geometric mean particulate
concentrations were calculated. The procedures described in
the preceding section were used to convert arithmetic concen-
trations to geometric concentrations and add background air
quality.
Figures 4-8 and 4-9 show isopleths of the predicted
concentrations in Sioux Falls for 1980 and 1985. The concen-
trations for both years are higher than the base year 1974
and exceed the secondary standard in 1985 only in one small
section of the city. The maximum predicted concentration in
1985 is 61 ug/m3.
61
-------
Table 4-9. SOURCE CONTRIBUTION TABLE, 1974
Source
Point Source No.
Receptor 39 72 27
271
11 12 2
12 17 11
39
ug/m3a %
124 38
2 2
5 11
12 12
0.25
0.32
1.67
1.12
1.45
7.52
(Five maximum receptors)
72 27 124
0.37
0.19
0.25
1.95
1.01
1.30
0.10
4.45
0.12
0.57
24.57
0.65
0.15
0.09
0.38
0.88
0.55
2.20
38
ug/m3a
0.38
0.19
0.98
%
2.26
1.12
5.81
Subtotal
13 18 12 18 17 0.39 1.77 3.69 19.45 0.61 3.34 0.09 0.50 0.14 0.82
20 20 20 20 20 7.66 34.57 0.67 3.54 1.64 9.04 0.97 5.65 2.35 14.00
10.29 46.43 5.17 27.25 6.92 38.17 1.68 9.78 4.04 24.01
N)
Area Source Grids
Receptor 39 72 27 124 38
21 25 21 25 25 0.74 3.33 0.76 4.00 0.67 3.71 0.88 5.12
25 26 25 26 29 1.09 4.94 0.82 4.33 1.08 5.99 0.72 4.19
26 27 26 29 30 0.94 4.24 1.33 7.03 0.67 3.67 0.89 5.14
1.05 6.28
0.85 5.07
1.93 11.51
29 31 29 31 31 0.90 4.07 0.94 4.98 1.96 10.84 3.85 22.37 0.73 4.36
20 32 39 36 39 1.23 5.56 1.19 6.30 0.80 4.41 0.79 4.58 0.81 4.85
Subtotal 4.90 22.14 5.04 26.64 5.18 28.62 7.13 41.40 5.37 32.07
Total 15.19 68.57 10.21 53.89 12.10 66.79 8.81 51.18 9.41 56.08
All Point Sources
All Area Sources
10.84 48 92 5.55 29.27 7.20 39.71 1.99 11.55 4.35 25.92
11.32 51.08 13.41 70.73 10.93 60.29 15.24 88.45 12.43 74.08
a Arithmetic values (no background).
-------
675
680
685
1 Jt
i
,
s
|
'
/
/ ^
\
\
i
1
1BI 10
l"
r
1 __««
1 E3
' 15
1
\- *
2
l
<
-> 6
i
1
I
A|
1
'
* ll'
I
16
£
Tl <
20
'J
i
i
1
i S4
1
I
17
r
,_ _ j
1 j
i
i
i
, i y
[_]
'
*3
7
*13
n
i
i
j
1 18
~
21
0
* 4
. .
8
i
<
14
<
22
0 9
» O iJ J
4830
1
,4825
>
[
L
482C
^
( i
5 Mommum Receptors
1974
1980
Q 1985
Receptor Location
L Hi-Vol Site/lccep'or
Figure 4-6 Sioux Falls analysis area; five maximum receptor locations.
-------
1
2 Milei
Figure 4-7. Sioux Falls area 1974 annual geometric mean particulate
concentrations,
-------
Ul
\
2 Mil.i
Figure 4-8. Sioux Falls area 1980 annual geometric mean particulate
concentrations, ug/m3.
-------
(Ti
\
2 Miles
Figure 4-9. Sioux Falls ar^a 1985 annual geometric mean particulate
concentrations, ug/m3.
-------
SHORT TERM TSP ANALYSIS
In addition to the annual NAAQS, compliance with short-
term particulate standards (24-hour) must also be evaluated
since the maximum predicted concentrations in 1985 just
barely exceed the secondary standard. Various models exist
for evaluating compliance with these standards.16 Most,
however, require specific assumptions as to which probable
combinations of short-term emission rates and adverse meteoro-
logical conditions will yield peak ambient concentrations.
As a result most of these models are difficult to apply.
One technique which has been found to be satisfactory
in most cases and which is easy to apply is the empirical
mathematical model developed by Larsen.21 This technique
expresses air pollution concentrations as a function of
averaging time and frequency, and it assumes that the follow-
ing characteristics hold true for any given data set under
consideration:
0 pollutant concentrations are log-normally
distributed for all averaging times; and
0 median concentrations are proportional to
averaging time raised to an exponent.
Given these assumptions, Larsen's model may be expressed
as:
where C = the maximum concentration expected
for the time period of concern (in
the case of TSP 24 hours)
M = annual geometric mean
S = standard geometric deviation
z = an empirical value representing
67
-------
the number of standard deviations
from the geometric mean that
corresponds to the desired aver-
aging period (or, in other words,
to the desired percentile on a
normal probability curve)
This model is derived from the observation that, when
plotted on log probability paper, most air quality data will
form a nearly straight line. This observation suggests that
when the logarithm of concentrations is plotted on one axis
and the number of samples on the other, the resulting curve
will follow the familiar bell-shaped curve. With this in
mind, and having access to the geometric mean and standard
geometric deviation of the data, it is a relatively straight-
forward process to calculate the concentration for any one
percentile. Since a given percentile will correspond to a
specific averaging time for a given set of data, it is also
relatively easy to calculate an expected maximum concentra-
ion. One simply needs to know the number of standard devia-
tions (z) on a normal probability curve that corresponds to
the desired maximum concentration for a selected averaging
time. In the case of a 24-hour average, this number (z) is
2.94.22 When used in equation 2, one can easily calculate
the maximum 24-hour average for a given annual geometric
mean and standard geometric deviation.
Larsen's technique was used in this analysis to determine
whether or not the expected maximum short-term concentration
for TSP exceeds the respective standards. No effort has
been made to assess formal compliance with the standards
since they are expressed in terms of levels "not to be
exceeded more than once per year," or, in other words, the
second maximum. It is assumed that the maximum and second
maximum are essentially equivalent and that where the former
exceeds the standards, the latter will probably do likewise.
The expected maximum 24-hour concentration was computed
for the City Hall hi vol site for 1985. This site had the
68
-------
highest AQDM predicted annual geometric mean54 ug/m3.
Using this value, the average standard geometric deviation
(Sg) for the four sites £1.65), and a z value of 2.94, the
expected maximum 24-hour concentration is 235 ug/m3, well
in excess of the secondary standard of 150 ug/m3. Solving
equation 2 for the annual geometric mean beyond which the
24-hour maximum would be exceeded produced a value of 34.4
ug/m . All the current hi vol sites are projected to measure
annual means greater than this in 1980 and 1985.
69
-------
APPENDIX A
POINT SOURCE DATA FOR MINNEHAHA AND PENNINGTON
COUNTIES AND AQDM SOURCE INPUT DATA
-------
Table A-l. POINT SOURCE DATA FOR MINNEHAHA AND PENNINGTON COUNTIES, 1974
I.C. NUMBER
ST cc AO ' PLT PT YR PLANT/POINT NAM?
