Technical Support Document for the
Proposed Locomotive/Marine Rule:
Air Quality Modeling
-------
EPA 454/R-07-004
March 2007
Technical Support Document for the Proposed
Locomotive/Marine Rule:
Air Quality Modeling
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Air Quality Assessment Division
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
March 2007
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I. Introduction
This document describes the air quality modeling performed by EPA in support of
the proposed Locomotive/Marine rule. A national scale air quality modeling analysis
was performed to estimate the effect of the proposed rule on future year: annual PM2.5
concentrations, daily maximum 8-hour ozone concentrations, and visibility. To model
the air quality benefits of this rule we used the Community Multiscale Air Quality
(CMAQ)1 model. CMAQ simulates the numerous physical and chemical processes
involved in the formation, transport, and destruction of ozone and particulate matter. In
addition to the CMAQ model, the modeling platform includes the emissions,
meteorology, and initial and boundary condition data which are inputs to this model.
It should be noted that the emission control scenarios used in the air quality and
benefits modeling are slightly different than the emission control program being
proposed. The differences reflect further refinements of the regulatory program since
the air quality modeling for this rule was performed. Emissions and air quality modeling
decisions are made early in the analytical process. Chapter 3 of the draft regulatory
impact analysis2 (RIA) describes the changes in the inputs and resulting emission
inventories between the preliminary assumptions used for the air quality modeling and
the final proposed regulatory scenario. These refinements to the proposed program are
not expected to significantly change the results summarized here.
II. CMAQ Model Inputs and Configuration
The air quality modeling that estimated the impacts from locomotive and marine
engines was based generally on CMAQ modeling that was done in support of the final
PM2.5 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) regulatory impact analysis.
That modeling analysis is fully described in the PM NAAQS RIA3, but a condensed
description is provided below. The two primary differences from the PM NAAQS
modeling were:
1) the incorporation of a finer grid over the eastern U.S. for specific episode days
to enable a higher-resolution estimate of ozone impacts, and
2) the use of updated base and future year emissions estimates for the nine source
categories in Table II-1.
1 Byun, D.W., and K.. L. Schere, 2006: Review of the Governing Equations, Computational Algorithms,
and Other Components of the Models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) Modeling System.
Applied Mechanics Reviews, Volume 59, Number 2 (March 2006), pp. 51-77.
2 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Regulatory Impact Analysis: Control of Emissions of Air
Pollution from New Locomotives and New Marine Compression-Ignition Engines Less Than
30 liters per cylinder, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, February 2006.
3 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Technical Support Document for the Final Clean Air Interstate
Rule: Air Quality Modeling; Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards; RTF, NC; March 2005.
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Table II-1. Locomotive and Commercial Marine Source Categories
sec
2280002100
2280002200
2282020005
2282020010
2285002006
2285002006
2285002006
2285002006
2285002006
Description
Mobile
Mobile
Mobile
Mobile
Mobile
Mobile
Mobile
Mobile
Mobile
Sources:
Sources:
Sources:
Sources:
Sources
Sources:
Sources-
Sources
Sources
Marine Vessels, Commercial
Marine Vessels, Commercial
: Diesel: Port emissions
: Diesel: Underway emissions
Pleasure Craft, Diesel: Inboard/Sterndrive
Pleasure Craft, Diesel: Outboard
Railroad Equipment: Diesel:
Railroad Equipment: Diesel:
Railroad Equipment: Diesel:
Railroad Equipment: Diesel:
Railroad Equipment: Diesel:
Line Haul Locomotives:
Line Haul Locomotives:
Line Haul Locomotives:
Line Haul Locomotives:
Yard Locomotives
Class I Operations
Class II/III Operations
Passenger Trains
Commuter Lines
A. Model version
CMAQ is a non-proprietary computer model that simulates the formation and fate
of photochemical oxidants, including PMa.s and ozone, for given input sets of
meteorological conditions and emissions. The latest version of CMAQ available at the
time of the Locomotive-Marine modeling, version 4.5, was employed for this analysis.
This version reflects recent updates in a number of areas to improve the underlying
science, including:
1) a state-of-the-science inorganic nitrate partitioning module (ISORROPIA) and
updated gaseous, heterogeneous chemistry in the calculation of nitrate formation,
2) a secondary organic aerosol (SOA) module that includes a more
comprehensive gas-particle partitioning algorithm from both anthropogenic and biogenic
SOA,
3) an in-cloud sulfate chemistry module that accounts for the nonlinear sensitivity
of sulfate formation to varying pH, and
4) an updated CB-FV gas-phase chemistry mechanism and aqueous chemistry
mechanism that provide a comprehensive simulation of aerosol precursor oxidants.
B. Model domain and grid resolution
The CMAQ modeling analyses were performed for a domain covering the
majority of the United States, as shown in Figure II-1. This domain has a parent
horizontal grid of 36 km with a finer-scale 12 km grid over the eastern U.S. The model
extends vertically from the surface to 100 millibars using a sigma-pressure coordinate
system. The 36 km grid was used in the determination of annual average PMa.s impacts,
while the 36 and 12 km grids4 were used in the 8-hour ozone determinations. Table II-2
provides the remainder of the basic geographic information regarding the simulations.
4 The use of the coarser 36 km grid resolution over the western U.S. requires that these results be used with
caution. In the final rule analyses, it is anticipated that finer grid modeling will be used for the entire U.S.
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Figure II-l. Map of the CMAQ modeling domain. The gray outer box denotes the
entire modeling domain (36 km) and the green inner box is the fine grid (12 km).
36km Domain
Lower Left Corner -2736000,''-2bai
Number ol Cols. Rows: 148x1
Lambert Projection:
1 si sld parallel: 33
2nd sld parallel: 45
central meridian: -97
latitude of projection's origin: 40
Table II-2. Configuration of air quality modeling domain.
Map Projection
Grid Resolution
Coordinate Center
True Latitudes
Dimensions
Vertical extent
CMAQ Modeling Configuration
National Grid
Eastern U.S. Fine
Grid
Lambert Conformal Projection
36km
12km
97 W, 40 N
33 and 45 N
148x112x14
213x188x14
14 Layers: Surface to 100 mb level (see Table II-4)
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C. Modeling Period / Ozone Episodes
There are several considerations involved in selecting the appropriate duration of
an air quality modeling analysis5. In general, the goal is to model several types of
meteorological conditions that lead to ambient PM2.5 and ozone levels similar to an area's
design value6. For the annual PM2.5 standard, it was determined that modeling an entire
year of meteorology (2001) was needed to estimate the impacts of the proposed controls
on annual average levels of PM2.5. For the 8-hour ozone standard, 40 episode days from
the summer of 2001 were modeled. These ozone episodes are listed in Table II-3 and
correspond to periods of relatively high ambient ozone during that summer, especially in
the northeastern U.S., as is shown in Figure II-2.
Table II-3. Dates of CMAQ 12 km ozone modeling episodes.
Episode 1
Episode 2
June 13 -30, 2001
July 12 - August 10,2001
The first three days of each period are called the "ramp-up" days. These days are
used to minimize the effects of initial conditions and are not considered as part of the
output analyses.
Figure II-2. Number of 8-Hour Ozone Exceedances by State in 2001 during the 12
km CMAQ Ozone Episodes
j?
1
0
5
1
z
0 -
n
fl
In
1
nn
JJ
-
n
nlln
On
5 U.S. EPA, Guidance on the Use of Models and Other Analyses in Attainment Demonstrations for the 8-
hour Ozone NAAQS; EPA-454/R-05-002; Research Triangle Park, NC; October 2005.
6 A design value is a statistic that describes the air quality status of a given area relative to the level of the
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). For 8-hour ozone, the 3-year average annual fourth-
highest daily maximum 8-hour average ozone concentration is the air quality design value for a site.
