ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF ENFORCEMENT
REPORT ON
WATER QUALITY
n ii H
WASTE-SOURCE INVESTIGATIONS
BIG SIOUX RIVER AND SELECTED TRIBUTARIES
NATIONAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS CENTER-DENVER
DENVER.COLORADO
AND
REGION VII REGION VIM
KANSAS CITY. MISSOURI DENVER. COLORADO
JUNE 1973
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF ENFORCEMENT *
Report On
WATER QUALITY AND WASTE-SOURCE INVESTIGATIONS
BIG SIOUX RIVER AND SELECTED TRIBUTARIES
National Field Investigations Center-Denver
Denver, Colorado
and
Region VII Region VTII
Kansas City, Missouri Denver, Colorado
June 1973
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES v
LIST OF FIGURES vi
LIST OF APPENDICES vii
GLOSSARY OF TERMS viii
I. INTRODUCTION 1
II. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 5
A. FALL STREAM SURVEY, 1972 5
B. WINTER 1973 STUDY (WASTE-SOURCES EVALUATION) .... 6
John Morrell and Company 6
Mailman Food Industries
(Formerly Spencer Foods, Inc.) 6
Sioux Falls, South Dakota,
Wastewater Treatment Plant 7
C. WINTER 1973 STUDY (STREAM SURVEY) 9
III. RECOMMENDATIONS 13
IV. DESCRIPTION OF AREA 17
A. PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION 17
B. POPULATION AND THE ECONOMY 17
C. HYDROLOGY 20
D. CLIMATE 23
V. WATER QUALITY STANDARDS 25
A. INTRODUCTION 25
B. EXISTING WATER QUALITY STANDARDS 27
C. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN STATES 30
VI. STREAM SURVEY 35
A. FALL STREAM SURVEY, 1972 35
B. WINTER STREAM SURVEY, 1973 43
Biological Conditions 45
Algal Assays 45
Fish Assays 47
iii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.)
Bacteriological Conditions 48
Big Sioux River and Selected Tributaries 48
Rock River 50
Chemical Quality 51
Dissolved Oxygen-(Big Sioux River and
Selected Tributaries) 51
Dissolved Oxygen (Rock River) 53
Ammonia Nitrogen-(Big Sioux River and
Selected Tributaries) 55
Ammonia Nitrogen-(Rock River) 56
Nitrogenous Oxygen Demand 56
VII. WASTE-SOURCES EVALUATION 61
A. GENERAL 61
B. SIOUX FALLS, SOUTH DAKOTA,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT 61
Treatment Facilities 62
Industrial Waste Pretreatment System 62
Combined Domestic-Industrial System 63
Sludge System 63
Results of In-Plant Study 64
Wastewater Treatment Plant Flows 64
Waste Loadings from John Morrell and Co 65
By-passing of Wastewaters 68
Negative Removals 68
Domestic Wastes 69
Organic Overloading 69
Treatment Efficiencies 70
Nitrogen Balance 72
C. JOHN MORRELL AND COMPANY 77
Pretreatment Facilities . 77
Proposed Abatement Measures . 79
Sewer Charges Levied by City ....... 81
D. MEILMAN FOOD INDUSTRIES
(FORMERLY SPENCER FOODS, INC.) 82
VIII. POLLUTION ABATEMENT NEEDS 87
A. RESTRICTED OXYGEN RESOURCE 87
B. POTENTIALLY TOXIC CONDITIONS 88
C. IMPAIRED BACTERIAL QUALITY 89
REFERENCES 92
iv
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LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Page
IV-1 MEAN FLOW OF BIG SIOUX RIVER AT SIOUX FALLS,
SOUTH DAKOTA 21
V-l SOUTH DAKOTA WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
BIG SIOUX RIVER BASIN 28
V-2 SUMMARY OF INTERMITTENT STREAM CRITERIA
SOUTH DAKOTA WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
BIG SIOUX RIVER BASIN 29
V-3 FLOW-DEPENDENT, DISSOLVED-OXYGEN CRITERION
— FROM KLONDIKE DAM TO THE LOWER END OF
SIOUX FALLS DIVERSION DITCH —
SOUTH DAKOTA WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
BIG SIOUX RIVER BASIN 29
V-4 IOWA WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
BIG SIOUX RIVER BASIN 31
V-5 MINNESOTA WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
BIG SIOUX RIVER BASIN 32
VII-1 JOHN MORRELL AND COMPANY CONTRIBUTION TO LOADS
RECEIVED AT SIOUX FALLS WWTP (PERCENT) .... 66
VII-2 AVERAGE RAW WASTE LOADINGS (PER DAY)
SIOUX FALLS WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT .... 67
VII-3 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
REMOVAL EFFICIENCIES (PERCENT) 71
VII-4 SIOUX FALLS, SOUTH DAKOTA
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT NITROGEN BALANCE
24-31 JANUARY 1973 76
VII-5 ANIMALS PROCESSED BY JOHN MORRELL AND COMPANY
24 JANUARY THROUGH 10 FEBRUARY 1973 78
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LIST OF FIGURES
Follows
Figure No.
IV-1 Sampling Locations, Big Sioux River and
Selected Tributaries, Estelline, South Dakota Inside
to Sioux City, Iowa back cover
IV-2 Sampling Locations, Big Sioux River and
Selected Tributaries, Sioux Falls,
South Dakota and Vicinity 18
IV-3 Periods During which Wastewaters were >^
50 Percent of Flows in the Big Sioux River
Downstream from Sioux Falls, South Dakota
(June 1961-March 1967) 22
VI-1 Chlorophyll £ from Periphyton, Big Sioux River
10 September to 3 October 1972 36
VI-2 Dissolved Oxygen Profile, Big Sioux River,
Renner to Canton, South Dakota
0600 to 1200 Hours [CDT], 9/26-27/72 42
VI-3 Species Diversity [d] of Benthic Invertebrates,
Big Sioux River, September-October, 1972 .... 42
VI-A Bacterial Densities (Logarithmic Mean)—
Big Sioux River, South Dakota, February 1973 . . 48
VI-5 Dissolved Oxygen Profile, Big Sioux River
Estelline, South Dakota to Sioux City, Iowa
1-10 February 1973 52
VI-6 Nitrogen Profile, Big Sioux River
Estelline, South Dakota to Sioux City, Iowa
1-10 February 1973 56
VII-1 Wastewater Treatment Plant, Sioux Falls,
South Dakota, 24-31 January 1973 62
VII-2 Wastewater Treatment Plant Study,
Sioux Falls, South Dakota
24-31 January 1973 62
VII-3 Treatment Efficiency-Sioux Falls, South Dakota
Wastewater Treatment Plant - 7 DAY AVERAGE
24-31 January 1973 68
vi
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LIST OF FIGURES (Cont.)
Follows
Figure No. Page
VII-4 Treatment Efficiency-Sioux Falls, South Dakota
Wastewater Treatment Plant - WEEK DAY AVERAGE
24-31 January 1973 70
VII-5 Treatment Efficiency-Sioux Falls, South Dakota
Wastewater Treatment Plant - WEEKEND AVERAGE
24-31 January 1973 70
VII-6 Proposed Pretreatment Facilities-Flow Schematic
John Morrell and Company, Sioux Falls Operation . 80
LIST OF APPENDICES
A WATER QUALITY STANDARDS FOR THE SURFACE WATERS
OF SOUTH DAKOTA (EXCERPTS)
B IOWA WATER QUALITY STANDARDS (EXCERPTS)
C MINNESOTA WATER QUALITY STANDARDS (EXCERPTS)
D METHODS OF ANALYSIS
E SOURCES OF POLLUTION
F SUMMARY OF TABLES FROM STREAM AND
PLANT STUDY DATA
G DANGERS INHERENT IN INADEQUATELY
TREATED DOMESTIC SEWAGE
H LISTING OF SAMPLING STATIONS
I STREAM FLOWS DURING WINTER-1973
J FLOWS AT SIOUX FALLS, SOUTH DAKOTA,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
K BIOLOGICAL STUDIES DATA-FALL 1972
AND WINTER 1973
vii
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS
BOD
GOD
DO
MPN
MF
N02-N
TKN
TOC
Total P
RM
CaC03
Ca(OH).
WWTP
N
pH
1
lm/m2
mg/1
yg/1
Biochemical Oxygen Demand, 5-day
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Dissolved Oxygen
Most Probable Number
Membrane Filter
Ammonia as Nitrogen
Nitrate and Nitrite as Nitrogen
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen
Total Organic Carbon
Total Phosphorus
River Mileage (e.g. 76.2/5.8) with first number
denoting distance from mouth of the Big Sioux River
to the confluence with a tributary stream, and
second value indicating distance upstream of mouth
of the tributary stream
Calcium Carbonate
Calcium Hydroxide
Wastewater Treatment Plant
Normal solution, one that contains 1 gram equivalent
weight of solute per liter of solution
The logarithm (base 10) of the reciprocal of the
hydrogen ion concentration
Volume in liters = 0.2642 gallons
Measurement of light intensity » 10.76 foot candle
Concentration given in milligrams per liter
11 " micrograms "
viii
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS (Cont.)
m - Length in meters = 3.281 feet or 1.094 yards
km - Distance in kilometers •=> 0.621 miles
cm - Length in centimeters = 0.3937 in. or 0.03281 ft.
C - Temperature in degrees Celsius » 5/9 (°F-32)
o
cfs - Flow rate given in cubic feet per second
= 0.0283 cubic meters per second or
28.3 liters per second
cfm - Flow rate given in cubic feet per minute
= 0.4720 liters per second
3
gpd - Flow rate in gallons per day = 0.003785 m /day
gpm - Flow rate in gallons per minute = 0.0631 liters
per second
3
m /sec - Flow rate in cubic meters per second <= 22.81 million
gallons per second
mgd - Flow rate in million gallons per day
= 3.785 cubic meters per day
ymhos/cm - Unit of specific conductance (mho—the inverse of
the standard unit of electrical resistance, the ohm)
measured over a 1-cm distance, conventionally at 25°C
kg - Weight in kilograms = 2.205 pounds
ppm - Concentration given in parts per million parts
ix
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I. INTRODUCTION
In the past, water-quality problems in the Big Sioux River have
been manifested by the severe depletion of oxygen resources and by exces-
sive ammonia concentrations downstream of Sioux Falls, South Dakota.
Low-flow conditions occur periodically in the Big Sioux River, thus
increasing its vulnerability to the effects of carbonaceous and nitro-
genous waste loads. A major source of these wastes is the Sioux Falls
Wastewater Treatment Plant that in turn receives large x^astewater inputs
from two meat-packing plants, the John Morrell and Company and Meilman
Food Industries (formerly Spencer Foods, Inc.).
The Big Sioux River forms the boundary between South Dakota and
Iowa from near Sioux Falls downstream to its confluence with the Missouri
River near Sioux City, Iowa. In February 1972— the Iowa State Department
of Health conducted a limited water-quality survey of the lower Big
Sioux River. This study concluded that as a result of waste discharges
in South Dakota the Iowa Water Quality Standards for dissolved oxygen
and ammonia were being violated. On 6 September 1972 Governor Robert
D. Ray of Iowa requested EPA to call an enforcement conference, according
to Section 10(D)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as
amended. The Administrator of EPA replied to the Governor's letter on
21 November 1972, subsequent to the passage of the Federal Water Pol-
lution Control Act Amendments of 1972. In his letter, the Administrator
emphasized the regulatory procedures for pollution control under the new
legislation (i.e. , the permits system) and suggested that representatives
of the States of Iowa, Minnesota, and South Dakota and the EPA hold an
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informal meeting in a cooperative and coordinated effort toward deter-
mining effluent limitations for all waste sources affecting the Big
Sioux River. Moreover, the Administrator indicated that the agreements
reached at this meeting may be later incorporated in the permits issued
for these waste sources.
The National Field Investigations Center-Denver (NFIC-D) was re-
quested by EPA Regions VII and VIII to conduct water-quality investi-
gations in the Big Sioux River and selected tributaries prior to and
during critical conditions of low flow and ice cover. The first phase
of these investigations was undertaken during the period 15 September-
5 October 1972 and was directed toward determining the effects of waste
discharges on the water quality of the Big Sioux River and the resultant
influences upon aquatic organisms. The second phase of the study in-
cluded evaluating major waste sources and determining the effects of
their discharges on receiving-water quality. The emphasis was placed
on the evaluation of the Sioux Falls Wastewater Treatment Plant that,
as indicated earlier, represents the major source of pollution in the
basin. The investigations were conducted 24 January through 10 February
1973 and concentrated on the following objectives:
1. To characterize water quality in the Big Sioux River and its
tributaries during critical low-flow, winter conditions and to
determine whether or not interstate violations of Iowa Water
Quality Standards occurred.
2. To evaluate existing waste-treatment processes at the Sioux
Falls Wastewater Treatment Plant and to determine what improve-
ments are needed to comply with existing water-quality standards
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and the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972.
3. To characterize major waste sources in the Big Sioux River
Basin.
4. To provide recommendations for the development of compatible
interstate water-quality standards for the Big Sioux River
Basin States of Iowa, South Dakota, and Minnesota.
5. To provide technical information for the development of dis-
charge permits pursuant to the requirements for the National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972.
In these investigations valuable information and assistance were
received from personnel of the City of Sioux Falls Wastewater Treatment
Plant and from municipal, industrial, State, and Federal officials. The
cooperation extended by these many individuals is gratefully acknowledged.
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II. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
During the fall of 1972 and winter of 1973, studies were conducted
to assess water quality in the Big Sioux River Basin, which comprises
portions of Iowa, Minnesota, and South Dakota. A summary of the find-
ings of these studies is as follows:
A. FALL STREAM SURVEY, 1972
1. Widespread urban, agricultural, and industrial pollution sources
caused varying degrees of water-quality degradation in reaches of the
Big Sioux River from Estelline, South Dakota (RM 263.5), to Sioux City,
Iowa (RM 2.2). Dissolved-oxygen studies and examination of the stream
biota disclosed that the most severe pollution occurred downstream from
the City of Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Major sources of pollution in
this area included "condenser" waters from the John Morrell and Company
(RM 143.2), process wastes from Spencer Foods, Inc. (now Meilman Food
Industries, RM 154.2), and wastewaters discharged from the Sioux Falls
Wastewater Treatment Plant (RM 143.0).
2. During the fall, nitrogen was found to be the growth-limiting
nutrient in test waters upstream of the Sioux Falls, South Dakota,
municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant.
3. Algal assays indicated that there is sufficient nitrogen in
the effluent from the Sioux Falls Wastewater Treatment Plant to stimu-
late algal growth in the Big Sioux River. However, field studies demon-
strated that algal growth was reduced in the river downstream from the
municipal wastewater treatment plant. This inhibition of primary pro-
duction could have resulted from toxic chlorine and chloramines in the
effluent.
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B. WINTER 1973 STUDY (WASTE-SOURCES EVALUATION)
John Morrell and Company
1. The John Morrell and Company plays the dominant role in con-
tributing to municipal wastewater treatment plant loadings, especially
in contrast to the operating costs the firm is required to pay. During
the seven-day evaluation Morrell accounted for 67 percent of the BOD
load, 78 percent of the suspended solids, 70 percent of the total
Kjeldahl nitrogen, and 57 percent of the total phosphorus entering the
t
Sioux Falls Wastewater Treatment Plant. The contract between Morrell
and the City of Sioux Falls, which is valid until 1 September 1975,
requires annual sewer charges of $16,000 per year. This represents
only 4.4 percent of the 1973 operating costs ($359,972) for the municipal
wastewater treatment plant.
2. Current abatement plans by the John Morrell and Company call for
reductions of present loadings of BOD and suspended solids to the treatment
plant by 60 and 75 percent, respectively, by approximately 1 January 1974.
Meilman Food Industries (Formerly Spencer Foods, Inc.)
1. The abatement plans by John Morrell and Company (previously
mentioned) will be largely offset by the recent connection of Meilman
Food Industries into the Sioux Falls Wastewater Treatment Plant.
Because wastewaters from Meilman discharge to the domestic sewerage
system and enter the combined domestic-industrial activated sludge
system, pretreatment in the two-stage trickling filter system is pre-
cluded. Consequently, even though Morrell decreases their daily average
BOD loading to the wastewater treatment plant by about 19,050 kg
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(42,000 Ib), the addition of a predicted 5,440 kg (12,000 Ib) from
Meilman will increase the BOD loading to the City activated sludge
system by approximately 725 kg/day (1,600 Ib/day).
Sioux Falls, South Dakota, Wastewater Treatment Plant
1. Removal efficiencies measured during the 24-31 January 1973
study were as follows:
Parameters Removals (%)
BOD 89
COD 88
TOG 89
Suspended Solids 93
Nitrogen 22
Total P 22
Considering both the effect of winter temperatures on biological systems
and the organic overloads to the activated sludge system, one sees that
these removals reflect a high degree of expertise on the part of plant
personnel. However, the waste loadings discharged to the Big Sioux
River were substantial. During the seven-day evaluation the effluent
from the municipal treatment plant contributed, to the Big Sioux River,
average daily loads of 3,370 kg BODj>7,420 Ib @ 99 mg/1), 1,170 kg
'v ^
suspended solids (2,590 Ib @ 37 mg/1); 1,690 kg total Kjeldahl nitrogen
(3,720 Ib @ 51 mg/1); and 470 kg total phosphorus (1,040 Ib @ 14 mg/1).
The by-pass of the municipal treatment plant added another 730 kg BOD
(1,620 Ib @ 1,010 mg/1); 187 kg suspended solids (413 Ib @ 429 mg/1);
67 kg total Kjeldahl nitrogen (148 Ib @ 131 mg/1); and 14 kg total
phosphorus (31 Ib (§ 22 rag/1).
The removal efficiencies during the study are in marked contrast
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to previously reported removals. Wastewater-treatraent-plant data show-
Ing the operations from July 1970 to September 1972 indicate that the
monthly average influent BOD loads ranged from 39,690 to 70,010 kg/day
(87,500 to 154,350 Ib/day). During the same period the final effluent BOD
load discharged to the Big Sioux River varied from 365 to 1,400 kg/day
(800-3,100 Ib/day). Overall BOD removal efficiencies, based on load fig-
ures, ranged from about 96 percent to greater than 99 percent. The aver-
age BOD loadings during the 24-31 January study were only 36,110 kg/day
(79,600 Ib/day); however, the average waste load discharged was
4,100 kg/day (9,040 Ib/day), nearly three times as high as previously
reported monthly averages.
2. The activated sludge portion of the Sioux Falls municipal treat-
ment plant was grossly overloaded organically, thus corroborating the
2/
findings of a previous, 1972 EPA study.— Overloads were evidenced
by average food-to-microorganism (F/M) ratios of 1.1 g BOD/g (1.1 Ib
BOD/lb) mixed-liquor suspended solids (MLSS) under aeration and by
3 3
loadings of 2,676 g/m (167 Ib BOD/1,000 ft ) aeration-tank volume.
Overloading was particularly evident in the quality of the effluent
where, contrary to theory, the BOD exceeded the concentrations of
suspended solids (99 mg/1 vs. 37 mg/1).
3. Generally, the Sioux Falls, South Dakota, Wastewater Treatment
Plant is ineffective in removing nitrogen as evidenced by overall re-
movals of 22 percent. Overall "removals" of the total Kjeldahl nitrogen
were 33 percent, resulting in a discharge, to the Big Sioux River, of
1,680 kg/day (3,720 Ib/day @ 51 mg/1) in the effluent and 67 kg/day
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(148 Ib/day @ 131 mg/1) in the bypass. Much of this unoxidized nitrogen
is needlessly discharged as a result of current, sludge-lagoon super-
natant handling practices. During the seven-day study a daily average
of 970 kg (2,150 Ib @ 1,280 mg/1) of total Kjeldahl nitrogen, once having
been segregated from the system, was reintroduced for subsequent discharge.
The abatement program of the John Morrell and Company may signi-
ficantly decrease the TKN loading to the municipal treatment plant.
Although Morrell officials are not prepared to estimate TKN-removal
efficiencies, the fact that 85-percent of the total Kjeldahl nitrogen
remains in the organic form should enable significant reductions by
means of the capture of proteinaceous solids material. On the other
hand, the addition of wastes, effected by the recent connection of
Meilman Food Industries, will offset this reduction to some degree.
C. WINTER 1973 STUDY (STREAM SURVEY)
1. Although there are numerous waste sources in the Big Sioux
River Basin [Appendix E], the City of Sioux Falls, South Dakota, was
demonstrated to be a substantially more significant one than any of the
others in adversely affecting the quality of the Big Sioux River. Con-
sequently, any future improvement of water quality in the Big Sioux
will largely be determined by abatement measures required of the
Sioux Falls municipality.
2. Average concentrations of dissolved oxygen upstream of the Sioux
Falls area (RM 243.9 near Volga, South Dakota,to RM 162.2 near Renner,
South Dakota) ranged from 10.9 mg/1 to 8.9 mg/1, indicative of an abundant
oxygen resource. Downstream from the Sioux Falls area, however, the
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wastewaters emanating from the Sioux Falls Wastewater Treatment Plant
(RM 143.0) and the waters from the Rock River (RM 76.2) created a
severely restricted oxygen resource. At RM 80.9, near Hudson, South
Dakota, dissolved-oxygen concentrations were in violation of the South
Dakota criterion of 5.0 mg/1 on five of ten days (average =4.8 mg/1).
Iowa Water Quality Standards, on the other hand, specify that the dis-
solved oxygen should not be less than 5 mg/1 during any 16-hr period
nor less than 4.0 mg/1 at any time during the 24-hr period. In the
river reach extending from Hawarden, Iowa (RM 66.9), downstream to
near Sioux City, Iowa (RM 5.0), DO concentrations were, in 22 of the
24 samples collected over the ten-day period, in violation of both
Iowa and South Dakota criteria. At RM 5.0 the average DO concentration
was 2.3 mg/1, indicative of a severely restricted oxygen resource.
3. The bacteriological quality of the Big Sioux River between
RM 243.9 near Volga, South Dakota, and RM 143.2, immediately upstream
of the wastewater treatment plant, was acceptable, with no log mean
fecal-coliform bacterial density greater than 200/100 ml. Discharges
from the Sioux Falls Wastewater Treatment Plant resulted in unacceptable
bacterial quality between RM 143.0 and 128.5, approximately 2.5 km
(1.5 mi) upstream of the Iowa-South Dakota state line. Log mean fecal-
coliform bacterial densities ranged from 1,400 to 13,000/100 ml.
Salmonella, attributable to the municipal treatment plant, were isolated
In the Big Sioux River. The bacterial quality downstream from the state
line (RM 127.0 to RM 5.0) was found to be acceptable with log mean fecal-
coliform bacterial densities not exceeding 240/100 ml.
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4. Concentrations of ammonia nitrogen were excessive downstream
from the Sioux Falls, South Dakota, area as a result of discharges from
the Sioux Falls Wastewater Treatment Plant. Whereas average concen-
trations upstream of Sioux Falls did not exceed 0.88 mg/1, downstream
from the Sioux Falls Wastewater Treatment Plant they reached as high
as 6.57 mg/1 (at RM 134.5). Bioassays performed on the effluent from
the municipal treatment plant indicated a 96-hr TL of 63.5 percent
effluent or 35.5 mg/1 NH -N. Applying a standard application factor
of 1/20 yielded a chronic toxicity level for channel catfish of approxi-
mately three percent effluent or 1.8 mg/1 NH -N. Other unidentified
components present in the effluent could also increase or inhibit the
toxicity of NH . However, the calculated chronic toxicity level
(1.8 mg/1 NH.-N) closely correlates with the 2 mg/1 criterion widely
accepted as the maximum concentration of NH_-N allowable in receiving
waters. Thus, other components did not significantly influence ammonia
toxicity levels determined in the study.
The South Dakota Water Quality Standards do not include a NH -N
criterion; however, the Iowa Water Quality Standards stipulate that
NH_-N shall not exceed 2.0 mg/1. From the Iowa-South Dakota state line,
at RM 127.0, to the furthest downstream station, at RM 5.0, 100 percent
of the 47 samples collected exceeded 2.0 mg/1 NH.-N, thus violating Iowa
Water Quality Standards. Average NH -N concentrations varied from
4.56 mg/1 at RM 106.2, near Canton, South Dakota, to 2.32 mg/1 at
RM 5.0, near Sioux City, Iowa.
5. Mass-balance analyses employing decreases in stream TKN
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loadings and increases in NO. 4- NO.-N loadings, between Sioux Falls,
South Dakota (RM 141.2) and Akron, Iowa (RM 46.8), were unable to
demonstrate any significant degree of nitrification occurring in the
Big Sioux River. There remains, however, a significant, potential
nitrogenous oxygen demand during the warmer periods of the year when
stream temperatures are amenable to the growth of nitrifying organisms.
6. Algal assay studies showed phosphorus to be the growth-limiting
nutrient, during the winter, in test waters ups-tream of the Sioux Falls
Wastewater Treatment Plant. There is sufficient phosphorus in the
Sioux Falls Wastewater Treatment Plant effluent to stimulate algal
growth in the Big Sioux River.
7. The Rock River was found to have a detrimental effect upon
the Big Sioux River. This was manifested in lower DO concentrations
and sustained, excessive NH_-N concentrations. The average DO concen-
tration on the Rock River (RM 76.2/5.8) was 3.0 mg/1, in violation of
the Iowa 4.0-mg/l criterion on nine of ten days sampled. NH--N concen-
trations (average « 2.13 mg/1) were in violation of the Iowa 2.0 mg/1
criterion on eight of ten days. The State of Minnesota has ordered
that dischargers to the Rock River (including the towns of Luverne and
Edgerton, Minnesota, and the Iowa Beef Packers Plant at Luverne) provide
180 days storage of wastewater flows with controlled release during
periods of adequate streamflow. If Luverne and Edgerton desire to have
a continuous discharge, the effluent must have BOD and suspended solids
concentrations less than or equal to 5 mg/1.
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III. RECOMMENDATIONS
In order to protect the water quality of Big Sioux River and its
tributaries and to attain compliance with the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act Amendments of 1972, it is recommended that:
1. The waste discharge permit issued to the City of Sioux Falls
under the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System include the
following effluent limitations (daily average concentrations):
a) BOD?= 10 mg/1;
b) SS = 15"mg/l;
c) TKN = 2 mg/1;
The permit further stipulates that continuous disinfection be provided
with no monthly average (logarithmic mean) fecal-coliform bacterial
density exceeding 200/100 ml and no weekly average exceeding 400/100 ml;
2. The City of Sioux Falls establish enforceable pretreatment
standards for those pollutants that are not susceptible to treatment
by the municipal system or which may pass through, or otherwise inter-
fere with, its operation, and that the ordinance establishing the pre-
treatment standards must include adequate sewer charges for all indus-
trial waste sources to assure equitable recovery of treatment costs;
3. Bypassing of wastewaters by the City of Sioux Falls be
eliminated;
4. The States of Iowa and Minnesota investigate all sources of
wastewaters that could adversely affect the Rock River system and
initiate appropriate abatement actions to insure compliance with the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972; and
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5. Existing water quality standards covering the Big Sioux River
Basin for the States of South Dakota, Iowa, and Minnesota include the
following additions or deletions applicable to all waters of the Big
Sioux River Basin:
A. South Dakota
1. The intermittent classification with its resultant lesser
quality requirements be abolished;
2. The minimum use on the Big Sioux River be classified for
Desirable Species of Aquatic Life and Secondary Contact
Recreation (boating, fishing and etc.);
3. A year-round DO criterion be established, requiring that
DO concentrations shall not be less than 5 mg/1, except for
4 mg/1 during short periods of time within a 24-hr period;
4. Consistent with the previously mentioned use classification,
fecal coliform densities not exceed a geometric mean of
2,000/100 ml;
5. South Dakota Water Quality Standards do not include an
ammonia nitrogen criterion; therefore, it is recommended
that such a criterion be established consistent with
Iowa and Minnesota requirements that NH.-N concentrations
not exceed 2.0 mg/1;
B. Iowa
1. The minimum use on the Big Sioux River be classified for
Desirable Species of Aquatic Life and Secondary Contact
Recreation (boating, fishing and etc.);
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2. Currently no fecal coliform criterion exists; therefore,
it is recommended that Iowa establish a fecal coliforra
criterion requiring that geometric mean densities not
exceed 2,000/100 ml;
C. Minnesota
1. Currently no fecal coliform criterion exists; therefore,
it is recommended that Minnesota establish a fecal coliform
criterion requiring that geometric mean densities not
exceed 2,000/100 ml;
2. Minnesota Water Quality Standards provide that the DO
concentration must be greater than or equal to 3.0 mg/1
from 1 June-31 March on all tributaries of the Big Sioux
River with the exception of Split Rock Creek where it must
be at least 5.0 mg/1; therefore, it is recommended that
Minnesota adopt a DO criterion requiring that concentra-
tions shall not be less than 5 mg/1 except for 4 mg/1
during short periods of time within a 24-hr period.
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16
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17
IV. DESCRIPTION OF AREA ,
A. PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION
The Big Sioux River Basin is located in eastern South Dakota,
southwestern Minnesota, and northwestern Iowa [Figure IV-1 inside back
cover and Figure IV-2]. Approximately sixty-nine percent of its drainage
2
area (about 24,800 km or 9,570 sq mi) is located in South Dakota,
with 15 and 16 percent of the area located in Iowa and Minnesota,
2
respectively. About 5,100 km (1,970 sq mi) of the South Dakota
portion of the Basin does not contribute surface runoff to the Big
Sioux River. The mean elevation of the basin is approximately 430 m
(1,400 ft) above sea level.
The Big Sioux River originates north of Watertown, South Dakota,
and flows southward, about 675 km (420 river mi), to join the Missouri
River near Sioux City, Iowa. The Rock River is the largest tributary,
2
draining most of the Minnesota and Iowa portions of the basin (4,400 km
or 1,700 sq mi). Another tributary is Skunk Creek which has a drainage
2
of 1,400 km (540 sq mi) and enters the Big Sioux River at Sioux Falls,
South Dakota. One other important tributary is Split Rock Creek which
enters the Big Sioux River approximately 5 km (3 mi) upstream of the
South Dakota-Iowa state line.
B. POPULATION AND THE ECONOMY
The topography within the basin varies from nearly level land to
steep bluffs. The northern portion of the basin is primarily flat land
with numerous pot holes and shallow lakes (caused by glaciers that once
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18
covered the area) and a poorly defined drainage pattern. There is
little or no surface runoff to the Big Sioux River from most of this
area. Downstream from Sioux Falls drainage patterns are well defined,
and the river has developed a flood plain. This plain varies from 1 to
5 km (0.5 to 3 mi) in width. Near its mouth, the river flows across the
Missouri River flood plain. Hills flanking the flood plain become pro-
gressively steeper and higher between Akron, Iowa, and the Missouri
River bluffs.
Throughout most of the length of the Big Sioux River its channel
is located in alluvial materials and is characterized by a meandering
path with tree lined pools and shallow riffles. At normal and low-flow
stages, flow velocities are slow and could approach zero in some lo-
cations. Two exceptions to the typical characteristics of the river are
the Dells of the Big Sioux near Dell Rapids where the river cuts through
a narrow rocky canyon, and the falls, in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, where
the river flows over a rocky outcrop. "The falls provide aeration of the
river, often producing saturated dissolved oxygen levels.
Within the Big Sioux River Basin, as over most of the country,
there has been a gradual movement of people from rural to urban areas.
From 19AO to 1960 the basin population increased 11 percent; from 1960
to 1970 it decreased two percent. The basin population was, at the time
of the 1970 census, approximately 215,000 people. Most of the growth
has occurred in the Sioux Falls Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area
(SMSA), which had a 1970 population equal to A5 percent (95,209) of the
basin total. Except for Brookings and Watertown, South Dakota, with
1970 population levels greater than 13,000, the remaining segment of
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V **~r T
L- 1
SCALE IN MILES
LEGEND
SAMPLE LOCATIONS
SEPTEMBER AND
OCTOBER. 1972
JANUARY AND
FEBRUARY. 1973
SOUTH DAKOTA
IOWA
Figure IV-2. Sampling Locations, Big Sioux River and Selected 'Tributaries,
Sioux Falls, South Dakota and Vicinity.
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19
the basin population is located in small communities and on farms. Most
of the future population growth of the basin is expected to occur in
these three metropolitan areas.
Agriculture and related enterprises are the principal constituents
of the basin's economy. The entire basin contains fertile farmland that
produces high yields of corn, alfalfa, oats, and other feed crops. Farms
throughout the basin are involved in cash-grain operations. Farm units
2
average about one per km (two to three per sq mi). In addition, most
farms have some livestock production which includes beef and dairy cattle,
sheep, and swine. The basin contains approximately 110,000 cattle on
feed, 500,000 hogs, 200,000 sheep, and 1,500,000 chickens.
Livestock raising is generally found in the upper portion of the
basin, and livestock feeding operations are located in the lower, or
more southerly areas. Five cattle feeders in the basin carry more than
1,000 head. Very few hog, sheep, or poultry operations are large. Of
the total annual cash farm income ($210 million) three-fourths is gen-
erated from sales of livestock, poultry, and related products.
Sioux Falls, South Dakota, has a number of manufacturing plants
and is the central distributing center for many wholesale companies and
sales outlets. According to the 1970 census, 5,835 people were employed
in manufacturing activities, with 75 percent of these involved in the
category of food and associated products. About half the people of this
75 percentage were employed in the meatpacking industry centered in
Sioux Falls. The John Morrell and Company packing plant, located there,
is one of the largest meat-packing plants in the nation. The Sioux Falls
Livestock Market ranks among the top ten in the nation.
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20
C. HYDROLOGY
The primary source of water In the Big Sioux River is direct sur-
face runoff from many small westward flowing tributary streams. The
Rock River, a major tributary, contributes more than 30 percent of the
entire basin's annual flow. Skunk Creek, the principal western tributary,
contributes only six percent of the average annual river flow. All of
the runoff in the contributing area of the basin is uncontrolled. During
2
the irrigation season diversions and return flows from about 12 km
(3,000 acres) of land upstream of Sioux Falls cause minor changes in
stream flows. (Irrigation permits, granted up to 1969, would allow
2
expansion of this area to approximately 57 km or 14,000 acres.)
Of the annual basin runoff about 70 percent results from spring
snowmelt and rain during the months of March through June. Most of this
runoff is diverted from the lower part of the basin where the precipi-
tation rate is greatest. During the remainder of the year, particularly
during fall and winter months, ground-water storage is the principal
source of streamflow. These ground-water resources are stored in areas
of glacial outwash and alluvial deposits located along both glacial melt,
water channels, and stream valleys. Recharge to the ground-water aquifers
is primarily from precipitation filtering into the outwash deposits.
Near Watertown, South Dakota, in the upper reaches of the basin,
the Big Sioux River does not normally flow during the fall and winter
months. Downstream at Brookings the river flow has reached zero only
a few times in the past two decades. From Dell Rapids on downstream,
the river flow has never been recorded as zero for accretion from
ground water sustains the river flow during fall and winter months.
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21
The stream flows within the basin are highly variable. During the
March through June period when most of the suface runoff occurs, the
flow variation is the greatest. For example, during the past two
3
decades, the average April flow has varied from 1.3 to 173 m /sec (45 to
6,104 cfs) in the Big Sioux River at Sioux Falls. For the period of
record it has had instantaneous flow readings that varied from 0.01 to
3
390 m Is (0.5 to 13,800 cfs). The one- and seven-day minimum flows
3
occurring once in ten years are 0.03 and 0.05 m /s (1.0 and 1.6 cfs) .
respectively. The flow variation can also be illustrated [Table IV-1]
using mean monthly stream flows in the following table as reported by
the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration.—
TABLE IV-1
MEAN FLOW OF BIG SIOUX RIVER AT SIOUX FALLS, SOUTH DAKOTA
Flow Flow
Month
October
November
December
January
Feb ruary
March
m fs
2.6
2.1
1.3
0.6
3.5
19.0
(cfs)
(93)
(75)
(47)
(22)
(123)
(671)
Month
April
May
June
July
Augus t
September
m fs
34.8
16.0
17.9
11.2
6.3
3.7
(cfs)
(1,228)
(564)
(634)
(397)
(223)
(131)
As indicated in the South Dakota Water Quality Standards [Appen-
dix A], provisions are made for streams that sometimes fall into the
intermittent-stream use category. This category alters water-quality
requirements to meet various beneficial uses when the flow in the river
is less than a specified flow. The intermittent classification is in
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22
effect downstream from Sioux Falls when flows at Brandon, South Dakota,
are less than:
Flow
Season m /s (cfs)
Summer 2.5 (90)
(June 15-September 15)
Fall 1.0 (35)
(September 15-December 15)
Winter 1.7 (60)
(December 15-March 15)
Spring 1.0 (35)
(March 15-June 15)
The intermittent-stream use category generally is in effect from the
middle of December through the end of February but also applies to some
late summer or early fall periods.
There have been periods in which the flow of the Big Sioux River,
downstream from Sioux Falls, was at least 50 percent wastewaters
[Figure IV-3], The duration of these periods has varied from less-
than-one to greater than seven months. Although South Dakota clas-
sifies the Big Sioux as an intermittent stream during low-flow
conditions, Iowa, the bordering state, does not have similar criteria.
As a consequence, Iowa requires maintenance of considerably higher
water quality during low-flow periods than does South Dakota.
Within the Big Sioux River Basin virtually all the incorporated
municipalities obtain their water supply from ground-water sources —
with the exception of Sioux Falls and Watertown, South Dakota, which
use a combination of both surface and ground water. Sioux Falls only
-------
1966-.67.
1965-66
1964-65
1963-64
1S62-63
1961-62
APR
MAY
JUH
JUL
AUG
0
S
EP
A4V.A., (
v
LAJ
OCT
L£fc*r-t, ...
f
1
<0'
ftiifti
/
I
)EC
U i,
I.
"i
l^s. .
J
i
A
I
N
A. ^ ,
Ti- —i
^i.,
Jw^
FEB
]
M
1
•i-t:
J
A
'J,
?
R
'"J
J966-6Z
J965-66
1964-65
1963-64
1962-63
1961-62,
Figure !V-3. Periods During which Wastevvaters vme>50 Percent of Flows in the
Big Sioux River Downstream from Sioux Fails, South Dakota
(June 1961-P/iarch 1967)
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23
uses these surface-water intakes during peak summer conditions. This
amounts to 0 to 1.5 percent of its total annual water production. Most
of the wells for the municipalities are less than 150 m (500 ft) deep,
but range in depth from 6 to 410 m (20 to 1,360 ft). The deeper wells
(greater than 240 m or 800 ft) have more highly mineralized water than
do the shallow wells. Most of the municipalities (85 percent) have
water systems, but only 45 percent of these have treatment plants. The
average daily water consumption of Sioux Falls during 1970 was approxi-
mately 42,770 m /day (11.3 mgd). The Sioux Falls municipal plant has
3
been recently (1971) expanded to a total capacity of 196,820 m /day
(52 mgd), with the majority of the supply collected from the Big Sioux
River Aquifer. (This aquifer, located in the valley north of the city,
is about 30 km or 18 mi long and from 2.5 to 3 km or 1.5 to 2 mi in width.)
D. CLIMATE
The climate of the Big Sioux River Basin may be described as mid-
continental, sub-humid, and subject to rapid temperature fluctuation.
Temperature extremes range from minus 41 to plus 46°C (-42° to 115°F);
the basin has an average annual temperature of about 7°C (45CF). The
frost-free period ranges from about 160 to 130 days in the southern
and northern part of the basin, respectively.
Precipitation is greatest in the southeastern part of the basin,
averaging about 66 cm (26 in) — with the range being from 38 to 109 cm
(15 to 43 in) per year. The annual precipitation decreases to about
51 cm (20 in) — with the range being from 33 to 76 cm (13 to 30 in)
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24
In the northwestern part of the basin. Approximately three-fourths of
the annual rainfall occurs between the months of April and September,
with the greatest portion falling during June. Approximately 15 to
20 percent of the average annual precipitation is in the form of snow
or sleet.
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25
V. WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
A. INTRODUCTION
The Big Sioux River and/or its tributaries flow through or border
the States of Iowa, Minnesota, and South Dakota. Waters of the Big
Sioux River are subject to applicable, Federally approved water quality
standards promulgated under the provisions of the Water Quality Act
of 1965.
Pursuant to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of
1972, existing water-quality standards for interstate waters are pre-
served. In addition, the Amendments require that water-quality standards
be extended to intrastate waters during the first year after enactment
of the Act.
The objective of the 1972 Amendments is to restore and maintain the
chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation's waters.
National goals established to achieve the stated objective include:
1) that the discharge of pollutants into the navigable waters be eli-
minated by 1985; 2) that wherever attainable, an interim goal of water
quality that provides for the protection and propagation of fish,
shellfish and wildlife, and provides for recreation in and on the water
be achieved by 1 July 1983; and 3) that the water-quality standards
established shall be such that they protect the public health and wel-
fare, enhance the quality of water, and serve the purposes of the Act.
It is the policy of the Environmental Protection Agency that all
waters, as part of the National Water Quality Standards program, should
be protected for recreational uses in or on the water and for the
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26
preservation and propagation of desirable species of aquatic biota. Use
and value of water for public water supplies and for agricultural, indus-
trial, and other purposes, as well as navigation, shall also be con-
sidered in setting standards.
In applying this policy, the terms "recreational use" and "desir-
able species of aquatic biota" must be given common-sense application.
It is the policy of EPA that the existence of man-made pollution should
be viewed as a problem to be solved, not as an impediment in assigning
this use classification.
The Amendments also require that all point sources of pollution
other than publicly owned treatment works that discharge directly into
the waters of the United States are required to achieve, not later than
1 July 1977, effluent limitations which shall require the application
of the best practicable control technology currently available as deter-
mined by the EPA. Not later than 1 July 1983, the same point sources
must achieve effluent limitations that shall require the application of
the best available technology economically achievable as determined by
the EPA. Point sources discharging into publicly owned treatment works
must comply with pretreatment standards promulgated by the EPA. Pub-
licly owned treatment works must meet effluent limitations, by 1 July
1977, that are based on secondary treatment and, by 1 July 1983, the
best practicable waste treatment technology.
In cases where compliance with prescribed effluent limitations will
not achieve a level of water quality to comply with water-quality
standards, EPA shall impose the more stringent effluent limitations,
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27
as would be necessary to achieve that goal, taking into account the
benefits derived and the cost involved.
B. EXISTING WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
South Dakota Water Quality Standards established certain uses to be
protected on the Big Sioux River [Appendix A]. Protection of specific
uses is ensured by the maintenance of water quality as determined by
the measurement of certain parameters. [In Table V-l is a summary of
the critical levels for these parameters.] Although there are differ-
ences in the water uses designated for each reach, the critical levels
of many of the various pollutants are the same.
The South Dakota Water Quality Standards call for intermittent
stream, water-quality criteria [Table V-2] to apply when the flow in a
stream becomes zero or less than the daily average flow of wastewater.
Between the lower end of the Sioux Falls Diverson Ditch and Klondike
Dam, determination of applicable stream criteria is somewhat more
complex. When the flows in the Big Sioux River at Brandon, South Dakota,
equal or exceed the flows specified in the South Dakota Standards [Table
V-3], the respective criterion of 4.0 mg/1, or 5.0 mg/1 dissolved oxygen,
applies from Klondike Dam to the lower end of the Sioux Falls Diversion
Ditch. When flows at Brandon are less than those indicated for 4 mg/1
DO, the "Intermittent Stream" category applies [Table V-3]. The Big
Sioux River downstream from Sioux Falls is frequently classified under
this intermittent category during low flow, fall and winter periods.
