DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF WATERFOWL AND
SUBMERGED AQUATIC VEGETATION IN THE CHESAPEAKE
                     BAY
Robert E. Munro and Matthew C. Perry


                  CBP-TR-001S

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                         60OR81103
DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF WATERFOWL AND
SUBMERGED AQUATIC VEGETATION IN THE CHESAPEAKE
              BAY

Robert E. Munro and Matthew C. Perry


            CBP-TR-001S
                     ><*&&

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                                          EPA Report  Number

                                          April  1981
 DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF WATERFOWL AND
SUBMERGED AQUATIC VEGETATION IN CHESAPEAKE BAY
                      by

               Robert E. Munro
                     and
               Matthew C. Perry
        U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Migratory Bird and Habitat Research Laboratory
            Laurel, Maryland 20811
 Interagency Agreement Number EPA-78-D-X0391
               Project Officer

               William A. Cook
            Chesapeake Bay Program
     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                  Region III
            6th and Walnut Streets
       Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106
      OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
     U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
           WASHINGTON, D.C.  20460

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                                   TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
                            (Please read Inunctions on the reverse before completing)
  REPORT NO.
                             2.
                                                           3. RECIPIENTS ACCESSION-NO.
  TITLE ANO SUBTITLE
  Distribution & Abundance of Waterfowl and Submerged
  Aquatic Vegetation in the Chesapeake  Bay
             5. REPORT DATE
              April, 1981
             6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
          .  Munro and Matthew C. Perry
             8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.

              CBP-TR-001S
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME ANO ADDRESS
 U.  S.  Fish & Wildlife Service, Migratory Bird and
 Habitat Research Laboratory, Laurel,  Maryland 20811
             10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
              2BA703
             11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
              EPA 78-D-X0391
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
  Region III, U. S. Environmental  Protection Agency
  Chesapeake Bay Program,2083 West Street
  Annapolis, Maryland 21401
              13. TYPE OF REPORT ANO PERIOD COVERED
              Project Report  8/1/78-12/31/80
             14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT waterfowi species  populations in Maryland & Virginia  portions of Chesapeake
 Bay were examined during  long-term' and current (1972-1980)  periods to identify trends in
 distribution and abundance.   Comparisons were also made between State and Atlantic Fly-
 way populations & waterfowl  species distributions among survey  areas. Distribution &
 abundance of SAV among waterfowl survey areas in Md. were  summarized for 7 plant species
 during 9 years  (1971-1979).  These data (SAV species combined) were used to test the
 hypothesis that annual variation in area populations of waterfowl was related to varia-
 tion in the abundance of  SAV,  following an adjustment for  annual variation in the genera
 abundance of waterfowl.The distribution and abundance of SAV species declined in Md.
 waters during the 1970's.  There were few statistically significant relationships betwee
 distribution and abundance of waterfowl and SAV.  But there was an implied biological
 relationship, since the most important waterfowl wintering areas were also among the
 most abundantly vegetated areas. This report was submitted in partial fulfillment of
 Interagency Agreement No. EPA-78-D-X0391 by the U. S. Fish and  Wildlife Service,
 Migratory Bird and Habitat Research Laboratory under the sponsorship of the Chesapeake
 Bay Program, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.
17.
                                KEY WORDS ANO DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
                  DESCRIPTORS
                                               b.lOENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
                              COSATl Field/GrouD
 15. 2i37P.i5U7:GN STATEMENT

      Unrestricted distribution
j 19. SECURITY CLASS iThis Report/
1  Unclassified
NO. OF PAGES
193
                                               20. SECURITY CLASS (This page j
                                                 Unclassified
                                                                          22.
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)

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                            TECHNICAL INFORMATION CLEARANCE
 1. DATE PREPARED
    6/11/81
2. LAB/OFFICE DRAFT NO.
3. COPYRIGHT PERMISSION
  (/ one)
                         0 YES
          D NO
N/A
    4. PEER REVIEW CLEARANCE
      {/ one/
9 YES     O NO
                                                                                          a N/A
 5. PRESENT TITLE Distribution & Abundance of
  Waterfowl and Submerged Aquatic  Vegetatioi
 _in__£he. .Chesapeake _Bay_-
 a. TECHNICAL INFORMATION PLAN
   I TITLE AND REFERENCE
6. AUTHOR. ORGANIZATION. AND ADDRESS.
  Robert E.  Munro & Matthew C.  Perry
  U. S.  Fish &. Wildlife Service,  Migratory  &
  Bird Habitat Research Lab, Laurel, Md.  208!
                               EPA PROJECT DOCUMENTATION
 7. SERIES
         8. REPORT DATE
           April,  1981
                  9. CONTRACT/GRANT/IAG NUMBER
                   EPA 78-D-X0391
                                      10. TYPE OF MATERIAL (/ one)
                                         SPECIFY (WHERE NECESSARY)
               H RESEARCH REPORT
               & PROJECT REPORT AND PROJECT SUMMARY
               D JOURNAL PUBLICATION (include  journal name)
               O UNPUBLISHED REPORT
                                           Q AUDIO VISUAL
                                                               D MEETING/PUBLICATION *
                                                               D APPLICATIONS GUIDE
                                        O SUMMARY/SYNTHESIS
                                        O RESPONSE REPORT
                                It: PROJECT OFFICER/IN-HOUSE AUTHOR
 a. SIGNATURE
                                                                     b. DATE
 c. TYPED NAME AND ADDRESS
      William A. Cook,  EPA, Chesapeake. Bay Program
      2083  West. St., Annapolis, Md.  21401
                                              d. FTS TELEPHONE NO.

                                                FTS  922-3912
                             12: TECHNICAL INFORMATION (PROGRAM) MANAGER
 a. SIGNATURE
 c. TYPED NAME AND ADDRESS
       Dorothy Van Dorfe»  .
       EPA,  Chesapeake.Bay Program,  2083 West  St.
       Annapolis, Md. 21401.   "
t 1 a.. COMMENTS
                                              b. DATE
                                              d. FTS TELEPHONE NO.
                                                FTS 922-3912

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                               DISCLAIMER




     This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Research




Laboratory - Narragansett, Chesapeake Bay Program of the U.S.




Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication.   Approval




does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and




policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does  mention




of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or




recommendation for use.

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                                ABSTRACT




     Waterfowl species populations in Maryland and Virginia portions of




Chesapeake Bay were examined during long-term and current (1972-80)




periods to identify trends in distribution and abundance.  Comparisons




were also made between State and Atlantic Flyway populations, and




waterfowl species distributions among survey areas.




     Distribution and abundance of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV)




among waterfowl survey areas in Maryland were summarized for seven plant




species during nine years (1971-79).  These data (SAV species combined)




were used to test the hypothesis that annual variation in area




populations of waterfowl was related to variation in the abundance of




SAV, following an adjustment for annual variation in the general




abundance of waterfowl.




     Waterfowl food habits were summarized and analyzed when possible.




These data provided additional evidence on relationships between




waterfowl and SAV, and indications of changing food preferences within




some species*




     Recent Maryland waterfowl populations (with one exception).




generally declined, while those in Virginia increased or remained




stable.  Species dispersion among areas was typically stable.  The most




important waterfowl wintering areas in Chesapeake Bay have been and




continue to be the Chester River, Eastern Bay, and the lower Choptank




River.




     The distribution and abundance of all SAV species declined in




Maryland waters during the 1970's.  During that period, SAV was most




abundant in areas that included the lower Choptank River, Manokin and




Annemessex Rivers, Chester River, and Eastern Bay.



                                     iv

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     There were few statistically significant relationships between




distribution and abundance of waterfowl and SAV.  But there was an




implied biological relationship, since the most important waterfowl




wintering areas were also among the most abundantly vegetated areas.




     Waterfowl species adapted differently to the decline of SAV during




the 1970's.  Whistling swans began feeding in agricultural fields, while




others shifted food preferences from SAV to invertebrates.  However, the




most common adaptation was to winter elsewhere in the Atlantic Flyway.




Due to the northern location of Chesapeake Bay, through which many




waterfowl annually migrate, current populations of some species are




believed to be temporarily low.  When exposed to increased distribution




and abundance of submerged aquatic vegetation, we anticipate that




waterfowl species with preferences for SAV and  associated  invertebrates




will respond positively.




     This report was submitted  in partial fulfillment of Interagency




Agreement No. EPA-78-D-X0391 by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,




Migratory Bird and Habitat Research Laboratory  under the sponsorship of




the Chesapeake Bay Program of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.




This report covers the period August  1,  1978, to December  31,1980,  and




work was completed as of  February  15,  1981.

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                                CONTENTS




Foreward	•	  ill




Abstract	   iv




Acknowledgment	viii




Executive Summary	   ix




     1.  Introduction 	  1




     2.  Conclusions	4




     3.  Materials and Methods	7




           Sources and limitations of data	7




                Waterfowl food habits	7




                Waterfowl populations 	 .....  9




                Submerged aquatic vegetation	13




           Statistical analyses  	 	 14




     4.  Results and Discussion	16




           Waterfowl food habits.	16




           Distribution and abundance of SAV	25




           Chesapeake Bay waterfowl populations in perspective. ... 31




                Maryland	31




                Virginia	40




           Effects of SAV on v/aterfowl	45




                 Swans and geese	46




                 Black ducks and mallards	48




                 Diving ducks	48




           Impacts of waterfowl  on SAV	59




References	60




Appendices




   A.   Scientific and common names  of waterfowl  food items	62





                                     vi

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B.  Food items of waterfowl during the period 1890-1959	71




C.  Food items of waterfowl during the period 1960-1969	107




D.  Food items of waterfowl during the period 1970-1979	128




E.  Frequency occurrence of SAV by species during 1971-1979 •  •  •  .152




F.  Summary of Maryland waterfowl populations by species and area .159




G.  Summary of Virginia waterfowl populations by species and area .172
                                   vii

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                            ACKNOWLEDGMENTS




     We are indebted to B. K. Williams (primary responsibility), P. H.




Geissler, L. M. Moyer, and E. D. Heinlein for statistical consultation.




We also thank V. G. Perros, L. D. Eastman, C. J. Ellis, P. Longabucco,




P. L. Miller, and J. M. Wilcox for technical assistance. -Many people




assisted in food habits, analyses used in this report and their input is




appreciated.  Of special importance were C. K. Rawls for his work during




the 1960's, and F. M. Uhler whose contributions have spanned decades.




     V. D. Stotts (Maryland Wildlife Administration) offered advice and




expertise on Maryland waterfowl populations, as well as access to




original data from periodic surveys of submerged aquatic vegetation.  To




the many pilots and biologists who participated in surveys of waterfowl




or vegetation in Chesapeake Bay, we express our gratitude.  H. F.




Percival and B. S. Brun provided valuable administrative expertise.  We




are finally indebted  to G. M. Haramis, C. F. Kimball, and J. D. Nichols




for their critical review of  this report.
                                    viii

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                           EXECUTIVE SUMMARY




     The Chesapeake Bay is the largest estuarine system along the




Atlantic coast of North America, and the most important wintering area




in the Atlantic Flyway for more than 1.5 million waterfowl (including




ducks, geese, and swans).  Historically (1956-), the Maryland portion of




the Bay has been the principal Flyway wintering area for Canada geese




(Branta canadensis), whistling swans (Cygnus columbianus columbianus),




and canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria), and a primary wintering area for




ruddy ducks  (Oxyura jamaicensis), common goldeneyes (Bucephala clangula




americana),  redheads  (_A. americana), black ducks (Anas rubripes), and




mallards  (_A. platyrhynchos).  In addition to wintering other popul-




ations, the  Bay provides a  resting  and  feeding place for countless birds




that migrate to and from wintering  areas farther south.  The Bay is




therefore  vital as  a wintering  area and as a link in a chain of resting




areas.




     The  traditional  importance of  Chesapeake Bay to waterfowl was due




in large measure  to vast beds of submerged aquatic vegetation, which




included  species  such  as widgeongrass  (Ruppia maritima), wildcelery




 (Vallisneria americana), and  sago pondweed  (Potamogeton pectinatus).




But during the  1970's  those waterfowl  food resources declined, which in




 large measure  prompted this work.   The  main  objectives of  this report




 are  to  document historic and  current  distribution, abundance, and food




preferences of waterfowl that winter  in Chesapeake Bay, and  examine




 current relationships  between waterfowl and  the  distribution and




 abundance of SAV.




     Linear regression and analysis of variance techniques were used  to




 detect  trends  in  distribution and  abundance of  waterfowl  species





                                     ix

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populations that winter in Maryland and Virginia, and to examine




waterfowl-SAV relationships with simple, linear models.  Waterfowl food




habits were analyzed where possible with a ranking procedure, which




compared historic and current usage of important food items.




     Maryland and Virginia waterfowl populations differed considerably




in species diversity and numbers of birds.  The smaller Virginia




populations were also more stable than those in Maryland.  However,




distributions of species populations among survey areas in both States




were very consistent over years.




     Distribution and abundance of SAV in Maryland waters declined




during the 1970's, and particularly from 1971 to 1973.  Of the seven SAV




species considered, all declined; however, widgeongrass remained




relatively abundant and widely distributed.  SAV was most abundant in




the lower Choptank River, Manokin and Annemessex Rivers area, Chester  '




River, and Eastern Bay during the 1971-79 period.




     The common response by waterfowl species with known preferences




for SAV  (e.g., redheads, American wigeon  [Anas americana], and pintails




 [A. acuta]) was to winter elsewhere in the Atlantic Flyway during the




1970's.  Others (whistling swans and canvasbacks) changed food




preferences.  The wintering Canada goose population in Maryland, which




now requires only open water for protection and  agricultural fields for




food, continued a long-term increase in numbers.




     The distribution (dispersion) and abundance of waterfowl populations




among Maryland survey areas generally reflected  the distribution and




abundance of SAV, although few statistically significant relationships




were found.  The areas most important to wintering waterfowl  (Chester




River, Eastern Bay, and the lower Choptank River) prior to and during

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the 1970's were also among the most abundantly vegetated areas during




the 1970's.  It follows from this general relationship that waterfowl




populations have had no adverse or long-term impact on distribution and




abundance of submerged aquatic vegetation.




     The currently low diversity of waterfowl species wintering in




Maryland is believed to be temporary, and limited by the distribution




and abundance of SAV.  Since formerly abundant species of waterfowl




still migrate annually through the Bay area, a positive and rapid




response to an improvement in distribution and abundance of submerged




aquatic vegetation may be anticipated.
                                     xi

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                               SECTION 1




                              INTRODUCTION




     Chesapeake Bay, the largest estuarine system in North America,




contains a diverse collection of many plant and animal communities.




Waterfowl (Anatidae) are among the most prominent animals during fall




and winter.  Of 45 species of ducks, geese, and swans that are native to




North America (Bellrose 1976), about 30 regularly migrate through or




winter in the Bay area (Stewart 1962).  Although a few species such as




the black duck (Anas rubripes) and the mallard (A. platyrhynchos) breed




in Bay marshes, most waterfowl are present in the area only from October




through March.  The use and importance of Chesapeake Bay to waterfowl




are therefore greatest during this period.




     Historically, the Bay has been the most important wintering area




along the Atlantic coast for a number of waterfowl species, such as the




whistling swan (Cygnus columbianus columbianus), Canada goose (Branta




canadensis), and the canvasback (Aythya valisineria).  Other populations




have been far less abundant.  Early migrants such as blue-winged teal




(Anas discors) spend little time in the Bay before departing in




mid-October for wintering areas in South America.  Some winter




residents, due to their habitat preferences, are not obvious to the




casual observer.  For example, the sea ducks or scoters (Melanitta




spp.), as their colloquial names imply, occupy deep (>3 m), open-water




habitats generally beyond the littoral zone.  Others, such as the




Atlantic brant (Branta bernicla hrota), are usually found  only in ocean




bay habitats (e.g., Sinepuxent Bay, Maryland).




     Ducks are often referred to as either surface-feeding or puddle




ducks, as opposed to diving or bay ducks.  Puddle ducks feed by dabbling

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at the water's surface or tipping up in shallow water, even though they




are capable of diving beneath the water's surface.  They typically




prefer shallow marshes and shoal riverine habitats, and as a group they




consume more plant material than do diving ducks.  The diving ducks all




share two physical characteristics that facilitate diving, their primary




method of feeding:  their wings are relatively small and their legs are




set farther back on their body.  As a consequence, divers need open




water across which to run prior to flight, which prevents them from




feeding in dense marshes or agricultural fields.  Diving ducks are




usually found in exposed, deeper waters (1-5 m), where vegetation is




less available.




     Submerged aquatic vegetation  (SAV) is an important food resource




for many waterfowl species  (Cottam 1939; Martin and Uhler  1951; Yocom




1951; Stewart 1962; Bellrose  1976).  In his account of the canvasback,




Bent (1923:195) reported ". .   .   it [wildcelery  (Vallisneria




americana)] grows most abundantly  in the Chesapeake Bay region and is




supposed to be the chief attraction for the vast  number of canvasbacks




and other ducks which resort  to these waters in winter  .   .   .".  The




traditional importance of the Bay  to many waterfowl populations provides




indirect evidence of a long-term stability in the Bay's aquatic plant




and animal food resources.  But waterfowl populations and  the food




resources upon which they depend are not  stable in the  short-term.




There have been changes  in  waterfowl distribution and abundance in the




Bay during the last  25 years, as well  as  more recent  changes  in




distribution  and  abundance  of SAV. The purpose of this study is  to




examine relationships between waterfowl  and  SAV resources  of  the  Bay.




     Specific objectives include an examination of 1) waterfowl food

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habits in the Bay area, 2) distribution and abundance of SAV, 3) winter-




ing waterfowl populations, 4) relationships between waterfowl and the




distribution and abundance of SAV, and 5) impacts of waterfowl on SAV.
                                     3

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                               SECTION 2




                              CONCLUSIONS




     Historically, Maryland waterfowl populations  were more diverse  in




species and more numerous than those in Virginia,  where populations  were




generally more stable.  Distributions (dispersions)  of species




populations among survey areas in both States were remarkably stable.




The most important wintering areas for waterfowl in Chesapeake Bay are




the Chester River, Eastern Bay, and the lower Choptank River.




     Significant changes occurred in the  Bay's submerged aquatic plant




resources during the 1970's.  SAV abundance declined considerably from




1971 to 1973, and fluctuated thereafter.   Of the seven plants examined,




widgeongrass (Ruppia maritima) was the most widely distributed (number




of areas) and abundant (highest frequency occurrence) species of SAV in




Maryland.  However, all species declined during the 1971-79 period.  SAV




in Maryland was most abundant in the lower Choptank River, Manokin and




Annemessex Rivers area, Chester River, and Eastern Bay.




     Species of waterfowl adapted differently to these conditions.




Increased numbers of whistling swans began feeding in agricultural




fields during the early  1970's, even though this behavior was well




established 10-15 years earlier on  their northward migrations.




Responses among ducks were  affected by physical differences between the




two general categories examined.  Puddle or dabbling ducks, which




normally feed by  tipping up in shallow water, are capable of feeding in




agricultural fields and  dense marsh habitats.  Diving or bay ducks have




evolved relatively shorter  wings and  other physical characteristics that




facilitate swimming beneath the water's surface where they typically




feed.  These birds, essentially incapable of  feeding on land, could

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change their food preferences only within the estuarine environment.  Of




course, both puddle and diving ducks could winter elsewhere within or




outside of the Bay area.




     Maryland populations of the four puddle duck species examined were




considerably less abundant during the 1970's when compared to long-term




levels.  Pintail (Anas acuta) and American wigeon (A. americana)




populations, which have known preferences for SAV, are now essentially




absent from Maryland wintering areas.  Black duck and mallard




populations, which showed relationships to the distribution and




abundance of SAV, also decreased.  The current level of Maryland puddle




duck populations, as a group, is about one-third of the former level.




     Among diving ducks, canvasbacks and redheads (Aythya americana)




were most affected by the recent decline in SAV.  Although species of




SAV were principal food items of canvasbacks prior to the 1970's, they




were essentially the only foods of redheads.  Canvasback food




preferences completely changed during the 1970's to a diet that




consisted mainly of Baltic macoma clams (Macoma balthica) and other




invertebrates.  Also during that period, Maryland wintered a decreasing




percentage of the Atlantic Flyway canvasback population.  Although




significant changes in the Flyway distribution of redheads occurred




prior  to the 1970's, the most important difference was a consistently




low number of these birds throughout the 1970's.  The redhead population




in Maryland is now only a remnant of past populations.




     On the positive side, the Canada goose population in Maryland




continued to expand.  These birds began foraging on land during the mid-




1950's when the mechanization of agriculture increased the availability




of waste (unharvested) cereal grains.  This population averaged about

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265,000 geese between 1956 and 1971,  although it increased at  a rate of




23,000 birds/year.  During recent years Maryland wintered more than




500,000 Canada geese.  The future of  this population rests in




agricultural fields.




     Waterfowl populations have had no long-term impact on distribution




and abundance of SAV.  Prior to the 1970's, waterfowl populations were




greatest in areas such as Chester River, Eastern Bay, arid the  lower




Choptank River.  During the 1970's, SAV was most abundant in these areas




despite a history of use by abundant waterfowl populations.




     The relatively low diversity of waterfowl species currently




wintering in Maryland, although mitigated somewhat by tremendous




populations of Canada geese, is cause for concern.  However, the outlook




is optimistic due in large measure to the northern location of




Chesapeake Bay with respect to other important wintering areas.  Major




population segments of most Flyway species annually stop in the Bay area




while on migration to and from wintering areas farther south.   These




populations are therefore exposed to Bay conditions on an annual basis.




We anticipate they would soon respond positively to an improvement in




distribution and abundance of submerged aquatic vegetation.

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                               SECTION 3




                         MATERIALS AND METHODS




SOURCES AND LIMITATIONS OF DATA




Waterfowl Food Habits




     Food habits of Chesapeake Bay waterfowl were summarized by Stewart




(1962).  His original data, collected mostly during the 1950's, were




obtained and supplemented with additional samples for some species.




Although methods and specific areas of collection were identifiable for




most samples, these potentially important sources of variation were




disregarded to increase sample sizes and provide a Bay-wide description




of food items used by waterfowl.  Other sources of variation, such as




the organ from which foods were obtained and identified (Swanson and




Bartonek 1970), temporal or long-term changes (Perry and Uhler 1976),




and differences between species (Stewart 1962) were included.




       Stewart (1962:2) determined the total volume of food contents for




an organ sample by volumetric displacement, and then visually estimated




the proportion of each food item.  Samples from other collections




differed only in that volumes for each food item were separately




measured, or that organ (source) was not recorded.  Scientific and




common names of Bay.waterfowl food items are shown in Appendix Table A-l•




     Various measures have been used to describe the food habits of




animals  (e.g., Martin et al.  1946; Korschgen 1969; Swanson et al«  1974).




The latter  authors demonstrated that the aggregate percent method was




favored  over the aggregate volume method.  Briefly, if we have J food




items  and I birds, the aggregate percentage is the proportion of the jth




food item in the ith bird  averaged over all samples.  This procedure




gives  equal weight to each bird in the sample, and is not affected by






                                     7

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variation in individual sample volumes (Swanson et al. 1974:303); this




is particularly appropriate here since most samples were opportun-




istically obtained.  In addition to aggregate percentages, we also




determined the frequency occurrence of each food item in the sample.




     Since we have no measures of availability for many food items used




by Bay waterfowl, we must exercise caution when discussing preference,




selection, or importance.  We are consequently limited in the questions




or hypotheses we may examine with these data.  Johnson (1980) discussed




these problems and proposed a procedure for comparing ranks of usage and




availability measurements.  Johnson's method basically compares two




multivariate normal vectors of means  (ranks), and is sufficiently




general  for our purposes.  Here we are interested in the hypothesis of




no difference between  two samples in  utilization of important food




items.   Our application  of Johnson's  method therefore compares two




levels of usage rather than usage and availability.




     In  a preliminary  series of analyses we were interested in whether




or not samples of  food items identified in two different organs were




sufficiently similar  to  allow  combination.  In practice, we identified a




small list  (i.e.,  the  number of items was small compared to available




sample sizes)  of  items that were  important  (frequently utilized)  in




samples  from  organ A.  We  then determined the rank  of each food  item on




the  list with  respect  to the other listed items for each individual in




both organ  samples A and B.  Mean ranks of usage for  each food item




within each category (organ) were then  computed and compared  through a




multivariate  analysis  of variance.  We  used  this approach for all




 comparative food  habits  analyses.

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Waterfowl Populations




     The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) in cooperation with the




States conducts annual surveys of wintering waterfowl during January,




when population distributions are most stable and perhaps most




concentrated.  According to Benning et al. (1978:1), "This survey




primarily monitors annual changes in waterfowl distribution on the




wintering grounds within the United States, and indicates annual




population trends".  Although survey results are affected by such




factors as weather, personnel changes, and errors of omission (birds not




found) and commission (birds found but counted inaccurately), they




constitute the only long-term source of information on the distribution




and abundance of wintering waterfowl.  Most states have developed




systems of survey areas which generally encompass rivers, bays, or large




expanses of marsh habitat.  Survey area boundaries were stable in




Maryland (Figure 1) by 1956 and in Virginia (Figure 2) by 1961.




Waterfowl surveys in the Potomac River, ocean bays, and inland




reservoirs and swamps were not included in analyses of species




distributions among survey areas, since comparable data on submerged




aquatic vegetation were not available.  Some waterfowl species (e.g.,




Atlantic brant, greater snow goose  [Anser caerulescens atlantica])»




whose  populations were generally restricted to those habitats, were




consequently omitted.  An index to waterfowl survey areas used in  this




study  is provided in Table 1.




     The Atlantic Flyway, which encompasses Atlantic coastal States  from




Maine  to Florida, is one of four U.S. flyways used in the management of




waterfowl populations.  United States and Atlantic Flyway populations




can be used  as measures of general  abundance or  trend that may affect

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Figure 1.  Maryland waterfowl survey areas used in this report.
                                   10

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Figure 2.  Virginia waterfowl survey areas used in this report.
                                 11

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TABLE  1.   INDEX TO WATERFOWL SURVEY AREAS3 IN MARYLAND AND VIRGINIA

Number
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
20
21
25
26
27
28
29
Mar
Size (ha)b
17,227
8,076
4,528
1,648
2,444
7,791
2,214
4,502
4,484
7,953
1,775
2,073
2, 159
13, 159
2,758
7,566
7,515
5,665
6,896
6,247
7,366
11,446
13,816
4,265
y 1 a n d
Survey area name
Patapsco River - Aberdeen P.G.
Susquehanna Flats
Northeast - Elk - Bohemia Rivers
Sassafras River
Bayshore, Kent County
Chester River
Bayshore, Kent Island
Magothy - Severn Rivers
South River - Herring Bay
Eastern Bay
Wye River
Upper Choptank River
Mi les Ri ver
Lower Choptank River
Bayshore, Calvert County
Patuxent River
Little Choptank River
Bayshore, Hooper Island
Honga River
Fishing Bay
Nanticoke - Wicomico Rivers
Bloodsworth - South Marsh Islands
Manokin, Big - Little Annemessex R.
Smith Island
V
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
18
19
20








i r g i n i a
Survey area name
James River (Lower)
James River (Middle)
James River (Hog Island Refuge)
James River (Upper)
James River (Presquile NWR)
Chickahominy River
Pamunkey River
Mattaponi River
York River
Mobjack Bay and Piankatank River
Rappahannock River (Lower)
Rappahannock River (Upper)
Smith Pt. - Windmill Pt.
Fisherman's Island - Silver Beach
Silver Beach - Saxis
Newport News - York River








 Maryland survey areas are shown in Figure 1,  and those in  Virginia  are  shown  in  Figure  2.   Areas  beyond
the scope of this study (e.g.,  inland reservoirs, ocean bays)  are  not  listed.

 Size equals the extent of shoal water habitat «2.44^m at  mlw)  in a survey  area.

-------
Chesapeake Bay numbers of ducks, geese, or swans.  We can also use these




data to identify species that have a tradition of wintering in the Bay.




Since waterfowl populations and habitats in Maryland and Virginia




portions of the Bay are considerably different, we will consider




populations in these areas separately.




     We used mid-winter survey results prior to 1972 as measures of




long-term distribution and abundance of United States, Atlantic Flyway,




and Maryland and Virginia wintering waterfowl populations.  We first




identified waterfowl species whose Bay populations averaged five percent




or more of Atlantic Flyway populations prior to 1972.  Species that did




not meet this criterion were subsequently omitted.  For the remaining




species we then examined population segments (survey areas, Flyway, and




U.S.) for trends in distribution or abundance prior to the early 1970's.




We used survey results during the years 1972-80 to describe current Bay




waterfowl resources in a similar manner.  Comparisons could then be made




between waterfowl populations during the long-term and current periods,




and between current waterfowl and SAV distribution and abundance.




Submerged Aquatic Vegetation




     Stevenson and Confer (1978) summarized available information on the




distribution and abundance of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) in




Chesapeake Bay.  Bayley et al.  (1978) described long-term (1958-1975)




changes in SAV at the head of the Bay (Susquehanna Flats), and Orth et




al. (1979) documented the distribution and abundance of SAV in Virginia




waters during the 1970's (1971,1974, and 1978).  Kerwin et al. (1976)




initiated an extensive (Maryland) and long-term (1971-) survey of SAV




with which .the distribution and abundance of waterfowl could be




compared.  Kerwin's study, which evolved into a cooperative effort





                                    13

-------
between the USFWS Migratory Bird and Habitat Research Laboratory (MBHRL)




and the Wildlife Administration of Maryland Department of Natural




Resources (DNR), was based on a stratified random sampling (about 640




stations) of shoal water habitats (<2.44 m at mean low water) in




Maryland (excluding the Potomac River).  To monitor annual trends in




distribution and abundance of SAV, established stations were sampled




once each summer for presence/absence and percent composition of SAV.




Procedures are further described in Kerwin et al. (1976).




     Since waterfowl survey area boundaries did not correspond to those




of the SAV survey, we examined latitude-longitude coordinates of sample




stations in the SAV survey to resolve boundary discrepancies.  We were




then able to measure (planimeter) the extent of shoal water habitat in




24 waterfowl survey areas and summarize SAV survey results accordingly.




We estimated hectares of SAV in an area by multiplying the size of the




area by  the proportion of stations sampled that were vegetated.  These




estimates of SAV are biased upwards due to the inherent assumption of




complete coverage  (dense bed) at a vegetated station.  Use of these




estimates to represent distribution and abundance of SAV  during winter




is another  limitation.




STATISTICAL ANALYSES




     Analyses  of variance and linear  regression used in  this report




followed the  Statistical Analysis  System  user's guide  (Barr  et al.




 1976).   We  generally used  the simplest  (fewest parameters) linear model




that adequately described  the relationship between  a dependent and  one




or more independent variables.  Where appropriate,  area-specific effects




  ere  included  if  they  were  significant (p <  0.05).   In models with  more




 than one independent variable, we used sums  of squares and .corresponding





                                     14

-------
F statistics that reflected adjustments for all other variables in the
model.
     Given annual estimates of SAV (summer in year t-1) and waterfowl
(January in year t) in a number of survey areas, we were then able to
formulate the following linear model:
                 n  .. = A + B  (SAV    .) + C  (ATL ) ,
                  a,t        a     a,t-1     a     t
where n    is the predicted number of birds in survey area a, A is an
       a,t
overall intercept term, B. is the area-specific effect of SAV, SAV
                         3.                                        €*9 L"" J.
is the number of hectares of SAV in area a during the previous summer,
C  is the area-specific effect of general species abundance, and ATL  is
 3.                                                                  t
the Atlantic Flyway population during the current year t.  The intercept
term was included to determine if a significant portion of an area's
population was independent of variation in SAV or general species
abundance.  The Atlantic Flyway population was included to measure the
extent to which changes in an area's population merely reflected annual
variation in the size of the general population.  If an effect was not
significant (p > 0.05), it was removed and a reduced model was then
considered for that species.
                                     15

-------
                               SECTION 4




                         RESULTS AND DISCUSSION




WATERFOWL FOOD HABITS




     A study of waterfowl food habits is a study of variability, some of




which (e.g., areas and methods of collection) is unavoidable.  More than




3,000 food habits records accumulated by Stewart (1962), Rawls (in




prep.), and data from the files (MBHRL, Laurel, Maryland) included about




700 different food items (Appendix A).  These data were tabulated by




waterfowl species, time period (pre-1960, 1960's, and the 1970's in




Appendices B, C, and D), and organ source (gizzard, gullet, or unknown).




     Preliminary analyses using Johnson's (1980) methodology indicated




there were substantial differences in usage  (aggregate percentages) of




food items in samples from different organs.  Since this variation




persisted across a number of waterfowl  species, we restricted food




habits comparisons to those species for which sufficient gizzard samples




were available.  We also were unable to' statistically compare 1960's




food habits data  (Rawls, in prep.) with those from earlier or later




periods, since we lacked data from individual samples.




     A gross comparison of the incidence of  plant material in samples of




Bay waterfowl  (Table  2) revealed  only a few  differences across  three




time periods.  Based  on aggregate percentages described earlier, usage




of plant material by  canvasbacks  decreased from  71 to about  9 percent.




A smaller decrease was also suggested for the common goldeneye




(Bucephala clangula americana).   Since  other apparent changes were




minor, the incidence  of plant material  in samples  of Chesapeake Bay




waterfowl has not considerably  changed  during the  1960's or  1970's.




     There were exceptions to  the general importance of vegetation to






                                     16

-------
TABLE 2.  SUMMARY OF THE INCIDENCE OF PLANT MATERIAL IN THE DIET OF
          WATERFOWL THAT WINTER IN CHESAPEAKE BAY
Percent plant materi
Species
Whistling swan
Canada goose
Ruddy duck
Bufflehead
Common goldeneye
Canvasback
Greater scaup
Lesser scaup
Ring-necked duck
Redhead
American wigeon
Blue-winged teal
Green-winged teal
Black duck
Gadwall
Mallard
Pintail
Pre-1960
74
65
24
53
71
40
51
65
99
97
90
84
74
99
98
97
.7
.2
.6
. 1
.3
.4
.4
.4
.0
. 1
.7
.9
. 1
.0
.9
.5
( 50)b
( 25)
( 20) b
( 14)
( 47)
( 36)
( 29)
( 17)
( 86) b
( 35)
( 21)
( 10)
( 55)
( 21) b
( 25)
( 36) b
100.
-
32.
36.
52.
37.
56.
94.
76.
97.
-
100.
93.
-
94.
96.
air and sample size ( ) «
1960's
0

6
9
3
2
7
0
6
7

0
5

5
4
(221)
( -)
( 27)
( 45)
(246)
( 9)
( 82)
( 10)
( 77)
(121)
( -)
( 13)
(131)
( -)
(134)
( 47)

-
20.
25.
8.
32.
57.
-
96.
-
-
91.
82.
-
92.
95.
1970'


8
1
6
8
9

6


3
6

7
2
(
(
(
(
s
_}
-)
30)
21)
(273)
(
(
(
(
<
c
(
(
(
(
(
40)
76)
-)
7)
-)
-)
29)
57)
-)
84)
27)
 Summarized from tables in Appendices B,  C,  and  D.   Unless  otherwise
noted, aggregate percentages are those from  gizzard  samples.

 Aggregate percentages are those from samples  for which  organs Mere
not recorded.

-------
puddle ducks and animal material to diving ducks.   The diet of the black




duck, a common puddle duck in the Bay,  included perhaps 25 percent




animal material whereas the redhead, a  diving duck, fed almost




exclusively on vegetation.




     There were only a few species for  which adequate samples were




available from the pre-1960 (historic)  and 1970's (current) periods.  We




were able to compare usage of important food items within periods for




two puddle ducks (black duck and mallard) and two diving ducks




(canvasback and lesser scaup [Aythya affinis]).  For each of these




species we listed the most important food items found in samples of




these birds during the historic period (Appendix B).  We then compared




relative importance of listed food  items during historic and current




periods by testing the following null hypothesis:  usage of historically




important food items by the species has not changed.




     Food items of historic importance to black ducks ranged from the




intertidal salt marsh snail (Melampus bidentatus)  to emergent marsh




plants like twig-rush  (Cladium mariscoides) and dotted smartweed




(Polygonum punctatum) of  fresh coastal areas  (Table 3).  Widgeongrass




was  the only SAV species  considered important to black ducks during  that




period; utilization of widgeongrass, based  on relative importance of the




other  food  items examined, has not  recently changed.  Although  the




overall comparison indicated significant  differences, recent  changes in




relative importance were  restricted to emergent marsh plants.




     Unlike black ducks,  mallards  are much  more oriented  to plant




material including emergent plants  of marshes, corn  (Zea  mays)  of




agricultural origin,  and  widgeongrass of  shallow waters  (Table  A).   The




relative importance of widgeongrass was  again similar  (as in  black





                                     18

-------
VO
                         TABLE 3.   RESULTS  OF  TESTING  THE  HYPOTHESIS  THAT USAGE OF HISTORICALLY
                                   IMPORTANT FOOD  ITEMS  BY BLACK  DUCKS  HAS NOT CHANGED
                            Important    food    items
                                                              Current
                                                                use b
                         Melampus  bidentatus
                         Cyprinodon  variegatus
                         Fundulus  heteroclites
                         Ruppia  maritima
                         Cladium mariscoides
                         Scirpus Olneyi
                         Zizania aquatica
                         Polygonum punctatum
                                 salt marsh snai1
                                 sheepshead minnow

                                 MIdgeongrass
                                 twi g-rush
                                 olney threesquare
                                 wildrice  •
                                 dotted smartweed
                                            Overall  comparison:  F(8,80) = 5.75, p>F =
 less
 less

 more
0.000 1C
almportant food items were identified on the basis of aggregate
percentages (Appendix B).
 Current use, if significantly different (0.05 level),  is either more
or less during the 1970's than during the historic (pre-1960) period.
Q
 We reject the hypothesis of no change, due to the highly significant
test statistic for the overall comparison.

-------
                         TABLE  4.   RESULTS  OF  TESTING  THE  HYPOTHESIS THAT USAGE OF HISTORICALLY
                                   IMPORTANT FOOD  ITEMS  BY MALLARDS HAS NOT CHANGED
S3
O
                                p  o  r  t a  n  t    food    items
                                                                   a
                                                               Current
                                                                US6b
                         Ruppia  maritima
                         Cyperaceae
                         Scirpus spp.
                         Gramineae
                         Zea mays
                         Polygonum spp.
                                 widgeongrass
                                 sedge
                                 bulrush
                                 grasses
                                 corn
                                 smartweed
                    Overall comparison:  F(6,42)
less
more
                                                                        = 3.63, p>F = 0.0055 c
  Important  food  items were  identified on the basis of aggregate
 percentages (Appendix B).
  Current use,  if significantly different (0.05 level), is either more
 or  less during the  1970's than during the historic (pre-1960) period.
cWe reject  the hypothesis of no change, due to the highly significant
 test statistic for  the overall comparison.

-------
ducks) during both periods, even though the overall comparison suggested




recent changes for other items.  The significantly higher rank of corn




during the current period suggests an increase in the incidence of field




feeding by mallards.




     Although canvasbacks have always eaten invertebrates such as




gastropod and pelecypod mollusks, they are best known as feeders on SAV,




particularly wildcelery (Table 5).  Of. three SAV species compared, two




decreased in relative importance during the current period.  Decreases




were also found in current use of some invertebrates, even though there




was a substantial increase in the importance of the Baltic macoma clam.




Small size classes (<25 mm) of these clams have recently become very




important, as they were found in 93 percent of 273 gizzard samples




(Appendix Table D-3).  Extensive use of these clams by individual




canvasbacks was also indicated since the aggregate percentage, which




measures percentage by volume, averaged 84 percent.




     Samples from lesser scaup, another diving duck, were similarly




analyzed (Table 6).  Current uses (ranks) of widgeongrass, redhead grass




(Potamogeton perfoliatus), and wildcelery, all of which were




historically important SAV species, are relatively similar.  Gastropods




contributed most to the overall difference in relative importance among




the food items examined.




      Since current use was compared to historic use, any items that are




important now, but not historically, are not included here in comparative




food habits analyses.  Although diversity of food items currently




available is undoubtedly less, there have been relatively recent




additions to the Bay's flora and  fauna.  Springer and Stewart (1959)




reported that by the late  1950's  Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum






                                     21

-------
                        TABLE 5.  RESULTS OF TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS THAT USAGE OF HISTORICALLY
                                  IMPORTANT FOOD ITEMS BY CANVASBACKS HAS NOT CHANGED
to
NJ
Important food
Molluscs
Pelecypoda (Bivalvia)
Macoma balthica
Polychaeta
Potamogeton pectinatus
Potamogeton perfoliatus
i t e m s a
mollusk
bi valve
Baltic tnacoma
polychaete
sago pondweed
redhead grass
Current
use "
less
less
more
less
less

Vallisneria americana (spiralis) wildcelery                    less
Zea mays                         corn
                 Overall comparison:  F(8,298) = 94.79, p>F = 0.0001C

^Important food items were identified on the basis of aggregate
percentages (Appendix B).
^Current use, if significantly different (0.05 level),  is either more
or less during the 1970's than during the historic (pre-1960) period.
cWe reject the hypothesis of no change,  due to the highly significant
test statistic for the overall comparison.

-------
                         TABLE  6.   RESULTS  OF  TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS THAT USAGE OF HISTORICALLY
                                   IMPORTANT FOOD  ITEMS BY LESSER SCAUP HAS NOT CHANGED
NJ
CO
Important food
Gastropoda
Goniobasis virginica
Gillia altilis
Amnicola spp.
Ruppia maritima
Potamogeton perfoliatus
Vallisneria americana (spiralis)
Overall compari
i t e m sa
snai 1 , limpet
snai 1
snai 1
amni cola
wi dgeongrass
redhead grass
wi Idcelery
son: F(7,67) =
Current
useb
less
less





10.21, p>F = 0.0001 c
almportant food items were identified on the basis of aggregate
percentages (Appendix B).

 Current use,  if significantly different (0.05 level),  is either more
or less during the 1970's than during the historic (pre-1960)  period.

cWe reject the hypothesis of no change,  due to the highly significant
test statistic for the overall comparison.

-------
spicatum) had become well established on the Susquehanna Flats at the




head of Chesapeake Bay, an area famous for waterfowl concentrations




during fall months.  Prior to 1960, milfoil was found only in samples of




ruddy ducks (Oxyura .lamaicensis, Appendix Table B-2), green-winged teal




(Anas crecca. Appendix Table B-12), and gadwalls (A. strepera, Appendix




Table B-14).  During the 1960's, however, Rawls (in prep.) found milfoil




in 13 species of waterfowl (Appendix C) including American wigeon, for




which milfoil was very important (Appendix Table C-9).  Milfoil is




currently not utilized by waterfowl except in small amounts by a few




individuals.




     The brackish water clam (Rangia cuneata) is another recent member




of the Bay's community (Pfitzenmeyer and Drobek 1964).  This clam was




not found in any samples of Bay waterfowl collected prior to 1960, but




it has become increasingly important to diving ducks through the 1960's




and into the current period.




     Based  on summaries of waterfowl food habits of  12 species, we




conclude that except for the canvasback there have been few important




changes in  the  incidence of plant  material  in samples of Chesapeake Bay




waterfowl.  Although current use of historically important food  items




was significantly  different within each of  four waterfowl species




examined, changes  in relative  importance of  invertebrates and  emergent




marsh  plants contributed substantially to  those differences.   We




conclude further  that  canvasbacks  are  adaptable diving ducks,  since




clams  have  become  very important Bay food  resources  for these  birds.




This adaptation was most likely caused by  recent declines in




distribution and  abundance of  SAV.




     Whistling  swans apparently adapted  to  changing  Bay conditions in






                                       24

-------
another manner.  Prior to 1970 few swans fed in agricultural fields




while wintering in Maryland, even though this behavior was well




established by swans while migrating during spring.  Then during the




late winter of 1969-70 significant numbers of swans began feeding in




agricultural fields (principally corn and other cereal grains) following




six weeks of freezing weather (V. D. Stotts, personal communication),




which froze over much of the shoal water habitat in the upper Bay.




Although this provided the initial stimulus, more and more swans began




feeding in fields early  (November) during subsequent winters when SAV




was known to have declined.  Field feeding by swans wintering in




Maryland and other Flyway wintering areas has persisted to date (Munro,




in prep.) .




DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF SAV




     We first  considered SAV without regard to species (Table 7).  SAV




declined considerably during the early  1970's.  From a high of 28.7




percent.during 1971, frequency occurrence of vegetated sample stations




in Maryland waters declined to 21.0 percent the following summer  (after




Tropical Storm Agnes).  Frequency occurrence declined further during




1973 to 10.5 percent and has essentially fluctuated between 8-15  percent




thereafter.  Orth et al- (1979), in their study of the distribution and




abundance of SAV in Virginia waters, also found a precipitous decline in




SAV during the 1970"s.   Similarly, little SAV was found during the late




1970's  in the  Potomac River  (Carter and Haramis 1980), largest of the




Bay's numerous estuaries.




     Based on  nine-year  averages, the lower Choptank River was the most




important area in the Chesapeake Bay for SAV during the  1970's.   One of




the largest  areas, the lower  Choptank has consistently produced  the most






                                     25

-------
 TABLE  7.   FREQUENCY OCCURRENCE  OF  SAV  (SPECIES COMBINED)  IN MARYLAND WATERFOWL SURVEY AREAS DURING THE YEARS  1971-19793

Survey area
Lower Chop-tank River
Manokin, Annemessex R.
Chester River
Eastern Bay
Smith Island (Maryland)
Bloodsworth, South Marsh I.
Honga River
Patapsco R., Aberdeen P.G.
Susquehanna Flats
Bayshore, Hooper Island
Magothy - Severn Rivers
Mi les Ri ver
Wye River
Little Choptank River
Patuxent River
Upper Choptank River
Fishing Bay
Sassafras River
South River, Herring Bay
Northeast, Elk, Bohemia R.
Bayshore, Kent County
Bayshore, Ken-t Island
Total

1 9
37.3
42. 1
61.1
32. 1
64.7
40.0
50.0
7.7
54.5
65.2
37.0
50.0
27.3
13.3
2.0
22.2
8.0
30.0
0.0
5.0
16.7
0.0
28.7
P e
7 1
(51)
(57)
(36)
(28)
( 17)
(40)
(30)
(52)
(22)
(23)
(27)
( 8)
(11)
(30)
(50)
( 9)
(25)
(10)
(21)
(20)
(12)
( 8)
(624)
r c e
1 9
43.8
38.2
36. 1
45.8
45.5
22.7
40.0
4.0
3.3
52.2
11.1
50.0
45.5
13.3
4.4
20.0
4.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
21.0
n t
7 2
(48)
(55)
(36)
(24)
(11)
(44)
(30)
(50)
(30)
(23)
(27)
( 8)
(11)
(30)
(45)
(10)
(25)
( 10)
(21)
(23)
( 6)
( 8)
(613)
w i •
1 9
23.4
16. 1
26.5
25.0
25.0
10.9
13.3
4.0
0.0
4.3
22.2
50.0
45.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
10.5
t h
7 3
(47)
(56)
(34)
(28)
(12)
(46)
(30)
(50)
(30)
(23)
(27)
( 8)
(11)
(30)
(50)
(10)
(25)
(10)
(21)
(23)
(12)
( 8)
(629)
v e g
1 9
30.6
41.2
23.5
25.0
35.3
11.6
16.7
5.8
16.7
8.7
22.2
50.0
54.5
0.0
4.0
11.1
0.0
10.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
12.5
14.9
eta
7 «
(49)
(34)
(34)
(28)
(17)
(43)
(30)
(52)
(30)
(23)
(27)
( 8)
(11)
(30)
(50)
( 9)
(25)
( 10)
(19)
(23)
(12)
( 8)
(610)
t i (
1 9
2. 1
19.2
25.0
18.5
23.5
7.0
10.3
9. 1
13.3
8.7
B
25.0
27.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
8.7
on,
7 5
(47)
(52)
(36)
(27)
(17)
(43)
(29)
(22)
(30)
(23)
( 0)
( 8)
(11)
(30)
(47)
(10)
(24)
(10)
( 14)
(22)
(12)
( 8)
(552)
a n
1 9
50.0
15.8
25.7
40.7
35.3
2.2
17.2
5.8
10.3
13.0
32.0
42.9
45.5
10.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
15.0
d s
7 6
(46)
(57)
(35)
(27)
(17)
(45)
(29)
(52)
(29)
(23)
(25)
( 7)
(11)
(30)
(49)
(10)
(25)
(10)
(21)
(22)
(12)
( 8)
(628)
a m |
1 9
30.6
19.6
36. 1
22.2
23.5
4.3
3.3
11.5
13.3
4.3
22.2
50.0
27.3
6.7
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
12.4
ale
7 7
(49)
(56)
(36)
(27)
(17)
(46)
(30)
(52)
(30)
(23)
(27)
( 8)
(11)
(30)
(49)
(10)
(25)
(10)
(21)
(23)
(12)
( 8)
(638)
s i
1 9
34.7
10.9
44.4
14.8
5.9
0.0
3.3
5.8
3.4
0.0
18.5
50.0
36.4
3.3
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
10. 1
z e
7 8
(49)
(55)
(36)
(27)
(17)
(46)
(30)
(52)
(29)
(23)
(27)
( 8)
(11)
(30)
(50)
(10)
(25)
( 10)
(21)
(22)
(12)
( 8)
(636)
( )
1 9
29.8
0.0
33.3
14.8
17.6
0.0
0.0
7.7
6.9
0.0
18.5
0.0
18.2
3.3
2. 1
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.8
4.3
0.0
0.0
7.9

7 9
(47)
(56)
(36)
(27)
(17)
(45)
(30)
(52)
(29)
(23)
(27)
( 8)
(11)
(30)
(48)
(10)
(24)
(10)
(21)
(23)
(12)
( 8)
(631)
aData from the files of MBHRL, Laurel, Maryland.

