January 1987
Acurex Draft Final Report FR-86-102/ESD
CHARACTERIZATION OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
INCINERATION RESIDUALS
by
Donald Van Buren, Gary Poe, and Carlo Castaldini
Acurex Corporation
485 Clyde Avenue
P.O. Box 7044
Mountain View, California 94039
EPA Contract No. 68-03-3241
EPA Project Officer: Mr. Paul Warner
for
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Hazardous Waste Engineering Research Laboratory
26 West St. Clair Street
Cincinnati. OH 45268
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NOTICE
This document has been reviewed in accordance with U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency policy and approved for publication. Mention of trade names
or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for
use.
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FOREWORD
Today's rapidly developing and changing technologies and industrial
products and practices frequently carry with them the increased generation of
solid and hazardous wastes. These materials, if improperly dealt with, can-
threaten both public health and the environment. Abandoned waste sites and
accidental release of toxic and hazardous substances to the environment also
have important environmental and public health implications. The Hazardous
Waste Engineering Research Laboratory assists in providing an authoritative
and defensible engineering basis for assessing and solving these problems.
Its products support the policies, programs, and regulations of the
Environmental Protection Agency, the permitting and other responsibilities of
State and local governments and the needs of both large and small business in
handling their wastes responsibly and economically.
This report describes an effort to comprehensively characterize the
chemical composition of all effluents (other than air emissions) from
treatment facilities which incinerate hazardous waste, and will be useful to
the user community and its regulators. For further information, please
contact the Alternative Technologies Division of the Hazardous Waste
Engineering Research Laboratory.
Thomas R. Hauser, Director
Hazardous Waste Engineering Research
Laboratory
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This project was jointly sponsored by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency's Hazardous Waste Engineering Research Laboratory (HWERL)
and the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER). The valuable
assistance and guidance of Paul Warner and Robert Olexsey in HWERL are
acknowledged. The cooperation of all test sites and the efforts of many
individuals in the Environmental Engineering Department and Analytical
Chemistry Laboratory of the Environmental Systems Division of Acurex
Corporation are also acknowledged.
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CONTENTS
Figures v
Tables vi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background and Objectives 1
1.2 Site Selection 2
1.3 Approach 5
2 Results 13
2.1 Site 1 14
2.1.1 Facility Description 14
2.1.2 Operating and Sampling Information 14
2.1.3 Analytical Results 16
2.2 Site 2 23
2.2.1 Facility Description 23
2.2.2 Operating and Sampling Information ....... 25
2.2.3 Analytical Results 29
2.3 Site 3 34
2.3.1 Facility Description 34
2.3.2 Operating and Sampling Information 36
2.3.3 Analytical Results 38
2.4 Site 4 44
2.4.1 Facility Description 44
2.4.2 Operating and Sampling Information 46
2.4.3 Analytical Results 47
2.5 Site 5 50
2.5.1 Facility Description 50
2.5.2 Operating and Sampling.Information 56
2.5.3 Analytical Results 57
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CONTENTS (Concluded)
2.6 Site 6 63
2.6.1 Facility Description 63
2.6.2 Operating and Sampling Information 66
2.6.3 Analytical Results 67
2.7 Site 7 73
2.7.1 Facility Description 73
2.7.2 Operating and Sampling Information 75
2.7.3 Analytical Results 77
2.8 Site 8 82
2.8.1 Facility Description 82
2.8.2 Operating and Sampling Information 86
2.8.3 Analytical Results 88
2.9 Site 9 94
2.9.1 Facility Description 94
2.9.2 Operating and Sampling Information 96
2.9.3 Analytical Results 97
2.10 Site 10 103
2.10.1 Facility Description 103
2.10.2 Operating and Sampling Information 105
2.10.3 Analytical Results 107
3 Data Analysis Ill
3.1 Volatile and Semivolatile Organics Ill
3.2 Priority Pollutant Metals 119
3.3 Comparison of EP Toxicity Test Procedure and Toxicity
Characteristic Leaching Procedure . . 126
4 Conclusions 131
APPENDIX A — QA/QC RESULTS A-l
vi
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FIGURES
Number
1 Site 1 incinerator schematic 15
2 Site 2 incinerator schematic 26
3 Site 3 incinerator schematic 35
4 Site 4 incinerator schematic 45
5 Site 5 incinerator schematic 54
6 Site 6 incinerator schematic 65
7 Site 7 incinerator schematic . 74
8 Site 8 incinerator schematic 84
9 Site 9 incinerator schematic 95
10 Site 10 incinerator schematic 104
11 Total and average organic concentrations in ash 116
12 Total and average organic concentrations in TCLP
leachates 118
13 Total and average priority pollutant metals
concentrations in ash 121
14 Total and average metals concentrations in ash
leachate 123
15 EP versus TCLP leachate comparison for arsenic,
chromium, copper, lead, and selenium 128
16 EP versus TCLP leachate comparison for antimony, cadmium,
nickel, and zinc 129
vii
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TABLES
Number
1 Hazardous Waste Incinerator Configurations anrl
Waste IDs 4
2 Sample Collection Containers 6
3 Analytical Procedures 8
4 Volatile Organics Sought in GC/MS Analysis and
Their Detection Limits 9
5 Semivolatile Organics Sought in the GC/MS Analysis and
Their Detection Limits 10
6 Analysis Method for Metals Determination 11
7 Summary of Samples Collected and Analyses performed for
10 Hazardous Waste Incineration Facilities 12
8 Site 1 Process Stream Samples 17
9 Site 1 Volatile Organics 18
10 Site 1 Semivolatile Organics 20
11 Site 1 Priority Pollutant Metals 22
12 Site 1 PCBs 24
13 Site 2 Process Stream Samples 28
14 Site 2 Volatile Organics 30
15 Site 2 Semivolatile Organics 31
16 Site 2 Priority Pollutant Metals 33
17 Site 3 Process Stream Samples 37
18 Site 3 Volatile Organics 39
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TABLES (Continued)
Number
19 Site 3 Semi volatile Organics 41
20 Site 3 Priority Pollutant Metals 43
21 Site 4 Process Stream Samples 48
22 Site 4 Volatile Organics 49
23 Site 4 Semi volatile Organics 51
24 Site 4 Priority Pollutant Metals 52
25 Site 5 Process Stream Samples 58
26 Site 5 Volatile Organics 59
27 Site 5 Semi volatile Organics 61
28 Site 5 Priority Pollutant Metals 62
29 Site 6 Process Stream Samples 68
30 Site 6 Volatile Organics 69
31 Site 6 Semivolatile Organics 71
32 Site 6 Priority Pollutant Metals 72
33 Site 7 Process Stream Samples 78
34 Site 7 Volatile Organics 79
35 Site 7 Semivolatile Organics 81
36 Site 7 Priority Pollutant Metals 83
37 Site 8 Process Stream Samples 89
38 Site 8 Volatile Organics 90
39 Site 8 Semivolatile Organics 92
40 Site 8 Priority Pollutant Metals 93
41 Site 9 Process Stream Samples 98
ix
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TABLES (Concluded)
Number
Page
42 Site 9 Volatile Organic* 99
43 Site 9 Semivolatile Organic* 101
44 Site 9 Priority Pollutant Metals 102
45 Site 10 Process Stream Samples 106
46 Site 10 Volatile Organics ' 108
47 Site 10 Semivolatile Organics 109
48 Site 10 Priority Pollutant Metals 110
49 Organics in Ash 112
50 Concentration of Volatile and Semivolatile Organics in
Incinerator Ash Residuals and Their TCLP Leachate .... 113
51' Concentration of Volatile and Semivolatile Organics in
Incinerator APCE Effluents, in mg/L 117
52 TCLP Leachate Organics -118
53 Concentration of Priority Pollutant Metals in
Incinerator Residuals 120
54 Metals in Ash 121
55 Highest Metals Concentrations in Ash Leachate in mg/L . . 123
56 Concentration of Priority Pollutant Metals in APCE
Aqueous Effluents in mg/L 125
57 Priority Pollutant Metal Leachate Concentration Data
Sets, in (mg/L/)/(mg/L) 127
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Under the amendments to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA) that were passed in 1985, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is
required to ban the land disposal of many hazardous wastes unless it can be
proved that such wastes can be safely disposed of to the land. Incineration
"has proved to be an effective method for the destruction of many hazardous
wastes. The Office of Solid Wastes and Emergency Response (OSWER) is
considering establishing the criterion that the achievement of residue
quality equivalent to that from effective incineration will be required
before a waste or residue will be allowed to be disposed of into the land.
EPA's Office of Research and Development (ORD) has characterized stack
gas emissions from hazardous waste incinerators under a previously conducted
field testing program to support OSWER's regulation development process.
This testing, conducted at eight full-scale operating incinerators, was
directed at assessing the incinerators' ability to achieve the required
destruction and removal efficiency (ORE) of 99.99 percent. Some analysis of
bottom ash, flyash, and scrubber discharge liquid was conducted. However, in
order to assist OSWER in establishing a standard for residue quality, there
existed a need to conduct more comprehensive chemical characterization of
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incinerator bottom and flyash at a greater number of hazardous waste
incineration facilities.
In addition to meeting a residue quality criterion to be established
by OSWER, facilities that treat, store, or dispose of hazardous waste (TSDFs)
will be subject to existing pretreatment discharge standards established by
the Office of Water (OW) or such standards as may be developed by OW in the
future. Therefore, there exists a need for comprehensive data on the
chemical characteristics of any wastewater that may be discharged from a
hazardous waste incineration facility.
The objective of this project was to provide EPA data on the
characteristics of both solid and liquid discharges from hazardous waste
incineration facilities. Samples were collected from 10 sites, and then
analyzed in the laboratory for volatiles, semivolatiles, and metals. This
report summarizes those findings.
1.2 SITE SELECTION
Acurex recommended to EPA candidate incineration facilities from which
samples could be procured during a site visit. Roughly 30 candidate
facilities were identified from lists of previously tested facilities, EPA's
database, RCRA notification and permit lists, and manufacturers' installation
lists. Not all candidate facilities participated in the sampling program due
to a combination of site availability, incinerator operational status, types
of waste being incinerated, and budget constraints.
During the site selection process, emphasis was placed on facilities
that incinerate solid waste, generate ash, use air pollution control devices,
and facilities which were previously tested for air emissions and thermal
destruction performance. A total of 10 sites were tested in this program
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comprising a broad range of hazardous waste incinerator design and current
operating practice. Table 1 summarizes the incinerator configurations
encountered.
Most operating hazardous waste incinerators use rotary kilns with liquid
injection; six of the ten facilities tested operate with rotary kilns. All
six rotary kiln sites also burned liquid wastes downstream of the rotary
combustor. Typically, smaller incinerator facilities use fixed hearth
designs. Three fixed hearth incinerators were tested in this program.
Typically, fluidized bed incinerators are not widely used in the industry.
Only one fluidized bed incinerator was tested in this program.
Most, but not all, operating hazardous waste incinerators quench ash
before discharge from the system. Since APCE using wet collection methods
predominates among incinerator sites, most additional ash is collected in
effluent water from a scrubber or wet ESP, With increased regulation of
effluent water disposal, however, it is possible for dry ash collection
systems to become more popular for future systems and retrofits. Air
pollution control equipment among the 10 tested facilities ranged from
uncontrolled to primarily wet controls. Excluding two sites with no control
devices, all sites had a quench system, a scrubber, and all but one used
recycled water with caustic or ammonia added for pH control. A couple of
sites with low pressure wet scrubbers also employed wet electrostatic
precipitatdrs.
The hazardous waste incinerators sampled for this study appear to be
representative of those found in the general population with one exception.
The two sites (with fixed hearth incinerators) that employed no active AfCE
may produce a nonrepresentative incinerator ash due to the lack of APCE.
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TABLE 1. HAZARDOUS WASTE INCINERATOR CONFIGURATIONS AND WASTE IDs
Site Ho.
Incinerator type
EPA Waste Identification
Incinerator ash quench
1
Rotary kiln
with secondary
combustor In
parallel with
a liquid
waste-fired
boiler
No. 0001
F001
F002
F003
F005
X
2
Rotary kiln
with secondary
combustor In
parallel with
a liquid
Injection
combustor
0001
0008
X
3
Rotary
kiln with
secondary
combustor
0001
F001
F002
F003
FOOS
X
4 5
Fluldlzed Fixed hearth
bed (2 separate
Incinerator Incineration
systems )
None 0001
F001
F002
F003
FOOS
6 7
Fixed Fixed
hearth hearth
with
secondary
combustor
0001 D001
F003 F001
FOOS F002
F003
FOOS
X
B
Rotary kiln
with
(secondary)
liquid
Injection
combustor.
Drums also
conveyed
through
combustor
0001 F001
0002 F002
0006 F003
D007 FOOS
D008 U002
0009
X
9
Rotary
kiln with
secondary
combustor
D001
F001
F002
FOOS
FOOS
X
(rotary kiln only)
10
Rotary
kiln with
secondary
combustor
D001
F001
F002
F003
FOOS
X
(But no ash
during
testing)
Secondary combustion
chamber with liquid
waste Injection
Hot gas cyclones
Quench
Scrubber * demister
Acid absorbers
Haste heat recovery boiler
Wet ESP't
No control device
(Constraints on fuel and
firing rates)
Selective material reburnlng
X
X
X
X
(liquid-waste fired)
X X
(drums and residue)
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Sites are identified throughout this report by number. After receiving
approval from EPA, the selected sites were contacted to obtain access for the
sampling program, determine site-specific sampling information, and determine
facility availability. All site visits and sampling were conducted during
September, October, and November 1985.
1.3 APPROACH
A generic sampling and analysis protocol was prepared that addressed all
liquid and solid input and output streams of a generic incineration facility.
This document was prepared in August 1985 and was issued under separate
cover. Sampling and analytical activities identified in this protocol
conformed to established EPA liquid and solid sampling and analysis
procedures, and were tailored to each facility on a site-specific basis.
Site-specific sampling details are discussed in Section 2.
Typically, samples were collected during a nominal 3- to 4-hour period
of incinerator operation. Composite samples for analysis were generally
produced in the field or laboratory by combining a series of grab samples
taken from each tested stream during the sampling period. Where appropriate,
the composites reflected the relative flowrates of the streams involved.
In general, sample containers consisted of Teflon-capped amber glass
jars. VOA vials with Teflon-lined lids were prepared in the field for
storing samples for volatile organic analyses. A portion of the collected
liquid samples was stored in a plastic bottle and preserved with nitric acid
for priority pollutant metals. Containers were filled essentially to
capacity, chilled, and tightly capped to prevent the loss of volatile
components. Table 2 summarizes the sample collection containers.
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TABLE 2. SAMPLE COLLECTION CONTAINERS*
Analysis Parameter
Container
Preservative
Liquids for:
Volatile organic compounds
Base neutral/acid organic
compounds
Priority pollutant metals
Solids and Sludges for:
Volatile organic compounds
Base neutral/acid organic
compounds
Leachable priority
pollutant metals
VOA vial (40 ml) with
Teflon-lined
Amber glass bottle
(2L) with Teflon-lined
lid
Plastic bottle (2L)
Amber glass wide-mouth
bottle (500 ml)
Amber glass wide-mouth
bottle (500 ml)
Amber glass wide-mouth
bottle (500 ml)
None
None
Nitric acid
None
None
None
aAll samples stored on ice
"No air space present in the VOA vials
Appropriate labels were affixed to the sample containers after
collection. The samples were then packed in ice and shipped to the Acurex
Chemistry Laboratory for analysis.
Laboratory analysis of the composite samples consisted of determining
volatile organic compounds, base/neutral and acid extractable organic
compounds (semivolatiles), plus priority pollutant metals (antimony, arsenic,
beryllium, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium,
silver, thallium, and zinc) by atomic adsorption in accordance with "Test
Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste," EPA publication SW-846, Second Edition,
revised April 1984. The solid residue samples were subjected to the EP II
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toxicity leaching procedure to generate an aqueous leachate which was
analyzed for priority pollutant metals. The solid residue samples were also
subjected to the draft Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP),
provided by EPA's Office of Solid Waste and dated December 20. 1985. The
TCLP generates a leachate which was analyzed by GC/MS for volatile organics,
base/neutral and acid extractable organics, and priority pollutant metals.
Additional POHCs beyond those normally sought were identified and quantified
for site no. 1, a site licensed to incinerate PCB contaminated materials.
All analytical methods are summarized in Table 3. Tables 4, 5, and 6 list
those specific compounds sought in the analyses. A summary of the samples
collected and analyses performed is shown in Table 7.
A project QA/QC plan, prepared in accordance with EPA's "Interim
Guidelines and Specification for Preparing Quality Assurance Project Plans,"
QAMS-005/80, December 29, 1980, was issued under separate cover in
November 1985. A summary of QA/QC results, including the results of a system
audit by EPA's QA contractor, is given in Appendix A.
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TABLE 3. ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
Analytical Method3
Measurement
Parameter
Volatile
organic priority
pollutants*5
Semi volatile
organic priority
'pollutants0
Priority
pollutant
metal sd
Sample Type
Solids, sludges,
and aqueous
liquids
Organic liquids
Solid discharges
Solids and sludges
Organic liquids
Aqueous liquids
Solid discharges
Solids
SI udges
Organic liquids
Aqueous liquids
Solid discharges
Samp! e
Workup
NA
Dilution
(if needed)
TCLP
3550
Dilution
(if needed)
3520
TCLP
followed by
3520 of
extract
3010 or 3020
3050
3030
NA
1310
TCLP
Sampl e
Introduction
5030
Di rect
injection
5030
(extract)
Di rect
injection
Di rect
injection
Direct
injection
Di rect
injection
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Analysis
8240
8240
8240
8270
8270
8270
8270
7000 series
7000 series
7000 series
7000 series
7000 series
7000 series
aAll method numbers refer to SW-846, second edition; NA denotes not applicable,
bSee Table 4 for specific compounds.
cSee Table 5 for specific compounds and" their detection limits.
dSee Table 6 for specific metals and their analytical methods.
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TABLE 4. VOLATILE ORGANICS SOUGHT IN GC/MS ANALYSIS AND THEIR
DETECTION LIMITS (ug/L)
Chlorinated aliphatlcs
Chloromethane 5
Methylene Chloride 3
Chloroform 4
Tetrachloromethane 3
Chloroethane 4
1,1-Dichloroethane 3
1,2-Dichloroethane 4
1,1,1-Trichloroethane 3
1,1,2-Trichloroethane 3
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 3
1,2-Dichloropropane 3
Vinyl chloride 4
1,1-Dichloroethylene 4
1,2-Dichloroethylene 4
Trichloroethylene 3
Tetrachloroethylene 3
- 1,3-Dichloropropene 2
Bromomethane 3
Bromodichloromethane 3
Dibromochloromethane 3
Brbmoform 3
Chlorinated ethers
2-Chloroethyl vinyl ether 2
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Benzene 3
Toluene 3
Ethyl benzene 3
Xylenes 3
Styrene 3
Chlorinated aromatics
Chlorobenzene 3
Others
Acetone 5
Carbon disulfide 4
2-Butanone 3
Vinyl acetate 3
2-Hexanone 4
4-methyl-2-pentanone 2
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TABLE 5. SEMIVOLATILE ORGANICS SOUGHT IN THE GC/MS ANALYSIS
AND THEIR DETECTION LIMITS (yg/L)
Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Ani1i ne
Anthracene
Benzidine
Benzo(a)anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Benzo(k)f1uoranthene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Benzole acid
Benzyl alcohol
Bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane
Bi s(2-chloroethyl)ether
Bis(2-chloroisopropyljether
Bi s(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
4-Bromophenyl phenyl ether
Butyl benzyl phthalate
4-Chloroaniline
p-Chloro-m-cresol
2-Chloronaphthalene
2-Chlorophenol
4-Chlorophenyl phenyl ether
Chrysene
Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene
Dibenzofuran
1,2-Di chlorobenzene
1,3-Di chlorobenzene
1,4-Di chlorobenzene
3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine
2,4-Dichlorophenol
Diethyl phthalate
2,4-Dimethylphenol
Dimethyl phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
3 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol 20
1 2,4-Dinitrophenol 20
8 2,4-Dinitrotoluene 10
1 2,6-Dinitrotoluene 5
20 Di-n-octyl phthalate 2
1 1,2-Diphenylhydrazine NA
1 (as azobenzene)
1 Fluoranthene 1
1 Fluorene 1
5 Hexachlorobenzene 2
20 Hexachlorobutadiene 4
6 Hexachlorocyclopentadiene 5
2 Hexachloroethane 3
2 Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene 5
3 Isophorone 1
5 2-Methylnaphthalene 3
3 2-Methylphenol 5
11 4-Methylphenol 5
3 Naphthalene 1
2 2-Nitroaniline 25
2 3-Nitroaniline 25
1 4-Nitroaniline 25
1 Nitrobenzene 1
1 2-Nitrophenol 5
1 4-Nitrophenol 20
1 N-m'trosodi-n-propylamine 5
1 N-nitrosodimethylamine NA
1 N-nitrosodiphenylamine 5
1 Pentachlorophenol 5
40 Phenanthrene 1
2 Phenol 4
2 Pyrene 1
4 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1
2 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol 5
2 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol 5
10
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TABLE 6. ANALYSIS METHOD FOR
METALS DETERMINATION
Metal Method3
Antimony 7041
Arsenic 7060
Beryllium 7090
Cadmium 7130
Chromium 7190
Copper 7210
Lead 7240
Mercury 7470, 7471
Nickel 7520
Selenium 7740
Silver 7760
Thallium 7840
Zinc 7950
aMethod numbers refer to
SW-846, second edition.
11
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TABLE 7. SUMMARY OF SAMPLES COLLECTED AND ANALYSES PERFORMED FOR
10 HAZARDOUS WASTE INCINERATION FACILITIES
Analyses
Stream description
Priority
pollutant
Site numbers Volatlles Semlvolatlles metals
EP II
procedure
Draft
TCLP
PCB
Identity*
Input Streams
APCE aqueous supply
Aqueous or low-Btu waste
Coating waste solIds
Chloroprene catalyst sludge
CS tear gas powder
DCB coke solids
Drum feed liquids
Drum feed solids
Lacquer chips
Lacquered cardboard waste
Latex coagulum solids
Liquid Injected waste fuels
PCB-contamlnated dirt
PCB liquid waste
Unused automotive paint
Vacuum filter solids
Output Streams
APCE aqueous effluent
Boiler tube soot blowdown
Cyclone ash
Incinerator bottom ash
Waste water treatment facility
discharge water
Rotary kiln ash
Stack condensate
8 X
1 and 5 X
7 X
2 X
4 X
2 X
3 X
3 and 9 X
6 X
5 X
7 X
1, 3, 5 to 10 X
1 X
1 X
2 X
2 X
1 to 4, 7 to 10 X
3 X
1 and 4 X
5 to 8 X
1 to 3, 8, 9
4
•Site 1 only.
APCE • A1r pollution control equipment
CS • 0-chlorobenzelmalonltrlle
TCB • l,4-D1ch!orobutene-2
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SECTION 2
RESULTS
The results presented here are organized by site. For each site a
process schematic is included. This schematic shows at a glance which
process streams were sampled (those with numbers only). Process operating
conditions and flowrates during the test period are also summarized. A
sample summary table showing the streams sampled, sample date, RCRA
Identification numbers, and analyses performed is given for each site. The
analytical results are organized by type of analysis: volatile, metals, etc.
Both concentrations and mass flowrates are reported. Residual flowrates are
based on the estimated overall process rates at each site. If a particular
volatile or semivolatile pollutant is not listed in the analytical results
tables, then that compound was not detected (at the nominal detection limits)
in any of the samples. The nominal detection limits reported for volatile
and semivolatile analyses are the average of the individual pollutant
detection limits for a given sample.
Selenium and thallium data at all sites should be considered suspect,
owing to the fact that the QA/QC checks for these two metals did not meet the
QA objectives (see Appendix A).
13
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2.1 SITE 1
2.1.1 Facility Description
The incinerator design features both a liquid injection waste-fired
boiler and a rotary kiln incinerator with an afterburner. The gas stream
from the two incinerators is combined and passes through a gas scrubber and
the exhaust stack. A flow schematic of the system is shown in Figure 1.
Solid wastes, including PCB-contanrinated ballast, capacitors, and dirt,
can be received and reduced in size by a totally enclosed shredder, if
required, and augered into a 7-ft diameter by 34-ft long rotary kiln. The
ash discharged from the kiln drops onto a water-submerged conveyor and is
emptied into a 55-gal drum. The hot combustion gases from the kiln flow into
a hot cyclone for particulate removal.
Off gases from the hot cyclone flow into an afterburner, or thermal
oxidation unit, consisting of primary and secondary combustion units, and are
quenched and cleaned in a venturi scrubber before being passed through a
demister and out the stack.
Ash discharged from the kiln and hot cyclone is disposed of in a
hazardous waste landfill. Scrubber water is recycled directly out of the
demister and from the lagoon.
2.1.2 Operating and Sampling Information
The following operating information was collected for this site:
• Dates of site visit: September 16 and 17, 1985
• Process observations:
— Ash from the rotary kiln and hot cyclone is disposed of at an
offsite hazardous waste landfill
— Scrubber effluent disposed of in an onsite lagoon
14
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Figure 1. Site 1 Incinerator schematic.
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« Process conditions:
— Kiln exit temperature during test 1950 to 2250°F
-- Hot cyclone temperature of 2000 to 2300°F
— Scrubber liquid temperature of 190 to 205°F
• Estimated influent and effluent flows during test:
— Aqueous waste water flow 53 Ib/min
— PCB liquid flow 81 Ib/min
— Kiln solids (dirt) feedrate 53 Ib/min
— Kiln ash collected in fifty 55-gal drums per day
— Cyclone ash collected in seven 55-gal drums per day
— Scrubber effluent generation rate 100 gal/min
A summary of all samples collected at this site and the analyses performed is
presented in Table 8.
2.1.3 Analytical Results
Volatile Organics
As shown in Table 9, the volatile organics in the influent streams all
appear to be commonly used industrial solvents, with 1,1,1-trichloroethane
and tetrachloroethylene the principal chlorinated compounds and toluene and
xylenes the principal nonchlorinated compounds.
The volatile organic concentrations discharged in the kiln ash, stream
no. 4, and scrubber effluent, stream no. 7, were all less than 1 mg/kg of ash
and 5 mg/L of scrubber effluent except for 34 mg/kg of 2-Butanone (also known
as MEK or methyl ethyl ketone) detected in the kiln ash.
16
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TABLE 8. SITE 1 PROCESS STREAM SAMPLES
Stream
number
Stream name
Sample
ID
number
EPA ID
numbers
Sampling
date
Analyses
performed3
Comments
1 PCB liquid waste
1 PCB liquid waste
3 Liquid waste
(fired 1n boiler)
902425 Not RCRA 9/17/85 2,PCB
902426 Not RCRA 9/17/85 2, PCB
902427 t> 9/17/85
Combined with 902426 and 902428
Combined with 902425 and 902428
1
1
1
5
4
2
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
1
6
PCB liquid waste
PCB liquid waste
PCB liquid waste
Cyclone ash
Kiln ash
Dirt
Aqueous waste
Aqueous waste
Aqueous waste
Aqueous waste
Scrubber effluent
Scrubber effluent
Scrubber effluent
Scrubber effluent
PCB liquid waste
Aqueous waste
902428
902429
902430
902431
902432
902434
902435
902436
902437
902438
902439
902440
902441
902442
902443
902444
Not
Not
Not
Not
c
c
c
c
Not
c
RCRA
RCRA
RCRA
RCRA
RCRA
9/17/85
9/17/85
9/17/85
9/17/85
9/17/85
9/17/85
9/17/85
9/17/85
9/17/85
9/17/85
9/17/85
9/17/85
9/17/85
9/17/85
9/17/85
9/17/85
2, PCB Combined with 902425 and 902426
3
1.2,3,
4, 5, PCB
1,2,3
2
3
1
3
2, PCB
1
1
1
aKey: 1 » Volatile analyses.