UTM COOPD.KM S TACK OAT A ESTIMATED EMISSIONS, TPY ALLOWABLE
HT. DIA TEMP FLOW PLUME EHISS.TPY
HCRIZ VERT (FT) (FT) (F) (ACFM) HT PART S02 NQX HC CO PART 502
0000
1220
1300
4312200870000 00
4312200870000 01
431220C670000 02
COUNTY COOES-SCUTH OAKCTA
MINNEHAHA COUNTY
PENNINGTON CCUKTY
MINNEHAHA co. PT. SOURCES
16
16
16
15
15
15
I
1
11
17
17
17
17
4312201870001
4312200670001
4312200870001
431220CP70002
431220PE70002
431220C870002
431220C670C12
4312200870C12
4312200870012
4312200870021
4312200870021
4312200870021
4312200870021
4312200870021
4312200870021
4312200870021
4312200670021
4312200670037
4312200870088
4312200670088
4312200670080
4312200870088
01
02
03
01
02
03
01
02
03
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
01
01
02
03
04
74
74
74
74
74
74
72
72
72
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
NSP CO. -LAWRENCE/BOILER
NSP CO.-LAHRFNCE/BCILER
NSP CO. -LAWRENCE/BOILER
NSP CO. -PATHFINDER/BOILER
NSP CC.-PATHFINOER/BCILER
NSP CO.-PATHFINDER/BCILER
L.G.EVERIST /PR I M. CRUSHIN
L.G.EVEPIST /SECY.CRUSHIN
L.G. EVFR1ST/SCPEENIMG
GAPPFTSTN FAH^CDCP/SHPOEC
SAPRETSON FAPMCOOP/GR.DRY
GARRETSON FAR«CP9P/ FEECGR
GARRETSON F AR f CCCP/SC ALP
GARPETSON FAPVCOQP/FEEDR
GAPRETSON FAR M" CCP/FEEOX
GARRETSON FAR HCOOP/BLNDFE
GAPRETSON FARHCOCP/6AGFER
CONCRETE HATLS CC/ASPH BT
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
690.7
690.7
690.7
688.8
688.8
688.8
685.1
685.1
685
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
680
684
684
684
684
.1
.9
.9
.9
.9
.9
.9
.9
.9
.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
4830
4830
4830
4628
4628
4828
4854
4854
4854
4843
4843
4843
4843
4843
4843
4843
4843
4825
4824
4824
4824
4824
.3
.3
.3
.8
.8
.8
.6
.6
.6
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
165 9.7 380 70000
165 9.7 380 70000
165 9.7 320 93000
150 8.0 360 91000
150 B.O 360 91000
150 8.0 360 91000
77E
77E
77E
77E
77E
77E
77E
77E
77E
77E
77E
20510.06 300E
212 9.0 77E 0
77E ^'
112 7.0 77E
117 3.0 77E
56
56
276
16
16
16
2
6
8
117
8
6
3
27
7B
1
0
35
1
1
42
50
148
14B
240
44
20
44
61
4
14
2
10
26
2
I
43
4
4
162
193
-------
Table A-l (continued). POINT SOURCE DATA FOR MINNEHAHA AND PENNINGTON'COUNTIES, 1974
NJ
t.O. NUMBER
17
12
12
9
9
20
20
20
18
18
14
14
ST CC AO PLT
4312200870088
4312200870108
4312200870108
4312200870109
4312200870109
4312200870110
4312200870110
4312200870110
4312200670111
4312200870112
4312200870113
4312200870113
4312700879901
4312200879^01
4312200879901
4312200879901
4312200679902
43122?0879902
4312200879902
4M220CB79902
4312200879902
4312200879903
4312200879903
43122008T9903
4312200879903
4312200879903
43122008799C4
4312200879CC4
PT
05
01
02
01
02
01
02
03
01
01
01
02
01
02
03
04
01
02
03
04
05
01
02
03
04
05
01
02
YR
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
PLANT/POINT NAME
UNKNOWN
CONCRETE MATLS
CONCRETE MATLS
SWEETMAN CONST
SHEETMAN CONST
CONCRETE MATL
CONCRETE MATL
CONCRETE MATL
CONCRETE MATLS
CONCRETE MATL
SWEETMAN CONST
SHIFTMAN CONST
HARTFORC COOP
HARTFCRO COCP
HARTFORD COOP
HARTFORD COOP
BALTIC FARMER
BALTIC FARMER
BALTIC FARMER
BALTIC FARMER
BALTIC FARMER
CO/ASPH BT
CO/ASPH #},
a
CO/CONC BT
CO/CONC BT
CO/PRI TRSH
CC/SEC CRSH
CO/TER CRSH
CO/SAND PL
CO/SANO PL
CO/CONC BT
CO/CONC BT
FARM/SHPREC
FABM/GR CLN
FAHM/GR DRY
FARM/GRNOMX
EL/SHIP REC
EL/HANDLING
«=L/GR!NC MX
EL/CLEANING
EL/MIX PERT
CO»SON COOP CO/SHIP t REC
CORSON COOP CO/HANOLING
CCRSON COCP CC/GRINC MIX
CORSCN COOP CO/GRAIN DRY
CCRSON COOP CC/PLENC PERT
DELL RAPIDS GRAI N/SHI PERE
PCLL RAPIOS GRAIN/H4NOLIN
UTM COORDtKM
HOP! 2
684.0
680.2
680.2
680.1
680.1
680.2
680.2
680.?
686.9
686.9
680.1
680.1
.
.
681.9
681.9
681.9
681.9
681.9
695.9
695.9
695.9
695.9
695.9
683.9
683.9
VERT
4824.0
4825.1
4825.1
4825.0
4825.0
4825.1
4825.1
4825.1
4825.5
4825.6
4825.0
4825.0
.
.
4847.6
4847.6
4847.6
4847.6
4847.6
4831.9
4831.9
4831.9
4B31.9
4831.9
4854.4
4854.4
S TACK DATA
HT. DIA TEMP PLOV
-------
Table A-l (continued). POINT SOURCE DATA FOR MINNEHAHA AND PENNINGTON COUNTIES, 1974
I.D. NUMBER UTM COORD, KM
ST re 4C PLT PT YP PLANT/POINT NAMf HOR 1 1 VERT
4312200879904 03 72 OFLL RAPICS CR A IN/OR I NDFE t83.9 4854.4
4312200879904 04 72 PELL RAPIDS GRAIN/MIX FER 683.9 4854.4
4312200679904 05 72 DFLL RAPIDS GRAIN/CRN ORY 683.9 4854.4
4312200879905 01 72 CROCKS FARM COCP/SHIP RFC
4312200E79905 02 72 CROOKS FARM CCCP/HAM3L ING
1 4312200879905 03 72 CROOKS FARM COCP/GRN FEED
1
1 43122C0879905 04 72 CROOKS FARM COCP/MIX FERT
4312200E799C6 01 HUMBOLDT FARP FL/SH° RECV
4312200879906 02 HUMROLDT FARM EL/HANDLING
4312200679906 03 HLMPOLDT FARP FL/GR CLEAN
-J
00 4312200879906 04 HUMBOLDT FARM FL/MILLEM1X
4312200879906 05 HUMBOLDT FARM FL/BLNDFERT
43122006799C7 01 72 COLTCN FARM EL/SHIP t REC
4312200879907 02 72 COLTON FARM EL/HANDLING
4312200879907 03 72 C"L TON FARM EL/CLEANING
4312200679907 04 72 COLTON FARM EL/GRAIN ORY
4312200879907 05 72 COLTON FARM EL/GRIND C MX
4312200979908 01 72 VALLEY SPRINGS FARM EL/SH
4312200879908 02 72 VALLEY SPRINGS FARM EL/HD
4312200879908 03 72 VALLEY SPRINGS FARM EL/FQ
1 4312200879909 01 72 FA»M UNION C EKT. EX/SHPPEC 675.2 4825.4
t 4312200879909 02 72 FARM UNION CENT .Ex /HA NDLG 675.2 4825.4
1 4312200879909 03 72 FAR« UNION CENT. ex/ BLOFER 675.2 4825.4
2 4312200E 79910 01 72 GOLDFN SUN FFEOS/PCCCHAND 678.6 4823.3
2 4312200879910 02 72 GOLCEN SUN FF.EDS/BLO FEED 678.6 4823.3
2 4312200879910 03 72 GOLDEN SUN FEEOS/PELLETl N 678.6 4823.3
1 4312200879910 04 72 GOLDEN SUN FEEDS/BLOCKING 678.6 4823.3
2 *3122OOe7991O O5 72 GOLDEN SUN FEECS/BAG FEED 678.6 4823.3
S TACK DAT A
HT . OIA TEMP FLOW PLUME
(FT) (FT) (F) (ACFM) HT
.
