EPA-908/1-74-001
ENVIRONMENTAL
EFFECTS OF FLUORIDE:
GLACIER NATIONAL PARK
AND VICINITY
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
REGION VIII
Air and Water Programs Division
Denver, Colorado 80203
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EPA-908/1-74-001
ENVIRONMENTAL
EFFECTS OF FLUORIDE:
GLACIER NATIONAL PARK
AND VICINITY
Prepared for
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
REGION VIII
Air and Water Programs Division
Denver, Colorado 80203
February 1974
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This report is issued by the Environmental Protection Agency to report technical
data ol interest to a limited number of readers. Copies are available free of
charge r as supplies permit - from the Air and Water Programs Division, Region VIII
Environmental Protection Agency, Denver, Colorado 80203, or may be obtained,
for a nominal cost, from the National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port
Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22151.
Publication No. EPA-908/1-74-001
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AC KNOWLEDGMENT
The work upon which this publication was based was
performed under contract by the Environmental Studies
Laboratory of the University of Montana. The opinions,
findings, and conclusions are those of the original investi-
gators and not necessarily those of the U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency.
Mr. Norman A. Huey, Air and Water Programs Division,
Region VIII, with contractural assistance from PEDCo-Environ-
mental Specialists, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio, coordinated the
preparation of this report from the information originally
submitted by the University of Montana.
111
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGMENT iii
LIST OF FIGURES vii
LIST OF TABLES viii
SUMMARY ix
INTRODUCTION 1
MATERIALS AND METHODS 5
Study and Control Areas 5
Study Area 5
Control Areas 7
Collection, Preparation, and Chemical Analysis 7
of Vegetation
Foliage 7
Stems 9
Pollen 9
Terminal Buds 10
Histological Studies 10
Collection of Animals and Analysis of Bone Tissue 10
RESULTS li
Fluoride Analysis of Coniferous Vegetation -H
Foliage H
Stems 23
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1
Pollen 28
Terminal Buds ' 31
Grass 33
Fluoride Analysis of Soils 33
Fluoride Analysis of Animal Specimens 36
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 43
Vegetation Data 43
Animal Data 53
LITERATURE CITED 55
APPENDIX A FLUORIDE CONTENT OF CONIFER FOLIAGE 57
APPENDIX B FLUORIDE CONTENT OF CONIFER POLLEN 91
APPENDIX C FLUORIDE CONTENT OF TERMINAL BUDS 95
APPENDIX D FLUORIDE CONTENT OF GRASS 101
APPENDIX E FLUORIDE CONTENT OF ANIMAL BONE TISSUE 109
APPENDIX F CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF VEGETATION AND SOIL; 135
RESULTS OF COLLABORATIVE TESTING
APPENDIX G CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF ANIMAL TISSUE 143
APPENDIX H PREPARATION OF CONIFER NEEDLES FOR 147
HISTOLOGICAL STUDY
VI
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LIST OF FIGURES
Fi qure Page
1 Map of Study Area and Location of 6
Sampling Zones
2 Average Conifer Foliage Fluoride Content 12
Outside Glacier National Park
3 Average Conifer Foliage Fluoride Content 13
Inside Glacier National Park
4 Average Bone Fluoride Content 37
F-l Results of Pine Tissue Collaborative 140
Analyses, University of Montana - Orion
Electrode Method and WARF, Inc. - Auto-
technicon Method
F-2 Results of Collaborative Analysis: 141
Pinus Contora 1968 Needles
F-3 Results of Collaborative Analysis: 141
Pinus Contora 1970 Needles
F-4 Results of Collaborative Analysis: 142
Pinus Monticola 1968 Needles
F-5 Results of Collaborative Analysis: 142
Pinus Ponderosa 1970 Needles
vii
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1 Fluoride Concentrations in Coniferous 14
Foliage
2 Fluoride Concentrations in Washed and Un- 24
washed Conifer Steins
3 Fluoride Concentrations in Washed and Un- 27
washed Tissues from 1970 Hardwood Steins
4 Fluoride Concentrations in Coniferous Pollen 29
5 Fluoride Concentrations in Coniferous 32
Terminal Buds, 1970
6 Fluoride Concentrations in Grass, 1970 34
7 Fluoride Concentrations in Soils, Single 35
Samples
8 Fluoride Concentrations in Femur Bones of 38
Indigenous Wild Animals
Vlll
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SUMMARY
During the summer and fall of 1970, a study of fluoride
Accumulation and its pathological effects on many species of
flora and fauna was carried out in the areas of Columbia
Falls, Montana, and Glacier National Park. The study area
included 175 square miles (112,000 acres) within the
boundaries of Glacier National Park and 235 square miles
(150,000 acres) outside the Park boundaries.
Nineteen sampling zones were designated in the study
area. Foliage samples from 16 of the 19 zones yielded,
for at least one species of conifer, mean fluoride con-
centrations higher by a factor of 4 or more than con-
centrations in foliage from control areas elsewhere in
Montana. These 16 sampling zones encompass an area of 375
square miles, or about 90 percent of the study area.
Results of fluoride analyses of other vegetation of
species foraged by animals (e.g., grasses and woody shrubs)
demonstrated that fluoride accumulation occurs in non-
coniferous species as well. Samples of grasses from seven
sampling zones, representing more than half of the study
area, yielded fluoride concentrations greater than those
from control areas by a factor of 2 or more.
IX
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Several special studies were made of fluoride accumula-
tion in other than the foliar portions of vegetation species,
Results of these studies demonstrated that fluoride
accumulates in tissues of pollen, stems, and terminal buds.
Thus, fluorides absorbed in plant leaf tissues are not
entirely limited to the leaf tissues, as previously
believed, but through plant metabolic pathways a portion of
the absorbed fluoride moves out of the leaf and into other
tissues such as the stems and reproductive tissues.
More than 300 indigenous wild animals were collected
in the study area during the 1970 study period. Although
species collected were primarily of the rodent family
collections of other animals, such as deer, allowed analysis
of a fairly good cross-section of herbivores.
Of the animals collected within the boundaries of
Glacier National Park the highest concentrations of fluoride
were found in those from the southwest corner of the Park.
I'he southwest area of Glacier National Park, as delineated
for this study, extended from and included the Apgar
Mountains, the lower (southern) portions of Lake McDonald,
and the Belton Hills, also known as the Belton Hills Winter
Range. This area covers approximately 60 square miles or
about 40,000 acres. Chemical analyses of the femurs of
the collected animals disclosed that their leg bones had
accumulated excessive concentrations of fluoride, in one
!
case 30 times the average concentration of fluoride in
control animals of the same species.
x
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Data on fluoride concentrations in bones of animals
were analyzed in relation to data on concentrations found
in vegetation collected in the same areas. In all cases
where fluoride concentrations in animals were high, they
were relatively much higher than those in the forage upon
which the animals had fed. For instance, fluoride con-
centrations in coniferous and grass forage in the Apgar
Mountains were 2 or 3 times higher than concentrations in
control vegetation; in some animals, however, such as the
24 snowshoe hares collected in the Apgar area, fluoride
concentrations were almost 20 times higher than those found
in snowshoe hares in the control areas. This phenomenon of
increasing fluoride concentrations in the food chain was
observed in all parts of the study area where above-normal
concentrations of fluoride were accumulating in vegetation.
XI
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INTRODUCTION
A study of fluoride pollution in Glacier National Park
and areas around Columbia Falls, Montana, was initiated at
the request of the Superintendent of Glacier National Park
during the winter of 1969-70. The study was undertaken by
the National Air Pollution Control Administration, now a
part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Under contract, the author, aided by staff of the
Environmental Studies Laboratory at the University of
Montana, performed some portions of the research on the
effects of fluorides in Glacier National Park and the
surrounding southwest areas outside the Park. The major
objective of the 1970 study was to ascertain whether
fluoride emissions from the reduction plant of the
Anaconda Aluminum Company, located at the base of the west
side of Teakettle Mountain near Columbia Falls, were
accumulating in, and having a detrimental effect upon, the
flora and fauna of the Columbia Falls area and Glacier
National Park.
Much of the research was carried out by the analytical
methods of investigators such as Treshow (1967, 1968, 1970),
Adams (1956, 1964, 1969-71), Compton (1965), and Weinstein
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and McCune (1967-70), who have presented methods to assess
fluoride accumulation and necrosis in coniferous foliage
and accumulation in other forage species. In an effort to
determine the impact of fluoride pollution on the ecology
of a national park more completely than these methods allow,
some unique studies were also undertaken. Several of
these studies can be considered as basic research, yielding
results that are new to the scientific literature.
In addition, information gained from parts of the new
studies called for re-evaluation of some previously held
concepts. It was believed, for example, that gaseous
fluorides taken in by the foliage of plants are translocated
only to the margin of the leaf in broadleaf species or to
the tips of needles in coniferous species. The studies
reported here demonstrate that fluorides are translocated
and accumulated in other portions of the plant, such as the
stem and reproductive tissues. This phenomenon was also
reported by Carlson and Dewey (1971) in an independent
study of fluoride pollution in the Columbia Falls area.
This report also presents new information on fluoride
accumulation in indigenous wild animals. In his review of
fluorides, Marier (1971) cites the dearth of information on
this subject. Except for the studies of Shupe (1956) on
accumulation and effects of fluorides in the bones and teeth
of d^er, very few studies are available. Considerable
information is available on the effects of inorganic fluoride
fed to domestic animals in the form of sodium fluoride, but
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no research is reported on most of the wild animal species
examined in this study. For most of these species, therefore;/
no information is available on pertinent physiological
factors, such as urine retention and excretion.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
STUDY AND CONTROL AREAS
Study Area
The area from which vegetation and animal samples were
collected during the 1970 study encompasses 410 square
miles. It was divided into 19 zones on the basis of pre-
liminary analysis of fluoride accumulation in coniferous
species collected in June and early July, 1970. Nine of
the collection zones are within the boundaries of Glacier
National Park; ten are outside the Park boundaries.
Figure 1 shows the boundaries of each zone on a
schematic map of the study area. For ease of identification
each zone is also named for a mountain, lake, river, road,
or town within its boundaries:
1. West Face of Teakettle Mountain - 12,670 acres
2. Columbia Falls - 36,860 acres
3. Coram - 11,520 acres
4. Lake Five - 9220 acres
5. Columbia Mountain - 5890 acres
6. Desert Mountain - 7680 acres
7. South Fork (Flathead River) - 18,180 acres
8. Middle Fork (Flathead River) - 26,880 acres
9. North Fork (Flathead River) - 17,410 acres
10. Doris Mountain - 4100 acres
11. Headquarters Hill - 2880 acres
12. Helton Hills - 9360 acres
13. Apgar Ridge and Middle Fork Ranger Station -
12,800 acres
14. Apgar Lookout - 3330 acres
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LOGAN PASS
Figure 1. Map of study area and locaton of sampling zones,
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15. Boehm's Bear Den - 2880 acres
16. Lake McDonald - 57,860 acres
17. Camas Creek - 8960 acres
18. Huckleberry Mountain - 6400 acres
19. Loneman Mountain - 7680 acres
Zones 1 through 10 are located outside Glacier National
Park; zones 11 through 19 are inside the Park. Although
the sizes of the zones vary considerably, the concentrations
of fluoride accumulated in the vegetation samples collected
in each zone were fairly similar.
Control Areas
Species of vegetation and animals identical to those
collected in the study area were obtained from several areas
of Montana considered to be free from airborne fluoride
pollution. These areas, selected to provide control
specimens for the study, were 40 to 150 miles distant from
Columbia Falls:
Elk Creek Swan Valley
St. Regis Albert Creek
Rogers Pass MacDonald Pass
Upper St. Mary's Lake Rattlesnake Canyon
Many Glacier Pattee Canyon
Swiftcurrent Swartz Canyon
Twin Creek Pony Lake
Control animals, particularly deer, were collected also
from several other locations in Montana remote from
Columbia Falls.
COLLECTION, PREPARATION, AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF VEGETATION
Foliage
Most of the vegetation samples collected for chemical
analysis in this study were foliage from coniferous species.
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Procedures for collecting, preparing, and analyzing foliar
samples are described in Appendix F.
With the exception of larch, coniferous trees growing
in the Columbia Falls-Glacier National Park area of Montana
generally retain 3 years of needle growth. Thus, it was
possible to collect 1968, 1969, and 1970 needle growth
from most of the trees sampled. Samples from conifers,
which bear 3 years of growth, yield more information than
samples from deciduous trees and shrubs, which lose their
leaves each year. For example, a conifer sample with 3
years of foliage, collected during the first week of July
1970, can indicate:
1. How much fluoride has accumulated in 1 month. The
1970 needles have been exposed to the ambient air
for approximately 1 month, depending on topography
and location of the tree;
2. How much fluoride has accumulated in 13 to 14
months, as indicated by 1969 needles;
3. How much fluoride has accumulated in 25 to 26
months, as indicated by 1968 needles.
Variation in the length of exposure is very important,
since fluoride accumulation depends upon bpth the con-
centration of the gaseous fluoride in the ambient air and
the duration of exposure.
The fluoride analyses in this study were performed
with the use of the Orion fluoride specific ion electrode.
Comparison fluoride analyses were also performed by the
Autotechnicon semi-automated and other analytical methods.
Sample preparation and the electrode measurement method are
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described in Appendix F. As a check on the accuracy of tho
fluoride analysis performed in the Environmental Stxu'l.i <.-s
Laboratory, duplicate foliage samples were analyzed by as
many as four other laboratories using varying analytical
methods. Results of the analyses also appear in Appendix F.
Stems
Samples of coniferous stems and stems from some hard-
wood species were collected in selected zones of the study
area. Samples of stem growth for the years 1968, 1969, and
1970 were prepared and analyzed separately. The method of
preparing the tissues for fluoride analysis is presented
in Appendix F. Since foliage is the receptor of atmospheric
fluoride, the purpose of the analyses of stem tissues was
to determine whether fluoride is translocated from the
needles to other structures of the tree.
Pollen
Coniferous pollen was analyzed for fluoride to test
the hypotheses that (a) if the fluoride were translocated
from the needle to the stem then it might also be trans-
located from the stem to the reproductive structures, and
(b) in this event the fluoride might be detrimental to the
reproductive potential of the species involved. The
procedure for preparing pollen for fluoride analysis is
presented in Appendix F.
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Terminal Buds
Terminal buds are the apical meristematic tissues that
develop into stems and needles in conifers, and stems and
leaves in hardwoods. Terminal buds of both coniferous and
hardwood species were collected and prepared for fluoride
analysis. Procedures are presented in Appendix F.
Histological Studies
Before chemical analysis in the laboratory, needles
from all coniferous collections from all zones were examined
for burned or necrotic tissues. Samples of needles exhibit-
ing such necrosis were removed and prepared separately for
histological study. The procedure for preparing conifer
needles for histological study is given in Appendix H.
COLLECTION OP ANIMALS AND ANALYSIS OF BONE TISSUE
More than 300 animals were collected within the study
area. Most of the specimens collected are classed as
herbivores, by definition those that feed almost exclusively
on vegetation matter. If fluoride were accumulating in the
vegetation of the study area, one could logically assume
that it would also be present in the animals that feed upon
that vegetation.
The femurs (upper leg bones, hind legs) were removed
from all animals collected, and analyzed for fluoride. In
some of the larger species, such as deer, other bones were
also removed and subjected to fluoride analysis. The method
for analysis of bone samples is given in Appendix G.
10
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RESULTS
FLUORIDE ANALYSIS OF CONIFEROUS VEGETATION
Foliage
Approximately 1600 fluoride analyses were completed on
coniferous foliage samples collected in the study and control
areas. Results of these analyses are presented in Appendix
A. The data are summarized in Figures 2 and 3. Average
fluoride contents of conifer needles in each area are given
by year (age of needle) for ease of comparison with expected
normal concentrations. Since the normal concentrations
would not be expected to vary with age of needles, it is
represented by a single line across the bar graph.
A statistical summary of the data is given in Table 1.
Sampling zones are listed in the Table generally in de-
creasing order of fluoride concentration in the foliage,
first for the zones located outside Glacier National Park,
then for those located within the Park. Data from analyses
of the control vegetation are summarized in the final
section of the Table.
Within Table 1 for each sampling zone, conifer species,
and year of needle growth are listed the mean fluoride con-
centrations for all foliage samples, the maximum fluoride
11
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Figure 2 Average conifer foliage fluoride content outside
Glacier National Park.
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u>
50
40
u. 20
10
11
AGE
3 YEAR
2 YEAR
1 YEAR
YEAR
196«
1969
1970
12
13 14 15 16
ZONE NUMBER
17
18
19
Figure 3 Average conifer foliage fluoride content in
Glacier National Park.
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TABLE 1. FLUORIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN CONIFEROUS FOLIAGE
(ppm by weight in dry needles)
West Face
Teakettle
Mountain
Zone No. 1
Columbia
Falls
Zone No. 2
Coram
Zone No. 3
No. samples
Mean
Maximum
Minimum
Std. dev.
95 Percentile
99 Percentile
No. samples
Mean
Maximum
Minimum
Std. dev.
95 Percentile
99 Percentile
No. samples
Mean
Maximum
Minimum
Std. dev.
95 Percentile
99 Percentile
Lodgepole pine
1968
13
310.3
668
33
212
688
879
6
76.5
116
30.6
31.8
141
184
32
90.0
520
24.0
119.3
292
379
1969
13
146.4
345
13.5
109
341
439
7
36.3
54.0
19.2
12.6
60.8
75.9
32
47.5
260
13.5
56.2
143
183
1970
13
19.4
61.8
3.9
18.4
52.3
68.7
7
16.9
31.0
10.8
6.7
29.9
38.0
32
7.6
20.5
3.9
4.1
14.5
17.5
Ponderose pine
1968
4
211.0
410
105
138
536
838
28
97.1
192
18.2
41.3
167.4
199
12
47.0
120
16.0
28.3
97.8
124
1969
5
116.2
292
31.0
104
338
506
28
50.7
96.0
11.5
22.4
88.8
106
13
19.8
41.0
10.0
9.0
313.8
43.9
1970
5
22.2
43.0
4.5
16.4
57.2
83.7
28
24.0
52.4
5.0
10.7
42.2
50.5
13
4.9
13.5
2.6
3.3
10.8
13.7
White pine
1968
7
140.4
225
37.0
75.5
287
378
16
60.9
225
12.8
49.6
148
190
1969
7
75.4
125
23.0
33.8
141
182
16
40.2
90.0
14.9
24.5
83.1
104
1970
7
14.7
26.0
7.4
6.3
26.9
34.5
16
10.0
23.0
3.9
5.6
19. 8
24.6
Douglas fir
1968
22
114.2
182
32.8
46.5
194
231
2
73.5
93.0
54.0
27.6
248
952
1969
22
65.8
110
24.8
24.1
107
126
2
39.0
49.0
29.0
14.1
128
488
1970
22
38.9
78.0
18.2
14.7
62.1
73
1
3.5
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TABLE 1 (continued). FLUORIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN CONIFEROUS FOLIAGE
(ppm by weight in dry needles)
Lake Five
Zone No. 4
Columbia
Mountain
Zone No. 5
Desert
Mountain
Zone No. 6
No. samples
Mean
Maximum
Minimum
Std. dev.
