ROBERT S. KERR
ENVIRONMENTAL
RESEARCH
LABORATORY
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ROBERT S. KERR
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Ada. Oklahoma
November 1987
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CONTENTS
Background 1
Current Activities 1
Processes Research 2
Applied Research 5
Technical Assistance/Information Transfer 6
RSKERL Organizational Chart 8
Current Active Projects 9
List of Publications (1981 - 1987) B-l
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7O
BACKGROUND I f$'f'
The Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory in Ada, Oklahoma,
is one of 14 national research laboratories of U.S. EPA's Office of Research
and Development. Dedicated in 1966, RSKERL began as a U.S. Public Health
Service laboratory responsible for providing research, technical assistance
and training on water pollution problems to the south-central region of the
U.S., including the states of Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana, New Mexico and
Oklahoma. By 1970, when the U.S. EPA was established, the research programs
at RSKERL were directed toward solving environmental problems national in
scope and importance.
Today, RSKERL serves as U.S. EPA's center for ground water research,
focusing its efforts on studies of the transport and fate of contaminants in
the subsurface, development of methodologies for protection and restoration
of ground-water quality, and evaluation of the applicability and limitations
of using natural soil and subsurface processes for the treatment of hazardous
wastes. The Laboratory has a long history of research responsibilities re-
lated to the use of soils and the subsurface for waste treatment and to the
protection of the soil, ground water and surface water. These responsibili-
ties have included the development and demonstration of cost-effective methods
for land treatment of municipal wastewaters, animal production wastes, and
petroleum refining and petrochemical wastes, as well as the development of
technologies for the protection of ground-water quality.
RSKERL carries out research through in-house projects and cooperative
and interagency agreements with universities, national laboratories, and
other research centers. RSKERL currently has over 80 ongoing or planned
extramural projects at approximately 40 research institutions in 25 states.
CURRENT ACTIVITIES
An examination of the environmental legislation (including RCRA, SDWA,
CERCLA, and TOSCA) that relate to ground-water quality protection reveals
four common regulatory and/or management requirements:
1. Establishment of criteria for location, design, and operation
of waste disposal activities to prevent contamination of ground
water or movement of contaminants to points of withdrawal or
discharge.
2. Assessment of the probable impact of existing pollution on ground
water at points of withdrawal or discharge.
3. Development of remediation technologies which are effective in
protecting and restoring ground water quality without being un-
necessarily complex or costly, and without unduly restricting other
land use activities.
4. Regulating the production, use, and/or disposal of specific chemi-
cals possessing an unacceptably high potential for contaminating
ground water when released to the subsurface.
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These requirements translate into a need by the Agency, as well as other
regulatory entities and industry, for a definitive knowledge of the transport
and fate characteristics of contaminants in subsurface environments. Without
sufficient knowledge of the behavior of contaminants in the subsurface we run
the risk of (1) under-control resulting in excessive ground-water contamina-
tion, or (2) over-control resulting in uneconomical under-utilization of the
subsurface as a treatment media.
The mission of the Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory is
to develop that data base.
PROCESSES RESEARCH
Most of the research by RSKERL is directed at the processes that govern
the transport and fate of contaminants in the subsurface. For organizational
purposes, processes research is divided into three major areas: (1) hydrologic
processes which act to influence the movement of water, the primary vehicle
for subsurface contaminant movement; (2) abiotic processes, the physical and
chemical interactions that cause contaminants to move at rates different from
those of the water; and (3) biotic processes, the microbially-mediated trans-
formations of contaminants in the subsurface to other compounds. However, in
the subsurface these processes are inseparable, and the overall goal of all
research is to ultimately have the knowledge to integrate the influences of
these processes into a singular understanding of contaminant behavior in the
subsurface.
Hydrologic Processes
Although the physics of water flow in homogeneous media is reasonably
well understood, the physics of water transporting contaminants in hetero-
geneous media is poorly understood. Lack of understanding of how contaminants
move in the subsurface severely restricts our ability to protect or clean-up
ground water quality. Research at RSKERL in hydrologic processes is directed
in three areas: (1) expanding our understanding of the physics of fluid flow
through porous media, (2) developing methodology for evaluating the degree of
heterogeneity (spatial variability) of hydrologic properties int hye subsurface
and (3) advancing the mathematical techniques for predicting the spatial and
temporal distribution of contaminants as well as fluid fluxes in the subsurface
environment.
Current RSKERL research in trying to improve our understanding of the
physics of fluid flow includes studies to determine how immiscible fluids
will move through porous media, the impact of the immiscible fluids on the
physical properties of the porous media, contaminant transport in fractured
rock, and delineation of the physical components of dispersion.
RSKERL1s efforts to analyze the magnitude and importance of spatial
variability in the subsurface environment includes an evaluation of statistical
techniques for determining the numbers and locations of samples required to
describe a hydrologic system.
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There are presently over 600 documented mathematical models describing
movement of fluids in the subsurface ranging from simple analytical solutions
to highly complex numerical models. RSSKERL has an extensive program to develop,
evaluate and improve mathematical models for use by Federal and State agencies
in predicting the transport and fate of contaminants in the subsurface. The
principal avenue of model information transfer is the International Ground
Water Modeling Center (IGWMC) at Holcomb Research Institute, Indianapolis,
Indiana. The Center maintains annotated data bases of mathematical models used
to simulate fluid movement and contaminant transport, offers hands-on training
courses and conducts research to develop benchmark methods for the intercompar-
ison and validation of existing models.
Abiotic Processes
Abiotic processes research at RSKERL is focused on five major areas of
concern: (1) sorption processes; (2) facilitated transport phenomena; (3)
behavior of complex wastes; (4) abiotic transformations; and (5) spatial varia-
bility implications. Both in-house and extramural research activities in these
areas have the objectives of defining mechanistically the processes involved
and evaluating the implications of these processes. A goal inherent in these
efforts is the refinement of models directed at representing the processes
affecting mobility and fate of contaminants in ground water.
Much progress has been made in recent years on defining the relationship
between soil organic matter and sorption of rionpolar organic molecules. 'A
better understanding of sorption in low-carbon subsurface environments is also
beginning to emerge although the capability to accurately forecast pollutant
mobility is still lacking. There are other important questions remaining in
the sorption area. Of primary interest are environmental factors that control
the sorption of polar and ionic organic contaminants and the impact of these
contaminants on the mobility of nonpolar organics. There are also questions on
sorption and retardation in the real-world complex matrices present at contami-
nation sites and on the practical effects of sorption kinetics on contaminant
transport.
Facilitated transport is a generic term encompassing phenomena that enhance
contaminant mobility. Evidence of such mobility enhancement has been observed
at a number of contaminated sites, but the processes responsible have yet to be
clearly identified. Several key research areas being pursued at RSKERL are:
(1) dissolved organic carbon enhanced transport; (2) particulate transport;
(3) mixed-solvent-enhanced transport; and (4) preferential-pathway water move-
ment. These represent widely disparate research areas, but are linked by their
common effects on the movement of contaminants.
The behavior of complex wastes has recently emerged as a focal point of
abiotic processes research. Three current concerns in this area are the physical
characteristics that regulate the movement of immiscible liquids through the
subsurface, movement of other relatively immobile organic contaminants parti-
tioned into the immiscible fluid matrix, and the chemical processes involved
in the dissolution and weathering of the fluids. The latter concern is part of
a larger question about the efficacy and economies of pump and treat technologies
for remediation of complex-waste-contaminated aquifers.
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The fourth research area under abiotic processes is that of abiotic
transformation reactions. Some transformations of organic contaminants have
been studied in detail in surface environments, but have received only passing
attention in the subsurface. RSKERL is especially interested in reactions that
might be enhanced in the presence of abundant mineral surfaces and those that
might be favored by the absence of oxygen, a condition common in contaminated
regions and deeper aquifer zones. Further, reactions with half-lives considered
excessive in surface water systems need to be reevaluated in terms of the very
long residence times commonplace in ground-water systems. RSKERL is also
interested in examining the efficacy of inducing abiotic transformations as a
remediation technique.
The final research area is the spatial variability of those parameters that
impact abiotic processes. Assumptions of homogeneity and complete mixing are
probably inappropriate in most subsurface situations. But the impact of the
variable distribution of important subsurface parameters on the processes that
control pollutant transport and fate has not been investigated in a systematic
fashion. The mathematics needed to describe this impact must be further de-
veloped and evaluated. RSKERL is pursuing studies in this area, including
application of geostatistical techniques, to create a database from which
futher investigations can be developed.
Biotic Processes
The Laboratory's research efforts on biotic processes are designed to
acquire the insight and information necessary to predict the behavior of pollu-
tants in the subsurface environment. Biotransformations can destroy organic
pollutants and immobilize toxic metals, or they can produce new substances that
are more hazardous and more mobile than the original contaminants. Biotic pro-
cesses also influence the survival and transport of viruses and other infectious
agents in the subsurface. An understanding of these fundamental biological
processes is needed to develop control and remediation technologies for ground-
water quality protection. RSKERL supports work at the level of process discovery
(what can occur), process definition (when a process can be expected, and at
what rate and extent), and process application (how well will it work, how long
does it take, what does it cost and what are the limitations).
For naturally-occurring organic contaminants like the petroleum hydro-
carbons, our understanding is fairly mature and most of the work is at the
level of process application. Computer codes that predict the course of
biorestoration of contaminated soils as well as contaminated aquifers are
being developed and evaluated in the field. For xenobiotic compounds such
as trichloroethylene and dioxin, most of the work is at the level of process
definition. A field study is in progress to determine the extent to which a
novel biotechnology can remove trichloroethylene from an aquifer. Parallel
studies in the laboratory are adapting this biotechnology to treat water from
contaminated wells. The microbial communities that degrade trichloroethylene
are being characterized biochemically to allow comparisons of their community
structure and nutritional status. This should tell us whether the organisms
in cultures, laboratory microcosms, and field studies are similar and can be
expected to behave the same way, or if they are significantly different. At
the processes discovery level, one project is following up a promising lead
on biodegradation of dioxins.
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Our knowledge of anaerobic biotransfornations of contaminants is expanding
rapidly. Anaerobic fate studies with contaminated subsurface material have
revealed a number of unsuspected biotransformations. This work is now moving
to the level of process definition, and these newly discovered anaerobic pro-
cesses may form the basis for restoration biotechnologies. Denitrification,
a well characterized anaerobic biotic process, is being applied to restoration
of ground water contaminated with nitrates. Hydrologic influences on the
basic biotic process are being evaluated at pilot scale.
Human pathogens are important contaminants of ground water. Each indivi-
dual pathogen behaves differently. At present, there is little basis for
extrapolating the behavior of one to the behavior of another. The behavior
of bacterial pathogens and some viruses such as poliovirus in the environment
have been studied extensively. Current work focuses on the behavior of
hepatitis A and rotavirus because they are important causes of waterborne
disease in the U.S. Only recently have techniques been available to study the
transport and fate of these viruses. Field experiments are being conducted
to study the fate and transport of viruses under natural environmental condi-
tions and to determine whether the results from laboratory column studies
predict behavior in the field in an accurate manner.
APPLIED RESEARCH
The processes research is the scientific foundation of all research and
other activities conducted by RSKERL, but there is also considerable effort by
RSKERL to suppport the immediate needs and activities of EPA's operating
programs.
Underground Injection Control Program
Both the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 and the Hazardous and Solid Waste
Amendments of 1984 aodress the question of protection of ground-water quality
as a result of injection of waste into the subsurface by means of deep wells.
EPA regulations in support of this legislation have been based on assuring that
the use of injection wells for the disposal of waste will not endanger the
human health or the environment.
Research in support of the underground injection control program is
basically investigating three areas: the injection well itself; the injection
zone and confining bed; and the interaction of injected waste with the formation
or formation fluid within the injection zone.
RSKERL has research projects in each of these areas through the extramural
research program. In addition. RSKERL has constructed three research wells
near Ada for the purpose of determining more effective ways for determining the
mechanical integrity of injection wells. The research wells, which are 1,215,
1,530 and 1,550 feet deep, are designed to evaluate the integrity of cement
behind both steel and fiberglass casing and to evaluate a variety of methods for
determining leaks in tubing, casing or packers and fluid movement behind the
casing.
These research wells provide EPA with a unique research facility unmatched
in government, academia or industry.
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Office of Undeground Storage Tanks
The 1984 Amendments to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act require
EPA to develop a federal enforcement program to protect ground water from
leaking underground storage tanks. RSKERL is currently providing support in
the form of development and evaluation of in-situ biorestoration technology that
may be applied to remediation of contamination from leaking underground storage
tanks.
Office of Solid Waste
RCRA mandated Land Treatment Regulations promulgated July 26, 1982, require
that all hazardous waste land treatment facilities obtain a Part 264 Operating
Permit. These permits are intended to insure that land treatment units are
designed, managed and closed in an environmentally acceptable manner. RCRA
Amendments of 1984 require a fixed schedule of decisions pertaining to whether or
not land treatment should be prohibited as a waste management alternative for
specified hazardous wastes. RSKERL is actively developing technical information
and associated decision models needed by regulatory authorities to make economi-
cally, technically and environmentally acceptable decisions pertaining to land
treatment prohibition determinations, responses, permit issuances, and site
closure/post closure plans.
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE AND INFORMATION TRANSFER
The Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory has long been involved
in technical assistance and information transfer with the EPA Regional Offices
and other state and federal agencies. The terms "technical assistance" and
"information transfer" are often used to identify a multitude of activities.
In general, technical assistance is used to describe an activitiy initiated by
a specific request that requires significant RSKERL personnel resources.
Information transfer activities may require significant resources but are
generally items that are initiated without a specific request.
Superfund Subsurface Remediation Technical Support Program
The Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA) directs
the EPA, as part of the overall Superfund site clean-up program, to conduct a
program of research, evaluation and demonstration of alternative or innovative
technologies for response actions that will achieve more permanent solutions.
Superfund site remedial action decision-makers must evaluate, approve, and
plan an appropriate combination of cost effective remediation activities that
will be protective of human health and the environment. Selection of appropriate
technology is dependent on an understanding of fate and transport characteristics
of hazardous chemicals in subsurface environments—a highly specialized, rapidly
developing scientific field. The Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response and
the Office of Research and Development have established a Subsurface Remediation
Support Program (SRSP) at RSKERL that provides decision-makers with a source of
easily accessible, up-to-date subsurface fate and transport information with
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the associated expert assistance required to effectively use this information.
Components of SRSP include:
Subsurface Remediation Technical Support Team -- composed of ten
scientists and engineers to provide a readily available source of technical
assistance;
Subsurface Remediation Information Clearinghouse -- designed to provide
the user community highly specialized, fates transport, and remediation
information;
National Center for Ground Water Research -- consortium of Oklahoma,
Oklahoma State and Rice Universities charged with developing and conducting a
long-range exploratory research program to help anticipate and solve the Nation's
emerging ground-water problems;
International Center for Ground Water Modeling -- Holcomb Research
Center Indianapolis, clearinghouse for ground-water modeling software, providing
research short courses, seminars and educational activities;
National Ground Water Information Center — National Water Well
Association, Dublin, Ohio, repository of ground water quality information
accessible to scientists, government agencies, business and the public; and
RSKERL Extramural Research Program -- expertise of subsurface processes
and systems from more than thirty universities and research institutions.
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RSKERL ORGANIZATIONAL CHART
LABORATORY DIRECTOR
Clinton W. Hall
CO
PROCESSES & SYSTEMS
RESEARCH DIVISION
Jack W. Keeley, Director
EXTRAMURAL ACTIVITIES
& ASSISTANCE DIVISION
George Keeler, Director
SUBSURFACE PROCESSES
BRANCH
W. Dunlap, Chief
SUBSURFACE SYSTEMS
BRANCH
C. Enfield, Chief
EXTRAMURAL ACTIVITIES
AND EVALUATION BRANCH
J. McNabb, Chief
APPLICATIONS AND
ASSISTANCE BRANCH
M. Scalf, Chief
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CURRENT ACTIVE PROJECTS
Technology Transfer
Ground-Water Technology Bookshelf
(Task 121)
Inhouse and CERI 14
National Center for Ground-Water Research, CR-812808
(Task 199)
Rice University, Oklahoma University,
Oklahoma State University 15
Implementation of a National Ground Water Information Center
CR-812831 (Task 183)
National Water Well Association 17
China-U.S. Ground Water Project (Task 175)
Beijing Municipal Research Institute for Environmental
Protection, China 18
Land Treatability of Hazardous Wastes, Vol. I, CR-810979
(Task 244)
Utah State University 20
Land Treatability of Hazardous Wastes, Vol. II,
DW-89147301 (Task 245)
Oak Ridge National Laboratory 22
Land Treatability of Hazardous Wastes, Vol. Ill, Land
Treatability Evaluation for Selected Subtitle D Wastes,
CR-812819 (Tasks 247, 248)
University of Texas at Austin 23
Evaluation of Residual Matrix Constituents in Soils Subject to
Long Term Application of Hazardous Wastes, CR-814490
(Task 255)
University of Texas at Austin 25
Testing of Ground Water Moael Performance, CR-814502
(Task 2003)
Oregon State University 26
Abiotic Processes
Mass Transport of Toxic Organic Compounds by Natural and
Waste Derived Sub-Micron Sized Particles and Organic
Macromolecules in Ground-Water and Solid Waste Leachates,
CR-812466 (Task 171)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology 27
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Abiotic Dehalogenation Reactions of the Haloaliphatics in
Ground-Water Aquifers, CR-812462 (Task 172)
Stanford University 28
Chemical Transformation Processes in Ground Water Systems,
CR-812414 (Task 180)
SRI, International 29
Co-Solvent Solubility
CR-812581 (Task 182)
University of Arizona 30
Dissolved Oxygen and Oxidation-Reduction Processes in Ground-Water,
CR-813149 (Task 193)
Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources 31
The Nature of Platinum Electrode Redox Potentials in Anaerobic
Aquifer Sediment, CR-813077 (Task 197)
Colorado School of Mines 32
Practical Field Methods for Site Specific Characterization of
Transport Parameters and Improved Simulation of Contaminant
Migration in Ground Water, CR-813647 (Task 264)
Auburn University 33
Spatial Heterogeneity of Hydrogeologic Properties of Sand and
Gravel Outwash, DW-14932020 (Task 267)
U.S. Geological Survey 34
Assessing the Potential for Transport of Dioxins and Codisposed
Materials to Ground Water, CR-813601 (Task 2002)
University of Maryland 35
Sorption and Transport of Organic Compounds in Dynamic Systems,
In-House (Task 186)
RSKERL 36
Evaluation of Processes Facilitating Chemical Transport of
Contaminants, In-House (Task 191)
RSKERL 37
Factors Affecting the Mobility of Trace and Toxic Metals in
Unsaturated Zones and Ground-Water of Subsurface Soils,
CR-811575 (Task 260)
Louisiana State University 39
Adsorption of Organic Cations to Subsurface Materials,
CR-814501 (Task 1006)
Oregon State University 40
Solubility and Sorption of Hydrophobic Organic Chemicals in
Complex Solvents, CR-814512 (Task 2008)
University of Florida 41
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Biotic Processes
Characterization and Adaptation Abilities of Ground Water Microbial
Communities, CR-811828 (Task 169)
North Carolina University 42
Microbial Response to Subsurface Aquifer Contamination and
Rectification, CR-813725 (Task 187)
University of Tennessee 44
Microbial Processes Influencing the Transport and Fate of
Pollutants in Anoxic Subsurface Environments, CR-813559
(Task 188)
University of Oklahoma 46
Rotavirus Survival and Transport in the Subsurface,
CR-813566 (Task 189)
University of Arizona 47
Degradation of Persistent Environmental Pollutants by
Ligninolytic Microorganisms, CR-813088 (Task 269)
Louisiana State University 48
Transport and Survival of Hepatitis A Virus in Unsaturated
Soils, CR-813590 (Task 281)
University of North Carolina 49
In-Situ Biodegradation Methodologies for Restoration of
Contaminated Aquifers, CR-812220 (Task 165)
Stanford University and In-House 50
Simulated Aquifer Restoration,
In-House (Task 167)
RSKERL 52
On-Site Treatment of Creosote and Pentachlorophenol Sludges and
Contaminated Soils, CR-811498 (Task 243)
Mississippi State University 53
Innovative Processes for Reclamation of Contaminated Subsurface
Environments, CR-813672 (Task 271)
University of Oklahoma 54
Surface-Based Biological Treatment of TCE Contaminated Ground
Water, DW-57932443 (Task 1013)
United States Air Force 55
Implementation of a Pilot Scale Enhanced In-Situ Bioreclamation
Design and Demonstration at the U.S. Coast Guard, Ninth District,
Traverse City, Michigan, DW-69932600 (Task 3000)
United States Coast Guard 56
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Parameter Estimation System for Aquifer Restoration Model.
CR-814495 (Task 198)
Rice University 57
Biodegradation of Organic Wastes at Hazardous Waste Sites,
CR-814487 (Task 2015)
Cornell University 58
Hydrologic Processes/Modeling
Mathematical Modeling For Land Treatment of Hazardous Waste,
CR-813080 (Task 250)
University of Texas at Austin 59
Support Studies for Land Treatment Decision—Model Development:
Verification and Input Data Generation, CR-813211 (Task 251)
Utah State University 60
Physics of Immiscible Transport through Porous Media,
CR-812073 (Task 262)
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University 61
Theoretical Analysis of Solute Transport in Leaky Aquifers
During Wastewater Injection Process, CR-813529 (Task 277)
New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology . . 62
Field Application of Stochastic Models of Dispersive
Contaminant Transport, CR-813359 (Task 278)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology 63
Development and Operation of a Ground Water Research Data
Center, CR-813191 (Task 279)
Hoi comb Research Institute 64
Assessment of Ground-Water Models for Wellhead Protection
Areas (WHPA) Delineation, CR-812603 (Task 127/1003)
Holcomb Research Institute 65
Investigation of Vertical Distribution and Migration
of Volatile Organic Compounds, CR-812583 (Task 177)
Arizona State University 66
Development of Land Treatability Decision Models,
In-House (Task 249)
RSKERL 67
Field Evaluation of the Regulatory and Investigative Treatment
Zone (RITZ) Model for Predicting Fate of Organic Contaminants
in Soil at Closed Industrial Sites, IAG-DW-CA-932332 (Task 254)
Environment Canada 68
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Laboratory Investigation of the Behavior and Removal of Liquid
Organic and Petroleum Hydrocarbons from Spills, Leaks, and the
Disposal of Hazardous Wastes, CR-813571 (Task 270)
New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology 69
Ground-Water and Solvent Transport Model Development
and Evaluation, In-House
RSKERL 70
Methods for Estimating Spatial Variability of Subsurface
Environments, In-House
RSKERL 71
Investigation of Aquifer Response to Purge-Well Rehabilitation,
CR-814625 (Task 2014)
University of North Carolina 72
Modeling Reactive Chemical Constituents in the Upper Vadose Zone,
CR-814243 (Task 2016)
University of Arizona 73
Geostatistical Programs for Managing Soil ana Water Contamination,
DW-12932632 (Task 3005)
United State Department of Agriculture 74
Underground Injection Control
Degradation, Interaction and Fate of Wastes Disposed by Deep-
Well Injection, DW89931947 (Tasks 192)
National Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research, DOE 75
Regional Hydrologic Characterization of Saline Formations in
the Texas Gulf that are Used for Deep Well Injection of
Chemical Wastes, CR-812786 (Task 195)
University of Texas at Austin 76
Injection Well Integrity and Fluid Front Movement,
CR-812722 (Task 1008)
East Central University 77
Development of a Methodology for Regional Evaluation of Confining
Bed Uniformity, CR-614061 (Task 1014)
Oklahoma State University 78
Feasibility Study of the Effectiveness of Drilling Mud as a
Plugging Agent in Abandoned Wells, CR-814238 (Task 1009)
Oklahoma State University 79
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NUMBER: In-House/CERI (Marion R. Scalf, P.O.)
TITLE: GROUND WATER TECHNOLOGY BOOKSHELF
TASK NO: 121
PROJECT PERIOD: 06/84 - 12/87
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
ABSTRACT; Agency and State personnel responsible for carrying out the
mandates of RCRA, SDWA, CERCLA and other environmental legislation directed
at ground water protection, must have an understanding of the ground-
water environment and the factors that influence that protection. Ground-
water quality protection is a relatively new but rapidly developing science
and although most of these personnel have technical backgrounds, they are
not necessarily trained in the ground-water science. The objective of this
project is the development of a series of technology transfer materials
that can be used as self-training aids. There are two principal outputs
planned: (1) a series of 20-30 minute slide-tape presentations by RSKERL
on 10 different subject areas--ground-water law, basic geology, fundamental
hydrogeology, ground-water contamination, ground-water investigations, mon-
itoring well installation, ground-water sampling, ground-water tracers,
ground-water models, and ground-water restoration; and (2) a companion
training manual by CERI with chapters on the same 10 subject areas.
STATUS: Slide-tape presentations on monitoring well installation and
fundamental hydrogeology have been prepared in-house at Ada. Draft scripts
have been completed on seven more slide/tape modules. Visual preparations
are continuing. A document entitled "The Use of Models in Managing Ground-
Water Protection Programs" has also been completed in-house and will be
used as the chapter on ground-water models in the training manual. CERI
has completed and is currently printing the training manual.
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NUMBJR;. CR-812808, Rice University, OU, OSU (M.R. Scalf, P.O.)
TITLE: NATIONAL CENTER FOR GROUND WATER RESEARCH
TASK NO: 199
PROJECT PERIOD: 09/86 - 08/88
CENTER CO-DIRECTORS: C.W. Ward (Rice) 713/527-4086
N.N. Durham (OSU) 405/624-6368
L.W. Canter (OU) 405/325-5202
ABSTRACT: EPA established the National Center for Ground Water Research
(NCGWR)"" in September 1979 as a consortium of Rice University, the University
of Oklahoma and Oklahoma State University. As part of EPA's Centers of Excel-
lence program, the NCGWR was charged with developing and conducting a long-
range exploratory research program to help anticipate and solve the Nation's
emerging ground water problems. Base funding is provided by EPA's Office of
Exploratory Research in Washington, DC. Center Co-Directors and investigators
work with the management and technical staff of the R.S. Kerr Environmental
Research Laboratory as well as other EPA laboratories to insure that the
exploratory research program is cooperatively planned, responsive to national
needs, and appropriately linked to the Agency's more applied, mission-oriented
research efforts. Technical oversight is provided by an eight-member panel
of external scientific peers. The four major areas of responsibility for the
Center research program are: (1) development of methodologies for ground-water
quality investigations, (2) transport and fate of pollutants in the subsurface,
(3) characterization of the subsurface environment with respect to pollutant
transport, and (4) information transfer.
STATUS: Research projects currently being conducted by the Center include:
1 • Application of FTIR Spectroscopy and Related Techniques to Mineral
Characterization and Sorption Mechanisms of Organic Contaminants cm
Soi Is. M.G. Rock ley, Oklahoma State University, Task 196
2 . Procedures for Evaluating Attenuation of Ground-Water Contaminants
Due to Biotransformatiori Processes.
Task 199
3 . [Modeling and Field Testing of Contaminated Transport with Biodegradation
and Enhanced In-Situ Biochemical Reclamation. P.B. Bedient and R.C.
Borden, Rice University and S.C. McLin and G.D. Miller, University
of Oklahoma.
4 . Facilitated Transport of Trace Level Organic Compounds in Ground Water via
Model Systems: Macromolecules, Micelles, Emulsions, and Bacteria. M.B.
Tomson and G.L. Clark, Rice University.
5 . Microbial Ecology and Restoration of the Subsurface and Ground Water at
C-H- Ward, M.D. Lee, and J.M. Thomas, Rice
University.
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6. Thj_^ i^jobj^l^et^bolj^srr^^f_ Xenob i ot i c C hemi c a Is jji A^noxjc Aqui f ers.
J.M. Suflita, University of Oklahoma. "
7. Determining the Metabolic Status of Subsurface Microorganisms. F.R.
Leach, Oklahoma State University.
8. State-of-the-Art Document on Clean-up and Restoration of Ground Water
Contaminated by Underground Storage Tanks. C.H. Ward, Rice University
and L.W.Canter, Oklahoma University.
9. Development and Evaluation of Land Treatment Models. D.L. Nofziger,
Oklahoma State University.
16
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NUMBER: CR-812831, National Water Well Association (Jack W. Keeley, P.O.)
TITLE: IMPLEMENTATION OF A NATIONAL GROUND WATER INFORMATION CENTER
TASK NO: 183
PROJECT PERIOD: 10/85 - 09/88
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Jay Lehr (614)761-1711
ABSTRACT: With increased attention being devoted to the protection of the
Nation's ground water, there is an increasing demand for technical information
about the subsurface regime. Environmental legislation such as CERCLA,
SDWA, and RCRA have generated the need to remain current on articles relating
to technical developments in ground-water science. EPA has established a com-
puterized ground-water information base which can be accessed by subscription.
The data base is constantly updated by qualified specialists representing
ground-water development, quality, monitoring and protection, restoration,
water laws and water well technology.
STATUS: About 120 technical and trade journals and newsletters from around the
world comprise the data base which exceeds 90,000 items. About 933 references
per month are added to the data system. The Computer Library Center is
experiencing a major increase in usage of the information system. Additionally,
plans are being made to establish an advisory panel to improve the utility of
the Center for the Agency and others in the ground-water community. The panel
will be composed of information specialists and those working with the technical
aspects of the field.