 Frequency occurrence of SAV averaged over years, when multiplied by the extent of shoal habitat (<2.44 m at mlw) in an area,
determined -the sequence of survey areas used above.

-------
SAV except during 1975 when abundance was extremely low.   Another large




area, which includes the Manokin, Big and Little Annemessex Rivers,  and




a portion of Pocomoke Sound, ranked second>   Vegetation in this area




declined after 1974 and was not found at all during the 1979 sampling.




Among the most stable areas in the Bay for SAV are the Chester River and




Eastern Bay.




     The exposed bayshores, such as those along Kent County and Kent




Island, are among the least vegetated shoal water habitats.  Similarly,




sample stations along the Calvert County Bayshore (not listed) have not




yielded SAV during the 1970's, according to this survey.




     Another overview of SAV distribution and abundance is provided in




Table 8, where frequency occurrence is based on the presence of




vegetation in measurable amounts (see Kerwin et al. 1976).  Ranks of




survey areas, based on average SAV abundance, are similar to those shown




in Table 7, although the distribution of SAV (the number of areas




listed) is reduced.  Frequency occurrence of SAV during the nine-year




period followed the same downward trend, but at a reduced scale.




     Widgeongrass was the most abundant and widely distributed species




of SAV during all nine years (Appendix Table E-l).  Found in almost all




Bay tributaries due to its wide salinity tolerance, widgeongrass was the




most important food item for American wigeon historically (Appendix




Table B-10) as well as during the 1960's (Appendix Table C-9).  This




species of SAV, which was also the most important food item for black




ducks, is currently used to some extent by all waterfowl species




examined except for the green-winged teal.




     Widgeongrass is obviously very important to Bay waterfowl, but it




may also comprise nearly 50 percent of all the SAV in Maryland waters;






                                    27

-------
 TABLE 8.   FREQUENCY  OCCURRENCE  OF MEASURABLE  SAV  (SPECIES COMBINED) IN MARYLAND WATERFOWL SURVEY AREAS DURING THE YEARS 1971-7$

Survey area "
Lower Choptank River
Manokin, Annemessex R.
Chester River
Eastern Bay
Smith Island (Maryland)
Bloodsworth, South Marsh I.
Patapsco R., Aberdeen P.O.
Honga River
Bayshore, Hooper Island
Magothy - Severn Rivers
Susquehanna Flats
Mi les Ri ver
Wye River
Little Choptank River
Upper Choptank River
Fi shi ng Bay
Sassafras River
Northeast, Elk, Bohemia R.
Bayshore, Kent County
Patuxent River
Total

1 9
25.5
33.3
41.7
21.4
47. 1
27.5
1.9
30.0
39. 1
33.3
36.4
12.5
9. 1
10.0
11.1
8.0
20.0
5.0
8.3
0.0
19.2
P e i
7 1
(51)
(57)
(36)
(28)
(17)
(40)
(52)
(30)
(23)
(27)
(22)
( 8)
(11)
(30)
( 9)
(25)
(10)
(20)
(12)
(50)
(624)
r c e
1 9
20.8
12.7
13.9
20.8
27.3
13.6
0.0
23.3
17.4
7.4
0.0
37.5
36.4
3.3
20.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
9.6
n t
7 2
(48)
(55)
(36)
(24)
(11)
(44)
(50)
(30)
(23)
(27)
(30)
( 8)
(11)
(30)
(10)
(25)
(10)
(23)
( 6)
(45)
(613)
M i -I
1 9
14.9
10.7
14.7
14.3
25.0
8.7
2.0
3.3
4.3
14.8
0.0
12.5
18.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
6.2
b h
7 3
(47)
(56)
(34)
(28)
(12)
(46)
(50)
(30)
(23)
(27)
(30)
( 8)
(11)
(30)
(10)
(25)
( 10)
(23)
(12)
(50)
(629)
v e g
1 9
14.3
17.6
11.8
10.7
23.5
7.0
3.8
3.3
8.7
14.8
6.7
12.5
36.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.0
7.2
eta
.7 4
(49)
(34)
(34)
(28)
(17)
(43)
(52)
(30)
(23)
(27)
(30)
( 8)
(11)
(30)
( 9)
(25)
(10)
(23)
(12)
(50)
(610)
t i (
1 9
0.0
5.8
11.1
14.8
11.8
0.0
4.5
3.4
4.3
m
6.7
25.0
9. 1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
3.8
3 n ,
7 5
(47)
(52)
(36)
(27)
(17)
(43)
(22)
(29)
(23)
( 0)
(30)
( 8)
(11)
(30)
(10)
(24)
(10)
(22)
(12)
(47)
(552)
a n
1 9
21.7
14.0
8.6
18.5
17.6
0.0
1.9
3.4
4.3
0.0
0.0
28.6
18.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5.7
d s
7 6
(46)
(57)
(35)
(27)
(17)
(45)
(52)
(29)
(23)
(25)
(29)
( 7)
(11)
(30)
( 10)
(25)
(10)
(22)
( 12)
(49)
(628)
a m |
1 9
8.2
12.5
16.7
14.8
0.0
0.0
7.7
0.0
4.3
7.4
0.0
25.0
9. 1
3.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5.0
D 1 e
7 7
(49)
(56)
(36)
(27)
(17)
(46)
(52)
(30)
(23)
(27)
(30)
( 8)
(11)
(30)
(10)
(25)
(10)
(23)
(12)
(49)
(638)
s i
1 9
6. 1
0.0
30.6
11.1
5.9
0.0
3.8
3.3
0.0
11.1
0.0
12.5
9. 1
3.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.2
z e
7 8
(49)
(55)
(36)
(27)
(17)
(46)
(52)
(30)
(23)
(27)
(29)
( 8)
(11)
(30)
(10)
(25)
( 10)
(22)
(12)
(50)
(636)
( )
1 9
12.8
0.0
22.2
11.1
5.9
0.0
5.8
0.0
0.0
14.8
6.9
0.0
9. 1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.4

79
(47)
(56)
(36)
(27)
(17)
(45)
(52)
(30)
(23)
(27)
(29)
( 8)
(11)
(30)
( 10)
(24)
(10)
(23)
(12)
(48)
(631)
aData from the files of MBHRL, Laurel, Maryland.

  Frequency occurrence of SAV averaged over years, when multiplied by the extent of shoal habitat (<2.44 m at mlw) in an area,
 determined the sequence of survey areas used above.

-------
it certainly is the predominant species of SAV in Maryland's mesohaline




(5-18 ppt) waters.  Orth et al. (1979) found that eelgrass (Zostera




marina) and widgeongrass were the most abundant SAV species in




mesohaline and polyhaline (18-30 ppt) waters of Virginia.




     Eelgrass was the second most abundant species during  most years




(Appendix Table E-2).  Eelgrass was found in waters of higher salinity




(>7 ppt), but as far north as Eastern Bay.  Abundance of eelgrass, like




other SAV species, declined considerably from 1972 to 1973-  Although




this species was found at 65 sample stations in Maryland waters during




1971, it was essentially absent (1 station) during 1979-




     Eelgrass was not an important food resource for Bay waterfowl




although it was found in small amounts in 11 of 16 species examined




(Appendix B).  This species was the principal food of the Atlantic brant




prior to the wasting disease of the early 1930's, when eelgrass and




brant populations plummeted (Lincoln 1950).  These birds subsequently




used sea lettuce (Ulva lactuca) as their principal food while wintering




in Atlantic coastal areas.  Sea lettuce, a marine alga found commonly in




ocean bays and occasionally in Maryland waters (>7 ppt), is still the




primary food of wintering brant (Penkala 1975).




     Redhead grass was not an  important waterfowl food, although small




amounts of this item were found in 15 of 16 species examined (Appendix




B).  The distribution of redhead grass was restricted to only seven




survey areas (Appendix Table E-3).  Abundance of this species is




greatest in the Chester River  and Eastern Bay, both of which are among




the most important waterfowl wintering areas.




     Sago pondweed (Potamogeton pectinatus), historically important to




canvasbacks (Appendix Table B-5) and redheads (Appendix Table B-9), is






                                     29

-------
more widely distributed (Appendix Table E-4)  but usually less abundant




than redhead grass.  Unlike other SAV species discussed previously, sago




pondweed was infrequently found when this survey began in 1971.   It was




also uncommon during subsequent years-




     Eurasian watermilfoil was a very abundant species during the early




1960's (Bayley et al.  1978).  Although known to have displaced other




SAV species during its peak in 1963 (Elser 1967), it was an uncommon




plant during the 1970's (Appendix Table E-5).  Milfoil was occasionally




an important food item for waterfowl  (Appendix C), but perhaps only when




preferred foods were relatively scarce.




     Horned pondweed (Zannichellia palustris) is another SAV species




that was uncommon in late summer during the  1970's (Appendix Table E-6),




and infrequently used by a number of waterfowl species.  The distri-




bution and abundance of this  SAV species were the most erratic of those




examined.  It was essentially not recorded during four of the nine




surveys.  This may have been  caused by variation between years in the




timing of surveys, since horned pondweed apparently dies back during




summer (Stevenson  and Confer  1978; Carter and Haramis  1980; L. J.




Hindman, personal  communication).




     Wildcelery, considered  an  excellent waterfowl food  (Martin  and




Uhler  1951), was found  in  the fresher reaches of only  a  few areas in  the




Chesapeake Bay  (Appendix Table  E-7).   Of the seven areas in which




wildcelery was  found,  only  four  yielded  this valuable  plant after  1971.




Based  on frequency occurrence, wildcelery must  now be  considered an




uncommon plant  in  shoal waters  of  the Bay. Although historically




important to many  waterfowl species  (Appendix B), wildcelery is  now




infrequently found in  samples from these birds  (Appendix D).





                                     30

-------
     We conclude that important waterfowl food plants,  some of which




were very common during the late 1960's and 1971,  became much less




abundant in both Maryland and Virginia waters particularly by 1973.




Frequency occurrence, as a measure of SAV abundance in Maryland,




indicated a downward trend in submerged aquatic plants as a group and




for most species.  The lower Choptank River, Manokin and Annemessex




Rivers, Chester River, and Eastern Bay were consistently among the most




important areas for a number of SAV species.




CHESAPEAKE BAY WATERFOWL POPULATIONS IN PERSPECTIVE




     Numbers of waterfowl observed during January surveys were used to




measure species abundance.  Distribution of a species was first examined




by comparing the State population to the Atlantic Flyway population,




which was also compared to the United States total.  Species




distribution and abundance among waterfowl survey areas were then




examined.  We also examined the density of birds (per unit of shoal




water habitat) in Maryland waterfowl survey areas.  In all cases we




tested a null hypothesis of no change in distribution/abundance of a




species.




     We used survey results during a previous long-term period (1956-71




in Maryland, 1961-71 in Virginia) to test for trends in distribution and




abundance of waterfowl.  These results provided a proper perspective




with which current (1972-80) waterfowl populations could be compared.




Maryland




     The Maryland portion of Chesapeake Bay has been the most important




wintering area in the Atlantic Flyway for waterfowl in general.  There




is no other area along the entire Atlantic coast that was as important




to so many birds of a variety of species.  This was particularly true






                                     31

-------
for whistling swans, Canada geese, and canvasbacks whose Maryland




populations comprised over 50 percent of Atlantic Flyway totals (Table




9).  Maryland was also an important wintering area (>15 percent of




Flyway population) for ruddy ducks, buffleheads (Bucephala albeola),




goldeneyes, redheads, black ducks, and mallards during the long-term




period.




     The whistling swan population was one of the few that increased




during the 1956-71 period.  Numbers of swans increased significantly at




the State, Flyway, and U.S. levels.  Current populations showed no




further change in number or percentage of the Flyway population that




wintered in Maryland.  Routes of migration and wintering area site




selection of these birds are among the most traditional of all




waterfowl.  The life-long bond between swan pairs and the maintenance of




the family unit throughout the young's first year foster development of




these  traditions.




     We examined survey area swan populations during the 1956-71 period




(Appendix Table F-l) and found a percentage distribution that was




essentially stable.  The three most important areas for swans were the




lower  Choptank River, the Chester River, and Eastern Bay. Swan densities




in these areas increased significantly, and mean densities were among




the highest in the  Bay.




     The Canada goose population  in the Atlantic Flyway changed




dramatically during the  1956-71 period  (Table 9).  This population




averaged over 500,000 geese  and increased at about 25,000 birds/year,




while  Maryland's population  averaged  over 250,000  and  increased  at a




similar rate.  The  importance  of  Maryland (i.e.,  the percentage  of the




Flyway population)  increased at 2  percent/year.  The goose population





                                     32

-------
TABLE 9.  MARYLAND WINTERING WATERFOWL POPULATIONS COMPARED TO THOSE IN  THE ATLANTIC  FLYWAY  AND  THE UNITED STATES
                                1956-   1971            1972    -   1980           1956   -    1980
Speci es
and parameter a
U. S.
Atlanti c
Maryland
U. S.
Atlantic
Maryland
U. S.
Atlantic
Maryland
Whistling swan
Number





Percent





Canada
Number





Percent





: mean
S.E.
C.V.
slope est. (n)
F value
P > F
: mean
S.E.
C.V.
slope est. (JO
F value
P > F
goose
: mean
S.E.
C.V.
slope est. (n)
F value
P > F
: mean
S.E.
C.V.
slope est. (JO
F value
p > F
96323
6103.2
25.3
3261.3
9.51
0.0081







1341418
68019.8
20.3
53052.3
87.30
0.0001






50390
3334.6
26.5
1853.4
10.89
0.0053
52.6
2.4
18. 1
-



515464
34730. 1
27.0
24869.5
37. 17
0.0001
38.0
1. 1
11.8
-


32866
2674.7
32.6
1319.2
7.36
I). 0168
64.7
2.7
16.7
-



264709
31169.4
47. 1
23117. 1
49.42
0.0001
48.7
3. 1
25.5
2. 1
23.79
0.0002
124394
5078.6
12.2
-









2263228
89992.6
11.9
71820.8
7.92
0.0260






68315
2673.6
11.7
-


55.4
2.4
13.2
-



791745
22743.7
8.6
-


35.2
0.8
6.9
-


33977
1448.2
12.8
-


50.6
3.3
19.4
-



511164
14255.0
8.4
-


64.7
1.4
6.6
-


106428
5055.7
23.8
2413.7
22.44
0.0001







1673270
104785.3
31.3
68244.1
261.00
0.0001






56843
2896.6
25.5
1536.6
35.94
0.0001
53.6
1.7
16.3
-



614925
35739.7
29. 1
22465.7
136.85
0.0001
37.0
0.8
11.0
-


33266
1767.8
26.6
-


59.6
2.5
20.8
-0.8
6.96
.0.0147

353433
31561. 1
44.6
19973. 1
150:86
0.0001
54.4
2.6
23.6
1.4
44.01
0.0001
Ruddy duck
Number





Percent





: mean
S.E.
C.V.
slope est. (n)
F value
p > F
: mean
S.E.
C.V.
slope est. (JO
F value
P > F
223187
9493.4
17.0
-








61268
5290.3
34.5
-


27.5
2. 1
30.3
-


18526
4736.9
102.3
.


26.9
4.9
73.6
-


164069
11320.8
20.7
-








65441
11229.8
51.5
-


39.8
5.9
44.8
5.1
10.87
0.0132
10062
2486.0
74. 1
-


17.6
4.3
74.2



201905
9218.5
22.8
-3056.3
7. 19
0.0133






62770
5147.4
22.8
-


31.9
2.7
42.7
-


15479
3225.6
104.2
-934.4
5. 11
0.0335
23.5
3.6
76.3
-1.1
6.40
0.0187
                                                      (conti nued)

-------
    TABLE  9.   (continued)
w
Speci es
Scoters
Number:





Percent'





and parameter a

mean
S.E.
C.V.
slope est. (n)
F value
p > F
mean
S.E.
C.V.
slope est. (JC)
F value
p > F
U. S.

203367
17006. 4
33. 4
-








Atlantic

'113832
13322. 1
46.8
-


55.0-
4. 1
29.8
-


Maryland

15937
7786.2
195.4
- • •


11.7
3.8
129.4
-


U. S. Atlantic

162941 65177
16745.6 12296. 1
30.8 56.6
-


38.2
3.2
25.2
-


Maryland

11447
1953.3
51.2
-


18.9
3.5
55.5
2.7
6.74
0.0356
U. S.

188814
12846.2
34.0
-








Atlantic

96316
10576.4
54.9
-


49.0
3.3
33.3
-1.0
5.37
0.0297
Maryland

14321
4990. 1
174.2
-


14.3
2.8
97.0
-


Bufflehead
Number5





Percent '





mean
S.E.
C.V.
slope est. (n)
F value
p > F
mean
S.E.
C.V.
slope est. (JO
F value
P > F
70457
5157.9
29.3
3330.8
20.21
0.0005






36094
3217. 1
35.7
1704.8
9.25
0.0088
51. 1
1.9
14.9
-


7161
1328.3
74.2
903.0
26.55
0.0001
18. 1
2.2
48.8
1.6
48. 12
0.0001
99491 56300
4542.4 3699.8
13.7 19.7
-


56.5
2.4
12.5
-


11550
1186.6
30.8
-


21.2
2.8
39.8
-2. 1
6.22
0.0414
80909
4605.4
28.5
2599. 1
51.22
0.0001






43368
3114.8
35.9
1639.0
34.49
0.0001
53.0
1.5
14.6
-


8741
1029.4
58.9
447.5
15.94
0.0006
19.2
1.7
45.0
0.5
5. 14
0.0331
Common goldeneye
Number^





Percent'





mean
S.E.
C.V.
slope est. (n)
F value
p > F
mean
S.E.
C.V.
slope est. (X)
F value
P > F
163204
5752.7
14. 1
-








74412
3696.7
19.9
-


45.5
1.4
12.0
-


20104
2362.2
47.0
-


26.2
2.4
36.9
-


136182 43897
5797.2 3407.1
12.8 23.3
-


32.6
2.5
22.9
-2.2
11.96
0.0106
9382
2359.0
75.4
- •


21.4
4.6
63.9
-


153476
4927.5
16. 1
-1922.0
11.31
0.0027






63427
3974.7
31.3
-2016.7
29.01
0.0001
40.8
1.8
21.5
-0.8
19.31
0.0002
16244
2000.8
61.6
-623.9
6. 14
0.0210
24.5
2.2
46.0
-


                                                         (continued)

-------
TABLE 9.   (continued)
Speci es
Ameri can
Number:





Percent!





and parameter a
.wi geon
mean
S.E.
C.V.
slope est. (n)
F value
p > F
mean
S.E.
C.V.
slope est. (%)
F value
p > F
U. S.

1631096
65204.8
16.0
.








Atlantic

106334
5928. 1
22.3
-2609.5
5.30
0.0372
6.7
0.5
28.9
•


Maryland

H5921
2780.0
69.8
-1443.8
8.66
0..0107
13.9
1.9
55.3
-1.1
11.57
0.0043
U. S.

1301655
53427.0
12.3
-


-•





Atlantic

70648
5199.8
22. 1
-


5.4
0.4
20.3
-


Maryland

1777
394.4
66.6
-


2.7
0.6
67.6
-


U. S.

1512497
55543.7
18.4
-20596.0
9.76
0.0048






Atlantic

93487
5433.9
29. 1
-2626. 1
23.57
0.0001
6.3
0.4
28.3
-0. 1
5.59
0.0269
Maryland

10829
2242.9
103.6
-1171.9
33.30
0.0001
9.9
1.7
83.6
-0.9
47.41
0.0001
Black duck • •''...
Number:





Percent'





Mallard
Number!





Percent •





mean
S.E.
C.V.
slope est. (n)
F value
P > F
mean
S.E.
C.V.
slope est. (/O
F value
p > F

mean
S.E.
C.V.
slope est. (n)
F value
p > F
mean
S.E.
C.V.
slope est. (X)
F value
P > F
502796
17947.9
14.3
-11247.0
17.55
0.0009







7916455
365513.8
18.5
-








330573
11762.8
14.2
-6016.2
8.24
0.0123
66.0
1.4
8.3
-



231971
17025.0
29.4
-7424.7
5.16
0.0394
2.9
0.2
22.9
-


69395
7!>72.8
43.6
-3391.4
5.56
0.0335
20.5
1.5
29.9
•



42137
8998.4
85.4
•-


16.9
2.3
55.0
'


363702
17440.6
14.4
-13263. 1
6.51
0.0380







6754796
365612.6
16.2
-








253264
8047.7
9.5
-


70.1
1.6
6.9
-



211626
15832.0
22.4
11961.6
6.35
0.0398
3.2
0.3
26.0
0.3
20.76
0.0026
26663
2464.9
27.7
-


10.5
0.8
23.6
-



26410
2663.8
30.3
-


12.6
1.0
24.6
-


. 452722
18737.2 .
20.7
-11257.3
82.54
0.0001







7498258
287116.0
19. 1
108560.6
10.32
0.0039






302742
10976.9
18. 1
-6096.2
46.33
0.0001
67.5
1. 1
8.2
0.3
6.25
0.0200

224647
12247.2
27.3
-


3.0
0. 1
24.0
-


54011
6418.5
59.4
-3322.9
31.85
0.0001
16.9
,1.4
41.6
-0.7
28.6
0.0001

36475
5967.8
81.8
-


15.3
1.6
51.2
-


                                                      (conti nued)

-------
    TABLE  9.   (continued)
Species and parameter3
Pintail
Numbers





Percent!

-




mean
S.E.
C.V.
slope est. (n)
F value
P > F
mean
S.E.
C.V.
slope est. (X)
F value
P > F
U. S. Atlantic Maryland U. S. Atlantic

3729626 186798
204038.2 19327.9
21.9 41.4
-10981.3
11.80
0.0040
5.1
0.4
30.8
-0.2
15.75
0.0014

13254
4166.9
125.8
-2306. 1
10.73
0.0055
6. 1
1.3
88. 1
-0.7
7. 16
0.0181

5191300 822
211202.2 5863
12.2 21
-


1
0
25




11
.3
.4
-


.6
. 1
.7
-


Maryland U.


797
160
60



1
0
63



.8
.6
-


.0
.2
.4
-



S.

4255828
206193
24
84776
13.
0.00






.4
.2
.2
29
14






Atlantic Maryland

149147
16079.8
53.9
-8793.2
42.33
0.0001
3.8
0.4
55.2
-0.3
95.83
0.0001

8769
2904.8
165.6
-1294.6
17.37
0.0004
4.2
1.0
115.6
-0.4
19.09
0.0002
   aPopulations (number and/or percent) Mere regressed against years.  Slopes* which estimate rates of change per year,
   are shown if significant (0.05 level).  The Atlantic Flyway is shown as a percentage of the U.S. population*  and the
w  State is shown as a percentage of the Flyway population.

-------
stabilized during the current period but at a much higher level.




Maryland now winters more than 500,000 Canada geese>   This increase,




which began during the 1950's, was caused by a wintering range expansion




of geese into agricultural lands particularly on Maryland's Eastern




Shore.




     The distribution of geese in Maryland was stable, since only a few




minor (<1 percent) changes were detected during the long-term period




(Appendix Table F-2).  Unlike other populations examined, densities of




birds increased in almost all areas.  The Chester River, where goose




populations averaged 25 percent of the State total, was the most




important area, although the highest density (>14 birds/ha) was found in




the Sassafras River population.




     We found minor changes in long-term and current Maryland




populations of ruddy ducks, scoters, buffleheads, goldeneyes, and scaup,




all of which are diving ducks and not primarily vegetarian in food




preferences.  Species distributions within Maryland (Appendix F) were




generally stable, and densities were relatively low (except for scoters




along Calvert County's Bayshore (Appendix Table F-4).  Important areas




varied, although the lower Choptank River and bayshore areas were




frequently prominent.




     More than half the Atlantic Flyway canvasback population wintered




in Maryland during the 1956-71 period.  During the current period, the




Flyway population increased in number but decreased as a proportion of




the U. S. total.  Although the- current Maryland population showed no




trend, it averaged about 51,000 birds which was considerably less than




the long-term average of 87,000 canvasbacks.  The percentage of the




current Flyway population that wintered in Maryland showed a definite





                                     38

-------
downward trend of about -3 percent/year,  although the canvasback is




still the most numerous duck in Maryland.  Survey area populations of




canvasbacks (Appendix Table F-7) were stable in density and percent




distribution.  The three most important areas were the lower Choptank




River, Calvert County Bayshore, and the Patuxent River.




     The Maryland redhead population averaged about 38,000 birds prior




to 1972 with no detectable trend.  However, there was a significant




decrease (-2 percent/year) in the proportion of the Flyway population




found in Maryland.  Current redhead populations, although stable,




averaged only about 6,000 birds.  This formerly abundant diving duck is




now found  only in small numbers in Maryland.  Area redhead populations




(Appendix  Table.F-9) were largest in the lower Choptank River, although




density there trended downward  significantly during the 1956-71 period.




The percent distribution of redheads among Maryland survey areas was




stable.




     Average State populations  (numbers) of wigeon, black ducks, and




pintails all decreased  significantly during the long-term period (Table




9).  Although current numbers of each species stabilized at lower




levels, average numbers of wigeon  (1,800)  and pintails  (800) are now




minimal.   Flyway populations of these three puddle ducks also trended




downward during  the  long-term which partially explains  their current




scarcity.  However,  the Maryland wigeon  population formerly comprised




about  14 percent of  the Flyway  population  and it now  represents  less




than  3  percent.  Similarly, Maryland became less important  to Flyway




black ducks  (20  -  10 percent)  and  pintails (6-1 percent).  The Chester




River,  Eastern Bay,  and the  lower  Choptank River were among the  three




most  important areas for  wigeon (Appendix  Table F-10),  black ducks






                                     39

-------
(Appendix Table F-ll),  and pintails (Appendix Table F-13),  except  for




Smith Island which was  the most  important  pintail  area.   Within-State




distribution of wigeon changed more than any other species  population




examined.  The Chester River became less important to wintering  wigeon




at a rate of -1.3 percent/year during the  1956-71  period-




     The Maryland mallard population currently averaged  about  26,000




birds which is less than the long-term average of  42,000 birds.  On a




percentage basis, Maryland was only slightly less  important to current




Flyway mallard populations (about 13 percent) than during the  long-term




(17 percent).  Mallards, which are closely related to black ducks, were




also most abundant in the Chester River (Appendix  Table  F-12).




Virginia




     Virginia populations of whistling swans and Canada  geese  (Table




10), although stable during the  long-term  (1961-71), both increased




significantly in number and as a percentage of Atlantic  Flyway total




during the current period (1972-80).  Most swans in Virginia wintered  in




areas such as ocean bays, which  are beyond the scope of  this study




(Appendix Table G-l).  The most  important  area for Canada geese was the




Presquile National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) on the James River, where the




number of geese increased significantly during the 1961-71  period




(Appendix Table G-2).  However,  the distribution of geese in other




Virginia survey areas was essentially stable.




     The ruddy duck population in Virginia averaged about 16,000 birds




or 30 percent of the Flyway population, with no apparent trends during




the  1961-71 period (Table 10).  This population recently (1972-80)




averaged only 6,400 birds, an average that was stable but lower than the




previous long-term level.  The distribution of ruddy ducks in  Virginia






                                    40

-------
TABLE 10.   VIRGINIA WINTERING WATERFOWL  POPULATIONS COMPARED TO  THOSE  IN  THE  ATLANTIC  FLYWAY  AND  THE  UNITED  STATES
                                1961    -1971            1972    -    1980           1961    -    1980
Species and parameter3
Whistli
Number





Percent





Canada
Number





Percent





ng swan
' mean
S.E.
C.V.
slope est. (n)
F value
p > F
'• mean
S.E.
C.V.
slope est. (X)
F value
P > F
goose
: mean
S.E.
C.V.
slope est. (n)
F value
P > F
s mean
S.E.
C.V.
slope est. (X)
F value
P > F
U. S.

104572
7599.4
24. 1
-









1477593
63256.4
14.2
57348.5
41.54
0.0001






Atlantic

57326
2682. 1
15.5
-


56.2
2.6
15.2
-



581004
31690.0
18. 1
27440.7
26.97
0.0006
39.2
0.9
7.3
-


Vi rginia

3605
1234.8
113.6
-


6.4
2.0
105.7
-



46146
8404.2
60.4
-


7.8
1.0
42.9
-


U. S.

124394
5078.6
12.2
-









2263228
89992.6
11.9
71820.8
7.92
0.0260






Atlantic

68315
2673.6
11.7
-


55.4
2.4
13.2
- ' .



791745
22743.7
8.6
-


35.2
0.8
6.9
-


Vi rgi ni a

4357
881.5
60.7
800.9
15.43
0.0057
6.3
1.2
58.9
1. 1
13.67
0.0077

54385
7316.6
40.4
5470.6
6. 11
0.0428
6.7
0.8
34.3
0.6
6.59
0.0371
U. S.

113492
5169. 4
20.4
2111.4
7.42
0.0139







1831129
103599.8
25.3
74445.9
168.83
0.0001






Atlantic

62271
2238.2
16. 1
974.5
8.94
0.0079
55.9
1.7
14.0
-



675837
31100.4
20.6
21515.4
92.79
0.0001
37.4
0.7
8.9
-0.3
6. 15
0.0233
Vi rginia

3943
772.0
87.5
-


6.4
1.2
86.0
-



49854
5610. 1
50.3
-


7.3
0.6
39.6
-


Ruddy duck
Number





Percent





• mean
S.E.
C.V.
slope est. (n)
F value
p > F
•• mean
S.E.
C.V.
slope est. (%)
F value
P > F
229553
12295.8
17.8
-








57629
4983.2
28.7
-


25.2
1.9
25.0
•


15962
3204.5
66.6
-


29.6
5.5
61.9
-


164069
11320.8
20.7
-








65441
11229.8
51.5
•


39.8
5.9
44.8
5. 1
10.87
0.0132
6414
1669.3
78.1



9.3
2.3
74.2
-


200085
11131.3
24.9
-5459.5
13.09
0.0020






61144
5646.0
41.3
-


31.8
3.2
45.7
1.4
9. 10
0.0074
11665
2165.2
83.0
-856.2
6.78
0.0179
20.5
3.9
85.1
-1.6
7.29
0.0146
                                                     (conti nued)

-------
   TABLE 10.  (continued)
Species .
Scoters
Number:





Percent :


and parameter a

mean
S.E.
C.V.
slope est. (n)
F value
P > F
mean
S.E.
C.V.
U. S. Atlantic

221379 123289
22338.7 18134.9
33.5 48.8
-


54.1
5.3
32.4
Vi rgi ni a

3581
11213.3
112.4
-


3.3
1.2
118. 1
U. S. Atlantic

162941 65177
16745.6 12296.1
30.8 56.6
-


38.2
3.2
25.2
Virginia U. S.

10433 195082
5334.3 15558.6
153.4 35.7
-.


11.1
3.6
98.2
Atlantic

97139
12955.2
59.6
-


47.0
3.7
34.8
Vi rgi nia

6664
2535.6
170. 1
-


6.8
1.9
125.9
            slope est. (JO
            F value
            p > F
   Bufflehead
    Number
•e-
N>
   Percent!
mean
S.E.
C.V.
slope est. (n)
F value
P > F

mean
S.E.
C.V.
slope est. (JO
F value
P > F
   Canvasback
    Number^  mean
            S.E.
            C.V.
            slope est.  (n)
            F value
            P > F

   Percent'  mean
            S.E.
            C.V.
            slope est.  (JO
            F value
            P > F
 81157
4130.3
  16.9
                   261908
                  15941. 1
                     20.2
 41986
3357.8
  26.5
            51.2
             2.2
            14. 1
          145114
         12629.5
            28.9
                               54.7
                                2. 1
                               12.5
                               -1.4
                               6.81
                             0.0283
 2678
649.4
 80.4
             5.8
             1.2
            68.4
            9593
          1936. 1
            66.9
                       7.4
                       1.9
                      86.0
99491
4542.4
13.7
_








56300
3699.8
19.7
-


56.5
2.4
12.5
-


11638
2905.3
74.9
-


19.5
4.3
66.3
-


89408
3636.8
18.2
1798.7
13.47
0.0017






48427
2920.0
27.0
1292.8
9.40
0.0067
53.6
1.7
14.0
-


6710
1663.5
110.9
856.4
15.57
0.0009
11.9
2.5
94.6
1.4
18.38
0.0004
           276858
          20078.2
             21.8
          19442.7
            25.02
           0.0016
                                                         (conti nued)
125132
6687.4
  16.0
5766.0
 11.40
0.0118

  45.9
   1.4
   9.4
  -1.2
  9.44
0.0180
  9304
1776.5
  57.3
                                             7.2
                                             1.3
                                            55.6
 268636
12363.5
   20.6
136122
7736. 1
  25.4
                                                       50.7
                                                        1.6
                                                       14.3
                                                       -1.0
                                                      32.84
                                                     0.0001
  9463
1297.7
  61.3
                                   7.3
                                   1.2
                                  72.4

-------
   TABLE  10.  (continued)
                                                                   1972   -   1980          1956   -   1980
Species .
Ameri can
Number:





Percent '


and parameter3
Hi geon
mean
S.E.
C.V.
slope est. (n)
F value
P > F
mean
S.E.
C.V.
U. S.

1638719
67149.6
13.6






Atlanti c

102944
7250.0
23.4
-


6.4
0.5
27. 1
Vi rgi ni a

3692
1030.9
92.6
-


3.8
1.1
97.2
U. S. Atlantic

1301655 70648
53427.0 5199.8
12.3 22.1
-


5.4
0.4
20.3
Vi rgini j

4968
1285.7
77.6
-


7.0
1.8
76.4
a U. S.

1487040
57671.9
17.3
-31908.6
20.77
0.0002



Atlantic

88411
5824.5
29.5
-3043.7
16.48
0.0007
6.0
0.3
25.6
Vi rgi ni a

4266
801.3
84.0
—


5.2
1.0
89.6
            slope est. (%)
            F value
            p > F
U)
Black duck
Number:





Percent:





Mallard
Number:





Percent:





mean
S.E.
C.V.
slope est. (n)
F value
p > F
mean
S.E.
C.V.
slope est. (5J)
F value
P > F

mean
S.E.
C.V.
slope est. (n)
F Value
p > F
mean
S.E.
C.V.
slope est. (5O
F value
P > F
471543 316614
14446.7 9092.6
10.2 9.5
-5503.3
5.20
0.0485
67.3
1.3
6.6
-



7320124 206971
356716.6 12060.4
16.2 19.3
-


2.9
0.2
18.5
-


17405
2200.2
41.9
-1666.2
12. 10
0.0070
5.4
0.6
38. 1
-0.4
9.27
0.0139

8008
1130.7
46.8
-


4.0
0.5
44.5
-


363702
17440.6
14.4
-13263. 1
6.51
0.0380







6754796
365612.6
16.2
-








253264
8047.7
9.5
•


70. 1
1.6
6.9
-



211626
15832.0
22.4
11961.6
6.35
0.0398
3.2
0.3
26.0
0.3
20.76
0.0026
19988
4473.3
67.1
-


8. 1
1.8
68.2
1.4
7.21
0.0313

20325
4311.5
63.6
-


9. 1
1.5
48.6
-


423015
16417.7
17.4
-10292.6
39.65
0.0001







7065726
257536.7
16.3
-








288106
9406.4
14.6
-6097.1
49.99
0.0001
68.6
1. 1
6.9
-



209066
9480.5
20.3
-


3.0
0.2
22.7
-


18567
2297.8
55.3
—


6.6
0.9
62.0
-



13551
2422.5
80.0
1073.9
9.44
0.0066
6.3
0.9
65. 1
0.4
10.09
0.0052
   Topulations (number and/or  percent)  Mere  regressed  against years.  Slopes, which estimate rates of change per year,
   are shown  if significant  (0.05  level).   The  Atlantic Flyway is  shown as a percentage of the U.S. population* and the
   State is shown  as  a  percentage  of  the Flyway population.

-------
was the most restricted of all species populations examined.   More than




half of the State population wintered in the lower Rappahannock River




area (Appendix Table G-3).




     Populations of scoters and buffleheads, although stable in previous




and current periods, both increased during the latter period;  canvasback




and wigeon populations, on the other hand, remained unchanged  but at low




levels (Table 10).  The lower Rappahannock River was the most  important




canvasback area within a stable State distribution (Appendix Table G-6),




whereas the lower James River was most important to wigeon (Appendix




Table G-7).




     The black duck population decreased significantly in Virginia and




the Atlantic Flyway prior to 1971, and then stabilized during the




current period.  On a proportional basis, Virginia became more important




to Flyway black ducks at a rate of 1.4 percent/year from 1972  to 1980.




The Pamunkey River was the most important black duck area, although a




significant downward trend in numbers of black ducks was indicated for




that area (Appendix Table G-8).




     The Virginia mallard population, which previously averaged 8,000




birds, recently increased to about 20,000 birds or 9 percent of the




Flyway total.  As with the black duck, the Pamunkey River was the most




important area (Appendix Table G-9).




     We conclude that Maryland waterfowl populations prior to the 1970's




were considerably larger and more diverse than those in Virginia.  While




many duck populations in Maryland decreased during the 1970's, those in




Virginia increased or remained stable.  Maryland populations of Canada




geese and whistling swans, in contrast to ducks, greatly increased




(geese) or remained stable (swans).





                                    44

-------
EFFECTS OF SAV ON WATERFOWL




     We have demonstrated that some Chesapeake Bay waterfowl species




feed principally on vegetation (including SAV), while others do not or




at least not to an appreciable extent.  We have also shown that, while




waterfowl species distributions among survey areas were generally stable




prior to the 1970's, there have been significant changes in numbers of




birds at the State level and/or in the importance of Maryland and Virginia




to Atlantic Flyway populations.  We are now able to examine the




relationship between the distribution and abundance of waterfowl and  the




distribution and abundance of SAV in Maryland during the 1972-80 period.




     Although some SAV species are more important than others as




waterfowl food resources, all were combined in the analyses presented




here.  As in previous analyses of waterfowl distributions, birds




surveyed in upland, inland reservoir, and ocean bay habitats were




excluded.  Of the 13 waterfowl species whose Maryland populations were




previously examined, 4 were excluded  from consideration here due to the




scarcity of their numbers during the  1972-80 period.  These are the




ruddy duck, redhead, wigeon, and pintail.  Maryland populations of the




latter  three species, which feed extensively on SAV, are currently at




their lowest recorded levels.




     The remaining nine  populations were each  run through the simple




linear  model described earlier  (see STATISTICAL ANALYSES), which




examined the hypothesis  that annual variation  in survey area populations




is  related  to  annual variation  in  the distribution  and abundance of SAV




and the general  abundance  of the species.  Appropriateness  of the  full




model was not  the same for the  nine species populations.  We therefore




examined a  number of alternative or reduced models, based on preliminary






                                    45

-------
results.  For example, if an analysis indicated that SAV had no




measurable effect on numbers of sea ducks,  a more appropriate or




efficient model would not include an SAV term-   For each species, we




removed non-significant (p > 0.05) parameters and reran the analysis.




The analyses presented here are therefore the simplest, as they include




only significant effects.




Swans and Geese




     Whistling swans and Canada geese in Maryland provide an interesting




comparison.  Both are large, long-lived birds with stable or increasing




populations.  Maryland is the most important wintering area in the




Atlantic Flyway for both populations.  Although both feed in




agricultural fields, swans have done so to an appreciable extent only




during  the 1970's.




     Our analysis of survey area swan populations (Table 11) indicates




there is a measurable effect of SAV abundance on numbers of swans in a




few areas, all of which were important wintering areas during the




previous long-term period (Appendix Table F-l).  For example, the effect




of SAV  on swan numbers in Eastern Bay was significant (1.2 birds/ha of




SAV).   We also found a significant intercept (1,753 birds), which




measures the level of a survey area's population that is independent of




variation in either SAV or the general abundance of swans.  The Wye




River swan population was exceptional due to the rather large, negative




relationship with SAV abundance, which was caused by large numbers of




swans when SAV was uncommon.  This area has recently become an important




loafing area for an increasing number of field-feeding swans.




     In contrast to swans, there  is no relationship (p > 0.05) between




distribution and abundance of Canada geese and SAV in Maryland (Table





                                     46

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TABLE 11.  RESULTS OF TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS THAT MARYLAND SURVEY AREA
           POPULATIONS OF WHISTLING SWANS ARE RELATED TO THE DISTRIBUTION
           AND ABUNDANCE OF SAV,  AND THE GENERAL  ABUNDANCE (ATLANTIC  FLYWAY
           POPULATION) OF THE SPECIES
S o u r c e a
Intercept
SAV X Survey area
Eastern Bay
Chester Ri ver
Lower Choptank River
Wye River
Flyway * Survey area
Wye River
df
1
22
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
24
( 1)
F value
4.20
1.90
7.45
7.24
11.83
9.67
2. 11
12.74
P>F
0.0419
0.0126
0.0070
0.0078
0.0007
0.0022
0.0034
0.0005
Parameter
estimate
1753.
1.222
1. 127
0.7685
-5.997
0.0780
 Parameter estimates and test statistics are shown  for  individual  survey areas
only if significantly different (p<.05)  from zero.

-------
12).  Numbers of geese in survey areas are entirely explained by




variation in the Atlantic Flyway population.  In fact, populations of




geese on Maryland's Eastern shore may be responsible for much of the




variation in the Atlantic Flyway total.  Open water areas are now used




mostly for loafing and protection from predators, as geese have become




essentially dependent on surrounding agricultural lands for food.




Black Ducks and Mallards




     These species have been and continue to be the most common and




widely distributed puddle ducks in Maryland, although current




populations of both, are considerably less than long-term levels.  We




found that black duck numbers in the Chester River were significantly




related to the abundance of SAV (about 3 birds/ha of SAV, Table 13).




This area was also the most important wintering area for black ducks




during the 1956-71 period (Appendix Table F-ll).  Black ducks in the




Honga River and Bloodsworth-South Marsh Islands areas also varied with




SAV, but at lesser rates (about 0-6 birds/ha of SAV).  Populations in a




number of other areas varied with the general abundance of the species*




     Mallard numbers in the Chester River were also related to the




abundance of SAV (about 2.7 birds/ha of SAV, Table 14).  However, bird




numbers in other areas were not similarly affected.  Although mallards




are found in all survey areas, most of the variation in population size




was related to the general abundance of mallards in a few areas, except




in the Chester River.




Diving Ducks




     Although plant material comprised only 25-30 percent of the food




habits of buffleheads, we found that numbers of these birds in the




Manokin, Annetnessex Rivers and Eastern Bay areas were related to the





                                    48

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               TABLE  12.  RESULTS OF TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS THAT MARYLAND SURVEY AREA
                          POPULATIONS OF CANADA GEESE ARE RELATED TO THE DISTRIBUTION
                          AND ABUNDANCE OF SAV, AND THE GENERAL ABUNDANCE (ATLANTIC FLYWAY
                          POPULATION) OF THE SPECIES
S o u r c e a
Flyway x Survey area
Chester River
Bayshore, Kent County
Lower Choptank River
Sassafras River
Northeast - Elk - Bohemia Rivers
Wye River
Upper Choptank River
Eastern Bay
Miles River
Little Choptank River
Patuxent River
Nanticoke - Wicomico Rivers
df
24
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
F value
165. 10
2,714.41
320.77
251.22
221.71
162.82
97.02
64.32
57. 15
34.57
14.36
12. 11
5.57
p>F
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0002
0.0006
0.0194
Parameter
estimate

0. 1899
0.0653
0.0578
0.0543
0.0465
0.0359
0.0292
0.0275
0.0214
0.0138
0.0127
0.0086
VO
 Parameter estimates and test statistics are shown for  individual  survey  areas
only if significantly different (p<.05)  from zero.  Since  the  effect  of SAV
Mas not significant (0.05 level),  it  was not included in the above analysis.

-------
                TABLE 13.   RESULTS  OF  TESTING  THE  HYPOTHESIS THAT MARYLAND SURVEY AREA
                           POPULATIONS OF  BLACK  DUCKS  ARE  RELATED TO THE DISTRIBUTION
                           AND  ABUNDANCE OF  SAV, AND THE GENERAL ABUNDANCE (ATLANTIC FLYUAY
                           POPULATION) OF  THE  SPECIES
S o u r c e a
SAV * Survey area
Chester River
Honga River
Bloodsworth - South Marsh Islands
Lower Choptank River
Patapsco River - Aberdeen P.G.
Flyway * Survey area
Patapsco River - Abderdeen P.G.
Manokin, Annemessex Rivers
Nanticoke - Micomico Rivers
Patuxent River
Upper Choptank River
Chester River
df
22
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
24
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
F value
7.65
126.56
9.24
12.74
4.71
5.43
4.55
9.67
15. 13
29.81
7.95
13.25
17. 14
p>F
0.0001
0.0001
0.0028
0.0005
0.0312
0.0213
0.0001
0.0022
0.0001
0.0001
0.0054
0.0004
0.0001
Parameter
estimate

2.988
0.6780
0.6218
0.2958
-1.391

0.0091
0.0074
0.0051
0.0046
0.0042
-0.0123
Ln
O
 Parameter estimates and test statistics are shown
only if significantly different (p<.05)  from zero.
for individual survey areas

-------
               TABLE  14.  RESULTS OF TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS THAT MARYLAND SURVEY AREA
                          POPULATIONS OF MALLARDS ARE RELATED TO THE DISTRIBUTION AND
                          ABUNDANCE OF SAV, AND THE GENERAL ABUNDANCE (ATLANTIC FLYWAY
                          POPULATION) OF THE SPECIES
Source3 df
SAV * Survey area 22
Chester River ( 1 )
Flyway * Survey area 24
Wye River (1)
Bayshore, Kent County ( 1)
Patuxent River ( 1)
Upper Choptank River ( 1)
Nanticoke - Wicomico Rivers ( 1)
Northeast - Elk - Bohemia Rivers ( 1)
F value
2. 18
41.47
2.95
7.84
30.80
3.92
6.35
6.55
3.92
p>F
0.0029
0.0001
0.0001
0.0056
0.0001
0.0496
0.0125
0.0115
0.0494
Parameter
estimate

2.747

0.0138
0.0115
0.0065
0.0056
0.0051
0.0044
               aParameter estimates and test statistics are shown for individual  survey areas
               only if significantly different (p<.05) from zero.
l/l

-------
abundance of SAV (Table 15).   The relationship (0.3 birds/ha of SAV)  was




less pronounced than in the puddle ducks examined,  but more important




than general species abundance in these areas.  Population variation  in




other important bufflehead areas, such as the lower Choptank and Little




Choptank Rivers, simply reflected changes in general abundance.




     We demonstrated earlier that the food habits of canvasbacks in




Chesapeake Bay changed during the 1970's more than any other species




examined.  Canvasbacks now feed extensively on small (<25 mm) Baltic




macoma clams and other invertebrates and infrequently on SAV.  When we




analyzed current distribution and abundance of canvasbacks, we found  no




relationship with distribution and abundance of SAV (Table 16).  We did




find a significant intercept (1,910 birds), which is common to all




areas, that estimates a population level independent of SAV or species




abundance.  If the area-specific effect of general abundance is not




significant, then that area's population is estimated by the intercept.




However if it is significant, the product of the area's parameter




estimate and the Flyway population in a given year is added to the




intercept.  Estimated canvasback populations in areas listed under




"Flyway x Survey area" in Table 16 are therefore greater or less than




1,910 birds.




     Maryland populations of scaup and common goldeneyes also were not




related to the distribution and abundance of SAV.  Interpretation of  our




analysis of scaup populations (Table 17) is complicated somewhat by the




large, negative intercept (-2,551 birds).  This was primarily caused  by




extrapolating beyond the range of the data.  Although area populations




should be small during years when scaup are relatively scarce, a




straight line fit yielded a negative intercept.  However, a model that





                                    52

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 TABLE  15.   RESULTS  OF  TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS THAT MARYLAND SURVEY AREA
            POPULATIONS OF BUFFLEHEADS ARE RELATED TO THE DISTRIBUTION
            AND  ABUNDANCE OF SAV, AND THE GENERAL ABUNDANCE (ATLANTIC FLYWAY
            POPULATION) OF THE SPECIES
S o • u r c e a
SAV x Survey area
Manokin, Annemessex Rivers
Eastern Bay
Flyway x Survey area
Lower Choptank River
Little Choptank River
Patuxent River
Bayshore, Calvert County
Honga River
df
22
( 1)
( 1)
24
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
F value
2. 14
30.25
4.93
2.38
5.52
14.75
9.24
12.89
4.62
P>F
0.0037
0.0001
0.0279
0.0007
0.0199
0.0002
0.0028
0.0004
0.0333
Parameter
estimate

0.3614
0.3398

0.0138
0.0136
0.0118
0.0098
0.0072
aParameter estimates and test statistics are shown for individual survey areas
 only  if significantly different (p<.05) from zero.

-------
               TABLE 16.  RESULTS OF TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS THAT MARYLAND SURVEY  AREA
                          POPULATIONS OF CANVASBACKS ARE RELATED TO THE DISTRIBUTION
                          AMD ABUNDANCE OF SAV, AND THE GENERAL  ABUNDANCE (ATLANTIC  FLYWAY
                          POPULATION) OF THE SPECIES
S o u r c a a
Intercept
Flyway * Survey area
Patuxent River
LOHQT Choptank River
Magothy - Severn Rivers
South River - Herring Bay
Susquehanna Flats
Northeast - Elk - Bohemia Rivers
Sassafras River
Bayshore, Kent Island
df
1
24
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
F value
7.02
10. 17
22.85
14.59
7.39
4.71
4.53
4.49
4.49
4. 16
p>F
0.0087
0.0001
0.0001
0.0002
0.0071
0.0312
0.0347
0.0356
0.0356
0.0427
Parameter
estimate
1910.