95 Percent! le
99 Percentile
No. samples
Mean
Maximum
Minimum
Std. dev.
95 Percentile
99 Percentile
No . samples
Mean
Maximum
Minimum
Std. dev.
95 Percentile
99 Percentile
Lodgepole pine
1968
15
26.3
38.0
19.0
6.1
37.0
42.3
5
8.6
14.2
3.4
5.0
19.3
27.3
9
17.6
34.0
6.5
9.7
35.6
45.7
1969
14
13.1
21.8
7.0
4.2
20.5
24.2
5
4.2
5.5
2.7
1.2
6.8
8.7
9
7.8
18.0
2.7
4.5
16.2
20.8
1970
15
5.1
8.2
3.1
1.3
7.4
8.5
5
2.7
3.7
2.0
0.7
4.2
5.3
9
4.1
7.6
1.5
2.3
8.4
10.8
Ponderose pine
1968 1 1969
8
20.6
26.0
14.0
3.7
27.6
31.7
6
40.5
79.0
7.9
34.2
109.4
155.6
13
17.7
30.5
7.4
7.1
30.4
36.7
8
12.4
16.5
9.9
2.5
17.1
19.9
6
21.4
38.5
7.6
14.9
51.4
71.5
13
8.3
13.0
3.7
3.5
14.5
17.7
1970
8
4.0
5.8
2.3
1.3
6.46
7.90
6
9.2
18.5
4.5
5.1
19.5
26.4
13
3.6
7.0
1.9
1.5
6.3
7.6
White pine
1968
9
5.9
14.5
3.5
3.4
12.2
15.7
8
11.0
21.0
4.3
5.3
21.0
26.9
1969
9
4.8
7.3
3.4
1.4
7.4
8.9
8
7.5
12.0
4.0
2.9
13.0
16.2
1970
9
3.4
7.0
1.5
1.6
6.4
8.0
8
3.8
5.5
1.8
1.2
6.0
7.3
Douglas fir
1968
1
23.0
1
14.0
-
1969
1
17.0
1
8.3
1970
1
7.3
1
6.3
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TABLE 1 (continued)
FLUORIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN CONIFEROUS FOLIAGE
(ppm by weight in dry needles)
South Fork
Zone No. 7
Middle Fork
Zone No. 8
North Fork
Zone No. 9
No . samples
Mean
Maximum
Minimum
Std.dev.
95 Percentile
99 Percentile
No . samples
Mean
Maximum
Minimum
Std. dev.
95 Percentile
99 Percentile
No. samples
Mean
Maximum
Minimum
Std. dev.
95 Percentile
99 Percentile
Lodgepole pine
1968 1 1969
3
18.0
33.0
6.4
13.6
57.7
112.7
10
13.5
29.5
3.2
9.7
31.3
40.9
11
11.0
20.5
4.8
4.5
19.2
23.4
3
9.2
17.0
3.8
6.9
29.3
57.2
10
6.7
11.0
3.2
2.7
11.6
14.3
11
5.7
9.7
3.3
1.9
9.14
11.0
1970
3
2.7
4.5
1.6
1.6
7.4
13.8
10
3.8
5.2
2.5
0.7
5.1
5.8
11
4.1
7.2
2.4
1.3
6.5
7.7
Ponderose pine
1968
7
16.0
26.0
3.9
8.2
31.9
41.8
2
9.5
11.0
8.0
2.1
22.8
76.3
1969
7
9.6
15.0
2.9
4.4
18.1
23.4
2
6.4
7.0
5.8
0.8
11.5
31.9
1970
7
4.0
7.5
2.7
1.6
7.1
9.0
2
3.9
4.0
3.7
0.2
5.2
10.3
White pine
1968
7
9.6
15.0
3.6
4.7
18.7
24.4
3
4.3
5.2
3.5
0.9
6.9
10.6
10
10.2
14.0
5.6
3.3
16.2
19.5
1969
7
6.2
9.1
2.4
2.7
11.4
14.7
3
3.4
3.7
3.0
0.4
4.6
6.2
10
6.3
9.0
4.3
1.7
9.4
11.1
1970
7
3.6
6.3
1.6
1.8
7.1
9.3
3
2.5
3.5
1.7
0.9
5.1
8.8
10
5.2
9.0
3.1
1.8
8.5
10.3
Douglas fir
1968
1969
1970
-------
TABLE 1 (continued). FLUORIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN CONIFEROUS FOLIAGE
(ppm by weight in dry needles)
Doris
Mountain
Zone No. 10
Headquarters
Hill
Zone No. 11
Bel ton
Hills
Zone No. 12
No. samples
Mean
Maximum
Minimum
Std. dev.
95 Percentile
99 Percentile
No . samples
Mean
Maximum
Minimum
Std. dev.
95 Percentile
99 Percentile
No . samples
Mean
Maximum
Minimum
Std. dev.
95 Percentile
99 Percentile
Lodgepole pine
1968
4
4.5
6.2
3.2
1.3
7.6
10.4
13
30.8
42.0
20.5
7.0
42.9
49.6
15
30.0
40.0
16.3
7.5
43.2
49.7
1969
4
2.7
3.4
2.2
0.5
3.9
5.0
13
14.3
21.3
7.0
3.6
20.5
24.0
15
12.7
17.5
6.4
3.9
19.6
22.9
1970
4
3.5
7.8
1.5
2.9
10.3
16.7
13
5.1
9.8
2.3
2.3
9.1
11.3
15
4.8
6.7
1.9
1.4
7.3
8.5
Ponderose pine
1968
8
11.5
44.5
3.5
13.9
3?. 8
53.2
10
28.9
40.0
20.5
6.4
40.6
47.0
5
29.2
39.0
16.0
8.7
47.7
61.8
1969
8
6.1
14.5
2.5
4.1
13.9
18.4
10
17.7
26.0
13.0
3.9
24.8
28.7
5
14.6
19.0
10.4
3.8
22.7
28.8
1970
8
3.7
6.7
1.7
1.6
6.7
8.5
10
4.3
8.7
2.0
2.1
8.2
10.2.
5
4.5
6.7
3.1
1.4
7.5
9.8
White pine
1968
6
4.5
5.5
3.9
0.7
5.9
6.9
5
22.7
31.0
14.0
6.7
37.0
47.8
5
15.7
22.0
8.3
4.9
26.1
34.1
1969
6
3.6
4.1
2.6
0.5
4.6
5.3
5
13.9
29.0
6.9
8.8
32.7
46.9
5
9.5
12.5
5.0
3.2
16.3
21.5
1970
6
2.7
4.2
2.0
0.8
4.3
5.4
5
4.7
6.4
3.0
1.2
4.7
9.2
5
5.2
8.6
1.5
2.5
10.5
14.6
Douglas fir
1968
2
51.0
54.0
48.0
4.2
77.5
L84.6
1969
2
21.7
24.4
19.0
3.8
45.7
.42.fr
1970
2
8.0
12.0
4.0
5.7
44.0
.89.4
-------
TABLE 1 (continued). FLUORIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN CONIFEROUS FOLIAGE
(ppra by weight in dry needles)
Apgar Ridge
and MFRS
Zone No. 13
Apgar
Lookout
Zone No. 14
Boehm's
Bear Den
Zone No. 15
No. samples
Mean
Maximum
Minimum
Std. dev.
95 Percentile
99 Percentile
No . samples
Mean
Maximum
Minimum
Std. dev.
95 Percentile
99 Percentile
No. samples
Mean
Maximum
Minimum
Std. dev.
95 Percentile
99 Percentile
Lodgepole pine
1968
14
31.0
59.0
10.0
15.0
57.6
70.8
15
18.9
28.0
11.0
5.5
28.6
33.3
5
22.5
45.0
8.2
14.4
53.2
76.4
1969
14
12.4
23.0
3.3
6.7
24.3
30.2
15
9.1
17.0
4.6
3.1
14.6
17.2
5
10.6
22.0
2.8
7.3
26.2
38.0
1970
14
4.6
7.7
2.3
1.8
7.8
9.4
15
4.4
15.0
1.4
3.1
9.9
12.5
5
4.2
6.5
3-2
1.4
7.2
9.5
Ponderose pine
1968
13
26.7
51.0
15.0
9.0
42.7
50.8
5
23.5
36.5
18.0
7.4
39.3
51.2
1
6.9
1969
14
13.3
27.0
7.1
5.5
23.0
27.9
5
13.5
28.9
9.0
8.6
31.8
45.7
1
4.5
1970
14
4.2
7.5
2.5
1.5
6.9
8.2
5
6.6
16.4
2.9
5.6
18.5
27.6
1
2.7
White pine
1968
7
16.0
23.0
9.1
4.8
25.3
33.8
2
8.9
12.0
5.8
4.4
36.7
148.9
9
7.5
16.0
4.3
3.8
14.6
18.5
1969
7
8.5
13.0
6.0
2.3
13.0
17.0
2
5.5
6.3
4.6
1.2
13.1
43.7
9
5.7
7.4
4.3
1.1
7.8
8.9
1970
7
5.8
8.0
2.3
1.9
9.5
12.8
2
3.0
3.3
2.6
0.5
6.2
18.9
9
4.1
6.2
1.8
1.6
7.1
8.7
Douglas fir
1968
1969
1970
00
-------
TABLE 1 (continued).
FLUORIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN CONIFEROUS FOLIAGE
(ppm by weight in dry needles)
Lake
No. samples
Mean
Maximum
McDonald Minimum
Zone No. 16
-
Camas
Creek
Zone No. 17
Huckleberry
Mountain
Zone No. 18
Std. dev.
95 Percentile
99 Percentile
No. samples
Mean
Maximum
Minimum
Std. dev.
95 Percentile
99 Percentile
No. samples
Mean
Maximum
Minimum
Std. dev.
95 Percentile
99 Percentile
Lodgepole pine
1968
11
14.1
28.0
5.3
7.3
27.3
34.3
6
8.3
11.0
4.8
2.1
12.5
15.4
1969
11
7.2
14.0
2.9
4.1
14.6
18.5
6
4.7
8.5
2.9
2.0
8.7
11.4
1970
11
3.2
5.4
1.8
1.2
5.4
6.5
6
3.0
3.8
1.6
0.9
4.8
6.0
Ponderose pine
1968
1
9.1
1969
1
4.3
1970
1
2.5
White pine
1968
29
11.5
24.4
2.9
5.6
21.0
25.3
3
6.7
9.3
2.8
3.4
16.6
30.4
6
7.0
12.5
3.8
3.0
13.0
17.1
1969
29
7.1
17.0
2.8
3.5
13.1
15.7
3
5.0
7.1
1.4
3.1
14.1
26.6
6
4.7
8.0
1.4
2.4
9.5
12.8
1970
29
4.4
8.3
<1.0
1.5
7.0
8.1
3
3.6
4.8
1.9
1.5
8.0
14.1
6
3.5
6.4
1.5
1.9
7.3
9.9
Douglas fir
1968
1969
1970
'
-------
TABLE 1'(continued), FLUORIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN CONIFEROUS FOLIAGE
(ppm by weight in dry needles)
Loneman
Mountain
Zone No. 19
ALL
CONTROLS
No. samples
Mean
Maximum
Minimum
Std. dev.
95 Percentile
99 Percentile
No. samples
Mean
Maximum
Minimum
Std. dev.
95 Percentile
99 Percentile
Lodgepole pine
1968
3
5.6
7.0
3.6
1.8
10.9
18.1
14
2.2
3.9
1.0
1.1
4.2
5.1
1969
3
3.5
4.3
2.9
0.7
5.5
8.4
14
2.6
5.2
1.0
1.1
4.6
5.5
1970
3
2.1
2.6
1.5
0.6
3.9
6.3
14
2.1
4.5
1.0
1.0
3.9
4.8
Ponderose j
1968
2
8.8
9.6
7.9
1.2
16.4
47.0
9
2.6
5.0
1.1
1.3
5.0
6.4
1969
2
4.8
5.4
4.3
0.8
9.9
30.3
9
2.2
3.7
1.2
0.9
3.9
4.8
Jine
1970
2
2.0
2.4
1.6
0.6
5.8
21.1
9
2.0
2.7
1.1
0.6
3.1
3.7
White pine
1968
6
5.3
8.5
3.1
2.5
10.3
13.7
4
1.8
3.0
1.1
0.8
3.7
5.4
1969
6
4.6
6.2.
2.2
1.4
7.4
9.3
4
1.9
3.0
1.1
0.9
4.0
6.0
1970
6
2.7
3.4
1.7
0.6
3.9
4.8
4
1.8
2.5
1.1
0.6
3.2
4.5
Douglas fir
1968
4
2.1
2.9
1.7
0.6
3.5
4.8
1969
4
2.6
4.1
1.5
1.2
5.4
8.0
1970
4
1.6
1.8
1.5
0.2
2.0
2.5
-------
concentration and the minimum concentration. The 95th and
99th percentiles were calculated using Student's t-distri-
bution. This was necessary because of the small number of
observations in some of the samples. When the sample size
is small, the estimated 95th and 99th percentile values may
exceed the measured maximum concentration. Of the 1446
samples, fluoride concentrations in 57 exceeded the cal-
culated 95th percentile (73 would be expected) and 11
exceeded the calculated 99th percentile (14 or 15 would be
expected). Of the 11 samples that exceeded the calculated
99th percentile, 6 are from lodgepole pine in sampling zone
3; results for this species in this zone appear to be bimodal.
The maximum concentration of fluoride in vegetation
permitted under Montana State Regulations is 35 ppm. The
maximum measured fluoride concentrations, for at least one
sample, exceeded this limit in samples from 11 of the 19
sampling zones:
West Face of Teakettle Mountain
Columbia Falls
Co ram
Lake Five
Columbia Mountain
Doris Mountain
Headquarters Hill
Helton Hills
Apgar Ridge and Middle Fork Ranger Station
Apgar Lookout
Boehm's Bear Den
The last five listed zones are. within the boundary of Glacier
National Park.
One or more of the calculated 95th percentile con-
centrations, likewise, exceed the Montana standard in 13
21
-------
sampling zones; one or more of the calculated 99th per-
centile concentrations exceed the standard in 16 zones. Only
!
sampling zones 16, 17, and 19 failed to yield one or more
99th percentile values greater than the Montana standard for
fluoride in forage.
Burnt or necrotic needles were obtained from pine species
at 40 sites within the study area for the purpose of histological
study. Twenty-two of the sites from which partially necrotic
pine needles were selected were located within the boundaries
of Glacier National Park. Although at the time of selection,
no information was available on how much fluoride had
accumulated in these needles, every needle collection analyzed
showed the specific disease syndrome that is manifested by
conifer needle tissues that have been exposed to excessive
atmospheric fluorides.
Selected specimens of the three major species of pine, each
manifesting the fluoride-caused disease syndrome, were
subjected to chemical analysis for fluoride with the follow-
ing results:
1. 1969 Ponderosa pine needles collected in the
Apgar Ridge and MFRS zone (collection number
166 at 3900 feet elevation) contained 27 ppm
of fluoride.
2. 1969 lodgepole pine needles collected in the
Headquarters Hill zone (collection number 97
at 4600 feet elevation) contained 17.5 ppm of
fluoride.
3. 1969 white pine needles collected in the Belton
Hills zone (collection number 151 at 4580 feet
elevation) contained 12.5 ppm of fluoride.
22
-------
These concentrations of fluoride are based on analysis of
the whole needle; concentrations would, of course, have been
much higher if only the burnt tips had been analyzed. These
results demonstrate, however, that at fluoride levels only
2 or 3 times higher than the normal fluoride background in
healthy trees, tissue necrosis does occur.
Stems
Samples of conifer stems were collected in the late
fall and winter of 1970 after seasonal rains and snowfall
had occurred in the study area. Some stems were washed in
the laboratory before analysis; others were left unwashed.
Results of the analyses are presented in Table 2. For the 15
samples from three southwestern zones of Glacier National
Park the difference between average fluoride concentrations
in coniferous stems that had been washed and average con-
*
centrations in and on coniferous stems that were left unwashed
was 1.2 ppm of fluoride. This slight difference indicates
that very little or no particulate fluoride such as aluminum
fluoride, cryolite, or sodium fluoride was being retained on
conifers growing in Glacier National Park. Similar analyses
of washed and unwashed conifer stems from control areas
yielded an average difference in fluoride concentration of
about 0.5 ppm. These slight differences between concentrations
in washed and unwashed stems of control vegetation may be
attributed to soil particles containing fluoride being blown
by winds and lodging on the rough bark surface of conifer
23
-------
Table 2. FLUORIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN WASHED AND UNWASHED CONIFER STEMS
Sampling zone
Columbia Falls
Zone 2
Coram, Zone 3
Glacier Park
Zones 11, 12, 13
Controls
No.
samples
12
8
15
11
Fluorides, ppm by weight
1968 Stems
washed
8.0
6.3
5.2
3.7
Un-
washed
13.0
7.0
6.5
4.1
1969 Stems
washed
9.3
6.0
5.8
4.0
Un-
washed
14.2
7.7
7.1
4.6
1970 Stems
washed
11.0
7.2
6.0
4.0
Un-
washed
14.0
8.5
7.0
4.6
-------
stems. Such particles are expected to be dislodged by the
agitation and washing procedures and to account for the 0.5
ppm difference in fluoride readings.
The average fluoride concentrations found in washed
1968, 1969, and 1970 conifer stems collected from Belton
Hills, Apgar Ridge and MFRS, and Headquarters Hill, of Glacier
National Park, were 5.2 ppm, 5.8 ppm, and 6 ppm, respectively.