Additional information concerning this service can be obtained by contacting
the National Water Well Association at (614)761-1711, at 6375 Riverside Drive,
Dublin, Ohio 43017.
17
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NUMBER: Sino-USA International Agreement (Lowell E. Leach, P.O.)
TITLE:- CHINA - U.S GROUND WATER PROJECT
TASK NO: 175
PROJECT PERIOD: 03/85 - 03/88
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Duan Zhenbo, Beijing Municipal Research Institute
of Environmental Protection, China
ABSTRACT: EPA's Office of Research and Development has entered into an agree-
ment under a formal protocol (Item IIB, Annex 3, US-PRC) to conduct cooperative
research with the People's Republic of China PRC on municipal wastewater land
treatment systems. The Chinese scientists selected land treatment technology
because of high pollutant removal efficiency, low construction and energy
costs, and simplicity in operation and management. Under this agreement the
research will be conducted on rapid infiltration systems (RIS) and overland
flow systems (OFS). The RIS study will focus on optimizing denitrification
techniques as a method to treat municipal sewage. The treated water will
then replenish highly concentrated nitrate ground water. Concurrently, the
scientists will evaluate the removal potential for volatile organic compounds
and pathogenic bacteria from the RIS, which complements RSKERL's research
program. These studies will provide design information for evaluation of
eight sites selected as key pilot projects as specified in China's 7th 5-year
plan. The potential of using an overland flow system to treat high concentrations
of BOD-COD wastewaters and the impact of this treatment process on ground-water
quality will be investigated. Upon completion of these studies as outlined
in the March 1985 work plan, the EPA and Chinese research staffs will jointly
author a report which will be published in an international peer reviewed
journal.
STATUS: The first thirty-two months of the three year project have followed
the schedule as originally outlined in the March 1985 EPA-PRC bilaterally
developed work plan. During this period seven flooding/drying cycles, each
replicated several times, were tested using four-5 meter deep by 2 meter dia-
meter filled lysimeters located at the Chinese Agricultural Field Research
Station near Beijing, China. Overland flow test facilities were completed in
June 1986 and one summer of research has been completed. Chinese scientists
received detailed hands on design training of land treatment systems through
an EPA sponsored four-day workshop in China during August 1986. In addition.
the Chinese scientists, during two visits to the RSKERL (1985 and 1986),
received extensive field training in operation and monitoring of both rapid
infiltration and overland flow land treatment systems, intensive laboratory
training in the use and servicing of automated analytical monitoring equipment
(Technicon and gas chromatograph) and extensive training in monitoring well
construction and sampling. Three years of rapid infiltration research has
been completed and a journal article is in preparation. Two Chinese scientist
will visit RSKERL in February 1988 to assist in development of the final
draft of the article on rapid infiltration research. Two Chinese scientist
will be received at RSKERL in April 1988 for six months extensive training in
18
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design and management of land treatment systems. The Project Officer has
been invited to China to serve as a Special Technical Advisor on the design
and implementation of land treatment technology in China. The P.O. will
provide expert advice to a consortium of six Chinese Research Institutes
developing land treatment technology in eight provinces. This bilateral
project was extended for an additional three years during September 1988 by
the U.S. and Chinese EPA Administrators during an official signing ceremony
in Washington, D.C.
19
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NUMBER: CR-810979, Utah State University (John E. Matthews. P.O.)
TITLE: LAND TREATABILITY OF HAZARDOUS WASTES, VOL. I
TASK NO: 244
PROJECT PERIOD. 03/85 - 12/87
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Ron Sims (801)750-3185
ABSTRACT: The Hazardous Waste and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 mandated
the EPA Administrator to make determinations on the applicability of land
treatment of hazardous wastes. This project is directed to provide selected
technical information for the data base to be used by the Administrator to
prepare the official determination concerning "banning". The approach to
providing a scientifically derived data base include: (1) comprehensive
literature assessment, (2) chemical characterization, and (3) laboratory and
bench scale treatability studies for selected listed hazardous wastes and
chemicals. The treatability studies will address degradation, transport
toxicity and bioaccumulation for hazardous waste constituents. Information
and data from this project will be used as an input to the RSKERL land treat-
ment mathematical model for decision making. Companion projects are being
conducted at University of Texas (Task 247) and Oak Ridge National Laboratory
(Task 245). Studies for 31 additional chemicals have been initiated at
the request of OSW's Study and Methods Branch.
The following list of chemicals and wastes to be evaluated initially
were selected from 40 CFR Part 261.33 of the Resources Conservation and
Recovery Act:
Petroleum and Refinery Wastes - Tank Bottoms (leaded) from the Petroleum
Refinery Industry (K052)
Tetraethyl lead Fluoranthene
Benz(c)acridine Benzo(b)f luoranthene
Benz(a)anthracene Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene Acenaphthylene
Chrysene Aldrin
Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene Dieldrin
1,2,7,8 dibenzopyrene Disulfaton
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene Endosulfan
Anthracene Methyl parathion
Phenanthrene Parathion
Phorate Heptachlor
STATUS: With the exception of Tetraethyl lead all compounds studied to date
appear to degrade in soil with the lower molecular weight compounds generally
having the higher degradation rates. Tetralethyl lead was found to be
highly volatile when applied to the soil. All project work has been
completed. The final project report has been submitted to the project
officer, the project closed 03/87.
20
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PROJECT OUTPUT:
"Mathematical Model for the Fate of Hazardous Substances in Soil", W.J.
Grenney, C.L. Caupp, and et al., Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Materials
4(3):223-239.
"Review and Evaluation of Current Design and Management Practices for Land
Treatment Units Receiving Petroleum Wastes", J.P. Martin and R.C. Sims,
Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Materials, 3(3):261-280.
21
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NUMBER: DW-89147301, Oak Ridge IAG (John E. Matthews, P.O.)
TITLE: . LAND TREATABILITY OF HAZARDOUS WASTES. VOL. II
TASK NO: 245
PROJECT PERIOD: 09/85 - 12/87
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS: Barbara Walton (FTS) 624-7839
ABSTRACT: The Hazardous Waste and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 mandated
the EPA Administrator to make determinations on the applicability of land
treatment of hazardous wastes. This project is directed to provide selected
technical information for the data base to be used by the Administrator to
prepare the official determination concerning "banning". The approach to
providing a scientifically derived data base include: (1) comprehensive
literature assessment, (2) chemical characterization, and (3) laboratory and
bench scale treatability studies for selected listed hazardous wastes and
chemicals. The treatability studies will address degradation, transport
toxicity and bioaccumulation for hazardous waste constituents. Information
and data from this project will be used as an input to the RSKERL land treat-
ment mathematical model for decision making. Companion projects are being
conducted at University of Texas (Task 247) and Utah State (Task 244).
The following list of chemicals to be evaluated were selected from
40 CFR Part 261.33 of the Resources Conservation and Recovery Act:
Benzene 1,2,4,5 -Tetrachlorobenzene
Toluene 2-Chloronapththalene
Xylene (one) Nitrobenzene
Furan 1,2-Dichlorobenzene
Methyl ethyl ketone Hexachlorobenzene
Chlorobenzene Benzidine
Chloroform 3,3-Dimethylbenzidine
Tetrahydrofuran 3,3-Dichlorobenzidine
Carbon tetrachloride Methapyrilene
Ethylene dibromide
1,2-Dichloroethane
STATUS: Experimental soil respiration studies have been completed for
all chemicals selected, none of which causes significant depression at
concentrations up to 1000 mg/kg. Soil sterilization studies using gamma
irradiation have been conducted; however, complete soil sterilization could
not be achieved using this technique. Analytical techniques for all compounds
to be studied have been resolved and detection limits established. Sorption
studies have been completed for all constituents; degradation studies have been
completed for volatile compounds and nearing completion for semi-volatile
compounds. Project is on schedule.
22
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NUMBER: CR-812819, University of Texas (Scott G. Huling, P.O.)
TITLE: LAND TREATABILITY OF HAZARDOUS WASTES. VOL. Ill
TASK NO: 247, 248
PROJECT PERIOD: 09/85 - 07/88
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Raymond C. Loehr (512)471-4624
ABSTRACT: The Hazardous Waste and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 mandated
the EPA Administrator to make determinations on the applicability of land
treatment of hazardous wastes. This project is directed to provide selected
technical information for the data base to be used by the Administrator to
prepare the official determination concerning "banning". The approach to
providing a scientifically derived data base include: (1) comprehensive
literature assessment, (2) chemical characterization, and (3) laboratory and
bench scale treatability studies for selected listed hazardous wastes and
chemicals. The treatability studies will address degradation, transport
toxicity and bioaccumulation for hazardous waste constituents. Information
and data from this project will be used as an input to the RSKERL land treat-
ment mathematical model for decision making. Companion projects are being
conducted at Utah State (Task 244) and Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Task
245). Bench scale treatability studies for twenty-two additional hazardous
chemicals have been initiated at the request of OSW's Studies and Methods
Branch, as well as (Subtitle D), non listed hazardous wastes from food pro-
cessing and pulp and paper industries.
The following initial list of chemicals and wastes to be initially evaluated
were selected from CFR Part 261.33 of the Resources Conservation and Recovery
Act:
Explosive wastes -- wastewater treatment sludges from the manufacturing and
processing of explosives - K044
Explosive and munitions manufacturing chemicals
-2,4 - dinitrotoluene
-2,6 - dinitrololuene
-RDX
-HMX
phenol
cresol
thiophenol
p-nitrophenol
2,4 - dinitrophenol
4,6 - dinitro-o-cresol
4,6 - dinitro-o-cyclohexylphenol
2 - chlorophenol
2,4 - dichlorophenol
2,6 - dichlorophenol
2,4,5 - trichlorophenol
2,4,6 - trichlorophenol
2,3,4,6 - tetrachlorophenol
pentachlorophenol
p-chloro-m-cresol
2,4 - dimethylphenol
An additional
hydrocarbons)
set of 20 hazardous compounds (12 phenolics plus 8 aliphatic
were subsequently added to this list.
STATUS: Toxicity screening studies to select initial soil loading rates
have been completed for all of the phenolic compounds; toxicity reduction
studies have been completed for most of these same compounds. Degradation
23
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rate data has been obtained for 26 phenolic compounds. Sorption isotherms
have been completed for 28 compounds. Literature bioaccumulation data for
the 40 compounds under study have been assessed and a summary report is
being prepared. Information has been obtained pertaining to industrial land
treatment practices of 145 operating facilities. A final report is being
prepared. Project is on schedule.
24
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NUMBER: CR-814490, University of Texas at Austin (Scott G. Huling, P.O.)
TITLE: EVALUATION OF RESIDUAL MATRIX CONSTITUENTS IN SOILS SUBJECT TO
LONG TERM APPLICATION OF HAZARDOUS WASTES
TASK NO: 255
PROJECT PERIOD: 09/87 - 09/89
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Raymond C. Loehr (512)471-4624
ABSTRACT: As part of the land disposal restrictions being developed by EPA
in response to the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984, land
treatment of hazardous waste will be limited to those wastes that either
can be treated to performance standards that will be based on the best
demonstrated achievable technology or those that have undergone a successful
petition process demonstrating that there will be no migrationn of hazardous
constituents from the soil treatment zone for as long as the waste remains
hazardous.
The results will determine: (1) whether soils at a hazardous waste land
treatment site (HWLT) should be considered a hazardous waste at a closure,
(2) the extent to which the organics remaining at closure will continue to
degrade, (3) migration potential of the organics and metals present in the
soil-residue matrix when a HWLT site is closed, and (4) whether the proposed
scenarios for closure of HWLT sites are appropriate.
STATUS: Work plan has been received and accepted by the Project Officer.
The principal site selected for study is an oil refinery HWLT site in
Washington State. Other sites at which samples will be collected include:
(1) wood preservative contaminated soil site in Montana, (2) an oil refinery
HWLT site in Alabama, and (3) a coal gasification waste contaminated soil
site in New York.
25
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NUMBER: CR-814502, Oregon State University (Frank Beck, P.O.)
TITLE: TESTING OF GROUND WATER MODEL PERFORMANCE
TASK NO: 2003
PROJECT PERIOD: 10/87 - 09/90
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: L. Boersma (503)754-2441
ABSTRACT: Federal and state strategies and legislation (i.e. CERCLA, RCRA,
TSCA, SDWA, etc.) have been adopted to address and/or protect ground-water
resources. A major difficulty encountered in developing strategies to
protect ground-water resources is the lack of efficient methods to synthesize
scientific information and predict the major physical, chemical and biological
factors affecting transport and fate of contaminants in the subsurface
environment. Currently available models which predict pollution hazards
are empirical. Although these models may be useful in certain applications,
there is a need for a more fundamental scientific modeling approach to
augment these emperical models.
The objectives of this project are to implement mathematical models on a
personal computer and evaluate the model performance in comparison to a
physical model of the same system. A significant portion of the research
project will be the development of laboratory procedures to obtain process
parameters for the mathematical model. The output from the research will
be a report which includes the evaluation of one or more models under at
least two different aquifer restoration scenarios, one potentially being
natural biochemical processes and one with nutrient/chemical amendments.
This project consists of three major activities. The first is development
of laboratory procedures to measure parameters on physical models already
constructed at the Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory (USEPA-
RSKERL) at Ada, Oklahoma, for evaluation of aquifer restoration scenarios.
The second is development and implementation of mathematical models on a
personal computer. The mathematical model will characterize biophysical,
biochemical, physical, and chemical processes that occur in aquifers. The
final activitiy is comparison of model calculations with measured results
from physical models and modeling of selected scenarios for restoration of
contaminated aquifers.
STATUS: Project was initiated 10/87.
26
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NUMBER: CR-812466, MIT (Fred Pfeffer, P.O.)
TITLE. MASS TRANSPORT OF TOXIC ORGANIC COMPOUNDS BY NATURAL AND WASTE
DERIVED SUB-MICRON SIZED"PARTJCLES AND ORGANIC MACROMOLECULES
IN GROUND WATER AND SOLID WASTE LEACHATES "
TASK NO: 171
PROJECT PERIOD: 08/85 - 08/87
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Philip Gschwend (617)253-1638
ABSTRACT: Sorption of pollutants on sub-micron sized particles (colloids) and
organic macromolecules which are mobile in ground water is hypothesized to
enhance the subsurface transport of contaminants. This hypothesis is supported
by observations of pollutants travelling through the subsurface at rates much
greater than can be estimated by solute transport models applying conventional
sorption theory. This project will evaluate the impact of a variety of existing
conditions and processes in contaminated ground-water environments that have
the potential to facilitate the mobilization and transport of pollutants at
rates faster than would be predicted based on current state of knowledge. The
project will include examination of the occurrence, nature, stability, and
movement of microparticulates in subsurface environments and evaluation of the
role of these colloids in facilitated transport of contaminants, especially
hydrophobic organic compounds.
STATUS: Initiated in August 1985. Colloids present in a wastewater plume at
Otis Air Force base are composed of ferrous phosphates and have been shown to
move with the ground water for several hundred feet. Size and number of colloids
collected in ground-water samples is highly dependent on pumping rate and
handling conditions. Efforts are focused on developing methods to determine
the partitioning of pollutants between the aqueous and solid (colloid) phases.
Preliminary studies reveal macromolecular DOC is a more important sorbent then
the colloids.
PROJECT OUTPUT:
1. Gschwend, P.M. and M.D. Reynolds, "Monodisperse Ferrous Phosphate Colloids
in an Anoxic Groundwater Plume", Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 600/J-87-
056 (03/87).
27
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NUMBER: CR-812462, Stanford University (Don Kampbell, P.O.)
TITLE: ABIOTIC DEHALOGENATION REACTIONS OF THE HALOALIPHATICS IN
GROUND WATER
TASK NO: 172
PROJECT PERIOD: 06/85 - 06/87
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Martin Reinhard (415)497-0308
ABSTRACT: Halogenated organics which are widely used by industry, agriculture
and households are often found in ground water due to the transport of these
compounds from land disposal systems and from sites of leaks and spills. To
assess their long term impact on ground-water restoration and protection, it is
necessary to understand the abiotic transformations which may affect their fate
in the subsurface environment. Abiotic transformations emphasizing nucleophilic
substitution and electron transfer reactions with transition metal complexes
such as reduced iron porphyrins will be studied in the laboratory to provide
information on reaction pathways and kinetics which can be utilized in predictive
models. The laboratory results will be compared to reaction rates of ongoing
field studies, where appropriate.
STATUS: A computerized data base with critical review of current literature on
hydrolysis and elimination data of halogenated aliphatics is nearing comple-
tion. Current efforts are directed toward implementation of substituent con-
stants into the data base and improving the data base for use in correlation
analysis. Transformation research is focusing on two areas: (1) reductive
dehalogenation in homogeneous solution; and, (2) transformations mediated by
sediments or sediment components. In the sediment studies, considerable effort
has been spent in evaluating the effects and effectiveness of various sterilization
techniques. Research is focusing on reduction of highly oxidized halogenated
compounds mediated by sediment components.
The extramural project terminated 06/87 and the final report is due 02/89.
However the project is being completed far ahead of schedule. The paper
describing HALFATE is also expected to be completed ahead of schedule.
PROJECT OUTPUTS:
1. Voudrias, E.A. and M. Reinhard. Abiotic Organic Reactions at Mineral
Surfaces. In "Geochemical Processes at Mineral Surfaces," J.A. Davis
and K.F. Hayes, eds. ACS Symposium Series 323, pp. 462-486 (1986).
2. Curtis, G.P., M. Reinhard and P.V. Roberts. Sorption of Hydrophobic Organic
Solutes by Sediments. In "Geochemical Processes at Mineral Surfaces,"
J.A. Davis and K.F. Hayes, eds. ACS Symposium Series 323, pp. 191-216
(1986).
28
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NUMBER: CR-812414, SRI, International (Don Kampbell, P.O.)
TITLE: CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION PROCESSES IN GROUND WATER SYSTEMS
TASK NO: 180
PROJECT PERIOD: 06/85 - 12/87
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Ted Mill (415)859-3605
ABSTRACT: Biotic and abiotic transformations represent natural loss mechanisms
for organic contaminants in the subsurface environment. While biotic trans-
formations under aerobic conditions can result in the mineralization of organic
contaminants, most abiotic reactions produce daughter products, some of which
might be less desirable than the parent. In the last few years, considerable
effort has gone into investigations of subsurface biodegradation, but abiotic
processes, which also affect the fate of pollutants in this environment, have
received only passing attention. This project, through laboratory experiments,
will investigate the effects of subsurface inorganic constituents, i.e., clay
mineral surfaces and ferrous and sulfide ions, on the abiotic transformation of
selected halogenated alkanes and olefins. Reaction mechanisms, rates and
products will be determined where appropriate and the relative importance of
competing reaction pathways, ie. hydrolysis, elimination and reduction, under
various environmental conditions will be assessed.
STATUS: Efforts continue to collect kinetic and product data on hydrolyses
occurring in pure water and in sediment pores. Kinetic and product runs are
performed in sealed glass ampules and at temperatures to 100°C. Runs have been
made in pure water and in the presence of Na-montmorillonite and Lula, OK,
aquifer material. Halogenated organics studied to date inlcude 1,1,1-tri-
chloroethane (TrCE), 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (TeCE) and ethylene dibromide
(EDB). Some indication of enhanced reaction rates were observed in the presence
of the aquifer material for selected organics.
TeCE is converted stoichiornetrically to trichloroethylene by a base-promoted
hydrolysis process that dominates down to pH of 6. Studies on EDB have focused
on product formation. Ethylene glycol accounts for most of the products (76%),
with the incomplete mass balance suggesting the formation of vinyl bromide, as
well. Results to date suggest a half-life for EDB at 25°C of 3.6 years.
The second phase of this project involves the evaluation of reactions between
various nucleophiles and alkyl halides. Studies of thiosulfate, bisulfide, and
sulfite with hexyl bromide (hexBr), isopropyl bromide (IPB), ethylene dibromide
(EDB) ana 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TrCE) have been completed.
A manuscript on the hydrolysis work in pure water and sediment systems is
currently in preparation.
PROJECT OUTPUTS:
"Effect of Subsurface Sediments on Hydrolysis Reactions", submitted to Environ-
mental Science and J_e_cj_n_ojk)gy_ (02/87).
29
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NUMBER: CR-812581, University of Arizona (A. Lynn Wood. P.O.)
TITLE: COSOLVENT SOLUBILITY
TASK NO: 182
PROJECT PERIOD: 09/85 - 06/87
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Samuel Yalkowsky (602)626-1289
ABSTRACT: Most of the industrial and municipal land disposal sites for
hazardous organic wastes, as well as accidental spills, involve the
presence of cosolvents in aqueous solutions. The ability to provide an
environmental assessment by mathematical modeling for fate and transport of
trace pollutants is based, in part, on the fundamental aspects of solution
chemistry. There is a great need for the ability to predict the solubility
of organic pollutants in mixed solvent systems in the subsurface. In this
project, several methods for predicting solubilities of a range of solutes
over the entire range of water-cosolvent composition wilV be tested. Em-
phasis will be placed on comparison and evaluation of three major approaches:
(1) molecular and group surface area, (2) group contribution to activity
coefficients and (3) hydrogen bonding indices. This project is closely
coordinated with Task 137 and Task 181.
STATUS: The solubility data base necessary for evaluating the solubility
models is complete and an assessment of these approaches is nearing
completion.
PROJECT OUTPUTS:
Journal article (B45) "Solubility of Aromatic Pollutants in Mixed Solvents"
submitted to Environmental Science and Technology (06/87).
30
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NUMBER: CR-813149, Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources
(Candida West, P.O.)
TITLE: DISSOLVED OXYGEN AND OXIDATION-REDUCTION PROCESSES IN GROUND-HATER
3";
TASK NO: 193
PROJECT PERIOD: 07/86 - 06/88
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Thomas R. Holm (217)333-2604
ABSTRACT: Abiotic and biotic transformations which take place in the subsurface
environment are largely dependent on the redox state within the aquifer. Yet,
the current knowledge of oxidation-reduction processes in the subsurface en-
vironment is limited. This research effort is designed to further the under-
standing of the mechanisms that control the redox state in aquifers, thereby
providing relevant information which can be used to enhance the predictive
capabilities for pollutant transport and fate. A series of investigations will
be conducted at a developed well-site which contains both pristine and contami-
nated wells in the same aquifer. Major study efforts include: (1) characteri-
zation of the hydrous metal oxide component and determination of the magnitude
of the role it plays in redox control; (2) characterization of the ground-water
organic matter and its role in redox and pH control; (3) determination of what
properties of subsurface organic matter affect microbial activity; and, (4)
simulation of in-situ redox processes in the laboratory, focusing on the relative
importance to redox state of inorganic and organic ground-water components.
STATUS: Age of ground water at the study site was estimated from samples col-
lected for tritium analysis. .The mean age of the ground water above 65 f,eet
at the Sand Ridge site was in the range of 10-15 years. The age of the deepest
sample (105 feet) was from 24-36 years. The results suggest that the H202
found in this well must be formed in situ and that the consumption rate for DO
in this system is on the order of 0.15 mg-0/L/yr. Preliminary microbiological
samples taken from the dedicated pumps indicate the presence of iron bacteria
at all depths.
Preliminary characterization of dissolved organic matter from the Sand Ridge
and Beardstown sites has begun. Acidbase titrations showed no measurable
peaks without concentration of the samples. Vaccum distillation will be used
for sample concentration in subsequent work. UV and fluorescent spectroscopy
have also been evaluated and show some potential. More evaluation will be
required before the utility of these techniques can be ascertained. Methods
develoment work continues for metal complexation with an evaluation of cathodic
stripping voltammetry techniques. Ion specific electrodes are being
evaluated and, gas transfer experiments have been set up and operated.
31
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NUMBER: CR-813077, Colorado School of Mines (Candida West, P.O.)
TITLE: THE NATURE OF PLATINUM ELECTRODE REDOX POTENTIALS IN ANAEROBIC
AQUIFER SEDIMENTS
TASK NO: 197
PROJECT PERIOD: 06/86 - 06/88
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Donald L. Macalady (303)273-3996
ABSTRACT: As environmental scientists continue to explore the mysteries of
anaerobic transformations in ground water, the need for an instrument to char-
acterize the redox conditions in a reproducible and meaningful manner becomes
more acute. Historically, the redox potential (Eh) has been universally
employed as a master variable to describe aerobic and anaerobic ground water,
yet the scientific understanding of the transformation processes in anaerobic
systems lags behind that in aerobic systems because of the lack of knowledge of
the redox relationship under reducing conditions. Using modern electrochemical
techniques, a systematic assessment of redox conditions will be made to determine
the limitations of redox potential measurements in subsurface systems. This
will be accomplished in part by examining, in a step-wise fashion, the important
redox couples in ground water, and the effects of other components of the
matrix. The goal of this research is to establish a recommended procedure
which will enable useful and quantitative characterization of the redox condi-
tions in reduced aquatic systems.
STATUS: Glassy carbon electrodes were used for most of the early developmental
work because of their lower susceptibility to poisoning than platinum or
mercury electrodes. Linear Sweep Voltametry (LSV) is being employed to
characterize electrode kinetics. Initial measurement of electrode kinetic
parameters for the reduction of ferric ion have yielded a heterogenous rate
constant at zero overpotential (Kg) consistent with the literature. Work is
progressing on electrode reactions involving colloidal Fe(III) hydroxides.
Initial experiments have focused on the iron system in distilled water. Results
indicated that voltammetric techniques could not be used for this system due to
the low solubility of Fe+3 compounds and problems with colloid formation.
Instead, efforts were concentrated on using both Pt and waxy-C electrodes,
coupled with pH, to characterize solution redox conditions. Results suggest
that the Ksp of Fe(OH)3 changes with aging of the solution and may account for
the 6-order of magnitude variation in literature values for this constant. All
the electrode systems seem to give the same results, +/- 30 mV, in the iron
solutions. Many of the literature values for Fe(OHJ3 dissociation in aqueous
systems seem to be in error.
The correct redox value for such systems is being pursued as is work with other
simple inorganic couples. Future work will involve the introduction of quartz
sand into the system.
32
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NUMBER: CR-813647, Auburn University (L.E. Leach, P.O.)
TITLE: PRACTICAL FIELD METHODS FOR SITE SPECIFIC CHARACTERIZATION OF
TRANSPORT PARAMETERS AND IMPROVED SIMULATION OF CONTAMINANT
MIGRATION IN GROUND WATER
TASK NO: 264
PROJECT PERIOD: 09/86 - 09/89
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Fred Molz (205)826-4321
ABSTRACT: Predictive models are becoming increasingly important to the
Agency in all areas of ground-water protection, from licensing new
chemicals to designing and evaluating remedial actions at Superfund sites.
This research study will provide an evaluation of more convenient and
economical methods for determining vertical distributions of horizontal
hydraulic conductivity, the development of an advection-based modeling
approach considering sorption and microbial degradation to predict con-
taminant distribution. The objectives of this research are: (1) develop
field methods for determining site specific hydraulic conductivity dis-
tributions which do not directly involve tracer testing; (2) identify and
develop improved techniques for analyzing hydrogeologic data and simulate
contaminant transport, and (3) provide a user's manual on the best approach
and characterization of the variability of hydrogeologic parameters for
contaminant transport evaluations.
STATUS: This project was funded in December 1986, therefore the initial
phase of the project has just been initiated. Five new test wells have
been constructed and hydraulically tested at the Mobile Field Site. A
special borehole impeller meter is being constructed and will be tested to
evaluate variable multilevel horizontal aquifer conductivities. Equipment
is being purchased and modification of existing wells at the Mobile Test
site are being made.
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NUMBER: DW-14932020, U.S. Geological Survey (L. Wood, P.O.)
TITLE: SPATIAL HETEROGENEITY OF HYDROGEOLOGIC PROPERTIES IN SAND AND
GRAVEL OUTWASH
TASK NO: 267
PROJECT PERIOD: 08/86 - 12/87
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dennis LeBlanc (FTS)223-6951
ABSTRACT: In the Northern part of the United States, the treated sludge
from wastewater treatment systems have been disposed on land which is
characterized as having glacio-fluvial aquifers. Contaminants from these
sludges have, over the years, migrated for great distances. The USGS has
a research site at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, which is a stratified sand
and gravel outwash which contains a contaminant plume over two miles in
length. USGS will develop and field test methods to measure spatial
variability of aquifer properties, develop statistically based sampling
strategies to characterize this variability and collect data on varia-
bility at sufficient sampling points to allow detailed deterministic and
statistical analysis of this variability at the Cape Cod site. This
project complements RSKERL's efforts to field evaluate methods and data
to predict the concentration of wastes released to the environment from
treatment, storage or disposal of hazardous wastes.
STATUS: Supplies and equipment have been ordered, the Work Plan and
Quality Assurance Plan have been prepared. Cores have been collected
from the study site and a permeameter for measuring hydraulic conductivity
of these core samples has been developed. The integrity of the cores and
the validity of the conductivity data from these cores are being developed.
This project is on schedule.
34
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NUMBER: CR-813601, University of Maryland (Carl G. Enfield, P.O.)