0.0335
0.0268
0.0191
0.0152
-0.0149
-0.0148
-0.0148
-0.0143
Ul
               Parameter estimates and test statistics are shown  for  individual  survey  areas
               only if significantly different (p<.05)  from zero.   Since the  effect  of SAV
               was not significant (0.05 level),  it was not included in  the above analysis.

-------
 TABLE  17.   RESULTS OF TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS THAT MARYLAND SURVEY A-REA
            POPULATIONS OF SCAUP ARE RELATED TO THE DISTRIBUTION AND
            ABUNDANCE OF SAV, AND THE GENERAL ABUNDANCE (ATLANTIC FLYWAY
            POPULATION) OF THE SPECIES
S o u r c e a
Intercept
Flyway * Survey area
Fishing Bay
Magothy - Severn Rivers
Chester River
South River - Herring Bay
Bayshore, Kent Island
Patuxent River
Patapsco River - Aberdeen P.G.
Bayshore, Calvert County
df
1
24
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
F value
4.71
2.87
49.84
13.47
8.07
7.08
4.75
4.75
4.54
4.08
p>F
0.0314
0.0001
0.0001
0.0003
0.0049
0.0084
0.0302
0.0302
0.0343
0.0449
Parameter
est i mate
-2551.

6.0280
0.0146
0.0113
0.0106
0.0087
0.0087
0.0085
0.0080
rt
 Parameter estimates and test statistics are shown for individual survey areas
only if significantly different (p<.05) from zero.  Since the effect of SAV
was not significant (0.05 level), it Mas not included in the above analysis.

-------
includes an intercept (if significant)  better explains the  variation in




area populations than does one without  an intercept.   Scaup populations




in areas not listed in Table 17 are essentially very  low, or at least




not affected by general species abundance.




     Although our analysis of common goldeneye populations  led to the




same conclusion (i.e., no SAV relationship), interpretation of results




shown in Table 18 is simpler.  Goldeneyes are uncommon in most survey




areas, but relatively common and responsive to general abundance in




areas such as Eastern Bay and the lower Choptank River.




     We examined scoter or sea duck populations in Maryland with the




same set of models, since these birds contrast greatly with other




waterfowl in food and habitat preferences.  As anticipated, we found no




relationship between distribution and abundance of SAV and  scoters.




Small populations of these birds are widely scattered around the Bay




(significant intercept), and concentrated in only a few areas such as




the lower Choptank and Chester Rivers (Table 19).




     We conclude that populations of wigeon, pintails, and  redheads, all




predominantly vegetarian in food preferences, declined to very low




numbers in Maryland during the 1970's as a direct result of the SAV




decline.  Although swan populations showed a response to the level of




SAV in a few important areas, black ducks and mallards were generally




more affected.  Diving ducks as a group showed little relationship if




any to the distribution and abundance of SAV.




     The distribution of waterfowl populations among survey areas




indicates that a few areas are consistently among the most  important to




the various species examined.  The Chester River, Eastern Bay, and lower




Choptank River, which are among the four most abundantly vegetated





                                    56

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 TABLE  18.   RESULTS  OF  TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS THAT MARYLAND SURVEY AREA
            POPULATIONS OF COMMON GOLDENEYES ARE RELATED TO THE DISTRIBUTION
            AND ABUNDANCE OF SAV, AND THE GENERAL ABUNDANCE (ATLANTIC FLYWAY
            POPULATION) OF THE SPECIES
S o u r c e a
Flyway X Survey area
Eastern Bay
Lower Choptank River
Patuxent River
Chester River
Bayshore, Kent Island
df
24
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
F value
4
60
21
18
5
4
.98
.06
.34
.92
.06
.20
0
0
0
0
0
0
P>F
.0001
.0001
.0001
.0001
.0255
.0416
Parameter
est i mate

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

0410
0245
0230
0119
0109
aParameter estimates and test statistics are shown for individual survey areas
only  if  significantly different (p<.05) from zero.  Since the effect of SAV
Mas not  significant (0.05 level), it Mas not included in the above analysis.

-------
               TABLE  19.  RESULTS OF TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS THAT MARYLAND SURVEY AREA
                          POPULATIONS OF SCOTERS ARE RELATED TO THE DISTRIBUTION AND
                          ABUNDANCE OF SAV, AND THE GENERAL ABUNDANCE (ATLANTIC FLYWAY
                          POPULATION) OF THE SPECIES
S o u r c ea
Intercept
Flyway X Survey area
Lower Choptank River
Chester River
Eastern Bay
Patuxent River
df
1
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
F value
4.66
5.53
61.62
23.81
16.89
12. 11

0
0
0
0
0
0
P>F
.0324
.0001
.0001
.0001
.0001
.0006
Parameter
estimate
234.5
0.0286
0.0177
0.0149
0.0126
                Parameter estimates and test statistics are shown for individual survey areas
               only if significantly different (p<.05) from zero.  Since the effect of SAV
               Mas not significant (0.05 level), it Mas not included in the above analysis.
Ui
oo

-------
areas, are equally important as waterfowl wintering areas.   We interpret


this as additional evidence of a relationship between the distribution


of waterfowl and SAV.


IMPACT'S OF WATERFOWL ON SAV


     Prior to this point we have attempted to clarify relationships


between SAV as food resources and waterfowl as consumers.  Our objective


here is to evaluate the possibility that Chesapeake Bay waterfowl


populations are in any way responsible for recent declines in


distribution and abundance of submerged aquatic vegetation.


     We are reminded, first of all, that waterfowl wintered in


Chesapeake Bay long before recorded history.  Populations of these


birds, which have consumed SAV in the Bay for centuries without adverse


impact, can be(examined only during the last 25-30 years.  Maryland


waterfowl populations with one exception were larger during the early


1950's when SAV was certainly more abundant as well.  The Canada goose


population was the exception, as it began to increase during the


mid-1950's when the mechanization of agriculture increased the


availability of unharvested cereal grains.


     We showed that distributions of waterfowl species populations in


Maryland were  generally stable prior to the  1970's.  We showed further


that three areas, the Chester River, Eastern Bay, and the lower Choptank


River, consistently wintered the highest proportions of Maryland's


waterfowl populations during both long-term  and  current periods.  We


conclude  that  1)  these populations most likely reflect greater abundance


of  SAV in these areas compared  to other areas, and  2) since  these areas


continue  to winter most of  the waterfowl  and produce most of  the SAV,


these birds cannot be responsible for  recent declines in their food


resources.
                                    59

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Bellrose, F. C. 1976.  Ducks, geese  and  swans of  North America.
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                                    60

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Munro, R. E. (in prep.).  Field feeding by whistling swans in Maryland.
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Swanson, G.  A., G. L. Krapu, J. C. Bartonek, J. R. Serie, and D. H.
     Johnson.   1974.  Advantages in mathematically weighting waterfowl
     food habits data.  J. Wildl. Manage-  38(2):302-307.

Yocom,  C. F.  1951.  Waterfowl  and  their food plants in Washington.
     Univ.  of Washington Press, Seattle,  Wash.  272 pp.
                                    61

-------
APPENDIX TABLE A-1.  SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES OF ANIMAL AND PLANT FOOD ITEMS OF CHESAPEAKE BAY WATERFOWL

         Animal   food   items                          Plant   food   items
Acrididae (Locustidae)
Aedes sollicitans
Aedes spp.
Aeschnidae
Amara spp.
Amnicola limosa
Amntcola spp.
Amnicoliidae (Bulimidae)
Amphipoda
Amygdulum papyria (Volsella)
Anachi s avara
Anculosa spp.
Ancylidae
Anguilla rostrata
Anguilla spp.
Angui11i dae
Ani soptera
Annelida
Anodonta grand;s
Anodonta imbecilis
Anthribidae
Anthuri dae
Aoridae
Apeltes quadracus
Aphi dae
Aphodius spp.
Arachni da
Araneae
Arcuatula demissa (Volsella)
Arthropoda
Ascidiacea
Aselli dae
Asellys spp.
Astacidae
Atherinidae
Atheta spp.
Bairdiella chrysura
Balanidae
Balanus eburneus
Balanus improvisus
Balanus spp.
Batrachoi di dae
Belastoma spp.
Belastomi dae
undetermind animal
undetermined fish
short-horned grasshopper
salt marsh mosquito
mosqui to
darner
amnicola
swamp snail
scud, sideswimmer
paper mussel
greedy dove shell
river snai1
1impet
American eel
eel
eel
dragonfly
leech, polychaete
fungus weevil
aquatic sowbug
aphid, plantlice
dung beetle
spi der
Atlanti c
ribbed mussel
aquatic sowbug

crayfi sh
silver perch
rock barnacle
ivory barnacle
bay barnacle
barnacle
toadfish

giant water bug
Abutilon Theophrasti
Acalypha rhomboidea
Acalypha spp.
Acnida cannabinus (amaranthus)
Agrostemma Githago
Aizoaceae
Albizia Julibrissin
Alisma Plantago~aquatica
Ali smataceae
Allium vineale
Alnus serrulata
Amaranthaceae
Amaranthus hybridus
Amaranthus spp.
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Ambrosia spp.
Ambrosia trifida
Ampelopsis arborea
Ampelopsis spp.
Anacardi aceae
Andropogon spp.
Andropogon Gerardi
Aneilema Kei sak
Aqui foli aceae
Araceae
Arthraxon hispidus
Aster puniceus
Aster spp.
Aster tenuifolius
Atriplex patula
Avena fatua
Avena sativa
Baccharis halimifolia
Berchemia scandens
Betula nigra
Bidens laevis
Bidens spp.
Boehemeria cylindrica
Brasenia Schreberi
Bromus secalinus
Butomaceae
Butomus umbellatus
Capri foliaceae
Carex crinita
                                                 (continued)
woody bark fragments
undetermined vegetation
velvet-leaf (pie-marker)
three-seeded mercury
three-seeded mercury
tidemarsh waterhemp
corn-cockle
carpet-weed
acacia (silk-tree)
broadleaf waterplantain
watei—plantai n
field garlic (scallion)
smooth alder
amaranth
prince's feather
amaranth
ragweed
ragweed
ragweed
peppei—vi ne

cashew
beard grass
beard grass
marsh day-flower
holly
arum
grass
wi Id aster
aster

spearscale
wiId oat
oats
groundsel tree
supple-jack
river birch (red birch)
beggai—ti ck
beggar-ti ck
false nettle
watershield
cheat (chess)
flowering rush
flowering rush
honeysuckle
sedge

-------
 APPENDIX TABLE A-1.  (continued)

         Animal   food    items
                                   Plant   food
                                    items
Berosus spp.
Bethyli dae
Bidessus spp.
Bittium alternatum (B. nigrum)
Bittium spp.
Bittium varium
Bolesoma nigrum (Ethesoma)
Brachiodontes recurvus (Mytilus)
Brevoortia tyrannus
Bryozoa (Ectoprocta)
Callinectys sapidus
Calyptraei dae
Cambarus diogenes
CampGloma decisum
Campeloma integrum
Campeloma spp.
Cancer borealis
Cancri dae
Canthydrus puncticollis
Carabi dae
Caralsi dae
Cardi i dae
Cassidinidea lunifrons
Centrarchi dae
Ceratopogoni dae
Ceri thi i dae
Cerithiopsidae
Cerithopsis spp.
Chalepus dorsalis
Cheilostomata
Chilognatha
Chiridotea caeca
Chironomidae
Chordata
Chrysomeli dae
Cicadelli dae
Cladocera
Clupei dae
Coelambus  spp.
Coelenterata (Cnidaria)
Coleophoridae
Coleoptera
Congeria leucophaeta
Copelatus  glyphicus
Copcpoda
Corbicula  fluminea
bethylid

alternate bittium

variable bittium

hooked mussel
Atlantic menhaden

blue crab
cup and saucer limpet
northern crab


ground beetle

cockle
biting midge, punky
horn shell

cerith
i sopod
mi dge

leaf beetle
leafhopper
water flea
herring

hydroid, jellyfish
casebearer
beetle
Conrad's false mussel
diving beetle
copepod

                (conti
    Carex festucacea
    Carex hormathodes
    Carex hyalinolepis
    Carex intumescens
    Carex lupjlina
    Carex lurida
    Carex scoparia
    Carex spp.
    Carex stricta
    Carpinus caroliniana
    Carya spp.
    Caryophyllaceae
    Cassia fasciculata
    Cassia spp.
    Celt is occidentalis
    Celtis spp.
    Centella erecta (asiactica)
    Cephalanthus occidentalis
    Ceratophyllaceae
    Ceratophyllum demersum
    Chara spp.
    Characeae
    Charophyceae
    Chenopodi aceae
    Chenopodium album
    Chenopodi urn spp.
    Chlorophyceae
    Cicuta maculata
    Cicuta spp.
    Cladium jamaicense
    Cladium mariscoides
    Cladium spp.
    Cladophora spp.
    Cladophoraceae
    Commelina communis
    Commelina virginica
    Commelinaceae
    Compositae
    Convolvulaceae
    Cornaceae
    Cornus florida
    Cornus spp.
    Cornus stolonifera
    Cornus Amomum
    Corylaceae
    Crataegus spp.
nued)
sedge
sedge
lake sedge

sedge
sedge
sedge
sedge
sedge
hornbeam (blue beech)
hickory
pi nks
partridge-pea (locust-weed)
senna
hackberry
elm
parsley
buttonbush
hornwort
hornwort
muskgrass
muskgrass
muskgrass, stonewort
goosefoot
lamb's quarters
goosefoot
green algae
uiatei—hemlock
watei—hemlock
sawgrass
twig-rush

green algae

day-flower
day-flower
spi derwort
composi te
morning glory, convolvulus
dogwood
flowering dogwood
dogwood
red osier
dogwood
hazel
hawthorn

-------
APPENDIX TABLE A-1.  (continued)

         Animal   food    items
                                   Plant   food   items
Corbicula manilensis
Corbiculiidae (Cyrenidae)
Cori xi dae
Corophi i dae
Corophi urn spp.
Crangon spp.
Crangoni dae
Crangonyx spp.
Crepidula convexa
Crepidula fornicata
Crepidula spp.
Cristatella mucedo
Crustacea
Culi ci dae
Culicoides spp.
Cumacea
Curculi oni dae
Cyathura carinata (-polita)
Cyathura polita
Cyathura spp.
Cydepistonus castaneus
Cypri dae
Cypri ni dae
Cyprinodon yariegatus
Cypri nodonti dae
Cypris spp.
Cyrenoida floridana (Cyrenella)
Cyrenoididae (Cyrenellidae)
Daphnia spp.
Daphnidae
Dacapoda
Dermaptera
Diplopoda
Di ptera
Dolomedes spp.
Donacia spp.
Doru  lineare
Drei ssenidae
Dyti sci dae
Dyti scus spp.
Edotea spp.
Edotea triloba
Elateri dae
Electra crustulenta
Elliptic complanata (Unio)
Elliptic spp.
Asiatic fresh-water clam  Crotolaria spectabilis
marsh clam
Mater boatman
scud, sideswimmer
amphi pod
sand shrimp
pistol shrimp
amphi pod
convex slipper shell
common slipper shell
slipper shell

crustacean
mosqui to
punky

snout beetle
i sopod
isopod
i sopod

seed shrimp
mi nnow
sheepshead minnow
top mi nnow
seed shrimp

clam, mussel
water flea
water flea
crayfish,  shrimp
earwi g
mi 11i ped
fly
fishing spider
long-horned leaf beetle

false mussel
predaceous diving beetle
predaceous diving beetle

i sopod
click beetle
lacy crust
                                                 (continued)
Cuscuta spp.
Cynodon Dactylon
Cyperaceae
Cyperus albomarginatus
Cyperus erythrorhizos
Cyperus escylentus
Cyperus filicinus
Cyperus flavescens
Cyperus odorattes
Cyperus rotundus
Cyperus spp.
Cyperus strigosus
Cyperus Iria
Datura stramonium
Decodon verticillatus
Digitaria filiformis
Digitaria sanguinalis
Digitaria spp.
Digitaria Ischaemum
Diodia teres
Dioscoreaceae
Discorea quaternata
Discorea villosa
Distichlis spicata
Echinochloa colonum
Echinochloa crusgalli
Echinochloa spp.
Echinochloa Ualteri
Eclipta alba
Eleocharis obtusa
Eleocharjs olivacea
Eleocharis palustris
Eleocharis parvula
Eleocharis quadrangulata
Eleocharis spp.
Eleocharis Engelmanni
Eleusine indica
Elodea canadensis
Elodea spp.
Enteromorpha clathrata
Enteromorpha intestinalis
Enteromorpha spp.
Eulalia viminea
Euphorbia spp.
Euphorbiacsae
rattlebox
dodder
bermuda grass (wire grass)
sedge
galingale
redroot cyperus
galingale
gali ngale
gali ngale
galingale
galingale
galingale
galingale
gali ngale
jimson-weed
watei—wi How          •
crab grass
crab grass            '
crab grass
crab grass
buttonweed
yam
wiId yam
wiId yam
salt grass
jungle rice
barnyard grass
composite
blunt spikerush
spi kerush
common spikerush
dwarf spikerush
squarestem spikerush
spi kerush

yard grass
common elodea

filamentous green alga
green alga
filamentous green algae

spurge
spurge

-------
    APPENDIX TABLE A-1.   (continued)

            Animal   food    items
                                                                    Plant   food    items
01
Enochrus spp.
Ephemeridae
Ephemeroptera
Epitoni i dae
Epitonium rupicola
Erichsonella attenuata
Erichsonella spp.
Eros spp.
Euparius marmoreus
Eurypanopeus depressus
Forf i cyli dae
Formici dae
Fulgori dae
Fundulus heteroclites
Fundulus spp.
Galerucella spp.
Gammaridae
Gammarus fasciatus
Gammarus mucronatus
Gammarus palustris
Gammarus spp.
Gammarus tigrinus
Gasterostei dae
Gasterosteus aculeatus
Gastropoda
Golastocoridae
Gemma  gemma
Gerri dae
Gillja altilis
Gobi i dae
Gobiosoma bosci
Gobiosoma spp.
Goniobasis spp.
Goniobasis virginica
Graphoderes spp.
Graphops pulsescens
Grapsi dae
Grylli dae
Gryllotalpa
Gyralus deflectus
Gyralus parvus (Planorbis)
Gyralus spp. (Planorbis spp.)
Gyri ni dae
Haliplidae
Heliosoma antrosa (Planorbis)
Heliosbma spp.  (Planorbis spp
                                    burrowing mayfly
                                    mayfly
                                    wentletrap
                                    lined wentletrap
                                    i sopod
                                    i sopod
                                    mud crab
                                    common earwig
                                    ant
                                    fulgorid planthopper
leaf beetle
scud
scud
scud
scud
scud
scud
                                    snail, limpet
                                    toad  bug
                                    gem clam
                                    water strider
                                    snail
                                    goby
                                    goby
                                    naked goby
                                    snai 1
                                    snai 1
                                    cricket
                                    northern mole cricket

                                    fresh Mater snail

                                    whirligig beetle
                                    crawling water beetle
                                 )  orb snail
                                                    (conti
    Fagaceae
    Festuca elatior
    Festuca spp.
    Fimbristylis castanea
    Fimbristylis spp.
    Fraxinus americana
    Fui rena spp.
    Galium spp.
    Geraniaceae
    Geranium spp.
    Gerardia maritima
    Glyceria striata   • .
    Glycine Max
    Gracilari a spp.
    Grami neae
    Haloragaceae
    Hamameli daceae
    Hedeoma pulegoides
    Helianthus spp.
    Heteranthera dubia
    Hibiscus Moscheutos
    Hordeum vylgare
    Hydrochari taceae
    Ilex decidua
    Ilex laevigata
    Ilex opaca
    Ilex spp.
    Ilex verticillata
    Ipomoea hederacea
    Iridaceae
    Iris Pseudacorus
    Iva frutescens
    Juglandaceae
    Juncaceae
    Juncus spp.'
    Juncus Roemerianys
    Juniperus virginiana
    Labiatae
    Leersia oryzoides
    Leersia virginica
    Leguminosae
    Lemna minor
    Lemnaceae
    Leptochloa fascicularis
    Lespedeza bicolor
    Lespedeza spp.
nued)
beech
meadow fescue

saltmarsh fimbristylis
saltmarsh fimbristylis
white ash
fui rena
bedstraw> cleavers
geraniurn
wild gerani urn
seaside gerardia
manna grass
soy bean
red weed
grasses
watermiIfoi1
wi tch-hazel
American pennyroyal
sunflower
water star-grass
rose-mallow
barley
frog-bi t
holly
wi nterberry
American holly
holly
black alder (winterberry)
morning glory
iris
water-flag
marsh-elder
walnut
rush
rush
needlerush
red cedar
mi nt
cut grass
white grass
pulse

duckweed

pulse
bush-clover

-------
APPENDIX TABLE A-l.  (continued)

         Animal   food   items
                                   Plant   food   items
Heliosoma trivolvis
Hcmi ptera
Heptagenii dae
Hexagenia bilineata
Hexagenia spp.
Hexapaneopeus angustifrons
Hirudinea
Homoptera
Hyalolla spp.
Hydracarina (Acarina)
Hydrachna spp.
Hydrachni dae
Hydrobia spp. (Littoridinops)
Hydrobi i dae
Hydrophilidae
Hydrophilus spp.
Hydrozoa
Hymenoptera
Ichneumoni dae
Ictalyri dae
Idotei dae
Insecta
Isopoda
Laeyicardium mortoni
Lasius spp.
Lepadidae
Lepas spp.
Lepi doptera
Lcpomis gibbosus
Lepomi s macrochi rus
Lepomis spp.
Leptinotarsa decemlineata
Leptocheirus plumulosus
Leptochelia savigny
L i belluidae
Littorina irrorata
Littorinidae
Lophopodi dae
Lora spp.
Lumbrici dae
Lyci dae
Lycosa spp.
Lycosi dae
Lygaedidae
Lymnaea columella
Lymnaei dae
fresh water snail
true bug
stream mayfly
mayfly
mayfly
mud crab
leech
cicada, hopper* aphid
amphi pod
mi te
freshwater mite
freshwater mite
swamp snail

water scavenger beetle
water scavenger beetle
hydro id
bee, wasp, ant
i chneumoni d
catfi sh
aquatic sowbug
i nsect
isopod
Morton's cockle
fi eld ant
goose barnacle
goose barnacle '
butterfly, moth
bluegi11
bluegill
bluegi11
Colorado potato beetle
amphipod

common skimmer
marsh periwinkle
periwi nkle
bryozoan
lora

net-winged beetle
wolf spider
wolf spider
seed bug
                                                 (continued)
Lespedeza stipulacea
Lespedeza striata
Lili aceae
Limonium spp.
Lippia lanceolata
Lippia spp.
Liqyidambar styraciflua
Liriodendron tulipifera
Lolium perenne
Lolium spp.
Ludwigia palustris
Lycopus uniflorus
Lythraceae
Magnolia virginiana
Magnoli aceae
Malvaceae
Medicago lupulina
Melilotus spp.
Mo Hugo vertici lliata
Muhlenbergia frondosa
Muhlenbergia spp.
Myrica carolinensis
Myri ca ceri fera
Myrica pensylvanica
Myrica spp.
Myri caceae
Myriophyllum oxalbescens
Myriophyllum spp.
Myriophyllum spicatum
Nadaceae
Najas flexi1i s
Najas guadalupensis
Najas marina
Najas spp.
Nitella spp.
Nuphar advena
Nymphaea odorata (Castalia)
Nymphaeaceae
Nyssa aquatica
Nyssa biflora
Nyssa spp.
Nyssa sylvatica (biflora)
Nyssaceae
Oleaceae
Onagraceae
Panicum anceps
Korean lespedeza
Japanese clover
lily
sea-lavender
fog-frui t
fog-frui t
sweet gum (red gum)
tulip tree (yellow poplar)
English rye grass
rye grass
marsh-purslane
bugle-weed
loosestri fe
sweet bay (swamp bay)
magnoli a
mallow
black medick
sweet clover
carpet-weed
muhly

wax-myrtle
wax-myrtle
bayberry
wax-myrtle
wax-myrtle
watermiIfoi1
watermiIfoi1
Eurasian watermiIfoi1
naiad
northern naiad
southern naiad
nai ad
nai ad
ni tella
yellow water lily
whi te water lily
water lily
sour gum
water gum
sour gum
black gum (sour gum)
sour gum
ol i ve
evening  primrose
panic grass

-------
APPENDIX TABLE A-1.   (continued)

         Animal   food    items
                                   Plant   food    items
Lyrogyrus puporideus
Lyrogyrus spp.
Macoma balthica
Macoma mitchelli (M. phenax)
Macoma tenta
Mactra spp. (Spisula spp.?)
Mactri dae
Melampidae
Melampus bidentatus
Melanella spp. (Eulima)
Melanelli dae
Membranipora spp.
Mernbrani pori dae
Menidia spp.
Microciona prolifera
Mi croci oni dae
Mitrella lunata
Mitrella spp.
Modiolus plicatulis
Modiolus spp. (Volsella)
Molgula manhattensis
Molgula spp.
Moljusca
Mulinia lateralis
Muri ci das
Mya arenaria
Myaci dae
Myrmica spp.
Mytili dae
Hytilus eduli s
Nalsidae
Nassariidae (Nassidae)
Nassarius obsoletus (Nyanassa)
Nassarius spp.
Nassarius trivittatus (Nassa)
Nassarius vibex
Neopanope texana sayi
Nereidae
Nereis spp.
Nerei s succi nea
Neuroptera
Notropis spp.
Nucula proxima
Nucyli dae
Nysius spp.
Odonata
 sna i 1
 snail
 Baltic macoma
 Mitchell's clam
 narrowed macoma
 (winged?) surf clam
 surf clam
 salt marsh snail
 salt marsh snail
 snail
 snai 1
 bryozoan
 bryozoan
 silverside
 red  sponge
 sponge
 crescent mitrella
 mi trella
 mussel
 mussel
 sea grape
 sea grape
mollusk
 duck clam
 rock shell
 soft-shelled clam
 soft-shelled clam
 ant
mussel
 blue mussel

dog whelk
mud dog whelk
dog whelk
New England dog whelk
mottled dog whelk
mud crab
clam worm
clam worm
clam worm
alderfly, dobsonfly
 shiner
hear nut shell
nut shell

dragonfly/  damselfly
                                                 (conti nued)
Panicum capillare
Panicum clandestinum
Panicum dichotomiflorum
Panicum spp.
Panicum verrucosum
Panicum virgatum
Paspalum ci1iatifoliurn
Paspalum laeve
Paspalum spp.
Peltandra virginica
Pennisetum spp.
Phaseolus vulgaris
Phytolacca americana
Phytolaccaceae
Pinaceae
Pinus spp.
Pinus Taeda
Plantaginaceae
Plantago lanceolata
Plantago spp.
Plumbagi naceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonum amphibium
Polygonum arifolium
Polygonum avicylare
Polygonum coccineum
Polygonum densiflorum
Polygonum hydropiperoides
Polygonum lapathifoliurn .
Polygonum pensylvanicum
Polygonum punctatum
Polygonum sagittatum
Polygonum scandens
Polygonum spp.
Polygonum virginianum (Tovara)
Polygonum Hydropiper
Polygonum Persicaria
Polypodi aceae
Polystichum acrostichoides
Pontederia cordata
Pontederiaceae
Portulaca oleracea
Portulaca spp.
Portulacaceae
Potamogeton amplifoliys
Potamogeton berchtoldi
witch grass

panic grass
panic grass
panic grass
panic grass

grass
grass
arrow arum
feathertop
common bean
pokeweed
pokeweed
pi ne
pi ne
loblolly pine
plantai n
English plantain
plantai n
leadwort
buckwheat
smartweed
halberdleaf tear-thumb

marsh smartweed
southern smartweed
swamp smartweed
nodding smartweed
smartweed
dotted smartweed
smartweed
false buckwheat
smartweed

smartweed
smartweed
fern
chri stmas-fern
pickerel weed (tuckahoe)
pickerel weed
purslane
purslane
purslane
bigleaf  pondweed
slender  pondweed

-------
APPENDIX TABLE A-1.   (continued)

         Animal   food   items
         Plant   food
                   items
   Odontomyia  spp.
   Odostomia impressa
   Odostomia spp.
   Odostomia trifida
   01i gochaeta
   Opsanus tau
   Orchestia agilis
   Orchestia spp.
   Orthoptera
   Ovalipes ocellatus
   Palaemonetes pugio
  • Palaemonetes spp.
   Palaemonetes vulgaris
   Palaemonidae
   Paneopeus herbstii
   Paneopeus spp.
j\  Pectinatella magnifica
3°  Pelecypoda  (Bivalvia)
   Pentatomi dae
   Perca flavescens
   Perci dae
   Phyllophaga spp.
   Physa heterostropha
   Physa sayi i
   Physa spp.
   Physi dae
   Phytonomus meles
   Phytonomus nigrirostris
   Pi sauridae
   Pi si di urn alsdi turn
   Pisidium atlanticum
   Pi si di urn spp.
   Pissodes nemorensis
   Planorbi dae
   Pleurocera spp.
   Pleuroceri dae
   Pleurotomella spp. (Pleurotoma)
   Plumatellina
   Podocopa
   Poeci1i i dae
   Poeciloscleri na
   Pogonias cromis
   Polistes spp.
   Polychaeta
   Popillia japonica
   Pori fera
                                 incised odostome
                                 odostome
                                 tripartite odostome
                                 aquatic earthworm
                                 oyster toadfish
                                 amphi pod
                                 amphi pod
                                 grasshopper,  cricket
                                 lady crab
                                 prawn
                                 grass  shrimp
                                 common prawn
                                 prawn  and shrimp
                                 .mud crab
                                 mud crab
                                 bryozoan
                                 bi valve
                                 stink  bug
                                 yellow perch
                                 perch
                                 June beetle
                                 snai 1
                                 snai 1
                                 snai 1
                                 pouch  snai1

                                 lesser clover leaf weevil
                                 fishing spider
                                 fresh-water clam
                                 fresh-water clam
                                 fresh-water clam

                                 orb snai1
                                 river  snail
                                 river  snail
                                 pleurotomella

                                 ostracod
                                 black drum
                                 paper wasp
                                 polychaete
                                 Japanese beetle
                                 sponge
Potamogeton
Potamogeton
Potamogeton
Potamogeton
Potamogeton
Potamogeton
Potamogeton
Potamogeton
Potamogeton
Potamogeton
Proserpi naca
crispus
epihydrus
f oli osus
grami neus
natans
nodosus (americanus)
pecti natus
perfoliatus
pusillus
spp.
 palustris
                                                 (continued)
Prunella vulgaris
Prunus serotina
Prunus virginiana
Quercus palustris
Quercus spp.
Quercus Phellos
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculus acris
Ranunculus bulbosus
Ranunculus sceleratus
Rhamnaceae
Rhodophyceae
Rhus glabra
Rhus radicans
Rhus spp.
Rhus Copallinum
Rhus Toxicodendron
Rhynchospora capitellata
Ricinus communis
Robinia Psuedoacacia
Rosa palustris
Rosa spp.
Rosaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubus spp.
Rumex cri spus
Rumex obtusifolius
Rumex spp.
Rumex verti ci Hi atus
Rumex Acetosella
Ruppi a mari ti ma
Sagittaria latifolia
Sagittaria rigida
Sagittaria spp.
Salicornia Bigelovii (musronata)
curly pondweed
ribbonleaf pondweed
leafy pondweed
variable pondweed
floating pondweed
longleaf pondweed
sago pondweed
redhead grass
slender pondweed
pondweed
marsh mermaidweed
self-heal
wild cherry (black cherry)
choke-cherry
pi n-oak
oak
wi How-oak
crowfoot
buttercup
buttercup
cursed crowfoot
buckthorn
red algae
smooth sumac
poison ivy - poison oak
cashew
sumac
poi son-oak
beak-rush            ;
castoi—bean
black locust
swamp rose
rose
rose
madder
bramble
sour dock
bitter dock
dock, sorrel
watei—dock
red sorrel
wi dgeongrass
broadleaf arrowhead
bur arrowhead
arrowhead
glasswort (samphire)

-------
APPENDIX TABLE A-1.  (continued)

         Animal   food   items
                                   Plant   food   items
Portunidae
Pyralidae
Pyrarnidella spp.
Pyramidellidae (Turbinellidae)
Pyrenidae (Columbel1idae)
Rangia cuneata
Reduvii dae
Retusa canaliculata (Acteocina)
Retusi dae
Rhinomacer elongatus
Rhithropaneopeus harrisi
Ri ssoi dae
Sanguinolariidae
Sayella chesapeakea
Scarabaeidae
Sciaenidae
Sesmarma spp.
Siali dae
Si ali s spp.
Sirthenia carinata
Sphaeri dae
Sphaerium spp.
Sphaerium striatinum
Sphaerium transversum
Sphenophorus spp.
Staphylinidae
Stenolophus spp.
Strati ornyi dae
Systena elongata
Tabani dae
Tachistodes spp.
Tagelus plebeius
Tali tri dae
Tanaidae
Tellina spp.
Tellinidae
Tenebri oni dae
Thoracia
Ti puli dae
Tri choptera
Triliarthrus badiipennis
Triphora nigrocincta (Triforis)
Tri phori dae
Tropisternus spp.
Turbinidae
Turbo  spp.
swimming crab
pyralid moths
pyramid shell
pyramid shell
dove shell
brackish water clam
assassin bug
channeled barrel bubble

snout beetle
white-fingered mud crab
ri sso
gari shell
snai 1
scarab beetle
alderfly
sphere shell
sphere shell
billbug
rove beetle

soldi er fly

horsefly> deerfly

stout razor clam
beach flea
aquatic sowbug
dwarf tell in
tellin
darkling beetle
barnacle
crane fly
caddi sfly

black triphora
left-handed snail
turban shell
Sambucus canadensis
Scirpus acutus (occidentalis)
Scirpus americanus
Scirpus fluviatilis
Scirpus pallidus
Scirpus purshianus (debilis)
Scirpus robustus
Scirpus spp.
Scirpus validus
Sci rpus Olneyi
Scrophulari aceae
Sccale cereale
Setaria geniculata
Setaria glauca
Setaria italica
Setaria lutescens
Setaria magna
Setaria spp.
Setari a vi ri di s
Setari a Faberi i
Smilax glauca
Smilax rotundifolia
Smilax spp.
Smilax Ualteri
Solanaceae
Solanum carolinense
Solanum nigrum
Sorgum halapense
Sorgum spp.
Sorgum yulgare
Sparganiaceae
Sparganium americanum
Sparganiurn androcladum
Sparganium eurycarpum
Sparganium spp.
Spartina  alterniflora (stricta)
Spartina  cynosuroides
Spartina  patens
Spartina  spp.
Spirodela polyrhiza
Stellaria media
Taxodium  distichum
Teycrium  canadense
Trichostema spp.
Trifolium repens
Triticum  aestivum
common-elder
hardstem bulrush
common threesquare
river bulrush
black bulrush
bluntscale bulrush
saltmarsh bulrush
bulrush
softstem bulrush
olney threesquare
fi gwort
rye
foxtail grass
f oxtai1 grass
millet
foxtail grass
giant setaria
foxtai1 grass
foxtail grass
foxtai1 grass
lily
lily
lily
lily
ni ghtshade
horse-nettle
black nightshade
Johnson grass
grass
grass
burreed
easterh burreed
shining burreed
big burreed
burreed
saltmarsh cordgrass
big cordgrass
saltmeadow cordgrass
cordgrass .
big duckweed
chickweed (staruort)
bald cypress
germander (wood sage)
blue curls
white clover
wheat
                                                 (continued)

-------
APPENDIX TABLE A-1.  (continued)

         Animal   food   items
                                                          Plant   food   items
Turbonilla spp.
Turri dae
Unionidae
Urochordata (Tunicata)
Urosalpinx cinerea
Valvata  tricarinata
Valvati dae
Veneridae
Vespa  spp.
Vespidae
Vi vi parus
Xanthi dae
intertextus
(Pilumnidae)
Zygoptera
pyramid shell
turret shell
fresh water clarn

Atlantic oyster drill

round-mouth snaiil
hard-shelled clam

paper wasp

mud crab
damselfly
Ulmaceae
Ulva lactuca
Diva spp.
Ulvaceae
Umbel1i ferae
Urti caceae
Vallisneria americana (spiralis)
Verbena urticifolia
Verbenaccae
Vi ci a spp.
Vigna sinensis
Vi taceae
Vitis aestivalis
Vi ti s ri pari a
Vitis spp.
Vitis vulpina (cordifolia)
Xanthium spp.
Zannichellia palustris
Zea mays
Zizania aquatica
Zizaniopsis miliacea
Zostera marina
Zosteraceae
elm
sea lettuce
sea lettuce
sea lettuce
parsley
nettle
MiIdcelery
verva i n
vervai n
vetch
coN-pea
grape
summer-grape
forest-grape
grape,  wild grape
forest-grape
cocklebur
horned pondweed
corn
Mi Idri ce
southern wild rice
eelgrass
pondweed

-------
APPENDIX TABLE B-1.   FOOD ITEMS OF WHISTLING SWANS IN CHESAPEAKE BAY  DURING  THE  PERIOD  1890  -  1959
3.
Frequency occurrence Aggregate percent
Scientific name
Mollusca
Sayella chesapeakea
Pelecypoda (Bivalvia)
Nacoma balthica
Macoma mitchelli (M. phenax)
Mya arenaria
Tagelus plebeius
Polychaeta
Nereis spp.
Arthropoda
Isopoda
Cyathura carinata (polita)
Amphi poda
Decapoda
Ovalipes ocellatus

Rhodophyceae
Enteromorpha spp.
Potamogeton pectinatus
Potamogeton perfoliatus
Sparganium eurycarpum
Cladi urn mar isco ides
Scirpus americanus
Scirpus Olneyi
Scirpus robustus
Zea mays
Distichlis spicata
Myrica spp.
Rumex spp.
Polygonum punctatum
Rhus Copallinum
Nyssa sylvatica (biflora)
Ceratophyllum demersum

Ruppia maritima
Vallisneria americana (spiralis)
Scirpus spp.

Gizzard Gullet Unknown Gizzard
Common name (2) ( .) ( 50) ( 2)
mollusk . 6
snai 1
bi valve
Baltic macoma
Mitchell's clam
soft-shelled clam
stout razor clam
polychaete
clam worm

i sopod
isopod
scud, sideswimmer
crayfish, shrimp
lady crab
2
4
34
4
28
2
4
12
2
2
4
4
2
2
Total animal material 0 . 64 .
red algae . 4
filamentous green algae
sago pondweed
redhead grass
big burreed
twi g-rush
common threesquare
olney threesquare
saltmarsh bulrush
corn
salt grass
wax-myrtle
dock, sorrel
dotted smartweed
sumac
black gum (sour gum)
hornwort
undetermined vegetation
2
22
12
2
.2
4
2
2
10
2
2
2
2
2
4
2
6
widgeongrass 50 . 76 50.0
wildcelery 50 . 6 49.5
bulrush 50 . 2 0.5
Total plant material 100 . 96 100.0
Gullet Unknown
( .) ( 50)
0. 1
0.0
0.0
16.8
1.7
6.4
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
25.3
0.0
0.2
6.2
2.3
0.0
0.0
0. 1
0. 1
0.0
6. 1
1.0
0.0
0.0
0. 1
0.0
0.8
0.0
1.3
48.7
5.9
1.9
74.7
 As defined by  Swanson  et  al.  (1974).

-------
APPENDIX TABLE B-2.   FOOD ITEMS OF RUDDY DUCKS IN CHESAPEAKE BAY DURING  THE  PERIOD  1890  -  1959
Frequency occurrence
Sci enti f i c name
Bittium varium
Laevicardium mortoni
Mya arenaria
Cyathura carinata (polita)
Chiridotea caeca
Gammarus mucronatus
Macoma balthica
Retusa canaliculate (Acteocina)
Mulinia lateralis
Macoma mitchelli (M. phenax)

Tellina spp.
Amphipoda
Paneopeus herbsti i
Arthropoda
Chi ronomi dae
Crangon spp.
Mollusca
Gemma gemma
Sayella chesapeakea
Nereidae
Gyralus parvus (Planorbis)
Paneopeus spp.
Trichoptera
Sial i dae
Arcuatula demissa (Volsella)
Hydrobia spp. (Li ttor i di nops)
Pelecypoda (Bivalvia)
Gyralus spp. (Planorbis spp.)
Ell i pt i o spp.
Insecta
Cor i xi dae
Myrmica spp.
Gastropoda
Nereis spp.
Coleoptera
Scarabaei dae
Enochrus spp.
Formi ci dae
Anisoptera
Ephemeri dae
Hydrachni dae
Common name
variable bittium
Morton's cockle
soft-shelled clam
i sopod
i sopod .
scud
Baltic macoma
channeled barrel bubble
duck clam
Mitchell's clam '
undetermined fish
dwarf tell in
scud, sideswimmer
mud crab

mi dge
sand shrimp
mollusk
gem clam
snai 1
clam worm
fresh water snail
mud crab
caddi sf ly
alderf ly
Atlantic ribbed mussel
swamp snail
bi valve


i nsect
water boatman
ant
snail, limpet
clam worm
beetle
scarab beetle

ant
dragonfly
burrowing mayfly
freshwater mite
Gizzard Gullet
( 25) ( .)

^ t
, .
, .
. .
t t
20
8
T •
4
12
8
4
4
16
20
4
20
4
8
16
^

-------
APPENDIX TABLE B-2.   (continued)
  Scientific name
  Common name
                                                                   Frequency occurrence
                                                           Aggregate percent6
Gizzard Gullet  Unknown  Gizzard Gullet  Unknown
 (  25)   (  .)   (  10)    ( 25)   (  .)   ( 10)
Pori fera
Bryozoa (Ectoprocta)
Coelenterata (Cnidaria)
sponge

hydroid, jellyfish
   8
   4
0.0
0.0
0.0

Nyssa sylvatica (biflora)
Vallisneria americana (spiralis)
Sci rpus Olneyi
Zea mays
Ruppia maritima

Potamogeton pectinatus
Polygonum hydropi peroi des
Agrostemma Githago
Paspalum spp.
Potamogeton spp.
Potamogeton perfoliatus
Potamogeton pusillus
Najas guadalupensi s
Avena fatua
Scirpus validus
Grami neae
Cladium mariscoides
Scirpus robustus
Carex spp.
Chara spp.
Scirpus spp.
Distichlis spicata
Sambucus canadensis
Eleocharis palustris
Panicum spp.
Myrica cerifera
Polygonum punctatum
Myriophyllum spp.
Cuscuta spp.
-
Total animal material
black gum (sour gum)
wi Idcelery
olney threesquare
corn
wi dgeongrass
undetermined vegetation
sago pondweed
swamp smartweed
corn-cockle
grass
pondweed
redhead grass
slender pondweed
southern naiad
wild oat
softstem bulrush
grasses
twi g-rush
saltmarsh bulrush
sedge
muskgrass
bulrush
salt grass
common-elder
common spikerush
panic grass
wax-myrtle
dotted smartweed
watermi If oi 1
dodder
Total plant material
80
.
24
24
12
28
36
8
4
12
4
20
8
8
4
4
8
8
4
4
8
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
88
80
20
. .
20
30
20
10
.
.
.
.
.
20
10
10
. - .
. .
. .
• *
10
.
. .
.
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. •
90
34.8
f
21.3
10.4
8.7
8.3
5.3
2.5
2.4
1.9
1.4
0.8
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3
0. 1
0. 1
0. 1
0. 1
0. 1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
65.2
67.5
0.9
.
0.5
19.3
0.5
1.0
.
.
.
.
.
2.8
0.5
7. 0
. .
. .
.
.
0.0
•
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
•
32.5
 As defined by Swanson et al.  (1974).

-------
APPENDIX TABLE B-3.  FOOD ITEMS OF BUFFLEHEADS IN CHESAPEAKE BAY DURING THE PERIOD 1890 - 1959
  Scientific name
  Common name
                                                                   Frequency occurrence
                                                           Aggregate percent
Gizzard Gullet
 (6)   (   .)
Unknown
 ( 20)
Gizzard Gullet
 (6)   (  .)
Unknown
 ( 20)
Ri ssoi dae
Sayella chesapeakea
Odostomia impressa
Ratusa canaliculata (Acteocina)
Nassarius trivittatus (Nassa)
Lora spp.
Mytili dae
Brachiodontes recurvus (Mytilus)
Arcuatula demissa (Volsella)
Modiolus spp. (Volsella)
Gemma gemma
Mulinia lateralis
Macoma balthica
Macoma mitchelli (M. phenax)
Mya arenaria
Nerei s spp.
Cyathura spp.
Cyathura carinata (polita)
Erichsonella spp.
Chiridotea caeca
Amphi poda
Gammaridae                      ,
Decapoda
Paneopeus herbstii
Balanus spp.
Curculi oni dae

Goniobasis virginica
Hexapaneopeus angustifrons
Crangon spp.
Arthropoda
Isopoda
Hexagenia spp.
Heliosoma trivolvis
Amnicola spp.
Pelecypoda (Bivalvia)
Mollysca
Bittium alternatum (B, nigrum)
Mitrella spp.
Gastropoda
risso
snai 1
incised odostome
channeled barrel bubble
New England clog whelk
lora
mussel
hooked mussel
Atlantic ribbed mussel
mussel
gem clam
duck clam
Baltic macoma
Mitchell's clam
soft-shelled clam
clam worm
isopod
i sopod
i sopod
i sopod
scud, si deswiminer
scud
crayfish, shrimp
mud crab
barnacle
snout beetle
undetermined fish
snai 1
mud crab
sand shrimp

i sopod
mayfly
fresh water snail
amni cola
bivalve
mollusk
alternate bittium
mi trella
snail, limpet

Total animal material
  17
  17
  17
  17
  17
  17
  17
  17
  17
  17
  17
  17
  17

  83
                  10
                   5
                  25
                  15
                   5
                   5
                   5
                  20
                   5
                   5
                  30
                  25
                  35
                  10
                   5
                  35
                   5
                   5
                  10
                   5
                  15
                  10
                  15
                  25
                  30
                   5
                  15
                           0. 1
                           0.0
          15.8
           6.7
           5.8
           3.3
           3.3
           3.3
           2.2
            ,0
            ,0
  2.
  2.
  1.7
                           0.3
                           0.8
                           0.0
                           4.4
                           9.6
                           4.4
                           1.3
                           0.5
                           0.3
                           0.0
                           0.3
                           2.3
                           0. 1
                           5.8
                           4.5
                           0.0
                          13.3
                          15. 1
                           0.0
                           5.5
                                                                                    95
           0.2

          47.0
  0. 1
                 75.3
                                               (continued)

-------
    APPENDIX TABLE B-3.   (continued)


Scientific name
Zosteraceae
Zostera marina
Najas guadalupensi s
Zea mays
Distichlis spicata
Ruppia maritima
Potamogeton spp.
Vallisneria atnericana (spiralis)

Potamogeton perfoliatus
Polygohum arifolium



Common name
pondweed
eelgrass
southern naiad
corn
salt grass
wi dgeongrass
pondweed
wi Idcelery
undetermined vegetation
redhead grass
halberdleaf teai — thumb
Total plant material
Frequency occurrence
Gizzard Gullet Unknown
(6) ( .) (20)
5
,
. .
.
.
33
50
17
33
17
17
10
5
25
5
60
.
.
5
25
•
83 . 85
•» o
Aggregate percent
Gizzard
( 6)

.
.
.
.
19.2
18.0
8.3
5.5
1.2
0.8
53.0
Gullet Unknown
( .) ( 20)
0.0
5.0
0.0
12.6
0.0
6. 1
. *
. •
0.0
0.9
•
24.6
Ln
     As defined by Swanson et al. (1974).

-------
APPENDIX TABLE B-4.  FOOD ITEMS OF COMMON GOLDENEYES IN CHESAPEAKE BAY DURING THE PERIOD 1890 - 1959
  Scientific name
                                                                   Frequency occurrence
                                                           Aggregate percent*
  Common name
Gizzard Gullet
 ( 14)   (   .)
Unknown
 ( 12)
Gizzard Gullet
         (  .)
Unknown
 ( 12)
Sayella chesapeakea
Goniobasis virginica
Heliospma spp. (Planorbis spp.)
Gyralus parvus (Planorbis)
Odostomia impressa
Nassarius trivittatus (Nassa)
Gi Hi a alti 1 i s
Brachiodontes recurvus (Mytilus)
Arcuatula demissa (Volsella)
Mulinia lateralis
Macoma balthica
Nereis spp.
Gammaridae
Callinectus sapidus
Paneopeus herbstii
Paneopeus spp.
Sesmarma spp.