By comparison, the average fluoride concentrations in washed
coniferous stems from control areas for the same years' growth
were 3.7 ppm, 4.0 ppm, and 4.0 ppm, respectively. Thus, there
was no noteworthy increase or decrease in fluoride concentrations
in washed coniferous stems from the Glacier National Park zones
or the control areas during the 2-1/2 year period.
The analysis of washed and unwashed stems demonstrates
that fluoride is being retained in and on the various years'
stem growth, but the concentrations tend to decrease slightly
each year, perhaps as a result of leaching from the weather
and/or the increase in volume of older tissues. The results
of these analyses also show that fluoride concentrations were
approximately twice as great in washed stems from Columbia
Falls as in washed stems from the Glacier National Park
zones, and that the concentrations in stems from the Glacier
National Park zones were 1-1/2 times the concentrations in
stems from control areas.
Because the bark cannot be removed from coniferous stems
without removing large portions of the active tissue of the inner
25
-------
stem, separate analyses of the outer bark and of the inner
bark and cambial tissues of conifers were not undertaken.
Since such separation is possible in hardwoods, samples from
various hardwood species were obtained and separate analyses
were performed on these tissues. The average fluoride
concentrations of washed and unwashed tissues from the stems
of three species of hardwood collected in selected sampling
zones and in control areas are given in Table 3. Results
are presented for three different series of stem tissue:
1. Bark and cortex
2. Cortex, phloem, cambium, and active xylem
3. Core (xylem and pith)
The results of fluoride analysis of unwashed bark
demonstrate that high concentrations of fluoride particulate
were present on hardwood stems from the West Face of Teakettle
Mountain zone. Concentrations of fluoride particulate on
unwashed hardwood stems were lower in samples from the Columbia
Falls zone 4-1/2 miles to the west, and were much lower in
samples from the Coram zone 6-1/2 miles to the east. Very
little particulate was found on hardwood stems from the Glacier
National Park zones; concentrations were comparable to those
found on coniferous stems.
Average fluoride concentrations found in the washed
bark and cortex were similar in hardwood samples collected
from the Teakettle Mountain, Columbia Falls, and Coram
zones (8.5 to 7.5 ppm). Average fluoride concentrations in
washed samples from the Glacier National Park zones were
slightly lower, but still were twice as high as the average
for washed samples from the control areas.
26
-------
Table 3. FLUORIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN WASHED AND UNWASHED
TISSUES FROM 1970 HARDWOOD STEMS
Sampling zone
Teakettle Mountain
Zone 1
Columbia Falls
Zone 2
Co ram
Zone 3
Glacier Park
Zones 11, 12, 13
Controls
Bark and cortex
HC1
washed
8.5
7.9
7.5
6.4
3.2
un-
washed
44.0
25.3
8.2
8.5
4.6
Phloem, cambium,
outer xylem
HCL
washed
7.2
6.8
6.2
5.8
2.9
un-
washed
8.4
7.1
6.5
8.5
4.6
Xylem and pith
HC1
washed
2.8
3.2
3.1
2.9
3.0
un-
washed
3.6
3.1
2.8
3.2
2.6
-------
Fluoride concentrations in the inner active tissue of
hardwoods (phloem, cambium, and outer xylem) from the study
area were about twice as high as concentrations in similar
inner stem tissues of hardwoods from control areas. Average
fluoride concentrations in core tissues (xylem and pith) of
the stems of all samples taken from the study area and from
the control zones are similar and are low (2.6 to 3.6 ppm).
Pollen
Samples of conifer pollen were collected from 14 of the
19 sampling zones and analyzed for fluoride content. Samples
of pollen obtained from control areas were also analyzed.
Results of pollen analyses are given in Appendix B and are
summarized in Table 4.
The mean fluoride concentration for seven pollen samples
from control argas is 3.8 ppm. The mean fluoride concentrations
in pollen samples from nine of the 14 study area zones sampled
are greater than the means for control samples by a factor of
2 or more.
Four of the nine sampling zones that yielded high fluoride
concentrations in pollen are within Glacier National Park. The
average fluoride concentration in 14 samples taken from these
four zones (Apgar Ridge and MFRS, Headquarters Hill, Lake
McDonald, and Belton Hills in the southwest portion of Glacier
National Park) was 11.9 ppm, approximately 3 times greater
than the average fluoride concentration found in pollen from
control conifers.
28
-------
Table 4. FLUORIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN CONIFEROUS POLLEN
Sampling zone
1.
3.
4.
5.
6.
8.
9.
11.
12.
13.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Teakettle Mountain
Coram
Lake Five
Columbia Mountain
Desert Mountain
Middle Fork
North Fork
Headquarters Hill
Belton Hills
Apgar Ridge and MFRS
Boehm's Bear Den
Lake McDonald
Camas Creek
Huckleberry Mountain
Controls
No.
samples
4
8
3
2
1
8
3
6
1
3
3
4
2
2
7
Fluoride, ppm by weight
Mean
23.2
12.0
15.6
6.2
19.5
5.6
8.1
14.3
13.3
12.0
5.6
7.8
4.8
4.2
3.8
Maximum
32.0
16.0
19.8
7.3
8.0
9.2
18.0
17.8
8.4
10.0
5.7
6.6
5.5
Minimum
13.7
8.0
11.0
5.1
1.7
6.4
10.0
6.1
3.0
6.0
3.8
1.9
1.7
29
-------
In three northern zones of Glacier National Park
(Huckleberry Mountain, Boehm's Bear Den, and Camas Creek)
the average fluoride concentration in pollen was 5.0 ppm;
the highest concentration found in any sample was 8.4 ppm.
These values are similar to those for pollen from control
areas.
Collections of conifer pollen from the Coram zone were
all made on the lower slopes of the east side of Teakettle
Mountain, close to the Blankenship Ridge area on the North
Fork of the Flathead River. The average fluoride concen-
tration in conifer pollen from this area was 12 ppm, similar
to the concentration found in pollen from the southwest
zones of Glacier National Park.
The average fluoride concentration in conifer pollen
samples collected in the Columbia Falls zone was 23.2 ppm,
approximately 5 times greater than the concentration found
in pollen from control areas.
Excessive fluoride concentrations in conifer pollen
from the southwestern zones of Glacier National Park, for
which comparisons of washed and unwashed stems indicate that
fluoride content is not surface particulate, apparently
accumulated from the gaseous fluoride. One may reason
further that the fluoride in pollen probably came via the
leaf tissues, since the pollen is not exposed to the ambient
air during microsporogenesis within the staminate cone.
30
-------
Terminal Buds
A small project was undertaken to determine fluoride
concentrations in coniferous terminal buds (the next year's
stem and needle primordia) collected from trees in selected
zones in the study area and in control areas. Results of
fluoride analysis of unwashed and washed terminal buds are
tabulated in Appendix C and are summarized in Table 5.
Results for the western Columbia Falls zone indicate
that approximately half of the fluoride was on the outside
of the buds, presumably in the form of particulate capable
of removal by washing. The average fluoride concentrations
found in unwashed and washed terminal buds from the Columbia
Falls zone were 10.5 and 5.9 ppm, respectively.
Average fluoride concentration in unwashed terminal
buds of conifers collected from the southwestern zones of
Glacier National Park was 3.9 ppm; the average for washed
terminal buds was 2.9 ppm. Concentrations in unwashed and
washed terminal buds from control areas were similar (3.2
and 2.4 ppm, respectively) to those from the Glacier National
Park zones.
It should be noted that the terminal buds of conifers
analyzed for fluoride from the Glacier National Park zones
were collected in July, whereas those from the Columbia
Falls zone and control areas were collected in the Fall
(October and November) of 1970. Thus, the possible fluoride
translocations from leaf to terminal bud are not comparable
because of the 3 to 4 month difference in collecting time.
31
-------
Table 5. FLUORIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN CONIFEROUS
TERMINAL BUDS, 1970
Sampling zone
West Columbia Falls
Zone 2
East Columbia Falls
Zone 2
South Fork
Zone 7
Glacier National Park
Zones 11, 12, 13
Controls
Washed samples
No.
samples
22
5
2
3
Fluoride,
ppm
5.9
9.3
3.7
2.9
2.4
Unwashed samples
No.
samples
22
3
1
5
Fluoride,
ppm
10.5
10.1
7.0
3.9
3.2
32
-------
Grass
Approximately 100 samples of grass and hay were col-
lected in the study area during the 1970 study period. Data
from fluoride analyses of these samples are presented in
Appendix D and are summarized in Table 6. The highest
fluoride concentrations in grass samples were found in
collections from the Columbia Falls and West Face of Teakettle
Mountain zones. High' fluoride concentrations (about twice
the control value) were found in 10 of the 18 zones sampled,
four of them within the boundary of Glacier National Park.
It should be noted, however, that concentrations in the
grass samples from the four zones within Glacier National
Park were only approximately twice as high as those from
control areas. Of the 25 samples collected from the Teakettle
Mountain and Columbia Falls zones, 23 showed fluoride con-
centrations greater than the State of Montana standard of 35
ppm; concentrations in one sample from the Columbia Falls
zone exceeded the standard by a factor of almost 12.
FLUORIDE ANALYSIS OF SOILS
Results of fluoride analysis of soil samples collected
from 11 of the 19 sampling zones appear in Table 7. Analysis
of soils from a control area, MacDonald Pass, yielded a
fluoride concentration of 250 ppm, higher than or similar to
those found in soils from 9 of the 11 zones in the study
area; only for the Lake Five and Teakettle Mountain zones
were concentrations significantly higher. Fluoride con-
33
-------
Table;6. FLUORIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN GRASS, 1970
Sampling zone
1 . Teakettle Mountain
2. Columbia Falls
3. Coram - grass
- hay
4 . Lake Five
5 . Columbia Mountain
6. Desert Mountain
7 . South Fork
8. Middle Fork
9. North Fork
10. Doris Mountain
11. Headquarters Hill
12. Belton Hills
13. Apgar Ridge and MFRS
14. Apgar Lookout
15. Boehm's Bear Den
16. Lake McDonald
17. Camas Creek
19. Loneman Mountain
Controls
No.
samples
6
19
12
6
3
1
5
3
10
7
1
4
3
3
3
4
7
5
2
16
Fluoride, ppm by dry weight
Mean
87.4
149.1
14.7
12.9
5.4
14.0
5.6
7.1
4.0
6.3
3.8
7.7
10.2
7.8
4.8
2.8
10.4
5.1
4.6
4.4
Maximum
275.0
410.0
64.0
20.0
7.4
11.0
10.0
7.3
9.3
4
12.3
17.5
12.5
11.0
5.3
26.5
6.2
5.8
7.8
Minimum
16.2
48.0
4.5
5.8
2.7
1.8
4.8
1.0
2.7
4.4
6.5
2.8
1.6
1.0
2.7
3.6
3.4
2.0
Std. dev.
96.3
94.4
16.5
5.1
2.4
3.9
2.6
2.2
2.3
3.4
6.3
4.8
5.3
1.8
8.0
1.0
1.7
1.7
34
-------
Table 7. FLUORIDE CONCENTRATION IN SOILS, SINGLE SAMPLES
Sampling zone Fluoride, ppm
1. Teakettle Mountain 540
2. Columbia Falls 168
3. Coram ' 217
4. Lake Five 408
7. South Fork 245
8. Middle Fork 235
9. North Fork 113
11. Headquarters Hill 235
12. Belton Hills 245
13. Apgar Ridge and MFRS 118
14. Apgar Lookout 275
Control (MacDonald Pass) 250
35
-------
centrations for all samples may be considered within normal
limits for soil according to Marier (1971).
FLUORIDE ANALYSIS OF ANIMAL SPECIMENS
Approximately 330 animal specimens were collected from
the study area and bones were analyzed for fluoride content.
Results of these analyses are given in Appendix E. Data
representing five animal species are summarized graphically
in Figure 4, with indication of the expected normal concen-
trations. Data on all species collected are summaried in
Table E.
In all species except two, the average fluoride concen-
trations found in the femur bones of control animals were
below 200 ppm. The only control species for which the
average fluoride concentration in femur bones exceeded 200
ppm were deer and grouse, with averages of 225 and 209 ppm,
respectively. In general, for over 400 indigenous wild
animals collected in control areas of Montana in past years,
analysis indicates that concentrations of fluoride in femur
bones rarely exceeded 250 ppm.
Animals were collected from 17 of the 19 sampling zones
of the study area; the Doris Mountain and Huckleberry Mountain
/.ones were excluded. In all zones sampled, mean fluoride
rowrnt rnHotiH in Fotnur bones of animal specimens exceeded
I hours f.or control animals of the same species. Further, the
ratio of fluoride concentrations in bones of animals from
the study area to those in bones of animals from control
areas was in all cases greater than the ratio of fluoride
36
-------
U)
I9W
a
a
a>
o
500
''*. '_. '
'.y.lv.
CHI
STUDY
NORMA
;':''':
PMUNK
AREA
I
rt'v'-Mc^-v
GROUND
SQUIRREL
: -'-'. :' . ': ''.':-'- '
fi'&if-':':-&
DEER
;V:'.-. ":':':".-;".;;:;
DEER MOUSE
^v''';.;.- ;:^ vV
i^y'v:-';.^;'
GROUSE
!;V::"-;.;>x\v
SNOWSHOE
HARE
Figure 4 Average bone fluoride content,
-------
Table 8. FLUORIDE CONCENTRATION IN FEMUR BONES OF
INDIGENOUS WILD ANIMALS
Sampling zone
Lower Teakettle
Mountain
Zone 1
Columbia Falls
Zone 1
Coram
Zone 3
Species
Columbian
ground
squirrel
Deer
Deer mouse
Flying squirrel
Grouse
NO.
Specimens
10
17
22
1
1
Hairy woodpecker 2
House cat
House mouse
Meadow vole
1
4
1
Shorttail weasel 1
Sparrow
Chipmunk
Columbian
ground
squirrel
Deer
Deer mouse
Martin
Meadow vole
Chipmunk
Columbian
ground
squirrel
Deer
Deer mouse
1
1
9
5
10
1
41
5
16
2
4
Fluoride,
ppm by weight
Mean
2403
3933
1768
1617
1200
361
1600
707
1072
1422
2052
1000
1171
2007
938
465
518
4666
929
2270
1068
Max.
4366
9400
4243
483
1421
3100
3495
3857
1785
9863
5199
3700
1280
Min.
457
370
588
238
351
363
1100
21
37.5
815
12.4
840
854
38
-------
Table 8 (continued). FLUORIDE CONCENTRATION IN FEMUR
BONES OF INDIGENOUS WILD ANIMALS
Sampling zone
Coram (continued)
Zone 3
Lake Five
Zone 4
Columbia
Mountain
Zone 5
Desert
Mountain
Zone 6
South Fork
Zone 7
Middle Fork
Zone 8
Species
Grouse
Snowshoe hare
Bushytail
woodrat
Chipmunk
Columbian
ground
squirrel
Deer mouse
Red squirrel
Snowshoe hare
Chipmunk
Chipmunk
Golden-mantled
ground
squirrel
Chipmunk
Chipmunk
Columbian
ground
squirrel
Deer
Golden-namtled
ground
squirrel
Snowshoe hare
No.
Specimens
5
3
1
11
12
1
3
6
5
2
1
2
6
1
1
1
Fluoride,
ppm by weight
Mean
1413
837
850
887
627
1067
754
830
694
613
331
299
374
1280
256
1020
Max.
4208
2053
2218
1154
1511
1500
1542
911
454
648
Min.
538
87.5
265
61.4
271
48.3
191
315
143
227
39
-------
Table 8 (continued). FLUORIDE CONCENTRATION IN FEMUR
BONES OF INDIGENOUS WILD ANIMALS
Sampling zone
North Fork
Zone 9
Headquarters
Hill
Zone 11
Helton Hills
Zone 12
Apgar Ridge &
MFRS
Zone 13
Apgar Lookout
Zone 14
Species
Chipmunk
Columbian
ground
squirrel
Coyote
Deer
Deer mouse
Chipmunk
Columbian
ground
squirrel
Deer
Deer mouse
Snowshoe hare
Chipmunk
Columbian
ground
squirrel
Chipmunk
Columbian
ground
squirrel
Golden-mantled
ground squirrel
Snowshoe hare
Chipmunk
Columbian
ground
squirrel
No.
Specimens
*
1
1
1
1
4
2
9
1
2
1
7
2
5
10
2
24
3
1
Fluoride,
ppm by weight
Mean
462
222
268
168
541
702
324
1720
532
253
470
343
3394
735
782
1619
295
480
Max.
688
784
472
640
859
508
9863
1670
1299
3450
367
Min.
210
620
88.5
424
190
178
107
190
266
579
214
40
-------
Table 8 (continued). FLUORIDE CONCENTRATION IN FEMUR
BONES OF INDIGENOUS WILD ANIMALS
Sampling zone
Apgar Lookout
(continued)
Zone 14
Boehm's Bear
Den
Zone 15
Lake McDonald
Zone 16
Camas Creek
Zone 17
Loneman
Mountain
Zone 19
Controls
Species
Deer
Snowshoe hare
Chipmunk
Snowshoe hare
Deer
Snowshoe hare
Chipmunk
Snowshoe hare
Chipmunk
Columbian
ground
squirrel
Chipmunk
Columbian
ground
squirrel
Deer
Deer mouse
Grouse
Snowshoe hare
No.
Specimens
2
,
10
1
1
4
1
2
1
1
1
16
16
31
2
7
3
Fluoride,
ppm by weight
Mean
582
582
415
625
1807
382
164
382
367
470
109
105
225
107
209
83
Max.
1040
1200
2400
212
304
146
635
113
402
166a
Min.
124
234
1220
115
50
35
86
100
110
35
a) one adult, others juvenile
41
-------
concentrations in vegetation from the study area to con-
centrations in vegetation from control areas.
Among all zones in the study area, the highest fluoride
concentrations were found in specimens collected in the
Teakettle Mountain, Columbia Falls, and Coram zones, those
zones nearest to the aluminum reduction plant. This par-
allels similar findings of high fluoride concentrations in
vegetation in these three zones. For these zones, mean
fluoride concentrations in femur bones of animal specimens
exceeded those in control animals by factors of 10 to 40.
The highest fluoride concentrations in femur bones of
animals collected from any zone within Glacier National Park
were found in those from the Apgar Ridge and MFRS zone.