From immediately south of Sioux Falls, South Dakota, to Sioux City,
Iowa, the Big Sioux River and several tributaries are subject to Iowa
-------
TABLE V-l
oo
SOUTH DAKOTA WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
BIG SIOUX RIVER BASIN
Summary of Critical Levels for Designated Reaches
REACH
Parameter
D.O.
H.S
Sus. Solids
NO-
TDS
Iron (total)
Alkalinity (as CaCOj)
Cyanides
pH ./
Temp. °F-'
Turbidity (JTU) -
Elect. Conductivity —
en
SAR
Soluble Sodium Z
Missouri River
to Klondike Dam
5.0 mg/1
1.0
90
50
700-1,500
0.2
750
0.02
6.3-9.0
90
100
1,000-2,500
10-26
30-70
Klondike Dam to
Sioux Falls
Diversion Ditch
S.O^ mg/1
1.0
90
50
700-1,500
0.2
750
0.02
6.3-9.0
90
100
1,000-2,500
10-26
30-70
Sioux Falls
Diversion Ditch
to Headwaters
5.0 mg/1
1.0
90
45
1,000
0.2
750
0.02
6.3-9.0
90
100
1,000-2,500
10-26
30-70
All Tributaries^
50 mg/1
700-1,500
750
/6.0-9.5
1,000-2,500
10-26
30-70
Coliform
Fecal Coliform
Water
.5,000 monthly
100 ml average
200
monthly^-'
20,000
100 ml
1.000
100 ml average
2d,3a,3b,4,5
monthly^
52 of
samples
100 ml average
2d,2e,3b,4,5
1,000 monthly^
100 ml average
2d,l,2e,3b,4,5
.000
monthly^'
100 ml average
£/ Owens Creek is also classified 2c and 3b.
b/ See Appendix A for variation in D.O. criterion with flow.
£/ These values are equivalent to 32°C.
d/ Recreation criteria (3a, 3b) will normally apply only during the summer recreation season.
However, if the receiving waters are used extensively for winter recreation, the criteria
for limited contact recreation (3b) shall apply during the winter months.
£/ This value applies during irrigation season only.
fj See Appendix A for description of water uses.
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29
TABLE V-2
SUMMARY OF INTERMITTENT STREAM CRITERIA
SOUTH DAKOTA WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
BIG SIOUX RIVER BASIN
Parameter Limit
BOD 30 mg/1
Suspended Solids 30 mg/1
pH 6.0-9.5
Coliforms < 20,000/100 mi-monthly average
< 50,000/100 mi-single sample
TABLE V-3
FLOW-DEPENDENT, DISSOLVED-OXYGEN CRITERION
— FROM KLONDIKE DAM TO THE LOWER END OF SIOUX FALLS DIVERSION DITCH
SOUTH DAKOTA WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
BIG SIOUX RIVER BASIN
4.0 mg/1 5.0 mg/1
1970 . 1970 .
Season (flow-cfs)-' (flow-cfs)-'
Summer
(June 15-Sept. 15) 90 160
Fall
(Sept. 15-Dec. 15) 35 45
Winter
(Dec. 15-Mar. 15) 60 70
Spring
(Mar. 15-June 15) 35 45
aj The metric flow equivalent is 1 cfs =• 0.0283 m /s.
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30
Water Quality Standards [Appendix B]. Iowa Standards designate that the
entire reach of the Big Sioux River bordering Iowa as well as the Rock
River are classified as warm-water areas for the propagation of aquatic
life. In addition, the Rock River upstream of Rock Rapids is classified
for primary contact recreation. [The allowable limits of various para-
meters for warm water aquatic life and primary contact recreation are
summarized in Table V-4.]
Several tributaries of the Big Sioux River head in Minnesota.
Minnesota Water Quality Standards classify these streams for fish pro-
pagation, non-contact recreation, and general industrial use [Appendix
C]. In addition, Split Rock Creek, from its source to Split Rock Lake
outlet, is classified for direct contact recreation. [Water-quality
criteria for these classifications are summarized in Table V-5.]
C. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN STATES
Comparison of South Dakota, Iowa, and Minnesota Water Quality
Standards for the Big Sioux River Basin reveals significant differences
in the criteria for dissolved oxygen, bacteria, and ammonia nitrogen.
During low-flow conditions in the Big Sioux River, waters could be at
the same time in compliance with the South Dakota water-quality standards
and in violation of the Iowa standards. The South Dakota intermittent-
stream category limits total coliform organisms to less than or equal
to 20,000/100 ml but provides no requirements for dissolved oxygen or
ammonia nitrogen. Iowa water-quality standards, on the other hand,
provide no bacterial criterion but require DO concentrations of at
least 4.0 mg/1 and ammonia nitrogen of less than or equal to 2.0 mg/1.
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31
TABLE V-4
IOWA WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
BIG SIOUX RIVER BASIN
a/
Water Uses: Warm Water Aquatic Life and Primary Contact Recreation—'
Parameter-
Limit
DO
pH, S.U.
Temp., °F
Ammonia (N)
Cyanide
Phenols
Ba
Cd
Cr
+6
Cr
Cu
Pb
Zn
+3
e/
Fecal Coliform, numbers—'
>5.0 for 16 hr
24.0 for 24 hr
6.8-9.0
<9Q°-^ or
_<_ 5° over background
2.0
0.025
0.001 (other than natural sources)
1.0
5.0
0.03
0.05
1.00
0.10
0.10
1.0
<200/100 ml
£/ Primary contact recreation applies to portions of Rock River, a
tributary of Big Sioux.
b/ All units are mg/1 unless otherwise noted.
cj This value is equivalent to 32°C.
A_f The total heavy metals is less than or equal to 5.0 mg/1.
e/ Applied only to primary contact recreation.
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TABLE V-5
MINNESOTA WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
BIG SIOUX RIVER BASIN
Summary of Critical Levels for Designated Reaches
OJ
ho
REACH
Parameter
Split Rock Creek
from source to
Split Rock Lake outlet
All other
Minnesota Tributaries
a/
Big Sioux River—
of
Chlorides
Hardness
pH
Temp.
100 mg/1
250 mg/1
6.5-9.0 .
£86°F July & Aug.-'
£80°F June & Sept.
£67°F May & Oct.
£55°F April & Nov.
£43°F March & Dec.
<37°F Jan. & Feb.
5° above
ambient, '
whichever
is greater
but not to
exceed 90°F
100 mg/1
250 mg/1
6.0-9.5
£86°F July & Aug.
£86°F June & Sept
£75°F May & Oct.
£63°F April & Nov
'F March & Dec
£51'
<45°F Jan. & Feb.
5° above
ambient,
whichever
is greater
but not to
exceed 90°F
Total Coliform
Dissolved Oxygen
Ammonia (N)
Chromium
Copper
Cyanides
Oil
Phenols
Radioactive
Materials
1,000/100 ml
26 mg/1 April 1-May 31
25 mg/1 June 1-March 31
1 mg/1
0.05 mg/1
0.2 mg/1
0.02 mg/1
Not to exceed a trace
0.01 mg/1
Lowest concentration allowed
by controlling authority
5,000/100 ml
25 mg/1 April 1-May 31
23 mg/1 June 1-March 31
2 mg/1
0.05 mg/1
0.2 mg/1
0.02 mg/1
Not visible or to adversely affect
fish, biota, or watercourse
None that could impart taste or
odor to fish flesh
Lowest concentration allowed
by controlling authority
a/ The Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards (1962) also apply,
W The metric equivalent is °C • 5/9 (°F-32).
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33
The Rock River is another example of conflicting water-quality standards.
Minnesota requires DO of greater than or equal to 3.0 mg/1; a NH -N of
less than or equal to 2.0 mg/1; and total coliform organisms of less
than or equal to 5,000/100 ml. Iowa, on the other hand, requires a DO
of greater than or equal to 4.0 mg/1; a NH--N of less than or equal to
2.0 mg/1 and includes no bacterial criteria.
On Split Rock Creek, the other major interstate tributary, the
standards of Minnesota and South Dakota are not compatible. Minnesota
requires a DO of at least 3.0 mg/1; a NH.-N of not more than 2.0 mg/1;
and total coliform organisms not to exceed 5,000/100 ml; South Dakota
sets no limits on Split Rock Creek for these parameters. t?A'M<*-^nfH*-fi-£--r
9- ~
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34
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35
VI. STREAM SURVEY
Water-quality investigations of the Big Sioux River and selected
tributaries were conducted prior to and during critical conditions of
low flow and ice cover.
The first phase was conducted during the fall of 1972 (15 Sept.-
5 Oct.) with primary emphasis on the effects of waste discharges on
Big Sioux River quality and influences upon aquatic organisms. The
second phase was conducted during the winter of 1973 (1-10 Feb.).
Primary emphasis was placed on quality of the Big Sioux River as af-
fected by major waste sources and tributary inflows.
A. FALL STREAM SURVEY, 1972
During late September and early October 1972, a biological survey
was conducted from Estelline, South Dakota (RM 263.5), downstream to
near confluence with the Missouri River (Sioux City, Iowa). Throughout
this river reach the Big Sioux is a prairie stream, characterized by a
well-entrenched channel, moderate gradient, and by a mud or sand bottom
with few riffle areas. Consequently, organic materials contributed to
the river by both agricultural and domestic sources are assimilated
slowly. [Study methods for the survey are included in Appendix D.
Data summaries are included in Appendix K.]
Near Estelline, South Dakota (RM 263.5), the Big Sioux River was
enriched. Attached algae (periphyton) grew profusely on artificial
substrates, as evidenced by high chlorophyll a^ levels [Appendix K,
Table K-2 and Figure VI-1], Dissolved-oxygen concentrations as high
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36
as 12.8 mg/1 [Appendix K, Table K-l] were an additional manifestation
of the presence of abundant algae. Although the diversity of benthic
invertebrates was low (d ° 1.15), most of the organisms collected were
pollutant sensitive [Appendix K, Table K-9],
Water quality improved downstream near Volga, South Dakota
(RM 243.9). Periphyton densities decreased [Figure VI-1], and the
diversity of benthic macroinvertebrates increased to an acceptable 3.65.
Downstream from Brookings, South Dakota (RM 237.6), Big Sioux water
quality was judged moderately degraded. Attached algae grew profusely
on artificial substrates, and the benthic species diversity decreased to
2.A6. The benthic community was dominated by a variety of sensitive forms.
From the vicinity of Flandreau, South Dakota, at RM 206.1 down-
stream to Renner, South Dakota (RM 162.2), the water quality of the Big
Sioux River was acceptable. Periphyton growth on artificial substrates
was restricted [Figure VI-1], and the species diversity of benthic in-
vertebrates increased to values greater than 3.0 [Appendix K, Table K-3].
However, some of the field measurements provided indirect evidence of
enrichment throughout this river reach; turbidity increased from a range
of 7 to 17 units in the reach upstream from Flandreau to 25 to 32 units
at Renner. High DO concentrations (in excess of saturation) were
detected throughout the river reach [Appendix K, Table K-l], indicating
considerable photosynthetic activity.
In the reach of the Big Sioux River between northwest Sioux Falls
* See Methods of Analysis [Appendix D] for "diversity."
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60 -
50 —t
fs
=. 30
04
"I
-• 20
3=
O.
10
0 -4
270 250
I
200
150
I
100
50
I
0
RIVER MILE
Figure VI-1. Chlorophyll £from Periphyton, Big Sioux River.
10 September to 3 October 1972
-------
37
and the Iowa-South Dakota state line, numerous factors operate to influ-
ence water quality. As this is the largest urban and industrial area in
the river basin, diverse pollutional sources, such as storm run-off, and
domestic and industrial wastes combine with already enriched Big Sioux
River waters, resulting in varied water quality. The Spencer Foods, Inc.
(now Meilman Food Industries) meat-packing plant, located in Northwest
Sioux Falls, discharged inadequately treated wastes [Appendix K, Table
K-4] to the Big Sioux River (RM 154.2). The John Morrell and Company
packing plant discharged most of its wastes to the Sioux Falls Waste-
water Treatment Plant which discharges to the Big Sioux at RM 143.0.
2 /
Also at the time of the 1972 study— Morrell discharged "condenser"
water to the Big Sioux River at RM 143.2. In addition, minor amounts
of untreated domestic and industrial wastes were being discharged
through numerous outfalls in the Sioux Falls area.
In the vicinity of Sioux Falls, the physical characteristics of
the river are variable. Unlike most of the river, which flows smoothly
over a mud or sand bottom, the Sioux Falls reach consists of a series
of riffles and pools, and in places the bottom is smooth rock. In the
riffle areas re-aeration occurs, and the effects of organic pollutants
are often not apparent for a considerable distance downstream. Con-
versely, in reaches with smooth rock substrates where benthic habitats
are poor and the benthos is sampled therefore with difficulty, water
quality could be better than biological sampling would seem to indicate.
At RM 155.4, in northwest Sioux Falls, the Big Sioux River was
moderately degraded. The specific sources of this degradation are not
-------
38
known. The diversity of the benthos decreased to 2.62, and dissolved-
oxygen concentrations decreased to less than saturation. However,
turbidity values were low, and no ammonia was detected [Appendix K,
Table K-l],
At RM 154.2, the river carried wastes discharged immediately up-
stream by Spencer Foods. Ammonia concentrations increased to as much
as 4.5 mg/1, and DO concentrations were less than 10 mg/1 [Appendix K,
Table K-l]. Periphyton densities increased [Appendix K, Table K-2],
and the midday DO concentration decreased 5 mg/1 from value found
upstream at RM 155.4.
Skunk Creek (RM 152.8/1.1) contributed poor-quality water to the
Big Sioux. Dissolved-oxygen concentrations as high as 17.1 mg/1 (175 per-
cent saturation) were detected, and the DO varied as much as 5 mg/1.
These conditions reflect photosynthetic activity by large densities of
algae. The diversity of benthic invertebrates was severely restricted
(d = 0.98) in this tributary.
From RM 154.2 to RM 143.2, immediately upstream of the Sioux
Falls WWTP, the water quality in the Big Sioux was moderately degraded.
Ammonia was detected at most sampling locations in the reach, with
the highest concentrations at points nearest the Spencer-Foods dis-
charge [Table K-l]. Periphyton populations increased [Figure VI-1],
indicating nutrient enrichment. Although the diversity of the benthos
was variable, most of the variability is attributed to substrate dif-
ferences. At two locations (RM 150.6 - d = 1.41 and RM 143.8 - d <= 1.73)
benthic diversity was unacceptably low.
-------
39
*
Algal-growth-potentlal (AGP) studies were conducted for the fol-
lowing purposes: (1) to assess the potential of wastes from the Sioux
Falls WWTP for stimulating primary production in the Big Sioux River;
(2) to determine how this stimulation might change under differing
waste-discharge loadings; and (3) to determine whether either nitrogen
or phosphorus is the cause of algal stimulation. Grab samples from the
river upstream of the waste discharge were tested using final clarifier
(not chlorinated) overflow and combinations of nitrogen and phosphorus.
Waste effluent containing 15.5 mg/1 P and 18.9 mg/1 inorganic N
stimulated algal growth when added to river-water samples taken upstream
of the municipal wastewater treatment plant. The amounts of the addi-
tions correlated closely (R = 0.90) with increases in production [Appen-
dix K, Table K-7], A 50-percent effluent addition would have increased
production by about a factor of three, and about eight times as much
algae would be produced if the river flow were 80-percent effluent.
During the study period, the effluent from the municipal wastewater treat-
ment plant made up about 40 percent of the river flow.
Additions of phosphorus to the water of the Big Sioux River did not
stimulate algal growth [Appendix K, Table K-8], thus indicating that
phosphorus was not limiting; i.e., production was not inhibited by phos-
phorus deficiencies in the river at the time of the fall survey. The
water sample tested contained, before any additions, 1.1 mg/1 phosphorus,
a concentration considered sufficient for algal blooms in flowing waters.
Nitrogen additions of up to 10 mg/1 stimulated algal growth, and
* The method is described in Appendix D.
-------
the increased production correlated closely with the amounts of the
additions. The addition of 10 mg/1 N (without phosphorus additions)
stimulated a seven-fold increase in algal growth [Appendix K, Table
K-8]. Ten mg/1 was the highest nitrogen concentration used in the
nitrogen addition test. Undiluted wastewater containing 22.9 mg/1 N
stimulated even more production [Appendix K, Table K-7],
To ascertain whether primary production in the Big Sioux River
was actually being stimulated by wastes discharged from the Sioux Falls
WWTP, photosynthesis was measured at seven points along the river
[Appendix K, Table K-6]. These measurements indicated that, contrary
to what would be expected from the AGP test results, photosynthesis was
inhibited downstream from the wastewater discharge. Photosynthesis (and
carbon fixation) was stimulated between RM 162.2 and 143.2, became
severely depressed downstream from the wastewater discharge at RM 141.2,
and did not recover until RM 106.2 near Canton, South Dakota. A pos-
sible cause of the difference between the AGP and photosynthesis-test
results is the chlorination of the effluent from the municipal waste-
water treatment plant during the fall. The waste used in the AGP test
was not chlorinated, whereas the chlorinated wastewaters discharged to
the Big Sioux River probably contained toxic concentrations of chlorine
and chloramines.
From the point of discharge of the Sioux Falls WWTP (RM 143.0) down-
stream to Hudson, South Dakota (RM 80.9), severe-to-moderate pollution
was detected. Ammonia concentrations as high as 14.0 mg/1 were detected
in this reach and were as high as 2.7 mg/1 at the South Dakota-Iowa state
-------
41
line [Appendix K, Table K-l]. A dissolved-oxygen profile [Appendix K,
Table K-5 and Figure VI-2] showed generally declining DO in Sioux Falls
upstream of the municipal wastewater treatment plant and rapid DO depres-
sion downstream from the plant. The most severe DO depression occurred
at the Iowa state line (RM 127.0); downstream near Canton, South Dakota
(RM 106.2), the river had not completely recovered. Probable causes of
DO depression were supression of photosynthesis in the affected reach
and the demand for oxygen by carbonaceous and nitrogenous materials.
Downstream from the Sioux Falls WUTP discharge, damage to Big Sioux
River biota was moderate to severe. Between RM 142.7 and 127.0 the
diversity of benthic invertebrates increased to accepteble levels
(d = 2.17 to 4.52), then decreased to as low as 0.94 at RM 80.9. The
diversity decrease of Big Sioux River benthos closely paralleled the
DO depression but was displaced downstream [Figures VI-2 and VI-3].
Benthic invertebrates are long-term river inhabitants, and their diver-
sity reflects water quality for the entire year. Consequently, the
apparent delay in damaging effects to benthos is attributed to waste
assimilation and oxygen depletion proceeding at a slower rate during
the cold winter months.
The growth of attached algae was also affected by pollutants between
RM 141.2 and 80.9. These organisms, grown on artificial substrates,
reflect short-term water quality. Downstream from the Sioux Falls WWTP
effluent at RM 141.2 and 134.5, periphyton growth was inhibited [Figure
VI-1], probably by the same factors that inhibited photosynthesis in
this reach. Split Rock Creek (confluence at RM 130.1) discharged highly
-------
42
enriched water to the Big Sioux. Dissolved oxygen reached concentrations
as high as 11.8 tng/1 and fluctuated widely in the creek, but no ammonia
was detected [Appendix K, Table K-l], Periphyton growths were abundant
[Appendix K, Table K-2], and benthic species diversity (d » 2.02) was
low. Downstream from the Split Rock Creek at RM 127.0, Big Sioux River
periphyton growths increased, then gradually diminished [Figure VT-1].
The Rock River (RM 76.2) discharged highly enriched water to the
Big Sioux. Dissolved-oxygen concentrations were as high as 12.8 mg/1
and varied greatly at different times of the day [Appendix K, Table
K-l]. Periphyton growths in this tributary were abundant [Appendix K,
Table K-2], and the diversity of benthic invertebrates was moderately
low (d - 2.36).
Downstream from the Rock River (RM 66.9 to RM 2.2) the Big Sioux
River was enriched. The waters were generally supersaturated with DO
[Appendix K, Table K-l]. Periphyton growths increased greatly at
RM 66.9, then, as the river assimilated the enrichment, they gradually
diminished downstream [Figure VI-1]. Benthic species diversity in-
creased [Figure VI-3] and remained at values indicative of clean or
moderately enriched water.
At the sampling location farthest downstream (RM 2.2 in Sioux
City, Iowa), the Big Sioux River was backed up by the Missouri River
and flowed very slowly. Benthic habitat was poor, causing diversity
to decrease (d *• 1.82). Dissolved-oxygen concentrations were as high
as 18.0 mg/1 (about 180 percent saturation) at midday but only decreased
to 13.0 mg/1 in the early morning.
-------
13 0
12 0
-
11 0
BOS
E
10 0
C3
>-
X
9 0
CO
CO
8 0
KEY
RANGE
• ME AH
7 0
6 0
J70
I
160
I
150
I
140
130
RIVER MILE
I
120
i
110
I
100
Figure VI-2. Dissolved Oxygen Profile, Big Sioux River,
Renner to Canton, South Dakota,
0600 to 1200 Hours (CDT), 9/26-27/72
-------
_A. 5
-4.0-
270 250
200
RIVER MILES
Figure VI-3. Species Diversity (d) of Benthic Invertebrates, Big Sioux River.
Septem'ber-October, 1972
CLEAN WATER
MODERATELY
POLLUTED
OR ENRICHED
-------
43
B. WINTER STREAM SURVEY, 1973
During 1 through 10 February 1973, a water-quality study of the
Big Sioux River Basin was conducted from Estelline, South Dakota (RM 263.5)
to Sioux City, Iowa (RM 5.0). The major waste sources in the study reach
are the Sioux Falls Wastewater Treatment Plant and Meilman Food Industries
(formerly Spencer Foods, Inc.). The tributaries that were monitored
included Skunk Creek, Split Rock Creek, and the Rock River. Nineteen
stream stations were selected [Figures IV-1 and IV-2, and in Appendix H,
Table H-l].
Stream samples were single grab samples. Samples from the Sioux
Falls WWTP and Meilman discharges were collected over a 24-hr period
using SERCO automatic samplers. The treatment plant samples were flow
composited; those from Meilman were time composited.
Field measurements were carried out for determination of temper-
ature, pH, and conductivity, and laboratory analyses were performed
to determine BOD, COD, TOC, total and suspended solids, total Kjeldahl
nitrogen, NH.-N, NO + NO.-N, and total phosphorus. In addition, there
were bacteriological analyses performed to quantify the total and fecal
coliforms and fecal streptococci. Salmonella analyses were also performed
on samples collected at selected locations. Biological studies included
fish assays and algal-growth potentials.
A major objective of the study was to determine water quality
during critical low flows in the Big Sioux River. Kerwin Luther Rakness,
4/
in an M.S.-degree thesis—', determined that 50 percent of the time flows
3
would equal or exceed 0.6 m Is (22 cfs) during 1 through 10 February at
-------
44
Brandon, South Dakota, approximately 14 km (9 mi) downstream from the
Sioux Falls WWTP and only 10 percent of the time would flows equal or
exceed 0.9 m /s (32 cfs). These data were based on records from 1959-65.
Statistical data from the former gaging station in Sioux Falls (1943-60)
indicated that, for 50 percent of the time, flows would equal or exceed
3
0.3 m /s (10 cfs) and for only 10 percent of the time would flows exceed
2.0 m Is (70 cfs). If one considers that the Sioux Falls WWTP alone
3
discharged approximately 0.4 m Is (14 cfs), there would be greater than
a 50-percent chance that the wastewaters from the Sioux Falls plant
would equal or exceed half of the total flow in the stream downstream
from the plant. However, as a result of an unusually mild winter, flows
[Appendix I, Table 1-1] at the Cliff Avenue gaging station, 0.5 km
(0.3 mi) downstream from the plant discharges, far exceeded anticipated
3
flows, averaging 3.4 m Is (122 cfs) over the 10-day period. Because of
these abnormally high flows, the South Dakota intermittent stream clas-
sification was not in effect, and criteria previously mentioned [Table
V-3] applied. During the survey the plant effluent comprised approxi-
mately 11 percent of the total stream flow. Despite abnormally high
flows, there was a severe degradation of downstream water quality.
Flow records from seven U. S. Geological Survey gaging stations
were employed [Appendix I, Table 1-1], Gage readings were recorded
daily by EPA personnel and submitted to the USGS for computation of
flows, with a correction for ice-cover conditions. EPA personnel also
gaged the river at Akron, Iowa, to determine flows during the survey.
In addition to monitoring receiving-water quality at low-flow
-------
45
conditions, the study was planned for conditions-of ice cover when
minimal re-aeration would be expected. It is estimated that more than
90 percent of the Big Sioux River from Estelline, South Dakota (RM 263.5),
to the mouth was covered. The only significant, open-x^ater stretch was
from the spillway of the diversion canal (RM 143.0) to near RM 130.0.
The entire flow of the Big Sioux River was diverted through the diversion
canal [Figure IV-2]. This is not the normal practice but was done to
facilitate bridge-construction work in the downtown area along the main
stem. Consequently, the only flow in the main stem of the Big Sioux
River from the diversion point, at RM 158.8, to the diversion spillway,
3
at RM 143.0 was approximately 0.3 m Is (10 cfs), emanating from Skunk
3 3
Creek O.(0.2 m /s or 6 cfs); from Meilman Food Industries (0.01 m /s or
0.5 cfs); and from miscellaneous sources including ground waters pumped
3
from a rock quarry and accretions of ground water (0.1 m /s or 3.5 cfs).
No other waste sources of any consequence were observed in this stream
reach (RMs 158.8-143.0).
The biological, bacteriological, and chemical quality of the Big
Sioux River and selected tributaries are discussed in the following
subsections.
Biological Conditions
Algal Assays — Additions of 40, 60, 80, and 100 percent of the
waste effluent from the Sioux Falls Wastewater Treatment Plant to test
water obtained from the Big Sioux River, upstream of the plant, stimu-
lated algal bloom conditions (visible green) in the laboratory-assay
-------
46
studies. The percent effluent added correlated closely (R » 0.87) with
increases in algal production [Appendix K, Table K-12].
Additions of primary trickling-filter underflow by-passed directly
to the Big Sioux River stimulated algal growth at additions through 60
percent [Appendix K, Table K-13]. At 80 and 100 percent, inhibition
took place. A toxic effect was probable.
Additions of nitrogen to Big Sioux water did not stimulate algal
growth [Appendix K, Table K-12], thus indicating that nitrogen was not
limiting. The water sample contained 0.55 mg/1 ammonia nitrogen before
additions.
Phosphorus additions of up to 10 mg/1 stimulated algal growth
[Appendix K, Table K-14], and the increased production correlated
closely with the amounts of the additions. Although 10 mg/1 was the
highest phosphorus concentration used in the test, higher phosphorus
concentrations could stimulate additional growth.
In tests using nutrient-stripped effluent, algal bloom (visible
green) conditions were stimulated only by 80- and 100-percent effluent
[Appendix K, Table K-15]. Phosphorus was the growth-limiting nutrient
[Appendix K, Table K-16].
In summary, the growth-limiting nutrient was nitrogen in the fall
and phosphorus in the winter. Algal problems that can occur during
periods of low-flow downstream from the Sioux Falls WWTP have been dis-
cussed previously. The potential for algal problems in this Big Sioux
River reach during the winter is slight because ice cover, cold temper-
atures, or dilution of the nutrient-rich wastewaters in the river gen-
erally inhibit algal growth.
-------
47
Fish Assays — A flow-through bioassay was conducted in order to
evaluate the final effluent from the Sioux Falls, South Dakota, Waste-
water Treatment Plant from 30 January through 3 February 1973 (96 hr).
Of special interest was the NH_ present in the final effluent. [Water
chemistry data from the experimental conditions are shown in Appendix K,
Table K-10 together with mortality data.]
In general, the test organisms were fairly tolerant to the unchlor-
inated final effluent. The determined 96-hr TL was 63.5 percent effluent
m
or 35.5 mg/1 NH,-N. Applying a standard application factor of 1/20
yields a chronic toxicity level for channel catfish of approximately
three percent effluent or 1.8 mg/1 NH_-N. Other components in the efflu-
ent that were not identified could increase or inhibit the toxicity of
ammonia. However, the calculated chronic toxicity level (1.8 mg/1 NH,-N)
correlates closely with the 2 mg/1 criterion widely accepted as the
maximum allowable in receiving waters. Therefore, the conclusion is
reached that other components did not significantly influence ammonia
toxicity levels determined in the study.
With an average discharge of 56 mg/1 NH_-N from the wastewater
treatment plant, the effluent must constitute less than 63 percent of the
stream flow in order to prevent an acutely toxic condition and less than
three percent to prevent chronic toxicity. In addition, the toxicity
of NH_-N is greatly influenced by physical and chemical factors, such as
pH. During the bioassay, the pH of the river (dilution water) was ap-
proximately 7.5, thus minimizing toxicity. At other times of the year
the pH of the river is approximately 8.5, and the toxicity of NH--N could
be considerably greater.
-------
Channel catfish exposed in situ in the main outfall of the muni-
cipal wastewater treatment plant survived the first 48 hr, but after
96 hr only 20 percent survived. Mortality of these fish could have
been a result of a power failure, after 72 hr of exposure, which re-
sulted in industrial wastes being routed through the combined domestic-
industrial system without pretreatment.
All fish exposed in situ at the four river sites [Appendix K,
Table K-ll] survived the 96-hr exposure period. During this period,
NH--N concentrations in the river were as high as 7.45 mg/1 — a
concentration sufficient to be chronically toxic, but lower than the
acute toxicity level. The duration of exposure (96 hr) was insuf-
ficient to monitor chronic toxicity.
Bacteriological Conditions
Big Sioux River and Selected Tributaries — During the 1-through-
10-February-1973 study, the bacteriological quality of the Big Sioux
River and tributaries was monitored from near Volga, South Dakota
(RM 243.9), downstream to Sioux City, Iowa (RM 5.0) [Appendix F, Table
F-l]. As mentioned previously, no fecal-coliform criterion exists on
the Big Sioux River during the non-recreation season.
The upper reaches (RM 243.9 to RM 143.0) of the Big Sioux River
were of acceptable bacterial quality [Figure VI-4 and Appendix F,
Table F-l]. Fecal-coliform bacterial densities did not exceed
200/100 ml at any of the sampling stations between RM 243.9, near Volga,
South Dakota, and the Sioux Falls, South Dakota WWTP (RM 143.0).
* All bacteria densities are reported as log mean.
-------
V V
i r t r n t
SMXCl* rOOOS 1HC ffASTfWATCK 8ISCHMC! tH 1S« ? SI8UX WlS S B fftrTP OISCPUGE RH 14] 0
i III III —
in ill *
a
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S ""-
o
111 —
Ml
1
1*1
T.
i
I
:
j
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SIBIU CRICK SUIT «OC« CHEER
II III —
1 III -
111 -
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i i i i
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II III —
1 """"
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.«« IITE> U fUU C!l""DS
tl III— J
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ij itss tin run
P| CII1IEI Till TUBE
v summit isiiiiEi
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i
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1
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II Jl 41 II 11 11 I 1
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HI 1 11* 1 '111
141 I
IIVEI ORES
Figure VI 4 Bocleriol Densities (logorilhmic Meon)--Big Sioux River, South Dokolo
Februory 1973
-------
49
The flow in the main stem of the Big Sioux River between RM 158.8
and RM 143.0 was about 0.3 m /s (10 cfs). The majority of this flow
3
(approx. 0.2 m /s or 6 cfs) originated from Skunk Creek which was of
acceptable bacterial quality (FC = < 24/100 ml). Approximately
0.01 m /s (0.5 cfs) was discharged by Meilman Food Industries. These
wastewaters contained total (TC) and fecal coliform (FC) densities of
210,000/100 ml and 57,000/100 ml, respectively. The fecal streptococci
(FS) density was 3,300,000/100 ml. In addition the pathogens, Salmonella
siegbia>gs S. tennessee, and S. binza, were isolated [Appendix F, Table F-3]
The presence of these pathogenic bacteria constitutes a serious health
hazard to individuals coming in contact with such contaminated water.
Salmonella were not isolated from background station in the diversion
canal (RM 143.0/0.2).
The Sioux Falls WWTP discharges contained excessive bacterial
densities. In the effluent organism densities were greater than
1,300,000/100 ml for total coliform bacteria, greater than 180,000/100 ml
for fecal coliforms, and 2,000,000/100 ml for fecal streptococci. The
by-pass contained densities of 16,000,000/100 ml, total coliform;
4,300,000/100 ml, fecal coliforms; and greater than 82,000,000/100 ml,
fecal streptococci. S. heidelberg and S. organienbwg were isolated
from the wastewater-treatment-plant effluent, and S. Heidelberg and
S. anatum were isolated from the by-pass.
Bacterial contamination [Figure VI-4] attributed to the Sioux Falls
WWTP discharges was evident from RM 142.7 to the Iowa-South Dakota
state line (RM 127.0). The apparent anomaly represented by increases
-------
50
in bacterial densities between EM 142.7 and 141.2 is probably the result
of inadequate mixing at the Cliff Avenue Station (RM 142.7).
In addition to high densities of indicator organisms, Salmonella
were also isolated downstream of the treatment plant. The presence
of 5. heid&lberg at RM 128.5, RM 134.5, and RM 142.7, as well as in
the discharges from the Sioux Falls, South Dakota, WWTP indicates that
the pathogenic bacteria are contributed by the treatment plant.
Split Rock Creek (RM 130.1/5.3) was found to be of acceptable
bacterial quality (FC = 19/100 ml). Also, selected Big Sioux River
sampling stations along the Iowa-South Dakota state line at RMS 106.2,
80.9, 66.9, 46.8, and 5.0 exhibited acceptable bacterial quality. Log
mean fecal-coliform bacterial densities did not exceed 240/100 ml.
Rock River — The bacterial quality of the Rock River near its
mouth (RM 76.2/5.8) was poorer than that of the Big Sioux upstream of
the confluence (RM 76.2). The fecal-coliform bacterial density was
630/100 ml whereas upstream on the Big Sioux (RM 80.9) it was less
than 55/100 ml.
During the last two days of the study additional sampling was
conducted on certain portions of the Rock River (RM 76.2/52.5 to
RM 76.2/5.8) and at one station on the Little Rock (RM 76.2/22.1/4.0)
[Appendix F, Table F-2], The background station, upstream of Luverne,
Minnesota (RM 76.2/52.5), showed acceptable quality water; the fecal-
coliform bacterial density was 11/100 ml. Downstream, at the Minnesota-
Iowa state line (RM 76.2/40.8), the bacterial density increased (FC =
410/100 ml). This increase was attributed to the Luverne, Minnesota,
-------
51
Wastewater Treatment Plant; however, the bacterial densities from this
*
source were not determined. The Iowa Beef Packers Plant at Luverne is
another potential source of pollution, but it was not discharging wastes
to the Rock River during the sampling period. At the station (RM 76.2/
25.7) just upstream of the Little Rock River the fecal-coliform bacte-
rial density increased slightly to 690/100 ml and was sustained down-
stream near the mouth (RM 76.2/5.8). The Little Rock River (RM 76.2/23.I/
4.0) was found to be of acceptable bacterial quality (FC = 31/100 ml).
As discussed previously [Section V], no fecal coliform criterion
applies to either the Minnesota or Iowa portions of the Rock River during
the non-recreation season. Minnesota Water Quality Standards include a
total-coliform-bacterial-density criterion of less than 5,000/100 ml,
but this criterion was not violated [Appendix F, Table F-l]. Iowa Water
Quality Standards do not include a bacterial criterion,
Chemical Quality
Dissolved Oxyg_en-(Big Sioux River and Selected Tributaries) — Dis-
solved-oxygen levels [Figure VI-5] upstream of the Sioux Falls area
(RM 243.9 near Volga, South Dakota to RM 162.2 near Renner) averaged 8.9
to 10.9 mg/1, sufficient to support diverse communities of aquatic life.
As previously mentioned, the Big Sioux River was diverted in its
entirety at RM 158.8 leaving only about 0.3 m /s (10 cfs) in the main
3
stem. The approximately 0.2 m Is (6 cfs) from Skunk Creek (RM 152.8/1.1)
* The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency has ordered Iowa Beef Packers
to provide 180 day storage capacity for wastewater flows with controlled
discharge during periods of adequate streamflow. Construction must be
completed by 15 December 1973.
-------
52
3
contained an average DO concentration of 7.4 mg/1. The combined 0.3 m /s
(10 cfs), after flowing as open water for a portion of the metropolitan
main stem and passing over the falls, contained 13.2 mg/1 DO immedi-
ately upstream (KM 143.2) of the confluence with the diverted flow.
Immediately downstream of the Sioux Falls WWTP, at RM 142.7 and
141.2, the average DO concentrations were 12.9 and 12.6, respectively
(saturation = 13.9 mg/1), because of the re-aeration afforded by the
diversion canal spillway. The average DO concentration at RM 134.5
(Brandon Road Bridge) was 11.0 mg/1. Downstream from this station,
however, the effects of the BOD (3,715 kg, or 8,190 Ib, or 108 mg/1)
from the Sioux Falls WWTP accompanied by the minimal re-aeration under
ice cover was evident. The DO concentration at RM 128.5, approximately
2.5 km (1.5 mi) upstream of the Iowa-South Dakota state line, declined
to 7.8 mg/1. This was in part due to the Split Rock Creek inflow
3
(0.6 m IB or 22 cfs) that contained 6.8 mg/1 of DO.
Downstream from the state line DO concentrations continued to
decline. The average concentration at RM 106.2, near Canton, South
Dakota, was 6.5 mg/1. At RM 80.9, near Hudson, South Dakota, it was
4.8 mg/1, a violation of the South Dakota water quality criterion of
5.0 mg/1. However, this was not a violation of Iowa Water Quality
Standards for the State of Iowa specifies that DO shall not be less
than 5 mg/1 during any 16-hr period nor less than 4.0 mg/1 at any
time during the 24-hr period.
The average DO concentration of 3.3 mg/1 at RM 66.9, north of
Hawarden, Iowa, was in violation of both Iowa and South Dakota Water
-------
13
12
11
16
7
6
5 -
4 -
OHE VALUE
DIVERSION CANAL'
\
RIVER MILES
Figure VI-5 Dissolved Oxygen Profile. Big Sioux River
Estelline, South Dakota to Sioux City, Iowa
1-10 February 1973
-------
53
Quality Standards. On eight out of ten days monitored the DO was less
then 4.0 mg/1, reaching a low of 2.4 mg/1. At Akron, Iowa (RM 46.8),
the DO ranged from 1.8 to 3.4 mg/1 (average = 2.6 mg/1), a violation of
Iowa and South Dakota Water Quality Standards on all ten days of sampling.
The DO levels were monitored for four days at the furthest down-
stream station in north Sioux City, Iowa (RM 5.0). Concentrations ranged
from 1.7 to 3.0 mg/1, in violation of both Iowa and South Dakota Water
Quality Standards, indicating that the river had not recovered from the
impact of upstream waste loads.
Dissolved Oxygen (Rock River) — The previously mentioned decline in
DO in the Big Sioux River between RM 80.9 and 66.9 was largely attributed
to the Rock River, which joins the Big Sioux at RM 76.2. The flow of the
3
Rock River was about 5.7 m /s (200 cfs) with an average DO concentration
of only 3.0 mg/1. DO concentrations in the Rock River (RM 76.2/5.8) were
in violation of the Iowa Water Quality Standards on nine of the ten days
sampled. The average DO concentration in the Big Sioux River (approx.
3
4.8 m /s or 170 cfs), 7.6 km (4.7 mi) upstream from the confluence with
the Rock River, was 4.8 mg/1. BOD loads were approximately the same
(5.9 mg/1 in the Rock River vs. 5.7 mg/1 in the Big Sioux). Hence, by
dilution alone the Rock River was capable of lowering the DO concen-
tration to about 3.8 mg/1, which is 0.5 mg/1 greater than the value
actually measured at RM 66.9. It should be noted, however, that DO
profiles in the Big Sioux exhibited a rapid decline from the Sioux Falls
area downstream to the Rock River, thus indicating the stream was ap-
proaching a restricted oxygen resource even without the Rock River input.
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54
As previously mentioned, additional sampling was conducted 9 and
10 February 1973, on the Rock River. At the Minnesota-Iowa state
line (RM 76.2/40.8) the average DO concentration was 3.8 mg/1, which
is in violation of the 4.0 mg/1 Iowa criterion but not in violation of
the Minnesota 3.0 mg/1 criterion. At the background station (RM 76.2/
52.5), upstream of the Luverne, Minnesota (pop., 4,750), municipal
WWTP and other significant sources, the average DO concentration was
2.4 mg/1, a violation of Minnesota Water Quality Standards. A minor
*
upstream source of pollution is Edgerton, Minnesota (pop., 1,119),
which is approximately 32 km (20 mi) upstream of the background station.
The causes of low DO concentrations upstream of Luverne are unknown and
are indicative of the complex stream dynamics existing during ice-cover
conditions. The increases in dissolved oxygen downstream from Luverne
at RM 76.2/25.7 (average = 6.6 mg/1) could be due, in part, to the
re-aeration effect of the small dams at Luverne, Minnesota, and Rock
Rapids, Iowa.
The Little Rock (RM 76.2/23.1) which, according to USGS personnel,
3 3
could have carried as much as 3.5 m Is (125 cfs) of the 5.7 m /s (200 cfs)
measured in the Rock River was in violation of Iowa Water Quality Stan-
dards, with an average DO of 2.4 mg/1. The flows contributed by Little
Rock tended to sustain the previously mentioned depressed-oxygen levels
downstream in the Rock River (RM 76.2/5.8).
* The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency has ordered Luverne and
Edgerton, Minnesota, to either (1) provide storage capacity for
180 days of flow with controlled release during periods of adequate
stream flow, or (2) provide facilities capable of producing an ef-
fluent of 5 mg/1 BOD and suspended solids if a continuous discharge
is to be made. Compliance schedules include 15 December 1974 for
Luverne and 30 September 1973 for Edgerton.
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55
Ammonia Nitrogen-(Big Sioux River and Selected Tributaries) —
Ammonia, under certain conditions of pH, DO, CO., etc., can be very
toxic to aquatic life. In order to protect aquatic life from the
toxic effects of ammonia, many states, including Iowa, have established
an ammonia criterion in their water-quality standards. The Iowa Water
Quality Standards specify that NH.-N concentrations shall not exceed
2.0 mg/1. South Dakota, on the other hand, has not established any
ammonia criterion. As determined by the bioassay studies, the 96-hr
TL for unchlorinated Sioux Falls Wastewater Treatment Plant efflu-
m
ent was 63.5 percent effluent or 35.5 mg/1 NH -N. On a chronic basis,
the value toxic to channel catfish would be approximately three percent
effluent (1.8 mg/1 NH_-N), depending on the chemical nature of the
receiving waters. At the time of the 1 through 10 February 1973, study
the Sioux Falls WWTP effluent constituted approximately 11 percent of
the total flow in the Big Sioux River immediately downstream from the
plant. This percentage, as previously mentioned, exceeds 50 percent
during many winter and late-summer periods.
In spite of above-normal flows during the 1 through 10 February
1973 study, ammonia levels in the Big Sioux River were excessive —
as a result of discharges from the Sioux Falls Wastewater Treatment
Plant. Whereas upstream average concentrations [Figure VI-6] varied
from 0.88-0.38 mg/1 NH -N, the average value, downstream from the treat-
ment plant at RM 141.2, jumped to 4.7 mg/1. The plant discharged about
34,070 m /day (9 mgd) containing an average concentration of 40 mg/1
NH
-N and 12 mg/1 of org-N.