2 • Semi volatile and base neutral add analyses.
3 • Thirteen priority pollutant metals.
4 » EP Tox1c1ty extraction procedure followed by analysis 3.
5 - TCLP followed by analyses 1, 2, and 3.
bD001, F001, F002, F003, F005. '
cwater decanted from EPA RCRA wastes 0001, F001, F002, F003, F005.
17
-------
TABLE 9. SITE 1 VOLATILE ORGANICS
CD
Stream number
Stream description
Stream flowrate In kg/s
Sample number
1
PCB liquid waste
0.61
902443
Concen-
tration Rate
In In
mg/L mg/s
Input
6
Aqueous waste
0.4
902438
Concen-
tration Rate
In In
mg/L mg/s
Total
Input
2
RGB-contaminated
dirt
0.4
902434
Concen-
tration Rate Rate
In 1n In
mg/kg mg/s mg/s
Output
4
K11n ash
0.19
902432
Concen-
tration Rate
In In
mg/kg mg/s
7
Scrubber
effluent
6.3
902442
Concen-
tration Rate
In 1n
mg/L mg/s
Total
output TCLP
4
K1ln ash
902432
Concen-
Rate tratlon
In In
mg/s ug/L
Detection Limit Factor'
Priority Pollutants
Methyl ene chloride
1.1-Dlchloroethene
1 , 1-Dt chl oroet hane
Chloroform
1,2-01 chl oroethane
1,1.1-Trlchloroethane
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Trlchloroethene
1,1 ,2-Trl chl oroethane
Benzene
Tet rachl oroethene
Toluene
Chlorobenzene
Ethyl benzene
All other priority
pollutants
Nonprlorlty Pollutants
Acetone
2-Butanone
4-Methyl -2-pentanone
Total xylenes
1500
40
NO
ND
NO
8800
190
730
250
220
3400
1200
290
380
ND
420
240
910
1800
910
24
<3
<3
<3
5400
120
440
150
130
2100
730
180
230
<3
260
150
550
1100
ND
32
18
47
1800
ND
ND
16
130
ND
ND
12
ND
ND
ND
980
290
140
ND
<2
13
7
19
720
<2
<2
6
52
<2
<2
5
<2
<2
<2
390
120
56
<2
22
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
NO
ND
ND
ND
4
3
ND
ND
ND
36
ND
15
ND
88
<0.4
<0.4
<0.4
<0.4
<0.4
<0.4
<0.4
<0.4
<0.4
1.6
1.2
<0.4
<0.4
<0.4
14
<0.4
6
<0.4
920
38
<11
<22
720
5400
120
450
200
130
2100
740
180
230
<5
660
260
620
1100
ND
ND
ND
NO
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
34
ND
ND
<0.2
<0.2
<0.2
<0.2
<0.2
<0.2
<0.2
<0.2
<0.2
<0.2
<0.2
<0.2
<0.2
<0.2
<0.2
<0.2
6.6
<0.2
<0.2
ND
ND
HP
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<40
<30
<30
20
ND
ND
3
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
2
ND
6
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
"To obtain actual detection limits, multiply this factor times the Individual detection limit values In Table 4 and retain units
from this table. Note: all less than values should be multiplied by detection limit In Table 4.
-------
The volatile organics detected in the TCLP leachate included methylene
chloride (20 yg/L), chloroform (3 yg/L), benzene (2 yg/L), and toluene
(6 yg/L).
Semi volatile Organics
As shown in Table 10, the quantity of semi volatile organics predominates
in the PCB liquid waste primarily due to 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene with a
concentration of about 60 parts per thousand. Aqueous waste, stream no. 6,
contains semivolatile organics in concentrations less than 20 ppm by weight.
Only one semivolatile organic, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, was detected in
the PCB-contaminated dirt at a concentration of 720 yg/kg (or less than 1 ppm
by weight). Phthalates in concentrations of less than 1 ppm are normally
considered as a contaminant from plasticizers in the laboratory and in the
field.
The outlet semivolatile organics in the kiln ash, stream no. 4, and
scrubber effluent, stream no. 7, were all less than the nominal detection
level of 100 yg/kg (0.1 ppm by weight) and 10 yg/L (0.01 ppm by weight),
.respectively, except for bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate detected at 12 yg/L in
scrubber effluent. These values are generally indicative of a high
destruction efficiency incinerator.
Only one semivolatile organic, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate at 56 yg/L,
was detected in the TCLP leachate at a concentration of greater than 2 yg/L.
19
-------
TABLE 10. SITE 1 SEMIVOLATILE OR6ANICS
ro
o
Input
Stream number
Stream description
Stream flowrate In kg/s
Sample number
Detection Limit Factor*
Priority Pollutants
1 , 2 ,4-TH chl orobenzene
Hexachloroethane
B1s(2-ch1oroethyl) ether
1.2-Dlchlorobenzene
1.3-D1 chl orobenzene
1,4-01 chl orobenzene
Hexachl orobUt adl ene
Isophorone
Naphthalene
Phenol
B1 s ( 2-ethy 1 hexyl ) phthal ate
BenZyl butyl phthal ate
Dl-n-butyl phthal ate
Phenanthrene
All other priority
pollutants
NonprloMty pollutants
2-Methyl phenol
4-Methyl phenol
2-Methylnaphthalene
Benzyl alcohol
Dlbenzofuran
1
PCB liquid
waste
0.61
902425. 26. 28
Concen-
tration
In
mg/L
20
58.000
270
ND
1.100
230
1.200
210
ND
340
240
200
290
170
78
ND
ND
ND
940
ND
32
Rate
In
mg/s
35.000
160
<10
670
140
730
130
<10
210
150
120
180
100
50
<10
<10
<10
570
<10
20
6
Aqueous
0.4
902435
Concen-
tration
In
mg/L
0.6
4.3
NO
11
1.7
ND
ND
1.7
13
0.66
ND
0.72
ND
ND
NO
ND
17,000
4.600
ND
4,400
ND
waste
Rate
1n
mg/s
1.7
<0.2
4.4
0.7
<0.2
<0.2
0.7
5.2
0.3
<0.2
0.3
<0.2
<0.2
<0.2
<0.2
6.8
1.8
<0.2
1.8
<0.2
2
PCB-contamlnated
dirt
0.4
902434
Concen-
tration Rate
In In
mg/kg mg/s
0.2
ND <0.1
ND <0.1
ND <0.1
ND <0.1
ND <0.1
ND <0.1
ND <0.1
ND <0.
ND <0.
ND <0.
0.28 0.
ND <0.
ND <0.
ND <0.
ND <0.
ND <0.1
ND <0.1
ND <0.1
ND <0.1
ND <0.1
Total
Input
Total
Output output
4
Kiln ash
0.19
902432
Rate
In
mg/s
35,000
160
<17
670
140
730
130
<17
210
150
120
180
100
50
<12
<19
<14
570
<14
20
Concen-
tration
In
mg/kg
0.1
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
NO
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Rate
In
mg/s
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
7
Scrubber
effluent
6.3
902441
Concen-
tration Rate Rate
In In In
mg/L mg/s mg/s
0.01
ND <0. <0.1
ND <0. <0.1
ND <0. <0.1
ND <0. <0.1
ND <0. <0.1
ND <0. <0.1
ND <0.1 <0.1
ND <0.1 <0.1
ND <0.1 <0.1
ND <0. <0.1
0.012 0. 0.1
ND <0. <0.1
ND <0. <0.1
ND <0. <0.1
ND <0. <0.1
ND <0.1 <0.1
ND <0.1 <0.1
ND <0.1 <0.1
ND <0.1 <0.1
ND <0.1 <0.1
TCLP
4
Kiln ash
902432
Concen-
tration
In
Mg/L
2
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
NO
56
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
•To obtain actual detection limits, multiply this factor times the Individual detection limit values In Table 5 and retain units from
this table. Note: all less than values should be multiplied by corresponding detection limits In Table 5.
-------
Priority Pollutant Metals
The input waste and output streams were all analyzed for the 13 priority
pollutant metals (see Table 11). Unlike organics, the priority pollutant
metals present in the input waste streams should be present in an equal mass
quantity in the combined output streams (including exhaust gas). Most of the
output should be in the kiln ash, stream no. 4, and the scrubber effluent
stream no. 7. Ideally, a metals mass balance could be constructed to account
for all priority pollutant input metals within a few percent.
The three input streams, PCB liquid waste, aqueous waste, and
PCB-contaminated dirt, did not contain detectable levels (at 1 mg/L,
0.01 mg/L, and 1 mg/kg, respectively) of antimony, beryllium, selenium,
stiver, and thallium, and of mercury at a factor of 20 less. The two output
streams, kiln ash and scrubber effluent, did not contain detectable levels of
beryllium and thallium at an ash detection level of 1 mg/kg and an effluent
detection limit of 0.01 mg/L.
The scrubber effluent is recycled, and so experiences a build-up of the
13 priority pollutant metals. Cadmium, chromium, and lead all exceed the EP
toxicity limits. Lead is present in a concentration of more than 100 times
the allowable EP toxicity concentration.
21
-------
TABLE 1.1. SITE 1 PRIORITY POLLUTANT METALS
Toxlclty
Input
Stream number
Stream description
Stream flowrate
In g/s
Sample number
Priority tollutant
ro Metals
ro
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
1
PCB liquid
waste
610
902429
Concen-
tration
In
mg/L
<1
3
<1
<2
<1
150
<1
<0.05
<2
<1
<1
<1
17
Rate
In
mg/s
<0.6
1.8
<0.6
<1.2
<0.6
91
<0.6
<0.0
<1.2
<0.6
<0.6
<0.6
10.0
6
Aqueous waste
400
902437
Concen-
tration
In
mg/L
<0.01
0.11
<0.01
0.24
1.9
40
1.5
<0.005
1.9
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
39
Rate
In
mg/s
<0.004
0.044
<0.004
0.096
0.76
16
0.60
<0. 002
0.76
<0.004
<0.004
<0.004
16
Total
Input
2
PCB -contaminated
dirt
400
902434
Concen-
tration
In
ng/kg
<1
4
<1
<2
26
28
50
<0.05
<2
<1
<1
<1
180
Rate
In
mg/s
0.4
1.6
<0.4
<0.8
10
11
20
<0.02
<0.8
<0.4
<0.4
<0.4
72
Rate
In
mg/s
<1
3.5
<1
<2.1
12
120
21
<0.05
<2.8
<1
<1
<1
98
Output
4
Kiln ash
190
902432
Concen-
tration
In
mg/kg
2
4
<1
<2
120
6900
220
<0.05
190
<1
11
<1
160
Rate
In
mg/s
0.39
0.77
0.19
0.39
23
300
42
<0.01
37
<0.19
2.1
<0. 19
31
7
Scrubber
6300
902440
Concen-
tration
In
mg^
0.1
0.2
<0.01
3.5«
lib
550
860C
0.06
<0.02
0.09
<0.01
<0.01
950
effluent
Rate
In
mg/s
0.6
1.3
<0.1
22
69
3500
5400
0.4
0.1
0.6
<0.1
<0.1
6000
Total
output
Rate
1n
mg/s
1
2
<0.3
22
92
4800
5500
0.4
37
-------
The kiln ash, stream no. 4, was subjected to two different leaching
procedures, EP toxicity leaching procedure and Toxicity Characteristic
Leaching Procedure (TCLP), to produce a leachate approximating that produced
in a landfill. Neither of the leachates had component concentrations
exceeding EP toxicity limits. The TCLP leachate concentration of lead,
copper, chromium, and zinc was 1.5 to 3 times the concentration of the EP
toxicity leachate. The EP toxicity leachate concentration for arsenic was at
least 20 times greater than the TCLP leachate concentration. The nickel
concentration for the two leachates was nearly the same while all others
were indeterminate due to one or both concentrations being less than
detectable limits.
'PCBs
Table 12 presents the PCB analyses. Since the PCB-contaminated dirt was
only slightly contaminated, a decision was made to analyze only the PCB
liquid waste, kiln ash, and scrubber effluent for PCBs. The two PCB species
detected were PCB-1242 and PCB-1260. Total concentration of the PCB
contaminated waste is just over 12 percent by weight (and is obviously a
transformer oil). PCB-1242 was detected in the kiln ash at 1400 ppb by
weight and in the scrubber effluent at 44 ppb by weight. PCB-1260 was only
detected in the scrubber effluent at a concentration of 105 ppb by weight.
2.2 SITE 2
2.2.1 Facility Description
The incinerator design features both a single-stage liquid injection
incinerator and a rotary kiln incinerator with a natural gas fired
afterburner. Each of the two incinerators has a water quench system and a
cyclone which acts to remove particulate matter and droplets entrained in the
23
-------
TABLE 12. SITE 1 PCBs
Input
Stream number
Stream description
Sample number
1
PCB li
902425
quid waste
, 26, 28
Concen-
tration Rate
in in
mg/L m g/s
PCB Species
1242
1260
35,000
90,000
21,000
55,000
Output
4
Kiln ash
902432
Concen-
tration Rate
in in
mg/kg mg/s
1.4 0.3
NO <0.01
7
Scrubber
effluent
902441
Concen-
tration Rate
in in
mg/L mg/s
0.044 0.3
0.105 0.7
Total
output
Rate
in
mg/s
0.5
0.7
24
-------
exhaust gas. After exiting the cyclones, the gas streams combine and pass
through a common absorber system, ID fan, and stack (see Figure 2).
During our visit, a liquid chloroprene catalyst sludge was fed
continuously to both the liquid injection incinerator and the rotary kiln
from waste feed storage tanks. The rotary kiln incinerator was also
intermittently fed solid waste composed of DCB coke waste, vacuum filter
cakewaste, and waste paint. These solid wastes were fed to the kiln in
drums. The residence time of the solids in the kiln typically ranges from
1 to 4 hr. Ash is removed from the kiln by a water sluice system and pumped
into a clarifier.
The common absorber system is a three-stage scrubber system for HC1
removal. Inflow water is fed into the third stage of the scrubber, the
quench, and the kiln ash sluice system. Part of the effluent from the
third stage is recirculated to the second stage, and the effluent from the
second stage is recirculated to the first stage. The effluent from the
scrubber system is combined with effluent from the quench and clarifier
before being discharged to a neutralizer unit in another part of the plant.
2.2.2 Operating and Sampling Information
The following operating information was collected for this site:
• Dates of site visit: September 19 and 20, 1985
• Process observations:
-- Incinerator ash classified as EPA 0008 and disposed of in an
offsite hazardous waste landfill
— Clarifier blowdown processed at onsite waste water treatment
facility prior to deep well injection
25
-------
ro
en
From Clurifior
1) Liquid Feed
Liquid Waste
Incineralof
Afterburner
Drum Feed
L»~ Ash Slurry *- To Clarifier
To Clarificr
Figure 2. Site 2 Incinerator schematic.
-------
-- Make-up water is chlorinated process water from onsite power
facilities
-- System rated at 40 million Btu/hr:
• Rotary kiln — 11 million Btu/hr
• Afterburner — 3 million Btu/hr
• Liquid injection incinerator -- 26 million Btu/hr
• Process conditions:
— Kiln temperature 800°C with 750° to 800°C outlet
-- Afterburner temperature range 967° to 1000°C
-- Liquid injection incinerator temperatue 1000°C
-- Venturi scrubbers operated at 160-in. water column differential
pressure
-- System exhaust 5- to 13-percent oxygen
• Estimated influent and effluent flows during test:
— CD cat sludge liquid injection 500 Ib/hr
-- Automotive paint 60 Ib/hr
— DCB coke solids 1,200 Ib/hr
— Vacuum filter solids 1,200 Ib/hr
— Kiln ash at sluice 50 Ib/hr
-- Scrubber effluent 1,100 gal/min
— Clarifier blowdown 15,000 Ib/hr
A summary of all samples collected at this site and the analyses performed is
presented in Table 13.
27
-------
TABLE 13. SITE 2 PROCESS STREAM SAMPLES
Stream
number
4
4
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
4
4'
1
1
1
Stream
First stage
First stage
First stage
description
scrubber
scrubber
scrubber
First stage scrubber
Tank farm nltrlle
Chloroprene
Chloroprene
Chloroprene
Chi oroprene
catalyst
catalyst
catalyst
catalyst
effluent
effluent
effluent
effluent
sludge
sludge
sludge
sludge
DCB coke solids
Vacuum filter solids
Automotl ve
Kiln ash at
First stage
First stage
Chloroprene
Chloroprene
Chloroprene
paint
sluice
scrubber
scrubber
catalyst
catalyst
catalyst
effluent
effluent
sludge
si udge
sludge
Sample
ID
number
902447
902448
902449
902450
902452
902453
902454
902455
902456
902457
902458
902459
902460
902461
902462
902463
902464
EPA
10
number
D001
0001
D001
D001
0001
0001
0001
0008
D001
0001
0001
Sampling
date
9/20/85
9/20/85
9/20/85
9/20/85
9/20/85
9/20/85
9/20/85
9/20/85
9/20/85
9/20/85
9/20/85
9/20/85
9/20/85
9/20/85
9/20/85
9/20/85
9/20/85
Analyses
performed3
2
1
1
2
1,2.3
1.2,3
1,2.3
1.2.3.4.5
3
1
3
1
Comments
Combined with 902450 and 902461
Combined with 902448 and 902461
Not sampled at site's request
From d1 chl orobutene snythesls
Unused but requiring disposal
Combined with 902448 and 902450
•fey: 1 • Volatile analyses.
2 • Semi volatile and base neutral add analyses.
3 » Thirteen priority pollutant metals.
4 • EP Tox1c1ty extraction procedure followed by analysis 3.
5 - TCLP followed by analyses 1. 2. and 3.
28
-------
2.2.3 Analytical Results
Volatile Organics
As shown in Table 14, volatile organics detected in the automotive paint
(stream no. 2) totaled about 264 g/L or approximately 26 percent by weight of
the paint. Toluene accounted for about 7 percent of the paint. Toluene was
also detected In the filter solids at a concentration of about 1 percent.
Both liquid and solid input streams at this site were complex organic
matrices preventing the identification of compounds having concentration less
than 0.01 percent by weight.
The outlet volatile organic concentrations in the kiln ash, stream
no. 3. and the scrubber effluent, stream no. 4, were all less than 0.1 g/kg
(100 ppm by weight) and 50 yg/L (50 ppb by weight), respectively, except that
chloroform was detected in the scrubber effluent at 4100 yg/L. Since the
scrubber water is chlorinated, it is very likely that the chloroform is
associated with chlorinating the water and not the hazardous waste
incinerator.
Twelve volatile organics were detected in the TCLP leachate at
concentrations ranging from a 3 yg/L for benzene and dichloroethane to
1700 yg/L for toluene. (Again, these organics were not detected in the ash
sample at the detection limit of 100 ppm by weight.)
Semi volatile Organics
Inlet streams contained the expected amount of semi volatile compounds,
as shown in Table 15. The wet kiln ash contained seven detected semivolatile
organics in concentrations ranging from 200 to 610 yg/kg. Pyrene,
fluoranthene, phenanthrene, phenol, and benzo(t>)fluoranthene were not
detected in the input streams, and are thus likely to be products of
29
-------
TABLE 14. SITE 2 VOLATILE ORGANICS
Input
Stream number
Stream description
Stream flowrate In kg/s
Sample number
1
Chloroprene
catalyst sludge
0.063
902463
Concen-
tration Rate
In In
mg/kg mg/s
2
Automotive
paint
0.0076
9024 SB
Concen-
tration Rate
In In
mg/L mg/s
2
OCR coke
solids
0.1S
902456
Concen-
tration Rate
In In
mg/kg mg/s
2
Vacuum filter
solids
0.15
902457
Concen-
tration Rate
In 1n
mg/kg mg/s
Total
Input Output
3
Kiln ash at
sluice
0.0063
902459
Coneen-
Rate t rat Ion Rate
In In In
mg/s mg/kg mg/s
4
Scrubber
effluent
69
902448, 50, 61
Concen-
tration Rate
In 1n
mg/L mg/s
Total
output TCLC
3
Kiln ash
at sluice
902459
Concen-
Rate trail on
In (n
mg/s ug/L
Detection Limit Factor*
100
100
100
100
100
0.050
CO
o
priority Pollutants
Methylen* chloride HD <6 NO
Chloroform ND <6 NO
1,2-Dlchloroethane NO <6 NO
TMchloroethene NO <6 ND
Benten« NO <6 NO
tetfachloroethene NO <6 ND
tolUenc ND <6 73,000
Ethyl benzene ND <6 14,000
All other priority NO <6 ND
pollutants
Nonprlorlty Pollutants
520
110
<1
NO
NO
HO
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
NO
<15
<15
<15
<15
<15
<15
<15
<15
<15
ND
ND
NO
ND
HD
ND
<37
O7
07
07
<37
O7
9,700 1,500 2.000
ND <15 <140
NO <1S O7
ND
NO
ND
NO
ND
ND
NO
NO
ND
ND
4.1
ND
NO
ND
ND
NO
ND
ND
<3,500
200,000
<3,500
<3,500
<3,500
<3,500
0*500
<3.500
o,5oo
<3.500
280,000
<3,500
<3,500
<3,500
<3,500
<3.5no
<3,5no
<3,500
14
4
3
7
3
6
170(1
25
NT)
Acetone
4-Hethyl -2-pentanone
2-Butanone
Total wlenes
ND
ND
ND
NO
<6
<6
<6
<6
95,000
ND
42,000
40,000
720
<1
320
300
ND <1<
ND <1!
ND <1<
ND <1!
i ND
> ND
i ND
i 500
<15 <75
<15 O7
<15 <3S
76 <40
NO <
ND <
ND <
ND <
1 ND
1 ND
1 ND
1 ND
0,500
0.500
0,500
O.SOO
O.500
O.500
0.500
0,500
590
47
280
80
•To obtain actual detection limits, multiply this factor times the Individual detection Unit values In Table 4 and retain units from this tahle.
Note: all less than values should be multiplied by corresponding detection limits In Table 4.
-------
TABLE 15. SITE 2 SEMIVOLATILE ORGANICS
Input
Stream number
Stream description
Stream flowrate In kg/s
Sample number
Detection Limit Factor*
Priority Pollutants
Acenaphthene
1 ,2 ,4-Trl chlorobenzene
1 ,2-DI chlorobenzene
2,4-Dlnltrotoluene
Fluoranthene
Naphthalene
N-nl trosodt phenyl ami ne
Phenol
Bts(2-ethy1hexy1 )phthalate
Benzyl butyl phthalate
Dl-n-butyl phthalate
Benzo(a)anthracene
Benzo(b ) f 1 uoranthene
Chrysene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Pyrene
All other priority
pollutants
NdnpHorlty Pollutants
Benzole acid
4-Methyl phenol
2-Hethylnaphthalene
Benzyl alcohol
1
Chloroprene
catalyst sludge
0.063
902452
Concen-
tration
1n
"9/kg
4
ND
NO
ND
NO
ND
NO
1800
ND
ND
NO
ND
210
ND
ND
NO
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
NO
200
Rate
1n
mg/s
<0.3
<0.3
<0.3
<0.3
<0.3
<0.3
1100
<0.3
<0.3
<0.3
<0.3
130
<0.3
<0.3
<0.3
<0.3
<0.3
<0.3
<0.3
<0.3
<0.3
130
2
Automotive
paint
0.0076
902458
Concen-
tration
In
mg/L
20
NO
NO
NO
NO
ND
1.000
ND
ND
520
NO
NO
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
NO
ND
Rate
In
mg/s
<0.2
<0.2
-------
incomplete combustion or were introduced with the quench water. The other
two detected semivolatiles were present in the input waste streams. The
scrubber effluent contained only two detected semi volatile organics, phenol
and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, each at approximately 30 ug/L. These two
were also detected in the kiln ash sample.
Only bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate was detected in the kiln ash leachate
from the TCLP. Frequently, the presence of bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate is
associated with contamination but, in this case, it was in the automotive
paint at a relatively high concentration (0.05 percent), and therefore may
not have been completely destroyed.
Priority Pollutant Metals
Table 16 presents the results of the analyses for priority pollutant
metals. Antimony, arsenic, beryllium, and cadmium were generally not
detected in the input streams and were in low concentrations or not detected
in the output streams as well. The vacuum filter solids had relatively high
levels of nickel, zinc, copper, lead, chromium, and mercury. Measurable
levels of selenium, lead, silver, and mercury were also found in the other
three input streams.
Output concentrations, as expected, were highest in the kiln ash ranging
from 640 mg/kg for zinc to 7300 mg/kg for nickel. Lower concentration metals
such as lead (100 mg/kg), mercury (2.2 mg/kg), silver (8 mg/kg), and selenium
(6 mg/kg) exceed EP leachate toxicity limits. With the exception of nickel,
present at a concentration of 23 my/L, the sludge was found to be essentially
void of priority pollutant metals.
The EP and TCLP leachates from ttie kiln ash generally have metal
concentrations less than detection limits (nominally 0.01 mg/L, but as low as
32
-------
TABLE 16. SITE 2 PRIORITY POLlAjTANT METALS
to
co
Toxlclty
Input
Stream lumber
Stream description
Stream flowrate
In kg/s
Sample number
Priority Pollutant
hetals
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
1
Chloroprene
catalyst sludge
0.063
902462
Concen-
tration
1n
mg/kg
<0.01
-------
0.001 mg/L for mercury), and agree to within 15 percent. Three exceptions
include copper, selenium, and silver.
2.3 SITE 3
2.3,1 Facility Description
This two-level facility includes a large materials handling building,
tank farm for liquid waste storage, specially designed feed system for 55-gal
drums, rotary kiln, mixing chamber, secondary combustion chamber, extensive
air and water pollution control, a 200-ft discharge stack, and necessary
accessory equipment. A schematic of this facility is shown in Figure 3.
Although tank truck unloading is provided, most of the industrial wastes
are hauled to the materials handling building in well-labeled 55-gal drums.
•After sorting, liquid wastes are pumped through pipes to the tank farm;
nonpumpable wastes (oily rags, sludges, etc.) are fed directly into the kiln
by a semiautomatic feed system that recovers the drum if possible.
Otherwise, drum and contents are dropped into the kiln.
A burner in the slowly rotating kiln burns liquid wastes pumped from the
tank farm. The minimum temperature is 2000°F. Burned out drums and ash drop
from the kiln into a water quench chamber and are carried on a conveyor to
trucks that take the residue to a storage area. The iron in the residue,
which is from the steel drums, is picked up with a magnet and recycled like
scrap metal.
Gas and smoke flow from the kiln through a mixing chamber and into a
secondary combustion chamber to complete the burning process. The resulting
gas stream then enters the air pollution control system that includes a
series of water sprays that cool and clean the gas stream with up to 1400 gal
of water per minute.