Bones from animals from this zone yielded mean fluoride
concentrations in the range of 7 to 30 times greater than
those of control animals. The average fluoride concentration
in snowshoe hares from this zone was about 20 times greater
than that in controls; the average in chipmunks was 30 times
greater than that in controls.
Results of the fluoride analyses demonstrate that the
rates of fluoride accumulated can vary considerably among
the species. These differences can be attributed to dif-
ferences in life span, diet, and seasonal activity of each
species.
42
-------
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
VEGETATION DATA
Comparison of data obtained from analysis of vegetation
collected within the Columbia Falls-Glacier National Park
study area with data from samples obtained in control areas
demonstrates unequivocally that excessive fluoride concen-
trations occur in vegetation growing in a large portion of
the study area.
Analyses of vegetation indicate that atmospheric
fluorides intrude into Glacier National Park as far as Logan
Creek on Logan Pass along the Going-to-the-Sun Highway.
.Logan Creek is 22 miles inside the Park's southwest bound-
aries and approximately 28 miles from the aluminum reduction
plant, the only major source of atmospheric fluoride emissions
in the study area.
During the study period it was noted that fluoride
concentrations in coniferous vegetation varied substantially
when collections were made at different elevations in a
given zone. It was also noted that fluoride concentrations
in some coniferous vegetation collected within 2 miles of
the aluminum reduction plant were lower than those in
conifer samples collected 20 miles from the plant.
43
-------
Meteorologic measurements made in the study area con-
firmed that the prevailing daytime winds are from west-
southwest (across the Flathead Valley, toward Teakettle
Mountain and Badrock Canyon) and, therefore, carry the
fluoride emissions of the aluminum plant over Teakettle
Mountain toward Glacier National Park. The prevailing
nighttime winds are primarily northeast out of Glacier
National Park and the North Fork of the Flathead River.
They flow over Teakettle Mountain or through Badrock Canyon,
carrying the fluoride emissions to the town of Columbia
Falls and into the Flathead Valley.
As a result of these two distinct wind patterns
especially the daytime wind pattern, which occurs when
vegetation in the area is carrying on more active metabolism
variation occurs in the fluoride accumulations in vegetation
from the different zones.
The highest fluoride concentrations in coniferous
vegetation collected in two of the three most affected zones
in the Park (Headquarters Hill and Belton Hills) came from
vegetation obtained at an elevation of 3800 to 4400 feet
msl. The valley floor in Glacier National Park at Park
headquarters is 3100 feet msl. This phenomenon of higher
fluoride concentrations in vegetation growing 700 to 1100
feet off the valley floor did not occur in the four zones
that make up the southern boundaries of the study area.
Instead, in the Columbia Mountain, Doris Mountain, Desert
44
-------
Mountain, and South Fork zones the highest fluoride concen-
trations occurred at the lower elevations and decreased at.
higher elevations.
In some zones, such as Columbia Falls, Lake Five, and
Lake McDonald, no such relationship could be established
among fluoride accumulations in the vegetation growing at
different elevations. The reasons could be slight variation
in elevation within these zones or slight differences in
fluoride concentrations in the samples from these zones.
Data on fluoride accumulation in coniferous foliage
suggest the route taken by fluoride emissions from the
aluminum reduction plant. With prevailing daytime south-
westerly wind, fluoride emissions from the plant are de-
flected by the Apgar Mountains and Belton Hills and then are
funneled into the Headquarters Hill and Lake McDonald zones
of Glacier National Park. Analysis of coniferous samples
collected on the highest ridges of the Apgar Mountains and
Belton Hills shows that atmospheric fluorides are not being
pushed over these high ridges by the prevailing southwesterly
daytime winds. The highest fluoride concentrations in
coniferous trees in these mountains usually occurred at
elevations between 3800 and 4400 feet msl, that is, 700 to
1300 feet above the major Park highway in the Headquarters
Mill and Lake McDonald area and approximately 1000 to 2000
feet below the Apgar Mountains and Belton Hills ridge tops.
Therefore, it is concluded that these mountains act as a
funnel for the fluoride pollution coming from the Columbia
45
-------
Falls area. This explains why fluoride concentrations found
in samples from coniferous trees in the Logan Creek area of
the Lake McDonald sampling zone were higher than in those
from the top of the Belton Hills and Apgar Mountains.
Data obtained in this study on fluoride in vegetation
lead to several general observations. In coniferous vege-
tation the highest fluoride concentrations are found in the
oldest needles, i.e., in the 1968 foliar growth being retained
on the trees in 1970; the average fluoride concentrations
found in 1969 needles from each zone were approximately half
of those found in the 1968 needles, and approximately twice
those found in the 1970 needles. When samples from lodge-
pole, Ponderosa, and white pines are collected in the same
zone, analysis shows two trends: (1) lodgepole pine foliage
usually has accumulated higher fluoride concentrations than
the other two species; and (2) Ponderosa pine foliage has
accumulated more than that of the white pine. Although the
data show some exceptions to these rankings of pine species
according to fluoride accumulation, these exceptions are
believed to be attributable to differences in elevation at
which the samples were obtained. It further appears that
when one species of conifer growing in a given zone has
accumulated high fluoride concentrations, the other conifer
species will have also.
With specific regard to the study area, comparison of
the 1968 foliage of lodgepole, Ponderosa, and white pines
with that of the same species in control areas, demonstrates
that:
46
-------
1. In 14 of the 19 zones lodgepole pine foliage
had elevated fluoride concentrations;
2. In 12 of the 19 zones Ponderosa pine foliage
had elevated fluoride concentrations; and
3. In 11 of the 19 zones white pine had elevated
concentrations of fluoride.
A mean fluoride concentration 4 times greater than the mean
concentration in samples from control areas is considered to
be elevated.
One or more species yielded elevated mean fluoride
concentrations in all zones 1 through 16. Thus, in the
entire study area of 410 square miles, zones comprising
about 375 square miles contained coniferous vegetation that
had accumulated elevated fluoride concentrations.
It should also be noted that samples of conifers grow-
ing on the remaining 35 square miles of the study area did
not yield samples having elevated fluoride concentrations.
Much of this area is geographically closer to the major
source of fluoride emissions than are areas in Glacier
National Park where vegetation had accumulated elevated
levels of fluoride. This phenomenon is attributed to topog->
raphy and wind patterns.
Four major points concerning fluoride accumulation in
vegetation in the study area are discussed here because of
Lheir long-term ecological consequences. First, excessive
fluoride concentrations found in vegetation samples are not
attributable to fluoride particulate but to gaseous fluorides,
Second, the air monitoring conducted by EPA in the study
47
-------
area in 1970 usually yielded concentrations below the Montana
State standard of 1 part fluoride per billion parts of air.
Third, after atmospheric fluorides enter the foliage of
conifer and broadleaf species, a portion of the fluoride is
translocated to the active stem tissues of both hardwoods
and conifers, and also to the pollen of conifer cones.
I'ourth, and last, the fluoride accumulation in the foliage,
stems, and reproductive tissues of conifer and broadleaf
species is available for ingestion by the indigenous wild
animals which utilize any part of these tissues in their
normal diets.
With regard to the first point, the data obtained from
unwashed and washed coniferous and hardwood stems and terminal
buds, collected from the most affected zones within Glacier
National Park and control areas, demonstrate that ordinarily
less than 1 ppm of fluoride in these tissues can be attributed
to fluoride particulate. This is further substantiated by
the results of histological studies of needle necrosis in
1969 coniferous foliage from zones within Glacier National
Park. In general, necrotic needles contained less than 18
ppm of fluoride and some had less than 12 ppm. All past
literature and our own studies around aluminum plants indicate
that when concentrations of 12 to 18 ppm are found on and in
needles, if any significant portion of the fluoride is in
the form of particulate, then necrosis does not occur in 12-
to 14- month-old needles.
This conclusion is also substantiated by data from
conifer collections made in the Columbia Falls and West Face
48
-------
of Teakettle Mountain zones during the early summer of 1.970.
Here the 1970 conifer foliage showed concentrations of 20 to
30 ppm of fluoride 1-1/2 months after emerging from the
terminal bud, but most of the foliage had not become necrotic
at the time of these early collections. Comparison of data
from unwashed and washed samples showed that more than half
of the fluoride had been removed by washing.
This discussion is not intended to imply that the
actual and potential effects of fluoride particulate on the
ecology of the zones in the study area are unimportant. It
is intended to point out that the excessive fluoride accumu-
lation in the foliage in the southwestern portion of Glacier
National Park comes from gaseous fluoride, which will not be
reduced in the future by installation of pollution abatement
equipment designed to remove only the fluoride particulate.
The second major point to be discussed concerns the
results of the 1970 air monitoring in and around Glacier
National Park. Although some static fluoride samplers were
located in the previously mentioned "hot belts" of fluoride
accumulation (3900 to 4400 feet elevation msl), most of the
monitoring devices were located at an elevation of about
3100 feet msl. Regardless of whether the samplers were
located in the hot belts or lower, the results indicate
that the Montana state standard for atmospheric fluorides (1
ppb) was seldom exceeded in Glacier National Park during the
1970 study period.
49
-------
When the Montana State Board of Health set the standard
of 1 ppb for fluorides in the ambient air, it was known that
cortain species of pine would manifest needle necrosis at a
concentration of 1 ppb for 200 hours (Solberg and Adams,
1956). Fluoride resulting from exposure to hydrogen fluoride
is a cumulative substance in plant tissues. When it is
present in the ambient air at concentrations ranging from
even one-tenth to one-fortieth of the state standard of 1
ppb, it has the potential to be detrimental to the health of
certain plant species.
The third major point relates to the previously un-
reported phenomenon of fluoride translocation from the leaf
to other plant tissues. Even though further investigations
are needed to determine exactly which of the active stem
tissues the fluorides are translocated to, and in what form
they are stored, several points can be cited now as a result
of these studies.
It has been known for some time that fluorides taken in
from the ambient air by the leaves or needles of plants are
not equally distributed throughout the foliar tissues but
migrate and accumulate in greater concentrations in the
outer edges of the leaves or, in the case of conifer needles,
in the apical or terminal portions of the needles. Thus,
the first tissues to succumb to excessive fluoride accumulation
are the outermost tissues of the leaves and needles.
The data on fluoride accumulation in the tissues of
conifer stems and pollen indicate that the fluorides are
50
-------
concentrating at much higher levels in the pollen tissues
than in the stem tissues. Although the ecological and
physiological import of this discovery is .not known at this
time, the knowledge that fluoride can inhibit several metabolic
processes that normally occur in these .'reproductive tissues
should encourage investigators to study this potentially
serious problem.
The fact that fluoride is translocated from the needlos
of conifers to the active tissues of stems and terminal buds
may explain the abnormal and excessive stem growth of conifers
reported by Treshow in his study of fluoride pollution in
and around a phosphate plant in Idaho. Since excessive
fluorides are known to cause hypertrophy or cell enlargement
of thin-walled cells in conifer needles, there is a strong
possibility that excessive fluoride concentrations found in
conifer stems collected from the Columbia Falls-Glacier
National Park study area could also cause cell enlarqement or
hypertrophy of the thin-walled cells of the young, develop-
ing stems.
Effects of the translocation of fluoride from the
recipient needles and leaves to the stems and apical meristems
should be the subject of further research, since the results
of this study and that of the Forest Service (Carlson and
Dewey, 1971) show clearly that atmospheric fluorides taken
in by plants do not remain solely in the leaf and needle
tissues.
The fourth and last point relates to the ingestion by
animals of vegetation containing fluorides. In collections
51
-------
of vegetation from zones within Glacier National Park, most
of the samples that were of the current year'-s growth (i.e.,
leaves of broadleaf species, 1970 conifer needles, and grass
samples) yielded fluoride concentrations substantially lower
than those found in samples from the Columbia Falls and West
Face of Teakettle Mountain zones. Yet the fluoride concen-
trations in animals collected from the Park's southwest
zones were a third to a half of those found in animals from
the zones surrounding the aluminum plant.
Many of the animal species utilized in this study do
not hibernate and therefore feed on the stems of herbaceous
shrubs and on coniferous browse during the winter months.
Winter and spring months are wet; so most of the fluoride
particulate is probably washed off the vegetation during
this time. Thus, wild animals feeding in the Coram zone,
the West Face of Teakettle Mountain zone, and the southwest
zones of Glacier Park are all feeding on a diet of vege-
tation which, in winter and spring months, accumulates
similar concentrations of fluoride.
This explanation is somewhat substantiated by review of
data on fluoride concentrations found in washed stems and
terminal buds of vegetation collected from all the different
zones of the study area. Results of analysis of plant
tissues other than conifer needles also indicate that the
indigenous wild animals in the southwest zones of Glacier
National Park have little access to any type of vegetation
that does not contain excessive fluorides.
52
-------
ANIMAL DATA
The main objective in the animal portion of the study
was to ascertain whether excessive concentrations of fluoride
were accumulating in the animals living in the study area.
Early in the study collections of animals from the
southwest zones of Glacier National Park confirmed con-
clusively that excessive fluoride concentrations were indeed
accumulating in the animals. To what degree this problem
affects the various animal species, and how extensive an
area of the Park is affected could not be fully determined.
Most of the animals taken in Glacier National Park were
not collected where vegetation had accumulated the highest
fluoride concentrations -- that is, at elevations of 3800 to
4400 feet msl in the Apgar Ridge and MFRS, Headquarters Hill
and Belton Hills zones. Instead, the animals were taken
primarily at the lower elevations between 3100 and 3500
feet. Therefore, data on excessive fluoride concentrations
in the animals collected do not reflect the upper limits
that could be found in animals in Glacier National Park.
In conclusion, it is reiterated that there are excessive
fluoride concentrations in the flora and fauna collected in
sampling zones nearby the aluminum reduction plant and in
the southwest zones of Glacier National Park. A comparison
of fluoride concentrations found in vegetation and in animal
species confirms that an increase of several orders of
magnitude is occurring in the food chain. The apparent
tendancy toward concentration of fluorides in the food
53
-------
chain, as evidenced by results of these studies, suggests
that excessive fluoride accumulation in the carnivores of
the study area is a strong possibility.
V
54
-------
LITERATURE CITED
Adams, D.F. The effects of air pollution on plant life: A
review. A.M.A. Arch. Ind. Health 14:229-245, 1956.
Adams, D.F. and C. Gardner Shaw, Richard Mi Gnagy and
others. Relationship of Atmospheric Fluroide Levels and
Injury Indexes pm Gladiolus and Ponderosa Pine. Agricul-
tural and Food Chemistry 4(1):64-66.
Carlson, Clinton E. and J.E. Dewey. Environmental Pollution
by Fluorides in Flathead National Forest and Glacier National
Park. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service,
Northern Region Headquarters, Division of State and Private
Forestry, Forest Insect and Disease Branch, Missoula,
Montana, 1971.
Compton, O.C. and Remmert, L.F. and Mellenthin, W.M.
Fluoride Levels in Crops of The Dalles Area in 1964.
Special Report 204, Ag. Exp. Sta., Oregon State University,
Corvallis, 1965.
Marier, J.R. and Dyson Rose. Environmental Fluoride.
National Research Council of Canada Publication No. 12,226.
1971.
Shupe, J.L., Miner, M.L., Binns, W., Greenwood, D.A.,
Nielson, H.M., Stoddard, G.E., Batemen, G.Q., and Harris,
L.E. Pathology of Chronic Bovine Fluorosis. Proc. Am. Vet.
Med. Assoc. 92nd Ann. Meeting, pp. 195-201, 1955.
Solberg, R.A. and D.F. Adams. Histological responses of
some plant leaves to hydrogen fluoride and sulfur dioxide.
Amer. J. Bot. 43:755-760, 1956.
Treshow, M. and F.K. Anderson and F. Harner. Responses of
Douglas fir to elevated atmospheric fluorides. Forest Sci.
13:114-120, 1967.
Treshow, M. and F.M. Harner. Growth responses of pinto bean
and alfalfa to sublethal fluoride concentrations. Can. J.
Bot. 46:1207-1210, 1968.
55
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Treshow, M. and M.R. Pack. Fluoride, pp. D1-D17. In J.S.
Jacobson and A.C. Hill, Eds. Recognition of Air Pollution
Injury to Vegetation: A Pictorial Atlas. Information Report
1, TR-7 Agricultural Committee. Pittsburgh: Air Pollution
Control Association, 1970.
Weinstein, L.H. and D.C. McCune. Effects of fluorides on
vegetation. Presented to the Conference on Impact of Air
Pollution on Vegetation, Toronto, Canada, April 7-9, 1970.
Weinstein, L.H. and D.C. McCune. Effects of fluoride on
agriculture. Preprint, Sixty-Third Annual Meeting of the
Air Pollution Control Association, St. Louis, Missouri, June
14-18, 1970.
Weinstein, L.H. and D.C. McCune. Field surveys, vegetation
sampling, and air and vegetation monitoring, pp. G1-G4. In
.J.S. Jacobson, and A.C. Hill, Eds. Recognition of Air
Pollution Injury to Vegetation: A Pictorial Atlas. Infor-
mative Report 1, TR-7 Agricultural Committee. Pittsburgh:
Air Pollution Control Association, 1970.
Weinstein, L.H. and D.C. McCune. Implications of air
pollution for plant life. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 114:18-21,
1970.
ii. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region VIII. Fluoride
in Glacier National Park: A Field Investigation.
F.PA-908/1-73-001.
.56
-------
j
APPENDIX A
FLUORIDE CONTENT OF CONIFER FOLIAGE
57
-------
SPECIES ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE APPENDICES
P.c. = Pinus contorta (lodgepole)
P.m. = Pinus monticola (white)
P.p. = Pinus ponderosa
Ps.m. = Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas fir)
P.f. = Pinus flexilis (white)
P.a. = Pinus albicaulis
P.sp. = Picea sp.
P.s. = Pinus sylvestrus
58
-------
TEAKETTLE MT. ZONE 1
"
GP No.
71
75
76
79
81
H7
88
72
75
76
77
80
82
83
84
85
86
89
296
298
73
' -
Species
P .m.
P.m.
P .m.
P .m.
P.m.
P . m .
P .m.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P .p.
