EPA 908/4-77-008
FEDERALLY SPONSORED ENERGY RESEARCH
IN THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS-NORTH DAKOTA
FY 1976
June, 1977
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
MOUNTAIN - PRAIRIE REGION
REGION VIII
sr,,
-------
FEDERALLY SPONSORED ENERGY RESEARCH IN THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS
NORTH DAKOTA
FY 1976
Allen S. Lefohn
Montana Energy Operations Office
State Capitol
Helena, Montana 59601
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF ENERGY ACTIVITIES
REGION VIII
DENVER, COLORADO 80295
June 1977
-------
DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Denver Regional Office, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Mention of
trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.
-------
ABSTRACT
In August 1976, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, in cooperation
with the State of Montana, established the EPA Montana Energy Operations Office.
One objective of this office is to develop an effective mechanism for transferring
energy research results from the laboratory to the decision-makers in the Northern
Great Plains. As a way to fulfill part of this challenge, a survey was recently
initiated to summarize the federal energy effort in the State of North Dakota.
This report is a summary of the information obtained from numerous state and fed-
eral publications. Recommendations regarding further actions on various aspects
of energy research are included. The report serves primarily as an informative
document to inform researchers, state and federal government officials, industry,
and decision-makers at all government levels how and where the federal energy
research dollar is being directed in North Dakota.
11
-------
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT S
A very large number of persons have contributed to the development of
this summary paper. I would like to express my warmest thanks to all.
Members of the following agencies and institutions have been particularly
helpful: the Montana Energy Office, Helena, Montana; the Old West Regional
Commission, Billings, Montana; and the Office of Energy Activities, Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Denver, Colorado.
Critical contributions or review of the present document were provided by
A. W. Johnson, North Dakota Regional Environmental Assessment Program and Terry
Thoem, EPA, Denver, Colorado.
iii
-------
CONTENTS
Abstract ii
Acknowledgements ill
List of Tables v
Abbreviations vi
SECTIONS
I. Overview 1
II. Introduction 3
III. Results . 6
IV. Conclusions and Recommendations 7
V. References 27
iv
-------
TABLES
No. Page
1. National Energy R&D Federal Expenditures 9
2. Federally Sponsored Energy Research Relating to
North Dakota 10
3. Air Quality/Meteorology 11
4. Alternative Sources 12
5. Biological (Fish, Vegetation, and Wildlife) 13
6. Coal 14
7. Economics 15
8. Energy Policy 16
9. Geology and Soils 17
10. Governmental Studies 18
11. Land (Use, Ownership, and Reclamation) 19
12. Resource Allocation 23
13. Sociological Studies 24
14. Water Quality 25
15. Water Use/Supply 26
-------
ABBREVIATIONS
CEQ Council of Environmental Quality
EPA U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
ERDA U. S. Energy Research and Development Administration
NRG Nuclear Regulatory Commission
NSF National Science Foundation
OWRC Old West Regional Commission
USDA U. S. Department of Agriculture
USDI U. S. Department of the Interior
vi
-------
1. OVERVIEW
Since the Arab oil embargo of late 1973, the energy situation of the
United States has been the focus of much analysis and comment. The importance
of energy to the nation was real long before this point of public and govern-
ment revelation. The significance of energy in the American life style has
been steadily increasing over the past several decades. For example, gross
U.S. energy demand has risen at about 4 percent a year since 1950 until 1973
(U.S. Department of the Interior, 1975). Similarly, for many years electric
power demand grew at an annual rate of about 7 percent (U.S. Federal Energy
Administration). While the growth rate for electricity fell to about 1 percent
in 1974, and in 1975 to 2 percent (U.S. Department of the Interior, 1975), the
demand for both gross energy and electricity increased by mid-1976 markedly
over 1975 levels (Environmental Quality Council, 1976). National gross energy
consumption has fluctuated over the last three years and projections through the
year 2000 show an average exponential increase of 2.91 percent per year over
the 1972 levels (72.2 quadrillion BTU), (U.S. Energy Research and Development
Administration, 1975).