Pelecypoda (Bivalvia)
Mollusca
Tri choptera
Lasius spp.
Nassarius obsoletus (Nyanassa)
Crangon spp.
Cancer borealis  •
Anachi s avara
Melanella spp. (Eulima)
Mactra spp.  (Spisula spp.?)
Apeltes quadracus
Cambarus diogenes
Neopanope texana sayi
Arthropoda
Veneridae
Gastropoda
Nereidae
Cyprini dae
Uni oni dae
Insecta
Ani soptera
Bittium spp.
Mitrella spp.
Retusa canaliculata (Acteocina)
snaj 1
snail
orb snai1
fresh water snail
i nci sed odostome
New England dog whelk
snai 1
hooked mussel
Atlantic ribbed mussel
duck clam
Baltic macoma
clam worm
scud
blue crab
mud crab
mud crab

undetermined fish
bivalve
mollysk
caddi sfly
field ant
mud dog whelk
sand shrimp
northern crab
greedy dove shell
snail
(winged?) surf clam
mud c'rab

hard-shelled clam
sna il> 1impet
clam worm
mi nnow
fresh water clam
insect
dragonfly

mitrella
channeled barrel bubble
            (conti nued)
  29
  43
   7
   7
   7
   7
   7
   7
   7
   7
   7
   7
  14
  21
   7
  14
  29
   7
   7
   7
   7
  21
  21
  14
  17
   8
   8
   8
   8
  17
   8
  33
  25
   8
  17
  25
  17
  17
  58
   8
   8
  25

   8
  17
  7.8
  5.5
  5.4
  5.3
  3.8
  2.9
  2.6
  1.8
  1.8
  1.4
  1. 1
  1.0
  0.9
  0.8
  0.6
  0.6
  0.4
  0.4
  0.4
  0.4
  0.4
  0.3
  0.3
  0. 1
                                            .3
                                            .3
                  0.0
                  1.0
                  8.3
                  0.3
                  0.0
                  0
                  0
                  2.9
                  5.0
                  4.2
                  1.3
                  0.0
                  4.6
                  0.0
                 17. 1
                  4.2
                  5.4
                  6.3
                           0.0
                           7.7

-------
APPENDIX TABLE B-4.   (continued)
Frequency occurrence Aggregate percent
Scientific name
Nassarius vibex
Bittium alternatum (B. nigrum)
Balanidae
Caralsi dae
Tachistodes spp.
Stenolophus spp.
Phytonornus nigrirostris
Rhinomacer elongatus
Euparius marmoreus
Eros spp.
Nalsidae
Hymenoptera
Ichneumoni dae
Crepidula convexa
Gemma gemma
Anneli da
Isopoda
Amphipoda
Pissodes nemorensis
Chrysomel i dae
Systena elongata
Bethyli dae
Common name
Gizzard Gullet Unknown Gizzard Gullet Unknown
( 14) ( .) ( 12) ( 14) ( .) ( 12)
mottled dog whelk
alternate bittium
rock barnacle



lesser clover
snout beetle



bee, wasp, ant
i chneumoni d
convex slipper
gem clam




leaf weevil






shell
7 . . 0.
7 . . 0.
21 . . 0.
7 . . 0.
7 . . 0.
7 . . 0.
7 . . 0.
7 . . . 0.
7 . . 0.
7 . .0.
7 . . 0.
7 . . 0.
7 . . 0.

• •
• •
. .
. »
. .
• • •
• •
. .
• •



7 . . 0.0
21 . 8 0.0 0.0
leech, polychaete
i sopod
7 . . 0.0
7 . 25 0.0 . 10. 4
scud, sideswimmer
7 . 8 0.0 0.8
7 0.0
leaf beetle
7 0.0
7 . . 0.0
bethylid
7 0.0
Total animal material
Potamogeton perfoliatus
Zea mays

Potamogeton spp.
Elodea canadensis
Vallisneria americana (spiralis)
Ruppia maritima
Charophyceae
Zostera marina
redhead grass
corn

86 . 100 46.9 . 82.9
8
0.3
43 . 33 24.6 . 8.3
undetermined vegetation
pondweed
common elodea
wi Idcelery
wi dgeongrass
79 .8 8.4 . 0.4
21 . 8 7.8 3.3

7 . . 7.1
.
7 . . 4.9
7 . 25 0.3 . 3.9
muskgrass, stonewort
eelgrass

Total plant material
7 . . 0.1
7 . 8 0.1
93 . 67 53.1
.
0 .8
17. 1
 As  defined by Swanson  et  al.  (1974).

-------
   APPENDIX TABLE B-5.  FOOD ITEMS OF CANVASBACKS  IN CHESAPEAKE BAY DURING THE PERIOD  1890 -  1959
     Scientific name
                                                                      Frequency occurrence
                                                                                              Aggregate percent
                                     Common name
                               Gizzard Gullet
                                ( 47)   (  2)
       Unknown
        (  52)
       Gizzard Gullet
        (  47)   (  2)
                                                                                                           Unknown
                                                                                                            ( 52)
•vl
CD
Sayella chesapeakea
Bi tti urn vari urn
Triphora nigrocincta (Triforis)
Mitrella lunata
Odostomia impressa
Nassarius trivittatus (Nassa)
Hydrobia spp. ( Littoridinops)
Brachiodontes recurvus  (Mytilus)
Arcuatyla demissa (Volsella)
Congeria leucophaeta
Laevicardium mortoni
Gemma gemma
Mulinia lateral]s
Macoma mitchelli (M. phenax)
Mya arenaria
Nereis spp.
Cyathura spp.
Cyathura carinata (polita)
Erichsonella spp.
Amphi poda
Gammarus mucronatus
Callinectus sapidus
Ovalipes ocellatus
Xanthidae (Pilumnidae)
Paneopeus herbstii
Pelecypoda (Bivalvia)
Macoma balthica
Polychaeta
Mollusca
Nerei dae
Hexaqenia spp.
Rhithropaneopeus harrisi
Mactra spp. (Spisula spp.?)
Nassariidae (Nassidae)
Retusa canaliculata (Acteocina)
Nassarius vibex
Gastropoda
Pyramidellidae (Turbinellidae)
Anneli da
Dccapoda
Neopanope texana sayi
Ri ssoi dae
snai 1
variable bittium
black triphora
crescent mitrella
incised odostome
New England dog whelk
swamp snai1
hooked mussel
Atlantic ribbed mussel
Conrad's false mussel
Morton's cockle
gem clam
duck clam
Mitchell's clam
soft-shelled clam
clam worm
i sopod
i sopod
i sopod
scud, sideswimmer
scud
blue crab
lady crab
mud crab
mud crab
bivalve
Baltic macoma
polychaete
mollusk
clam worm
mayfly
white-fingered mud crab
(winged?) surf clam
dog whelk
channeled barrel bubble
mottled dog whelk
snail; limpet
pyramid shell
leech, polychaete
crayfish, shrimp
mud crab
                                      ri sso
                                                  (continued)
                                                                        17
                                                                        6
                                                                        6
                                                                        13
                                                                        9
                                                                        4
                                                                        2
                                                                        2
                                                                        2
                                                                        4
                                                                        4
                                                                        6
                                                                        2
                                                                        2
                                                                        2
                                                                        2
                                                                        2
                                                                               50
100
          8
         10
          2
          2
         12
          2
          6
          6
          4
          2
          2
          8
         19
          4
          4
         19
          2
          2
          8
          2
          2
         25
          2
          2
         23
          6
         60
          2
          6
 8

 4


13
                                                                                                                0.2
                                                                                                                0.8
9.7
6.4
5.2
4.9
1.3
0.4
0.2
0
0
0
0
0
                  0.0
                  0.0
                  0.0
                  0.0
                  0.0
                 0.0
1.0
                                                                                                                0.2
                                                                                                                0.0
          0
        5.9
        0. 1
        0.8
        0.0
        0.0
        0.2
        1.6
        0.0
        0. 1
        2. 1
        0.2
        0.8
        5.6
        2.4
       26.5
        0.8
        0.8
0.6
o! i

-------
    APPENDIX  TABLE B-5.   (continued)
VO


Scientific name
Bittium spp.
Mitrella spp.
Odostomia spp.
Caralsi dae
Tr i choptera
Pori f era


Common name

mi trella
odostome

caddi sf ly
sponge
Frequency occurrence
Gizzard Gullet Unknown
( 47) ( 2) ( 52)
4
2
2
2
2
2
Aggregate percent3
Gizzard
( 47)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Gullet Unknown
( 2) ( 52)
» •
'.
• •
, .
.
•
                                       Total  animal  material
49
100
87
28.7
1.0
                                                                                                                52.7
Najas guadalupensi s
Sparganium eurycarpum
Cladium mariscoides
Scirpus Olneyi
Scirpus robustus
Chenopodium spp.

Vallisneria americana (spiralis)
Potamogeton pectinatus

Zea mays
Potamogeton perfoliatus
Scirpus spp.
Sagittaria spp.
Potamogeton spp.
Zostera marina
Ruppia maritima
Panicum virgatum
Agrostemma Githago
Prunus virginiana
Rhus radicans
Charophyceae
Cyperaceae
Rumex spp.

southern naiad
big burreed
twi g-rush
olney threesquare
saltmarsh bulrush
goosef oot
woody bark fragments
wi Idcelery
sago pondweed
undetermined vegetation
corn
redhead grass
bulrush
arrowhead
pondweed
eelgrass
wi dgeongrass
panic grass
corn-cockle
choke-cherry
poison ivy - poison oak
muskgrass, stonewort
sedge
dock, sorrel
Total plant material
. .
.
. .
.
.
. .
.
34 100
23
34
13
17
2 50
2
11 100
6
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
79 100
2
2
2
4
2
2
2
4
4
2
25
52
.
.
.
21
60
.
.
.
.
.
2
•
94
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
27. 1
15.8
12.7
7. 1
4.2
2. 1
1.6
0.4
0. 1
0. 1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
71.3
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.3
99.0 3.8
0. 1
0.6
12.6
15.8
0.0 .
.
0.0
8.2
4.6
.
.
.
.
.
0.0
•
99.0 47.3
    As defined by Swanson et al.  (1974).

-------
    APPENDIX TABLE B-6,
                     FOOD ITEMS OF GREATER SCAUP IN CHESAPEAKE BAY DURING THE PERIOD 1890

                                                                   Frequency occurrence
                                                         1959
                                                        	3
                                                           Aggregate percent
      Scientific name
                                     Common name;
                               Gizzard Gullet  Unknown
                                (  36)   (   2)   (  14)
                       Gizzard Gullet
                        (  36)    (   2)
                       Unknown
                        (
oo
o
Sayella chesapeakea
Odostomia impressa
Nassarius obsoletus (Nyanassa)
Macoma balthica
Nereis spp.
Callinectus sapidus
Coelenterata (Cnidaria)
Gastropoda
Mollusca
Goniobasis virginica
Gemma gemma
Pelecypoda (Bivalvia)
Mulinia lateralis
Amnicola spp.
Anachis avara
Rhithropaneopeus harrisi
Brachiodontes recurvus (Mytilus)
Mitrella lunata
Bittium alternatum (B. nigrum)
Laevicardium mortoni
Decapoda
Turbonilla spp.
Nassarius vibsx
Odostomia spp.
Amnicola limosa
Bittium spp.
Bittium varium
Cerithopsis spp.
Pyramidella spp.
Nassarius trivittatus (Nassa)
Pleurotomella spp. (Pleurotoma)
Retusa canaliculata (Acteocina)
Mitrella spp.
Gammarus fasciatus
Neopanope texana sayi
Triphora nigrocincta (Triforis)
Ri ssoi dae
Balani dae
Lycosa spp.
Odostomia trifida
Nerei dae
Xanthidae (Pilumnidae)
snai 1
incised odostome
mud dog whelk
Baltic macoma
clam worm
blue crab
hydroid, jellyfish
snail, limpet
mollusk
snai 1
gem clam
bi valve
duck clam
amnicola
greedy dove shell
white-fingered mud crab
hooked mussel
crescent mitrella
alternate bittium
Morton's cockle
crayfish, shrimp
pyramid shell
mottled dog whelk
odostome
                                       variable bittium
                                       ceri th
                                       pyramid shell
                                       New England dog whelk
                                       pleurotomella
                                       channeled barrel bubble
                                       mi trella
                                       scud
                                       mud crab
                                       black triphora
                                       r i sso
                                       rock barnacle
                                       wolf spider
                                       tripartite odostome
                                       clam worm
                                       mud crab
                                                   (conti nued)
25
17
14
14
14
 6
 3
14
 3
 8
11
11
 3
 3
 3
11
14
 3
 6
 3
 3
 3
 3
 8
11
 6
 3
 6
 6
 3
 3
 3
 3
 3
 3
                                                                                50
                                                                                50
                                                                               100
                                                                                50
                29
                36
                21
                29
                 7
                 7
29



 7
14

29


 7
 •


57


36

36
14


14
8.9
8.2
6. 1
3.4
3.4
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.4
2.2
2.0
1.7
1.7
1.4
1.3
1.0
0.9
                                                          0.7
                                                          0.6
                                                          0.6
                                                          0.3
                                                          0.2
                                                          0.2
                                                          0.2
                                                          0.0
                                                          0.0
                                                          0.0
                                                          0.0
                                                          0.0
                                                          0.0
                35.0
                                 2.5
                20.0
                0. 1
                0.0
                5.4
                2. 1
                0.0
                0.0
                                                                                                                 0.7
                                                                                                                2K8
25.0     7.1
         0.7
                                                                                                                   1
                                                                         1K2
                b,2

                (>'.&
                0.7
                                                                          O.l

-------
    APPENDIX TABLE B-6.  (continued)
oo


Scientific name

Vallisneria americana (spirali
Potamogeton spp.
Zea mays
Ruppia maritima
Zostera marina

Scirpus spp.
Potamogeton pectinatus
Sagittaria spp.
Paspalum laeve
Potamogeton perfoliatus
Najas marina
Rhus glabra
Centella erecta (asiactica)
Fimbristylis spp.
Rhus spp.

a
As defined by Swanson et al.


Common name
Total animal material
s) wildcelery
pondweed
corn
wi dgeongrass
eelgrass
undetermined vegetation
bulrush
sago pondweed
arrowhead
grass
redhead grass
naiad
smooth sumac
parsley
saltmarsh fimbristylis
cashew
Total plant material

(1974).
Frequency occurrence
Gizzard Gullet • Unknown
( 36) ( 2) ( 14)
92 100 100
39
22 50
11 . 21
31 . 36
6 . 57
8
3
3 . .
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
86 50 86


Aggregate pe
Gizzard Gullet
( 36) ( 2)
59.6 82.5
16.3
7.6 17.5
6.8
3.2
2.0
1.6
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
40.4 17.5


rcent
Unknown
( 14)
67.3
*
.
12.4
7.8
12.5
.
;
.
.
.
• .
.
.
.
.
•
32.7



-------
    APPENDIX  TABLE  B-7,
                      FOOD  ITEMS  OF  LESSER  SCAUP  IN  CHESAPEAKE BAY DURING THE PERIOD  1890 -  1959

                                                                    Frequency occurrence
      Scientific  name
                                      Common  name
                                                                                                  Aggregate  percent
                               Gizzard Gullet • Unknown
                                ( 29)   (  .)   ( 29)
                       Gizzard Gullet  Unknown
                        ( 29)   (  .)   ( 29)
oo
NJ
Sayella chesapeakea
Bi tti urn var i urn
Triphora nigrocincta '(Triforis)
Odostomia impressa
Nassarius trivittatus  (Nassa)
Hydrobia spp. (Littoridinops)
Brachiodontes recuryus  (Mytilus)
Macoma balthica
Macoma mitchelli (M. phenax)
Mya arenaria
Nereis spp.
Chiridotea caeca
Amphipoda
Gammarus mucronatus
Ovalipes ocellatus
Podocopa
Curculi oni dae
Coelenterata (Cnidaria)
Gastropoda
Amnicola spp.
Goniobasis virginica
Gillia altilis
Amnicola limosa
Arcuatula demissa (Volsella)
Mollusca
Pelecypoda (Bivalvia)
Bittium alternatum (B.  nigrum)
Uni oni dae
Anculosa spp.
Gyralus parvus (Planorbis)
Valvata tricarinata
Bittium spp.
Heliosoma spp. (Planorbis spp.)
Nassarius obsoletus (Nyanassa)
Mitrella lunata
Odostomi a spp.
Gemma gemma
Elliptic complanata (Unio)
Mulinia lateralis
Sphaerium spp.
Daphni dae
Tri choptera
snai 1
variable bittium
black triphora
incised odostome
New England dog whelk
swamp snai1
hooked mussel
Baltic macoma
Mitchell's clam
soft-shelled clam
clam worm
i sopod
scud, sideswimmer
scud
lady crab
ostracod
snout beetle
hydroid, jellyfish
snai1> limpet
amni cola
snai 1
sna i 1

Atlantic ribbed mussel
mollusk
bivalve
alternate bittium
fresh Mater clam
river snail
fresh water snail
                                       orb  snail
                                       mud  dog whelk
                                       crescent mitrella
                                       odostome
                                       gem  clam

                                       duck clam
                                       sphere shell
                                       water flea
                                       caddi sfly
                                                   (continued)
55
10
31
10
 7
 3
14
28
 3
 7
 3
 3
 3
 7
10
 3
10
10
 7
 3
 7
 3
 3
10
24
14
31
10
10
38
24
10
10
 7
14
10
17
 7
 7
 3
 7
 3
                                                 28

                                                 45
8.7
6.9
6.4
4.3
3.4
3.4
3. 1
2.7
2. 1
1.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.
0,
0.
0,
0,
0.2
0.2
0.2
0. 1
          ,5
          .3
          .3
          .3
          .3
2.0
1.5
3. 1
1.3
0.8
0.0
3.4
5.2
3. 1
1.7
0.0
1.6
0.3
3.6
0.3
0.0
0. 1
0.0
0.0
                                                                                                                 0.3
                                                                                                                0.2
2. 6

-------
   APPENDIX TABLE B-7.  (continued)
oo
CO
Frequency occurrence
Scientific name
Crepidula spp.
Neopanope texana sayi
Ri ssoi dae
Gyralus spp. (Planorbis spp.)
Retusa canaliculata (Acteocina)
Crangonyx spp.
Decapoda
Crepidula convexa
Modiolus spp. (Volsella)
Mactra spp. (Spisula spp.?)
Nerei dae
Balani dae
Pyrami delli dae (Turbi nell i dae)
Myti 1 i dae
Laevicardium mortoni
Xanthidae (Pilumnidae)
Cumacea
Insecta
For mi ci dae

Pinus Taeda
Potamogeton pectinatus
Cladium mariscoides
Scirpus Olneyi
Scirpus robustus
Distichlis spicata
Myrica spp.
Polygonum pensyl vani cum
Polygonum punctatum
Nyssa sylvatica (biflora)
Iva frutescens
Zea mays

Vallisneria americana (spiralis)
Vi t i s spp.
Ruppia maritima
Potamogeton perfoliatus
Potamogeton spp.
Sagittaria spp.
Potamogeton pusillus
Zostera marina
Na jas f lexi 1 i s
Sci rpus spp.

Common name
slipper shell
mud crab
ri sso

channeled barrel bubble
amphi pod
crayfish, shrimp
convex slipper shell
mussel
(winged?) surf clam
clam worm
rock barnacle
pyramid shell
mussel
Morton's cockle
mud crab

i nsect
ant
Total animal material
loblolly pine
sago pondweed
twi g-rush
olney threesquare
salt marsh bulrush
salt grass
wax-myrtle
smartweed
dotted smartweed
black gum (sour gum)
marsh-elder
corn
undetermined vegetation
wi Idcelery
grape, wild grape
wi dgeongrass
redhead grass
pondweed
arrowhead
slender pondweed
eelgrass
northern naiad
bulrush
Total plant material
Gizzard Gullet
( 29) ( .)
7
7
7
3
10
3
7
3
3
3
10
7
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
90
.
* •
. .
.
. .
• *
• *
. .
.
. .
, ,
31
52
7
3
24
14
14
3
7
10
7
14
83
Unknown
( 29)

.
10
.
52
.
7
.
,
.
.
w
.
,
21
.
t
f
•
97
3
3
3
28
7
3
3
3
3
7
7
38
7
.
.
48
21
.
.
.
7
.
•
93
Aggregate
percent
Gizzard Gullet Unknown
( 29) ( .) (29)
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.0
0.0
0.0
0,0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
48.6
^ a
.
.
.
. .
.
.
. .
.
. .
. .
19.5
6.7
6.1
3.4
3.4
3.4
2.9
2.3
1.4
1.1
0.8
0.4
51.4

'
3.6
.
12.0 .
.
0.0
.
•
.
.
.
.
.
5.2
.
.
.
•
68.0
0. 1
0.2
0.0
0.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.0
16.8
0.5
.
.
4.2
5.5
.
.
.
3.6
.
•
32.0
    As defined by Swanson et al.  (1974).

-------
   APPENDIX TABLE B-8.  FOOD ITEMS OF RING-NECKED DUCKS IN CHESAPEAKE BAY DURING THE PERIOD 1890 - 1959
oo
Scientific name
Brachi odontes recurvus (Mytilus)
Gemma gemma
Mulinia lateralis
Macoma balthica
Goniobasis virginica
Mollusca
Insecta
Tri choptera
Pelecypoda (Bivalvia)
Valvata tricarinata
Gastropoda
Daphnia spp.

Ruppia maritima
Potamogeton perfoliatus
Potamogeton epihydrus
Sparganium americanum
Sparganium eurycarpum
Scirpus americanus
Scirpus fluviatilis
Sci rpus Olneyi
Sci rpus val i dus
Carex spp.
Carex lurida
Carex crinita
Echinochloa crusgalli
Echinochloa Walteri
Paspalum laeve
Spartina alterniflora (stricta)
Peltandra virginica
Pontederia cordata
Smi lax spp.
Carpinus caroliniana
Acnida cannabinus (amaranthus)
Polygonum spp.
Polygonum ari folium
Polygonum punctatum
Geranium spp.
Rubus spp.
Lespedeza stipulacea
Rhus spp.
Ilex spp.

Frequency occurrence
Gizzard Gullet Unknown
Common name (17) ( .) (7)
hooked mussel . . 14
gem clam . . 14
duck clam . . 14
Baltic macoma . . 14
snai 1 35 ..
mollusk 24
insect 12
caddi sfly 12
bi valve 6 . 14
6
snail* limpet 6
water flea 6 . .
Total animal material 82 . 29
widgeongrass . 29
redhead grass
ribbonleaf pondweed
eastern burreed
big burreed
common thre.esquare
river bulrush
olney threesquare
softstem bulrush
sedge
sedge
sedge
barnyard grass

grass
saltmarsh cordgrass
arrow arum
pickerel weed (tuckahoe)
lily
hornbeam (blue beech)
tidemarsh waterhemp
smartweed
halberdleaf teai — thumb
dotted smartweed
wild gerani urn
bramble
Korean lespedoza
cashew
holly
29
14
43
14
14
29
14
29
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
29
29
14
14
14
14
14
43
14
14
14
29
14
(continued)
*a
Aggregate percent
Gizzard Gullet Unknown
( 17) ( .) (7)
0.7
0.3
10.7
0.4
32.4
1.0
0.6
0.4
0.2 . 1.4
0.1
0.1
0.0
34.6 . 13.6
13.6
1.4
0.0
1.7
0.3
0.0
0.4
0.6
0. 1
0.0
0.0
• o.o
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
17.6
0.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.3
17. 1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.7


-------
    APPENDIX  TABLE B-8.   (continued)'
00
Ln

Scientific name
Cornus spp.
Cuscuta spp.
Nuphar advena
Potamogeton spp.
Na jas flexi 1 i s

Potamogeton pusi llus
Potamogeton pectinatus
Vallisneria americana (spiralis)
Characeae
Najas spp.
Cladium mariscoides
Scirpus pallidus
Zea mays


Common name
dogwood
dodder
yellow water li ly
pondweed
northern naiad
undetermined vegetation
slender pondweed
sago pondweed
Mi Idcelery
muskgrass
nai ad
twi g-rush
black bulrush
corn
Total plant material
Frequency occurrence Aggregate percent
Gizzard Gullet Unknown Gizzard Gullet Unknown
( 17) ( .) ( 7) ( 17) ( .) (7)
14 . 0.0
29 . 0.3
14 . 2.1
53 40.7
29 8.8
47 7.2
24 3.1
12 2.8
6 2.1
6 0.5
6 0.1
6 29 0.1 0.0
12 . 0.1
6 29 0.0 25.7
88 . 100 65.4 . 86.4
     As defined  by  Swanson  et al.  (1974).

-------
    APPENDIX TABLE B-9.  FOOD ITEMS OF REDHEADS IN CHESAPEAKE BAY DURING THE PERIOD 1890 - 1959
Frequency
Scientific name
Gi
Common name (
zzard
10)
occurrence
Gullet
( 3)
• Unknown
( 86)
Aggregate percent
Gi zzard
( 10)
Gullet
( 3)
Unknown
( 86)
00
Physa heterostropha
Bittium spp.
Bi tti urn vari urn
Bittium alternatum (B. nigrum)
Heliosoma spp. (Planorbis spp.)
Heliosoma antrosa (Planorbis)
Gyralus spp. (Planorbis spp.)
Triphora nigrocincta (Triforis)
Odostomia spp.
Odostomia impressa
Retusa canaliculata (Acteocina)
Nassarius obsoletus (Nyanassa)
Hydrobia spp. (Littoridinops)
Amnicola limosa
Valvata tricarinata
Pelecypoda (Bivalvia)
Mytili dae
Congsria leucophaeta
Gemma gemma
Macoma balthica
Mya arenaria
Pi si di um alsdi turn
Nereis spp.
Isopoda
Erichsonella spp.
Amphipoda
Decappda
Xanthi dae
Paneopeus
Balani dae
Cypris spp.
Halipii dae
Tri choptera
Cori xi dae
Hydrachna spp
Gastropoda
Mollusca
    Rhodophyceae
    Ulva spp.
    Ulva lactuca
    Characeae
              (Pilumnidae)
              herbsti i
                                       snai 1

                                       variable bittiym
                                       alternate bittium
                                       orb snail
                                       black triphora
                                       odostome
                                       inci sed odostome
                                       channeled barrel bubble
                                       mud dog whelk
                                       swamp snail
bivalve
mussel
Conrad's false mussel
gem clam
Baltic macoma
soft-shelled clam
fresh-water clam
clam worm
i sopod
isopod
scud, sideswimmer
crayfish, shrimp
mud crab
mud crab
rock barnacle
seed shrimp
crawling water beetle
caddi sf ly
water boatman
freshwater mite
snail, limpet
mollusk

Total animal material

red algae
sea lettuce
sea lettuce
muskgrass
            (conti nued)
                                         67
                                         33
                                         33
                                         33
                                         67
                                         33
                                                                                67
                                                                        20
                                                                        10

                                                                        30
                                                                                33
                                                                                67
                                                                                67

                                                                                67
                                                                            67
                                                                            67
                                                  1
                                                  1
                                                  2
                                                  1
                                                  1
                                                  1
 2
 5
 1
 3
 2
 2

 3
 2
 7
 7
 2
 1
 5
 1
 1

 6


24

 5
 1
 6
0.3
0. 1
                 0.7
                 1.7
                 0.3
                 3.7
                 0.0
                 0.3
        0.3
        0.0
        0.0
        0.0

        o!o
        7.0
                 0.0
                                                                          0.0
                                                                          0.0
                                                                          0.0
                         0.0
                         0.0
                         0.0
                         0.0
                         0.0
                         0.0
                                                                                                                 0.0
                                                                                                                 0.0
                                                                                                                 0.0
0. 1

o!o
0.0
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.0

o!o


1.0

0.0
0.4
2.3

-------
    APPENDIX TABLE B-9.   (continued)
oo
_ _ ^
Frequency occurrence Aggregate percent1
Gizzard Gullet Unknown Gizzard Gullet Unknown
Scientific name Common name ( 10) ( 3) ( 86) ( 10) ( 3) ( 86)
Chara spp. muskgrass
Zosteraceae pondweed
Zostera marina eelgrass
Zannichellia palustris horned pondweed
Najas guadalupensi s southern naiad
Najas marina naiad
Elodea canadensi s common elodea
Cyperaceae sedge
Scirpus Olneyi olney threesquare
Scirpus robustus saltmarsh bulrush
Fimbristylis spp. saltmarsh fimbristylis
Setaria spp. foxtail grass
Sorgum spp. grass
Zea mays corn
Acnida cannabinus (amaranthus) tidemarsh waterhemp
Polygonum spp. smartweed
Rubus spp. ' bramble
Vitis spp. grape, wild grape
Cicuta spp. water-hemlock
Potamogeton spp. pondweed 4i
undetermined vegetation 5i
Potamogeton pectinatus sago pondweed 2i
Vallisneria americana (spiralis) wiidcelery ' 11
Scirpus spp. bulrush 11
Zizania aquatica wildrice 11
Potamogeton perfoliatus redhead grass 11
Ruppia maritime > wi dgeongrass 2(
1 . . 0.0
1 . . 1.0
35 . . 18.2
67 . 1.7
33 . 3.3
33 . . 26.7
33 14 . 16.7 10.1
1 0.0
6 . . 0.1
1 0.0
1 0.0
1 . .0.0
2 . .0.6
33 27 . 33.3 16.9
33 . 0.0
33 . . 0.0
33 . 0.0
1 0.0
67 . . 0.3 . '
) 67 1 33.5 0.7 0.0
) . 1 16.6 . 0.0
) . 6 14.0 . 0.0
) 67 . 10.0 0.3
) . 1 10.0 . 0.0
) . 7.5
) . 81 4.5 . 42.9
) .45 2.0 . 6.3
Najas flexilis northern naiad 10 33 . 1.5 10.0
Total plant material 100 100 100 99.6 93.0 99.0
     As  defined  by  Swanson  et  al.  (1974).

-------
   APPENDIX  TABLE  B-10.   FOOD  ITEMS  OF  AMERICAN WIGEON IN CHESAPEAKE BAY DURING THE PERIOD 1890 - 1959
     Scientific name
                                                                      Frequency occurrence
                                                                                              Aggregate percent0
                                     Common name
                               Gizzard Gullet
                                ( 35)   (  4)
      Unknown
       ( 109)
       Gizzard Gullet
        ( 35)   (  4)
               Unknown
                (109)
oo
oo
    Bittium varium
    Planorbi dae
    Gemma  gemma
    Macoma balthica
    Nereis spp.
    Amphi poda
    Coelenterata  (Cnidaria)
    Gammarus spp.
    Chi ronomi dae
    Cori xi dae
    Hydrophili dae
    Araneae
Ulva lactuca
Enteromorpha spp.
Potamogeton perfoliatus
Zannichellia palustris
Najas guadalupensis
El odea canadensis
Cladium mariscoides
Digitaria spp.
Panicym spp.
Setaria spp.
Setaria ital.ica
Zea mays
Spartina spp.
Spartina alterniflora (stricta)
Pontederia cordata
Amaranthus spp.
Polygonum punctatum
Ruppia maritima
Characeae
Potamogeton pectinatus
Chara spp.
Zostera marina
Vallisneria americana (spiralis)
Chlorophyceae
Zizania aquatica
Distichlis spicata
Nitella spp.
Eleocharis palustris
variable bittium
orb snail
gem clam
Baltic macoma
clam worm
scud, sideswimmer
hydroid, jellyfish
scud
mi dge
water boatman
water scavenger beetle
spi der

Total animal material

sea lettuce
filamentous green algae
redhead grass
horned pondweed
southern naiad
common elodea
twi g-rush
crab grass
panic grass
foxtail grass
millet
corn
cordgrass
saltmarsh cordgrass
pickerel weed (tuckahoe)
amaranth
dotted smartweed
wi dgeongrass
muskgrass
sago pondweed
muskgrass
eelgrass
wi Idcelery
green algae
wi Idri ce
salt grass
ni tella
common spikerush
undetermined vegetation
            (continued)
                                                                     3
                                                                     3
                                                                     6
                                                                     3
                                                                     3
                                                                       80
                                                                       11
                                                                        9
                                                                        9
                                                                        3
                                                                        3
                                                                        3
                                                                        3
                                                                        9
                                                                        3
                                                                        3
                                                                        6
                                                                            25
                                                                               25
                                                                               50
75
50
         1
         1
         1
         1

         i
         2
 2
 1
39
 1
 1
 7
 1
 1
 1
 1
 1
 2
 1
 3
 1
 1
 1
68

 1
17
28

 i
                 0. 1
                 0.0
                 0.0

                 2.9
66.0
 6.3
 6. 1
 3. 1
 2.9
 2.9
 2.8
 2. 1
 1.9
 1.9
 1.0
 0.1
                 0.0
                                                                                                     0.0
                        43.8
16.5
39.8
                 0. 1
                 0.0
                 0.0
                 0. 1

                 o!o
                 0. 1
 0.3

 1.0
 0. 1
23. 1
 0.0
 0.0
 5.7
 0. 1
 0. 1
 0. 1
 0.0
 0.0
 1. 1
 0.0
 1.8
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
39.3

 o!o
 9.3
13.0

 o!o

-------
   APPENDIX TABLE B-10.  (continued)
Scientific name
Scirpus Olneyi
Sci rpus vali dus
Grami neae
Cyperus odorattes
Eleocharis parvula
Scirpus americanus
Scirpus robustus
Iva frutescens

Common name
olney threesquare
softstem bulrush
grasses
gali ngale
dwarf spikerush
common threesquare
saltmarsh bulrush
marsh-elder
Total plant material
Frequency occurrence
Gizzard Gullet Unknown
(35) ( 4) (109)
14 13
3
6 1
3
3
3
3
3
97 100 100
Aggregate
percent
Gizzard Gullet Unknown
( 35) ( 4) (109)
0. 1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
97.1 100.
1 0
0 6
0 99.7
    As defined by Swanson et al. (1974).
oo

-------
    APPENDIX TABLE B-11.   FOOD ITEMS OF BLUE-WINGED TEAL  IN  CHESAPEAKE  BAY  DURING  THE PERIOD  1890 -  1959
      Scientific  name
                                                                       Frequency  occurrence
                                                                                              Aggregate percent'
                                     Common name
                               Gizzard Gullet
                                (  21)   (  .)
              Unknown
               (  34)
Gizzard Gullet
 ( 21)   (  .)
Unknown
 ( 34)
VO
O
Arcuatyla demissa (Volsella)
Gammari dae
Coleoptera
Galerucella spp.
Li bellui das
Araneae
Hydrobia spp. (Littoridinops)
Podocopa
Sphenophorus spp.
Tropisternus spp.
Melampus bidentatus
Berosus spp.
Chi ronomi dae
Formi ci dae
Isopoda
Amphipoda
Scarabaei dae
Curculi oni dae
Enochrus spp.
Gastropoda
Insecta
Dytiscidae
Hydrophi1i dae
Corixi dae
    Zosteraceae
    Potamogeton  spp.
    Potamogeton  pusillus
    Sparganiurn americanum
    Sparganiyrn eurycarpum
    Eleocharis parvula
    Eleocharis olivacea
    Scirpus  americanus
    Scirpus  validus
    Carex  crinita
    Echinochloa  Walteri
    Zea mays
    Zizania  aquatica
    Pontederia cordata
    Chenopodium  spp.
    Amaranthus spp.
undetermind animal
Atlantic ribbed mussel
scud
beetle
leaf beetle
common skimmer
spider
swamp snail
ostracod
billbug

salt marsh snail

mi dge
ant
i sopod
scud, sideswimmer
scarab beetle
snout beetle

snai1, 1impet
i nsect
predaceous diving beetle
water scavenger beetle
water boatman

Total animal material

pondweed
pondweed
slender pondweed
eastern burreed
big burreed
dwarf spikerush
spi kerush
common threesquare
softstem bulrush
sedge

corn
wiIdri ce
pickerel Meed (tuckahoe)
goosefoot
amaranth
            (conti nued)
24
24
29
 5
10
14
 5
 5
 5
 5
 5
 5
 5
 5
 5
 5
 5
 5

67
                                                                                        6
                                                                                        3
                                                                                        3
                                                                                        3
                                                                                        3
                                                                                        3
                                                                                        3
                                                                                       38
                                                                                       12
                                                                                       15

                                                                                       12
                                                                                    59

                                                                                     3
                                                                                     3
                                                                                     6
                                                                                    12
                                                                                     3
                                                                                     9
                                                                                     3
                                                                                     6
                                                                                    21
                                                                                     3
                                                                                    24
                                                                                     3
                                                                                     3
                                                                                     6
                                                                                     3
                                                                                     3
  4. 1
  2.3
  1.0
  1.0
  0.2
  0.2
  0.2
  0. 1
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
                                                                                                9.3
  0.4
  0.7
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  1.2
  0.0
  8.3
  0.4
  0.3
                                                                                                                 1.8
                                                                                                                0.0
  0.0

 13.4

  1.8
  0.0
  0.0
  0. 1
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0. 1
  0.9
  0.0
  2. 1
  2.4
  0.0
  0.3
  0.0
  0.0

-------
APPENDIX TABLE B-11.   (continued)

Scientific name
Acnida cannabinus (amaranthus)
Polygonum arifolium
Polygonum hydropi peroi des
Polygonum punctatum
Ambrosia artemi si i f ol i a
Baccharis halimifolia
Scirpu's Olneyi
Ruppia maritima
Potamogeton pectinatus
Polygonum sagittatum
Scirpus robustus
Cladium mariscoides
Iva frutescens
Gramineae
Polygonum spp.

Spartina cynosuroi des'
Distichlis spicata
Sparganium androcladum
Chara spp.
Eleocharis palustris
Myrica spp.
Potamogeton perfoliatus
Cyperus odorattes
Carex spp.
Spartina spp.
Cuscuta spp.


Common name
tidemarsh waterhemp
halberdleaf teai — thumb
swamp smartweed
dotted smartweed
ragweed
groundsel tree
olney threesquare
wi dgeongrass
sago pondweed
smartweed
saltmarsh bulrush
twi g-rush
marsh-elder
grasses
smartweed
undetermined vegetation
big cordgrass
salt grass
shining burreed
muskgrass
common spikerush
wax-myrtle
redhead grass
gal i ngale
sedge
cordgrass
dodder
Total plant material
Frequency occurrence •
Gizzard Gullet Unknown
( 21) ( .) ( 34)
12
9
3
29
3
3
81 71
67 59
5
5
33 32
48 26
10 24
5 3
5
10 6
10 6
24 29
5
10 12
5 6
5 6
5 3
5
5
5
5 18
95 . ' 100
Aggregate percent
Gizzard Gullet Unknown
(21) ( .) ( 34)
0.6
0.8
0.0
19. 1
0.0
0.0
48.5 21.1
12.9 19.0
4.8
4.8
4.7 1.6
3.1 0.6
2.9 5.9
2.4 0.0
1.9
1.9 1.8
1.2 0.1
0.9 2.5
0.5
0.1 5.1
0.1 0.0
0.1 0.0
0.0 0.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0 0.1
90.7 . 86.6
 As  defined  by  Swanson  et  al.  (1974).

-------
APPENDIX TABLE B-12.  FOOD ITEMS OF GREEN-WINGED TEAL IN CHESAPEAKE BAY DURING THE PERIOD 1890  -  1959
Frequency occurrence Aggregate percent
Scientific name
Amnicola spp.
Melampus bidentatus
PelGcypoda (Bivalvia)
Nerei s spp.
Isopoda
Chiridotea caeca
Lep-tochel i a savigny
Amphi poda
Gammar i das
Corophium spp.
Decapoda
Insecta
Caralsi dae
Stenolophus spp.
Triliarthrus badiipennis
Amara spp.
Phytonomus nigrirostris
Phytonomus meles
Graphops pulsescens
Hydrophi 1 i dae
Berosus spp.
Tropisternus spp.
Atheta spp.
Corixidae
Nysius spp.
Ichneumoni dae
Fulgor i dae
Di ptera
Chi ronomi dae
Tana i dae
Hydrobia spp. ( L i ttori di nops)
Bittium varium
Gastropoda
Nerei dae
Podocopa
Popillia japonica
Dyti sci dae
Sphenophorus spp.

Chara spp.
Potamogeton pectinatus
Potamogeton pusillus
Gizzard Gullet Unknown Gizzard
Common name (10) ( .) (34) (10)
amnicola . 3
salt marsh snail
bi valve
clam Norm
i sopod
i sopod

scud, sideswimmer
scud
amphipod
crayfish* shrimp
i nsect




lesser clover leaf weevil


water scavenger beetle



water boatman

i chneumoni d
fulgorid planthopper
fly
midge
15
3
9
6
6
9
9
12
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
9
9
aquatic sowbug 20 . . 9.5
swamp snail 30 . 15 4.4
variable bittium 10 ' . . 1.0
snail, limpet 10 . . 0.2
clam worm 10 . 3 0.0
ostracod 10 . 26 0.0
Japanese beetle 10 . . 0.0
predaceous diving beetle 10 . . 0.0
billbug 10 .3 0.0
Total animal material 60 . 65 15.1
muskgrass • . 12
sago pondweed 9
slender pondwaed 6
Gullet Unknown
( .) ( 34)
0.3
1. 1
0. 1
0.0
0.0
4.9
2.2
0.4
0.8
0.8
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0,0
0.0
0.0
0.4
1.9
.
1.0
. .
. .
0.0
1. 1
.
.
0.0
15.4
5.7
0. 1
0. 0
                                               (conti nued)

-------
   APPENDIX TABLE B-12.  (continued)
     Scientific name
                                                                      Frequency occurrence
                                                                                              Aggregate percent
                                     Common name
                               Gizzard Gullet
                                (  10)   (  .)
Unknown
 ( 34)
Gizzard Gullet
 ( 10)   (  .)
Unknown
 ( 34)
VO
10
Potamogeton epihydrus
Zannichellia palustris
Najas spp.
Najas guadalupensis
Najas flexi1i s
Vallisneria americana (spiralis)
Sparganium americanum
Sagittaria latifolia
Cyperus filicinus
Eleocharis palustris
Scirpus spp.
Scirpus fluviatilis
Scirpus robustus
Carex lurida
Fuirena spp.
Rhynchospora capitellata
Echinochloa spp.
Zea mays
Spartina spp.
Pontederia cordata
Atriplex patula
Acnida cannabinus (amaranthus)
Polygonum sagittatum
Myr i ophyllurn spp.
Proserpinaca palustris
Hedeoma pulegoides
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Bidens spp.
Iva frutescens
Portulaca spp.
Mollugo vertici11iata
Juncus Roemerianus

Scirpus Olneyi
Ruppia maritima
Polygonum punctatum
Spartina alterniflora (stricta)
Carex spp.
Distichlis spicata
Fimbristylis castanea
Cladium mariscoides
Cyperus odorattes
Leersia oryzoides
ribbonleaf pondweed
horned pondweed
nai ad
southern naiad
northern naiad
wiIdcelery
eastern burreed
broa.dleaf arrowhead
gali ngale
common spikerush
bulrush
ri ver bulrush
saltmarsh bulrush
sedge
fui rena
beak-rush

corn
cordgrass
pickerel weed (tuckahoe)
spearscale
tidemarsh waterhemp
smartweed
watermiIfoi1
marsh mermaidweed
American pennyroyal
ragweed
beggai—ti ck
marsh-elder
purslane
carpet-weed
needlerush
undetermined vegetation
olney threesquare
wi dgeongrass
dotted smartweed
saltmarsh cordgrass
sedge
salt grass
saltmarsh fimbristylis
twi g-rush
gali ngale
cut grass
            (conti nued)
                                                                       70
                                                                       60
                                                                       20
                                                                       10
                                                                       10
                                                                       20
                                                                       10
                                                                       50
                                                                       10
                                                                       10
   6
   6
   3
   6
   6
   3
   6
   3
   3
   3
   6
   9
  26
   3
   3
   3
   3
   6
   6
   6
   3
   3
   6
   3
   3
   3
   3
   3
   9
   3
   3
   3
   3
  71
  68
  29
   3
   6
  24

  35

   3
 35.5
  8.6
  6.6
  6.3
  6.0
  5.3
  4.0
  3.3
  3.0
  2.0
                  0.8
                  0.0
                  0.0
                  0.0
                  0. 1
                  0.0
                  0.0
                  0.3
                  0.0
                  0.0
                  0.0
                  1.5
                  4.6
                  0.0
                  0.0
                  0.0
                  0.0
  0.0
  0.7
  1.3
  0.0
  0. 1
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.3
  0.0
  0.0
  2.6
  1.0
 23.9
 11.0
 13.0
  1.0
  0.0
  2.0
  o  i

-------
APPENDIX TABLE B-12.   (continued)
Frequency occurrence
Scientific name
Polygonum pensylvani cum
Cephalanthus occi den-tali s,.
Polygonum arifolium
Cuscuta spp.
Pinus Taeda
Potamogeton spp.
Eleochar i s spp.
Eleocharis parvula
Scirpus americanus
Sci rpus vali dus
Echinochloa Walteri
Panicum spp.
Myrica cerifera
Ranunculus sceleratus
Lippia lanceolata
Teucrium canadense
Galium spp.
Nymphaea odorata (Castalia)

Common name
smar tweed
'buttonbush
halberdleaf teai — thumb
dodder
loblolly pine
pondweed
spikerush
dwarf spikerush
common threesquare
softstem bulrush

panic grass
wax-myrtle
cursed crowfoot
f og-f rui t
germander (wood sage)
bedstraw, cleavers
white water lily
Total plant material
Gizzard Gullet
( 10) ( .)
20
10
10
20
10
10
20
30
10
20
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
100
• Unknown
( 34)

3
12
18
,
9
3
15
15
29
3
6
3
.
.
.
.
•
100
Aggregate
percent
Gizzard Gullet Unknown
( 10) ( .) ( 34)
2.0
2.0
0.2
0. 1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
84.9

0.0
1.7
0.2
.
0.0
0.0
4. 1
0.5
3.0
0.9
0.0
0.0
.
.
,
.
•
84.6
 As defined  by Swanson  et  al.  (1974).