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56
Both NH -N and organic-N concentrations increased in the river
water between RM 141.2 and 134.5. This sudden change is not supported
by changes in other indicator parameters, such as microbiological
analyses, BOD, COD, TOO, or solids. A mass balance of upstream inputs
of TKN, versus the TKN at RM 134.5, was not able to account for that
high a quantity of nitrogen, leaving this anomaly unexplained.
Both Skunk and Split Rock Creeks were monitored for NH_-N during
the survey. Average concentrations in Skunk Creek (RM 152.8/1.1) were
0.94 mg/1 and in Split Rock Creek (RM 130.1/5.3), 1.74 mg/1.
From the Iowa-South Dakota state line, at RM 127.0, to the furthest
downstream station, at RM 5.0, 100 percent of the 47 samples collected
from the Big Sioux River exceeded the Iowa 2.0 mg/1 NH--N criterion.
Average NH--N concentrations varied from 4.56 mg/1 at RM 106.2 near
Canton, South Dakota, to 2.32 mg/1 at RM 5.0 near Sioux City, Iowa.
Ammonia Nitrogen-(Rock River) — The Rock River (RM 76.2/5.8) con-
tained an average NH..-N concentration of 2.13 mg/1. Concentrations
ranged from 1.89 to 2.72 mg/1, in violation of the 2.0 mg/1 Iowa crite-
rion on eight of the ten days of sampling. Additional sampling, 9 and
10 February, on the Rock River did not pinpoint any significant sources
of ammonia. Average NH_-N concentrations varied from 1.56 mg/1 at the
control station upstream of the Luverne, Minnesota, WWTP (RM 76.2/52.5)
to 1.66 mg/1 at RM 76.2/25.7 [Appendix F, Table F-3]. The Little Rock
River (RM 76.2/23.1/4.0) contained 1.47 mg/1 NH.J-N. The only potential
source of pollution downstream from the Little Rock confluence is Rock
Rapids, Iowa (pop., 2,632), at RM 76.2/18 (approx.).
-------
7 0
8 0 _
5.0 _
3 0 _
2 0 _
1 0
- DIVERSION CAHAt..
4
SPENCER FOODS-
Orj R
RIVER MILES
Figure VI-6 Hitrogen Profile, Big Sioux River
Estelline, South Dakota to Sioux City, Iowa
1 10 FetHuary 1973
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57
Nitrogenous Oxygen Demand — Nitrogen, in the reduced forms of
NH» and organic nitrogen, has a further potential for creating a signi-
ficant demand upon the oxygen resources of the stream. The mechanism
involved includes hydrolysis of the organic form to NH», followed by
the oxidation to N0« and then NO. by autotrophic organisms. Oxidation
of NH- to NO is rate limiting followed by rapid oxidation to N0~.
Thus, the presence of N02 in the aquatic environment is generally a
fleeting state. The rate of oxidation or nitrification is a temper-
ature-dependent reaction, becoming minimal at low temperatures.
The wastewaters discharged from the Sioux Falls WWTP are especially
rich in nitrogen, largely as a result of proteinaceous waste material
received from the John Morrell and Company facility. During the stream-
survey portion of the study, the Sioux Falls WWTP discharged an average
of about 1,810 kg or (4,000 Ib), 52 mg/1, of total Kjeldahl nitrogen
per day. From a stoichiometric standpoint, approximately 2.0 kg (4.5 Ib)
of 0_ are required to oxidize 0.4 kg (1 Ib) of nitrogen. Hence, these
wastewaters had a potential demand of 8,165 kg (18,000 Ib) of oxygen.
If this demand were exerted upon oxygen resources of the Big Sioux River,
especially under adverse conditions of minimal re-aeration (i.e., ice
cover), significant dissolved-oxygen depressions would be expected. As
discussed previously, severe DO depressions did develop, raising a
question of whether nitrification played a role in these depressions.
In order to determine whether nitrification was occurring in the
Big Sioux River, an attempt was made to balance the mass of nitrogen
in the stream between Sioux Falls, South Dakota, and Akron, Iowa. From
-------
58
USGS and EPA measurements of discharge, made during the study, average
cross-sectional velocities were obtained on the Big Sioux at Cliff Avenue
in Sioux Falls (RM 142.7), Split Rock Creek (RM 130.1/3.5), Rock River
(RM 76.2/11.8), and Big Sioux River at Akron, Iowa (RM 46.8). Using
these velocities and known distances between points, an approximation
of time of travel was made between Sioux Falls (RM 141.2) and Split
Rock Creek (RM 130.1), Split Rock Creek and Rock River (RM 76.2), and
Rock River and Akron, Iowa (RM 46.8), yielding an overall flow time
of about six days. From these flow times, data were selected to route
units of mass down the Big Sioux River. The parameter selected for
the initial mass balance was TKN which under ice-cover conditions should
be conserved except for the amount nitrified (sedimentation considered
negligible). This approach led to the following balance:
Avg TKN Loading
Inputs Dates kg Ib
Big Sioux River 2/1-4 2,073 4,570
(RM 141.2)
Split Rock Creek 2/2-5 213 468
(RM 130.1/5.3)
Rock River 2/5-8 2,000 4,410
(RM 76.2/5.8)
4,286 9,448
Big Sioux River 2/7-10 -4.128 -9,100
(RM 46.8) 158 348
As noted above, approximately 158 kg (348 Ib) total Kjeldahl nitrogen,
or four percent of the mass, was either oxidized or otherwise "lost"
within the system.
In an attempt to refine the previous balance, the quality, as
-------
59
measured at RM 141.2, was replaced with its individual inputs, including
the Big Sioux River upstream of Sioux Falls at Renner, South Dakota;
Skunk Creek; the effluent from Meilman Food Industries; and the WWTP
effluent and by-pass. This approach yielded the following balance:
Avg TKN Loadings
Inputs Dates kg Ib
Individual Loadings 2/1-4 2,303 5,078
to Big Sioux River
that comprise flow
at RM 141.2
Split Rock Creek 2/2-5 213 468
(RM 130.1/5.3)
Rock River 2/5-8 2,000 4,410
(RM 76.2/5.8)
4,516 9,956
Big Sioux 2/7-10 -4,128 -9,100
(RM 46.8) 388 856
This 388 kg (856 Ib) of TKN still constitutes only nine percent of the
total Kjeldahl nitrogen into the system.
a
The converse to considering the "loss" of total Kjeldahl nitrogen
in the stream, ostensibly to nitrification, is to investigate the
increase in oxidation products, N0? and N0~. Employing the same logic,
as previously mentioned, yielded the following balance:
Avg NO? + NO^-N Loadings
Inputs Dates kg Ib
Big Sioux River 2/1-4 371 817
(RM 141.2)
Split Rock Creek 2/2-5 52 115
(RM 130.1/5.3)
Rock River 2/5-8 649 1,430
(RM 76.2/5.8)
1,072 2,362
Big Sioux 2/7-10 -1,423 c -3,138
(RM 46.8) 351 776
gained between Sioux
Falls and Akron
-------
60
Whereas this represents an increase of 33 percent over the inputs
to the system, a more detailed analysis, as before, considering indi-
vidual inputs that make up the Big Sioux River at Sioux Falls does not
support this increase.
Inputs
Individual inputs
that comprise flow
at RM 141.2
Split Rock Creek
(RM 130.1/5.3)
Rock River
(RM 76.2/5.8)
Big Sioux River
(RM A6.8)
Dates
2/1-4
2/2-5
2/5-8
2/7-10
52
649
1,387
-1,423
36
Avg N02 + NOyN Loadings
kg Ib
686 1,512
115
1,430
3,057
-3.138
81
gained between Sioux
Falls and Akron
This represents an increase of only three percent.
This analysis indicates that significant nitrification was not
occurring during the 1 through 10 February survey. As has been stated
previously, the potential nitrogenous oxygen demand of wastewaters of
the Sioux Falls WWTP is approximately 8,165 kg (18,000 lb)/day. Climatic
conditions during February precluded the growth of nitrifying organisms.
However, under low-flow conditions and warmer temperatures during the
summer or early fall the nitrogenous demand could seriously deplete
stream-oxygen resources.
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61
VII. WASTE-SOURCES EVALUATION
A. GENERAL
Numerous municipal and industrial waste sources discharge into
the Big Sioux River Basin [Appendix E], Based on a study of the basin
and review of existing data, it was determined that three sources were
potentially the most significant dischargers, directly or indirectly,
to the Big Sioux River.
As previously mentioned, the population of the Sioux Falls, South
Dakota, metropolitan area constitutes 45 percent of the population of
the entire basin, making it the major municipal waste source. With the
exception of two industrial waste sources the majority discharging to
the Big Sioux River are of relatively minor importance.
The John Morrell and Company of Sioux Falls, one of the Nation's
largest meat packing plants, is the largest industrial waste source in
the basin. The Company discharges virtually all its wastewaters into
the Sioux Falls sewerage system and contributes greater than 70 percent
of the BOD, suspended solids, and nitrogen load received at the muni-
cipal wastewater treatment plant.
Meilman Food Industries (formerly Spencer Foods, Inc.), another
meat-packing plant in the Sioux Falls area, discharged directly to the
Big Sioux River but has recently expanded production and connected into
the city sewerage system. This industry will have a major impact on
the Sioux Falls Wastewater Treatment Plant. All three of these sources
were evaluated during the Winter 1973 study. The following discussion
will center on the findings of those evaluations.
B. SIOUX FALLS, SOUTH DAKOTA. WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
During 24 through 31 January 1973, the Sioux Falls, South Dakota,
-------
62
Wastewater Treatment Plant was evaluated In order, to:
1. Characterize the wastewaters;
2. Determine unit-process removal efficiencies;
3. Assess the impact of industrial wastes (from John Morrell
and Company) on the system;
4. Determine the waste loads discharged to the Big Sioux River;
5. Ascertain pollution abatement necessary to meet water-quality
standards and to comply with the Water Pollution Control Act
Amendments of 1972.
Treatment Facilities
The Sioux Falls treatment system [Figures VII-1 and VII-2] consists
of a two-stage, trickling filter system for industrial-waste pretreat-
ment, followed by a complete-mixed activated sludge system that treats
both the pretreated industrial wastes and domestic wastes. The phys-
ical plant consists of a potpourri of units, vintage 1920-1960*s, that
creates considerable maintenance work load for plant personnel.
Industrial Waste Pretreatment System — The industrial waste pre-
treatment system receives wastewaters primarily from the John Morrell
and Company meat-packing plant. These wastewaters, in addition to
those from a small residential area, the stockyards, and various smaller
industries are pumped to a flocculator that merely serves to combine
raw indistrial wastes, sludge, and lagoon supernatant prior to their
entry into the industrial primary clarifiers.
3
Flows in excess of the maximum influent pumping rate of 22,710 m /day
o 6
(6 mgd) enter an 1,890-m (0.5 x 10 gal.) equalization basin that normally
-------
H51A1 JOHt! HOR81U & CO IRC.
INDUSTRIAL PLANT
INDUSTRIAL HASTE
SIIPERMATAHT FROH
SLUD6E UGOOHS
IHTERKEDUTE -
CU8IFIER -
SECOHOm X TRICKLING
DOMESTIC PUNT
DOMESTIC lUSTEr/AHR
DAS SCREED
PADSHAH FLUME
1454
1455
c=_ 1457
AERATION
TAHKS
SECONDARY
CIA8IFIE8S
14U
TO filVEB
CHLORIKATION
CORTACT
LAGOON
PRIMARY
OLARIFIERS
-rvrvrvo.
FINAL
CLARIFIERS
HOT IN USE
DURING WINTER
I E 6 E H D
SAMPLE LOCATIONS
Figure VIM. Wastewater Treatment Plant, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
24-31 January, 1973
-------
[JAW & SECONDARY SLUDGE HANDLING
LEGEND
i SAMPLE LOCATIONS
V V
1459
GRIT TO
SANITARY LANDFILL
DORR CLONE
GRIT REMOVAL
THICKENER EFFLUENT
TO HEAD OF
DOMESTIC PLANT
SLUDGE GAS TO
HEATERS
ENGINES
BOILERS
WASTE
SLUDGE
THICKENING
CLARIFIERS
THICKENED SLUDGE
TO DIGESTERS
SLUDGE HEAT
EXCHANGERS
COMPLETE MIX
SINGLE STAGE
DIGESTERS
DIGESTED SLUDGE
TO DRYING LAGOONS
t
1462
Figure Vll-2. Wastewater Treatment Plant Study, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
24-31 January, 1973
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63
is filling during the peak industrial uses (approx. 6:00 AM - 6:00 PM)
and then is draining into the flocculator as the industrial flow de-
creases. When flows to the equalization basin exceed its capacity,
the excess flow enters the head end of the combined domestic-indus-
trial system.
After the flocculator, industrial wastes enter primary clarifiers,
followed by primary trickling filters, an intermediate clarifier, and
secondary trickling filters. Most of the secondary trickling filter
under-flow is sent to the head end of the combined domestic-industrial
system without settling. However, a portion is sent to the industrial
secondary clarifiers, with subsequent recycle to the secondary filters.
Combined Domestic-Industrial System — Domestic wastewaters entering
the plant pass through a screen house, combine with the effluent of the
industrial-waste-pretreatment system, and enter the primary clarifiers.
After primary clarification, wastewaters go into a complete-mixed acti-
vated sludge system, followed by final clarification and discharge to
the Big Sioux River. Although the plant chlorinates its final effluent
during the spring, summer, and fall months, no disinfection is practiced
during winter months.
Sludge System — Sludge generated in the secondary clarifiers of the
industrial-waste-pretreatment system, as well as waste activated sludge,
is returned to the primary clarifier of the industrial waste pretreatment
system for sedimentation and removal. The sludge thus generated, as well
as that collected from the combined domestic-industrial primary clarifters,
is combined and sent to Dorr Clone units, [Figure VII-2] for grit removal.
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64
Following passage through the Dorr Clones, the degritted sludge is gra-
vity thickened, with subsequent return of supernatant to the combined do-
mestic-industrial primary clarifiers. The underflow from the thickeners
is sent to single-stage, complete-mix digesters, followed by discharge
to sludge lagoons adjacent to the plant. Partially dewatered digested
sludge is pumped from the lagoons, hauled away, and spread on farm land
that the City of Sioux Falls owns about 6.5 km (4 mi) northeast of the
plant. Supernatant from the lagoons is returned intermittently to the
flocculator at the head of the industrial pretreatment system.
Results of.In-PIant Study
Fifteen sampling stations [Figures VII-1 and VII-2 and Appendix H,
Table H-2], including monitoring the waste input of the John Morrell
and Company, were established at the treatment plant. Samples were com-
posited on the basis of flow over a 24-hr period. With the exception of
grab compositing of the sludge lagoon supernatant, underflow from the
sludge thickeners, and effluent from the complete mixed digesters, auto-
matic sampling equipment was used at all points. In order to reflect
both processing and non-processing conditions at the Morrell Company,
the analytical data were examined on the basis of the full seven days,
five weekdays, and two weekend days covered during the study.
[Summaries of data collected during the 24 through 31 January 1973,
evaluation of the treatment plant are presented in Appendix F.] Major
findings of the evaluation follow.
Wastewater Treatment Plant Flows — During the seven-day study total
flow into the Sioux Falls WWTP averaged 33,380 m /day (8.82 mgd). Of
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65
this, flows entering the industrial waste pretreatment system averaged
14,800 m3/day (3.91 mgd), of which 12,110 m3/day (3.20 mgd) or 36 per-
cent of the total treatment-plant flow emanating from the Morrell Company.
3
Influent domestic waste flows averaged 18,580 m /day (4.91 mgd). Weekend
and weekday flows differed (as seen in the following tabular material),
reflecting reduced domestic-water use as x
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66
TABLE VII-1
JOHN MORRELL AND COMPANY CONTRIBUTION TO
LOADS RECEIVED AT SIOUX FALLS WWTP (PERCENT)
7-DAY PERIOD WEEKDAY WEEKEND
BOD 67 70 42
COD 73* 74* 57
TOC 76* 78* A3
* * *
SS 78 81 63
TKN 70* 74* 29
* * *
Total P 57 61 37
* As a result of the difficulty in obtaining a representative sample
of the solid-laden Morrell wastewaters, these analyses indicated a
greater loading from Morrell than in the combined loading to the
industrial pretreatment system [Appendix F, Table F-5 (Stations 1451
and 1450)]. In these cases the figure for the combined load to the
pretreatment system was used in determining the Morrell contribution
to the total wastewater treatment plant loading. Hence these per-
centages are conservative estimates.
-------
TABLE VII-2
AVERAGE RAW WASTE LOADINGS (PER DAY)
SIOUX FALLS WASTEWATLR TREAT1ENT PLANT
67
Domestic
7 Days
BOD
COD
TOC
SS
TKN
Total P
BOD
COD
TOC
SS
TKN
Total P
9,980
14,200
2,840
4,230
780
270
26,130
38,010
9,070
15,380
1,860
360
Ib
22,000
31,100
6,270
9,320
1,720
590
57,600
83,800
20,000
33,900
4,110
790
Weekdays
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68
By-passing of Wastewaters — During the 24 through 31 January 1973,
evaluation the treatment plant by-passed inadequately treated industrial
wastewaters to the Big Sioux River [Figure VII-1]. Waste loadings dis-
charged via the by-pass were dramatically reduced, however, on 25 January
when plant personnel discovered and repaired a partially destroyed by-
pass gate in the industrial-waste-pretreatment secondary clarifiers.
3
The by-pass flow rate dropped from 3,030 to 190 m /day (0.8 to 0.05 mgd).
The decline in waste loading is reflected [Appendix F, Table F-5 (1424)]
in average daily weekend (following repair) vs. weekday BOD loadings of
85 and 990 kg (190 and 2,190 Ib), respectively.
Negative Removals — Both the intermediate clarifier of the indus-
trial waste pretreatment system and the primary clarifiers for com-
bined domestic industrial waste system provided negative removals of BOD
[Figure VII-3]. In the case of the former, the removal over the seven-
day period was a negative two percent.' Probably, this was a result of
excessive hydraulic conditions that subjected it to an average overflow
rate of 36.0 m3/day/m2 (884 gpd/ft2) — (43.4 m3/day/m2 or 1,065 gpd/ft2
during weekdays). However, the unit was able to remove 14 percent of
the WWTP influent, suspended-solids loading.
Negative removals through the combined domestic-industrial primary
clarifier were the result of several causes. During the seven-day period
an average of 6,030 kg/day (13,300 Ib/day) of BOD contained in the sludge-
3
thickener supernatant (4,500 m /day or 1.19 mgd) was returned directly
to the clarifier. In addition, during the 24-hr period beginning on
24 January 1973, the clarifier received sludge-lagoon supernatant
-------
INDUS
76 Illlllllllllllllllllllllllll
72 illlllllllllllllllllllllll
73 iiiimmiiimiiiiimiii
78 Illlllllllllllllllllllllllll
70 inmininiiiiiiiiiiiii
57 imimimiiimiii
BY PASS TO
BIG SIOUX RIVEI
2 mm
2 Hill
2 nun
i m
3 Illllllll
2 mm
24
TRIAL PLANT 28
i ;;
1 30
FLOCCULATOR
TOC ».^^^«^__
BOD '
COD PRIMARY
ss CLARIFIERS
TK N
1 " TOC HIIIIIIIIIIHIII 49
^| coo ininmiiiimi 47
1 ss iiinnniiniii 45
^^ 1 TKN Illlllllllllllllllllllllll 73
/^ ^^\. TOT p IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 54
/ PRIMARY \
I TRICKLING I
\ FILTERS y
»
TOC
BOD S ****.
COD / \
ss / INTERMEDIATE \
TKH I CLARIFIER I
TOT P \ /
\^ y/ TOC Illllllllllllll 43
^ ^-^ BOD Illlllllllllllll 45
L COD 111111111111111 40
^r ss iiiiiiiiiii 31
TKN iniimiiiinniininii 72
u TOT p imimniimini 52
SECONDARY
CLARIFIERS
1
/ SECONDARY \ " """"I T°C
( TRICKLING I 2° IIIM" B°D J
1 FILTERS / '9 """l COD 1
\ / 29 minimi ss
N. ./ 71 Illlllllllllllllllllllllll TKN
T— 51 IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII TOT P
ilium TOC
111111111 B°D DOMESTIC PLANT
Illllllll COD
Illllll SS
TKN ^|
Illllllllllllll TOT P T
i *• IOC HIIIIIIIIIIHIII 48
f L BOD Illlllllllllllll 48
^ COD Illlllllllllllll 46
ss iniimiiiiiinn 51
1 TKN iinniiiiiinnnmniiimiinni 101
^~~^—*>^ TOT P Illlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll 94
/ PRIMARY \
1 CLARIFIERS I T°C "»"»»"»»»
\ / BOD iiiimiimiiimiiii 64
\^ y coo iinnniiinniiiii 57
^^^ ^/ SS Illllllllllllllllllllllllll 74
L TK^ nmiiiiininiinnminmmminmiiiiiii 137
^ TOT p miiiiimmnniiimiiiniiiiii 98
LEGEND
SA
A SAMPLING STATION & NUMBER
AERATION TANKS
*BAR GRAPH VALUES REPRESEf
PLANT LOADINGS AS PERCE
OF TOTAL REMOVAL
EFFICIENCIES MAY BE
^^-^^ CALCULATED USING THESE
f >, VALUES
/ FINAL \
\ CLARIFIERS /
\ / TOC Km 9
>v / BOD III 9
^ — — ^ COD Illl 10
L SS II 6
^ TKN Illlllinilllllllllllll 64
TOT p iiiniiiiiiiiiiinimmiii 76
| TO BIG
SIOUX RIVER *
Figure VII-3 Treatment Eff iciency-Sioux Falls, South
Wastewater Treatment Plant
24-31 January 1973
"7 DAY AVERAGE"
-------
69
containing about 2,000 kg (4,400 Ib) of BOD. The normal practice is to
return this supernatant to the head of the industrial waste system, but
clogged lines required returning it to the primary clarifier. The
primary-clarifier overflow BOD measured for the 24-hr period (61,240 kg
or 135,000 Ib BOD @ 1,700 mg/1) greatly affected the seven-day average
loading. If this value were ignored.the average daily loading would be
16,830 kg (37,100 Ib) BOD rather than 23,180 kg (51,100 Ib), or a plus-
0.9-percent removal through the primary clarifiers. Suspended-solids
removals through the primary clarifier were also negative [Figure VII-3],
However, if the loading for 24 January 1973, were ignored, the average
overflow loading would be 7,200 kg (15,900 Ib) rather than 14,380 kg
(31,700 Ib), yielding an overall 13.9-percent removal.
Domestic Wastes — Domestic wastes (BOD equals 520 mg/1) entering
the Sioux Falls WWTP are considerably more concentrated than are normal
domestic wastes (i.e., BOD of about 200 mg/1). A number of creameries
discharge to the city sewerage system; this could account for these
abnormally high concentrations. This hypothesis is supported by influ-
ent, suspended-solids concentrations of only 227 mg/1. Dairy wastes
include a predominance of soluble BOD that could cause the influent BOD
concentrations to exceed suspended solids; this relationship is atypical
of normal domestic wastes.
Organic Overloading — Organic loadings to the activated sludge
system were excessive; this concurs with the findings of an earlier EPA
2/
study.— Even if the value for 24 January 1973, is neglected, daily
-------
70
organic loadings still average 2,676 g BOD/m3 (167 Ib BOD/1,000 ft3)
of aeration tank volume. In the EPA analysis of WWTPs past operating
2 / 3
records,—' average daily loadings were 1,280 g BOD/m (80 Ib BOD/
3
1,000 ft ). These loadings greatly exceed the generally recommended
3 3
value of about 640 g BOD/m (40 Ib BOD/1,000 ft ). Food-to-micro-
organism (F/M) ratios also dramatically reflect this organic over-
loading. The F/M was 1.1 g BOD/g (1.1 Ib/lb) of mixed liquor suspended
solids (MLSS) under aeration, which is in marked contrast to recommended
values of about 0.4. The organic overload was especially evident in
effluent quality where, contrary to theory, the average BOD exceeded
suspended solids (99 mg/1 versus 37 mg/1).
Treatment Efficiencies — [Overall WWTP removals as well as the
portions removed by the industrial pretreatment system and combined
domestic industrial system are presented in Table VII-3. Figures VII-3
to VII-5 enable the same computations, as well as removals between indi-
vidual units.] In calculating overall removal efficiencies, the amount
by-passed must be subtracted from the apparent removal. For example,
although the apparent removal of BOD during the seven-day period is
91 percent, 2 percent was by-passed, yielding an overall removal of
89 percent.
Whereas overall removal efficiencies during the study are admirable
considering both the effect of winter temperature on biological system
and the organic overloads to the activated sludge system, the waste
loadings to the Big Sioux River were substantial. During the seven-day
evaluation the effluent from the WWTP contributed a daily average load of:
-------
INDUSTRIAL PLANT
78 iimiiiiiimiimiiiiiiiii
74 iiiiiiiiiimimiiiiiiiiii
74 Illllllllllllllllllllllllll
81 imilllllimiimmilimi
74 iiimimiiiimiiimiii
61 Illlllllllllllllllllll
PRIMARY
TRICKLING
FILTERS
milllllllllimi 53
Illllllllllllllll 48
Illlllllllllllllll SO
Illllllllllllllll 47
Illllllllllllllllllllllllll 74
Illllllllllllllllllll 58
BY-PASS TO
BIG SIOUX RIVER
llllllll
mini
iiiiuii
in
iiiniiiii
iiiiiiiin
INTERMEDIATE
CLARIFIER
SECONDARY
TRICKLING
FILTERS
SECONDARY
CLARIFIERS
Illllllllllllllll 46
Illllllllllllllll 48
minimum 43
Minim 29
Illllllllllllllllllllllllll 76
Illlllllllllllllllll 57
22
26
26
19
26
39
mini
iiiiinni
iniinni
mini
Minim
iiiinmml
DOMESTIC PLANT
25 Illlllllll
21 llllllll]
20 llllllll
29 Illlllllllll
71 iiiiiiiiiniimiiiiniiii
55 Illllllllllllllllllll
TOC
BOD
COD
ss
UN
TOT P
AERATION TANKS
Illlllllllllllllll 47
jiinniiiiiniiii 41
iiimiiniiinn 46
Illlllllllllllllll 48
iiiiiiniiiiiniiiiiniiiiiniini 97
immmimmimimiiiimii 94
minnimnni
iiiininimnnniim
inniiiiimiiiiiii
iiiimninniiiiiniiniii
iiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimmniiinim
iiiiiiiiiiiiniiiimiiniiiniim
TO BIG
SIOUX RIVER
ill)
mi
nn
n
iinnminnniiii
ininiiiiniiiiiinniiii
9
10
5
58
74
49
66
57
78
134
95
LEGEND
SAMPLING STATION & NUMBER
^BAR GRAPH VALUES REPRESENT
PLANT LOADINGS AS PERCENT
OF TOTAL REMOVAL
EFFICIENCIES MAY BE
CALCULATED USING THESE
VALUES.
r.
Figure VII-4 Treatment Efficiency-Sioux Falls, South Dakota
Wastewater Treatment Plant
24-31 January 1973
"WEEKDAY AVERAGE"
-------
INDUSTRIAL PLANT,
64
56
61
62
47
36
imnniiiinniiiiiiii
IMIIMIIMMIMIIII
ininiiiiniiiiiiini
iimimiimiiiuii!
iiiiiiiiiiiiinii
ininiiniii
TOC
COD FLOCCULATOR
SS
TKN
PRIMARY
TOT P
CLARIFIERS
^
^^—
/^
/
L
r
^
^\
\
36 Illlllllllllll TOC
44 Illllll III! BOD DOMESTIC PLANT
39 Illlllllllllll COD
38 Illlllllllllll SS
J*
53 Illllllllllllllllll TKN ^
64 Illlllllllllllllllllllll TOT P I
TOC
BOD
COD
SS
TKN
TOT P
Illlllll 22
Illlllllll 26
Illllllll 25
iniiiiiiinn 37
Illlllllllllllllllllllll 67
IMIIIIIIIM 32
/ PRIMARY \
[ TRICKLING 1
\ FILTERS /
BY PASS
-*
\
^^
TO
A
BIG SIOUX RIVER
1
1
1
0
2
1
III
III
III
Illllll
mi
TOC
BOD ^
COD f
/
^s
i
— ^
\
SS / \
_,, / INTERMEDIATE \
TKN 1
TOT P \ CLARIFIER /
\
x-~.
«
1
SECONDARY
CLARIFIERS
'
^^^
s
/
/
r^
1
'
f
'
^^^^
>.
\
/ SECONDARY \
1 TRICKLING
V FILTERS J
v^
1
/
^/
f
TOC
BOD
COD
-SS
TKN
TOT P
Illlllllll 25
Illllllll 25
Illlllll 22
Illllllllllllll 41
IMMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIIII 70
Illllllllllllll 40
16 Illlll
14 inn
is Mini
27 nininii
68 iiimiinniiiininim
32 illinium
TOC
BOD
COD ^
SS
TKN
TOT P
TOC
•« BOD
f
COD
1 SS
1 TKN
/^ ^V TOT P
iiiiiiiiiniiiiiini 52
iiiiinniniiinnin ss
Illllllllllllllllll 54
Illlllllllllllllllllllll 65
iiiinninininiinnninininnnniiii 1 2 1
iiiinnininnnniiiiiinninn 95
/ \
I PRIMARY \
I CLARIFIERS /
• \ /TOC
\ y BOD
^+*^ ^S COD
^L ss
^ TKN
f TOT P
Illllllllllllllllll 50
MIMIIIIIIMMIIIII 55
IIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIl 54
IMIMIIIIIIMI 42
MMIMIIIIMMMMIIIMMIIMIIIMMIIMMMIIMIIIMIM 1 5 9
IMIIIIIIIIMMMMIMIMMIIIIIIIIIIMI 111
LEGEND
A SAMPLING STATION & NUMBER
AERATION TANKS
*BAR GRAPH VALUES REPRESEI
PLANT LOADINGS AS PERCEI
OF TOTAL REMOVAL
EFFICIENCIES MAY BE
.^-^^ CALCULATED USING THESE
f >v VALUES
/ FINAL \
I CLARIFIERS I
\ /
\ / TOC
>s S BOD
^^^^^^^^^^^
1 COD
•^f ss
TKN
TO BIG TOT p
mi is
III! 14
Illlll 16
III 11
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIII 104
nnniiiiiinnnniiiiiiiii ss
SIOUX RIVER f
F oure VII-S Treatment Eff icipnr v-Smux Fnll<; ^r>nfk
1 5J w ' *^ Til \J ll^\-liiliwlll Lvlll^l^llVv^r \J I \J w^ 1 Ulld. wwwll
Wastewater Treatment Plant
24-31 January 1973
"WEEKEND AVERAGE"
-------
TABLE VII-3
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT REMOVAL EFFICIENCIES (PERCENT)
7-Day Period
BOD
COD
TOC
SS
TKN
Total P
IPS-9/
50
52
50
48
-4
4
CDIS&./
39
36
39
45
37
18
Total
89
88
89
93
33
22
IPS
51
52
51
51
0
3
Weekday
GDIS
38
36
38
43
39
20
Total
89
88
89
94
39
23
IPS
41
45
47
35
-23
3
Weekend
GDIS
44
38
37
54
17
11
Total
85
83
84
89
-6
14
aj This is an acronym for Industrial Pretreatment System.
b/ This is an acronym for combined Domestic-Industrial System.
-------
72
Parameter
BOD
SS
TKN
Total P
The WWTP by-pass
Parameter
kg /day
EFFLUENT
Load
Ib/day
3,370 7,420
1,175 2,590
1,690 3,720
470 1,040
discharged an additional:
BY-PASS
kg/day
Load
Ib/day
BOD 735 1,620
SS 190 413
TKN 67 148
Total P 14 31
Nitrogen Balance — Special emphasis was
Cone.
rag/1
99
37
51
14
Cone.
mg/1
1,010
429
131
22
placed on de
fate of nitrogenous compounds in the treatment plant. Sampling stations
were selected to monitor changes of nitrogen forms within the treatment
system, the nitrogen taken out in the sludge, and that returned via
sludge-thickener supernatant and sludge-lagoon supernatant. A precise
assessment of the total nitrogen balance was hampered by difficulties
in performing the NO- + NO_-N analysis. An undetermined interference
prevented reduction of N0_ to N02 in certain samples. However, in com-
parison to the values obtained for the total Kjeldahl nitrogen most
NO. -f NO--N values throughout the treatment plant were insignificant,
affording a reliable balance.
During the seven-day evaluation the industrial pretreatraent system
received an average daily TKN loading of 1,865 kg (4,110 Ib) at 121 mg/1
-------
73
[Appendix F, Table F-5], Of this, 76 percent was in the org-N form and
24 percent in the NH -N form. The N0_ + NO_-N concentrations were
•J £- J
reported as less than 0.5 mg/1, indicating an insignificant contribution
to the total nitrogen load. The John Morrell and Company accounted for
virtually 100 percent of the industrial pretreatment loading, or 70 per-
cent of the total WWTP loading of total Kjeldahl nitrogen.
As the wastes passed through the industrial primary clarifiers,
the TKN loading remained essentially constant (1,940 kg or 4,280 Ib in
overflow vs. 1,865 kg or 4,110 Ib in influent). Significant, however,
was the change in nitrogen forms. The organic-N fraction decreased to
54 percent, reflecting the hydrolysis of the organic-N to NH -N and of
the input of sludge-lagoon supernatant. The latter contained an average
daily loading of 975 kg (2,150 Ib) at 1,280 mg/1 total Kjeldahl nitrogen
of which 71 percent was in the NH -N form. The NO- + NO.,-N in the over-
flow of the primary clarifier remained insignificant (<0.5 mg/1).
As the wastewaters passed through the primary trickling filter and
overflowed the intermediate clarifier, the TKN loading remained essen-
tially constant (1,900 kg or 4,190 Ib vs. 1,865 kg or 4,110 Ib in raw
waste). The organic-N fraction continued to decrease to 47 percent.
NO + NO--N remained insignificant (<0.5 mg/1).
After passing through the secondary filter, the TKN loading remained
unchanged from the raw waste load (1,865 kg or 4,110 Ib @ 126 mg/1).
The organic-N fraction declined further, to 27 percent, a decrease of
49 percent from influent values. The NO. + NO--N concentrations were
indicated as less than 10.0 mg/1, but this calculation can be further
-------
74
refined by performing an analysis of concentrations in the combined
domestic-industrial, primary clarifier overflow, a value reported as
3
less than 2.0 mg/1. This flow was made up of 18,600 m /day (4.91 mgd)
of domestic raw waste containing less than 2.0 mg/1; and 14,800 m /day
(3.91 mgd) of industrial waste. If one back calculated, the industrial
effluent concentration of NO + NO -N was less than 4.3 mg/1. This
value is fortified by unchanged TKN loadings throughout the industrial
pretreatment system and indicates only a minor degree of nitrification.
The domestic raw waste (18,600 m /day or 4.91 mgd) contained 780 kg
(1,720 Ib) TKN (@ 42 mg/1) which is within the typical ranges cited in the
literature for domestic wastes. Of this 780 kg (1,720 Ib), 34 percent
was in the form of organic N and 66 percent in the NH.-N form. Combined
with the 1,865 kg (4,110 Ib) of TKN in the effluent of the industrial
waste pretreatment the loading to the primary clarifier was 2,640 kg
(5,830 Ib) (29 percent being in the organic-N form and 71 percent in the
NH3-N form).
After passing through the primary clarifier, the TKN loadings in-
creased by 37 percent to 3,630 kg (8,010 Ib @ 105 mg/1) as a result
of the introduction of the sludge-thickener supernatant and of the
24-January return of sludge-lagoon supernatant previously mentioned.
The organic-N fraction in the primary-clarifier overflow increased to
46 percent, and the NH--N fraction decreased to 54 percent. If one
disregards the TKN data for 24 January 1973 (7,350 kg or 16,200 Ib @
180 mg/1), the TKN loading in the primary clarifier overflow would
. average 3,010 kg (6,640 lb)/day rather than 3,630 kg (8,010 Ib) with
-------
75
64 percent NH -N and 36 percent organic N. The NO- + NO.-N concentrations
in primary clarifiers overflow were less than 2.0 mg/1, indicating only
a minor amount of nitrification.
The effluent TKN loading was 1,690 kg (3,720 Ib @ 51 mg/1) repre-
senting a 36-percent removal. Because approximately three percent of
this x^as discharged through the plant by-pass, the actual removal was
33 percent. Virtually all of the removal was accomplished in the
activated-sludge portion of the plant. The effluent TKN consisted of
13 percent organic-N form and 87 percent NH -N.
The NO- + NO,-N in the effluent was reported as less than 15 mg/1
during the plant portion of the study. This can be refined, however,
by employing values obtained during the following ten days of stream
study. The loads of total Kjeldahl nitrogen discharged during the
stream survey were similar to those measured during the plant evaluation.
Hence, the NO + NO--N values found during the stream survey were con-
sidered representative of effluent quality. On this basis the average
effluent N02 -f NO -N load would be 295 kg (647 Ib @ 8.8 mg/1). From
this loading, of the 33-percent TKN "removals," 11 percent was oxidized
to N0~ + NO--N forms, and 22 percent was actually removed from the system.
A nitrogen balance [Table VII-4] accounted for all but 5.9 percent
of the nitrogen entering the plant. It is especially noteworthy that a
daily average of 975 kg (2,150 Ib) of nitrogen was reintroduced into the
plant in the sludge-lagoon supernatant. Further nitrogen reductions
would be realized by not returning this supernatant to the plant. Had
this method not been employed during the survey, as much as 1,570 kg
(3,465 Ib) of nitrogen could have been removed, thus affording a 59-percent
-------
76
TABLE VII-4
SIOUX FALLS, SOUTH DAKOTA
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT NITROGEN BALANCE
24-31 JANUARY 1973
kg (Ib)
Nitrogen Entering Wastewater
Treatment Plant:
Industrial Pretreatraent Raw
Waste Load
.Domestic Raw Waste Load
1,865
780
2,645
(4,110)
(1,720)
(5,830)
2,645
(5,830)
Nitrogen Leaving Wastewater
Treatment Plant:
Effluent:
As TKN
As N02 + NO--N
Wastewater Treatment Plant
Bypass
1,690
290
70
2,050
(3,720)
(647)
(148)
(4,515)
-2,050
Nitrogen Removed as Monitored Within
Wastewater Treatment Plant:
Nitrogen removed in 595
Wastewater treatment
plant
(-4.515)
(1,315)
595
(1,315)
Nitrogen Taken out in Raw
and Secondary Sludge
Nitrogen returned via
Supematants:
Sludge Thickener
Supernatant
Sludge Lagoon
Supernatant
2,125
(4,680)
710
975
1,685
(1,560)
(2.150)
(3,710)
-1,685 (-3,710)
440 (970)
Nitrogen Removed but
not Accounted for
-440
155
(-970)
(345)
-------
77
reduction in nitrogen rather than a 22-percent reduction. It must be
remembered, however, that this potential, 59-percent reduction in nitrogen
would not be continuous as supernatant is pumped intermittently from the
sludge lagoons.
C. JOHN MORRELL AND COMPANY
As discussed previously, the waste flow from the John Morrell and
Company facility to the municipal system was monitored separately
[Appendix F, Table F-5 (1451)] in order to determine its relative con-
tributions to the WWTP loadings. (By employing 2,800 persons, this
meat-packing plant is one of the mainstays of the Sioux Falls, South
Dakota, economy.) Morrell is the major waste source in the Sioux Falls
area. The plant operates on an approximate 40-hr kill week, slaughtering
and processing hogs, cattle, and sheep at a site just across the river —
to the east, from the Sioux Falls Wastewater Treatment Plant. [During
the study period the plant processed the number of animals tabulated
in Table VTI-5.3
A "typical" day includes kill operations from approximately 6:00 AM-
3:00 PM, followed by major cleanups between 3:00 and 6:00 PM and minor
cleanups between 6:00 PM and 6:00 AM. Some special processing, such as
bacon or sausage slicing, might occur during the evening hours but is not
considered a significant water use.
Pretreatment Facilities
Current pretreatment facilities are minimal. Blood is recovered
and sold for use, primarily, in animal feeds. Recoverable meat scraps,
etc., are collected on the kill floors, and additional large scraps are
-------
TABLE VII-5
ANIMALS PROCESSED BY JOHN MORRELL AND COMPANY
24 JANUARY THROUGH 10 FEBRUARY 1973
oo
Hogs
Cattle
Live Wt.
Date
1/24/73
1/25/73
1/26/73
1/27/73
1/28/73
1/29/73
1/30/73
1/31/73
2/1/73
2/2/73
2/3/73
2/4/73
2/5/73
2/6/73
2/7/73
2/8/73
2/9/73
2/10/73
No. Head
4,843
4,860
5,560
0
0
4,727
4,696
4,554
4,760
5,388
0
0
5,426
5,396
5,550
4,835
4,618
0
kg
544,803
546,715
625,460
0
0
561,772
558,088
541,212
559,751
640,327
0
0
622,692
619,249
636,922
554,868
529,965
0
Ib
1,201,064
1,205,280
1,378,880
0
0
1,238,474
1,230,352
1,193,148
1,234,020
1,411,656
0
0
1,372,778
1,365,188
1,404,150
1,223,255
1,168,354
0
No. Head
857
880
782
0
0
678
680
683
677
778
0
0
731
782
880
856
876
0
Sheep
Live Wt.
kg
414,247
447,481
386,761
0
0
352,307
328,382
337,188
307,885
435,801
0
0
309,388
428,700
452,219
469,381
454,897
0
Ib
913,244
986,510
852,648
0
0
776,690
723,946
743,360
678,758
960,760
0
0
682,072
945,105
996,956
1,034,790
1,002,860
0
No. Head
1,964
1,960
1,760
760
0
1,561
1,962
1,965
1,960
1,953
0
0
1,764
1,960
1,962
1,959
1,960
0
Live Wt.
kg ,
91,340
97,227
85,558
38,831
0
78,001
96,854
96,958
103,228
92,628
0
0
85,696
95,876
98,911
96,218
97,325
0
Ib
201,369
214,346
188,619
85,606
0
171,960
^13,524
213,753
227,576
204,206
0
0
188,924
211,366
218,057
212,121
214,561
0
-------
79
collected in floor-drain baskets. Solids passing the floor-drain screens
go to a collection basin for solids capture and grease recovery, follox^ed
by rotary screening for the capture of additional solids. Paunch manure
by-passes the collection basin and combines with the plant wastewaters
at the rotary screens. Screenings are hauled away for land disposal.
Then, screened wastewaters flow into a pumping station on the east bank
of the Big Sioux River and are pumped across the river into the Sioux
Falls WWTP industrial pretreatment system.
Until recently, Morrell had a separate "condenser-water" discharge.
The quality of this discharge varied widely due to boilovers and miscel-
laneous sewer connections. In late 1972, the Company connected this dis-
3
charge (approximately 1,890 m /day or 0.5 mgd) into the main plant sewer
to the treatment plant.