Despite a probable lower rate of growth in U.S. energy consumption
during the next quarter century, there probably will be substantial changes
in the physical forms, geographic sources and means of production of U.S. energy
supplies by the year 2000 (Federal Energy Administration, February 1976). With
greater dependence on coal, the Northern Great Plains Region will experience
greater development pressures (Nehring, 1976). In excess of 1.5 trillion
-------
tons of coal are estimated to lie at all depths within the Region. About 10
percent of this total amount is actually measured, or at least strongly indicated
by local measurements, and is also mineable. This amount equals 160 billion tons
and presently represents 37 percent (by weight) of the Nation's coal reserve
base. Of this 160 billion tons, half is located within areas where mining by
surface methods is feasible (Montana 42.6 billion tons; North Dakota 16.0 billion
tons; South Dakota 0.4 billion tons; and Wyoming 21.2 billion tons (Northern
Great Plains Resources Program, February 1974). Besides these vast quantities
of coal, it is the relatively low cost combined with low sulfur content by
weight (in comparison to eastern coals) that attracts the coal industry towards
the West.
The coal resource is extensive. It provides an alternative fuel for
use of increasingly scarce natural gas and increasingly costly residual fuel
oil by electrical utilities. However, its use is not without problems. The
mining, transport and conversion of coal may have several adverse effects on the
environment . In addition, socio-economic effects (boom town and bust) indirectly
impact local areas as well as state institutional systems through population changes
associated with developments in each phase of the coal fuel cycle.
It is the public concern for the health, environmental, social and welfare
impacts of energy-related activities that has become a critical factor in defining
the growth trajectory for domestic energy production. These public concerns are
directed at observable as well as suspected deleterious aspects of the discovery,
extraction, transport arid conversion of fuels, as well as their ultimate use.
During the next several years, the nation will be faced with a series
of critical energy-related decisions of utmost priority and importance. The need
for increasing the nation's energy supply must be balanced against the need for
-------
minimizing environmental impacts caused by energy production. Any environmental
program that is implemented must provide to the nation the basic understanding
necessary to project, evaluate, and monitor environmental effects and to suggest
appropriate control technology. Successful implementation of an environmental
research program will affect all aspects of the energy self-sufficiency program
and will be a significant determinant of ultimate energy resource use and
development patterns.
The ultimate limitation to resource development is the amount of environ-
mental degradation that the American people are willing to accept for secure, abun-
dant energy supplies. The principal intermediate constraints are the availability
of capital and materials, the availability and selection of suitable sites, the
economic, social and environmental costs of power generation and delivery systems,
the relative efficiencies and availability of alternative energy sources, the
availability of effective resource management systems, and the state of pollution
control and abatement technologies.
Rational and effective decision-making concerning future coal supply and
demand options will depend greatly upon the application of science and engineering
to forecast the amount and kinds of effects that will result from various energy
production and use options.
II. INTRODUCTION
As a result of a national need for assessing the impacts of various energy-
producing activities on the environment, the federal government has launched an
extensive energy research program. In FY '76, (July 1, 1975-June 30, 1976),
the federal government spent approximately $300 million (Energy Research
-------
and Development Administration, 1976) in research and analysis for the specific
purpose of assessing the impacts of various energy producing activities on the
environment. Table 1 summarizes the total FY '76 and FY '77 federal effort.
Results from various energy-related projects are now beginning to be published
by the federal agencies who are sponsoring these activities. Recognizing the
need for transferring the results of these studies to decision-makers, this re-
port attempts to identify the federally-funded energy research projects that
relate to the State of North Dakota. Federal research dealing with technology
development was included in the survey. It is anticipated that as new technology
breakthroughs occur, appropriate environmental assessment activities will be
sponsored to assess possible environmental impacts.
The extensive research information systems established by the North Dakota
Regional Environmental Assessment Program (REAP) and the Old West Regional
Commission (Old West Regional Commission, 1975)-provided the momentum for initiating
this search to identify how and where the federal research dollar is being di-
rected in North Dakota. The accuracy and completeness of these information systems
are susceptible to error, but it is believed these information data bases are
reasonably comprehensive. Those studies that are carried out over a several
state area are'identified and appropriate funding levels are listed.