34
-------
rutSH HMCI
ITAH MS
M.I rcn
Ol
DISPOSAL
Figure 3. Site 3 Incinerator schematic.
-------
A 500-hp fan draws the gas stream through the air pollution control
train and forces it up the 200-ft stack. Meanwhile, dirty water from the air
pollution control system is neutralized with lime and pumped to the onsite
wastewater treatment facility. The wastewater sludge is hauled to a secure
landfill because it contains small amounts of heavy metals.
This facility operates 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, except for about
four 10-day shutdown periods each year for maintenance. Only the waste
produced by the corporation is processed at this facility.
2.3.2 Operating and Sampling Information
The following operating information was collected for this site:
• Dates of site visit: September 23 and 24, 1985
• Process conditions:
— Stack gas 03 concentration 14 percent on a wet basis
— Stack gas C02 concentration 5 percent on a wet basis
• Estimated influent and effluent flows during test:
i
— APCE effluent flow 2 million gal/day
— Wastewater treatment facility generates 4 wet tons of
sludge/day
— Ash generation rate of 5 tons/day
— Average system capacity is 90 million Btu/hr and 500 drums/day
A summary of all samples collected at this site and the analyses performed is
presented in Table 17.
36
-------
TABLE 17. SITE 3 PROCESS STREAM SAMPLES
Stream
number
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
3
4
£
5
5
5
5
5
Stream description
Drum feed (solids)
Liquid waste fuel
Liquid waste fuel
Liquid waste fuel
Liquid waste fuel
Liquid waste fuel
Drum feed (liquid)
Liquid waste fuel
Mln ash from drag conveyor
Boiler tube soot blowdown
Belt filter cake
APCE effluent water
APCE effluent water
APCE effluent water
APCE effluent water
APCE effluent water
Sample EPA
ID ID
number number
902466 D001
902467 b
902468 b
902469 b
902470 b
902472 b
902475 D001
902478 b
902479
902481
902482
902483
902484
902485
902486
902487
Sampling
date
9/24/85
9/24/85
9/24/85
9/24/85
9/24/85
9/24/85
9/24/85
9/24/85
9/24/85
9/24/85
9/24/85
9/24/85
9/24/85
9/24/85
9/24/85
9/24/85
Analyses
performed3 Comments
1,2.3
2,3 Combined with 902467,
68. 69. 70
2.3 Combined with 902467,
68, 69, 70
2,3 Combined with 902467.
68, 69, 70
2.3 Combined with 902467,
68, 69, 70
1
1,2,3.4,5
1,2,3,4,5
1,2.3,4.5
2
3
1 Combined with 902487
1 Combined with 902486
"Key: 1 » Volatile analyses.
2 « Semi volatile and base neutral add analyses.
3 - Thirteen priority pollutant metals.
4 - EP Toxiclty extraction procedure followed by analysis 3.
5 - TCLP followed by analyses 1, 2, and 3.
bEPA ID Numbers D001. F001. F002. F003, F005
37
-------
2.3.3 Analytical Results
Volatile Organics
As shown in Table 18, the liquid waste fuel, stream no. 2, contained
high levels of volatile organics. The combined concentration of all detected
organic solvents in the liquid waste was approximately 500 g/L (50 percent).
The three detected organics in the drum feed solids included toluene,
ethyl benzene, and xylenes.
Output streams were essentially void of volatile organics. Only the
kiln ash and the belt filter cake were found to have volatile organics with
concentrations ranging from about 1 to 4 ppm. The belt filter cake
represents primarily the particulate captured in the APCE effluent water.
Volatile organics detected in the belt filter cake are attributed primarily
to flue yas particulate because effluent water (stream no. 5) was found to be
void of volatile organic compounds,
TCLP analyses were performed on kiln ash and boiler tube soot leachates.
Kiln ash leachate included carbon disulfide (900 yg/L), toluene (27 yg/L),
methylene chloride (23 yg/L), xylenes (15 yg/L), and ethyl benzene (2 yg/L).
Analysis of boiler tube soot leachate revealed chloromethane (50 yg/L),
bromomethane (9 yg/L), and toluene (10 yg/L). These organics were not found
in the soot sample (stream no. 4) because the analytical detection limit was
too high. Since chloromethane and bromomethane were not detected in any
incinerator input streams, their presence in the leachates may be attributed
to byproducts of combustion or the result of contaminated APCE effluent
water.
38
-------
TABLE 18. SITE 3 VOLATILE OR6ANICS
co
Input
Stream number
Stream description
Stream flowrate
in kg/s
Sample number
Detection Limit Fact orb
Priority Pollutants
Chloromethane
Bromomethane
Methyl ene chloride
1,1-Dichloroethane
1 .1 ,1-Trlchloroethane
1 ,1 ,2-Trlchloroethane
Tetrachloroethent
Toluene
Ethylbentene
All other priority
pollutants
NonprlorUy Pollutant*
Acetone
Carbon dlsulfldi
2-Butanone
4-Hethyl-t-pentanone
Styrene
Total xylenei
1
Drum feed
solids
1.9
902466
Concen-
tration
in
mg/kg
100
ND
ND
ND
NO
ND
ND
ND
28,000
200
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
NO
700
Rate
In
mg/s
<190
<190
<190
<190
<190
<190
<190
54.000
390
<190
<190
<190
<190
<190
<190
1.400
Total
input
2
Liquid waste
fuel
0.76
902478
Concen-
tration
In
mg/L
100
ND
ND
9,800
46.000
29.000
47.000
200
52.000
4,500
ND
160.000
ND
100.000
30,000
ND
17,000
Rate
In
mg/s
<76
<76
7.400
35,000
22,000
36,000
150
39.000
3,400
<76
120.000
<76
76.000
23,000
>76
13.000
Rate
1n
mg/s
<270
<270
7,400
35.000
22.000
36,000
<340
93,000
3,800
<270
120,000
<270
76,000
23.000
<270
14.000
3
Kiln ash
0.053
902479
Concen-
tration
in
mg/kg
0.5
ND
NO
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
2.5
0.5
ND
ND
2.8
ND
ND
4.3
1.5
-
Output
4 5
Boiler tube APCE effluent
soot water
0.010 87
902481 902486, 87
Rate
in
mg/s
<0.03
<0.03
<0.03
<0.03
<0.03
<0.03
<0.03
0.13
0.03
<0.03
<0.03
0.15
<0.03
<0.03
0.23
0.08
Concen-
tration
In
"9/l(g
100
ND
ND
NO
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
NO
Concen-
Rate tratlon Rate
In In In
mg/s mg/L mg/s
0.001
<1 ND <0.
<1 ND <0.
<1 ND <0.
<1 ND <0.
<1 ND <0.
<1 ND <0.
<1 NO <0.
<1 NO <0.
<1 ND <0.
<1 ND <0.
<1 ND <0.
<1 ND <0.
<1 ND <0.
<1 ND <0.
<1 ND <0.
<1 ND <0.1
Total TCLP
output
6
Belt filter cake*
0.042
902482
Concen-
tration
In
mg/kg
0.5
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
2
ND
4.4
1.2
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
2.3
Rate Rate
In In
mg/s mg/s
<0.02 <1
<0.02 <1
<0.02 <1
<0.02 <1
<0.02 <1
0.08 <1
<0.02 <1
0.18 <1
0.05 <1
<0.02 <1
<0.02 <1
<0.02 <1
<0.02 <1
<0.02 <1
<0.02 <1
0.1 <1
3
Kiln ash
902479
Concen-
tration
In
y9/L
1
ND
ND
23
Nil
ND
ND
ND
27
2
ND
ND
900
ND
ND
ND
15
4
Boiler
tube soot
902481
Concen-
tration
In
LI 9/1
1
50
9
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
10
ND
ND
ND
ND
NO
ND
ND
ND
•Belt filter cake Is physically removed from APCE effluent water, and therefore Us flowrates are not Included In the total output flowrates.
bTo obtain actual detection limits, multiply this factor times the individual detection limit values in Table 4 and retain units from this table.
Note: all less than values should be multiplied by corresponding detection limits in Table 4.
-------
Semi volatile Organics
As shown in Table 19, several semi volatile organics were detected in
both input streams. Concentrations of priority pollutants in the liquid
waste fuel was substantially higher than that of the drum feed solids
(pproximately 1.2 versus 0.005 percent by weight).
Output samples included kiln ash, stream no. 3, boiler tube soot, stream
no. 4, APCE effluent water, stream no. 5, and belt filter cake, stream no. 6.
Kiln ash had detectable levels of bis(3-ethylhexyl)phthalate (4400 yg/L),
phenol (3000 yg/L), as well as lower levels of other phthalates,
fluoranthene, naphthalene, and 2-methylnaphthalene, most of which were
present in the input streams. The only semi volatile detected in the boiler
•tube soot was bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (400 yg/L). The APCE effluent
water did not contain any semivolatile compounds; however, the belt filter
cake was found to have several semivolatile organic compounds.
Concentrations however, were in ppb to low ppm levels. Half of the detected
organics, bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (2400 yg/L), diethyl phthalate
(470 yg/L). phenol (260 yg/L), di-n-butyl phthalate (140 yg/L), and
naphthalene (130 yg/L), were detected in the input. The other five organics,
pyrene, fluoranthene, phenanthrene, di-n-octyl phthalate, and chrysene, were
not detected in the input streams and are likely products of incomplete
combustion.
TCLP leachates were generated for three samples — kiln ash, boiler tube
soot, and belt filter cake. Phenol (116 yg/L) and diethyl phthalates (6 to
30 yg/L) were detected in the kiln ash and boiler tube soot leachates. No
semivolatile organics were detected in the belt filter cake leachate.
40
-------
Input
Stream number
Stream description
Stream flowrate In kg/s
Sample number
Detection Limit Factor11
1
Priority Pollutant!
Fluoranthene
Isophorone
Naphthalene
Phenol
B1 s( 2-ethylhexyl )phtha1 att
Benzyl butyl phthalate
Dl-n-butyl phthalate
Dl-n-octyl phthalate
01 ethyl phthalate
Dimethyl phthalate
Chrysene
Phenanthrene
D1benzo(a,h)anthracene
Pyrene
A11 other priority
pollutants
Nonprlorlty Pollutants
Benzole acid
2-Methyl phenol
2-Hethyl naphthalene
1
Drum feed
1.9
902466
Concen-
tration
1n
«g/L
0.1
ND
NO
0.23
4.7
13
ND
430
ND
ND
28
ND
ND
NO
NO
ND
1.6
0.94
0.22
solids
Rate
1n
«g/J
<0.2
-------
Priority Pollutant Metals
From Table 20, the two input waste streams, drum feed solids and liquid
waste fuel, contained approximately 750 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg of zinc.
Concentrations of all other priority pollutant metals were generally below
10 ppm.
Output concentrations in the kiln ash and boiler soot ash generally saw
much higher concentrations than in the input streams. Boiler tube soot
generally had the highest concentrations, which might be expected due to
metals erosion from boiler tubes. For the kiln ash and boiler tube soot,
zinc was present in the highest concentration with chromium, lead, copper,
and nickel being substantially lower. APCE effluent water contained
relatively dilute concentrations of priority pollutant metals as expected due
to the high water flow. Zinc and thallium were present in the highest
concentration (16 mg/L each) with lead being present at a relatively high
2.6 mg/L. Priority pollutant metals, as expected, were generally detected at
a higher level in the belt filter cake than in the APCE effluent water. High
levels of zinc (5000 mg/kg) and lead (3100 mg/kg) were both detected with
lower levels of antimony (440 mg/kg), chromium (180 mg/kg), copper
(160 mg/kg) and the remaining metals.
The EP and TCLP leachates for the three solid residuals, kiln ash,
boiler tube soot, and belt filter cake, are generally within a factor of two
or less for comparable samples. The boiler tube soot EP leachate exceeds the
EP toxicity limit for cadmium (8.6 mg/L), while the TCLP leachate exceeds the
limit for cadmium (6.7 mg/L) as well as selenium (1.4 mg/L). The belt filter
cake EP and TCLP leachate each exceed toxicity limits for cadmium
42
-------
TABLE 20. SITE 3 PRIORITY POLLUTANT METALS
to
Input
StrtM nuttier I
StroM dour lot Ion Onn food lolldl
Str«M flo-rili 1.9
In kf/i
toncw-
tntlon lit*
•9/k9 «9/l
•Morltr rollgtint
Mtlll
Afittnony <
Arutitc <
ItrylllMi <
Ceifcriwi <
Chrantuo)
toppor I
Mercury <0.
•Ickol 1
SolenliM <
SI Ivor
Tk-lla ifnixnt «t*r, in4 thortfort Hi flwritoi irt not tncluotd In tin totil output flowittt.
H«CM<|| V Toilcltr Itvlt of I B9/L.
tfiCMdl IP Toil city Halt of 5 -|/l.
•Tru* >flu( llHljr to bo wen lo«*r, btciuw of Imorformcot during inilylli.
-------
(1.5 mg/L and 1.8 mg/L, respectively) and lead (28 mg/L and 16 mg/L,
respectively).
2.4 SITE 4
2.4.1 Facility Description
The incinerator facility features three separate incinerators, namely a
fluidized bed combustor, a chain grate incinerator, and a rotary kiln
incinerator. Only the fluidized bed incinerator is discussed since the other
two incinerators were not in operation during the site sampling visit. A
schematic of this incinerator is shown in Figure 4.
The facility normally receives irritant and/or explosive material which
is excess to current requirements, not completely consumed in use, or present
-as a contaminant. The fluidized bed combustor design allows for the
incineration of those wastes that are powders, granular material, and
pumpable liquids or slurries. The liquids can be pumped into the 13-ft
inside diameter refractory-lined fluidized bed combustor. Powders and
granular material are pneumatically transported into the combustor using an
eductor powered by high-pressure nitrogen, steam, or air to create a draft
that draws the powdery material into a 2-in. diameter feedline and transport
the material into a hot bed of silica sand. The fluidized bed combustor is
initially charged with 60,000 Ib of fine silica sand. Additional sand is
occasionally added to replace sand elutriated during normal usage.
A hot cyclone separates most of the elutriated sand and ash from the
fluidized bed off-gases which are then quenched and scrubbed by a
low-pressure wet venturi before being released to the atmosphere through a
stack common to all three incinerators.
44
-------
Water
"CS" Powdar
—(
liquid! |
Nlturil ,
tn
Stick condenittt
Treatment
Facility
Figure 4. Site 4 Incinerator schematic.
-------
2.4.2 Operating and Sampling Information
The following operating information was collected for this site:
• Dates of site visit: September 23 and 24, 1985
• Process observations:
-- Cyclone ash, always tested prior to disposal, generally does not
exhibit the characteristic of EP toxicity and thus can be
landfilled in a Class II landfill
— Natural gas burned as primary fuel in fluid bed combustor
— Eductor powered by steam during test but normally powered by
nitrogen or compressed air
— CS tear gas feedline periodically cleaned with steam since some
melting of CS occurs in feedline during normal operation.
Normal procedure is to purge feedline with steam after feeding
an 80-1b drum of CS
~ Bed material used during test was previously used when burning
a flame retardant chemical
• Process conditions:
— Bed temperature, middle and high locations, average 1650°F
-- Freeboard temperature, average 1550°F
-- Fluidizing airflow 3,000 scfm
— Bed pressure drop 80 in. of water
— Windbox pressure 80 in. of water
— Bed initially charged with 60,000 Ib of flintshot sand
(approximately 30 mesh) from Ottawa Industrial Sand Company
— Scrubber holding tank pH maintained at about 7
46
-------
— Superficial velocity through bed approximately 1.5 ft/sec during
test
— Stack gas oxygen concentration about 15.8 percent on a dry basis
• Estimated influent and effluent flows during test:
— CS tear gas injection rate 2 Ib/min
— Cyclone collected ash and sand flow rate 0.2 Ib/min
-- Scrubber holding tank blowdown estimated at 35 gal/min
~ Stack condensate measured as 0.2 gal/min
A summary of all samples collected at this site and the analyses performed is
presented in Table 21. The stack condensate was not mixed with the scrubber
effluent since the stack is also used by other incinerators.
•2.4.3 Analytical Results
This facility at the time of the test was incinerating CS tear gas
(o-chlorobenzalmalononitrile) in a fluidized bed incinerator. This serves as
an example of a special type of incinerator being used to dispose of a unique
waste.
Volatile Organics
As shown in Table 22, the relatively high-purity CS tear gas contained
no volatile organics at a concentration of greater than 100 ppm by weight.
The volatiles detected in the cyclone ash and scrubber effluent in
concentrations ranging from 1 to 30 ppm might be (a) products of incomplete
combustion, or (b) contaminants in the scrubber makeup water. Since the
dry-collected cyclone ash contained the same five volatiles detected in the
scrubber effluent, the possibility of the volatiles being PICs is suspected.
From visual observations, the cyclone ash appeared to be almost completely
flintshot sand.
47
-------
TABLE 21. SITE 4 PROCESS STREAM SAMPLES
oo
St ream
number
1
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
2
2
3
4
«Key:
Sample
ID EPA ID
Stream name number number
CS tear gas powder 902645
Scrubber holding tank drain 902646
Scrubber holding tank drain 902647
Scrubber holding tank drain 902648
Scrubber holding tank drain 902649
Stack condensate 902650
Stack condensate 902651
Stack condensate 902652
Stack condensate 902653
Stack condensate 902654
Stack condensate 902655
Stack condensate 902656
Stack condensate 902657
Scrubber holding tank drain 902658
Scrubber holding tank drain 902659
30 mesh fllntshot sand 902660
Cyclone ash (from test) 902661
Cyclone ash (pre-test) 902662
Scrubber holding tank drain 902663
Stack condensate 902664
1 « Volatile analyses.
2 « Semi volatile and base neutral acid
3 « Thirteen priority pollutant metals.
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
Sampling
date
9/23/85
9/23/85
9/23/85
9/23/85
9/23/85
9/23/85
9/23/85
9/23/85
9/23/85
9/23/85
9/23/85
9/23/85
9/23/85
9/23/85
9/23/85
9/23/85
9/23/85
9/23/85
9/23/85
9/23/85
Analyses
performed3 Comments
1,2,3
1
NA
2
3
NA Not representative
NA Not representative
NA Not representative
NA Not representative
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA Upstream of recycle pump
NA Upstream of recycle pump
NA Ottawa Industrial Sand Co.
1,2,3,4,5
NA
1
NA
analyses.
4 B EP Toxldty extraction procedure followed
5 = TCLP followed by analyses 1, 2, and
3.
by analysis 3.
-------
TABLE 22. SITE 4 VOLATILE ORGANICS
Stream number
Stream description
Stream flowrate 1n kg/s
Sample number
Input
CS tear gas
0.015
902645
Output
Cyclone ash
0.0015
902661
Scrubber drain
2.2
902646
Total
output
TCLP
Cyclone ash
902661
Concen- Concen- Concen- Concen-
tration Rate tration Rate tratlon Rate Rate tratlon
1n 1n In 1n In 1n 1n 1n
mg/kg mg/s mg/kg mg/s ng/L mg/s mg/s vg/L
Detection Limit Factor* 100 0.5 0.5 1
Priority Pollutants
Trans-l,2-D1chloroethene NO <1.5 1.1 0.016 0.6 1.3 1.3 NO
l,2-01chloroethane NO <1.5 NO <0.007 32 71 71 NO
1,1,1-TMchloroethane NO <1.5 3.7 0.055 6.8 15 15 NO
TMchloroethene NO <1.5 5.4 0.081 14 31 31 NO
Tetrachloroethene NO <1.5 16 0.24 1.2 2.6 2.9 NO
Toluene NO <1.5 6.4 0.096 5 11 11 KD
All other priority NO <1.5 NO <0.007 NO <1.1 <1.1 NO
pollutants
NonpHoHty Pollutants
Total xylenes NO <1.5 NO <0.007 1.2 2.6 2.6 NO
>To obtain actual detection limits, multiply this factor times the Individual detection limit
values In Table 4 and retain units from this table. Note: all less than values should be
multiplied by corresponding detection limits In Table 4.
49
-------
Semi volatile Organlcs
As shown in Table 23, no semi volatile organics were detected in input,
output, and TCLP leachates for this tested facility. Nominal detection
limits of 10,000 yg/kg (10 ppm by weight) were used for the CS tear gas,
10 yg/kg (10 ppb) for cyclone ash, 10 yg/L (10 ppb) for scrubber effluent,
and 2 yg/L (2 ppb) for TCLP leachate of cyclone ash. The detection limits
all appear quite reasonable for this application and clearly indicate no
priority pollutant semivolatile organics in any of the samples.
Priority Pollutant Metals
Table 24 lists the priority pollutant metals results for this site. The
CS tear gas contained only silver (4 mg/kg) and nickel (3 mg/kg) in
Detectable quantities. Output streams would likely contain at least nickel
and silver from the CS tear gas. Although the cyclone ash appeared to be a
high silica sand (from the fluidized bed) some metals were detected in
concentrations ranging from 7 ppm for chromium to 200 ppm for zinc. Silver
and nickel from the tear gas were also detected in the cyclone ash. The
scrubber effluent blowdown had only one metal, zinc (0.27 mg/L), with a
concentration above 0.06 mg/L. The EP and TCLP leachate results showed
generally good agreement. The three detected metals in the highest
concentrations, zinc, nickel, and chromium, were present in nearly equal
concentrations in the EP and TCLP leachates.
2.5 SITE 5
2.5.1 Facility Description
This site has two incinerators which are located at a commercial
facility designed primarily to bum liquid wastes, but also with the
capability to accept solid wastes in small quantities. Wastes come primarily
50
-------
TABLE 23. SITE 4 SEMIVOLATILE ORGANICS
Input
Output
Total
output
TCLP
Stream number
Stream description
Stream flowrate in kg/s
Sample number
1
CS tear gas
0.015
902645
Concen-
tration Rate
in in
mg/kg mg/s
2
Cyclone ash
0.0015
902661
Concen-
tration Rate
in in
mg/kg mg/s
3
Scrubber
2.2
902646
Concen-
tration
in
mg/L
drain
Rate
in
mg/s
2
Cyclone
ash
902661
Concen-
Rate tration
in in
mg/s wg/L
Detection Limit Factor* 10
Priority Pollutants
AH ND
<0.15
0.01
ND
<0.000015
0.01
ND
<0.02 <0.02
ND
«To obtain actual detection limits, multiply this factor times the individual detection limit
values in Table 5 and retain units from this table. Note: all less than values should be
multiplied by corresponding detection limits in Table 5.
51
-------
TABLE 24. SITE 4 PRIORITY POLLUTANT METALS
Toxicity
Input
Stream number
Stream description
Stream flowrate 1n
Sample number
Priority Pollutant
Metals
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryl 1 1 urn
Cadml um
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Z1nc
1
CS tear
0.015
902645
Concen-
tration
1n
rag/kg
<1
<1
<2
<1
<2
<4
<1
<0.1
3
<1
4
<5
<4
gas
Rate
1n
mg/s
<0.01
<0.07
<0.30
<0.01
<0.30
<0.60
<0.01
<0.00
0.04
<0.09
0.06
<0.07
<0.06
2
Cycl one
0.0015
902661
Concen-
tration
1n
mg/kg
<1
<1
<2
<1
7
<4
<1
<0.1
25
<1
120
<1
200
Output
ash
Rate
1n
mg/s
<0.001
<0.001
<0.003
<0.001
0.010
<0.006
<0.001
<0.000
0.037
<0.001
0.181
<0.001
0.302
3
Scruhber
2.2
902649
Concen-
tration
1n
mg/L
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.06
<0.04
<0.01
<0.001
0.05
<0.01
<0.02
0.02
0.27
drain
Rate
1n
mg/s
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
0.13
<0.08
<0.02
<0.002
0.11
<0.02
<0.04
0.04
0.59
Total
output
Rate
1n
mg/s
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
0.14
0.09
<0.02
<0.002
0.14
<0.02
<0.22
0.04
0.89
EP
2
Cyclone
ash
902661
Concen-
tration
1n
mg/L
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.03
<0.01
<0.01
<0.001
0.18
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
2.2
TCLP
2
Cyclone
ash
902661
Concen-
tration
1n
mg/L
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.03
0.02
<0.01
<0.001
0.22
-------
from the furniture manufacturing industry. The units each consist of two,
horizontally oriented, cylindrical refractory lined combustion chambers
(primary and secondary) situated one above the other. Combustion gases exit
through a stack at one end of the secondary chamber. A schematic diagram of
the system is shown in Figure 5.
Liquid wastes are delivered to the plant in tank trucks and stored in
one of eight main storage tanks 12,500 to 20,000 gal each. Two types of
liquid wastes, organic and aqueous, are normally incinerated at the facility.
The bulk liquid wastes are categorized as solvents, high-Btu wastes, or low-
Btu wastes, with one or more storage tanks for each category. A reprocessed
oil is used as fuel oil when necessary and is stored in one of the eight
•storage tanks. Waste chemicals are also received at the plant in 55-gal
drums which are stored inside the building. When scheduled for incineration,
those drums are emptied into a small holding tank that is equipped with an
exhaust hood. The liquid wastes can then be pumped from the base of the tank
directly into either incinerator. Capacity of that tank is approximately
630 gal.
Waste liquids are fed to the primary combustion chamber using
air-atomized injectors (a total of four are available). Flowrates are
established by adjusting manually operated values. For the small
incinerator, an ECP 1500T, the primary combustion chamber is approximately
10 ft long and has an outside diameter of 8 ft. The firing end has an
opening about 60 in. wide with a variable opening height depending upon the
position of an adjustable shutter which is used to regulate the natural draft
of combustion air. The unit is rated at 9.5 x 106 Btu/hr, with a normal
operating temperature of 1700 to 2100°F in both chambers. The secondary
53
-------
t
•—v ouiveni wdbteb
1 i f -ri • ~~
•^X High Btu wastes^
'-"\ Low Btu wastes
31 n . n.,r ^
•— ' *
'-v Solid wastes
Primary
combustion
chamber
^-
Secondary
combustion
chamber
*-
Stack
A86-0113
Small incinerator only
Ash (5
Figure 5. Site 5 Incinerator schematic.
-------
chamber is identical to the primary except that it is only 7 ft in diameter.
A burner and blower can add additional heat to the secondary chamber. The
periodic use of the blower alone to add more combustion air for temperature
control is quite common. Typical retention times are 2 to 3 sec.
The solids periodically hand-fed into the small incinerator typically
include lacquer chips, filters, and rags all from the furniture manufacturing
industry. Since the primary combustion chamber has a fixed hearth, solids
with high ash content typically reduce the allowable continuous operating
time.
The larger incinerator, an ECP 2500T, has slightly larger and longer
primary and secondary combustion chambers; on a volume basis those chambers
are slightly more than twice as large as those on the ECP 1500T. The larger
incinerator has a sealed primary combustion chamber so no solids can be fed.
The secondary chamber also incorporates a burner and blower to control the
chamber temperature.
The exhaust stacks (which are also refractory lined) extend to a height
of 20 ft above the secondary combustion chamber. Combustion gases exiting
the stack typically average about 1450°F. At the beginning of a typical
week's operation, ash which has accumulated on the bottom of the primary
chamber from the previous week's operation is manually removed and stored in
an outdoor concrete holding bay. The ash is later drummed and sent to a
hazardous waste landfill.