-------
APPENDIX TABLE B-13.
 FOOD  ITEMS  OF BLACK DUCKS  IN CHESAPEAKE BAY DURING THE PERIOD 1890 - 1959
,—^tj^ ^_M^^ — ^MMM — ^u — ,»M-B— ,»,»M-^— M— —a^^M^ — ^— — •••^^»— •••.•.•••• n-. • •» •MT ^ —i »t — — — — — — — —————»^» — — —•»— — ••^••••••••••••••••^

                                              Frequency occurrence       Aggregate percent3
  Scientific name
                Common  name
Gizzard Gullet
 ( 55)   (  2)
Unknown
 (128)
                                                                                            Gizzard  Gullet
                                                                                             (  55)    (   2)
                                                                                      Unknown
                                                                                       (128)
Gastropoda
Rissoidae
Sayella chesapeakea
Goniobasis yirginica
Bittium varium
Littorina irrorata
Mytili dae
Corbicul iiidae (Cyrenidae)
Macoma mitchelli (M. phenax)
Pisidiym atlanticum
Cyrenoida floridana (Cyrenella)
Arthropoda
Cyathura carinata (polita)
Erichsonella spp.
Chiridotoa caeca
Gammaridae
Ovalipes ocellatus
Balanus spp.
Insecta
Colcoptera
Caralsi dae
Aphodius spp.
Bidessus spp.
Galerucella spp.
Hydrophilys spp.
Staphylinidae
Gelastocori dae
tlymenoptera
Gryllotalpa
Cicadellidae
Ti pulidae
Culi ci dae
Acdes sollicitans
Aedes spp.
Hydracarina (Acarina)
Coslenterata (Cnidaria)
Molgula spp.
Cyprinodon variegatus
Melampus bidentatys
Fundulus heteroclites
Arcuatula demissa (Volsella)
Belastoma spp.
              snail»  limpet
              ri sso
              snail
              snail
              variable bittium
              marsh  periwinkle
              mussel
              marsh  clam
              Mitchell's  clam
              fresh-water clam
              i sopod
              i sopod • •
              i sopod
              scud
              lady  crab
              barnacle
              i nsect
              beetle
                     • •
              dung  beetle

              leaf  beetle
              Mater scavenger beetle
              rove  beetle
              toad  bug
              beef  wasp, ant
              northern mole cricket
              leafhopper
              crane fly
              mosquito
              salt  marsh mosquito
              mosqui to
              mi te
              hydroid» jellyfish
              sea grape
              sheepshead minnow
              salt  marsh snai1

              Atlantic ribbed mussel

                          (continued)
          50
       ***
   7
   9
  11
   7
   7
  11

-------
    APPENDIX TABLE B-13.   (continued)
                                                                       Frequency  occurrence
Aggregate percent'
VO
Scientific name
Hydrobia spp. (Li ttori di nops)
Chi ronomi dae
Fundulus spp.
L i bellui dae
Macoma balthica
Cyprinodontidae
Xanthidae (Pilumnidae)

Bittium alternatum (B. nigrum)
Mollusca
Gammarus spp.
Menidia spp.
Corixidae
Tropisternus spp.
Amni col i i dae (Bulimidae)
Tell i na spp.
Paneopeus spp.
Tachi stodes spp.
Aeschni dae
Hydrophi li dae
Anguilla rostrata
Odbntomyia spp.
Graphoderes spp.
Lycosidae
Amphi ppda
Hyalella spp.
Rhi thropaneopeus harrisi
Odostomia spp.
Odostomia trifida
Amni co la spp.
Pelecypoda (Bivalvia)
Brachi odontes recurvus (Mytilus)
Gemma gemma '
Nerei dae
Nereis spp.
Isopoda
Asellidae
Orch'estia spp.
Decapoda
Podocopa
Hal i pi i dae
Dyt i sci dae
Curculi oni dae
Common name
swamp snail
midge

common skimmer
Baltic macoma
top minnow
mud crab
undetermined fish
alternate bittium
mollusk
scud
si Iversi de
water boatman

swamp snail
dwarf tellin
mud crab

darner
water scavenger beetle
American eel


wolf spider
scud, sideswimmer
amphi pod
white-fingered mud crab
odostome
tripartite odostome
amni cola
bi valve
hooked mussel
gem clam
clam worm
clam worm
i sopod
aquatic sowbug
amphi pod
crayfish, shrimp
ostracod
crawling water beetle
predaceous diving beetle
snout beetle
( 55) ( 2)
11 . •
2
5
9
.2
11
7
4
5
2 -
5
2
22
13
ft
5
2
2
T •
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
ft
ft
2
2
5
2
2
2
2
2
5
2
T •
ft 50
(128)
8
.
4
2
13
.
1
5
2
.
1
.
6
2
1
.
2
.
.
5
.
.
.
.
7
,
,
.
1
.
1
5
5
t
5
2
.
.
2
2
,
2
3
( 55) ( 2)
1.7
1.1
1.1
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.2
0. 1
0. 1
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0 0.0
(128)
0.3
.
1.3
0.2
2.9
.
0.0
1 . ft
0.0
.
0.2
.
0.0
0.3
0.0
.
0.5
.
.
0. 1
.
.
.
.
0.2
.
.
.
0.0
.
0.0
0.8
0.1
.
0.2
0.0
.
.
0.0
0.0
. 1»
0.0
0.0
                                                   (conti nued)

-------
APPENDIX TABLE B-13.  (continued)
  Scientific name
                                                                   Frequency occurrence
                                                           Aggregate percent
  Common name
Gizzard Gullet
 ( 55)   (  2)
                                                                                       Unknown  Gizzard Gullet  Unknown
                                                                                        (128)    ( 55)   (  2)   (128)
Sphenophorus spp.
Enochrus spp.
Berosus spp.
Formi ci dae
Anisoptera
Araneae
Poect1i i dae
     Ulva lactuca
     Pinus spp.
     Juniperus virginiana
     Potarnogeton epihydrus
     Elodea canadensis
vo    Scirpus americanus
-J    Scirpus fluviatilis
     Carex lurida
     Carex crinita
     Eleusine indica
     Paspalum spp.
     Spartjna cynosuroides
     Spartina patens
     Andropogon  spp.
     Triticum aestivum
     Peltandra virginica
     Pontederia  cordata
     Myrica spp.
     Celtis spp.
     Chenopodium spp.
     Atriplex patula
     Amaranthus  spp.
     Rumex spp.
     Rumex cri spus
     Polygonum densiflorum
     Phytolacca  americana
     Lespedeza stipulacea
     Medicago lupulina
     Melilotus spp.
     Rhus spp.
     Rhus Copallinum
     Vitis spp.
     Hibiscus Moscheutos
     Teucrium canadense
     Trichostema spp.
bi llbug
ant
dragonfly
spi der
                                   Total animal material

                                   sea lettuce
                                   pi ne
                                   red cedar
                                   ribbonleaf pondweed
                                   common elodea
                                   common threesquare
                                   river bulrush
                                   sedge
                                   sedge
                                   yard grass
                                   grass
                                   big cordgrass
                                   saltmeadoM cordgrass
                                   beard grass
                                   wheat
                                   arrow arum
                                   pickerel weed (tuckahoe)
                                   wax-myrtle
                                   elm
                                   goosefoot
                                   spearscale
                                   amaranth
                                   dock, sorrel
                                   sour dock
                                   southern smartweed
                                   pokeweed
                                   Korean lespedeza
                                   black medick
                                   sweet clover
                                   cashew
                                   sumac
                                   grape, wild grape
                                   rose-mallow
                                   germander (wood sage)
                                   blue curls
                                               (continued)
   2
   ^
   2
   ft
   2
   7
   2

  69
                                         50
                                         50
                                                                                          5
                                                                                          2
                                                                                          2
                                                                                          2
                                                                                         68
                                                  2
                                                  1
                                                  1
                                                  1
                                                  2
                                                  2
                                                  3
                                                  1
                                                  2
                                                  2
                                                  1
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0

25.9
        0.0
        0.2
        0.2
0.0
                                   0.0
        0.0
27.0

 0.5
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.2
 0.3
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0

 o! 1
 0.3
 0.0
 0.7
 1.0
 0. 1
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0. 1
 0.0
 0. 1

-------
     APPENDIX TABLE B-13.,  (continued)
       Scientific  name
                                     Common name
                                                                        Frequency  occurrence
                                                                                              Aggregate percent'
                               Gizzard Gullet
                                ( 55)   (  2)
              Unknown
               ( 128)
       Gizzard Gullet
        ( 55)   (  2)
               Unknown
                (128)
vo
00
Nyssa spp.
Nyssa sylvatica (biflora)
Ceratophyllum demersum
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Iva f'rutescens
Baccharis halimifolia
Nuphar aclvena
Juncus spp.
Juncus Roemerianus
Limonium spp.
Ruppia maritima
Scirpus Olneyi
Polygonum punctatum
Cladiym mariscoides
Spartina alterniflora (stricta)

Zea mays
Distichlis spicata
Zizania aquatica
Echinochloa Walteri
Enteromorpha clathrata
Sparganium androcladum
Potamogeton perfoliatus
Pan i cum spp.
Polygonum spp.
Gramineae
Zostera marina
Polygonum arifolium
Sci rpus spp.
Ilex verticillata
Cephalanthus occidental!s
Chara spp.
Potamogeton spp.
Eleocharis palustris
Scirpus robustus
Ilex decidua
Polygonum sagittatum
Zosteraceae
Polygonum Hydropiper
Polygonum pensylvanicum
Cuscuta spp.
Rubus spp.
Sci rpus vali dus
sour gum
black gum (sour gum)
hornwort
ragweed
marsh-elder
groundsel tree
yellou water lily
rush
needlerush
sea-lavender
wi dgeongrass
olney threesquare
dotted smartweed
twig-rush
saltmarsh cordgrass
undetermined, vegetation
corn
salt grass
wiIdri ce

filamentous green alga
shining burreed
redhead grass
panic grass
smartweed
grasses
eelgrass
halberdleaf teai—thumb
bulrush
black alder (winterberry)
buttonbush
muskgrass
pondweed
common spikerush
saltmarsh bulrush
holly
smartweed
pondweed
smartweed
smartweed
dodder
bramble
softstem bulrush
            (continued)
58
51
25
51
16
11
 5
13
 5
11
 4
 5
 2
 2
 4
 4
 2
 5
 5
 4
 5
 4
 2
 2
33
 2
 4
 2
 2
 5
 5
 4
 4
                                                                                 50
                                                                                 50
                                                                                50


                                                                                50
 1
 2
 1
 2
13
 2
 1
 1
 2
 1
69
48
1 1
20
.5
 6
16
19
 •
 4
 1

20
 2
 1
 2
11
 6
 2

 i
 1
 2
 1
27
                                                                                          1
                                                                                         13
                                                                                          4
                                                                                         10
20.7
 9.6
 6.4
 4.9
 4.7
 4.3
 3.7
 2.9
 2.7
 2.4
 2.3
 0
 0
 0,
 0,
 0.4
 0.4
 0.4
 0.4
 0.4
 0,
 0,
 0.
 0,
 0.
 0.
 0.
 0.
 0.
 0.
.7
.7
.5
.5
                                                                                                   .3
                                                                                                   .3
                                                                                                   .3
                                                                                                   .2
      46
50
 0.0
 0. 1
 0.4
 0.0
 2.9
 0.2
 0.0
 0.0
 0. 1
 0.6
21.7
 7.0
 3.9
 1.7
 1.2
 1.3
10.8
 2.5

 o!o
 0.6

 6.*0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 3.3
 1.0
 0.0

 o.'o
 0.7
 0.0
 0.0
 1. 1
                         0.0

                         oio
                         0. 1
                         0.0
                         0.3

-------
    APPENDIX TABLE B-13.  (continued)
                                                                       Frequency occurrence
Aggregate percent'
lO
10
Scientific name
Myrica cerifera
Carex spp.
Magnolia virginiana
Sparganium americanum
Cyperus spp.
Smilax spp.
Rhus glabra
Gerardia maritima
Enteromorpha spp.
Pinus Taeda
Potamogeton pectinatus
Potamogeton pusillus
Zannichellia palustris
Sparganium spp.
Eleocharis spp.
Eleocharis quadrangulata
Scirpus pallidus
Fimbristylis castanea
Leersia oryzoides
Setaria italica
Spartina spp.
Carpinus caroliniana
Salicornia Bigelovii (musronata)
Acnida cannabinus (amaranthus)
Proserpinaca palustris
Cornus spp.

Common name
wax-myrtle
sedge
sweet bay (swamp bay)
eastern burreed
gal i ngale
lily
smooth sumac
seaside gerardia
filamentous green algae
loblolly pine
sago pondweed
slender pondweed
horned pondweed
burreed
spi kerush
squarestem spi kerush
black bulrush
saltmarsh fimbristylis
cut grass
millet
cordgrass
hornbeam (blue beech)
glasswort (samphire)
tidemarsh waterhemp
marsh mermaidweed
dogwood
Total plant material
Gizzard Gullet
( 55) ( 2)
20
2
2
ft
2
2
2
2
ft
5
5
ft
. 2
2
ft
ft
2
2
ft
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
96 100
•Unknown Gizzard Gullet
(128) ( 55) ( 2)

^
,
7
.
2
.
.
.
.
11
.
1
1
1
.
.
1
1
.
5
,
.
3
.
•
99
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
74
. 1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1 100.0
Unknown
(128)



0

0




1

0
0
0


0
0

0


0


73

.
.
.3
.
.0
.
.
.•
.
.3
.
.0
.0
.0
.
.
.0
.0
,
.3
.
.
.0
.
•
.0
     As defined by Swanson et al. (1974).

-------
   APPENDIX TABLE B-14.  FOOD ITEMS OF GADWALLS IN CHESAPEAKE BAY DURING THE PERIOD 1890  - 1959
o
o
Scientific name
Berosus spp.

Gemma gemma

Rhodophyceae
Chlorophyceae
Zostera marina
Potamogeton perfoliatus
Najas spp.
Elodea canadensi s
Scirpus americanus
Scirpus robustus
Scirpus validus
Grami neae
Spartina spp.
Acnida cannabinus (amaranthus)
Myriophyllum spp.
Ruppia maritima
Chara spp.
Potamogeton pusillus
Distichlis spicata
Scirpus Olneyi
Potamogeton spp.
Cladium mariscoides
Myrica cerifera

Common name

undetermined fish
gem clam
Total animal material
red algae
green algae
eelgrass
redhead grass
nai ad
common elodea
common threesquare
saltmarsh bulrush
softstem bulrush
grasses
cordgrass
tidemarsh watarhemp
watermi Ifoi 1
wi dgeongrass
muskgrass
slender pondweed
salt grass
olney threcsquare
pondweed
twi g-rush
wax-myrtle
Total plant material
Frequency occurrence
Aggregate percent
Gizzard Gullet Unknown Gizzard
(7) ( .) ( 21) ( 7)
5
5
14
14 . 10
5
5
14
10
19
5
5
5
5
• . . 10
10
5
5
86 . 67
14 . 10
14 . 5
14
29 .
14
14 .
14
100 . 100


0
0













56
14
12
12
2
1
0
0
100

f
.0
.0
.
.
.
.
.
f
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.6
. 1
.9
.9
. 1
.4
.0
.0
.0
Gullet Unknown
( .) ( 21)
0.0
1.0
•
1.0
1.9
4.0
8.4
4.8
17.1
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.9
7.6
0.0
4.8
41.8
2.9
2.9
.
. •
. .
.
•
99.0
    As defined by Swanson et al. (1974).

-------
APPENDIX TABLE B-15.   FOOD ITEMS OF MALLARDS IN CHESAPEAKE BAY  DURING  THE  PERIOD  1890 -  1959

Scientific name
Bittium varium
Hydrobia spp. (L i ttori di nops)
Macoma balthica
Chiridotea caeca
Decapoda
Insecta
Sphenophorus spp.

Urochordata (Tunicata)
Arcuatula demissa (Volsella)
Arthropoda
Gammarus spp.
Melampus bidentatus
Pelecypoda (Bivalvia)
Mollusca
Gastropoda
Myt i 1 i dae
Nerei dae
Coleoptera
Formi ci dae
Lasius spp.
Araneae

Zostera marina
Vallisneria americana (spiralis)
Sparganiurn eurycarpum
Cyperus spp.
Eleochar i s spp.
Eleocharis palustris
Scirpus fluviatilis
Echinochloa Walteri
Spartina spp.
Spartina alterniflora (stricta)
Triticum aestivum
Peltandra virginica
Pontederia cordata
Amaranthus spp.
Acnida cannabinus (amaranthus)
Phytolacca americana
Agrostemma Githago
Rosa spp.
Rhus spp.


Common name
variable bittium
swamp snail
Baltic macoma
i sopod
crayfish, shrimp
insect
bi llbug
undetermined fish

Atlantic ribbed mussel

scud
salt marsh snai 1
bi valve
mollusk
snai 1 , limpet
mussel
clam worm
beetle
ant
field ant
spi der
Total animal material
eelgrass
wi Idcelery •
big burreed
gali ngale
spi kerush
common spi kerush
river bulrush

cordgrass
saltmarsh cordgrass
wheat
arrow arum
pickerel weed (tuckahoe)
amaranth
tidemarsh waterhemp
pokeweed
corn-cockle
rose
cashew
(continued)
Frequency occu
Gi zzard Gullet
( 25) ( 2)

* *
.
B ,
50
f f
, .
^ t
* *
4 50
4
4
4
8
4
4
4
4
4
.4
4
* .
24 50
.
. .
. .
• •
. .
• . •
. •
t ,
. ,
, .
, .
, ,
. ^
'
1 * • •
.
.
.
. .

rrence
Unknown
2
5
2
2
2
10
2
2
2
5
.
,
2
.
,
2
.
<
.
.
,
•
32
2
2
7
2
2
5
5
10
7
5
2
7
5
2
2
2
2
7
2

Aggregate pe
Gizzard Gullet
( 25) ( 2)

. .
9 f
. ,
10.0
. ,
. ,
. „
. .
0.4 17.5
0.2
0.2
0.2
0. 1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.1 27.5
^ ,
.
.
. .
.
.
. .
, ,
. .
.
. .
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.

rcent
Unknown
( 41)
0.0
0.0
0. 1
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.2
2.4
2.4
.
.
0.0
.
.
0.0
.
.
.
.
.
•
6.9
2.2
0. 1
1.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
2.7
2.2
2.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0 . 1
0 . 1
0 . 0


-------
     APPENDIX  TABLE  B-15.   (continued)
       Scientific  name
                                     Common name
                                                                        Frequency occurrence
                                                                                              Aggregate percent1
                               Gizzard Gullet  Unknown
                                (  25)   (   2)   (  41)
                       Gizzard Gullet
                        (  25)   (   2)
                       Unknown
                        ( 41)
o
to
Rhus radicans
Ilex spp.
Vi t i s spp.
Nyssa sylvatica (biflpra)
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Brasenia Schreberi
Zea mays
Ruppia maritima
Scirpus spp.
Gramineae
Polygonum arifolium
Polygonum spp.
Polygonum Hydropiper
Cladium tnariscoides
Polygonum sagittatum

Cyperaceae
Distichlis spicata
Panicum spp.
Zizania aquatica
Carex spp.
Sparganium americanum
Carex lurida
Potamogeton spp..
Sparganium spp.
Scirpus Olneyi
Zosteraceae
Potamogeton pusillus
Scirpus validus
Potamogeton perfoliatus
Zannichellia palustris
Iva frutescens
Cephalanthus occidentalis
Sparganium androcladum
Scirpus americanus
Polygonum hydropiperoides
Polygonum pensylvanicum
Ilex verticillata
Cuscuta spp.
Spartina cynosuroides
Smilax spp.
Myrica cerifera
Ilex decidua
poison ivy - poison oak
holly
grape, Mild grape
black gum (sour gum)
ragweed
watershi eld
corn
widgeongrass
bulrush
grasses
halberdleaf teai—thumb
smartweed
smartweed
twi g-rush
smartweed
undetermined vegetation
sedge
salt grass
pani c 'grass
wi Idri ce
sedge
eastern burreed
sedge
pondweed
burreed
olney threesquare
pondweed
slender pondweed
softstem bulrush
redhead grass
horned pondweed
marsh-elder
buttonbush
shining burreod
common threesquare
swamp smartweed
smartweed
black alder (winterberry)
dodder
biq cordgrass
lily
wax-myrtle
holly
            (continued)
16
32
32
16
12
24
 8
20
20
20
 4
 4
 4
 4
 8
 8
 4
12
 8
16
 4
 4
 8
 4
 4
 4
 8
 8
 8
 4
 4
 4
 8
 4
 4
 4
 4
                                                                                50
                                                                                50
                                                                                50
                                                                                50
                                                                                50
                                                                                50
 2
 5
 7
 5
 2
 2
20
37
 5

17
20

 5

 7



15



41
                                                                                        34
                                                                                        15
24

 5

12
 2
14.5
14.4
11.6
 6.7
 5.6
 4.9
 4.7
 4.4
 4.0
 3.3
 3.0
 3.0
 2.4
 2.4
 2.2
 1.7
 1.6
 0.8
 0.6
 0.6
 0.6
 0.4
 0.4
 0.4
 0,
 0,
 0,
 0
 0
 0.2
 0.2
 0. 1
 0. 1
 0. 1
17.5
 5.0
 1.5
 5.0
 1.0
 2.5
 0.0
 0. 1
 1.6
 0.5
 0.0
 0.0
16.8
16.2
 2.9
 1.8

 2.1
 os
                         2.4
                         4. 1
                                                                                                                 2.8
                                                                                                                 oo
                                                                                                                 1.2
                                                                                                 0. 1

-------
    APPENDIX TABLE B-15.  (continued)
o
CO

Scientific name
Hibiscus Moscheutos
Polygonum punctatum
Chara spp.
Pinus Taeda
Juniperus virginiana
Potamogeton pectinatus
Scirpus robustus
Leersia oryzoides
Rhus glabra
Proserpinaca palustris
Pinus spp.
Eleocharis quadrangulata
Paspalum spp.
Andropogon spp.
Myrica spp.
Rumex spp.
Rosa palustris
Juncus spp.


Common name
rose-mallow
dotted smartweed
muskgrass
loblolly pine
red cedar
sago pondweed
saltmarsh bulrush
cut grass
smooth sumac
marsh mermaidweed
pine
squares-tern spikerush
grass
beard grass
wax-myrtle
dock, sorrel
swamp rose
rush
Total plant material
Frequency occu
Gi zzard Gullet
( 25) ( 2)
4
12 50
4 50
4
8
4 50
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
8
4
4
4
*
100 100
rrence
. Unknown
( 41)

29
5
.
.
2
22
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
12
5
.
•
95
Aggr
Gi zzard
( 25)
0. 1
0. 1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
98.9
egate percent
I Gullet Unknown
( 2) ( 41)
* •
12.5 5.8
25.0 0.9
.
, .
2.5 2.0
2.7
.
, .
. .
.
.
. .
.
1.2
1.2
.
•
72.5 93.1
     As defined by Swanson et al.  (1974).

-------
    APPENDIX TABLE B-16,
                      FOOD ITEMS OF PINTAILS IN CHESAPEAKE BAY DURING THE PERIOD 1890 - 1959

                                                                   Frequency occurrence
      Scientific name
                                                                                                  Aggregate percent0
                                     Common name
                               Gizzard Gullet
                                (  13)   (   .)
Unknown
 ( 36)
Gizzard Gullet
 ( 13)   (  .)
Unknown
 ( 36)
o
.e-
Sayella chesapeakea
Pleuroceridae
Goniobasis virginica
Triphora nigrocincta (Tr.iforis)
Retysa canaliculata (Acteocina)
Amnicola spp.
Myti1i dae
Modiolus spp. (Volsella)
Gemma gemma
Macoma mitchelli (M. phenax)
Nerei dae
Nerei s spp.
Cyathura carinata (polita)
Erichsonella spp.
Amphipoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Curculi oni dae
Pentatomi dae
Hymenoptera
Lepi doptera
Ani soptera
Decapoda
Melainpus bidentatus
Molgula manhattensis
Arcuatula demissa (Volsella)
Nassarius vibex
Bi tti ym vari um
Anachis avara
Mytilus eduli s
Bittium alternatum (B. nigrum)
Nassarius obsoletus (Nyanassa)
Gastropoda
Nassarius spp.
Dyti sci dae
    Potamogeton spp.
    Potamogeton perfoliatus
    Zannichellia palustris
    Elodea canadensis
    Sparganiym americanum
    Eleocharis obtusa
snai 1
river snail
snai 1
black triphora
channeled barrel bubble
amni cola
mussel
mussel
gem clam
Mitchell's clam
clam worm
clam worm
i sopod
i sopod
scud, sideswimmer
insect
beetle
snout beetle
stink bug
bee, wasp, ant
butterfly, moth
dragonfly
crayfish, shrimp
salt marsh snail
sea grape
Atlantic -ribbed mussel
mottled dog whelk
variable bittium
greedy dove shell
blue mussel
alternate bittium
mud dog whelk
snail, limpet
dog whelk
predaceous diving beetle

Total animal material

pondweed
redhead grass
horned pondwecd
common elodea
eastern burreed
blunt spikerush
            (continued)
                                                                         8
                                                                         8
                                                                         8
                                                                         8
                                                                        15
                                                                         8
                                                                         8
                                                                         8
                                                                         8
                                                                        15
                                                                         8
                                                                         8
                                                                         8

                                                                        54
   3
   3
   3
   3
   3
   3
   3
   3
   6
   3
   6
   3
   3
   3
   3
   3
   3
   3
   3
   3
   3
   3

   6

   6

   3
                                                                                    22

                                                                                     6
                                                                                     8
                                                                                     3
                                                                                     3
                                                                                     8
                                                                                     3
  6.0
  4.6
  3.8
  0.8
  0.4
  0.3
  0.3
  0.3
           0.2
           0.2
           0.0
           0.0
           0.0

          16.8
                                                                                                                 0.0
                                                                                                                 0.0
                                                                                                                 0.0
                                                                                                                 0.0
                                                                                                                 0.0
                                                                                                                 0.0
                                                                                                                 0.0
                                                                                                                 0.0
                                                                                                                 0.0
                                                                                                                 0.0
                                                                                                                 0.0
                                                                                                                 0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0. 1

  o!o

  o.'o
                  0.0
                  2.5

                  0.0
                  0.7
                  0.0
                  1.4
                  0.6
                  0.0

-------
APPENDIX TABLE B-16.  (continued)
  Scientific name
  Common name
                                                                   Frequency occurrence
                                                           Aggregate percent1
Gizzard Gullet  Unknown  Gizzard Gullet  Unknown
 (13)   (  .)   ( 36)    ( 13)   (  .)   ( 36)
Scirpus Olneyi
Scirpus robystus
Sci rpus vali dus
Carex spp.
Digitaria sanguinalis
Echinochloa crusgalli
Panicum spp.
Paspalum spp.
Setaria spp.
Setaria italica
Spartina cynosuroides
Distichlis spicata
Chenopodium spp.
Amaranthus spp.
Polygpnum arifolium
Polygonum lapathifolium
Polygonum pensylvanicum
Polygonum Persicaria
Polygonum punctatum
Polygonum coccineum
Rubus spp.
Rhus Copallinum
Cuscuta spp.
Cephalanthus occidental!s
Nyssa sylvatica (biflora)
Ambrosia spp.
Zea mays
Potamogeton pectinatus
Ruppia maritima
Scirpus americanus
Echinochloa spp.
Spartina alterniflora (stricta)
Panicum dichotomiflorum
Cladium mariscoides
Digitaria spp.
Myrica spp.
Zostera marina
Eleocharis spp.
Eleocharis quadrangulata
Scirpus spp.
Grami neae
Myrica carolinensis
Myrica cerifera
olney threesquare
saltmarsh bulrush
softstem bulrush
sedge
crab grass
barnyard grass
panic grass
grass
foxtai1 grass
mi list
big cordgrass
salt grass
goosefoot
amaranth
halberdleaf teai—thumb
nodding smartweed
smartweed
smartweed
dotted smartweed
marsh smartweed
bramble
sumac
dodder
buttonbush
black gum (sour gum)
ragweed
corn
sago pondweed
wi dgeongrass
common threesquare

saltmarsh cordgrass
panic grass
twi g-rush
crab grass
wax-myrtle
eelgrass
spi kerush
squarestem spikerush
bulrush
grasses
wax-myrtle
wax-myrtle
            (conti nued)
  54
  15
  54
   8
   8
   8
   8
  15
   8
   8
  15
   8
   8
   8
   8
   8
   8
11
 6
1 1
 3
 3
 3
11
 3
1 1
 6
 3
 6
 3
 8
 6
 6
14
11
 8
 3
 3
 3
 3
 6
 6
 3
58
17

17
 8
17
14
 3
 3
 8
 3
53.6
11.4
 6.3
 3.8
 3. 1
 2.7
 0.8
 0.5
 0.4
 0.4
 0.2
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
                                           2.9
                                           0.0
                                           1.0
                                           0.0
                                           0.0
                                           0.0
                                           0.5
                                           0.0
                                           0.6
                                           3.7
                                           0. 1
                                           0.4
                                           0.0
                                           0.0
                                           0.4
                                           0.4
                                           3.6
                                           2.8
                                           6.3
                                           0.4
                                           0.0
                                           0.0
                                           0.0
                                           2. 1
                                           0.3
                                           0.0
                                          48. 1
0.5
0.8
0.9
4.3
0.0
0.8
0.0
0.0

-------
APPENDIX TABLE B-16.  (continued)
  Scientific name
  Common name
                                                                   Frequency occurrence
                                                           Aggregate percent'
Gizzard Gullet  Unknown  Gizzard Gullet  Unknown
 ( 13)   (  .)   (  36)    (  13)   (   .)   (  36)
Bidens spp.
beggai—ti ck
Total plant material
   8
 100
                                                                                   100
 0.0
83.2
97.5
 As defined by Swanson et al. (1974).

-------
APPENDIX TABLE C-1,
FOOD ITEMS OF CANADA GEESE IN CHESAPEAKE BAY DURING THE PERIOD I960  - 1969

                                              Frequency occurrence
  Scientific name
                Common name
                                                                                              Aggregate percent
Gizzard Gullet
 (221)   (   .)
Unknown  Gizzard Gullet  Unknown
 (  .)    (221)   (  .)   (  .)
Gramineae
Zea mays
Myriophyllum spicatum
Trifolium repens
Digitaria sanguinalis
Potamogeton perfoliatus
Triticum aestivum
Najas gyadalupensis
Digitaria filiformis
Cyperus esculentus
Nyssa sylvatica (biflora)
Ruppia maritima
Ulva lactuca
Spartina patens
Glycine Max
Panicym dichotomiflorum
Spartina cynosuroides
Hordeym vulgare
Setaria geniculata
Cladium mariscoides
Polygonum pensylvanicum
Ceratophyllum demersum
Scirpus validus
Zostera marina
Setari a Faberi i
Ipomoea hederacea
Avena sati va
Echinochloa crusgalli
Bi dens laevi s
Polygonum lapathifolium
Polygonum Persicaria
Albizia Julibrissin
Prunus serotina
Solanym carolinense
Leersia oryzoides
Setaria viridis
Myrica cerifera
Cornus florida
Nyssa biflora
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Datura stramonium
Eleusine indi ca
              grasses
              corn
              Eurasian watermilfoil
              white clover
              crab grass
              redhead grass
              wheat
              southern naiad
              crab grass
              gali ngale
              black gum (sour gum)
              wi dgeongrass
              sea  lettuce
              saltmeadow cordgrass
              soy  bean
              panic grass
              big  cordgrass
              barley
              foxtai1 grass
              twig-rush
              smartweed
              hornwort
              softstem bulrush
              eelgrass
              foxtail grass
              morning glory
              oats
              barnyard grass
              beggai—ti ck
              nodding smartweed
              smartweed
              acacia (silk-tree)
              wild cherry (black  cherry)
              horse-nettle
              cut  grass
              foxtail grass
              wax-myrtle
              flowering dogwood
              water gum
              ragweed
              j imson-weed
              yard grass
                          (conti nued)
  36
  36
  10
   7
   9
   5
   4
   3
   3
   3
   1
   2
   0
   3
   2
   0
   1
   0
   0
   1
   0
   0
   0
   0
   0
   0
   0
   0
   1
   0
   0
          32.4
          29.6
           7.0
           5. 1
           3.0
           2.7
           2.6
           2. 1
           1.5
           1.5
           1.3
           1.2
           0.9
           0.9
           0.8
           0.8
           0.8
           0.8
           0.6
           0.6
           0.6
           0.5
           0.4
           0.3
           0.3
           0.3
           0.2
           0.2
           0.2
           0.2
           0.0
           0.0
           0.0
           0.0
           0.0
           0.0
           0.0
           0.0

-------
o
00
    APPENDIX TABLE C-1.«  (continued)
      Scientific name
  Common name
                                                                        Frequency occurrence
                                                           Aggregate percent
Gizzard Gullet  Unknown  Gizzard Gullet  Unknown
 (221)   (   .)   (   .)    (221)   (  .)   (   .)
     Polygonum punctatum
     Rhus  radicans
     Vi ti s aesti vali s
dotted smartweed
poison ivy - poison oak
summei—grape

Total plant material
                           0.0
                           0.0
                           0.0

                         100.0
     Unpublished data from Rawls  (in  prep.).
     b
     As defined by Swanson et al.  (1974).

-------
APPENDIX TABLE C-2.  FOOD ITEMS OF BUFFLEHEADS IN CHESAPEAKE BAY DURING THE PERIOD 1960 - 1969'
  Scientific name
                                                                   Frequency occurrence
                                                           Aggregate percent
  Common name
Gizzard Gullet
 ( 27)   (   .)
Unknown
 (  .)
Gizzard Gullet
 (27)   (  .)
Unknown
 (  .)
Balanus spp.

Rhithropaneopeus harrisi
Mya arenaria
Isopoda
Pelecypoda (Bivalvia)
Macoma balthica
Macoma mitchelli (M. phenax)
Congeria leucophaeta
Mulinia lateralis
Odostomia impressa
Anneli da
Gammarus spp.
Arcuatula demissa (Volsella)
Retusa canaliculata (Acteocina)
Amphi poda
Brachiodontes recurvus (Mytilus)
Hydrobi i dae
Edotea triloba
Gastropoda
Sayella chesapeakea
Insecta
Membranipora spp.
Ruppia maritima
Potainogeton perfoliatus
Najas guadalupensis
Scirpus validus
Potamogeton pusillus
Zannichellia palustris
Nyssa sylvatica (biflora)
Myriophyllum spicatum
Cladium mariscoides
barnacle
undetermined fish
white-fingered mud crab
soft-shelled clam
i sopod
bi valve
Baltic macoma
Mitchell's clam
Conrad's false mussel
duck clam
incised odostome
leech, polychaete
scud
Atlantic ribbed mussel
channeled barrel bubble
scud, sideswimmer
hooked mussel

i sopod
snai1» limpet
snai 1
insect
bryozoan

Total animal material

wi dgeongrass
redhead grass
southern naiad
softstem bulrush
slender pondweed
horned pondweed
black gum (sour gum)
Eurasian watermilfoil
twig-rush

Total plant material
  22
  11
  22
  26
  15
   7
   7
  19
  15

  15
  1 1

  15
   7
  56
  52

  11
          10.0
           8.5
           7.2
           7.0
           5.9
           4.8
           3.8
           2.6
           2.0
           1.5
           1.5
           1.3
           0.9
           0.6
           0.4
           0.2
           0.2
           0.0
           0.0
           0.0
           0.0

          68.0

          13.5
          11.8
                           0.4
                           0.4
                           0.4
                           0.2
                           0.0

                          32.6
 Unpublished data from Rawls (in prep.).
b                 i
 As defined by Swanson et al. (1974).

-------
APPENDIX TABLE C-3.  FOOD ITEMS OF COMMON GOLDENEYES IN CHESAPEAKE BAY DURING THE PERIOD 1960 - 1969'
  Scientific name
                                                                   Frequency occurrence
                                                           Aggregate percent
  Common name
Gizzard Gullet
 ( 45)   (  .)
Unknown
 (  .)
Gizzard Gullet
 ( 45)   (  .)
                                                                                                           Unknown
                                                                                                            (  .)
Rhithropaneopeus harrisi
Mya arenaria
Balanus spp.
Pelecypoda (Bivalvia)
Congcria leucophaeta
Arcuatula demissa (Volsella)
Ma coma mitchelli (M. phenax)
Cyathura polita
Amphi poda
Gastropoda
Paneopeus spp.
Macoma balthica
Membranipora spp.
Odostomia impressa
Eurypanopeus depressus
Brachiodontes recurvus (Mytilus)
Zea mays
Ruppia maritima
Ceratophyllum demersum
Scirpus robustus
Potamogeton perfoliatus
Scirpus validus
Myriophyllum spicatum
Ulva lactuca
Robinia Psuedoacacia
Najas guadalupensis
Vallisneria americana (spiralis)
Nyssa biflora
Potamogeton pusillus
Vi ti s spp.
Potamogeton pectinatus
Grami neae
white-fingered mud crab
.soft-shelled clam
barnacle
bivalve
Conrad's false mussel
Atlantic ribbed mussel
Mitchell's clam
isopod
scud, sideswimmer
snai1, 1impet
mud crab
Baltic macoma
bryozoan
incised odostorne
mud crab
hooked mussel

Total animal material

corn
Mi dgeongrass
hornwort
saltmarsh bulrush
redhead grass
softstem bulrush
Eurasian watermiIfoi1
sea lettuce
black locust
southern naiad
wiIdcelery
water gum
slender pondweed
grape, wild grape
sago  pondweed
grasses

Total plant material
  33
  33
  20
  27
   2
  13
   7
   4
   2
   2
   4
   2
   2
   4
   7
   2
  31
  33
   4
   2
   7
   2
   2
   2
   2
   2
   2
   2
   2
   2
   2
   4
          19.4
          14.9
           9.2
           9.0
           2.1
           1.4
           1. 1
           1.0
           1.0
           0.9
           0.8
           0.4
           0.3
           0. 1

          63. 1
          17.7
           7.3
           3.9
           2.2
           1. 1
           1. 1
           1. 1
           0.6
           0.4
           0,
           0,
           0.
           0,
           0,
   .3
   ,3
   .3
   ,2
   .2
           0.0
           0.0

          36.9
a
 Unpublished data from Rawls (in prep.).

 As defined by Swanson et al. (1974).

-------
APPENDIX TABLE C-4.  FOOD ITEMS OF CANVASBACKS IN CHESAPEAKE BAY DURING THE PERIOD 1960 -  1969'
  Scientific name
                                                                   Frequency occurrence
                                                           Aggregate percent
  Common name
Gizzard Gullet
 (246)   (  .)
Unknown  Gizzard Gullet  Unknown
 (  .)    (246)   (  .)   (  .)
Macoma balthica
Mya arenaria
Congeria leucophaeta
Eurypanopeus depressus
Rhithropaneopeus harrisi
Balanus spp.
Ranqia cyneata
Macoma mitchelli (M. phenax)
Brachiodontes recurvus (Mytilus)

Gastropoda
Mulinia lateralis
Cyathura polita
Amygdulum papyria (Volsella)
Gemma gemma
Hydrozoa
Retusa canaliculata (Acteocina)
Atnphi poda
Hydrobi i dae
Pelecypoda (Bivalvia)
Odonata
Sayella chesapeakea
Triphora nigrocincta (Triforis)
Arcuatula demissa (Volsella)
Crustacea
Microciona prolifera
Pogoni as cromi s
Zea mays
Potamogeton perfoliatus
Ruppia maritima
Myriophyllum spicatum.
Ulva lactuca
Najas guadalupensis
Triticum aestivum
Chlorophyceae
Nyssa sylvatica (biflora)
Spartina cynosuroides
Rhus radicans
Myrica cerifera
Vitis spp.
Baltic macoma
soft-shelled clam
Conrad's false mussel
mud crab
white-fingered mud crab
barnacle
brackish water clam
Mitchell's clam
hooked mussel
undetermined fish
snai1, 1impet
duck clam
i sopod
paper mussel
gem clam
hydroid
channeled barrel bubble
scud, sideswimmer

bi valve
dragonfly, damselfly
snai 1
black triphora
Atlantic ribbed mussel
crustacean
red sponge
black drum

Total animal material

corn
redhead grass
widgeongrass
Eurasian watermilfoil
sea lettuce
southern naiad
wheat
green algae
black gum (sour gum) •
big cordgrass
poison ivy - poison oak
wax-myrtle
grape, wiId grape
            (continued)
  26
  33
   8
   5
   9
   5
   3
   2
   3
   3
   9
   2
   1
   1
   2
   1
   2
   1
   2
   0
   1
   1
   1
   1
   0
   1
   1
  33
  42
  34
  16
   4
   5
   2
   1
   4
   2
   0
   2
   3
          19.6
          16.3
           2.7
           1.7
           1.5
           1.2
           1. 1
           0.9
           0.6
           0,
           0.
           0,
           0,
           0,
           0,
           0.
           0,
           0,
           0,
           0.0
           0.0
           0.0
           0.0
           0.0
           0.0
           0.0
           0.0

          47.8

          18.4
          14.3
           7.4
           3.3
           1.8
           1.7
           1.5
           0.6
           0.5
           0.4
           0.4
           0.3
           0.2

-------
    APPENDIX TABLE C-4.   (continued)
      Scientific name
                                                                       Frequency occurrence
                                                                                              Aggregate percent
                                     Common name
                               Gizzard Gullet  Unknown
                                (246)   (   .)   (   .)
Gizzard Gullet
 (246)   (  .)
                                                                                                               Unknown
                                                                                                                (   .)
Is)
Potamogeton pectinatus
Cladium mariscoides
Smilax spp.
Spartina alterniflora (stricta)
Iva frutescens
Nyssa biflora
Myrica pensylvanica
Prunus serotina
Polygonum punctatum
Enteromorpha spp.
Sparganium americanum
Sparganium eurycarpum
Scirpus validus
Liquidambar styraciflua
Zostera marina
Scirpus americanus
Scirpus robustus
Echinochloa Walteri
Polygonum pensylvanicum
Polygonum Persicaria
Rubus spp.
Cuscuta spp.
Ipomoea hederacea
sago pondweed
twi g-rush
lily
saltmarsh cordgrass
marsh-elder
water gum
bayberry
wild cherry (black cherry)
dotted smartweed
filamentous green algae
eastern burreed
big burreed
softstem bulrush
sweet gum (red gum)
eelgrass
common threesquare
saltmarsh bulrush

smartweed
smartweed
bramble
dodder
morning glory

Total plant material
                                                                         1
                                                                         2
                                                                         0
                                                                         1
                                                                         0
  0.2
  0.2
  0.2
  0
  0
  0
  0
  0
  0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0

 52.3
    b
 Unpublished data from Rawls (in prep.).

 As defined by Swanson et al. (1974).

-------
APPENDIX TABLE C-5.  FOOD ITEMS OF GREATER SCAUP IN CHESAPEAKE BAY DURING THE PERIOD 1960 - 1969C
  Scientific name
  Common name
                                                                   Frequency occurrence
                                                           Aggregate percent
Gizzard Gullet
 (9)   (   .)
Unknown
 (  .)
Gizzard Gullet
 (9)   (  .)
Unknown
 (  .)
Brachiodontes recurvus (Mytilus)
Pelecypoda (Bivalvia)
Congeria leucophaeta
Mylinia lateralis
Littorina irrorata
Arcuatula demissa (Volsella)
Rhithropaneopeus harrisi
Hydrobi i dae
Eurypanopeus depressus
Potamogeton perfoliatus
Potamogeton pusillus
Ruppia maritima
Hordeum vulgare
Scirpus americanus
Zea mays
Nyssa sylvatica (biflora)
Cladium mariscoides
Spartina cynosuroides
Myriophyllum spicatum
Cornus Amoinum
hooked mussel
bi valve
Conrad's false mussel
duck clam
marsh periwinkle
Atlantic ribbed mussel
white-fingered mud crab

mud crab .

Total animal material

redhead grass
slender pondweed
widgeongrass
barley
common threesquare
corn
black gum (sour gum)
twig-rush
big cordgrass
Eurasian watermiIfoi1
dogwood
undetermined vegetation

Total plant material
  56
  33
  33
  22
  11
  22
  11
  22
  11
  33
  11
  33
          48.3
           6.7
           2.2
           2.2
           1. 1
           1. 1
           1. 1
           0.0
           0.0

          62.8

          10.0
                           4.4
                           3.9
                           1. 1
                           1. 1
                           0.6
                           0.6
                           0.6
                           0.6
                           0.6

                          37.2
 Unpublished data from Rawls (in prep.).
 As defined by Swanson et al. (1974).

-------
APPENDIX TABLE C-6.  FOOD ITEMS OF LESSER SCAUP IN CHESAPEAKE BAY DURING THE PERIOD 1960 - 1969a
  Scientific name
  Common name
                                                                   Frequency occurrence
                                                           Aggregate percent
Gizzard Gullet
 (  82)   (   .)
Unknown
 (  .)
Gizzard Gullet
 ( 82)   (  .)
Unknown
 (  .)
Mya arenaria
Brachiodontes recurvus (Mytilus)
Balanus spp.
Congeria leucophaeta
Odostomia impressa
Macoma balthica
Rhithropaneopeus harrisi
Mulinia lateralis
Hydrobi i dae
Gemma gemma

Arcuatula demissa (Volsella)
Amygdulum papyria (Volsella)
Amphipoda
Gastropoda
Isppoda
Epitonium rupicola
Pyramidellidae (Turbinellidae)
Crustacea
Palaemonetes spp.
Retusa canaliculata (Acteocina)
Cyathura polita
Odonata
Araneae
Melampus bidentatus
Laevicardium mortoni
Ruppia maritima
Zea mays
Potamogeton perfoliatus
Najas guadalupensis
Myriophyllum spicatum
Sci rpus vali dus
Iva frutescens
Ulva lactuca
Potamogeton pectinatus
Polygonufn pensylvani cum
Scirpus americanus
Nyssa biflora
Eleocharis obtusa
Heteranthera dubia
soft-shelled clam
hooked mussel
barnacle
Conrad's false mussel
incised odostome
Baltic macoma
white-fingered mud crab
duck clam

gem clam
undetermined fish
Atlantic ribbed mussel
paper mussel
scud, sideswimmer
snai1» limpet
i sopod
lined wentletrap
pyramid shell
crustacean
grass shrimp
channeled barrel bubble
i sopod
dragonfly, damselfly
spider
salt marsh snai1
Morton's cockle

Total animal material

widgeongrass
corn
redhead grass
southern naiad
Eurasian Hater-milfoil
softstem bulrush
marsh-elder
sea lettuce
sago pondweed
smartweed
common threesquare
water gum
blunt spikeru:>h
water stai—grass
            (continued)
  28
  24
  18
  18
  27
   6
   6
  10
  15
   4
   1
   7
   5
   2
  66
  29
  46
   5
   7
   9
   4
   5
   7
   5
   1
   1
          12.3
           6.9
           5.2
           5.0
           3.5
           2.7
           2.4
           2.2
           1.8
             6
           0.5
         :  0.4
           0.4
           0
           0
           0
           0
           0
           0
           0
           0
           0.0
          •0.0

          47.6

          20.5
          11.6
          10.8
           2.6
           2. 1
           1.3
           1.2
           1.0
           0.9
           0.7
           0.5
           0.4
           0.4
           0.4

-------
APPENDIX TABLE C-6.   (continued)
  Scientific name
Common name
                                                                   Frequency occurrence
                                                         Aggregate percent
Gizzard Gullet  Unknown  Gizzard Gullet  Unknown
 ( 82)   (.)(.)    (  82)   (  .)   (   .)
Digitaria filiformis crab grass
Sparganium americanum eastern burreed
Potamogeton pusillus slender pondweed i
Rhus radicans poison ivy - poison oak 1
Cuscuta spp. dodder '<.
Scirpus Olneyi olney threesquare
Myrica pensylvanica bayberry <
Liquidambar styraciflua sweet gum (red gum) '<.
Prunus serotina wild cherry (black cherry)
Nyssa sylvatica (biflora) black gum (sour gum)
Cladium jamaicense sawgrass
Hordeum vulgare barley
Learsia oryzoides cut grass
Smi lax spp. 1 i ly
Myrica cerifera wax-myrtle i
Rubus spp. bramble '<.
Rhus glabra smooth sumac
Ilex opaca American holly
Cornus Amomum dogwood
Cornus florida flowering dogwood
Gracilaria spp. red weed i
Chlorophyceae green algae
Spartina alterniflora (stricta) saltmarsh cordgrass
Total plant material
1
1
•>
,
t
\
>
i















•
























o.:
o.:
o.:
0.;
o.:
0.
0.
0.
"o.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
o.t
o.c
o.t
56. 1
J

1

.



































































 Unpublished data  from Rawls  (in  prep.).

 As  defined  by  Swanson et  al.  (1974).

-------
APPENDIX TABLE C-7.  FOOD ITEMS OF RING-NECKED DUCKS IN CHESAPEAKE BAY DURING THE PERIOD  1960  -  1969'
  Scientific name
  Common name
                                                                   Frequency occurrence
                                                           Aggregate  percent
Gizzard Gullet
 ( 10)   (   .)
Unknown
 (  .)
Gizzard Gullet
 ( 10)   (   .)
                                                                        Unknown
                                                                         (   .)
Brachiodontes recurvus (Mytilus)
Mya arenaria
Odostomia impressa
hooked mussel
soft-shelled clam
incised odostome

Total animal material
  10
  10
  10
 unpublished data from Rawls (in prep.).
           3.0
           3.0
           0.0

           6.0
Potamogeton perfoliatus
Ruppi a mari tima
Prunus serotina
Zea mays
Quercus spp.
Cladium mariscoides
Ulva lactuca
Myriophyllum spicatum
Scirpus validus
Potamogeton pectinatus
Sparganium americanum
Cornus florida
Ipomoea hederacea
Cladium jamaicense
Myrica pensylvanica
Polygonum punctatum

redhead grass
widgeongrass
wild cherry (black cherry)
corn
oak
twi g-rush
sea lettuce
Eurasian watermilfoil
softstem bulrush
sago pondweed
eastern burreed
flowering dogwood
morning glory
sawgrass
bayberry
dotted smartweed
Total plant material
60
40
10 •
30
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
..
37.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
8.0
5.5
5.0
3.0
.5
.0
.0
.0
.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
94.0
. .
.
. .
.
.
. .
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
•
•
 As defined by Swanson et al. (1974).

-------
APPENDIX TABLE C-8.
FOOD ITEMS OF REDHEADS IN CHESAPEAKE BAY DURING THE PERIOD 1960  - 1969

                                              Frequency occurrence
                                                                                           a
                                                                                              Aggregate percent
  Scientific name
                Common name
Gizzard Gullet
 ( 77)   (  .)
Unknown
 (  .)
Gizzard Gullet
 ( 77)   (  .)
Unknown
 (  .)
Congeria leucophaeta
Mya arenaria
Macoma balthica
Macoma mitchelli (M. phenax)
Rangia cuneata
Balanus spp.
Pelecypoda (Bivalvia)
Arcuatula demissa (Volsella)
Brachiodontes recurvus (Mytilus)
Odostomia impressa
Rhithropaneopeus harrisi
Epiionium rupicola
Formi ci das
Microciona prolifera
Zea mays
Potamogeton perfoliatus
Ruppia maritima
Myr i ophyllutn spicatum
Triticum aestivum
Najas guadalupensis
Scirpus validus
Ulva  lactuca
Enteromorpha spp.
Nyssa sylvatica (biflora)
Potamogeton amplifolius
Cladium mariscoides
Prunus serotina
Hordeum vulgare
Polygonum punctatum
Potamogeton pectinatus
Cladium jamaicense
Polygonum pensylvanicum
Rhus  glabra
Iva frutescens
              Conrad's false mussel
              soft-shelled clam
              Baltic macoma
              Mitchell's clam
              brackish water clam
              barnacle
              bi valve
              Atlantic ribbed mussel
              hooked mussel
              incised odostome
              white-fingered mud crab
              lined wentletrap
              ant
              red sponge

              Total animal material

              corn
              redhead grass
              MIdgeongrass
              Eurasian watermiIfoi1
              wheat
              southern naiad
              softstem bulrush
              sea lettuce
              filamentous green algae
              black gum (sour gum)
              bigleaf pondweed
              twi g-rush
              wild cherry (black cherry)
              barley
              dotted smartweed
              sago pondweed
              sawgrass
              smartweed
              smooth sumac
              marsh-elder

              Total plant material
   5
   4
   6
   4
   3
   8
   1
   ft
   5
   5
   4
   1
   1
   1
  36
  39
  35
  13
   6
   6
   3
   
-------
     APPENDIX TABLE C-9.   FOOD ITEMS OF AMERICAN WIGEON IN CHESAPEAKE BAY DURING THE  PERIOD  1960  -  1969
                                                                                                       a
       Scientific name
                                                                        Frequency  occurrence
                                                                                              Aggregate percent
                                     Common name
                               Gizzard Gullet
                                (121)   (  .)
              Unknown
               (   .)
Gizzard Gullet
 (121)   (  .)
Unknown
 (  .)
oo
     Macoma balthica
     Amphipoda
     Mya arenaria
     Rhithropaneopeus harrisi
     Gastropoda
Ruppia maritima
Potamogeton perfoliatus
Myriophyllum spicatum
Najas guadalupensis
Ulva lactuca
Zea mays
Iva frutescens
Chlorophyceae
Zostera marina
Potamogeton pectinatus
Polygonunt pensylvani cum
Rhus radicans
Zizania aquatica
Rubus spp.
Rhus Copallinum
                                   Baltic macoma
                                   scud, si deswi rnmer
                                   soft-shelled clam
                                   white-fingered mud
                                   snail, limpet
                   crab
Total animal material

Mi dgeongrass
redhead grass
Eurasian watermilfoil
southern naiad
sea lettuce
corn
marsh-elder
green algae
eelgrass
sago pondweed
smartweed
poison ivy - poison oak
wiIdri ce
bramble
sumac

Total plant material
 3
 3
 1
 2
 2
53
40
40
10
 9
 7
 4
 2
 2
 2
 1
 1
 1
 1
 1
  1.0
  0.8
  0.2
  0.2
  0.0

  2.2

 31.1
 23.6
 23.5
  5.8
  4.5
  3.5
  3.2
  1.8
  0.6
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0

 97.7
      Unpublished data  from Rawls (in  prep.).
      As  defined by Swanson  et  al.  (1974).

-------
APPENDIX TABLE C-10.   FOOD ITEMS OF GREEN-WINGED TEAL  IN  CHESAPEAKE  BAY  DURING  THE  PERIOD  I960  -  1969
Scientific name
Acnida cannabinus (amaranthus)
Polygonum Persicaria
Iva frutescens
Scirpus robustus
Zea mays
Polygonum pensylvani cum
Echinochloa Walter i
Scirpus validus
Scirpus americanus •
Eleocharis obtusa
Scirpus Olneyi
Polygonum punctatum
Echinochloa crusgalli
Myriophyllum spicatum

Common name
tidemarsh waterhemp
smartweed
marsh-elder
saltmarsh bulrush
corn
smartueed

softstem bulrush
common -fchreesquare
blunt spikerush
olney -threesquare
dotted smartweed
barnyard grass
Eurasian watermi Ifoi 1
Total plant material
Frequency occurrence Aggregate percent
Gizzard Gullet Unknown Gizzard Gullet Unknown
( 13) (.)(.) ( 13) ( .) ( .)
85 51.9
54
31
23
8
15
23
31
38
8
15
15
8
8













12.7
12.7
4.2
4.2
4.2
3. 1
2.3
1.9
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.4
0.0


























100.0
 Unpublished  data  from  Rawls  (in  prep.).
 As defined by  Swanson  et  al.  (1974).

-------
   APPENDIX TABLE C-11
                      FOOD ITEMS OF BLACK DUCKS IN CHESAPEAKE BAY DURING THE PERIOD I960

                                                                   Frequency occurrence
                                                      - 19693
                                                                                                 Aggregate percent
     Scientific name
                                     Common name
                               Gizzard Gullet
                                (131)   (  .)
Unknown  Gizzard Gullet  Unknowr
 (  .)    (131)   (  .)   (  .)
N>
O
Congeria leucophaeta
Gammaridae
Mya arenaria
Macoma balthica
Pelecypoda (Bivalvia)
Cyathura polita
Balanus spp.