Information describing ongoing, federally-funded North Dakota energy research
is organized as follows:
Air Quality/Meteorology (baseline monitoring),
Alternate Sources (solar, wind, geothermal, small-scale hydro power),
Biological (fish, vegetation and wildlife),
Coal (conversion and new technologies),
-------
Economics (impacts on local economics),
Energy Policy,
Geology and Soils,
Governmental Studies (impacts on local governments),
Land (use, ownership and reclamation),
Resource Allocation (energy conservation and fuel substitution),
Sociological Studies,
Water Quality (baseline monitoring and impact degradation),
Water Use/Supply (allocation, diversion, water rights).
The Old West Regional Commission and the North Dakota Regional Environ-
mental Assessment Program (REAP) monitor the energy research that is being
sponsored by the federal government, the State of North Dakota, industry, university
system, and the combination of state and federal government, and industry and
federal government. Their sources of energy research information include university
research offices, individual researchers, state agencies, federal agencies, Smith-
sonian Science Information Exchange, Oakridge National Laboratory Energy Information
Center, North Dakota Congressional delegates, newspaper and newsletter articles,
and industry.
-------
III. RESULTS
Tables 2-15 summarize the federal effort in North Dakota. Because the state
does have vast resources of coal, a substantial amount of the federally-sponsored
research does deal with the development of coal and with ameliorating the effects
associated with this development. For example, of the total energy research dollars
spent during FY '76 on research relating to North Dakota by the U. S. Government
($7.9M), 39.6 percent was associated with coal technology development projects.
Land reclamation activities comprised 20.6 percent of the total resources.
Resource allocation received 9.7 percent of the total funds that the federal
government spent on energy research projects. Water quality and water use/supply
research received 5.8 percent and 0.4 percent, respectively. Air quality/meteoro-
logy studies received 1.3 percent, biological research received 3.8 percent, and
sociological studies were funded at 2.1 percent.
The Energy Research and Development Administration provided approximately
43.2 percent of the federal funds for energy research relating to North Dakota.
Most of this research was associated with coal technology development projects.
The United States Department of the Interior provided 16.5 percent of the federal
energy research funds, and committed a majority of its resources toward land re-
clamation, geology and soils and water quality investigations. The Old West
Regional Commission (13.1 percent) devoted a majority of its resources to
governmental studies and land reclamation. The Environmental Protection Agency
(9.2 percent) directed most of its resources towards energy policy and water
quality monitoring research. The United States Department of Agriculture (5.8
percent) directed its research toward land reclamation and biological assessment
of energy development activities.
-------
IV. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
As anticipated, the Environmental Protection Agency is involved in assessing
i
environmental impacts of energy activities in the State of North Dakota. The Energy
Research and Development Administration is directing a majority of its efforts toward
coal-oriented technology development. The United States Department of the Interior
is heavily involved in land reclamation, geology and soils and water quality monitor-
ing. The United States Department of Agriculture is directing its research mostly
toward land reclamation and biological assessments. While! the federal government
research has been heavily directed toward engineering and physical and biological
monitoring, there has been inadequate research sponsored by the federal government
in the socio-economic area. This low level of federal effort may reflect a lack of
any one federal agency having clear responsibility for assessing the socio-economic
impacts. It may also reflect the lack of a clear cut federal responsibility for
assisting energy-impacted communities and rural populations. In addition, it may
reflect that presently socio-economic factors in the environmental impact statement
procedure are not as well developed as biological and physical characterization.
It is also apparent that federal sponsored research in North Dakota dealing
with air quality/meteorology, alternative sources (renewable energy supplies),
economics, energy policy, geology and soils, water use/supply, and sociological
studies is at a low level of funding relative to technology development. In order
to complement State programs in these areas, additional resources may need to be
directed toward some of these areas.
The question of how this information is integrated and then provided to the
decision-makers at the local, state and national level is a challenge that all in
-------
the energy research area are going to have to face. Presently, agencies are
working toward developing computerized data systems that allow the decision-makers
to gain access to the collected information. However, the development of such a
data base should be viewed as a first step toward achieving an efficient transfer
of research information from the data generator through the data formatter to the
data user. As more experience is gained in assessing the quality and quantity of
the research energy information, it is anticipated that more comprehensive infor-
mation transfer systems can be created. The energy decisions that Northern Great
Plains states, such as the State of North Dakota, will have to face over these coming
years will be very critical to regional development as well as the national energy
supply. The research activities that are being sponsored by the federal government
will play a major role in providing the data that assists the states and the national
government in making these major decisions. The challenge to the federal government
is how to establish a viable information system that will allow the decision-makers
to astutely apply the research data and results that are presently being generated.