Since the incinerators lack typical add-on devices for control of
particulates and HC1 emissions, particulate emissions are normally controlled
by control of waste inerts (ash) and combustion airflow (turbulence) in the
55
-------
primary combustion chamber, while HC1 emissions are normally controlled by
limiting facility acceptance of chlorinated wastes and burning a variety of
wastes to effectively blend wastes in the combustor.
This facility is reportedly undergoing voluntary closure proceedings
because the owner needs to add APCE or to reduce operations.
2.5.2 Operating and Sampling Information
The following operating information was collected for this site:
• Date of site visit: September 26, 1985
• Process observations:
— Both incinerators temporarily shutdown while facility underwent
minor piping modifications
— Ash samples removed from shutdown incinerators (ash can be
sampled only if systems are shutdown)
— Ash from small and large incinerators drummed and sent to a
hazardous waste landfill for disposal
— Incinerators not extensively instrumented
• Process conditions:
— Stack gas oxygen concentration about 10 percent on a dry basis
— Stack flow in small incinerator 2900 scfm
— Stack flow in large incinerator 4600 scfm
— Permit conditions require secondary combusion chamber
temperatures greater than 1600°F
• Estimated influent and effluent flows during test:
— Large incinerator ash generated at an estimated rate of
7 ft3/week
— Estimated stream flows were not available at this site
56
-------
A summary of all samples collected at this site and the analyses performed
is presented in Table 25.
2.5.3 Analytical Results
Since no stream flowrates were available at this site, only
concentrations are reported in the results tables.
Volatile Organics
Volatile organics results from this incineration facility are shown in
Table 26. Solvent wastes, stream no. 1, with a total volatile organic
concentration of 180 g/L included several common solvents in concentrations
greater than 10,000 mg/L. High-Btu wastes contain about 70 g/L of volatile
organics. Low-Btu liquid wastes usually contain a high percentage of water.
"Organics detected at a concentration greater than 120 mg/L included only
acetone, tetrachloroethane, and toluene. Lacquer-coated cardboard (from
paint spray booths) contained only toluene (280 mg/L) at a level greater than
100 mg/L. The exact quantity and/or ratio of these input streams to produce
the residual ash streams were not obtained since all records were sent to
the state. The input streams were collected after the residuals had been
produced, but were still felt to be representative of wastes consumed earlier
(to produce the residuals).
The two output streams no. 5, small incinerator ash and large
incinerator ash, each contained no organics at a 100 mg/kg nominal detection
limit. Since the small incinerator was not as turbulent as the large
incinerator, organics at less than 100 ppm may have been present.
The TCLP leachates for the two incinerator ashes indicate that the large
incinerator ash leachate is free of organics, while the small incinerator ash
leachate contains methylene chloride (180 vg/L), 2-butanone (25 vg/L), as
57
-------
TABLE 25. SITE 5 PROCESS STREAM SAMPLES
St ream
number
Stream name
Sample EPA
ID ID Sampling Analysis
number number date performed3
Comments
5
5
5
4
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3.
3
3
3
3
3
Large incinerator ash
Small incinerator ash
Small incinerator ash
Lacquered cardboard waste
Mixed solvent wastes
Mixed solvent wastes
Mixed solvent wastes
Mixed solvent wastes
Mixed solvent wastes
Mixed high Btu liquid wastes
Mixed high Btu liquid wastes
Mixed high Btu liquid wastes
Mixed high Btu liquid wastes
Mixed high Btu liquid wastes
High Btu liquid wastes A
High Btu liquid wastes A
High Btu liquid wastes B
High Btu liquid wastes B
High Btu liquid wastes C
High Btu liquid wastes C
High Btu liquid wastes 0
High Btu liquid wastes D
Mixed low Btu liquid wastes
Mixed low Btu liquid wastes
Mixed low Btu liquid wastes
Mixed low Btu liquid wastes
Mixed low Btu liquid wastes
Low Btu liquid waste Cl
Low Btu liquid waste Cl
Low Btu liquid waste C2
Low Btu liquid waste C2
903059
903060
9 03061
903062
903063
903064
903065
903066
903067
903068
903069
903070
903071
903072
903073
903074
903075
903076
903077
903078
903079
903080
903081
903082
903083
903084
903085
903086
903087
903088
903089
None
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
None
None
None
Hone
None
None
None
None
None
9/25/85
9/25/85
9/25/85
9/25/85
9/25/85
9/25/85
9/25/85
9/25/85
9/25/85
9/25/85
9/25/85
9/25/85
9/25/85
9/25/85
9/25/85
9/25/85
9/25/85
9/25/85
9/25/85
9/25/85
9/25/85
9/25/85
9/25/85
9/25/85
9/25/85
9/25/85
9/25/85
9/25/85
9/25/85
9/25/85
9/25/85
1,2,3,4,5 Removed from incinerator
1,2,3,4,5 Removed from incinerator
5 From ash pile
1,2,3 Fed 1n sheet form
3
1.2
3
1.2
3
1,2
"Key:
Volatile analyses.
Semi volatile and base neutral add analyses.
Thirteen priority pollutant metals.
EP Toxiclty extraction procedure followed by analysis 3.
TCLP followed by analyses 1, 2, and 3.
bPr1mar1ly from furniture manufacturing Industry with EPA numbers 0001, F001, F002, F003, and F005.
Not to exceed 1.5 percent ash and 1 percent chlorine by weight.
58
-------
TABLE 26. SITE 5 VOLATILE ORGANICS
in
u>
Stream number
Stream description
Sample number
1
Sol vent
wastes
903066
Concen-
tration
In
mg/L
2
H1gh-Btu
liquid wastes
903071
Concen-
tration
In
mg/L
Input
3
Low-Btu
liquid wastes
903084
Concen- .
t ration
In
mg/L
Output
4
Lacquer-coated
cardboard
903062
Concen-
tration
1n
mg/kg
5
Large 1nc1n.
ash
903059
Concen-
tration
In
mg/kg
5
Small Incln.
ash
903060
Concen-
tration
In
mg/kg
TCLP
5
Large Incln.
ash
903059
Concen-
tration
In
ng/L
4
Small Incln.
ash
903061
Concen-
tration
In
wg/L
Detection Limit Factor8
Priority Pollutants
120
120
120
100
100
100
Bromomethane
Methyl ene chloride
1.2-dlchloroethane
1 ,2-dl chl orobenzene
1,1,1-trlchloroethane
Trlchloroethane
Tet rach 1 oroethane
Toluene
Ethyl benzene
All other priority
pollutants
Nonprlorlty Pollutants
Acetone
2-Butanone
4-Methyl -2-Pentanone
790
15,000
NO
NO
ND
NO
1,200
26 ,000
ND
NO
34 .000
100.000
580
1.200
7,100
ND
4,000
830
3,600
570
24 ,000
2,100
ND
17,000
12,000
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
NO
ND
870
690
NO
ND
2,500
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
280
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
NO
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
180
8
ND
3
ND
ND
7
ND
ND
NO
25
ND
'To obtain actual detection limits, multiply this factor times the Individual detection limit values In Table 4 and retain units from
this table. Note: all less than values should be multiplied by corresponding detection limits In Table 4.
-------
well as low levels of 1,2-dichloroethane (8 yg/L), toluene, (7 yg/L), and
1,1,1-trichloroethane (3 yg/L).
Semi volatile Organics
As shown in Table 27, semi volatile organics were detected in most of the
input streams but not the output streams. Solvent wastes, stream no. 1,
contained approximately 4 g/L of semivolatiles, while high-Btu liquid wastes
contained approximately 115 g/L of semivolatile organics. Low-Btu liquid
wastes contained no semivolatile organics above 100 mg/L, while
lacquer-coated cardboard contained bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate at 9.7 g/kg
but no other semivolatiles above 5 mg/kg.
The output streams from each incinerator contained no semivolatiles at a
detection limit of 100 yg/kg. The TCLP leachates were similarly free of
semivolatile organics except for 46 yg/L of benzoic acid in the small
incinerator ash, possibly associated with incomplete oxidation of toluene.
Priority Pollutant Metals
As shown in Table 28, priority pollutant metal analyses were performed
on four input streams, two output residual streams, plus EP toxicity and TCLP
leachates for each of the residuals. The first input stream, solvent wastes,
is characterized by a very high chromium level and relatively high lead and
zinc levels. High-Btu and low-Btu liquid wastes contained chromium, lead,
and zinc. Lacquer-coated cardboard, which has a high-ash content and was fed
only into the small incinerator, had relatively high levels of zinc
(570 mg/kg), chromium (110 mg/kg), and silver (30 mg/kg). Because this site
serviced the furniture manufacturing industry (as well as other industries),
it is assumed that several of the priority pollutant metals were originally
metal oxides from paint pigments.
60
-------
TABLE 27. SITE 5 SEMIVOLATILE ORGANICS
Stream number
Stream description
Sample number
Detection Limit Factor'
Priority Pollutants
2-Chlorophenol
2 .4-01 methyl phenol
Naphthalene
Phenol
B1s(2-ethy1hexy1)phtha1ate
Dimethyl phthalate
Phenanthrene
All other priority
pollutants
NonprloHty Pollutants
Benzole acid
2-Methyl phenol
4-Methyl phenol
2-Methyl naphthalene
1
Sol vent
wastes
903066
Concen-
tration
In
mg/L
100
NO
210
790
790
2,000
NO
80
NO
ND
270
410
680
2
Hlgh-Btu
liquid wastes
903071
Concen-
tration
In
mg/L
100
450
ND
140
101 ,000
700
12.000
ND
ND
ND
370
370
180
Input
3
Low-Btu
liquid wastes
903084
Concen-
tration
In
mg/L
100
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Output
4
Lacquer-coated
cardboard
903062
Concen-
tration
In
mg/kg
5
ND
ND
ND
ND
9,700
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
5
Large Incln.
ash
903059
Concen-
tration
1n
mg/kg
0.1
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
5
Small Incln.
ash
903060
Concen-
tration
In
mg/kg
0.1
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
TCLP
5
Large Incln.
ash
903059
Concen-
tration
1n
ng/L
2
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
5
Small Incln.
ash
903061
Concen-
tration
In
ng/L
2
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
46
ND
ND
ND
8To obtain actual detection limits, multiply this factor times the Individual detection limit values In Table 5 and retain units from this
table. Note: all less than values should be multiplied by corresponding detection limits In Table 5.
-------
TABLE 28. SITE 5 PRIORITY POLLUTANT METALS
ro
Toil city
Stream number
Stream description
Sample number
Priority Pollutant
Metals
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
lercury
ticket
Selenium
Silver
thallium
line
1
Solvent
wastes
903064
Concen-
tration
In
•g/L
2
6
<1
3
4,300
6
93
<0.05
7
<1
<1
<1
310
2
Hlgh-Btu
liquid wastes
903069
Concen-
tration
In
•g/t
<1
<1
<1
3
3U
6
SI
0.15
<4
<1
<1
<1
170
Input
3
Low-Btu
liquid wastes
903082
Concen-
tration
In
•g/L
<1
<1
<1
<1
11
7
38
-------
The two incinerator ashes appear to differ quite substantially. The
small incinerator ash has metal concentrations inline with those for the
lacquer-coated cardboard, except zinc (200 mg/kg) is substantially lower and
copper (40 mg/kg) is substantially higher. With the exception of chromium
(520 mg/L), the large incinerator ash appears more concentrated than the
solvent waste and high-Btu waste streams. Concentrations of lead
(1800 mg/kg), zinc (1300 mg/kg), and copper (500 mg/kg) are especially high.
The leachates do not exceed the EP Toxicity and TCLP limits. The low
concentration of lead in the large incinerator ash (<0.01 mg/L) is somewhat
surprising given the ash concentration of 1800 mg/kg. Differences between
the large incinerator ash EP and TCLP leachates appear slight. A direct
comparison between the small incinerator ash EP and TCLP leachates should not
be attempted since the samples were collected from different sampling points
(see Table 25).
2.6 SITE 6
2.6.1 Facility Description
The incinerator sampled is a commercial facility designed primarily to
burn liquid wastes, but also with the capability to accept solid wastes, hand
fed in small quantities. It is almost identical to the incinerators at
Site 5. The unit consists of two, horizontally oriented, cylindrical
combustion chambers (primary and secondary) situated one above the other.
Combustion gases exit through a stack at one end of the secondary chamber. A
schematic diagram of the system is shown in Figure 6,
Liquid wastes are delivered to the plant primarily in 55-gal steel
drums. Especially high Btu liquids are typically emptied into a small batch
tank near the incinerator and emptied prior to incinerator shutdown. Another
63
-------
special tank is continuously agitated and used for hard to pump sludge-like
liquids; other liquids may be added to thin the continuously agitated waste
liquid. The remaining wastes are generally organic or aqueous and stored in
separate storage tanks.
Waste liquids are fed to the primary combustion chamber using
air-atomized injectors (a total of five are available). Flowrates are
established by adjusting manually operated valves. The primary combustion
chamber is approximately 10-ft long and has an outside diameter of 8 ft. The
firing end has an opening about 60-in, wide with a variable height depending
on the position of an adjustable shutter which is used to regulate the
natural draft of combustion air. The unit is rated at 9.b x 106 Btu/hr, with
a normal operating temperature of 1800 to 2100°F in the primary chamber and
1700 to 2100°F in the secondary chamber. The secondary chamber is identical
to the primary except that it is only 7 ft in diameter. Both chambers are
refractory lined. Typical retention times are 2 to 3 sec.
The solids periodically hand fed into the small incinerator typically
include lacquer chips, filters, and rags all from the furniture manufacturing
industry. Since the primary combustion chamber has a fixed hearth with no
online ash removal capability, solids with high ash content typically reduce
the allowable continuous operating time.
The exhaust stack (which is also refractory lined) extends to a height
of 20 ft above the secondary combustion chamber. Combustion gases exiting
the stack typically average about 1450°F. At the beginning of a typical
week's operation, ash which has accumulated on the bottom of the primary
chamber from the previous week's operation is manually removed and stored in
64
-------
tn
©Resin Wastes _
*
©Liquid Wastes^
©Solid Wastes ^
Primary
Combustion
Chamber
*-
Secondary
Combustion
Chamber
^
/
i
Stack
A86-0101
Ash
©
Figure 6. Site 6 Incinerator schematic,
-------
a concrete holding bay. The ash is sent to a landfill for hazardous waste
for final disposal.
Since the incinerator lacks typical add-on devices for control of
participates and HC1 emissions, participates emissions are normally
controlled by control of waste inerts (ash) and combustion airflow
(turbulance) in the primary combustion chamber, while HC1 emissions are
normally controlled by limiting facility acceptance of chlorinated wastes and
burning a variety of wastes to effectively blend wastes in the combustor.
This commercial incinerator facility receives wastes from the furniture
manufacturing industry and others.
2.6.2 Operating and Sampling Information
The following operating information was collected for this site:
• Date of site visit: September 27, 1985
• Process observations:
— Incinerator ash disposed offsite in a hazardous waste landfill
-- HC1 emissions controlled by limiting acceptance of chlorinated
wastes and waste blending
— Sampled ash generated during previous 48 hours
• Process conditions:
— Primary combustion chamber maintained at 2000°F
— Secondary combustion chamber maintained at 1750°F
~ Nominal exhaust airflow 3000 scfm
• Estimated influent and effluent flows:
— Ash cleanout immediately prior to arrival at site yielded
estimated 15,000 Ib
66
-------
— Liquids fed during previous 48 hours as follows:
Resins 725 gal
Continuously agitated waste liquid (CAWL) 715 gal
Inks, reducers, stains, etc. 1155 gal
Navy Otto fuel 2255 gal
Tank cleanings, Otto fuel, water 3410 gal
— 52,000 Ib of solids fed during previous 48 hours, primarily
lacquer dust, lacquer chips, and rags
A summary of all samples collected at this site and the analyses performed is
presented in Table 29. Several input liquid streams were combined (in
proportion to volumetric feedrates) prior to analysis to form one homogeneous
liquid waste fuel sample.
2.6.3 Analytical Results
Volatile Organics
As shown in Table 30, seven common solvents appeared in the liquid waste
composite fuel sample — toluene, 2-hexanone, xylenes. 2-butanone, acetone,
ethyl benzene, and 4-methyl-2-pentanone. The solids fed into the system were
predominantly lacquer chips or shavings, although the site operator called a
similar looking sample "toluene chips." When analyzed, these chips contained
only toluene at a concentration greater than 100 ppm (the detection limit of
the analysis).
The incinerator ash samples removed from an ash pile were composited in
the laboratory and analyzed. Although the ash samples appeared dry, the ash
pile had previously been sprayed to prevent smouldering. At the time of
sampling, however, the ash samples were near ambient temperature. Volatile
organics were not detected in the incinerator ash at a concentration of
67
-------
TABLE 29. SITE 6 PROCESS STREAM SAMPLES
Sample
Stream ID EPA ID Sampling
number Stream name number number date
4
4
4
1
1
I
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
"Key:
Incinerator ash 903090
Incinerator ash 903091
Incinerator ash cl Inker 903092
Liquid resin waste 903093 b
Liquid resin waste 903094 b
Liquid resin waste 903095 b
Liquid resin waste 903096 b
CAWLC 903097 b
CAUL 903096 b
CAWL 903099 b
CAUL 903100 *>
CAUL 903101 b
Liquid resin waste 903102 b
Tank #1 liquid waste 903103 b
Tank 11 liquid waste 903104 b
Tank #1 liquid waste 903105 b
Tank 11 liquid waste 903106 b
Tank 41 liquid waste 903107 b
Tank *6 liquid waste 903108 b
Tank 16 liquid waste 903109 b
Tank #6 liquid waste 903110 b
Tank #6 liquid waste 903111 b
Tank 11 liquid waste 903112 b
Tank #7 liquid waste 903113 b
Tank #7 liquid waste 903114 b
Tank #7 liquid waste 903115 b
Tank 17 liquid waste 903116 b
Lacquer dust 903117 None
Toluene solids 903118 None
Lacquer chips 903119 None
Lacquer chips 903120 None
Lacquer chips 903121 None
Lacquer chips 903122 None
Lacquer chips 903123 None
Lacquer chips 903124 None
Lacquer chips 903125 None
Liquid resin waste 903126 b
1 • Volatile analyses.
2 » Semi volatile and base neutral add
3 • Thirteen priority pollutant metals.
9/27/85
9/27/85
9/27/85
9/27/85
9/27/85
9/27/85
9/27/85
9/27/85
9/27/85
9/27/85
9/27/85
9/27/85
9/27/85
9/27/85
9/27/85
9/27/85
9/27/85
9/27/85
9/27/85
9/27/85
9/27/85
9/27/85
9/27/85
9/27/85
9/27/85
9/27/85
9/27/85
9/27/85
9/27/85
9/27/85
9/27/85
9/27/85
9/27/85
9/27/85
9/27/85
9/27/85
9/27/85
analyses.
Analyses
performed3
1,2,3,4,5
1,2,3,4,5
1,2,3,4,5
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
3
2
1
3
2
1
1,2,3
1,2,3
1.2,3
1.2,3
1,2,3
1,2.3
1,2,3
1,2,3
1,2,3
Comments
Combined with 903090 and 92
Combined with 903091 and 92
Combined with 903090 and 91
Combined 903093, 98, 103, 109, 114
Combined 903094, 99, 105. 108, 113
Combined 903095, 100, 106. 110. 115
Combined 903093. 98, 103, 109, 114
Combined 903094, 99. 105. 108. 113
Combined 903095. 100. 106, 110, 115
Combined 903093, 98, 103, 109. 114
Combined 903094. 99, 105. 108. 113
Combined 903095, 100. 106. 110. 115
Combined 903094. 99, 105, 108, 113
Combined 903093, 98, 103, 109, 114
Combined 903095, 100, 106. 110, 115
Combined 903094. 99, 105, 108, 113
Combined 903093. 98, 103, 109, 114
Combined 903095. 100. 106, 110, 115
Combined 903117 through 25
Combined 903117 through 25
Combined 903117 through 25
Combined 903117 through 25
Combined 903117 through 25
Combined 903117 through 25
Combined 903117 through 25
Combined 903117 through 25
Combined 903117 through 25
4 - EP Toxicity extraction procedure followed by analysis 3.
t>D001
CCAWL
5 « TCLP followed by analyses 1, 2, and
, F003, F005.
- continuously agitated waste liquids
3.
68
-------
TABLE 30. SITE 6 VOLATILE ORGANICS
Input
Total
input
Output
TCLP
Stream number
Stream description Liquid waste fuel
Stream flowrate in kg/s 0.18
Sample number 903095, 100, 106,
110. 115
Concen-
tration
in
mg/L
Rate
in
mg/s
Lacquer chips
0.14
903117 through
903125
Concen-
tration
in
mg/kg
Rate
in
mg/s
Rate
in
mg/s
Incinerator ash Incinerator ash
0.039
903090, 91, 92 903090, 91, 92
Concen-
tration
in
mg/kg
Rate
in
mg/s
Concen-
tration
in
ug/L
Detection Limit Factora 100
Priority Pollutants
Methylene chloride ND
Benzene NO
^Tetrachloroethene ND
"Toluene 32000
Ethyl benzene 2600
All other priority ND
pollutants
Nonpriority Pollutants
5800
470
100
ND
ND
ND
350
ND
ND
48
<32
<32
<32
5800
480
<32
100
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
550
10
3
790
38
ND
Acetone
2-Butanone
2-Hexanone
4-Methyl -2-pentanone
Total xylenes
5200
7100
14000
1600
9800
940
1300
2500
290
1800
ND
ND
ND <
ND
ND
c!4 940
C14 1300
c!4 2500
£14 290
cl4 1800
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
950
91
ND
ND
75
"To obtain actual detection limits, multiply this factor times the individual detection limit
values in Table 5 and retain units frow this table. Note: all less than values should be
multiplied by corresponding detection limits in Table 4.
69
-------
greater than 100 ppm. The TCLP leachate analyses, however, yielded eight
volatile orgam'cs — acetone, toluene, methylene chloride, 2-butanone,
xylenes, ethylbenzene, benzene, and tetrachloroethene. This type of
incinerator has been previously tested for thermal destruction performance.
High DREs were measured suggesting low level PICs and POHCs in the ash
residue.
Semi volatile Orgam'cs
Table 31 summarizes the results for semivolatile organics. The total
concentration of semivolatile organics was slightly higher in the lacquer
chips, stream no. 3, than in the composited liquid waste fuels, stream 1
plus 2. Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate was present in the composite lacquer chip
sample at a concentration of 74,000 mg/kg with a few other semivolatiles
present at less than 10 mg/kg.
The incinerator ash, with a nominal detection limit of 100 ppb by
weight, contained 16 semivolatile organic compounds. Four of these compounds
were detected in concentrations less than 1 mg/kg, an additional eight were
less than 10 mg/kg, and four were at concentrations of 10 mg/kg or greater.
Priority Pollutant Metals
As shown in Table 32, two composite input, one composite ash residual,
and the ash residual's EP toxicity and TCLP leachates were analyzed for the
presence of 13 priority pollutant metals.
The liquid waste fuel contained a high level of zinc, chromium, and
copper (40 to 320 ppm). Lead, cadmium, and thallium were detected at low
levels (4 to 13 ppm). Analysis of the lacquer chips yielded results similar
70
-------
TABLE 31. SITE 6 SEMIVOLATILE ORGANICS
Input
Stream number
Stream description
Stream flowrate 1n kg/s
Sample number
Detection Limit Factor"
Priority Pollutants
Acenaphthene
1 ,2 ,4-Tr1 chl orobenzene
Fluoranthene
Iscphorone
Naphthalene
2-N1trophenol
4-N1trophenol
Phenol
B1s(2-e'thylhexyl ) phthalate
Benzyl butyl phthalate
01 -n -butyl phthalate
D1-n-octyl phthalate
Dimethyl phthalate
Anthracene
Phenanthrene
Pyrene
All other priority
pollutants
Nonpriority pollutants
Benzole acid
2 -Methyl naphthalene
1 •*• 2
Liquid waste fuels
0.18
903093, 98.
09, 114
Concen-
tration
1n
mg/L
20
ND
ND
ND
200
380
ND
NO
50.000
3700
120
2000
ND
. 66
ND
ND
NO
ND
ND
170
103,
Rate
1n
mg/s
<4
<4
<4
36
69
<4
<4
9.000
670
22
360
<4
12
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
31
3
Lacquer chips
0.14
903117 through
903125
Concen-
tration Rate
in in
mg/kg mg/s
5
ND <1
ND <1
ND <1
ND <1
15 2
ND <1
ND <1
NO <1
74,000 10.000
6 1
7 1
ND <1
ND <1
ND <1
ND <1
ND <1
ND <1
ND <1
ND <1
Total
input
Output
4
Incinerator ash
Rate
in
mg/s
<4
<4
<4
36
71
<4
<4
9,000
11,000
22
360
<4
12
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
31
0.039
903090.
Concen-
tration
1n
mg/kg
0.1
0.26
10
0.23
1.1
6.8
ND
ND
1.7
500
5
39
2.5
31
0.15
1.3
0.34
ND
2.4
6.2
91, 92
Rate
1n
mg/s
0.01
0.39
0.01
0.04
0.27
<0.003
<0.003
0.07
20
0.2
1.5
0.1
1.2
0.01
0.05
0.01
<0.003
0.09
0.24
TCLP
4
Incinerator ash
903090, 91, 92
Concen-
tration
in
vg/L
2
ND
10
ND
20
8
60
90
30
ND
ND
14
ND
580
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
4
aTo obtain actual detection limits, multiply this factor times the individual detection limit values in
Table 5 and retain units from this table. Note: all less than values should be multiplied hy
corresponding detection limits 1n Table 5.
71
-------
TABLE 32. SITE 6 PRIORITY POLLUTANT METALS
Toxicity
Input
Stream number
Stream description
Stream flowrate
in kg/s
Sample number
Priority Pollutant
Metals
Antimony
Arseni c
Beryl 1 1 urn
Cadrii urn
Chromium •
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Z1nc
1 + 2
Liquid waste
fuels
0.18
903094, 99, 105,
108, 113
Concen-
tration
in
tng/L
0.25
0.23
<0.01
5.4
85
43
4.2
0.003
2.1
0.5
0.06
13
320
Rate
in
mg/s
0.045
0.041
<0.001
1
15
7.8
0.76
0.0005
0.38
0.09
0.01
2.3
58
Total
input
3
Lacquer Chips
0.14
903117 through
903125
Concen-
tration
in
mg/kg
<1
<1
<2
<1
15
<4
<1
0.3
6
<1
35
17
1000
Rate
in
mg/s
<0.13
<0.13
<0.27
<0.13
2
<0.54
<0.13
0.04
0.81
<0.13
48
2.3
140
Rate
in
mg/s
<0.2
<0.2
<0.3
1
17
7.8
0.8
0.04
1.2
<2.2
4.8
4.7
190
Output
EP
4 4
Incinerator ash Incinerator ash
0.039
903090, 91, 92 903090, 91, 92
Concen-
tration
in
mg/kg
<1
8
<2
<1
110
120
1300
<0.1
22
12
21
<1
810
Rate
in
mg/s
<0.04
0.32
<0.08
<0.04
4.3
4.7
51
<0.004
0.87
0.47
0.83
<0.04
32
Concen-
tration
in
mg/L
0.07
<0.01
<0.01
0.04
0.03
1.9
3.3
<0.001
0.33
0.03
<0.04
0.05
16
TCLP
4
Incinerator ash
903090, 91, 92
Concen-
tration
in
mg/L
0.06
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.02
0.64
12
<0.001
0.49
0.02
<0.01
-------
to the results for lacquer-coated cardboard at site 5, except lead was not
detected. Zinc was present at 1000 mg/kg, silver at 35 mg/kg, thallium at
17 mg/kg, and chromium at 15 mg/L.