TITLE: ASSESSING THE POTENTIAL FOR TRANSPORT OF DIOXINS AND CODISPOSED
MATERIALS TO GROUND
TASK NO: 2002
PROJECT PERIOD: 12/86 - 01/88
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Richard Walters (202)454-3917
ABSTRACT: The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) mandates the study of the
transport and fate of toxic chemicals so that responsible agencies can develop
risk and damage assessments as well as make rational decisions for removal and
disposal of contaminated soils. The objective of this research study is to
investigate the potential for leaching of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins,
polychlorinated dibenzofurans and other co-disposed materials to ground water
from soils exposed to complex mixtures of chemicals and oils, such as at wood
preservative sites. Of particular concern is the enhanced mobility of these
hydrophobic organics as part of a transporting matrix. To accomplish this
objective, static batch shake testing and dynamic vapor stripping and column
leaching experiments utilizing mixed solvent techniques will be conducted to
evaluate the kinetic equilibrium characteristics of sorption and desorption
using representative soils and liquids. The experiments will be performed
under conditions in which contaminated soils have been altered to varying
degrees by weathering.
STATUS: Experiments testing the effects of pentachlorophenol on sorption and
solubility of polychlorodibenzodioxins (PCDD) have been initiated. Sorption
will be evaluated in both batch and column studies in methanol water mixtures.
Evaluation of PCDD sorption to aquifer materials has also begun. Two aquifer
samples provided by RSKERL are being evaluated in column studies. Methods
development is progressing in the desorption of dioxins by vapor-phase stripping,
The following related manuscripts were prepared under a previous cooperative
agreement, CR-811743:
1. Walters, R.w, A. Guiseppi-El ie and M.M. Rao. Desorption of 2,3,7,8-TCDD
from Soils into Water/Methanol and Methanol Liquid Phases. Prepared for
submission to ES&T.
2. Walters, R.W., A. Guiseppi-El ie, Z. Yousefi and J.C. Means. Sorption of
Polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxin to Soils from Water/Methanol Mixtures. Prepared
for submission to ES&T.
3. Walters, R.W., A. Guiseppi-Elie and J.C. Means. Sorption of 2,3,7,8-Tet-
rachlorodibenzo-p-dixoin to Soils from Water, Methanol and Water Methanol.
Prepared for submission to ES&T.
4. Walters, R.W. and A. Guiseppi-Elie. Application of Cosolvent Theory to
Sorption of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dixoin from Water/Methanol Mix-
tures. In preparation.
35
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NUMBER: In-House
TITLE: SORPTION AND TRANSPORT OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN DYNAMIC SYSTEMS
TASK NO: 186
PROJECT PERIOD: 07/85 - 04/88
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dermont Bouchard (FTS 743-2321)
ABSTRACT: Most models used to predict solute transport assume sorption-
desorption equilibrium during transport. For long solute-sorbent contact
times and low solute sorption, this assumption may not add appreciable error
to the model's predictive capability. However, it has been observed in
soil column and batch equilibrium studies that sorption may proceed through
a two-step process where the first step is a rapid, essentially instantaneous,
sorption process, and where the second step is characterized by a much slower
approach to equilibrium.
The objectives of this research were to investigate the effects of flow rate
and sorbent organic carbon content on sorption-desorption equilibrium. The
studies involved measurement of solute retardation at different flow rates in
columns packed with low organic carbon aquifer material, or soils of varying
organic carbon content.
STATUS: All miscible displacement studies with EH20 and 45Ca yielded sym-
metric breakthrough curves indicating that solute diffusion in stagnant water
regions was not responsible for the asymmetric breakthrough curves observed
for the organic solutes. Degree of nonequilibrium during organic solute
transport, as reflected in breakthrough curve asymmetry, was found to increase
with pore water velocity and sorbent organic carbon content, and was measure-
able for retardation factors greater than two. The data supports the hypoth-
esis that nonequilibrium solute transport is due to slow diffusion within the
organic carbon matrix.
PROJECT OUTPUT:
Bouchard, D.C. and A.L. Wood. 1986. Some Parameters Affecting Nonequilibrium
Sorption-desorption During Solute Transport. EOS 67:964.
36
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NUMBER: In-House
TITLE: EVALUATION OF PROCESSES FACILITATING CHEMICAL TRANSPORT OF
CONTAMINANTS
TASK NO: 191
PROJECT PERIOD: 09/85 - 12/89
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Carl G. Enfield (FTS 743-2434)
ABSTRACT: The transport of chemicals through the subsurface is profoundly
affected by the interaction of the chemicals with the geologic material.
Processes that enhance the chemical's solubility in the flowing medium
tend to reduce the surface interactions, facilitating faster subsurface
transport. This project seeks to investigate some of these mechanisms.
Large soluble organic molecules, e.g., fulvic acids and surfactants, could
act as such a mobility enhancer. Emphasis is on the mobility of these
molecules and on their tendency to interact with nonpolar contaminant
molecules. The final logical step is to demonstrate that the combination
of contaminant and large organic molecules produces enhanced mobility of
the contaminants.
For polar and charged molecules, solution ionic components play a role in
contaminant mobility. Such interactions will be investigated in dynamic
flow sorption studies. Ultimately, such impact of addition of surfactants
and other charged organic species will be investigated.
STATUS: Transport of surrogate large, soluble organic molecules has been
studied using blue dextran; results indicate a retardation factor for the
organic molecule is less than 1 due to size exclusion. A journal article
has been submitted presenting this work.
Partitioning, of the hydrophobic molecules hexachlorobenzene, anthracene,
and pyrene, has been measured to blue dextron in both static and
dynamic microcosms. Results from the dynamic microcosms demonstrate
enhanced chemical mobility in the presence of blue dextron.
Flow through studies with organic cations have demonstrated the sensiti-
vity of the sorption of these cations to the solvent ionic composition.
New approaches to experimental procedures and data interpretation are
being explored.
PROJECT OUTPUTS:
1. Enfield, C.G. 1985. Chemical Transport Facilitated by Multiphase
Flow Systems. Water Science and Technology. 17(9):1-12.
2. Enfield, C.G. and Goran Bengtsson. Submitted for publication. Size
Exclusion Chromatography in Soils. Ground Water.
37
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3. Bengtsson. Goran, C.G. Enfield and Roland Lindquist. Submitted for
publication. Macromolecules Facilitated Transport of Trace Organics,
Nature.
4. Enfield, C.G., Goran Bengtsson, Roland Lindquist. Submitted for pub-
lication. Influence of Macromolecules on Chemical Transport. Envi-
ronmental Science and Technology.
38
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NUMBER: CR-811575, LSU (Bert E. Bledsoe, P.O.)
TITLE; FACTORS AFFECTING THE MOBILITY OF TRACE AND TOXIC METALS IN UNSATURATED
ZONES AND GROUNDWATER OF SUBSURFACE SOILS
TASK NO: 260
PROJECT PERIOD: 04/84 - 04/88
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Robert Gambrell (504)769-0982
ABSTRACT: Virtually every state has reported ground water contamination by
metals migration. Whether the contaminated metal source is subsurface disposal,
waste lagoons, unlined landfills, industrial waste pits, septic tanks, spills
and leaks, mining practices, or anthropogenic, the metals contamination of
ground water poses a threat to the Nation's valuable drinking water supplies.
The severity of that threat depends on the toxicity of the metal and its mobility
in the subsurface. To address the transport and fate issue, this study will
identify and quantify soil physical and chemical properties which regulate
metal mobility and quantify interactions between metal concentrations, waste
mixture and soil properties for mobility of key metals. Isotherm and column
studies will be conducted along with field studies at four high level contami-
nation sites to identify specific factors relating to mobility. These studies
will provide verifiable data to be fitted to existing models for predicting
metals mobility.
STATUS: Draft report, "Ground Water Contamination by Trace and Toxic Metals"
is being revised. Six sites that are highly contaminated and with a potential
threat to ground water have been sampled. Efforts are focused on soil sample
analysis and laboratory soil column studies using a synthetic landfill leachate
to identify mechanisms of ratals attenuation.
PROJECT OUTPUT:
"Tne Effect of Soil Properties and a Synthetic Municipal Landfill Leachate on
tha Retention of Cd, Ni, P3, and Zn in Soil and Sediment Materials", submitted
to Water Pollution Control Federation (03/37).
39
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NUMBER: CR-814501, Oregon State University (Dermont Bouchard, P.O.)
TITLE: ADSORPTION OF ORGANIC CATIONS TO SUBSURFACE MATERIALS
TASK NO: 1006
PROJECT PERIOD: 10/87 - 09/89
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: John C. Westall (203)754-2591
ABSTRACT: Past research with organic contaminants in association with clay
mineralogy has shown that cations interact with silicate clays causing
interlaminar expansion, metal desorption, and enhanced retention of natural
organic species. This project will develop an analytical database of
information on the sorption characteristics of organics in saturated clay
media to enhance the capabilities in predicting the transport of organic
compounds in ground water.
Specific objectives of this project include: the organic cation effects on
metals and neutral compound mobility; evaluation of organic cations for
possible use in managing contaminant fate and transport; and investigation
of organic cation sorption on subsurface material to evaluate solute and
sorbent characteristics that control retention.
STATUS: Project was initiated 10/87.
40
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NUMBER: CR-814512, University of Florida (A.L. Wood, P.O.)
TITLE: SOLUBILITY AND SORPTION OF HYDROPHOBIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS IN
COMPLEX SOLVENTS
TASK NO: 2008
PROJECT PERIOD: 10/87 - 09/90
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: P.S.C. Rao
ABSTRACT: Complex mixtures are those systems having multiple solutes and
solvents, and are found at or near all hazardous waste disposal sites.
Thus, examining the cnemo-dynamics of complex mixtures is essential for
predicting the environmental impact of hazardous waste disposal.
The primary objectives of this project are to determine the effects of
miscible and immiscible solvents on the solubility, sorption and transport
of contaminants in soils and aquifers. Data collected in this project will
be used to develop and evaluate theoretical approaches for estimating
solubility and sorption in complex wastes.
This information is expected to be used by state regulatory bodies, industrial
institutions and EPA both for developing simulation models, and for educational
and management applications.
STATUS: Project was initiated 10/87.
41
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NUMBER: CR-811828, University of North Carolina (J.T. Wilson, P.O.)
TITLE: CHARACTERIZATION AND ADAPTATION ABILITIES OF GROUND WATER MICROBIAL
COMMUNITIES " "
TASK NO: 169
PROJECT PERIOD: 01/85 - 07/87
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: F. Pfaender
ABSTRACT: The findings of the laboratory study will be confirmed in a field
study. Pristine material from a shallow, sandy, water-table aquifer will be
characterized. After a plume of contamination from a gasoline U.S.T. release
invades the aquifer it will be characterized again to determine the time required
for adaption at field scale to petroleum derived hydrocarbons and the nature
of the adapted community.
STATUS: Material was acquired from a layer of uniform fine sand in a shallow,
confined aquifer in unconsolidated alluvial material in the floodplain of a
small river near Lula, OK. The ground water has high concentrations of sulfate
and oxygen. The material was pristine and was acquired in a manner that
prevented contamination by foreign microorganisms. The material was preadapted
to phenol, p-chlorophenol, and ethylene dibromide. These compounds were rapidly
metabolyzed without an apparent lag. There was no adaption to m-cresol, m-
aminophenol, or aniline. These materials were biodegraded, but there was no
increase in the rate of degradation with increased exposure. If Chlorobenzene
and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene were degraded at all, they were not degraded to all
the way to carbon dixoide. There was no evidence of adaption. Of nine compounds
examined, only p-nitrophenol showed the classic pattern of adaption. These
results suggest to the project officer that adaption at field scale is not an
alteration of the indigenous population, but results through colonization of
the contaminated aquifer by microorganisms introduced from the surface environ-
ment or from the waste itself.
The recovery of free product is currently underway. Bids for the installation
of wells are currently under review.
PROJECT OUTPUTS:
1. Adaption of Unperturbed Subsurface Microbial Communities to the Biodegra-
dation of Xenobiotic compounds. C.M. Aelion, C.M. Swindell, and F.K.
Pfaender. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. In Review.
2. Adaption of Ground Water Microbes to Organic Pollutants During Long Term
Incubations. Aelion, Swindoll, Jiang and Pfaender, submitted for pre-
sentation at SETAC 1986, Washington, D.C.
3. Kinetics of Utilization of Radiolabeled Substrates by Subsurface Microbial
Communities. Dobbing, Long, Aelion, Swindoll and Pfaender, submitted to
SETAC for 1986 meeting.
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4. Influence of Mineral and Organic Nutrients on the Aerobic Biodegradation
and Adaptation Response of Subsurface Microbial Communities. Submitted
for publication to Applied and Environmental Microbiology.
5. Metabolic Capacity of Subsurface Microbial Communities. Accepted for
presentation at Society for Industrial Microbiology Meeting, August 1986,
San Francisco, CA.
6. Methodology for Assessing Respiration and Cellular Incorporation of Radio-
Labeled Substrates by Soil Microbial Communities. Submitted for publication
to Microbial .Ecology (02/87).
43
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NUMBER: CR-813725, University of Tennessee (J.T. Wilson, P.O.)
TITLE: MICROBIAL RESPONSE TO SUBSURFACE AQUIFER CONTAMINATION AND
RECTIFICATION
TASK NO: 187
PROJECT PERIOD: 09/86 - 09/88
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: David White (615)574-7339
ABSTRACT: In order to predict the potential of a particular subsurface
environment to undergo in situ bioreclamation, there is a need to under-
stand the impact of introduced contaminants on the indigenous microorga-
nisms. This need can be accomplished by characterizing the shifts in
community structure, biomass, nutritional status and metabolic activities.
To assay the optimal management, modes for successful corrective actions,
samples from two aquifers which are undergoing in situ bioreclamation
will be intensely examined, and microcosms will be used to study changes
in microbiological activity, degradation rate, and nutrient loading.
Utilizing advanced microbiology techniques, the investigator will estab-
lish "signature compounds" by determining a specific biochemical which is
uniquely associated with the physiological group of interest.
STATUS: The P.I. has been provided with: 1) a microcosm constructed
with unsaturated sandy soil that was adapted to natural gas and could co-
oxidize a variety of chlorinated aliphatic hyrocarbons including TCE; 2)
cultures isolated from this microcosm; 3) microcosms constructed with
material from a semi-confined aquifer on Moffett Naval Air Station,
California. This aquifer is being used for Stanford Unviersity's field
trial of in-situ biodegradation of TCE, the microcosms were acclimated
to methane or propane and co-oxidized TCE and TCA; 4) soil from a bio-
reactor that degraded waste gaseous alkanes and rapidly co-oxidized TCE
vapors; and 5) material from locations in a sandy water table aquifer
that had acclimated to degrade alkylbenzenes under either aerobic or
anaerobic conditions.
An ester-linked phospholipid fatty acid has been identified that makes a
good "signature" to recognize methane-oxidizing bacteria that co-oxidze
chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons.
A manuscript is in preparation that contrasts and compares the difference
in microbial communities enriched on methane and propane.
PROJECT OUTPUTS:
1. "Detection of a Microbial Consortium, Including Type II Methanotrophs,
by use of Phospholipid Fatty Acids in an Aerobic Halogenated Hydro-
carbon-Degrading Soil Column Enriched with Natural Gas". In press.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.
2. "Microbial Removal of Halogenated Methanes, Ethanes, and Ethylenes in
an Aerobic Soil Column Exposed to Natural Gas". Submitted to FEMS
Microbiology Ecology.
44
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3. "Accumulation of Poly- (i -Hydrorybutyrale in a Methane-Enriched.
Halogenated, Hydrocarbon-Degrading Soil Column: Implications for
Microbial Community Structure and Nutritional Status". Submitted to
Journal of Environmental Geology and Water Science, 03/87.
4. "Equivalence of Microbial Biomass Measures Based on Membrane Lipid
and Cell Wall Compounds, Adenosine Triphosphate and Direct Counts in
Subsurface Aquifer". Submitted to Microbial Ecology, 03/87.
45
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NUMBER: CR-813559, University of Oklahoma (J.M. Henson, P.O.)
TITLE: MICROBIAL PROCESSES INFLUENCING THE TRANSPORT AND FATE OF
POLLUTANTS IN ANOXIC SUBSURFACE~ENVIRONMENTS
TASK NO: 188
PROJECT PERIOD: 09/86 - 09/88
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS: Joseph Suflita (405)325-5734
Michael Mclnerney (405)325-6050
ABSTRACT: During the past decade or so, considerable effort has been
employed in assessment of aerobic microbiological degradation of organic
contamination in subsurface environments. Recent advances in subsurface
microbiology have determined that anaerobic microflora exists in subsur-
face environments as well. In addition, intrusion of the subsurface with
labile organic compounds will result in the removal of all available
oxygen to produce reducing conditions. While there have been some invest-
igations regarding the fate and kinetics of pollutants in anaerobic sub-
surface environments, there has been a void in the fundamental understand-
ing of the cycling of natural and xenobiotic forms of carbon in these
environments. To provide assessment and health risk data on organic
subsurface pollution, it is necessary to determine the metabolic fate and
blotransformation rates of these compounds. This project is designed to
investigate the kinetics of pollutant biotransformation by anaerobic
microbes and determine their penetration into porous matrices. The
density and distribution of microorganisms in anoxic subsurface environ-
ments, as well as the importance of syntrophic associations in anaerobic
metabolism of selected substrates by the microbial community will be
determined.
STATUS: Cultures of Escherichia coli mutants for initial studies of
penetration of porous media are underway. Also isolation and characteri-
zation of the sulfate-reducing microbial community involved in p-cresol
degradation are well underway.
46
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NUMBER: CR-813566, University of Arizona (Mike Henson, P.O.)
TITLE: ROTAVIRUS SURVIVAL AND TRANSPORT IN THE SUBSURFACE
TASK NO: 189
PROJECT PERIOD: 10/86 - 09/88
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Charles Gerba (602)621-6906
ABSTRACT: A predominant cause of waterborne disease outbreaks each year
in the U.S. is ground water contaminated with viruses. Among the
more prevalent viruses present in these outbreaks are the Norwalk and
Norwalk-like viruses and rotavirus. Information on their survival and
transport will provide information to develop criteria and standards for
design of septic tanks, sludge landfills, domestic landfills, land treat-
ment systems and the placement of water wells. The project consists of
two phases, the first phase will determine the length of time rotaviruses
remain infective in several different soils and ground waters and the
various environmental characteristics which can be correlated with the
inactivation rate. The second phase is directed toward the study of
migration/retention of rotaviruses in soil columns using various soils
and waters. A predictive model for virus survival and transport will be
utilized to determine its applicability for rotavirus transport and
fate.
STATUS: Soil columns and rotavirus SA-11 and human rotavirus stocks have
been prepared. Column experiments with SA-11 at 4°C have commenced but
have not been completed due to problems associated with the cell culture
serving as assay for this virus. Experimental columns in unsaturated
flow conditions have been replaced with new units. New sampling ports
are being evaluated.
47
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NUMBER: CR-813088, Louisiana State University (B. Dunlap, P.O.)
TITLE: DEGRADATION OF PERSISTENT ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS BY LIGNINO-
LYTIC MICROORGANISMS " :
TASK NO: 269
PROJECT PERIOD: 06/86 - 01/88
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: V.R. Srinivasan (504)388-2601
ABSTRACT: Improved methods for removing persistent hazardous pollutants
from contaminated subsurface environments are needed for more effective
and less costly hazardous waste remedial action programs. Microbial
systems which can be employed for in-situ biodegradation of hazardous
environmental contaminants such as d"ibenzo-p-dioxins are highly desired.
This research study will evaluate the capability of selected ligninolytic
bacteria to degrade a representative group of diphenyl ethers and dibenzo-
p-dioxins as well as studying the properties and characteristics of aryl
etherase enzyme produced by the microorganism selected to be capable of
most efficiently degrading the test diphenyl ethers and dibenzo-p-dioxine.
STATUS: An initial set of enrichment procedures has resulted in the
isolation of several microorganisms capable of degrading lignix. Degrada-
tion of chlorinated diphenyle ethers by some of these microbes has been
confirmed, but this degradation is not consistent and may be a function
of the growth phase of the microbial cultures. Studies are continuing to
determine the optimum conditions for biodegradation prior to evaluating
the capability of the microbes to degrade chlorinated dioxins. Work has
also been initiated to isolate lignolytic enzymes from the cultures under
study. Additional characterization of the degradation process is planned
to better assess its potential for environmental decontamination methodology.
48
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NUMBER: CR-813590, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (Mike
Henson, P.O.)
!LEtI: TRANSPORT AND SURVIVAL OF HEPATITIS A VIRUS IN UNSATURATED SOILS
TASK NO: 281
PROJECT PERIOD: 09/86 - 08/88
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Mark Sobsey (919)966-3852
ABSTRACT: Outbreaks of hepatitis A and other enteric diseases by contami-
nated ground water used for drinking water supplies continue to occur
because of our inadequate understanding of the ability of soil systems to
retain hepatitis A virus (HAV) and other enteric viruses present in
contaminated wastewater. Septic tank effluent is a major source of
ground-water contamination by HAV and other enteric microorganisms.
Currently, there are 22 million septic tanks in the U.S. discharging
about 1 trillion gallons of wastewater into the soil each year. The
objective of this study is to quantitatively determine the transport and
survival of HAV, model enteroviruses, coliphage and enteric indicator
bacteria in 100 X 4.4 cm unsaturated columns of coarse sand, loamy sand
and organic muck soils maintained at 5°C and 25°C, dosed with experiment-
ally-contaminated primary sewage effluent over a 16-week study period.
The information obtained will be of value in predicting the potential for
ground-water contamination as well as providing information for design.
installation and operating conditions for septic systems, landfills, and
other waste application sites.
STATUS: Sufficient HAV stock has been harvested to carry out the first
set of experiments. The soil columns have been packed and conditioned.
Soil column experiments are currently underway.
49
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NUMBER: CR-812220, In House and Stanford University (J.W. Keeley, P.O.)
IN-SITU BIODEGRADATION METHODOLOGIES FOR RESTORATION OF CONTAMINATED
AQUIFERS ~~
165
PROJECT PERIOD: 05/85 - 04/88
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS: Paul V. Roberts (415)723-1073
Lou Semprini (415)723-1870
John Wilson FTS 743-2259
ABSTRACT: The protection of groundwater and the restoration of its quality
continues as a high priority with the Agency. The contamination of the
groundwater with trichloroethylene (TCE) and other compounds within this class
of chemicals continues to be the most pervasive problem in the United States and
other industrialized countries. Currently accepted techniques for the restora-
tion of aquifers contaminated by this class of chemicals primarily involve
pumping water to the surface and treatment by aeration or passage through
carbon columns. These procedures have proven to be expensive and time-consuming
to those affected including government, industry, and the military.
Prior laboratory research at RSKERL and elsewhere has identified biostimulation
of native methanotrophic bacteria as a promising approach for in-situ aquifer
restoration. The purpose of this project is to carry out a field demonstration
to determine the feasibility of using this process to remove contaminants such
as TCE from groundwater. In addition, information will be gathered which will
assist in the economic design and operation of future aquifer reclamation
projects.
The objectives of this study are: to demonstrate the decomposition of TCE and
related compounds at a small pilot scale field site which presents natural
conditions typical of a class of groundwater environments; conduct microbiologi-
cal and microcosm studies in the laboratory to determine degradation pathways
and optimal conditions for effective degradation; bracket the range of condi-
tions under which the treatment method is effective, and to establish criteria
for dependable in-situ treatment of a real contaminant incident.
STATUS: The first phase of the pilot scale field testing has been completed.
The testing included a series of bromide ion tracer tests, TCE transport
experiments, and the initial biostimulation and biodegradation experiments.
The bromide tracer and TCE transport experiments demonstrated the ability to
conduct controlled experiments in the test zone, while the biostimulation
experiment showed indigenous microorganisms were easily stimulated to consume
methane and oxygen. Partial degradation of TCE was observed in the initial
biodegradation experiment.
The microbiological studies are currently evaluating the extent of TCE trans-
formation by mixed cultures enriched from aquifer solids of the test zone.
The cultures have been grown on ethylene and methane as primary substrates.
The behavior of soil microcosms filled with aquifer solids from the test zone
is being studied to determine how TCE transformation is influenced by the
concentration of the primary substrate and the addition of minor nutrients.
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PROJECT OUTPUTS:
1. "Aerobic Degradation of Halogenated Methanes, Ethanes and Ethylenes
by a Natural Gas-Stimulated Microbial Community". Submitted to
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1986.
2. "Field Experience of Biotransformations of Chlorinated Solvents"
presented at the 87th Annual Meeting of the American Society for
Microbiology, March 1-6, 1987, Atlanta Georgia.
3. "Biological Treatment of Trichloroethylene In-situ", Proceedings:
Symposium on Groundwater Contamination , American Society for Civil
Engineers National Convention, Atlantic City, New Jersey, April 27-30.
Published by ASCE, 345 Eat 47th Street, New York, NY 10017.
4. "Transformations of Halogenated Aliphatic Compounds". Submitted to
Environmental Science and Technology.
5. "Biological Treatment: Renovating Ground Water Contaminated with
Trichloroethylene and Related Chlorinated Ethylenes", Detection,
Control, and Renovation of Contaminated Ground Wa_ter. ASCE, NY,"
pp. 168-178.
51
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NUMBER: In-House
TITLE: SIMULATED AQUIFER RESTORATION
TASK NO: 167
PROJECT PERIOD: 02/85 - 12/88
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Frank P. Beck (FTS 743-2204)
ABSTRACT: Nitrate contamination of ground water is a serious problem in
many areas of the United States. Some remediation measures produce toxic
by-products during the denitrification process. To evaluate various remedi-
ation techniques in a controlled environment, two artificial aquifers have
been constructed in RSKERL facilities. These test facilities were con-
structed with a 4-ft. high by 4-ft. wide x 16-ft. long sand aquifer underlain
by a 1-ft. clay layer and overlain by a 2-ft. vadose zone of sandy loam.
Nitrate contaminated water can be introduced in the feed water at one end
or injected through a number of fully penetrating wells to create a nitrate
plume.
STATUS: The aquifers have been constructed, packed with soil, and saturated
with ground water taken from a well constructed to provide a source of water
for the project. Conductivity probes to test the flow characteristics of the
aquifer have been constructed and installed prior to initiating the nitrate
studies. QA/ QC plan is in the final stages of preparation.
PROJECT OUTPUTS:
Beck, P.P., S.R. Yates, T. Short, and C.G. Enfield, 1987. Design of a
Physical Model of a Water Table Aquifer. Submitted to Journal of Contami-
nant Hydrology.
Yates, S.R. 1987. An Analytical Solution to Saturated Flow in a Finite
Stratified Aquifer. Submitted to Groundwater.
Yates, S.R. 1987. Seepage in a Saturated Stratified Aquifer. To be
submitted to Soil Science Society of American Journal.
52
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NUMBER: CR-811498, Mississippi State University (John E. Matthews, P.O.)
TITLE: ON SITE TREATMENT OF CREOSOTE AND PENTACHLOROPHENOL SLUDGES
AND CONTAMINATED SOILS
TASK NO: 243
PROJECT PERIOD: 02/85 - 02/88
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Gary McGinnis (601)325-2116
ABSTRACT: A real problem which exists in the wood preserving industry is
the environmentally safe disposal of creosote and pentachlorophenol
sludges from manufacturing operations which include cooling ponds, waste
treatment lagoons and contaminated soil. Previous investigations have
alluded to the potential of land treatment of creosote and pentachloro-
phenol wastes as an effective treatment alternative. To confirm these
investigations, this project will conduct chemical and physical character-
ization studies on wastes and soils from eight separate wood preservative
plants, subject each waste soil to extensive bench scale treatability
studies and conduct field assessment studies at one site.
STATUS: Bench-Scale treatability studies using wastes/soils from 8 wood
treating locations have been completed. Draft report on this work is in
preparation. Apparent degradation of PAH compounds occurred in all
waste/soil combinations tested. Phase III (field study) has fallen
behind schedule due to problems in obtaining a permit to operate the
field test site. These problems appear to have been resolved with site
preparation expected to begin in April, 1987. An 18 month extension of the
project period until 02/89 will be requested to allow for thorough field
evaluation studies to be completed.
53
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NUMBER CR-813672, University of Oklahoma (Bill Dunlap, P.O.)
TITLE: INNOVATIVE PROCESSES FOR RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SUBSURFACE
ENVIRONMENTS
TASK NO: 271
PROJECT PERIOD: 10/86 - 09/89
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Larry Canter (405)325-5202
ABSTRACT: This research is directed toward development of improved methodolo-
gies for removing organic pollutants from contaminated subsurface environments
and restoring the quality of contaminated ground water. Research will be
conducted to better assess the capabilities and limitations of fixed film
bioreactors and soil bioreactors for use in ground water clean-up operations.
Laboratory-scale fixed film bioreactors will be utilized to examine the removal
of a group of halogenated aliphatic compounds from contaminated water by a
biofilm substained by a primary substrate consisting of methane. Influent
concentrations of pollutants and primary substrate will be varied to better
define the biodegradation process and to determine optimum bioreactor operating
parameters. The possible production of undesirable daughter products of the
test pollutants in the fixed film bioreactor will be investigated, and
relationships needed for evaluating the economic feasibility of this methodology
will be examined.