Elevation,
feet
5900
5000
5000
4800
4850
4000
3800
5700
5000
5000
4950
4900
4600
3900
4800
4500
4400
3800
5000
5700
5500
1968
145.0
225.0
188.0
80.0
37 .0
225.0
83.0
375.0
582.0
205.0
117.0
143.0
33.0
61.0
240.0
505.0
520.0
165.0
668.0
420.0
410.0
Fluoride, ppm
1969
89.0
125.0
86.0
41.0
23.0
89.0
75.0
182.0
272.0
78.0
43.0
47 .0
13.5
20.5
117.0
205.8
260.0
86.0
345.0
234.0
292.0
1970
9.8
26.0
12.0
12.0
7.4
18.0
18.0
17.0
31.0
7.2
8.0
6.4
4.0
3.9
10.8
20.5
19.5
10.5
61.8
52.0
43.0
59
-------
TEAKETTLE MT. ZONE 1 (continued)
GP No.
74
78
80
297
Species
P.p.
p . P .
p.p.
p.p.
Elevation,
feet
4900
4600
4900
4900
Fluoride, ppm
1968
196.0
133.0
105.0
-
1969
80.0
31.0
52.0
125.8
1970
21.5
4.5
8.3
33.8
60
-------
COLUMBIA FALLS ZONE 2
GP No.
ALS-14-1
ALS-1-2
ALS-5-3
ALS-6-4
ALS-17-5
ALS-18-6
ALS-19
Total
Average
ALS-DO-1
ALS-15
ALS-16
ALS-18
ALS-19
ALS-20
ALS-21
ALS-22
ALS-1
ALS-2
ALS-3
ALS-4
ALS-5
ALS-6
Species
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.C.
P.c.
P.c.
p.p.
p.p.
p.p.
p.p.
p .p.
p.p.
p.p.
p.p.
p.p.
p.p.
p.p.
p.p.
p.p.
p.p.
1968
48.6
84.0
100.0
116.0
79.8
30.6
none
458.2
76.3
25.0
158.0
128.4
41.6
106.0
18.2
76.0
105.0
114.0
108.0
104.0
88.0
116
80.6
Fluoride, ppm
1969
29.6
38.8
54.0
25.6
50.0
19.2
36.6
253.8
36.1
11.5
73.0
63.0
15.8
57.6
14.2
43.4
63.6
74.0
83.0
45.2
36.4
36.0
35.0
1970
17.8
16.0
15.0
11.8
31.0
10.8
16.2
118.6
17.0
5.0
43.0
32.4
11.6
23.6
9.4
20.4
37.0
29.0
28.6
17.6
21.2
13.4
15.0
61
-------
COLUMBIA FALLS ZONE 2 (Continued)
GP No.
ALS-7
ALS-23
ALS-KR-1
ALS-KR-2
ALS-BD-1
ALS-BD-2
ALS-ST-1
ALS-9
ALS-11
ALS-12-1
ALS-12-2
ALS-13-1
ALS-13-2
ALS-14-28
Total
Average
ALS-DO-2
ALS-1
ALS-2
ALS-3
ALS-5
ALS-6
ALS-7
Species
P.P
P.p
P.p
P.p
P.p
P.p
P.p
P.P
P.P
P.P
P.P
P.p
P.p
P.P
Ps .m
Ps .m
Ps .m
Ps .m
Ps .m
Ps .m
Ps .m
Fluoride, ppm
1968
192.0
38.4
100.0
104
106.0
116.0
92.0
106.0
152
'no
147.6
47.0
102.0
36.4
2718.2
96.7
43.5
150.0
150.0
164.0
81.6
80.0
150.0
1969
96.0
27.6
37.6
69.0
55.0
38.0
66.8
69.0
75.0
58.0
66.0
30.0
60.0
18.6
1418.3
50.6
28.2
68.4
94.0
76.0
48.6
67.0
98.0
1970
35.0
20.8
23.0
11.6
52.4
28.0
29.6
32.0
27.6
28.4
24.0
16.4
24.8
11.4
672.2
24.0
18.2
30.0
39.6
38.4
27.4
33.6
41.0
62
-------
COLUMBIA FALLS ZONE 2 (Continued)
GP No.
ALS-9
ALS-10
ALS-11
ALS-12
ALS-13
ALS-14
ALS-15
ALS-16
ALS-17
ALS-19
ALS-20
ALS-21
ALS-22
ALS-23
ALS-KR-3
Species
Ps.m.
Ps.m.
Ps.m.
Ps.m.
Ps .m.
Ps.m.
Ps.m.
Ps.m.
Ps.m.
P- .m.
Ps.m.
Ps.m.
Ps .m.
Ps.m.
Ps .m.
Fluoride, ppm
1968
132.0
156.0
112.0
182.0
132.0
42.0
145.0
67.0
116.0
140.0
32.8
93.0
142.0
39.0
162.0
1969
62.0
86.0
65.0
110.0
82.0
37.0
76.8
45.4
90.0
59.0
33.0
38.0
77.0
24.8
82.0
1970
36.6
24.6
36.4
64.0
56.0
28.4
54.0
32.0
78.0
42.8
20.4
30.6
55.4
39.0
29.0
63
-------
CORAM ZONE 3
GP No.
13
14
15
16
39
41
44
45
46
rj2
82
83
84
85
86
89
1.1 la
1 1 .1 b
2 1.7
2]8
2 1.9
220
242
Species
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P .c.
P.c.
Elevation,
feet
3200
3122
3250
3280
3250
3500
3200
3400
3600
3185
4600
3900
4800
4500
4400
3500
3160
3160
3200
3122
3250
3280
3500
Fluoride, ppm
1968
29.0
25.0
54.0
67.0
46.0
90.0
64.0
60.0
110.0
52
33.0
61.0
240.0
505.0
520.0
165.0
24.0
44.0
26.0
31.0
46.0
47.0
77.0
1969
14.0
16.7
29.0
26.0
18.0
82.0
33.0
34.0
67.0
19.5
13.5
20.5
117.0
205.0
260.0
86.0
16.0
24.0
19.0
14.0
29.0
22.5
50.0
1970
5.6
5.0
5.8
14.0
12.0
8.4
5.6
5.4
4.9
4.5
4.0
3.9
9.8
20.5
19.5
10.5
4.8
3.7
7.2
5.2
5.6
6.1
9.2
64
-------
CORAM ZONE 3 (Continued)
GP No.
245
247
250
270
271
273a
273b
299
300
39
40
42
45
46
81
87
88
136
241
243
246
247
270
Species
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P .m.
P .m.
P.m.
P.m.
P.m.
P.m.
P.m.
P .m.
P .m.
P.m.
P .m.
P.m.
P .m.
P .m.
Elevation,
feet
3200
3600
3300
3250
3185
3160
3160
3100
3100
3250
3200
3550
3400
3600
4850
4000
3800
3110
3200
3550
3400
3600
3250
Fluoride, ppm
1968
87.0
100.0
33.0
34.9
52.0
27.0
40.2
34.0
54.0
37.0
44.0
80.0
60.0
51.0
37.0
225.0
83.0
24.0
41.0
93.0
70.0
62.0
34.5'
1969
95.0
74.0
17.0
18.5
22.0
16.6
24.0
15.2
20.8
29.0
35.0
90.0
50.0
33.0
23.0
89.0
75.0
17.0
28.0
45.0
36.0
41.0
19.8
1970
7.5
8.8
4.5
6.9
7.3
8.1
8.2
4.7
5.5
7.3
13.0
23.0
6.2
3.9
7.4
18.0
18.0
4.0
5.8
10.0
8.1
13.5
6.8
65
-------
CORAM ZONE 3 (Continued)
GP No.
272
299
43
47a
47b
47c
47d
219
244
248b
248c
248d
250a
250b
301
44
245
Species
P.m.
P.m.
P.p.
P.p.
P.p.
P.p.
P.p.
P.p.
P.p.
P.p.
P.p.
P.p.
P.p.
P.p.
P.p.
Ps .m.
Ps .m.
Elevation,
feet
3110
3160
3580
3250
3250
3250
3250
3250
3580
3250
3250
3250
3300
3300
3150
3200
3200
1968
20.0
12.8
75.0
40.0
18.0
52.0
37.0
48.0
120.0
-
57.0
36.0
26.0
16.0
39.0
54.0
93.0
Fluoride, ppm
1969
17.0
14.9
41.0
18.0
16.5
18.5
28.0
20.0
27.0
11.5
28.5
10.0
12.0
15.0
12.0
29.0
49.0
1970
7.7
7.3
2.7
3.2
3.7
13.5
2.6
3.2
9.5
3.7
2.7
3.4
3.8
7.5
4.1
3.5
66
-------
LAKE FIVE ZONE 4
GP No.
26
37
38
119
169
225
234
235
264
265
266
267
268
269
302
37
38
119a
119b
170
234.
235
263
262
Species
P.c.
P .c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
p.p.
p.p.
p.p.
p.p.
p.p.
p.p.
P .p.
P .p.
Ps .m .
Elevation,
feet
3200
3250
3200
3300
3215
3200
3200
3250
4360
4280
4090
3950
3750
3480
3180
3250
3200
3300
3300
3250
3200
3250
4280
4090
1968
24.0
28.0
21.0
31.5
19.0
21.0
23.0
27.0
35.0
35.0
22.0
20.0
26.5
23.0
38.0
24.0
19.0
22.5
14.0
18.0
21.5
26.0
20.0
23.0
Fluoride, ppm
1969
10.0
14.0
10.0
15.5
7.0
10.0
8.1
16.0
15.0
17.0
-
17.0
11.5
10.5
21.8
13.0
13.0
10.0
12.0
10.0
9.9
15.0
16.5
17.0
1970
4.6
3 .8
5.6
4.4
3.1
4.2
4.8
5.5
8.2
5.6
7.0 t .
6.4
4.3
3.8
5.5
5.8
4.6
2.7
3.6
2.3
3.2
5.5
4.4
7.3
67
-------
COLUMBIA MOUNTAIN ZONE 5
GP No.
190
191
192
193
195
197
198
202
203
192
194
195
197
198
196
197
198
199
200
20 J
198
Species
P.f.
P.f.
P.f.
P.f.
P.f.
P.f.
P.f.
P.f.
P.f.
P .c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
p.p.
p.p.
p.p.
p.p.
p.p.
p.p.
Ps .m.
Elevation,
feet
7234
7160
6650
6520
6150
5790
5400
7100
7210
6650
6220
6150
5790
5400
6050
5790
5400
4920
4530
4030
5400
Fluoride, ppm
1968
4.5
3.5
4.2
5.4
5.9 '
7.1
14.5
4.6
3.9
3.4
5.2
14.2
6.7
13.7
7.9
8.3
12.6
63.0
79.0
72.0
14.0
1969
4.4
3.4
4.4
4.3
5.2
7.3
7.0
3.5 .
3.7
2.7
4.7
5.5
3.3
5.0
7.6
9.7
7.8
26.5
38.5
38.0
8.3
1970
2.8
2.4
3.1
3.1
1.5
4.6
7.0
2.6
3.1
2.0
2.5
3.7
2.1
3.3
4.5
6.2
7.0
7.3
18.5
11.6
6.3
68
-------
DESERT MOUNTAIN ZONE 6
GP No.
113
122
123a
123b
171
172
182
183
184
187
188
284
285
122
172
175
180
181
184
186
187
285
Species
P.p.
P.p.
P .p.
P.p.
P.p.
P.p.
P.p.
P .p.
P.p.
P.p.
P.p.
P.p.
P.p.
P.c.
P.c.
P.C.
P .c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
Elevation,
feet
3300
4400
3900
3900
4020
5500
5800
5700
5500
4300
4150
4020
5500
4400
5500
6400
6180
5930
5500
4600
4300
5500
Fluoride, ppm
1968
22.5
17.0
12.0
7.4
24.0
10.0
15.5
11.5
12.5
30.5
27.0
22.5
17.7
31.5
17.5
6.5
7.2
12.2
17.0
20.5
34.0
12.4
1969
10.5
5.2
5.6 /
3.7
11.7
3.5
9.2
5.6
7.3
13.0
12.5
12.6
7.3
11.0
5.2
2.7
5.4
8.1
4.4
8.2
18.0
7.0
1970
3.8
2.0
2.0
1.9
4.7
2.3
3.9
3.4
4.0
7.0
3.0
3.9
5.2
2.2
2.3
1.5
7.5
7 .6
5.3
2.7
4.2
3.6
69
-------
DESERT MOUNTAIN ZONE 6 (Continued)
GP No.
122
173
286
174
175
181
184
185
Species
P.m.
P.m.
P.m.
P.f .
P.f.
P.f.
P.f.
P.f.
Elevation,
feet
4400
5200
5200
6350
6400
5930
5500
5180
Fluoride, ppm
1968
21.0
14.0
10.4
10.0
4.3
5.2
9.9
13.3
1969
10.0
6.0
6.8
6.4
4.0
4.6
12.0
10.4
1970
3.2
1.8
4.3
3.5
2.7
3.4
5.0
5.5
70
-------
SOUTH FORK ZONE 7
GP No.
112
115
250
112
114
115
117
118
121a
121b
113
116a
116b
H9a
119b
250a
250b
Species
P.C.
P.c.
P.c.
P.m.
P.m.
P.m.
P.m.
P.m.
P.m.
P.m.
P.p.
P.p.
P.p.
P.p.
P.p.
P.p.
P.p.
Elevation,
feet
3200
3580
3300
3200
3430
3580
3600
3670
3300
3300
3300
3600
3600
3300
3300
3300
3300
Fluoride, ppm
1968
14.5
6.4
33.0
15.0
11.0
6.7
4.3
3.6
12.8
14.0
22.5
3.9
7.4
22.5
14.0
26.0
16.0
1969
6.8
3.8
17.0
8.5
6.0
6.3
2.7
2.4
8.2
9.1
10.5
4.3
2.9
10.8
12.0
12.0
15.0
1970
1.9
1.6
4.5
5.2
6.3
4.4
2.0
1.6
2.8
2.6
3.8
3.0
3.7
2.7
3.6
3.8
7.5
71
-------
MIDDLE FORK ZONK 8
GP No.
22
23
;M
25
62
63
64
66
67
224
65
67
68
Species
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P .c.
P.m.
P.m.
P.m.
Elevation,
feel
3550
3660
3600
3450
3350
3370
3370
3700
3750
3600
3400
3750
4500
1968
8.4
23.0
2
-------
NORTH FORK ZONE 9
GP No.
7
8
9
10
12
35
36
53
215
216
233 '
7
8
9
11
12
35
36
214
216
233
1 0
36
Species
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P .c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P,c.
P.c.
P .m.
P.m.
P.m.
P.m.
P.m.
P .m.
P.m.
P.m.
P .m.
P.m.
P.p.
P.p.
Elevation,
feet
3400
3380
3400
3400
3200
3400
3300
3122
3400
3200
3400
3400
3380
3400
3100
3200
3400
3300
3500
3200
3400
3400
3300
Fluoride, ppm
1968
8.5
8.4
14.0
10.0
20.5
15.0
8.4
9.2
4.8
7.4
15.0
14.0
5.6
11.0
13.0
14.0
12.0
9.2
5.7
6.4
11.5
8.0
11.0
1969
3.3
6.6
9.7
4.5
6.4
7.2
5.8
3.8
4.2
4.2
7.2
5.3
4.3
7.2
6.5
7.8
7.2
7.0
4.3
4.3
9.0
5.8
7.0
1970
4. 4
3 .3
4.4
4.7
3.6
4.4
5.2
7.2
2.8
2.4
3.1
3.1
3.7
7.4
4.6
4.4
4.6
5.2
3.9
5.7
9.0
4.0
3.7
73
-------
DORIS MOUNTAIN ZONE 10
GP No.
204
205
206
207
202
203
204
206a
206b
207
205
206
207
208
209
210
2 1 1
212
Species
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
p.f .
p.f.
p.f.
p.f.
p.f.
p.f.
p.p.
p.p.
p.p.
p.p.
p.p.
p.p.
p.p.
p.p.
Elevation,
feet
5860
6620
6330
6000
7100
7210
6850
6330
6330
6000
6620
6330
6000
5500
5300
5000
4500
4080
Fluoride, ppm
1968
4.3
6.2
3.2
4.2
4.6
3.9
3.9
4.9
4.0
5.5
3.5
5.5
3.7
4.3
6.6
8.6
44.5
15.2
1969
2.2
2.5
3.4
2.5
3.5
3.7
2.6
4.0
4.1
3.6
2.8
2.5
4.5
3.0
6.4
5.6
14.5
9.1
1970
1.5
2.6
7.8
2.0
2.6
3.1
2.1
4.2
2.2
2.0
1.7
4.0
3.0
2.7
5.5
6.7
3.3
2.9
74
-------
HEADQUARTERS HILL ZONE 11
GP No.
69
90
93
94
95
96
97
99
100
221
287
289
290
69
92
93
95
249
90
91
95
96
98
Species
P.c.
P.C.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.m.
P .ra.
P .m.
P .m.
P .ra.
P.p.
P .p.
P.p.
P.p.
P.p.
Elevation,
feet
3190
3330
3850
3950
4100
4250
4600
4800
4900
3400
4800
4250
4600
3190
3820
3850
4100
3190
3330
3480
4100
4250
4700
Fluoride, ppm
1968
29.0
20.5
24.0
34.0
29.0
23.5
42.0
37 .0
33.0
27.5
35.0
23.8
41.7
19.0
22.0
27.5
31.0
14.0
21.8
30.0
20.5
23.0
28.0
1969
16.0
7.0
12.8
12.8
13.5
11.5
17.5
13.5
12.2
13.0
16.0
21.3
18.2
12.0
13.5
8.2
29.0
6.9
16.0
17.4
26.0
13.0
13.5
1970
5.2
3.6
3.7
2.5
3.25
9.8
3.7
4.4
2.3
5.2
7.7
7.3
7.1
6.4
4.6
3.0
4.3
5.2
8.7
3.2
3.4
2.0
2.7
75
-------
HEADQUARTERS HILL ZONE 11 (Continued)
GP No.
101
1.02
288
289
291
J01
288
Species
P.p.
P.p.
P.p.
P.p.
P.p.
Ps .m.
Ps .m.
Elevation,
feet
4300
3800
4300
4250
4700
4300
4300
Fluoride, ppm
1968
32.0
32.0
40.0
25.4
36.5
48.0
54.0
1969
14.5
19.0
21.0
18.0
19.0
19.0
24.4
1970
2.4
3.6
6.1
5.1
5.7
4.0
12.0
76
-------
BELTON HILLS ZONE 12
GP. No.
149
150
151
153
154
156
157
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
260
149
151
152
151
155
158
251
258
259
261
Species
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c,
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P .C.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
p.f .
p.f .
p.f.