Incinerator ash, as expected, generally showed more concentrated metal
values for lead, zinc, copper, and chromium.
In reviewing the EP toxicity and TCLP leachate analyses, the results
from each test generally agreed within a factor of 3. Lead, while being
slightly below the toxicity limit for EP toxicity leachate, exceeded the
limit in the TCLP leachate. Zinc was also present at a relatively high
concentration, 16 mg/L in the EP toxicity leachate and 9.5 mg/L in the TCLP
leachate.
2.7 SITE 7
2.7.1 Facility Description
This incinerator design features a two-stage combustion chamber, a
quench section, a venturi scrubber, and water separator (see Figure 7).
High-Btu liquid organic wastes and low-Btu wastes (which on occasion are
highly aqueous) are stored in separate 9000-gal storage tanks. These wastes
are continuously fed into the primary combustion chamber through separate
lines. Solid waste is inserted into the chamber using a ram at an
approximate rate of one 45-1b batch every 5 min. Combustion air and fuel oil
(as necessary) are also admitted into the chamber to control the combustion
temperature. Ash is removed from the chamber periodically by a long stroke
of the feed ram to push ash from the floor of the chamber onto a water
submerged ash conveyor which empties the ash into an ash bin. Ash is
recycled back through the incinerator if combustible material is detected in
the ash by the incinerator operator.
73
-------
High
Btu
SlOfog*
low
Btu
Woil.
Slwog*
i HOfog* liwog* 1
J j n ^ j I
Ion),
1!
]i
51
I!
lank
\
Quench j
Slock
Hater
(to POTH)
Figure 7. Site 7 incinerator schematic.
-------
The combustion gases exit the primary combustion chamber and enter a
secondary chamber where additional fuel oil (as necessary) and combustion air
are admitted to maintain desired operating conditions. After leaving the
second chamber, the gases are quenched and passed through a venturi scrubber
for particulate and HC1 removal. The gases then travel up through a water
separator and exit the process through the stack. The stack has an expanded
bottom section and includes pad demisters.
Water for the quench and venturi scrubber is recirculated from a holding
tank. Makeup to the holding tank is provided by well water. Effluent waters
from the quench, water separator, and stack are channeled into the holding
tank. The holding tank is periodically blown down to prevent an excessive
build-up of solids, salts, and metals in the tank and/or water. The blowdown
is treated in an onsite water treatment facility. A filter cake sludge from
that facility is stabilized with lime and transported to a hazardous waste
landfill for disposal while the water is discharged to the city's industrial
sewer for eventual treatment at a POTW. The cleansed blowdown water is not
recirculated.
2.7.2 Operating and Sampling Information
The following operating information was collected for this site:
• Dates of site visit: October 22 and 23, 1985
• Process observations:
-- Quenched incinerator ash taken to a hazardous waste landfill for
final disposal
— Relatively dewatered solids from the pre-POTW filter press are
stabilized with lime prior to disposal in a hazardous waste
landfill
75
-------
— The treated water from the pre-POTW is released to the
industrial sewer since continued reuse would result in a
build-up of heavy metals
Process conditions:
— Primary combustion chamber maintained at 1820 to 1915°F
— Secondary combustion chamber maintained at 1840 to 1900°F
— Lower combustion chamber pressure maintained at near minus
1 in. of water
— Scrubber holding tank maintained at near pH 7 with ammonia
— Stack gas concentration of oxygen during liquid waste
incineration varied from about 12 percent to slightly more than
13 percent
— Venturi scrubber pressure drop approximately 23 in. of water
— Stack gas flow of 8500 to 9000 acfm at 150°F
— Quench water flow 111 gal/min
— Venturi water flow 70 gal/min
Estimated influent and effluent flows during day of test:
~ High-Btu liquid waste 517 Ib/hr
-- Low-Btu liquid waste 333 Ib/hr
~ Solids
• Latex coagulum (plus corncobs) 150 Ib/hr
• Coating waste (plus corncobs) 128 Ib/hr
• Magnesium scrap shavings in oil 6 Ib/hr
• Lab packs 9 Ib/hr
• Hospital wastes 162 Ib/hr
— Fuel oil 17.7 gal/hr
76
-------
— Scrubber holding tank blowdown 7 gal/min
— Pre-POTW discharge to sewer 15 Ib/min
— Dewatered solids from pre-POTW 1.5 yd3/day
-- Incinerator ash 3 yd3/day
A summary of all samples collected at this site and the analyses performed
is presented in Table 33.
For safety reasons, the magnesium scrap shavings from a machine shop and
the hospital waste, which included infectious wastes, were not sampled. Lab
packs, which typically include spent or unwanted laboratory chemicals in
glassware, placed in small cardboard drums or boxes, overpacked with an
adsorbent such as vermiculite, and sealed, were also not sampled due to the
difficulty of obtaining a representative sample. Corncob powder was
regularly added to some material at this site. Since the "solid" feed system
pushes material onto a fixed hearth, corncob powder is added to some
difficult-to-pump material to absorb free liquid.
2.7.3 Analytical Results
Volatile Organics
As shown in Table 34, approximately 12 g/kg (1.2 percent) of the sampled
solids contained volatiles, primarily xylenes, 2-butanone, toluene, and
ethylbenzene. Surprisingly, the high-Btu liquids contained less volatiles
but still had relatively high concentrations of toluene, acetone, styrene,
and 1,1,1-trichloroethane. Low-Btu liquids had only three detected organics,
all at relatively high concentrations.
Bottom ash had no detectable volatiles exceeding 100 ppm. Volatiles at
the 35 ppm level or less for this incinerator have been reported in an
earlier report. APCE effluent, basically blowdown from the quench plus
77
-------
TABLE 33, SITE 7 PROCESS STREAM SAMPLES
Stream
number Stream name
6
6
6
2
2
2
1
1
5
5
3
1
5
1
1
2
5
6
1
2
3
5
6'
1
2
5
6
2'
7
7
6
5
4
4
3
3
3
'Key:
Pre-POTW discharge water
Pre-POTW discharge water
Pre-POTW discharge water
Low-Btu liquid waste
Low-Btu liquid waste
Low-Btu liquid waste
High-Btu liquid waste
High-Btu liquid waste
Scrubber holding tank blowdown
Scrubber holding tank blowdown
Latex coagulum plus sorbent
Hlgh-Btu liquid waste
Scrubber holding tank blowdown
Hlgh-Btu liquid waste
Hlgh-Btu liquid waste
Low-Btu liquid waste
Scrubber holding tank blowdown
Pre-POTW discharge water
Hlgh-Btu liquid waste
Low-Btu liquid waste
Coating waste plus sorbent
Scrubber holding tank blowdown
Pre-POTW discharge water
High-Btu liquid waste
Low-Btu liquid waste
Scrubber holding tank blowdown
Pre-POTW discharge water
Low-Btu liquid waste
Pre-POTW discharge filter cake
Pre-POTW discharge filter cake
Pre-POTW discharge water
Scrubber holding tank blowdown
Quenched incinerator ash
Quenched Incinerator ash
Magnesium scrap
Lab packs
Hospital waste
1 » \blat1le analyses.
Sample
ID
number
902666
902667
902668
902669
902670
902671
902672
902673
902674
902675
902676
902677
902678
902679
902680
902681
902682
902683
902684
902685
902686
902687
902689
902690
902691
902692
902693
902694
902695
902696
902697
902698
902699
902700
"
EPA ID
number
b
b
b
b
b
D001
b.
b
b
b
b
b
D001
b
b
b
D001
0001
— —
ml WCAC
Sampling
date
10/23/85
10/23/85
10/23/85
10/23/85
10/23/85
10/23/85
10/23/85
10/23/85
10/23/85
10/23/85
10/23/85
10/23/85
10/23/85
10/23/85
10/23/85
10/23/85
10/23/85
10/23/85
10/23/85
10/23/85
10/23/85
10/23/85
10/23/85
10/23/85
10/23/85
10/23/85
10/23/85
10/23/85
10/23/85
10/23/85
10/23/85
10/23/85
10/23/85
10/23/85
*•
Analyses
performed3
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
1.2.3
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1,2,3
1
1
1
1
3
3
1,2,3,4,5
::
Comments
Combined 902670, 71,
Combined 902670, 71,
Combined with 902679
Combined 902673, 80,
Combined 902675, 78,
81.
81,
84.
82.
85.
85.
90
87,
Sorbent is corncob dust
Container failure in transit
Combined 902675, 78. 82, 87,
Combined with 902672
Combined 902673, 80,
Combined 902670, 71,
Combined 902675, 78,
84.
81,
82,
Combined 902673, 80, 84,
Combined 902670, 71, 81.
Sorbent is corncob dust
Combined 902675, 78, 82,
Combined 902673, 80,
combined 902670, 71,
Combined 902675. 78.
From 902669
From 902666
From 902674
Not sampled
Not sampled
Not sampled
84,
81,
82,
90
85.
87,
90
85,
87.
90
85,
87.
91
91
92
92
91
92
91
92
91
92
3 » Thirteen priority pollutant metals.
4 • EP Toxiclty extraction procedure followed by analysis 3.
5 * TCLP followed by analyses 1, Z, and 3.
F001, F002, F003, F005.
78
-------
TABLE 34. SITE 7 VOLATILE ORGANICS
10
Stream number
Stream description
Stream flowrate In kg/s
Sample number
3
Solids
0.035
902676
Concen-
tration
In
nig/ kg
feed
« 86
Rate
1n
mg/s
Input
1
High Btu
liquids
0.065
902673. 80.
84. 90
Concen-
tration Rate
In In
mg/L mg/s
.
2
Low Rtu liquids
0.042
902670, 71, 81,
85. 91
Concen-
tration Rate
In In
mg/L mg/s
Total
Input Output
4
Bottom ash
0.043
902699
Concen-
Rate tratlon Rate
In 1n In
mg/s mg/kg mg/s
5
APCE effluent
0.0073
902675,
87, 92
Concen-
tration
In
mg/L
78, 82,
Rate
1n
mg/s
Total
output TCLP
4
Bottom ash
902699
Concen-
Rate tratlon
In In
mg/s wg/L
Detection Limit Factor'
Priority Pollutants
100
100
100
100
0.5
Methyl ene chloride
Chloroform
1,1,1-Trlchloroethane
Trlchloroethene
Benzene
Toluene
Ethyl benzene
All other priority
pollutants
Nonprlorlty Pollutants
Acetone
2-Butanone
2-Hexanone
4-Methyl -2-pentanone
Styrene
Total xylenes
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
20 .000
14.000
NO
NO
35.000
1,100
12.000
NO
43.000
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
700
490
<4
<4
1.200
39
420
<4
1,500
NO
150
1.900
990
NO
6.300
180
NO
3,100
ND
ND
820
2.200
730
<7
10
120
64
<7
410
12
<7
200
<7
<7
53
140
48
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
2.400
16.000
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
51 ,000
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
100
670
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
2,100
<14
<17
120
64
<14
1.200
1,200
<14
200
1.200
<50
470
140
3,700
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
NO
ND
ND
ND
NO
NO
ND
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
ND
ND
ND
8.4
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
<0.004
<0.004
<0.004
0.062
<0.004
<0.004
<0.004
<0.004
<0.004
<0.004
<0.004
<0.004
<0.004
<0.004
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
150
17
77
17
3
61
10
NO
110
140
ND
62
ND
28
•To obtain actual detection limits, multiply this factor times the Individual detection limit values In Table 4 and retain units
from this table. Note: all less than values should be multiplied by corresponding detection limits In Table 4.
-------
scrubber recirculation tank, had only one detectable volatile,
trichloroethene at 8400 pg/L. Methylene chloride, benzene, and toluene in a
combined concentration of near 10 ppb by weight have been reported for this
stream under a separate test program. The TCLP leachate had 11 detected
volatiles. Such leachate values would support volatile concentrations in ash
residuals at ppm levels. Incinerator residuals, which did not appear to be
completely burned, were routinely recycled back, through the incinerator.
Semi volatile Organics
Several organics were detected in the input and output streams below
300 ppm (see Table 35). Naphthalene at 100 ppm by weight was the only
detected semivolatile organic in the composited solids feed sample. The
high-Btu liquids contained a high concentration of naphthalene plus other
common semivolatile organics. Low-Btu liquids contained some similar
semivolatile organics.
Bottom ash contained several semivolatiles but all in concentrations at
or below 150 ppm by weight. Detected above the 1 ppm level include
bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (150,000 yg/kg), isophorone (11,000 yg/kg),
benzyl butyl phthalate and di-n-butyl phthalate (7000 yg/kg each). The
semivolatile organics concentration for this stream was reported at
570,000 yg/kg during our previous test program.
APCE effluent blowdown included only two low concentration compounds,
phenol (100 yg/L) and di-n-butyl phthalate (22 yg/L).
The TCLP bottom ash leachate analysis results indicate only isophorone,
aniline, and phenol in concentrations ranging from 6 to 60 yg/L.
80
-------
TABLE 35. SITE 7 SEMIVOLATILE ORGANICS
oo
Input
Stream number
Stream description
Stream flowrate In kg/s
Sample number
Detection Llnlt Factor*
Priority Pollutants
1 .2 ,4-Trl ehlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
p-Chloro-m'-cresol
1 ,2-01 chl orobenzene
1 ,4-DI chl orobenzene
3 ,3-01 chl orobenz (dine
Isophorone
Naphthalene
Nitrobenzene
N-N1 t rosodl pheny 1 ami ne
Phenol
B1s(2-ethylhexy1 )phtha1ate
Benzyl butyl phthalate
Ot-n-butyl phthalate
01 ethyl phthalate
Phenanthrene
All other priority
pollutants
Nonprlorlty pollutants
2-Hethy1naphth«lene
AM line
Benzyl alcohol
4-Chloroanlllne
3
Solids feed
0.03S
902676 A 86
Concen-
tration
In
"9/k9
100
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
100
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
Rate
In
"9/S
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
<«
<4
4
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
1
High Btu
liquids
0.065
902672 *
Concen-
tration
1n
mg/L
20
NO
NO
NO
30
NO
NO
48
290
38
NO
NO
NO
NO
ND
100
28
NO
60
NO
38
ND
79
Rate
In
mg/t
<1
<1
<1
2
<1
<1
3
19
<2
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
7
2
<1
4
<1
2
<1
2
Low Btu
liquids
0.042
902669
Concen-
tration
In
mg/L
0.6
0.78
19
0.84
ND
0.9
1.6
3.4
12
ND
ND
ND
3.5
3.1
2.6
NO
KD
ND
5.7
ND
NO
2.1
' Total
Input
Output
4
Bottom ash
0.043
902699
Rate
In
WJ/S
0.03
0.8
0.04
<0.03
0.04
0.07
0.14
0.5
<0.03
<0.03
<0.03
0.15
0.13
0.11
<0.03
<0.03
<0.03
0.24
<0.03
<0.03
0.09
Rate
In
«g/»
-------
Priority Pollutant Metals
As shown in Table 36, concentrations of metals greater than 100 ppm were
observed in only two sampled input streams, the solid feed (stream No. 3) and
the low-Btu liquids (stream No. 1). High lead and chromium concentrations of
650 and 130 ppm were measured in the solid feed. Only zinc with a
concentration of 610 ppm was detected in the low-Btu liquids. For the
streams not sampled, the priority pollutant metals concentration was also
likely be to low. For example, lab packs would generate "ash" from
vermiculite (hydrated magnesium-aluminum-iron silicate), cardboard,
glassware, and contents. The magnesium scrap shavings in oil would, of
course, generate magnesium oxide which is not a priority pollutant metal. As
with lab packs, hospital wastes would likely generate most "ash" from
cardboard, glassware, and perhaps vermiculite, if used.
Output streams were either high in metals (such as bottom ash) or low
(such as APCE effluent). Bottom ash was especially high in copper, zinc,
nickel, lead, and chromium. The APCE effluent's highest level metal was zinc
followed by lead. The leachates for bottom ash appear to be under both the
EP and TCLP limits for metals. Zinc appears high (>50 mg/L), but the two
leachates generally agree within a factor of three.
2.8 SITE 8
2.8.1 Facility Description
The incinerator consists of a large, nearly rectangular
combustion chamber and a rotary kiln as shown schematically in Figure 8.
There are four major waste feed streams Into the incinerator. Liquid
organic waste is fed continuously at the end opposite the rotary kiln, below
82
-------
TABLE 36. SITE 7 PRIORITY POLLUTANT METALS
cx>
to
Toxlclty
Input
Stream number
Stream description
Stream flMrite In
kg/*
Sample number
Priority Pollutant
Hetals
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryl Hun
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
3
Solids feed
0.035
902676 I 86
Concen-
tration
In
•g/kg
<1
2
<1
<1
130
2
6SO
<0.05
7
<4
3
11
4
Rate
In
mg/s
<0.03S
0.07
<0.03S
<0.035
4.6
0.07
23
<0.001
0.24
<0.14
0.10
0.38
0.14
1
High Btu
liquids
0.06S
902672 1
Concen-
tration
In
•g/L
<0.03
0.6
<0.01
0.7
2.2
2.1
9.1
0.025
2.5
<1
0.54
0.25
16
79
Rate
In
mg/s
0.002
0.039
0.001
0.046
0.14
0.14
0.59
0.002
0.16
0.065
0.035
0.016
1
2
Low Btu
0.042
902694
Concen-
tration
In
mg/L
<0.03
22
<0.01
0.18
8.7
10
16
0.01
0.83
<1
0.06
0.2
610
liquids
•
Rate
1n
•9/s
<0.0012
0.92
<0.0004
0.0075
0.36
0.42
0.67
0.0004
0.035
<0.042
0.0025
0.0083
26
Total
Input
Output
4
Bottom ash
0.043
902699
Rate
In
»g/s
<0.03
1
<0.03
<0.08
5.1
0.62
24
0.002
0.44
<0.24
0.14
0.4
27
Concen-
tration
In
mg/kg
49
12
<1
<1
120
2000
160
0.25
650
19
9
4
850
Rate
In
mg/s
2.1
0.51
<0.04
<0.04
5.1
85
6.8
<0.01
28
0.81
0.38
0.17
36
Total
output
5
APCE effluent
0.0073
902698
Concen-
tration
In
mg/L
1.7
0.06
<0.01
0.08
0.28
0.64
2.6
<0.005
0.75
0.6
0.05
0.16
6.7
Rate
In
mg/S
0.012
0.00044
<0. 00007
0.00058
0.002
0.0047
0.019
<0. 00003
0.0055
0.0044
0.00036
0.0012
0.049
Rate
In
mg/s
2.1
0.51
<0.04
<0.04
5.1
85
6.8
<0.01
28
0.81
0.38
0.17
36
EP
4
Bottom
ash
902699
Concen-
tration
in
mg/L
<0.01
<0.06
<0.01
<0.01
<0.03
13
0.11
<0.001
13
<0.05
<0.01
<0.01
65
TCLP
4
Bottom
ash
902699
Concen-
tration
In
mg/L
0.02
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.02
11
0.5
<0.001
4
0.02
<0.01
<0.02
98
-------
Stack Goi
CD
-v ... . Wot«r lo
6) Sludge-- EQi,pond
"n.mt tint (4) (7)
Won
PunJ
Water
Wiitia 1 1 1 WIUM Wutur
111 i — IT i i
1
Dr.«ro |to|.«y ^"J" ., Wi.lui n ^ F,rll
1
\i/ Drum*
S«c<
Abu
1
Sump
... VVo
r~
>nd ...*. We
>rb«r ES
^ T
I
"(
®
cr lo
Slock
I
„!
t
Ps
llH
Miiilt To Wail
-------
the gas exhaust duct that is near the top of that end of the chamber.
Aqueous waste is fed when available into the combustion chamber just above
the liquid organic waste flame. The other two waste feeds are wastes
normally contained in steel drums. Depending on the waste characteristics,
some drums are sliced into sections and the drums and contents are conveyed
into the rotary kiln. Other drums are placed in groups of four on metal
"sleds" and are conveyed upright through the combustion chamber, remaining in
the chamber for about 4 hours. Normally, these latter drums are sliced and
recycled back through the kiln after passing through the combustion chamber
to further incinerate residue collected in the bottom of the drum.
Approximately 150 drums per day are incinerated; however, with drum
""recycling," the number of drums fed to the chamber and kiln per hour
normally averages four and seven, respectively. Auxiliary fuel is not used
under normal operating conditions at this plant.
Gases exiting the combustion chamber pass through a water quench section
and two packed scrubbers in series with caustic addition to adjust pH. The
gases then pass through two two-stage wet ESPs and induced draft fans in
parallel that discharge into a demister and then are released through a tall
stack. All liquid effluents are regularly recycled to the two ponds, with
makeup provided by nearby lake water. Thus, the only nongaseous effluent
regularly removed from the incinerator system is the ash discharged from the
rotary kiln. As currently configured, however, bottom ash is periodically
removed from the combustion chamber during shutdowns for preventive
maintenance. The ash, less large ferrous pieces, is taken for final disposal
to a hazardous waste landfill.
85
-------
Also, the ponds experience a build-up of salts and sludge.
Approximately once a year, high salt content water from the east pond is
pumped into a holding pond. That water is incrementally shipped to a
facility offsite for treatment and disposal. The settled solids in sludge
form are removed from the ponds periodically and placed in another holding
pond. Although operations to date have not required disposal of that sludge,
the sludge will soon be hauled to a hazardous waste landfill.
This hazardous waste incinerator handles bulk liquids as well as
liquids, sludges, and solids in a variety of commonly used containers,
including steel drums and aerosol cans. Some items, such as some packaged
consumer products, may not meet the RCRA definition of hazardous, but are
* i
incinerated as a cost-effective disposal option. The incinerator capacity
exceeds 50 million Btu/hr.
2.8.2 Operating and Sampling Information
The following operating information was collected for this site:
• Dates of site visit: October 24 and 25, 1985
• Process observations:
— Large ferrous pieces of metal removed from ash prior to
disposal
— Kiln ash and bottom ash both transported to a hazardous waste
landfill for final disposal
— Process water in holding pond removed to an offsite hazardous
material treatment facility for disposal
— Sludge in sludge holding pond not yet emptied but will also be
taken to a hazardous waste landfill for final disposal
86
-------
— Bottom ash emptied with front-end loader during preventive
maintenance shutdowns
Process conditions:
-- The pH of the east pond is maintained at 7.5, while the west
pond is maintained at 7
— Nominal 4- to 8-sec gas residence time in main combustion
chamber
— Main combustion chamber exit temperature maintained at 2075°F
during sampling
— Historical stack gas data yielded average flue gas oxygen
concentration of 10.5 percent on a dry gas basis
Estimated influent and effluent flows during test:
-- Quench flow 2500 gal/min
— Flow to scrubber no. 1 2500 gal/min
-- Flow to scrubber no. 2 plus wet ESPs 750 gal/min with
650 gal/min flowing to scrubber no. 2, and 90 to 100 gal/min
flowing to the wet ESPs
— Liquid fuel feedrate varied from 40 to 117 Ib/min during test
with an average rate of 90 Ib/min
~ Bottom ash generated at a rate of 8 yd3/week
— Quenched kiln ash generated at a rate of 6 yd3/day and weighed
1.3 tons/yd3
— Direct feedwater flow 270 gal/min, but configuration did not
allow sampling
— Excluding reruns, four 55-gal drums/hr were fed directly into
the incinerator and six 55-gal drums/hr into the rotary kiln
87
-------
A summary of all samples collected at this site and the analyses performed
is presented in Table 37.
2.8.3 Analytical Results
The streams not sampled at the site's request included (a) feedwater
containing 20 percent paint pigments (toxic metals), 10 percent NaOH, and
1 to 3 percent acetone, toluene, and xylene, and (b) drummed solids and
liquids which were obtained from many sources and are more difficult to
generalize, but typically included solvents and toxic metals.
Volatile Orgam'cs
Analytical results appear in Table 38. The liquid waste fuel contains
many typical solvents, so it appears reasonable that 13 organics were
detected. The highly recycled scrubber water from two ponds showed six of
seven detected organics as higher in the inlet than outlet. All detected
volatiles were 5 ppm or lower.
The kiln ash and incinerator bottom ash were both found to contain
volatile organics, although the level of organics in the kiln ash is not
particularly expected. Nine volatiles were detected in the kiln ash with
toluene at 120 ppm by weight being followed in concentration by
4-methyl-2-pentanone (29 ppm), xylenes (15 ppm), and several other common
solvents.
Bottom ash, which was obtained at the first shutdown after the test, was
determined to contain only toluene at 2.1 ppm. The nominal detection limit
for the ash sample was 500 ug/kg.
TCLP leachates for the kiln ash and bottom ash each had detectable
levels of volatiles. Kiln ash volatiles, including toluene (170 yg/L),
88
-------
TABLE 37. SITE 8 PROCESS STREAM SAMPLES
Stream
number Stream name
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
1
1
6
2
2
10
11
Liquid waste fuel
Liquid waste fuel
Liquid waste fuel
Liquid waste fuel
Liquid waste fuel
Quench plus scrubber no. 1 supply
Clench plus scrubber no. 1 supply
Quench plus scrubber no. 1 supply
Quench plus scrubber no. 1 supply
Quench plus scrubber no. 1 supply
Quench plus scrubber no. 1 sump
Quench plus scrubber no. 1 sump
Quench plus scrubber no. 1 sump
Quench plus scrubber no. 1 sump
Quench plus scrubber no. 1 sump
Scrubber no. 2 and ESP supply
Scrubber no. 2 and ESP supply
Scrubber no. 2 and ESP supply
Scrubber no. 2 and ESP supply
Scrubber no. 2 and ESP supply
Scrubber no. 2 return
Scrubber no. 2 return
Scrubber no. 2 return
Scrubber no. 2 return
Scrubber no. 2 return
ESP return
ESP return
ESP return
ESP return
ESP return
Quenched kiln ash
Quenched Mln ash
East pond sludge
Incinerator bottom ash, east end
Incinerator bottom ash. west end
Direct feedwater
Drummed solids and liquids
Sample
ID EPA ID Sampling
number number date
902702
902703
902704
902705
902706
902707
902708
902709
902710
902711
902712
902713
902714
S02715
902716
902717
902718
902719
902720
902721
902722
902723
902724
902725
902726
902727
902728
902729
902730
902731
902732
902733
902734
902766
902767
«
•••
b 10/25/85
b 10/25/85
b 10/25/85
b 10/25/85
b 10/25/85
10/25/85
10/25/85
10/25/85
10/25/85
10/25/85
10/25/85
10/25/85
10/25/85
10/25/85
10/25/85
10/25/85
10/25/85
10/25/85
10/25/85
10/25/85
10/25/85
10/25/85
10/25/85
10/25/85
10/25/85
10/25/85
10/25/85
10/25/85
' 10/25/85
10/25/85
10/25/85
10/25/85
10/25/85
10/25/85
10/25/85
10/31/85
10/31/85
c —
d
Analyses
performed3
1:1
1
1
2
3
1
1
1
2
3
1
1
1
2.3
2,3
1
1
1
2
3
1
1
1
2
3
2
3
1
1
1
1.2,3,4,5
1.2,3.4,5
1.2.3,4,5
1.2,3.4.5
..