Proposed Abatement Measures
Morrell is expanding its Sioux Falls operations; they are to include
the modification and construction of pollution control facilities. New
construction will also include cured-meat and rendering facilities. The
cured-meat facility will include grease interception and solids capture
[Figure VII-6]. The nex^ rendering facility is designed to eliminate
direct application of steam to the raw material, thereby eliminating
some of the contamination inherent in the older rendering systems that
employ direct steam application. Excess heat leaving the system is
designed to be recovered prior to discharge of exhaust gases, thereby
eliminating the need for barometric condensers and the inherent pollution.
Proposed pretreatraent facilities [Figure VII-6] will include the
following.
-------
80
1. There will be dry removal of paunch manure (currently not
practiced in existing facilities).
2. There is to be segregation of storm drains from waste dis-
charge lines.
3. Modification of catch basins is designed to achieve more ef-
ficient solids-and-grease capture. The influent to the catch
basins will include "strong wastes" from the basic plant and
liquid wastes from the rendering plant. Grease recovered by
the skimmers will be sent to the rendering system, and solids
settled will be hauled to the municipal sanitary landfill.
Screens will be added to the system to enhance solids capture.
A. Air-flotation system — the liquid effluent from the catch
r
basins as well as the effluent from the cured-meats system
will be sent to an air-flotation system. The grease re-
covered from the system will be returned to the rendering
plant whereas solids are to be hauled to the municipal
sanitary landfill.
5. The effluent from the air-flotation system, as well as "weak
wastes" from the basic plant, will be sent to a rotary
screening system for further solids capture and disposal.
Wastewaters passing the screens will be discharged to the
Sioux Falls WWTP.
According to plant personnel, the pretreatment facility that is
scheduled to be in operation by 1 January 1974, will reduce present BOD
loadings to the municipal wastewater treatment plant by 60 percent,
-------
B
A
S
1C
P
L
A
NT
CO
cc
I—
CO
RENDERING
PAUNCH MANURE
REMOVAL
CATCH
BASINS
L_
AIR
FLOTATION
ROTARY
SCREENS
GREASE
SOLIDS*
GREASE
CURED
MEATS
GREASE',
—323=
SOLIDS*
SOLIDS*
EFFLUENT TO
SIOUX FALLS, SO.DAK , WWTP
GREASE |
^INTERCEPTOR?
SOLIDS*
SOLIDS ARE HAULED TO
MUNICIPAL SANITARY
LANDFILL
Figure VII-6. Proposed Pretreatment Facilities-Flow Schematic
John Moriell and Company, Sioux Falls Opeiation
-------
81
suspended solids by 75 percent, and grease by 80 percent. On the
basis of survey data for the processing week, the following loadings
would result:
P r e sent Anticipated
BOD
SS
S ewer
kg/day (Ib/day)
31,525 (69,500)
26,950 (59,400)
Charges Levied by City
kg /day (Ib/day)
12,610 (27,800)
6,740 (14,850)
As mentioned previously, during the seven-day survey period the
wastes from Morrell represented, on an average, 67 percent of the BOD,
78 percent of the suspended solids, 71 percent of the total Kjeldahl
nitrogen, and 57 percent of the total phosphorus loads entering the
Sioux Falls WWTP. Morrell, however, pays the City only $16,000 per year;
this represents only 4.4 percent of the 1973 operating costs ($359,972)
for the Sioux Falls WWTP.
The existing contract that is valid until 1 September 1973, stipu-
lates that hydraulic loadings shall not exceed an average daily flow of
3
18,920 m /day (5 mgd) but makes no waste-loading stipulation other than
"The strength of the sewage, as determined by the total Kjeldahl nitrogen
shall not exceed an average daily weight of five thousand seven hundred
fifty pounds, based on the number of working days in any calendar month,
but a maximum weight of seven thousand pounds Kjeldahl nitrogen shall be
permitted as a maximum daily load." Although the Morrell wastes were not
sampled on enough working days to determine compliance with the average
monthly load of 2,610 kg (5,750 Ib) total Kjeldahl nitrogen, the average
-------
82
TKN load during five days of sampling (2,600 kg or 5,730 Ib) approached
this limit. There was a violation on 26 January when the maximum daily
load limit of 3,175 kg (7,000 Ib) TKN was exceeded; the plant received
4,110 kg (9,070 Ib) of total Kjeldahl nitrogen. The contract further
stipulates that "It is agreed that if and when the flow of sewage and
industrial waste from the John Morrell Company plant shall exceed in
gallons or in strength the maximum provided herein, or shall become of
such a character as not to be amenable to treatment by the existing
processes, due to any changes in processing made by John Morrell and
Company plant at Sioux Falls, then this contract shall be renegotiated".
The inequity of the contract between the City and Morrell can
readily be seen by comparing it with that entered into by the City and
Greenlee Packing Company, Inc. of Sioux Falls (formerly Spencer Food,
Inc., and now Meilman Food Industries). The latter includes sewer
charges of $.01/lb of BOD and $.02 per 1,000 gal. During the seven
days of monitoring the Morrell waste discharges, the average BOD and
3
flow rate was 24,270 kg (53,500 Ib) and 12,110 m /day (3.2 mgd), respec-
tively. If Morrell were charged in a similar manner, the annual sewer
charge would be $219,000, or an increase of $203,000 over current con-
ditions. With the aforementioned installation of pretreatment facilities
by Morrell these charges are estimated at $110,000/year which is still
almost seven times the present contract price.
D. MEILMAN FOOD INDUSTRIES (FORMERLY SPENCER FOOD. INC.)
Meilman Food Industries (formerly Spencer Food, Inc.) slaughtered,
processed and rendered approximately 700 to 800 head of beef per day at
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83
its plant in western Sioux Falls, South Dakota. ,Wastewaters generated
in the process were discharged to a three-cell aerated lagoon, with
subsequent discharge to the Big Sioux River (KM 154.2). During January
1973, the industry completed its connection to the city sewerage system.
It was originally planned to sample the Spencer raw-waste load in order
to predict the effects on the Sioux Falls WWTP. On 26 January 1973,
the plant closed to facilitate process changes required by new owners,
Meilman Food Industries; hence, the plant generated no raw waste loads
during the l-through-10-February-1973 study. However, contents of the
lagoon system were continuously discharged, from 31 January through
9 February, to the Big Sioux River (Rll 154.2) and were monitored.
3
Average flows during the nine days of sampling x^ere 1,400 m /day
(0.37 mgd). Efforts to measure daily BOD loadings proved fruitless as
a result of an unknown toxicant. The daily COD and suspended solids
loads averaged 560 kg (1,240 lb @ 420 mg/1) and 118 kg (261 Ib @ 90 mg/1),
respectively. The effluent also contained an average TKN loading of
128 kg (283 lb @ 94 mg/1), and a total P loading of 15 kg (34 lb @
11.6 mg/1). As discussed in a previous section, bacterial indicator
densities were excessive (FC=56,000/100 ml and FS=3,300,500/100 ml).
Pathogens, including Salmonella siegburg, S. tennessee, and S. binza,
were also isolated.
Since the completion of the study, Meilman Foods negotiated an
agreement with the City of Sioux Falls, South Dakota, to discharge the
remainder of the lagoon contents to the sewerage system. Having
completed this, they arc now filling in the former lagoons with earthen
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84
material. During the week of 26 March 1973, kill operations resumed on
a limited scale, with wastewaters discharged to the Sioux Falls WWTP.
Current plans call for a full-scale operation to include kills of ap-
proximately 1,000 to 1,200 head of beef per day, of which approximately
25 percent will be a kosher operation.
Current pretreatment facilities are minimal. Process wastes con-
taining any fatty materials are sent to a settling tank from which the
skimmed and settled material is then forwarded to the rendering system.
Wastewaters leaving the tank combine with other plant wastes and are
discharged to the municipal sewerage system. Paunch manure is wet-
removed and screened for subsequent land disposal.
Projected loadings for the full-scale operation are unavailable.
However, use of standard raw-waste loads indicate the Meilman Food
Industries waste loading to the combined^domestic-industrial system
will offset the current abatement program of the John Morrell and
Company. As previously discussed, weekday average BOD loadings from
Morrell are expected to decrease from 31,525 to 12,610 kg (69,500 to
27,800 Ib or a 60-percent reduction). If the two-stage, trickling-
filter system provides the same levels of removals (69 percent), and
the remainder of the BOD loadings to the industrial-waste pretreatment
system remains constant at 1,770 kg (3,900 Ib), loadings in the pretreat-
ment system effluent will be 4,410 kg (9,730 Ib) rather than 9,210 kg
(20,300 Ib). Adding the current domestic raw waste load of 11,430 kg
(25,200 Ib) yields a loading to the combined,domestic-industrial system
of about 15,830 kg (34,900 Ib) rather than the 20,640 kg (45,500 Ib)
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85
measured during the survey. If one considers a standard raw-x^aste
load of 6.0 kg BOD/500 kg live weight killed (12.1 Ib BOD/1,000 Ib LWK)
and an average live weight of about 500 kg (1,000 Ib)/head of beef,
Meiltnan Food Industries will have a loading that is to be approximately
5,490 kg (12,100 Ib) BOD. Wastewaters from Meilman Industries discharge
to the City of Sioux Falls domestic sewerage system; hence, the meat-
packing plant wastes enter the combined, domestic industrial system
rather than the industrial-waste pretreatment system.
With the addition of this projected loading from Meilman the
combined domestic-industrial-system waste loading will be 21,320 kg
(47,000 Ib). Consequently, even though the John Morrell and Company
could decrease their BOD load to the industrial-waste pretreatment
system by 18,910 kg (41,700 Ib), loadings to the combined domestic
industrial system, as a result of Meilman will increase by 680 kg
(1,500 Ib). If the activated-sludge system provides comparable removals
to those found during the recent study (81 percent reduction), effluent
loadings will be 4,050 kg (8,930 Ib) rather than 3,910 kg (8,620 Ib), an
increase of 140 kg (310 Ib). Even if higher degrees of removal as
2
reported in a previous EPA report—/ were accomplished in both the trick-
ling filter (87 percent) and activated sludge (92 percent) systems, the
addition of Meilman Food Industries to the domestic system will largely
offset planned reductions by the John Morrell and Company.
* This was an industrial waste study performed for the Environmental
Protection Agency by the North Star Research and Development Institute.
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86
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87
VIII. POLLUTION ABATEMENT NEEDS
Studies during the fall of 1972 and winter of 1973 have demon-
strates the Big Sioux River to be a sensitive ecosystem. Documented,
undesirable effects included a severely restricted oxygen resource,
potentially toxic conditions, and impaired bacterial quality.
A. RESTRICTED OXYGEN RESOURCE
The winter-1973 study disclosed that dissolved-oxygen levels were
severely depressed downstream from the Sioux Falls, South Dakota, area
in spite of abnormally high flows. The major cause of depressed-oxygen
level was the oxygen demand of a large waste load (Sioux Falls, South
Dakota, WWTP) vs. a receiving stream of minimal assimilative capacity.
Because the elements governing the assimilative capacity, including
minimal re-aeration during periods of ice cover and recurrent low-
flow conditions, are fixed, the only effective controls are at the
waste source itself. The WWTP effluent, often constituting greater
than 50 percent of the doxtfnstream flows, must be viewed as an integral
part of the stream and consequently must approach the upstream
water quality. In the case of the Big Sioux River, this quality was
defined by a BOD and suspended solids level of less than 10 and 15 mg/1,
respectively. Unless the Sioux Falls Wastewater Treatment Plant is
capable of continuously producing a comparable quality effluent, the
Big Sioux River will continue to be a severely restricted resource
during at least some of the low-flow-winter and late-summer portions
of the year. The Sioux Falls Wasteuater Treatment Plant personnel
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88
are extremely competent. However, the evaluation of the plant demon-
strated that present activated sludge facilities are organically over-
loaded, thereby precluding, on a continuous basis, an effluent of the
quality previously mentioned.
B. POTENTIALLY TOXIC CONDITIONS
The Winter-1973 study established a chronic-toxicity level of
three-percent effluent, or 1.8 mg/1 NH -N. Despite abnormally high
flows, NH--N concentrations downstream of the Sioux Falls area were
found to be in excess of this level. These conditions resulted from
the discharge of nitrogenous materials from the municipal treatment
plant. During the 17 days of monitoring, the Sioux Falls WWTP dis-
charged an average of 1,760 kg (3,880 Ib @ 52 mg/1) of total Kjeldahl
nitrogen. As the plant effluent can constitute upwards of 100 per-
cent of downstream flows, the treatment plant must produce an efflu-
ent with a TKN of less than or equal to 2.0 mg/1 in order to preclude
potentially toxic conditions. This will require a highly nitrified
effluent that will also remove the potential of a nitrogenous oxygen
demand (stochiometrically about 8,150 kg/day or 18,000 Ib/day) upon the
Big Sioux River. This latter accomplishment could prove to be paramount
in the low-flow-summer and early fall months when stream temperatures
are conducive to the growth of nitrifying organisms.
Nitrification is recommended; complete nitrogen removal is not.
The removal of oxygen-demanding carbonaceous and nitrogenous materials
from the Sioux Falls WWTP effluent, should offset diurnal oxygen sags
related to the algal community.
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89
Three sources of nitrogen are especially amenable to exclusion or
treatment. The first is wastewaters from the John Morrell and Company
that contributed about 74 percent of the load of total Kjeldahl nitrogen
received by the Sioux Falls plant during the work week. Steps should
be taken immediately by Morrell to ascertain what degree of removal
xvill be accomplished in their abatement program. This will enable an
assessment of need for further pretreatment-versus-treatment by the
City. The second controllable source is the sludge-lagoon supernatant
that is returned to the head of the industrial pretreatment system.
During the 24 through 31 January 1973, evaluation this accounted for
an average of 975 kg (2,150 Ib @ 1,280 mg/1) TKN being reintroduced
into the plant; this represents 56 percent of the TKN discharged from
the municipal wastewater treatment plant (1,750 kg or 3,868 Ib). The
TKN load in the sludge-lagoon supernatant should be removed, using, for
example, land application of supernatant or separate treatment at the
plant.
Meilman Food Industries while not a part of the Sioux Fa]Is,
South Dakota, sewerage system during the survey, is also expected to
contribute a substantial nitrogen load to the plant. The City must
ascertain the magnitude of the load and require either pretreatment by
the industry or adequate remuneration to pay for treatment costs at
the plant.
C. IMPAIRED BACTERIAL QUALITY
Studies performed during the winter of 1973 demonstrated that
the Sioux Falls WWTP was causing impaired bacterial quality downstream
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90
from the Sioux Falls area. This resulted from the decision by the City
to eliminate disinfection during winter months. It is recommended that
the plant provide continuous disinfection of wastewaters with no
monthly average (logarithmic mean) fecal-coliform bacterial density
exceeding 200/100 ml and no weekly average exceeding 400/100 ml.
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972
require by 1 July 1977, publicly owned treatment works meet effluent
limitations based upon secondary treatment, as defined by the Admin-
istrator. It is recognized that aforementioned effluent-quality recom-
mendations for the City of Sioux Falls, South Dakota (i.e., BOD £ 10 mg/1,
SS £ 15 mg/1, and TKN _< 2 mg/1) are more stringent than this. However,
the Act also provides that in instances such as the Big Sioux River,
where compliance with prescribed effluent limitations will not assure
compliance with water quality standards, EPA shall impose more stringent
effluent limitations.
In summary, in order to improve and protect the water quality of
the Big Sioux River, it will be necessary for the City of Sioux Falls,
South Dakota, to take the following steps:
1. Establish enforceable pretreatment standards for those pol-
lutants that are not susceptible to treatment by the municipal
system or which pass through, or otherwise interfere with its
operation. The ordinance establishing the pretreatment standards
must include adequate sewer charges for all industrial waste
sources to assure equitable recovery of treatment costs.
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91
2. Continue to pretrcat industrial waste in the existing two-
stage, trickling-filter system.
3. Treat sludge lagoon supernatant separately or use land
application.
4. Oxidize carbonaceous materials in the activated-sludge system.
This will necessitate the expansion or replacement of existing
aeration facilities to eliminate organic overloads.
5. Nitrify wastewaters to a TKN of <_ 2 mg/1. This could possibly
be combined with the system included for oxidation of carbon-
aceous materials but probably will require a separate system
to assure a nitrifying environment.
6. Provide tertiary filtration of wastewaters to assure a contin-
uous high quality effluent with a BOD <_ 10 mg/1 and SS <_
15 mg/1.
7. Provide continuous disinfection of wastewaters with no monthly
average (logarithmic mean) fecal coliform density exceeding
200/100 ml and no weekly average exceeding 400/100 ml.
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92
REFERENCES
\l Water Pollution Report for the Iowa Reach of the Big Sioux River,
Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission. Limnology Division of
the State Hygienic Laboratory. Des Moines, Iowa. 30 March 1972.
2J Investigation of the City of Sioux Falls, South Dakota Municipal
Wastewater Treatment Facility, July 13 and 14, 1972. Environmental
Protection Agency, National Field Investigations Center-Cincinnati.
Cincinnati, Ohio. October 1972.
^/ Water Quality Control Study-Big Sioux River Basin, Iowa, Minnesota,
and South Dakota, U. S. Department of the Interior, Missouri Basin
Region, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration. Kansas City,
Missouri. September 1969.
UJ Kerwin Luther Rakness, Analysis of the Flow Variation of the Big Sioux
River - A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of Master of Science Major in Civil Engineering.
South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota. (1970)
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APPENDIX A
WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
for the
SURFACE WATERS OF SOUTH DAKOTA
(Portion applicable to Big Sioux River Basin)
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A-l
CATEGORY NUMBER 1 - DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY
Definition; Waters in this category shall be suitable for use for human
consumption, culinary or food processing purposes and other household
purposes after suitable treatment by conventional processes.
General; Waters in this category shall be such that with treatment con-
sisting of coagulation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection, or its
equivalent, the treated water will meet in all respects the mandatory
requirements of the "Drinking Water Standards-1962" prepared by the Public
Health Service of the United States Department of Health, Education and
Welfare.
Criteria presented herein pertain to the untreated water.
Criteria;
Frequency
Parameter Limit Code
Total dissolved solids 1000 mg/1 c
Coliform Organisms Not to exceed a MPN or MF of 5000/100 ml
as a monthly average value; nor to exceed
this value in more than 20% of the samples
examined during any one month; nor to
exceed 20,000/100 ml in more than 5% of
the samples examined in any one month.
Nitrates 10 mg/1 (as N) or 45 mg/1 (as NO ) a
pH Greater than 6.0 and less than 9.0 a
CATEGORY NUMBER 2 - FISH LIFE PROPAGATION
Description: All waters in this category shall be such that they will
provide a satisfactory environment for the class of fish described and
for all other aquatic life essential to the maintenance and propagation
of fish life. There shall be separate quality criteria for each of the
following five sub-categories:
a. Cold water permanent All lakes, streams and reservoirs in
this category shall be capable of sup-
porting a good permanent trout fishery
from natural reproductions or fingerling
stockings.
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A-2
b. Cold water marginal
c. Warm water permanent
d. Warm water semi-permanent
e. Warm water marginal
Criteria:
All lakes, streams and reservoirs
in this category shall be suitable
for supporting stockings of
catchable size trout during
portions of the year but due
to low flows, siltation and
warm temperatures will not sup-
port a permanent cold water
fish population.
Lakes, streams and reservoirs
in this category shall be
suitable for permanent
maintenance of warm water
fish including walleyes,
black bass or blue gills.
Lakes, streams and reservoirs
in this category shall be
suitable for a quality warm
water fishery but may suffer
occasional fish kills because
of critical natural conditions.
Principal species managed in
these waters will include
walleyes, perch, northern
pike or channel catfish.
Lakes, streams and reservoirs
in'this category shall be suitable
for supporting more tolerant
species of fish with frequent
stocking and intensive manage-
ment. Principal species
managed in these lakes include
perch, northern pike or
bullheads.
Criteria for each of the described sub-categories are presented in
tabular form on the following page.
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A-3
Criteria: (Fish Life Propagation-continued)
Parameter
Chlorides
Cyanides
Dissolved Oxygen
(greater than)
Hydrogen Sulfide
Iron (total)
pH*
Suspended Solids
Temperature
(degrees F)
Turbidity**
a
100
0.02
6.0
0.3
0.2
6.6-8.6
30
68
25
b
0.02
5.0
0.5
0.2
6.5-8.8
90
75
50
c
0.02
5.0
0.5
0.2
6.5-8.8
90
80
50
d e
0.02 0.05
5.0 2.0
1.0 1.0
0.2
6.3-9.0 6.0-9.3
90 150
90 93
100
Frequency
Code
c
a
a
a
b
a
c
a
c
Note: All values in mg/1 unless indicated otherwise. The frequency code shown
applies to all sub-categories.
* in pH units.
**Jackson Candle units
Pesticides, herbicides and related compounds shall be treated as toxic
materials and taste and odor producing chemicals and controlled under the provisions
of Chapter II, Section II, subsection 2 and 4.
Temperatures shall not be affected by more than 4°F. in sub-categories
a, b and c, 5°F. in sub-category d, and 8°F. in subcategory e.
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A-4
CATEGORY NUMBER 3 - RECREATION
Definitions; Water in this category shall be suitable for swimming,
water skiing, skin diving, fishing, boating, sailing, picnicking and
other water related types of recreation. There shall be separate quality
criteria for each of the following two sub-categories:
a. Immersion Sports which would include swimming, x^ater skiing,
skin diving and other water sports.
b. Limiticd Contact Recreation which would include fishing, boating,
sailing, picnicking and other water related recreation.
General: The criteria for recreation will normally apply only during the
summer recreation season. However, if the receiving waters are used
extensively for winter recreation, the criteria for limited contact
recreation shall apply during the winter months.
Criteria;
Parameter
a. Immersion Sports
"Fecal Coliform Organisms
Limit
Frequency
Code
Dissolved Oxygen
b. Limited Contact Recreation
"Fecal Coliform Organisms
Dissolved Oxygen
Not to exceed a concentration of
200/100 ml as a monthly average;
nor to exceed this value in more
than 20% of the samples examined
in any one month; nor to exceed
500/100 ml on any one day during
the recreation season."
Greater than 2 mg/1
Not to exceed a concentration of
1,000/100 ml as a monthly average;
nor to exceed this value in more
than 20% of the sample examined in
any one month; nor to exceed
2,000/100 ml on any one day during
the recreation season."
Greater than 2 mg/1
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A-5
CATEGORY NUMBER 4 - WILDLIFE PROPAGATION AND STOCK WATERING
Definition; Waters in this category shall be satisfactory as habitat
for aquatic and semi-aquatic wild animals and fox^l and shall be suitable
for watering domestic and wild animals and fowl.
General; No pollution shall be permitted to enter waters in this category
which will produce inhibited growth, physical impairment or injurious
effects on wild or domestic animals and fowl normally inhabiting or using
the water.
Criteria:
Parameter
Alkalinity (Total)
(as CaCO )
Total dissolved solids
Electrical conductivity
Nitrates (as NO )
PH
2,500 mg/1
4,000 micromhos/cm @ 25°C.
50 mg/1
Greater than 6.0 and less
than 9.5
Frequency
Code
c
c
b
a
CATEGORY NUMBER 5 - IRRIGATION
Definition; Waters in this category shall be suitable for irrigating farm
and ranch lands, gardens and recreation areas.
General; Since the suitability of a water for irrigation is primarily
dependent on characteristics of the irrigated soil, only ranges for upper
limits of pollutional parameters affecting irrigation have been specified.
The required water quality will be established by the Committee on an
individual basis after giving due consideration to appropriate soil test
results and other pertinent information.
Criteria for coliform organisms apply only to waters used to irrigate
root crops and recreation areas.
Irrigation criteria apply during the irrigation season only. In the
enforcement of these criteria, the Committee will specify which parameters
shall be used between total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity
and between sodium absorption ratio and soluble sodium percentage, it being
understood that the criteria for total dissolved solids and electrical
conductivity apply to the same pollution characteristic as do the criteria
for sodium adsorption ratio and soluble sodium percentage.
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A-6
IRRIGATION (continued)
Criteria:
Parameter
"Fecal Coliform Organisms
Total dissolved solids
Electrical conductivity
Sodium adsorption ratio*
Soluble sodium percentage**
Limit
The concentration shall not
exceed 1,000/100 ml as a
monthly average; nor shall
the number exceed 2,000/100 ml
in any one sample. (Root crops
and recreation)."
700 to 1500 mg/1
1000 to 2500 micromhos/cm
@ 25°C
10 to 26
30 to 70%
Frequency
Code
d
d
d
Note: When two values are given, they are ranges in the premissable limit.
* Calculated from: SAR =
Na
where Na, Ca, and Mg are
,1/2
[l/2(Ca
concentrations of sodium, calcium and magnesium in milliequivalents per
liter of water
**Calculated from: Na% =
100 Na
where Na, Ca, Mg and K
Na + Ca + Mg + K
are concentrations of sodium, calcium, magnesium and potassium in mg/liter.
CATEGORY NUMBER 7 - INTERMITTENT STREAM
Definition: Most watercourses with zero flow; flows less than the daily
average waste flow; or with flows less than the daily average irrigation
return flow shall be placed in this category.
General; All wastes discharged to streams, lakes or reservoirs in this
category shall have been subjected to at least secondary treatment or its
equivalent and, if prescribed by the Committee, approved tertiary treatment
shall be provided. Industrial or other waste waters not amenable to
biological treatment shall be nhysically or chemically treated as directed
by the Committee after giving due consideration to downstream land and
water uses. The criteria for coliform organisms may be waived at the
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A-7
INTERMITTENT STREAM (continued)
discretion of the Committee if downstream land and water uses do not
warrant such control. The provisions of these criteria will apply to
irrigation return flows and other similar waters discharged to surface
lakes, streams or reservoirs.
Criteria:
Parameter
Coliform organisms
Biochemical oxygen demand
(5 day 20°C)
PH
Suspended solids
Limit
Not to exceed a KPN or MF of
20,000/100 ml as a monthly aver-
age value; nor to exceed this
value in more than 20% of the
samples tested in any one month;
nor to exceed 50,000/100 ml in
any of the samples tested.
30 mg/1
Greater than 6.0 and less
than 9.5
30 mg/1
Frequency
Code
Note: The provisions of Chapter II, Section II, subsection 1, 2, 3, and
4 shall also apply to this category.
Section V - Designation of Beneficial Uses of Surface Waters
Beneficial uses of the surface waters of South Dakota are designated
herein for the purpose of specifying quality objectives of all lakes,
streams and reservoirs. The designation does not limit beneficial uses
nor prohibit beneficial uses other than those listed.
Categories of use are indicated by number and letter as follows:
1. Domestic water supply
2. Fish life propagation
2a Cold water permanent
2b Cold water marginal
2c Warm water permanent
2d Warm water semi-permanent
2e Warm water marginal
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Section V - (continued)
3. Recreation
3a Immersion sports
3b Limited contact recreation
A. Wildlife propagation and stock watering
5. Irrigation
6. Commerce and industry
7. Intermittent stream (this category is not indicated since it
application is automatic depending upon stream flow.)
Names and locations of lakes, reservoirs and marshes are as shown
on maps and lake inventory records maintained by the South Dakota
Department of Game, Fish and Parks. Stream nanes and locations are as
shown on the drainage nap of the State of South Dakota, edition of 1963,
as compiled by the United States Geological Survey in 1961.
BASIN
STREAMS
TRIBUTARY
LOCATION
USE
BIG SIOUX
*llain stem
Missouri River to Klondike Dam 2d,3a,3b,4,5
2d,2e,3b,4,5
Klondike Dan to Lower End of
Sioux Falls Diversion Ditch
Lower End of Sioux Falls Diver-
sion Ditch to headwaters l,2d,2e,3b,4,5
Owens Creek Day and Roberts Counties
All other
tributaries
2c,3b,4,5
4,5
* Interstate Waters
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A-9
Big Sioux River has been classified as "2d" except under the following
conditions:
Then flows in the Big Sioux River at Brandon equal or exceed the flows
given below, the respective criterion of 4.0 mg/1 or 5.0 mg/1 dissolved
oxygen applies from Klondike Dam to the lower end of Sioux Falls
Diversion Ditch:
4.0 mg/1 D.O. 5.0 mg/1
1970 1970
SEASON (flow - cfs) (flow - cfs)
Summer 90 160
(June 15 - Sept. 15)
Fall 35 45
(sept. 15 - Dec. 15)
Winter 60 70
(Dec. 15 - Mar. 15)
Spring 35 45
(Mar. 15 - June 15)
When flows at Brandon are less than those indicated for 4 mg/1 D.O., the
"Intermittent Stream" category (7) applies.
THIS SECTION ADDED BY AMENDMENT 12-11-70
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APPENDIX B
IOWA WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
(Portion applicable to Big Sioux River Basin)
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B-l
IOWA WATER POLLUTION CONTROL COMMISSION
RULES AND REGULATIONS
WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
Pursuant to the authority of sections 455B.9 and 455B.13, Code of Iowa,
1971, as amended by S.F. 402, Acts of the 64th G.A., rules appearing in
July 1967 Supplement, Iowa Departmental Rules, pages 38-39, are rescinded
and the following adopted in lieu thereof.
Section 1.2 (455B) Surface water quality criteria
1.2(1) General policy considerations. Surface waters are to be
evaluated according to their ability to support the legitimate (beneficial)
uses to which they can feasibly be adapted, and this specific designation
of quality areas shall be done by the Iowa Water Pollution Control
Commission.
Samp]ing to determine conformance to these criteria shall be done at
sufficient distances downstream from waste discharge points to permit
adequate mixing of waste effluents with the surface waters.
1.2(2) General Criteria. The following criteria are applicable
to all surface waters at all places and at all times:
a. Free from substances attributable to municipal, industrial, or
other discharges that will settle to form putrescent or otherwise objec-
tionable sludge deposits;
b. Free from floating debris, oil, scum and other floating
materials attributable to municipal, industrial or other discharges in
amounts sufficient to be unsightly or deleterious;
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B-2
c. Free from materials attributable to municipal, industrial,
or other discharges producing color, odor, or other conditions in
such degree as to be detrimental to legitimate uses of water;
d. Free from substances attributable to municipal, industrial,
or other discharges in concentrations or combinations which are detri-
mental to human, animal, industrial, agricultural, recreational,
aquatic, or other legitimate uses of the water.
1.2(3) Specific criteria for designated water uses.
The following criteria are applicable at flows greater than the
lowest flow for seven consecutive days which can be expected to occur
at a frequency of once every ten years.
b. Aquatic life. The following criteria are designated for
the maintenance and propagation of a well-balanced fish population.
They are applicable to any place in surface waters but cognizance
will be given to opportunities for admixture of waste effluents with
such waters.
(1) Warm water areas: Dissolved oxygen: Not less than
5.0 mg/1 during at least 16 hours of any 24-hour period and not less
than 4.0 mg/1 at any time during the 24-hour period.
pH: Not less than 6.8 nor above 9.0
Temperature:
Mississippi River — Not to exceed an 89°F maximum tem-
perature from the Minnesota border to the Wisconsin border and a
90°F maximum temperature from the Wisconsin border to the Missouri
border nor a 5°F change from background or natural temperature in
the Mississippi River.
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B-3
Missouri River — Not to exceed a 90°F maximum daily tem-
perature nor a 5°F increase over background or natural temperature.
Interior streams — Not to exceed a 90°F maximum temperature
nor a maximum 5°F increase over background or natural temperature.
Lakes and reservoirs — Not to exceed a 90°F maximum tem-
perature nor a maximum 3°F inc case over background or natural temperature.
Chemical constituents: Not to exceed the following concentrations:
Specific constituents (mg/1) ^-
Ammonia Nitrogen (N) 2.0 *Copper 0.02
*Arsenic 1.0 Cyanide 0.025
*Bariura 5.0 *Lead 0.10
*Cadmium 0.05 *Zinc 1.0
*Chromium (hexavalent) 0.05 Phenols 0.001
(Other than natural sources)
*Chromium (trivalent) 1.0
*A maximum of 5.0 mg/1 for the entire heavy metal group shall
not be exceeded.
All substances toxic or detrimental to aquatic life shall be limited
to nontoxic or non-detrimental concentrations in the surface water.
c. Recreation. The following criteria are applicable to any
waters used for recreational activities involving whole body contact
such as swimming and water skiing:
(1) Bacteria: Waters shall be considered to be of unsatisfactory
bacteriological quality for the above recreational use when:
A sanitary survey indicates the presence or probability of the
presence of sewage or other objectional bacteria-bearing wastes or
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B-4
Numerical bacteriological limits of 200 fecal coliforms per
100 m] for primary contact recreational waters are exceeded during low
flow periods when such bacteria can be demonstrated to be attributable
to pollution by sewage.
1.2(4) Disinfection.
Continuous disinfection shall be provided for all municipal waste
treatment effluents and for all other wastes which may be sources of
bacterial pollution throughout the year where such wastes are discharged
into waters designated for public water supplies and throughout the
recreational season (April 1 to October 31) where such wastes are dis-
charged into waters used or classified for recreational use and at all
other times as necessary to prevent bacterial pollution which may endanger
the public health or welfare.
1.2(5) Non-degradation.
Waters whose existing quality is better than the established standards
as of the date on which such standards become effective will be maintained
at high quality unless it has been affirmatively demonstrated to the State
that a change is justifiable as a result of necessary economic or social
development and will not preclude present and anticipated use of such
waters. Any industrial, public or private project or development which
would constitute a new source of pollution or an increased source of
pollution to high quality waters will be required to provide the necessary
degree of waste treatment to maintain high water quality. (In implemen-
ting this rule, the appropriate agency of the Federal Government will be
kept advised and will be provided with such information as it will need
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B-5
be provided with such information as it will need to discharge its
responsibilities under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as
amended.)
1.2(6) Interstate waters.
(1) The Mississippi river, Missouri river, Fox river, Des Moines
river, East Fork of the Des Moines river, West Fork of the Des Moines
river, Iowa river, Cedar river, Shellrock river, Winnebago river,
Wapsipinicor river, Upper Iowa river, Chariton river, Middle Fork
Medicine river, Weldon river, Little river, Thompson river, East Fork
of the Big river, Grand river, Platte river, East Fork of the 102 river,
Middle Fork of the 102 river, Hedaway river, West Tarkio river, Tarkio
river, Nishnabotna river, Little Sioux river, Rock river and Kanaranzi
Ditch are hereby designated as interstate waters.
(2) Treatment: All municipal wastes discharged into the interstate
waters of the Mississippi river and the Missouri river shall receive a
minimum of ninety percent (90) reduction of BOD prior to discharge, no
later than dates fixed by order of the Iowa Water Pollution Control
Commission. All industrial wastes discharged into such interstate waters
shall receive equivalent treatment prior to discharge, no later than
dates fixed by order of the Iowa Water Pollution Control Commission.
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TABLE 11
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL NEEDS AND DESIGNATED WATER USES
(Revised June 1, 1968)
w
STREAM AND TRIBUTARY
"Big Sioux River
Indian Creek
*Rock River
Burr Oak Creek
Little Rock River
Otter Creek
Hud Creek
*Kanaranzi Ditch
MUNICIPALITY
OR INDUSTRY
Akron
Hawarden
Ireton
Rock Valley
Rock Rapids
Hull
Doon
George
Little Rock
Ashton
Sibley
Alvord
Lester
Inwood
POPULATION
1351
2544
510
1693
2780
1239
430
1200
' 564
615
2352
238
239
638
PRESENT
TREATMENT
AE
None
IT-TF
ST-SF
PC-TF
PC-TF
IT
ST-SF
IT-TF
L
PC-TF
L
L
L
TREATMENT
NEEDS
New Plant
Replacement
Expansion
Replacement
Replacement
Expansion
COMPLIANCE
SCHEDULE
July 1, 1968
July 1, 1969
July 1, 1972
July 1, 1972
July 1, 1963
July 1, 1969
WATER
USE
4
4
4
2
2,3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
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APPENDIX C
MINNESOTA WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
(Portion applicable to Big Sioux River Basin)
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C-l
POLLUTION CONTROL AGENCY
CHAPTER FIFTEEN: WPC 15
CRITERIA FOR THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE INTERSTATE WATERS OF THE STATE
AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF STANDARDS OF QUALITY AND PURITY
WPC 15 The official policy and purpose of the State of Minnesota in
regard to these matters is set forth in the Minnesota Water Pollution
Control Statutes:
Sec. 115.42. It is the policy of the state to provide for the
prevention, control and abatement of pollution of al] waters of the
state, so far as feasible and practical, in furtherance of conservation
of such waters and protection of the public health and in furtherance of
the development of the economic welfare of the state . . . .It is the
purpose of Laws 1963, Chapter 874, to safeguard the waters of the state
from pollution by: (a) preventing any new pollution; and (b) abating
pollution existing when Laws 1963, Chapter 374, become effective, under
a program consistent with the declaration of policy above stated.
Section. 115.44 Subd. 2. In order to attain the objectives of Laws 1963,
Chapter 874, the commission* after proper study, and after conducting
public hearing upon due notice, shall, as soon as practicable, group the
designated waters of the state into classes and adopt classifications and
standards of purity and quality therefor. Such classification shall be
made in accordance with considerations of best usage in the interest of
the public and with regard to the considerations mentioned in subdivision
3 hereof.
Sec. 115.44 Subd. 8. . . .The commission* may classify waters and adopt
criteria and standards in such form and based on such evidence as it may
deem necessary and sufficient for the purposes of meeting requirements
of such federal laws, notwithstanding any provisions in Chapter 115 or
any other state law to the contrary. . . .Notwithstanding the provisions
of subdivision 4, wherever advisable and practicable the commission''* may
establish standards for effluent of disposal systcns entering waters
regardless of whether such waters are or are not classified.
(a) INTRODUCTION
(1) Defintions: The terms "waters of the state" for the purposes of this
regulation shall be construed to mean interstate x^aters as herein
below defined, and the terms "sewage," "industrial wastes," and other
wastes," as well as any other terms for which definitions are given
in the Water Pollution Control Statutes, as used herein have the
meanings ascribed to them in Minnesota Statutes, Sections 115.01 and
115.41, with the exception that disposal systems or treatment works
* Laws of 1967, Chapter 882, abolished the Water Pollution Control Com-
mission and transferred its powers and duties to the Minnesota Pollution
Control Agency.
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C-2
operated under permit of the Agency shall not be construed to be
"waters of the state" as the tern is used herein. The current
requirements of applicable federal la\;s which must be met arc set
forth in the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended
(33 U.S.C. 460 et seq.). Interstate waters are defined in Section
13(c) thereof as including all rivers, lakes, and other waters that
flox-7 across or form a part of state boundaries. Other terms and
abbreviations used herein which are not specifically defined in the
law shall be construed in conformance with the context, and in
relation to the applicable section of the statutes pertaining to
the matter at hand, and current professional usage.
(2) Uses of the Interstate Waters: The classifications are listed
separately in accordance with the need for interstate water quality
protection, considerations of best use in the interest of the
public and other considerations, as indicated in Minnesota Statutes,
Section 115.44. The classifications should not be construed to be
an order of priority, nor considered to be exclusive or prohibitory
of other beneficial uses unless so stated in regard to discharge or
disposal of sewage, industrial wastes or other wastes commonly
associated with such other uses, vhcre such discharges may adversely
affect the specified uses. Only the uses of the interstate waters
of the state as a medium for disposal of sewage, industrial wastes
or other wastes is subject to regulation by the Agency, not their
appropriation or other use such as for navigation or recreation.
Where more than one of the listed uses may occur without reasonable
separation in distance on the same interstate waters, appropriate
adjustments will be made in the classifications and standards to
take into account such intermingling of uses.
(3) Determination of Compliance; In making tests or analyses of the
interstate waters of the state, sewage, industrial wastes or other
wastes to determine compliance with the standards, samples shall be
collected in such manner nnd place, and of such type, number and
frequency as may be considered satisfactory by the Agency from the
viewpoint of adequately reflecting the condition of the interstate
waters, the composition of the effluents, and the effects of the
pollutants upon the specified uses. Reasonable allowance will be
made for dilution of the effluents in relation to the uses of the
interstate waters into which they are discharged or other inter-
state waters which may be affected. The samples shall be preserved
and analyzed in accordance with procedures given in the 1965 edition
of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste-Water,
by the American Public Health Association, American Water Works
Association, and the Water Pollution Control Federation, and any
revisions or amendments thereto, or other methods acceptable to the
Agency.
(4) Natural Interstate Water Quality: The interstate waters may, in a
state of nature, have some characteristics or properties approaching
or exceeding the limits specified in the standards. The standards
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C-3
shall be construed as limiting the addition of pollutants of human
origin to those of natural origin, where such be present, so that
in total the specified limiting concentrations will not be exceeded
in the interstate waters by reason of such controllable additions;
except that where the background level of the natural origin is
reasonably definable and normally is higher than the specified
standard the natural level may be used as the standard for control-
ling the addition of pollutants of human origin which are comparable
in nature and significance x;ith these of natural origin, but where
the natural background level is lower than the specified standard
and where reasonable justification exists for preserving the quality
of the interstate waters as nearly as possible to that found in a
state of nature, the natural level may be used instead of the
specified standard as the maximum limit on the addition of pollutants.
In the adoption of standards for individual interstate waters, the
Agency will be guided by the standards set forth herein but may
make reasonable modifications of the same on the basis of evidence
brought forth at a public hearing if it is s^own to be desirable and
in the public interest to do so in order to encourage the best use
of the interstate waters or the lands bordering such interstate waters,
Waters which are of quality better than the established standards
will be maintained at high quality unless a determpation ] s made by
the State that a change is -justifiable as a reasult of necessary
economic or social development and will not preclude appropriate
beneficial present and future uses of the waters. Any project or
development which would constitute a source of pollution to hiph
quality waters will be required to provide the highest and best
practicable treatment to mainta:n high water quality and keep water
pollution at a minimum. In implementing this policy, the Secretary
of the Interior will be provided with such information as he requires
to discharge his responsibilities under the Federal Water Quality
Act, as amended.
(5) Variance From Standards: In any case where, upon application of the
responsible person or persons, the Agency finds that by reason of
exceptional circumstances the strict enforcement of any provision
of these standards would cause undue hardship; that disposal of the
sewage, industrial x/aste or other waste is necessary for the public
health, safety or welfare; and that strict conformity with the
standards would be unreasonable, impractical or not feasible under
the circumstances; the Agency in its discretion may permit a variance
therefrom upon such conditions as it may prescribe for prevention,
control or abatement of pollution in harmony with the general purpose
of these classifications and standards and the intent of the appli-
cable state and national laws. The Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration will be advised of any permits which may be issued
under this clause together with information as to the need therefor.
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C-4
(b) WATER USE CLASSIFICATIONS
ALL INTERSTATE WATKRS OF Till-: STATE
Based on considerations of best usage an the interest of the public
and in conformance with the requirements of the applicable statutes, the
interstate waters of the state shall be grouped into one or more of the
following classes:
1. Domestic Consumption (to include all interstate waters vhich are
or may be used as a source of sunply for dnnl-inr;, culinary or
food processinp use or other domestic purposes, and for "hicli
quality control is or may be necessary to protect the public
health, safety or welfare.)
2. Fisheries and Recreation (to include all interstate waters which
arc or may be used for fishing, fish culture, bathing or any
other recreational purposes, and for which quality control is
or may be necessary to protect aquatic or terrestrial life, or
the public health, safety or welfare.)
3. Industrial Consumption (to include all interstate waters which
are or may be used as a source of supply for industrial process
or cooling water, or an" other industrial or cornercial purposes,
and for which quality control is or may be necessary to protect
the public health, safety or welfare.)