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D. Model Inputs: Emissions, Meteorology and Boundary Conditions
A CMAQ modeling platform was used for the air quality modeling of future
baseline emissions and control scenarios. As noted in the introduction, in addition to the
CMAQ model, the modeling platform also consists of the base- and future-year emissions
estimates (both anthropogenic and biogenic), meteorological fields, as well as initial and
boundary condition data which are all inputs to the air quality model.
1. Base and Future Base Year Emissions: The 2001 base and 2020 base year
emissions were identical to the PM NAAQS emissions estimates for 2001 and 2020,
except for the nine source classification categories (SCCs) listed in Table II-1 which used
updated emissions estimates. For the 2030 base year emissions inventory we used 2030
estimates of onroad and nonroad emissions from the National Mobile Inventory Model
(NMEM) model and 2020 emissions estimates for area and point sources. The final PM
NAAQS RIA7 contains more detail on the preparation of the emissions estimates. For the
nine updated SCCs, a top-down national inventory was developed8 for 2001/2002, 2020,
and 2030. The emissions were then assigned to States based on National-to-State ratios
from the 2002 National Emissions Inventory (NEI).
2. Meteorological Input Data: The gridded meteorological data for the entire
year of 2001 at 36 km and for the two 12 km episodes during the summer of 2001 were
derived from simulations of the Pennsylvania State University / National Center for
Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model. This model, commonly referred to as MM59,
is a limited-area, nonhydrostatic, terrain-following system that solves for the full set of
physical and thermodynamic equations which govern atmospheric motions. For this
analysis, version 3.6.1 (36 km) and version 3.6.3 (12 km) of MM5 were used. The 36 km
horizontal domain consisted of a single 165 by 129 cell grid. The 12 km MM5 domain
consisted of a 290 x 251 grid that extends well beyond the 12 km CMAQ grid.
The meteorological outputs from both MM5 sets were processed to create model-
ready inputs for CMAQ using the Meteorology-Chemistry Interface Processor (MCIP)10,
version 3.1, to derive the specific inputs to CMAQ: horizontal wind components (i.e.,
speed and direction), temperature, moisture, vertical diffusion rates, and rainfall rates for
7 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Final RIA PM NAAQS, Chapter 2: Defining the PM2.5 Air
Quality Problem. October 17, 2006.
8 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Draft Regulatory Impact Analysis: Control of Emissions of Air
Pollution from Locomotive Engines and Marine Compression-Ignition Engines Less than 30 Liters per
Cylinder, EPA420-D-07-001, January 2007.
9 Grell, G., J. Dudhia, and D. Stauffer, 1994: A Description of the Fifth-Generation Penn State/NCAR
Mesoscale Model (MM5), NCAR/TN-398+STR., 138 pp, National Center for Atmospheric Research,
Boulder CO.
10 Byun, D.W., and Ching, J.K.S., Eds, 1999. Science algorithms of EPA Models-3 Community Multiscale
Air Quality (CMAQ modeling system, EPA/600/R-99/030, Office of Research and Development). Please
also see: http://www.cmascenter.org.
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each grid cell in each vertical layer. The MM5 was run on the same map projection as
CMAQ. Both sets of 2001 MM5 runs utilized 34 vertical layers with a surface layer of
approximately 38 meters. The MM5 and CMAQ vertical structures are shown in Table
II-4 and do not vary by horizontal grid resolution.
Table II-4. Vertical layer structure for MM5 and CMAQ (heights are layer top).
CMAQ Layers
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
MM5 Layers
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
Sigma P
1.000
0.995
0.990
0.985
0.980
0.970
0.960
0.950
0.940
0.930
0.920
0.910
0.900
0.880
0.860
0.840
0.820
0.800
0.770
0.740
0.700
0.650
0.600
0.550
0.500
0.450
0.400
0.350
0.300
0.250
0.200
0.150
0.100
0.050
0.000
Approximate
Height (m)
0
38
77
115
154
232
310
389
469
550
631
712
794
961
1,130
1,303
1,478
1,657
1,930
2,212
2,600
3,108
3,644
4,212
4,816
5,461
6,153
6,903
7,720
8,621
9,625
10,764
12,085
13,670
15,674
Approximate
Pressure (mb)
1000
995
991
987
982
973
964
955
946
937
928
919
910
892
874
856
838
820
793
766
730
685
640
595
550
505
460
415
370
325
280
235
190
145
100
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Complete descriptions of the configurations of the 2001 meteorological modeling
are contained in McNally (2003, 2004)'1>12, however some of the key MM5 model
physics options that were utilized are as follows:
Cumulus Parameterization: Kain-Fritsch
Planetary Boundary Layer Scheme: Pleim-Chang
Explicit Moisture Scheme: Reisner 2
Radiation Scheme: RRTM
Land Surface Model: Pleim-Xiu
In terms of the 2001 MM5 model performance evaluations, we used an approach
which included a combination of qualitative and quantitative analyses to assess the
adequacy of the MM5 simulated fields. The qualitative aspects involved comparisons of
the model estimated synoptic patterns against observed patterns from historical weather
chart archives. Qualitatively, the model fields closely matched the observed synoptic
patterns, which is expected given the use of nudging. The statistical portion of the
evaluation examined the model bias and error for temperature, water vapor mixing ratio,
and the index of agreement for the wind fields. These statistical values were calculated
on a regional basis. Tables II-5 and II-6 show the results of the statistical evaluation of
the 2001 model data by season for four major meteorological parameters13. In general,
the bias and error values associated with the 2001 data are in the range of model
performance found from other non-EPA regional meteorological model applications14.
Table II-5. Mean Absolute Error by Season within 36/12 km 2001 MM5 Simulations
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
2001 36 km MM5
T
2.58
1.91
1.69
1.75
0
0.72
1.31
1.65
0.90
ws
1.44
1.36
1.20
1.29
WD
31.93
36.33
42.23
35.79
2001 12 km MM5
T
2.49
2.10
2.05
2.37
0
0.65
1.34
1.91
1.56
WS
1.32
1.34
1.19
1.42
WD
24.88
28.03
32.00
25.88
Table II-6. Mean Bias by Season within 36/12km 2001 MM5 Simulations
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
2001 36 km MM5
T
-1.58
-0.62
-0.31
-0.31
Q
0.19
0.39
-0.05
0.07
WS
-0.13
-0.14
-0.21
-0.22
WD
4.67
1.86
1.45
2.44
2001 12 km MM5
T
-0.92
0.36
0.35
-0.02
Q
-0.09
0.09
1.01
0.88
WS
-0.15
-0.05
-0.15
0.17
WD
3.43
3.15
3.32
2.49
" McNally, D, Annual Application of MM5 for Calendar Year 2001, Topical report to EPA, March 2003.
12 McNally, D, Annual Application of MM5 for Calendar Year 2001 at 12 km Resolution, Topical report
submitted to EPA, December 2004.
13 T = Temperature (C), Q = Mixing Ratio (g/kg), WS = Wind Speed (m/s), WD = Wind Direction (deg).
14 Environ, Enhanced Meteorological Modeling and Performance Evaluation for Two Texas Episodes,
August 2001.
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3. Initial and Boundary Conditions: The lateral boundary and initial species
concentrations are provided by a three-dimensional global atmospheric chemistry model,
the GEOS-CHEM1^ model. The global GEOS-CHEM model simulates atmospheric
chemical and physical processes driven by assimilated meteorological observations from
the NASA's Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS). This model was run for 2001
with a grid resolution of 2.0 degree x 2.5 degree (latitude-longitude) and 20 vertical
layers. The predictions were used to provide one-way dynamic boundary conditions at
three-hour intervals and an initial concentration field for the CMAQ simulations.