••
Comments
Combined with 902703
Combined with 902702
Combined 902704, 05,
Combined 902704, 05,
Combined 902704, 05,
Combined
Combined
Combined
Combined
Combined
Combl ned
Combined
Combined
Combined
Combl ned
Combined
Combined
Combined
Combl ned
29, 30
Combined
29, 30
Combl ned
29, 30
Combl ned
Combined
Combined
Combined
Combined
29. 30
Combined
29. 30
Combl ned
29. 30
Combl ned
Combl ned
Combined
Combined
c
d
902709, 10,
902709, 10,
902709. 10,
902714, 15,
902714, 15,
902714, 15,
with 902718
with 902717
902719, 20,
902719, 20,
902719. 20,
902722, 27,
902723, 27,
902724, 25,
. 31
902724, 25,
. 31
902724, 25,
. 31
902722. 27.
902723, 27,
902722, 27,
902723, 27,
902724, 25.
. 31
902724. 25,
, 31
902724. 25,
. 31
with 902733
with 902732
with 902767
with 092766
06
06
06
11
11
11
16
16
16
21
21
21
28
28
26,
26.
26.
28
28
28
28
26,
26.
26.
•Key: 1 - Volatile analyses.
2 • Semi volatile and base neutral add analyses.
3 • Thirteen priority pollutant metals.
4 • EP Toxlcity extraction procedure followed by analysis 3,
5 • TCLP followed by analyses 1, 2, and 3.
"Blended liquid waste fuel. EPA numbers Include D001, D003. 0007, D008, F001, F002, F003, and F005.
cNot sampled. EPA numbers 0001, 0002, 0006, D007. 0008, Twenty percent paint pigments, 10 percent ttaOH,
1 to 3 percent acetone, toluene, and xyl«rw.
dNot sampled. Majority of drums at least 0001. Other EPA maters Include D003. 0006, 0007, 0008, 0009,
F002, F003, F005, and U002. Some drums nonhazardous.
89
-------
TABLE 38. SITE 8 VOLATILE ORGANICS
Input
Ouench + scrubber 11
Stream number
Stream description
Stream flowrate In kg/s
Sample number
Detection Limit Factor*
Priority Pollutants
Chlorontethane
Methyl ene chloride
trans- 1,2-Dlchloroethene
l.l.l-THchloroethane
Benzene
Trlchloroethene
Tetrachloroethene
Toluene
Chlorobenzene
Ethyl benzene
All other priority
pollutants
NonprtorUy Pollutants
Acetone
2-Butanone
2-Hexanone
4-Hethy1-2-pentandne
Styrene
Carbon dtsulflde
Total xylenes
3
Liquid waste
fuel
0.68
902704 to 06
Concen-
tration
In
Mg/L
100
ND
6,600
ND
10.000
ND
4,700
17,000
43,000
1,100
43.000
ND
66.000
110,000
9.100
32.000
12.000
ND
73.000
Rate
In
mg/s
<68
4.500
<6B
6,600
<68
3,200
12.000
29.000
750
29,000
<6B
59.000
75,000
6.200
22,000
6.200
<68
50.000
4
Supply
310
902709
Concen-
tration
In
•g/L
0.5
1.8
ND
ND
NO
ND
ND
5.2
4.2
ND
HD
ND
HO
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
to 11
Rate
In
"g/s
570
<160
<160
<160
<160
<160
1600
1300
<160
<160
<160
<160
<160
<160
<160
<160
<160
<160
5
Sump
310
902714 to 16
Concen-
tration
In
mg/L
0.5
2.5
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Rate
In
mg/s
790
<160
<160
<160
<160
<160
<160
<160
<160
<160
<160
<160
<160
<160
<160
<160
<160
O60
Net
Rate
In
mg/s
220
<160
<160
<160
<160
<160
<160
<160
<160
<160
<160
<160
<160
<160
<160
<160
<160
<160
Output
Scrubber 12 + wet
7
Supply
47
902719 to 21
Concen-
tration
In
mg/l
0.5
0.55
ND
0.6
ND
ND
3.6
1.1
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Rate
In
mg/s
26
<24
28
<24
<24
170
52
<24
<24
<24
<24
<24
<24
<24
<24
<24
<24
<24
ESPs
8
Return
47
902724 to 26.
29 to 31
Concen-
tration
In
mg/L
0.5
ND
HD
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
NO
ND
ND
ND
HD
Rate
In
mg/s
<24
<24
<24
<24
<24
<24
<24
<24
<24
<24
<24
<24
<24
<24
<24
<24
<24
<24
Net
Rate
In
mg/s
<24
<24
<24
<24
<24
<24
<24
<24
<24
<24
<24
<24
<24
<24
<24
<24
<24
<24
1
Kiln ash
O.OBS
902732, 33
Concen-
tration
In
mg/kg
0.5
1.7
ND
HD
6.2
HI)
5.3
3.6
120
2.5
7.6
ND
ND
ND
ND
29
ND
ND
15
Rate
In
mg/s
.0.14
<0.04
<0.04
0.53
<0.04
0.45
0.31
0.21
0.21
0.65
<0. 04
<0.04
<0.04
<0.04
2.5
<0.04
<0.04
1.3
Total
output
2
Bottom ash
0.11
902766, 67
Concen-
tration
In
mg/kg
0.5
ND
ND
ND
ND
HD
ND
ND
2.1
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Rate
In
mg/s
<0.06
<0.06
<0.06
<0.0fi
<0.06
<0.06
<0.06
0.24
<0.06
<0.06
<0.06
<0.06
<0.06
<0.06
<0.06
<0.06
<0.06
<0.06
Rate
In
mg/s
220
-------
4-methyl-2-pentanone (150 yg/L), and methylene chloride (90 yg/L), had higher
concentrations than bottom ash volatiles which included methylene chloride
(26 pg/L) and toluene (13 ug/L).
Semivolatile Qrganics
Semi volatile organics, as shown in Table 39, were detected in high
concentrations in the liquid waste fuel.
Except for benzoic acid detected at a level of 260 ppb in the quench
plus scrubber #1 sump, no semi volatile organics were detected in the scrubber
supply or return water.
As with the volatiles, relatively high levels of semivolatiles were
detected in the kiln ash; phenol was detected at 400 ppm followed by
•
2-methylnaphthalene at 15 ppm and five others in the 1 to 2 ppm range. No
semivolatiles were detected in the bottom ash.
Kiln ash and bottom ash TCLP leachates were analyzed for semivolatiles
and both were determined to only contain phenol at 1800 and 120 yg/L,
respectively, at a nominal detection limit of 2 yg/L. Phenol was detected in
the kiln ash at 400 ppm, so its presence in the leachate is not surprising.
The bottom ash, however, did not have a detected level of phenol, and the
phenol level in the leachate suggests that the bottom ash phenol
concentration should also be in the ppm range or greater.
Priority Pollutant Metals
Priority pollutant metals analyses are shown in Table 40. The two
unsampled waste streams were noted to contain cadmium, chromium, lead, and
mercury. Chromium, lead, and zinc appear to be the higher concentration
metals in the liquid waste fuel. Although an unsuccessful attempt was made
to create a metals mass balance for the system, it can be seen that the
91
-------
TABLE 39. SITE 8 SEMIVOLATILE' OR6ANICS
vo
ro
Input
Quench
Stream number
Stream description
Stream flowrate In kg/s
Sample number
Detection Limit Factor*
Priority Pollutants
1 sophorone
Naphthalene
Phenol
Benzyl butyl phthalate
Dlethyl phthalate
Phenanthrene
Pyrene
All other priority
pollutants
Nonprlorlty Pollutants
Benzole acid
2-Hethyl phenol
2-Methyl naphthalene
3
Liquid waste
fuel
0.68
902702. 03
Concen-
tration
In
mg/L
20
6.800
590
38
2.000
32
ND
ND
ND
19
ND
110
Rate
In
mg/s
4.600
400
26
1.400
22
<14
<14
<14
13
<14
75
4
Supply
310
902709 to 11
Concen-
tration
In
mg/L
0.02
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Rate
In
mg/s
<6
<6
<6
<6
<6
<6
<6
<6
<6
<6
<6
+ scrubber 11
5
Sump
310
902712
Concen-
tration
1n
mg/L
0.02
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.26
ND
ND
Rate
In
mg/s
<6
<6
<6
<6
<6
<6
<6
<6
82
<6
<6
Net
Rate
In
mg/s
<6
<6
<6
<6
<6
<6
<6
<6
82
<6
<6
Output
Total
Output
TCLP
Scrubber 12 + wet ESPs
7
Supply
47
902717 .
Concen-
tration
In
mg/L
0.02
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
8 1
Return Net Kiln ash
47 0.085
18 902722 to 28 902732, 33
Concen-
Rate tratlon
In In
mg/s mg/L
0.02
<1 ND
<1 ND
<1 ND
<1 ND
<1 ND
<1 ND
<1 ND
<1 ND
<1 ND
<1 ND
<1 ND
Concen-
Rate Rate tratlon
In In 1n
mg/s mg/s mg/kg
0.5
<1 <1 2.5
<1 <1 2.3
<1 <1 400
<1 <1 ND
<1 <1 ND
<1 <1 0.9
<1 <1 1.3
<1 <1 ND
<1 <1 ND
<1 <1 1
<1 <1 15
Rate
1n
mg/s
0.21
0.2
34
<0.04
<0.04
0.08
0.11
<0.04
<0.04
0.09
1.3
2
Bottom ash
0.11
902766. 67
Concen-
tration
In
mg/kg
0.1
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Rate
In
mg/s
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
Rate
In
mg/s
<7
<7
<7
<7
<7
<7
<7
<7
R2
<7
<7
1
Kiln
ash
902732,
33
Concen-
tration
In
pg/L
2
ND
ND
1800
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
NO
2
Bottom
ash
902766.
67
Concen-
tration
In
119/L
2
ND
ND
120
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
'To obtain actual detection limits, multiply this factor times the Individual detection limit values In Table 5 and retain units from this table.
values should be multiplied by corresponding detection limits In Table 5.
Note: all less than
-------
TABLE 40. SITE 8 PRIORITY POLLUTANT METALS
to
to
Tonlclty
Input
Stream number
Strtim deicrlptlon
Stream floorate In
kg/s
Sample number
,
Priority Pollutant
Hetali
Antimony
Arienlc
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chroml urn
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
3
Liquid Mtstt
fuel
0.68
902702. 03
Concen-
tration
In
•g/i
<1
3
«1
scrubber fl
S
310
902713
Concen-
tration
In
•9/L
2.4
0.3
0.01
l.S
1.9
1.2
6
-------
scrubber supply and/or return streams had sufficiently high concentrations of
cadmium, chromium, lead, and selenium to be near or above the EP toxicity
limit.
As expected, kiln ash and bottom ash each have total priority pollutant
metal concentrations above 2000 ppm. The kiln ash, which is perhaps not
subjected to as high a temperature and would likely be generated from larger
size material than the bottom ash, has higher concentrations of copper
(2900 mg/kg versus 14 mg/kg), zinc (2500 mg/kg versus 2200 mg/kg), lead
(1600 mg/kg versus 280 mg/kg), cadmium (250 mg/kg versus 110 mg/kg), antimony
(240 mg/kg versus 32 mg/kg), etc. For this site, the EP and TCLP leachates
for the kiln ash and bottom ash did not exceed toxicity limits.
•2.9 SITE 9
2.9.1 Facility Description
A facility schematic is shown in Figure 9. This facility is designed
to incinerate a variety of solid and liquid wastes. Although all wastes are
ultimately incinerated, there are onsite receiving and staging areas to
ensure constant flow to the incinerator under various waste loads.
Solid wastes are normally received prepackaged in burnable containers
and are fed at only one location — the feed end of the rotary kiln.
Occasionally a steel drum is fed. The containerized solid wastes are
mechanically conveyed to the rotary kiln air lock and dropped into the kiln.
Under normal operation, blended high-Btu and blended low-Btu liquid wastes
are fed to the rotary kiln, but only blended high-Btu liquid waste is fed to
the secondary combustion chamber. Destruction of wastes takes place in the
11-ft diameter by 35-ft long rotary kiln and more than 4000-ft3 secondary
94
-------
To
Atmosphere
<£>
en
Low-Btu x->
Liquids (£,
Drummed
Wastes
Hlgh-Btu
Liquids
Kiln
Make-up Hater
Secondary
Combustion
Chamber
Ash
Quench
Conveyor
1
Kiln
Ash
Stack
Ash Quench Water
(5) Process
Waste Water
Figure 9. Site 9 Incinerator schematic.
-------
combustion chamber. The rotary kiln provides controlled agitation of the
solid wastes to ensure good exposure for combustion and thorough burnout. As
the kiln rotates, the burned out ash travels through the kiln and falls onto
a water-submerged drag chain conveyor which periodically removes the ash from
the trough and discharges it into a lugger box. The ash is sold to a
processor for silver recovery.
The hot gases from the rotary kiln pass through a mixing chamber and
into the secondary combustion chamber. High-Btu waste liquids are burned in
the secondary combustion chamber to provide additional retention time at a
higher temperature to ensure complete combustion of the kiln gases. Flue gas
leaving the secondary combustion chamber enters the emission control portion
'of the process where particulates and acid gases are removed in a three-step
process: a quench chamber, a van able-throat venturi scrubber, and a
variable spin vane cyclonic liquid-gas separator. The gases proceed to two
induced draft fans in series, through a silencer for noise supression, and
out through a free-standing, nearly 200-ft stack. The fans maintain a
negative pressure throughout the incinerator system.
2.9.2 Operating and Sampling Information
The following operating information was collected for this site:
• Dates of site visit: October 31, 1985, and November 1, 1985
• Process observations:
-- Ferrous metals are removed from the kiln ash and the residue is
sold to a processor for silver recovery
— Process wastewater flow is treated by an industrial wastewater
treatment plant prior to release to a river
96
-------
• Process conditions:
— Kiln temperature maintained at 1450 to 1500°F with one excursion
to 1550°F
— Secondary combustion chamber temperature maintained at 1700°F
with excursions to 1750°F
• Estimated influent and effluent flows during test:
— Blended high-Btu liquid fuel flowrate 92 Ib/min
— Blended low-Btu liquid fuel flowrate 16 Ib/min
— Solid waste feedrate 59 Ib/min with 8 different types of solid
wastes having been fed
— Process wastewater flow to industrial wastewater treatment plant
560 gpm
— Kiln ash generation rate approximately 280 Ib/hr
A summary of all samples collected at this site and the analyses performed
is presented in Table 41.
2.9.3 Analytical Results
Volatile Organics
As shown in Table 42, the high-Btu and low-Btu liquid waste streams plus
the solids feed waste stream all contain high levels of widely used
industrial solvents, especially acetone and toluene.
The kiln ash generation rate for this system appeared relatively low or
perhaps the ash handling system was substantially oversized. The ash
conveyor was operated approximately 10 minutes an hour with the conveyor
trough receiving a continuous makeup and blowdown of quench water. No
volatiles were detected in this kiln ash at a level above 500 yg/kg, which
suggests a better combustion efficiency than experienced at some other
97
-------
TABLE 41. SITE 9 PROCESS STREAM SAMPLES
Stream
number
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
5
5
5
5
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
• 1
1
4
4
Stream name
Gel residue
Filter press residue
Filter press residue
Filter press residue
Filter press residue
Filter press residue
Filter press residue
Filter press residue
Scrubber holding tank blowdown
Scrubber holding tank blowdown
Scrubber holding tank blowdown
Scrubber holding tank blowdown
Low-Btu blended liquid waste
Low-Btu blended liquid waste
Low-Btu blended liquid waste
Low-Btu blended liquid waste
Low-Btu blended liquid waste
H1gh-Btu blended liquid waste
H1gh-Btu blended liquid waste
H1gh-Btu blended liquid waste
High-Btu blended liquid waste
High-Btu blended liquid waste
Quenched kiln ash
Quenched kiln ash
Water trip blank
Sample
ID
number
902741
902742
902743
902744
902745
902746
902747
902748
902749
902750
902751
902752
902753
902754
902755
902756
902757
902758
902759
902760
902761
902762
902763
902764
902765
EPA ID
number
D001
D001
D001
D001
D001
D001
D001
D001
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
Sampling
date
10/31/85
10/31/85
10/31/85
10/31/85
10/31/85
10/31/85
10/31/85
10/31/85
11/1/85
11/1/85
11/1/85
11/1/85
11/1/85
11/1/85
11/1/85
11/1/85
11/1/85
11/1/85
11/1/85
11/1/85
11/1/85
11/1/85
11/1/85
11/1/85
11/1/85
Analyses
performed3
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1.
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
1.
1.
1
2,
2,
2,
2,
2.
2,
2,
2,
2,
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3,4.5
2.3,4,5
Comments
Combined
Combined
Combined
Combi ned
Combi ned
Combi ned
Combi ned
Combi ned
Combined
Combined
902741
902741
902741
902741
902741
902741
902741
902741
thru
thru
thru
thru
thru
thru
thru
thru
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
with 902764
with 902763
'Key: 1 » Volatile analyses.
2 • Semi volatile and base neutral add analyses.
3 • Thirteen priority pollutant metals.
4 - EP Tox1c1ty extraction procedure followed by analysis 3.
5 « TCLP followed by analyses 1, 2, and 3.
*>EPA numbers D001, F001, F002, F003, and F005.
98
-------
TABLE 42. SITE 9 VOLATILE, ORGANICS
Stream number
Stream description
Stream flowrate In kg/s
Sample number
*
3
Solids feed
0.44
902741 to 48
Concen-
tration Rate
1n In
mg/kg mg/s
Input
1
High Btu
liquids
0.7
902761
Concen-
tration Rate
In 1n
ng/L mg/s
Total
Input
2
Low Btu
liquids
0.12
902756
Concen-
tration Rate Rate
1n 1n In
mg/L mg/s mg/s
Total
Output output
4
Kiln ash
0.035
902763, 64
Concen-
tration Rate
In In
mg/kg mg/s
5
APCE effluent
35
902751
Concen-
tration Rate Rate
In 1n In
mg/L mg/s mg/s
TCLP
4
Kiln
ash
902763,
64
Concen-
tration
In
ug/L
Detection Limit Factor*
Priority Pollutants
0.5
100
100
0.5
0.5
Methyl ene chloride
Chloroform
1,1-Dlchloroethane
1 ,1 ,1-TMchloroethane
1 ,2-D1ch1oropropane
Trlchloroethene
Tetrachloroethene
Toluene
Chlorobenzene
Ethyl benzene
All other priority
pollutants
Nonprlorlty Pollutants
Acetone
4-Methyl -2-pentanone
Total xylenes
ND
NO
ND
ND
2.2
ND
ND
90
ND
2.8
ND
840
ND
3.3
<0.2
<0.2
<0.2
<0.2
1
<0.2
<0.2
40
<0.2
1.2
<0.2
370
<0.23
1.5
15,000
ND
690
15,000
680
4,200
460
100,000
1.500
8,300
ND
220 ,000
25,000
22,000
10,000
<70
480
10,500
480
2.900
320
70,000
1.000
5.800
<70
150.000
17 ,000
15.000
15,000
ND
ND
16,000
600
5.000
500
110,000
1,600
10.000
ND
240 ,000
28.000
23,000
1,900
<12
<12
2,000
74
620
60
13,000
600
1,200
<12
30,000
3,500
2,900
12,000
<80
480
12,000
550
3,600
380
84,000
1,200
7,000
<80
180,000
21,000
18.000
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
NO
NO
ND
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
NO <1B
NO <18
ND <18
ND <18
ND <18
ND <18
ND <18
ND <18
ND <18
ND <18
ND <18
ND <18
ND <18
ND <18
<18 100
<18 13
<1R ND
<18 ND
<18 NO
-------
sites using rotary kilns. Also, no volatiles were detected in the APCE
effluent blowdown to the industrial wastewater treatment plant. Providing
that the makeup water is clean, the relatively high blowdown rate is likely
to keep any PICs or POHCs below detectable levels.
Kiln ash TCLP leachate was analyzed for volatiles. With no volatiles
having been discovered in the kiln ash, it is somewhat surprising to find
three common solvents, methylene chloride (100 ug/L), acetone (67 pg/L) and
chloroform (13 ug/L) in the leachate,
Semi volatile Organics
As shown in Table 43, only a few semivolatiles were detected in the
input streams while none were detected in the outlet, including the TCLP
>leachate for the kiln ash. Isophorone at 1000 ppm was the only semi volatile
detected in the composited solids feed sample. For the high-Btu liquids,
di-n-butyl phthalate (4300 mg/L), 4-methylphenol (2000 mg/L) and
2-methylnaphtnalene (460 mg/L) were three of the eight semivolatiles detected
but the only ones at a concentration of greater than 100 mg/L. Low-Btu
liquids only had four detected semivolatiles. di-n-butyl phthalate
(500 mg/L), 4-methylphenol (280 mg/L), phenol (160 mg/L), and isophorone
(56 mg/L).
Priority Pollutant Metals
The analyses for priority pollutant metals are shown in Table 44. In
general, the input streams appear to have low concentrations of metals (less
than 20 ppb). In comparison, several other sites had metals at substantially
higher levels in the feed. Since this site has its ash processed for silver,
it is surprising to see silver barely detected in one of the three input
samples.
100
-------
TABLE 43. SITE 9 SEMIVOLATJLE OR6ANICS
Input
Stream number
Stream description
Stream flowrate 1n kg/s
Sample number
Detection Limit Factor'
Priority Pollutants
Isophorone
Naphthalene
Phenol
B1 s ( 2-ethy1 hexyl )phtha1 ate
Dl-n-butyl phthalate
01 ethyl phthalate
Phenanthrene
All other priority
pollutants
NonpMorlty Pollutants
4-Methyl phenol
2-Methyl naphthalene
3
Solids feed
0.44
902741 to 48
Concen-
tration
1n
mg/kg
20
1000
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
NO
ND
Rate
1n
mg/s
440
<9
<9
<9
<9
<9
<9
<9
<9
<9
1
High Btu
liquids
0.7
902758
Concen-
tration
1n
mg/L
20
ND
32
24
82
4300
78
44
ND
2000
460
Rate
1n
mg/s
<14
22
17
57
3000
55
30
<14
1400
320
2
Low Btu
liquids
0.12
902753
Concen-
tration
1n
mg/L
20
56
ND
160
ND
500
ND
ND
ND
280
ND
Total
Input
Total
Output output
4
Kiln ash
0.035
902763 A 64
Rate
1n
mg/s
7
<2
20
<2
62
<2
<2
<2
35
<2
Rate
1n
mg/s
450
<31
<46
<68
3100
<66
<41
<25
1400
320
Concen-
tration
1n
mg/kg
0.1
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Rate
In
mg/s
<0.004
<0.004
<0.004
<0.004
<0.004
<0.004
<0.004
<0.004
<0.004
<0.004
5
APCE effluent
35
902749
Concen-
tration Rate Rate
In In In
mg/L mg/s mg/s
0.02
ND <1 <1
ND <1 <1
ND <1 <1
ND <1 <1
ND <1 <1
ND <1 <1
ND <1 <1
ND <1 <1
ND <1 <1
ND <1 <1
TCLP
4
Kiln ash
902763. 64
Concen-
tration
1n
wg/L
2
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
•To obtain actual detection limits, multiply this factor times the Individual detection Unit values In Tahle 5 and retain units
from this table. Note: all less than values should be multiplied by corresponding detection limits In Tahle 5.
-------
TABLE 44. SITE 9 PRIORITY POLLUTANT METALS
o
ro
Toxldty
Input
Stream number
Stream description
Stream flowrate
1n kg/s
Sample number
Priority Pollutant
netais
Ant 1 mony
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
3
Solids feed
0.44
902741 to 48
Concen-
tration
In
mg/kg
<1
<1
<1
<1
6
2
7
<0.05
<2
<4
<1
11
17
Rate
In
mg/s
<0.44
<0.44
<0.44
<0.44
2.7
0.89
3.1
<0.02
0.89
<1.8
0.44
4.9
7.6
1
High Btu
liquids
0.70
902760
Concen-
tration
In
mg/L
0.6
0.2
<0.01
0.02
11
1.8
2.3
<0.005
2.5
<0.5
<0.01
0.53
0.72
Rate
In
mg/s
0.42
0.14
<0.007
0.014
7.7
1.3
1.6
<0.003
1.7
<0.35
<0.007
0.37
0.5
2
Low Btu
0.12
902755
Concen-
tration
In
mg/L
0.8
<0.1
<0.01
0.02
0.76
0.93
0.24
<0.005
0.5
<0.5
0.02
1.1
<0.09
liquids
Rate
In
mg/s
0.099
<0.012
<0.001
0.002
0.094
0.11
0.03
<0.001
0.062
<0.062
0.002
0.14
<0.011
Total
Input
Rate
In
mg/s
<1
<0.6
<0.4
<0.5
10
2.3
4.7
<0.02
2.7
<2.2
<0.4
5.4
8.1
Output
4
Kiln Ash
0.035
902763 *
Concen-
tration
In
mg/kg
<0.8
2
<1
<1
29
120
490
<0.05
21
<4
9
6
44
64
Rate
In
mg/s
<0.03
0.07
<0.03
<0.03
1
4.2
17
<0.002
0.74
<0.14
0.32
0.21
1.6
Total
output
5
APCE Effluent
35
902750
Concen-
tration
In
mg/L
<0.03
<0.1
<0.01
<0.01
0.27
0.46
0.38
<0.005
0.07
<0.1
0.61
0.31
0.16
Rate
1n
Mg/s
<1.1
<3.5
<0.4
<0.4
9.5
16
13
<0.2
2.5
<3.5
22
11
5.6
Rate
In
mg/s
<1.1
<3.6
<0.4
<0.4
11
20
31
<0.2
3.2
<3.7
22
11
7.2
EP
4
Kiln ash
902763, 64
Concen-
tration
In
mg/L
<0.01
<0.06
<0.01
<0.01
0.08
<0.02
<0.07
<0.001
2
<0.05
0.09
<0.01
0.67
TCLP
4
Kiln ash
902763. 64
Concen-
tration
In
mg/L
0.02
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.02
0.67
0.5
<0.001
0.49
<0.01
<0.01
<0.02
1.9
-------
The kiln ash, as expected, exhibits an increased concentration for most
metals, especially lead (490 ppm), chromium (120 ppm), zinc (44 ppm), and
cadmium (29 ppm). The APCE effluent blowdown, likely due to a high blowdown
rate, has a low metals concentration. Based on mass flows, more silver
appears in the blowdown water than in the kiln ash.
The EP toxicity and TCLP leachates for the kiln ash provide extremely
low concentrations for most of the metals. This may be associated with the
makeup of the kiln ash or the water washing the ash receives when it is
removed from the incinerator system.