4. Agric.nltural and Wildlife (to include all interest waters which
are or may be used for any agriculture purposes, including stock
watering and irrigation, or by waterfowl or other wildlife, and
for which quality control is or may be necessary to protect
terrestrial life or the public health, safety or welfare.)
5. Navipation and Waste Disposal (to include all interstate waters
which are or may be used for any form of water transportation
or navigation, disposal of sewage, industrial waste or other
waste effluents, or fire prevention, and for which quality
control is or may be necessary to protect the public health,
safety or welfare.)
6. Other Uses (to include interstate waters which are or may serve
the above listed uses or any other beneficial uses not listed
herein, including without limitation any such uses in this or
any other state, province, or nation of any interstate waters
flowing through or originating in this state; and for which
quality control is or may be necessary for the above declared
purposes, or to conform with the requirements of the legally
constituted state or national agencies having jurisdiction over
such interstate waters, or any other considerations the Agency
may deem proper.)
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C-5
(c) GENERAL STANDARDS APPLICABLE
TO ALL INTERSTATE WATERS OF THE STATE
(1) No untreated sewage shall be discharged into any interstate waters
of the state. No treated sewage, or industrial waste or other
wastes containing viable pathogenic organisms, shall be discharged
into interstate waters of the state without effective disinfection.
Effective disinfection of any discharges, including combined flows
of sewage and storm water, will be required where necessary to
protect the specified uses of the interstate waters.
(2) No raw or treated sewage, industrial waste or other wastes shall be
discharged into any interstate waters of the state so as to cause
any nuisance conditions, such as the presence of significant amounts
of floating solids, scum, oil slicks, excessive suspended solids,
material discoloration, obnoxious odors, gas ebullition, deleterious
sludge deposits, undesirable slimes or fungus growths, or other
offensive or harmful effects.
(3) Existing discharges of inadequately treated sewage, industrial waste
or other wastes shall be abated, treated or controlled so as to
comply with the applicable standards. Separation of sanitary sewage
from natural run-off may be required where necessary to ensure con-
tinuous effective treatment of sewage.
(4) The highest possible levels of water quality, including dissolved
oxygen, which are attainable in the interstate waters by continuous
operation at their maximum capability of all units of treatment works
discharging effluents into the interstate waters shall be maintained
in the interstate waters in order to enhance conditions for the
specified uses.
(5) Means for expediting mixing and dispersion of sewage, industrial
\tfaste, or other waste effluents in the receiving interstate waters
shall be provided so far as practicable when dceired necessary by
the Agency to maintain the quality of the receiving interstate waters
in accordance with applicable standards.
(6) It is herein established that the Agency will require secondary
treatment or the equivalent as a minimum for all municipal sewage
and biodegradable, industrial or other wastes to meet the adopted
water quality standards and a comparable high degree of treatment
or its equivalent also will be required of all non-biodegradable
industrial or other wastes unless the discharger can demonstrate
to the Agency that a lesser degree of treatment or control will
provide for water quality enhancement commensurate with present
and proposed future water uses and a variance is granted under the
provisions of the variance clause. Secondary treatment facilities
are defined as works which will provide effective sedimentation,
biochemical oxidation, and disinfection, or the equivalent, including
effluents conforming to the following:
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C-6
Limiting Concentration
Substance or Characteristic or Range
5--Day biochemical oxygen demand 25 milligrams per liter
Total coliform group organisms 1,000 11PM/100 ml
Total suspended solids 30 milligrams per liter
Oil Essentially free of visible oil
Turbidity 25
pH range 6.5 - 8.5
(7) Allowance shall not be made in the design of treatment works for low
stream flow augmentation unless such flow augmentation of minimum
flow is dependable under applicable laws or regulations.
(8) In any instance where it is evident that natural mixing or dispersion
of an effluent is not effective in preventing pollution, or that it
may not be feasible to provide by other means for effective mixing
or dispersion of an effluent, or if at the applicable stream flows
meantioned in the sections on specific standards of interstate water
quality and purity it is evident that the specified stream flow may
be less than the effluent flow, the specific standards nay be
interpreted as effluent standards for control purposes, where
applicable. The period of record for determining the specific flow
for the slated recurrence interval, where records are available, will
include at least the nost recent 10 years of record, including flow
records obtained after establishment of £1ov regulation devices, if
any. Such calculations will not be applied to lakes and their
embayments which have no comparable flow recurrence interval. Where
stream flow records are not available, the flows may be estimated
on the basis of available information on the watershed characteristics,
precipitation, run-off and other pertinent data. In addition, the
following effluent standards may be applied without any allowance
for dilution where stream flow or other factors are such as to
prevent adequate dilution, or where it is otherwise necessary to
protect the interstate waters for the stated uses:
Item Limits
5-day biochemical oxygen demand 20 milligrams per liter
Total phosphorus 1 milligram per liter
Total suspended solids 20 milligrams per liter
It is the intention of the Agency to require removal of nutrients
from all sources to the fullest practicable extent wherever sources
of nutrients are considered to be actually or potentially innuical
to preservation or emunccment of the designated water uses.
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C-7
(9) In any case where, after a public hearing, the Agency finds it
necessary for conservation of the interstate waters of the state,
or protection of the public health, or in furtherance of the devel-
opment of the economic welfare of the state, it may prohibit or
further limit the discharge to any designated interstate waters of
any sewage, industrial waste, or other waste effluents, or any com-
ponent thereof, whether such effluents are treated or untreated, or
existing or new, notwithstanding any other provisions of classifi-
cation or specific standards stated herein which may be applicable
to such designated interstate waters.
(10) In any proceeding where specific standards have been adopted which
are directly or indirectly applicable to named interstate waters of
the state, it shall be incumbent upon all persons responsible for
existing or new sources of sewage, industrial wastes or other wastes
which are or xjill be discharged to such interstate waters, to treat
or control their wastes so as to produce effluents having a common
level or concentration of pollutants of comparable nature and effect
as may be necessary to meet the specified standards or better, and
in no case shall the concentration of polluting substances in any
individual effluent be permitted to exceed the common concentration
or level required of the other sources of comparable nature and
effect discharging to the same classified and named interstate
waters, regardless of differences in the amount of pollutional
substances discharged, or degree of treatment involved.
(11) Liquid substances which are not commonly considered to be sewage or
industrial wastes but which could constitute a pollution hazard shall
be stored in accordance with Regulation WPC 4, and any revisions or
amendments thereto. Other wastes as defined by law or other sub-
stances which could constitute a pollution hazard shall not be de-
posited in any manner such that the same may be likely to gain entry
into any interstate waters of the state in excess of or contrary to
any of the standards herein adopted, or cause pollution as defined
by law.
(12) No sewage, industrial waste or other wastes shall be discharged into
the interstate waters of the state in such quantity or in such manner
alone or in combination with other substances as to cause pollution
thereof as defined by law. In any case where the interstate waters
of the state into which sewage, industrial wastes or other waste
effluents discharge are assigned different standards than the inter-
state waters into which such receiving interstate waters flow, the
standards applicable to the interstate waters into which such sewage,
industrial waste or other wastes discharge shall be supplemented
by the following:
The quality of any waters of the state receiving sewage, industrial
waste or other waste effluents shal] be such that no violation of
the standards of any interstate waters of the state in any other
class shall occur by reason of the discharge of such sewage, industrial
waste or other waste effluents.
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08
(13) Questions concerning the permissible levels, or changes in the same,
of a substance, or combination of substances, of undefined toxicity
to fish or other biota shall be resolved in accordance with the
methods specified by the National Technical Advisory Committee of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, U. S. Department of
the Interior. The Committee's recommendations also will be used as
official guidelines in other aspects where the recommendations may
be applicable.
(14) All persons operating or responsible for sewage, industrial waste or
other waste disposal svstens which are adjacent to or which discharge
effluents to these waters or to tributaries which affect the same,
shall submit regularly every month a report to the Agency on the
operation of the disposal system, the effluent flow, and the char-
acteristics of the effluents and receiving waters. Sufficient data
on measurements, observations, sampling and analyses, and other
pertinent information shall bo furnished as may be required by the
Agency to in its judgment adquatelyreflect the condition of the
disposal system, the effluent, and ttie waters receiving or affected
by the cff]uent.
(d) SPECIFIC STANDARDS OF QUALITY AND PURITY FOR DESIGNATED
CLASSLS OF INTERSTATE WATEPS OF THE STATE
The following standards shall prescribe the qualities or properties of
the interstate waters of the state which arc necessary for the designated
public use or benefit and which, if the limiting conditions given are
exceeded, shall be considered indicative of a polluted condition which is
actually or potentially deleterious, harmful, detrimental or in]urious
with respect to such designated uses or established classes of the inter-
state waters:
(1) Domestic Consumption
Class A The quality of this class of the interstate waters of the
state shall be such that without treatment of any kind the
raw waters will meet in all respects both the mandatory and
recommended requirements of the Public Health Service
Drinking Water Standards - 1962 for drinking water as
specified in Publication No. 956 published by the Public
Health Service of the U. S. Department of Health, Education
and Welfare, and any revisions, amendments or supplements
thereto. This standard will ordinarily be restricted to
underground waters with a high degree of natural protection.
The basic requirements arc given below:
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C-9
Substance or Characteristic
Total coliform organisms
Turbidity value
Color value
Threshold odor number
MeLhylene blue active substance
(NBAS)
Arsenic (As)
Chlorides (Cl)
Copper (Cu)
Carbon Chloroform extract
Cyanides (CN)
Fluorides (F)
Iron (Fe)
Manganese (Mn)
Nitrates (NO )
Phenol
Sulfates (SO.)
Q
Total dissolved solids
Zinc (Zn)
Barium (Ba)
Cadmium (Cd)
Chromium (Hexavalent, Cr)
Lead (Pb)
Selenium (Se)
Silver (Ag)
Limit or Range
1 most probable number
per 100 mililiters
5
15
3
0.5 milligram per liter
0.01 milligram per liter
250 milligrams per liter
1 milligram per liter
0.2 milligram per liter
0.01 milligram per liter
1.5 milligrams per liter
0.3 milligram per liter
0.05 milligram per liter
45 milligrams per liter
0.001 milligram per liter
250 milligrams per liter
500 milliprans per liter
5 milligrams per liter
1 milligram per liter
0.01 milligram per liter
0.05 nillipram per liter
0.05 milligram per liter
0.01 milligram per liter
0.05 milligram per liter
Class B The Quality of this class of the interstate waters of the
state shall be such that with approved disinfection, much
as simple chlorination or its equivalent, the treated vater
will meet in all resepcts both the mandatory and recommended
requirements of the Public Health Service Drinking Water
Standards - 1962 for drinking water as specified in Publi-
cation No. 956 published by the Public Health Service of
the U. S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, and
any revisions, amendments or supplements thereto. This
standard will ordinarily be restricted to surface and under-
ground waters with a moderately high degree of natural pro-
tection. The physical and chemical standards quoted above
for Class A interstate waters shall also apply to these
interstate waters in the untreated state, except as listed
below:
Substance or Characteristic
Total coliform organisms
Limit or Range
50 most probable number
per 100 milliliters
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C-10
Class C The quality of this class of the interstate waters of the
state shall be such that with treatment consisting of
coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, storage and chlori-
nation, or other equivalent treatment processes, the treated
water will meet in all respects both in mandatory and
recommended requirements of the Public Health Service
Drinking Water Standards - 1962 for drinking water as
specified in Publication No. 956 published by the Public
Health Service of the U. S. Department of Health, Education
and Welfare, and any revisions, amendments or supplements
thereto. This standard will ordinarily be restricted to
surface waters, and ground waters in aquifers not considered
to afford adequate protection against contamination from
surface or other sources of pollution. Such aquifers
normally would include fractured and channeled limestone,
unprotected impervious hard rock where interstate water is
obtained from mechanical fractures, joints, etc., with
surface connections, and coarse gravels subjected to surface
water infiltration. The physical and chemical standards
quoted above for Class A interstate waters shall also apply
to these interstate waters in the untreated state, except
as listed below:
Substance or Characteristic Limit or Range
Total coliform organisms 4,000 most probable number
per 100 milliliters
Turbidity value 25
Class D The quality of this class of the interstate waters of the
state shall be such that after treatment consisting of
coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, storage and chlori-
nation, plus additional pre, post, or intermediate stages
of treatment, or other equivalent treatment processes, the
treated water will meet in all respects the recommended
requirements of the Public Health Service Drinking Water
Standards - 1962 for drinking water as specified in Publi-
cation No. 956 published by the Public Health Service of
the U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, and
any revisions, amendments or supplements thereto. This
standard will ordinarily be restricted to surface waters,
and ground waters in aquifers not considered to afford
adequate protection against contamination from surface or
other sources of pollution. Such aquifers normally would
include fractured and channeled limestone, unprotected
impervious hard rock where water is obtained from mechanical
fractures, joints, etc., with surface connections, and
course gravels subjected to surface water infiltration.
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C-ll
The concentrations or ranges given .below shall not be
exceeded in raw waters before treatment:
Substance or Characteristic
Total coliform organisms
Arsenic (As)
Barium (Ba)
Cadmium (Cd)
Chromium (Cr + 6)
Cyanide (CN)
Fluoride (F)
Lead (Pb)
Selenium (Se)
Silver (Ag)
Limit or Range
4,000 most probable number
per 100 milliliters
0.05 milligram per liter
1 milligram per liter
0.01 milligram per liter
0.05 milligram per liter
0.2 milligram per liter
1.5 milligrams per liter
0.05 milligram per liter
0.01 milligram per liter
0.05 milligram per liter
In addition to the above listed standards, no sewage, industrial
waste or other wastes, treated or untreated, shall be discharged
into or permitted by any person to gain access to any interstate
waters classified for domestic consumption so as to cause any material
undesirable increase in the taste, hardness, temperature, toxicity,
corrosiveness or nutrient content, or in any other manner to impair
the natural quality or value of the interstate waters for use as a
source of drinking water.
(2) Fisheries and Recreation
Class A The quality of this class of the interstate waters of the
state shall be such as to permit the propagation and main-
tenance of warm or cold water sport or commercial fishes
and be suitable for aquatic recreation of all kinds, including
bathing for which the waters may be usable. Limiting con-
centrations or ranges of substances or characteristics which
should not be exceeded in the interstate waters are given below:
Substance or Characteristic
Dissolved oxygen
Temperature
Ammonia (N)
Chlorides (Cl)
Chromium (Cr)
Copper (Cu)
Limit or Range
Not less than 7 milligrams
per liter from October
1st and continuing through
May 31st, and
Not less than 5 milligrams
per liter at other times
No material increase
Not to exceed a trace
50 milligrams per liter
Not to exceed a trace
Not to exceed a trace
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C-12
Cyanides (CN)
Oi]
pH value
Phenols
Turbidity value
Color value
Total coliform organLsms
Radioactive materials
Not to exceed a- trace
Not to exceed a trace
6.5 - 8.5
Not to exceed a trace
10
30
1,000 most probable number
per 100 millilitcrs
Not to exceed the. lowest
concentration permitted
to be discharged to an
uncontrolled environment
as prescribed by the
appropriate authority
having control over
their use.
Class B
Discharges of sex/age, industrial waste or other waste
effluents shall be controlled so that the standards will
be maintained at all stream flows which arc equal to or
exceedc^ by 90 percent of the seven consecutive daily
average flous of record (the lowest weekly flow with a
once in ten year recurrence interval) for the critical
month(s) .
The quality of this class of the interstate waters of the
state shall be such as to permit the propagation and main-
tenance of sport or commercial fishers and he suitable for
aquatic recreation of all kinds, including bathing, for
which the waters may be usable. Limiting concentrations
or ranges of substances or characteristics which should
not be exceeded in the interstate waters are given below:
Substance or Characteristic
Dissolved oxygen
Temperature
Limit or Range
Not less than 6 milligrams
per liter from April 1
through May 31, and
Not less than 5 milligrams
per liter at other times.
F in July and August,
80° F in June and September,
67° F in ?Iay and October,
55° F in April and November,
43° F jn March and December,
and
F in Jan. and February.
5°F above ambient,
86'
37°
Or
whichever is greater,
except that in no case shall
it exceed 90°F.
-------
C-13
Ammonia (N) 1 milligram per liter
Chronium (Cr) 0.05 milligram per liter
Copper (Cu) 0.2 milligram per liter
Cyanides (CN) 0.02 milligram per liter
Oil Not to exceed a trace
pll value 6.5 - 9.0
Phenols 0.01 milligram per liter
Turbidity 25
Total coliform organisms 1,000 most probable number
per 100 milliliters
Radioactive materials Not to exceed the lowest
concentration permitted
to be discharged to an
uncontrolled environment
as prescribed by the
appropriate authority
having control over
their use.
Discnarges of sevage industrial waste or other waste effluents
shall be controlled so that the standards wilJ be maintained
at all stream flows which are equal to or exceeded by 90
percent of the 7 consecutive daily ax'erage flows of record
(the lowest weekly flow with a once in 10 year recurrence
interval for the critical month.
Class C The quality of this class of the interstate waters of the
state shall be such as to permit the propagation and main-
tenance of fish of species, commonly inhabiting waters of
the vicinity under natural conditions, and be suitable for
boating and other forms of aquatic recreation not involving
prolonged intimate contact with the water for which the
interstate waters may be usable. Limiting concentrations
or ranges of substances or characteristics which should not
be exceeded in the interstate waters are given below:
Substance or Characteristic Limit or Range
Dissolved oxygen Not less than 5 milligram
per liter from April 1
through May 31, and
Not less than 3 milligrams
per liter at other times.
90° F in July and August,
87° F in June and September,
75° F in Hay and October,
63° F in April and November,
51° F in March and December,
and
-------
C-14
Ammonia
Chromium (Cr)
Copper (Cu)
Cyanides (CN)
Oil
pH value
Phenols
Turbidity value
Total coliCorn organisms
Radioactive materials
45° F in January and Feb.
)0r 5°F above ambient,
whichever is greater,
except that in no case
shall it exceed 90°F.
2 mill}prams per liter
0.05 millieram per liter
0.2 milligram per liter
0.02 milligram per liter
None in such quantities
as to __(_!_) produce a
visible color film on
the surface, (2) impart
an oily odor to water or
and oil t?stc to fish
and edible invertebrates,
(3) coat the banks and
bottom of the watercourse
or taint any of the
associated biota, or
(4) become effcctive
toxicants according to
the criteria recommended.
6.0 - 9.5
None that could impart odor
or taste to fish flesh or
or other freshwater edible
products such as crayfj&h,
clams, prawns and lil-e
croat.urcq. Where it seems
probable that a cischarqr
iTiny result in tainting of
ecbblc aqua products,
bioassayq and taste ponds
will be required to
determine whether tainting
is likely.
25
5,000 most probable nunber per
100 milliliters
Not to exceed the lowest
concentrations permitted
to be discharged to an
uncontrolled environment
as prescribed by the
appropriate authority having
control over their use.
-------
C-15
Discharges of sewage, industrial waste or other waste
effluents shall be controlled so that the standards will
be maintained at all stream flows which are equal to or
exceeded by 90 percent of the 7 consecutive daily average
flows of record (tnc lowest weekly f]ow with a once in
10 year recurrence interval) for the critical month.
The aquatic habitat, which includes the interstate waters and stream
bed, shall not be degraded in any material manner, there shall be no
material increase in undesirable sline growths or aquatic plants,
including algae, nor shall there be any significant increase in harm-
ful pesticide or other residues in the waters, sediments and aquatic
flora and fauna; the normal fishery and lower aquatic biota upon
which it is dependent and the use thereof shall not be seriously
impaired or endangered, the species composition shall not be altered
materially, and the propagation or migration of the fish and other
biota normally present shall not be prevented or hindered by the
discharge of any sewage, industrial waste or other waste effluents
to be interstate waters.
No sewage, industrial waste or other wastes shall be discharged into
any of the interstate waters of this category so as to cause any
material change in any other substances or characteristics which may
impair the quality of the interstate waters or the aquatic biota of
any of the above-listed classes or in any manner render them unsuitable
or objectionable for fishing, fish culture or recreational uses.
Additional selective limits or changes in the discharge bases may
be imposed on the basis of local needs.
(3) Industrial Consumption
Class A The quality of this class of the interstate waters of the
state shall be such as to permit their use without chemical
treatment, except softening for ground water, for most
industrial purposes, except food processing and related
uses, for which a high quality of water is required. The
quality shall be generally comparable to Class B waters
for domestic consumption, except for the following:
Substance or Characteristic Permissible Limit or Range
Chlorides (Cl) 50 milligrams per liter
Hardness 50 milligrams per liter
pH value 6.5 - 8.5
Temperature 75° F in July and August,
70° F in June and September,
60° F in Hay and October,
(Surface)
50° F in April and November,
-------
C-16
Total coliform organisms
40° F in March and December,
and
35° F in January and February
55° F (Ground)
5,000 most probable number
per 100 millilitcrs
Class B The quality of this class of the interstate waters of the
state shall be such as to permit their use for general
industrial purposes, except food processing, with only a
moderate degree of treatment. The quality shall be generally
comparable to Class D interstate waters used for domestic
consumption, except for the following:
Substanceor Characteristic
Chlorides (Cl)
Hardness
pH value
Temperature
Total colj.form organisms
Permissible Linit or Range
100 milligrams per liter
250 milligrams per liter (Surface)
350 milligrams per liter (Ground^
6.0 - 9.0
65° F (ground) 86° F (surface)
5,000 most probable number
per 100 milliliters
v_<^./
I
Class C The quality of this class of the interstate waters of the
state shall be such as to permit their use for industrial
cooling and materials transport without a high degree of
treatment being necessary to avoid severe fouling, corrosion,
scaling, or other unsatisfactory conditions. The following
shall not be exceeded in the interstate waters:
Substance or Characteristic
Chlorides (Cl)
Hardness
pH value
Temperature
Total coliform organisms
Limit or Range
250 milligrams per liter
500 milligrams per liter
6.0 - 9.5
65° F (ground) 90° F (surface)
5,000 most probable number
per 100 milliliters
Additional selective limits may be imposed for any specific inter-
state waters as needed.
-------
STATE OF MINNESOTA
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL COMMISSION
C-17
WATERS
Classifications and Criteria for
The Interstate Waters of Minnesota
REACH OR AREA INVOLVED
(1)
Rock River
Kanaranzi Creek
Little Rock River
Mednry Creek
Flandreau Creek
Pipestone Creek
Split Rock Creek
Split Rock Creek
Beaver Creek
Mud Creek
Missouri River Basin
Source to Iowa border
Source to Iowa border
Source to Iowa border
Source to South Dakota border
Source to South Dakota border
Source to South Dakota border
Source to Split Rock Lake outlet
Split Rock Lake to South Dakota
border
Source to South Dakota border
Source to Iowa border
CLASSIFICATION
2C, 3B
2C, 3B
2C, 3B
2C, 3B
2C, 3B
2C, 3B
2B, 3B
2C, 3B
2C, 3B
2C, 3B
(2)
(1) All interstate waters are included, although some ninor water courses
such as unnanied streans or interconnecting waters and/or intermittently
flowing creeks, ditches, or draws, etc. are not listed individually
herein. The requirements for previously classified waters are given
in Regulations WPC 1 through 3, inclusive, and 5 through 13, inclusive.
(2) Includes knoxm present uses and/or uses which may be made of the waters
in the future. In addition to the classify cation(s) e,iven below, the
interstate waters are also included in Classes 3C, 4, 5 and 6 for all
reaches or areas where such uses are possible. Where specific criteria
are common to two or more listed classes the more restrictive values
shall apply. For additional information refer to the Criteria for
Classification and Establishment of Standards (Regulation WPC 15).
-------
C-18
MINNESOTA POLLUTION CONTROL AGENCY
Division of Water Quality
Priority of Interstate Waters
C1 \
Enforcement Projects^'
System Name
and Project
Designation
Rock River (Rock)
Reach or Area
Affected, and
Ad-jacent States
or Provinces
Hendricks-Hills
Jackson
(South Dakota
and Iowa)
Specific Waters
Involved, and Counties
in or Through '>Thich
They flowO)
Flandreau Creek
Lincoln County
Pipes tone County
Pipes tone Creek
Pipestone County
Split Rock Creek
Pipestone County
Rock County
Beaver Creek
Rock County
Hud Creek
Rock County
Rock River
Pipestone County
Rock County
Kanaranzi Creek
Nobles County
Rock County
Little Rock Creek
Nobles County
Enforcement
Hearing to be ,.\
Scheduled B^ '
October 1, 197
J
NOTE: Lakes or reservoirs which are an integral part of the main stem of the
named river, such as Uinnibigoshia Lake in the case of the Mississippi
River, or Okamanpeedan Lake in the case of the East Fork of the Des
Ifoines River, are usually not listed separately but are considered to
be included as part of the river system. In the same manner, some lakes
which lie on a border, such as Iowa Lake, although not named arc con-
sidered to be part of the interstate stream by which they are drained.
Named bays are usually considered to be part of the lake to which they
are connected, but in sone cases, such as St. Louis and Superior Bays
of Lake Superior, may be included as part of a river system.
-------
C-19
MINNESOTA POLLUTION CONTROL AGENCY
Division of Water Quality
Major Actual or Potential Sources of Sewage or Industrial Wastes
(Source Categories I and 2) Which Discharge to
and/or May Affect Interstate Waters
March 1969
WATERS
SOURCES
REMAINING CONTROL
AND/OR TREAT>!ENT NEEDS
SCHEDULED
COMPLETION BY
Rock River
Kanaranzi Cr.
Little Rock R.
Pipestone Cr.
Split Rock Cr.
Mud Creek
Missouri River Basin
Luverne
Sewer separation
Expand sewage works
Iowa Beef Packers Coliform reduction
Inc., Luverne
Edgerton
Holland
Adrian
Rushmore
Pipestone
Pawnee Packing
Co.,
Pipestone
Jasper
Hills
Coliform reduction
Sewer separation
Coliform reduction
Sewer separation
Treatment works
Sewer separation
Waste disposal
facilities concur-
rently with plant
construction
June 18, 1978(rec)
Dec. 18, 1971(rec)
June 18, 1978(rec)
June 18, 1978(rec)
Dec. 18, 1971(rec)
June 18, 1978(rec)
(rec) - means the completion date has only been recommended, not established
formal order
-------
APPENDIX D
METHODS OF ANALYSIS
-------
D-l
METHODS OF ANALYSIS
A. BACTERIOLOGY
Bacteriological analyses of total and fecal coliform bacteria and
fecal streptococci were performed according to standard techniques,—
employing the membrane filter procedure. To prevent contamination,
all samples were collected in sterile bottles prepared by the accepted
procedure.—
Salmonella sampling involved placement of sterile gauze pads at
selected stream locations for a three-to-five-day period. The pads
were retrieved, placed in sterile plastic bags, chilled, and transported
to the laboratory within one hr for analyses. There is no standard
procedure for detection of Salmonella in surface xjaters. The method
2/
employed by NFIC-Denver is the elevated temperature technique of Spino—
with modifications. Selective enrichment media included dulcitol-
selenite broth and tetrathionate broth. Incubation temperature was
41.5°C. On each of four successive days the growth in each of the
enrichment media containing the pads was streaked onto selective plating
media that consisted of brilliant green and xylose-lysine-deoxycholate
agars. Colonies with characteristics typical of Salmonella were picked
and subjected to biochemical identification. Salmonella were identified
serologically, and representative serotypes from each location were sent
to the National Center for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia, for
confirmation.
-------
D-2
B. CHEMISTRY
I/
BOD and DO tests were conducted according to standard techniques—'
using the azide modification of the Winkler method.
All other laboratory analyses and field measurements were con-
ducted in accordance with accepted standard techniques.—
The following analytical Quality Control values are attendant to
the data released for the subject survey:
Accuracy
Parameter
NH3-N
NH3-N
N03 + N02-N
TKN
TKN
Total P
Total P
TOC
COD
COD
Range of
Values
(mg/1)
28-117
1.54-5.34
1.81-2.73
57-170
9.0-12.6
0.50-11.98
22-35
18.2-72.4
249-307
292-1,551
Range of
% Recovery
89-109
86-106
99-114
91-115
97-115
91-117
86-121
94-105
98-112
89-106
Avg
Recovery
6
6
4
6
11
7
8
2
5
4
Standard
Deviation
(mg/D
±5.78
±0.23
±0.095
±6.6
±0.42
±0.70
±2.6
±1.02
±13.2
±26
NOTE: Avg A% Recovery equals 100% + (Observed % Recovery)
-------
D-3
Precision
Parameter
BOD
BOD
NH3-N
NH3-N
N03 + N02-N
TKN
TKN
TOC
TOC
COD
COD
Total Solids
Total Solids
Range of
Values
(mg/D
300-1,200
425-2,420
23.4-85.3
0.35-3.43
0.80-1.62
0.81-6.6
41-188
155-384
9.0-37.90
224-1,711
78-152
1,870-5,090
398-989
Range of
% Precision
±12
± 8
± 8
±10
± 7
± 5
±10
± 5
± 7
±17
± 9
± 4
± 1
Avg
Precision
±5
±3
±3
±5
±3
±3
±4
±3
±4
±5
±5
±1
±1
Standard
Deviation
(mg/1)
±50
±46
± 1.97
± 0.12
± 0.05
± 0.13
± 6.9
±11.2
± 0.85
±26
± 5.3
±71
± 3
Precision calculations in this report are based upon results of
replicate analyses conducted regularly during each series of samples.
Similarly calculated are accuracy data based upon percent recovery
of standard additions to previously analyzed samples in a series of
analyses. It should be emphasized that standard deviations calculated
in this regard serve only as an indicator of precision or accuracy limits
for the particular series of analyses under consideration. Standard-
deviation values calculated in this manner can be used for inter-
laboratory or literature comparisons in order to indicate the ability
-------
D-4
of a particular laboratory to perform a given analysis. It is not,
however, a quantitative value that defines maximum or minimum limits
for any specific item of data.
C. BIOLOGY
Fall Survey
Benthos — Bottom-dwelling invertebrates were quantitatively
sampled, with a Petersen grab, at four sites (cross-stream transects)
per station. In addition, qualitative samples were taken at each
sampling location by two methods: (1) between 10 September and 3 October
1972, Hester-Bendy artificial substrates were exposed for 24-day periods;
(2) available habitats were sampled by screening sediments and manually
removing organisms from beneath rocks and on debris, etc. Organisms
collected only in qualitative samples were arbitrarily assigned values
*
of one per square foot of stream bed and were counted with the quanti-
tative samples. In the laboratory, the alcohol-preserved samples were
separated from debris, identified, and counted. Results of quantitative
A
sampling were expressed as numbers of organisms per square foot of
stream bed.
In order to determine species diversity the information theory
method of Lloyd, Zar, and Karr—' was employed. Diversity has at least
two meanings: (1) It refers to the species richness in terms of numbers
of species in an area (equals species diversity), and (2) it is based
on the relative composition of the individuals in an area (equals
* The number of organisms per square meter is obtained by multiplying
No./ft2 by a factor of 10.76.
-------
D-5
dominance diversity). The species-diversity concept, as used in this
report, measured the mathematical relationship of the species collected
to a theoretical maximum for a given community under the conditions
found at a given station. Calculated diversity values fall into three
categories: 0-1.0 indicates gross organic pollution; 1.1-3.0 indicates
moderate pollution or enrichment; and greater than 3.0 indicates clean
water.
Primary Productivity —
A. In Situ Measurement
1. Periphyton; Periphyton growth in the Big Sioux River and
its tributaries was assessed using artificial substrates
containing five 5.08 x 7.62-cm (2 x 3-in.) glass micro-
scope slides. A substrate was placed near each bank at
the biological sampling stations [Table K-2]. After
24-day exposures, between 10 September and 3 October
1972, the glass-slide substrates, together with the at-
tached organisms, were recovered, disassembled, and stored
on dry ice, in the dark — for transport to the NFIC-Denver
laboratory.
At the laboratory the periphyton samples were analyzed
for chlorophyll ji concentrations per unit area, according
to accepted procedures.—
2. Primary Production: Dark and light bottles filled with river
water were incubated four hr (0800 to 1200) at River Miles
-------
D-6
106.2, 113.0, 127.0, 134.5, 141.2, 143.2, and 162.2. Net
and gross photosynthesis, respiration, and carbon fixation
were calculated using available formulas.— During the
dark-light bottle incubation period, dissolved oxygen in
the river was measured hourly, from 0600 (1 hr before
sunrise) until 1200.
B. Algal Assays
Algal assay tests were conducted as outlined in "Algal Assay
Procedure-Bottle Test," August 1971.—
Two specific algal assay tests were conducted at the NFIC-
Denver laboratory using the receiving water (Big Sioux River
immediately upstream of the Sioux Falls WWTP) as dilution water.
1. Sewage Effluent Additions; Unchlorinated effluent from the
final clarifier of the Sioux Falls WWTP was collected on
the same day (9/13/72) as the dilution water. The ef-
fluent was added in triplicate to effect 0, 0.1, 1.0,
5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100-percent concentra-
tions. An inoculum of algae, Selenastmtm cccpricornutwn
(standard test organisms obtained from the EPA Pacific
Northwest Water Laboratory), was added to each flask.
The initial culture volume was adjusted to 100 ml per
250 ml Erlenmeyer flask in order to allow maximum aera-
tion. Initial in vivo fluorescence readings were made
employing a modified, high-sensitivity Turner Fluorometer.
Fluorescence readings were converted to chlorophyll-^
-------
D-7
concentrations, and algal growth was, then expressed as
changes in chlorophyll-a concentrations (yg/1). The test
cultures were incubated in a 24° C water bath mounted on a
shaker platform. Light at mid-flask level was adjusted to
432 Im/m (400 ft-c i.e., 24-hr light), and the shaker
set at 100 oscillations/min. Daily in vivo fluorescence
readings were made of each culture until the first expo-
nential phase of growth was completed. The algal cultures
were subsampled periodically for cell identification.
2. Phosphorus and Nitrogen Additions; Various concentrations
of phosphorus and nitrogen (0, 0.01, 0.10, 1.0, and 10.0 mg/1)
were added to receiving water in order to determine the
amounts of phosphorus or nitrogen that were algal-growth
limiting in the Big Sioux River at the time of the Fall
1972 EPA Survey. Test conditions were as outlined above.
Winter Survey
Algal Assays — On 24 January 1973, samples were collected, for
algal assays, from the Sioux Falls WWTP main effluent and by-pass dis-
charge and from the Big Sioux River (dilution water). Test conditions
were identical to those employed for the fall investigations, with the
following exception: One of the triplicate tests was conducted using
500 ml of sample in 1,000 ml flasks in a static water bath.
Additional algal assays were performed using nutrient-stripped WWTP
effluent. Nutrient stripping was accomplished by precipitation. Effluent
-------
D-8
samples were heated with 400 mg/1 Ca(OH) for two hr; the heated super-
natant was then aerated for two additional hr. During precipitation and
aeration, the pH was maintained at 11. After stripping x^as completed, the
pH was adjusted to 9. Phosphorus-removal efficiency was 95 percent
(from 13.9 to 0.69 mg/1) for the WWTP final effluent and 94 percent
(from 25.4 to 1.4 mg/1) for the by-pass effluent. The receiving (dilu-
tion) water contained 0.48 mg/1 total phosphorus. Ammonia-nitrogen
removal from the final effluent was 95 percent (from 36 to 1.7 mg/1);
63 percent of the ammonia nitrogen (from 48 to 18 mg/1) was stripped
from the by-pass effluent. The receiving x^ater contained 0.55 mg/1
NH -N. Waters tested for algal-growth potential contained 0, 0.3,
1, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100-percent stripped effluent. Also,
0.1, 1, 10, and 50 percent dilutions of stripped effluent with com-
binations of 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/1 additions of nitrogen and phosphorus
were tested.
Fish Assays — Channel catfish (Ictalurus pimctatus) approximately
7.6 cm (3 in.) in total length x^ere received from the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service National Fish Hatchery, Senecaville, Ohio, and trans-
ferred into acclimation tanks filled x^ith 9-10°C x«iter of pH 7.7±0.2.
After four to five days of acclimation, fish were used to evaluate
the toxic effects of the effluent from the Sioux Falls, South Dakota,
WWTP. Fish testing included flow-through bioassays and in situ sur-
vival studies.
The flow-through bioassay system consisted of an effluent dilutcr
(modified from Mount and Brungs— ) and epoxy-coated x«>odcn test tanks.
-------
D-9
The diluter was constructed and calibrated to provide a series of
seven dilutions [100, 52, 36, 27, 16, and 8 percent effluent and 100
percent dilution water (control)]. Test water was obtained from the
final effluent of the Sioux Falls WWTP, and dilution water was obtained
from the diversion canal 0.4 km (0.25 mi) upstream of the treatment
plant. Effluent and dilution-water reservoirs were refilled on an
average of every six hr.
To maintain a satisfactory, dissolved-oxygen level, test water was
aerated using finely dispersed air bubbles. This aeration procedure
caused no measurable loss of NH, from the test water. All other test
conditions were ambient.
Diluter cycles delivered 500 ml of water to test chambers in
approximately four hr.
Test chambers were duplicated and placed in random order to
minimize external environmental influences; all were monitored twice
daily for NH , DO, pH, and temperature. Mortality was recorded at the
end of each 24-hr period. Data from the bioassays were analysed sta-
tistically by the probit method of Litchfield and Wilcoxon.—
In situ fish-survival studies were initiated after a four-day
acclimation period. Catfish were placed in 10-liter plastic buckets.
Numerous 0.5-cm holes in the buckets permitted the stream water to flow
through, yet retain the fish. Two buckets with ten fish each were
suspended in the river at each station, and one bucket was placed in
the effluent from the main outfall of the Sioux Falls, South Dakota,
-------
D-10
WWTP. Following a 96-hr exposure, the cages were removed and the per-
cent fish survival was determined. During this period, dissolved
oxygen, water temperature, pH, and ammonia x^ere monitored in the Big
Sioux River at the fish cage sites [RM 142.95, 142.85, 128.5, and the
diversion channel, Table K-ll].
-------
D-ll
REFERENCES
_!/ M. J. Tarus, A. E. Greenberg, R. D. Hoak, and M. C. Rand, Standard
Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater 13th Edition,
American Public Health Association. New York, New York 1971.
2J Donald F. Spino, Elevated-Temperature Technique for the Isolation
of Salmonella from Streams3 Applied Microbiology, Vol. 14, No. 4
July 1966. Araer. Soc. for Microbiology.
_3/ Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes 3 Environmental
Protection Agency, National Environmental Research Center,
Analytical Quality Control Laboratory Cincinnati, Ohio. July 1971.
4/ Algal Assay Procedure Bottle Test3 National Eutrophication Research
Program, Environmental Protection Agency. 82 p. (1971).
51 J. T. Litchfield and F. Wilcoxon. A Simplified Method of Evaluating
Dose-Effect Experiments. Jour. Pharmacal Exp. Ther., 96:99-113.
(1949).
_6/ N. Lloyd, J. H. Zar, and J. R. Karr. On the Calculation of
Information - Theoretical Measures of Diversity. Amer. Midland
Naturalist. 79:257-272. (1968).
]_l D. T. Mount and W. A. Brungs. A Simplified Dosing Apparatus for
Fish Toxicity Studies. Water Res., 1:21-29. (1967).
-------
APPENDIX E
SOURCES OF POLLUTION
-------
E-l
MUNICIPAL WASTE SOURCES
[Tables E-l to E-3 list the municipal waste sources discharging
to the Big Sioux River Basin.]
INDUSTRIAL WASTE SOURCES
[Table E-4 lists the industrial waste sources with direct dis-
charges to the Big Sioux River Basin.]
AGRICULTURAL SOURCES OF POLLUTION
General
The Big Sioux River Basin is fertile and rich farmland. As a
result, various agricultural activities contribute pollutants to the
Big Sioux River. These pollutants include sediments, pecticides,
fertilizers, animal wastes, and other organic materials. Most of the
pollutants reach surface waters in runoff following rainfall or during
the spring thaw. As a result, agricultural sources of pollution are
intermittent in nature and difficult to quantify. They are also,
with the exception of animal feedlots, diffuse sources adding to the
difficulties of identification.
The magnitude of agricultural pollution problems in the Big Sioux
River Basin is not well defined. Average water-quality conditions only
partially reflect the impact of such pollution as slugs of pollutants
during runoff events can cause short-term, water-quality degradation
not reflected in monitoring data. It is known, however, that agri-
cultural sources contribute to increased turbidity and nutrient levels
in the Big Sioux River.
-------
E-2
Animal Feedlots
The trend in livestock production is toward confined feeding.
As a result, a vast increase in the number of feedlots has occurred over
the last decade. The water-pollution hazard from feedlots is greater
than from open grazing because the animal xjastes have a greater tendency
to run off than to become incorporated in the soil.
Most of the previous studies of feedlot runoff in the Big Sioux
River Basin have concluded that the problem, x^hen considered on the
basis of a daily or yearly average pollution load, is not of major
significance. There is, however, a significant potential for short
term water quality problems as most of the feedlot runoff reaches a
water course in slug discharges. State water-pollution-control agencies
have initiated efforts to control wastes from feedlots. [Table E-5 is
a list of applications for wastewater disposal permits from South Dakota
operators of feedlots with possible drainage to the Big Sioux River or
*
its tributaries.] A South Dakota State University Masters Thesis lists
feedlots observed, during a September 1967 Aerial Survey, adjacent to
the Big Sioux River. More than fifty feedlots are tabulated in this
list, thus indicating that many South Dakota feedlot operators have not
yet applied for wastewater-disposal permits.
Iowa has also initiated registering feedlots. [The registered feedlots
in the Big Sioux River Basin in Iowa are listed in Table E-6.]
* John Edward Foley, Tiie Pollution Potential of Feedlots Along the Main
Stem of the Big Sioux River - A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Major in Civil
Engineering. South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota.
(1968)
-------
TABLE E-l
Bristol
Brookings
Bryant
Canton
Castlewood
SOUTH DAKOTA MUNICIPAL WASTE SOURCES^'
BIG SIOUX RIVER BASIN
a/
Source
Alcester
Arlington
Aurora
Baltic
Bradley
Brandon
Receiving Water
Brule Creek
y
Tributary of Medary Creek
Big Sioux River
y
Big Sioux River
Population
Served
627
954
200
360
157
656
Flow
3
m /day (mgd)
223 (0.059)
314 (0.083)
No Flow
174 (0.046)
Type of Treatment
Secondary
(Trickling Filters)
Secondary
(Trickling Filters)
Stabilization Pond
Secondary
(Stabilization Ponds)
None
Secondary
y
Six-Mile Creek
y
Big Sioux River
Big Sioux River
(Stabilization Ponds)
470 300 (0.08) Secondary
(Trickling Filter & Discharge
to Landlocked Lake)
13,860 3,785 (1.000) Secondary
(Trickling Filter & Stabilization
Ponds)
500 151 (0.040) Secondary
(Stabilization Ponds & Discharge
to Landlocked Slough)
2,660 806 (0.213) Secondary
(Stabilization Ponds)
520 185 (0.049) Secondary
(Stabilization Ponds)
-------
TABLE E-l (Cont.)