P.m.
P.m.
P.p.
P.p.
P.p.
P.p.
P.p.
Elevation,
feet
5980
5608
5580
5340
5080
4450
4200
3580
3800
4160
4480
4500
4400
4200
3800
5980
5580
5650
5580
4820
4200
3580
4000
3910
3600
Fluoride, ppm
1968
31.0
22.0
6.3
23.5
21.0
31.5
36.0
28.5
33.0
35.0
21.5
37.5
35.0
38.5
40.0
16.0
17. o'
8.3
22.0
15.0
16.0
39.0
33.8
31.0
26.0
1969
14.0
7.4
6.4
7.3
7.0
15.0
17.5
11.8
14.5
15.3
12.0
12.0
17.0
17.2
15.5
11.5
11.0
5.0
12.5
7.4
10.4
19.0
15.3
17.5
11.0
1970
6.3
3.6
2.9
2.8
1.9
4.3
5.3
5.2
5.3
6.3
4.5
5.7
6.0
6.7
4.8
8.6
5.8
1.5
5.1
4.9
3.1
6.7
4.4
4.8
3.4
77
-------
APGAR RIDGE AND MFRS ZONE 13
GP No.
28
29
34
148
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
178
230
279
29
54
160
161
162
276
30
50a
50b
Species
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.C.
P .c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P .m.
P.m.
P.m.
P.m.
P.m.
P .m.
P.p.
P.p.
P.p.
Elevation,
feet
3450
3200
3200
3200
4920
4750
4460
4380
4300
4190
3900
-
3200
4190
3200
3200
4920
4750
4460
3200
3200
3200
3200
Fluoride, ppm
1968
26.0
20.0
45.0
52.0
20.0
34.0
13.0
20.0
10.0
26.0
43.5
59.0
41.0
24.0
21.0
15.0
23.0
12.0
16.5
9.1
23.0
25.0
24.0
1969
9.8
6.8
22.0
20.0
6.8
7.8
5.8
7.5
3.3
10.5
19.5
23.0
18.0
12.5
13.0
9.0
9.0
7.8
6.0
6.4
10.0
10.0
18.1
1970
4.8
5.0
6.5
2.3
4.0
5.1
2.8
2.3
3.0
2.8
6.0
7.2
5.0
7.7
2.3
6.6
6.2
5.7
4.3
8.0
6.4
2.5
2.5
78
-------
APGAR RIDGE ZONE AND MFRS ZONE 13 (Continued)
GP No.
165a
16 5b
16 5c
166
167a
229
278
279b
279c
280
281
159
Species
P.p.
P.p.
P.p.
P.p.
P.p.
P.p.
P.p.
P.p.
P.p.
P.p.
P.p.
P.f .
Elevation,
feet
4190
4190
4190
3900
3700
3200
3200
4190
4190
3900
3700
5030
Fluoride, ppm
1968
15.0
21.0
26.0
51.0
28.0
-
26.0
20.0
27.0
37.5
23.0
15.5
1969
8.6
10.2
14.0
27.0
11.0
8.8
12.0
7.1
13.0
20.8
15.2
8.2
1970
2.8
3.8
3.8
7.5
3.5
2.5
4.3
5.3
5.2
4.4
4.6
7.2
79
-------
APGAR LOOKOUT ZfWF 14
GP No.
1
2
27
51
.137
138
139
140
141
213a
226
227
228
293
295
55
140
275
292
294
140
142
Species
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P .c.
P.c.
P.c,
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P .c.
p.p.
p.p.
p.p.
p.p.
p.p.
P .m.
P.m.
Elevation,
feet
3175
3400
3250
3150
5236
4980
4620
4120
3760
3175
3250
3450
3200
5236
4980
3250
4120
3250
3800
4120
4120
3310
Fluoride, ppm
1968
23
11.0
21.0
12.0
22.0
17.0
11.0
24.0
11.0
24.0
28.0
18.5
21.0
23.0
17.5
21.0
18.0
20.5
36.5
21.7
5.8
12.0
1969
7.2
8.5
11.5
9.6
9.0
5.3
5.5
9.7
4.6
12.5
10.0
7.2
8.9
17.0
9.5
10.0
9.0
9.1
28.9
10.4
4.6
6.3
1970
4.8
4.5
3.8
4.1
3.5
2.9
2.5
2.9
1.4
4.9
1.9
4.1
3.9
15.0
5.3
5.4
2.9
4.9
16.4
3.5
3.3
2.6
80
-------
BOEHM'S BEAR DFN ZONE 15
GP No.
30a
30b
32
49
176
177
179
277a
277b
31
32
33
34
231
277
Species
P.m.
P.m.
P.m.
P.m.
P.m.
P.m,
P .m.
P.m.
P.m.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.p.
Elevation,
feet
3430
3430
3200
3400
-
-
-
3400
3400
3400
3200
3200
3200
3200
3400
Fluoride, ppm
1968
11.0
4.6
6.2
16.0
7.8
5.5
7.1
4.3
5.3
8.3
12.0
26.0
45.0
21.5
6.9
1969
6.0
7.4
5.0
4.3
6.4
5.7
7.0
4.9
4.8
5.9
2.8
12.0
22.0
10.5
4.5
1970
5.4
1.9
3.3
1.8
6.2
4.9
5.0
3.2
4.9
3.2
3.3
4.3
6.5
3^6
2 . 7'
81
-------
LAKE MCDONALD ZONF 16
GP No.
17
18
19
21
56
107
108
145
222
223a
223b
18
20
21
56a
56b
57
58
59
60
61
103
Species
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.m.
P.m.
P .m.
P.m.
P .m.
P.m.
P .m.
P .m.
P.m.
P.m.
P.m.
Elevation,
feet
3400
3300
3250
3150
3600
4900
5010
4100
3300
3250
3250
3300
3250
3150
3600
3600
3300
3400
4000
3400
3350
3470
Fluoride, ppm
1968
28.0
19.0
22.0
20.0
5.3
9.2
6.1
10.5
14.5
8.5
12.0
24.4
17.5
8.7
23.0
22.0
11.0
6.8
13.0
10.5
10.0
11.3
1969
14.0
9.8
14.0
4.9
2.9
4.7
3.0
6.9
10.0
3.8
5.1
13.5
8.8
7.0
17.0
13.0
6.6
6.0
6.8
7.0
6.8
4.2
1970
5.4
4.0
4.1
4.4
3.0
2.2
2.9
2.0
2.9
2.1
1.8
5.8
4.5
3.6
8.3
6.2
5.0
6.0
5.6
5.0
<1.0
4.2
104
P.m.
3800
10.0
6.7
5.3
82
-------
LAKE MCDONALD ZONE 16 (Continued)
GP No.
105a
105b
105c
106
107
108
109
110
143
144
145
147a
147b
222
274a
274b
105
Species
P.m.
P .m.
P.m.
P.m.
P .m.
P .m.
P.m.
P.m.
P.m.
P.m.
P.m.
P.m.
P.m.
P.m.
P.m.
P .m.
P.f .
Elevation,
feet
4250
4250
4250
4400
4900
5010
5020
5000
4480
4290
4100
3500
3500
3300
3600
3600
4250
Fluoride, ppm
1968
11.0
6.1
.11.5
11.0
8.3
6.3
8.0
11.0
5.5
22.0
5.2
7.0
2.9
10.8
18.0
12.4
9.5
1969
5.9
3.0
9.3
5.5
5.5
4.7
4.4
5.2
3.8
9.0
3.1
3.8
2.8
5.2
8.0
11.1
13.0
1970
4.3
2.8
4.1
3.6
3.9
4.3
3.2
4.1
3.3
3.8
3.1
1.9
2.5
4.6
6.1
4.8
5.8
83
-------
CAMAS CRFFK ZONK 17
GP No.
2
4
5
6
124
126
3
124
127
125
Species
P.c.
P.O.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.m.
P.m.
P.m.
P.p.
Elevation,
feet
3400
3800
3750
3500
3550
3780
3800
3550
3600
3oOO
1968
11.0
8.2
9.7
8.0
8.1
4.8
9.3
8.0
2.8
9.1
Fluoride, ppm
1969
8.5
5.4
3.9
4.3
3.4
2.9
7.1
6.4
1.4
4.3
1970
3.4
3.6
3.8
3.5
2.3
1.6
4.8
4.2
1.9
2.5
84
-------
HUCKLEBERRY MOUNTAIN ZONE 18
GP No.
70
120
168
189
282
283
Species
P. a.
P. a.
P. a.
P. a.
P .a.
P .a.
Elevation,
feet
6100
5500
6500
6400
4700
5650
Fluoride, ppm
1968
3.8
5.7
5.6
7.5
7.0
12.5
1969
1.4
2.4
5.0
8.0
5.7
5.7
1970
1.9
1.5
2.8
3.2
5.0
6.4
851
-------
LONEMAN MOUNTAIN ZONF 19
GP No.
128
129
130
132
129
130
131
133
134
135a
135b
Species
P.f.
P.f .
P.f.
P.f.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P .rtu
P.m.
P.p.
P.p.
Elevation,
feet
6910
6580
6100
5350
6580
6100
5440
4530
4380
3950
3950
Fluoride, ppm
1968
8.4
8.5
4.2
4.3
7.0
6.2
3.6
3.2
3.1
9.6
7.9
1969
5.4
6.2
5.4
4.7
3.3
4.3
2.9
2.2
3.7
4.3
5.4
1970
2.4
1.7
2.7
2.6
2.1
2.6
1.5
3.1
3.4
1.6
2.4
86
-------
CONTROLS - SWIFTCURRENT
Collection
number
SWC-5
Species
Lodgepole Pine
Fluoride, ppm
1968
2.9
1969
2.3
1970
1.6
CONTROLS - MANY GLACIER
Collection
number
MGC-3
MGC-4
Species
Lodgepole Pine
Lodgepole Pine
Fluoride, ppm
1968
3.7
3.3
1969
3.5
2.5
1970
2.4
2.2
CONTROLS - SWAN VALLEY, MONTANA
Collection
number
JCC-11
JCC-12
Species
Ponderosa Pine
Ponderosa Pine
Fluoride, ppm
1968
5.0
4.2
1969
3.4
3.7
1970
2.2
2.7
CONTROLS - TWIN CRFEK, MONTANA
Collection
number
/
TWC-1
. TWC-21
TWC-22
Species
Ponderosa Pine
Doualar Fir
Douglas Fir
Fluoride, ppm
1968
2.1
1.8
1.7
1969
1.9
4.1
1.5
1970
1.8
1.5
1.5
87
-------
CONTROLS - ST. REH1S, MONTANA
Collection
number
STR-1
STR-4
STR-11
STR-13
STR-19
STR-3
STR-7
STR-9
STR-14
STR-17
STR-20
STR-5
STR-10
STR-15
STR-18
Species
Ponderosa Pine
Ponderosa Pine
Ponderosa Pine
Ponderosa Pine
Ponderosa Pine
Lodgepole Pine
Lodgepole Pine
Lodgepole Pine
Lodgepole Pine
Lodgepole Pine
Lodgepole Pine
White Pine
White Pine
White Pine
Douglas Fir
Fluoride, ppm
1968
2.9
1.6
1.1
2.5
1.8
2.4
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.4
1.3
1.5
1.7
1.1
1.9
1969
2.7
1.6
1.3
1.2
2.1
2.3
1.0
1.2
1.5
5.2
3.9
2.0
1.3
1.1
1.8
1970
2.7
1.6
1.1
2.2
1.4
1.7
1.2
1.1
1.4
1.2
1.0
2.0
1.1
1.4
1.5
CONTROLS - ROGERS PASS, MONTANA
Collection
number
RP-1
RP-2
RP-4
Species
Lodgepole Pine
Douglas Fir
White Pine
Fluoride, ppm
1968
2.1
2.9
3.0
1969
2.4
3.2
3.0
1970
2.8
1.8
2.5
88
-------
CONTROLS - FLK CREEK, MONTANA
Collection
number
C-l
C-2
C-3
Species
Ponderosa
Lodgepole
Lodgepole
Pine
Pine
Pine.
Fluoride, ppm
1968
2.4
2.2
2.0
1969
2.3
2.1
1.9
1970
2.1
2.0
3.2
CONTROLS - UPPER S^1. .MARY'S LAKE
Collection
number
UPC-1
UPC-2
Species
Lodgepole Pine
Lodgepole Pine
Fluoride, ppm
1968
2.8
3.9
1969
2.7
3.3
1970
4.5
2.7
89
-------
APPENDIX B
FLUORIDE CONTENT OF CONIFER POLLEN
91
-------
POLLEN STUDY
Collection
number
GP-76
GP-77
GP-83
GP-84
GP-.13
GP-14
GP-44
GP-52
GP-82
GP-83
GP-111
GP-47b
GP-26
GP-37
GP-38
GP-192
GP-194
GP-181
GP-23 '
CP-24
Gp-25
GP-62
GP-64
Species
P.O.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
p.p.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
Location
Teakettle Zone 1
Coram Zone 3
Lake Five Zone 4
Columbia Mountain Zone 5
Desert Mountain Zone 6
Middle Fork Zone 8
Fluoride,
ppm
31.0
32.0
13.7
16.0
8.0
11.0
14.0
9.8
13.7
16.0
13.6
9.7
19.8
11.0
16.0
5.1
7.3
19.5
8.0
7.6
6.5
7.7
4.0
92
-------
POLLEN STUDY (Continued)
Collection
number
GP-68
GP-65
GP-67
GP-12
GP-35
GP-36
GP-69
GP-96
GP-97
GP-99
GP-100
GP-102
GP-156
GP-27
GP-29
GP-34
GP-30a
GP-31
GP-33
GP-17
GP-19
GP-59
GP-60
Species
P.c.
P.m.
P.m.
P.c.
P.c.
P.p.
P.O.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
p.p.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.m.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
P.m.
P.m.
Location
Middle Fork Zone 8
North Fork Zone 9
Headquarters Hill Zone 11
Belton Hills Zone 12
Apgar Ridge Zone 13
Boehm's Bear Den Zone 15
Lake McDonald Zone 16
Fluoride,
ppm
5.7
4.0
1.7
6.4
8.8
9.2
16.0
10.0
18.0
17.5
12.0
12.2
13.3
17.8
6.1
12.0
3.0
5.4
8.4
9.6
5.8
6.0
10.0
93
-------
POLLEN STUDY (Continued)
Collection
number
GP-126
GP-124
GP-70
GP-120
Species
P.C.
P.c.
P.f .
P.f .
Location
Camas Creek Zone 17
Huckleberry Mountain Zone 18
Fluoride,
ppm
5.7
3.8
1.9
6.6
POLLEN STUDY CONTROLS
Collection
number
STR-14
RP-1
STM-1
STM-2
MG-3
MG-4
SWC-5
Species
Location
St. Regis
Rogers Pass
St. Mary's Lake
St. Mary's Lake
Many Glacier
Many Glacier
Swiftcurrent
Fluoride,
ppm
1.72
3.8
4.5
5.5
3.6
4.5
3.0
94
-------
APPENDIX C
FLUORIDE CONTENT OF TERMINAL BUDS
95
-------
WEST COLUMBIA FALLS ZONE 2
Collection
number
ALS-1
ALS-15
ALS-27
ALS-27
ALS-28
ALS-2?
ALS-29
ALS-30
ALS-31
ALS-32
ALS-33
ALS-34
ALS-35
ALS-36
ALS-37
ALS-38
ALS-39
ALSJ-1
ALS-21
ALS-21
Species
Ps .m.
P .p.
P.p.
Ps .m.
P.p.
Ps .m.
P.p.
P.p.
P.p.
P.p.
P.p.
P.p.
P.p.
P.p.
P.p.
P.p.
Ps .m.
P .c.
P.p.
Ps .m.
Fluoride,
ppm
9.8
13.6
8.2
6.4
8.4
3.8
7.8
3.6
5.2
5.2
5.9
7.2
5.4
7.9
6.0
3.8
4.6
3.6
4.0
7.0
6.0
7.24
6.1
12.8
17.7
Washed or
unwashed
Washed
Unwashed
Unwashed
Washed
Washed
Washed
Washed
Washed
Washed
Unwashed
Washed
Unwashed
Washed
Washed
Unwashed
Washed
Washed
Washed
Washed
Washed
Unwashed
Washed
96
-------
WEST COLUMBIA FALLS ZONE 2 (Continued)
Collection
number
ALS-22
ALS-22
ALS-23
ALSK-1
ALSSt-1
ALS-17
*VLS-18
ALS-19
ALS-21
ALS-22
ALS-24
ALS-25
ALS-25
ALS-25
ALS-26
Species
P.p.
Ps.m.
Ps .m.
P.p.
P.p.
P.c.
P.p.
P.c.
P.p.
P.p.
Ps .m.
P.p.
Ps .m.
P .sp.
P.p.
Fluoride,
ppnrt
12.4
34.5
14.4
11.8
8.0
8.6
7.8
7.2
12.0
10.4
7.0
7.0
7.9
4.2
3.7
5.8
5.8
7.8
7.2
Washed or
unwashed
Washed
Unwashed
Washed
Unwashed
Washed
Washed
Unwashed
Washed
Washed
Unwashed
97
-------
EAST COLUMBIA FALLS ZONE 2
Collection
number
PS-lOa
PS-lOd
PS-lOe
PS-lOf
PS-lOg
PS-lOh
PS-lOi
Species
P.p.
P.c.
P.c.
Ps .m.
Ps .m.
P.c.
P.s .
Fluoride,
ppm
8.8
11.4
5.2
15.0
12.0
9.4
8.2
6.6
Washed or
unwashed
Unwashed
Washed
Washed
Washed
Washed
Washed
98
-------
SOUTH FORK FLATHEAD ZONE 7
Collection
number
GP-112
GP-115
GP-115
Species
P.c.
P.O.
P.m.
Fluoride,
ppm
4.0
3.4
7.0
Washed or
unwashed
Washed
Washed
99
-------
GLACIER PARK ZONES 11, 12, 13
Collection
number
G-5
GP-7
GP-8
G-103
G-ll
G-16
G-20
G-21
Species
P.c.
P.c.
P.c.
p.p.
p.p.
P.c.
p.p.
p.p.