77E
.
77E
77E
77E
77E
77E
77E
77E
77E
77E
77E
77E
77E
77E
77E
77E
77E
10E 5. OF 77E
105 5. OF. 77E
IDE 5.0E 77E
10E 5.0E 77E
15E 5.0? 77F {,
20E 5. OF 77E
20E 5.0E 77E
156 5.0E 776
ESTIMATED EMISSIONS, TPY ALLOWABLE
PART S02 NOX HC CO PART S02
13
9
3
6
6
5
5
5
5
8
4
15
10
10
1
2
47
1
1
I
3
3
30
20
20
0
0
0
-------
Table A-l (continued). POINT SOURCE DATA FOR MINNEHAHA AND PENNINGTON COUNTIES, 1974
I.D. NUMBER
3
4
4
4
4
h
|s
6
7
0
10
13
i
19
ST CC AQ PLT
4312200879911
4312200879911
4312200879911
4312200£799!1
4312200879912
4312200879913
4312200879913
4312200879913
4312200879S13
4312200879913
4312200879914
4312200879915
4312200879915
4312200C79916
4312200679917
4312200879918
4312200879919
4312200879920
4312200£79921
4312200879921
4312200879921
4312200879922
4312200879923
4312200879924
4312200879925
PT
01
02
03
04
01
01
02
03
04
05
01
01
02
01
01
01
01
01
01
02
03
01
01
01
01
VR
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
73
73
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
74
PLANT/POINT NAME
JDNES MILL £ EL/SHIP
JONES MILL C EL/HANDLING
JONES MILL £ EL/GRAIN DRY
JONES MILL C EL/GRINOCHX
PURE PLANT FD. INT/HDL. FER
ZIP FEED MILLS/SHIP £ REC
ZIP FEED MILLS/HANDLING
ZIP FEEn MILLS/GRINDING
ZIP FEED KULS/flXING
ZIP FEED MILLS/PELLETING
CITY OF SIOUX FALLS/AS. BT
MYPL£POY'S PAVING/ASP BAT
MYRLEROY'S PAVING/ASP BAT
CONC.wATL.C(VCCr\CRETF BAT
FAGLE MATL CO/SAND PrtOCFS
GAGE BROS.CONC PPCO/CON B
TRAUB SILO CC/CNCPET BAT
SHEETM&N CONST CO/ROCK OR
SHERMAN ftH" CCCP/SHFEREC
SHERMAN FAR" CCCP/HANDLIN
SHERMAN FARM CCCP/OPYING
EAGLE MATLS CC/CONC BTCH
TP.AIL A MIX CONCRETE
JORDAN MTLLWORK CC/NCCATA
WYLAND CONST CO/NC DATA
UTM
COORD, KM
HCRIZ
686.6
684
684
684
684
684
684
673
673
680
686
678
684
680
686
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.3
.2
.2
.2
.8
.5
.6
.1
.
-
.4
.
VERT
4825
4824
4824
*
.7
.0
.0
4824.0
4824
4824
.0
.0
4826.4
4825
4825
4825
4825
4823
.5
.5
.1
.5
.3
4826.8
4825
t
4825
.0
-
.6
*
S TACK 0 A T *-
HT. DIA TEMP FLOW P
IFTI
-------
Table A-l (continued). POINT SOURCE DATA FOR MINNEHAHA
PENNINGTON COUNTIES, 1974
Ul
1.0. NUMBER
ST CO AQ PIT PT YP
PLANT/PPTNT
UTM COOPD.KH S TACK OAT A
HT. OIA TEMP FLOW PLU^E
HORIZ VERT (FT) «FT) JF» (ACFH) HT
ESTIMATED EMISSIONS, TPY
PART S02 NOX HC
ALLOWABLE
EMISS.TPY
CO PART S02
4313C02050000 00
4313002050000 01
4313002050000 02
1 4313002050001 01 74
2 4313002050005 01 74
2 4313002050005 02 74
2 4313002050005 03 74
3 4313002050008 01 74
3 4313002050008 02 74
4 4313002050009 Oi 75
4 431300205000S 02 75
4 4313002050009 03 75
S 4313002050010 01 74
6 4313002050011 01 74
6 4313C020500H 02 74
6 4313002050011 03 74
6 4313002050011 04 74
6 4313002050011 05 74
6 4313002C50011 06 74
6 4313002050011 07 74
6 4313002050011 08 74
6 4313002050011 09 74
7 4313C02050013 01 74
7 4313C02050013 02 74
7 4313002050013 03 74
7 43130D2050013 04 74
7 4313002050013 05 74
8 4313002050014 01 74
8 4313002050014 02 74
8 4313002050014 03 74
9 4313002050015 01 75
PENNINGTCN CO PT. SOURCES
BLACK HILLS POWER S LIGHT
SNOW BRITE LIME CO/PRICPU
SNOW BRITE LIKE CC/SECCRU
SNOW BRITE LIME CO/SCREEN
LIGHT AGPEGATES INC./KILN
LIGHT AGGREGATES IMC/CRSH
HILLS MATLS.CO./4SPH.BTCH
HILLS MATLS.CC./ASPH.BTCH
HILLS MATLS.CO./CNCRT.MIX
HILLS MATL CC/ASPHALT BAT
S.O.CEMENT PLANT/
s.n.CEMENT PLANT/PRI CRSH
S.O.CEMENT PLANT/SFC CRSH
S.O.CEMENT PLANT/PRI SCRN
S.D.CFMENT PLANT/TER CRSH
S.O.CEMENT PLANT/F^ MILL
S.O.CEMENT PLANT/HOT KILN
S.O.CEMENT PLANT/RCT KILN
S.D.CEMFNT PLANT/ROT KILN
PETE LIENCSCNS CUAPRY/PCR
P5TF LIFNCSCNS CU&RRY/PSC
PETE LIFNSSCNS CUARRY/SCR
PETE LIENESCNS CUABBY/SSC
PETE LIFNSSONS OUARRY/TSC
PETE LIENESONS LIHE/RKILN
PETE LIENtSONS LIME/VKILN
PETE LIENCSONS LIME/HYDRA
INC./ASPHALT BATCH
639.0
637.5
637.5
637.5
6*2.0
6*2.0
638.9
638.9
638.9
6*2.0
£38.3
638.3
638.3
638.3
638.3
638.3
638.3
638.3
638.0
638.0
636.0
638.0
63S.O
638.0
638.0
638.0
638.3
4882.