Laboratory-scale soil bioreactors will also be constructed and employed to
evaluate the removal of a group of organic pollutants commonly found in ground
water from air streams laden with these substances. Such contaminated air
streams will often be produced during renovation of contaminated ground water
by air stripping. The effects on contaminant removal of soil type, soil moisture
content, concentration of organic contaminant in the air stream, air stream
flow rate, and availability of inorganic nutrients, will be investigated to
obtain information needed for further development and evaluation of soil
bioreactor methodology.
STATUS: Laboratory-scale fixed film bioreactors have been constructed and
are being employed to study biodegradation of trichloroethylene in contaminated
water. Influent concentrations of TCE and methane are being varied to determine
conditions for optimum pollutant degradation and to establish maximum contami-
nant concentrations that can be tolerated by the microflora before toxic inhibi-
tion of metabolism occurs.
Laboratory-scale soil bioreactors have been assembled and preliminary work to
develop experimented techniques and analytic procedures for use with these
systems has been completed. Studies were initiated to determine the ability of
laboratory bioreactors containing different types of soils to remove benzene,
toluene, ethyl benzene, and o-xylene from an air stream laden with these compounds.
Removals of about 30 percent at a feed rate of 20 rnl/min have been observed
thus far.
54
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NUMBER: DW-57932443, United States Air Force (John T. Wilson, P.O.)
TITLE: SURFACE-BASED BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF TCE CONTAMINATED GROUND
WATER
TASK NO: 1013
PROJECT PERIOD: 03/87 - 11/87
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Captain Richard A. Ashworth (904)283-4628
ABSTRACT: The objective is to demonstrate an aboveground biological
treatment system in the field and determine how effective the system is for
cleaning up ground water contaminated with trichlorethylene (TCE). The
goal is to gather sufficient technical information to allow assessment of
scale-up and design criteria for a full-scale system. The assessment will
include treatment effectiveness as well as associated costs.
STATUS: Project initiated 03/87.
55
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NUMBER: DW-69932600, United States Coast Guard (John T. Wilson, P.O.)
TITLE: IMPLEMENTATION OF A PILOT SCALE ENHANCED IN-SITU BIORECLAMATION
DESIGN AND DEMONSTRATION AT THE U.S. COAST GUARD. NINTH DISTRICT.
TRAVERSE CITY, MICHIGAN"
TASK NO: 3000
PROJECT PERIOD: 08/87 - 07/89
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Linda Lefkovitz (216)522-3934
ABSTRACT: In situ biorestoration is an attractive option for cleanup of
hazardous waste sites, particularly those resulting from a release of
petroleum-derived hydrocarbons. At present the application of the technology
is empirical. Currently, it is difficult to quantitatively evaluate the
duration and costs for a particular cleanup operation. As a result, in
situ biorestoration cannot be evaluated or compared to conventional treatment
with any real precision.
The objectives of this project is to both evaluate BIOPLUME II, a mathe-
matical model of in situ biorestoration that can be used to estimate time
and costs to bring a site to a specific level of cleanliness, and to evaluate
procedures to characterize a site and gain the information needed to run
the model.
STATUS; Project was initiated 08/87.
56
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NUMBER: CR-814495, Rice University (Thomas E. Short, P.O.)
TITLE: PARAMETER ESTIMATION SYSTEM FOR AQUIFER RESTORATION MODEL
TASK NO: 198
PROJECT PERIOD: 10/87 - 09/89
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: P.B. Bedient (713)527-4953
ABSTRACT: The overall objectives of this research effort will be to further
develop and refine biodegradation modeling systems that can be used by
environmental professionals for hazardous waste site cleanup. The goal of
this project will be to improve technology transfer between the developers of
science and technology and ultimate users.
Specific objectives will be to convene a panel of experts with disciplines
or experience in aquifer restoration, ground water modeling, biodegradation
and biorestoration. These experts will supply the knowledge base necessary
to develop an expert system which can be packaged and delivered to prospective
users. This system, including the identification of hardware required and
software developed by the project, will be designed for hydrogeologic
professionals requiring biodegradation modeling technology definitions
applicable to biorestoration of contaminated ground-water aquifers.
STATUS: Project was initiated 10/87.
57
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NUMBER: CR-814487, Cornell University (John T. Wilson, P.O.)
TITLE: BIODEGRADATION OF ORGANIC WASTES AT HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
TASK NO: 2015
PROJECT PERIOD: 10/87 - 09/90
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Martin Alexander (607)255-1717
ABSTRACT: USEPA is charged with promulgating, implementing, and enforcing
regulations that will address the mandates of several laws that are concerned
in part or in whole with the protection of public health from hazardous
wastes. It has recently become apparent that certain classes of hazardous
organic wastes are being treated in-situ in aquifers and in deeper regions
of the unsaturated zone, through naturally-occurring biotransformations.
Techniques are being developed that evaluate the contribution of this
natural biorestoration on a site-specific basis. These techniques presume
that the contaminated aquifer or deeper unsaturated environment already
harbors organisms that are capable of biotransforming the contaminant.
Information is needed that can be used, on a site-specific basis, to evaluate
the prospects for colonization of a contaminated aquifer or unsaturated
subsurface environment by capable microorganisms and this proposed study
will provide that information.
The objective of this project is to develop an understanding of the properties
of microorganisms as well as the properties of subsurface materials which
determine whether a particular contaminated site will be colonized by
microorganisms capable of degrading wastes. The effort will emphasize
laboratory and pilot-scale field studies. The information collected will
be appropriate for incorporation into mathematical models of transport of
microbes through geologic media.
STATUS: Project was initiated 10/87.
58
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NU_MBE^: CR-813080, University of Texas at Austin (John Matthews, P.O.)
TITLE: MATHEMATICAL MODELING FOR LAND TREATMENT OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
TASK NO: 250
PROJECT PERIOD: 04/86 - 03/88
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Randall Charbeneau (512)471-4608
ABSTRACT: The RCRA amendment of 1984 requires EPA to make decisions
pertaining to the acceptability of all listed hazardous wastes and
chemicals and the Hazardous Waste Land Treatment Regulations require
demonstration of land treatability of specific waste on site prior to
issuance of an operating permit. To assist EPA's Program Office in the
efforts, mathematical models have been developed to make banning/permit-
ting decisions for specific hazardous wastes and chemicals in land treat-
ment systems. The major model used in these efforts is the Regulatory
and Investigative Treatment Zone (RITZ) model which addresses the physi-
cal, biotic and abiotic processes for land treatment systems. This
project will provide support to mathematically model the Hazardous Waste
Land Treatment process by providing input on (1) affect of separate oil
phase, (2) analysis of propagation of error, (3) develop a general tran-
sient model, (4) verify the limitations of steady state models, (5)
investigate the "coupling" of land treatment with ground water models and
(6) evaluate laboratory and field scale data with land treatment models.
STATUS: An oil migration algorithm is currently being developed for in-
clusion in land treatment models. This is being programmed and will
soon be available. The work on applying first-order uncertainty analysis
to the RITZ model has been completed, as have the associated statistical
tests comparing the first-order model to Monte Carlo simulation. The
hydrologic submodel for transient simulation model has been tested and is
working satisfactorily. Work is continuing on the multiphase flow model.
59
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NUMBER: CR-813211, Utah State University (J. Matthews, P.O.)
TITLE: SUPPORT STUDIES FOR LAND TREATMENT DECISION—MODEL DEVELOPMENT:
VERIFICATION AND INPUT DATA GENERATION
TASK NO: 251
PROJECT PERIOD: 05/86 - 04/88
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: W.J. Grenney (801)750-2931
ABSTRACT: The Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 (HSWA) mandate
the EPA Administrator to make determinations on the applicability of land
treatment of hazardous wastes. This project is designed to provide a
comprehensive technical information base and associated decision models
which can be used by EPA Program Office to implement provisions of RCRA
and HSWA. To provide the necessary information, this project is divided
into five tasks which are: (1) assembly of decisions - model data for
all Appendix VIII constituents for treatability parameters, (2) establish
a readily accessible computerized parameter data base for Appendix VIII
and listed hazardous wastes, (3) evaluate the impact of sensitive model-
input and associated soil parameters on model-outputs and LT decisions
based on laboratory bench scale experiments, (4) modify decision model
for use in land treatment petitions, demonstration and other land treat-
ment decisions, and (5) periodic update of the computerized data bank
from EPA and other land treatability studies. A recent amendment to this
project will provide information on degradation and volatilization of oil
phases which will apply to the RSKERL "RITZ" model for field situations.
STATUS: Literature assessment has been completed. Soil fate and affects
data for Appendix VIII organics have been entered on the computer along
with an instruction manual. Studies have been initiated for pH, temperature,
and 02 effects. Lab studies have recently been initiated involving
kinetics of oil phase degradation and volatilization. Field sampling for
volatilization of the oil phase has been completed and analyses are
underway.
60
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NUM_BER: CR-812073, Virginia Polytechnic Institute (Carl G. Enfield, P.O.)
TITLE: PHYSICS OF IMMISCIBLE FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA
TASK NO: 262
PROJECT PERIOD: 10/84 - 10/87
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: J.C. Parker (703)961-5775
T. Kuppusamy (703)961-6014
ABSTRACT: Considerable efforts have been devoted to mathematically describe
transport behavior of water soluble organic chemicals in the saturated and
unsaturated soil environment. In reality, many of the pollutants in the
subsurface environment are those which are sparingly or nonsoluble in a water
matrix. This project addresses the development of mathematical models for
immiscible contaminant transport. Work involves the development of a theoret-
ical framework for describing fluid pressure-saturation-permeability relation-
ships in three fluid-phase porous media systems. Experimental methods for
direct measurement of these properties will be developed and the mathematical
model tested and revised as necessary. A three-phase two-dimensional finite
element program will be developed to implement the mathematical model and
will be tested against lab-scale experiments.
STATUS: A parametric model has been developed to predict hysteretic pressure-
saturation-permeability functional relations in three fluid phase systems.
The three phase pressure-saturation relationship was tested. The extension
from two-phase relationships works well. A full three-phase pressure-saturation-
conductivity relationship under transient conditions was evaluated. These
results were good. A preliminary hysteretic pressure-saturation for three
(3) phase flow was studied. The dual energy gamma equipment is now functioning.
One-and two-dimensional finite element solutions of the three-phase flow
problem have been programmed and tested numerically as well as by comparison
corroborated the numerical analysis as well as the formulation for the fluid-
-porous media properties.
PROJECT OUTPUTS:
"Measurement and Prediction of Saturation-Pressure Relationships in Air-Organic
Liquid-Water-Porous Media Systems". R.J. Lenhard and J.C. Parker. Submitted
to Journal of Contaminant Hydrology.
"A Parametric Model for Constitutive Properties Governing Multiphase Fluid
Conduction in Porous Media". J.C. Parker, R.J. Lenhard, and T. Kuppusamy.
Water Resources Research, 23(4) :.618-624, April 1987.
"Finite Element Analysis of Multiphase Immiscible Flow Through Soils". T.
Kuppusamy, J. Sheng, J.C. Parker, and R.J, Lenhard. Water Resources Research,
23(4):625-631, April 1987.
"A Model for Hysteretic Constitutive Relations Governing Multiphase Flow,
Saturation-Pressure Relations". Submitted to Water Resources Research.
"A Model for Hysteretic Constitutive Relations Governing Multiphase Flow,
Permeability-Saturation Relations". Submitted to Water Resources Research.
61
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NUMBER CR-813529, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology
(Carl G. Enfield, P.O.)
TITLE: THEORETICAL ANALYSIS AND SOLUTE TRANSPORT IN LEAKY AQUIFERS
DURING WASTEWATER INJECTION PROCESS
TASK NO: 277
PROJECT PERIOD: 10/86 - 09/88
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Chia-Shyun Chen (505)835-5259
ABSTRACT: One common method to dispose of hazardous liquid wastes is
underground injection. This creates a potential problem of seriously
polluting ground-water resources. To address the problem of solute
transport from injection wells into leaky aquifer systems, this study
will focus on providing analytical solutions. To accomplish this goal,
four objectives will be attained, which are (1) obtain analytical solu-
tions for the mathematical model assuming linear isotherm adsorption, (2)
obtain analytical solutions for the mathematical model assuming first
order linear kinetic adsorption, (3) formally verify the simplified
approach in seeking solutions and (4) determine the valid time limits
for these solutions. The project will advance current theories on
wastewater injection into confined aquifers by analyzing the leaky aquifer
conditions. The mathematical model will be field evaluated.
STATUS: The project is on schedule. Supplies and equipment are being
ordered, the work plan and QA/QC plan are being developed. The analytical
solutions for steady-state radial flow in a stratified aquifer, reported
last quarter, have been confirmed. Solutions for more complicated
boundaries are being sought. Three different boundary conditions have
been examined and one, which assumes that the aquitard approaches infinity,
has been selected for further study. The transient solutions are being
studied using numerical inversion methods.
PROJECT OUTPUT:
Chen, C.S. 1987. Steady-State Solutions for Solute Transport in a Leaky
Aquiifer Receiving Wastewater Injection. Submitted to Water Resources
Research.
62
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NU_MBER: CR-813359, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Carl G. Enfield
P.O.)
ILIiril FIELD APPLICATION OF STOCHASTIC MODELS OF DISPERSIVE CONTAMINANT
TRANSPORT
TASK NO: 278
PROJECT PERIOD: 09/86 - 03/88
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Lynn Gelhar (617)253-7121
ABSTRACT: The technology and economics encountered with ground-water
problems are dependent upon the ability to accurately predict the location
and concentation of contaminants in the subsurface environment. In an
earlier study, "Stochastic Prediction of Dispersive Transport at Hazardous
Waste Sites", the principal investigator used partial data from EPA research
projects to develop stochastic transport theories. As a logical extension
of the former investigation, the remainder of the data base, and data bases
from TVA and USGS, will be used to evaluate the reliability of ground-water
solute transport prediction of contaminant plumes as well as to develop
methods for consistent analysis and use of field data incorporating stoch-
astic transport models. This project will determine the reliability of
solute transport models as prediction tools and demonstrate the usefulness
of stochastic transport models.
STATUS: Supplies and equipment are being ordered, the work plan and QA/QC
plan are being developed. The analysis of the Borden data base using
stochastic theory has begun. In particular the rotation of the contaminant
plume from the flow axis has been investigated.
63
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NUMBER: CR-813191, Holcomb Research Institute (Carl G. Enfield P.O.)
TITLE: DEVELOPMENT AND OPERATION OF A GROUND WATER RESEARCH DATA
CENTER " "
TASK NO: 279
PROJECT PERIOD: 08/86 - 08/88
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Paul van der Heijde (317)283-9458
ABSTRACT: The Ground-Water Review Committee of EPA's Science and Advisory
Board recommended that data bases from field research projects be made
readily available to other groups working on subsurface pollution pro-
blems. As costs of research and environmental monitoring escalate, the
need for a Data Center becomes more apparent to acquire and distribute
research data in error-free, machine usable form, thereby providing
efficiency and economic benefits. This project will design and institute
a centralized data center for collecting, conditioning, documenting and
distributing data set resulting from research on ground-water pollution.
Emphasis will be placed on data sets from field studies conducted for
model verification.
STATUS: The work plan and quality assurance plan are being prepared.
Supplies and equipment necessary for the Data Center are being ordered.
A literature survey has been undertaken to inventory existing datasets
and several have been selected for further study. In particular useful
information and advice is being obtained from continuing dialogue with
Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
Preparations for a workshop to evaluate the results of Phase I of this
project is underway. The workshop is tentatively planned for the second
week of November 1987.
64
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NUMBER: CR-812603, Holcomb Research Institute (Carl G. Enfield, P.O.)
TITLE: ASSESSMENT OF GROUND MATER MODELS FOR WELLHEAD PROTECTION
AREA (WHPA) DELINEATION"
TASK NO: 127/1003
PROJECT PERIOD: 09/86 - 09/88
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Paul van der Heijde (317)283-9421
ABSTRACT: Ground water modeling is becoming an increasingly important tool
in ground-water quality management. The International Ground Water Modeling
Center (IGWMC) was established at Holcomb Research Institute in 1978 to make
existing ground-water models more accessible to users and improve communica-
tion between management and those who provide technical services employing
models. The Center operates a clearinghouse for ground-water modeling soft-
ware, organizes and conducts short-courses and seminars, and carries out a
research program to support the technology transfer and educational activities.
Two major tasks of the clearinghouse are the dissemination of information
regarding ground-water model selection, requisition, implementation, and the
application, distribution and support of modeling software.
An amendment to this study will provide a document on major ground-water
flow, fate and transport models useful for wellhead protection delineation.
The document will review and evaluate the models as well as suggest recom-
mendations for future model modification and development.
STATUS: Currently, IGWMC has over 600 models available for use by engineering,
research and management users involved in ground water protection. An IBM PC
based verison of the Model annotation data base was developed at the clearing-
house. In addition the following programs have been completed and readied for
distribution:
- MOCNRCM: a modified version of the Konikow-Bredehoeft solute
transport model
- OPTP/PTEST: a fully interactive package consisting of two
programs for determining optimal well discharge
- TIMELAG: a program for slug-test analysis
- PHREEQE: a microcomputer version of the mainframe geochemical model
- INNHAN: a HP-41 hand-held computer program for estimating mounding
due to recharge.
In addition to numerous technical publications, monthly newsletters and training
courses, IGWMC prepared a document entitled, "Groundwater Management: The Use
of Numerical Models," published by the American Geophysical Union in Water
Resources Monograph 5 (2nd Edition), 1985. IGWMC is coordinating meetings of
the EPA Ground Water Model Study Group, which submitted an Interim Report to
EPA-HQ, May 7-8, describing Agency needs, uses, and possible policy problems.
This activity involves numerous Agency and non-Agency specialists, and fact-
finding meetings in the Boston, Philadelphia, and Seattle Regional Offices,
as well as at EPA-HQ. Eight short courses on ground-water modeling are scheduled
between March 18 and September 7, 1987. For further information concerning
these courses, contact the IGWMC at (317)283-9421. A preliminary outline of
the document for WHPA delineation has been prepared.
65
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NUMBER: CR-812583, Arizona State University (James F. McNabb, P.O.)
TITLE: INVESTIGATION OF VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION AND MIGRATION OF
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
TASK NO: 177
PROJECT PERIOD: 09/85 - 01/88
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: David Kreamer (602)965-3589
ABSTRACT: Over 200 ground-water sites have reported volatile organic carbon
(VOC) contamination, making these sites virtually unusable for drinking water
purposes. The transport mechanisms for VOC pollutants are not developed
although its known movement can be vertical as well as horizontal. This
study will investigate specific factors relating to mobility of selected VOC
compounds to define the vertical distribution and mobility in the saturated
and unsaturated zones. Among the measurements of concern at the industrial
study site are: subsurface pressure changes, sorption, temperature fluctua-
tions, moisture variations and density differences.
STATUS: Sampling of the aquifer and vapors located above the sampling points
has been completed. Examination and evaluation of the gas chromatography
data has commenced. Several computer software packages are currently being
evaluated for efficiency and ease of use. The laboratory columns have been
constructed. A report on the correlation of data is expected soon.
66
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NUMBER: In-House
ILItl: DEVELOfJEM_OF LAND TREATABILITY DECISION MODELS
TASK NO: 249
PROJECT PERIOD: 03/85 - 09/89
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Thomas E. Short (FTS 743-2234)
ABSTRACT: The objective is to produce a users guide for predictive models
developed and evaluated for the purpose of assisting EPA in making banning/
permitting decisions regarding the management of specific hazardous wastes
and chemicals in land treatment units.
Land treatability models will be developed and evaluated that specifically
input data for major soil/waste characteristics, processes and interactions
influencing tranformation and transport of hazardous waste constituents in
soil. A users guide for selected models will be prepared.
The specific output of this task will be a mathematical model that describes
the processes involved in the land treatment of hazardous wastes. The model
will have the capability to predict the fate of specific components in the
waste. Features of the model include volatilization, degradation, migra-
tion, waste with oil, and degradation of oil.
STATUS: The RITZ model has been programmed for PC computers. This model
is in draft form. A more user-friendly version is being developed under an
extramural project with Oklahoma State Unviersity. The draft RITZ model
has been revised to correct a problem in the mass balance section of the
code. Data from laboratory treatability studies for a wide range of organic
hazardous constituents are currently being input to the updated model.
Evaluation of the model using field studies has been initiated.
PROJECT OUTPUTS:
1. Short, T.E., C.G. Enfield, P.S.C. Rao, and P. Kizza. "Movement of
Hazardous Waste Constituents Through Laboratory Soil Columns". CSSA-
SSSA 1985 Annual Meeting, Chicago, Illinois.
2. Short, T.E. "Modeling of Processes in the Unsaturated Zone". Land
Treatment: A Hazardous Waste Management Alternative. Water Resources
Symposium Number Thirteen, University of Texas at Austin.
3. Short, T.E. "Movement of Contaminants from Oily Wastes During Land
Treatment", proceedings of Environmental Health Effects of Soil Con-
taminated with Petroleum Products at Amhurst, MA, October 30-31, 1985.
67
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NUMBER: IAG-DW-CA-932332, Environment Canada (John Matthews, P.O.)
TITLE: FIELD EVALUATION OF THE REGULATORY AND INVESTIGATIVE TREATMENT
ZONE (RITZ) MODEL FOR PREDICTING FATE OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS
IN SOIL AT CLOSED INDUSTRIAL SITES
TASK NO: 254
PROJECT PERIOD: 01/87 - 12/88
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: T.L. Bulman (416)336-4664
ABSTRACT: Industrial sites and waste disposal areas which are, or may be
decommissoned or closed will require implementation of cleanup activities
for the protection of human health and the environment. This research
program is structured to develop a technology based methodology for deter-
mining site-specific clean-up criteria for industrial site closure. The
specific objectives are: (1) acquisition of laboratory and field site data
regarding transport and transformation of organic contamination in soil
systems, and (2) evaluation of several predictive models including the RITZ
model developed at RSKERL for predicting long-term fate and transport of
organic contaminants at closed industrial sites. This effort will provide
EPA with an opportunity to expand its knowledge base about models that can
assess the treatability of organic contaminants in the soil as well as to
field evaluate the RITZ predictive model.
STATUS: A site in Ontario has been selected for study. Supplies anci equip-
ment are being ordered, the final work and QA/QC plans have been completed.
Background and variability studies have been initiated. Initial waste/soil
characterization work is completed, and waste was applied to field test plots
June 10-11, 1987. Field air emissions sampling has been completed. Bench-
scale treatability studies are about 50% complete.
68
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NUMBER: CR-813571, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology (J.N.
Jones, P.O.)
TITLE: LABORATORY INVESTIGATION OF THE BEHAVIOR AND REMOVAL OF LIQUID
ORGANIC AND PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS FROM SPILLS, LEAKS, AND THE
DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS WASTES
TASK NO: 270
PROJECT PERIOD: 09/86 - 08/88
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: John L. Wilson (505)835-5308
ABSTRACT: Ground-water supplies are constantly threatened by organic
chemical pollution from disposal sites, as well as spills and leaks from
storage tanks and pipelines. In order to develop predictive models and
provide information to formulate agency regulations, a fundamental know-
ledge of organic liquid transport mechanisms in the vadose and saturated
zones is needed. The major objective of this project include studies on
the behavior of liquid organics in ground water with special emphasis on
capillary trapping, remobilization and relative permeabiltiy. Preliminary
studies of alternative remedial action strategies for liquid organic
pollutant restoration using column cores for quantitative experiments and
micro-models for flow and transport visualization. Through cooperation
with other research projects, results will be analyzed within the context
of pollutant site physics, chemistry (solubilization, volatilization,
adsorption) and biology (biodegradation). Data from this study will ex-
pand the current knowledge of transport mechanisms of liquid organic
pollutants as they migrate through the vadose zone and into the water
table.
STATUS: Materials and equipment have been purchased. Wettability tests
(i.e., Amott and USBM tests) were performed on the Sevilleta soil. The
Sevilleta soil was found to be strongly water wet. Soltrol 130 has been
characterized and other hazardous liquid organics have been chosen (i.e.,
kerosene, decane, carbon tetrachloride) and are in the characterization
process. Several production runs were made with Soltrol 130 on the
Sevilleta soil. Problems were encountered due to the inability to control
temperature during an experimental run. This problem is expected to be
solved when a new laboratory facility is occupied. Efforts have been started
to develop, debug and calibrate apparatus for vadose zone experiments.
69
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NUMBER: In-House
TITLE: GROUND-WATER AND SOLVENT TRANSPORT MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND
EVALUATION
PROJECT PERIOD: 08/86 - 12/89
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Scott R. Yates (405)332-8800
(FTS 743-2246)
ABSTRACT: There are many mathematical models available through the
International Ground Water Modeling Center. Each has its advantages and
disadvantages. As new process information becomes available, it is
necessary to create additional transport models which can incorporate
this new knowledge. Therefore, a continuing effort is needed in model
development. A combination of analytical and numerical models will be
developed which can describe new process data.
STATUS: Several analytical solutions to flow arid transport in the sub-
surface have been developed. Work is continuing to develop analytical
solutions to the biotransformation equations which include dispersion.
PROJECT OUTPUTS:
Yates, S.R. and C.G. Enfield. 1987. Transport of Dissolved Substances
with Second-Order Reaction: I. Problem Definition. Submitted to Water
Resources Research.
Yates, S.R. and C.G. Enfield. 1987. Transport of Dissolved Substances
with Second-Order Reaction: II. Advective Flow Systems. Submitted to
Water Resources Research.
Enfield, C.G. and S.R. Yates. 1987. Chemical Transport to Groundwater.
In Soil Science Society of America Monograph on Pesticides, H.H. Chang
Ed.
70
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NUMBER: In-House
TITLE: METHODS FOR ESTIMATING SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF SUBSURFACE
ENVIRONMENTS
PROJECT PERIOD: 08/86 - 12/89
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Scott R. Yates (405)332-8800
(FTS 743-2246)
ABSTRACT: Predicting the transport and transformation of chemicals in
the subsurface environment requires knowledge of the spatial and temporal
varability of parameters used as input data to transport and transformation
models. It is not economically feasible to measure each of the parameters
for every element in the problem domain. Methods are required which will
permit estimating where it is most advantageous to take the next sample and
how precise a forecast would be based on the confidence of the available
data. This activity addresses methods of determining spatial variability,
its impact on forecasting contaminant distribution in subsurface environ-
ments, and evaluation of statistical techniques for determining how many
samples are required to describe hydrologic systems.
STATUS: Project was initiated on 02/87.
PROJECT OUTPUTS:
Yates, S.R. and A.W. Warrick. 1987. Estimating Surface Water Content
Using Cokriging. Soil Science Society American Journal. 51:23-30.
Yates, S.R., A.W. Warrick and D.E. Myers. 1986. Disjunctive Kriging:
I. Overview of Estimation and Conditional Probability. Water Resources
Research. 22:615-622.
Yates, S.R., A.W. Warrick and D.E. Myers. 1986. Disjunctive Kriging:
II. Examples. Water Resources Research. 22:623-630.
Yates, S.R., A.W. Warrick and D.E. Myers. 1986. A Disjunctive Computer
Program for Two Dimensions. Computers and Geoscience. 12:281-313.
71
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NUMBER: CR-814625, University of North Carolina (Jerry N. Jones, P.O.)
TITLE: INVESTIGATION OF AQUIFER RESPONSE TO PURGE-WELL REHABILITATION
TASK NO: 2014
PROJECT PERIOD: 09/87 - 08/89
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Cass T. Miller (919)966-2643
ABSTRACT: The overall objective of the proposed project is to gain a better
understanding of aquifer response to purge-well rehabilitation. A better
understanding is needed: (1) to more effectively design and operate such
systems, (2) to more accurately predict the duration of a proposed
rehabilitation effort, and (3) to evaluate the trade-offs between biodegradation
processes and purge-well rehabilitation efforts.
The overall objective can be expanded into sub-objectives:
1. determine the affect of vapor-phase mass transfer on purge-well
rehabilitation;
2. determine rates of aerobic and anaerobic contaminant biodegrada-
tion in the saturated and partially saturated zones; and
3. use mathematical modeling of operative processes (advection,
hydrodynamic dispersion, sorption/desorption, biodegradation, and
vapor phase mass transfer) to investigate process interactions
for purge-well rehabilitation.
The experimental approach consists of a group of related activities that
are designed to meet the stated objectives. These activities can be divided
into the following categories: (1) field activities, (2) laboratory
activities, and (3) mathematical modeling activities.
STATUS: Project was initiated 09/87.
72
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NUMBER: CR-814243, University of Arizona (Carl Enfield, P.O.)
TITLE: MODELING REACTIVE CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS IN THE UPPER VADOSE ZONE
TASK NO: 2016
PROJECT PERIOD: 09/87 - 07/89
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: David 0. Lomen (602)621-4344
ABSTRACT: This project has two major objectives. The first is to develop
analytical solutions to flow problems which have not already been published
in the literature, focusing on chemical transport with two reactive compounds
reacting with each other. This type of model is needed before it is possible
to determine the importance of true second order reactions in environmental
situations. . At this point in time it is necessary to develop analytical
solutions rather than numerical solutions to reduce the complexity of
fitting experimental data to the mathematical model. The second objective
of the project is to continue the cataloguing of analytical solutions which
have already been presented in the literature. One compilation already
exists which is limited to one-dimensional flow problems with zero and
first order kinetics. This particular compilation has been a great source
of information to the Agency but the work needs to be expanded to inlcude
models which will consider structured soils, multidimensional flow fields,
and multiphase flow problems.