E. CMAQ Base Case Model Performance Evaluation
1. PM2.;: An operational model performance evaluation for PIvh.s and its related
speciated components (e.g., sulfate, nitrate, elemental carbon, organic carbon, etc.) was
conducted using the 2001 PM NAAQS16 simulation data in order to estimate the ability
of the CMAQ modeling system to replicate base year PM2.5 and PM2.5 species
concentrations. In summary, model performance statistics were calculated for
observed/predicted pairs of daily/monthly/seasonal/annual concentrations. Statistics were
generated for the following geographic groupings: domain wide, Eastern U.S, and
Western U.S. (as divided based on the 100th meridian). The "acceptability" of model
performance was judged by comparing our CMAQ 2001 performance results to the range
of performance found in recent regional PM2.5 model applications for other, non-EPA
studies17. Overall, the fractional bias, fractional error, normalized mean bias, and
normalized mean error statistics shown in Table II-7 are within the range or close to that
found by other groups in recent applications. The model performance results give us
confidence that our application of CMAQ using this modeling platform, as was done in
the Final PM NAAQS RIA analyses, provide a scientifically credible approach for
assessing PM2.5 concentrations for the purposes of the Locomotive/Marine assessment. A
detailed summary of the CMAQ model performance evaluation is available within the
PM NAAQS RIA, Appendix O18.
15 Yantosca, B., 2004. GEOS-CHEMv7-01-02 User's Guide, Atmospheric Chemistry Modeling
Group, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, October 15,2004.
16 The changes to the 2001 base year locomotive and marine emissions used for this study are not expected
to affect model performance on a regional basis compared to the evaluation performed for the PM NAAQS.
17 See Appendix C of the CMAQ Model Performance Evaluation Report for 2001 updated March 2005
(CAIR Docket OAR-2005-0053-2149). These other modeling studies represent a wide range of modeling
analyses which cover various models, model configurations, domains, years and/or episodes, chemical
mechanisms, and aerosol modules.
18 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Final RIA PM NAAQS, Appendix O: CMAQ Model
Performance Evaluation for 2001. October 17, 2006.
10
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Table II-7. Annual CMAQ 2001 model performance statistics for PM NAAQS
PM NAAQS CMAQ 2001 Annual
PM2.5
Total Mass
Sulfate
Nitrate
Total Nitrate
(NO3 + HNO3)
Ammonium
Elemental
Carbon
Organic Carbon
STN
IMPROVE
STN
IMPROVE
CASTNet
STN
IMPROVE
CASTNet
STN
CASTNet
STN
IMPROVE
STN
IMPROVE
National
East
West
National
East
West
National
East
West
National
East
West
National
East
West
National
East
West
National
East
West
National
East
West
National
East
West
National
East
West
National
East
West
National
East
West
National
East
West
National
East
West
#ofObs
6356
5124
1232
13218
5606
7612
6723
5478
1245
13477
5657
7790
3791
2784
1007
5883
4673
1210
13398
5636
7762
3788
2781
1007
6723
5478
1245
3791
2784
1007
6842
5551
1291
13441
5646
7795
6685
5401
1284
13428
5658
7770
FB (%)
-10
-5
-29
-11
-11
-10
-16
-8
-52
-21
-15
-26
-29
-22
-47
-39
-23
-103
-72
-53
-85
4
13
-21
20
27
13
-17
-8
-39
19
26
-8
-15
-26
-7
-46
-45
-46
6
-28
31
FE (%)
42
39
53
51
47
54
45
41
64
50
41
57
37
29
59
89
81
116
116
109
121
38
34
51
63
59
78
38
32
57
60
59
65
60
53
66
65
65
68
63
60
64
NMB(%)
-8
-2
-36
-11
-11
-12
-13
-9
-51
-20
-16
-33
-21
-19
-45
-15
14
-76
-10
16
-42
9
14
-27
6
16
-53
-11
-10
-37
22
34
-13
-2
-18
19
-43
-41
-47
4
-24
38
NME(%)
39
35
54
47
41
55
36
34
58
39
34
52
27
25
51
74
70
82
86
90
82
35
33
47
54
51
75
31
29.
51
69
71
63
63
46
85
54
51
61
68
51
88
11
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2a. Ozone (12 km Eastern U.S.): An operational model performance evaluation
for hourly and eight-hour daily maximum ozone was conducted in order to estimate the
ability of the CMAQ modeling system to replicate the base year ozone concentrations for
the 12-km Eastern United States domain19 shown in Figure II-1. Ozone measurements
from 822 sites in the eastern U.S. were included in the evaluation and were taken from
the 2001 State/local monitoring site data in the Air Quality System (AQS) Aerometric
Information Retrieval System (AIRS). The ozone metrics covered in this evaluation
include hourly ozone concentrations and eight-hour daily maximum ozone
concentrations. The evaluation principally consists of statistical assessments of model
versus observed pairs that were paired in time and space on an hourly and/or daily basis,
depending on the sampling frequency of each measurement site (measured data). This
ozone model performance evaluation was limited to the two episodes that were modeled
for the Locomotive/Marine proposed rule: June 16, 2001 thru June 30, 2001 and July 15,
2001 thru August 10, 2001. Statistics were generated for the following geographic
groupings: domain wide and four large subregions20: Midwest, Northeast, Southeast, and
Central U.S. Appendix A contains a more detailed summary of ozone model
performance over the 12km Eastern U.S. grid. A summary of the evaluation is presented
here.
As with the national, annual PM2.5 CMAQ modeling, the "acceptability" of model
performance was judged by comparing our CMAQ 2001 performance results to the range
of performance found in recent regional ozone model applications (e.g., EPA's Clean Air
Interstate Rule21). Overall, the normalized mean bias and error (NMB and NME), as well
as the fractional bias and error (FB and FE) statistics shown in Table II-8 indicate that
CMAQ-predicted 2001 hourly and eight-hour daily maximum ozone residuals (i.e.,
observation vs. model predictions) are within the range of other recent regional modeling
applications. The CMAQ model performance results give us confidence that our
applications of CMAQ using this modeling platform provide a scientifically credible
approach for assessing ozone concentration changes resulting from the proposed
Locomotive/Marine emissions reductions.
19 This evaluation includes updates to the CMAQ Model Performance Evaluation Report for 2001 updated
March 2005 (CAIR Docket OAR-2005-0053-2149).
20 The subregions are defined by States where: Midwest is IL, IN, MI, OH, and WI; Northeast is CT, DE,
MA, MD, ME, NH, NJ, NY, PA, RI, and VT; Southeast is AL, FL, GA, KY, MS, NC, SC, TN, VA, and
WV; Central is AR, IA, KS, LA, MN, MO, NE, OK, and TX.
21 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Technical Support Document for the Final Clean Air Interstate
Rule: Air Quality Modeling; Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards; Research Triangle Park, NC;
March 2005.
12
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Table II-8. CMAQ 2001 hourly ozone model performance statistics calculated for a
threshold of 40 ppb.
CMAQ 2001 Hourly Ozone:
Threshold of 40ppbV
Aggregate of Two
Episodes
Episode 1
Episode 2
12-km Eastern domain
Midwest
Northeast
Southeast
Central U.S.
12-km Eastern domain
Midwest
Northeast
Southeast
Central U.S.
1 2-km Eastern domain
Midwest
Northeast
Southeast
Central U.S.
No. of
Obs.
322,705
94,848
77,100
89,921
59,978
127,125
37,362
27,315
37,897
24,255
195,580
57,486
49,785
52024
35,723
NMB
(%)
-8.9
-8.6
-11.6
-4.1
-12.9
-6.8
-8.2
-8.3
-2.1
-10.3
-10.3
-8.9
-13.5
-5.7
-14.8
NME
(%)
18.9
19.0
21.2
16.1
20.0
17.6
17.6
19.5
15.8
18.4
19.8
20.0
22.1
16.2
21.2
FB
(%)
-10.9
-10.9
-14.1
-4.6
-16.2
-8.2
-10.0
-9.8
-2.3
-13.0
-12.6
-11.5
-16.5
-6.3
-18.3
FE
(%)
21.3
21.7
24.2
16.9
23.5
19.7
20.1
21.9
16.6
21.6
22.3
22.7
25.5
17.1
24.8
2b. Ozone (36 km Western U.S.): As shown in Figure II-1, there are areas of the
U.S. that were not covered by the finer scale 12 km domain. For areas outside the 12 km
domain we relied on modeling for our 36 km nationwide domain.