-------
Table 1
National Energy R&D Federal Expenditures
Agency FY '76 FY '77
$(M)
2413.0
161.5
120.0
103.2
0.8
106.9
2905.4
ERDA
USDI
EPA
NRC
NASA
NSF
Total
$(M)
1800.0
150.0
120.0
86.0
1.0
74.2
2231.2
Source: Energy Research and Development Administration, "A National Plan for
Energy Research, Development, and Administration: Creating Energy Choices for
the Future 1976", Volume 2, P. XVII.
-------
Table 2
Air Quality/Meteorology
Alternative Sources
Biological
Coal
Economics
Energy Policy
Geology and Soils
Governmental Studies
Land
Resource Allocation
Sociological Studies
Water Quality
Water Use/Supply
Total
'ONSORE
NSF
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
30
—
30
ID ENERGY RESEARCH
$(K) — FY '
USDA EPA
50
—
157 79
—
20 92
239
—
— i
282 54
—
—
213
—
459 727
RELATING
76
USDI
—
—
12
—
—
3
250
—
752
—
36
220
33
1,306
TO NORTH DAKOTA
ERDA OTHER
11 41
26
55
3,135
109
155
—
432
88 454
767
31 96
—
—
3,420 1,980
TOTAL
102
26
303
3,135
221
397
250
432
1,630
767
163
463
33
7,922
PERCENT
1.3
0.3
3.8
39.6
2.8
5.0
3.2
5.4
20.6
9.7
2.1
5.8
0.4
100.0
Percent
0.4
5.8
9.2
16.5
43.2
25.0
100
10
-------
AIR QUALITY / METEOROLOGY
Table 3
Project Title
Ground-Level Measurements
of Nuclei from Coal Develop-
ment in Northern Great Plains:
Work Plans for Design of a
Monitoring Program I/
A Study of Power Plant
Plumes to Determine Their
Composition, Transport and
Dispersion and Evaluate
the Potential for Possible
Modification of Weather on
the Mesoscale 2j
Baseline Ambient Air Quality
Monitoring at Eight Sites
Sponsoring
Agency
OWRC/ERDA
$00
16/11
OWRC
25
Investigator
B. Davis, S. D.
School of Mines
and Tech.
J. Marwitz,
University of
Wyoming
EPA
50
G. Christiansen,
N. D. State Health
Dept. Bismarck, N. D.
II Total project funded at $50K/$35K.
21 Total project funded at $75K.
11
-------
Table 4
ALTERNATIVE SOURCES
Project Title
Review Report — Missouri
River — North Dakota,
South Dakota, Nebraska,
and Montana 3/
Sponsoring
Agency
Corps of
Engineers
26
Investigator
C. Garvey, U.S. Corps
of Engineers, Omaha,
Nebraska
3/ Total project funded at $133K.
12
-------
Table 5
BIOLOGICAL (FISH, VEGETATION & WILDLIFE)
Project Title
Impact of Coal Development
on Plant Ecosystems in
Western North Dakota
Trace Element Effects
of Energy Conversion
Facilities
Effect of Grazing on
Vegetation and Soils
of Reclaimed Land and
on Animal Performance
An Evaluation of the
Environmental Impact
of the Existing Surface
Mining Methods for
Western Coal Mines 4/
Health Impacts of
Environmental Pollution
in Energy-Development
Impacted Communities J5/
Prediction of the Effects
of Energy Development on
the Aquatic Resources of
Two Upper Missouri River
Reservoir Ecosystems 6/
Sponsoring
Agency
USDA
OWRC
USDA
$(K)
11
55
146
EPA
58
EPA
USDI/EPA
12/12
Investigator
D. Galitz, North
Dakota State
University
G. Christiansen
North Dakota State
Department of Health
L. Hofmann, Northern
Great Plains Research
Center, Mandan, North
Dakota
W. Kelley, Mathematica,
Inc., Princeton, New
Jersey
M. Goodwin, Copley
International Corporation,
La Jolla, California
B. Nelson, U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service,
Pierre, South Dakota
4/ Total project funded at $173K.
5/ Total project funded at $54K.