4885.
4885.
4885.
a
8
8
8
4883.0
4883.
4882.
4882.
4882.
4883.
4863.
4883.
4883.
4883.
4883.
4863.
4883.
4883.
488*.
4884.
4884.
4884.
4884.
4884.
0
4
4
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4884.0
4884.
4885.
0
3
200 I 1.0 295 124000
77E
77E
77E
75 3.3 800
77E
-
77F
77E
77E
77E
7TE
«
77E
77E
77E
77E
77E
50 4.0 500 22000
55 3.0 600 15700
.
f
449
10
28
38
295
11
3
3
2
11
58
4
3
0
3
51
51
51
78
39
4
2
6
2000
1
160
877
320
40
40
40
40
9
35
218
218
218
218
201
169
169
169
75
75
70
75
68
46
14
-------
Table A-l (continued). POINT SOURCE DATA FOR MINNEHAHA AND PENNINGTON COUNTIES, 1974
*!_> <^U i C ^ r*
9
9
9
9
10
11
11
11
11
11
12
13
13
13
14
15
ST CO AO PLT
4313C02C5C015
4313002051015
4313002050015
4313C02050015
4313002050034
4313C02C50034
4313002050045
4313002050046
4313002050046
4313002050046
4313002C50046
4313C02C50046
4313C02050050
4313002C5C050
4313002050055
4313C02C50105
4313002C501C6
4313002C599C1
4313C02059902
4313002059932
4313002T59902
4313002059903
4313C02C59904
4313002C599C5
4313002C59906
4313002C5S907
*313C02C59S08
4313^2059909
PT
02
03
04
05
01
02
02
01
02
03
04
05
01
02
01
01
01
01
01
02
03
01
Ol
01
01
01
01
01
YR
75
75
75
75
74
74
72
75
75
75
75
75
74
74
74
74
74
72
72
72
72
72
73
72
72
PLANT/POINT NAME
SL'MPIT INC./PPIMARY CRUSH
SUMMIT INC. /SEC CRSHESCRN
SUMMIT INC./TER CRSHCSCRN
SUMMIT INC./SCRN CNVY HNO
BIROSALL SAND GRAVEL/CONC
BIROSALL SAKC GPAVEL/STCR
HIGHWAY CONST .CG/CRSH/SCR
HILLS MATL CC/PPIM CRUSH
HILLS MATL CC/SECY CRUSH
HILLS MATL CC/TERY CRUSH
HILLS MATL CC/SCRN CCNV H
HILLS MATL CO/CPY MIX
S.PAK.DEPT.OF HIWY/ASPH.B
S.D4K.DEPT.CC HIWY/ MISC.
P1POSALL SAND GRAVEL/CRSH
BUCKINGHAM V.TCC PRD/TPBUP
S.OAK.CNCRT.PRCD/CNCR. BAT
JAM=S F.SIMON CC/ASPH.BAT
B!"CSALL SANDSGR4VEL/CUAR
BIROSALL SANOEGRAVEL/CNCP
SIPDSALL SANOSGRAVEL/BCIL
DAKOTA BLOCK CC./CNCR.BLK
HILLS RED E MI X/CNC'.BTCH
L.G.EVFPIST.INC/CNCR.BTCH
UNIT STEP NEW UNDRViO/CNCR
DAKCTA CUARTZ PBCC/NCCATA
OELZER CONST. CC./NC DATA
ANC-tL AUTi"> SALVAGE/NODATA
u I r
luunu t
HCRIZ
638
638
638
638
619
619
637
637
637
637
637
637
645
645
644
638
641
641
641
638
643
637
.3
.3
.3
.3
.0
.0
.6
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.0
.0
.
.
.9
.3
.9
.9
.9
.3
.5
.0
.
.
i\n -a I A 1. i\ u « I « " C3Tir*Aicu cniadll
VERT (FTJ (FT) (F) (ACFM) HT PART S02 NOX
4885
4885
4885
.3 . 77E
.3 . 77E
.3 . 77E
4885.3 . - 77E
4918
4918
4886
4883
4883
4883
4883
4883
4878
4878
4878
4884
4883
4883
4883
.0 . 77E
.0 . 77E
.1
.2 . 77E
.2 . 77E
.2 . 77E
.2 . 77E
.2 . 77E
.0
.0
77E
30 10.0
.6 . 77E
.8
.0
.0
.0
4884.0
4881
4886
.9
.3
.
. .
88
40
158
53
0
3
900
64
19
23
26
0
98
28
8
1
7
10
3
5
0
2
0
0
0
If 3ff 1 r 1 Hkl.'-'lVMOL.C
C M T C C T OV
HC CO PART S02
57
51
51
51
48
46
37
37
37
37
2
30
30
38
0
16
-------
Table A-l (continued). POINT SOURCE DATA FOR MINNEHAHA AND PENNINGTON COUNTIES, 1974
l »u nur"D~ r
ST CO AQ PLT
4313002059910
16 4313002059911
16 4313002059911
16 4313002059911
16 4313002059911
4313002059912
4313002059912
4313002059912
4313002059912
4313002059913
4313002059913
4313002059913
4313002059914
4313002059914
4313002059914
4313002059915
17 4313002059916
17 4313002059916
*
PT
01
01
02
03
04
01
02
03
04
01
02
03
01
02
03
01
01
02
YR
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
1?.
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
uin uuiJKUtiVFi
PLANT/POINT MPF HCRIZ VERT IFT
BCB AUTO SALVAGE/NO DATA
ABY'S FEEDESEEO/HAr-MERr-IL 642.1 4882.1
ABY'S FFEOCSFEO/OISK SEED 642.1 4882.1
ABY'S FEEOCSEFC/GRAV CLN 642.1 4882.1
ABY'S FEEDCSFCD/SCRN CLN 642.1 4882. 1
HUBPARC
HUB9APD
HUBBARD
HUBBARD
HUBBAPO
HUPBAPD
HUBBAPD
ANDERSON
ANPERSOfl
ANDERSON
RUSHMPRE
HUBBARD
HUBBARO
MILL-UNORHD/SH
PILL-UKDRWO/HANOL
MIIL-UNDRWVROLLE
MILL-UNHRWC/CLEAN
MILL-WALL/SHP.REC
MILL-WALL/H4NDLNG
MILL-fcALL/RCLLING
MILLWORK/SAWING
MILLWOPK/SANOING
HULWORK/PLANUG
HOMES INC./INCIN
KILLING CC/FEFC 642.2 4882.5
MILLING CC/FLOUR 642.2 4882.5
. OTA TEMP FLOW PLUME -
) (FT) IF) (ACFM) HT
77E
77E
77F
77E
77E
77E
77E
77E
77E
77E
77E
77E
77E
776
77E
77E
20 E
20E
20E
20E
20E
20E
20E
20E
Cilinaicu cnlJJiunot in uvut-m«ouc
_________ F M T ^ C TPV
PART S02 NOX HC CO PART S02
2
0
0
0
4
4
4
0
7
7
7
0
0
0
0
15
18
-------
Table A-2.
r-AuLj .,«r« Alu. C'J«LlfY INALYoli; SlUUX t-ALLbi b.L/. 19/-«
NJ f ri L K
1
.»
u - -
4
3
7
y
1C
11
13
16
1? - ~
IS
.lo
? 1
/
"
Is
31
'4.