STATUS: Project was initiated 09/87.
73
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NUMBER: DW-12932632, United State Department of Agriculture (David
Walters, P.O.)
TITLE: 6EOSTATISTICAL PROGRAMS FOR MANAGING SOIL AND WATER CONTAMINATION
TASK NO: 3005
PROJECT PERIOD: 12/87 - 12/89
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Scott Yates (714)787-5145
ABSTRACT: Geostatistical programs can be used to estimate sample values,
sampling efficiency, and/or risk analysis when samples are not available.
Utilization of nearby sample values are spatially correlated with the
location of interest. The purpose of this cooperative research project is
to take existing geostatistic computer programs that are still in "research"
form and modify them so that they are useful to scientists/regulators who
do not have extensive training in geostatistical methods. The programs
will be integrated, made user-friendly and completely described in a user's
manual. Efforts will be made to design the programs so that the user's
manual will be relatively unnecessary. Options will be included so that
program results can be given in tables or as a graphical display. Graphic
results will be available on the terminal or a graphics plotter. A two- to
five-day training session at RSEKRL will be provided to give RSKERL scientists
an overview of the geostatistical system capabilities. It is anticipated
that an executable code will be made generally available and the source
code and all documentation and user's manuals will be provided to RSKERL
personnel, with full title to its use and distribution.
STATUS: Project will be initiated 12/87.
74
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NUMBER. DW-89931947, NIPER (L.E. Leach, P.O.)
TITLE: DEGRADATION. INTERACTION AND FATE OF WASTES DISPOSED BY DEEP-
WELL INJECTION
TASK NO: 192
PROJECT PERIOD: 05/86 - 11/87
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: A. Gene Collins (918)336-2400
ABSTRACT: Environmental concern regarding ground-water pollution potential
caused by underground injection systems is a major reason for "banning"
some specific wastes for this disposal technology. The objective of this
project is to obtain information on the fate of hazardous materials injected
into deep wells and to assess their impact on the subsurface environment.
The first phase is a detailed literature search to obtain information on
degradation, interaction and fate of wastes injected into the subsurface.
The second phase involves laboratory study of cores from injection zones
being used for injection systems and the involved hazardous wastes to
determine the fate of the wastes under formation temperature and pressure.
STATUS: Phase I of the project has been completed in draft form. The
draft has received both internal and extramural review and the final
draft is currently in preparation. The first draft of Phase II, "Protocol
for Laboratory Research on Degradation, Interaction and Fate of Wastes
Disposed by Deep-Well Injection" has received extensive internal technical
and Quality Assurance review. These review comments were discussed exten-
sively in an Interagency Steering Committee Meeting on January 29, 1985. A
negotiated protocol document incorporating all review comments and experimental
laboratory tests is presently underway. The title of the document is
"Protocol for Laboratory Research on Degradation, Interaction and Fate of
Waste Disposal by Deep Well Injection". Experiments were completed with a
Frio Core under simulated injection reservoir conditions. Phenol was used
as the simulated waste at three concentrations. Adsorption rates versus
waste concentration is being determined.
PROJECT OUTPUTS:
Arden Strycker and A.G. Collins. "State-of-the-Art: Injection of Hazardous
Waste Into Deep Wells", EPA-600/8-87-013.
75
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NUMBER: CR-812786, University of Texas at Austin (J.T. Thornhill, P.O.)
TITLE: REGIONAL HYDROLOGIC CHARACTERIZATION OF SALINE FORMATIONS IN
THE TEXAS GULF THAT ARE USED FOR DEEP HELL INJECTION OF CHEMICAL
WASTES
TASK NO: 195
PROJECT PERIOD: 10/85 - 04/88
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Charles Kreitler (512)471-7721
ABSTRACT: In section 201(f) of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendment
of 1984, the EPA Administration is instructed to ban the disposal of
hazardous wastes into injection wells, "if it may reasonably be determined
that such disposal may not be protective of human health and environment
for as long as the waste remains hazardous". About four billion gallons
of chemical wastes are disposed of each year by deep well injection into
saline formations beneath the Texas Gulf Coast. This study is designed
to characterize the geochemistry of the saline portions of the Frio,
Catahoula and Oakville formations in the major disposal areas of Beaumont,
Houston, and Corpus Christi. This information, coupled with other EPA
injection well studies will provide a technical data base which can be
used to determine if this disposal method should be banned.
STATUS: Various structural contour maps of the coastal tertiary forma-
tions were digitized and regenerated. They will be used for base maps for
integrating the potentiometric surfaces with isopach maps. A computer
contour map delineating the top of the geopressure zone has been compiled.
Potentiometric surface maps were constructed for horizontal slices of the
Frio at different depths. All producing Frio wells have been surveyed.
Approximately 50 wells have been identified for sampling.
76
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NUMBER: CR-812722, East Central University (J.T. Thornhill, P.O.)
TITLE: INJECTION WELL INTEGRITY AND FLUID FRONT MOVEMENT
TASK NO: 1008
PROJECT PERIOD: 10/85 - 09/88
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Bob Benefield (405)332-8000
ABSTRACT: The Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 mandate the
EPA Administration to determine if disposal of hazardous wastes into deep
injection wells is protective of human health and the environment. Among
the criteria to be considered is the mechanical integrity of injection
wells, which when improperly completed, establishes the potential for
contaminating ground water supplies. An amendment to the project will
provide a third test well which is designed to permit improved sensitivity
evaluation of well logging methods for steel and plastic casing.
STATUS: Ten tests are planned for the Leak Test Well this year: temp-
erature and radial differential temperature, flowmeter survey, noise log,
helium leak test, mule-tail-test, volume/pressure relationships and ef-
fect of mud in annulus on fluid movement.
Two tools have been test.ed for determining flow behind casing. Results
of these test are being prepared.
A prototype bond tool, the Ratio Cement Bond Tool, was tested in a logging
well on two occasions. Thirty degree, 25 degree, 20 degree, 15 degree
and 10 degree channels were attached to the 5 1/2 inch casing for the
second logging well.
PROJECT OUTPUTS:
1. "Methods for Determining the Location of Abandoned Wells", EPA-600/2-
83-123, January 1984.
2. "Survey of Available Technologies for Locating Abandoned Wells", In
Proceedings of the First National Conference on Abandoned Wells:
Problems and Solutions, May 30-31, 1984, Norman Oklahoma.
3. "Methods for Determinina the Mechanical Integrity of Class II Injec-
tion Wells", EPA-600/2-84-121, July 1984.
4. "Enforcement of Regulations Governing Ground Water Contamination from
Underground Injection or Disposal of Salt Water in Kansas and Texas",
EPA-600/2-85-034, April 1985.
5. "Mechanical Integrity Research", In Proceedings of the International
Symposium on Subsurface Injection of Liquid Wastes, March 3-5, 1986,
New Orleans, Louisiana.
77
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NUMBER: CR-814061, Oklahoma State University (Jerry T. Thornhill, P.O.)
TITLE: DEVELOPMENT OF A METHODOLOGY FOR REGIONAL EVALUATION OF CONFINING
"BED UNIFORMITY
TASK NO: 1014
PROJECT PERIOD: 07/87 - 12/88
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Wayne A. Pettyjohn (405)624-6358
ABSTRACT: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, as mandated by the
Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984, is assessing the environmental
stability of well injection. The Agency's Underground Injection Control
(UIC) Program has the lead role in insuring the safe implacement of liquid
wastes in subsurface formations. Currently the UIC Program's primary
concerns are the evaluation of well construction techniques, the reaction
between the injected waste and the formation fluid geologic framework, and
the injection interval ana the integrity of the confining zones. A major
part of environmental suitability for underground injection is tied to the
structural integrity of confining units to prohibit the upward migration
of injected hazardous toxic wastes, in Class I wells, and vast quantities of
oilfield brines, in Class II wells, into underground sources of drinking
water.
A major concern in confining unit integrity is the presence of unplugged or
inadequately plugged abandoned wells. Of equal importance is the often
overlooked potential for upward migration of injected fluids through faults
or fracture networks. Existing aerial lineament maps delineating surface
joints and faults could potentially be used with geologic maps and subsurface
well log data to develop "senstivitiy maps". Sensitivity maps would indicate
those areas where there is a large probability of either poor or unacceptable
confining unit integrity, a strong potential for upward migration of
formation fluid, and/or a serious possiblity of contamination of an
underground source of drinking water. Such maps could be utilized by
industry to locate acceptable injection confining beds, and by State and
Federal regulatory agencies to permit the installation of injection wells or
to require further subsurface investigation of potential injection well
locations. Therefore, the objective of this research is to define methods
to develop deep-well injection sensitivity.
STATUS: Project initiated 07/87.
78
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NUMBER: CR-814238, Oklahoma State University (Don Draper, P.O.)
TITLE: FEASIBILITY STUDY OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DRILLING MUD AS A
PLUGGING AGENT IN ABANDONED WELLS
TASK NO: 1009
PROJECT PERIOD: 10/87 - 09/89
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: M.D. Smith (405)624-5711
ABSTRACT: Current methods of plugging dry and abandoned wells in many
states call for placing cement plugs through selected zones and drilling
mud through the intervening intervals. In some states only drilling mud is
used as a plugging agent and this method has been used for many years. In
the vicinity of injection wells used for disposal or for secondary recovery
of petroleum, numerous plugged and abandoned wells may exist. The
environmental concern is the potential for the injected fluids to migrate
up through these abandoned boreholes plugged with drilling mud, and enter
fresh water aquifers.
The objectives of this research project are to: determine if drilling mud is
an adequate plugging material when abandoning wells; develop techniques
and associated instrumentation to enter previously plugged wells; and to
determine the efficiency of the plugging material used.
To accomplish these objectives, a 2000 foot well will be drilled on the
property of Oklahoma State University at the Petroleum Outdoor Laboratory.
The well, with extensive surface and subsurface monitoring equipment has a
simulated reservoir at the surface and can represent various geological
conditions. Simulation of field conditions can be made with respect to
depth, fluid pressures, injection fluids and, pressure and plugging agent
properties.
79
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RSKERL Publications, 1981
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS*
(1981-1987)
1981 518. ANAEROBIC DEGRADATION OF HALOGENATED 1- and 2- CARBON
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
E.J. Bouwer, B.E. Rittmann, and P.L. McCarty
Environ. Sci. Technol., 15(5) :596-599, 1981
519. ANIMAL WASTE EFFECTS UPON CROP PRODUCTION, SOIL AND RUNOFF WATERS
M.L. Horton, et al.
EPA-600/2-81-230, October 1981, 88 pp.
NTIS PB 82-113887
520. ANNUAL REPORT ON IRRIGATION TAILWATER MANAGEMENT, 1975-1976
K.K. Tanji, J.W. Biggar, G.L. Homer, et al.
EPA-600/2-81-034b, May 1981, 204 pp.
NTIS PB 81-200545
521. ANNUAL REPORT ON IRRIGATION TAILWATER MANAGEMENT, 1976-1977
K.K. Tangi, J.W. Biggar, G.L. Homer, et al.
EPA-600/2-81-034C, May 1981, 250 pp.
NTIS PB 81-200552
522. APPARATUS AND PROCEDURE FOR SAMPLING SOIL PROFILES FOR
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
A.L. Wood, J.T. Wilson, R.L. Cosby, et al.
Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 45(2):442-444, March-April 1981
EPA-600/J-81-350, NTIS PB 81-242595
523. AREAL PREDICTION OF WATER AND SOLUTE FLUX IN THE UNSATURATED ZONE
A.W. Warrick and A. Amoozegar-Fard
EPA-600/2-81-058, April 1981, 88 pp.
NTIS PB 81-191124
524. ATP DETERMINATION WITH FIREFLY LUCIFERASE
F.R. Leach
J. Appl. Biochem., 3:473-517, 1981
525. CHEMICAL AND BACTERIOLOGIAL QUALITY OF PASTURE RUNOFF
J.W. Doran, et al.
EPA-600/J-81-527, February 1982, 8 pp.
NTIS PB 82-167248
526. CLAY-SOILS PERMEABILITY AND HAZARDOUS WASTE STORAGE
W.J. Green, G.F. Lee and R.A. Jones
J. Water Pollut. Cont. Fed., 53(8) :1347-1354, August 1981
B-l
*List of publications for 1967-80 available upon request.
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RSKERL Publications, 1981
527. COMPARISON OF A ONE-DIMENSIONAL, STEADY-STATE HYDRAULIC MODEL
WITH A TWO-DIMENSIONAL, TRANSIENT HYDRAULIC MODEL FOR ALDICARB
TRANSPORT THROUGH SOIL
C.G. Enfield, R.F. Carsel and To Phan
In; Quality of Groundwater, Proceedings of an International
Symposium, Noordwijkerhout, the Netherlands, Studies in
Environmental Science, Vol. 17, Elsevier Scientific Publ. Co.,
pp. 507-510, 1981
528. CONTROLLING SEDIMENT AND NUTRIENT LOSSES FROM PACIFIC NORTHWEST
IRRIGATED AREAS
B.L. McNeal, N.K. Whittlesey and V.F. Obersinner
EPA-600/2-81-090, June 1981, 206 pp.
NTIS PB 82-2b5357
529. CROPPING SYSTEMS FOR TREATMENT AND UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL
WASTEWATER AND SLUDGE
B.G. Ellis, A.E. Erickson, L.W. Jacobs, et al.
EPA-600/2-81-065, April 1981, 207 pp.
NTIS PB 81-187254
530. DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF ORGANICS REMOVAL IN FULL-SCALE
GRANULAR ACTIVATED-CARBON COLUMNS
R.S. Summers and P.V. Roberts
In: Proceedings, American Chemical Society,
Division of Environmental Chemistry,
Atlanta, GA, March 30-April 3, 1981
531. EFFECTS OF SOIL PERMEABILITY ON VIRUS REMOVAL THROUGH
SOIL COLUMNS
De-Shin Wang, C.P. Gerba and J.C. Lance
Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 42(l):83-88, 1981
532. EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON
ADSORPTION AND AQUACULTURE FOR REMOVING TOXIC COMPOUNDS FROM
TREATED PETROLEUM REFINERY EFFLUENTS
S.L. Burks
EPA-600/2-81-067, April 1981, 72 pp.
NTIS PB 81-199374
533. FATE OF NEUTRAL TRACE LEVEL ORGANICS IN GROUND WATER
M.B. Tornson
Houston Engineer, July 1981, pp. 12-16
534. FIELD EVALUATION OF A PHOSPHORUS MODEL
C.G. Enfield
In: Modeling Wastewater Renovation Land Treatment,
I.K. Iskandar, Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York,
pp. 668-685, July 1981
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RSKERL Publications, 1981
535. FIELD INVESTIGATIONS OF OVERLAND FLOW TREATMENT OF MUNICIPAL
LAGOON EFFLUENT
R.E. Peters, C.R. Lee and D.J. Bates
Technical Report EL-81-9, September 1981
536. FULL-SCALE DEMONSTRATION OF INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT
UTILIZING DUPONT'S PACT (Trade Name) PROCESS
H.W. Heath, Jr.
EPA-600/2-81-159, September 1981, 164 pp.
NTIS PB 81-248122
537. GRANULAR ACTIVATED-CARBON REMOVAL OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
FOR WASTEWATER RECLAMATION
R.S. Summers, P.V. Roberts, R. Harnish and J. Sanchez
In: Proceedings, Water Reuse Symposium II
AWWA, Washington, DC, August 23-28, 1981
pp. 1255-1260
538. GROUND WATER RESEARCH PLAN
U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development
EPA-600/9-81-031, September 1981, 40 pp.
NTIS PB 82-172453
539. GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION BY TRACE LEVEL ORGANICS
FROM A RAPID INFILTRATION SITE
M.B. Tomson, J. Dauchy, S.R. Hutchins, et al.
Water Research (Great Britain), 15(9):1109-1116, 1981
EPA-600/J-81-616, NTIS PB 83-182949
540. IMPACT OF ORGANIC SOLVENTS ON THE INTEGRITY OF CLAY LINERS FOR
INDUSTRIAL WASTE DISPOSAL PITS: IMPLICATIONS FOR GROUNDWATER
CONTAMINATION
W.J. Green, G. Fred Lee and R. Anne Jones
June 1979, 149 pp.
NTIS PB 81-213423
541. INFILTRATION LAND TREATMENT OF STABILIZATION POND EFFLUENT
J.N. Dornbush
EPA-600/2-81-226, September 1981, 57 pp.
NTIS PB 82-109919
542. INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE
W.A. Pettyjohn
EPA-600/2-81-236, August 1981, 51 pp.
NTIS PB 82-128810
543. IRRIGATION TAILWATER MANAGEMENT
K.K. Tanji, J.W. Biggar, R.J. Miller, et al.
EPA-600/2-81-034Ai March 1981, 130 pp.
NTIS PB 81-196925
B-3
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RSKERL Publications, 1981
544. KINETIC MODEL FOR PHOSPHATE TRANSPORT AND TRANSFORMATION IN
CALCAREOUS SOILS, I. KINETICS OF TRANSFORMATION
C.G. Enfield, et al.
Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 45:1059-1064, 1981
545. KINETIC MODEL FOR PHOSPHATE TRANSPORT AND TRANSFORMATION IN
CALCAREOUS SOILS, II. LAB AND FIELD TRANSPORT
C.G. Enfield, et al.
Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 45:1064-1070
546. LIVESTOCK AND THE ENVIRONMENT: A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS
VOLUME VII (FINAL)
M.L. Rowe, et al.
EPA-600/2-81-225, September 1981, 186 pp.
NTIS PB 82-108341
547. MANUAL OF GROUND-WATER QUALITY SAMPLING PROCEDURES
M.R. Scalf, J.F. McNabb, W.J. Dunlap, and R.L. Cosby
EPA-600/2-81-160, September 1981, 105 pp.
NTIS PB 82-103045
548. MANUAL OF WATER WELL MAINTENANCE AND REHABILITATION
TECHNOLOGY
T.E. Gass, T.W. Bennett, J. Miller, and R. Miller
National Water Well Association, Worthington, OH,
247 pp., 1981
549. MICROBIAL ASPECTS OF GROUNDWATER POLLUTION
C.P. Gerba and J.F. McNabb
Am. Soc. Microbiol., ASM News, 47(8):326-329, 1981
EPA-600/J-81-574, NTIS PB 82-249343
550. MODELING CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND TRANSPORT IN GROUND WATER
SYSTEMS--A REVIEW
P.B. Bedient, N.K. Springer, C.J. Cook, and M.B. Tomson
In: Modeling the Fate of Chemicals in the Aquatic
Environment, Ann Arbor Science Publications, Ann Arbor,
Michigan, 1981, 56 pp.
551. MUTAGENIC ACTIVITY AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION FOR THE
PALO ALTO WASTEWATER RECLAMATION AND GROUND WATER INJECTION
FACILITY
P.L. McCarty, J. Kissel, T. Everhart, et al.
EPA-600/1-81-029, March 1981, 77 pp.
NTIS PB 81-179590
552. MUTAGENISTIC TESTING OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES FROM REPRESENTATIVE
ORGANIC CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES
S. Stinnett, D. Noble, E. Brown, et al.
EPA-600/2-81-007, January 1981, 33 pp.
NTIS PB 81-155574
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RSKERL Publications, 1981
553. NATURE OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS IN GROUND WATER AND
APPROACHES TO TREATMENT
P.V. Roberts
In; Proceedings of Seminar on Organic Chemical
Contaminants in Ground Water: Transport and
Removal, American Water Works Association,
Denver, CO, pp. 47-65, 1981
554. NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS REACTIONS IN OVERLAND FLOW OF WASTEWATER
R.A. Khalid, I.C.R. Holford, M.N. Mixon and W.H. Patrick, Jr.
EPA-600/2-81-150, August 1981, 192 pp.
NTIS PB 81-239311
555. OVERLAND FLOW TREATMENT OF POULTRY PROCESSING WASTEWATER
IN COLD CLIMATES
L.H. Ketchum.Jr., A.J. Cunningham and R.L. Irvine
EPA-600/2-81-093, July 1981, 129 pp.
NTIS PB 81-213225
556. PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANT BEHAVIOR DURING ARTIFICIAL
RECHARGE
P.V. Roberts and A.J. Valocchi
Sci. Total Environ., 21:161-172, 1981
EPA-600/J-81-684, NTIS PB 84-174697
557. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONFERENCE ON COMBINED MUNICIPAL/INDUSTRIAL
WASTEWATER TREATMENT
A. Netzer
EPA-600/9-81-021, April 1981, 557 pp.
NTIS PB 83-142133
558. PROCESS DESIGN MANUAL, LAND TREATMENT OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, et al.
EPA-625/1-81-013, October 1981
559. QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE ADSORPTIVE BEHAVIOR OF
VIRUSES TO SOILS
C.P. Gerba and S.M. Goyal
Environ. Sci. Technol., 15(8) :940-944, 1981
EPA-600/J-81-617, NTIS PB 83-182972
560. RAPID-INFILTRATION SYSTEM FOR WASTEWATER RENOVATION AND
BENEFICIAL REUSE
H. Bouwer, R.C. Rice, J.C. Lance, and R.G. Gilbert
EPA-600/2-82-080, September 1981, 143 pp.
NTIS PB 82-252941
561. SAMPLING GROUND WATER FOR ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS
W.A. Pettyjohn, W.J. Dunlap, R.L. Cosby, and J.W. Keeley
Ground Water, 19(2):180-189, March-April 1981
B-5
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RSKERL Publications, 1981-1982
562. SIMULATION OF THE TRANSPORT OF ION-EXCHANGING SOLUTES
USING LABORATORY-DETERMINED CHEMICAL PARAMETER VALUES
A.J. Valocchi, P.V. Roberts, G.A. Parks, and R.L. Street
Ground Water, 19(6):600-607, 1981
EPA-600/J-81-684, 11 pp., NTIS PB 84-174614
563. SOIL FILTRATION OF SEWAGE EFFLUENT OF A RURAL AREA
B.R. Savey, K.A. Barbarick and N.A. Evans
EPA-600/2-81-151 , August 1981, 115 pp.
NTIS PB 81-238073
564. STRATEGIES FOR REDUCING POLLUTANTS FROM IRRIGATED LANDS
IN THE GREAT PLAINS
J.R. Gilley, et al., (M.L. Quinn, editor)
EPA-600/2-81-108, July 1981, 204 pp.
NTIS PB 83-194472
565. TRACE ORGANIC BEHAVIOR IN SOIL COLUMNS DURING RAPID INFILTRATION
OF SECONDARY WASTEWATER
E.J. Bouwer, P.L. McCarty, and J.C. Lance
Water Res., 15(1) :151-159, 1981
566. TRANSPORT AND FATE OF SELECTED ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN
A SANDY SOIL
J.T. Wilson, C.G. Enfield, W.J. Dunlap, et al.
J. Environ. Qual., 10(4) :501-506, 1981
EPA-600/J-80-036, NTIS PB 83-116921
567. TRANSPORT AND FATE OF ORGANIC CHEMICALS IN SOILS
P.L. McCarty, P.V. Roberts, and E.J. Bouwer
_I_n: Water Forum 1981, 1:606-615,
American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, 1981
568. TRANSPORT OF ION-EXCHANGING SOLUTES IN GROUNDWATER:
CHROMATOGRAPHIC THEORY AND FIELD SIMULATION
A.J. Valocchi, R.L. Street and P.V. Roberts
Water Resour. Res. Bull., 17(5) :1517-1527, 1981
1982 569. ADVECTION-DISPERSION INTERPRETATION OF TRACER OBSERVATIONS
IN AN AQUIFER
E. Hoehn and P.V. Roberts
Ground Water, 20(4):457-465, 1982
EPA-600/J-82-232, NTIS PB 83-117077
570. APPLICATION OF THE AREA OF REVIEW CONCEPT
J.T. Thornhill, T.E. Short, and L. Silka
Ground Water, 20(l):32-38, January-February 1982
EPA-600/J-81-008, PB 82-241944
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RSKERL Publications, 1982
571. APPROXIMATING TRANSPORT OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS TO GROUND WATER
C.G. Enfield, et al.
Ground Water, 20(6) :711-722, November-December 1982
572. A CASE STUDY OF THE MUNCIE, INDIANA, WATER QUALITY CONTROL
PROGRAM
D.W. Shultz
EPA-600/2-82-074, June 1982, 131 pp.
NTIS PB 82-252958
573. CHEMICAL TIME-SERIES SAMPLING
J.F. Keely
Ground Water Monitoring Review, 2(3):29-38, Fall 1982
EPA-600/J-82-410, NTIS PB 84 138585
574. CHEMICAL TIME-SERIES SAMPLING: A NECESSARY TECHNIQUE
J.F. Keely
In: Proceedings of the Second National Symposium on
Aquifer Restoration and Ground Water Monitoring,
May 26-28, 1982, pp. 133-147 (includes questions and
answers)
575. COMPARATIVE MOVEMENT OF DIFFERENT ENTEROVIRUSES IN SOIL COLUMNS
J.C. Lance, C.P. Gerba, and De-Shin Wang
J. Environ. Qual., 11(3) :347-351, July-September 1982
576. DEMONSTRATION OF IRRIGATION RETURN FLOW WATER QUALITY CONTROL IN
MESILLA VALLEY, NEW MEXICO
R.R. Lansford, P.J. Wierenga, T.W. Sammis, et al.
EPA-600/2-82-071 , June 1982, 157 pp.
NTIS PB 82-255316
577. EFFECT OF NAPHTHALENE ON RESPIRATION IN HEART MITOCHONDRIA AND
INTACT CULTURED CELLS
H.J. Harmon and M.R. Sanborn
Environ. Res., 29:160-173, 1982
578. THE EFFECT OF POWDERED ACTIVATED CARBON IN A PETROLEUM REFINERY
ACTIVATED SLUDGE TREATMENT SYSTEM
J.S. McBride, A.T. Knecht, S.A. Bevan, et al.
EPA-600/2-82-076, June 1982, 100 pp.
NTIS PB 82-252933
579. THE EPA LAND TREATMENT TASK FORCE
R. Duty
In: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Overland Flow
Technology for Municipal Wastewater, 1980, pp. 183-184
EPA-600/9-81-022, NTIS PB 82-194358
580. EVALUATING FURROW IRRIGATION SYSTEMS FOR REGIONAL WATER QUALITY
PLANNING
W.R. Walker and G.V. Skogerboe
EPA-600/2-82-078, June 1982, 127 pp.
NTIS PB 82-255324
li-7
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RSKERL Publications, 1982
581. THE GROUND WATER AQUIFER MICROBIOTA: BIOMASS, COMMUNITY
STRUCTURE, AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS
D.C. White, G.A. Smith, M.J. Gehron, et al.
In: Developments in Industrial Microbiology, Vol. 24
582. INDUSTRIAL RESIDUE MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES FOR ALLEGHENY COUNTY
(PITTSBURG) PENNSYLVANIA
E.J. Martin and J.J. David, Jr.
EPA-600/2-82-096, November 1982, 254 pp.
NTIS PB 83-133488
583. IRRIGATING WITH MUNICIPAL EFFLUENT, A SOCIOECONOMIC STUDY OF
COMMUNITY EXPERIENCES
L.A. Christensen
EPA-600/2-82-009, February 1982, 57 pp.
PB 82-180597
584. LAND DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS WASTES — AN OVERVIEW OF
PRACTICES AND PROBLEMS
D. Mackay, G. Curtis, and S. Foster
Technical Report No. 265, Dept. of Civil Engineering,
Stanford University, 28 pp., 1982
585. MINIMIZING SALT IN RETURN FLOW THROUGH IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT
Agricultural Research Service, Riverside, CA
EPA-600/2-82-073, June 1982, 181 pp.
NTIS PB 82-257445
586. MODELING PHOSPHORUS SORPTION AND MOVEMENT IN SOILS IN RELATION
TO SEPTIC TANK LEACH FIELDS
C.G. Enfield
In: Alternative Low-Cost Small Wastewater Treatment Systems
Research and Development, ed., A.S. Eikurn and R.W. Seabloom,
D. Reidel Publishing Co., Dordrecht, Holland, pp. 153-168
587. MOVEMENT OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS IN GROUNDWATER
P.V. Roberts, M. Reinhard, and A.L. Valocchi
J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 74(8):408-413, 1982
588. NITRATES IN GROUNDWATER RESULTING FROM MANURE APPLICATIONS TO
IRRIGATED CROPLANDS
W.R. Walker, et al.
EPA-600/2-82-079, June 1982, 94 pp.
NTIS PB 82-255415
589. OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF HAZARDOUS ORGANIC CHEMICALS
IN THE LEACHATE PLUMES OF SANITARY LANDFILLS IN THE PROVINCE
OF ONTARIO, CANADA
M. Reinhard and J. Parker
Submitted to Environ. Sci. and Technol., Columbus, OH, June 1982
B-8
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RSKERL Publications, 1982
590. OCCURRENCE OF ENDOTOXINS IN GROUND WATER DURING LAND
APPLICATION OF WASTEWATER
S.M. Goyal and C.P. Gerba
J. Environ. Sci. Health, A17(2)-.187-196, 1982
591. OPTIMIZING SALINITY CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR THE UPPER COLORADO
RIVER BASIN
R.G. Evans, W.R. Walker and G.V. Skogerboe
EPA-600/2-82-077, June 1982, 225 pp.