6/ Total project funded at $25K/$25K,
13
-------
Table 6
COAL
Project Title
Slagging Fixed-Bed
Coal Gasification
Control of Ash Fouling in
Combustion of Western Coals
Sponsoring
Agency
ERDA
ERDA
250
Investigator
R. Ellman, ERDA, Grand
Forks Energy Research
Center, Grand Forks,
North Dakota
E. Sondreal, ERDA, Grand
Forks Energy Research
Center, Grand Forks,
North Dakota
S02 Removal Using Ash-
Alkali Wet Scrubbing
ERDA
250
Premium Fuels from Northern ERDA
Great Plains Lignite: Project
Lignite
916
E. Sondreal, ERDA, Grand
Forks Energy Research
Center, Grand Forks,
North Dakota
D.E. Severson, University
of North Dakota,
Engineering Experiment
Station, Grand Forks,
North Dakota
Removal of Fly. Ash from ERDA
Stack Gases by Electrostatic
Precipitation
Coal Liquefaction by the ERDA
Co-Steam Process
200
400
E. Sondreal, ERDA, Grand
Forks Energy Research
Center, Grand Forks,
North Dakota
E. Sondreal, ERDA, Grand
Forks Energy Research
Center, Grand Forks,
North Dakota
A Comparative Study of
Effluents and their
Control from Four Dry
Ash Lurgi Gasification
Plants
Chemistry of Lignite
Liquefaction
Study of Oxygen
Stoichiometry and
Analysis of Coal,
Lignite, and their
Derivatives
ERDA
99
ERDA
ERDA
55
365
M. Somerville, University
of North Dakota
V. Stenberg, University
of North Dakota
A. Volborth, North Dakota
State University
14
-------
Table 7
ECONOMICS
Project Title
Demonstration Program for
Servicing the Occupational
Needs of Emerging and
Expanding Business and
Industry in North Dakota
Economics of Coal and
Oil Shale Development
on Environmental Quality
in Rural Areas _7/
Western Regional Energy
Development Study —
Phase III — Socio-
economic Impacts and
Secondary Impacts JJ/
Sponsoring
Agency
OWRC
$(K)
36
EPA/USDA
92/20
CEQ
73
Investigator
T. Renner, North
Dakota State Board
for Vocational
Education
USDA, Economic Research
Division, Washington,
D. C.
J. Gilmore, University
of Denver
_?/ Total project funded at $460K/$100K.
8_/ Total project funded at $293K.
15
-------
Table 8
ENERGY POLICY
Sponsoring
Project Title Agency $(K) Investigator
Technology Assessment of EPA 217 J. White, University
Western Energy Resource of Oklahoma
Development JJ/
Impacts of Synthetic ERDA 55 E. Dickson, Stanford
Liquid Fuels Develop- Research Institute,
ment 10/ Menlo Park, California
Laws Relating to Wild- USDI 3 R. Beck, University
life and Energy Develop- of North Dakota
ment 11/
Information Transfer EPA 15 B. Johnson, Director
System: User/User Regional Envrionmental
Needs Survey Assessment Program,
Bismarck, N. D.
Information Transfer EPA 7 N. D. League of Cities
System: User/User
Need Survey
Regional Studies Program 12/ ERDA 100 J. Hoover, Argonne
National Laboratory,
Argonne, 111.
97 Total project funded at $1,300K.
107 Total project funded at $275K.
ll/ Total project funded at $15K«
127 Total project funded at $800K.
16
-------
Table 9
GEOLOGY & SOILS
Sponsoring
Project Title Agency $(K) Investigator
Geochemical Survey of USDI 250 J. Connor, USGS,
the Western Coal Regions Denver, Colorado
137
137 Total project funded at $500K.
17
-------
Table 10
GOVERNMENTAL STUDIES
Sponsoring
Project Title Agency $(K) Investigator
North Dakota Impact OWRC 432 North Dakota
Assistance Program Planning Division
Bismarck, North Dakota
18
-------
Table 11
LAND (USE. OWNERSHIP. AND RECLAMATION)
Project Title
North Dakota Reclamation
Study
Reclamation of Spoils
Resulting from Surface
Mining of Lignite
Species Response to
Salt Levels and Soil
Texture
Sponsoring
Agency
OWRC
USDA
50
USDA
25.