The 36 km ozone modeling was performed for the period from May 1 to
September 30, 2001. Table II-9 lists the average monthly NMB and NME values for
daily maximum 8-hourly ozone over the western portion 2 of the 36 km domain. 334
AIRS sites were used in these model-to-monitor comparisons. Figure II-3 shows a
sample scatter plot of observed versus model pairs for June 2001 over the same region.
While the resolution is less than ideal for an ozone impact analysis it is encouraging that
the operational performance statistics are within the range of other recent regional
modeling applications and in the range of the 12 km eastern U.S. results.
22
Includes the following States: AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, OR, UT, WA, and WY.
13
-------
Table II-9. 36 km CMAQ 8-hourly daily maximum ozone model performance
statistics calculated for a threshold of 40 ppb over the western U.S. for 2001.
May
June
July
August
September
NMB (%)
10.2
3.6
-7.0
-5.4
1.6
NME (%)
21.4
20.9
21.5
21.5
21.2
Figure II-3. CMAQ 8-hourly daily maximum ozone model performance scatter plot
for June 2001.
2001ai 36km O3 for 20010601 to 20010631
0)
o
CM -
8-
o
CO ^
o
CD
O _
O
eg
O -I
a AQS_8hrmax(2001ai_36km)
0
i
20
Site = All
2001ai_36km
lofA RMSEs RMSEu NMB NME
AQS Shrmax 0.77 4.89 12.81 3.6 20.9
40
60 80
Observation
100
120
140
14
-------
F. CMAQ Locomotive/Marine Modeling Scenarios
The CMAQ modeling system was used to calculate annual PM2.5 concentrations,
daily 8-hour ozone concentrations, and visibility estimates for each of the following
seven emissions scenarios:
1)2001 base year
2) 2020 future base year
3) 2020 future control year - primary strategy
4) 2020 future control year - primary strategy, locomotive controls only
5) 2030 future base year
6) 2030 future control year - primary strategy
7) 2030 future control year - primary strategy, locomotive controls only
Model predictions are used in a relative sense to estimate scenario-specific,
future-year design values of PM2.5 and ozone. This is done by calculating the simulated
air quality ratios between any particular future year simulation and the 2001 base. These
predicted change ratios are then applied to ambient base year design values. The design
value projection methodology used in this analysis followed EPA guidance23 for such
analyses. Additionally, the raw model output are also used in a relative sense as inputs to
the health and welfare impact functions of the benefits analysis.
III. CMAQ Model Results
A. Impacts of Proposed Rule on Future PM2.5 Annual Averages
The modeling results indicate that the emissions reductions from this proposed
rule will contribute to lower ambient PM2.5 levels in future years. Tables III-l and III-2
show the projected average annual PM2.s design values, in various years as a result of the
Locomotive/Marine control scenarios discussed in Section II.F. Average design values
are shown for the 39 existing nonattainment (NA) PM2.s areas, all 557 counties with base
year PM2.s monitoring data, and all 826 PM2.5 base year monitors within the U.S. In
general, the PM2.5 improvement from the locomotive controls is roughly equivalent to
that of the commercial marine controls. Appendix B contains a table of design values by
county for each modeling scenario.
23 U.S. EPA, Guidance on the Use of Models and Other Analyses in Attainment Demonstrations for the 8-
hour Ozone NAAQS; EPA-454/R-05-002; Research Triangle Park, NC; October 2005.
15
-------
Table III-l. Average projected PM2.s design values for Primary strategy modeling
scenario. Units are ug/m .
NA areas
All Counties
All Monitors
Average Baseline
Design Value24
Base
17.73
12.60
12.82
2020
Future
Base
13.94
10.34
10.56
Primary
Strategy
13.88
10.30
10.52
2030
Future
Base
14.04
10.39
10.64
Primary
Strategy
13.90
10.31
10.55
Table III-2. Average projected PMz.s design values for Locomotive-Only strategy
modeling scenario. Units are ug/m3.
NA areas
All Counties
All Monitors
Average Baseline
Design Value
Base
17.73
12.60
12.82
2020
Future
Base
13.94
10.34
10.56
Locomotive
Strategy
13.90
10.31
10.54
2030
Future
Base
14.04
10.39
10.64
Locomotive
Strategy
13.97
10.35
10.59
On a population-weighted basis, the average modeled future-year annual PM2.5
design value for all counties is expected to decrease by 0.06 ug/m3 in 2020 and 0.13
ug/m3 in 2030. The greatest impacts from the proposed Locomotive/Marine emissions
reductions tend to occur in areas with high populations. Figures III-l through III-4
display the projected county-level, annual PM2.5 design value changes expected from
various proposed control scenarios and years associated with this rule. The largest
impacts tend to be in areas near water, where commercial marine source contributions
can be large.
24 For the modeled attainment tests EPA guidance recommends using the average of the three design value
periods which include the baseline inventory year (2001). Therefore, the baseline design values here are a
weighted average for the five years between 1999 and 2003.
16
-------
Figure III-l. Model-projected change in annual PM2.s design values from the
Primary Locomotive/Marine control scenario in 2020. Units are fig/m3.
Legend
^f -0.90 to -0.50
| | -0.49 lo -0.25
| |-0.24 10-0.10
I |-0.09 lo-0.05
I | -0.04 to no change
Figure III-2. Model-projected change in annual PM2.s design values from the
Locomotive-only control scenario in 2020. Units are ug/m3.
Legend
^f -0.90 to -0.50
I |-0.4910-0.25
I |-0.2410-0.10
| | -0.09 to -0.05
I | -0.04 to no change
2020bnj))oc
17
-------
Figure III-3. Model-projected change in annual PM2.s design values from the
Primary Locomotive/Marine control scenario in 2030. Units are uŁ/m3.
Legend
I I -0.49 to -0,25
| |-0.24 to-0.10
| |-0.09 to-0.05
| | -0.04 to no change
Figure III-4. Model-projected change in annual PM2.5 design values from the
Locomotive-only control scenario in 2030. Units are ug/m3.
Legend
HI -0.90 to -0.50
I | -0.49 to -0.25
I |-0.24 to-0.10
I | -0.09 to -0.05
I I -0.04 to no change
2030tHU*JC
18
-------
B. Impacts of Proposed Rule on Daily Maximum 8-Hour Ozone Concentrations
This section summarizes the results of our modeling of ozone air quality impacts
in the future due to the proposed reductions in locomotive and commercial marine diesel
emissions. Tables III-3 and III-4 show the average, model-projected, future-year, 8-hour
ozone concentrations, in various years as a result of the Locomotive/Marine control
scenarios discussed in Section II.F. Average design values are shown for the 126 existing
ozone nonattainment areas, all 645 counties with base year ozone monitoring data, and all
1,105 eligible ozone monitors within the U.S. As in the earlier PN^.s analyses, the ozone
improvements from the locomotive controls is roughly equivalent to that of the
commercial marine controls. Appendix C contains design values by county for each
modeling scenario.
Table III-3. Average projected 8-hour Ozone design values for Primary strategy
modeling scenario. Units are ppb.
NA areas
All Counties
All Monitors
Average Baseline
Design Value
Base
91.54
86.21
84.22
2020
Future
Base
77.51
73.34
73.14
Primary
Strategy
77.16
73.02
72.82
2030
Future
Base
76.69
72.58
72.28
Primary
Strategy
75.75
71.72
71.42
Table III-4. Average projected 8-hour Ozone design values for Locomotive-Only
strategy modeling scenario. Units are ppb.