Fluoride,
ppm
3.68
3.8
4.4
2.6
3.2
4.8
2.8
2.7
Washed or
unwashed
Washed
Washed
Washed
100
-------
APPENDIX D
FLUORIDE CONTENT OF GRASS
101
-------
FLUORIDE CONTENT OF GRASS
Tin in p. It1
number
r,pr,-74
GPG-75
GPG-76
GPG-77
GPG-78
GPG-79
GPG-60
GPG-61
GPG-62
GPG-63
GPG-64
GPG-65
GPG-66
GPG-67
GPG-68
GPG-69
GPG-70
GPG-71
GPGH-1
GPGII-2
GPGH-3
GPGH-4
GPGII-5
GPGH-6
Location
Teakettle Mountain Zone 1
Coram Zone 3
Coram (Hay) Zone 3
Fluoride,
ppm
275.0
42.0
78.0
89.0
24.5
16.2
4.5
7.4
9.4
7.9
7.0
16.0
5.6
7.0
7.6
64.0
23.0
17.0
9.8
17.0
14.0
20.0
5.8
11.0
102
-------
FLUORIDE CONTENT OF GRASS (Continued)
Sample
number
GPG-52
GPG-53
GPG-54
GPG-72
GPG-55
GPG-56
GPG-57
GPG-58
GPG-59
GPG-49
GPG-50
GPG-51
GPG-39
GPG-40
GPG-41
GPG-42
GPG-43
GPG-44
GPG-45
GPG-46
GPG-47
GPG-48
GPG-32
Location
Lake Five Zone 4
Columbia Mountain Zone 5
Desert Mountain Zone 6
South Fork Zone 7
Middle Fork Zone 8
North Fork Zone 9
Fluoride,
ppm
2.7
7.4
6.2
14.0
11.0
8.3
2.5
1.8
4.5
6.5
4.8
10.0
7.3
1.0
1.0
4.2
2.1
4.8
3.8
7.2
4.7
3.7
9.3
103
-------
FLUORIDE CONTENT OF GRASS (Continued)
Sample
number
GPG-33
GPG-34
GPG-35
GPG-36
GPG-37
GPG-38
GPG-73
GPG-1
GPG-2
GPG-3
GPG-4
GPG-2 2
GPG-2 3
GPG-24
GPG-5
GPG-6
GPG-7
GPG-12
GPG-1 3
GPG-1 4
r.PG-8
GPG-9
GPG-10
GPG-11
Location
North Fork Zone 9
Doris Mountain Zone 10
Headquarters Hill Zone 11
Helton Hills Zone 12
Apgar Ridge and MFRS Zone 13
Apgar Lookout Zone 14
Roehm's Bear Den Xone 15
Fluoride,
ppm
6.7
2.7
6.7
8.8
4.6
5.6
3.8
4.4
6.2
12.3
8.0
17.5
6.5
6.6
2.8
8.0
12.5
11.0
1.9
1.6
1.0
2.9
5.3
2.1
104
-------
FLUORIDE CONTENT OF GRASS (Continued)
Sample
number
GPG-15
GPG-16
GPG-17
HPG-18
GPG-19
GPG-20
GPG-21
GPG-27
GPG-28
GPG-29
GPG-30
GPG-31
GPG-25
GPG-26
Location
Lake McDonald Zone 16
Camas Creek Zone 17
Loneman Lookout Zone 19
Fluoride,
ppm
4.0
26.5
11.0
2.7
6.6
13.5
8.8
5.5
5.7
6.2
4.7
3.6
3.4
5.8
105
-------
COLUMBIA FALLS ZONE 2
Collection number
GPALS-1
GPALS-2
GPALS-3
GPALS-4
GPALS-5
GPALS-6
GPALS-8
GPALS-9
GPALS-10
GPALS-11
GPALS-1 2
GPALS-1 3
GPALS-1 5
GPALS-1 6
GPALS-17
GPALS-1 9
GPALS-21
GPALS-2 2
GPALS-2 3
Fluoride, ppm
66.0
90.0
71.6
68.0
86.0
85.6
140.0
270.0
102.0
110.0
98.0
250.0
240.0
180.0
410.0
232.0
100.0
186.0
48.0
106
-------
CONTROL GRASS SAMPLE DATA
Sample number
STR-2
STR-6
STR-8
STR-12
STR-16
CV(3) -1
CV-2
CV-3
CV-4
CV-5
CV-6
CV-7
RP-3
STM-2
MG-3
MG-4
Fluoride, ppm
3.8
3.4
5.2
2.75
5.7
4.1
2.65
4.0
3.85
5.1
5.2
4.3
7.6
7.8
2.0
2.6
107
-------
APPENDIX E
FLUOPIUE CONTENT OP ANIMAL BONE TISSUE
109
-------
TEAKETTLE MOUNTAIN ZONE 1
Collection
number
RB-1
RB-2
FB-3
RB-4
RB-5
RB-6
RB-7
RB-8
RB-9
RB-10
RB-11
RB-12
RB-13
RB-1 4
RB-15
RB-16
RB-17
RB-18
RB-19
RB-20
RB-21
RB-22
RB-23
Species
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Deer Mouse
Deer Mouse
Deer Mouse
Deer Mouse
Deer Mouse
Deer Mouse
Deer Mouse
House Mouse
Shorttail Weasel
Deer Mouse
Deer Mouse
Deer Mouse
House Cat
Fluoride, ppm
Unashed
457.1
2700.3
578.5
606.0
949.7
2522.2
4366.1
3312.8
2643.1
3894.4
1758.6
976.1
3378.3
587.8
633.3
921.7
1754,0
506.5
1421.5
2705.8
2564.2
2045.4
1660.0
Ashed
68.5
4122.3
779.6
863.0
1311.7
3472.2
5849.0
4462.8
3625.3
5308.2
2428.5
1366.6
4629.6
808.3
791.4
1247.0
2321.4
706.0
2013.8
3538.4
3419.0
2647.0
2371.4
110
-------
TEAKETTLE MOUNTAIN ZONE 1 (continued)
Collection
number
RB-24
RB-25
RB-26
RB-27
RB-28
RB-29
RB-30
RB-31
RB-32
RB-33
RB-34
RB-35
RB-36
RB-37
RB-38
RB-39
RB-40
RB-41
RB-42
RB-43
GPA-211
1
2
3
Species
Hairy Woodpecker
Hairy Woodpecker
White Crowned Sparrow
Flying Squirrel
House Mouse
House Mouse
Deer Mouse
Deer Mouse
Deer Mouse
Deer Mouse
Deer Mouse
Deer Mouse
Meadow Vole
House Mouse
Deer Mouse
Deer Mouse
Deer Mouse
Deer Mouse
Deer Mouse
Deer Mouse
Ruffled Grouse
Mule Deer
Mule Deer
Mule Deer
Fluoride, ppm
Unashed
237.9
483.3
2051.7
1616.6
1421.4
550.0
818.1
4243.2
2125.0
3733.3
1125.0
2055.0
1072.0
351.0
1875.0
1392.8
737.1
1157.8
696.8
1607.1
1200.0
5600.0
4200.0
9400.0
Ashed
329.8
707.3
3305.5
2255.8
1990.0
687.5
1125.0
6038.4
3090.9
3733.0
1565.0
2642.8
1180.0
500.0
2678.5
2052.6
1121.1
1466.6
892.0
2142.8
111
-------
TEAKETTLE MOUNTAIN ZONE 1 (continued)
Collection
number
4
5
10
20
23
24
28
29
32
36
GPA-103
15
D 1
D 2
Species
Mule Deer
Faun Mule Deer
Mule Deer
Whitetail Deer
Whitetail Deer
Whitetail Deer
Fluoride, ppm
Unoshed
2200.0
1250.0
2240.0
7150.0
3450.0
5660.0
1370.0
5700.0
1250.0
2580.0
370.0
2300.0
4785.0
7350.0
Ashed
112
-------
COLUMBIA FALLS ZONE 2
Collection
number
CFA-121
CFA-122
CFA-123
CFA-124
CFA-125
CFA-126
CFA-127
CFA-128
CFA-129
CFA-130
CFA-131
CFA-132
CFA-133
CFA-134
CFA-135
CFA-136
CFA-137
CFA-138
CFA-139
CFA-140
CFA-142
Species
Meadow Vole
Meadow Vole
Meadow Vole
Meadow Vole
Meadow Vole
Meadow Vole
Meadow Vole
Mef"'ow Vole
Meadow Vole
Meadow Vole
Meadow Vole
Meadow Vole
Meadow Vole
Meadow Vole
Meadow Vole
Meadow Vole
Meadow Vole
Meadow Vole
Meadow Vole
Meadow Vole
Meadow Vole
Fluoride, ppm
Unashed
180
256
;229
340
485
208
445
360
133
93.5
37.5
91.5
211
167
189
217
147
302
490
166.6
164
Ashed
240
341
305
453
646
277
593
480
177
124.5
50.0
122
281
222
252
289
196
402
653
222.1
218
113
-------
COLUMBIA FALLS ZONE 2 (continued)
Collection
number
GPA-212
CF-93A
CF-94A
CF-95A
CF-96A
CF-97A
CF-98A
CF-99A
CF-100A
CF-101A
CF-102A
CF-103A
CF-104A
CF-105A
CF-106A
CF-107A
CF-108A
CF-109A
CF-65A
CF-66A
CF-67A
CF-73A
Species
Martin
Meadow Vole
Meadow Vole
Meadow Vole
Meadow Vole
Me? 'low Vole
Meadow Vole
Meadow Vole
Meadow Vole
Meadow Vole
Meadow Vole
Meadow Vole
Meadow Vole
Meadow Vole
Meadow Vole <
Deer Mouse
Deer Mouse
Deer Mouse
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Deer Mouse
Fluoride, ppm
Unashed
465
1040
1230
1785
720
1720
967
1000
1360
550
1040
600
332
545
695
522
21.0
525
595
430
2490
750
Ashed
1383
1640
2380
960
2293
1289
1333
1813
700
1384
800
442
693
926
696
28.0
700
793
573
3320
1000
114
-------
COLUMBIA FALL? ZONE 2 (continued)
Collection
number
CF-74A
CF-75A
CF-84A
CF-85A
CF-86A
CF-87A
CF-88A
CF-89A
CF-90A
CF-91A
CF-92A
CFA-143
CFA-144
CFA-145
CFA-146
CFA-147
CFA-148
CFA-149
CFA-150
J-l
F-l
F-2
F-3
GPA-99
Species
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Co."'nnbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Deer Mouse
Deer Mouse
Deer Mouse
Deer Mouse
Redtail Chipmunk
Deer Mouse
Deer Mouse
Meadow Vole
Meadow Vole
Meadow Vole
Meadow Vole
Meadow Vole
Meadow Vole
White tail Deer
White tail Deer
Whitetail Deer
Whitetail Deer
Whitetail Deer
Fluoride, ppm
Unctshed
363
3100
560
1000
1262
735
824
920
1668
3857
1000
125
168
70
. 1010
158
250
468
795
1100
1905
3495
2005
1530
Ashed
484
4133
747
1333
1682
980
1098
1226'' '
2224
5122
1333
166
224
93
1343
210
333
624
1060
115
-------
CORAM ZONE 3
Collection
number
GPA-4-1
GPA-4-2
GPA-6-1
GPA-7-1
GPA-12-1
GPA-16-1
GPA-22-1
GPA-22-2
GPA-22-3
GPA-22-4
GPA-22-5
GPA-22-6
GPA-22-7
GPA-23-1
GPA-23-2
GPA-24-1
GPA-24-2
GPA-24-3
GPA-24-4
GPA-104-1
CF-110A
CF-111A
Species
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
"rows hoe Hare
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Gr_and Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Snowshoe Hare
Snowshoe Hare
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Whitetail Deer
Deer Mouse
Deer Mouse
Fluoride, ppm
Unashed
523.7
772.7
719.3
544.0
323.6
87.5
752.4
12.4
3215.4
113.4
116.6
368.8
2053.4
150.0
51.3
5198.6
278.9
571.4
1526.3
840
1280
1230
Ashed
733.7
1103.7
1079.0
805.5
481.7
125.8
1024.2
16.9
4504.5
143.9
144.1
530.1
2939.9
203.7
71.7
7168.1
363.0
771.9
2191.4
-
1706
1690
116
-------
CORAM ZONE 3 (continued)
Collection
number
CF-112A
CF-113A
CF-114A
CF-115A
R#l
GPA-82-1
GPA-82-2
GPA-82-3
GPA-82-4
GPA-82-5
GPA-216
GPA-217
GPA-218
Species
Deer Mouse
Deer Mouse
Chipmunk
Chipmunk
Whitetail Deer
Grouse
Grouse
Grouse
Grouse
Grouse
Chipmunk
Chipmunk
Chipmunk
Fluoride, ppm
Unashed
854
910
815
1470
3700
539.7
4208.4
579.2
1201.1
537.9
6239.2
4941.1
9863.0
Ashed
1105
1213
1086
1960
826.9
5492.9
941.1
1751.4
833.3
Grouse Crop Contents
Collection
number
GPA-82-1
GPA-82-2
GPA-82-3
GPA-82-4
GPA-82-5
35
13
16
14
-
.2
.0
.0
.9
117
-------
LAKE FIVE ZONE 4
Collection
number
GPA-2-1
GPA-2-2
GPA-2-3
GPA-2-4
GPA-2-5
GPA-5-1
GPA-9-1
GPA-10-1
GPA-10-2
GPA-10-3
GPA-10-4
GPA-10-5
GPA-35-1
GPA-38-1
Gl'A-38-2
GPA-42-1
GPA-42-2
GPA-58-1
GPA-59-1
GPA-59-2
GPA-64-1
GPA-65-1
Species
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Colwbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Snowshoe Hare
Snowshoe Hare
Snowshoe Hare
Chipmunk
Chipmunk
Chipmunk
Chipmunk
Chipmunk
Snowshoe Hare
Deer Mouse
Fluoride, ppm
Unashed
765.8
1153.2
1043.3
586.1
599.0
853.9
567.5
1154.4
1117.0
61.4
88.5
80.3
1500.0
48.3
725.0
269.5
264.9
1547.6
652.8
611.9
614.3
1066.6
Ashed
1155.1
1648.2
1514.2
850.6
844.1
1245.4
848.4
1685.7
1640.6
85.0
135.0
121.6
2149.2
845.4
1075.0
387 .5
376.9
2203.4
758.1
820.0
845.8
1280.0
118
-------
LAKE FIVE ZONE 4 (continued)
Collection
number
GPA-65-2
GPA-67-1
GPA-67-2
GPA-67-3
GPA-70-1
GPA-71-1
GPA-74-1
GPA-77-1
GPA-79-1
GPA-80-1
GPA-91-1
GPA-92-1
GPA-94
GPA-105
Species
Red Squirrel
Red Squirrel
Bushytail Woodrat
Red Squirrel
Chipmunk
Chipmunk
Chipmunk
Chipmunk
Chipmunk
Chipmunk
Snowshoe Hare
Snowshoe Hare
Whitetail Deer
Whitetail Deer
Fluoride, ppm
Unashed
480.0
1511.0
849.6
271.5
671.4
891.8
608.1
795.1
2218.7
1222.2
880.0
1210.0
385.0
480.0
Ashed
644.4
1717.2
1160.7
377.4
1021.7
1196.4
823.7
1100.0
2629.6
1767.8
1442.6
2016.6
119
-------
COLUMBIA MOUNTAIN ZONE 5
Collection
number
GPA-52-1
GPA-53-1
GPA-54-1
GPA-54-2
GPA-55-1
Species
Chipmunk
Chipmunk
Chipmunk
Chipmunk
Chipmunk
Fluoride, ppm
Unashed
1142.8
191.4
300.0
291.1
1542.5
Ashed
1538.1
339.3
405.4
398.8
2230.7
120
-------
DESERT MOUNTAIN ZONE 6
Collection
number
GPA-213
GPA-214
GPA-215
Species
Chipmunk
Chipmunk
Golden Mantled Ground Squirrel
Fluoride, ppm
Unashed
911
315
116.5
Ashed
SOUTH FORK ZONE 7
Collection
number
Species
Fluoride, ppm
Unashed
Ashed
GPA-73-1
Chipmunk
331.2
473.3
121
-------
MIDDLE FORK ZONE 8
Collection
number
GPA-8-1
GPA-8-2
GPA-8-3
GPA-8-4
GPA-8-5
GPA-8-6
GPA-28-1
GPA-29-1
GPA-39-1
GPA-95-1
GPA-97-1
Species
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Chipmunk
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Golden Mantle Ground Squirrel
Chipmunk
Snowshoe Hare
Deer
Fluoride, ppm
Unashed
301.5
449.4
305.0
309.7
648.4
454.5
227.2
256.4
142.9
1020.0
1280.0
Ashed
430.5
659.3
454.8
437.8
943.3
666.6
339.3
367.6
200.0
-
-
122
-------
NORTH FORK ZONE 9
Collection
number
GPA-1-1
GPA-62-1
GPA-63-1
GPA-78-1
GPA-81-1
GPA-100
CF-116A
CF-117A
CF-118A
CF-119A
Species
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Snowshoe Hare
Snowshoe Hare
Chipmunk
Coyote
'Pawn
Deer Mouse
Deer Mouse
Deer Mouse
Deer Mouse
Fluoride, ppm
Unashed
222.0
310.0
478.0
462.2
268.0
168.0
688
210
625
640
Ashed
339.1
420.7
464.1
649.3
357
-
914
280
910
853
123
-------
HEADQUARTERS HILL ZONE 11
Collection
number
GPA-51-2
GPA-51-3
GPA-51-4
GPA-51-5
GPA-51-6
GPA-51-7
GPA-51-8
GPA-69-1
GPA-69-2
GPA-33-5
GPA-33-6
GAP-33-7
GPA-69
PH1
PH2
GA-17-24
Species
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Snowshoe Hare
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Chipmunk
Chipmunk
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Whitetail Deer
Deer Mouse
Deer Mouse
Whitetail Deer
Fluoride, ppm
Unashed
324.0
403.1
472.2
341.6
244.7
252.7
88.5
620.2
783.7
369.6
302.0
369.3
630.0
424.2
640.4
1720.0
Ashed
468.8
582.4
686.1
495.0
444.0
384.6
128.7
844.8
1133.3
246.3
428.9
662.7
-
651.1
896.6
124
-------
BELTON HILLS ZONE 12
Collection
number
GPA-46-1
GPA-46-2
GPA-46-3
GPA-46-4
GPA-46-5
GPA-47-1
GPA-48-1
Gpa-48-2
Species
Chipmunk
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Chipmunk
Chipmunk
Chipmunk
Chipmunk
Chipmunk
Columbian Ground Squirrel
, Fluoride, ppm
Unashed
351.0
178.0
290.0
584.0
190.0
506.0
859.0
508.0
Ashed
456.0
235.0
373.0
.736.0
270.0
673.0
1108.0
844.0
125
-------
APGAR RIDGE AND MIDDLE FORK RANGER STATION ZONE 13
Collection
number
GPA-14-1
GPA-14-2
GPA-15-1
GPA-18-1
GPA-18-2
GPA-19-1
GPA-19-2
GPA-20-1
GPA-21-1
GPA-25-1
GPA-26-2
GPA-26-3
GPA-26-4
GPA-26-5
GPA-26-6
GPA-26-7
GPA-26-8
GPA-26-9
GPA-26-11
GPA-30-1
GPA-61-1
GPA-66-1
Species
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Snowshoe Hare
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Snowshoe Hare
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Chipmunk
Chipmunk
Chipmunk
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Golden Mantle Ground Squirrel
Golden Mantle Ground Squirrel
Chipmunk
Chipmunk
Snowshoe Hare
Snowshoe Hare
Snowshoe Hare
Fluoride, ppm
Unashed
931.7
1784.0
848.6
507.6
839.2
950.0
1670.0
738.5
2046.4
189.9
223.0
9863.0
108.8
266.6
455.8
266.3
1298.6
494.1
6239.2
1102.5
579.4
1465.0
Ashed
1333.3
2641.0
1241.6
719.4
1177.9
1250.0
2170.0
1024.9
2955.4
268.9
305.2
13333.3
226.3
218.1
620.0
378.5
1680.6
6774.1
7448.9
1497.9
844.7
1888.3
126
-------
APGAR RID<;E AND
MIDDLE FORK RANGER STATION ZONE 13 (continued)
Collection
nuftiber
GPA-83-1
GPA-84-1
GPA-85-1
GPA-86-1
GPA-87-1
GPA-89-1
GPA-90-1
GPA-93-1
H-l
H-2
H-3
H-4
H-5
H-8
H-9
H-10
H-ll
H-12
H-13
Species
Snowshoe Hare
Snowshoe Hare
Snowshoe Hare
Snowshoe Hare
Snowshoe Hare
Snowshoe Hare
Snowshoe Hare
Snowshoe Hare
Snowshoe Hare
Snowshoe' Hare
Snowshoe Hare
Snowshoe Hare
Snowshoe Hare
Snowshoe Hare
Snowshoe Hare
Snowshoe Hare
Snowshoe Hare
Snowshoe Hare
Snowshoe Hare
Fluoride, ppm
Unashed
3100.0
1140.0
3450.0
900.0
1230.0
1120.0
1400.0
940.0
2200.0
1200.0
1680.0
1660.0
1830.0
1060.0
2725.0
2975.0
1450.0
1170.0
650.0
Ashed
4843.7
1727.2
5073.5
1343.2
1835.8
1723.0
2258.0
1468.7
3235.2
1850.0
127
-------
APGAR LOOKOUT ZONE 14
Collection
number
GPA-13-1
GPA-43-1