Development of Perennial Grass USDA
Species Adapted for Use in
Strip-Mine Reclamation
Reclamation of Strip-Mine USDA
Spoils Related to Gypsum
and Topsoil Additions at
Major Mining Sites in
Western North Dakota
Selection and Increase of USDA
Woody Plants for Mine
Spoils in the Northern
Great Plains
Reclamation of Strip- USDA
Mined Land as Affected
by Depth of Surface
Soil and Subsoil Returned
The Effects of Various USDA
Depths of Topsoil Added
to Sodic Coal Mine Spoils
on Grass Establishment
and Growth
Utilization of Amend- USDA
ments, Topsoil, and Mulches
to Improve Sodic Spoil
Materials
10
20
10
25
10
Investigator
Steve Moran, North
Dakota Geological Survey
J.J. Bond, USDA, Northern
Great Plains Research
Center, Mandan, North
Dakota
J.F. Power, Northern
Great Plains Research
Center, Mandan, North
Dakota
J.J. Bond, Northern
Great Plains Research
Center, Mandan, North
Dakota
J.J. Bond, Northern
Great Plains Research
Center, Mandan, North
Dakota
W.C. Whitman, North
Dakota State University
J.J. Power, Northern
Great Plains Research
Center, Mandan, North
Dakota
J.J. Bond, Northern
Great Plains Research
Center, Mandan, North
Dako ta
J.J. Bond, Northern
Great Plains Research
Center, Mandan, North
Dakota
19
-------
Table 11 Cont'd.
LAND (USE. OWNERSHIP. AND RECLAMATION) CONT'D.
Project Title
Effect of Nitrogen,
Phosphorus, and Vegetative
Mulch on Grass Establishment
Spoil Materials in Relation
to Their Original Depth as
a Medium for Grass Growth
Methodology for Collecting
and Analyzing Spoil and
Overburden Samples
Effects of Placement and
Topsoil Depth on Crop
Growth, Rooting, and
Availability on Coal Mine
Spoil Materials
Evaluation of Leaching
Waters on Hydraulic
Conductivity of Sodic
Spoils and on Calcium
Exchange Efficiency
Establishment of Range
Grasses on Disturbed
Land Using Irrigation
Project Reclamation: A
Systems Approach to Mined
Land Reclamation
Characterization of Physical
and Chemical Properties of
Spoils 14/
Sponsoring
Agency
USDA
USDA
10
USDA
15
USDA
25
USDA
20
USDA
USDI
USDA
25
420
10
Investigator
J.J. Bond, Northern
Great Plains Research
Center, Mandan, North
Dakota
J.J. Bond, Northern
Great Plains Research
Center, Mandan, North
Dakota
F. Sandoval, Northern
Great Plains Research
Center, Mandan, North
Dakota
G. Reichman, North
Dakota State University
E. Doering, Northern
Great Plains Research
Center, Mandan, North
Dakota
R. Ries, Northern Great
Plains Research Center,
Mandan, North Dakota
A. Kollman, University
of North Dakota
F. Sandoval, Northern
Great Plains Research
Center, Mandan, North
Dakota
14/ Total project funded at $90K.
20
-------
Table 11 Cont'd.
LAND ( USE, OWNERSHIP. AND RECLAMATION) CONT'D.
Project Title
Sponsoring
Agency
Preliminary Evaluation of USDA
Strip-Mine Spoils and
Methods for Their Vegetation 15/
Energy Minerals USDI
Rehabilitation Inventory
and Analysis-EMRIA 16/
Land Reclamation Lab- ERDA
oratory Programs 17/
Trend-Surface Analysis of USDA
Powder River Basin, Wyoming,
Wyoming-Montana, and
Williston Basin, North Dakota
18/
Reconnaissance Techniques USDI
for Evaluation of Rehabil-
itation Potential of Energy
Resource Lands 19/
Determination of Optimum USDI
Topsoil Depth Requirements
for Surface Coal-Mined
Areas Within the Northern
Great Plains Coal Province:
Reclamation 20/
Agricultural Use of Waste OWRC
Gypsum from Sulfur Scrubbing
Operation 21/
$(K)
7
274
88
33
25
34
Investigator
F. Sandoval, Northern
Great Plains Research
Center, Mandan, North Dakota
R. Kuhlman, U.S. Bureau
of Land Management,
Denver, Colorado
R. Carter, Argonne
National Laboratory,
Argonne, Illinois
T. Yamamoto, Forest
Research Lab., South
Dakota School of Mines
and Technology
L. Shown, USGS, Denver
Colorado
R. Barth, Colorado
School of Mines,
Golden, Colorado
J. Skaptason, Biosearch
and Development Company,
Kansas City, Missouri
JL5/
JJ6/
JLZ/
.IB/
JL9/
_ZQ/
-21/
Total
Total
Total
Total
Total
Total
Total
project
project
project
project
project
project
project
funded
funded
funded
funded
funded
funded
funded
at
at
at
at
at
at
at
$20K.