NTIS PB 83-136143
592. ORGANIC WATER QUALITY OBSERVATIONS DURING GROUNDWATER
RECHARGE IN THE PALO ALTO BAYLANDS
P.V. Roberts, J. Schreiner and G.D. Hopkins
Water Res., 16(6):1025-1035, 1982
593. PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL TRANSPORT OF ORGANICS
C.G. Enfield
In: Proc., Deep Percolation Symposium, Scottsdale, AZ,
T982
594. A PREDICTIVE LABORATORY STUDY OF TRACE ORGANIC CONTAMINA-
TION OF GROUND WATER: PRELIMINARY RESULTS
S.R. Hutchins and C.H. Ward
In: Proceedings, IV World Congress on Water
Resources, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 3-11 September 1982
595. PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF CRITERIA FOR THE DISPOSAL OF TRANSURANIC
CONTAMINATED WASTE
M. Eisenbud, C.G. Enfield, et al.
National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement,
7910 Wodmont Ave., Bethesda, MD 20814
596. SURVIVAL OF ENTERIC VIRUSES AND INDICATOR BACTERIA
IN GROUNDWATER
B.H. Keswick, C.P. Gerba, S.L. Secor, and I. Cech
J. Environ. Sci. Health, A17(6):903-912, 1982
597. TRACER TEST INTERPRETATION IN RADIALLY DIVERGENT GROUND-
WATER FLOW
E. Hoehn and P.V. Roberts
Beitraege zur Geologie Der Schweiz - Hydrologie,
Bd. 2811, S. 297-308, Bern, 1982
598. TREATMENT COMPATIBILITY OF MUNICIPAL WASTE AND BIOLOGICALLY
HAZARDOUS INDUSTRIAL COMPOUNDS, VOLUME I
A.F. Gaudy,Jr., D.F. Kincannon and T.S. Manickham
EPA-600/2-82-075a, June 1982, 203 pp.
NTIS PB 83-105536
599. TREATMENT COMPATIBILITY OF MUNICIPAL WASTE AND BIOLOGICALLY
HAZARDOUS INDUSTRIAL COMPOUNDS, VOLUME II
A.F. Gaudy,Jr., D.F. Kincannon and T.S. Manickham
EPA-600/2-82-075b, June 1982, 276 pp.
NTIS PB 83-105544
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600. THE USE OF MICROORGANISMS AS GROUND-WATER TRACERS: A
REVIEW
B.H. Keswick, De-Shin Wang, and C.F. Gerba
Ground Water, 20(2):142-149, March-April 1982
601. VIRUSES IN A COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLY ASSOCIATED WITH
AN OUTBREAK OF GASTROENTERITIS AND INFECTIOUS HEPATITIS
T.W. Hejkal, B. Keswick, R.L. LaBelle, et al.
J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 74(6):318-321, June 1982
1983 602. ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER
THROUGH AQUACULTURE
D.H. Hall and J.E. Shelton
EPA-600/2-83-007, January 1983, 94 pp.
NTIS PB 83-159319
603. ADVECTION AND DISPERSION IN AN EXPERIMENTAL GROUNDWATER PLUME
D.L. Freybery, D.M. Mackay and J.A. Cherry
In: Proceedings, Frontiers in Hydraulic Engineering,
~T983 Hydraulics Division Specialty Conference, Arner.
Soc. Civil Engineers, pp. 36-41, 1983
604. ALGAE REMOVAL BY THE OVERLAND FLOW PROCESS
J.L. Witherow and B.E. Bledsoe
J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 55(10) :1256-1262, October 1983
EPA-600/J-83-138, October 1983, 10 pp.
NTIS PB 84-142330
605. ANIMAL MANURES AS FEEDSTUFFS: BROILER LITTER FEEDING TRIALS
J.H. Martin, Jr., R.C. Loehr and T.E. Pilbeam
Agric. Wastes, 7:13-38, 1983
EPA-600/J-83-081 , NTIS PB 84-116201
606. ANIMAL MANURES AS FEEDSTUFFS: CATTLE MANURE FEEDING TRIALS
J.H. Martin, Jr., R.C. Loehr and T.E. Pilbeam
Agric. Wastes, 7:81-110, 1983
EPA-600/J-83-082, NTIS PB 84-116516
607. ANIMAL MANURES AS FEEDSTUFFS: NUTRIENT CHARACTERISTICS
J.H. Martin, Jr., R.C. Loehr and T.E. Pilbeam
Agric. Wastes, 6:131-166, 1983
EPA-600/J-83-079, NTIS PB 84-116268
608. ANIMAL MANURES AS FEEDSTUFFS: POULTRY MANURE FEEDING TRIALS
J.H. Martin, Jr., R.C. Loehr and T.E. Pilbeam
Agric. Wastes, 6:193-220, 1983
EPA-600/J-83-080, NTIS PB 84-116193
609. ASSESSMENT OF THE TREATABILITY OF TOXIC ORGANICS BY OVERLAND FLOW
T.F. Jenkins, D.C. Leggett, L.V. Parker, et al.
CRREL Report 83-3, January 1983
B-10
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610. ATTENUATION OF GROUND-WATER CONTAMINANT PULSES
A.J. Valocchi and P.V. Roberts
J. Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, 109(12):1665-1681,
December 1983
EPA-600/J-83-266, NTIS PB 85-104958
611. BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSES FOR DETECTION AND ASSESSMENT OF
POLLUTION IN THE SUBSURFACE ENVIRONMENT
J.C. Chang, A.B. Arquitt, R. Merz, et al.
EPA-600/2-83-021 , May 1983, 143 pp.
NTIS PB 83-182303
612. BIODEGRADATION OF CONTAMINANTS IN THE SUBSURFACE
J.T. Wilson, J.F. McNabb, and M.J. Noonan
Presented to the First International Conference on Ground
Water Quality Research held at Houston, Texas, 7-10 October
1981. Proceedings to be published by John Wilsy and Sons,
Inc., New York
613. BIOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN GROUND
WATER
J.T. Wilson and J.F. McNabb
EPA-600/J-83-074, August 1983, 7 pp.
NTIS PB 84-112333
614. BIOTRANSFORMATION OF SELECTED ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN GROUND WATER
J.T. Wilson, J.F. McNabb, B.H. Wilson and M.J. Noonan
EPA-600/J-83-042, 11 pp.
NTIS PB 84-101526
615. CHARACTERIZATION AND TREATMENT OF AQUEOUS WASTES AND RESIDUE FROM
PETROLEUM REFINERIES
S.L. Burkes and J. Wagner
EPA-600/2-83-089, September 1983, 147 pp.
NTIS PB 83-260281
616. COMBINED TREATMENT OF LIQUID WASTES FROM INDUSTRIAL SWINE FARMS
USING BLWRS
J. Rybinski, et al.
EPA-600/2-83-080, September 1983, 216 pp.
NTIS PB 83-258707
617. COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVE MANURE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS--EFFECT ON THE
ENVIRONMENT, TOTAL ENERGY REQUIREMENT, NUTRIENT CONSERVATION, CON-
TRIBUTION TO CORN SILAGE PRODUCTION AND ECONOMICS
R.O. Martin, et al.
EPA-600/2-83-081 , September 1983, 167 pp.
NTIS PB 83-258657
618. CONSIDERATIONS IN GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON TREATMENT OF COMBINED
INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER
M.D. Piwoni, Charng-Ching Lin, and W.H. Vick
EPA-600/2-83-009, February 1983, 197 pp.
NTIS PB 83-164475
B-ll
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RSKERL Publications, 1983
619. DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR WETLAND TREATMENT SYSTEMS
D.E. Hammer and R.H. Kadlec
EPA-600/2-83-026, April 1983, 257 pp.
NTIS PB 83-188722
620. DETERMINATION OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE BIOKINETIC CONSTANTS FOR CHEMICAL
AND PLASTIC INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATERS
D.F. Kincannon and E.L. Stover
EPA-600/2-83-073a, August 1983, 138 pp.
NTIS PB 83-245233
621. DETERMINATION OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE BIOKINETIC CONSTANTS FOR CHEMICAL
AND PLASTIC INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATERS, APPENDIX A - RAW DATA
D.F. Kincannon and E.L. Stover
EPA-600/2-83-073b, August 1983, 309 pp.
NTIS PB 83-245241
622. DETERMINATION OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE BIOKINETIC CONSTANTS FOR CHEMICAL
AND PLASTIC INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATERS, APPENDIX B
D.F. Kincannon and E.L. Stover
EPA-600/2-83-073C, February 1985, 194 pp.
NTIS PB 85-165488
623. ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF CONTROLLING WATER POLLUTION IN AN IRRIGATED
RIVER BASIN: METHODOLOGY AND APPLICATION
Y. Gutema and N.K. Whittlesey
EPA-600/2-83-008, February 1983, 182 pp.
NTIS PB 83-164756
624. EFFECT OF ANIMAL GRAZING ON WATER QUALITY OF NONPOINT RUNOFF
IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST
K.E. Saxton, et al.
EPA-600/2-83-071, August 1983, 149 pp.
NTIS PB 83-245225
625. EFFECTS OF LIVESTOCK PASTURING ON NONPOINT SURFACE RUNOFF
R.K. White, et al.
EPA-600/2-83-011 , February 1983, 180 pp.
NTIS PB 83-165456
626. ENUMERATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BACTERIA INDIGENOUS TO
A SHALLOW WATER-TABLE AQUIFER
J.T. Wilson, J.F. McNabb, D.L. Balkwill and W.C. Ghiorse
Ground Water, 21(2):134-142 , March-April 1983
EPA-600/J-83-021 4 NTIS PB 83-229039
627. ENUMERATION AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF BACTERIA
INDIGENOUS TO SUBSURFACE ENVIRONMENTS
W.C. Ghiorse and D.L. Balkwill
EPA-600/J-83-043, NTIS PB 84-101518
B-12
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628. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT DATA BASE FOR PETROLEUM REFINING
WASTEWATER AND RESIDUALS
F.S. Manning and E.M. Snider
EPA-600/2-83-010, February 1983, 242 pp.
NTIS PB 83-164749
629. ESTIMATING RETARDATION OF HALOGENATED VOLATILES USING SOIL
COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY
M. Reinhard and G. Hopkins
In: Proceedings of the 186th National Meeting of the
Division of Environmental Chemistry, Amer. Chem. Soc.,
pp. 195-197, 1983
630. EVALUATING SWINE DRYLOT RUNOFF IMPACT ON A COASTAL PLAIN STREAM
J.C. Barker, et al.
EPA-600/2-83-079, September 1983, 103 pp.
NTIS PB 83-263699
631. AN EVALUATION OF FILTER FEEDING FISHES FOR REMOVING EXCESSIVE
NUTRIENTS AND ALGAE FROM WASTEWATER
S. Henderson
EPA-600/2-83-019, March 1983, 74 pp.
NTIS PB 83-193334
632. AN EXAMINATION OF SCALE-DEPENDENT DISPERSION COEFFICIENTS
F.J. Molz, 0. Guven and J.G. Melville
Ground Water, 21(6) :715-725 , November-December 1983
EPA-600/J-83-302, NTIS PB 85-225043
633. THE FATE OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN A WASTEWATER LAND TREATMENT
SYSTEM USING LAGOON IMPOUNDMENT AND SPRAY IRRIGATION
Y.A. Demirjian, R.R. Rediske and T.R. Westman
EPA-600/2-83-077, September 1983, 312 pp.•
NTIS PB 83-259853
634. FIELD APPLICATIONS OF CHEMICAL TIME-SERIES SAMPLING
J.F. Keely and F. Wolf
Ground Water Monitoring Review, 3(4)26-33, Fall 1983
EPA-600/J-83-272, NTIS PB 85-169795
635. A FIELD EXPERIMENT ON GROUND WATER TRANSPORT OF HALOGENATED
ORGANIC SOLUTES
D.M. Mackay, D.L. Freyberg, M.N. Goltz, et al.
In: Proceedings of the 186th National Meeting of the
Division of Environmental Chemistry, Amer. Chem. Soc.,
pp. 368-371, 1983
636. FIELD STUDIES OF RAPID INFILTRATION TREATMENT OF PRIMARY EFFLUENT
E.R. Bennett and L.E. Leach
In: Proceedings of the ASCE Specialty Conference on
Environmental Engineering, Boulder, CO, July 6-8, 1983,
pp. 41-49
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637. GROUND WATER—MINERALOGY RELATIONSHIP FOR IN SITU OIL SHALE
RETORTING
J.J. Fitzpatrick
EPA-600/2-83-082, April 1984, 653 pp.
NTIS PB 84-187764
638. GROUND WATER MODELING
J.W. Mercer and C.R. Faust
National Water Well Association, Worthington, OH,
1981, 60 pp.
639. GROUND WATER TRANSPORT FROM WASTEWATER INFILTRATION
P.B. Bedient, N.K. Springer, E. Baca, et al.
EPA-600/J-83-281 , NTIS PB 85-176956
640. GROUNDWATER MICROBIOLOGY: ROLE IN THE PROTECTION OF GROUNDWATER
RESOURCES
G. Bitton and C.P. Gerba
Revue francaise des SCIENCES DE L'EAU, 2:321-329, 1983
641. IMPLEMENTATION OF A FIELD EXPERIMENT ON GROUNDWATER TRANSPORT OF
ORGANIC SOLUTES
D.M. Mackay, J.A. Cherry, D.F. Freyberg, et al.
In: Proceedings 1983 Conference on Environmental Engineering,
~A"SCE, pp. 24-31 , 1983
642. IRRIGATION RETURN FLOW QUALITY MONITORING MODELING AND
VARIABILITY IN THE MIDDLE RIO GRANDE VALLEY, NEW MEXICO
L.W. Gelhar, P.J. Wierenga, K.R. Rehfeldt, et al.
EPA-600/2-83-072, September 1983, 516 pp.
NTIS PB 83-261719
643. MICROBIAL HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS OF SOIL DISPOSAL OF DOMESTIC
WASTEWATERS
National Center for Ground Water Research
Proceedings of a Conference, May 11-12, 1982, University
of Oklahoma, Norman, OK
EPA-600/9-83-017, 402 pp.
644. MICROBIOLOGY OF SUBSURFACE ENVIRONMENTS AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION
Meeting Reports of the Society for Industrial Microbiology,
August 12-20, 1982, St. Paul, MN
Geomicrobiology Journal, 3(2) :165-169, 1983
645. MICROORGANISMS AND HIGHER PLANTS FOR WASTE WATER TREATMENT
B.C. Wolverton, R.C. McDonald and W.R. Duffer
J. Environ. Qual. 12:236-242, April-June, 1983
EPA-600/J-83-032, NTIS PB 83-240820
646. THE MOVEMENT OF PHOSPHORUS IN SOIL
C.G. Enfield and R. Ellis, Jr.
In: Chemical Mobility and Reactivity in Soil Systems,
D.W. Nelson, Ed. SSSA Special Publication, No. 11, Soil
Science Society of America and American Society of
Agronomy, Madison, WI, 1983, pp. 93-107
B-14
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647. NATURE OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS IN GROUND WATER AND APPROACHES TO
TREATMENT
P.V. Roberts
In: Proceedings of the 14th Biennial Conference on Ground
Water, California Water Resources Center, University of
California, Davis, Report No. 56, November 1983, pp. 161-179
648. NITROGEN CONTROL IN DOMESTIC WASTEWATER RAPID INFILTRATION SYSTEMS
L.E. Leach and C.G. Enfield
J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 55(9):1150-1157, September 1983
EPA-600/J-83-105, NTIS PB 84-116250
649. NITROGEN REMOVAL IN ARTIFICIAL WETLANDS
R.M. Gersberg, B.V. Elkins, and C.R. Goldman
Water Research, 17(9):1009-1014, 1983
650. NONPOINT SEDIMENT PRODUCTION IN THE COLUSA BASIN DRAINAGE
AREA, CALIFORNIA
K.K. Tanji, M.J. Singer, L.D. Whittig, et al.
EPA-600/2-83-025, March 1983, 127 pp.
NTIS PB 83-193920
651. OPTIMIZATION OF WASTES TREATMENT WITH REFERENCE TO BIOGAS AND
PROTEIN RECOVERY
J.O. Oleskiewicz, et al.
EPA-600/2-83-023, March 1983, 249 pp.
NTIS PB 83-183020
652. OVERLAND FLOW TREATMENT OF MUNICIPAL SEWAGE AT EASLEY,
SOUTH CAROLINA
A.R. Abernathy
EPA-600/2-83-015, March 1983, 139 pp.
NTIS PB 83-170985
653. OVERVIEW OF METHODOLOGIES FOR AQUIFER CLEAN-UP
L.W. Canter and R.C. Knox
Paper presented at the American Water Works Association
Annual Conference and Exposition, Las Vegas, NV,
June 5-9, 1983
654. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SIXTH NATIONAL GROUND-WATER QUALITY SYMPOSIUM
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and National Water
Well Association, Worthington, OH
NTIS PB
655. RANGELAND WATERSHED WATER BUDGET AND GRAZING CATTLE WASTE NUTRIENT
CYCLE
J. Powell , et al.
EPA-600/2-83-017, March 1983, 333 pp.
NTIS PB 83-180844
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656. REDUCING RUNOFF POLLUTION USING VEGETATED BORDERLAND FOR MANURE
APPLICATION SITES
P.W. Westerman, et al.
EPA-600/2-83-022, March 1983, 98 pp.
NTIS PB 83-189274
657. REMOVAL OF METALS IN COMBINED TREATMENT SYSTEMS
J.W. Patterson, P. Kodukula and T. Aratani
EPA-600/2-83-051 , June 1983, 274 pp.
NTIS PB 83-226076
658. RESEARCH FOR GROUND-WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT
M.D. Piwoni, W. Pettyjohn and C.W. Hall
EPA-600/D-83-002, 58 pp.
NTIS PB 83-152256
659. RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND UTILIZATION IN ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT.
VOLUME I - UTILIZATION OF ANIMAL MANURE AS FEEDSTUFFS FOR LIVESTOCK
AND POULTRY
J.H. Martin, et al.
EPA-600/2-83-024a, March 1983, 337 pp.
NTIS PB 83-190272
660. RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND UTILIZATION IN ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT.
VOLUME II - USE OF AEROBIC STABILIZATION TO ENHANCE THE VALUE OF
ANIMAL MANURES AS FEEDSTUFFS
J.H. Martin, et al.
EPA-600/2-83-024b, March 1983, 65 pp.
NTIS PB 83-190280
661. RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND UTILIZATION IN ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT.
VOLUME III - UTILIZATION OF ANIMAL MANURES AS FEEDSTOCKS FOR
ENERGY PRODUCTION
J.H. Martin, et al.
EPA-600/2-83-024C, March 1983, 89 pp.
NTIS PB 83-190298
662. SUBSURFACE TRANSPORT AND FATE OF POLLUTANTS - AN OVERVIEW
W.J. Dunlap
In: Proceedings of the First International Conference
on Ground Water Quality Research, C.H. Ward, ed.,
John Wiley - Interscience, Inc., New York
663. SWINE LAGOON EFFLUENT APPLIED TO COASTAL BERMUDAGRASS
P.W. Westerman, et al.
EPA-600/2-83-004, January 1983, 224 pp.
NTIS PB 83-152264
664. SWINE MANURE AND LAGOON EFFLUENT APPLIED TO FESCUE
P.W. Westerman, et al.
EPA-600/2-83-078, September 1983, 154 pp.
NTIS PB 83-259861
B-16
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RSKERL Publications, 1983-1984
665. TRANSFORMATIONS OF HALOGENATED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS UNDER
DENITRIFICATION CONDITIONS
E.J. Bouwer and P.L. McCarty
Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 45(4):1295-1299, April 1983
666. TRANSFORMATIONS OF 1- AND 2-CARBON HALOGENATED ALIPHATIC
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS UNDER METHANOGENIC CONDITIONS
E.J. Bouwer and P.L. McCarty
Appl. Environ. Microblol., 45(4):1286-1294, April 1983
667. VELOCITY PLOTS AND CAPTURE ZONES OF PUMPING CENTERS FOR GROUND
WATER INVESTIGATIONS
J.F. Keely and Chin-Fu Tsang
Ground Water, 21(6):701-714, November-December 1983
EPA-600/J-83-23, 14 pp., NTIS PB 84-244177
668. VIRUS FATE IN GROUNDWATER
C.P. Gerba
In: Hydrology & Water Resources in Arizona and the
Southwest, Vol. 13, Proceedings of the 1983 Meetings
of the Arizona Section—Am. Water Res. Assoc. and the
Hydrology Section, Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science,
Flagstaff, AZ, April 16, 1983, pp. 111-114
669. VIRUS SURVIVAL IN GROUND WATER
M.V. Yates and C.P. Gerba
In: Hydrology & Water Resources in Arizona and the
Southwest, Vol. 13, Proceedings of the 1983 Meetings
of the Arizona Section—Am. Water Res. Assoc. and the
Hydrology Section, Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science,
Flagstaff, AZ, April 16, 1983, pp. 115-120
670. WASTEWATER TREATMENT WITH PLANTS IN NUTRIENT FILMS
W.J. Jewell, J.J. Madras, W.W. Clarkson, et al.
EPA-600/2-83-067, August 1983, 626 pp.
NTIS PB 83-247494
1984 671. ANAEROBIC INHIBITION OF TRACE ORGANIC COMPOUND REMOVAL DURING
RAPID INFILTRATION OF WASTEWATER
S.R. Hutchins, M.B. Tomson, J.T. Wilson and C.H. Ward
Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 48(5):1046-1048, November 1984
EPA-600/J-84-248, NTIS PB 85-174092
672. AN ANALYSIS OF DISPERSION IN A STRATIFIED AQUIFER
0. Guven, F.J. Molz, and J.G. Melville
Water Resources Research, 20(10):1337-1354, October 1984
EPA-600/J-84-310, NTIS PB 85-219384
673. ANNOTATED LITERATURE REFERENCES ON LAND TREATMENT OF
HAZARDOUS WASTES
W.C. Galegar and B.J. Tillman
EPA-600/2-84-098, May 1984, 475 pp.
NTIS PB 84-195270
B-17
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RSKERL Publications, 1984
674. APPLIED AND THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF VIRUS ADSORPTION TO SURFACES
C.P. Gerba
Adv. Appl. Microbiol., 30:133-168, 1984
675. BIOFILM TRANSFORMATIONS OF TRACE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN GROUNDWATER
P.L. McCarty
In: Biofilm Processes in Ground Water Research, Ecological
Research Committee of NFR, Stockholm, pp. 91-111, 1984
676. BIOTRANSFORMATION OF TOLUENE IN METHANOGENIC SUBSURFACE
MATERIAL
J.F. Rees, B.H. Wilson and J.T. Wilson
In: Proceedings of 1984 Annual Meeting of American Society
Tor Microbiology, Las Vegas, NV, March 3-8, 1984
EPA-600/M-85-003
677. CHARACTERIZATION OF SOIL DISPOSAL SYSTEM LEACHATES
M. Tomson, C. Curran, J.M. King, H. Wang, et al.
EPA-600/2-84-101, May 1984, 87 pp.
NTIS PB 84-196229
678. CLOSURE EVALUATION FOR PETROLEUM RESIDUE LAND TREATMENT
L.E. Streebin, J.M. Robertson, A.B. Callender, et al.
EPA-600/2-84-162, October 1984, 219 pp.
NTIS PB 85-115822
679. DEMONSTRATION OF A MAXIMUM RECYCLE, SIDESTREAM SOFTENING
SYSTEM AT A PETROCHEMICAL PLANT AND A PETROLEUM REFINERY
J.V. Matson, W.G. Mauche, E. Rosenblum and L. McGaughey
EPA-600/2-84-176, October 1984, 219 pp.
NTIS PB 85-121044
680. EFFECT OF IONIC COMPOSITION OF SUSPENDING SOLUTION ON VIRUS
ADSORPTION BY A SOIL COLUMN
J.C. Lance and C.P. Gerba
Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 47(3)-.484-488, March 1984
681. EQUILIBRIUM DISTRIBUTION COEFFICIENTS FOR EXTRACTION OF
ORGANIC PRIORITY POLLUTANTS FROM WATER - I
C.J. King, T.A. Barbari, O.K. Joshi, et al.
EPA-600/2-84-060a, February 1984, 52 pp.
NTIS PB 84-159821
682. EQUILIBRIUM DISTRIBUTION COEFFICIENTS FOR EXTRACTION OF
ORGANIC PRIORITY POLLUTANTS FROM WATER - II
C.J. King, O.K. Joshi, J.J. Senetar
EPA-600/2-84-060b, February 1984, 62 pp.
NTIS PB 84-159839
683. EVALUATION OF SEPTIC TANK SYSTEM EFFECTS ON GROUND WATER QUALITY
L.W. Canter and R.C. Knox
EPA-600/2-84-107, June 1984, 381 pp.
NTIS PB 84-244441
B-18
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RSKERL Publications, 1984
684. FACTORS CONTROLLING THE SURVIVAL OF VIRUSES IN GROUNDWATER
M.V. Yates and C.P. Gerba
Water Sci. Tech., 17:681-687, 1984
685. FATE OF TRACE ORGANICS DURING RAPID INFILTRATION OF PRIMARY
WASTEWATER AT FT. DEVENS, MASSACHUSETTS
S.R. Hutchins, M.B. Tomson, J.T. Wilson and C.H. Ward
Water Res. 18(8):1025-1036, 1984
686. GROUND-WATER QUALITY AT A CREOSOTE WASTE SITE
P.B. Bedient, A.C. Rodgers, T.C. Bouvette, et al.
Ground Water, 22(3):318-329, May-June 1984
687. GROUNDWATER QUALITY PROTECTION: THE ISSUE IN PERSPECTIVE
C.W. Hall
The Environmental Professional, 6:46-51, 1984
EPA-600/J-84-025, 8 pp., NTIS PB 84-204080
688. GROUNDWATER TRANSPORT: HANDBOOK OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS
I. Javandel, C. Doughty and Chin-Fu Tsang
EPA-600/J-84-051 , 231 pp., NTIS PB 84-222694
689. THE GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF "NATURALLY-OCCURRING" BACTERIA IN
WELL WATER
L.D. Stetzenback, M.V. Yates, C.P. Gerba and N.A. Sinclair
Water Resources & Hydrology in Arizona & the Southwest,
14:165-174, 1984
690. A GUIDE TO THE SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR MONITORING WELL
CONSTRUCTION AND GROUND-WATER SAMPLING
M.J. Barcelona, J.P. Gibb and R.A. Miller
EPA-600/2-84-024, January 1984, 87 pp.
NTIS PB 84-141779
691. IMPACT OF SLOW-RATE LAND TREATMENT ON GROUNDWATER QUALITY--
TOXIC ORGANICS
L.V. Parker, T.F. Jenkins and B.T. Foley
EPA-600/2-84-097, 103 pp.
692. INNOVATIVE MEANS OF DEALING WITH POTENTIAL SOURCES OF GROUND
WATER CONTAMINATION: PROCEEDINGS OF THE SEVENTH NATIONAL GROUND
WATER QUALITY SYMPOSIUM, LAS VEGAS, NEVADA ON SEPTEMBER 26-28, 1984
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and National Water
Well Association, Worthington, OH
EPA-600/9-85-012, 1984, 536 pp.
NTIS PB 85-196947
693. IN-SITU CHARACTERIZATION OF MICROORGANISMS INDIGENOUS TO WATER-
TABLE AQUIFERS
D.L. Balkwill and W.C. Ghiorse
EPA-600/D-84-232, NTIS PB 85-101731
B-19
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RSKERL Publications, "1984
694. LABORATORY ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS FROM
LAND TREATMENT OF REFINERY OILY SLUDGES
R.G. Wetherold, J.L. Randall and K.R. Williams
EPA-600/2-84-108, June 1984, 118 pp.
NTIS PB 84-209766
695. LAND TREATMENT OF PETROLEUM REFINERY SLUDGES
L.E. Streebin, J.M. Robertson, H.M. Schornick, et al.
EPA-600/2-84-193, November 1984, 333 pp.
NTIS PB 85-148708
696. METALS DISTRIBUTION IN ACTIVATED SLUDGE SYSTEMS
J.W. Patterson and P.S. Kodukula
J. Water Pollut. Cont. Fed. 56(5) :432-441, May 1984
EPA-600/J-84-125, NTIS PB 85-113959
697. METHODS FOR DETERMINING THE LOCATION OF ABANDONED WELLS
L. Aller
EPA-600/2-83-123, January 1984, 130 pp.
NTIS PB 84-141530
698. METHODS FOR DETERMINING THE MECHANICAL INTEGRITY OF CLASS II
INJECTION WELLS
L. Aller and D.M. Nielsen
EPA-600/2-84-121 , July 1984, 281 pp.
NTIS PB 84-215755
699. MICROBIAL ACTIVITY IN MODEL AQUIFER SYSTEMS
J.T. Wilson and M.J. Noonan
EPA-600/D-84-136, May 1984, 35 pp.