37
:;
oi.-L. -.(. -
H
Form union Central Exchange
Golden Sun Feeds
Pure Plant Food Internationale
Zip Feed Mills
City of Sioux Falls
o C u K '^ L L
'. KHJi'._
,'£I/l.tI^t_-
c?5.2
o7a .0
68 ^
Eagla Materials Company cco.-<
Concrete Materials Comoany cdo.2
';'j ~-'Ju-'~ - i-1- iJ ' sll-ii
i r t ' j j li P. C t G K 1 D L. o H 2 3
A '<'-- o.^'-^L t..r. 1 J "i 6Hf.5
£J:i£ ..JU^i.' j-iilJ .a L'jJ.i
'-" , - 5 JU^^^ (A1 Li i
4 - f ' ; c. ' I .- - 1 L r i L a
1 I" - -i . J w " - _ O K i L> '/
~rvi<; SJU,<-£ O^lJ 11
*h;i iiiUfOc tr.10 12
£ r ^ .-. j'J'^rk.L 'uK i J 1-t
;^i^ ^::^ G.ii ii
Cr ; - S JU\^. i UK I J *.-j
^r^J i'JU^^L uHiJ ^1
o 7 / . 3
u h 2 . 'j
sdjljti _"_
hS^ ,t<
j?/ . ^
fiiil^J
60 j . u
6do.3
" Q^^i^Q.
(.Si. 5
6bi .J
L^JiiS
o 60 j>
etc. &
Qllji
o o 2 . 5
&tf7.5
. ^5^2
C.CAT IL'N
T". K j )
462 t.t
tH2J. J
4 u «? « . o
> l> il t> . -«
'+8^5.1 -
_"~
^6 /
^9_flj,__
298.
298.
0.
0.
; a^__ "
0.
J.
- - o ,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
~-Q-__
-------
APPENDIX B
RAPID CITY GRID EMISSIONS AND
EMISSION DENSITY ESTIMATES
-------
Table B-l. RAPID CITY GRID EMISSIONS AND EMISSION DENSITY ESTIMATE
Grid No. 1
Description: Northwest of city, quarry areas
Area of grid, sq mi: 1.52
Source category
Fugitive dust
Unpaved roads
Paved roads
Unpaved shoulders
Road sanding
Unpaved parking
lots
Gravel pits
RR rights-of-way
Aggregate storage
Conventional
Point source
Stationary source
fuel combustion
Mobile sources
Combustion of
solid wastes
4.
0.
0.
0.
0.
9.
0.
9.
Emission
0
04
3
factor
Ib/VMT
Ib/VMT
ton/ac/yr
003 Ib/VMT
29
4
3
4
ton/ac/yr
ton/ac/yr
ton/ac/yr
ton/ac/yr
_ _
--
--
Emission level
parameters
2.8 mi; ADT=21; 365 da/yi
4.0 mi; 0.7x106 VMT/yr
0.4 mi; or (1.0 ac)
4.0 mi; 0.7xl06 VMT/yr
3.0 ac
150 ac
1.6 mi ; or (7.8 ac )
12 ac
_ _
grid/county popl = .05
V.
grid/county VMT = .004
incinerators/grid
Total
Emission density, ton/sq
mi/yr
Particulate
1974
43
14
neg
1
1
1410
2
113
976
2
1
neg
2563
1686
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
GFa
.0
.34
.34
.34
.0
.14
.0
.0
.03
.07
.0
.74
emissions ,
1980
43
19
neg
1
1
1607
2
113
129
2
1
neg
1918
1262
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
0.
GF
0
5
5
5
0
24
0
0
14
03
0
79
ton/yr
1985
43
21
neg
2
1
1748
2
113
149
2
1
neg
2082
1370
00
o
GF = growth factor (see Area Source Inventory)
multiply by county emissions (see Area Source Inventory)
-------
Table B-2. RAPID CITY GRID EMISSIONS AND EMISSION DENSITY ESTIMATE
Grid No. 2
Description: Northwest of city, 1-90 east-west
Area of grid, sq mi : 2.88
Source category
Fugitive dust
Unpaved roads
Paved roads
Active construction
Road sanding
Unpaved parking
lots
Gravel pits
Aggregate storage
Conventional
Point source
Stationary source
fuel combustion
Mobile sources
Combustion of
solid wastes
Emission
factor
4.0 Ib/VMT
0.04 Ib/VMT
6 . 4 ton/ac/yr
0.003 Ib/VMT
0.29 ton/ac/yr
9.4 ton/ac/yr
9.4 ton/ac/yr
__
--
Emission level
parameters
0.9 mi; ADT=21;,365 da/yr
19.5 mi; 3.5x10 VMT/yr
16 ac
19.5 mi; 3.5x10 VMT/yr
3.0 ac
5.0 ac
10 ac
i
grid/county popl = .03
^
grid/county VMT = .011
incinerators/grid
Total
Emission density, ton/sq mi/yr
corridor
Particulate
1974
14
70
102
5
1
47
94
1216
1
3
neg
1553
539
GFa
1.0
1.34
1.14
1.34
1.0
1.14
1.0
1.03
1.07
1.0
0.40
emissions,
1980
14
94
116
7
1
54
94
300
1
3
neg
684
238
GF
1.0
1.5
1.24
1.5
1.0
1.24
1.0
1.14
1.03
1.0
0.42
ton/yr
1985
14
105
126
8
1
58
94
346
1
3
neg
756
263
oo
GF = growth factor (see Area Source Inventory)
multiply by county emissions (see Area Source Inventory)
-------
Table B-3. RAPID CITY GRID EMISSIONS AND EMISSION DENSITY ESTIMATE
Grid No. 3
Description: West of city, westernmost grid
Area of grid, sq mi; 1.51
Source category
Fugitive dust
Unpaved .roads
Paved roads
Road sanding
Cleared/Storage
area
Playground/ball
field
Conventional
Point source
Stationary source
fuel combustion
Mobile sources
Combustion of
solid wastes
Emission
factor
4.0 Ib/VMT
0.04 Ib/VMT
0.003 Ib/VMT
0.26 ton/ac/yr
0.26 ton/ac/yr
Emission level
parameters
1.5 mi; ADT=21;fi365 da/yr
18.4 mi; 3.3xlo£ VMT/yr
18.4 mi; 3.3x10 VMT/yr
1. 0 ac
3.0 ac
grid/county popl = .08
c
incinerators/grid
Total
Emission density, ton/sq mi/yr
Particulate
1974 GFa
23
66
5
neg
1
neg
3
5
1
104
69
1.0
1.34
1.34
1.0
1.0
1.03
1.07
1.0
1.23
emissions,
1980 GF
23
88
7
neg
1
neg
3
5
1
128
85
1.0
1.5
1.5
1.0
1.0
1.14
1.03
1.0
1.35
ton/yr
1985
23
99
8
neg
1
neg
3
5
1
140
93
CO
GF = growth factor (see Area Source Inventory)
multiply by county emissions (see Area Source Inventory)
multiply by county emissions: grid/county VMT = .011; grid/county const develop = .05
-------
Table B-4. RAPID CITY GRID EMISSIONS AND EMISSION DENSITY ESTIMATE
Grid No
. 4
Description: Northwest city, mineral products industries
Area of
grid , sq mi : 2.23
area
Source category
Fugitive dust
Unpaved roads
Paved roads
Unpaved shoulders
Road sanding
Unpaved parking lot
Cleared/Storage
area
Gravel pits
RR rights-of-way
Aggregate storage
RR yards
Conventional
Point so'urce
Stationary source
fuel combustion
Mobile sources
Combustion of
solid wastes
4.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
9.