NA areas
All Counties
All Monitors
Average Baseline
Design Value
Base
91.54
86.21
84.22
2020
Future
Base
77.51
73.34
73.14
Locomotive
Strategy
77.31
73.16
72.97
2030
Future
Base
76.69
72.58
72.28
Locomotive
Strategy
76.14
72.10
71.84
On a population-weighted basis, the average, all-counties, model-predicted,
future-year 8-hour ozone design value would decrease by 0.29 ppb in 2020 and 0.80 ppb
in 2030, as a result of the primary control strategy. This is similar, but slightly less than
the overall change in design values. Figures III-5 through III-8 display the projected
county-level, 8-hour ozone design value changes expected from various proposed control
scenarios and years associated with this rule. As with PM2.5, the largest impacts tend to
be in areas near water, where commercial marine source contributions can be large, as
well as over the Midwestern U.S. While the modeling indicates that the reductions from
this proposed rule will contribute to reducing ambient ozone concentrations and potential
exposures in future years for the vast majority of areas, there are a few counties where
small (i.e., less than 1 ppb) increases in 8- hour ozone design values are projected.
19
-------
Figure III-5. Model-projected change in annual 8-hour Ozone design values from
the Primary Locomotive/Marine control scenario in 2020. Units are ppb.
^H < -2.0
1 I .1.0to-1.9
I I-0.510-0,9
I |-0.110-0.4
I I no change
Figure III-6. Model-projected change in annual 8-hour Ozone design values from
the Locomotive-only control scenario in 2020. Units are ppb.
^^m
-------
Figure III-7. Model-projected change in annual 8-hour Ozone design values from
the Primary Locomotive/Marine control scenario in 2030. Units are ppb.
^H <- -2.0
I "I .1.0 to .1.9
I I -0.5 to -0.9
| l-O.lto-0.4
I I no change
2030bnj>
Figure III-8. Model-projected change in annual 8-hour Ozone design values from
the Locomotive-only control scenario in 2030. Units are ppb.
^H < -2.0
I I -1.0 to -1.9
I I-0.5 to-0.9
| | -0.1 to -0.4
I I no change
I lť0
2030bn_ploc
21
-------
C. Impacts of Proposed Rule on Visibility
The modeling conducted for the proposed Locomotive/Marine rule was also used
to project the impacts of the reductions on visibility conditions over the 116 mandatory
class I federal areas across the US in 2020 and 2030. The results indicate that
improvements in visibility would occur in all 116 mandatory class I federal areas,
although all these areas would continue to have annual average deciview25 levels above
background in both 2020 and 2030. The average deciview improvement is 0.02 in 2020
and 0.05 in 2030. The greatest visibility improvement due to this proposed rule would
occur at Agua Tibia Wilderness where a 0.24 deciview improvement is projected by 2030
beyond the non-control scenario.
25 The level of visibility impairment in an area is based on the light-extinction coefficient and a unit less
visibility index, called a "deciview", which is used in the valuation of visibility. The deciview metric
provides a scale for perceived visual changes over the entire range of conditions, from clear to hazy. Under
many scenic conditions, the average person can generally perceive a change of one deciview. The higher
the deciview value, the worse the visibility. Thus, an improvement in visibility is a decrease in deciview
value.
22
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Appendix A: 2001 Episodic CMAQ Model Performance Evaluation for
Ozone
An operational model performance evaluation for hourly and eight hour daily
maximum ozone was conducted using the 2001 State/local monitoring sites data in the
Air Quality System (AQS) Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS) in order to
estimate the ability of the CMAQ modeling system to replicate the base year
concentrations for the 12-km Eastern United States domain26.27 We included ozone
measurements from 822 sites in the Eastern U.S. The ozone data were measured and
reported on an hourly basis. The ozone metrics covered in this evaluation include hourly
ozone concentrations and eight-hour daily maximum ozone concentrations. This
evaluation principally comprises statistical assessments of model versus observed pairs
that were paired in time and space on an hourly and/or daily basis. This evaluation
primarily focuses on observed and predicted hourly ozone concentrations and eight-hour
daily maximum ozone concentrations at a threshold of 40ppb. For certain time periods
with missing ozone observations we excluded the CMAQ predictions from those time
periods in our calculations. It should be noted when pairing model and observed data that
each CMAQ concentration represents a grid-cell volume-averaged value, while the
ambient network measurements are made at specific locations. In conjunction with the
model performance statistics, we also provide spatial plots for individual monitors of the
calculated bias and error statistics (defined below). This ozone model performance was
limited to the two episodes that were modeled for the Locomotive-Marine Proposed Rule:
Episode 1: June 16, 2001 thru June 30, 2001 and Episode 2: July 15, 2001 thru August
10,2001. Performance statistics were calculated for the aggregate of the two episodes
and for the two episodes separately for the following geographic groupings: the entire
Eastern 12-km domain and four large subregions : Midwest, Northeast, Southeast, and
Central U.S.
There are various statistical metrics available and used by the science community
for model performance evaluation. For a robust evaluation, the principal evaluation
statistics used to evaluate CMAQ performance were two bias metrics, normalized mean
bias and fractional bias; and two error metrics, normalized mean error and fractional
error.
Normalized mean bias (NMB) is used as a normalization to facilitate a range of
concentration magnitudes. This statistic averages the difference (model - observed) over
the sum of observed values. NMB is a useful model performance indicator because it
avoids over inflating the observed range of values, especially at low concentrations.
26 See OTAQ Locomotive-Marine Proposed Rule AQTSD (Figure II-1) for the map of the CMAQ
modeling domain.
27 This evaluation includes updates to the CMAQ Model Performance Evaluation Report for 2001 updated
March 2005 (CAIR Docket OAR-2005-0053-2149).
28 The subregions are defined by States where: Midwest is IL, IN, MI, OH, and WI; Northeast is CT, DE,
MA, MD, ME, NH, NJ, NY, PA, RI, and VT; Southeast is AL, FL, GA, KY, MS, NC, SC, TN, VA, and
WV; Central is AR, IA, KS, LA, MN, MO, NE, OK, and TX.
23
-------
Normalized mean bias is defined as:
NMB =
(o)
'100
Normalized mean error (NME) is also similar to NMB, where the performance statistic is
used as a normalization of the mean error. NME calculates the absolute value of the
difference (model - observed) over the sum of observed values. Normalized mean error
is defined as:
NME =
I(o)
*100
Fractional bias is defined as:
PR
1 VLJ
n
Z(P-O)
i
*((P+0))
\ I
'100, where P = predicted concentrations and O = observed
concentrations. FB is a useful model performance indicator because it has the advantage
of equally weighting positive and negative bias estimates. The single largest
disadvantage in this estimate of model performance is that the estimated concentration
(i.e., prediction, P) is found in both the numerator and denominator. Fractional error (FE)
is similar to fractional bias except the absolute value of the difference is used so that the
error is always positive. Fractional error is defined as:
*100
The "acceptability" of model performance was judged by comparing our CMAQ
2001 performance results to the range of performance found in recent regional ozone
24
-------
model applications (e.g., Clean Air Interstate Rule)29. Overall, the NMB, NME, FB, and
FE statistics shown in Tables A-l, A-2, and A-3 below for CMAQ predicted 2001 hourly
and eight-hour daily maximum ozone concentrations are within the range or close to that
found in recent OAQPS applications. The CMAQ model performance results give us
confidence that our applications of CMAQ using this modeling platform provide a
scientifically credible approach for assessing ozone concentrations for the purposes of the
Locomotive-Marine Proposed Rule. We discuss in the following sections the bias and
error results for the hourly ozone concentrations and eight-hour daily maximum ozone
concentrations evaluated at a threshold of 40 ppb.