GPA-44-1
GPA-44-2
GPA-60-1
GPA-72-1
GPA-75-1
GPA-76-1
GPA-57-1
GPA-57-2
GPA-57-3
GPA-57-4
GPA-101-1
GPA-101-2
GA-18-25
GNP
Species
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Chipmunk
Chipmunk
Chipmunk
Snowshoe Hare
Snowshoe Hare
Snowshoe Hare
Snov;shoe Hare
Snowshoe Hare
Snowshoe Hare
Snowshoe Hare
Snowshoe Hare
Snowshoe Hare
Snowshoe Hare
Whitetail Deer
Whitetail Deer
Fluoride, ppm
Unashed
479.9
366.6
304.8
213.5
331.5
425.8
534.9
585.8
336.1
1200.0
234.2
389.0
1100.0
680.0
1040.0
124.0
Ashed
723.9
532.2
446.4
318.7
419.4
577.3
730.1
787 .8
430.1
1500.0
324.6
521.8
1692.3
1096.7
128
-------
BOEHM'S BEAR Dl-'N. ZONE 15
Collection
number
GPA-57A2
GPA-68-1
Species
Snowshoe Hare
Chipmunk
Fluoride, ppm
Unashed
624.7
415.3
Ashed
844.6
613.5
LAKE MCDONALD ZONE 16
Collection
number
GPA-205
GA-77-84
1
2
3
Species
Snowshoe Hare
Mule Deer
Mule Deer
Mule Deer
Mule Deer
Fluoride, ppm
Unashed
575.0
2400.0
2140.0
1470.0
1220.0
Ashed
CAMAS CFEEK ZONE 17
Collection
number
CPA-206
GPA-207
GPA-208
Species
Chipmunk
Chipmunk
Snowshoe Hare
Fluoride, ppm
Unashed
212.5
115.1
382.0
Ashed
LONEMAN MOUNTAIN ZONE 19
Collection
number
GPA-209
GPA-210
Species
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Chipmunk
Fluoride, ppm
Unashed
470
367
Ashed
129
-------
FLUORIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN CONTROL ANIMALS
FROM VARIOUS AREAS IN MONTANA
Sample
number
GAC-1
GAG- 29
GAG -30
GAC-J4
GAC-37
GAG -40
GAC-59
GAC-60
GAC-65
GAC-66
GAG- 6 7
GAC-68
GAC-69
GAC^70
GAG- 71
GAG - 7 2
GAG -2
;
GAG- 2 8
GAG- 7 4
GAC-63
Species
Chipmunk
Adult
Chipmunk
Adult
Chipmunk
Adult
Chipmunk
Adult
Chipmunk
Adult
ChipT;-. r k
Adult
Chipmunk
Adult
Chipmunk
Adult
Chipmunk
Adult
Chipmunk
Adult
Chipmunk
Adult
Chipmunk
Adult
Chipmunk
Adult
Chipmunk
Adult
Chipmunk
Adult
Chipmunk
Adult
Columbian
Ground Squirrel
Adult
Columbian
Ground Squirrel
Adult
Juvenile
Adult
Place collected
6 mile
Albert Creek
MacDonald Pass
Rattlesnake
Rattlesnake
MacDonald Pass
Albert Creek
A hart Creek
Albert Creek
Albert Creek
Albert Creek
Albert Creek
Albert Creek
Albert Creek
Albert Creek
Albert Creek
6 mile
Albert Creek
Albert Creek
Albert Creek
Date
collected
5/18/71
6/3/71
9/2/70
9/18/70
9/14/70
9/2/70
7/9/71
7/9/71
7/9/71
7/9/71
7/9/71
7/9/71
7/9/71
7/9/71
7/9/71
7/9/71
5/18/71
6/3/71
7/11/71
7/9/71
Fluoride,
ppm
260.0
123.2
124.0
50.6
54.1
303.7
102.9
50.0
122.5
51.5
53.3
59.6
60.8
75.7
92.5
136.3
105.2
146.0
34.6
85.6
Average
ppm F~
108.7
130
-------
FLUORIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN CONTROL ANIMALS
FROM VARIOUS AREAS IN MONTANA (continued)
Somple
number
GAC-64
(".AC -41
GAC-42
GAC-43
GAC-75
GAC-76
GAC-77
GAC-78
GAC-79
GAC-80
GAC-81
GAC-82
GAC-33
GAC-36
GAC-31
GAC-32
GAC-21A
GAC-61
GAC-62
Species
Columbian
Ground Squirrel
Adult
Jnvp'iilo
Adult
Juvenile
Adult
Deer Mouse
Snowshoe Hare
Juvenile
Lepus a .
Adult
L. Ground
Squirrel
Place collected
Albert Creek
Rattlesnake
Pattee Canyon
Swartz Creek
Albert Creek
Date
collected
7/9/71
9/18/70
8/1/70
11/8/70
7/9/71
Fluoride,
ppm
128.0
86.0
116.0
138.0
126.0
54.0
126.4
132.0
130.0
142.0
50.8
77.3
100.0
113.1
48.0
35.0
166.0
95.6
37.6
Average
ppm F~
104.9
106.5
41.5
166.0
66.6
131
-------
FLUORIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN CONTROL ANIMALS
FROM VARIOUS AREAS IN MONTANA (continued)
Collection
number
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
9
11
12
13
14
16
17
18
19
21
22
25
26
27
30
Species
Mule Deer
Mule Deer
Whitetail Deer
Whitetail Deer
Whit« call Deer
Mule Deer
Mule Deer
Mule Deer
Mule Deer
Mule Deer
Whitetail Deer
Mule Deer
Whitetail Deer
Whitetail Deer
Location
Thompson Falls
Superior
Superior
Superior
Ravalli County
Marshall Creek
Missoula County
Cameron
Cameron
Swan Valley
Cameron
Cameron
Whitehall
Winston
Thompson Falls
Thompson Falls
Montana City
Jefferson City
Boulder
Salmon Lake
Forsythe
Jordan
Plains
Fluoride,
ppm
257.0
267.0
379.0
148.5
90.0
135.0
166.0
243.0
395.0
185.5
191.5
351.5
635.0
86.0
196.0
375.0
226.0
158.0
210.0
164.0
136.0
190.0
132
-------
FLUORIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN CONTROL ANIMALS
FROM VARIOUS AREAS IN MONTANA1 (Continued)
Collection
number
31
34
35
37
38
40
42
43
45
Species
Mule Deer
Mule Deer
Mule Deer
Location
Thompson Falls
Swan Lake
Marshall Creek
Noxon
Plains
Thompson Falls
Eastern
Deep Creek
Fluoride,
ppm
88.0
115.0
105.0
395.0
124.0
105.0
25G.O
184.0
419.0
133
-------
APPENDIX F
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF VEGETATION AND SOIL;
RESULTS OF COLLABORATIVE TESTING
135
-------
METHODS OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS FOR FLUORIDE
Vegetation
A. Conifer Needles
Upon receipt at the laboratory, conifer needles were
removed from their branches and separated according to year
(1968, 1969, and 1970), placed loosely in paper sacks, and
dried at 90°F in a forced-draft oven.
B. Stems
Stems were cut and separated according to year, as with
the needles. Stems were then chopped with clippers, placed
in paper sacks, and dried in a forced-draft oven at 90°F.
C. Female Cones
Female cones were removed from the branches, chopped
into small pieces, placed in paper bags, and dried at 90°F
in a forced-draft oven.
D. Contents of Grouse Crops
Contents of intact grouse crops were removed from the
crops, placed in paper bags, and dried at 90°F in a forced-
draft oven.
E. Garden Vegetables and Grasses
Grass and fresh garden vegetables were placed in paper
bags and dried at 90°F in a forced-draft oven.
137
-------
F. Pollen and Staminate Cones
Pollen and staminate cones were placed in paper bags
and dried at 90°F.
When dry, the sample was removed from the forced-draft
oven and ground in a Wiley mill to pass a 40-mesh screen.
One gram of dried, ground plant material was then placed in
a nickel crucible with 0.05 g of low fluorine calcium oxide
and sufficient distilled water to form a loose slurry. The
slurry was then evaporated dry and charred under infrared
lights. When the vegetation was dharred, the crucible was
placed in a muffle furnace and ashed overnight at 600°C.
After ashing, the crucibles were removed from the
muffle furnace and cooled in a dessicator. When the cru-
cibles were cool, 2 to 3 ml of distilled water was added to
the crucible followed by 1 to 2 ml of 30% perchloric acid to
dissolve the ash. The dissolved ash was then transferred to
a 100-ml volumetric flask, and made to volume with 50% TISAB
in distilled water. Fluoride activity was determined with a
fluoride specific ion electrode.
The specific ion electrode was calibrated daily with
standard solutions containing fluoride concentrations
ranging from 0.01 ppm to 1$.0 ppm. the electrode response
in millivolts was plotted against fluoride concentration,
and concentrations of fluoride in unknown samples were
determined from the resulting curve.
138
-------
Soil
Soil samples were dried in paper bags in a forced-draft
oven at 90°F. When dry, 0.50 g of the soil was slurried in
a nickel crucible with 0.05 g of calcium oxide and distilled
water. The slurry was evaporated dry under infrared light,
and the soil was ashed overnight in a muffle furnace at
600°C. The crucibles were removed from the muffle furnace
and cooled in a dessicator.
The ash was dissolved in 2 ml of 20% hydrochloric acid,
made to ion mi with 50% TISAB in distilled water, and the
fluoride activity was determined with a specific ion electrode,
139
-------
40
30
S 20
10
35.5
K
: :
*]
X
: ::
.V
X
:j:
^
**Xv
B
30.0
11.8
:%:
:§:§
X'X*
|$;X
§:::
5.1
n
j
1
"WW
10.4
SJ::-:
;X;X
X:X:
WA
Uni
RF,
v. of
8.4
Inc
Montans
35 3.3
24.0
!*X*X
*X*X
It
$8,
>X;X
X;-X«
'&. '
>>
:: :
28.0
mMM
1 1 A
10.3 r^
vXv
X*X*'
X-X
Figure F-l Results of Pine Tissue Collaborative Analyses, University
of Montana - Orion Electrode Method and WARF, Inc. -
Autotechnicon Method.
-------
120
100
l"
ul
S 60
ae
e
a
-i
" 40
20
101.7
liSS) ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
\". 1 WAHf. INC.
fcjS-frjl FOOD.CHEMICAL.& RESEARCH LABS.. SEATTLE, WASHINGTON
fc\>j UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. RIVERSIDE
l: '] UNIVERSITY Of MONTANA
87.0
67.0
74.0
Fiqure
Results of collaborative analysis
Firms contorta 1968 needles.
12
10
S 6
m
e
9
11.4
{Si;:;:! ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
| | WARF, INC.
fcjj'iij FOOO.CHFHlCAl.il RESIARCH I ARS.. SFATTII. WASHINGTON
F.S.xl UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. RIVERSIDE
F'/:] UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA
8.5
7.S
6.0
3.2
Figure F-3
Results of collaborative analysis
Pinus contora 1970 needles.
141
-------
10
S 6
| ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WARF, INC.
FOOD.CHEMICAL. ft RESEARCH UBS.. SEATTLE. WASHINGTON
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, RIVERSIDE
UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA
10.5
10.1
9.0
6.0
Figure F-4
Res-..Its of collaborative analysis
Pinus monticola 1968 needles.
10
10.1
y$H] ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
("_;_.! WARF. INC.
^^FOOD.CHEMICAl.t RESEARCH LABS.. SEATTLE, WASHINGTON
fsSS] UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. RIVERSIDE
^'r;'-\ UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA
8.5
8.5
8.0
164
Figure F-5
Results of collaborative analysis
Pinus ponderosa 1970 needles.
142
-------
APPENDIX G
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF ANIMAL TISSUE
143
-------
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF ANIMAL TISSUE
Animal Bone Tissue
The whole femur bones of animals were defleshed by hand
as thoroughly as possible and then boiled in Alconox for 2
hours, or .rt.il all remaining flesh was removed from the
surface of the bone.
Then, dependin. on size, one of each pair of femurs was
either sawn in half and broken into small pieces, or just
broken up. The broken bones were then reboiled in Alconox
and dried in a vacuum oven. When dry, the bones were de-
fatted by boiling with at least six changes of petroleum
ether and again dried in a vacuum oven.
The dry, defatted bones were then ground in a Wiley
mill to pass a 20-mesh screen, weighed into a nickel cru-
cible, and ashed at 600°C overnight. The crucibles were
removed from the muffle furnace and cooled in a dessicator;
the ash was dissolved in 2 ml of 20% hydrochloric acid. The
dissolved ash was made to 100 ml with 50% TISAB in distilled
water and the fluoride activity was determined with a
specific ion electrode.
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The specific ion electrode was calibrated daily with
standard solutions containing fluoride concentrations
ranging from 0,,01 ppm to 19.0 ppm. The electrode response
in millivolts was plotted against fluoride concentration,
nnd concentrations of fluoride in unknown samples were
ii"i ermined from the resulting curve.
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APPENDIX H
PREPARATION OF CONIFER NEEDLES FOR HISTOLOGICAL STUDY
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HISTOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES
Cross and longitudinal sections of conifer needles
manifesting tip necrosis were prepared in the following
manner- Two-millimeter sections were removed from the
conifer needles in the transition zone, where the necrotic
portion abj*-3 the green portion of the diseased needle. The
2-mm sections selected for histological studies, therefore,
encompass approximately 1 mm of the green tissue, 1/4 mm of
the yellow tissue, and 3/4 mm of the brown, necrotic tissue.
Six to eight 2-mm sections were removed from the needle
samples collected from any given sampling site.
The selected pine sections were placed in shell vials
containing FAA (formaldehyde acetic acid and alcohol),
aspirated actively for 30 minutes, and left under vacuum for
24 hours. After the tissues were fixed in FAA for 24 to 48
t
hours, the materials were dehydrated in a TEA (tertiary
butyl alcohol) series of 50% to 100% (Johansen, Plant Micro-
technique, 1940) and then placed in 52°C melting paraffin.
After 24 hours and two changes in the 52°C paraffin, the
needle tissues were placed in 56°C paraplast and boated in
Coors 10H porcelain boats. Three to four needle sections
from each of the paraffin blocks were removed, mounted on
hardwood blocks, and trimmed in preparation for microtoming.
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Needle sections were cut at 8 to 12 micra with an
American Optical 820 rotary microtome and adhered to the
microscope slides with Haupts adhesive and 2% formalin
solution. After sections were dried on the slides for 48 to
G4 hours, the slides were ready for the staining series.
'['hey were put into five changes of xylene to deparaffinize
the tissue and then hydrated with the normal alcohol and
water series (i.e., 100% ETOH to 30% ETOH). The first stain
used was Feulgens nuclear stain, and after the destaining,
the slides were put up through the alcohol series 30% to 90%
ETOH and courier stained with fast green. After the fast
green was destained in 80% ETOH, the slides were continued
up through the dehydratiag series (90% to 100% ETOH) and put
through five changes of xylene, before cover slips were
placed over the sectioned and stained conifer needle tissues.
The cover slips were adhered to the slides with Harleco
synthetic resin and left to dry on heating plates (30°C) for
24 hours.
Tissue pathology manifested in the conifer needle
sections was studied with a phase microscope, and photo-
micrographs were taken with 35-mm high-speed tungsten
F.cktachrome.
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