^
SOOTH DAKOTA MUNICIPAL WASTE SOURCES^'
BIG SIOUX RIVER BASIN
Source
Chester
Clear Lake
Colman
Colton
Corson
Crooks
Sanitation District
Dell Rapids
DeSinet
Eden
Egan
Elkton
Receiving Water
Skunk Creek
Hidewood Creek
Bachelor Creek
Skunk Cieek
Split Rock Creek
Big Sioux River
Big Sioux River
Silver Lake^
W
Big Sioux River
Spring Creek
Population
Served
277
1,135
456
600
100
202
1,990
1,336
132
300
500
Flow
m /day
72
386
151
159
26.5
492
405
34
178
(mRd)
(0.019)
(0.102)
(0.040)
(0.042)
(0.007)
(0.130)
(0.107)
(0.009)
(0.047)
Type of Treatment
Secondary
(Stabilization Ponds)
Secondary
(Stabilization Ponds-Normally
Do Not Discharge)
Secondary
(Stabilization Ponds-Normally
Do Not Discharge)
Secondary
(Staoilization Ponds)
Secondary
(Stabilization Ponds)
Secondary
(Stabilization Pond)
Secondary
(Trickling Filter)
Primary
(Imhoff Tank)
Primary
(Irahoff Tank)
None
Primary
(Imhoff Tank)
-------
TABLE E-l (Cent.)
Lake Kanpeska
Sanitary District
Lake Norden
a/
SOOTH DAKOTA MUNICIPAL WASTE SOURCES-
BIG SIOUX RIVER BASIN
Source
Estelline
Flandreau
Flandreau (BIA)
Florence
Garden City
Garretson
Hartford
Hayti
Hudson
Humboldt
Population
Receiving Water Served
Big Sioux River 720
Bic Sioux River 2,027
b/ 257
b/ ' 126
Split Rock Creek 840
Skunk Creek 800
Marsh Lake^-/ 420
Big Sioux River 360
Skunk Creek 440
Flow
m /day (mgd)
189 (0.05)
681 (0.18)
1,160 (0.308)
257 (0.068)
(0.6)
114 (0.030)
110 (0.029)
110 (0.029)
Type of Treatment
Secondary
(Stabilization Ponds)
Secondary
(Trickling Filter)
Secondary
(Trickling Filter)
Secondary
(Stabilization Ponds)
None
Secondary
(Stabilization Ponds)
Secondary
(Trickling Filter)
Secondary
(Stabilization Ponds)
None
Secondary
Lake St. Johi£
1,400
330
223
(0.059)
(Stabilization Ponds)
Hone
Secondary
(Stabilization Ponds)
-------
Pd
TABLE E-l (Cont.)
Trent
Valley Springs
-^
SOUTH DAKOTA MUNICIPAL WASTE SOURCES-
BIG SlObX RIVER BASIN
Source
La'
-------
TABLE E-l (Cont.)
a/
SOOTH DAKOTA MUNICIPAL UASTE SOURCES^-'
BIG SIOUX RIVER BASIN
Population Flow
Source
Volga
Watertown
Waubay
Webster
Wentworth
Toronto
White
Willow Lake
Worthing
Receiving Water
Big Sioux River
Big Sioux River
Slough to Bitter Lake-
Waubay Lake
Deer Creek
Six-lttle Creek
Willow Lake^
Snake Creek
Served m /day
900 900
14,000 11,100
1 696 185
2,252 681
196
200
410 114
353 151
294 79
(tn^d)
(0.238)
(2.920)
(0.049)
(0.180)
(0.030)
(0.040)
(-0.021)
Type of Treatment
Secondary
(Stabilization Ponds)
(Trickling Filters,
Stabilization Ponds)
Primary
(Iirihoff Tank)
Secondary
(Stabilization Ponds)
None
Secondary
(Stabilization Ponds)
Secondary
(Trickling Filter)
Primary
(Iirihoff Tank)
Secondary
(Stabilization Ponds)
&_/ This includes industrial wastes discharged to municipal plants.
b/ This is a non-contributing part of the basin.
M
I
-------
TABLE E-2
IOWA MUNICIPAL WASTE SOURCES-'
BIG SIOUX RIVER BASIN
Source
Akron
Alvord
Ash ton
DOOT
George
Hawarden
Hull
Invood
I re ton
Larchvood
Lester
Little Rock
Rock Rapids
Rock Valley
Sibley
Wee (field
Receiving Water
Big Sioux River
Hud Creek
Otter Creek
Little Rock River
Little Pock River
Big Sioux River
Unnamed Tributary of
Rock River
Unm-ed Tributary of
Big Sioux River
Indian (jreck
Unnamed Tributary of
Big Sioux River
Hud Creek
Little Rock River
Rock River
Rock River
Otter Creek
Big Sioux River
Population
Served
1.300
200
420
1,140
2,415
1,289
600
800
450
230
535
2,000
1.610
2,750
Flow
n /diy
265
64
114
167
265
378
322
114
151
114
57
91
609
409
10,900
98
(n«d)
(0.070)
(0.017)
(0.030)
(0.044)
(0.070)
(0.1)
(0.085)
(0.030)
(0.040)
(0 030)
(0.015)
(0.024)
(0.161)
(0.108)
(2.879)
(0.026)
Type of Treatment
Secondary
(Activated Sludge)
Secondary
(Stabilization Ponds)
Prlnary
(Inhoff Tank)
Secondary
(StabiHration Ponds)
Secondary
(Activited Sludge)
Secondary
(Trickling Filter)
Secondary
(Stabilization Ponds)
Secondary
(TricKling Filter)
Secondary
(Stabilization Ponds)
Secondary
(Stabilization Ponds)
Secondary
(Trickling Filter)
Secondary
(Trickling Filter)
Secondary
(Septic Tank & Sand Filter)
CO
£/ This includes industrial wastes discharged to municipal plants.
-------
TABLE E-3
a/
MINNESOTA MUNICIPAL WASTE SOURCES-'
BIG SIOUX RIVER BASIN
Source
Adrian
Beaver Creek
Edgerton
Ellsworth
Hatfield
Hills
Holland
Jasper
Lake Benton
Luverne
Pipes tone
Rushmore
Receiving Water
Kanaranzi Creek
Beaver
Chanarambie Creek
Tributary of Kanaranzi Creek
Rock River
Mud Creek
Tributary of Rock River
Split Rock Creek
Flandreau Creek
Rock River
Pipestone Creek
Little Rock River
Population
Served
1,350
231
1,119
588
86
514
237
452
683
4,233
4,795
394
Flow
3
m /day (ragd) Type of Treatment
Secondary (Stabilization Ponds)
(Stabilization Ponds)
Secondary (Trickling Filter)
Secondary (Trickling Filter)
Secondary (Imhoff Tank and Lagoon)
742 (0.196) Secondary (Stabilization Ponds)
Secondary (Trickling Filter)
326 (0.086) Secondary (Trickling Filter)
Secondary (Stabilization .Ponds)
2,930 (0.774) Secondary (Trickling Filter)
1,360 (0.360) Secondary (Trickling Filter)
Stabilization Ponds
aj This includes industrial wastes discharged to municipal plants.
i
VO
-------
TABLE E-4
INDUSTRIAL WASTE
(DIRECT DISCHARrES) BIG SIOJX RIVER BASIN
Source
Concrete Materials Co., Inc.
Sioux Falls, S. Dak.
Concrete Materials
Suanlt, S Dak.
DeSiet "tendering Co.
DcS^et, S Dak
EROS
Sioux Falls, S. Dak.
Hallett Construction Co.
Hatertcwn, S. Dak
lova Beef Processors, Inc.
Luverae, Xlnn.
' L. C Everist, Inc.
=- Dell Rapids, S. Dak.
s t'orthern States Power Co.
(Lavrence Plcnt)
Sioux Falls, S Dak.
/I Northern States Power Co.
- (Pathfinder Plant)
Sioux Fills, S Dak.
F J I'cLauc'illn
Construction Co
WatertoJn, S Dak.
Rock River Gravel Co.
Pipes tone, Minn
Watertown Rendering Co
Watertovn, S Dak
Manufacturing Hoi.
Process n /t*ny (^r^)
Crushed aggregate 1,060 (0.28)
(Aprll-Nov,)
Gravel washing
Rendering activities 265 (0 07)
Photofinlshing
Gravel washing
Meat Packing 3,780 (1.0)
Gravel washing and 5,300 (1.40)
quarrying (Aprll-fcov.)
Power generation 908 (0.24)
Power generation 2,200 (0.58)
Gravel washing
Gravel washing
Rendering activities 189 (0.05)
Receiving Water
Big Slous River
Tributary to Big
Sioux River
V
No DiBcharge until
Spring of 1975
Willow Creek
Rock River
Big Sioux River
Big Sioux River
Big Sioux River
Big Sioux River
Pipes tone Creek
Big Sioux River
Tvpe of Trcatne-t
Screening, Sedimentation
Settllrg Pontis-clooed ova ten
Crease reaoval
Settling pond
Sedimentation , anaerobic.
lagoon, aerobic lagoon-
Settling Ponds
Cooling towers, screening,
line precipitation
Coolin? towers, settling basin
Settling bnoin (closed ayaten)
Settling ponds
a/ The data were taken fron various sources Refuse Act Perclt Applications, Interim Plan-Big Sioux River Basin-South Dakota,
Correspondence-Iowa Water Pollution Control Aocusission, NFIC-D Reconnaissance of Big Sioux River Basin-Minnesota.
b/ This la a non-contributing part of the basin.
£/ The firm la installing a epray-lrrigation systco with complete retention during tho irrigation ccaaon.
-------
E-ll
TABLE E-5
APPLICATIONS FOR WASTEWATER DISPOSAL PERMITS FROM
OPERATORS OF FEEDLOTS IN SOUTH DAKOTA WITH POSSIBLE DRAINAGE
TO THE BIG SIOUX RIVER OR ITS TRIBUTARIES.
AUGUST 1972
Number
a/ 1
2
3
4
5
6
a/ 7
8
b/ 9
10
b/ 11
b/ 12
b/ 13
a/ 14
15
b/ 16
b/ 17
b/ 18
b/ 19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
County
Brookings
it
it
it
it
it
it
n
it
i
1
i
1
i
t
it
tt
11
Minnehaha
n
it
ti
n
ii
n
Liticoln
n
n
tt
Union
Union
Owner
L.S. Barrnet
SDSU
SDSU
SDSU
SDSU
C.E. Nelson
A.J. Vanderwal
Steven Good fellow
Alvin Johnson
Stanley Hesby
M.V. Kleinjan
Arthur Vanderwal
Leland Schlimmer
Earnest Telkamp
Lloyd Minor
D. W. Harvey
Richard Jenson
Lyle Telkamp
Howard Johnson
Paul Rooney
Henry Sieps
Wayne Burkhurt
Roger Skallard
Herbert Ranschau
C.J. Delbridge
Gerhard Sweeter
Ronald Larson
Robert Roetzel
Lowell Larson
Andrew Quara
Larry L. Nilson
Drainage
Big Sioux River
Six Mile Cr.
Six Mile Cr.
Six Mile Cr.
Six Mile Cr.
Medary Cr.
Big Sioux River
Oakwood Lake
N. Deer Cr.
Lake Sinani
Trib. Big Sioux R.
Big Sioux River
Trib. Big Sioux R.
Medary Creek
Medary Creek
Medary Creek
Trib. Big Sioux R.
Medary Creek
Split Rock Creek
Split Rock Creek
Split Rock Creek
Pipestone Creek
Split Rock Creek
Skunk Creek
Trib. Big Sioux R.
Beaver Creek
Beaver Creek
Beaver Creek
Trib. Big Sioux R.
Trib. Big Sioux R.
Trib. Big Sioux R.
Animal Units^-
100 C, 500 S
11,000 P
300 C
370 C
500 S
800 C & S
1,000 C
300 C & S
300 C, 500 S
225 c, ;oo
150 C, 450
135 C
300 C, 400 S
5,000 C 6r S
490 C
200 C
100 C, 250 S
250 C
600 C & S
3,000 C
150 C
1,000 C & S
200 C
500 C
844 C
& Sh
800
100 S, 300 Sh
400
150
450
1,000 C
a/ The feedlot has been inspected.
b/ This feedlot has been inspected and needs waste control facilities. (Of the eleven
feedlots inspected, eight need control.)
ej C refers to cow;
S refers to swine;
Sh to sheep;
P to poultry; and
C & S to combined cows & swine.
-------
I
I—1
tS3
Owner
Ralph L. Kooiker
Vertis Gamineister
Alfred TeSlaa
Walter Jansnia & Son
Howard P. Mogler
John Colenbrander
Ken Aulstein
Lawrence Ter Horst
Theodore Port
J. Thomas Kenney
TABLE E-6
REGISTERED FEEDLOTS IN THE BIG SIOUX RIVER BASIN
IN IOTA
County
Lyon
Sioux
Plymouth
Location
b/
a^l Except where otherwise denoted numbers
b/ The letter "T" denotes the township.
E 1/2, Sec. 10, Cleveland T.-
NE 1/4, Sec. 8, Wheeler T.
Sec. 5, Rock T.
Sec. 6 & 7, Rock T.
SE 1/4, Sec. 12, Logan T.
SW 1/4, Sec. 30, Welcome T.
SE 1/4, Sec. 18, Welcome T.
SW 1/4, Sec. 28, Center T.
SE 1/4, Sec. 8, Sioux T.
NE 1/4, Sec. 12, Westfield T.
refer to cattle.
a/
Capacity—
3,500
2,500
1,500
800
1,000
1,000
1,600
300 Hogs
600
-------
APPENDIX F
SUMMARY TABLES FROM
STREAM AND PLANT STUDY DATA
-------
TABLE 7-1
SUMMARY OF BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSES
BIG SIOUX RIVER
FEBRUARY, 1973
Station Description
Big Sioux River at U S. Highway
14, 3.2 km east of Volga, S. D.
(RM 243.9)
Big Sioux River 16.2 km S.E.
of Brookings, S.D ; 0.8 km
downstream from 1-29 Bridge
(R.1 232.6)
Big Sioux River at S D Highway
34, 4.8 km s.W Flandreau, S.D.
(RM 2U6 1)
Big Sioux River 1.6 km west of
Reiner, S.D. (RM 162.2)
Meilnan Food Industries Lagoon
System Effluent (RH 154.2)
Sl-unk Creek at Marion Road W. Sioux
Falls, S.D. (RM 152 8/1.1),
Big Siouy River at l-'estern Avenue
S V. Sioux Falls, S D (RM 150.6)
Big Sioux River opposite Morrell
Total Coliforn-s
Count/100 ml
Maximum Log Mean Minimuri
16,000 820 120
84,000 3,000 800
29,000 7,600 1,100
12,000 2,200 820
360,000 210,000 120,000
10,000 670 20
10,000 1,300 320
19,000 1,700 600
Fecal Coliforms
Count/100 ml
Maximum Log Mean Minimun
1,300 100 50
350 170 20
980 150 50
320 200 100
140,000 57,000 37,000
100 <24 <4
490 210 100
2,200 240 43
Fecal Streptococci
Count/100 ml
Maxinum Log Mean Klnimua
30,000 650
3,900 1,500
50,000 3,600
10,000 2,100
8,600,000 3,300,000 1,000
•
9,500 1,500
99,000 42,000 22
3,100 1,200
100
950
550
660
,000
230
,000
390
Condenser 0.2 km upstream of
Diversion Canal, Sioux Falls, S D.
(RM 143 2)
Sioux Falls, S D. KWTP Effluent >8,000,000
(RM 143.0)
>1,300,000 470,000 >600,000 >180,000 23,000 53,000,000 2,000,000 120,000
-------
TABLE F-l (Cent.)
SUMMARY OF B\CTERTOLOGICAL ANALYSES
BXG SIOJA. RIvES.
FEBRUARY, 1973
T)
ro
Station Description
Total Coliforras
Count/100 ml
Maximum Log Moan Minimum
Fecal Coliforms
Count/100 ml
haximum Log Mean Minimum
Fecal Streptococci
Cojnt/100 -il
Ma {y.uni Log Me?-1 Minir-.jrn
Sioux Falls, S D , WWTP
By-pass Effluent
(RM 142 9)
Big Sioj> Ri/er at Highway 77
(Cliff A.enue) 0.5 km
dcvnstrea-i fron Sioux Falls,
S.D., Wastewater Treatment
Plant (RM 142.7)
Eig SiouA River dovnstrcam from
1-229 2.9 kn downstream from
Sio^ Falls, S D. , Wastcwater
Treatment Plant (RM 141.2)
Big Siou • River at Brandon Road,
west of Braruon, S.D. (RM 134 5)
Split Rock Creek at U S. High-
way 16, 2.4 km east of Brandon,
S D. (RM 130 1/5 3)
Big Sioux River at Hightav 38
Bridge, appro^matel> 2.4 km
upstream of lo-.a-South Dakota
state boundary (RM 128 5)
Big Sioux River at Highway 18
4.8 urn east of Canton, S D.
(RM 106 2)
Rock River 4.8 km east of Hudson,
S D. on South Dakota Spur #46
(RM 76.2/5.8)
54,000,000 16,000,000 1,500,000 30,000,000 4,300,000 150,000 540,000,000 >82,000,000 2,800,000
210,000
36,000
3,700
10,000
70,000
280,000 120,000
13,000
1,500
4,700
17,000
51,000
3,900
270
1,600
17,000
50,000
3,900
480
1,000
5,900
13,000
540,000
9,900
100,000
2,200
9,900
390
56,000
68
12,000
39
1,400
130
630
2,200 390,000 110,000 7,100
1,300 >1,000,000 >14,000 1,900
680 1,400,000 74,000 1,200
10 7,000
10 3,100
390 31,000
1,900
760
730
170 91,000 11,000 2,100
260
5,800 1,100
-------
TABLE F-l (Cont.)
SUMMARY OF BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSES
BIG SIOUX RIVER
FEBRUARY, 1973
*
Station Description
Big Sioux River 1.6 km east of
hudson, S.D Spur #46 (R'l 80.9)
Big Sioux River at loja Highway
Maximum
1,900
3,600
Total Coliforms
Count/100 ml
Log Mean
560
2,100
Minimum
190
1,000
Maximum
170
490
Fecal Coliforms
Count/100 ml
Log Mean Minimum
<55 <10
240 120
Fecal Streptococci
Count/100 irl
Maximum Log Mean Minimum
3,100 930
4,300 3,200
540
1,700
10, 6.4 km north of Hawarden,
loia (RM 66.9)
Big Siouy River at South Dakota 3,300
Highway 48, Akron, lo^a
(R.M 46 8)
Big Siouy River at U.S. 77 North- 3,200
west Sioux City, Iowa (Military
Road) (RM 5.0)
1,200
910
600
250
260
200
170
100
80 24,000
40 9,400
7,400 3,700
5,100 2,800
* Under individual station descriptions, metric unit equivalents are nade as 1 km - 0.62 miles.
-------
TABLE F-2
SUMMARY OF BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSES
ROCK RIVER
FEBRUARY, 1973
*
Station Description Maximum
Rock River 0.8 km upstream of <100
Lu/erre, Minnesota, Was tewater Treat-
ment Plant (RM 76 2/52 5).-<*
Rock River at Mni>esota-Io\va State 2,500
Line Bridge, 7.2 km north of
Fock Rapids, Io..'a (RM 76 2/40 8)**
Little Rock River at Highway 75 170
P/ridge, 4.8 km r>ast of Doon, Iowa
(R;; 76 2/23 i/4 o)**
Rock River at Lyon, Colorado Road 3,100
K42 Bridge, 1.6 km north of Doon,
lo a (RM 76.2/25 7)"*
Fock River 4.8 km east of Hudson, 10,000
Total Coliforms
Count/ 100 ml
Log Mean Minimum
<84 70
2,500 2,500
130 100
2,800 2,600
4,700 1,600
Fecal Coliforms
Count/ 100 ml
Mrxirura Log Meap Minimum
12 11 10
590 410 280
32 31 30
1,200 690 400
1,000 630 390
Fecal Streptococci
Count/ 100 trl
Maxirum Log Mean
390 350
2,300 1,600
2,700 1,900
2,700 2,400
31,000 5,800
Mini-urn '
320
1,100
1,300
2,100
1,100
S D. on South Dakota So^r #46
(JU 76 2/5 8)>«*
Under individual station descriptions metric unit equivalents are made as 1 km » 0.62 mile.
** Suraary of 2 samples.
*** Summary of 10 samples.
-------
TABLE F-3
SALMONELLA ISOLATIONS FROM
BIG SIOUX RIVER, FEBRUARY, 1973
F-5
River
Mile
Station Description
Serotypes
Isolated
143/0.2
154.2
143.0
142.9
142.7
134.5
128.5
Diversion Canal 0.3 km (0.2 mi.)
upstream of Sioux Falls, South
Dakota, Wastewater Treatment
Plant.
Meilman Food Industries Lagoon
System Effluent at Point of
Discharge to Big Sioux River.
Sioux Falls, South Dakota,
Wastewater Treatment Plant
discharge.
Sioux Falls, South Dakota,
Wastewater Treatment Plant
by-pass discharge.
Big Sioux River at U.S. Highway
77 bridge, 0.5 km (0.3 mi.)
downstream from Sioux Falls,
South Dakota, Wastewater
Treatment Plant.
Big Sioux River at Brandon Rd.;
west of Brandon, South Dakota.
Big Sioux River at Highway 38
bridge, 2.4 km (1.5 mi.)
upstream of Iowa-South Dakota
State line.
No Salmonella
isolated
S. siegberg
S. tennessee
S. bare-illy
S. heidelberg
S. oranienbitrg
S. heidelberg
S. anatwn
S. heidelberg
S. derby
S. heidelberg
S. anatwn
S. derby
S. heidelberg
S. anatwn
S. eimsbuettel
-------
F-b
TABLE F-4
SUMMARY OF FIFLD DATA AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS
BIG SIOUX RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES
SOUTH DAKOTA-IOWA-MINNTSOfA
1-10 FEBRUARY 1973
Parameter^-'
No. of
Samples
Range
Average
Average 1 oad
kg/dav
Ib/day
RM 263.5 — Big Stoux River at S.D. Hwv. 28, 2.4 km (1.5 mi)
W of Estelline, S.D. (1423)
Flow (m /sec)
Flov (mgd)
pH (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (umhos/cm)
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
NH -X
Total Kjeldahl Nitiogen-N
Organic-N
KO- + NO -N
Total Fhosphorus-P
Turbidity (JTU)
Dissolved Oxygen
0.40
6.8
EM 243.9 — Big Sioux River at U.S. Hwy. 14, 3 kin (2 mi)
E of Volga, S.D. (142?)
Flov (in /sec)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (umhos/cra)
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
NH.-N
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N
Organic-N
NO. + N03-N
Total Phosphorus-P
Turbidity (JTu)
Dissolved Oxygen
7.7-7.9
0.0-0.0
650-850
1.4-6.2
37-78
9-71
560-661
5-18
0.31-0.42
1.27-1.
0.91-1.
1.13-1.
0.19-0.
3-6
8.6-12
.75
.33
.32
.39
0.29
10.4
RM 232.6 — Big Sioux River, 15.2 km (9.5 mi) SE of
Brookinps, S.D , 0.8 km (0.5 mi) downstream
from the 1-29 River Crossing at USCS Caging
Station (1421)
flow (m /sec)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (umhos/cm)
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
NH--N
Total Kjeldahl Hitrogcn-N
NO. + N03-N
Total Thospliorus-P
turbidity (J1U)
Dissolved Oxygen
3
4
4
3
2
8
8
8
8
4
4
8
1.5-1.8
34-41
7.4-7.9
0.0-1.0
600-950
3.4-47
54-120
10-45
457-637
y
0_. 38-0.81
1.60-4.36
1.04-3.63
0.80-1.33
0.37-0.93
4-8
7.8-11
1.63
37.2
18
90
20
570
8
0.63")
2.12]
1.49f
1.2l)
0.53
2,500
12,500
2,750
1,240
89.3
29.8
20.8
170
74.3
5,510
27,700
6,060
2,740
197
656
458
376
164
9.1
-------
TABLE F-4 (Cont.)
SUMMARY OF FIELD DATA AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS
BIG SIOUX RIVER ATD TRIBUTARIES
SOUTH DAKOTA-IOUA-MINNKSOTA
1-10 FEBRUARY 1973
F-7
a/
Parameter-
No, of
Samples
Average Load
Range
Averaee
kg/day
Ib/day
KM 206.1 — Big Sioux River at S.D. Hwy. 34, 4.8 km (3
SW of Flandreau, S.D. (1420)
Flow (m /sec)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (ymhos/cm)
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
NH -N
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N
Organic-N
NO, + NO -N
ToEal Phosphorus-P
Turbidity (JTU)
Dissolved Oxygen
7.4-8.0
0.0-0.0
650-800
7.8-12
90-110
16-20
479-549
7-20
0.69-1.03
2.40-3.73
1.52-2.75
1.09-1.48
0.60-0.67
7.7-10.0
RM 162.2 — Big Sioux River 1.6 km (1 mi) W
Flow (m /sec)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (^mhos/cm)
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
KH -N
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N
Organic-N
N02 + N03-N
Total Phosphorus-P
Turbidity (JTU)
Dissolved Oxygen
1.97-3.23
45-74
7.4-7.8
0.0-0,0
650-875
6.8-16
62-86
16-26
449-606
7-29
0.45-1.14
2,17-3^4
1.64-2.50
1.34-1.51
0.49-0.72
3-18
10-12
10
97
18
509
12
0.88")
2.85F
1.96)
1.30f
0.63
8.9
of Renner, S.D.
2.67
61
9.5
76
20
522
14
0.88
2.80
1.92
1.42
0.57
(1419)
2,240
17,600
4,720
203
648
444
327
132
10.9
RM 154.2 — Spencer Foods, Inc. Lagoon Effluent at Point of
Discharge to Big Sioux River, 60 M (200 ft) upstream
of 12th St. Bridge in W Sioux Falls, S.D. (1425)
Flow (m /sec)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (umhos/cm)
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
Nil -N
Total Klcldahl Nitrogen-N
Organic-N
NO + NO -N
Total Phosphorus-P
Turbidity (ITU)
Dissolved Ox>gen
£/
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
965-2,290
0.255-0.604
7.3-7.8
0.0-0.1
2,000-3,000
310-520
73-150
990-1,750
54-170
44-130
28-69
64-105
24-44
0.01-0.39
7.1-14.1
1,400
0.370
420
103
1,510
90
73
59
94
35
0.11
11.6
562
141
118
96.6
77.1
128
49.4
0.22
15.5
4,940
38,800
10,400
448
1,430
980
721
290
1,240
310
261
213
170
283
109
0.49
34.1
-------
F-8
TABLE F-4 (Cont.)
SUMMARY OF FltLD DATA AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS
BIG SIOUX RlVfR AND TRIBUTARIFS
SOUTH DAKOrA-IOWA-MINNESOlA
1-10 FEBRUARY 1973
Parameter—
No. of
Samples
Range
Average Load
Avcrape kg/da, Ib/day
RM 152.8/1.1 — Skunk Creek at Marion Rd., W of Sioux Falls, S.D. (1416)
Flow (m /sec) 10
Flow (myj) 10
pH (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (pmhos/cm)
BOD 5
COD 6
TOC 6
Total Solids 4
Suspended Solids 4
N1I.-N 10
Total KJeldahl Nitropen-N 10
Organic-N 10
NO. + N03-N 10
Total Phosphorus-P 5
Turbidity (JTU)
Dissolved Oxygen 10
0.17-
3.9-
7.1-
0.0-
650-
3.2-
40-
8-
399-
5-
0.56-
1.65-
0.76-
1.02-
0.19-
0.19
4.5
7.6
or.o
850
34
98
29
669
12
1.38
4.41
3.03
1.40
0.74
5.2-9.0
0.18
4.1
12
55
17
525
8
0.94
2.38
1.44
1.19
0.35
7.4
197
857
265
128
14.6
37.3
18.0
18.4
5.58
434
1,890
585
282
32.
82.
39.8
40.7
12.3
RM 150.6 — Big Sioux River at Western Ave., SW Sioux Falls, S.D. (1415)
Flow (m /sec)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (umhos/cm)
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
NH -N
Total Kjcldahl Nitrogen-N
Organic-N
NO. + NO -N
Total Phosphorus-P
Turbidity (JTU)
Dissolved Oxygen
2
2
2
1
1
4
4
4
4
2
7.5-7.. 5
0-0
960-1,150
6.8-8.0
y
b/
0.57-2.85
2.11-4.28
1.33-1.91
0.81-0.98
0.60-0.70
7.3-8.3
7.4
49
10
802
26
.95
.50
.55
0.89
0.65
7.8
RM 143.2 — Big Sioux River Opposite John Morrell and Co. Former
Discharge, 0.2 km (0.1 mi) upstream of Diversion Canal (1413)
Flow (m /sec)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (yiriios/cm)
BOD 9
COD 9
TOC 9
Total Solids 7
Suspended Solids 7
NH--N 10
Total kjeldahl NitroRen-N 10
Organic--N 10
NO, + NO..-N 10
Total Phosphorus-P 10
Turbidity (JTU)
Dissolved Oxygen 10
7.5-8.2
[0.0-0.0
380-:,100
4.2-6.6
46-66
9-19
640-79^
6-27
1.37-2.47
2.87-3.94
1.04-2.52
1.01-1.16
0.38-0.97
13-15
5.8
55
13
702
16
04
57
52
08
0.54
13.2
-------
F-9
TABLE F-4 (Cent.)
SUMMARY OF FIFLD DATA AND AVAIYTICAL RF.SULTS
BIG SIOUX RIVFR AND TRIBUTARITS
SOUTH DAKOTA-IOUA-MINNPSOTA
1-10 FEBRUARY 1973
. No. of Average Load
Parameter— Samples Rani^e Average kp/day Ib/day
RM 143.0 — Sioux Falls, S.D., Wastewater Treatment
Plant Effluent (1412)
Flow (m3/sec) 24,100-39,400 34,000
Flow (mgd) 10 6.38-10.4 8.99
pH (standard units) 7.2-7.8
Temperature (°C) 9.0-12.0
Conductivity (ymhos/cm) 2,200-3,000
BOD 8 72-140 110 3,710 8,190
COD 8 110-210 152 5,310 11,700
TOG 8 24-69 38 1,300 2,860
Total Solids 8 1,450-1,830 1,580
Suspended Solids 8 16-67 33 1,120 2,460
Volatile suspended solids 8 14-44 24 794 1,750
NH -N 8 36-45 40 1,400 3,090
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N 8 41-65 52 1,820 4,010
Organic-N 8 4-25 12 419 924
NO, + NO--N 8 5.5-12.6 8.7 300 661
Total Phosphorus-P 8 12.4-15.3 13.7 475 1,048
Turbidity (JTU)
Dissolved Oxygen
RM 142.9 — Sioux Falls, S.D., Wastewater Treatment
Plant By-pass (1424)
Flow (m3/sec) 83.3-435 193
Flow (mgd) 0.022-0.115 0.051
pH (standam units) 6.8-7.4
Temperature (°C) 11.5-16.0
Conductivity (ymhos/cm) 2,200-5,500
BOD 10 250-1,300 880 173 382
COD 10 560-1,900 1,450 294 649
TOC 10 130-500 330 68.0 150
Total Solids 10 1,850-3,300 2,600
Suspended Solids 10 220-640 450 87.5 193
Volatile Suspended Solids 10 200-550 376 74.8 165
NH -N 10 40-72 54 10.3 22.8
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N 10 120-180 151 29.4 64.8
Organic-N 10 67-119 97.4 19.0 42.0
NO + NO -N 10 0.05-0.67 0.17 0.03 0.06
Total Phosphorus-P 10 16.3-24.9 20.1 4.10 9.05
Turbidity (JTU)
Dissolved Oxygen
RM 142.7 — Big Sioux River at U.S. Hwy. 77 (Cliff Ave.),
0.5 km (0.3 mi) downstream from Sioux Falls, S.D.
Wastewater Treatment Plant (1411)
Flow (m /sec)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units) 7.4-8.0
Temperature (°C) <0.0-1.5 -^
Conductivity (ymhos/cm) 500-1,200 ^\
BOD 5 5-11 X 7.9
COD 5 89-100 96
TOC 5 15-29 19
Total Solids 4 584-675 611
Suspended Solids 4 3-18 11
NH,-N 10 1.26-6.33 3.34
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N 10 2.6-8.75 6.13
Organic-N 10 1.34-4.43 2.78
NO + NO -N 10 1.23-1.40 1.33
Total Phosphorus-P 6 0.89-1.67 1.28
Turbidity (JTU)
Dissolved Oxypcn 10 12-13 12.9
-------
F-10
TABLE F-4 (Cont.)
SUMMARY OF FIFLD DATA AVD ANALYTICAL RESULTS
BIG SIOUX RIVFR AND TRIBU1ARIFS
SOUTH D\K01A-IOWA-MIN'-li:SOTA
1-10 FLBRUARY 1973
No. of Avernt*g Load
Parameter- Samples Ranp,e Average kp./day Ib/day
RM 141.2 — Big Sioux River downstream from 1-229, 2.9 km (1.8 mi)
Downstream from Sioux Falls, S.D., Wastcwater
Treatment Facility (1410)
Flow (m3/sec) 10 3.13-3.95 3.45
Flow (mgd) 10 71.6-90.3 79.1
pH (standard units) 7.4-7.8
Temperature (°C) <0.0-3.5
Conductivity (urahos/cm) 600-100
BOD 10 4.6-11 8.2 2,470 5,440
COD 10 64-94 75 19,600 43,300
TOC 10 15-71 18 5,400 11,900
Total Solids 8 541-722 632
Suspended Solids 8 7-16 11.4 3,470 7,660^
KH.-JJ 10 3.26-7.05 4.7 1,400 3,080
Total Kjeldahl Hirrogen-N 10 5.86-31.5 7.53 2,260 4,980(
Organic-N 10 1.43-4.32 2.87 862 1.900J
NO + NO..-N 10 1.18-3.45 1.29 386 852
Total Phosphorus-P 10 1.07-1.99 1.52 454 1,000
Turbidity (JTU)
Dissolved Oxygen 10 12-13 12.6
RH 134.5 — Big Sioux River at Brandon Rd. Bridge 0.8 km (0.5 mi)
W of Brandon, S.D. (1409)
Flow (n /sec)
Flow (rogd)
pH (standard units) 7.3-7.6
Temperature (°C) <0.0-3.0
Conductivity (umhos/cm) 400-1,300
BOD 5 6.2-9.9 8.1
COD 5 65-95 • 76
TOC 5 12-22 17
Total Solids 4 627-801 682
Suspended Solids 4 7-23 12
NH -N 10 5.17-7.79 6.57
ToEal Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N 10 9.18-12.7 10.6
Organic-N 10 2.80-6.98 4.35
NO- + NO--N 10 1.35-1.70 1.58
Total Phosphorus-P 5 1.71-2.67 2.14
Turbidity (JTU)
Dissolved Oxygen 10 11-12 11
RM 130.1/5.3 — Split Rock Creek at U.S. Hwy. 16, 2.4 km (1.5 mi)
E of Brandon, S.D. (1408)
Flow (m3/sec) 10 0.48-1.18 0.63
Flow (mgd) 10 11-27.1 14.5
pH (standard units) 7.1-7.7
Temperature (°C) 0.0-0.5
Conductivity (mnhos/cra) 375-500
BOD 5 3.0-12 7.2 476 1,050
COD 5 73-100 86 5,160 11,370
TOC 5 20-43 27 1,740 3,840
Total Solids 4 281-353 323
Suspended Solids 4 3-18 9 429 947
Nil -N 9 1.34-1.96 1.74 93.0 205
ToEnl Kjeldahl Mtrogen-N 9 3.50-4.27 3.90 216 477
Organlc-1 9 1.73-2.93 2.17 124 273
NO. + NO.-N 9 0.93-1.05 0.99 54.0 119
Total Phosphorus-P 5 0.63-0.86 0.72 43.5 96
Turbidity (JTU) 5 2-13
Dissolved Oxvpen 10 6.4-7.4 6.8
-------
F-ll
TABLE F-4 (Cont.)
SUMMARY OF FIELD DATA AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS
BIG SIOUX RIVFR AND TRIBUTARIES
SOUTH DAKOTA-IOWA-MINNFSOTA
1-10 FEBRUARY 1973
. No. of Averape Load
Parameter- Samples Ran%e Average kg/day Ib/day
RM 128.5 — Big Sioux River at Hwy. 38 Bridge, approx. 2.4 km (1.5 mi)
upstream of Iowa-Sout,h Dakota State Boundary (1407)
Flow (m /sec)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units) 7.1-7.8
Temperature (°C) 0.0-1.0
Conductivity (limhos/cm) 540-850
BOD 10 4.6-11 7.3
COD 10 74-98 86
TOC 10 17-27 21
Total Solids 8 526-623 574
Suspended Solids 8 5-31 15
NH -N 10 2.04-6.31 4.85
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N 10 5.39-9.56 7.33
Organic-N 10 1.76-3.94 2.48
NO. + NO..-N 10 1.26-1.49 1.38
Total Phosphorus-P 5 1.21-1.76 1.58
Turbidity (JTU)
Dissolved Oxygen 10 6.6-8.9 7.8
RM 106.2 — Big Sioux River at U.S. Hwy. 18, 4.8 km (3 mi)
E of Canton, S.D. (1406)
Flow (m /sec)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units) 7.2-7.6
Temperature (°C) 0.0-0.5
Conductivity (pmhos/cm) 600-900
BOD 9 4.6-12 6.3
COD 9 61-86 77
TOC 9 17-25- 20
Total Solids 7 506-639 580
Suspended Solids 7 8-16 11
NH -N 10 2.97-6.61 4.56
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N 10 5.17-7.94 6.27
Organic-N 10 0.63-2.20 1.72
NO- + NO -N 10 1.38-1.73 1.56
Total Phosphorus-P 10 1.01-1.62 1.39
Turbidity (JTU) 9 4-10
Dissolved Oxygen 10 5.6-7.3 6.5
RM 80.9 — Big Sioux River 1.6 km (1 mi) E - of Hudson, S.D.
on S.D. Spur No. 46 (1404)
Flow (m /sec)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units) 6.9-7.5
Temperature (°C) 0.0-1.0
Conductivity (yrahos/cm) 700-870
BOD 5 3.6-9.6 5.7
COD 5 64-100 84
TOC 5 18-28 20
Total Solids 4 555-612 597
Suspended Solids 4 12-22 16
NH,-N 10 2.48-4.10 3.61
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N 10 4.69-6.64 5.52
Organic-N 10 1.39-2.75 1.91
NO + NO -N 10 1.49-1.75 1.64
Total Phosnhorus-P 5 0.94-1.37 1.20
Turbidity (JTU)
Dissolved Oxygen 10 4.2-5.5 4.8
-------
F-12
TABLE F-4 (Cont.)
SUMMARY OF FIFLD DATA AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS
BIG SIOUX RIVfR A.VD TRIBUTARIES
SOUTH DAKOT^-IOTA-ItlMIFSOTA
1-10 FEBRUARY 1973
. No. of Average Load
Parameter- Samples Range Average kg/day Ib/day
RM 76.2/52.5 — Rock River, 0.8 km (0.5 mi) upstream of Luverne,
Minnesota, Wastewater Treatment Plant (1429)
Flow (m /sec)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units) 7.2-7.3
Temperature (°C) 0.0-0.0
Conductivity (ymhos/cm) 480-540
BOD 2 2.0-6.2 4.1
COD 2 56-72 64
TOC 2 21-24 22
Total Solids 2 389-398 394
Suspended Solids 2 13-14 14
mi -N 2 1.54-1.57 1.56
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N 2 3.04-3.11 3.08
Organic-N 2 1.50-1.54 1.52
NO, + NO--N 2 1.40-1.44 1.42
Total Phosphorus-P 2 0.44-0.57 0.50
Turbidity (JTU)
Dissolved Oxygen 2 2.2-2.6 2.4
RM 76.2/40.8 - Rock River at Minnesota-Iowa State Boundary,
8 km (5 mi) N of Rock Rapids, Iowa (1428)
Flow (m /sec)
Flew (mgd)
pH (standard units) 7.2-7.3
Temperature (°C) 0.0-0.0
Conductivity (umhos/cm) 500-580
BOD 2 6.2-6.3 6.2
COD 2 53-30 66
TOC 2 23-38 20
Total Solids 2 413-440 42
Suspended Solids 2 20-25 22
NH.-N 2 1.66-1.68 1.67
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N 2 3.32-3.40 3.36
Organic-N 2 1.66-1.72 1.69
NO, + NO--N 2 1.18-1.28 1.23
Total Phosphorus-P 2
Turbidity (JTU)
Dissolved Oxygen 2 3.8-3.8 3.8
RM 76.2/25.7 - Rock River at Lyon County Road K 42 Bridge,
1.6 km (1 mi) N of Doon, Iowa (1426)
Flow (m /sec)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units) 7.4-7.5
Temperature (°C) 0.0-0.0
Conductivity (ymhos/cm) 500-580
BOD 2 3.5-5.6 4.6
COD 2 58-76 67
TOC ' 2 16-22 19
Total Solids 2 389-405 397
Suspended Solids 2 4-12 8
NH--N 2 1.59-1.72 1.66
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N 2 3 44-3.50 3.47
Organic-N 2 1.78-3.85 1.82
NO, + NO -N 2 1.27-1.28 1.28
Total l'hosphorus-P 2 0.52-0.85 0.68
Tuibidity (JTU)
Dissolved Oxygen 2 6.6-6.6 6.6
-------
TABLE F-4 (Cont.)
SUMMARY OF FIELD DATA AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS
BIG SIOUX RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES
SOUTH DAKOTA-IOWA-MINNESOTA
1-10 FEBRUARY 1973
F-13
Parameter-
No, of
Samples
Range
Average
Average Load
kg/day
Ib/day
RM 76.2/23.1/4.0 — Little Rock River at Hwy 75 Bridge,
4.8 km (3 mi) E of Doon, Iowa (1427)
Flow (m /sec)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (grahos/cm)
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
NH -N
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N
Organic-N
NO- + N03-N
Total Phosphorus-P
Turbidity (JTU)
Dissolved Oxygen
7.1-7.1
0.0-0.0
650-700
3.5-5.0
38-64
13-16
457-503
4-13
1.46-1.48
2.65-2.67
1.09-1.19
1.63-1.65
2.4-2.4
RM 76.2/5.8 — Rock River 4.8 km (3 mi) E
on S.D. Spur No. 46 (1405)
Flow (m /sec)
Flov fmgd)
pH (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (umhos/cm)
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
NH -N
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N
Organic-N
NO. + N03-N
Total Phosphorus-P
Turbidity (JTU)
Dissolved Oxygen
10
10
5
5
5
4
4
10
10
10
10
5
5
10
b/
£/
7.0-7.6
0.0-1.0
420-600
1.9-9.2
45-69
20-31
348-405
8-20
1.89-2.72
3.50-4.80
1.45-2.79
1.22-1.44
0.65-1.06
5-20
1.4-6.0
4.2
51
14
480
8.5
1.47
2.66
1.14
1.64
2.4
of Hudson, S.D.
5.64
129
5.9
61
24
363
15
2.13
4.13
2.00
1.30
0.83
2,880
29,750
1,180
7,350
1,040
2,010
975
635
403
6,350
65,600
26,000
16,200
2,290
4,440
2,150
1,400
888
3.0
RM 66.9 — Big Sioux River at Iowa Hwy. 10, 6.4 km (4 mi) N
Hawarden, Iowa (1403)
of
Flow (m /sec)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (umhos/cm)
BOD 4
COD 4
TOC 4
Total Solids 4
Suspended Solids 4
NH--N 10
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N 10
Organic-N 10
NO, + NO-j-N 10
Total Phosphoruo-P 4
Turbidity (JTU)
Dissolved Oxygen 10
6.9-7.6
0.0-1.0
520-850
3.6-5.8
71-89
18-24
445-510
4-21
2.30-3.45
4.37-5.44
1.54-2.51
1.37-1.52
0.93-1.18
2.4-5.6
5.1
80
21
483
12
84
87
00
44
1.04
3.3
-------
F-14
TABLE F-4 (Cont.)