0.
9.
0.
Emission
factor
0 Ib/VMT
04 Ib/VMT
3 ton/ac/yr
003 Ib/VMT
29 ton/ac/yr
26 ton/ac/yr
4 ton/ac/yr
3 ton/ac/yr
4 ton/ac/yr
3 ton/ac/yr
_ _
--
--
Emission level
parameters
7.8 mi; ADT=21; 365 da/yr
6.3 mi; l.lxlO6 VMT/yr
1.1 mi; or (2.7 ac)
6.3 mi; l.lxlO^ VMT/yr
14 ac
31 ac
270 ac
3.5 mi; or (17 ac)
45 ac
5. 0 ac
_
grid/county popl = .07
c
incinerators/grid
Total
Emission density, ton/sq mi/yr
Particulate
1974
120
22
1
2
4
8
2538
5
423
2
3104
2
7
2
6240
2798
GFa
1.0
1.34
1.34
1.34
1.0
1.0
1.14
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.03
1.07
1.0
0.71
emissions ,
1980
120
29
1
3
4
8
2893
5
423
2
1264
2
7
2
4763
2136
GF
1.0
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.0
1.0
1.24
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.14
1.03
1.0
0.76
ton/yr
1985
120
33
2
3
4
8
3147
5
423
2
1454
2
7
2
5212
2337
00
GF = growth factor (see Area Source Inventory)
multiply by county emissions (see Area Source Inventory)
multiply by county emissions: grid/county VMT = .008; grid/county RR mi = .089;
grid/county const develop = .087
-------
Table B-5. RAPID CITY GRID EMISSIONS AND EMISSION DENSITY ESTIMATE
Grid No
. 5
Description: Main district, west of Hangman Hill
Area of
grid, sq mi: 0.77
Source category
Fugitive dust
Unpaved roads
Paved roads
Unpaved shoulders
Road sanding
Unpaved parking
lots
Cleared/Storage
area
RR rights-of-way
Aggregate storage
Playground/ball
field
Conventional
Point source
Stationary source
fuel combustion
Mobile sources
Combustion of
solid wastes
Emission
factor
4.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
9.
0.
0 Ib/VMT
04 Ib/VMT
3 ton/ac/yr
003 Ib/VMT
29 ton/ac/yr
26 ton/ac/yr
3 ton/ac/yr
4 ton/ac/yr
26 ton/ac/yr
__
Emission level
parameters
2.5 mi; ADT=21;,365 da/yr
11.5 mi; 2.1x10 VMT/yr
1.3 mi; or (3.2fiac)
11.5 mi; 2.1x10 VMT/yr
2.0 ac
2.0 ac
1.1 mi; or (5.3 ac)
2. 0 ac
1. 0 ac
^
grid/county popl = . 09
c
incinerators/grid
Total
Emission density, ton/sq mi/yr
Particulate
1974 GFa
38
42
1
3
1
1
2
19
neg
8
3
12
2
132
171
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
.0
.34
.34
.34
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.03
.07
.0
.12
emissions
1980
38
56
1
4
1
1
2
19
neg
10
3
13
2
150
195
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
GF
0
5
5
5
0
0
0
0
0
14
03
0
18
ton/yr
1985
38
63
2
5
1
1
2
19
neg
10
3
12
2
159
206
00
£>
f* GF = growth factor (see Area Source Inventory)
multiply by county emissions (see Area Source Inventory)
c multiply by county emissions: grid/county VMT = .008; grid/county const develop
= .174
-------
Table B-6. RAPID CITY GRID EMISSIONS AND EMISSION DENSITY ESTIMATE
Grid No. 6
Description: Southwest
Area of grid, sq mi : 3
city, Canyon Lake/Sioux Park
.18
area
Source category
Fugitive dust
Unpaved roads
Paved roads
Active construction
Unpaved shoulders
Road sanding
Unpaved parking
lots
Playground/ball
field
Conventional
Point source
Stationary source
fuel combustion
Mobile sources
Combustion of
solid wastes
Emission
factor
4.0 Ib/VMT
0.04 Ib/VMT
6 . 4 ton/ac/yr
0.3 ton/ac/yr
0.003 Ib/VMT
0.29 ton/ac/yr
0.26 ton/ac/yr
__
0.9
26.
10
0.4
26.
1.0
40
Emission level
parameters
mi; ADT=21;fi365 da/yr
4 mi; 4.7x10 VMT/yr
ac
mi; or (1.0fiac)
4 mi; 4.7x10 VMT/yr
ac
ac
V,
grid/county popl = .09^
C
incinerators/grid
Total
Emission density, ton/sq mi/yr
f* GF = growth
factor (see Area Source
Particulate emissions,
1974
14
94
64
neg
7
neg
10
neg
3
11
1
205
64
Inventory)
GFa 1980
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
.0
.34
.14
.34
.34
.0
.0
.03
.07
.0
.21
14
126
73
neg
9
neg
10
neg
3
12
1
248
78
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
GF
0
5
24
5
5
0
0
14
03
0
32
ton/yr
1985
14
141
79
neg
11
neg
10
neg
3
11
1
270
85
00
(Jl
multiply by county emissions: grid/county VMT = .014; grid/county const develop = .130
-------
Table B-7. RAPID CITY GRID EMISSIONS AND EMISSION DENSITY ESTIMATE
Grid No. 7
Description: Northeast city, residential zones
Area of grid, sq mi : 1.95
Source category
Fugitive dust
Unpaved roads
Paved roads
Active construction
Road sanding
Unpaved parking
lots
RR rights-of-way
Aggregate storage
Playground/ball
field
Conventional
Point source
Stationary source
fuel combustion
Mobile sources
Combustion of
solid wastes
Emission
factor
4.0 Ib/VMT
0.04 Ib/VMT
6.4 ton/ac/yr
0.003 Ib/VMT
0.29 ton/ac/yr
0.3 ton/ac/yr
9 . 4 ton/ac/yr
0.26 ton/ac/yr
__
4.
30
35
30
1.
1.
10
15
Emission level
parameters
8 mi; ADT=21;,365 da/yr
.7 mi; 5.5x10 VMT/yr
ac
.7 mi; 5.5x10 VMT/yr
0 ac
5 mi; or (7.3 ac)
ac
ac
K
grid/county popl = .13"
c
incinerators/grid
Total
Emission density, ton/sq mi/yr
Particulate
1974
74
110
224
8
neg
2
94
4
325
5
17
2
865
443
GFa
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
0
34
14
34
0
0
1.0
1.
0.
1.
1.
1.
0.
0
21
03
07
0
79
emissions ,
1980
74
147
255
11
neg
2
94
4
85
5
18
2
697
357
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
0.
1.
1.
1.
0.