2.10 SITE 10
2.10.1 Facility Description
A schematic of this process is shown in Figure 10. The facility
incinerates solid wastes in a rotary kiln and liquid wastes in the rotary
kiln and a secondary combustion chamber. The rotary kiln is 6-1/2 ft in
diameter and 22-ft long, while the secondary combustion chamber is 7-1/2 ft
in diameter and 24-ft high. Hot gases from the rotary kiln are heated to at
least 1900°F in the secondary combustion chamber to ensure complete
combustion.
Flue gas leaving the secondary combustion chamber enters the emission
control section of the process where particulates and acid gases are removed
in a four-step process: a quench chamber, a low-pressure venturi scrubber, a
liquid-gas separator, and an acid absorber. An induced draft fan downstream
of the liquid-gas separator maintains a negative pressure in the front half
of the system and forces the cooled gases through the acid absorber and into
the exhaust stack.
103
-------
Liquid , ,
Waste (lj
Liquid
Waste
Air
Rotary
K1ln
1200 - 1700°F
v
Ash
u °o
F °
t N
.J ,
t o
£ g
< rH
Quench
Wster
Clean Exhaust Gas
To Atmosphere
Water
Caustic
Effluent
Water /o
Water
I
/ \
Acid
Absorber
Separator
Figure 10. Site 10 Incinerator schematic.
-------
2.10.2 Operating and Sampling Information
The following operating information was collected for this site:
• Dates of site visit: November 4 and 5, 1985
• Process observations:
— Solids feed system not operational during test, so no ash
generated
• Process conditions:
— Kiln maintained at 1325°F
— Afterburner chamber maintained at 2230°F
— Venturi scrubber pressure drop 24 in. of water
— Kiln airflow 240 scfm
— Afterburner airflow 635 scfm
-- Quench water flow 790 Ib/min
— Venturi water flow 1090 Ib/min
-- Absorber water flow 1310 Ib/min
— Recirculation water maintained at pH of 7.2
— Stack oxygen concentration 9 percent on a dry basis
• Estimated influent and effluent flows during test:
— Liquid waste flow to kiln 256 Ib/hr
— Liquid waste flow to afterburner 398 Ib/hr
-- Recycle effluent blowdown 7.4 gal/min
~ Absorber effluent blowdown 8.2 gal/min
A summary of all samples collected at this site and the analyses performed
is presented in Table 45.
105
-------
TABLE 45. SITE 10 PROCESS STREAM SAMPLES
Stream
number Stream name
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Liquid waste feed
Liquid waste feed
Liquid waste feed
Scrubber effluent
Scrubber effluent
Scrubber
Scrubber
Scrubber
Scrubber
Scrubber
Scrubber
Scrubber
Scrubber
effluent
effluent
effluent
effluent
effluent
effluent
ef f 1 uent
effluent
Water trip blank
Sample
ID EPA ID Sampling Analyses
number number date performed3 Comments
901998 b 11/5/85
901999 b 11/5/85
902000 b 11/5/85
902001 11/5/85
902002 11/5/85
902003
902333
902334
902335
902336
902337
902338
902339
902340
11/5/85
11/5/85
11/5/85
11/5/85
11/5/85
11/5/85
11/5/85
11/5/85
11/5/85
3
2
1
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Combined
Combi ned
Combined
Combi ned
Combi ned
Combi ned
Combi ned
902333
902333
902333
902333
902333
902333
902333
thru
thru
thru
thru
thru
thru
thru
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
aKey: 1 = Volatile analyses.
2 = Semi volatile and base neutral acid analyses.
3 = Thirteen priority pollutant metals.
4 = EP Toxicity extraction procedure followed by analysis 3.
5 = TCLP followed by analyses 1, 2, and 3.
bEPA numbers D001, F001, F002, F003, and F005.
106
-------
2.10.3 Analytical Results
Unfortunately, the solids feed system was not operational during the
gathering of incinerator system input and output samples at this site.
Hence, this site as tested did not fully meet the site selection criteria but
does demonstrate possible expected performance for sites with rotary kilns
temporarily not incinerating solid hazardous wastes. As tested, this
facility had only one liquid input stream and one output stream.
Volatile Organics
As shown in Table 46, common solvent volatile organics were only
detected in the liquid waste fuel with toluene (about 7 percent), acetone
(about 5 percent), and xylenes (about 2.6 percent) occurring in
.concentrations above 10,000 my/L. No volatiles were detected in the APCE
effluent blowdown.
Semi volatile Oryanics
Many common semivolatile organics were detected in the liquid waste fuel
(see Table 47). Those present above 10,000 yg/L (10 ppm) included
2-methylnaphthalene (1,100,000 yg/L), phenanthrene (74 yg/L), fluorene
(44,000 yg/L), 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (40,000 yg/L), naphthalene
(38,000 yg/L), pyrene (29,000 yg/L), fluoranthene (22,000 yg/L), and
1,4-dichlorobenzene. Only two semivolatiles were detected in the APCE
effluent blowdown, bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (43 ppb) and diethyl phthalate
(30 ppb).
Priority Pollutant Metals
Priority pollutant metal concentrations are shown in Table 48. Based on
results from other sites, the concentrations of priority pollutant metals at
site 10 without solids feed is relatively low.
107
-------
TABLE 46. SITE 10 VOLATILE ORGANICS
Stream number
Stream description
Stream flowrate in kg/s
Sample number
Input
1
Liquid Waste Fuel
0.082
902000
Concen-
tration Rate
in in
mg/L mg/s
Output
2
APCE effluent
0.98
902333 through 39
Concen-
tration Rate
in in
mg/L mg/s
Nominal Detection Limit 100
Priority Pollutants
Methylene chloride 4000 300
Chloroform 9600 790
1,1,1-Trichloroethane 6700 550
Benzene 6700 550
Toluene 71000 5800
Ethyl benzene 5100 420
All other priority ND <8
pollutants
Nonpn'ority Pollutants
Acetone 49000 4000
4-Methyl-2-pentanone 1700 140
Total xylenes 26000 2100
0.5
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
108
-------
TABLE 47. SITE 10 SEMIVOLATILE ORGANICS
Input
Output
Stream number
Stream description
Stream flowrate in kg/s
Sample number
1
Liquid waste fuel
0.082
901999
APCE effluent
0.98
902001
Concen-
tration
in
mg/L
Rate
in
mg/s
Concen-
tration
in
mg/L
Rate
in
mg/s
Nominal Detection Limit 1 0.01
Priority Pollutants
Acenaphthene 9 0.7 ND <0.01
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 40 3.3 ND <0.01
2-Chloronaphthalene 2.1 0.2 ND <0.01
1,2-Dichlorobenzene 9 0.7 ND <0.01
1,4-Dichlorobenzene 17 1.4 ND <0.01
Fluoranthene 22 1.8 ND <0.01
Naphthalene 38 3.1 ND <0.01
Phenol 5 0.4 ND <0.01
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 6 0.5 0.043 0.04
Di-n-butyl phthalate 4 0.3 ND <0.01
Diethyl phthalate ND <0.1 0.03 0.03
Benzo(a)pyrene 8.4 0.7 ND <0.01
Anthracene 4 0.3 ND <0.01
Fluorene 44 3.6 ND <0.01
Phenanthrene 74 6.1 ND <0.01
Pyrene 29 2.4 ND <0.01
All other priority NO <0.1 ND <0.01
pollutants
Nonpriority pollutants
4-Methylphenol 2.1 0.2 ND <0.01
2-Methylnaphthalene 1100 91 ND <0.01
4-Chloroaniline 7 0.6 ND <0.01
Dibenzofuran 8 0.7 ND <0.01
109
-------
TABLE 48. SITE 10 PRIORITY POLLUTANT METALS
Input
Stream number
Stream description
Stream flowrate in kg/s
Sample number
Priority Pollutant
Metals
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
1
Liquid waste fuel
0.82
901998
Concen-
tration
in
mg/L
<0.03
<0.1
<0.01
<0.01
0.18
<0.02
0.1
<0.005
0.18
0.2
0.03
<0.08
<0.09
Rate
in
mg/s
<0.002
<0.008
<0.001
<0.001
0.015
<0.002
0.008
<0.004
0.015
0.016
0.002
<0.007
<0.007
Output
2
APCE effl
0.98
902002
Concen-
tration
in
mg/L
0.13
<0.1
<0.01
<0.01
0.28
0.05
0.1
<0.005
0.48
0.2
<0.01
0.03
0.11
uent
Rate
in
mg/s
0.13
<0.1
<0.01
<0.01
0.27
0.05
0.1
<0.005
0.47
0.2
<0.01
0.03
0.11
• no
-------
SECTION 3
DATA ANALYSIS
In this program the residual streams at 10 incinerator sites were
sampled. The samples were then analyzed for volatiles. semivolatiles, and
metals. An analysis of the analytical data is given below.
3.1 VOLATILE AND SEMIVOLATILE OR6ANICS
Liquid, aqueous, and solid waste fuels all generally contained
-relatively common volatile and semi volatile organics. Acetone, 2-butanone
(MEK), ethylbenzene, methylene chloride, toluene, tetrachloroethane,
trichloroethane, and xylenes (combined ortho-, meta-, and para-) were the
volatiles typically present in the highest concentrations in most fuel
samples. Semi volatile organics were not detected in concentrations as high
as the common volatiles. Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, isophorone,
naphthalene, and phenol were detected as major semivolatiles in the waste
feeds at roughly half the tested sites. Benzyl-butyl phthalate, diethyl
phthalate, dimethyl phthalate, 2-methylnaphthalene, N-nitrosodiphenylamine,
and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene were detected at significant levels at just a few
sites.
Site 1 incinerated a special waste high in PCBs typically present in
Aroclor and other transformer oils, while Site 4 incinerated CS tear gas
(0-chlorobenzalmalononitrile). These sites demonstrate that incinerator
Inlet streams can be well-defined and limited to one or two special feeds.
Ill
-------
More typical, though, were the many other incinerators with generic solvents
present in the inlet streams.
A total of 19 distinct volatile organics and 24 distinct semi volatile
organics were detected in the ash residual samples. Those present in the
highest concentrations are shown in Table 49 while the data results are
summarized in Table 50. Even the low volatiles concentrations in the ash
reported in these tables would generally not be expected. However, these
levels might be due to the ash adsorbing volatiles from quench water
(Sites 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, and 9), flue gas, or air; products of incomplete
combustion (PICs) (especially possible with Site 4) or early ash quenching
before complete ash burnout (possible with Sites 3 and 8); or poor air/waste
•mixing (sites with fixed hearth incinerators). Except for Site 4 where the
feed material was a relatively pure chemical, o-chlorobenzalmalononitrile,
the volatile organics found generally appear in the waste feed. The cyclone
TABLE 49. ORGANICS IN ASH
Highest
concentration
in ppm
Volatiles (19 total detected)
Toluene 120
2-butanone 34
4-methyl-2-pentanone 29
Tetrachloroethane 16
Semivolatiles (24 total detected)
Bis(2-ethylhexy1)phthalate 500
Phenol 400
Di-n-butylpntnalate 39
2-methylnaphthalene ' 15
112
-------
TABLE 50. CONCENTRATION OF VOLATILE AND SEMIVOLATILE ORGANICS IN
INCINERATOR ASH RESIDUALS AND THEIR TCLP LEACHATE
Site mater
Streaai description
Klin ith
I
Kiln ash
1
KHn «JK
(oiler ash Cyclone ash
Saul) Incinerator
bottom ash
Incinerator
bottom »h
Incinerator
bottofl ish
0
Kiln ith
Incliwritor
bottoi »h
9
Kiln ilh
Concentration1•••'
(•gAll/big/l)
(•9/>*)/(MI/L)
(A)
Volatile oreanlcs<
Detection llailt factor'
Chloroaethane
Iroanaethane
Nethytene chloride
trant-l.Z-dlchtocoethene
Chlorotona
I.I-dlcMoroaihant
1,1.1-tHcMoroethane
Irtchloroethene
tetrschloroethene
Toluene
Chlorobentene
fthylbeniene*
Acetone
Carbon i
t-butenone
4-aethyl -t-pentanone
Styrene
Total tylenes
Se»l»olatll« Oreanlcs1*
Detection Halt Factor'
Acenaphthene
1,1.4-TrlchtorobenieM
riuoranthent
(Uphthelene
I-Nltrophcnot
4-mtrophenol
N-Nltrosodlphenytaarin*
Il>(l-ethylho»y1 (phthtlate
leniyl butyl phthalate
Dl-n-twtyl phthatete
Ol-n-oct,! phthalate
Oleth.l phthalate
OlMthyl phthllate
lenio(b)fluoranthent
ChrHene
Anthracene*
PhenanthreiM
•yrene
lentolc acid
t-Nethylphenol
t-Nethylnaphthileni
Aniline
Coamttt: Met or Dry Ath
1
—
"
--
"
M
-~
*™
/ 1
/ 3
/ i
/ i
'.
1 "
1 ••
/ «
/ ..
/ «
\
m mm
100
..
"
»
"
«
«
O.I
0.1
/ 1
/
f
f 1700
/ S90
/ «
/ no
/ «
/ "
O.S
..
>.s
"
0 S
t 9
4 3
1 5
.
—
"
"
0.1?
/ 1
/ «
/
/ -*
/ v
1 MO
t —
/ -
/ --
0.1 / 1
/
/
.. / *.
« / 10
*.
— ' "
*.
0.5 / 1
•.4 / ..
*
\
j
100 / 1
-- / in
-ft
1
- I i
I
- 1 IS
100
..
--
"
-
--
1 ;
5
f 5
6.2
/ 1
/
/ 10
/ TO
/ 9SO
/ 10
/ 30
/ -.
/ -
/ 4
100 /
- ',
i
- i
- i
-• /
* /
0.3 /
i
ISO
If
13
*1
no
no
62
62
.
«
20
0.5
120
400
|
IS
/ 1
/ M
/ 3
/ no
/ 1800
/ —
/ --
O.S / 1
-- / If
-- / I
I.I / IJ
/ 120
.. / ~
'
/
-- /
i
- f
100
1)
67
..
--
N«t
Dry
Dry
Dry
Vet
Vet
Dry
•Ash concentration / TCLr leachate concentration.
•-- .eani not detected, hence less than nominal detection Halt.
(Volatile oroanlci data for TCLP teachate not e»ellable.
**«A Append I < VIII unless othenilse noted.
'Not KKA AppendU VIM coaiiound.
rTo obtain actual detection Halts, aultlply tills factor tla« the IndUldual detection Halt nines In Table 4 and retain units fro. this table.
-------
ash from Site 4 shows several compounds that would appear to be PICs.
Because the cyclone ash at Site 4 was periodically emptied and allowed to
free fall through air during the cyclone draining procedure, it is possible
that the volatiles observed were adsorbed while the ash was in the cyclone
and/or during the free fall through air upon draining.
Most detected compounds are less than 10 ppm. Most sites quench ash
with water. Especially if a rotary kiln discharges ash and unburned material
too quickly, it is possible for some of the organics to not be subjected to
high enough temperatures for complete combustion (thus, the appearance of the
organics in the analyses); also, the quench water may experience a buildup of
these organic compounds and contaminate the ash (c.f., wet and dry ash from
Site 8).
.Incinerators with rotary kilns would be expected to more thoroughly
incinerate organics than incinerators with fixed hearths since the tumbling
action of the rotary kiln continuously agitates the solid materials and
exposes unburned material to very high temperatures.
This expectation is not fully supported by the sample averages shown in
Figure 11 since the kiln ash volatile average is shown as being higher than
the bottom ash average. The bottom ash average would be increased, however,
if values were deleted for Site 5's large incinerator (since that incinerator
burned only liquid waste) and Site 8's bottom ash (since that ash was
predominantly generated from liquid waste).
Boiler ash and cyclone ash each consist of small particles exposed to
high temperatures and oxygen for a sufficiently long period for expected high
organic burnout. Although the cyclone ash volatiles are somewhat high,
114
-------
Figure 11 generally supports the expected good burnout and low organics ash
content.
A total of nine volatile and five semi volatile organics were detected in
the various APCE effluents as shown in Table 51. Site 4 effluent appears to
have either been contaminated with approximately 60 ppm of volatile organics
or the incinerator produced those items as PICs followed by adsorption into
APCE effluent water. Since the cyclone ash for this facility also contained
volatiles, it appears the two cases support the presence of volatiles as
PICs. Sites 1 and 8 practice extensive water recirculation although all
other sites with APCE recirculate effluent to a certain extent before
discharging water to an onsite treatment facility. Sites 1 and 8 are
expected to have higher than average volatiles and semivolatiles as the data
relatively supports (the detection limit for Site 1 volatiles, in retrospect,
was set too high and is hypothesized to contain several volatiles in the near
ppm range).
A draft toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) using the EPA
draft protocol revised December 1985 was used to obtain extracts from the
residual ash samples. Those samples were analyzed for semivolatile organics
and for volatile organics. Organics extracted, as shown in Table 50, were
analyzed with uniform detection limits of 1 yg/L (1 ppb) for volatiles and
2 ug/L (2 ppb) for semivolatiles. Average Teachable volatiles and
semivolatiles for each type of ash, shown in Figure 12, were less than
1000 yg/L or 1 ppm. Organics with highest concentrations are summarized in
Table 52.
115
-------
S-1688
1,000 -
01
en
VI
u
o
100
10
^ Volatile
£3 Semivolatile
[>
^
^
N,
\
^
N,
S^
^
/\
\
^s
/
/
/
/
/
/
/,
s
y
/
<
L\
Iv
l^rO
7
^
^
/
y.
/.
i
i
/
y.
/
^ Average
<
E3
i L™ j^,
Kiln Bottom Boiler Cyclone
Ash Ash Ash Ash
Figure 11. Total and average organic concentrations in ash.
116
-------
TABLE 51. CONCENTRATION OF VOLATILE AND SEMI VOLATILE ORGANICS IN
INCINERATOR APCE EFFLUENTS, IN
Site number 1234 7 89 10
Volatile organic*
Nominal detection limit
Chloromethane
Trans-1 ,2-dl chl oroethene
Chloroform
l,2-d1chloroethane
1,1,1-trlchloroethane
Trlchloroethene
Tet rachl oroethene
Toluene
Total xylenes
Semi volatile organic*
Nominal detection limit
Phenol
B1s(2-ethylhexy1 )phthalate
D1-n-butyl phthalate
01 ethyl phthalate
Benzole add
5 0.05 0.001
— • •• — w
— • _. ..
41
— _.
..
— » _•
» ._ _.
..
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.033 --
0.012 0.032 «
—
—
• « v~
0.5
_.
0.6
32.0
6.8
14.0
1.2
5.0
1.2
0.01
— .
.-
—
—
••
0.5
— —
M
»»
8.4
.*
~
0.02
0.100
..
0.022
—
••
0.5 0.5
2.5
0.6
„
.. ••
3.6
5.2
4.2
0.02 0.02
•• •«
..
—
—
0.260 --
0.5
„
— .
— —
..
__
..
__
—
0.01
0.043
—
«
0.030
~~
a— means not detected, hence less than nominal detection limit.
bValues In table represent highest Individual concentrations from more than one
sample.
CRCRA Appendix VIII unless otherwise noted.
dNot RCRA Appendix VIII compound.
117
-------
S-188T
10,000
_i
-v.
Concentration in pg
_*
_t 0
80
0
10
F3I TCLP
hoJ Volatile
V/\ TCLP
ki4 Semivolatile Average
£> Average
- >
33
I
KXX\\\V\\\\\\\\\\V
/
<
xi
•///////////////////
s >
I
/
<
OS
Kiln Bottom Boiler Cyclone
Ash Ash Ash Ash
Figure 12. Total and average organic concentrations in TCLP leachates,
TABLE 52. TCLP LEACHATE ORGANICS
Highest
concentration
in yg/L
Vblatiles
Toluene 1700
Acetone 950
Carbon disulfide 900
Methytlene chloride 550
2-butanone 280
Semivolatiles
Phenol 1800
Dimethyl phthalate 580
118
-------
3.2 PRIORITY POLLUTANT METALS
Concentration of priority pollutant metals varied dramatically between
the different input waste streams at the 10 sites. Site 10's input stream
had the lowest metals concentrations, with total metals less than 0.7 mg/L.
Liquid waste fuel at Site 8 had nearly 230 mg/L of metals with a zinc
concentration of 190 mg/L. Higher metal concentrations were found in the
solvent wastes at Site 5 with chromium at 4300 my/L, zinc at 310 mg/L, and
lead at 93 my/L. The highest metals concentrations were detected in the
vacuum filter solids at Site 2 with just over 9000 mg/kg, composed of nickel
(6100 mg/kg) and zinc (2000 mg/kg). Although a number of generic solvents
appear in the wastes burned at the 10 sites, the metals concentration
"drastically varies, most likely, with the application or with the process
generating the waste.
Data for the nine sites producing a solid residual are displayed in
Table 53. Figure 13 shows the ranges of priority pollutant metals
experienced. Boiler ash (from Site 3) has the highest concentration of
metals; the small ash particle size at this site presents a high surface to
mass ratio which favors metals condensation. Highest concentrations for each
metal are shown in Table 54.
Ash generated from the incineration of wastes was subjected to both the
EP toxicity test procedure and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure for
metals. The metal concentrations presented in Table 53 indicate that only
1 metals measurement of the EP leachate out of 84 exceeded the maximum
concentration of contaminants for characteristics of EP toxicity (standards
119
-------
TABLE 53. CONCENTRATION OF PRIORITY POLLUTANT METALS IN
INCINERATOR RESIDUALS
ro
o
Site number
Strean description
1
Kiln ash
2
Kiln ash
3
Kiln ash
3
Boiler ash
4
Cyclone ash
S
Larre Incinerator
hotlon ash
Concentration*
(ng/kg)/(ng/L)/(ng/L) (ng/kg)/(ng/L)/(ng/L) (ng/kg)/(ng/L)/(ng/L)
Antlnony
Arsenic
Beryl Hun
Cadnlun
Chronlun
Copper
U.d
Hercury
Nickel
Selenlun
Sliver
thai Hun
line
Convents
Bet or Ury Ash
2 /<0.05 / 0.04
4 / 0.23 /<0.01
<2 /
-------
S-1689
Average
100,000 -
i.
D.
~ 10,000
-J]
I
1,000
100
Kiln
Ash
Bottom
Ash
Boiler
Ash
Cyclone
Ash
Figure 13. Total and average priority pollutant metals
concentrations in ash.
TABLE 54. METALS IN ASH
Hi ghest
concentration
in ppm
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmi urn
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Sel eni urn
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
190
27
6
61
1,800
6,900
5,000
1.5
7,300
19
190
9
32, 000
121
-------
are set forth in Table 4 of 40 CFR 261.24), hence only the boiler ash at
Site 3, due to cadmium being 8.6 mg/L versus an allowable standard of 1 mg/L,
would be considered a hazardous waste for metals if not already listed in
40 CFR Subpart D. The TCLP leachate, if subjected to the same standards,
would have 3 measurements out of 84 exceeding an allowable concentration.
Site 3 boiler ash would exceed the standards for cadmium at 6.7 mg/L and
selenium at 1.4 mg/L versus an allowable standard of 1 mg/L for each. Site 6
ash would exceed the standard for lead at 12 mg/L versus an allowable
5 mg/L.
Table 55 presents the highest metal concentrations experienced in the
two leachates. Zinc is the metal with the highest concentrations for 8 of
-the 12 EP toxicity ash leachates and 7 of the 12 TCLP ash leachates.
Figure 14 shows the range of total priority pollutant metals concentrations
in leachates for the four types of ash. Leachate concentrations are highest
for boiler ash. Kiln ash leachate would be expected to have more metals than
bottom ash leachate, but one very low zinc concentration apparently skewed
the EP toxicity kiln ash data substantially.
Leachate concentrations (in mg/L) are expected to be about 20 times less
than ash reported values (in mg/kg) for 100 percent soluble metals. Although
several metals in ash concentrations are less than detectable limits and
cannot be further evaluated, solubility generally ranged from 1 to
10 percent. Metal concentrations greater than 1000 mg/kg of ash included
chromium (Site 3), copper (Sites 1, 7, and 8), lead (Sites 3, 5, 6, and 8),
nickel (Sites 2 and 3), and zinc (Sites 3 and 8).
122
-------
TABLE 55. HIGHEST METALS CONCENTRATIONS IN
ASH LEACHATE IN mg/L
EP
Toxicity
limit
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmi urn
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
5
__
1
5
_.
5
0.2
--
1
5
__
~—
Concentration
0.49
0.23
<0.01
8.6
0.98
31
4.4
<0.001
20
0.17
0.09
0.05
1400
TCLP
Concentration
0.36
0.54
0.08
6.7
0.36
21
12
<0.001
13
1.4
0.05
0.18
1200
1,000
c
o
c
a)
u
100
10
Kiln
Ash
Bottom
Ash
Boiler
Ash
TCLP
£> Average
S-1690
Cyclone
Ash
Figure 14. Total and average metals concentrations in ash leachate,
123
-------
These high concentrations in the ash did not always yield a good mass
balance. Outputs were greater than inputs by a factor of 10 for chromium
(Site 3), copper (Site 1), and lead (Site 6) and by a factor of 100 for
copper (Site 7). Since process data were not gathered for Site 5 and all
streams were not sampled for Sites 7 and 8, mass balance statements cannot be
accurately made for those sites. To improve the representativeness of the
ash samples and better close a mass balance would require sampling and
analysis of other streams.
Most of the leachate measurements for antimony, arsenic, beryllium,
cadmium, lead, selenium, silver, and thallium yielded measurements less than
detectable limits of nominally 0.1 to 0.05 mg/L of leachate. All mercury
leachate measurements were less than 0.001 mg/L of leachate.
APCE water effluents were analyzed for priority pollutant metals and the
results are shown in Table 56. Two sites which most effectively limit
discharging a wastewater effluent, Sites 1 and 8, have the highest
concentration of metals, 2375 mg/L and 51 mg/L, respectively. By applying
the EP toxicity limits, the effluent for Site 1 would be considered hazardous
for cadmium (3.5 mg/L), chromium (11 mg/L), and lead (860 mg/L), while the
effluent from Site 8 would be considered hazardous for cadmium (2.8 mg/L) ,
lead (31 mg/L), and selenium (2.1 mg/L).
Sites 4 and 10, which incinerate low metals content wastes, have only
0.4 mg/L and 1.4 mg/L, respectively, of priority pollutant metals in their
APCE effluents. Sites with an apparent low recirculation rate, such as
Site 9, also appear to have a low metals concentration in the APCE effluent
(2.3 mg/L).
124
-------
TABLE 56. CONCENTRATIONS OF PRIORITY POLLUTANT METALS IN
APCE AQUEOUS EFFLUENTS. IN mg/L
Site number
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmi urn
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
Total
1
0.1
0.2
<0.01
3.5
11
550
860
0.06
<0.02
0.09
<0.01
<0.01
950
2380
2
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.05
<0.04
<0.01
0.013
23
<0.01
<0.02
1.3
0.02
24.3
3
0.61
<0.01
<0.01
0.04
0.1
0.26
2.6
0.013
0.17
<0.01
0.04
16
16
35.7
<0
<0
<0
<0
0.
<0
<0
<0
0.
<0
<0
0.
0.
0.
4
.01
.01
.01
.01
06
.04
.01
.001
05
.01
.02
02
27
4
7
1.7
0.06
<0.01
0.08
0.28
0.64
2.6
<0.005
0.75
0.6
0.05
0.16 -
6.7
13.6
4.