Hourly Ozone Performance
Ozone Performance: Threshold of 40 ppb
Table A-2 provides hourly ozone model performance statistics calculated for a threshold
of 40 ppb of observed and modeled concentrations, restricted to the two episodes
modeled for the 12-km Eastern U.S. domain and the four subregions (Midwest,
Northeast, Southeast, and Central U.S.). Spatial plots of the NMB and NME statistics
(units of percent) for individual monitors are also provided as a complement to the
tabular statistical data (Figures A-l - A-6). Hourly ozone model performance is under
predicted domainwide when applying a threshold of 40 ppb for these modeled time
periods. For the 12-km Eastern domain, the bias and error statistics are comparable for
the aggregate of the two episodes and for each individual episode, with a NMB range of
7-15% and a FB range of 8-12%, and a NME range of 18-20% and a FE range of 20-
22%. Hourly ozone model performance when compared across the four subregions
shows better performance in the Southeast, with NMB and FB values ranging from 2% to
6% and NME and FE values of approximately 16% to 17%. In general, the Northeast,
Midwest, and Central U.S. exhibit similar bias and error statistics for the episodes
modeled, NMB=8-15%; FB=10-18%; NME= 18-22%; and FE=20-25%. Episode 1
shows slightly better bias and error model performance results, although the results are
spatially and temporally comparable across the two modeled episodes.
29 See U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Technical Support Document for the Final Clean Air
Interstate Rule: Air Quality Modeling; Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards; RTF, NC; March
2005.
25
-------
Table A-2. CMAQ 2001 hourly ozone model performance statistics calculated for a
threshold of 40 ppb.
CMAQ 2001 Hourly Ozone:
Threshold of 40 ppb
Aggregate of Two
Episodes
Episode 1
Episode 2
1 2-km Eastern domain
Northeast
Midwest
Southeast
Central U.S.
1 2-km Eastern domain
Northeast
Midwest
Southeast
Central U.S.
1 2-km Eastern domain
Northeast
Midwest
Southeast
Central U.S.
No. of
Obs.
322,705
94,848
77,100
89,921
59,978
127,125
37,362
27,315
37,897
24,255
195,580
57,486
49,785
52024
35,723
NMB
(%)
-8.9
-8.6
-11.6
-4.1
-12.9
-6.8
-8.2
-8.3
-2.1
-10.3
-10.3
-8.9
-13.5
-5.7
-14.8
NME
(%)
18.9
19.0
21.2
16.1
20.0
17.6
17.6
19.5
15.8
18.4
19.8
20.0
22.1
16.2
21.2
FB
(%)
-10.9
-10.9
-14.1
-4.6
-16.2
-8.2
-10.0
-9.8
-2.3
-13.0
-12.6
-11.5
-16.5
-6.3
-18.3
FE
(%)
21.3
21.7
24.2
16.9
23.5
19.7
20.1
21.9
16.6
21.6
22.3
22.7
25.5
17.1
24.8
26
-------
03 NMB (%) (Of run 2001al_12km for 20010616 to 20010810
CIRCLE=AQS;
Figure A-l. Normalized Mean Bias (%) of hourly ozone (40 ppb threshold) by
monitor for the aggregate of the two episodes.
O3 NME (%) lor run 2001ai_12km for 20010616 to 20010810
CIRCLE=AQS;
Figure A-2. Normalized Mean Error (%) of hourly ozone (40 ppb threshold) by
monitor for the aggregate of the two episodes.
27
-------
O3 NMB (%) tor run 2001aM2km tor 20010616 to 20010630
CIRCLEoAQS;
Figure A-3. Normalized Mean Bias (%) of hourly ozone (40 ppb threshold) by
monitor for Episode 1.
03 NME (%) tor run 2001 ai_12km tor 20010816 to 20010630
CIRCLE=AQS;
Figure A-4. Normalized Mean Error (%) of hourly ozone (40 ppb threshold) by
monitor for Episode 1.
28
-------
03 NMB (%) tor run 2001 al_l 2km tor 2001071810 20010810
CIRCLE=AQS;
Figure A-5. Normalized Mean Bias (%) of hourly ozone (40 ppb threshold) by
monitor for Episode 2.
O3 NME (%) tor run 2001al_12km for 20010715 lo 20010810
CIRCLEoAQS;
Figure A-6. Normalized Mean Error (%) of hourly ozone (40 ppb threshold) by
monitor for Episode 2.
29
-------
Eight-hour Daily Maximum Ozone Performance
Ozone Performance: Threshold of 40 ppb
Table A-4 presents eight-hour daily maximum ozone model performance bias and
error statistics for the entire range of observed and modeled concentrations at a threshold
of 40 ppb for the two episodes modeled for the 12-km Eastern U.S. domain and the
corresponding subregions defined above. Spatial plots of the NMB and NME statistics
(units of percent) for individual monitors based on the aggregate and the two episodes
modeled respectively are shown in Figures A-7 through A-12. In general, CMAQ
slightly under predicts eight-hourly daily maximum ozone with a threshold of 40 ppb,
which also exhibits better model performance than the ozone hourly analysis for these
two modeled time periods. For the 12-km Eastern domain, the bias statistics are within
the range of approximately -2% to -6%, while the error statistics range from 14% to 15%
for the aggregate of the two episodes and for each individual episode. The Southeast
region shows good model performance with bias and error statistics approximately -1%
and 13%, respectively. The Northeast, Midwest, and Central U.S. show relatively similar
eight-hour daily maximum ozone performance, with bias values ranging from -3% to -
10% and error values ranging from 13% to 17%. Analogous to the hourly ozone model
performance, episode 1 shows slightly better overall bias and error results. The bias and
error spatial plots (Figures A-9 - A-12) are similar across the two modeled episodes.
Table A-4. CMAQ 2001 eight-hour daily maximum ozone model performance
statistics calculated for a threshold of 40 ppb.
CMAQ 2001 Eight-Hour Maximum Ozone:
Threshold of 40 ppb
Aggregate of Two
Episodes
Episode 1
Episode 2
1 2-km Eastern domain
Northeast
Midwest
Southeast
Central U.S.
1 2-km Eastern domain
Northeast
Midwest
Southeast
Central U.S.
1 2-km Eastern domain
Northeast
Midwest
Southeast
Central U.S.
No. of Obs.
25,972
7,468
5,927
7,821
4,690
9,773
2,744
2,050
3,151
1,805
16,199
4,724
3,877
4,670
2,885
NMB (%)
-4.7
-4.0
-7.1
-1.3
-7.7
-2.8
-4.0
-4.6
0.5
-4.7
-5.8
-4.1
-8.6
-2.6
-9.8
NME (%)
14.6
14.5
16.1
13.1
15.1
13.7
13.2
15.0
13.3
13.5
15.2
15.3
16.8
13.0
16.1
FB (%)
-4.2
-3.6
-6.6
-0.8
-7.7
-1.9
-3.2
-3.2
1.3
-3.9
-5.6
-3.8
-8.4
-2.2
-10.0
FE (%)
15.0
14.9
16.7
13.2
15.8
14.0
13.6
15.5
13.5
13.8
15.6
15.7
17.4
13.1
17.0
30
-------
03 NMB (%) lor run 2001alJ2km tor 20010616 to 20010810
CIRCLE=AQS_8hrmax;
Figure A-7. Normalized Mean Bias (%) of eight-hour daily maximum ozone (40
ppb threshold) by monitor for the aggregate of the two episodes.
O3 NME (%) tor run 2001 al_12km for 20010616 lo 20010810
CIRCLE=AQS_8hrmax;
Figure A-8. Normalized Mean Error (%) of eight-hour daily maximum ozone (40
ppb threshold) by monitor for the aggregate of the two episodes.
31
-------
O3 NMB (%) tor run 2001 al_12km for 20010616 to 20010630
CIRCLE=AQS_8hrmax;
Figure A-9. Normalized Mean Bias (%) of eight-hour daily maximum ozone (40
ppb threshold) by monitor for Episode 1.
O3 NME (%) lor run 2001 al_12km for 2001061610 20010630
CIRCLE=AQS_8hrmax;
Figure A-10. Normalized Mean Error (%) of eight-hour daily maximum ozone (40
ppb threshold) by monitor for Episode 1.