NTIS PB 84-194893
700. MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF SELECTED AROMATICS IN A HAZARDOUS
WASTE SITE
M.D. Lee, J.T. Wilson and C.H. Ward
In: Developments in Industrial Microbiology, Volume 25,
Chapter 47, pp. 557-565
701. MICROBIAL REMOVAL OF WASTEWATER ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AS A FUNCTION
OF INPUT CONCENTRATION IN SOIL COLUMNS
S.R. Hutchins, M.B. Tomson, J.T. Wilson and C.H. Ward
Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 48(5) :1039-1045, November 1984
EPA-600/J-84-251, NTIS PB 85-176659
702. MICROBIOLOGICAL PROCESSES AFFECTING CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATIONS IN
GROUNDWATER
P.L. McCarty, B.E. Rittmann and E.J. Bouwer
In: Groundwater Pollution Microbiology, G. Bitton and C.P.
Gerba, Eds., John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, pp. 89-115, 1984
703. MICROBIOLOGICAL SAMPLING IN THE ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER POLLUTION
J.F. McNabb and G.E. Mallard
In: Groundwater Pollution Microbiology, Eds., G. Bitton,
and C.P. Gerba, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 235-260
B-20
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RSKERL Publications, 1984
704. MOLECULAR WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION OF DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON AND
DISSOLVED ORGANIC HALOGEN IN ADVANCED TREATED WASTEWATERS
M. Reinhard
Environ. Sci. Technol., 18(6) :410-415, 1984
705. THE MOVEMENT OF PHOSPHORUS IN SOIL
C.G. Enfield and R. Ellis, Jr.
EPA-600/D-84-091, 38 pp., NTIS PB 84-177922
706. NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF MIXED-CULTURE BIOFILM
J.C. Kissel, P.L. McCarty and R.L. Street
J. Env. Eng. (ASCE), 110(2) :393-4l1, 1984
707. OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF ORGANIC CHEMICALS IN TWO LANDFILL
LEACHATE PLUMES
M. Reinhard, N.L. Goodman and J.F. Barker
Environ. Sci. Technol. 18(12) :953-961
EPA-600/J-84-278, NTIS PB 85-192995
708. ON-FARM IMPROVEMENTS TO REDUCE SEDIMENT AND NUTRIENTS IN IRRIGATION
RETURN FLOW
L.G. King, B.L. McNeal , F.A. Zairi and S.C. Matulich
EPA-600/2-84-044, February 1984, 208 pp.
NTIS PB 84-155217
709. OPTIMIZING PUMPING STRATEGIES FOR CONTAMINANT STUDIES AND REMEDIAL
ACTIONS
J.F. Keely
Ground Water Monitoring Review, 4(3):63-74, Summer 1984
EPA-600/J-84-086, NTIS PB 84-243807
710. OVERLAND FLOW TREATMENT OF DOMESTIC WASTEWATER IN NORTHERN CLIMATES
J. Borrelli, V.R. Hasfurther, L.O. Pachop and R.P. Delaney
EPA-600/2-84-161 , October 1984, 143 pp.
NTIS PB 85-115806
711. OVERLAND FLOW TREATMENT OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER IN FLORIDA
A. Overman and T. Schanze
EPA-600/2-84-163, October 1984, 200 pp.
NTIS PB 85-115798
712. POTENTIAL FOR BIODEGRADATION OF ORGANO-CHLORINE COMPOUNDS
IN GROUND WATER
J.T. Wilson, R.L. Cosby and G.B. Smith
EPA-600/D-84-138, May 1984, 17 pp.
NTIS PB 84-194612
713. PREDICTION OF PHOSPHATE MOVEMENT THROUGH SOME SELECTED SOILS
A.O. Stuanes and C.G. Enfield
J. Environ. Qual., 13(2) :317-320, April-June 1984
EPA-600/J-84-070, NTIS PB 84-233253
B-21
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RSKERL Publications, 1984
714. PROTOCOL FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF A GROUND WATER MANAGEMENT AND
PROTECTION PLAN
Association of Central Oklahoma Governments
EPA-600/2-84-053, February 1984, 204 pp.
NTIS PB 84-159292
715. RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED AQUIFERS: BIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES
M.D. Lee and C.H. Ward
In: Proceedings, 1984 Hazardous Material Spill Conference
"TPrevention, Behavior, Control and Cleanup of Spills and
Waste Sites, Nashville, TN, April 9-12, 1984)
716. REMOVAL OF HEAVY METALS BY ARTIFICAL WETLANDS
R.M. Gersberg, S.R. Lyon, B.V. Elkins and C.R. Goldman
EPA-600/D-84-258, October 1984, 13 pp.
NTIS PB 85-116127
717. SAMPLING PROCEDURES FOR GROUNDWATER QUALITY INVESTIGATIONS
M.R. Scalf
EPA-600/D-84-137, May 1984, 37 pp.
NTIS PB 84-194844
718. SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GROUND-WATER QUALITY RESEARCH
PROCEEDINGS
N.N. Durham and A.E. Redelfs, Eds.
Proceedings of conference held in Tulsa, OK, March 26-29,
1984
EPA-600/9-85-032, NTIS PB 86-133097
719. SIMULATION OF DOC REMOVAL
R.S. Summers and P.V. Roberts
J. Env. Eng. (ASCE), 110:73-92, 1984
720. SMALL-SCALE FIELD EVALUATIONS OF LAND TREATMENT OF AN OILY
HAZARDOUS WASTE
F.M. Pfeffer, G. Myers, R.C. Loehr, and D.F. Kincannon
Presented at the 39th Purdue Industrial Waste Conference,
May 1984, 16 pp.
721. SOLID PHASE FORMATION AND SOLUTION CHEMISTRY OF NICKEL IN SOILS:
I. THEORETICAL
M. Sadiq and C.G. Enfield
Soil Sci., 138(4):26l-270> October 1984
EPA-600/J-84-276, NTIS PB 85-192987
722. SOLID PHASE FORMATION AND SOLUTION CHEMISTRY OF NICKEL IN SOILS:
II. EXPERIMENTAL
M. Sadiq and C.G. Enfield
Soil Sci., 138(5):335-340, November 1984
EPA-600/J-84-277, NTIS PB 85-192979
B-22
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RSKERL Publications, 1984
723. SOME CONCEPTS PERTAINING TO INVESTIGATIVE METHODOLOGY FOR SUBSURFACE
PROCESS RESEARCH
W.J. Dunlap
In: Proc., Second International Conference on Ground Water
Quality Research, March 26-29, 1984
EPA-600/D-84-267, NTIS PB 85-120988
724. SOURCES OF GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION AND RESEARCH REQUIREMENTS
C.W. Hall
In: Ground Water Contamination with Organo-Chlorine Compounds
of Industrial Origin, an International Conference in Milan,
Italy, 26-29 January 1983. Monduzzi Editore, S.p.A. via
Zamboni 7, 40126, Balogna, Italy, pp. 135-138
725. STATE-OF-THE-ART AQUIFER RESTORATION VOLUME I. SECTIONS
I THRU VIII
R.C. Knox, L.W. Canter, D.F. Kincannon, et al.
EPA-600/2-84-182a, November 1984, 399 pp.
NTIS PB 85-181071
726. STATE-OF-THE-ART AQUIFER RESTORATION VOLUME II. APPENDICES
A THRU G
R.C. Knox, L.W. Canter, D.F. Kincannon, et al.
EPA-600/2-84-182b, November 1984, 401 pp.
NTIS PB 85-181089
727. SYNTHETIC RESIN ADSORBENTS IN TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE
STREAMS
L.S. Benner
EPA-600/2-84-105, May 1984, 127 pp.
NTIS PB 84-199579
728. THERMAL IMPACT OF RESIDENTIAL GROUND-WATER HEAT PUMPS
D.L. Warner and Ugur Algan
Ground Water, 22(1):6-12, January-February 1984
729. TRANQL: A GROUNDWATER MASS TRANSPORT AND EQUILIBRIUM CHEMISTRY
MODEL FOR MULTICOMPONENT SYSTEMS
G.A. Cederburg, R.L. Street, and J.O. Leckie
EPA-600/J-85-292, NTIS PB 86-166030
730. TRANSPORT AND FATE OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN THE SUBSURFACE--
CURRENT PERSPECTIVES
W.J. Dunlap, J.T. Wilson, M.D. Piwoni, and C.G. Enfield
EPA-600/D-84-119, May 1984, 38 pp.
NTIS PB 84-190552
731. UNSATURATED SOIL HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES FROM REDISTRIBUTION
OF INJECTED WATER
M. Mahmoodian-Shooshtari, L.A. Davis, D.B. McWhorter
and A. Klute
EPA-600/J-84-279, April 1985
NTIS PB 85-193001
B-23
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RSKERL Publications, 1984-1985
732. USE OF ARTIFICIAL WETLANDS TO REMOVE NITROGEN FROM WASTEWATER
R.M. Gersberg, B.V. Elkins, and C.R. Goldman
J. Water Pollut. Control Federation, 56(2)-,152-156,
February, 1984
EPA-600/J-84-008, NTIS'PB 84-177518
733. USE OF SHORT-TERM BIOASSAYS TO EVALUATE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
OF LAND TREATMENT OF HAZARDOUS INDUSTRIAL WASTE
K.W. Brown, K.C. Donnelly and J.C. Thomas
EPA-600/2-84-135, August 1984, 86 pp.
NTIS PB 84-232560
734. USE OF WATER HYACINTH AQUATIC TREATMENT SYSTEMS FOR AMMONIA
CONTROL AND EFFLUENT POLISHING
J.R. Hauser
J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 56(3) :219-225, March 1984
EPA-600/J-84-012, NTIS PB 84-197425
735. VIRUS MOVEMENT IN SOIL DURING SATURATED AND UNSATURATED FLOW
J.C. Lance and C.P. Gerba
Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 47(2) :335-337, February 1984
736. VIRUSES IN GROUNDWATER BENEATH SEWAGE IRRIGATED CROPLAND
S.M. Goyal, B.H. Keswick, and C.P. Gerba
Water Res. 18(3):299-302, 1984
737. WASTEWATER TREATMENT BY ARTIFICIAL WETLANDS
R.M. Gersberg, B.V. Elkins and C.R. Goldman
Water Sci. Tech., 17:443-450, (Amsterdam), March 1984
EPA-600/J-85-042, NTIS PB 85-220432
1985 738. ADSORPTION OF VIRUSES TO CHARGE-MODIFIED SILICA
K.S. Zerda, C.P. Gerba, K.C. Hou and S.M. Goyal
Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 49(l):91-95, January 1935
739. ADVECTION-DISPERSION MODELS FOR SIMULATING THE TRANSPORT OF
ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS
P.V. Roberts, M. Reinhard, G.D. Hopkins and R.S. Summers
In: Ground Water Quality, C.H. Ward, et al., Eds.,
Wiley Interscience, pp. 425-445, 1985
740. ANAEROBIC-AEROBIC TREATMENT PROCESS FOR THE REMOVAL OF
PRIORITY POLLUTANTS
Z. Slonim, Li-Ta Lien, W.W. Eckenfelder and J.A. Roth
EPA-600/2-85-077, June 1985, 123 pp.
NTIS PB 85-226900
741. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF SINGLE-WELL TRACER TESTS IN
STRATIFIED AQUIFERS
0. Guven, R.W. Falta, F.J. Molz and J.G. Melville
Water Resources Research, 21(5) :676-684, May 1985
EPA-600/J-85-285, NTIS PB 86-164969
B-24
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RSKERL Publications, 1985
742. APPLICATION OF DNA-DNA COLONY HYBRIDIZATION TO THE DETECTION
OF CATABOLIC GENOTYPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES
G.S. Sayler, M.S. Shields, E.T. Tedford, A. Breen, et al.
Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 49(5):1295-1303, May 1985
EPA-600/J-85-116, NTIS PB 86-101839
743. BIOTRANSFORMATION OF TETRACHLOROETHYLENE TO TRICHLOROETHYLENE,
DICHLOROETHYLENE, VINYL CHLORIDE, AND CARBON DIOXIDE UNDER
METHANOGENIC CONDITIONS
T.M. Vogel and P.L. McCarty
Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 49(5):1080-1083, 1985
744. BIOTRANSFORMATION OF TRICHLOROETHYLENE IN SOIL
J.T. Wilson cind B.H. Wilson
Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 49(I) :242-243, January 1985
EPA-600/J-85-010, NTIS PB 85-176485
745. CHARACTERIZATION OF SUBSURFACE BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH TWO
SHALLOW AQUIFERS IN OKLAHOMA
D.L. Balkwill and W.C. Ghiorse
Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 50(3) :580-588, September 1985
EPA-600/J-85-203, NTIS PB 86-117389
746. CHEMICAL TRANSPORT FACILITATED BY MULTIPHASE FLOW SYSTEMS
C.G. Enfield
Wat. Sci. Tech. (Great Britain), 17:1-12, 1985
747. COMPARATIVE REMOVAL OF ENTERIC BACTERIA AND POLIOVIRUS BY
SANDY SOILS
De-Shin Wang, C.P. Gerba, J.C. Lance and S.M. Goyal
J. Environ. Sci. Health, A20(6):617-624, 1985
748. DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE OF SINGLE-WELL TRACER TESTS AT THE
MOBILE SITE
F.J. Molz, J.G. Melville, 0. Guven, et al.
Water Resources Research 21(10) :1497-1502, October 1985
EPA-600/J-85-294, NTIS PB 86-164878
749. DETERMINATION OF MICROBIAL CELL NUMBERS IN SUBSURFACE SAMPLES
J.J. Webster, G.J. Hampton, J.T. Wilson, et al.
Ground Water 23(l):17-25, January-February 1985
EPA-600/J-85-018, NTIS PB 85-198760
750. DRASTIC: A STANDARDIZED SYSTEM FOR EVALUATING GROUND WATER
POLLUTION POTENTIAL USING HYDROGEOLOGIC SETTINGS
L. Aller, T. Bennett, J.H. Lehr and R.J. Petty
EPA-600/2-85-018, May 1985, 163 pp.
NTIS PB 85-228146
751. EFFECT OF GEOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS ON THE DISTRIBUTION COEFFICIENT Kd
J.O. Leckie and V.S. Tripathi
In: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on
Heavy Metals in the Environment, Athens, Greece,
September 10-13, 1985
B-25
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752. ENFORCEMENT OF REGULATIONS GOVERNING GROUND WATER CONTAMINATION
FROM UNDERGROUND INJECTION OR DISPOSAL OF SALT WATER IN
KANSAS AND TEXAS
L. Aller, R.G. Hakundy and D.M. Nielsen
EPA-600/2-85-034, April 1985, 86 pp.
NTIS PB 85-185916
753. FIELD AND LABORATORY EVALUATION OF PETROLEUM LAND TREATMENT
SYSTEM CLOSURE
M.R. Overcash, W.L. Nutter, R.L. Kendall and J.R. Wallace
EPA-600/2-85-134, November 1985, 196 pp.
NTIS PB 86-130564
754. FIELD OBSERVATIONS OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANT BEHAVIOR IN THE PALO
ALTO BAYLANDS
P.V. Roberts
In: Artificial Recharge of Groundwater, T. Asano, Ed.,
Butterworth Publishers, Boston, MA, pp. 647-679, 1985
755. A GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC MICROMETHOD FOR TRACE DETERMINATIONS
OF PHENOLS
G. Bengtsson
J. Chromatographic Sci., 23:397-401, September 1985
EPA-600/J-85-354, NTIS PB 86-175494
756. GRAPHITE ELECTRODE FOR MEASUREMENT OF REDOX POTENTIAL AND
OXYGEN DIFFUSION RATE IN SOIL
A.U. Shaikh, R.M. Hawk, R.A. Sims and H.P. Scott
Nuclear and Chemical Waste Management, 5:237-243, 1985
757. GROUND WATER MANAGEMENT: THE USE OF NUMERICAL MODELS
P. van der Heijde, Y. Bachmat, J. Bredehoeft, et al.
Water Resources Monograph Series 5, 1985 (Second Edition)
American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC
758. GROUND WATER QUALITY
Edited by C.H. Ward, W. Giger and P.L. McCarty
John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY. Papers presented at
the First International Conference on Ground Water Quality
Research, October 7-10, 1981, at Rice University,
Houston, TX
759. GROUNDWATER MASS TRANSPORT AND EQUILIBRIUM CHEMISTRY MODEL FOR
MULTICOMPONENT SYSTEMS
G.A. Cederberg, R.L. Street and J.O. Leckie
Water Resources Research, 21(8):1095-1104, August 1985
EPA-600/J-85-292, NTIS PB 86-166030
B-26
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RSKERL Publication, 1985
760. GROUNDWATER PROTECTION BY SOIL MODIFICATION
R.B. Thurman and C.P. Gerba
In: Proceedings of a Symposium on Ground-Water Contamination
and Reclamation, held in Tucson, AZ, August 14-15, 1985,
Ed., K.D. Schmidt, American Water Resources Association,
pp. 105-108
761. INDICES IDENTIFYING SUBSURFACE MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES THAT ARE
ADAPTED TO ORGANIC POLLUTION
G.A. Smith, J.S. Nickels, J.D. Davis, R.H. Findlay and
P.S. Vashio
EPA-600/D-85-055, March 1985, 19 pp.
NTIS PB 85-177780
762. INFLUENCE OF MICROBIAL ADAPTATION ON THE FATE OF ORGANIC
POLLUTANTS IN GROUND WATER
J.T. Wilson, J.F. McNabb, J.W. Cochran, et al.
Environ. Toxicol. & Chem., 4:721-726, 1985
EPA-600/D-86-023, NTIS PB 86-160298
763. INFLUENCE OF ORGANIC COSOLVENTS ON SORPTION OF HYDROPHOBIC
ORGANIC CHEMICALS BY SOILS
P. Nkedi-Kizza, P.S.C. Rao, and A.G. Hornsby
J. Environ. Sci. Tech., 19:975, October 1985
EPA-600/J-85-293, NTIS PB 86-164886
764. IN-SITU CHARACTERIZATION OF MICROORGANISMS INDIGENOUS TO
WATER-TABLE AQUIFERS
D.L. Balkwill and W.C. Ghiorse
In: Proc. Sixth Intl. Symp. on Environmental Biogeo-
chemistry, Santa Fe, NM, October 1983, Ed., D.E. Caldwell,
J.A. Brierley and C.L. Brierley, Van Nostrand, Rheinhold,
NY, IN PRESS
765. AN INTRODUCTION TO GROUND-WATER TRACERS
S.N. Davis, D.J. Campbell, H.W. Bentley, et al.
EPA-600/2-85-022, March 1985, 216 pp.
NTIS PB 86-100591
766. LABORATORY INVESTIGATION AND ANALYSIS OF A GROUND-WATER FLOWMETER
J.G. Melville, F.J. Molz and 0. Guven
Ground Water 23(4):486-495, July-August 1985
EPA-600/J-85-202, NTIS PB 86-117488
767. LAND TREATMENT OF AN OILY WASTE--DEGRADATION, IMMOBILIZATION
AND BIOACCUMULATION
R.C. Loehr, J.H. Martin, E.F. Neuhauser, et al.
EPA-600/2-85-009, February 1985, 143 pp.
NTIS PB 85-166353
768. MICROBIAL METABOLISM OF CHLOROPHENOLIC COMPOUNDS IN GROUND WATER
AQUIFERS
J.M. Suflita and G.D. Miller
Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 4:751-758, 1985
B-27
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RSKERL Publications, 198b
7b9. MICROBIOLOGY OF GROUND WATtR LNV1RONIILNTS
W.C. Ghiorse and D.L. Balkwill
In: Progress in Chemical Disinfection II: Problems at the
Frontier, Ed., G.E. Janauer, SUNY Binghamton, Bingharnton,
NY, pp. 91-106
770. MINIMIZING PROBLEMS CAUSED BY UNEQUAL DEVELOPMENT OF BIOLOGICAL
ACTIVITY WITHIN COLUMN MICROCOSMS USED TO PREDICT THE FATE OF
POLLUTANTS IN SUBSURFACE MATERIAL
G.D. Miller, G.M. Deeley, J.C. Chang and J.T. Wilson
In: Proceedings of the Second International Conference
on Ground-Water Quality Research, Eds., N.N. Durham and
A.E. Redelfs, University Printing Services, Stillwater,
OK, pp. 197-207.
771. MODELING MASS TRANSFER IN BIOLOGICAL WASTLWATER TREATMENT
PROCESSES
J. Kissel
IAWPRC Seminar on Modeling of Biological Wastewater
Treatment, August 28-30, 1985
772. MODELING VIRUS SURVIVAL AND TRANSPORT IN THE SUBSURFACE
M.V. Yates, S.R. Yates, J. Wagner and C.P. Gerba
Submitted to J. Cont. Hydrol. 1985
773. MOVEMENT OF CONTAMINANTS FROM OILY WASTES DURING LAND TREATMENT
T.E. Short
EPA-600/D-86-005, December 1985, 23 pp.
NTIS PB 86-144672/REB
774. A NATURAL-GRADIENT EXPERIMENT ON ORGANIC SOLUTE TRANSPORT IN A
SAND AQUIFER, SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS
D.M. Mackay and P.V. Roberts
In: Proceedings, Second Canadian/American Conference on
Hydrogeology, Banff, Alberta, Canada, B. Hitchon and
M.R. Trudell, Eds., National Water Well Association,
Dublin, OH, pp. 26-30, 1985
775. NEW DIRECTIONS IN INTERNATIONAL GROUND WATER RESEARCH
J.W, Keeley
In: Ground Water Quality, edited by C.H. Ward, W. Giger
and P.L. McCarty, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
776. OPTIMIZATION OF NITROGEN REMOVAL BY RAPID INFILTRATION:
VOLUME I. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION AND EVALUATION
E.R. Bennett, C.G. Enfield and D.M. Walters
EPA-600/2-85-016a, March 1985, 113 pp.
NTIS PB 85-173938
777. OPTIMIZATION OF NITROGEN REMOVAL BY RAPID INFILTRATION:
VOLUME II. REMOTE COMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEM
D.M. Walters, C.G. Enfield and E.R. Bennett
EPA-600/2-85-OI6b, March 1985, 336 pp.
NTIS PB 85-173946
B-28
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RSKERL Publications, 1985
778. PLUME 2D: TWO-DIMENSIONAL PLUMES IN UNIFORM GROUND WATER FLOW
. . J. Wagner, S.A. Watts and D.C. Kent
EPA-600/2-85-065, June 1985, 93 pp.
NTIS PI3 85-214450
779. PLUME 3D: THREE-DIMENSIONAL PLUMES IN UNIFORM GROUND WATER FLOW
J. Wagner, S.A. Watts and D.C. Kent
EPA-600/2-»5-067, June 1985, 82 pp.
NTIS PB 85-214443
780. PRACTICAL GUIDE FOR GROUND-WATER SAMPLING
M.J. Barcelona, J.P. Gibb, J.A. Helfrich and E.E. Garske
EPA-600/2-85-104, September 1985, 169 pp.
NTIS PB 86-137304
781. PREDICTING BIOTRANSFORMATIONS IN THE SUBSURFACE: RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN THE ATP CONTENT OF SUBSURFACE MATERIAL AND THE CAPACITY
OF SUBSURFACE ORGANISMS TO DEGRADE TOLUENE
J.T. Wilson, G. Miller, W.C. Ghiorse and F. Leach
EPA-600/D-85-028, February 1985, 9 pp.
NTIS PB 85-161560
782. PREVENTING VIRAL CONTAMINATION OF DRINKING WATER
M.V. Yates, S.R. Yates, A.W. Warrick and C.P. Gerba
In: Proceedings of a Symposium on Ground Water Contamination
and Reclamation, held in Tucson, AZ August 14-15, 1985,
Ed., K.D. Schmidt, American Water Resources Association,
pp. 117-121
783. PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTH NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM AND EXPOSITION ON
AQUIFER RESTORATION AND GROUND WATER MONITORING
National Water Well Association, Worthington, OH, Robert S.
Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory, Ada, OK, and
The Environmental and Ground Water Institute, University
of Oklahoma, Norman, OK
Proceedings of Symposium held May 21-24, 1985 at the
Fawcett Center, Columbus, OH
784. PROCESSES AFFECTING THE MOVEMENT AND FATE OF TRACE ORGANICS IN
THE SUBSURFACE ENVIRONMENT
P.L. McCarty, B.E. Rittmann and M. Reinhard
In: Artificial Recharge of Ground Water, T. Asano, Ed.,
Butterworth Publishers, Boston, MA, pp. 627-646, 1985.
785. RAPID INFILTRATION WASTEWATER TREATMENT FOR SMALL COMMUNITIES
E.R. Bennett and L.E. Leach
EPA-600/D-85-186, August 1985, 23 pp.
NTIS PB 85-238533
786. REDOX POTENTIAL AND OXYGEN DIFFUSION RATE AS PARAMETERS FOR
MONITORING FOR BIODEGRADATION OF SOME ORGANIC WASTES IN SOILS
A.U. Shaikh, R.M. Hawk, R.A. Sims and H.P. Scott
Nuclear & Chemical Waste Management, 5:337-343, 1985
EPA-600/J-85-315, NTIS PB 86-164852
B-29
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RSKERL Publications, 1985
787. SAMPLING TUBING EFFECTS ON GROUNDWATER SAMPLES
M.J. Barcelona, J.A. Helfrich and E.E. Garske
Anal. Chern., 57(2) :460-464, February 1985
EPA-600/J-85-043, NTIS PB 85-219392
788. SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GROUNDWATER QUALITY
RESEARCH PROCEEDINGS
Ed., N.N. Durham and A.E. Redelfs
EPA-600/9-85-032, November 1985, 222 pp.
NTIS PB 86-133097
789. SEPTIC TANK DENSITY AND GROUND-WATER CONTAMINATION
M.V. Yates
Ground Water, 23(5) :586-591 , September-October 1985
790. SORPTION AND TRANSPORT OF HYDROPHOBIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS IN
AQUEOUS AND MIXED SOLVENT SYSTEMS: MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND
PRELIMINARY EVALUATION
P.S.C. Rao, A.G. Hornsby, D.P. Kilcrease and P. Nkedi-Kizza
J. Environ. Qual., 14(3):376-383
EPA-600/J-85-201 , NTIS PB 86-117363
791. SORPTION OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS TO A LOW CARBON SUBSURFACE CORE
P. Banerjee, M.D. Piwoni and K. Ebeid
Chemosphere, 14(8):1057-1067 (Great Britain)
EPA-600/J-85-200, NTIS PB 86-117470
792. TOXIC ORGANIC VOLATILIZATION FROM LAND TREATMENT SYSTEMS
C.G. Enfield, J.T. Wilson, M.D. Piwoni and D.M. Walters
EPA-600/D-85-031, February 1985, 21 pp.
NTIS PB 85-164-523
793. A TOXICITY REDUCTION TEST SYSTEM TO ASSIST IN PREDICTING
LAND TREATABILITY OF HAZARDOUS WASTES
J.E. Matthews and A.A. Bulich
EPA-600/D-85-032, May 1984, 31 pp.
NTIS PB 85-166767
794. TRANSPORT OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS IN GROUND WATER
D.M. Mackay, P.V. Roberts and J.A. Cherry
Environ. Sci. Techno!., 19(5) :384-392, May 1985
EPA-600/J-85-339, NTIS PB 86-169935
795. UPCONING OF A SALT-WATER/FRESH-WATER INTERFACE BELOW A
PUMPING WELL
J. Wagner and D.C. Kent
EPA-600/2-85-066, June 1985, 78 pp.
NTIS PB 85-215341
796. UTILIZATION RATES OF TRACE HALOGENATED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN
ACETATE-SUPPORTED BIOFILMS
E.J. Bouwer and P.L. McCarty
Bioengineeriny and Biotechnology, 27:1564-1571, 1985
B-30
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RSKERL Publications, 1985-86
797. VIRUS PERSISTENCE IN GROUNDWATER
H.V. Yates, C.P. Gerba and L.M. Kelley
Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 49(4):778-781 , April 1985
EPA-600/J-85-098, NTIS PB 85-243913
798. WASTEWATER TREATMENT BY ARTIFICIAL WETLANDS
R.M. Gersbery, 13.V. Elkins and C.R. Goldman
Water Sci. Tech. (Great Britain), 17:443-450
EPA-600/J-85-042, NTIS PB 85-220432
1986 799. ABIOTIC ORGANIC REACTIONS AT MINERAL SURFACES: A REVIEW
E.A. Voudrias and M. Reinhard
In: Geochemical Processes at Mineral Surfaces, J.A. Davis
and K.R. Hayes, eds., ACS Symposium Series 323, 1986
EPA-600/D-87-042, NTIS PB 87-175030
800. BEHAVIOR OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS DURING RAPID-INFILTRATION OF
WASTEWATER INTO SOIL: I. PROCESSES, DEFINITION, AND
CHARACTERIZATION USING A MICROCOSM
M.D. Piwoni, J.T. Wilson, D.M. Walters, B.H. Wilson and
C.G. Enfield
Hazardous Waste & Hazardous Materials, 3(1)-.43-55, 1986
EPA-600/J-86-145, NTIS PB 87-115697/AS
801. BEHAVIOR OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS DURING RAPID-INFILTRATION OF
WASTEWATER INTO SOIL: II. MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTION OF TRANSPORT
AND TRANSFORMATION
C.G. Enfield, D.M. Walters, J.T. Wilson, and M.D. Piwoni
Hazardous Waste & Hazardous Materials, 3(l):57-76, 1986
EPA-600/J-86-144, NTIS PB 87-115705/AS
802. BIOTRANSFORMATION OF PRIORITY POLLUTANTS USING BIOFILMS AND
VASCULAR PLANTS
B.C. Wolverton and R.C. McCales
J. Mississippi Academy of Sciences, Vol. XXXI, 1986,
pp. 79-89
EPA-600/J-86-310, NTIS PB 87-176764
803. BIOTRANSFORMATION OF SELECTED ALKYLBENZENES AND HALOGENATED
ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS IN METHANOGENIC AQUIFER MATERIAL:
A MICROCOSM STUDY
B.H. Smith, G.B. Smith and J.S. Rees
Environ. Sci. Technol. 20(10)-.997-1002, 1986
EPA-600/J-86-227, NTIS PB 87-170791
804. COMMENT ON "AN ADVECTION-DIFFUSION CONCEPT FOR SOLUTE TRANSPORT
IN HETEROGENEOUS UNCONSOLIDATED GEOLOGICAL DEPOSITS," BY R.W.