$821K.
$175K.
$5K.
$164K.
$152K.
$134K.
21
-------
Table 11 Cont'd.
LAND (USE. OWNERSHIP. AND RECLAMATION) CONT'D.
Project Title
Development of a Simulation
Model for Evaluation of
Surface Mining Operations
and Reclamation Plans 22/
Effects of Different
Rehabilitative Treat-
ment Methods on Surface
Runoff Quantity and
Quality and Erosional
Behavior of Surface
Mine Spoils in the
Intermountain West 237
Effects of Surface
Configuration in Water
Pollution Control 24/
Sponsoring
Agency
USDA
$00
USDA
Investigator
D. Gibson, Montana
State University
P.E. Packer, Forestry
Science Laboratroy,
Logan, Utah
EPA
54
R. Hodder, Montana
State University
_2J2/ Total project funded at $13K.
23/ Total project funded at $80K.
247 Total project funded at $269K.
22
-------
Table 12
RESOURCE ALLOCATION
Sponsoring
Project Title Agency $(K) Investigator
Yellowstone River Basin U.S. Water 767 K. Corrigall, Missouri
and Adjacent Coal Area Resources River Basin Commission
Level "B" 25/ Council
25/ Total project funded at $2,300K.
23
-------
Table 13
SOCIOLOGICAL STUDIES
Project Title
Human Impacts of Energy
Development: A Panel
Design
Construction Worker
Profile 267
Assessment of Temporary
and Mobile Public Facilities
for Impacted Communities 27/
Sponsoring
Agency
USDI
OWRC
OWRC
13
Indian Lignite Manpower
Project 28/
Community Service and Land
Use Impacts of Energy
Facilities 297
U. S. Depart- 74
ment of Commerce
ERDA
31
Investigator
R. Ludtke, University
of North Dakota
J. Chalmers, Mountain
West Research, Inc.,
Denver, Colorado
M. Richard, Howard,
Needles, Tammen and
Bergendoff Inc.,
Minneapolis, Minnesota
D. Myers, United Tribes
Education Technology
Center, Bismarck N. D.,
D. Schwartz, North Dakota
State University
L. Susskind, MIT
Cambridge, Massachusetts
267 Total project funded at $75K.
27/ Total project funded at $45K.
2.87 Total project funded at $104K.
29/ Total project funded at $125K.
24
-------
Table 14
WATER QUALITY
Project Title
Hydrologic Changes Due
to Lignite Mining in
North Dakota — Part 1 —
Reconnaissance of Strip-
pable Lignite Deposits
Water Quality and Biological
Monitoring Program for
Energy Resource Areas —
North Dakota
Sponsoring
Agency
USDI
$(K)
170
EPA
24
Investigator
0. Crosby, USGS,
Bismarck, North Dakota
USGS, Bismarck, North
Dakota
Water Quality Impacts of
Surface Coal Mining in
Southwestern North Dakota
EPA
11 W. Scott, USGS, Bismarck
North Dakota
The Inventory and USDI
Distribution of Water
and Associated Land Resources
in the Garrison/Devils
Lake Region of North Dakota:
An Application of Resource
Data Acquired by ERTS
Terrestrial Heat Flow in NSF
the Williston Basin
32
30
R. Mower, North Dakota
State University
F. Howell, University
of North Dakota
Water Resources Aspects
of Coal Transportation
by Slurry Pipeline 30/
USDI
18 J. Moore, Water
Resources Research
Center, Fayetteville,
Arkansas
A Cooperative Program to
Evaluate Surface and
Ground Water Problems
Associated with Potential
Strip Mine Sites Jl/
EPA
178 R. Koob, P. Rechard, T.
Williams, North Dakota
State, University of
Wyoming, Montana State
University , and Montana
College of Mineral Sciences
and Technology
30/ Total project funded at $55K.