32
-------
O3 NMB (%) for run 2001 al_ 12km for 20010715 to 20010810
L An AWTospheflc Model Evaluation (AMET) Product
l w
CIRCLE=AQS_8hrmax;
Figure A-ll. Normalized Mean Bias (%) of eight-hour daily maximum ozone (40
ppb threshold) by monitor for Episode 2.
O3 NME (%) lot run 2001aM2km (or 20010715 to 20010810
CIRCLE=AQS_8hrmax;
Figure A-12. Normalized Mean Error (%) of eight-hour daily maximum ozone (40
ppb threshold) by monitor for Episode 2.
33
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Appendix B: Annual Average PM2.s Design Values for Locomotive/Marine Scenarios (units are
State Name
Alabama
Alabama
Alabama
Alabama
Alabama
Alabama
Alabama
Alabama
Alabama
Alabama
Alabama
Alabama
Alabama
Alabama
Alabama
Arizona
Arizona
Arizona
Arizona
Arizona
Arkansas
Arkansas
Arkansas
Arkansas
Arkansas
Arkansas
Arkansas
Arkansas
Arkansas
Arkansas
Arkansas
Arkansas
Arkansas
Arkansas
County Name
Baldwin Co
Clay Co
Colbert Co
DeKalb Co
Escambia Co
Houston Co
Jefferson Co
Madison Co
Mobile Co
Montgomery Co
Morgan Co
Russell Co
Shelby Co
Sumter Co
Talladega Co
Gila Co
Maricopa Co
Pi ma Co
Final Co
Santa Cruz Co
Arkansas Co
Ashley Co
Craighead Co
Crittenden Co
Faulkner Co
Jefferson Co
Mississippi Co
Phillips Co
Polk Co
Pope Co
Pulaski Co
Sebastian Co
Union Co
White Co
Baseline 0V
11.43
14.27
13.94
15.62
13.03
14.69
19.05
14.81
13.69
15.41
15.81
16.29
15.33
13.28
16.05
9.53
11.36
7.46
8.33
11.89
12.38
12.72
12.39
13.35
12.57
13.28
12.05
12.49
11.35
12.48
14.54
12.66
13.03
11.92
2020 Base
9.08
10.89
10.96
12.06
10.59
12.27
15.74
11.19
12.07
12.81
12.83
13.17
12.23
10.47
12.35
9.12
10.15
7.13
8.02
11.95
10.01
10.56
9.94
11.17
10.46
11.35
9.74
10.09
9.16
10.64
12.01
10.49
11.78
9.69
2020 Locomotive
only
9.07
10.84
10.94
12.03
10.57
12.26
15.68
11.17
12.06
12.77
12.81
13.15
12.18
10.45
12.31
9.11
10.14
7.12
8.00
11.94
9.96
10.54
9.87
11.12
10.43
11.30
9.71
10.07
9.15
10.62
11.94
10.47
11.77
9.63
2020 Primary
9.06
10.84
10.93
12.03
10.57
12.26
15.68
11.17
11.96
12.76
12.80
13.15
12.17
10.44
12.30
9.11
10.14
7.12
8.00
11.94
9.95
10.52
9.85
11.07
10.42
11.29
9.68
10.04
9.14
10.61
11.93
10.46
11.76
9.62
2030 Base
9.16
10.87
10.99
12.06
10.61
12.28
15.74
11.22
12.54
12.82
12.87
13.17
12.23
10.51
12.34
9.12
10.18
7.14
8.03
11.96
10.02
10.64
9.95
11.45
10.48
11.36
9.83
10.26
9.19
10.66
12.02
10.51
11.83
9.70
2030 Locomotive
only
9.14
10.80
10.96
12.00
10.56
12.27
15.64
11.18
12.52
12.75
12.82
. 13.13
12.15
10.46
12.26
9.11
10.17
7.12
7.99
11.96
9.94
10.60
9.85
11.37
10.42
11.28
9.79
10.22
9.16
10.62
11.92
10.47
11.80
9.61
2030 Primary
9.12
10.79
10.94
11.99
10.55
12.26
15.62
11.17
12.26
12.75
12.80
13.12
12.14
10.45
12.25
9.11
10.16
7.12
7.99
11.96
9.91
10.56
9.81
11.24
10.40
11.25
9.72
10.12
9.14
10.61
11.89
10.46
11.77
9.59
34
-------
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
Alameda Co
Butte Co
Calaveras Co
Colusa Co
Contra Costa Co
El Dorado Co
Fresno Co
Humboldt Co
Imperial Co
Inyo Co
Kern Co
Kings Co
Lake Co
Los Angeles Co
Mendocino Co
Merced Co
Monterey Co
Nevada Co
Orange Co
Placer Co
Riverside Co
Sacramento Co
San Bernardino Co "
San Diego Co
San Francisco Co
San Joaquin Co
San Luis Obispo Co
San Mateo Co
Santa Barbara Co
Santa Clara Co
Santa Cruz Co
Shasta Co
Solano Co
Sonoma Co
Stanislaus Co
Suiter Co
Tulare Co
Ventura Co
11.96
14.31
9.06
9.88
11.07
7.84
21.85
8.85
15.22
6.22
22.74
18.52
5.00
24.21
8.08
16.73
8.45
8.31
20.39
12.20
28.82
12.96
25.27
16.44
11.80
15.46
9.68
11.09
9.69
11.45
8.57
9.66
12.18
10.55
17.87
12.08
23.06
14.59
13.06
13.02
8.11
9.31
12.44
7.34
19.59
8.08
14.66
6.01
20.76
16.77
4.72
23.43
7.66
15.54
8.47
7.67
19.71
11.13
27.06
12.04
24.14
14.98
11.34
15.92
9.27
10.50
9.37
11.98
7.94
8.72
11.69
9.82
16.19
10.93
20.59
13.34
13.04
12.99
8.10
9.29
12.43
7.34
19.52
8.07
14.63
6.01
20.67
16.72
4.72
23.37
7.65
15.51
8.46
7.65
19.66
11.10
26.95
12.01
24.08
14.97
11.33
15.89
9.26
10.48
9.36
11.96
7.93
8.71
11.67
9.81
16.14
10.89
20.53
13.32
13.01
12.98
8.09
9.29
12.41
7.33
19.49
8.07
14.61
6.00
20.63
16.70
4.71
23.22
7.64
15.49
8.45
7.65
19.52
11.09
26.71
11.99
23.93
14.90
11.29
15.85
9.25
10.46
9.35
11.94
7.92
8.71
11.64
9.81
16.11
10.88
20.50
13.18
12.90
12.83
7.96
9.23
12.40
7.30
19.09
8.10
14.66
5.99
20.25
16.43
4.68
24.72
7.60
15.41
8.42
7.63
20.84
11.01
27.48
11.97
25.04
15.17
11.46
15.80
9.32
10.26
9.42
11.66
7.78
8.72
11.86
9.82
15.77
10.78
20.01
13.87
12.86
12.74
7.92
9.20
12.37
7.29
18.94
8.09
14.61
5.98
20.08
16.33
4.67
24.63
7.57
15.35
8.40
7.59
20.77
10.94
27.30
11.91
24.95
15.15
11.44
15.73
9.30
10.22
9.40
11.62
7.76
8.70
11.84
9.81
15.66
10.70
19.87
13.82
12.77
12.71
7.89
9.19
12.31
7.28
18.87
8.07
14.58
5.97
19.96
16.28
4.66
24.22
7.55
15.32
8.39
7.58
20.37
10.90
26.58
11.87
24.50
14.95
11.35
15.61
9.28
10.16
9.37
11.58
7.73
8.69
11.75
9.79
15.56
10.67
19.78
13.43
35
-------
California
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Connecticut
Connecticut
Connecticut