Brachiodontes recurvus (Mytilus)
Lepi doptera
Hydrobi i dae
Epitonium rupicola
Mulinia lateral is
Coleoptera
Melampus bidentatus
Arcuatula demissa (Volsella)
Insecta
Odonata
Pectinatella magnifica
   Zea mays
   Potamogeton perfoliatus
   Ruppia maritima
   Myriophyllum spicatum
   Ulva lactuca
   Najas guadalupensis
   Polygonum pensylvanicum
   Nyssa sylvatica (biflora)
   Polygonum punctatum
   Sparganium americanum
   Iva frutescens
   Polygonum Persicaria
   Avena sativa
   Cyperus es'culentus
   Cladium mariscoides
   Grami neae
   Echinochloa crusgalli
   Distichlis spicata
   Polygonum densiflorum
   Smi lax spp..
   Amaranthus hybridus
Conrad's false mussel
scud
soft-shelled clam
Baltic macoma
bi valve
i sopod
barnacle
undetermined fish
hooked mussel
butterfly* moth

lined wentletrap
duck clam
beetle
salt marsh snail
Atlantic ribbed mussel
insect
dragonfly, damselfly
bryozoan

Total animal material

corn
redhead grass
widgeongrass
Eurasian watermiIfoi1
sea lettuce
southern naiad
smartueed
black gum (sour gum)
dotted smartucied
eastern.burreed
marsh-elder
smartweed
oats
gali ngale
twi g-rush
grasses
barnyard grass
salt grass
southern smartweed
lily
prince's feather
            (conti nued)
                                                                        3
                                                                        5
                                                                        3
                                                                        3
                                                                        2
                                                                        2

                                                                        2
                                                                    27
                                                                    44
                                                                    40
                                                                    13
                                                                     9
                                                                     6
                                                                    12
                                                                     7
                                                                     6
                                                                    1 1
                                                                     4
                                                                    14
                                                                     2
                                                                     4
                                                                     3
                                                                     3
                                                                     5
                                                                     2
                                                                     2
                                                                     5
                                                                     1
           1.9
           1.8
           0.9
           0.6
           0.3
           0.3
           0.2
           0. 1
           0. 1
           0. 1
           0.0
           0.0
           0.0
           0.0
           0.0
           0.0
           0.0
           0.0
           0.0

           6.4

          17.5
          15.5
          14.2
           8.4
           5.8
           3.8
           2.8
           2.7
           2.6
           2.2
           2.0
           1.8
           1.4
           1.3
           1.0
           0.9
           0.8
           0.8
           0.8
           0.7
           0.7

-------
APPENDIX TABLE C-11.  (continued)'
  Scientific name
                                                                   Frequency occurrence
                                                           Aggregate percent
  Common name
Gizzard Gullet  Unknown  Gizzard Gullet  Unknown
 (131)   (  .)   (  .)    (131)   (  .)   (  .)
Acnida cannabtnus (amaranthus)
Polygonum arifolium
Scirpus validus.
Pinus Taeda
Scirpus americanus
Myrica cerifera
Potamogeton amplifolius
Rhus Copallinum
Ilex lacvigata
Chlorophyceae
Panicum dichotomiflorum
Spartina cynosuroides
Prunus serotina
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Dacodon verticillatus
Potamogeton pusillus
Zannichellia palustris
Vallisneria americana (spiralis)
Sparganium eurycarpum
Potamogeton pectinatus
Eleocharis quadrangulata
Nyrica pensylvanica
Rhus radicans
Potamogeton nodosus (americanus)
Digitaria sanguinalis
Paspalum laeve
Vitis vulpina (cordifolia)
Ipornoea hederacea

Scirpus Olneyi
Digitaria filiformis
Phytolacca americana
Liquidambar styraciflua
Rubus spp.
Rhus Toxicodendron
Ilex opaca
Berchemia scandens
Eleocharis obtusa
Scirpus robustus
Eleusine indica
Echinochloa colonum
Setari a Faberi i
Cuscuta spp.
tidemarsh waterhemp
halberdleaf tear-thumb
softstem bulrush
loblolly pine
common threesquare
wax-myrtle
bigleaf pondweed
sumac
wi nterberry
green algae
panic grass
big cordgrass
wild cherry (black cherry)
ragweed
water-wi How
slender pondweed
horned pondweed
wiIdcelery
big burreed
sago pondweed
squarestem spikerush
bayberry
poison ivy - poison oak
longleaf pondweed
crab grass
grass
forest-grape
morning glory
undetermined vegetation
olncy threesquare
crab grass
pokeweed
sweet gum (red gum)
bramble
poi son-oak
American holly
supple-jack
blunt spikerush
saltmarsh bulrush
yard grass
jungle rice
foxtail grass
dodder
            (conti nued)
   1
   2
   5
   1
   3
   4
  11
   3
   1
   1
   3
   1
   2
   2
   1
   3
   2
   2
   1
   3
   2
   2
   2
   2
   3
   1
   2
   1
   2
   1
   3
   2
   1
   2
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

-------
APPENDIX TABLE C-11.   (continued)
Frequency occurrence Aggregate percent
Scientific name
Nyssa aquatics
Solanum carplinense
Sambucus canadensis
Nymphaea odorata (Castalia)

Common name
sour gum
horse-nettle
common-elder
white water lily
Total plant material
Gizzard Gullet
(131) ( .)
1
1
1
1
•
Unknown Gizzard Gullet
( .) (131) ( .)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
93.5
Unknown
•
•
 Unpublished data from Rawls (in prep.).
i
 As defined by Swanson et al.  (1974).

-------
    APPENDIX TABLE C-12.
FOOD ITEMS OF MALLARDS IN CHESAPEAKE BAY DURING THE PERIOD 1960 - 1969

                                             Frequency occurrence
                                                                                                a
                                                                                                  Aggregate percent
                                                                                                                   b
      Scientific name
               Common name
Gizzard Gullet  Unknown
 (134)   (  .)   (  .)
Gizzard Gullet
 (134)   (  .)
Unknown
 (  .)
N)
U)
    Congeria  leucophaeta
    Mya arenaria
    Libelluidae
    Balanus spp.
    Brachiodontes recurvus  (Mytilus)
    Lyrogyrus spp.
    Rangia cuneata
    Macoma balthica
    Amphipoda
    Insecta
    Corixi dae
    Lepidoptera
    Macoma mitchelli  (M. phenax)
    Odonata
    Epitonium rupicola
   Zea mays
   Potamogeton perfoliatus
   Ruppia maritima
   Nyssa sylvatica (biflora)
   Gramineae
   Myriophyllum spicatum
   Najas guadalupensis
   Polygonum punctatum
   Prunus serotina
   Quercus spp.
   Scirpus americanus
   Polygonum pensylvanicum
   Sparganium americanum
   Triti.cum aestivum
   Panicum dichotomiflorum
   Potamogeton pusillus
   Chlorophyceae
   Scirpus validys
   Digitaria filiformis
   Poiygonum arifolium
   Nyssa biflora
   Myrica cerifera
   Iva frutescens
   Cyperus strigosus
   Spartina cynosuroides
             Conrad's false mussel
             soft-shelled clam
             common skimmer
             barnacle
             hooked mussel
             snai 1
             brackish water clam
             Baltic macoma
             scud, sideswimmer
             i nsect
             water boatman
             butterfly,  moth
             Mitchell's  clam
             dragonfly,  damselfly
             li ned wentletrap

             Total animal material

             corn
             redhead grass
             widgeongrass
             black gum (sour gum)
             grasses
             Eurasian watermiIfoi1
             southern naiad
             dotted smartweed
             wild  cherry (black cherry)
             oak
             common threesquare
             smartweed
             eastern burreed
             wheat
             panic grass
             slender pondweed
             green algae
             softstem bulrush
             crab  grass
             halberdleaf teai—thumb
             water gum
             wax-myrtle
             marsh-elder
             galingale
             big cordgrass
                         (continued)
  40
  23
  23
  10
   7
  10
   4
  13
   7
   2
  15
  15
  12
   2
   5
   3
   3
  1 1
   5
   3
   2
   6
   2
   1
   2
  1.6
  1.3
  0.6
  0.4
  0.2
  0
  0
  0
  0
  0
  0
  0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0

  4.9

 24. 1
 10.4
  8.2
  4.4
  4.0
  3.6
  3.3
  2.6
  2.2
  2.2
  2. 1
   .8
   .8
   .3
   . 1
   .0
   .0
   .0
   .0
   .0
   .0
  0.9
  0.9
  0.9
  0.8

-------
    APPENDIX  TABLE  C-12.   (continued)3
      Scientific  name
                                                                       Frequency occurrence
                                                         Aggregate  percent"
Common name
Gizzard Gullet  Unknown  Gizzard Gullet  Unknown
 (134)   (   .)   (   .)     (134)    (   .) '  (   .)
Smi lax spp.
Rumex cr i spus
Rubus spp.



Plantago lanceolata
Nymphaea odorata
(Castalia)
lily
sour dock
bramble
English plantain
• white water lily
1 0
1
1
1
1




0
0
0
0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0








                                       Total  plant  material
                                                       94.5
     Unpublished  data  from  Rawls  (in  prep.).
    >
     As  defined by  Swanson  et  al.  (1974).
NJ
Ul

-------
   APPENDIX TABLE C-13.   FOOD  ITEMS  OF  PINTAILS  IN  CHESAPEAKE BAY DURING THE PERIOD 1960 - 19693
KJ
ON

Scientific name
Goni obasi s spp. '
Palaemonetes spp.
Macoma balthica
Physa spp.
Polychaeta
Coleoptera
Planorbi dae
Formicidae

Zea mays
Polygonum pensylvanicum
Pennisetum spp.
Ruppia maritima
Myriophyllum spicatum
Hordeum vulgare
Panicum di chotomi f lorum
Eleocharis obtusa
Prunus serotina
Grami neae
Myrica cerifera
Myrica pensylvanica
Polygonum lapathi f oli urn
Sci rpus val i dus
Echinochloa crusgalli
Cyperus strigosus
Potamogeton perfoliatus
Digitaria sanguinalis
Digitaria Ischaemum
Nyssa sylvatica (biflora)
Enteromorpha spp.
Amaranthus hybridus
Digitaria filiformis
Solanum carolinense
Sparganium americanum
Scirpus americanus
Echinochloa Ualteri
Cladium jamaicense
Potamogeton pectinatus
Leersia oryzoides
Rhus Copal linum
Cyperus esculentus
_

Common name
snai 1
grass shrimp
Baltic macoma
sna i 1
polychaete
beetle
orb snail
ant
Total animal material
corn
smar tweed
feathertop
widgeongrass
Eurasian watermilfoil
barley
panic grass
blunt spikerush
ui Id cherry (black cherry)
grasses
wax-myrtle
bayberry
nodding smartweed
softstem bulrush
barnyard grass
gal i ngale
redhead grass
crab grass
crab grass
black gum (sour gum)
filamentous green algae
prince's feather
crab grass
horse-nettle
eastern burreed
common threesquare

sawgrass
sago pondweed
cut grass
sumac
gal i ngale
(continued)
Frequency occu
Gizzard Gullet
(47) ( .)
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
.
53
23
11
17
23
4
19
13
4
4
1 1
4
15
15
15
6
13
23
6
4
2
9
11
2
6
6
2
4
2
2
2
2

rrence Aggregate pe
Unknown Gizzard Gullet
( .) (47) ( .)
1.7
0.8
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
3.6
28.5
9.7
9.5
.. . 6.1
5.6
4.3
3.8
3.0
2.4
2.1
2. 1
2. 1
2.0
.9
.8
.5
.4
.4
.0
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0. 1

rcentb
Unknown
( .)

.
t
.
.
.
,
•
.
•
•
•
.
.
•
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
-.
.


-------
APPENDIX TABLE C-13.   (continued)'
  Scientific name
                                                                   Frequency  occurrence
                                                         Aggregate  percent
Common name
Gizzard Gullet  Unknown  Gizzard Gullet  Unknown
 ( 47)   (.)(.)     (  47)    (   .)   (   .)
Scirpus Olneyi
Setar i a Faberi i
Rumex obtusi fol i us
Polygonum Persicaria
Plantago lanceolata
Ambrosia artemi si i folia
Zannichellia palustris
Eleocharis quadrangulata
Cladium mariscoides
Lolium perenne
Paspalum laeve
Setaria geniculata
Amaranthus hybridus
Acnida cannabinus (amaranthus)
Polygonum densiflorum
Phytolacca americana
Lespedeza striata
Lespedeza bicolor
Vitis vulpina (cordifolia)
Cephalanthus occidental! s
olney threesquare
foxtail grass
bitter dock
smartweed
English plantain
ragweed
horned pon'dweed
squarestem spikerush
twi g-rush
Engli sh rye grass
grass
foxtail grass
prince's feather
tidemarsh waterhemp
southern smartweed
pokeweed
Japanese clover
pulse
forest-grape
buttonbush
2
9
2
4
4
2
2
2
2
2
4
2
6
2
2
6
2
2
2
2




















0. 1
0. 1
0. 1
0. 1
0. 1
0. 1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0








































                                   Total plant material
                                                       96.4
 Unpublished data from Rawls (in prep.).
 As defined by Swanson et al.  (1974).

-------
     APPENDIX TABLE  D-1.   FOOD  ITEMS  OF BUFFLEHEADS  IN CHESAPEAKE BAY DURING THE PERIOD 1970 - 1979
N)
00

Scientific name
Mulinia lateralis
Mya arcnaria
Nerei s spp.
Macoma balthica
Leptocheirus plumulosus
Rhi thropaneopeus harrisi
Brachi odontes recurvus (Mytilus)
Chi ronomi dae
Cyprinodon variegatus
Lepomis gibbosus
Corophium spp.
Amni col i i dae (Bulimidae)
Fundulus spp.
Palaemonetes pugio
Anguilla rostrata
Cyathura poli-ta
Scarabaeidae
Ani soptera
Apeltes quadracus
Gemma gemma
Gammari dae
Electra crustulenta
Molgula manhattensis
Balanus spp.
Call i nectus sapidus
Arcuatula demissa (Volsella)
Cyathura carinata (polita)
Edotea triloba

Odostomia spp.
Odostomia impressa
Melampus bidentatus
Congeria leucophaeta
Edotea spp.

Potamogeton pectinatus
Zostera marina
Spartina alterniflora (stricta)
Ruppia maritima
Cyperus strigosus
Potamogeton perfoliatus


Common name
duck clam
soft-shelled clam
clam worm
Baltic macoina
amphi pod
white-fingered mud crab
hooked mussel
midge
sheepshead minnow
bluegi 11
amphi pod
swamp snai 1

prawn
American eel
i sopod
scarab beetle
dragonfly

gem clam
scud
lacy crust
sea grape
barnacle
blue crab
Atlantic ribbed mussel
i sopod
i sopod
undetermind animal
odostome
incised odostome
salt marsh snail
Conrad's false mussel

Total animal material
sago pondweed
eelgrass
saltmarsh cordgrass
wi dgeongrass
gali ngale
redhead grass
(conti nued)
Frequency occu
Gizzard Gullet
(30) ( 2)
47
30
30
17
20
33
17
3
3
3
7
7
3
10
3 50
7
3
3
3
7
7
7
3
3
3
3
3
7
3
13
3
3
7
3
93 50
17 50
7
3
53
3
27

rrence Aggregate percent
Unknown Gizzard Gullet Unknown
( .) (30) (2) ( .)
17.0
10.9
7.8
7.2
5.8
4.0
3.6
3.3
3.0
2.7
2.2
1.7
1.3
1.3
. . 1.3 50.0
1.2
1.1
1.1
0.9
0.7
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.0 .
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0 .
79.2 50.0
9.2 50.0
3.8
3.3
2.6 . .
1.1
0.4


-------
    APPENDIX TABLE D-1.   (continued)
NJ
VO
      Scientific name
                                                                       Frequency occurrence
                                                         Aggregate percent
Common name
Gizzard Gullet  Unknown
 (  30)   (   2)   (   .)
Gizzard Gullet  Unknown
 ( 30)   (2)   (  .)
Zannichellia palustris
Robinia Psuedoacacia
Rhus radicans
Echinochloa Walteri
Panicum di chotomi f lorum
P a spa 1 urn ci 1 i at i f ol i urn
Setaria glauca
Zea mays
Distichlis spicata
Polygonum punctatum
Liquidambar styraciflua
Prunus serotina
Vi taceae

horned pondweed
black locust
poison ivy - poison oak

panic grass

foxtail grass
corn
salt grass
dotted smartweed
sweet gum (red gum)
wild cherry (black cherry)
grape
undetermined vegetation
13
7
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
7
3
3
3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
                                       Total plant material
                               80
          50
 20.8
50.0
     As defined by Swanson et al. (1974).

-------
APPENDIX TABLE D-2.  FOOD ITEMS OF COMMON GOLDENEYES IN CHESAPEAKE BAY DURING THE PERIOD  1970 -  1979
  Scientific name
  Common name
                                                                   Frequency occurrence
                                                           Aggregate percent
Gizzard Gullet
 (21)   (   1)
       Unknown
        (  2)
Gizzard Gullet
 (  21)   (  1)
Unknown
 (  2)
Littorina irrorata
Crustacea
Gammarus palustris
Trichoptera

Gobiosoma spp.
Brevoortia tyrannus
Opsanus tau
Brachjodontes recurvus (Mytilus)
Mulinia lateralis
Rhithropaneopeus harrisi
Mya arenaria
Macoma balthica
Palaemonetes pugio
Furtdulus heteroclites
Rangia cuneata
Balanus spp.
Lepomis macrochirus
Erichsonella attenuata
Bairdiella chrysura
Apeltes quadracys
Macoma mitchelli (M. phenax)
Gammarus mucronatus
Amphipoda
Balanus eburneys
Gobiosoma bosci
Zygoptera

Gastropoda
Odostomia spp.
Amnicoliidag (Bulimidae)
Congeria leucophaeta
Nereis spp.
Gammarus spp.
Corophium spp.
Scarabaei dae
Curculionidae
Zea mays
Potamogeton pectinatus
Ruppia maritima
marsh periwinkle
crustacean
scud
caddi sf ly
undetermined fish
naked goby
Atlantic menhaden
oyster toadfish
hooked mussel
duck clam
white-fingered mud crab
soft-shelled clam
Baltic macoma
prawn

brackish water clam
barnacle
bluegi11
i sopod
siIver perch

Mitchell's clam
scud
scud, sideswimmer
ivory barnacle
goby
damselfly
undetermind animal
snail,  limpet
odostome
swamp snail
Conrad's false mussel
clam worm
scud
amphi pod
scarab beetle
snout beetle

Total animal material

corn
sago pondweed
widgeongrass
            (conti nued)
  33
  48
  52
  19
  52
  .29
  19
  14
  24
  10
   5
   5
  10
   5
  10
   5
   5
   5
   5
   5
   5
  14
  14
   5
  10
   5
   5
   5
   5

 100

  24
  19
  52
         50
         50
        100
         50
         50
        100
         50
         50
        100

        100
        100


         50
  0

100
         50
                                                                                   100
 12. 1
 10.0
  8.6
  8.3
  7.9
  6.4
  6.4
  5.7
  2.8
  2.7
  2.6
  0.5
  0.2
  0
  0
  0
  0
  0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0

 74.9

  9.6
  5.8
  4.4
  0.0
  0.0
  3.5
  1.0
  0.0
  5.0
 25.0
  2.5
  2.5

 isio
 41.5
  0.0
100.0
                                                                                                   100.0

-------
    APPENDIX TABLE D-2.   (continued)
      Scientific name
                                                                       Frequency occurrence
                                                           Aggregate percent0
  Common name
Gizzard Gullet  Unknown
 (  21)   (1)   (2)
Gizzard Gullet  Unknown
 (21)   (  1)  . (  2)
    Liquidambar styraciflua
    Panicum dichotomiflorum
    Potamogeton perfoliatus
    Hprdeum vulgare
    Pinus Taeda
    Rhodophyceae
    Cyperus esculentus
    Quercus spp.
    Polygonum densiflorum
    Phytolacca  americana
    Rybus spp.
    Vitaceae
    Ambrosia artemisiifolia
sweet gum (red gum)
panic grass
redhead grass
barley
loblolly pine
red algae
gali ngale
oak
southern smartwiaed
pokeweed
bramble
grape
ragweed

Total plant material
  2
-------
    APPENDIX TABLE D-3.   FOOD ITEMS OF CANVASBACKS IN CHESAPEAKE BAY DURING THE PERIOD 1970 - 1979
      Scientific name
                                                                       Frequency occurrence
                                                                                              Aggregate percent
                                     Common name
                               Gizzard Gullet
                                (273)   ( 68)
              Unknown
               ( 45)
       Gizzard Gullet
        (273)   ( 68)
              Unknown
               ( 45)
u>
Bittium variym
Odostomia trifida
Amnicoliidae (Bulimidae)
Pelecypoda (Bivalvia)
Cyathura carinata (polita)
Gammarus spp.
Molgula spp.
Macoma balthica
Mya arenaria
Rangia cuneata
Leptocheirus plumulosus
Nereis spp.
Rhithropaneopeus harrisi
Macoma mitchelli (M. phenax)
Balanus spp.

Congeria leucophaeta
Cyathura polita
Nerei s succinea
Gammarus tigrinus
Aori dae
Pori fera
Odostomia spp.
Retusa canaliculata (Acteocina)
Brachiodontes recurvus (Mytilus)
Bittium spp.
Gemma gemma
Nulinia lateral is
Polychaeta
Gammaridae
Xanthidae (Pilumnidae)
Scarabaei dae
Chalepus dorsalis
Vespa spp.
    Hordeym  vulgare
    Spartina spp.
    Triticum aestivum
    Myrica  spp.
    Crataegus spp.
    Ipomoea  hederacea
variable bittium
tripartite odostome
swamp snail
bi valve
i sopod •
scud
sea grape
Baltic macoma
soft-shelled clam
brackish water clam
amphi pod
clam worm
white-fingered mud crab
Mitchell's clam
barnacle
undetermind animal
Conrad's false mussel
i sopod
clam worm
scud

sponge
odostome
channeled barrel bubble
hooked mussel

gem clam
duck clam
polychaete
scud
mud crab
scarab beetle
                                   Total animal material

                                   barley
                                   cordgrass
                                   wheat
                                   wax-myrtle
                                   hawthorn
                                   morning glory
                                               (continued)
93
 5
10
 8
10
 4
 6
 2
 1
 1
 2
 0
 1
 1
 0
 1
 0
 2
 0
 0
 1
 0
 0
 0
 0
 0
 0

99
                                                                                76
                                                                                16

                                                                                13
                                                                                 3
                                                                                 3
                                                                                16
                                                                                 1
                                                                                 9
                                                                                 3
                                                                                 4
                                                                                 1
                                                                                         2
                                                                                         2
                                                                                         2
                                                                                         4
                                                                                         2
29

18
 2
                                                                                        93
                                                  2
                                                  7
                                                  2
                                                  2
                                                  2
4. 1
2.5
1.8
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.2
         0.2
         0.2
         0.0
         0.0
         0.0
         0.0
         0.0
         0.0
         0.0
         0.0
         0.0
         0.0
         0.0
         0.0
         0.0
         0.0
         0.0
         0.0
         0.0

        91.4
 0.0

69! 1
 6.7

 0.*6
 0. 1
 0.8
 2.3
 0.0
        0.6
        0.6
        0.0
        0.0
                                                                                                         0.0
       81.0

        0.0

        o!o
                                         0.0
                                         0.0
                                         0.0
                                         0.0
                                         0.0
41.3

21.4

 o!s
 0. 1
                0.2
                                                                         66.2
                                         0.0
                                         4.2
                                         0.0
                                         0.0
                                         0.0

-------
APPENDIX TABLE D-3.   (continued)
                                                                   Frequency  occurrence
Aggregate percent
Scientific name
Zea mays
Potamogeton perfoliatus
Sorgum vulgare .
Ruppia maritima
Chlorophyceae
Vallisneria americana (spiralis)
Distichlis spicata
Polygonum punctatum
Zostera marina
Cladium mariscoides
Scirpus spp.
Polygonum arifolium
Cuscuta spp.
Prunus serotina
Scirpus americanus
Cladophora spp.
Sci rpus Olneyi
Heterantheraj^dubia
Myrica cerirera
Nyssa sylvatica (biflora)
Ilex opaca
Pinus Taeda
Potamogeton pectinatus
Sparganium eurycarpum
Scirpus robustus
Scirpus validus
Carex lurida
Panicum di chotomi f lorum
Sorgum halapense
Amaranthus spp.
Gerani aceae
Rhus Copallinum
Ilex decidua
Vi taceae
Vi t i s spp.
Myr i ophyllum spicatum
Datura stramonium

Common name
corn
redhead grass
grass
wi dgeongrass
green algae
wi Idcelery
salt grass
dotted smartweed
eelgrass
twi g-rush
bulrush
halberdleaf te.ii — thumb
dodder
wild cherry (black cherry)
common threesquare
green algae
olney threesquare
water stai — grass
wax-myrtle
black gum (sour gum)
American holly
loblolly pine
sago pondweed
big burreed
saltmarsh bulrush
softstem bulrush
sedge
panic grass
Johnson grass
amaranth
gerani urn
sumac
holly
grape
grape, wild grape
Eurasian watermilfoil
j imson-weed
Total plant material
Gi zzard
(273)
7
6
1
9
0





0
0
0
0
2
0
1
0
1
3
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
23
Gullet
( 68)
12
6
6
3
.
1
.
»
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
«
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
•
21
Unknown
( 45)
42
2
.
27
.
2
.
.
2
2
.
.
.
2
2
.
2
.
.
.
.
.
7
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
2
.
.
•
56
Gizzard Gullet
(273) ( 68)
4.1 9.7
1.4 4.4
1.2 4.1
0.6 0.0
0.3
0.3 0.7
0.2
0.
0. 0.0
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.0
0.0
•Q.O
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0'. 0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
8.6 19.0
Unknown
( 45)
22.4
0.3
.
6.7
.
0. 1
.
.
0.0
0.0
.
.
.
0.0
0.0
.
0.0
.
.
.
.
.
0.0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.0
.
.
•
33.8
 As defined by Swanson et al.  (1974).

-------
APPENDIX TABLE D-4.
FOOD ITEMS OF GREATER SCAUP IN CHESAPEAKE BAY DURING THE PERIOD 1970

                                              Frequency occurrence
                          1979a

                            Aggregate percent3
  Scientific name
                Common name
Gizzard Gullet
 ( 40)   (   8)
      Unknown
       (  .)
Gizzard Gullet
         (  8)
       Unknown
        (   .)
Gammarus spp.
Balanidae
Brachiodontes recurvus (Mytilus)
Rangia cuneata
Balanus spp.
Molgula manhattensis
Macoma balthica
Mulinia lateralis
Mya arenaria
Urosalpinx cinerea
Nassarius vibex
Neopanope texana sayi
Congeria leucophaeta
Nassarius obsoletus (Nyanassa)
Littorina irrorata
Cyathura polita
Rhithropaneopeus harrisi
Odostomia spp.
Gemma gemma
Nerei s succi nea
Retusa canaliculata (Acteocina)
Callinectus sapidus

Bittium varium
Hydrobia spp. (Littoridinops)
Macoma mitchelli (M. phenax)
Nereis spp.
Gammarus mucronatus
Balanus improvisus
Myrmica spp.
Odontomyia spp.
Electra crustulenta
Zea mays
Zostera marina
Avena sativa
Cladophora spp.
Secale cereals
Ruppia maritima
Rubus spp.
              scud
              rock barnacle
              hooked mussel
              brackish water clam
              barnacle
              sea grape
              Baltic macoma
              duck clam
              soft-shelled clam
              Atlantic oyster drill
              mottled dog whelk
              mud crab
              Conrad's false mussel
              mud dog whelk
              marsh periwinkle
              i sopod
              white-fingered mud crab
              odostome
              gem clam
              clam worm
              channeled barrel bubble
              blue crab
              undetermind animal
              variable bittium
              swamp snai1
              Mitchell's clam
              clam worm
              scud
              bay barnacle
              ant

              lacy crust

              Total animal material

              undetermined vegetation
              corn
              eelgrass
              oats
              green algae
              rye
              wi dgeongrass
              bramble
                          (conti nued)
  65
  35
  35
   8
  20
  13
  15
   3
  18
   5
   8
   5
   5
   3
   3
  10
   5
   3
  10
   3
   3
   3
   3
   5
   8
   3
   3
   3
   3
   3

  98
  28
  10
   3
   3
   3
  25
   3
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13

13
63
13
13
 32.2
 15.0
  6.7
  4.0
  2.6
  2.5
  2.3
  0.5
                 0.2
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0

 67.2
 16.9
  4.4
  2.3
  2. 1
  2.0
  1.6
  1.3
 0. 1
 0.0
 0.0
 4.4
          0.5
          3.8
 1.3
10.0

12.4
62.5
 0.0
 0. 1

-------
     APPENDIX TABLE D-4.   (continued)
LO
Ln
       Scientific  name
                                                                        Frequency  occurrence
                                                         Aggregate percent
Common name
Gizzard Gullet  Unknown
 ( 40)   (8)   (   .)
Gizzard Gullet  Unknown
 ( 40)   (8)   (  .)
Ulva lactuca
Enteromorpha intestinalis
Nyssa sylvatica (biflora)
Chlorophyceae
Brornus secalinus
Agrostemma Githago
Rumex cr i spus
Pinus Taeda
Ranunculus acri s
Ilex opaca
Cornus florida
Ipomoea hederacea
Scirpus americanus
Hordeum vulgare
Di sti chli s spi cata
Triticum aestivum
Amaranthus spp.
Rumex spp.
Liquidambar styraciflua
Phaseolus vulgaris
Ambrosia artemi si i foli a

sea lettuce
green alga
black gum (sour gum)
green algae
cheat (chess)
corn-cockle
sour dock
loblolly pine
buttercup
American holly
flowering dogwood
morning glory
common threesquare
barley
salt grass
wheat
amaranth
dock, sorrel
sweet gum (red gum)
common bean
ragweed
Total plant material
3
3 13
5
3 13
3
3
3
3
3
5
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
55 100
0.8
0.4 2.5
0.3 ..
0.3 12.5
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0 . .
. ' 0.0
0.0
0.0
.0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
32.8 90.0
      As  defined  by  Swanson  et  al.  (1974).

-------
APPENDIX TABLE D-5.
FOOD ITEMS OF LESSER SCAUP IN CHESAPEAKE BAY DURING THE PERIOD 1970 - 1979

                                              Frequency occurrence
  Scientific name
                                                                                              Aggregate percent
                Common name
Gizzard Gullet
 (7.6)   (18)
Unknown
 (   .)
                                                                                                Gizzard  Gullet
                                                                                                 (  76)    (  18)
                                                                                                           Unknown
                                                                                                            (   .)
    Rangia cuneata
    Brachiodontes recurvus  (Mytilus)
    Balanus  spp.
    Maconia balthica
    Mulinia  latsralis
    Mya arenaria
    Odostomia spp.
    Rhithropaneopeus harrisi
    Corophi i dae
    Congeria leucophaeta
    Corophiym spp.
    Urosalpinx cinerea
    Nereis spp.
    Molgyla  manhattensis
,_,   Formici dae
w   Retusa canaliculata (Acteocina)
    GammaridaG
    Chi ronomi dae
    Nassarius obsoletus (Nyanassa)
    Gemma gemma
    Hydrobia spp. (Littoridinops)
    Curculionidae
    Coelenterata (Cnidaria)
    Fundulus heteroclites
    Pyramidellidae (Turbinellidae)
    Nassarius vibex

    Melarnpus bidentatus
    Pelecypoda (Bivalvia)
    Mitrella lunata
    Bittium  varium
    Anachis  avara
    Pyramidella spp.
    Odostomia trifida
    Nassarius trivittatus (Nassa)
    Nassarius spp.
    Amnicola spp.
    L i ttori ni dae
    Littorina irrorata
    Polistes spp.
                                   brackish water clam
                                   hooked mussel
                                   barnacle
                                   Baltic macotna
                                   duck clam
                                   soft-shelled clam
                                   odostome
                                   white-fingered mud crab
                                   scud, sideswimmer
                                   Conrad's false mussel
                                   amphi pod
                                   Atlantic oyster drill
                                   clam worm
                                   sea grape
                                   ant
                                   channeled barrel bubble
                                   scud
                                   mi dge
                                   mud dog whelk
                                   gem clam
                                   swamp snail
                                   snout beetle
                                   hydroi-d, jellyfish

                                   pyramid shell
                                   mottled dog whelk
                                   undetermind animal
                                   salt marsh snail
                                   bi valve
                                   crescent mitrella
                                   variable bittium
                                   greedy dove shell
                                   pyramid shell
                                   tripartite odostome
                                   New England dog whelk
                                   dog whelk
                                   amni cola
                                   periwi nkle
                                   marsh periwinkle
                                   paper wasp
                                   undetermined fish

                                   Total animal material

                                               (conti nued)
                                               32
                                               41
                                               22
                                                8
                                                7
                                               20
                                               18
                                                1
                                                8
                                               1 1
                                                1
                                               17
                                                3
                                                5
                                               12
                                                1
                                                1
                                                5
                                                5
                                                3
                                                1
                                                1
                                                1
                                                3
                                                5
                                                ft
                                                1
                                                3
                                                5
                          10.9
                           5.3
                           5.0
                           2.9
                           2.8
                           2.2
                            .8
                            .5
                            .3
                            .2
                            . 1
                            . 1
                            .0
                           0.7
                           0.6
                           0.5
                           0.4
                           0.4
                           0.4
                           0.3
                           0.2
                                               91
                           0.0
                           0.0
                           0.0
                           0.0
                           0.0
                           0.0
                         .  0.0
                           0.0
                           0.0
                           0.0
                           0.0
                           0.0
                           0.0
                           0.0

                          42. 1
                   0.3

                   i! i
                   o!o
                   1.4

-------
APPENDIX TABLE D-5.  (continued)
  Scientific name
  Common name
                                                                   Frequency occurrence
                                                           Aggregate percent
Gizzard Gullet  Unknown  Gizzard Gullet  Unknown
 (  76)   (  18)   (   .)     (  76)   (  18)   (   .)
Eleusine i.ndica
Chenopodium album
Zea mays
Ruppja maritima
Triticum aestivum
Cladophora spp.
Zostera marina
Ilex decidua
Nyssa sylvatica (biflora)

Scirpus americanus
Polygonum densiflorum
Cyperus spp.
Enteromorpha spp.
Sparganium americanum
Myrica cerifera
Potamogeton perfoliatus
Chlorophyceae
Polygonum punctatum
Rubus spp.
Ilex opaca
Scirpus spp.
Festuca elatior
Ipomoea hederacea
Spartina alterniflora (stricta)
Pinus Taeda
Prunus serotina
Secale cereals
Smilax rotundifolia
Myriophyllum spicatum
Carpinus caroliniana
Ulva spp.
Potamogeton pusillus
Zannichellia palustris
Scirpus robustus
Carex spp.
Polygonum hydropiperoides
Rhus Copallinum
Cuscuta spp.
Iva frytescens
Magnolia virginiana
yard grass
lamb's quarters
corn
wi dgeongrass
wheat
green algae
eelgrass
holly
black gum (sour gum)
undetermined vegetation
common threesquare
southern smartwsed
gali ngale
f ilamentous green algae
eastern burreed
wax-myrtle
redhead grass
green algae
dotted smartweed
bramble
American holly
bulrush
meadow fescue
morning glory
saltmarsh cordgrass
loblolly pine
wild cherry (black cherry)
rye
lily
Eurasian watermiIfoi1
hornbeam (blue beech)
sea lettuce
slender pondweed
horned pondweed
saltmarsh bulrush
sedge
swamp smartweed
sumac
dodder
marsh-elder
sweet bay (swamp bay)

Total plant material
  55
  22
   4
   4
   3
   3
  13
   5
   4
   1
   1
   1
   1
   8
   7
   1
   1
   1
   1
   1
   1
   1
   1
   5
   1
   1
   1
   1
   1
   1
   1
   1
   3
   1
   1
   1
   1
   1
   1

  87
 6
 6
94
                                                                           100
41.9
 2.6
 2.3
 2. 1
 1.3
 0.9
 0.8
 0.6
 0.5
 0.5
 0.4
 0.4
 0.4
 0.4
 0.4
 0.3
 0
 0,
 0,
 0,
 0.2
 0.2
 0,
 0,
 0,
 0.
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0

57.9
93
                        98.6
 As defined by Swanson et al. (1974).

-------
     APPENDIX  TABLE  D-6.   FOOD ITEMS  OF REDHEADS  IN  CHESAPEAKE  BAY  DURING  THE  PERIOD  1970  -  1979
oo
Frequency occurrence
Scientific name
Crepidula fornicata
Erichsonella attenuata
Electra crustulenta
Macoma mitchelli (M. phenax)
Molgula manhattensis
Rangia cuneata
Littorina i rrorata
Pelecypoda (Bivalvia)
Balanus spp.

Zostera marina
Polygonum punctatum
Crataegus spp.
Ipomoea hederacea

Ruppia maritima
Myrica cerifera

Common name
common slipper shell
•i sopod
lacy crust
Mitchell's clam
sea grape
brack i sh water clam
marsh peri wi nkle
bi valve
barnacle
Total animal material
eelgrass
dotted smartweed
hawthorn
morning glory
undetermined vegetation
wi dgeongrass
wax-myrtle ,
Total plant material
Gi zzard
( 7)

.
.
14
29
29
14
14
14
86
86
14
14
14
14
29
14
100
Gullet Unknown
( .) (3)
67
33
100
.
• .
33
. .
. .
•
100
100
. .
.
. .
.
.
•
100
Aggregate percent
Gizzard
( 7)

.
.
2.9
0.4
0. 1
0.0
0.0
0.0
3.4
85.0
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
0. 1
0.0
96.6
Gullet Unknown
( .) (3)
0.0
0.0
0.0
.
.
0.0
. .
.
•
0.0
100.0
.
.
.
.
'
•
100.0
      As  defined  by  Swanson  et  al.  (1974).

-------
     APPENDIX TABLE D-7.   FOOD ITEMS OF GREEN-WINGED TEAL  IN CHESAPEAKE BAY DURING THE  PERIOD  1970  -  1979
LO
vO
Q
Frequency occurrence Aggregate percent
Scientific name
L i bellu i dae
Asellus spp.

Cor i xi dae
Hymenoptera
Formi ci dae
Coleoptera
Carabi dae
Lepi doptera
Orthoptera
Aphi das
Chironomidae
Pecti natella magnifica

Cyperus albomargi natus
Cyperus erythrorh.i zos
Cyperus odorattes
Zea mays
Sci rpus val i dus
Cephalanthus occi dental i s
Polygonum punctatum
Rhus radicans
Panicum di chotomi f lorum
Cladophora spp.
Polygonum lapathi f ol i urn
Myriophyllum spicatum
Carpinus caroliniana
Sparganium atnericanum
Eleocharis palustris
Polygonum spp.
Potamogeton pectinatus
Elodea spp.
Eleocharis obtusa
Scirpus Olneyi
Carex spp.
Ambrosia artemi si i folia

Lespedeza striata
Plantago spp.
Panicum anceps
Anei lema Kei sak

Common name
common skimmer

undetermind animal
water boatman
bee, wasp, ant
ant
beetle
ground beetle
butterfly, moth
grasshopper, cricket
aphid, plant lice
midge
bryozoan
Total animal material
gali ngale
redroot cyperus
galingale
corn
softstem bulrush
buttonbush
dotted smartweod
poison ivy - poison oak
panic grass
green algae
nodding smartweed
Eurasian watermi Ifoi 1
hornbeam (blue beech)
eastern burreed
common spi kerush
smartweed
sago pondweed

blunt spikerush
olney threesquare
sedge
ragweed
undetermined vegetation
Japanese clover
plantai n
panic grass
marsh day-flower
(conti nued)
Gizzard Gullet
( 29) ( .)
3
3
10 .
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
7
38
59
59
41
3
41
38
24
17
24
7
14
7
17
7
7
14
3
3
3
3
3
3
3 .
3
7
7
3
f
Unknown Gizzard Gullet Unknown
( .) (29) ( . ) ( .)
3.0
2.6
1.3 .
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.0
0.0 .
.0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
8.7
26.3
21.5
5.9
3.3
3.2 . . .
2.6
2.6
2.6 -
2.5
2.3
2.3
2.3
.9
.6
.4 .
.3
.2
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7 . .
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.4 . .
0.2


-------
APPENDIX TABLE D-7.   (continued)
  Scientific name
                                                                   Frequency  occurrence
                                                         Aggregate percent'
Common name
Gizzard Gullet  Unknown  Gizzard Gullet  Unknown
 ( 29)   (   .)   (   .)    (  29)   (   .)   (  .)
Polygonum Hydropiper
Cyperus strigosus
Digitaria Ischaeinum
Digitaria sanguinalis
Polygonum densiflorum
Eleocharis quadrangulata
Echinochloa crusgalli
Echinochloa Ualteri
Ranunculus bulbosus
Carex festucacea
Carex lurida
Paspalum laeve
Setaria lutescens
Alnus serrulata
Boehemeria cylindrica
Amaranthus spp.
Rubus spp.
Vitis spp.
Cu scuta .vspp.
Verbena Xirticifolia
Nyssa sylvatica (biflora)
Composi tae
-
smartweed
gali ngale
crab grass
crab grass
southern smartweed
squares-tern spikerush
barnyard grass

buttercup
sedge
sedge
grass
f oxtai 1 grass
smooth alder
false nettle
amaranth
bramble
grape, wild grape
dodder
vervai n
black gum (sour gum)
composi te
Total plant material
7
14
7
3
3
3
3
3
3
7
7
3
3
7
3
3 .
3
3
10
3
3
3
100
0.2
0.2 . ' .
0.1
0.1
0.1.
0.0
0.0
0.0 . .
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0 .
0.0
0.0
0.0
o.o . • .
0.0
91.3
 As  defined  by  Swanson  et  al.  (1974).

-------
APPENDIX TABLE D-8.  FOOD ITEMS OF BLACK DUCKS IN CHESAPEAKE BAY DURING THE PERIOD 1970 - 1979
  Scientific name
                                                                   Frequency occurrence
                                                           Aggregate percent
  Common name
Gizzard Gullet
 (  57)   (   5)
              Unknown
               (   .)
               Gizzard Gullet
                ( 57)   (  5)
               Unknown
                (   .)
Lymnaea columella
Cyathura polita
Di plopoda
Staphyli ni dae
Tri choptera
Ti puli dae
Tabani dae
L i belluidae
Fundulus heteroclites
Arcuatula demissa (Volsella)
Brachiodontes recurvus (Mytilus)
Balanus eburneus
Macoma balthica
Balanus spp.
Gammarus spp.
Melampus bidentatus
Corbicula manilensis
Macoma mitchelli (M. phenax)
Pi si di um spp.
Rhithropaneopeus harrisi
Nereis spp.
Hydrobia spp. (Littoridinops)
Amnicola spp.
Phyllophaga spp.

Heliosoma spp. (Planorbis spp.)
Congeria leucophaeta
Lumbricidae
Amphipoda
Physa spp.
Odostomia spp.
Amnicoliidae (Bulimidae)
Macoma tenta
Isopoda
Erichsonella spp.
Edotea spp.
Orchestia spp.
Corophium spp.
Podocopa
Haliplidae
Coelambus spp.
Curculi oni dae
i sopod
mi 11i ped
rove beetle
caddi sfly
crane fly
horsefly, deerfly
common skimmer

Atlantic ribbed mussel
hooked mussel
ivory barnacl«
Baltic macoma
barnacle
scud
salt marsh snail
Asiatic fresh-water clam
Mitchell's clam
fresh-water clam
white-fingered mud crab
clam worm
swamp snai1
amnicola
June beetle
undetermind animal
orb snai1
Conrad's falsa mussel

scud, sideswimmer
snai 1
pdostome
swamp snai1
narrowed macoma
i sopod
isopod

amphi pod
amphi pod
ostracod
crawling water beetle
snout beetle
 5
19
 ft
 5
11
 2
 2
11
 5
 4
 2
 4
 2
 2
 2
 2
 5
 2
 2
 2
 7
 2
 2
 2
 2
 2
 2
 2
 2
 4
 2
 2
 2
 5
        20
        20
        20
        20
        20
        20
        20
20
20


40
20
40
 3.2
 3.0
 2.6
 2.3
.1.6
 1.5
 1.3
 0.8
 0.4
 0.4
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
                         0.2
                         0.2
                         0.2
                         0.0
                         0.0
                         0.2
                         0.0
                         0.6
                                   0.2
                                   0.0

                                   o!o
                                   0.0
                                   0.0
                                               (conti nued)

-------
APPENDIX TABLE D-8.   (continued)
a
Frequency occurrence Aggregate percent
Scientific name
Carabi dae
Elater i dae
Belastoma spp.
Pentatomi dae
Hymenoptera
Formi ci dae
Pyral i dae
Zygoptera
Araneae
Dolomedes spp.


Eleocharis parvula
Pan i cum clandest i num
Andropogon Gerardi
Muhlenbergia frondosa
Boehemeria cylindrica
Chenopodium spp.
Rumex spp.
Acalypha spp.
Galium spp.
Polygonum punctatum
Ruppia maritima
Leersia oryzoides
Panicum dichotomi f lorum
Scirpus robustus
Leptochloa fascicularis
Scirpus Olneyi
Sorgum halapense
Sparqanium americanutn
Polygonum arifolium
Potarnogeton perfoliatus
Polygonum aviculare
Zea mays
Nyssa sylvatica (biflora)
Spartina alterniflora (stricta)
Celtis occidentalis
Pinus Taeda
Distichlis spicata
Polygonum spp.
Anei lema Kei sak
Zannichellia palustris

Common name
ground beetle
click beetle.

stink bug
bee, wasp, ant
ant
pyralid moths
damself ly
spi der
f i shi ng spi der
undetermined fish
Total animal material
dwarf spikerush

beard grass
muhly
false nettle
goosefoot
dock, sorrel
three-seeded mercury
bedstraw, cleavers
dotted smar tweed
ui dgeongrass
cut grass
panic grass
saltmarsh bulrush

olney threesquare
Johnson grass
eastern burreed
halberdleaf teai — thumb
redhead grass

corn
black gum (sour gum)
saltmarsh cordgrass
hackberry
loblolly pine
salt grass
smartweed
marsh day-flower
horned pondweed
(continued)
Gi zzard
( 57)
2
2
5
2
2
5
2
2
2
2
4
58

B
.
,
.
.
.
•
.
35
39
16
23
12
7
9
9
14
9
19
4
12
11
12
16
25
5
5
5
2

Gullet
( 5)
20
20
,
f
f
40
B
.
t
.
•
100
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
40
.
40
20







20
20
. '
40
•
.
.
.
.
.

Unknown Gizzard
( .) ( 57)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
.17.4

. .
* •
• •
• •
. .
. ,
. .
. .
9.9
9.6
8.5
5.7
3.4
3.2
2.6
2.6
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.0
2.0
.9
.8
.3
.3
.3
.3
. 1

Gullet Unknown
(5) ( .)
0.0
0.0
, .
• •
, .
0.0
. .
. .
. ,
. .
• •
1.6
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
9.0
.
38.0
0.4
.
.
.
.
.
. •
. .
16.0
0.6
.
9.8
.
.
.
.
.
.