31/ Total project funded at $629K.
25
-------
WATER USE / SUPPLY
Table 15
Project Title
Availability of Ground
Water from Aquifers in the
Cretaceous and Tertiary
Systems in the Fort Union
Coal Region 32/
Hydrologic Effects of
Surface Mining Land
Rehabilitative and
Land Use as Defined
by Rainfall Simulation 33/
Water Conservation on
Rangelands and Mine Spoils
of the Northern Plains 34/
Sponsoring
Agency
USDI
$(K) Investigator
28 M. Croft, USGS,
Bismarck, North Dakota
USDI
USDI
G. Lusby, USGS,
Denver, Colorado
G. Schuman, U.S. ARS,
Cheyenne, Wyoming
32/ Total project funded at $70K.
337 Total project funded at $35K.
34/ Total project funded at $6K.
26
-------
V. REFERENCES
1. Energy Research and Development Administration 1976. A National Plan for
Energy Research, Development, and Administration: Creating Energy Choices for
the Future, Volume 2, p. XVII.
2. Environmental Quality Council. 1976. "Environmental Quality — 1976",
p. 105.
3. Federal Energy Administration, National Energy Outlook, Washington, D.C.,
February 1976.
4. Nehring, Richard, and B. Zycher, 1976. "Coal Development and Government
Regulation in the Northern Great Plains: A Preliminary Report", Rand Corporation,
R-1981-NSF/RC. p.2.
5. Northern Great Plains Resources Program. February 1974. National and
Regional Energy Considerations Work Group Report; Discussion Draft.
6. Old West Regional Commission and USDA Forest Service, Surface Environment
and Mining. 1975. Energy Research Information System — Quarterly Report,
Volume 1, No. 1.
7. U. S. Department of the Interior, supra, notes 256 and 257; U.S. Department
of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, "U.S. Energy Use Down in 1974 After Two Decades
of Increases", News Release, Table 2, April 3, 1975.
8. U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration. 1975. "Sourcebook
for Energy Assessment:, M. Beller ed., National Center for Analysis of Energy
Systems, Brookhaven National Laboratory, BNL 50483. Pp. 126-128.
9. U.S. Federal Energy Administration, supra, note 258, p. XXIV.
27
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO,
EPA 908/4-77-008
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE ANDSUBTITLE
5. REPORT DATE
June 1977
Federally Sponsored Energy Research in the Northern
Great Plains — North Dakota
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
Allen S. Lefohn
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Montana Energy Operations Office
Environmental Protection Agency, Region VIII
Office of Energy Activities
Denver, Colorado 80295
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Energy Activities
Region VIII, Denver, Colorado 80295
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Summary of FY '76 Data
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
This project is part of the EPA-planned and coordinated Federal Interagency
Energy/Environment R&D Program.
16. ABSTRACT
In August 1976, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, in cooperation with
the State of Montana, established the EPA Montana Energy Operations Office.
The challenge of this office is to develop an effective mechanism for trans-
ferring energy research results from the laboratory to the decision-makers.
As a way to fulfill part of this challenge, a survey was initiated in the Fall
of 1976 to summarize the federal energy effort in the State of North Dakota.
This report is a summary of the information obtained from numerous state and
federal publications. Recommendations regarding further actions on various
aspects of energy research are included. The report serves primarily as an
informative document to inform researchers, state and federal government
officials, and decision-makers at all government levels how and where the
federal energy research dollar is being directed in North Dakota.
7.
(Circle One or More)
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATl Field/Group
Ecology
Environments
Earth Atmosphere
Environmental Engineering
Geography
Hydrology. Limnology
Biochemistry
Earth Hydrosphere
Combustion
Refining
Energy Conversion
Physical Chemistry
Materials Handling
Inorganic Chemistry
Organic Chemistry
Chemical Engineering
other: Contains all of above.
6F 8A 8F
8H 10A 10B
7B 7C 13B
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
27
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220'1 (9-73)
------- |