SUMMARY OF FIELD DATA AND ANALYTICAL RFSULTS
BIG SIOUX RIVTR AND TRIPITARIES
SOUTH DAKOTA-IWA-MINHFSOTA
1-10 FEBRUARY 1973
a/
Parameter-
No. of
Samples
Average Load
Ranpe
Average
kg/day
Ib/dav
RM 46.8 — Big Sioux River at South Dakota Hwy. 48,
Akron, Iowa (1402)
Flow (ra /sec) 10
Flow (mRd) 10
pH (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (umhos/cm)
BOD 10
COD 10
TOC 10
Total Solids 7
Suspended Solids 7
NH.-N 10
Total KJeldahl Nltropen-N 10
Organic-N 10
NO. + N03-H 10
Total Phospnorus-P 10
Turbidity (JTU)
Dissolved Oxygen 10
10.0-
232-
7.0-
0.0-
460-
3.7-
60-
16-
433-
10-
25-
22-
61-
34-
0.74-
16.8
384
7.5
•0.5
690
14
94
27
524
43
3.07
5.21
2.85
•1.55
1.47
1.8-3.4
12.8
293
7.0
84
21
478
24
2.53
4.66
2.13
1.45
1.02
2.6
8,340
95,200
24,900
24,900
27,800
5,220
2,420
1,590
1,170
RM 5.0 — Big Sioux River at U.S. Hwy. 77 (Military Rd.)
NW Sioux City, Iowa (1401)
at All values are reported as mg/1, except where specified.
]j[/ All values arc the same.
ct Sample was toxic and no DO depletion occurred.
18,400
210,000
54,900
55,000
6,140
11,500
5,330
3,500
2,570
Flow (m /sec)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (ymhos/cm)
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Ml.-N
Total Kjeldahl Nittogen-N
Organic-N
NO, + N03-N
Total Vhosphorus-P
Turbidity (JTU)
Dissolved Ovvpen
4
4
4
4
4
7
7
7
7
2
4
6.9-7.5
0.0-1.0
500-650
5.0-6.8
67-78
16-23
460-518
21-38
2.19-2.64
3.96-5 22
1.82-3.01
1.24-1.70
0.71-1.09
1.7-3.0
5.6
75
21
495
31
2.32
4.43
2.11
1.34
0.90
2.3
-------
F-15
TABLE F-5
SUMMARY OF FIELD DATA AND ANALYTICAL RFSULTS
SIOUX FALLS, SOUTH DAKOTA, WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
24-31 JANUARY 1973
Station No. 1450 — Industrial Pretreatment Plant - Influent (Combined)
SEVEN-DAY
a/
Parameter-'
Flow (ra /day)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (Mmhos/cm)
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
NH--N
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N
Organic-N
NO. + NO -N
Total Phosphorus-P
Flow (m3/day)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (prahos/cm)
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
NH--N
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N
Organic-N
NO, + N03-N
Total Phosphorus-P
Flow (ra3/day)
Flow (rogd)
pH (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (ymhos/cm)
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
NII--N
Total Kjeldahl Nitrofien-N
Organlc-N
NO, * .v;o3-N
Total Phosphorus-P
No. of .
Samples—
1
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Average Load
Range
7,120-18,700
1.88-4.94
6.6-8.1
8.5-25.0
1,600-5,000
1,000-3,800
1,300-4,700
290-980
2,530-4,520
170-1,900
130-1,500
23-40
57-240
30-200
<0.5
17.3-31.6
WEEK-DAY
15,900-18,700
4.21-4.94
6.6-8.1
15.5-25.0
2,600-5,000
1,000-3,800
2,100-4,700
470-980
2,530-4,520
530-1,900
420-1,500
23-40
92-240
68-200
<0.5
22.4-31.6
WEEK-END
7,110-7,190
1.88-1.90
6.7-7.6
8.5-22.0
1,600-3,100
1,100-1,200
1,300-2,200
290-620
2,790-2,960
170-1,400
130-950
27-34
57-110
30-76
<0.5
17.3-19.0
Average kg/day lb/dav
14,800
3.91
1,700
2,470
593
3,320
1,010
813
30
121
91
<0.5
23.3
17,800
4.71
1,920
2,760
648
3,500
1,110
922
30
136
106
<0.5
25.3
7,150
1.89
1,150
1,750
455
2,880
785
540
30
84
53
<0.5
18.2
26,100
38,000
9,070
15,400
12,600
440
1,860
1,420
357
33,300
48,100
11,400
19,300
16,100
526
2,370
1,840
448
8,210
2,500
3,250
5,560
3,850
218
594
378
130
57,600
83,800
20,000
33,900
27,800
969
4,110
3,140
787
73,400
106,000
25,100
42,600
35,600
1,160
5,220
4,060
988
18,100
27,600
7,160
12,300
8,480
481
1,310
833
286
-------
TABLE F-5 (Cont.)
SUMMARY OF FIELD DATA AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS
SIOUX FAL1.S, SOUTH DAKOTA, WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
24-31 JA.NUARY 1973
Station No. 1451 — Industrial Pretreatment Plant - John Morrell & Company, Inc.
Discharge to City System
SEVEN-DAY
a/
Parameter-
Flow (m3/day)
Flow (mgd)
pU (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (umhos/cn)
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
NH -N
Total K^eldahl Nitrogen-N
Organic-N
NO- + NO--N
Total Phosphorus-P
Flow (m3/day)
flaw (ngd)
pH (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (ymhos/cra)
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Susperded Solids,
Volatile Suspended Solids
NH -N
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N
Organic-N
NO, 4 N03-N
Total Phosphorus-P
Flow (m3/day)
Flow (mgd)
pll (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (v.mhos/cra)
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
Kli.-N
Total K1e]dahl Nitrogen-N
Organic-'.'
NO- + N03-N
Total Phosphorus-P
No. of, .
Samples—
7
7
7
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
5
5
5
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Ran Re
5,190-15,400
1.37-4.08
5.9-10.5
8.0-27 0
3,000-8,000
1,000-3,600
1,900-6,300
320-1,500
3,250-7,270
820-3,100
660-7,600
19-42
58-290
34-248
<1.0
16.3-46.2
WEEK-DAY
13,900-15,400
3.67-4.08
6 . 3-10 . 5
20.0-27.0
3,100-8,000
1,700-3,600
3,300-6,300 •
720-1,500
3,890-7,270
1,100-3,100
890-2,600
19-42
120-290
98-248
<1.0
35.0-46.2
WEEK-END
5,180-6,430
1.37-1.70
5.9-7.7
8.0-26.5
3,000-5,000
1,000-1,100
1,900-2,100
320-440
3,250-3,660
870-1,500
660-1,000
24
58-71
34-47
^1. 0
16.3-42.5
Averar.e
12,100
3.20
1,840
3,830
809
5,190
1,610
1,330
26
146
119
<1.0
36.4
14,600
3.87
2,160
4,560
980
6,050
1,840
1,580
27
178
151
<1.0
39.2
5,830
1.54
1,050
2,000
380
3,460
1,160
830
24
65
41
^1 • 0
29.4
Average
kg/day
24,300
51,300
10,800
20,100
17,000
323
1,960
1,640
458
21,500
66,700
14,300
2C.'-*00
2J. 00
7
O
«> , - 00
572
6,080
11,700
2,170
6,530
4,720
139
371
231
179
.Load
lF73ay
53,500
113,000
23,900
44,400
37,500
712
4,320
3,610
1,010
69,500
147,000
31,500
59,400
51,100
375
5,730
4,860
1,260
13,400
25,800
4,790
14,400
10,400
307
817
510
395
-------
F-17
TABLE F-5 (Cont.)
SUMMARY OF FIELD DATA AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS
SIOUX FALLS, SOUTH DAKOTA, WASTLWATER TREAThENT PLANT
24-31 JANUARY 1973
Station No. 1452 — Industrial Pretreatment Plant - Primary Clarificr Overflow
SEVEN-DAY
Parameter-
Flow (m3/day)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (^mhos/cm)
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
NH -N
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N
Organic-N
NO + NO -N
Total Phosphorus-P
Flow (m3/day)
Flow (tngd)
pH (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (pmhos/cm)
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
NH.-N
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N
Organic-N
NO, + NO--N
Total Phosphorus-P
Flow (m3/day)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (^mhos/cm)
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
NH -N
Total KJeldalil Nitrogen-N
Organic-N
NO. -f N03-S
Total Phosphorus-P
No. of, .
Samples—
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Range
7,120-18,700
1.88-4.94
6.5-7.7
7.5-23.0
3,100-5,200
340-1,700
560-2,400
140-620
1,900-3,390
360-970
180-700
37-99
110-200
30-115
<0.50
16.0-26.7
WEEK-DAY
15,900-18,700
4.21-4.94
6.5-7.5
14.0-23.0
3,100-5,200
820-1,700
1,600-2,400
320-620
2,520-3,390
360-970
180-700
38-85
110-200
49-115
<0.5
21.4-26.7
WEEK-END.
7,110-7,190
1.88-1.90
6.9-7.7
7.5-16.0
3,300-4,100
340-720
560-880
140-170
1,900-2,110
400-520
210-270
80-99
110-130
30-31
<0.50
16.0
Average
14,800
3.91
1,010
1,510
356
2,690
584
389
66
131
65
<0.50
21.6
17,800
4.71
1,200
1,820
436
2,960
634
448
57.0
135
78
<0.5
23.8
7,150
1.89
530
720
155
2,010
460
240
90
120
31
<0.50
16.0
A\erage
ki>/dav
16,200
24,400
5,810
8,890
6,120
894
1,940
1,050
335
21,200
32,200
7,670
11,100
7,890
993
2,380
1,380
423
3,800
5,120
1,110
3,290
1,710
639
857
218
115
Load
Ib/dav
35,800
53,900
12,800
19,600
13,500
1,970
4,280
2,310
739
46.800
70,900
16,900
24,500
17,400
2,190
5,240
3,040
933
8,370
11,300
2,450
7,260
3,780
1,410
1,890
481
253
-------
F-18
TABLE F-5 (Cont.)
SUMMARY OF FIELD DATA AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS
SIOUX FALLS, SOUTH DAKOTA, UASTEUATER TREATMENT PLANT
24-31 JANUARY 1973
Station No. 1453 — Industrial Pretreatment Plant - Intermediate Clarifier Overflow
SEVEN-DAY
Parameter-
Flow (m3/day)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (umhos/cm)
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
NH--N
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N
Organlc-N
NO. + N03-N
ToEal Phosphorus-P
Flow (m3/day)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (ymhos/cm)
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
N11..-N
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N
Organic-N
NO. + NO,-N
2 3
Total Phosphorus-P
Flow (m3/day)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (pmhos/cm)
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
NH -N
Total Kjeldahl NitroRen-N
Organic-N
NO H NO^-H
Total Phosphorus-P
No. of
Samples—'
7
7
7
7
7
7
6
6
6
6
6
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Range
7,120-18,700
1.88-4.94
6.6-7.6
7.0-20.5
3,400-5,500
320-1,800
420-2,000
130-500
1,920-3,190
220-800
180-650
58-100
110-180
27-99
<0.50
17.5-26.3
WEEK-DAY
15,900-18,700
4.21-4.94
6.6-7.3
9.0-20.5
3,400-5,500
700-1,800
1,200-2,000
330-500
256-500
240-380
58-81
120-180
54-99
<0.5
20.2-26.3
WEEK-END
7,110-7.190
1.88-1.90
7.0-7.6
7.0-15.5
3,500-4,200
320-690
420-820
130-230
1,940-2,120
220-800
180-650
83-100
110-140
27-40
<0.50
17.5-22.5
Average
14,800
3.91
1,010
1,290
323
2,530
425
331
75
133
58
<0.50
22.4
17,800
4.71
1,210
1,560
380
391
297
67
138
70.3
<0.5
23.6
7,150
1.89
505
620
180
2,020
510
415
92
125
34
<0.50
20.0
Average
kp,/day
16,400
21,000
5,170
5,990
4,580
1,010
1,900
898
326
21,500
27,600
6,710
6,940
5,260
1,180
2,400
1,220
418
3,610
4,440
1,290
3,660
2,980
653
894
241
143
Load
Ih/day
36 , 100
46,300
11,400
13,200
10,100
2,220
4,190
1,980
719
47,300
60,900
14,800
15,300
11,600
2,610
5,300
2,700
922
7,960
9,800
2,840
8,080
6,560
1,440
1,970
531
315
-------
F-19
Station No. 1454
TABLE F-5 (Cont.)
SUMMARY OF FIELD DATA AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS
SIOUX FALLS, SOUTH DAKOTA, WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
24-31 JANUARY 1973
Industrial Pretreatment Plant - Secondary Trickling Filter
Underflow (i.e., Effluent from Industrial Plant)
SEVEN-DAY
Parameter^'
Flow (m3/day)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (umhos/cm)
BOD
COD
TOO
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
NH -N
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N
Organic-N
NO. + NO -N
Total ?hosphorus-P
Flow (rc3/day)
Flow (mgd)
pll (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (pmhos/cm)
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
NH.-N
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N
Organic-N
NO. + N03-N
Total Phosphorus-P
Flow (m3/day)
Flow (mgd)
pll (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (ptnhos/cm)
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
Nil -N
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N
Organic-N
NO + K03-N
Total Phosphorus-P
No. ofb/
Samples—
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Range
7,120-18,700
1.88-4.94
6.5-7.7
7.0-17.5
3,600-5,200
140-900
280-1,000
86-290
1,900-2,710
190-580
84-390
75-120
100-160
20-48
<10.0
15.0-23.4
WEEK-DAY
15,900-18,700
4.21-4.94
7.1-7.7
7.0-17.5
3,600-5,200
290-900
480-1,000
150-290
2,120-2,710
190-580
190-390
75-116
100-160
25-48
O.O.O
21.9-23.4
WEEK-END
7,110-7,190
1.88-1.90
6.5-7.7
7.0-15.0
3,700-4,400
140-440
280-570
86-140
1,900-2,200
200-460
84-180
79-120
100-140
20-21
<10.0
15.0-17.0
Average
14,800
3.91
459
643
177
2,310
380
239
94.4
126
31.3
<10.0
20.7
17,800
4.71
526
730
202
2,420
400
282
92.4
128
35.6
<10.0
22.6
7,150
1.89
290
425
113
2,050
330
132
100
120
21
<10.0
16.0
Average
kp/day
7,170
10,100
2,800
5,720
3,830
1,370
1,860
494
320
9,210
12,900
3,600
7,030
4,990
1,630
2,260
630
403
2,080
3,040
812
2,370
948
717
862
147
114
Load
Ib/day
15,800
22,200
6,170
12,600
8,450
3,020
4,110
1,090
706
20,300
28,400
7,930
15,500
11,000
3,600
4,990
1,390
888
4,590
6,710
1,790
5,220
2,090
1,570
1,900
323
252
-------
F-20
TABLE F-5 (Cont.)
SUMMARY OF FIELD DATA AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS
SIOUX FALLS, SOUTH D1KOTA, WASItWATER TREATMENT PLANT
24-31 JANUARY 1973
Station No. 1455 — Domestic and Industrial Plant - Domestic Influent to Plant
(Before Combining With Industrial Pretreatraent Plant Effluent)
SEVEN-DAY
a/
Parametei —
Flow (m3/day)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (umhos/cm)
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
KH -N
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N
Organic-N
KO + NO -N
Total Phosphorus-P
Flow (ra /day)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (umhos/cm)
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
NH3-N
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N
Organic-N
NO + NO -N
Total Phosphorus-P
Flow (m3/day)
Flow (mgd)
pll (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (umhos/cm)
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
NH -N
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N
Organic-N
NO + NO -N
Total Phosphorus-P
No. of, ,
r- i Of
Samples—
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
W
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
W
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Range
14,800-22,400
3.90-5.91
6.9-8.2
11.0-14.0
1,500-3,000
330-840
400-920
110-190
1,160-2,420
170-310
100-190
26-32
40-45
13-17
<0.2
9.06-17.1
E E K - D A Y
17,000-22,400
4.50-5.91
6.9-8.2
12.0-14.0
1,800-3,000
330-840
780-920
150-190
1,320-2,420
200-310
120-190
26-28
40-45
13-17
<0.2
9.06-17.1
E E K - E N D
14,800-16,900
3.90-4.46
7.3-8.1
11.0-12.5
1,500-2,900
380-420
2400-600
110-120
1,160-1,220
170-260
100-160
28-32
41-45
13
<0.2
13.1-15.3
Average
18,600
4.91
520
744
151
1,510
227
159
28
42
14
<0.2
14.4
19,700
5.20
568
842
166
1,640
232
170
27
42
15
<0.2
14.5
15,800
4.18
400
500
115
1,190
215
130
30
43
13
<0.2
14.2
Average
kg/dav
9,980
14,100
2,840
4,230
2,780
517
780
264
266
11,400
16,500
3,260
4,580
3,360
535
821
288
282
6,350
8,030
1,820
3,350
2,020
472
680
206
226
Load
Ib/day
22,000
31,100
6,270
9,320
6,570
1,140
1,720
583
587
25,200
36,400
7,180
10,100
7,410
1,180
1,810
635
622
14,000
17,700
4,020
7,390
4,460
1,040
1,500
454
498
-------
F-21
TABLE F-5 (Cont.)
SUMMARY OF FIELD DATA AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS
SIOUX FALLS, SOUTH DAKOTA, WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
24-31 JANUARY 1973
Station No. 1457 — Domestic and Industrial Plant - Primary Clarifier Overflow
SEVEN-DAY
a/
Parameter-
Flow (m3/day)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (lamhos/cra)
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
NH -N
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N
Organic-N
NO + NO -N
Total Phosphorus-P
Flow (m3/day)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (vnhos/cm)
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
NH -N
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N
Organic-N
NO. + N03-N
Total Phosphorus-P
Flow (m /day)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (ymhos/cm)
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
NH -N
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N
Organic-N
N0? + NO.-N
Total Phosphorus-P
No. ofb/
Samples—
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
W
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
W
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Ranpe
21,900-40,900
5.78-10.8
7.1-7.7
8.5-14.0
2,200-3,700
240-1,700
340-2,300
89-320
1,430-2,670
100-1,400
90-1,200
47-72
75-180
25-126
<2.0
15.0-20.5
E E K - D A Y
35,200-40,900
9.30-10.8
7.1-7.6
9.0-14.0
2,400-3,600
490-1,700
550-2,300
140-320
1,840-2,670
100-1,400
90-1,200
49-68
79-180
25-126
<2.0
15.6-20.5
E E K - E N D
21,900-24,100
5.78-6.36
7.3-7.7
8.5-12.5
2,200-3,700
240-440
340-620
89-130
1,430-1,630
140-190
100-120
47-72
75-100
28
<2.0
15.0-19.0
Average
33,300
8.81
673
819
167
1,920
389
311
59
105
46
<2.0
18.1
37,500
9.91
806
954
190
2,080
478
392
59
112
53
<2.0
18.6
23,000
6.07
340
480
110
1,530
165
110
60
88
28
<2.0
17.0
Average
kg/day
23,200
29,500
5,900
14,400
11,700
1,970
3,630
1,660
607
29,300
36,800
7,210
18,600
15,300
2,200
4,270
2,060
694
794.0
11,200
2,540
3,760
2,540
1,380
2,020
644
393
Load
Ib/day
51,100
65,100
13,000
31,700
25,700
4,340
8,010
3,660
1,340
64,600
81,200
15,900
41,000
33,800
4,860
9,420
4,550
1,530
17,500
24,700
5,600
8,300
5,600
3,050
4,460
1,420
867
-------
F-22
TABLE F-5 (Cont.)
SUMMARY OF FIELD DATA AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS
SIOUX FALLS, SOUTH DAKOTA, WASTEUATER TREATMENT PLANT
24-31 JANUARY 1973
Station No. 1412 — Domestic and Industrial - Final Clarlfier Overflow
(i.e., Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent)
SEVEN-DAY
Parameter-
Flow (tn3/day)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (pmhos/cra)
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
NH -N
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N
Organic-N
NO, + N03-N
Total Phosphorus-P
No. offe.
Samples—
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
Avrra^e Load
Ranpe
21,900-40,900
5.78-10.8
7.0-7.7
9.0-14.5
2,300-3,300
56-140
95-250
25-42
1,370-1,700
21-64
8-42
33-56
41-61
5-9
<15
12.2-15.4
Average
33,300
8.82
99
158
34
1,530
37
24
45
51
7
14.0
ke/dav
3,370
5,350
1,120
51,300
1,170
844
1,470
1,690
219
472
Ib /dav
7,420
11,800
2,480
113,000
2,590
1,860
3,240
3,720
483
1,040
Flow (m /day)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (pmhos/cja)
BOD 5
COD 5
TOC 5
Total Solids 5
Suspended Solids 5
Volatile Suspended Solids 5
NH -N 5
Total Kjeldahl Nitropen-X 5
Organic-N 5
NO + NO -V 5
Total Phosphorus-P 5
Flow (m /day)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (ymhos/cm)
BOD 2
COD 2
TOC 2
Total Solids 2
Suspended Solids 2
Volatile Suspended Solids 2
NH^-N 2
Total Kjeldahl Nitrof.cn-N 2
Organic-N' 2
NO, + N03-H 2
Total Phosphorus-P 2
WEEK-DAY
35,200-40,900
9.30-10,8
7.0-7.7
9.0-14.5
2,300-3,300
56-140
98-250
25-42
1,410-1,700
21-52
14-42
33-56
41-61
5-9
<15 (8.8) <15
13.4-15.4
WEEK-END.
21,900-24,100
5.78-6.36
7.1-7.6
9.0-13.0
2,400-3,?00
74-100
95-190
27-37
1,370-1,500
20-64
8-18
48-55
54-61
6
<15 (8.8) <15
12.2-13.9
37,500
9.91
103
164
34
1,560
34
29
42
49
7
(8.8)
14.4
3,910
6,210
1,280
58,500
1,270
1,070
1,580
1,840
252
293
540
8,670
13,700
2,820
129,000
2,790
2,350
3,490
4,050
555
647
1,190
23,000
6.07
87
143
32
1,440
42
13
52
58
6
(8.8)
13.1
2,010
3,310
739
33,000
943
293
1,190
1,320
138
293
301
4,440
7,290
1,630
72,800
2,080
646
2,620
2,920
304
647
664
-------
F-23
TABLE F-5 (Cont.)
SUMMARY OF FIELD DATA AND ANALYTICAI RESULTS
SIOUX FALLS, SOUTH DAKOTA, WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
24-31 JANUARY 1973
Station No. 1424 — Wastewater Treatment Plant Bypass
SEVEN-DAY
Parameter-
Flow (m /day)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (umhos/cm)
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
NH--N
Total Kjeldahl NitroRen-N
Organic-N
NO, + NO.-N
2 3
Total Phosphorus-P
No. of. .
, b/
Samoles—
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
Ranpe
5.3-2,910
0.0014-0.77
6.5-7.5
8.0-21.0
3,000-6,000
370-1,800
560-2,200
160-560
1,190-3,260
190-820
80-560
48-120
110-190
20-103
<0.5
15.6-25.9
Averaee
587
0.155
1,010
1,240
341
2,530
429
296
75.1
131
56.3
21.9
Average
kc/dav
735
821
207
187
126
32.3
67.1
34.7
14.0
Load
Ib/dav
1,620
1,810
456
413
278
71.3
148
76.5
30.8
Flow (m /day)
Flow (mf»d)
pH (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (umhos/cm)
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
NH -N
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N
Organic-N
NO, + N03-N
Total Phosphorus-P
Flow (m /day)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (pmhos/cm)
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
NH -N
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N
Organic-N
NO + N03-N
Total Phosphorui-P
WEEK-DAY
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5.3-2,910
0.0014-0.77
6.5-7.5
11.5-21.0
3,300-6,000
720-1,800
780-2,200
320-560
2,520-3,260
300-820
200-560
48-87
110-190
49-103
<0.5 (0.16)
20.2-25.9
749
0.198
1,220
1,460
398
2,880
508
368
63.6
132
68.4
<0.5 (0.16)
23.9
993
1,100
275
246
169
37.9
84.8
46.7
0.093
18.4
2,190
2,420
607
542
372
83.5
187
103
0.206
40.5
WEEK-END
178
0.047
7.0-7.4
8.0-16.0
3,000-4,500
2 370-600
2 560-830
2 160-240
2 1,190-2,080
2 190-270
2 80-150
2 88-120
2 120-140
2 20-32
2 <0.5 (0.16)
2 15.6-18.5
178
0.047
485
695
200
1,640
230
115
104
130
26
<0.5 (0.16)
17.1
86.2
124
35.6
291
41.0
20.5
18.5
23.1
4.63
0.09
3.03
190
273
78.4
641
90.3
45.1
40.8
51.0
10.2
0.206
6.68
-------
F-24
TABLE F-5 (Cont.)
SUMMARY OF FIFLD DATA AND ANALYTICAL
SIOUX FALLS, SOU1H DAKOTA, HASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
24-31 JANUARY 1973
Station No. 1459 — Sludge System - Influent to Sludge Thickeners
SEVEN-DAY
Parameter-
No, of
Samples—'
Average Load
Range
Average
k;>/day
Ib/dav
Flow (m /day)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (vimhos/cm)
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
NH -N
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N
Organic-N
NO + N03-N
Total Phosphorus-P
Flow (m /day)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (umhos/cm)
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
NH -N
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N
Organic-N
NO, + N03-N
Total Phosphorus-P
Flow (m /day)
Flow (mgd)
pll (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (vimhos/cra)
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
NH -N
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N
Organic-N
NO + NO.-N
Total Ptiosphorus-P
3,970-6,100
1.05-1.69
6.5-7.6
8.5-18.0
2,800-4,800
48-115
240-610
181-562
<0.80
58-136
WEEK-DAY
5,030-6,400
1.33-1.69
6.5-7.5
10.5-18.0
2,800-4,800
48-125
240-610
181-562
<0.80
58-136
WEEK-F. ND
3,970-5,150
1.05-1.36
6.8-7.6
8.5-15.0
3,200-4,000
76-115
350-420
274-305
<0.80
62-76
5,150
1.36
86
417
331
<0.80
88
5,370
1.42
4,580
1.21
96
385
290
<0.80
69
439
2,120
1,680
450
968
4,680
3,710
993
82
430
348
<0.80
95
436
2,260
1,820
503
962
4,990
4,020
1,110
446
1,770
1,330
319
983
3,910
2,930
703
-------
F-25
TABLE F-5 (Cont.)
SUMMARY OF FIELD DATA AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS
SIOUX FALLS, SOUTH DAKOTA, WASTLWATER TREATMENT PLANT
24-31 JANUARY 1973
Station No. 1460 — Sludge System - Supernatant From Sludge Thickeners
SEVEN-DAY
Parameter^
Flow (m3/day)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (umhos/cm)
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
NH.-N
Total KJeldahl Nltrogen-N
Organic-N
NO- + NO -N
Total Phosphorus-P
Flow (m /day)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (pmhos/cm)
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
NH -N
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N
Organic-N
NO, + NO.-N
Total Phosphorus-P
Flow (m /day)
Flow (mgd)
pll (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (ymhos/cm)
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
NH -N
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N
Organic-N
NO + NO -N
Total Phosphorus-P
No. ofb/
Samnles—
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Ranste
3,670-5,680
0.97-1.50
6.3-7.5
9.0-17.5
2,900-4,400
820-2,400
1,200-2,600
220-540
1,930-13,200
300-13,000
240-9,000
48-96
130-210
52-125
<0.50
16.3-64.6
WEEK-DAY
4,240-5,680
1.12-1.50
6.3-7.4
10.0-17.5
2,900-4,400
1,000-2,400
1,600-2,600
450-540
2,730-13,200
660-13,000
540-9,000
48-85
130-210
62-125
<0.50
24.2-64.6
WEEK-END
3,670-4,650
0.97-1.23
6.8-7.5
9.0-15.0
3,500-4,000
820-960
1,200
220-330
1,930-2,220
300-830
240-350
78-96
130-170
52-74
<0.50
16.3-24.2
Aver a EC
4,500
1.19
1,340
1,810
416
4,270
2,490
1,750
73
157
85
<0.50
32.1
4,650
1.23
1,520
2,060
472
5,140
3,260
2,340
67
160
93
<0.50
36.9
4,160
1.10
890
1,200
275
2,080
565
295
87
150
63
<0.50
20.3
Average
kg/day
6,030
8,210
1,900
13,200
9,340
327
708
380
146
6,940
9,520
2,190
17,700
12,600
311
735
424
169
3,670
4,990
1,170
2,220
1,200
367
635
268
86.2
Load
Ib/dav
13,300
18,100
4,190
29,200
20,600
720
1,560
837
321
15,300
21,000
4,830
39,000
27,800
685
1,620
936
373
8,090
11,000
2,590
4,900
2,650
808
1,400
590
190
-------
F-26
TABLE F-5 (Cont.)
SUMMARY OF FIELD DATA AND ANALYTICAL RFSULTS
SIOUX FALLS, SOUTH DAKOTA, WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
24-31 JANUARY 1973
Station No. 1461 — Sludge System - Influent to Complete Mixed Digesters
SEVEN-DAY
a/
Parameter-
Flow (m3/da>)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (pmhos/cm)
No. ofb/
Sampler— RanRe
333-931
0.088-0.246
4.9-7.2
8.5-19.0
2,100-4,000
Average
6,175
0.163
Average Load
kc/day Ib/dav
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
NH3-N
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-Nf
Organic-N
NO. + N03-N
Total Phosphorus-P
Flow (co /day)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (umhos/cm)
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
NH--N
ToEal Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N
Organic-N
NO + N03-N
, +
tal
Total Phosphorus-P
Flow (ra /day)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (prohos/cm)
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
NH--N
Total Kjeldahl Nitrop,en-N
Organic-N
NO. + N03-N
Total Phosphorus-P
140-390
1,400-1,860
1,105-1,540
<2.0
168-600
WEEK-DAY
439-931
0.116-0.246
5.1-7.2
12.0-19.0
2,100-5,000
140-300
1,500-1,800
1,330-1,540
<2.0
188-480
WEEK-END
333-477
0.088-0.126
4.9-7.1
8.5-17.5
2,800-4,600
295-390
1,400-1,860
1,105-1,470
<2.0
320-600
268
1,660
1,390
<2.0
384
700
0.185
405
0.107
342
1,630
1,290
<2.0
460
157
1,030
866
230
347
2,260
1,910
506
238
1,670
1,430
<2.0
354
163
1,170
998
243
360
2,570
2,200
535
142
676
535
196
314
1,490
1,180
432
-------
F-27
TABLE F-5 (Cent.)
SUMMARY OF FIELD DATA AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS
SIOUX FALLS, SOUTH DAKOTA, WASTEWATER TREA1MF.NT PLANT
24-31 JANUARY 1973
Station No. 1462 — Sludge System - Effluent From Digesters
SEVEN-DAY
Parameter^
No. of
Samples—
AverjPC Load
Range
Average
kg/day
Ib/dav
Flow (m ,'day)
Flow (mRd)
pH (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (iimhos/cm)
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
NH--N 7
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N 7
Organic-N 7
NO, + N03-N 7
Total Phosphorus-P 7
Flow (m /day)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (pmhos/cm)
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
NH.-N 5
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N 5
Organlc-N 5
NO, + N03-N 5
Total Phosphorus-P 5
Flow (m /day)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (umhos/cra)
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
NH.-N 2
lotal Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N 2
Orpanlc-N 2
NO, + NO -N 2
Total Phosphorus-P 2
333-931
0.088-0.246
7.0-8.9
10.5-34.0
5,600-9,500
465-1,000
1,770-2,140
810-1,415
<2.0
250-430
WEEK-DAY
439-931
0.116-0.246
7.0-8.9
10.5-34.0
5,600-9,500
465-1,000
1,770-1,940
810-1,415
<2.0
250-430
WEEK-END
333-477
0.088-0.126
7.1-7.6
13.5-32.5
6,500-9,500
920-930
2,020-2,140
1,090-1,220
<2.0
370-420
617
0.163
866
1,930
1,060
<2.0
354
700
0.185
405
0.107
925
2,080
1,060
<2.0
395
526
1,180
653
211
1,160
2,600
1,440
466
843
1,860
1,020
<2.0
338
590
1,310
726
231
1,300
2,890
1,600
509
374
844
472
161
825
1,860
1,040
356
-------
F-28
TABLE F-5 (Cent.)
SUMMARY OF FIELD DATA AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS
SIOUX FALLS, SOUTH DAKOTA, WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
24-31 JANUARY 1973
Station No. 1463 — Sludge System - Supernatant Return From Sludge Lagoons
SEVEN-DAY
Parameter^-
Flow (m3/day)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (umhos/cm)
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
NH.-H
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N
Organic-N
NO. + N03-N
Total Phosphorus-P
No. ofj,
Samples—
7
7
7
7
7
7
6
6
6
6
6
Average Load
Ranpe
307-2,150
0.081-0.567
7.1-7.3
0.0-3.0
8,000-14,000
680-1,700
2,000-2,600
300-870
3,660-4,290
480-2,000
390-1,200
500-990
660-2,070
110-1,130
<1.0
50.4-72.0
Average
780
0.206
1,160
2,290
470
3,820
1,240
829
839
1,280
428
-------
F-29
TABLE F-5 (Cont.)
SUMMARY OF FIELD DATA AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS
SIOUX FALLS, SOUTH DAKOTA, WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
24-31 JANUARY 1973
Station No. 1464 — Sludge System - Waste Activated Sludge (Sampled in
Return Activated Sludge Channel)
SEVEN-DAY
Parameter^/
Flow (m /day)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (vmhos/cm)
No. ofb.
Samples—
7
Range
2,010-3,360
0.530-0.888
7.1-7.5
8.5-14.0
2,200-3,500
Average
2,630
0.696
Average Load
kg/day Ib/dav
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids 7
Volatile Suspended Solids
NH--N 7
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N 7
Organic-N 7
NO- + N03-N 7
Total Phosphorus-P 7
Flow (m /day)
Flow (mgd)
pll (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (iimhos/cm)
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids 5
Volatile Suspended Solids
NH.-N - 5
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N 5
Organic-N 5
NO, + NO.-N 5
Total Phosphorus-P 5
Flow (m /day)
Flow (mgd)
pH (standard units)
Temperature (°C)
Conductivity (pmhos/cm)
BOD
COD
TOC
Total Solids
Suspended Solids
Volatile Suspended Solids
3,900-5,400
53-76
320-490
261-421
<0.5
68.5-83.1
WEEK-DAY
2,010-2,720
0.530-0.720
7.1-7.5
8.5-14.0
2,200-3,500
3,900-5,400
53-70
320-490
261-421
<0.5
68.5-83.1
WEEK-END
3,330-3,360
0.880-0.888
7.2-7.4
9.0-13.5
2,900-3,200
3,800-4,300
4,370
66
421
355
<0.5
76.6
2,350
0.621
11,400
174
1,110
934
201
4,500
64
420
356
<0.5
77.3
3,340
0.884
10,600
148
980
835
181
4,050
13,600
25,200
384
2,440
2,060
444
23,400
327
2,160
1,840
400
29,900
Nil -N
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen-N
Organlc-N
NO. + NO-j-N
Total Phosphorus-P
2
2
2
2
2
67-76
390-460
323-384
<0.5
72.1-78.0
72
425
354
<0.5
75.0
239
1,420
1,180
251
528
3,140
2,610
554
t(J All values nre reported ns mp/1, except where otherwise specified.
b/ This refers to number of samples analyzed during seven-day, wcek-dav, or week-end period.
-------
APPENDIX G
DANGERS INHERENT IN INADEQUATELY
TREATED DOMESTIC SEWAGE
-------
G-l
DANGERS INHERENT IN INADEQUATELY
TREATED DOMESTIC SEWAGE
Inadequately treated sanitary or domestic waste contains significant
populations of bacteria, viruses, and protozoa'that multiply within the
gastro-intestinal tract of man and which are excreted in the feces of
warm-blooded animals, including humans.
Inadequately treated waste poses a health threat because of the high
numbers of pathogenic bacteria and viruses whose presence is indicated by
fecal coliform bacteria. Fecal coliform bacteria are that portion of the
coliform group of bacteria found in the feces of man and animals.
Among the disease-producing micro-organisms indicated by the presence
of fecal coliform bacteria are enteropathogenic E. ooli (causes acute
localized infections such as cystitis, oculitis, colitis, diarrhea, and
septicemias which sometimes are fatal for infants and aged) , Leptospir>at
(commonly known as Weils disease, characterized by jaundice and kidney
hemorrhage), Salmonella (which causes gastro-enteritis, typhoid and
paratyphoid fevers) , Shigella (which causes bacterial dysentery) , Bruoella
(which causes undulent fever), frfycobaeterium tuberculosis (which causes
tuberculosis), and vibrio dholeipa (which causes cholera). The presence
of Salmonella also indicates a high probability of the presence of other
pathogenic bacteria. Waste may also contain protozoa such as those
causing amoebic dysentery.
Enteroviruses are concentrated in particulate fecal matter when
waste treatment is insufficient to adequately separate the solids from
wastewater. Massive numbers of virus particles can be dispelled in the
waste effluent to receiving surface waters.
-------
G-2
Enteroviruses are generally transmitted by the fecal-oral route. A
very small quantity of viruses are capable of infecting a susceptible
individual.
Enteroviruses are pathogenic to humans and cause a variety of
diseases, including poliomyelitis, aseptic meningitis (a paralytic disease
similar to paralytic polio), herpangina (a throat infection common to
children), pleurodyna (an infection which causes excruciating muscular
pain), myocarditis (inflammation of the heart valves), coxsackie virus
infection (a disease similar to polio but without paralysis), adenovirus
infection (causes common colds, respiratory disease, and rashes), and
other intestinal disorders such as diarrhea.
Also, the infectious hepatitis virus may be present in sewage and
cause serious liver diseases.
Such viruses have a water survival time of many months. This is
especially dangerous when they are replaced and supplemented by continued
discharges of waste. Additionally, viruses do not lose their virulence,
although they may diminish in number.
Enteroviruses, pathogenic bacteria, and protozoa endanger not only
the original host of the disease organism, but they also threaten whole
communities because the initial host can infect his family and others
with whom he comes into contact. Also, these micro-organisms can increase
in virulence by host passage.
-------
APPENDIX H
LISTING OF SAMPLING STATIONS
-------
H-l
TABLE H-l
LISTING OF SAMPLING STATIONS - BIG SIOUX RIVER STUDY
(STREAM STATIONS AND DIRECT DISCHARGES)
FALL 1972 AND WINTER 1973
Sampling
River Mile Period _ Description _
263.5 A, B Big Sioux River at S.D. Hwy. 28, 2.4 km
(1.5 mi) west of Estelline, S.D.
243.9 A, B Big Sioux River at U.S. Hwy. 14, 3 km
(2 mi) east of Volga, S.D.
237.6 A Big Sioux River at Brookings County Road 12,
approx. 3 km (2 mi) downstream from Sixmile
Creek confluence — approx. 5 km (3 mi) SE
of Brookings, S .D.
232.6 B Big Sioux River, 15.3 km (9.5 mi) SE of
Brookings, S.D. , 0.8 km (0.5 mi) down-
stream of the 1-29 river crossing at USGS
gaging station
214.6/0.1 A Willow Creek 5 km (3 mi) east of Flandreau,
S.D.
206.1 A, B Big Sioux River at S.D. Hwy. 34, 5 km (3 mi)
SW of Flandreau, S.D.
186.9 A Big Sioux River at Minnehaha-Moody County
Line Road, 5 km (3 mi) NE of Dell Rapids,
S.D.
173.0 A Big Sioux River at Baltic, S.D.
162.2 A, B Big Sioux River 1.6 km (1 mi) west of
Renner, S.D.
155.4 A Big Sioux River at Madison St. NW Sioux
Falls, S.D., 1.2 km (0.75 mi) upstream
of the Spencer discharge
154.2 B Meilman Food Industries (formerly Spencer
Foods, Inc.) lagoon effluent at the point
of discharge to Big Sioux River, 61 m
(200 ft) upstream of 12th St. Bridge in
West Sioux Falls, S.D.
-------
H-2
TABLE H-l (Cont.)
LISTING OF SAMPLING STATIONS - BIG SIOUX RIVER STUDY
(STREAM STATIONS AND DIRECT DISCHARGES)
FALL 1972 AND WINTER 1973
*
Sampling
River Mile Period Description
154.2 A Big Sioux River at 12th St., NW Sioux Falls,
S.D., 91 m (300 ft) downstream from the
Mailman discharge
152.8/1.1 A, B Skunk Creek at Marion Rd., West Sioux Falls,
S.D.
150.6 A, B Big Sioux River at Western Ave., SW Sioux
Falls, S.D.
146.8 A Big Sioux River at 26th St., SE Sioux Falls,
S.D.
143.8 A Big Sioux River at McClellan St., north
Sioux Falls, S.D.
143.2 A, B Big Sioux River opposite John Morrell and
Co., former discharge, 0.2 km (0.1 mi)
upstream of the diversion canal
143.0 B Sioux Falls, S.D., WWTP effluent
142.9 B Sioux Falls, S.D., WWTP by-pass
142.7 A, B Big Sioux River at U.S. Hwy. 77 (Cliff Ave.),
0.5 km (0.3 mi) downstream from the Sioux
Falls, S.D., WWTP
141.2 A, B Big Sioux River downstream from 1-229,
2.9 km (1.8 mi) downstream from the Sioux
Falls, S.D., WWTP
134.5 A, B Big Sioux River at Brandon Rd. Bridge,
0.8 km (0.5 mi) west of Brandon, S.D.
130.1/27.3 A Split Rock Creek at Minnesota-South Dakota
State boundary line, 1.6 km (1 mi) east
of Sherman, S.D.
-------
H-3
TABLE H-l (Cont.)
LISTING OF SAMPLING STATIONS - BIG SIOUX RIVER STUDY
(STREAM STATIONS AND DIRECT DISCHARGES)
FALL 1972 AND WINTER 1973
Sampling
River Mile Period _ Description _
130.1/5.3 A, B Split Rock Creek at U.S. Hwy. 16, 2.4 km
(1.5 mi) east of Brandon, S.D.
128.5 B Big Sioux River at Hwy. 38 Bridge, approx.
2.4 km (1.5 mi) upstream of the Iowa-
South Dakota State Line
127.0 A Big Sioux River at the Iowa-South Dakota
State Line, 4 km (2.5 mi) SW of Rowena, S.D.
113.0 A Big Sioux River at Klondike, Iowa
106.2 A, B Big Sioux River at U.S. Hwy. 18, 5 km
(3 mi) east of Canton, S.D.
80.9 A, B Big Sioux River 1.6 km (1 mi) east of
Hudson, S.D., on S.D. Spur No. 46
76.2/52.5 B Rock River, 0.8 km (0.5 mi) upstream of
Luverne, Minnesota, WWTP
76.2/40.8 A, B Rock River at Minnesota-Iowa State Line,
8 km (5 mi) north of Rock Rapids, Iowa
76.2/25.7 B Rock River at Lyon County Road K 42 Bridge,
1.6 km (1 mi) north of Doon, Iowa
76.2/23.1/4.0 B Little Rock River at Hwy. 75 Bridge, 5 km
(3 mi) east of Doon, Iowa
76.2/5.8 A, B Rock River 5 km (3 mi) east of Hudson, S.D.,
on S.D. Spur No. 46
66.9 A, B Big Sioux River at Iowa Hwy. 10, 6 km
(4 mi) north of Hawarden, Iowa
46.8 A, B Big Sioux River at South Dakota Hwy. 48,
Akron , Iowa
-------
H-4
TABLE H-l (Cont.)