0.
0.
2.
3.
2.
31
<0
1.
2.
0.
1.
1.
51
8.
1
4
01
8
8
2
.005
5
1
15
6
6
.3
<0
<0
<0
<0
0.
0.
0.
<0
0.
<0
0.
0.
0.
2.
9
.03
.1
.01
.01
27
46
38
.005
07
.1
61
31
16
26
10
0.13
<0.1
<0.01
<0.01
0.28
0.05
0.1
<0.005
0.48
0.2
<0.01
0.03
0.11
1.38
aHighest values used for aqueous effluent recirculated from two cooling
ponds.
125
-------
3.3 COMPARISON OF EP TOXICITY TEST PROCEDURE AND TOXICITY CHARACTERISTIC
LEACHING PROCEDURE
A limited comparison was made of the analytical results for priority
pollutant metals obtained from residual ash leachates extracted by the EP
toxicity test procedure and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure. In
this comparison, the following assumptions were made:
• Comparison is only for metals, since analyses were not performed for
the six total herbicides and pesticides associated with EPA
hazardous waste numbers D012 through D017;
• Only data sets which included a metals concentration greater than or
equal to 0.2 mg/L were included;
• Data with non-detected concentrations were assumed to be at the
minimum detection level for that metal;
• The small incinerator ash for Site 5 was excluded since leachates
were not generated from the same ash sample.
Data sets, as shown in Table 57, are plotted in Figures 15 and 16.
Sufficient data does not exist to make a definitive metals-by-metals
comparison of the relative solubility between the two leachate-producing
methods. This is especially true for beryllium, mercury, silver, and
thallium since none had detected concentrations in either leachate of
0.2 mg/L minimum. Based on one data set for antimony and cadmium, the EP
toxicity leachate contained about a third more metals than the TCLP leachate.
Based on two data sets for arsenic, however, the TCLP leachate concentration
was about 0.2 mg/L while the EP toxicity leachate contained less than
0.01 mg/L. All five lead data sets had equal or higher concentrations in the
TCLP leachate than in the EP toxicity leachate.
126
-------
ro
TABLE 57. PRIORITY POLLUTANT METAL LEACHATE CONCENTRATION DATA SETS,
IN (mg/L)/(mg/L)a,b
Site
number
1
2
3
3
4
5
5
6
7
8
6
9
Ash
description Antimony
Kiln ash
Kiln ash
Kiln ash
Boiler ash
Cyclone ash
Large
Incinerator
bottom ash
Small
Incinerator
bottom ash
Bottom ash
Bottom ash
Kiln ash 0.49/0.36
Bottom ash
Kiln ash
Arsenic Cadmium Chromium Copper
0.23/<0.0lb 0.10/0.22 8.6/16
3.7/7.9
8.6/6.7 0.03/0.36 31/21
0.98/0.20
1.9/0.64
13/11
0.22/<0.01 0.33/1.8
0.63/0.28
<0.02/0.67
Lead Nickel
2.3/3.5 0.49/0.45
6.9/6
0.79/13
4.4/4.5 20/13
0.18/0.22
3.3/12 0.33/0.49
0.11/0.60 13/4
0.42/0.71
<0. 07/0. 50 2/0.49
Selenium Zinc
0.14/0.42
0.2/0.05 1.8/2
0.17/1.4 27/300
<1/1.4 1400/1200
2.2/2.6
16/9.5
65/98
12/35
8.5/20
0.67/1.9
•See text for data restrictions; no data Included for beryllium, mercury, silver, and thallium.
°EP toxldty leachate concentration data/TCLP leachate concentration data.
-------
1000
I
IB
O)
s
g
u
in
Arsenic
Chromium
O Copper
Q Lead
Selenium
0.0
O • i 10 Too
ftetals concentration in EP toxicity leachate, mg/L
1000
Figure 15. EP versus TCLP leachate comparison for arsenic, chromium,
copper, lead, and selenium.
128
-------
10,000
Antimony
Cadmium
O Nickel
D Zinc
9
ID
eo
0.1
1 10 100 1,000
Hetals concentration in EP toxicity leachate, mg/L
10,000
EP versus TCLP leachate comparison for antimony, cadmium,
zi.
129
Figure 16. EP versus TCLP le<
nickel, and zinc.
-------
The other metals, chromium, copper, nickel, selenium, and zinc, each had
data sets which showed some higher metals concentration in the EP toxicity
leachate and other data sets with higher metals concentrations in the TCLP
leachate. As shown in Figures 15 and 16, the estimated average curve
predicts equal solubility of metals in both the EP toxicity and the TCLP
leachates.
130
-------
SECTION 4
CONCLUSIONS
Before using the data in this report to establish residue quality
criteria for land disposal of hazardous wastes, a number of questions need to
be considered concerning the representativeness, validity, and sample size of
the data collected under this program:
• Are the 10 sites sampled representative of the whole population of
hazardous waste incinerators, in terms of incinerator or APCE type?
• Are the hazardous waste fuels at these sites representative of
those typically burned at other sites? Also, at the sites tested,
are the fuels burned during our visit typical of those burned at
other times?
• How does the age and mode of operation of the 10 facilities tested
compare with other hazardous waste incinerators?
• Are the analyses of the solid and liquid residues from the tested
facilities accurate and therefore valid data?
Of the 10 sites tested, 6 were rotary kilns. 3 were fixed hearth, and
1 was a fluidized bed design. This distribution is fairly representative of
the present incinerator population. However, the 10 incinerators sampled in
this program represent only 4 to 5 percent of the current U.S. population of
hazardous waste incinerators. All sites had wet APCE systems (with the
131
-------
exception of 2 sites which had no controls but did have fuel and firing
constraints). None of the sites tested had dry APCE.
The wastes burned at all hazardous waste incinerators vary greatly from
one site to the next. Some incinerators are dedicated to a manufacturing
plants' wastes, while others accept wastes from most anyone. Both kinds of
incinerators were tested in this program (five of each type). The types of
wastes burned at these sites varied greatly; however, it is felt that a
representative sample of waste types was burned for this program (with the
possible exception of chlorinated wastes). It is unknown whether, at the
sites tested, the wastes burned during our visit were typical of those burned
at other times.
Many of the incinerators tested were rather old, and sometimes did not
use state-of-the-art equipment and controls. This fact may or may not
influence the effectiveness of control equipment.
With the possible exception of two metals, selenium (Se) and thallium
(Tl), the analyses performed on the solid and liquid residues met all
accuracy, precision, and completeness objectives set up at the start of the
program. We, therefore, feel that the analytical results are accurate and
form a valid data base on incinerator residue quality.
132
-------
APPENDIX A
QA/QC RESULTS
Acurex prepared a QA plan for this project in August 1985 and issued a
revised plan in November 1985. QA/QC results in each major area of the plan
are discussed below.
Sampling Procedures and Sample Custody
Sampling and sample custody procedures, as outlined in the "Generic
Sampling and Analysis Protocol" dated August 1985 and in the revised QA plan,
were followed very closely at each site. Only 3 persons were used to obtain
samples at the 10 sites, thus minimizing potential sampling procedure errors.
Each person was specifically trained on what sampling and sample custody
procedures to follow, and on what sample custody records to keep.
Analytical Procedures and Instrument Calibration
The analytical instrument calibration procedures and frequency, outlined
in the November 1985 QA plan, were rigorously followed. Also, in this plan,
was a summary of the analytical procedures employed in this study. Most
procedures are taken from SW-846, second edition.
Data Validation
All data have been reviewed and validated by the sampling person, the
chemistry analyst, the analytical laboratory technical manager, the project
engineer, and the project manager. Details on validation procedures are
included with the QA plan.
A-l
-------
Technical Systems Audit
On November 22, 1985, EPA/HWERL's QA contractor, S-CUBED, performed a
technical systems audit of this study. All sampling had been completed by
this date; thus, only the analytical portion of the project could be audited
in any detail. The results of this audit are summarized in a separate
report.
Surrogate Recoveries
Surrogate recovery objectives are listed in Table A-l. Surrogates were
added only to those samples analyzed by a purge and trap technique; hence,
recoveries are only reported for those samples. Surrogates were not added to
samples analyzed by direct injection. Surrogate results are reported with
the chemistry labortory data in Appendix C.
A total of 47 volatile organic analyses were performed with surrogates
added. Surrogate recoveries were within an acceptable range for 118 of the
141 individual surrogate recoveries, for a completeness of 84 percent.
A total of 55 semi volatile organic analyses were performed with
surrogates added. Surrogate recoveries were within an acceptable range for
298 of the 330 individual surrogate recoveries for a completeness of
90 percent.
Check Sample, Method Blank, and Trip Blank Results
Two sets (1 volatile, 1 semi volatile, and 1 metal sample per set) of
check samples were submitted for analysis. All check samples were provided
by EPA/EMSL-Cinc1nnati, Ohio. Each sample not only had an EPA ID number, but
also an Acurex sample ID number. These samples are summarized in Table A-2.
A-2
-------
TABLE A-l. SURROGATE RECOVERY OBJECTIVES
Surrogate compounds
Type of
compound
Acceptable
recovery ranges
(percent)
l,2-dichloroethane-d4 Volatile
Toluene-dg
4-bromof1uorobenzene
2-fluorophenol
Phenol-ds
Nitrobenzene-ds
2-fluorobiphenyl
2,4,6-tri bromophenol
p-terphenyl-di4
Semi volatile
77 to 120
86 to 119
85 to 121
23 to 107
15 to 96
41 to 120
44 to 119
20 to 105
33 to 128
TABLE A-2. CHECK SAMPLES
Check
sample
no.
1
2
3
4
5
EPA
ID no.
WP
WP
WP
WP
WP
WP
WP
1079
482,
881,
481,
483,
482,
881,
, Cone
Cone
Cone
Cone
Cone
Cone
Cone
2
3
1
2
1
1
2
Acurex
sample
no.
903359
903360
903361
903362
903128
903129
903130
Date
submitted
for analysis
9/19/85
9/19/85
9/19/85
11/19/85
11/19/85
Analysis
performed
Volatiles
Semivolatil
Metal s
Volatiles
Semivolatil
es
es
WP 475, Cone 6 903127
11/19/85
Metals
A-3
-------
Tables A-3 through A-8 compare the analytical results on the six samples
to their true values. Table A-9 presents a summary of the accuracy and
completeness objectives from these measurements.
Method blank results are reported with the chemistry laboratory data in
Appendix C. All method blank corrections were either small or nonexistent.
Trip blanks were analyzed for volatiles for sites 9 and 10 only. In
both cases, no volatiles were detected at a nominal detection level of
500 pg/L.
Field and Laboratory Duplicate Sample Results
Duplicate samples were analyzed at sites 1, 2, 4, 8, and 9. The
analytical results for these samples are shown in Tables A-10 through A-23.
^
The precision objectives for volatiles, semivolatiles, and metals are 50, 50,
and 20 percent relative standard deviation (RSD), respectively. Although a
precision objective was not formulated for PCBs, a duplicate analysis was
performed and is reported with Site 1.
A summary of completeness objectives for duplicate analyses is shown in
Table A-24.
QA/QC Discussion
A review of the QA/QC analytical data results in the following
conclusions as far as data quality is concerned:
• The selenium levels in the two metal check samples and in the Site 8
duplicate analysis do not meet the QA accuracy and precision
objectives. This leads to. the conclusion that the selenium analyses
in the main report are suspect data ("outliers").
A-4
-------
TABLE A-3. CHECK SAMPLE NO. 1
Analytically
True determined
Organic compound
Chloromethane
Chloroethane
Methyl ene Chloride
1 , 1-Di chl oroethy 1 ene
Trans-l,2-Dichloroethylene
Carbontetrachl ori de
Bromodi chl oromethane
1,1 , 2-Tri chl oroethane
value
(wg/L)
6.5
9.4
15.8
11.3
45.0
15.0
18.0
15.8
value
(wg/L)
12
14
13
8
49
6
10
15
Accuracy
(percent)
+85
+49
-18
-29
+9
-60
-44
-5
Meets QA
accuracy
objective9
Yes
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
No
X
aQA accuracy objective is -50, +100 percent of true value.
• Duplicate thallium analyses at Sites 2 and 9 do not meet the QA
precision objectives. We have, therefore, labeled as suspect the
thallium analyses.
• The reported phthalate values for the two check samples are, in most
cases, lower than the true values. It is unclear as to why the
reported values are lower.
• The discrepancies in the results of the duplicate analyses of
Table A-17 have been attributed to the fact that the sampling times
of the two field duplicates differed by over 5-1/2 hours, and the
incinerator may not have been at steady state.
A-5
-------
TABLE A-4. CHECK SAMPLE NO. 2
Semi volatile compound
1 ,4-Di chl orobenzene
Bis (2-chloroisopropyl )ether
Hexachloroethane
Nitrobenzene
Naphthalene
Dimethyl phthalate
Acenaphthene
Fl uorene
4-Chlorophenyl phenyl ether
4-Bromphenyl phenyl ether
Anthracene
Fluoranthene
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Chrysene
Bis (2-e hyl hexyl ) phthalate
Benzo (b) fluoranthene
Benzo (a) pyrene
Dibenzo (a,h) anthracene
Benzo (g,h,i) perylene
2-Chlorophenol
2-Nitrophenol
Phenol
2, 4-Dimethyl phenol
2,4-Dichlorophenol
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
4-Chl oro-3-methyl phenol
2-Methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol
Pentachlorophenol
4-Nitrophenol
Analytically
True determined
value value
(ug/L) (yg/L)
24.8
38.8
30.0
76.5
24.8
40.0
19.5
51.2
76.7
41.5
40.0
29.8
51.3
69.9
29.1
40.0
24.9
40.7
80.4
30
50
100
30
50
25
75
250
75
50
13
30
15
56
19
15
15
42
63
36
37
24
21
71
24
37
21
38
70
23
45
74
22
39
18
66
510
78
54
Accuracy
(percent)
-48
-23
-50
-27
-23
-62
-23
-18
-18
-13
-8
-19
-59
+2
-18
-8
-16
-7
-12
-23
-10
-26
-27
-22
-28
-12
+104
+4
+8
Meets QA
accuracy
objective3
Yes No
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
aQA accuracy objective is -50, +100 percent of true value.
A-6
-------
TABLE A-5. CHECK SAMPLE NO. 3
Analytically
True determi ned
Metal
As
Be
Cd
Cr
Cu
Pb
Hg
N1
Se
Zn
value
(mg/L)
235
235
39
261
339
435
8.7
207
50
418
value
(mg/L)
410
230
40
320
110
500
7
190
30
320
Accuracy
(percent)
+74
-2
+3
+23
-68
+15
-21
-8
-40
-23
Meets QA
accuracy
objective3
Yes
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
No
X
X
X
aQA accuracy objective is ±30 percent of true value.
TABLE A-6. CHECK SAMPLE NO. 4
Organic compound
1,2-Dichloroethane
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Tri chl oroethane
1,1, 2-Tri chl oroethyl ene
Carbontetrachl oride
1,1, 2, 2-Tetrachl oroethyl ene
Bromodi chl oromethane
Di bromochl oromethane
Bromoform
True
value
(ug/L)
2.0
12.0
1.4
2.9
2.6
1.6
2.0
2.6
2.9
Analytically
determined
value
(wg/L)
<1
12
1.6
3.1
2.7
1.2
<1
2.2
1.7
Accuracy
(percent)
NA
0
+14
+7
+4
-25
NA
-15
-41
Meets QA
accuracy
objective3
Yes No
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
aQA accuracy objective is -50, +100 percent of true value.
A-7
-------
TABLE A-7. CHECK SAMPLE NO. 5
Semi volatile
Bis 2-chloroethyl ether
1 ,3-Di chl orobenzene
1 ,2-Dichl orobenzene
Ni trosodi propyl ami ne
Isophorone
Bis (2-chloroethoxy)methane
1 ,2 ,4-Tri chl orobenzene
Hexachl orobutadi ene
2-Chl oronaphthal ene
2 ,6-Di n i t rotol uene
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Diethyl phthalate
Hexachl orobenzene
Phenanthrene
Di butyl phthalate
Pyrene
Benzo (a) anthracene
Dioctyl phthalate
Benzo (k) fluoranthene
2-Chlorophenol
2-Nitrophenol
Phenol
2, 4-Dimethyl phenol
2,4-Dichlorophenol
2 ,4 ,6-Tri chl orophenol
4-Chl oro-3-methyl phenol
2-Methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol
Pentachl orophenol
4-Nitrophenol
Analytically
True determined
value value
(wg/L) (ug/L)
48.2
52.0
24.7
34.8
76.7
48.6
25.3
49.6
25.4
76.5
73.8
25.1
35.7
40.2
24.9
60.2
73.9
43.9
45.7
300
250
250
150
250
250
225
750
375
250
42
28
14
22
56
36
14
14
16
70
68
<1
24
34
<1
72
68
30
78
220
200
190
130
190
200
220
1000
350
280
Accuracy
(percent)
-15
-46
-43
-37
-30
-26
-45
-71
-37
-8
-8
NA
-32
-15
NA
+20
-8
-32
+71
-27
-20
-24
-13
-24
-20
-2
+33
-7
+12
Meets QA
accuracy
objective3
Yes No
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
aQA accuracy objective is -50, +100 percent of true value.
A-8
-------
TABLE A-8. CHECK SAMPLE NO. 6
Analytically
Parameter
As
Be
Cd
Cr
Cu
Pb
Hg
Ni
Se
Zn
True
value
(mg/L)
300
900
70
250
350
400
8.0
300
50
400
determined
value
270
940
60
250
290
200
8
210
70
110
Meets QA
accuracy
objective3
Accuracy
(percent)
-10
+4
-14
0
-17
-50
0
-30
+40
-70
Yes
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
No
X
X
X
aQA accuracy objective is ±30 percent of true value
TABLE A-9. SUMMARY OF CHECK SAMPLE ACCURACY AND COMPLETENESS
Accuracy
Analysis
tolatiles
Semivolatiles
Priority
pollutant
metals
Number of
measurements
meeting
accuracy
objective
14
52
14
Total
number of
measurements
17
58
20
Completeness
(percent)
82
90
70
Completeness
Completeness
QA objective
70
70
90
Meet QA
completeness
objective?
Yes
Yes
No
A-9
-------
TABLE A-10. SITE 1 FIELD DUPLICATE FOR VOLATILE ORGANICS
Pollutant concentration
Priority pollutant
1,1-Dichloroethene
1,1-Dichloroethane
Chloroform
1,2-Dichloroethane
Trichloroethene
1 , 1 ,2-Tri chl oroethane
Toluene
All other priority
pollutants
in Acurex
902438
(mg/L)
28
14
37
1200
12
93
8
<5
sample ID
902444
(mg/L)
32
18
47
1800
16
130
12
<5
Precision
(percent RSD)
7
13
12
20
14
17
20
0
Meets QA
precision
objective
Yes No
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
TABLE A-ll.
SITE 1 LABORATORY DUPLICATE OF ACUREX SAMPLE 902435 FOR
SEMIVOLATILE ORGANICS
Pollutant
concentration
Priority pollutant
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
Bi s ( 2-chl oroet hyl )ether
1 ,2-Di chl orobenzene
Hexachl orobutadi ene
Isophorone
Naphthalene
Bi s ( 2-ethyl hexyl )phthal ate
All other priority
pollutants
First
analysis
(ug/L)
4,300
11,000
1,700
1,700
13,000
660
720
<600
Second
analysis
(ug/L)
4,400
11,000
1,600
1,600
13,000
720
<600
<600
Precision
(percent RSD)
1
0
3
3
0
4
100
0
Meet QA
precision
objective
Yes
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
No
X
A-10
-------
TABLE A-12.
SITE 1 LABORATORY DUPLICATE OF ACUREX SAMPLE 902437
FOR PRIORITY POLLUTANT METALS
Pollutant
concentration
Priority
pollutant
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryl 1 i um
Cadmi um
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Tha 1 1 i um
Zinc
First
analysis
(mg/L)
<0.01
0.11
<0.01
0.24
1.9
40
1.5
<0.005
1.9
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
39
Second
analysis
(mg/L)
<0.01
0.11
<0.01
0.31
1.9
37
1.5
<0.005
1.9
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
39
Precision
(percent RSD)
0
0
0
13
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Meet QA
precision
objective
Yes No
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
TABLE A-13. SITE 1 LABORATORY DUPLICATE OF ACUREX
COMPOSITE SAMPLE 902425, 26, AND 28
FOR PCBs
Specie
concentration
PCB Specie
First Second
analysis analysis
(yg/mL) (ng/mL)
Precision
(percent RSD)
1242
1260
35,000
90,000
31,000
90,000
6
0
A-ll
-------
TABLE A-14. SITE 2 LABORATORY DUPLICATE OF ACUREX COMPOSITE
SAMPLE 902448, 50, AND 61 FOR VOLATILE ORGANICS
Pollutant
concentration Meet QA
precision
objective
First Second
analysis analysis Precision
UIIU I J J I J UIIU I J 3 I 3 n Cl* I 3 I Ull
Priority pollutant (yg/L) (yg/L) (percent RSD) Yes No
Chloroform 4100 4100 0 X
All other priority <50 <50 0 X
pollutants
TABLE A-15. SITE 2 LABORATORY DUPLICATE OF ACUREX SAMPLE 902447
FOR SEMIVOLATILE ORGANICS
Pollutant
concentration Meet QA
precision
objective
Fi rst Second
analysis analysis Precision
Priority pollutant (yg/L) (yg/L) (percent RSD) Yes No
Phenol 33 28 8 X
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 32 12 45 X
All other priority <10 <10 0 X
pollutants
A-12
-------
TABLE A-16.
SITE 2 LABORATORY DUPLICATE OF ACUREX SAMPLE 902460
FOR PRIORITY POLLUTANT METALS
Pollutant
concentration
Meet QA
precision
objective
Priority
pol 1 utant
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryl 1 i urn
Cadmi urn
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
First
analysis
(mg/L)
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.05
<0.04
<0.01
0.013
23
<0.01
<0.02
1.3
0.02
Second
analysis
(mg/L)
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.05
<0.04
<0.01
0.012
22
<0.01
<0.02
4.2
0.02
Precision
(percent RSD)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
2
0
0
53
0
Yes
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
No
X
TABLE A-17. SITE 4 FIELD DUPLICATE FOR VOLATILE ORGANICS
Pollutant
concentration in
Acurex sample ID
Priority pollutant
Trans - 1 , 2-Di chl oroethene
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Tri chl oroethene
Tetrachl oroethene
Tol uene
All other priority
pollutants
902646
(Mg/L)
600
32,000
6,800
14,000
1,200
5,000
<500
902663
(pg/L)
<500
<500
<500
<500
<500
6,400
<500
Meet QA
precision
objective
Precision
(percent RSD) Yes
100
100
100
100
100
12 X
0 X
No
X
X
X
X
X
A-13
-------
TABLE A-18. SITE 8 LABORATORY DUPLICATE OF ACUREX COMPOSITE
SAMPLE 902714, 15, AND 16 FOR VOLATILE ORGANICS
Pollutant
concentration Meet QA
precision
objective
First Second
analysis analysis Precision
Priority pollutant (yg/L) (yg/L) (percent RSD) Yes No
Chloromethane 2500 750 54 X
All other priority <500 <500 0 X
pollutants
TABLE A-19. SITE 8 LABORATORY DUPLICATE OF ACUREX SAMPLE 902712
FOR SEMIVOLATILE ORGANICS
Pollutant
concentration Meet QA
precision
objective
First Second
analysis analysis Precision
Priority pollutant (ug/L) (ug/L) (percent RSD) Yes No
All priority pollutants <20 <20
A-14
-------
TABLE A-20.
SITE 8 LABORATORY DUPLICATE OF ACUREX SAMPLE 902713
FOR PRIORITY POLLUTANT METALS
Pollutant
concentration
Priority
pollutant
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryl 1 i urn
Cadmi urn
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
First
analysis
(mg/L)
2.41
0.3
<0.01
1.5
1.9
1.2
6.0
<0.005
0.90
2.1
0.13
0.47
0.43
Second
analysis
(mg/L)
2.1
0.2
<0.01
1.5
2.0
1.2
6.3
<0.005
0.75
3.3
0.18
0.47
0.53
Meet QA
precision
objective
Precision
(percent RSD)
7
20
0
0
3
0
2
0
9
22
16
0
10
Yes
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
No
X
TABLE A-21. SITE 9 LABORATORY DUPLICATE OF ACUREX SAMPLE 902751
FOR VOLATILE ORGANICS
Priority pollutant
Pollutant
concentration
First Second
analysis analysis
Meet QA
precision
objective
Precision
(yg/L) (percent RSD) Yes No
All priority pollutants <500
<500
A-15
-------
TABLE A-22. SITE 9 LABORATORY DUPLICATE OF ACUREX SAMPLE 902749
FOR SEMIVOLATILE ORGANICS
Pollutant
concentration
Priority pollutant
First Second
analysis analysis
(ug/L)
Meet QA
precision
objective
Precision
(iig/L) (percent RSD) Yes No
All priority pollutants <20
<20
TABLE A-23.
SITE 9 LABORATORY DUPLICATE OF ACUREX SAMPLE 902750
FOR PRIORITY POLLUTANT METALS
Priority
pollutant
Pollutant
concentration
First
analysis
(mg/L)
Second
analysis
(mg/L)
Precision
(percent RSD)
Meet QA
precision
objective
Yes No
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thai 1i urn
Zinc
<0.03
-------
TABLE A-24. SUMMARY OF DUPLICATE SAMPLE PRECISION AND COMPLETENESS
i
t—•
-o
Total
Number of
measurements
not meeting
Analysis
Total
Measurements number number of QA precision Completeness
per sample of samples measurements objective (percent)
Meet QA
completeness
objective
Yes No
Volatile
organic
compounds
27
5
135
6
96 X
Semi volatile
organic
compounds
Priority
pollutant
metals
57
13
228
52
99
94
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing}
1. REPORT NO.
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
CHARACTERIZATION OF HAZARDOUS WASTE INCINERATION
RESIDUALS
5. REPORT DATE
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Don Van Buren, Gary Poe and Carlo Castaldini
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
' Acurex Corporation
485 Clyde Avenue
P.O. Box 7044
Mountain View, California 94039
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-03-3241
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME ANO ADDRESS
Hazardous Waste Engineering Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/12
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
The Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER-EPA) is considering
establishing a criterion for disposal of waste or residue into the land. This
criterion is based on the achievement of residue quality equivalent to that from
effective incineration. The purpose of this study was to provide data oni.bhe ;quartti-
ties and characteristics of solid and liquid discharges from hazardous waste incinera-
tion facilities. A total of 10 facilities were sampled comprising major incineration
designs and flue gas treatment devices. All inlet and outlet liquid and solid streams
were sampled and subjected to extensive analyses for organic and inorganic pollutant
concentrations. Laboratory analyses for solid discharge streams also included leach-
ate evaluations using standard EPA toxicity tests for meta.14 ; and a draft TCLP toxi-
city procedure for volatile and semivolatile organics and metals. Monitored data on
incinerator facility operation was then used to determine the discharge rates of
dectected pollutants.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COSATI Field/Group
8. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to public.
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisRep,
Unclassified
20. SECURITY CLASS (Tltispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (R«». 4-77) pwivious EDITION is OBSOLETE
------- |