GILLHAM, E.A. SUUICKY, J.A. CHERRY AND L.O. FRIND
0. Guven, F.J. Mol z and J.G. Melville
Water Resources Research, 21 (1)-.89-91 , January 1986
EPA-600/J-86-028, NTIS PB 86-191384
B-31
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RSKERL Publications, 1986
805. A CURVILINEAR FINITE ELEMENT MODEL FOR SIMULATING TWO-WELL
TRACER TESTS AND TRANSPORT IN STRATIFIED AQUIFERS
P.S. Huyakorn, P.F. Andersen, Oktay Guven and F.J. Molz
Water Resources Research, 22(5):663-678, May 1986
EPA-600/J-86-146, NTIS PB 87-115747/AS
806. DESIGN MODEL FOR THE OVERLAND FLOW PROCESS
J.L. Witherow and B.E. Bledsoe
J. Water Poll. Cont. Fed., 58(5):381-386, May 1986
EPA-600/J-86-094, NTIS PB 86-217049
807. DETERMINISTIC AND STOCHASTIC ANALYSES OF DISPERSION IN AN
UNBOUNDED STRATIFIED POROUS MEDIUM
Oktay Guven and F.J. Molz
Water Resources Research, 22(11 ) :1565-1574, October 1986
EPA-600/J-86-267, NTIS PB 87-166856
808. DEVELOPMENT OF A MICROCOMPUTER CONTROLLED MULTI-PROBE INSTRUMENT
FOR AUTOMATED TIME-DEPENDENT MEASUREMENT OF REDOX POTENTIAL AND
OXYGEN DIFFUSION RATE
J.D. Hunter, O.K. Scoyyins, R.M. Hawk and R.M. Sims
Analytical Instrumentation, 15(l):51-62, 1986
EPA-600/J-86-062, NTIS PB 86-202546
809. DISJUNCTIVE KRIGING: 1. OVERVIEW OF ESTIMATION AND CONDITION
PROBABILITY
S.R. Yates, A.W. Warrick and D.E. Myers
Water Resources Research, 22(5) :615-621 , May 1986
810. DISJUNCTIVE KRIGING: 2. EXAMPLES
S.R. Ydtes, A.W. Warrick and D.E. Myers
Water Resources Research, 22(5) :623-630, May 1986
811. DISJUNCTIVE KRIGING: 3. COKRIGING
S.R. Yates
Water Resources Research, 22(10):1371-1376, September 1986
EPA-600/J-86-232, NTIS PB 87-166260
812. A DISJUNCTIVE KRIGING PROGRAM FOR TWO DIMENSIONS
S.R. Yates, A.W. Warrick and D.E. Myers
Computers & Geosciences, 12(3) :281-313, 1986
EPA-600/J-86-247, NTIS PB 87-170353
813. DISSOLVED OXYGEN AND OXIDATION-REDUCTION POTENTIALS IN GROUND WATER
T.R. Holm, G.K. George and M.J. Barcelona
EPA-600/2-86-042, April 1986, 66 pp.
NTIS PB 86-179678
814. DYNAMIC STUDIES OF NAPHTHALENE SORPTION ON SOIL FROM AqUEOUS
SOLUTION
R.T. I'odol I , K.C. Irwin and H.M. Jaber
Submitted to Environ. Sci. & Tech.
B-32
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RSKERL Publications, 1986
815. EFFECTS OF SOLUTE CONCENTRATION AND COSOLVENTS ON THE AQUEOUS
ACTIVITY COEFFICIENT OF HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS
C. flunz dnd P.V. Roberts
Environ. Sci. &.Tech., 20(8):830-«36, 1986
816. EFFICIENCY OF SOIL CORE AND SOIL PORE WATER SAMPLING SYSTEMS
K.W. Brown
EPA-600/2-86-083, September 1986, 130 pp.
NTIS PB 87-106100/AS
817. EVALUATION OF VOLATILIZATION OF HAZARDOUS CONSTITUENTS AT
HAZARDOUS WASTE LAND TREATMENT SITES
R.R. Dupont and J.A. Reineman
EPA-600/2-86-071, August 1986, 168 pp.
NTIS PB 86-23393,9
818. EVOLVING CONCEPTS OF SUBSURFACE CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT
J.F. Keely, M.D. Piwoni and J.T. Wilson
J. Water Poll. Cont. Fed., 58(5):349-357, May 86
EPA-600/J-86-101 , NTIS PB 86-217056
819. EXTRAPOLATION OF BIODEGRADATION RESULTS TO GROUNDWATER
AQUIFERS: REDUCTIVE DEHALOGENATION OF AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
S.A. Gibson and J.M. Suflita
Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 52(4) :68I-688, October 1986
EPA-600/J-86-379, NTIS PB 87-212429/AS
820. FIELD INVESTIGATION AND EVALUATION OF LAND TREATING TANNERY SLUDGES
R.M. Lollar and W.E. Kallenburger
EPA-600/2-86-033, March 1986, 123 pp.,
NTIS PB 86-176542
821. A FIXED-FILM BIOREACTOR TO TREAT TRICHLOROETHYLENE-LADEN WATERS
FROM INTERDICTION WELLS
B.H. Wilson and M.V. White
In: Proceedings of the Sixth National Symposium and Exposition
on Aquifer Restoration and Ground Water Monitoring, held
May 19-22, 1986, at the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH,
pp. 425-435
822. A GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC MICROMETHOD FOR TRACE DETERMINATIONS OF
PHENOLS
G. Benytsson
EPA-600/J-85-354, NTIS PB 86-175494
823. HYDROLYSIS OF SIMPLE BROMOALKENES, 1,2-DIBROMOPROPANE, AND 1,2-
DIBROMOETHANE: RATES AND TAFT'S LINEAR-FREE ENERGY CORRELATION
T.M. Vogel and M. Reinhard
Environ. Sci. Technol., 20:992-997, 1986
824. IMPROVED FLOTATION TECHNIQUE FOR MICROSCOPY OF IN-SITU AND
SEDIMENT MICROORGANISMS
T.L. Bone and D.L. Balkwill
Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 51:462-468, 1986
EPA-600/J-86-03I, NTIS PB 86-190139
B-33
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RSKERL Publications, 1986
825. IN SITU BIORESTORATION AS A GROUND WATER REMEDIATION TECHNIQUE
J.T. Wilson, I.E. Leach, M.J. Henson and J.N. Jones
Ground Water Monitoring Review, pp. 56-64, Fall 1986
KPA-600/J-86-305, NTIS PB 87-177101
826. IN SITU RESTORATION TECHNIQUES FOR AQUIFERS CONTAMINATED WITH
HAZARDOUS WASTES
M.D. Lee, J.T. Wilson and C.H. Ward
Journal of Hazardous Materials, 14:71-82, 1987
Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands
EPA-600/J-87-032, NTIS PB 87-198396
827. INTERPRETING ORGANIC SOLUTE TRANSPORT DATA FROM A FIELD EXPERIMENT
USING PHYSICAL NONEQUILIBRIUM MODELS
M.N. Goltz and P.V. Roberts
J. Contain. Hydrol., 1:77-93
EPA-600/J-86-056, NTIS PB 86-201266
828. LAND TREATMENT: A HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVE
R.C. Loehr and J.F. Malina, Eds.
Proceedings of conference, Water Resources Symposium Number
Thirteen, held in Austin, TX, on April 8-10, 1985, 381 pp.
EPA-600/9-86-011, NTIS PB 86-194149
829. THE LUBBOCK LAND TREATMENT SYSTEM RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATION
PROJECT: VOLUMES I THROUGH V
D.B. George, D.B. Leftwich, N.A. Klein, et al.
EPA-600/2-86-027a through e, February 1986
NTIS PB 86-173580 (set)
VOL. I, EPA-600/2-86-27a, NTIS PB 86-173598
VOL. II, EPA-600/2-86-27b, NTIS PB 86-173606
VOL. Ill, EPA-600/2-86-27C, NTIS PB 86-173614
VOL. IV, EPA-600/2-86-27d, NTIS PB 86-173622
VOL. V, EPA-600/2-86-027e, NTIS PB 86-173630
830. MEASUREMENT OF REDOX POTENTIALS IN SEDIMENT/WATER SYSTEMS:
OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
D.L. Macalady, T.J. Grundl and P.G. Tratnyek
Submitted to Water Research, February 1986
831. MECHANICAL INTEGRITY RESEARCH
J.T. Thornhill and B.G. Benefield
In: Proceedings of First International Symposium on
Subsurface Injection of Liquid Wastes, March 3-5, 1986,
New Orleans, Louisiana
832. MODIFIED N.R.C. VERSION OF THE U.S.G.S. SOLUTE TRANSPORT MODEL,
VOL. I: MODIFICATIONS
D.C. Kent, L. LeMaster and J. Wagner
EPA-600/2-86-089a, July 1986
NTIS PB 87-103099/AS
13-34
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RSKERL Publications, 1986
833. MODIFIED N.R.C. VERSION OF THE U.S.G.S. SOLUTE TRANSPORT MODEL,
VOL. II: INTERACTIVE PREPROCESSOR PROGRAM
D.C. Kent, L. LeMaster and J. Wagner
EPA-600/2-86-089b, July 1986
NTIS PB 87-103107/AS
834. MOVEMENT OF SELECTED ORGANIC LIQUIDS INTO DRY SOILS
A. Amoozegar, A.W. Warrick and W.H. Fuller
Hazardous Waste & Hazardous Materials, 3(1):29-41
EPA-600/J-86-152, NTIS PB 87-115770/AS
835. A NATURAL GRADIENT EXPERIMENT ON SOLUTE TRANSPORT IN A SAND
AQUIFER, I. APPROACH AND OVERVIEW OF PLUME MOVEMENT
D.M. Mackay, D.L. Freyburg, P.V. Roberts and J.A. Cherry
Water Resources Research, 22(13) :2017-2029, December 1986
EPA-600/J-86-328, NTIS PB 87-176665
836. A NATURAL GRADIENT EXPERIMENT ON SOLUTE .TRANSPORT IN A SAND
AQUIFER, II. SPATIAL MOMENTS AND THE ADVECTION AND DISPERSION
OF NON-REACTIVE TRACERS
D.L. Freyburg
Water Resources Research, 22(13) :2031-2046, December 1986
EPA-600/J-86-329, NTIS PB 87-176673
837. A NATURAL GRADIENT EXPERIMENT ON SOLUTE TRANSPORT IN A SAND
AQUIFER, III. RETARDATION ESTIMATES AND MASS BALANCES FOR
ORGANIC SOLUTES
P.V. Roberts, M.N. Goltz and D.M. Mackay
Water Resources Research, 22(13) :2047-2058, December 1986
EPA-600/J-86-330, NTIS PB 87-182838
838. A NATURAL GRADIENT EXPERIMENT ON SOLUTE TRANSPORT IN A SAND
AQUIFER, IV. 'SORPTION OF ORGANIC SOLUTES AND ITS INFLUENCE ON
MOBILITY
G.P. Curtis, P.V. Roberts and H. Reinhard
Water Resources Research, 22(I 3) :2059-2067 , December 1986
EPA-600/J-86-331, NTIS PB 87-182820
839. A NATURAL GRADIENT EXPERIMENT ON'SOLUTE TRANSPORT IN A SAND
AQUIFER: SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY AND
ITS ROLE IN THE DISPERSION PROCESS
E.A. Sudicky
Water Resources Research, 22(13)-.2069-2082, December 1986
EPA-600/J-86-327, NTIS PB 87-176657
840. THE ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY OF A SANITARY LANDFILL LEACHATE PLUME
J.F. Barker, J.S. Tessmann, P.E. Plotz, and M. Reinhard
J. Contaminant Hydrology, 1 (1/2) :171-189, 1986
841. PERFORMANCE, ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION OF A TWO-WELL TRACER TEST
AT THE MOBILE SITE
I-.J. Molz, Oktdy Guven, J.G. Melville, R.D. Crocker
K.T. Matteson
Water Resources Research, 22(7) :1031-1037, July 1986
EPA-600/J-86-228, NTIS PB 87-166823
B-35
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842. PERFORMANCE AND ANALYSIS OF AQUIFER TRACER TESTS WITH IMPLICATIONS
FOR CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT MODELING
F.J. Molz, Oktdy Guven, J.G. Melville and J.F. Keely
EPA-600/2-86-062, July 1986, 102 pp.
NTIS PB 86-219086
843. PERMEABILITY OF SOILS TO FOUR ORGANIC LIQUIDS AND WATER
M. Schramm, A.W. Warrick and W.H. Fuller
Hazardous Waste & Hazardous Materials, 3(l):21-27
EPA-600/J-86-151, NTIS PB 87-115788/AS
844. PREDICTIVE VIRUS FATE TO DETERMINE SEPTIC TANK SETBACK DISTANCES
USING GEOSTATISTICS
M.V. Yates, S.R. Yates, A.W. Warrick and C.P. Gerba
Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 52(3) :479-483, September 1986
845. QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF MICROBIAL BIOMASS AND COMMUNITY
STRUCTURE IN SUBSURFACE MATERIAL: A UNIQUE PROKARYOTIC CONSORTIUM
RESPONSIVE TO ORGANIC CONTAMINATION
G.A. Smith, J.S. Nickels, B.D. Kerger, et al.
J. of Microbiol. (Canada), 32:104-111, 1986
EPA-600/J-86-066, NTIS PB 86-212586
846. REDUCTION OF HEXACHLOROETHANE TO TETRACHLOROETHYLENE IN GROUNDWATER
C.S. Criddle, P.L. McCarty, M.C. Elliott and J.F. Barker
J. Contam. Hydrol. (Netherlands), 1:133-142
EPA-600/J-86-057, NTIS PB 86-201324
847. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ATP CONTENT OF SUBSURFACE MATERIALS AND
THE RATE OF BIODEGRADATION OF ALKYLBENZENES AND CHLOROBENZENE
J.T. Wilson, G.D. Miller, W.C. Ghiorse and F.R. Leach
J. Contain. Hydrol. (Netherlands), 1:163-170
EPA-600/J-86-063, NTIS PB 86-202538
848. REVIEW AND EVALUATION OF CURRENT DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
FOR LAND TREATMENT UNITS RECEIVING PETROLEUM WASTES
J.P. Martin, R.C. Sims and John Matthews
EPA-600/J-86-264, NTIS PB 87-166369
849. SEQUENTIAL DEHALOGENATION OF CHLORINATED ETHENES
G. Barrio-Lage, F.Z. Parsons, R.S. Nassar and P.A. Lorenzon
Environ. Sci. Technol., 20:96, 1986
EPA-600/J-86-030, NTIS PB 86-190188
850. A SIMPLIFIED ANALYSIS OF TWO-WELL TRACER TESTS IN STRATIFIED
AQUIFERS
0. Guven, R.W. Falta, F.J. Molz and J.G. Melville
Ground Water, 24(1):63-71, January-February 1986
EPA-600/J-86-029, NTIS PB 86-190196
B-36
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851. SIMULATIONS OF TWO-WELL TRACER TESTS IN STRATIFIED AQUIFERS
AT THE CHALK RIVER AND THE MOBILE SITES
P.S. Huyakorn, I'.F. Andersen, F.J. Holz, Oktay Guven and
J.G. Melville
Water Resources Research, 22(7) :1016-1030, July 1986
EPA-600/J-86-229, NTIS PB 87-166831
852. SOLVOPHOBIC APPROACH FOR PREDICTING SORPTION OF HYDROPHOBIC
ORGANIC CHEMICALS ON SYNTHETIC SORBENTS AND SOILS
K.B. Woodburn, P.S.C. Rao, M. Fukui and P. Nkedi-Kizza
EPA-600/J-86-143, NTIS PB 87-118493/AS
853. SOME PARAMETERS AFFECTING NONEQUILIBRIUM SORPTION-DESORPTION
DURING SOLUTE TRANSPORT
D.C. Bouchard and A.L. Wood
EOS, 67:964, 1986
854. SORPTION OF HYDROPHOBIC ORGANIC COMPOUNDS BY SEDIMENTS
G.P. Curtis, M. Reinhard and P.V. Roberts
In: Geochemical Processes at Mineral Surfaces, J.A. Davis
and K.F. Hayes, Eds., ACS Symp. Series, 323, pp. 191-216
EPA-600/D-87-049, NTIS PB 87-145538
855. SORPTION OF VOLATILE ORGANIC SOLVENTS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION
ONTO SUBSURFACE SOLIDS
M.D. Piwoni and Pinaki Banerjee
Submitted to J. Contam. Hydrol., 1986
856. SURVIVAL AND TRANSPORT OF HEPATITIS A VIRUS IN SOILS, GROUNDWATER
AND WASTEWATER
M.D. Sobsey, P.A. Shields, F.H. Hauchman, et al.
Submitted to Water Science and Technology
857. STOCHASTIC PREDICTION OF DISPERSIVE CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT
D.G. Vomvoris and L.W. Gelhar
EPA-600/2-86-114, NTIS PB 87-141479/AS
858. THREE-DIMENSIONAL SOLUTIONS FOR SOLUTE TRANSPORT IN AN INFINITE
MEDIUM WITH MOBILE AND IMMOBILE ZONES
M.N. Goltz and P.V. Roberts
Water Resources Research, 22(7) :1139-1148, July 1986
EPA-600/J-86-231 , NTIS PB 87-166252
859. TRANSPORT OF DISSOLVED HYDROCARBONS INFLUENCED BY OXYGEN-
LIMITED BIODEGRADATION, 1. THEORETICAL DEVELOPMENT
R.C. Borden and P.B. Bedient
Water Resources Research, 22(13) :1973-1982, December 1986
EPA-600/J-86-332, NTIS PB 87-179727
860. TRANSPORT OF DISSOLVED HYDROCARBONS INFLUENCED BY OXYGEN-
LIMITED BIODEGRADATION, 2. FIELD APPLICATION
R.C. Borden, P.B. Bedient, M.D. Lee, C.H. Ward and J.T. Wilson
Water Resources Research, 22(13):1983-1990, December 1986
EPA-600/J-86-333, NTIS PB 87-179735
B-37
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861. THE USE OF DNA:DNA COLONY HYBRIDIZATION IN THE RAPID ISOLATION
OF 4-CHLOROIHPHLNYL DEGRADATIVE BACTERIAL PHENOTYPES
C.A. Pettigrew and G.S. Sayler
J. Microbiol. Methods, 5:205-213, 1986 (Elsevier Science
Publishers B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands)
862. USE OF GEOSTATISTICS TO PREDICT VIRUS DECAY RATES FOR DETERMINA-
TION OF SEPTIC TANK SETBACK DISTANCES
M.V. Yates, S.R. Yates, A.M. Warrick and C.P. Gerba
Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 52(3) :479-483, September 1986
EPA-600/J-86-230, NTIS PB 87-166849
863. VARIABILITY OF AQUIFER SORPTION PROPERTIES IN A FIELD EXPERIMENT
ON GROUNDWATER TRANSPORT OF ORGANIC SOLUTES: METHODS AND
PRELIMINARY RESULTS
D.M. Mackay, W.P. Ball and M.G. Durant
J. Contam. Hydrol., 1:119-132
EPA-600/J-86-055, NTIS PB 86-201241
864. WASTE/SOIL TREATABILITY STUDIES FOR FOUR COMPLEX INDUSTRIAL
WASTES: METHODOLOGIES AND RESULTS
R.C. Sirns, J.L. Sims, D.L. Sorensen, W.J. Doucette,
and L.L. Hastings
EPA-600/6-86-003a (Vol. I), NTIS PB 87-111738/AS
EPA-600/6-86-003b (Vol. II), NTIS PB 87-111746/AS
865. WELL CONSTRUCTION AND PURGING EFFECTS ON GROUND-WATER SAMPLES
M.J. Barcelona and J.A. Helfrich
Environ. Sci. Technol., 20(11):1179-1184, November 1986
EPA-600/J-86-373, NTIS PB 87-203360/AS
1987 866. ADAPTATION TO AND BIODEGRADATION OF XENOBIOTIC COMPOUNDS BY
MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES FROM A PRISTINE AQUIFER
C.M. Aelion, C.M. Swindell and F.K. Pfaender
Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 53(9):2212-2217, September 1987
867. AN ALTERNATIVE NONLINEAR MODEL FOR ESTIMATING SECOND-ORDER RATE
COEFFICIENTS FOR BIODEGRADATION
J.A. Robinson, W.J. Smolenski and J.M. Suflita
Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 53(5):1064-1068, May 1987
868. THE BIODEGRADATION OF CRESOL ISOMERS IN ANOXIC AQUIFERS
W.J. Smolenski and J.M. Suflita
Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 53(4):710-716, April 1987
869. BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT: IN SITU TREATMENT OF TCE
J.T. Wilson, Sam Fogel, and P.V. Roberts
In: Detection, Control, and Renovation of Contaminated
Ground Water, N. Dee, W.F. McTernan and E. Kaplan, Eds.,
ASCE, New York, pp. 168-178
B-38
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RSKERL Publications, 1987
870. CONTUR: AN ALGORITHM FUR TWO-UIMhNSIONAL HIGH QUALITY CONTOURING
S.R. Yates
Computers & Geosciences, !3(l):6l-76, 1987
EPA-60U/J-87-059, NTIS PB 87-212957/AS
871. DETECTION OF A MICROBIAL CONSORTIUM INCLUDING TYPE II METHANO-
TROPHS BY USE OF PHOSPHOLIPID FATTY ACIDS IN AN AEROBIC
HALOGENATED HYDROCARBON-DEGRADING SOIL COLUMN ENRICHED WITH
NATURAL GAS
P.O. Nichols, J.M. Henson, C.P. Antworth, et al.
Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 6:89-97, 1987
EPA-600/J-87-040, NTIS PB 87-203386/AS
872. DISTRIBUTION OF PLASMIDS IN GROUNDWATER BACTERIA
O.A. Ogumseitan, E.T. Tedford, D. Pacia, et al.
Journal of Industrial Microbiology (Elsevier Science
Publishers B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands),
1(5):311-317, February 1987
EPA-600/J-87-037, NTIS PB 87-203071/AS
873. DRASTIC: A STANDARDIZED SYSTEM FOR EVALUATING GROUND WATER
POLLUTION POTENTIAL USING HYDROGEOLOGIC SETTINGS
Linda Aller, Truman Bennett, J.H. Lehr, et al.
EPA-600/2-87-035, May 1987, 622 pp.
NTIS PB 87-213914/AS
874. ESTIMATING SOIL WATER CONTENT USING COKRIGING
S.R. Yates and A.W. Warrick
Soil Science Society America Journal, 51(1):23-30,
January-February 1987
EPA-600/J-87-060, NTIS PB 87-212940/AS
875. EVALUATION OF TOXICITY TEST PROCEDURE FOR SCREEN TREATABILITY
POTENTIAL OF WASTE - SOIL
J.E. Matthews and L. Hastings
Toxicity Assessment, An Intn'l Qrtly., 2(3) :265-28l , 1987
John Wiley/Sons, Inc., New York
876. FIELD EVALUATION OF A SIMPLE MICROCOSM SIMULATING THE BEHAVIOR
OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN SUBSURFACE MATERIALS
J. Wilson, G. Smith, J. Cochran, J. Barker, P. Roberts
Water Resources Research, 23(8) :1547-1553, August 1987
877. FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF MULTIPHASE IMMISCIBLE FLOW THROUGH
SOILS
T. Kuppusamy, J. Sheng, J.C. Parker, and R.J. Lenhard
Water Resources Research, 23(4) :625-631 , April 1987
B-39
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878. FLUOROMETRIC DETERMINATION OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE IN GROUND WATER
T.R. Holm, G.K. Georye and M.J. Barcelona
Anal. Chem., 59(4) :582-586, February 1987
EPA-600/J-87-041 , NTIS PB 87-203436/AS
879. GASEOUS BEHAVIOR OF TCE OVERLYING A CONTAMINATED AQUIFER
D.L. Marrin and G.M. Thompson
Ground Water, 25(l):2l-27, January-February 1987
EPA-600/J-87-058, NTIS PB 87-213260/AS
880. GROUND WATER HANDBOOK
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Research and Development, Center for Environmental
Research Information and Robert S. Kerr Environmental
Research Laboratory
EPA-625/6-87/016, March 1987, 212 pp.
881. INJECTION OF HAZARDOUS WASTE INTO DEEP WELLS (STATE-OF-THE-
ART REPORT)
Arden Strycker and A.G. Collins
EPA-600/8-87-013, February 1987, 64 pp.
NTIS PB 87-170551
882. INJECTION WELL MECHANICAL INTEGRITY
J. Thornhill and B. Benefield
EPA-625/9-87/007, September 1987, 68 pp.
883. LEAKING UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS: REMEDIATION WITH
EMPHASIS ON IN SITU BIORESTORATION
J.M. Thomas, M.D. Lee, P.B. Bedient, et al.
EPA-600/2-87/008, January 1987, 144 pp.
NTIS PB 87-168084
884. MAINTENANCE AND STABILITY OF INTRODUCED GENOTYPES IN GROUNDWATER
AQUIFER MATERIAL
R.K. Jain, G.S. Sayler, J.T. Wilson, et al.
Appl . Environ. Microbiol., 53(5) :996-l002, May 1987
885. A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR THE FATE OF HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES IN SOIL:
MODEL DESCRIPTION AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
W.J.Grenney, C.L. Caupp, R.C. Sims and T.E. Short
Hazardous Waste & Hazardous Materials, 4(3), 223-239
886. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY OF A SHALLOW UNCONFINED GROUND WATER AQUIFER
POLLUTED BY MUNICIPAL LANDFILL LEACHATE
R.E. Beeman and J.M. Suflita
Microbial Ecology, 14(l):39-54, July 1987
B-40
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887. MODELING VIRUS SURVIVAL AND TRANSPORT IN THE SUBSURFACE
M.V. Yates, S.R. Yates, Jan Wagner and C.P. Gerba
J. Contaminant Hydrol., 1(3) :329-345, March 1987
Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands
EPA-600/J-87-053, NTIS PB 87-213294/AS
888. MONITORING TRANSPORT OF SELECTED PESTICIDES AND PHENOLS IN
SOIL COLUMNS BY HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
D.C. Bouchard
J. Environ. Science Health, B22(4):391-402, 1987
889. MONITORING WELL INSTALLATION, PURGING, AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES--
PART I: CONCEPTUALIZATIONS
J.F. Keely and Kwasi Boateng
Ground Water, 25(3) :300-313, May-June 1987
890. MONITORING WELL INSTALLATION, PURGING AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES--
PART II: CASE HISTORIES
J.F. Keely and Kwasi Boateng
Ground Water, 25(4):427-439, July-August 1987
891. MONODISPERSE FERROUS PHOSPHATE COLLOIDS IN AN ANOXIC GROUNDWATER
PLUME
P.M. Gschwend and M.D. Reynolds
J. Contaminant Hydrol., 1(3) :309-327, March 1987
Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands
EPA-600/J-87-056, NTIS PB 87-213310/AS
892. OPPORTUNITIES FOR BIORECLAMATION OF AQUIFERS CONTAMINATED WITH
PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS
J.T. Wilson and C.H. Ward
Developments in Industrial Microbiology (Journal of
Industrial Microbiology Suppl. 1), 27:109-116,
Elsevier, Amsterdam, Biomedical Division, 1987
893. A PARAMETRIC MODEL FOR CONSTITUTIVE PROPERTIES GOVERNING MULTI-
PHASE FLUID CONDUCTION IN POROUS MEDIA
J.C. Parker, R.J. Lenhard, and T. Kuppusamy
Water Resources Research, 23(4)-.618-624, April 1987
894. PROTECTING GROUNDWATER FROM VIRAL CONTAMINATION BY SOIL
MODIFICATION
R.B. Thurman and C.P. Gerba
J. Environ. Science Health, A22(4):369-388, 1987
895. QUALITY ASSURANCE IN COMPUTER SIMULATIONS OF GROUNDWATER
CONTAMINATION
Paul K.M. van der Heijde
Environ. Software, 2(l):19-25, 1987
B-41
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896. A RAPID HPLC METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF PHENOLS AND PESTICIDES
IN SOIL WATER
D.C. Bouchard
J. Environ. Science Health, B22(4):391-402, August 1987
897. TRANSFORMATIONS OF HALOGENATED ALIPHATIC COMPOUNDS
T.M. Vogel, C.S. Criddle and P.L. McCarty
Env. Sci. & Tech, 21(8) :722-736, August 1987
898. THE USE OF MODELS IN MANAGING GROUND-WATER PROTECTION PROGRAMS
J.F. Keely
EPA-600/8-87-003, January 1987, 72 pp.
NTIS PB 87-166203
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