LISTING OF SAMPLING STATIONS - BIG SIOUX RIVER STUDY
(STREAM STATIONS AND DIRECT DISCHARGES)
FALL 1972 AND WINTER 1972
*
Sampling
River Mile Period Description
35.3 A Big Sioux River at South Dakota Hwy. 50,
3 km (2 mi) west of Westfield, Iowa
16.8 A Big Sioux River at Union County (S.D.)
Road 8, 45 m (50 yd) downstream from
confluence with Broken Kettle Creek
5.0 A, B Big Sioux River at U.S. Hwy. 77 (Military
Rd.) NW Sioux City, Iowa
2.2 A Big Sioux River at Riverside City Park,
western Sioux City, Iowa
* The letter "A" refers to the Fall Study and the "B" to the Winter Study.
-------
H-5
TABLE H-2
LISTING OF SAMPLING STATIONS - SIOUX FALLS
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT STUDY
24 THROUGH 31 JANUARY 1973
Description
Station
Numbers
1450 Industrial Pretreatment Plant - influent (combined)
1451 Industrial Pretreatment Plant - John >forrell & Company
discharge to city system
1452 Industrial Pretreatment Plant - primary-clarifier overflow
1453 Industrial Pretreatment Plant - interroediate-clarifier overflow
1454 Industrial Pretreatment Plant - secondary trickling-filter
underflow (i.e., effluent from Industrial Plant)
1455 Domestic and Industrial Plant - domestic influent to plant
(before combining with Industrial Pretreatment Plant effluent)
1457 Domestic and Industrial Plant - primary-clarifier overflow
1412 Domestic and Industrial - final-clarifier overflow (i.e.,
wastewater treatment plant effluent)
1424 Wastewater Treatment Plant - by-pass
1459 Sludge System - influent to sludge thickeners
1460 Sludge System - supernatant from sludge thickeners
1461 Sludge System - influent to complete mixed digesters
1462 Sludge System - effluent from digesters
1463 Sludge System - supernatant return from sludge lagoons
1464 Sludge System - waste activated sludge (sampled in Return
Activated Sludge Channel)
-------
APPENDIX I
STREAM FLOWS DURING WINTER-1973
-------
1-1
TABLE 1-1
STREAM FLOWS DURING UINTER-1973
Station
Big Sioux River 15.2 km (9.5 mi)
East of Brookings S.D.
Big Sioux River 4.8 km (3 mi) S.E. of
Dell Rapids on Minnehaha County
Rd. 110
Skunk Creek 4.0 km (2.5 mi) upstream
of confluence with Big Sioux at
Marion Rd. bridge
Diversion Canal - top of spillway in
Sioux Falls, S.D.
Date
2/1/73
2/2/73
2/3/73
2/4/73
2/5/73
2/6/73
2/7/73
2/8/73
3/1/73
2/2/73
2/3/73
2/4/73
2/5/73
2/6/73
2/7/73
2/8/73
2/1/73
2/2/73
2/3/73
2/4/73
2/5/73
2/6/73
2/7/73
2/8/73
2/9/73
2/10/73
2/1/73
2/2/73'
2/3/73
2/4/73
2/5/73
2/6/73
2/7/73
2/8/73
2/9/73
2/10/73
Time
(hr)
0845
1045
1135
1235
0625
1030
0950
1235
1032
1207
1300
1352
0745
1200
1245
1350
1135
1220
1345
1435
0835
1330
1150
1430
1400
1120
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
CaRe
(ft)
3.32
3.32
3.33
3.35
3.40
3.40
3.41
3.43
3.87
3.82
3.77
3.83
4.05
4.16
4.17
4.02
32.52
32.52
32.52
32.52
32.52
32.50
32.52
32.52
32.53
32.52
7.99
7.93
7.95
7.87
7.92
7.96
7.99
8.02
8.02
8.02
Flow
1.50
1.50
1.53
1.58
1.73
1.73
1.75
1.81
2.66
2.35
2.07
2.41
3.79
4.53
4.58
3.59
0.175
0.170
0.170
0.170
0.198
0.198
0.184
0.184
0.170
0.170
2.97
2.49
2.69
1.78
2.41
2.69
2.97
3.25
3.25
3.25
Flow
(cfs)
53
53
54
56
61
61
62
64
94
83
73
85
134
160
162
127
6.2
6.0
6.0
6.0
7 0
7.0
6.5
6.5
6.0
6.0
105
88
95
70
85
95
105
115
115
115
-------
1-2
TABLE 1-1 (Cont.)
STREAM FLOWS DURING WINTER-1973
Station
Big Sioux River at Cliff Ave. North
Side of Sioux Falls, S.D.
Split Rock Creek 5.6 km (3.5 mi)
upstream of confluence with
Big Siouy River County Road bridge,
0.8 km (0.5 mi) east of Corson, S.D.
Rock River at Highway 18 Bridge
2.9 km (1.8 mi) west of Rock
Valley Iowa
Rock River at City Park,
Rock Rapids , Iowa
Date
2/1/73
2/1/73
2/2/73
2/2/73
2/3/73
2/4/73
2/4/73
2/5/73
2/6/73
2/7/73
2/8/73
2/9/73
2/10/73
2/1/73
2/2/73
2/3/73
2/4/73
2/5/73
2/6/73
2/6/73
2/7/73
2/8/73
2/9/73
2/10/73
2/1/73
2/2/73
2/3/73
2/4/73
2/5/73
2/6/73
2/7/73
2/8/73
2/9/73
2/10/73
2/7/73
2/9/73
2/10/73
Time
(hr)
0900
1330
0930
1355
1320
1000
1550
0750
1005
1000
1415
0955
0735
0845
1210
1430
1620
0650
0820
0920
0900
1322
0855
0635
1100
1005
1200
1430
0650
1115
1220
1420
1100
0945
1135
0920
Gage
(ft)
5.61
5.63
5.60
5.63
5.63
5.57
5.64
5.64
5.72
5.74
5.75
5.68
5.63
3.62
3.26
3.16
3.20
3.19
3.25
3.21
3.15
3.12
3.14
3.54
6.40
6.40
6.40
6.38
6.37
6.37
6.38
6.37
6.38
6.38
2.07
2.08
Flow
(mVsec)
3.17
3.28
3.11
3.28
3.28
2.94
3.34
3.34
3.79
3.91
3.96
3.57
3.28
1.19
0.736
0.538
0.623
0.594
0.736
0.623
0.538
0.481
0.509
0.538
5.66
2.13
Flow
(cfs)
112
116
110
116
116
104
118
118
134
138
140
126
116
4?
26
19
22
21
2b
22
19
17
18
19
200
75
-------
APPENDIX J
FLOWS AT
SIOUX FALLS, SOUTH DAKOTA,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
-------
TABLE J-l
FLOWS AT SIOUX FALLS, SOUTH DAKOTA, WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
Industrial
Raw
*
Date
January 24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
February 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
m /day
18,400
18,100
15,900
7,190
7,110
18,100
18,700
19,500
16,500
16,500
8,670
8,140
18,600
18,700
18,200
17,600
16,100
ragd
4.86
4.77
4.21
1.90
1.88
4.78
4.94
5.14
4.35
4.35
2.29
2.15
4.91
4.94
4.81
4.66
4.25
Domestic
Raw
m /day
22,400
21,100
20,700
16,900
14,800
17,100
17,000
17,900
20,300
16,500
18,100
19,200
19,300
20,800
17,800
19,300
18,200
mgd
5.91
5.57
5.48
4.46
3.90
4.52
4.50
4.73
5.37
4.35
4.79
5.08
5.10
5.50
4.69
5.10
4.80
Supernatant
Sludge to Sludge to Return from
Total Thickener Digester Thickener
m /day
40,800
39,200
36,600
24,100
21,900
35,200
35,700
' 37,400
36,800
33,000
26,800
27,300
37,900
39,500
36,000
36,900
34,300
mgd m /day mgd ra /day mgd m /day mgd
10.77 5,150 1.36 681 0.18 4,470 1.18
10.34 5,190 1.37 946 0.25 4,240 1.12
9.69 5,070 1.34 719 0.19 4,350 1.15
6.36 5,150 1.36 492 0.13 4,660 1.23
5.78 3,970 1.05 341 0.09 3,630 0.96
9.30 6,400 1.69 719 0.19 5,680 1.50
9.44 5,030 1.33 454 0.12 4,580 1.21
9.87
9.72
8.70
7.08
7.23
10.01
10.44
9.50
9.76
9.05
* Tins periods include 8 A.M. of day listed to 8 A.M. of following day.
-------
APPENDIX K
BIOLOGICAL STUDIES DATA - FALL 1972
AND WINTER 1973
-------
TABLE K-l
Field Measurements and Analytical Data.
Big Sioux River and Selected Tributaries,
Minnesota, South Dakota, and Iowa.
September and October, 1972
Mainstem Tributary
River Mile River Mile
263.5
263.5
263.5
243.9
•243.9
243.9
237.6
237.6
237.6
214.6/0.1
214.6/0.1
214.6/0.1
Date
9/26
9/30
10/1
9/26
9/30
10/1
9/26
9/30
10/1
9/26
9/30
10/1
Time
0935
1255
1245
1055
1210
1205
1140
1135
1135
1300
1050
1105
Temp (°C)
10.0
12.0
14.0
10.0
10.5
14.0
10.0
10.0
13.0
12.5
10.5
12.0
PH
8.0
8.5
—
8.1
8.4
--
8.2
8.3
—
7.8
8.0
__
NH3-N
(mg/1)
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Turb.
(J.T.U.)
10
11
7
12
14
17
16
18
14
10
8
25
DO
(mg/1)
10.1
12.8
12.8
11.1
11.7
11.3
11.5
11.1
10.8
7.7
9.0
12.0
DO
(% sat.)
93
123
129
102
108
113
105
102
106
75
83
115
-------
TABLE K-l
Field Measurements and Analytical Data.
Big Sioux River and Selected Tributaries,
Minnesota, South Dakota, and Iowa.
September and October, 1972
(Continued)
Mainstem Tributary
River Mile River Mile
206.1
206.1
206.1
186.9
186.9
186.9
173.0
173.0
173.0
162.2
162.2
162.2
155.4
155.4
155.4
Date
9/26
9/30
10/1
9/26
9/30
10/1
9/26
9/30
10/1
9/26
9/30
10/1
9/27
9/28
9/29
Time
1340
1000
1050
1430
0845
1010
1505
0815
0950
1540
0750
0940
0730
1240
0835
Temp.(°C)
13 0
10.5
12.0
14.0
9.5
12.0
14.0
10.0
12.5
15.5
8.5
11.0
9.0
13.0
8.0
pH
8.2
8.4
—
8.2
8.5
--
8.2
8.4
--
8.4
8.4
--
8.4
8.4
8.4
NH3-N
(mg/1)
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Turb.
(J.T.U.)
29
23
25
25
23
30
23
16
27
25
32
30
14
12
15
DO
(mg/1)
12.4
10.3
11.2
14.0
10.4
11.0
11.5
10.2
11.0
14.2
9.7
9.8
9.2
14.3
10.3
DO
(% sat.)
122
95
107
140
94
106
115
94
109
148
86
93
82
143
90
NJ
-------
TABLE K-l
Field Measurements and Analytical Data.
B1g Sioux River and Selected Tributaries,
Minnesota, South Dakota, and Iowa.
September and October, 1972
(Continued)
Mainstem Tributary
River Mile River Mile
154.2
154.2
154.2
152.8/1.1
152.8/1.1
152.8/1.1
150.6
150.6
150.6
146.8
146.8
146.8
143.8
143.8
143.8
Date
9/27
9/28
9/29
9/26
9/30
10/1
9/27
9/28
9/29
9/27
9/28
9/29
9/27
9/28
9/29
Time
0755
1225
0900
1620
0730
0930
0825
1205
0930
0855
1145
0955
0925
1050
1040
Temp. (°(
9.0
12.5
8.0
16.5
8.5
11.5
10.0
12.0
9.5
10.0
12.5
9.5
11.0
11.5
11.5
:) PH
8.1
7.9
8.1
8.3
8.2
--
7.9
8.0
7.9
7.9
8.0
8.1
8.1
8.5
8.2
NH3-N
(mg/1)
3.0
4.5
2.2
ND
ND
ND
0.3
<0.1
0.1
ND
ND
ND
<0.1
ND
ND
Turb.
(J.T.U.)
21
27
19
16
17
17
20
17
15
15
15
10
27
30
25
DO
(mq/1)
8.0
9.3
8.9
17.1
12.2
13.2
8.9
12.1
9.6
8.8
11.0
10.4
10.4
10.0
10.7
DO
(% sat.)
72
90
77
175
107
125
82
116
87
80
107
94
98
95
102
-------
TABLE K-1
Field Measurements and Analytical Data.
Big Sioux River and Sleeted Tributaries,
Minnesota, South Dakota, and Iowa.
September and October, 1972
(Continued)
Mainstem Tributary
River Mile River Mile
143.2
143.2
143.2
142.7
142.7
142.7
142.7
142.7
142.7
142.7
142.7
141.2
141.2
141.2
Date
9/27
9/28
9/29
9/27
9/28
9/29
9/30
10/1
10/2
10/3
10/3
9/27
9/28
9/29
Time
0950
1035
1055
1020
1010
1115
1425
0830
1330
1405
0700
1105
0955
1135
Temp.(°C)
11.5
11.5
11.5
14.0
13.5
13.0
14.5
14.0
16.5
18.0
14.5
13.5
12.0
12.0
pH
8.2
8.2
8.3
8.5
8.1
8.0
8.1
—
7.9
7.6
8.1
8.2
8.2
8.2
NH3-N
(mg/1 )
<0.1
<0.1
ND
5.2
14.0
9.5
8.4
1.0
8.0
13.5
3 7
2.7
4.0
2.8
Turb.
(J.T.U.)
25
27
28
27
30
25
22
32
—
--
—
27
32
25
DO
(mq/D
10.4
9.5
11.5
9.8
9.2
9.8
10.1
9.6
9.3
9.2
9.3
10.3
9.1
10.5
DO
(% sat.)
99
90
109
98
91
96
103
96
99
100
95
103
87
101
-------
TABLE K-1
Field Measurements and Analytical Data.
Big Sioux River and Selected Tributaries,
Minnesota, South Oakota, and Iowa.
September and October, 1972
(Continued)
Mainstem Tributary
River Mile River Mile Date
134.5
134.5
134.5
127.0
127.0
127.0
127.0
127.0
9/27
9/28
9/29
130.1/27.3 9/27
130.1/27.3 9/28
130.1/27.3 9/29
130.1/5.3 9/27
130.1/5.3 g/28
130.1/5.3 9/29
9/28
9/29
10/1
10/2
10/3
Time
1215
0935
1155
1330
0815
1330
1245
0915
1300
1315
1240
0800
1255
0740
Temp.(°
13.0
12.0
12.5
12.5
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.5
11.0
14.0
11.5
11.0
15.5
14.5
C) pH
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.3
8.2
8.1
8.3
8.9
7.9
7.6
7.9
7.8
NH^-N
(mgTl)
1.0
5.0
2.1
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
2.6
2.7
1.0
0.4
2.1
Turb.
(J.T.U.)
27
26
25
24
25
17
21
22
15
24
23
24
--
--
DO
(mg/1)
9.8
7.5
9.5
11.8
8.2
13.6
11.2
8.3
11.8
9.4
9.7
7.6
9.9
6.1
DO
(% sat.)
97
72
93
114
78
130
107
80
110
94
92
71
103
62
Ui
-------
TABLE K-1
Field Measurements and Analytical Data.
Big Sioux River and Selected Tributaries,
Minnesota, South Dakota, and Iowa.
September and October, 1972
(Continued)
Mainstem Tributary
River Mile River Mile Date
106.2
106.2
106.2
80. 9
80.9
80.9
66.9
66.9
66.9
10/1
10/2
10/3
10/1
10/2
10/3
76.2/40.8 10/1
76.2/40.8 10/2
76.2/40.8 10/3
76.2/5.8 10/1
76.2/5.8 10/2
76.2/5.8 10/3
10/1
10/2
10/3
Time
0935
1130
0910
1055
1040
0950
0845
1210
0820
1110
1055
0935
1145
1010
1045
Temp.(°
12.0
15.0
14.5
13.5
14.0
15.5
10.5
14.5
14.0
13.5
14.5
15.0
14.5
13.5
15.0
C) pH
8.2
8.1
8.1
8.5
8.4
8.3
8.3
8.4
8.2
8.3
8.2
8.0
8.4
8.5
8.4
NHa-N
(mg/1)
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Turb.. DO
(J.T.U.) (mq/1)
28 10.0
11.4
9.1
27 11.9
11.4
10.2
20 9.4
15.0
8.3
15 12.8
12.5
9.5
27 12.6
10.5
10.4
DO
(% sat)
96
117
93
118
114
106
87
152
83
127
127
98
128
104
107
-------
TABLE K-1
Field Measurements and Analytical Data.
Big Sioux River and Selected Tributaries,
Minnesota, South Dakota, and Iowa.
September and October, 1972
(Continued)
Painstem Tributary
River Mile River Mile
46.8
46.8
46.8
35.3
35.3
35.3
16.8
16.8
16.8
5.0
5.0
5.0
2.2
2.2
2.2
Date
10/1
10/2
10/3
10/1
10/2
10/3
10/1
10/2
10/3
10/1
10/2
10/3
10/1
10/2
10/3
Time
1210
0940
1110
1235
0900
1130
1300
0835
1150
1325
0815
1210
1340
0745
1215
Temp. (°
14.5
14.0
16.0
14.5
14.0
16.5
14.5
13.5
16.0
14.5
13.5
15.5
17.0
13.5
17.5
C) pH
8.5
8.5
8.3
8.5
8.5
8.2
8.5
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.5
8.4
8.5
8.5
8.6
NH3-N
(mg/1)
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Turb. DO
(J.T.U.) (mq/1)
32 12.8
10.6
11.5
27 13.0
10.0
11.6
22 13.1
10.0
10.7
19 13.6
11.9
12.2
20 17.1
13.0
18.0
DO
(X sat.)
130
106
121
1
132
100
124
134
99
112
138
118
126
175
129-
180
-------
K-8
TABLE K-2
f
Chlorophyll a from periphyton. Artificial substrates exposed for
24-day periods between 10 September 1972 and 3 October 1972.
Chlorophyll a
River Kile
263.5
243.9
237.6
214.6/0.1
206.1
186.9
173.0
162.2
154.2
150.6
146.8
143.2
141.2
134.5
130.1/27.3
130.1/5.3
127.0
106.2
80.9
76.2/40.8
76.2/5.8
66.9
46.8
35.3
16.8
2.2
/ 2
yg/cm
8.71
5.52
5.92
0.71
1.39
1.30
1.52
0.68
5.02
4.65
2.08
6.73
2.60
1.18
4.22
3.91
3.98
3.01
1.52
7.42
6.26
6.43
2.14
4.42
3.38
2.05
yg/in2
56.2
35.6
38.2
4.6
9.0
8.4
9.8
4.4
32.4
30.0
13.4
43.4
16.8
7.6
27.2
25.2
25.7
19.4
9.8
47.9
40.4
41.5
13.8
28.5
21.8
13.2
-------
K-9
TABLE K-3
Species diversity (d) of benthic macroinyertebrates,
Big Sioux River and selected tributaries.
September and October, 1972.
River
Mile
263.5
243.9
237.6
214.6/0.1
206.1
186.9
173.0
162.2
155.4
154.2
152.8/1.1
150.6
146.8
143.8
143.2
d
1.15
3.65
2.46
3.03
3.69
3.39
3.51
3.10
2.62
3.42
0.98
1.41
3.99
1.73
3.17
River
Mile
142.7
141.2
134.5
130.1/27.3
130.1/5.3
127.0
106.2
80.9
76.2/40.8
76.2/5.8
66.9
46.8
35.3
16.8
2.2
d
3.17
4.52
4.25
3.48
2.02
3.22
1.64
0.94
2.50
2.36
3.91
2.59
3.15
4.14
1.82
-------
K-10
TABLE K-4
Results of nitrogen analyses from
selected waste discharges to the Big Sioux River
Sioux Falls, South Dakota.
TKN NH3-N Org.-N N02+NCh-N
Location Date Time mg/1 mg/1 mg/1 mg/1
Meilman Food Industries
(formerly Spencer Foods, 10/2/72 1145 35.0 31.0 4.0 <0.05
Inc.) effluent from
process-waste lagoons. 10/2/72 1625 38.0 32.0 6.0 0.26
10/3/72 0830 43.0 33.0 10.0 <0.05
10/3/72 1230 37.0 36.0 1.0 0.26
John Worrell and Company
condenser discharge. 10/2/72 1200 1.8 0.2 1.6 0.79
10/2/72 1405 1.9 0.2 1.7 1.10
10/2/72 1600 2.1 0.2 1.9 0.97
10/2/72 1800 1.9 0.1 1.8 0.92
10/3/72 0800 12.0 9.8 2.0 0.98
10/3/72 1200 5.1 3.5 1.6 0.60
-------
K-ll
TABLE K-5
Dissolved-Oxygen Profiles.
Big Sioux River, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
September, 1972.
River
Mile Date
162.2 9/26
9/26
9/26
9/26
9/26
9/26
9/26
9/26
9/27
9/27
9/27
9/27
9/27
9/27
9/27
143.2 9/26
9/26
9/26
9/26
9/26
9/26
9/26
Time
0600
0610
0700
0800
0900
1000
1100
1200
0600
0700
0800
0900
1000
1100
1200
0605
0700
0800
0900
1000
1100
1200
Temp(°C)
11.5
11.5
11.5
n.o
10.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.0
11.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
11.5
12.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.5
10.0
11.0
DO
(mg/1 )
9.4
9.2
9.5
10.0
10.0
10.9
11.0
12.2
9.6
9.6
9.7
9.8
10.5
11.3
12.1
8.7
8.6
8.9
9.4
10.0
10.5
11.0
DO
(% sat)
89
87
90
94
93
104
105
115
90
90
90
92
100
107
115
77
76
79
84
90
96
103
-------
K-12
TABLE K-5
Dissolved-Oxygen Profiles.
Big Sioux River, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
September, 1972.
(Continued)
River
Mile
141.2
134.5
134.5
Date
9/26
9/26
9/26
9/26
9/26
9/26
9/26
9/26
9/26
9/26
9/26
9/26
9/26
9/26
9/27
9/27
9/27
9/27
9/27
9/27
9/27
Time
0610
0700
0805
0908
1000
1103
1200
0615
0705
0805
0900
1000
1100
1200
0605
0700
0800
0900
1000
1100
1200
Temp(°C)
12.5
12.0
12.0
11.5
12.5
12.5
13.5
11.0
11.0
11.5
11.5
11.5
12.0
12.5
12.0
12.0
11.0
12.0
12.0
12.5
12.5
DO
(mq/1)
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.7
9.9
9.9
10.0
7.1
7.3
7.5
7.9
8.4
9.0
9.5
7.4
7.4
7.5
8.0
8.6
9.4
9.9
DO
(% sat)
89
89
90
92
96
96
99
67
68
71
75
80
86
93
70
70
70
76
83
91
96
-------
K-13
TABLE K-5
Dissolved-Oxygen Profiles
Big Sioux River, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
September, 1972.
(Continued)
River
Mile Date
127.0 9/26
9/26
9/26
9/26
9/26
9/26
9/26
127.0 9/27
9/27
9/27
' 9/27
9/27
9/27
9/27
113.0 9/27
9/27
9/27
9/27
9/27
9/27
Time
0634
0700
0800
0900
1000
1100
1200
0600
0702
0800
0900
1005
1100
1206
0715
0800
0900
1000
1100
1200
Temp(°C)
11.5
11.5
10.0
12.0
11.5
11.5
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
11.5
11.5
12.0
12.5
11.5
10.0
11.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
DO
(mg/1 )
7.3
7.2
7.3
7.3
7.8
8.2
8.7
7.8
8.9
7.6
7.7
8.1
8.6
9.1
7.5
7.8
7.6
8.2
8.3
9.5
DO
(% sat)
69
68
66
70
74
77
84
75
85
73
73
76
83
84
71
72
71
79
80
91
-------
K-14
TABLE K-5
Dissolved-Oxygen Profiles
Big Sioux River, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
September, 1972.
(Continued)
River
Mile
106.2
Date
9/27
9/27
9/27
9/27
9/27
9/27
Time
0700
0800
0900
1000
1100
1200
Temp(°C)
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.5
DO
(mq/1)
8.4
8.7
8.8
9.1
9.4
9.7
DO
(% sat)
77
79
80
83
85
85
-------
K-15
TABLE K-6
Gross and Net Photosynthesis, Respiration, and Carbon Fixation,
Big Sioux River - Fall, 1972
River Mile Date
162.2
162.2
143.2
141.2
134.5
127.0
127.0
113.0
106.2
9/26
9/27
9/26
9/26
9/26
9/26
9/27
9/27
9/26
.Photosynthesis (mg/1)
Gross Net Respiration
4.9
6.4
5.9
1.7
1.6
1.7
1.8
2.8
6.1
4.8
6.3
5.6
1.8
1.9
2.0
1.8
2.7
5.7
0.1
0.1
0.3
- 0.1
- 0.3
- 0.3
0
0.1
0.4
Carbon Fixed
mg/m /dav
4,950
6,500
6,050
1,855
1,955
2,060
1,855
2,785
5,870
-------
K-16
TABLE K-7
Algal Growth, Stimulated by Additions of Sioux Falls
WWTP Final Clarifier Effluent to Big Sioux River Receiving Water
[Expressed as Concentration of Chlorophyll £ (yg/1)]
Samples Collected 9/13/72; Incubated 9/15 to 9/24/72.
_., . Chlorophyll a (yg/1)
Dilutions ~~
% Sewage
0.0
0.1
1.0
5.0
10.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
Initial
4.9
4.8
4.9
4.7
4.6
4.3
3.5
2.9
2.1
1.5
Peak
10.8
26.3
24.4
26.2
9.0
28.6
26.5
34.0
80.8
88.0
(Day
(4)
(4)
(A)
(4)
(5)
(7)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
-------
K-17
TABLE K-8
Algal Growth, Stimulated by Additions of Nitrogen
And Phosphorus to Big Sioux River Water
[Expressed as Concentration of Chlorophyll £ (vg/1)]
Samples Collected 9/13/72, Incubated 9/15 to 9/24/72.
Nitrogen (N) Phosphorus (P) Chlorophyll a (yg/1)
mg/1 mg/1 Initial Peak (Day)
0.0 0.0 4.9 4.9 (0)
0.01 0.0 4.9 26.4 (4)
0.1 0.0 4.9 29.4 (4)
1.0 0.0 4.8 39.9 (5)
10.0 0.0 4.4 33.0 (4)
0.0 0.01 4.9 19.5 (4)
0.01 0.01 4.8 29.1 (5)
0.1 0.01 4.9 22.8 (4)
1.0 0.01 4.9 30.3 (4)
10.0 0.01 4.4 53.4 (5)
0.0 0.1 4.9 24.9 (4)
0.01 0.1 4.9 22.2 (4)
0.1 0.1 4.9 11.1 (3)
1.0 0.1 4.4 23.1 (5)
10.0 0.1 4.5 48.9 (5)
0.0 1.0 4.9 24.0 (4)
0.01 1.0 4.9 22.2 (4)
0.1 1.0 4.8 6.9 (9)
1.0 1.0 4.9 29.1 (5)
10.0 1.0 4.5 33.0 (5)
0.0 10.0 4.5 8.0 (9)
0.01 10.0 4.5 11.0 (6)
0.1 10.0 4.5 11.2 (6)
1.0 10.0 4.4 27.6 (7)
10.0 10.0 4.1 43.8 (9)
-------
TABLE K-9
BENTHOS, BIG SIOUX RIVER A.ID SELECTED TRIBUTARIES
SOUTH DAKOTA, IOWA, MINNESOTA
(Nurabers p?r square foot) £/
September-October, 1972 y^
River H1le 2 2 16 8 35 3 46 8 66 9 76 2/8 5 76 2/32 0 80 ') 106 2 127 0 130 1/9 3 130 1/27 3 134 5 141 2 142 7 143 2 143 8 rf
Organisms OO
Annelida
01 igochacta 12 Q^/
Tublficldae 42 2 43 354 14 4 00
Hirudlnea
Dina parva 1 g
Crustacea
Amphipoda
TalUridae
'lyalella. azteca 1 Q 1 Q Q
Decapoda
Carbannae
Orconectes sp_.
Insecta
Ephcreroptera
Leptophlebiidae
Pjraleptophlebla sp. Q Q (JQQ1 QQQ
PoU anthiclTe
P'o*-p--3nthus sp Q 7 29
BaeTTTcTdae
Ea"ti-.ra ip 5
Siphlonui idae
Isoiychia s£ q 1 Q Q Q
Tricoiythidae
Tricorythodes S_p_ Q 1 2
Caenfdje
^Illi 5£ Q C) Q Q
LC'-tciphlebildae
L-p'oohl'bia sp_. Q Q Q
EptrC or.da"
. i£ 2 1 6 Q
61 q i
q 3 Q Q Q Q
qqqqs4 14 cqqq i qqqqi
qqqiq 9&oqq qq i
qqqqi978 34qs qq q
544 4 2 21
w j'-'oclooon sp (f
Odonita
Coe^gri idae
Enellagra sp q q q q
Arena 22. q q q q
Gomhus sj> 2 1 q 1 q q
Coleoptcra
Oytiscidae q Q
Elrnldae q q
Stenelnls sp_. q 1 q 3 4 q
\
-------
Organisms
River Mile 146 8
Trlcoptera
Hydrops/chfdae
Hydropsyche sp_
Ch'j'j-a'opsyche sp.
Polycentropidae
Polycenf opus sp.
Dlptpra
Tipulidae
Sinulildae
Sinul 11 urn sp_
Ctratopo'ionidae
Chironomm
ChironoTjs
Cr t^it' hironomus
"ndipes
Epdochironcius
Glyptot"ndipes
Harm sen 13
Li-inor hiroioiajs
Hicrotend'pes
Paratendipes
ft'tip*oil urn
PsgU'.ochirGnomus
TFiliflos
/en jchi ronomus
Orthocladiinae
Ccrynejra
M°f feriella
Orthoclidius
Pro^ladius
Psectrocladius
Triienenanniella
Snittia
Tanypodinae
Coeltanypus
Podononinae
Tanvtarsinf
Tan_, tarsus
Pelecypoda
Sphaer11dae
Sphaerlum
Gastropoda
Pulmonata
Physfdae
Physa
HUKBER OF KINDS
MK8ER/SQ FT5/
18 531
19
18
30
102
76
2
25
664
TABLE K-9 (Cont.)
BENTHOS, BIG SIOUX RIVER AND SELECTED TRIBUTARIES
SOUTH DAKOTA, IOWA, MINNESOTA
(Numbers per square foot) 5/
Septembei-October, 1972
(Continued)
154 2 155 4 162 2 173 0 186 9 206 1
392
61
5
27
2
q 2
11
471
n
12
14
52
11
1
3
24
15
51
4
2
22
19
60
17
1 7
2 2
q
237 6 243 9 263 5
10
92
3 9
q Q
q
12
19
16
57
q 130
q Q
q 2
i
q 2
q
q
q 2
8 14 16 15
9 149 21 148
-------
TABLE K-9 (Cont.)
BENTHOS, BIG SIOUX RIVbR AND SELECTED TRIBUTARIES
SOUTH DAKOTA, IOWA, MINNESOTA
(Numbers PIT square foot) £/
September-October, 1972
Piver M11e 146 8 150 6 152 8/1 1 154 2 155 4 162 2
Organises
Annelida
Oligorh-iPta
Tubificfdae
Hirudinea
Dina parva
Crustacea
Anphipoda
Talitridae
I'/alella azteca
Deca(/oda
Cambannae
Insecta
Epr.cncroptera
Leptophlebi idae
Paralppjiophlebla sp
Potanantmdae
Pot^ianthjs sp
Baetiscidae
Baetisca sp
Slphl onurld'"1e
Isonychia s£
TrlcoryttTuTae
Tricorythodes sp
Caeniflae
Cac 11 s SP_
Leptophltbudae
LestrjoMebia sp.
Ephfirendae
rlo/a^^nia sp
Erarrycercus sp
C'ny;-')la 22.
Ste-.oneira s?
Hpota^enia sp
Bactidae
Baetis sp
Centrostilum Sl>
Pseudocloeon sp
Odonata
Coenagrndae
Ena ila;Tia s_£
Gosipnidae
Gorphjs sp_
Coleoptera
Dytiscldae
Elmldae
Stenelnils sp.
7
3
q
2
q
5
2
q
i
q
q
i
q
2
q
q
q
i
q
2
3
1
4
1
17
Q 1 Q Q Q
Q Q
q
6
q q q
i i q q q i q q q
Q Q q
q q q q
Q
e
-------
Organisms
River Mile 2 2 16 8 35 3 46 8 66 9
TABLE K-9 (Cont.)
BENTHOS, BIG SIOUX RIVER AND SELECTED TRIBUTARIES
SOUTH DAKOTA, IOWA, HIMESOTA
(Numbers per square foot) £/
September-0( tober, 1972
(Continued)
9 106 2 127 0
Tricoptera
Hydropsychidae
H,dropsyche sp q J 2 5
Oieur.otopsyche sp q 17
Pol/centropidae
Polycentropus sp. Q
Olptera
Tipul idae
Siiruliidae
Simul 1 tun sp q q
Ceratopoionidae
Chlrono-iinl q
Chironorys 3
Cryptochironomus 3 2
Dicrotend i pos q
En'iorhiro miius
Giyptotf ndipes q q
Hirivsrhia
LiTinocnironoTius
M icrof endi pos 1
Paraf'ndipos 2
PenMnediluri
Po l_/r • d 1 1 urn q q
Pseud -rhironomus
Tribelos
Xcnochi ronorrus 13
Qrtiioclddume
Cory ->'i'a
Ci icotopus q
Eu" loMcriel la
0~t thocladius Q
Pi ocladiu;
PTectnxJaiMus q
Thien«r"anniella q
iiUJ-iJA
Tan>podin.ie q
Crel tanypus
P&donOir.inae
Tanytarsus
Pelecypoda
Sphaerndae
Sphierlum 1 2
Gastropoda
Pulmonata
Ph/sidae
Physa
NUMBER OF KINDS, 11 17 13 10
NUM3ER/SQ FT I/ 58 18 32 27
q 89
q 236
2
q 18
q
q
q
q
14 14
14 507
846
490
158
207 310
51
19
16 16
2.521 316
a/ Ho /n2 Is obtained by multlolylna Ho /ft2 by a factor of 10.76.
B/ The capital letter, 0, eouals organisms collected Qualitatively, arbitrarily
assigned a value of one for computing.
1
24
420
q 3
Q
10
10
265
1
11
3
,12
11
q
q
q
24
348
130 1/27 3 134 5 141.2 142 7 143 2 143 8
i
29
25
118
18
18
q q
q
q
q q
21
24
33
q
9
42
I
ro
-------
TABLE K-10
WATER-QUALITY CONDITIONS AND 96-HOUR BIOASSAY RESULTS
SIOUX FALLS, WWTP, JANUARY 30-FEBRUARY 3, 1973
IS3
r-o
Dilution
7. SPWSOR
100
52
36
27
16
8
Control
NH3
55.9 mg/1
(54-64)
23.4 mg/1
(18-27)
16.25 mg/1
(14-18)
14.6 mg/1
(11-18)
13.7 mg/1
(11-20)
6.5 mg/1
(4-12)
0.25 mg/1
(0.0-1.5)
D.O. pH Temperature Number of fish alive/dead Mortality
°C after 96 hr %
4.7 mg/1 7.3-7.5
(4.0-5.8)
5.6 mg/1 7.4-7.6
(3.4-7.0)
6.2 mg/1 7.4-7.7
(5.4-7.3)
6.3 mg/1 7.4-7.7
(4.8-7.3)
6.0 mg/1 7.4-7.8
(5.5-7.0)
5.6 mg/1 7.5-7.7
(3.4-7.3)
7.4 mg/1 7.7-7.9
(5.4-8.6)
16.6 o/20
(14-18)
16.1 19/1
(13-18)
15.4 20/0
(11-18)
15 20/0
(13-18)
15.9 20/0
(12-18)
15.5 20/0
(13-18)
14.8 20/0
(11-17)
100
5
0
0%
0
0
0
100%
Dilution
-------
K-23
TABLE K-ll
LOCATION OF FISH CAGES IN BIG SIOUX RIVER
SIOUX FALLS, SOUTH DAKOTA
29 January-February 1973
River
Mile Description
— Diversion canal approximately 1.1 km (0.66 mi)
downstream from Big Sioux RM 158.8
(Reference Site).
142.95 Big Sioux River, about 135 m (150 yd) upstream of
Sioux Falls, South Dakota. WWTP effluent outfall.
142.85 Big Sioux River, about 135 m (150 yd) downstream
from Sioux Falls, South Dakota, WWTP effluent outfall.
128.5 Big Sioux River, Hwy 38 bridge approximately
2.4 km (1.5 mi) upstream of Iowa-South Dakota
state line.
142.9 Main outfall, Sioux Falls, South Dakota,
WWTP effluent.
-------
K-24
TABLE K-12
Algal Growth, Stimulated by Additions of Sioux Falls WWTP
Final Effluent to Big Sioux River Receiving Water
[Expressed as Concentration of Chlorophyll a^ (yg/1) ]
Samples Collected 1/25/73, Incubated 1/31 to 2/9/73
Dilutions
% Sewage
0.0
0.1
1.0
5.0
10.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
Chlorophyll a.
Initial
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.5
1.7
2.1
2.4
2.6
(yg/D
Peak
2.0
1.8
3.5
3.1
3.8
4.9
25.0
80.6
122.9
65.6
(Day)
(7)
(7)
(9)
(7)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
-------
K-25
TABLE K-13
Algal Growth, Stimulated by Additions of Sioux Falls WWTP
By-pass to Big Sioux River Receiving Water
[Expressed as Concentration of Chlorophyll a. (ug/1) ]
Samples Collected 1/25/73, Incubated 1/31 to 2/9/73
Dilutions Chlorophyll a (yg/1)
% Sewage
0.0
0.1
1.0
5.0
10.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
Initial
1.0
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.8
2.3
3.2
4.0
4.9
6.0
Peak
1.3
1.4
2.6
3.1
3.7
4.4
8.0
4.7
4.9
6.0
(Pay)
(7)
(6)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(6)
(9)
(5)
(0)
(0)
-------
K-26
TABLE K-14
Algal Growth, Stimulated by Additions of Nitrogen
And Phosphorus to Big Sioux River Water
[Expressed as Concentration of Chlorophyll a_ (yg/1)]
Samples Collected 1/25/73, Incubated 1/31/73 to 2/9/73
Nitrogen
mg/1 as N
0
1
10
30
70
0
1.0
10
30
70
0
1
10
30
70
0
1
10
30
70
0
1
10
30
70
Phosphorus
mg/1 as P
0
0
0
0
0
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
Chlorophyll a
Initial
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.0
0.9
1.3
1.3
1.1
1.0
0.9
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.1
.9
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.1
0.8
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.0
0.8
(yg/D
Peak
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
2.2
2.2
1.3
1.0
0.9
2.5
1.8
2.1
1.7
1.2
4.6
4.8
4.7
4.1
1.0
7.0
6.1
6.4
5.4
4.1
(Day
(7)
(7)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(8)
(9)
(8)
(0)
(0)
(9)
(7)
(9)
(7)
(4)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(5)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(5)
-------
K-27
TABLE K-15
Algal Growth, Stimulated by Additions of Stripped
Effluent from the Sioux Falls WWTP to Big Sioux River Receiving Water
[Expressed as Concentration of Chlorophyll a_ (yg/1) ]
Samples Collected 1/25/73, Incubated 2/28 to 3/9/73
Dilutions Chlorophyll a. (yg/1)
% Sewage
0.0
0.1
1.0
5.0
10.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
Initial
2.2
2.2
2.0
2.0
2.1
3.0
3.2
2.6
2.3
2.3
Peak
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.8
5.8
8.8
13.1
53.1
334.6
(Day)
(1)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(5)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(9)
(9)
-------
K-28
TABLE K-16
Algal Growth, Stimulated by Additons of Stripped
Effluent from the Sioux Falls WWTP Plus Nitrogen and Phosphorus to
Big Sioux River Receiving Water
[Expressed as Concentration of Chlorophyl] ji (vig/1) ]
Samples Collected 1/25/73, Incubated 2/28 to 3/9/73.
Dilutions
% Sewage
0
0.1
0.1
0.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
Nitrogen
mg/1 as N
0
0.1
0
0.1
0.1
0
0.1
0.1
0
0.1
0.1
0
0.1
1.0
0
1.0
1.0
0
1.0
1.0
0
1.0
1.0
0
1.0
10.0
0
10.0
Phosphorus
mg/1 as P
0
0
0.1
0.1
0
0.1
0.1
0
0.1
0.1
0
0.1
0.1
0
1.0
1.0
0
1.0
1.0
0
1.0
1.0
0
1.0
1.0
0
10.0
10.0
Chlorophyll a_ (yg/1)
Initial
2.2
2.2
2.6
2.3
2.2
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.6
2.5
2.9
2.7
2.8
2.5
2.5
2.4
1.8
2.6
2.3
1.9
2.4
2,4
2.7
2.4
2.4
1.9
2.3
2.5
Peak
2.2
2.3
Contaminated
5.4
2.4
5.6
5.3
3.2
7.3
6.9
11.1
12.0
11.7
2.5
9.0
8.9
1.9
9.0
8.9
3.1
11.4
11.2
10.8
16.0
17.9
2.5
12.3
Contaminated
(Day)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(7)
(1)
(6)
(6)
(5)
(9)
(9)
(7)
(7)
(9)
(1)
(5)
(5)
(1)
(6)
(6)
(5)
(8)
(8)
(9)
(9)
(8)
(5)
(6)
(5)
-------
K-29
TABLE K-16 (Cont.)
Algal Growth, Stimulated by Additions of Stripped
Effluent From the Sioux Falls WWTP Plus Nitrogen and Phosphorus to
Bie Sioux River Receiving Water
[Expressed as Concentration of Chlorophyll a_ (PS/1)]
Samples Collected 1/25/73, Incubated 2/28 to 3/9/73
Dilutions Nitrogen Phosphorus Chlorophyll a_ (yg/1)
% Sewage mg/1 as N mg/1 as P InitialPeak(Day]
1.0 10.0 0.0 1.9 2.6 (6)
1.0 0.0 10.0 2.3 12.2 (5)
1.0 10.0 10.0 2.3 12.5 (5)
10.0 10.0 0.0 2.0 4.0 (6)
10.0 0.0 10.0 2.3 10.6 (5)
10.0 10.0 10.0 2.5 11.1 (5)
50.0 10.0 0.0 2.7 12.8 (5)
50.0 0.0 10.0 2.4 12.8 (6)
50.0 10.0 10.0 2.5 16.5 (7)
-------
LEGEND
SAMPLE LOCATIONS
September and October, 1972
January and February, 1973
Figure IV-l Sampling Locations, Big Sioux River and Selected Tributaries,
Estellme , South Dakota to Sioux City, Iowa
------- |