GF
0
5
24
5
0
0
0
0
21
14
03
0
84
ton/yr
1985
74
165
278
12
neg
2
94
4
97
6
18
2
752
386
00
GF = growth factor (see Area Source Inventory)
multiply by county emissions (see Area Source Inventory)
multiply by county emissions: grid/county VMT = .018; grid/county const develop
= .217
-------
Table B-8. RAPID CITY GRID EMISSIONS AND EMISSION DENSITY ESTIMATE
Grid No. 8
Description: East city, industrial/commercial
Area of grid, sq mi : 2.90
strip
area
Source category
Fugitive dust
Unpaved roads
Paved roads
Road sanding
Unpaved parking
lots
Cleared/Storage
area
RR rights-of-way
Aggregate storage
RR yards
Playground/ball
field
Grain elevator
Conventional
Point source
Stationary source
fuel combustion
Mobile sources
Combustion of
solid wastes
Emission
factor
4.0 Ib/VMT
0.04 Ib/VMT
0.003 Ib/VMT
0.29 ton/ac/yr
0.26 ton/ac/yr
0 . 3 ton/ac/yr
9 . 4 ton/ac/yr
0.3 ton/ac/yr
0.26 ton/ac/yr
1.8 ton/silo/yr
_
--
Emission level
parameters
6.6 mi; ADT=21;,365 da/yr
25.0 mi; 4.5x10^ VMT/yr
25.0 mi; 4.5x10 VMT/yr
6.0 ac
7.0 ac
3.8 mi; or (18.4 ac)
2.0 ac
12 ac
5.0 ac
2.0 ac
u
grid/county popl = .09
c
incinerators/grid
Total
Emission density, ton/sq mi/yr
Particulate
1974
101
90
7
2
2
6
19
4
1
4
neg
3
8
1
248
86
GFa
1.0
1.34
1.31
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.03
1.07
1.0
1.14
emissions ,
1980
101
121
9
2
2
6
19
4
1
4
neg
3
9
1
282
97
GF
1.0
1.5
1.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.14
1.03
1.0
1.20
ton/yr
1985
101
135
11
2
2
6
19
4
1
4
neg
3
8
1
297
102
f* GF = growth factor (see Area Source Inventory)
00
multiply by county emissions: grid/county VMT = .016; grid/county RR mi = .165;
grid/county const develop = .044
-------
Table B-9. RAPID CITY GRID EMISSIONS AND EMISSION DENSITY ESTIMATE
Grid No. 9
Description: Central district, east of Hangman Hill
Area of grid, sq mi; 1.19
Source category
Fugitive dust
Unpaved roads
Paved roads
Active construction
Road sanding
Unpaved parking
lots
RR rights-of-way
RR yards
Playground/ball
field
Grain elevator
Conventional
Point source
Stationary source
fuel combustion
Mobile sources
Combustion of
solid wastes
Emission
factor
4.0 Ib/VMT
0.04 Ib/VMT
6 . 4 ton/ac/yr
0.003 Ib/VMT
0.29 ton/ac/yr
0.3 ton/ac/yr
0 . 3 ton/ac/yr
0.26 ton/ac/yr
1.8 ton/silo/yr
__
Emission level
parameters
0.7 mi; ADT=21;,365 da/yr
L8.9 mi; 3.4x10 VMT/yr
3.0 ac ,
L8.9 mi; 3.4x10 VMT/yr
4.0 ac
2.1 mi; or (10.2 ac)
20 ac
3. 0 ac
6.0 ac
x
jrid/county popl = .13
c
Lncinerators/grid
Total
Emission density, ton/sq mi/yr
Particulate
1974
11
68
19
5
1
3
6
1
11
35
5
9
2
176
147
f* GF = growth factor (see Area Source Inventory)
multiply by county emissions (see Area Source Inventory)
mTi14--ii^1xr XT 7 «~i/-Mirvt-T7 £^m i oo-i r\n o rr-r-T A //"»r\iTr»-f-T7 \7MTI HI ^*t~-!~3/.*«.m*~.i_
GFa
1.0
1.34
1.14
1.34
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.03
1.07
1.0
1.16
emissions ,
1980
11
91
22
7
1
3
6
1
11
35
5
10
2
205
172
GF
1.0
1.5
1.24
1.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.14
1.03
1.0
1.24
^ i
ton/yr
1985
11
102
24
8
1
3
6
1
11
35
6
9
2
219
184
CO
00
grid/county const equip = .087
.231;
-------
Table B-10. RAPID CITY GRID EMISSIONS AND EMISSION DENSITY ESTIMATE
Grid No. 10
Description: Southeast city, residential district
Area of grid, sq mi: 3.11
Source category
Fugitive dust
Unpaved roads
Paved roads
Unpaved shoulders
Road sanding
Unpaved parking
lots
Playground/ball
field
Conventional
Point source
Stationary source
fuel combustion
Mobile sources
Combustion of
solid wastes
4
0
0
0
0
0
Emission
.0
.04
.3
factor
Ib/VMT
Ib/VMT
ton/ac/yr
.003 Ib/VMT
.29
.26
ton/ac/yr
ton/ac/yr
Emission level
parameters
0.9 mi; ADT=21;fi 365 da/yr
37.8 mi; 6.8x10 VMT/yr
0.7 mi; or (1.7fiac)
37.8 mi; 6.8x10 VMT/yr
10 ac
3.0 ac
X
grid/county popl = . 15
c
incinerators/grid
Total
Emission density, ton/sq
f* GF = growth factor
multiply by county
mn 1 + -i r-4 T w t-\\7 frMin 4-w
mi/yr
P articulate
1974
14
136
neg
10
3
1
neg
5
11
1
181
58
GFa
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
0
34
34
34
0
0
03
07
0
28
emissions ,
1980
14
182
neg
13
3
1
neg
5
12
1
231
74
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
GF
0
5
5
5
0
0
14
03
0
41
ton/yr
1985
14
204
neg
15
3
1
neg
6
11
1
255
82
(see Area Source Inventory)
emissions (see Area Source Inventory)
om TcoTr^T^c. rrv-Tr^/<"»oiTn-l-w XTMT1 = H 9 H » mr-l A /*~tr\T*-r\4-*r /-*/^r\ e* 4- ^^11 -I ^ r\OT
00
.087
-------
APPENDIX C
SOUTH DAKOTA PARTICULATE
AIR QUALITY DATA
-------
Table C-l. SOUTH DAKOTA PARTICULATE AIR QUALITY DATA
Station number/
Location
18/Sioux Falls
Municipal
Airport
17/Sioux Falls
Wastewater
Treatment
01/City Hall
Sioux Falls
19/Augustana
College,
Sioux Falls
8/Ken Freize
Enterprises,
Rapid City
9/State Cement
Plant,
Rapid City
6/Rapid City
Water Treat-
ment Plant
7/Pennington
County
Health Dept,
Rapid City
Dates of
operation
4/72-
present
4/72-
present
d
2/75-
present
12/74-
present
1/75-
present
4/72-
present
4/72-
present
Data
yr of
record
1974
1974
1974
1975
1975
1975
1974
1974
No of
samples
57
52
d
38
55
51
44
41
Annual
mean" maxc
47.3 121.0
61.3 153.3
50.4 130.0
49. 9e 113.3
165. 7e 556.6
363. 7e 1101.
61.2 119.2
111.7 211.8
1st Qtr,
ug/m3
meanb max''
47.0 68.4
54.6 79.2
d d
39.3 54.1
65.1 103.5
155.8 343.0
60.6 119.2
139.4 211.8
2nd Qtr,
ug/m3
meanb maxc
46.0 65.9
70.0 92.9
d d
46.7 87.3
158.8 492.2
385.6 862.0
49.9 69.1
97.5 137.1
3rd Qtr,
ug/m3
mean" maxc
51.4 86.8
65.8 86.5
d d
56.9 85.0
315.8 716.3
420.2 1101.