-------
     APPENDIX TABLE D-8.   (continued)
                                                                        Frequency occurrence
                                                         Aggregate percent'
U>
       Scientific name
Common name
Gizzard Gullet  Unknown  Gizzard Gullet  Unknown
 (57)   (5)   (   .)    (57)   (5)   (   .)
Iva frutescens
Carpinus caroliniana
Cladophora spp..
Echinochloa Malteri
Spartina patens

Cephalanthus occidental's
Peltandra virginica
Cornus florida
Carya spp.
Prunus serotina
Ambrosia artemi si i folia
Cyperus erythrorhi zos
Cyperus albomargi natus
Rhus radicaits
Cyperus odorattes
Myrica pensylvanica
Acnida cannabinus (amaranthus)
Polygonum pensylvani cum
Chara spp.
Vi ti s spp.
Setari a Faberi i
Phytolacca americana
Quercus spp.
Polygonum lapathi folium
Cyperus esculentus
Grami neae
Digitaria filiformis
Myrica cerifera
Potamogeton pusillus
Scirpus americanus
Echinochloa crusgalli
Vi taceae
Hibiscus Moscheutos
Crataegus spp.
Sci rpus val i dus
Quercus Phellos
Cornus Atnomum
Paspalum ci li ati foli urn
Smilax rotundifolia
Iris Pseudacorus
Stellaria media
Liquidambar styraci f lua

marsh-elder
hornbeam (blue beech)
green algae .

saltmeadow cordgrass
undetermined vegetation
buttonbush
arrow arum
flowering dogwood
hi ckory
wild cherry (black cherry)
ragweed
redroot cyperua
gal i ngale
poison ivy - poison oak
gali ngale
bayberry
tidemarsh waterhemp
smartweed
muskgrass
grape, wild grape
foxtail grass
pokeweed
oak
nodding smartweed
gali ngale
grasses
crab grass
wax-myrtle
slender pondweed
common threesquare
barnyard grass
grape
rose-mallow
hawthorn
softstem bulrush
wi How-oak
dogwood

lily
watei — flag
chickweed (starwort)
sweet gum (red gum)
(continued)
5 20
9
2
7 20
4
7
7
5
5
5
14 !
5
2
2
12
9
2
4 40
7 20
2
5 40
7
9
9
9
5
2
5 20
12
4
9
9 20
9
4
4
7
2
2
5
2
2
2
4 .

1.1 4
1.0
1.0
1.0 0
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3 15
0.2 0
0.2
0.2 0
0.1
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0. 3
0.
0.
0.
0. 0
0.
0. 1
0. 1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

0


6













4
6

0






2



0

•























































-------
APPENDIX TABLE D-8.  (continued)

Scientific name
Acalypha rhomboidea
Trifolium repens
Ilex decidua
Ilex opaca
Plantago lanceolata
Aster tenuifolius
Ulva lactuca
Cyperus spp.
Eleocharis obtusa
Eleocharis quadrangulata
Cladium mariscoides
Sci rpus spp.
Carex spp.
Eleusine indica
Digitaria sanguinalis
Panicum virgatum
Setaria lutescens
Muhlenbergia spp.
Smi lax spp.
Discorea villosa
Alnus serrulata
Chenopodium album
Amaranthus spp.
Rumex crispus
Polygonum Hydropiper
Polygonum hydropiperoi des
Polygonum Persicaria
Ranunculaceae
Rosa spp.
Rosa palustr i s
Rubus spp.
Rhus Copallinum
Cuscuta spp.
Composi tae
Bidsns spp.
Aster spp.
Solanum nigrum
Euphorbia spp.


Common name
three-seeded mercury
white clover
holly
American holly
English plantain

sea lettuce
gal i ngale
blunt spikerush
squarestem spikerush
. twig-rush
bulrush
sedge
yard grass
crab grass
panic grass
foxtail grass

lily
wi Id yam
smooth alder
lamb's quarters
amaranth
sour dock
smartweed
swamp smartweed
smartweed
crowfoot
rose
swamp rose
bramble
sumac
dodder
composi te
beggar-ti ck
aster
black ni ghtshade
spurge
Total plant material
Frequency occu
Gizzard Gullet
( 57) ( 5)
7
2 20
2
ft
2
2
2
2
4
2
2
2
ft
2 20
ft 20
2 20
2
2
2
2
2
2 20
2
ft
ft
5
2
2
2
2
5
9
9
2
2
2
2
2
98 100
rrence Aggregate percent
Unknown Gizzard Gullet Unknown
( .) (57) (5) ( .)
0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0 0.2
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0 .
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
82.6 98. ft
I
As  defined by Swan son e-t al.  (1974).

-------
APPENDIX TABLE D-9.
FOOD ITEMS OF MALLARDS IN CHESAPEAKE BAY DURING THE PERIOD 1970 - 1979

                                              Frequency occurrence
                                                                                              Aggregate percent0
  Scientific name
                Common name
Gizzard Gullet
 ( 84)   (   6)
      Unknown
       (   2)
       Gizzard Gullet
        (84)   (  6)
                                                                                                           Unknown
                                                                                                            (  2)
Orchestia agilis
Corophium spp. .
Popillia japonica
Berosus spp.
Macoma balthica
Brachiodontes recurvus (Mytilus)
Balanus spp.
Goniobasis virginica
Arcuatula demissa (Volsella)
Gsmmarus -fasciatus
Corbicula manilcnsis
Corbicula fluminea
Pelecypoda (Bivalvia)
Asellus spp.
Physa spp.
Dolomedes spp.
Melampus bidentatus
Pi si di urn spp.
Sphaeriym spp.
Orchestia spp.
Carabi dae
Trichoptera

Gastropoda
Nerei s spp.
Lumbri ci dae
Crustacea
Cyathura polita
Atnphipoda
Palaemonetes spp.
Chilognatha
Coleoptera
Dyti scus spp.
Hydrophi1i dae
Elateri dae
Tenebri oni dae
Formicidae
Acrididae (Locustidae)
Ti pulidae
Panicum virgatum
              amphi pod
              amphipod
              Japanese beetle)

              Baltic macoma
              hooked mussel
              barnacle
              snai 1
              Atlantic ribbed mussel
              scud
              Asiatic fresh-water clam

              bi valve

              snai 1
              fi shi ng spi der
              salt marsh snail
              fresh-water clam
              sphere shell
              amphi pod
              ground beetle
              caddi sfly
              undetermind animal
              snai1» 1i mpet
              clam worm

              crustacean
              i sopod
              scud, sideswimmer
              grass shrimp

              beetle
              predaceous diving beetle
              water scavenger beetle
              click beetle
              darkling beetle
              ant
              short-horned grasshopper
              crane fly

              Total animal material
   5
   2
   5
   2
   4
   1
  13
   1
   1
   1
   2
   2
   1
   5
   1
   1
   2
   1
   1
   2
   1
   1
   1
   1
   1
   1
   1
   1
   1
   2
   1
   1
   1
   1
   1

  46
          17
          17
          17
          17
        50
33
33
50
50
              panic grass
17

50

17
                                                                                   100
         3.0
         1. 1
         0.9
         0.7
         0.5
         0.4
         0.2
         0. 1
         0. 1
         0. 1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

7.3
                         0.0
                         0.0
                         0.0
                         0.0
0.2
1.0
                 0.3

                 1.5

                 0.0
                0.5
0.0
2.5
        3.0
                                               (conti nued)

-------
APPENDIX TABLE D-9.  (continued)
  Scientific name
  Common name
                                                                   Frequency occurrence
                                                           Aggregate percent'
Gizzard Gullet  Unknown
 ( 84)   (6)   (2)
               Gizzard Gullet  Unknown
                ( 84)   (  6).  (  2)
Spartina cynosuroides
Andropogon spp.
Rhys glabra
Helianthus spp.
Zea mays
Polygonum punctatum
Leersia oryzoides
Stellaria media
Polygonum arifolium
Scirpus Olneyi
Glycine Max
Aneilerna Keisak
Ruppia maritima
Cephalanthus occidentalis
Sorgum halapense
Sparganium americanum
Peltandra virginica
Nyssa sylvatica (biflora)
Carpinus caroliniana
Sci rpus vali dus
Echinochloa crusgalli
Panicum dichotomiflorum
Vigna sinensis
Vallisneria americana (spiralis)
Cyperus erythrorhizos
Cyperys odorattes
leersia vi rgi ni ca
Polygonum pensylvanicum
Potamogeton perfoliatus
Gramineae

Ulva lactuca
Iva frutescens
Cladiutn mariscoides
Liquidambar styraciflua
Pinus Taeda
Proserpinaca palustris
Digitaria sanguinalis
Chenopodium album
Alnus serrulata
Potamogeton spp.
Scirpus robustus
Polygonum spp.
big cordgrass
beard grass
smooth sumac
sunflower
corn
dotted smartweed
cut grass
chickweed (starwort)
halberdleaf teai—thumb
olney threesquare
soy bean
marsh day-flower
wi dgeongrass
buttonbush
Johnson grass
eastern burreed
arrow arum
black gum (sour gum)
hornbeam (blue beech)
softstem bulrush
barnyard grass
panic grass
cow-pea
wiIdcelery
redroot cyperus
galingale
whi te grass
smartweed
redhead grass
grasses
undetermined vegetation
sea lettuce
marsh-elder
twi g-rush
sweet gum (red gum)
loblolly pine
marsh mermaidweed
crab grass
lamb's quarters
smooth al.der
pondweed
saltmarsh bulrush
smartweed
            (conti nued)
  21
  37
  19
  10
  15
   6
   6
   7
  17
  14
   6
  19
   5
  15
  13
  17
   8
  10
   1
   1
   2
   6
   1
  11
  12
   6
   4
   1
   5
   8
   2
  12
   1
   7
   4
   4
   1
   4
   5
17
17
17
17
50
33
                  50
50
17
17

17
17

17
50
17
50
15.8
 7.9
 7.3
 6.0
 6.0
 3.7
 2.8
 2.7
 2.7
 2.4
 2.2
 2.2
 2. 1
  .8
  .7
  .6
  .5
  .2
  .2
  .2
  .2
  . 1
  . 1
  .0
  .0
 0.9
 0.9
 0.8
 0.8
 0.6
 0
 0
 0
 0
 0.4
 0.4
 0.4
 0.3
 0.3
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
16.7
32.2
16.8
                 6.3
                 0.0

                16'.7
 0.0

 ois
                                 0.0
49.5
10.0
 0.0
 7.5

-------
APPENDIX TABLE D-9.   (continued)
  Scientific name
                                                                   Frequency occurrence
                                                           Aggregate percent'
  Common name
Gizzard Gullet  Unknown
 ( 84)   (6)   (2)
               Gizzard Gullet  Unknown
                (  84)   (6)   (2)
Polygonum hydropiperoides
Polygonum Persicaria
Ranunculus bulbosus
Cornus Amomum
Spartina alterniflora (stricta)
Cyperus esculentus
Eleochari s spp.
Acnida cannabinus (amaranthus)
Polygonum Hydropiper
V'\ taceae
Carex lurida
Rhys Toxicodendron
Scirpus americanus
Carex scoparia
Setaria Faberi i
Myrica cerifera
Ilex opaca
Di gitari a spp.
Cynodon Dactylon
Ampelopsis spp.
Ambrosia trifida
Glyceri a stri ata
Sagittaria latifolia
Polygonum sagittatum  .
Cyperus strigosus
Eleocharis palustris
Digitaria filiformis
Quercus spp.
Celtis occidentalis
Polygonum virginianurn (Tovara)
Cyperus albomarginatus
Echinochloa Walteri
Commelina communis
Vi ti s spp.
Rhus radicans
Ilex decidua
Eleocharis quadrangulata
Smilax Waltoni
Quercus palustris
Amaranthus spp.
Polygonum lapathi foli urn
Phytolacca americana
Rubus spp.
swamp smartweed
smartweed
buttercup
dogwood
saltmarsh cordgrass
gali ngale
spi kerush
tidemarsh waterhemp
smartweed
grape
sedge
poi son-oak
common threesquare
sedge
foxtai1 grass
wax-myrtle
American holly
crab grass
bermuda grass (wire grass)

ragweed
manna grass
broadleaf arrowhead
smartweed •
gali ngale
common spikerush
crab grass
oak
hackberry

gali ngale

day-flower
grape, wild grape
poison ivy - poison oak
holly
squarestem spikerush
lily
pi n-oak
amaranth
nodding smartweed
pokeweed
bramble
   1
   1
   2
   4
   1
   5
   4
   7
   1
   2
  12
   4
                                               (ccmti nued)
   2
   4
   4
   5
   2
   2
   4
   7
   1
   8
   6
   6
   4
   1
   1
   5
   1
   1
   6
          17
17
17
17
50
17
.2
.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2
0
0
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
                         0.2
2.5    30.0
2.8
                 3.3
                 0.2

-------
    APPENDIX TABLE D-9.  (continued)
     .Scientific name
                                                                       Frequency occurrence
                                                                                              Aggregate percent
                                     Common name
Gizzard Gullet  Unknown  Gizzard Gullet  Unknown
 ( 84)   (   6)   (  2)    ( 84)   (6)   (2)
oo
Prunus serotina
Carex intumescens
Paspalum ci 1 i at i f oli urn
Smilax rotundifolia
Crataegus spp.
Ilex verti cillata
Vitis vulpina (cordifolia)
Potamogeton pectinatys
Zannichellia palustris
Eleocharis Engelmanni
Scirpus fluviatilis
Carex spp.
Arthraxon hispidus
Eleusine indica
Digitaria Ischaemum
Echinochloa spp.
Fcstuca spp.
Panicum clandestinum
Paspalum spp.
Setaria spp.
Setaria lutescens
Setaria glauca
Sorgum vulgare
Eulali a viminea
Smilax spp.
Discorea villosa
Boehemeria cylindrica
Rumex spp.
Acalypha rhomboidea
Rosa spp.
Vicia spp.
lespedeza spp.
Rhus Copallinum
Abutilon Theophrasti
Cuscuta spp.
Plantago spp.
Compositae
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Eclipta alba
Carya spp.
                                       wild cherry (black cherry)
                                       lily
                                       hawthorn
                                       black alder (winterberry)
                                       forest-grape
                                       sago pondweed
                                       horned pondweed

                                       river bulrush
                                       sedge
                                       grass
                                       yard grass
                                       crab grass
                                       grass
                                       foxtail grass
                                       foxtail grass
                                       foxtail grass
                                       grass

                                       lily
                                       wild yam
                                       false nettle
                                       dock, sorrel
                                       three-seeded mercury
                                       rose
                                       vetch
                                       bush-clover
                                       sumac
                                       velvet-leaf (pie-marker)
                                       dodder
                                       plantain
                                       composi te
                                       ragweed
                                       composi te
                                       hi ckory

                                       Total plant material
   1
   1
   2
   1
   1
   1
   1
   1
   1
   1
   1
   1
   1
   1
   2
   4
   1
   8
   1
   1
   4
   1
   1

  98
                                                                           100
100
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 d.o
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0
 0.0

92.7
98.5
                                                                                                            97.0
     As defined by Swanson et al.  (1974).

-------
APPENDIX TABLE D-10,
 FOOD  ITEMS  OF  PINTAILS  IN  CHESAPEAKE  BAY  DURING  THE  PERIOD  1970 -  1979
»__>»«•»••<••«•»••«»•• — «M«I>BB»MWWW»»~ M«B»«««WM~~W~~H~>I>»H«V»W«~W~MBI>«W««

                                              Frequency occurrence
  Scientific name
                                                                                              Aggregate percent
                Common  name
                    Gizzard Gullet
                     (  27)   (   8)
      Unknown
       (  .)
Gizzard Gullet
 ( 27)   (  8)
                                                                                                           Unknown
                                                                                                            (  .).
Hydrobia spp. (Littoridinops)
Arcyatula demissa (Volsella)
Modiolus spp. (Volsella)
Cyathura polita
Asellus spp.
Corophium spp.
Podocopa
Dyti sci dae
Canthydrus puncticollis
Hydrophi1i dae
Carabjdae
Acrididae (Locustidae)
Di ptera
Odontomyia spp.
Culicoides spp.
Taban i dae
Corbicula manilensis
L i belluidae
Amnicoliidae (Bulimidae)
Heliosoma spp. (Planorbis spp.)
Pi sidium spp.
Rhithropaneopeus harrisi
Belastoma spp.
Nerei s spp.
Melampus bidentatus
01i gochaeta
Cassidinidea lunifrons
Curculionidae
Gerri dae
Hymenoptera
Formi ci dae
Lepidoptera
Coleophoridae
Orthoptera
Hydracarina (Acarina)
Cyperus esculentus
Setari a Faberi i
Amaranthus hybridus
Liquidambar styraciflua
              swamp  snai1
              Atlantic  ribbed  mussel
              mussel
              i sopod
              amphipod
              ostracod
              predaceous
diving beetle
              water  scavenger  beetle
              ground beetle
              short-horned grasshopper
              fly

              punky
              horsefly,  deerfly
              Asiatic fresh-water  clam
              common skimmer
              'swamp  snail
              orb  snai1
              fresh-water clam
              white-fingered mud crab

              clam worm
              salt marsh snail
              aquatic earthworm

              snout  beetle
              water  strider
              bee, wasp, ant
              ant
              butterfly, moth
              casebearer
              grasshopper, cricket
              mi te
              undetermined fish

              Total  animal material

              galingale
              foxtai1  grass
              prince's feather
              sweet  gum  (red gum)
                         (conti nued)
                      15
                       4
                       7
                       7
                       4
                       4
                       7
                       4
                                                                    56
25
13
13
38
25
25
13
13
13
13
25
25
13
13
13
25

13
25

38

13

38

38
                              13
                              13
                              13

                              13
                             100

                              13
                              13
                              13
                              13
  3.9
  0.4
  0.2
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0
  0.0

  4.8
          0.0
          0.0
          0.0
          0.0
          0.3
          0.4
          0.0
          0.0
          0.0
          0.0
          0.0
          0.0
          0.0
          0. 1
          0.0
          0.0
0.0
1.9
          oo
                         0.0
                         0.0
                         0.0

                         o.'o
                         6.0

                         0.3
                         0.0
                         0.0
                         0.0

-------
APPENDIX TABLE D-10.  (continued)
  Scientific name
Common name
                                                                   Frequency occurrence
                                                         Aggregate percent0
                               Gizzard Gullet
                                ( 27)   (  8)
              Unknown  Gizzard Gullet  Unknown
               (  .)    ( 27)   (8)   (   .)
Cassia fasciculata
Aster puniceus
Aster spp.
Polygonum punctatum
Zea mays
Leersia oryzoides
Echinochloa crusgalli
Acnida cannabinus (amaranthus)
Cephalanthus occidental!s
Panicum dichotomiflorum
Aneilema Keisak
Cyperus albomarginatus
Echinochloa Walteri
Carpinus caroliniana
Pontederia cordata
Sparganium americanum
Phaseolus vulgaris
Polygonum arifolium
Polygonum pensylvanicum
Zannichellia palustris
Nyssa sylvatica (biflora)
Ruppia maritima
Lycopus uniflorus
Cyperus rotundus
Sci rpus vali dus
Peltandra virginica
Polygonum spp.
Cuscuta spp.
Potamogeton perfoliatus
Festuca elatior
Cyperus odorattes
Cyperus strigosus
Eleocharis obtusa
Eleocharis palustris
Eleocharis parvula
Cladium mariscoides
Sci rpus Olneyi
Zizania aquatics
Galium spp.
Cyperus erythrorhizos
Myrica cerifera
Ilex opaca
Spartina alterniflora (stricta)
              gum)
partridge-pea (locust-weed)
wild aster
aster
dotted smartweed
corn
cut grass
barnyard grass
tidemarsh waterhemp
buttonbush
panic grass
marsh day-flower
gali ngale

hornbeam (blue beech)
pickerel weed (tuckahoe)
eastern burreed
common bean
halberdleaf teai—thumb
smartweed
horned pondweed
black gum (sour
wi dgeongrass
bugle-weed
galingale
softstem bulrush
arrow arum
smartweed
dodder
redhead grass
meadow fescue
gali ngale
gali ngale
blunt spikerush
common spikerush
dwarf spikerush
twi g-rush
olney threesquare
wiIdri ce
bedstraw» cleavers
redroot cyperus
wax-myrtle
American holly
saltmarsh cordgrass
            (conti nued)
67
19
15
15
22
30
22
15
19
22
15
 7
26
 4
15
15
 4
26
 4
 7
 4
44
 7
 7
22
 4
 4
11
15
                                7
                                7
                                4
                               11
                               11
                               15
                               11
                                       13
                                       13
                                       25
                                       75
                                       25
                                       13
                                       38
                                       75

                                       50

                                       13
                                       50

                                       25
                                       13
                                       13
                                       25
                                       38
                                       50
                                       25

                                       25
        25


        13

        38
H.9
14.3
 6.7
 6.4
 6.0
 4.9
 4.0
 4.0
 3.6
 2.6
 2.2
 2.0
  .9
  .8
  .7
  .7
  .5
  .3
  . 1
  .0
  .0
  .0
  .0
  .0
 0.8
 0.7
 0.6
 0.4
 0.4
 0.4
 0.4
 0.4
 0.4
 0.4
 0.4
 0.4
 0
 0
 0.2
 0.2
       0.0
       0.0
       0.0
      12.5
       0.0
       0.0
      24.4
      20.4

       7\5

       o'.o
       0.8
       0.3
      10.5
       4. 1
       0.5
       0.0
       1. 1

       o'.o
.3
.3
1.3

o!o

2. 1

-------
APPENDIX TABLE D-10.   (continued)
  Scientific name
                                                                   Frequency  occurrence
                                                         Aggregate percent
Common name
Gizzard Gullet  Unknown  Gizzard Gullet  Unknown
 (27)   (8)   (   .)     (27)    (   8)   (   .)
Digitaria filiformis
Pinus Taeda
Potamogeton pectinatus
Cladium jamai cense
Scirpus robustus
Digitaria sanguinalis
Ilex decidua
Cyporus Iria
Polygonum densiflorum
Ambrosia artemi si i f ol i a
Scirpus americanus
Carex lurida
Panicum virgatum
Paspalum laeve
Portulaca oleracea
Potamogeton pusillus
Sagittaria spp.
Eleocharis quadrangulata
Cladium spp.
Carex spp.
Carex festucacea
Carex hortnathodes
Carex hyalinolepis
Carex intumescens
Glyceria striata
Setaria spp.
Zizaniopsis miliacea
Alnus serrulata
Quercus spp.
Boehemeria cylindrica
Rumex verti ci 11 i atus
Polygonum Persicaria
Ranunculus bulbosus
Rubus spp.
Rhus radicans
Vi t i s spp .
Cornus Amomum
Compositae
Iva frutescens
Cicuta maculata

crab grass
loblolly pine
sago pondweed
sawgrass
saltmarsh bulrush
crab grass
holly
gal i ngale
southern smartweed
ragweed
common threesquare
sedge
panic grass
grass
purslane
slender pondweed
arrowhead
squarestem spikerush

sedge
sedge
sedge
lake sedge

manna grass
f oxtai 1 grass
southern wild rice
smooth alder
oak
false nettle
watei — dock
smartweed ,
buttercup
bramble
poison ivy - poison oak
grape, wild grape
dogwood
composi te
marsh-elder
watei — hemlock
Total plant material
7
11
4
4
7
7
7
4
7
7
4
7
4
4
4
4
4
7
4
4
7
7
7
4
4
4
4
7
4
4
4
4
4
7
4
4
4
4
4
4
100
38
13
.
.
.
38
,
13
.
38
.
.
13
38
13
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
13
.
.
.
,
25
.
«
38
.
.
.
.
f
50
100
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
95

.
.
.
.
.
.
•
.
.
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
1
0



0

0

0


0
0
0










0




0


0





0
94
.5
.0
.
. .
. .
.0
. .
.4
. .
. 1
.
.
.3
. 1
. 1
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.0
.
. .
. .
. .
.0
.
.
.0
.
• *
.
.
. .
.0
.0
 As defined by Swansoh et al.  (1974).

-------
 APPENDIX TABLE  E-1.   FREQUENCY  OCCURRENCE  OF UIDGEONGRASS  IN MARYLAND WATERFOWL  SURVEY  AREAS  DURING  THE  YEARS  1971-19793

b
Survey area
Lower Choptank River
Manokin, Annemessex R.
Eastern Bay
Chester River
Smith Island (Maryland)
Miles River
Honga River
Wye River
Bloodsworth, South Marsh I.
Bayshore, Hooper Island
Magothy - Severn Rivers
Little Choptank River
Patuxent River
Fishing Bay
Patapsco R., Aberdeen P.G.
Bayshore, Kent Island
South River, Herring Bay
Upper Choptank River
Total

1 9
27.5
24.6
21.4
27.8
47. 1
37.5
30.0
18.2
20.0
26. 1
22.2
10.0
0.0
8.0
1.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
14.7
P e
7 1
(51)
(57)
(28)
(36)
(17)
( 8)
(30)
(11)
(40)
(23)
(27)
(30)
(50)
(25)
(52)
( 8)
(21)
( 9)
(624)
r c e
1 9
35.4
9. 1
20.8
11.1
27.3
50.0
23.3
36.4
2.3
13.0
11. 1
6.7
4.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
10.0
10.0
n t
7 2
(48)
(55)
(24)
(36)
(11)
( 8)
(30)
(11)
(44)
(23)
(27)
(30)
(45)
(25)
(50)
( 8)
(21)
(10)
(613)
w i •
1 9
12.8
10.7
10.7
8.8
16.7
50.0
10.0
36.4
8.7
4.3
7.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
6.0
t h
7 3
(47)
(56)
(28)
(34)
(12)
( 8)
(30)
(11)
(46)
(23)
(27)
(30)
(50)
(25)
(50)
( 8)
(21)
(10)
(629)
v e g
1 9
28.6
23.5
21.4
2.9
29.4
50.0
16.7
54.5
4.7
8.7
18.5
0.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
12.5
0.0
0.0
9.8
eta
7 4
(49)
(34)
(28)
(34)
(17)
( 8)
(30)
(11)
(43)
(23)
(27)
(30)
(50)
(25)
(52)
( 8)
(19)
( 9)
(610)
t i (
1 9
2. 1
9.6
11.1
11.1
5.9
25.0
10.3
27.3
4.7
8.7
•
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.7
D n >
7 5
(47)
(52)
(27)
(36)
(17)
( 8)
(29)
(11)
(43)
(23)
( 0)
(30)
(47)
(24)
(22)
( 8)
(14)
(10)
(552)
a n
1 9
47.8
12.3
37.0
14.3
35.3
42.9
13.8
36.4
2.2
13.0
8.0
10.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.8
0.0
11.5
d s
7 6
(46)
(57)
(27)
(35)
(17)
( 7)
(29)
(11)
(45)
(23)
(25)
(30)
(49)
(25)
(52)
( 8)
(21)
(1.0)
(628)
a m |
1 9
28.6
8.9
11.1
13.9
11.8
50.0
3.3
27.3
2.2
4.3
7.4
6.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
6.7
3 1 e
7 7
(49)
(56)
(27)
(36)
(17)
( 8)
(30)
(11)
(46)
(23)
(27)
(30)
(49)
(25)
(52)
( 8)
(21)
(10)
(638)
s i
1 9
30.6
3.6
11.1
25.0
5.9
50.0
3.3
36.4
0.0
0.0
7.4
3.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
6.6
z e
7 8
(49)
(55)
(27)
(36)
(17)
( 8)
(30)
(11)
(46)
(23)
(27)
(30)
(50)
(25)
(52)
( 8)
(21)
(10)
(636)
( )
1 9
25.5
0.0
7.4
16.7
11.8
0.0
0.0
18.2
0.0
0.0
14.8
3.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.6

7 9
(47)
(56)
(27)
(36)
(17)
( 8)
(30)
(11)
(45)
(23)
(27)
(30)
(48)
(24)
(52)
( 8)
(21)
(10)
(631)
 Data from the files of MBHRL, Laurel, Maryland.
b
 Frequency occurrence of SAV averaged over years, when multiplied by the
determined the sequence of survey areas used above.
extent of shoal habitat «2.44 in at mlw) in an area,

-------
APPENDIX TABLE E-2.  FREQUENCY OCCURRENCE OF EELGRASS IN MARYLAND WATERFOWL SURVEY AREAS DURING THE YEARS 1971-19793

Survey area
Manokin, Annemessex R.
BloodsMorth, South Marsh I.
Smith Island (Maryland)
Bayshpre, Hooper Island
Honga River
Eastern Bay
Lower Choptank River
Fishing Bay
Little Choptank River
Patuxent River
Total

1
36.
22.
29.
60.
26.
7.
5.
4.
3.
2.
10.

9
8
5
4
9
7
1
9
0
3
0
4
P e i
7 1
(57)
(40)
( 17)
(23)
(30)
(28)
(51)
(25)
(30)
(50)
(624)
r c e
1 9
32.7
15.9
45.5
4.3
16.7
20.8
6.3
4.0
0.0
0.0
7.3
n t
7 2
(55)
(44)
(11)
(23)
(30)
(24)
(48)
(25)
(30)
(45)
(613)
w i
1
10.
2.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
^
9
7
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
t h
7 3
(56)
(46)
(12)
(23)
(30)
(28)
(47)
(25)
(30)
(50)
(629)
v e
1
26
9
,11
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
g
9
.5
.3
.8
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.5
eta
7 4
(34)
(43)
(17)
(23)
(30)
(28)
(49)
(25)
(30)
(50)
(610)
t i <
1 9.
17.3
7.0
17.6
0.0
3.4
3.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
3. 1
3 n ,
7 5
(52)
(43)
(17)
(23)
(29)
(27)
(47)
(24)
(30)
(47)
(552)
a n
1 9
8.8
0.0
5.9
0.0
3.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1. 1
d s
7 .6
(57)
(45)
(17)
(23)
(29)
(27)
(46)
(25)
(30)
(49)
(628)
a m f
1 9
17.9
2.2
17.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.2
3 1 e
7 7
(56)
(46)
(17)
(23)
(30)
(27)
(49)
(25)
(30)
(49)
(638)
s
1
7
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
i
9
.3
.0
.9
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.8
z e (
7 8
(55)
(46)
( 17)
(23)
(30)
(27)
(49)
(25)
(30)
(50)
(636)
)
1
0.
0.
5.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

9
0
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2

7 9
(56)
(45)
(17)
(23)
(30)
(27)
(47)
(24)
(30)
(48)
(631)
"Data from the files of MBHRL,  Laurel,  Maryland.

 Frequency occurrence of SAV averaged over years,  when multiplied by the extent of shoal  habitat  (<2.44  m at mlw)  in an area,
determined the sequence of survey areas used above.

-------
APPENDIX TABLE E-3.   FREQUENCY OCCURRENCE OF REDHEAD GRASS IN MARYLAND WATERFOWL  SURVEY AREAS DURING THE YEARS 1971-1979a

Survey area''
Chester River
Eastern Bay
Magothy - Severn Rivers
Louier Choptank River
Patapsco R., Aberdeen P.G.
Wye River
Upper Choptank River
Total

1
44
10
37
3
0
9
1.1
5

9
.4
.7
.0
.9
.0
. 1
. 1
.3
P e i
7 1
(36)
(28)
(27)
(51)
(52)
(11)
( 9)
(624)
' C
1
33
12
7
4
2
0.
10
3
e
9
.3
.5
.4
.2
.0
.0
.0
.4
n t
7 2
(36)
(24)
(27)
(48)
(50)
(11)
(10)
(613)
w i \
1 9
26.5
10.7
18.5
12.8
2.0
18.2
0.0
4. 1
b h \
7 3
(34)
(28)
(27)
(47)
(50)
(11)
(10)
(629)
/eg
1 9
14.7
14.3
18.5
8.2
1.9
18.2
0.0
3.4
eta
7 4
(34)
(28)
(27)
(49)
(52)
(11)
( 9)
(610)
t i <
1 9
16.7
11.1
.
2. 1
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.8
J n ,
7 5
(36)
(27)
( 0)
(47)
(22)
(11)
(10)
(552)
a n
1 9
17.1
11.1
12.0
4.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.2
d s
7 6
(35)
(27)
(25)
(46)
(52)
(11)
(10)
(628)
a m |
1 9
8.3
3.7
7.4
0.0
5.8
0.0
0.0
1.4
3 1 e
7 7
(36)
(27)
(27)
(49)
(52)
(11)
(10)
(638)
s i
1 9
19.4
7.4
14.8
0.0
3.8
0.0
0.0
2.4
z e 1
7 8
(36)
(27)
(27)
(49)
(52)
(1 1)
(10)
(636)

1 9
13.9
11.1
14.8
2. 1
1.9
0.0
0.0
2.2

7 9
(36)
(27)
(27)
(47)
(52)
(11)
(10)
(631)
      from  the  files  of  MBHRL,  Laurel,  Maryland.

 Frequency  occurrence of SAV  averaged  over  years*  when multiplied  by  the  extent of  shoal habitat  (<2.44 m  at  mlw)  in  an  area,
determined  the  sequence  of  survey  areas used  above.

-------
APPENDIX TABLE E-4.   FREQUENCY OCCURRENCE OF SAGO PONDWEED IN MARYLAND WATERFOWL  SURVEY AREAS  DURING THE YEARS  1971-1979C

Survey area
Chester River
Eastern Bay
Magothy - Severn Rivers
Manokin, Annemessex R.
Louer Choptank River
Bloodsujorthr South Marsh I.
Bayshore, Hooper Island
Smith Island (Maryland)
Honga River
Little Choptank River
Patapsco R., Aberdeen P.G.
Total

1 9
5.6
0.0
7.4
1.8
2.0
2.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
3.3
0.0
1.3
P e i
7 1
(36)
(28)
(27)
(57)
(51)
(40)
(23)
(17)
(30)
(30)
(52)
(624)
r c
1
2
16
7
12
4
6
30
27
10
6
2
5
e
9
.8
.7
.4
.7
.2
.8
.4
.3
.0
.7
.0
.7
n t
7 2
(36)
(24)
(27)
(55)
(48)
(44)
(23)
(11)
(30)
(30)
(50)
(613)
M
1
5
10
11
1
8
6
0
8
3
0
0
2
i •<
9
.9
.7
. 1
.8
.5
.5
.0
.3
.3
.0
.0
.9
fc h \
7 3
(34)
(28)
(27)
(56)
(47)
(46)
(23)
(12)
(30)
(30)
(50)
(629)
/eg
1 9
14.7
3.6
7.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.3
eta
7 4
(34)
(28)
(27)
(34)
(49)
(43)
(23)
(17)
(30)
(30)
(52)
(610)
t i <
1 9
0.0
0.0
.
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
> n ,
7 5
(36)
(27)
( 0)
(52)
(47)
(43)
(23)
(17)
(29)
(30)
(22)
(552)
a
1
5
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
n
. 9
.7
.7
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.5
d s
7 6
(35)
(27)
(25)
(57)
(46)
(45)
(23)
(17)
(29)
(30)
(52)
(628)
a
1
11
3
14
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
m t
9
. 1
.7
.8
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.4
3 1 e
7 7
(36)
(27)
(27)
(56)
(49)
(46)
(23)
(17)
(30)
(30)
(52)
(638)
s i
1 9
13.9
0.0
14.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.4
z e (
7 8
(36)
(27)
(27)
(55)
(49)
(46)
(23)
(17)
(30)
(30)
(52)
(636)
)
1 9
5.6
0.0
3.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5

7 9
(36)
(27)
(27)
(56)
(47)
(45)
(23)
(17)
(30)
(30)
(52)
(631)
 Data  from  the  files  of  MBHRL,  Laurel*  Maryland.

 Frequency  occurrence of SAV  averaged over years,  when multiplied by the
determined  the  sequence  of survey areas used above.
extent of shoal habitat (<2.44 m at mlw) in an area*

-------
APPENDIX TABLE E-5.   FREQUENCY OCCURRENCE OF EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL IN MARYLAND WATERFOWL SURVEY AREAS DURING THE YEARS 1971-79*

Survey area"
Susquehanna Flats
Chester River
Patapsco R., Aberdeen P.G.
Eastern Bay
Bayshore, Kent County
Magothy - Severn Rivers
Sassafras River
Northeast* Elk, Bohemia R.
Patuxent River
Total

1
27
33
5
0
16
0
10
0
0
3

9
.3
.3
.8
.0
.7
.0
.0
.0
.0
.8
P e i
7 1
(22)
(36)
(52)
(28)
(12)
(27)
(10)
(20)
(50)
(624)
- c e
•1 9
0.0
11.1
2.0
4.2
0.0
3.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
1. 1
n t
7 2
(30)
(36)
(50)
(24)
( 6)
(27)
(10)
(23)
(45)
(613)
N i -I
1 9
0.0
2.9
2.0
3.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
t h <
7 3
(30)
(34)
(50)
(28)
( 12)
(27)
(10)
(23)
(50)
(629)
\i e
1
16.
0.
P-
3.
0.
0.
10.
0.
0.
1.
g
9
7
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
1
eta
7 4
(30)
(34)
(52)
(28)
(12)
(27)
(10)
(23)
(50)
(610)
t i <
1 9
13.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
•
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.7
3 n >
7 5
(30)
(36)
(22)
(27)
( 12)
( 0)
(10)
(22)
(47)
(552)
a
1
10.
0.
1.
3.
0.
4.
0.
0.
0.
1.
n
9
3
0
9
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
d s
7 6
(29)
(35)
(52)
(27)
(12)
(25)
(10)
(22)
(49)
(628)
a m |
1 9
6.7
2.8
3.8
3.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.9
3 1 e
7 7
(30)
(36)
(52)
(27)
( 12)
(27)
(10)
(23)
(49)
(638)
s i
1 9
3.4
2.8
0.0
7.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.6
z e i
7 8
(29)
(36)
(52)
(27)
(12)
(27)
(10)
(22)
(50)
(636)
C )
1 9
6.9
16.7
3.8
11.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.3
2. 1
2.4

7 9
(29)
(36)
(52)
(27)
(12)
(27)
(10)
(23)
(48)
(631)
aData  from the files  of MBHRL,  Laurel,  Maryland.

 Frequency occurrence of  SAV  averaged  over  years,  when  multiplied  by  the
determined the sequence of  survey  areas used  above.
extent of shoal habitat (<2.44 m at mlw) in an area,

-------
APPENDIX TABLE E-6.   FREQUENCY OCCURRENCE OF HORNED PONDWEED IN MARYLAND WATERFOWL  SURVEY AREAS  DURING THE YEARS 1971-19793

Survey area
Lower Choptank River
Chester River
Eastern Bay
Wye River
Magothy - Severn Rivers
Miles River
Little Choptank River
Patuxent River
Bayshore, Hooper Island
Honga River
South River, Herring Bay
Total

1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

9
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
P e i
7 1
(51)
(36)
(28)
(11)
(27)
( 8)
(30)
(50)
(23)
(30)
(21)
(624)
r c e
1 9
20.8
0.0
8.3
27.3
0.0
12.5
3.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.8
n t
7 2
(48)
(36)
(24)
(11)
(27)
( 8)
(30)
(45)
(23)
(30)
(21)
(613)
w i I
1 9
0.0
2.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
fc h v
7 3
(47)
(34)
(28)
(11)
(27)
( 8)
(30)
(50)
(23)
(30)
(21)
(629)
e g
1 9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
3.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
eta
7 4
(.49)
(34)
(28)
(11)
(27)
( 8)
(30)
(50)
(23)
(30)
(19)
(610)
t
1
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
i <
9
.0
.0
.0
.0
.
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
3 n ,
7 5
(47)
(36)
(27)
(11)
( 0)
( 8)
(30)
(47)
(23)
(29)
(14)
(552)
a n
19
17.4
5.7
14.8
36.4
4.0
14.3
0.0
0.0
4.3
3.4
0.0
3.5
d s
7 6
(46)
(35)
(27)
( 11)
(25)
( 7)
(30)
(49)
(23)
(29)
(21)
(628)
a
1
0
19
3
0
3
0
3
2
0
0
0
1
m i
9
.0
.4
.7
.0
.7
.0
.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
.7
3 1 e
7 7
(49)
(36)
(27)
( 11)
(27)
( 8)
(30)
(49)
(23)
(30)
(21)
(638)
s i
1 9
0.0
19.4
0.0
9. 1
3.7
0.0
0.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.6
2 e (
7 8
(49)
(36)
(27)
(11)
(27)
( 8)
(30)
(50)
(23)
(30)
(21)
(636)
)
1 9
0.0
0.0
3.7
0.0
3.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.8
0.5

7 9
(47)
(36)
(27)
( 11)
(27)
( 8)
(30)
(48)
(23)
(30)
(21)
(631)
 Data  from  the  files  of  MBHRL,  Laurel,  Maryland.

 Frequency  occurrence of SAV  averaged over  years,  when  multiplied  by  the
determined  the  sequence  of  survey  areas used above.
extent of shoal habitat (<2.44 m at mlw) in an area,

-------
APPENDIX TABLE E-7.   FREQUENCY OCCURRENCE OF UILDCELERY IN MARYLAND WATERFOWL SURVEY AREAS DURING THE YEARS 1971-1979C

Survey area
Patapsco R., Aberdeen P.G.
Susquehanna Flats
Chester River
Magothy - Severn Rivers
Sassafras River
Northeast, Elk, Bohemia R.
Bayshore, Kent County
Total

1
0.
45.
2.
7.
.20.
5.
8.
2.

9
0
5
8
4
0
0
3
7
Per
7 1
(52)
(22)
(36)
(27)
(10)
(20)
(12)
(624)
c e
1 9
0.0
3.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
n t
7 2
(50)
(30)
(36)
(27)
(10)
(23)
( 6)
(613)
w i
1
2.
0.
2.
3.
0.
0.
0.
0.
\
9
0
0
9
7
0
0
0
5
t h v
7 3
(50)
(30)
(34)
(27)
(10)
(23)
(12)
(629)
e g
1 9
5.8
0.0
5.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.8
eta
7 4
(52)
(30)
(34)
(27)
(10)
(23)
(12)
(610)
t i
1
9.
0.
8.
.
0.
0.
0.
0.
(
9
1
0
3

0
0
0
9
J n ,
7 5
(22)
(30)
(36)
( 0)
( 10)
(22)
(12)
(552)
a n
1 9
3.8
0.0
2.9
4.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.6
d s
7 6
(52)
(29)
(35)
(25)
(10)
(22)
(12)
(628)
a m f
1 9
3.8
0.0
5.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.6
3 1 e
7 7
(52)
(30)
(36)
(27)
(10)
(23)
(12)
(638)
s i
1 9
3.8
0.0
2.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
z e (
7 8
(52)
(29)
(36)
(27)
(10)
(22)
(12)
(636)
)
1 9
5.8
0.0
2.8
7.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.0

7 9
(52)
(29)
(36)
(27)
(10)
(23)
(12)
(631)
 Data from the files of MBHRL,  Laurel,  Maryland.

 Frequency occurrence of SAV averaged over years,  when  multiplied by the extent  of  shoal  habitat  (<2.44  m at  mlw)  in an area,
determined the sequence of survey areas used above.

-------
    APPENDIX TABLE  F-1.  MARYLAND WHISTLING SWAN POPULATIONS, DENSITIES, AND PERCENT DISTRIBUTIONS BY SURVEY AREA
                         DURING THE  16 YEAR PERIOD  1956-71
                                                 Number
01
10
D e n s i  t ya
Percent
Survey area
Lower Choptank River
Chester River
Eastern Bay
Little Choptank River
Miles Ri ver
South River - Herring Bay
Bayshore, Hooper Island
Susquehanna Flats
Upper Choptank River
Wye River
Patapsco River - Aberdeen P.G.
Magothy - Severn Rivers
Patuxent River
Bayshore, Kent Island
Hon'ga River
Bayshore, Kent County
Bloodsworth - South Marsh Islands
Sassafras River
Bayshore, 'Calvert County
Northeast - Elk - Bohemia Rivers
Nanticoke - Wicomico Rivers
Manokin, Big - Little Annemessex R.
Smith Island
Fi shi ng Bay
Mean
7415.8
5055.4
4988.4
2460. 1
1880.3
1267.3
990.6
767.5
863.7
843.8
618.6
720.6
723.5
400.6
336.2
221.5
145.3
127.2
105.0
59.4
49.4
57.8
87.5
12.6
S.E.
806.7
570.4
615.4
387.4
189.8
169.8
163.5
204.8
122.8
131.9
166.0
181.5
147. 1
101.8
102.6
48.8
37.7
33.3
32. 1
20.3
14.7
56.2
49. 1
8.5
C.V.
43.5
45. 1
49.4
63.0
40.4
53.6
66.0
106.7
56.9
62.5
107.3
100.8
81.3
101.7
122.0
88.2
103.6
104.7
122.2
136.5
119.4
388.6
224.2
270.2
Mean
563.5
648.9
627.2
327.4
870.9
282.6
174.9
95.0
416.6
475.4
35.9
160. 1
95.6
180.9
48.8
90.6
12.7
77.2
38. 1
13. 1
6.7
4.2
20.5
2.0
S.E. .
61.3
73.2
77.4
51.5
87.9
37.9
28.9
25.4
59.2
74.3
9.6
40.3
19.4
46.0
14.9
20.0
3.3
20.2
11.6
4.5
2.0
4. 1
11.5
1.4
Slo
27
32
44

44






17



10


6





pe
.2
.2
.9

. 1






. 1



.9


.3





Mean
21.9
15.3
14.4
7.6
5.7
4. 1
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.6
2.2
2.2
2. 1
1.4
1.2
0.7
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.0
S.E.
1.4
1.0
1.2
1.0
0.5
0.6
0.4
1.0
0.5
0.4
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.5
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.0
0.2
0. 1
0.0
C.
25
26
33
53
32
57
59
144
66
66
114
87
66
98
170
88
103
100
118
148
117
389
225
267
V. Slope
.8
.4
.2 0.6
.6
.3
. 1
. 1
.7
.5 .
.5
.4
.2
.6
.2
.4
.3
.0
.5
.9
.4
.0
.8
.9
.8
     Densities are expressed  in terms of birds per  1000 ha of shoal water habitat (<2.44 m at mlw).

     Area populations (density and percent) were regressed against years.  Slopes, which estimate rates of change per
    year, are shown if significant (0.05 level).

-------
APPENDIX TABLE F-2.  MARYLAND CANADA GOOSE POPULATIONS, DENSITIES, AND PERCENT DISTRIBUTIONS BY SURVEY AREA
                     DURING THE  16 YEAR PERIOD 1956-71
                                             Number
D e n s i  t y£
Percent
Survey area
Chester River
Lower Chop-tank River
Sassafras River
Wye River
Eastern Bay
Bayshore, Kent County
Mi les Ri ver
Upper Choptank River
Bayshore, Hooper Island
Northeast - Elk - Bohemia Rivers
Honga River
Nanticoke - Ulicomico Rivers
Little Choptank River
Bayshore, Kent Island
Bloodsworth - South Marsh Islands
Smith Island
Manokin, Big - Little Annemessex R.
Susquehanna Flats
Fishing Bay
Patapsco River - Aberdeen P.G.
Patuxent River
Magothy - Severn Rivers
South River - Herring Bay
Bayshore, Calvert County
Mean
65490.6
35713.5
23831.2
16933.6
19008.5
15677.9
12671.6
8481.8
5151.9
6025.0
4813.2
4224. 1
3872.6
2419.8
2990.3
2590.6
2084.4
1207.8
1111.2
567.8
1375.9
310.9
69.6
1.6
S.E
7912.
5360.
2632.
3450.
4370.
3077.
2885.
1415.
795.
1498.
932.
1362.
982.
972.
709.
660.
526.
279.
386.
310.
446.
125.
34.
1.

0
4
0
0
7
7
7
9
9
0
7
0
7
6
7
0
0
9
5
1
3
7
9
6
C.V.
48.3
60.0
44.2
81.5
92.0
78.5
91. 1
66.8
61.8
99.5
77.5
129.0
101.5
160.8
94.9
101.9
100.9
92.7
139. 1
218.4
129.8
161.8
200.8
400.0
Mean
8405.9
. 2714.0
14460.7
9540. 1
2390. 1
6414.8
5869.2
4091.6
909.4
1330.6
698.0
573.5
515.3
1093.0
261.3
607.4
150.9
149.5
177.9
33.0
181.9
69.1
15.5
0.6
S.E.
1015.5
407.4
1597. 1
1943.7
549.6
1259.3
1336.6
683.0
140.5
330.8
135.3
184.9
130.8
439.3
62.0
154.8
38. 1
34.7
61.9
18.0
59.0
27.9
7.8
0.6
Slopeb
768.6
278.6
878.2

323.6
726.2
790.3
506.7

243.5
58.8

70.5



24.5



33.0
16.4
3.4

Mean
25.3
12.7
10.0
6.5
6.3
5.8
4.2
3.0
2.0
.8
.7
.5
.4
.3
.2
. 1
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.4
0. 1
0.0
0.0
S.E.
1.2
0.9
0.9
1. 1
1.0
0.9
0.7
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.2
0.5
0.2
0.3
0. 1
0.2
0.2
0.3
0. 1
0.0
0.0
0.0
C.V. <
18.4
27.5
37.2
65.2
63.5
59.6
67.9
50.2
76.7
75.7
63.0
114.7
67.0
142.4
85.6
126.3
64. 1
139.5
136.4
244.8
133.6
142.5
196.0
400.0
Slope




0.4

0.3


0.2










0. 1



 Densities are expressed in terms of birds per 1000 ha of shoal  water habitat  (<2.44  m  at  mlw).

 Area populations (density and percent) were regressed against years.   Slopes,  which  estimate  rates  of  change per
year, are shown if significant (0.05 level).