62.0 87.0
101.0 151.8
4th Qtr,
ug/m3
mean" maxc
45.2 121.0
58.0 153.3
d d
64. 9f 60.8
262.2 598.4
589 -2f 902.8
74.8 99
120 .5 162
a 1974 Particulate Readings, South Dakota Department of Environmental Protection, Air Monitoring
Program, Unpublished; b geometric; c maximum value = second highest; d data unavailable/
NASN station; e ten month sample average (geometric), 1974 data unavailable; f one month sample
average (geometric).
-------
APPENDIX D
EMISSION FACTORS APPLIED TO MICROINVENTORY
ANALYSES OF FUGITIVE DUST SOURCES
-------
Table D-l. EMISSION FACTORS APPLIED TO MICROINVENTORY ANALYSES
OF FUGITIVE DUST SOURCES
Source
category
Emission factors
South Dakota Nevada Wyoming
Kansas/Nebraska
U)
Unpaved roads
Paved roads
Agriculture
Road sanding
Unpaved
parking lots
Railroad
rights-of-way
Unpaved
shoulders
Cleared/storage
areas
Aggregate
storage
Active
construction
Gravel pits
Playgrounds
Grain
elevators
4.0-4.4 Ib/VMT 4.7-5.3 Ib/VMT
0.002-0.04 Ib/VMT 0.004 Ib/VMT
0.03 ton/ac/yr
0.003 Ib/VMT
0.23-0.29 ton/ac/yr 0.65-0.74 ton/ac/yr
0.2-0.3 ton/ac/yr 0.2-0.9 ton/ac/yr
0.2-0.3 ton/ac/yr
0.17-0.26 ton/ac/yr 0.32-1.34 ton/ac/yr
1.9-5.8 Ib/VMT 3.7 Ib/VMT
0.06 Ib/VMT
0.04-0.16 ton/ac/yr
0.004 Ib/VMT
1.9 Ib/VMT
2.8-6.4 ton/ac/yr 12.0 ton/ac/yr
4.1-9.4 ton/ac/yr 1.14-3.4 ton/ac/yr
0.26 ton/ac/yr 1.5-2.5 ton/ac/yr
1.8 ton/silo/yr
0.2 ton/ac/yr
1.9 Ib/VMT
0.36 ton/ac/yr
7.5 ton/pile/yr
3-6 ton/ac/yr
1 ton/ac/yr
1.8-2 ton/silo/yr
(about 10 ton/yr)
-------
REFERENCES
1. Maintenance of National Ambient Air Quality Standards.
Federal Register. 4_2:203, October 20, 1975. p. 49048-
49063.
2. Projected Population of Rapid City, 1975-1980. Rapid
City Planning Commission. Unpublished.
3. Population Projections for the Black Hills AQMA. Sixth
District Council of Local Governments, Rapid City,
South Dakota. September 1975.
4. Air Quality Display Model. TRW Systems Group, Washing-
ton, D.C. Prepared for U.S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare, National Air Pollution Control
Administration. November 1969.
5. User's Guide for the Climatological Dispersion Model.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research
and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Publication Number EPA-R4-73-024. December 1973.
6. A Comprehensive Air Pollution Study of Northwest Indus-
trial Area, Rapid City. South Dakota Department of
Health, Division of Sanitary Engineering and Environ-
. mental Protection, Air Quality Program. March 1973.
7- Area Source Particulate Emission Inventory for South
Dakota. PEDCo-Environmental Specialists, Inc., Cin-
cinnati, Ohio. Prepared for U.S. Environmental Pro-
tection Agency, Denver, Colorado. December 1975.
8. Guidelines for Air Quality Maintenance Planning and
Analysis. Volume 13: Allocating Projected Emissions
to Sub-County Areas. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Publi-
cation Number EPA-450/4-74-014. November 1974.
9. Analysis of Suspended Particulate Sampling Sites in
South Dakota AQMA's. PEDCo-Environmental Specialists,
Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio. Prepared for U.S. Environmen-
tal Protection Agency, Denver, Colorado. December
1975.
94
-------
10. 1974 Particulate Readings. South Dakota Department of
Environmental Protection, Air Monitoring Program.
Unpublished.
11. Fugitive Dust in Kansas-Nebraska. PEDCo-Environmental
Specialists, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio. Prepared for U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Kansas City, Missouri.
February 1974.
12. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Supple-
ment 5. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina. Publication Number AP-
42. April 1975.
13. Development of Emission Factors for Fugitive Dust
Sources. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina. Publication Number
450/3-74-037. June 1974.
14. Current Population Reports, Federal-State Cooperative
Program for Population Estimates. U.S. Department of
Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washington, D.C.
Series P-26, Number 61. March 1974.
15. Surveillance of 1974 Socioeconomic Variables for the
Sioux Falls Transportation Planning Process. South-
eastern Council of Governments and South Dakota Depart-
ment of Transportation, Sioux Falls, South Dakota.
June 1975.
16. Guidelines for Air Quality Maintenance Planning and
Analysis. Volume 12: Applying Atmospheric Simulation
Models to Air Quality Maintenance Areas. U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina. Publication Number EPA-450/4-74-013. Sep-
tember 1974.
17. Holzworth, G. C. Mixing Heights, Wind Speeds, and
Potential for Urban Air Pollution throughout the Con-
tiguous United States. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Pub-
lication Number AP-101. January 1972.
18. North Dakota Air Quality Maintenance Area Analysis.
PEDCo-Environmental Specialists, Inc., Cincinnati,
Ohio. Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Denver, Colorado. March 1976.
19. Projections of Economic Activity for Air Quality Con-
trol Regions. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of
Economic Analysis and U.S. Environmental Protection
95
-------
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. August
1973.
20. Northern Great Plains Resource Program, Atmospheric
Aspects Work Group Report. Prepared by the States of
Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, and
Wyoming; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; U.S.
Department of Agriculture; U.S. Department of the
Interior. Discussion draft. December 1974.
21. R. I. Larsen. A New Mathematical Model of Air Pollu-
tion Concentration Averaging Time and Frequency.
Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association.
19^24-30. January 1969.
22. Modification of the Climatological Dispersion Model.
PEDCo-Environmental Specialists, Inc., Cincinnati,
Ohio. Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. July 1976.
96
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-908/1 -76-010
2.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
South Dakota Air Quality Maintenance
Area Analysis
7. AUTHOR(S)
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
PEDCo-Environmental Specialists, Inc.
Suite 13, Atkinson Square
Cincinnati, Ohio 45246
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region VIII
1860 Lincoln Street
Denver, CO 80295
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
5. REPORT DATE
June 1976
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1375
Task Order 19
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
16. ABSTRACT
This report contains air pollutant emissions estimates, air quality data and
dispersion modeling for the base year (present) in AQMA counties in the State
of South Dakota. Projections of emissions and air quality (using dispersion
modeling) are made for 1980 and 1985. The adequacy of the existing South Dakota
State Implementation Plan to provide for the attainment and maintenance of the
National Ambient Air Quality Standards is discussed.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a. DESCRIPTORS
Fuel Combustion
Emissions
Mobile Sources
Stationary Sources
Air Quality Data
Dispersion Modeling
Projections
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Unl imited
b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group
Air Quality
Analysis
Maintenance
19. SECURITY CLAbb (JhlSKeport) 21. NO OF PAGES
104
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page) 22. PRICE
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