-------
APPENDIX TABLE F-3.
MARYLAND RUDDY DUCK POPULATIONS,  DENSITIES,  AND PERCENT  DISTRIBUTIONS  BY  SURVEY  AREA
DURING THE 16 YEAR PERIOD 1956-71
                                             Number
                                                Density3             Percent
Survey areav
Patapsco River - Aberdeen P.G.
Patuxent Ri ver
Bayshore, Calvert County
Lower Choptank River
South River - Herring Bay
Fi shi ng Bay
Susquehanna Flats
Nanticoke - Ulicomico Rivers
Chester River
Magothy - Severn Rivers
Wye River
Manokin, Big - Little Annemessex R.
Eastern Bay
Upper Choptank River
Bloodsworth - South Marsh Islands
Sassafras River
Miles Ri ver
Little Choptank River
Northeast - Elk - Bohemia Rivers
Bayshore, Kent County
Bayshore, Kent Island
Bayshore, Hooper Island
Honga River
(Mean
4111
856
410
346
492
231
412
244
310
185
105
154
141
111
25
25
29
10
1
10
5
21
0
.9
.9
.6
. 1
.8
.4
.5
.8
. 1
.3
.0
. 1
.2
.9
.0
.0
.7
.9
.6
.0
.6
.9 '
.8
S.E.
1982. 1
515.5
222.9
164.7
216.2
113.5
277.9
204.7
176.6
93.7
47.5
93.5
86.6
48.6
19.4
25.0
15.7
6.4
1.6
6.5
5.6
15. 1
0.8
C.V.
192.8
240.6
217. 1
190.3
175.5
196.3
269.5
334.5
227.8
202.2
180.8
242.7
245. 1
173.6
309.8
400.0
211.3
235.6
400.0
261.4
400.0
276.4
400.0
Mean
238
113
148
26
109
37
51
33
39
41
59
1 1
17
54
2
15
13
1
0
4
2
3
0
.7
.3
.9
.3
.9
.0
. 1
.2
.8
.2
.2
.2
.8
.0
.2
.2
.8
.5
.3
. 1
.5
.9
. 1
S.
115
68
80
12
48
18
34
27
22
20
26
6
10
23
1
15
7
0
0
2
2
2
0
E. Slopeb
. 1
. 1
.8
.5
.2
.2
.4
.8
.7
.8
.7 -12.6
.8 -3.3
.9 -5.3
.4
.7
.2
.3 -3.6
.9
.3
.7
.5
.7
. 1
Mean
13.2
6.4
3.6
3.4
2. 1
2. 1
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.2
0.9
0.7
0.6
0.2
0. 1
0. 1
0. 1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
S.E.
5. 1
3.6
1.9
1.8
0.8
1.2
0.9
1.0
0.6
1.0
0.7
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0. 1
0. 1
0. 1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
C.V. Slope
151.5
217. 1
208. 1
201.9
150.6
216.5
240.3
282.7
187.9
281.4
2'14.7
205.4
217.8
180.5
270.0
387.3
198.5
203.7
337.3
216.8
387.3
275.9
387.3
 Densities are expressed in terms of birds per 1000 ha of shoal water habitat  (<2.44  m  at mlw).

 Area populations (density and percent) were regressed against years.  Slopes,  which  estimate  rates  of  change  per
year, are shown if significant (0.05 level).

-------
APPENDIX TABLE F~4.  MARYLAND SCOTER POPULATIONS, DENSITIES,  AND PERCENT DISTRIBUTIONS BY SURVEY AREA
                     DURING THE 16 YEAR PERIOD 1956-71
                                             Number
Density3             Percent
Survey area
Bayshore, Calvert County
Eastern Bay
Lower Choptank River
Smith Island
Little Choptank River
Bayshore, Kent Island
Bayshore, Hooper Island
South River - Herring Bay
Patuxent River
Manokin, Big - Little Annemessex R.
Chester River
Miles Ri ver
Bloodsworth - South Marsh Islands
Magothy - Severn Rivers
Nanticoke - Wicomico Rivers
Northeast - Elk - Bohemia Rivers
Upper Choptank River
Honqa R i ver
Fishing Bay
Patapsco River - Aberdeen P.G.
Susquehanna Flats
Bayshore, Kent County
Mean
8707.5
1846.3
537.8
496.3
411.8
243.9
525.6
463. 1
493.8
171.9
98.9
99. 1
178.6
187.5
18.4
18.8
7.8
14. 1
1.9
0.8
1.6
0.8
S.E.
7825.4
1396.2
233.2
271.4
185.8
102.5
404.8
381.2
266. 1
76.3
45.6
60.4
102.6
187.5
9. 1
18.8
6.3
12.5
1.6
0.8
1.6
0.8
C.
359
302
173
218
180
168
308
329
215
177
184
243
229
400
198
400
324
355
335
400
400
400
V.
.5
.5
.4
.7
.5
. 1
.0
.3
.5
.6
.3
.6
.7
.0
.5
.0
.6
.4
.5
.0
.0
.0
Mean
3157.2
232. 1
40.9
116.4
54.8
110.2
92.8
103.3
65.3
12.4
12.7
45.9
15.6
41.6
2.5
4. 1
3.8
2.0
0.3
0.0
0.2
0.3
S.
2837
175
17
63
24
46
71
85
35
5
5
28
9
41
1
4
3
1
0
0
0
0
E. Slopeb
.3
.6
.7
.6
.7
.3
.4
.0
.2 -16. 1
.5
.9 -2.5
.0
.0
.6
.2
. 1
. 1
.8
.3
.0
.2
.3
Mean
20.5
12.5
8.5
6.7
6. 1
5.3
5. 1
3.7
2.9
1.5
1.2
1. 1
0.9
0.8
0.5
0. 1
0. 1
0. 1
0. 1
0.0
0.0
0.0
S.E.
7. 1
6.3
3.2
4.8
2.5
2.8
3. 1
3. 1
1.3
0.7
0.6
0.7
0.5
0.8
0.3
0. 1
0.0
0. 1
0. 1
0.0
0.0
0.0
C.
137
201
150
285
166
212
237
337
185
183
193
260
246
400
268
400
283
394
375
400
400
400
V. Slope
.9
.6
.2
.6
.2
.9
.8
. 1
.2 -0.7
.6
.3
.8
.6
.0
.6
.0
. 1
.4
.6
.0
.0
.0
Densities are expressed in terms of birds per 1000  ha  of shoal  water  habitat  «2.44  m  at  mlw).

 Area populations (density and percent)  were regressed  against years.   Slopes,  which  estimate  rates  of  change  per
year, are shown if significant (0.05 level).

-------
APPENDIX TABLE F-5.
MARYLAND BUFFLEHEAD POPULATIONS,  DENSITIES,  AND PERCENT  DISTRIBUTIONS  BY  SURVEY  AREA
DURING THE 16 YEAR PERIOD 1956-71
                                             Number
                                                D e n  s i  t  yc
Percent
Survey area
Lower Chop-tank River
Eastern Bay
Chester River
Manokin, Big - Little Annemessex R.
Little Choptank River
Miles Ri ver
South River - Herring Bay
Patuxent River
Susquehanna Flats
Bayshore, Calvert County
Patapsco River - Aberdeen P.G.
Honga River
Bloodsworth - South Marsh Islands
Magothy - Severn Rivers
Fishing Bay
Wye River
Smith Island
Nanticoke - Wicomico Rivers
Bayshore, Kent Island
Upper' Choptank River
Bayshore, Hooper Island
Northeast - Elk - Bohemia Rivers
Bayshore, Kent County
Sassafras River
Mean
754.
710.
608.
258.
341.
306.
420.
316.
110.
232.
85.
205.
175.
97.
90.
109.
90.
102.
67.
54.
46.
31.
28.
1.

1
0
9
7
3
9
6
4
3
8
2
6
4
8
5
1
1
5
2
7
1
2
1
6
S.E.
197.7
179.4
219.2
57.4
59.0
83.2
223.2
I 1 0 . 9
52.8
80.2
46. 1
67.2
123.5
28.4
26.6
56.3
47.5
42.5
23.7
21.8
25. 1
25.4
19.2
1.6
C.V.
104.8
101.1
144.0
88.8
69.2
108.5
212.3
140.2
191.5
137.8
216.4
130.7
281.5
116.3
117.7
206.3
210.7
165.9
141.0
159.4
218. 1
324.6
273.3
383.9
Mean
57.3
89.3
78.2
18.7
45.4
142. 1
93.8
41.8
13.7
84.4
4.9
29.8
15.3
21.7
14.5
61.5
21. 1
13.9
30.3
26.4
8. 1
6.9
11.5
1.0
S.
15
22
28
4
7
38
49
14
6
29
2
9
10
6
4
31
1 1
5
10
10
4
5
7
0
E. Slopeb
.0 9.4
.6 17.0
. 1
.2
.9
.6
.8
.7
.5
. 1
.7
.7 4.2
.8
.3 2.7
.3
.7
. 1
.8
.7
.5
.4
.6
,9
.9
Mean
8.9
7.7
6.9
6.4
6.3
4.7
4.6
4.4
4.3
4.0
2.5
2.4
2.0
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
S.E.
2. 1
1.6
2. 1
2. 1
1.5
1.4
1.8
1.6
2.7
1.6
2.0
0.6
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.7
1.0
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.4
0. 1
0.0
C.V.
95.6
83.3
120.9
132.6
93.5
121.6
161.3
146.7
247.3
159.6
325.6
105.6
167.0
156.9
172.3
173.2
239.2
132.9
166. 1
151. 1
156.3
368.6
235. 1
345.9
Slope
1.0
1. 1

-1. 1




















 Densities are expressed in terms of birds per 1000 ha of shoal water habitat  (<2.44  m at  mlw).

 Area populations (density and percent) were regressed against years.  Slopes,  which  estimate  rates  of  change  per
year, are shown if significant (0.05 level).

-------
APPENDIX TABLE F-6.  MARYLAND COMMON GOLDENEYE POPULATIONS, DENSITIES,  AND PERCENT DISTRIBUTIONS BY SURVEY AREA
                     DURING THE 16 YEAR PERIOD 1956-71

Survey area
Lower Choptank River
Eastern Bay
Little Choptank River
Chester River
Bayshore, Kent Island
Miles River
South River - Herring Bay
Honga River
Bayshore, Calvert County
Susquehanna Flats
Bayshore, Hooper Island
Fi shi ng Bay
Manokin, Big - Little Annemessex R.
Wye River
Nanticoke - Wicomico Rivers
Patuxent River
Upper Choptank River
Bloodsworth - South Marsh Islands
Magothy - Severn Rivers
Bayshore, Kent County
Northeast - Elk - Bohemia Rivers
Patapsco River - Aberdeen P.G.
Smith Island
Sassafras River
N u
Mean
4086.5
2961.9
1447.8
1583.5
1052.0
1015.9
541.9
667.2
348.4
324.7
483.9
409.8
453. 1
460.9
366.9
436.6
252.6
295.9
204.4
150.6
100.6
63.8
81.2
40.8
m b e r
S.E.
725.2
541. 1
238.0
401.4
239.7
223.6
263. 1
143.0
115.5
133.4
103.5
65.3
120.8
107.5
116.8
150.0
72.4
110.6
77.7
32.9
40.3
24.0
40.0
31.3

C.V.
71.0
73. 1
65.8
101.4
91. 1
88.0
194.2
85.8
132.6
164.3
85.5
63.7
106.6
93.3
127.4
137.4
114.6
149.6
152. 1
87.4
160.2
150.6
197.0
307.0
D e r
Mean
310.5
372.4
192.7
203.2
475.2
470.5
120.8
96.7
126.3
40.2
85.4
65.6
32.8
259.7
49.8
57.7
121.9
25.8
45.4
61.6
22.2
3.7
19.0
24.7
» s i
S.
55
68
31
51
108
103
58
20
41
16
18
10
8
60
15
19
34
9
17
13
8
1
9
19
t y a
E. Slope15
. 1
.0
.7
.5
.3
.6
.7
.7
.9 21.9
.5
.3
.4
.7
.6
.9
.8
.9
.7
.3
.5
.9
.4
.4
.0
F
Mean
19.2
14.0
7.3
7.2
5.4
4.5
3.2
3.2
2.8
2.5
2.3
2.3
2.2
2. 1
2.0
1.8
1.3
1.3
1.2
1. 1
0.6
0.3
0.3
0.2
» e
S.
2
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
r c
E.
.9
.7
.9
.4
. 1
.9
.9
.6
.4
.3
.5
.4
.5
.5
.5
.5
.3
.5
.4
.4
.2
. 1
. 1
.2
e n t
C.V.
60.8
48.6
51.9
78.2
82.0
78.3
238.5
74.5
198.8
203.3
82.3
63.9
88.6
101.1
107.8
109.7
106.6
161.5
127.3
150.4
162.9
125.0
184.6
315.7

Slope








0.6






-0.3








aDensities are expressed in terms of birds per 1000 ha of shoal  water  habitat  «2.44  m  at  mlw).

 Area populations (density and percent) were regressed against years.   Slopes,  which  estimate  rates  of  change  per
year, are shown if significant (0.05 level).

-------
APPENDIX TABLE F-7.  MARYLAND CANVASBACK POPULATIONS, DENSITIES, AND PERCENT DISTRIBUTIONS BY SURVEY AREA
                     DURING THE 16 YEAR PERIOD 1956-71
                                             Number
D e n s i  t y£
Percent
Survey area
Lower Choptank Rive'r
Bayshore, Calvert County
Patuxent River
South River - Herring Bay
Nanticoke - Wicomico Rivers
Chester River
Eastern Bay '
Little Choptank River
Bayshore, Kent Island
Bayshore, Kent County
Patapsco River - Aberdeen P.G.
Magothy - Severn Rivers
Uye River
Fi shi ng Bay
Miles Ri ver
Upper Choptank River
Manokin, Big - Little Annemessex R.
Honga River
Susquehanna Flats
Sassafras River
Bayshore, Hooper Island
Bloodsworth - South Marsh Islands
Smith Island
Northeast - Elk - Bohemia Rivers
Mean
7229.9
6655.6
6043.4
4134.8
3662.8
3127.6
2711.2
2892.5
4473. 1
2450.6
1595. 1
2444. 1
2055.3
1315.5
980. 1
522.5
447.0
287.5
295.3
178. 1
253. 1
193.8
78. 1
16.4
S.
1237
2^01
1953
789
1835
832
613
353
4041
1 183
847
892
716
586
314
166
187
143
170
123
170
174
37
12
E.
.4
.4
. 1
.2
.2
.2
.4
.4
.7
.4
.5
.3
.9
.8
.3
.4
. 1
.9
.0
.5
.4
.8
.4
.4
C.
68
174
129
76
200
106
90
1 18
361
193
212
146
139
178
128
127
167
200
230
277
269
360
191
303
V.
.5
.4
.3
.4
.4
.4
.5
.0
.4
.2
.5
.0
.5
.4
.3
.4
.4
.3
.3
.3
.2
.8
.2
.7
Mean
549.4
2413.2
798.8
922. 1
497.3
401.4
340.9
384.9
2020.4
1002.7
92.6
542.9
1157.9
210.6
453.9
252.0
32.4
41.7
36.6
108. 1
44.7
16.9
18.3
3.6
S.
94
1052
258
176
249
106
77
113
1825
484
49
198
403
93
145
80
13
20
21
74
30
15
8
2
E. Slopeb
.0
.0
. 1
.0
. 1
.8
. 1
.6
.5
.2
.2
.2
.9
.9
.6
.3 -33.7
.5
.9
. 1
.9
. 1
.3
.8
.7
Mean
8.4
7.9
6.5
5.5
3.7
3.6
3.4
3.2
3.0
2.7
2.4
2.4
2.2
1.6
1.2
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2
0. 1
0.0
S.E.
1.2
3. 1
1.9
1.3
1.7
1 .0
0.9
0.9
2.3
1 . 1
1.5
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
C.V. Slope
57.8
157. 1
1 16.9
96.4
179.8
107.5
102.4
107.8
312.6
161.0
246.0
121.6
128.2
195.7
120.3
122. 1
212.7
233.7
223.4
321.9
226.5
375.8
192.8
288.9
 Densities are expressed in terms of birds per 1000 ha of shoal water habitat  «2.44  m  at  mlw).

 Area populations (density and percent) were regressed against years.  Slopes,  which  estimate  rates  of  change  per
year, are shown if significant (0.05 level).

-------
    APPENDIX  TABLE  F-8.
MARYLAND SCAUP POPULATIONS, DENSITIES,  AND PERCENT DISTRIBUTIONS BY SURVEY AREA
DURING THE 16 YEAR PERIOD 1956-71
                                                Number
                                                Density3             Percent
ON
Survey area
Patuxent River
Bayshore, Calvert County
Bayshore, Kent Island
South River - Herring Bay
Magothy - Severn Rivers
Honga River
Lower Choptank River
Fishing Bay
Patapsco River - Aberdeen P.O.
Bayshore, Kent County
Manokin, Big - Little Annemessex R.
Chester River
Little Choptank River
Nanticoke - Wicotnico Rivers
Bayshore, Hooper Island
Eastern Bay
Bloodsworth - South Marsh Islands
Smith Island
Wye River
Upper Choptank River
Miles River
Susquehanna Flats
Northeast - Elk - Bohemia Rivers
Sassafras River
Mean
5640.6
3212.5
993.8
1620.0
671.6
1112.5
843.4
865.6
899. 1
395.9
503. 1
707.0
673.4
443.8
326.6
333.8
335. 1
289. 1
263.4
245.3
73.4
106.2
7.8
2.8
S.E.
2387.0
1319.9
654.4
808.2
368. 1
804.4
258.0
521.4
326.2
195.6
176.2
337.4
406. 1
194.5
324.9
142.4
245.0
261.4
166.5
185.6
46.8
68.0
6.3
1.9
C.V.
169.3
164.4
263.4
199.6
219.2
289.2
122.4
240.9
145. 1
197.6
140. 1
190.9
241.2
175.3
398.0
170.7
292.4
361.8
252.7
302.6
254.9
256.0
324.6
275.2
Mean
745.5
1164.8
448.8
361.3
149.2
161.3
64. 1
138.6
52.2
162.0
36.4
90.7
89.6
60.2
57.6
42.0
29.3
67.8
148.4
118.3
34.0
13.2
1.7
1.7
S.
315
478
295
180
81
116
19
83
18
80
12
43
54
26
57
17
21
61
93
89
21
8
1
1
E. Slope^ Mean
.5
.6
.6
.2
.8
.6
.6
.5
.9
.0
.8
.3
.0
.4
.4
.9
.4
.3
.8
.5
.7
.4
.4
.2
9
6
6
4
3
2







1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.7
.4
.3
.8
.4
.8
.9
.9
.7
.7
.5
.3
.2
. 1
.0
.9
.6
.5
.4
:4
.2
. 1
.0
.0
S.
3
2
5
2
2
2
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
E.
.5
.9
.2
.9
.4
.3
.7
.2
.6
.0
.7
.6
.5
.5
.0
.5
.4
.5
.2
.3
. 1
. 1
.0
.0
C.V. Slope
143.4
180.7
330.3
241.6
281.5
328.6
146.5
254.0
135.8
232. 1
188. 1
187.2
181.8
181.5
397.5
202.5
262.7
358.7
214.5
269.0
291.8
243.5
311.2
273.3
    aDensities are expressed  in terms of birds per  1000 ha of shoal water habitat (<2.44 m at mlw).

     Area populations  (density and percent) were regressed against years.  Slopes, which estimate rates of change per
    year, are shown  if  significant (0.05 level).

-------
APPENDIX TABLE F-9.  MARYLAND REDHEAD POPULATIONS, DENSITIES, AND PERCENT DISTRIBUTIONS BY SURVEY AREA
                     DURING THE  16 YEAR PERIOD 1956-71
                                             Number
Density3             Percent
Survey area
Lower Choptank River
Bayshore, Calvert County
Honga River
Patuxent River
Little Choptank River
Susquehanna Flats
Eastern Bay
Chester Ri ver .
Bayshore, Hooper Island
Sassafras River
Magothy - Severn Rivers
South River - Herring Bay
Bayshore, Kent Island
F i shi ng Bay
Miles River
Wye River
Upper Choptank River
Nanticoke - Uicomico Rivers
Bayshore, Kent County
Patapsco River - Aberdeen P.G.
Bloodsworth - South Marsh Islands
Smith Island
Manokin, Big - Little Annemessex R.
Mean
5656.6
3989. 1
2984.4
2106.6
2674.1
1341.2
1712.5
802.8
1034.4
89. 1
726.6
887.5
1668.8
951.6
464.1
450.0
575.0
753. 1
170.3
151.2
181.2
87.5
12.5
S.
2486
1974
1419
1033
845
1318
917
408
445
64
425
527
1557
609
291
197
451
560
102
101
156
60
12
E.
.7
.3
.6
.8
.6
.7
.6
.9
.8
.2
.7
.6
.2
.7
.9
.7
.8
.0
.7
.0
.6
.5
.5
C.V.
175.8
198.0
190.3
196.3
126.5
393.3
214.3
203.7
172.4
288.3
234.4
237.8
373.3
256.3
251.6
175.8
314.3
297.4
241.2
267.2
345.6
276.4
400.0
Mean
429.9
1446.4
432.8
278.4
355.8
166. 1
215.3
103.0 £
182.6 '
54.0
161.4
197.9
753.7
152.3
214.9
253.5
277.4-
102.2
69.7
8.8
15.8
20.5
0.9
S.E. Slopeb
189.0 -81.9
715.8
205.9
136.6
112.5
163.3
115.4
52.5 -24.3
78.7
38.9
94.6
117.7
703.3
97.6
135.2
111.4
217.9
76.0
42.0
5.9
13.7
14.2
0.9
Mean
12.7
10.4
8.6
8. 1
6.4
4.5
3.5
3.0
2.8
2.5
2.3
2.0
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.3
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.0
S.E.
3.4
4.9
4.7
5.5
1..8
4.4
1.2
1.4
1.5
2.4
1.7
1.2
1.3
1.2
1. 1
0.7
0.4
0.5
0.4
0.2
0.3
0. 1
0.0
C.
108
188
217
271
1 1 1
395
138
189
216
389
290
239
311
294
288
198
182
219
210
258
373
277
400
V.
.2
.0
.9
.8
.5
.2
.8
.5
.3
.7
.6
.9
.3
.0
.0
.0
.6
.3
,8
.5
.2
.0
.0
Slope
















-0.2






aDensities are expressed in terms of birds per 100(1 ha of shoal Mater habitat «2.44 m at mlw).

 Area populations (density and percent) were regressed against years.  Slopes,  which estimate rates of change  per
year, are shown if significant (0.05 level).

-------
oo
   APPENDIX TABLE F-10.   MARYLAND AMERICAN WIGEON POPULATIONS,  DENSITIES,  AND PERCENT DISTRIBUTIONS BY SURVEY AREA
                         DURING THE 16 YEAR PERIOD 1956-71
                                                Number
Density3             Percent
Survey area
Eastern Bay
Lower Choptank River
Chester River
Honga River
Bayshore, Hooper Island
Little Choptank River
Smith Island
Patapsco River - Aberdeen P.G.
Wye River
Bloodsworth - South Marsh Islands
Bayshore, Kent Island
South River - Herring Bay
Susquchanna Flats
Manokin, Big - Little Annemessex R.
Patuxent River
Miles River
Magothy - Severn Rivers
Nanticoke - Wicomico Rivers
Sassafras River
Upper Choptank River
Bayshore, Kent County
Fi shi ng Bay
Northeast - Elk - Bohemia Rivers
Mean
2338.5
2324.7
2065.8
532.3
524.6
605.4
476.6
483.4
865.4
345.3
210.8
230.3
226.2
147.2
141.9
142.6
71.6
99.4
148.4
84.2
45.3
62.2
16.9
S.
737
526
637
218
170
177
226
359
620
110
179
103
109
42
46
67
34
49
68
40
18
28
12
E.
.4
.3
.9
.7
.8
. 1
.6
.4
.4
.4
.8
.6
.6
.3
.3
.4
.5
.8
.6
.2
.0
.4
.6
C.V.
126.1
90.6
123.5
164.4
130.2
117.0
190.2
297.4
286.8
127.9
341.3
179.8
193.7
115. 1
130.6
189.0
193. 1
200.5
185.0
191.0
158.9
182.9
298.6
Mean
294.0
176.7
265.2
77.2
92.6
80.6
111.7
28. 1
487.5
30.2
95.2
51.4
28.0
10.7
18.8
66.0
15.9
13.5
90. 1
40.6
18.5 -
10.0
3.7
S.E. . Slopeb
92.7
40.0 -17.6
81.9 -40.4
31.7
30. 1
23.6
53.1
20.9
349.5
9.6
81.2
23. 1
13.6
3. 1
6. 1
31.2
7.7
6.8
41.6 -21.1
19.4
7.4
4.6
2.8
Mean
13.
13.
12.
6.
6.
4.
3.
2.
2.
2.
1.
1.
1 .
1 .
1.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
3
1
3
6
0
0
8
9
7
6
8
8
6
3
0
9
8
7
6
5
3
3
1
S.E.
2.7
1.4
3.2
4.7
2.3
.2
.5
.7
.5
.2
.6
0.9
0.9
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.3
0. 1
0. 1
0.0
C.V.
81. 1
41.7
104.5
285.6
152.0
115.7
153.0
231.6
218.4
175.7
353.5
209.0
221.2
105.3
154.6
197.7
253.0
181.2
146.5
205.9
176.0
163.3
235. 1
Slope


-1.3

1.0



-0.7




0.2




-0. 1




    Densities  are  expressed  in  terms  of  birds  per  1000  ha  of  shoal water habitat  «2.44 m at mlw).

    Area  populations  (density and  percent)  were  regressed  against years.  Slopes, which estimate  rates of  change  per
   year,  are shown if significant  (0.05  level).

-------
APPENDIX TABLE F-11.   MARYLAND BLACK DUCK POPULATIONS, DENSITIES, AND PERCENT DISTRIBUTIONS BY SURVEY AREA
                      DURING THE 16 YEAR PERIOD 1956-71
                                             Number
D e n s i  t y a
Percent
Survey area
Chester River
Eastern Bay
Lower Chop-tank River
Wye River
Sassafras River
Honga R i ver
Nanticoke - Wicomico Rivers
Bayshore, Hooper Island
Miles Ri ver
Manokin, Big - Little Annemessex R.
Smith Island
Little Choptank River
Bloodsworth - South Marsh Islands
Bayshore, Kent Island
Fishing Bay
Bayshore, Kent County
Upper Choptank River
Patapsco River - Aberdeen P.G.
Patuxent River
Susquehanna Flats
Northeast - Elk - Bohemia Rivers
South River - Herring Bay
Magothy - Severn Rivers
Bayshore, Calvert County
Mean
17466.
7666.
6405.
3124.
2147.
2223.
2072.
2057.
1408.
1448.
1370.
1258.
1558.
1135.
985.
976.
815.
665.
495.
372.
483.
222.
164.
40.

2
8
0
2
0
4
9
4
1
1
9
4 .
4
4
7
3
7
8
9
5
4
4
0
9
S.E.
3266.0
1541.9
854.3
763.8
922.9
627. 1
357.5
491.2
225.9
344.3
326.7
214.7
442.3
420.8
234.4
210. 1
173. 1
352.9
131.5
128.9
194.7
57.0
50.2
25.4
C.V.
74.8
80.4
53.4
97.8
172.0
112.8
69.0
95.5
64.2
95. 1
95.3
68.3
113.5
148.2
95. 1
86. 1
84.9
212. 1
106. 1
138.4
16 1. 1
102.4
122.4
248. 1
Mean
2241.8
964.0
486.7
1760. 1
1302.8
322.4
281.4
363.2
652.2
104.8
321.4
167.5
136.2
512.8
157.8
399.5
393.5
38.6
65.5
46. 1
106.8
49.6
36.4
14.8
s:
419
193
64
430
560
90
48
86
104
24
76
28
38
190
37
86
83
20
17
16
43
12
1 1
9
E. Slope13
.2 -208. 1
.9
.9
.3
.0
.9
.5
.7
.6
.9
.6
.6
.6
.0 -87.5
.5
.0
.5 -36.6
.5
.4
.0 -6.8
.0
.7
. 1 4.9
.2
Mean
23.6
11.5
9.7
4.4
3.3
3.3
3.2
3.0
2.3
2.3
2.2
2. 1
2. 1
1.9
1.5
1.4
1.2
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.3
0. 1
S.E.
2.2
2.0
1.2
0.9
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.6
0.4
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.3
0. 1
0.2
0.2
0. 1
0. 1
0.0
C.V.
36.8
71.3
51.2
80.2
178.7
1 16.7
64.9
77.0
74.2
105.6
97.0
81.5
111.6
157. 1
102.7
75.8
66.7
168.0
82.2
169.5
105.7
103.4
127.5
234.4
Slope
-0.9





0.2






-0.3










 Densities are expressed in terms of birds tier 1000 ha of shoal water habitat (<2.44 m at mlw).

 Area populations (density and percent) were regressed against years.  Slopes, which estimate rat'es of change per
year, are shown if significant (0.05 level).

-------
APPENDIX TABLE F-12.  MARYLAND MALLARD POPULATIONS, DENSITIES,  AND PERCENT DISTRIBUTIONS BY SURVEY AREA
                      DURING THE 16 YEAR PERIOD 1956-71
                                             Number
Den s i  t y«
Percent
Survey area
Chester River
Sassafras River
Eastern Bay
Lower Choptank River
Wye Ri ver
Nanticoke - Ulicomrco Rivers
Bayshore, Kent Island
Bayshore, Kent County
Bayshore, Hooper Island
Miles River
Honga River
Smith Island
Northeast - Elk - Bohemia Rivers
Patuxent River
Little Choptank River
Bloodsworth - South Marsh Islands
Upper Choptank River
Patapsco River - Aberdeen P.G.
Susquehanna Flats
Magothy - Severn Rivers
Manokin, Big - Little Annemessex R.
South River - Herring Bay
Fishing Bay
Bayshore, Calvert County
Mean
14504.2
2777.9
2184. 1
1848.8
2139.8
1351.4
554.3
482.6
440.9
333.2
441.6
235. 1
318.9
286.9
208.8
240.3
163.4
227. 1
122.8
128. 1
210. 1
89. 1
84.4
12.5
S.E.
3247.9
1191.6
605.0
396.2
899.8
437.2
231.2
125.8
145.2
94.0
215.9
45.7
162. 1
81.9
41.9
73. 1
38. 1
94.3
40.3
55.5
61.7
51.4
40.7
12.5
C.V.
89.6
171.6
110.8
85.7
168.2
129.4
166.8
104.3
131.8
112.8
195.6
77.7
203.4
114.2
80.3
121.7
93.3
166.2
131.3
173.2
1 17.4
230.8
192.9
400.0
Mean
1861
1685
274
140
1205
183
250
197
77
154
64
55
70
37
. 27
21
78
13
15
28
15
19
13
4
.7
.6
.6
.5
.5
.5
.4
.5
.8
.3
.0
. 1
.4
.9
.8
.0
.8
.2
.2
.5
.2
.9
.5
.5
S.
416
723
76
30
506
59
104
51
25
43
31
10
35
10
5
6
18
5
5
12
4
1 1
6
4
E. Slopeb
.9
.0
. 1
. 1
.9
.3
.4 -45.8
.5
.6
.5 18.5
.3
.7
.8
.8
.6
.4
.4
.5
.0
.3
.5
.5
.5
.5
Mean
33.9
7.7
6.3
6.2
5.4
4.5
2.2
1.7
1. 1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.0
S.E.
3.8
2.4
1.6
1.4
2. 1
1.6
0.9
0.5
0.4
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0. 1
0. 1
0. 1
0.0
C.V.
45.2
123.4
104.6
92.8
156.0
146.0
160.5
124.5
129.2
94.2
191.3
114.3
122.6
101.3
103.6
159.5
104.4
138. 1
170.4
178.0
121.0
181.2
198.0
400.0
Slope





0.8
-0.4


0. 1














 Densities are expressed in terms of birds per 1000  ha of shoal  water  habitat  (<2.44  m  at  mlw).

 Area populations (density and percent)  were regressed against years.   Slopes,  which  estimate  rates  of  change  per
year, are shown if significant (0.05 level).

-------
APPENDIX  TABLE  F-13.
MARYLAND PINTAIL POPULATIONS, DENSITIES,  AND PERCENT DISTRIBUTIONS  BY  SURVEY  AREA
DURING THE 16 YEAR PERIOD 1956-71
                                             Number
                                               D e n  s i  t  yc
Percent
Survey area
Smith Island
Chester Ri ver
Eastern Bay
Sassafras River
Bayshore, Hooper Island
Honga River
Lower Choptank River
Bloodsworth - South Marsh Islands
Manokin, Big - Little Annemessex R.
Bayshore, Kent Island
Bayshore, Kent County
Nanticoke - Wicomico Rivers
Little Choptank River
Wye Ri ver
Miles Ri ver
Northeast - Elk - Bohemia Rivers
Bayshore, Calvert County
Upper Choptank River
Fi shi ng Bay
Patapsco River - Aberdeen P.O.
Patuxent River
Mean
2527.
3083.
1076.
146.
490.
291.
670.
730.
350.
222.
301.
159.
91.
161.
35.
15.
14.
15.
40.
1.
7.

8
2
8
9
6
9.
8
3
6
8
6
4
4
9
6
6
1
6
9
1
8
S.E.
1223.0
1196.8
443.5
105.4
192.3
116.9
395.7
279.4
223.7
113.5
220.7
121.9
44.2
123.6
19.6
12.5
12.5
10.9
21.9
1. 1
6.3
C.V.
193.5
155.3
164.8
287. 1
156.7
160.2
236.0
153. 1
255.2
203.8
292.7
305.9
193.2
305.3
220.2
319.3
355.4
279.4
213.7
400.0
324.6
Mean
592.7
395.7
135.4
89. 1
86.6
42.3
51.0
63.8
25.4
100.6
123.4
21.6
12.2
91.2
16.5
3.4
5. 1
7.5
6.6
0. 1
1.0
S.
286
153
55
64
33
17
30
24
16
51
90
16
5
69
9
2
4
5
3
0
0
E. Slopeb
.7
.6 -84.4
.8
.0
.9
.0
.1 -14.1
.4
.2
.3
.3
.5
.9
.6
. 1
.8
.5
.3 -2.4
.5 -1.5
. 1
.8
Mean
17.9
16.7
11.5
5.6
5.2
5. 1
4.9
4.6
3. 1
2.8
2.5
1.5
1.4
0.8
0.7
0.2
0.2
0. 1
0. 1
0.0
0.0
S.
5
5
4
5
1
3
2
1
2
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
E.
.7
.8
.4
. 1
.8
. 1
.4
.7
. 1
.3
.8
.2
.9
.3
.4
.2
. 1
. 1
. 1
.0
.0
C.V. Slope
126.4
138.0
153.9
366.6
142. 1
242.4
196.0
145.4
271.5
180.3
285.0
319.8
265.6
172.6
190.9
260.3
277.4
314.5
176.7
400.0
338.5
aDensities are expressed  in terms of birds per  1000 ha of shoal water habitat (<2.44 m at mlw).

"Area populations  (density and percent) were regressed against years.  Slopes, which estimate rates of change per
year, are shown if significant (0.05 level).

-------
APPENDIX TABLE G-1.   VIRGINIA WHISTLING SWAN POPULATIONS AND PERCENT DISTRIBUTIONS BY SURVEY AREA
                     DURING THE 11 YEAR PERIOD 1961-71
Survey area
Smith Pt. to Windmill Pt.
Rappahannock River (Lower)
Silver Beach to Saxis
Rappahannock River (Upper)
Mobjack Bay and Piankatank River
Newport News to York River
Fisherman's Island to Silver Beach
York River
James River (Middle)
James River (Hog Island Refuge)

Mean
87
11
5
0
1 1
9
4
2
1
0


.7
.9
.9
.5
.4
. 1
. 1
.3
.5
.5
N u
S.
63
7
5
0
9
9
2
2
1
0
m b e r
E.
.9
.2
.9
.5
. 1
. 1
.8
.3
. 1
.5
C.
241
200
331
331
267
331
224
331
226
331
V. Slope3 Mean
.7
.7
.7
.7
.0
.7
.2
.7
.7
.7
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.4
.3
.5
.5
.3
.3
.2
.0
-0
.0
Per
S.E.
1.4
0.7
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
c e n
C.
181
175
316
316
271
316
248
316
268
316
t
V. Slope
.5 0.9
.8
.2
.2
.4 0.2
.2
.5
.2
.6
.2
aArea populations (number and percent) were regressed against  years.   Slopes,  which  estimate  rates  of  change
per year, are shown if significant (0.05 level).

-------
APPENDIX TABLE G-2.
VIRGINIA CANADA GOOSE POPULATIONS AND PERCENT  DISTRIBUTIONS  BY  SURVEY AREA
DURING THE 11 YEAR PERIOD 1961-71
Survey area
James River (Presquile NWR)
Pamunkey River
Fisherman's Island to Silver Beach
James River (Hog Island Refuge)
Rappahannock River (Upper)
James River (Upper)
Silver Beach to Saxis
James River (Lower)
Rappahannock River (Lower)
James River (Middle)
Smith Pt. to Windmill Pt.
Mattaponi River
York River
Mob jack Bay and Piankatank River
Newport News to York River
Chickahominy River

Mean
8972
6144
7835
3439
3311
1920
895
759
755
345
560
196
85
71
1 1
6


.3
. 1
.5
. 1
.4
.9
.9
.4
.7
.9
.5
.8
.0
.4
.8
.4
N u
S.
869
558
4843
442
888
375
280
306
324
150
435
42
30
53
9
5
m b e r
E.
.7
.7
.0
. 1
. 1
.4
.3
.4
.0
.9
.6
.6
. 1
.8
.2
.4
C.
32
30
205
42
88
64
103
133
142
144
257
71
117
249
258
283
V.
. 1
.2
.0
.6
.9
.8
.8
.8
.2
.6
.8
.7
.5
.8
.9
.5
Slope3- Mean
580.8 22
15
10
8
764.3 7
4
2
1
1
0
0
-26.5 0
20.9 0
0
0
0
.0
.2
.7
.6
.6
.7
. 1
.4
.4
.8
.7
.6
.2
. 1
.0
.0
Percent
S.E.
2.4
1.7
4.3
1.4
2.0
1. 1
0.7
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
C.V.
35.5
37. 1
133.3
51.9
87.0
79.4
116.0
84. 1
98.8
160.0
167.3
89. 1
97.7
190. 1
285.0
297.9
Slope

-1. 1


1.6











aArea populations (number and percent) were regressed against years.   Slopes,  which  estimate  rates of change
per year, are shown if significant (0.05 level).

-------
APPENDIX TABLE G-3.
VIRGINIA RUDDY DUCK POPULATIONS AND PERCENT DISTRIBUTIONS  BY SURVEY AREA
DURING THE 11 YEAR PERIOD 1961-71
Survey area
Rappahannock River (Lower)
York River
Newport News to York River
James River (Lower)
James River (Middle)
Rappahannock River (Upper)
Mobjack Bay and Piankatank River
Smith Pt. to Windmill Pt.
James River (Hog Island Refuge)
James River (Upper)
Pamunkey River
James River (Presquile NWR)
Silver Beach to Saxis

Mean
8348
2640
1619
1216
633
338
176
66
11
80
4
2
4


.6
.9
. 1
.2
.2
.2
.4
.8
.4
.0
.5
.3
. 1
N u
S.
1821
1054
746
743
406
287
45
35
9
46
4
1
4
m b
E.
.0
. 1
.2
.8
.3
.2
-0
.8
. 1
.3
.5
.6
. 1
e r
C.
72
132
152
202
212
281
84
177
267
191
331
227
331



V. Slope3 Mean
.3
.4
.9
.8
.8
.7
.6
.5
.0
.9
.7
.9
.7
56
15
9
4
3
2
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
.9
.4
.4
.7
.3
.4
.4
.7
.5
.3
.2
. 1
.0
Per
S.E.
7.0
5.5
4.0
2.3
2. 1
1.3
0.8
1.3
0.5
0.2
0.2
0. 1
0.0
c e n
C.
41
118
140
161
211
172
1 13
242
323
180
331
315
331
t
V. Slope
.0
.3
.2
.5
. 1
.6
.6
.5
. 1
.0
.7
.9
.7
aArea populations (number and percent) were regressed against years.
per year,  are shown if significant (0.05 level).
                                                 Slopes, which  estimate  rates  of  change

-------
APPENDIX TABLE G-5.  VIRGINIA BUFFLEHEAD POPULATIONS AND PERCENT DISTRIBUTIONS  BY  SURVEY  AREA
                     DURING THE 11 YEAR PERIOD 1961-71
Survey area
Rappahannock River (Lower)
Mobjack Bay and Piankatank River
Newport News -to York River
York River
Smith Pt. to Windmill Pt.
James River (Lower)
Fisherman's Island to Silver Beach
Silver Beach to Saxis
Rappahannock River (Upper)
James River (Middle)
Pamunkey River
Mattaponi River

Mean
698.
370.
265.
293.
146.
69.
176.
117.
55.
54.
3.
2.


2
5
0
6
4
5
4
7
5
5
6
3
N u
S.
265
120
119
98
46
23
127
80
37
21
2
2
m b
E.
.6
.8
.3
.5
.3
.9
.8
.5
. 1
.0
.5
.3
e r
C.
126
108
142
1 11
104
114
240
226
221
128
230
331



V. Slope3 Mean
.2
.2
.4
.2
.9
.3
.4
.7
.8
•0
.8
.7
20
20
15
13
6
6
2
2
2
1
0
0
.8
. 1
.8
.3
.3
.0
.9
.3
. 1
.9
. 1
. 1
Per
S.E.
6.6
5.6
5.4
3.2
1.9
3.0
2.0
1.3
1.3
0.8
0. 1
0. 1
c e n
C.
105
93
107
78
98
169
226
178
211
144
222
331
t
V. Slope
.7
.0
.9
.6
.5
.8
.8
.0
. 1
.6
.5
.7
 Area populations (number and percent) were regressed against years.   Slopes,  which  estimate  rates of change
per year, are shown if significant (0.05 level).

-------
APPENDIX TABLE G-6.
VIRGINIA CANVASBACK POPULATIONS AND PERCENT DISTRIBUTIONS  BY SURVEY AREA
DURING THE 11 YEAR PERIOD 1961-71
Number
Survey area
Rappahannock River (Lower)
James River (Lower)
York River
James River (Middle)
Rappahannock River (Upper)
Smith Pt. to Windmill Pt.
Newport News to York River
Mobjack Bay and Piankatank River
James River (Upper)
Fisherman's Island to Silver Beach
Pamunkey River
Mattaponi River
Silver Beach to Saxis
James River (Hog Island Refuge)
Mean
2248
1458
1517
1501
255
786
502
219
1<*1
50
12
4
2
0
S.E.
.6
.8
.2
.4
.9
.4
.3
. 1
.8
.0
.7
.5
.3
.9
628.
483.
445.
508.
139.
781.
333.
208.
135.
27.
9.
4.
2.
0.
4
5
0
5
1
4
4
3
9
8
4
5
3
9
C.
92
109
97
112
180
329
220
315
317
184
246
331
331
331
V . Slope3 Mean
.7
.9
.3
.3
.3
.6
.2
.3
.7
.4
.2
.7
.7
.7
30
16
15
13
4
3
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
.2
.7
.7
.3
.9
.5
.3
.2
.8
.3
. 1
.0
.0
.0
Per
S.E.
8. 1
6.4
3. 1
3.9
2.3
3.4
1.6
0.9
0.8
0.2
0. 1
0.0
0.0
0.0
c e n
t
C.V. Slope
88.
128.
66.
97.
156.
325.
162.
249.
318.
176.
227.
331.
331.
331.
5
2
2 -2.5
5
4
0
0
6
1
4
0
7
7
7
aArea populations (number and percent) were regressed against years.
per year, are shown if significant (0.05 level).
                                                Slopes, which estimate rates of change

-------
      APPENDIX TABLE G-7.   VIRGINIA AMERICAN WIGEON POPULATIONS AND PERCENT DISTRIBUTIONS  BY  SURVEY  AREA
                           DURING THE 11 YEAR PERIOD 1961-71
oo
Survey area
James River (Lower)
Silver Beach to Saxis
Mobjack Bay and Piankatank River
Fisherman's Island to Silver Beach
Smith Pt. to Windmill Pt.
York River
Newport News to York River
Pamunkey River
James River (Presquile NUIR)
Rappahannock River (Lower)
James River (Middle)
James- River (Upper)
James River (Hog Island Refuge)

Mean
561
HO
34
109
23
33
22
20
14
10
11
10
9


. 1
.0
. 1
. 1
.2
.6
.3
.9
. 1
.0
.7
.9
. 1
N u
S.
166
84
17
56
9
14
10
20
7
4
6
10
9
m b
E.
.7
.0
.9
.3
.8
.0
.6
.9
.7
.2
.3
.9
. 1
e r
C.
98
199
174
171
140
137
157
331
182
139
177
331
331



V. Slopea Mean
.6
.0
.5
.3
.5
.9
.9
.7
.2
.6
.4
.7.
.7
21
5
4
3

2
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
.0
.4
.7
.9
S3
.6
.3
.3
.9
.6
.4
.2
.2
Per
S.E.
8.0
3.4
4.0
2.3
2.0
2.0
0.6
1.3
0.6
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.2
c e n
C.
125
211
283
194
200
255
149
331
220
264
182
331
331
t
V. Slope
.7
.8
.2
.4
.8
.8
.2
.7
. 1
.2
.8
.7
.7
       Area populations (number and percent) were regressed against years.   Slopes,  which  estimate  rates  of  change
      per year, are shown if significant (0.05 level).

-------
APPENDIX TABLE G-8.  VIRGINIA BLACK DUCK POPULATIONS AND PERCENT DISTRIBUTIONS BY SURVEY AREA
                     DURING THE 11 YEAR PERIOD 1961-71

Survey area
Pamunkey River
Chi ckahomi ny River
James River (Presquile NWR)
Rappahannock River (Upper)
James River (Lower)
Fisherman's Island to Silver Beach
Silver Beach to Saxis
James River (Hog Island Refuge)
York River
James River (Upper)
Rappahannock River (Lower)
Mattaponi River
Mobjack Bay and Piankatank River
Smith Pt. to Windmill Pt.
Newport News to York River
James River (Middle)

Mean
1801.8
1448.3
1262.3
1275.0
1170. 1
879. 1
651.8
418.2
368.6
410.0
280.0
238.2
162.5
173.6
165.5
93.5
Numb
S.E.
438. 1
386.5
260.6
294.4
595.6
302.3
151.7
105.2
88.0
89.5
81.8
51.5
77.6
123.2
52.3
28.0
e r
C.V. Slope3
80.6 -290.1
88.5
68.5
76.6 -266.2
168.8 -385.7
114.0
77.2
83.4
79.2
72.4
97.0
71.7
158.4
235.2
104.8
99.4

Mean
10.3
8.7
7.4
6.6
5.5
4.4
3.5
2.8
2.7
2.4
2.4
1.6
1. 1
1.0
1.0
0.6
Peri
S.E.
1.7
2.7
1. 1
1. 1
2.2
1.4
0.8
0.8
0.9
0.4
0.9
0.5
0.5
0.8
0.2
0.2
cent
C.V.
55.9
103.3
48.8
55.2
133.0
102. 1
77.0
94.4
111.9
59.8
127. 1
94.8
150.9
246.2
80.6
100.4

Slope



-0.9
-1.4





0.7





aArea populations (dumber and percent)  were regressed against  years.   Slopes,  which  estimate  rates  of  change
per year, are shown if significant (0.05 level).

-------
APPENDIX TABLE G-9.
VIRGINIA MALLARD POPULATIONS AND PERCENT DISTRIBUTIONS  BY  SURVEY  AREA
DURING THE 11 YEAR PERIOD 1961-71

Survey area
Pamunkey River
James River (Presquile NWR)
Chi ckahomi ny River
Rappahannock River (Upper)
James River (Lower)
James River (Upper)
James River (Hog Island Refuge)
York River
(_i Fisherman's Island to Silver Beach
00
Mattaponi River
Rappahannock River (Lower)
Silver Beach to Saxis
Smith Pt. to Windmill Pt.
James River Wfiddle)
Newport News to York River
Mobjack Bay and Piankatank River

Mean
1537.
1295.
1063.
570.
386-,
327.
243.
135.
161.
122.
89.
51.
34.
51.
31.
4.


7
9
8
9
3
3
2
5
4
3
5
8
1
4
4
1
N u
S.
499
302
215
187
142
70
115
*2
63
37
24
39
26
23
11
2
m b
E.
.7
.2
.9
. 1
.8
.0
.6
.3
.6
.6
.6
.6
.8
.7
.3
.8
e r
C.
107
77
67
108
122
70
157
103
130
102
91
253
260
152
119
224

V. . Slope3
.8
.4
.3
.7 -151.0
.6
.9
.7
.5 '
.7
.0
.2 16.8
.2
.3
.8
.5
.2

Mean
17. 1
15.3
13.2
6.4
4.7
4.4
2.3
2.0
1.7
1.7
1.5
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.4
0. 1
P e
S.
3.
2.
2.
1.
1.
1.
0.
0.
•o.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
i r i
E.
6
5
2
9
1
0
8
7
6
6
5
5
6
3
1
0
cent
C.V.
69.5
53.4
56.3
97.4
79.3
77.2
118.8
119.2
112.8
107.9
109.6
251.3
292.2
171.8
112.3
224.8

Slope



-1.4





0.4





aArea populations (number and percent) were regressed against years.   Slopes,  which  estimate  rates  of  change
per year, are shown if significant (0.05 level).

-------