Connecticut
Delaware
Delaware
Delaware
District of
Columbia
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Yolo Co
Adams Co
Arapahoe Co
Boulder Co
Delta Co
Denver Co
Elbert Co
El Paso Co
Gunnison Co
La Plata Co
Larimer Co
Mesa Co
Pueblo Co
Routt Co
San Miguel Co
Weld Co
Fairfield Co
Hartford Co
New Haven Co
New London Co
Kent Co
New Castle Co
Sussex Co
District of Columbia
Alachua Co
Brevard Co
Broward Co
Citrus Co
Duval Co
Escambia Co
Hillsborough Co
Lee Co
Leon Co
Manatee Co
Marion Co
Miami-Dade Co
Orange Co
Palm Beach Co
10.86
10.38
8.89
9.36
8.34
10.87
4.34
7.74
6.71
5.48
8.04
7.61
7.99
7.46
5.61
9.59
13.40
12.72
13.95
11.74
13.13
16.41
14.08
16.25
10.35
7.88
8.52
9.69
10.82
12.21
11.86
8.94
12.93
9.96
10.37
9.82
10.73
7.69
10.00
9.06
7.97
8.37
7.82
9.56
3.98
6.97
6.41
5.14
7.42
7.11
7.47
7.20
5.34
8.35
10.85
10.38
11.06
9.29
9.38
13.04
10.34
11.47
8.19
5.68
6.68
6.89
8.77
9.92
8.64
6.32
10.82
7.00
7.91
7.63
8.14
5.60
9.97
9.02
7.95
8.34
7.81
9.52
3.97
6.95
6.41
5.13
7.40
7.09
7.45
7.19
5.34
8.31
10.85
10.38
11.06
9.29
9.37
13.02
10.33
11.44
8.18
5.68
6.67
6.89
8.76
9.92
8.63
6.32
10.80
7.00
7.91
7.63
8.14
5.59
9.96
9.02
7.95
8.34
7.81
9.52
3.97
6.95
6.41
5.13
7.40
7.09
7.45
7.19
5.34
8.31
10.83
10.38
11.04
9.28
9.36
12.98
10.32
11.44
8.18
5.68
6.64
6.89
8.74
9.91
8.63
6.32
10.80
6.98
7.91
7.61
8.13
5.59
9.90
9.02
7.94
8.34
7.81
9.53
3.98
6.97
6.41
5.13
7.40
7.11
7.46
7.19
5.34
8.29
10.97
10.45
11.16
9.33
9.48
13.52
10.39
11.51
8.20
5.71
6.91
6.91
8.90
9.98
8.70
6.35
10.82
7.11
7.93
7.70
8.19
5.63
9.84
8.96
7.91
8.29
7.79
9.46
3.96
6.94
6.41
5.12
7.37
7.07
7.43
7.18
5.34
8.22
10.97
10.45
11.16
9.33
9.46
13.49
10.38
11.47
8.20
5.70
6.91
6.91
8.89
9.96
8.70
6.35
10.80
7.10
7.92
7.69
8.19
5.63
9.80
8.96
7.91
8.29
7.79
9.46
3.96
6.93
6.41
5.12
7.37
7.07
7.43
7.18
5.34
8.22
10.93
10.44
11.12
9.33
9.44
13.36
10.36
11.47
8.19
5.70
6.80
6.90
8.84
9.96
8.67
6.35
10.80
7.06
7.92
7.65
8.19
5.63
36
-------
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Idaho
Idaho
Idaho
Idaho
Idaho
Idaho
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Pinellas Co
Polk Co
St. Lucie Co
Saraspta Co
Seminole Co
Volusia Co
Bibb Co
Chatham Co
Clarke Co
Clayton Co
Cobb Co
DeKalb Co
Dougherty Co
Floyd Co
Fulton Co
Glynn Co
Gwinnett Co
Hall Co
Houston Co
Lowndes Co
Muscogee Co
Paulding Co
Richmond Co
Walker Co
Washington Co
Wilkinson Co
Ada Co
Bannock Co
Bonneville Co
Canyon Co
Power Co
Shoshone Co
Adams Co
Champaign Co
Cook Co
DuPage Co
Kane Co
Lake Co
11.14
10.91
9.00
9.86
9.78
9.81
16.42
14.99
17.07
17.51
17.12
17.65
15.10
16.67
19.51
12.01
16.34
16.08
12.85
12.04
16.33
15.34
15.86
15.57
15.44
16.26
9.42
9.30
6.71
9.97
10.68
12.76
13.04
12.93
18.00
15.01
14.40
12.98
7.90
8.70
6.60
7.06
7.26
7.18
13.61
12.32
12.58
13.69
13.37
13.34
12.59
13.96
15.30
9.98
12.50
11.97
10.55
10.02
13.21
11.67
12.75
12.07
12.57
13.45
8.83
9.08
6.55
9.12
10.44
12.36
11.11
10.49
15.30
12.47
12.12
11.16
7.90
8.69
6.60
7.05
7.26
7.18
13.58
12.30
12.57
13.66
13.34
13.32
12.57
13.94
15.28
9.96
12.48
11.96
10.53
10.01
13.19
11.64
12.73
12.03
12.55
13.43
8.81
9.07
6.54
9.09
10.42
12.34
11.05
10.43
15.20
12.36
12.04
11.10
7.89
8.69
6.60
7.05
7.26
7.18
13.58
12.26
12.56
13.66
13.34
13.32
12.57
13.93
15.28
9.95
12.48
11.96
10.53
10.01
13.19
11.64
12.73
12.02
12.55
13.43
8.81
9.07
6.54
9.09
10.42
12.34
11.03
10.43
15.18
12.34
12.03
11.10
8.06
8.72
6.62
7.13
7.30
7.22
13.61
12.54
12.58
13.74
13.40
13.38
12.58
13.96
15.37
10.00
12.55
11.98
10.55
10.02
13.21
11.68
12.75
12.11
12.57
13.45
8.80
9.07
6.54
9.05
10.43
12.34
11.07
10.46
15.34
12.49
12.07
11.19
8.06
8.71
6.62
7.13
7.30
7.21
13.57
12.52
12.54
13.70
13.35
13.35
12.56
13.91
15.33
9.98
12.52
11.95
10.51
9.99
13.17
11.62
12.72
12.05
12.54
13.42
8.76
9.06
6.53
8.99
10.41
12.31
10.97
10.36
15.18
12.31
11.94
11.10
8.02
8.70
6.62
7.10
7.30
7.21
13.57
12.40
12.54
13.70
13.35
13.34
12.56
13.90
15.32
9.95
12.51
11.95
10.51
9.99
13.16
11.61
12.72
12.02
12.53
13.41
8.76
9.06
6.53
8.98
10.41
12.30
10.92
10.33
15.14
12.28
11.92
11.08
37
-------
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Iowa
Iowa
Iowa
Iowa
Iowa
Iowa
Iowa
Iowa
Iowa
Iowa
McHenry Co
McLean Co
Macon Co
Madison Co
Peoria Co
Randolph Co
Rock Island Co
St. Clair Co
Sangamon Co
Will Co
Allen Co
Clark Co
Delaware Co
Dubois Co
Elkhart Co
Floyd Co
Henry Co
Howard Co
Knox Co
Lake Co
La Porte Co
Madison Co
Marion Co
Porter Co
St. Joseph Co
Spencer Co
Vanderburgh Co
VigoCo
Black Hawk Co
Cerro Gordo Co
Clinton Co
Emmet Co
Johnson Co
Linn Co
Muscatine Co
Polk Co
Pottawattamie Co
Scott Co
13.14
13.87
14.22
17.40
14.33
13.06
12.44
16.87
13.60
15.35
14.52
16.90
14.71
16.02
15.31
15.35
13.55
14.88
13.83
15.47
13.52
14.82
16.88
14.01
14.35
14.43
15.60
14.88
11.48
10.55
12.26
8.82
11.52
11.23
13.03
10.68
10.48
12.76
10.99
11.54
11.90
15.12
12.11
10.56
10.36
14.57
11.22
13.11
11.78
13.39
11.56
12.68
12.48
11.87
10.50
11.95
10.61
13.34
11.44
11.58
13.26
12.36
11.97
11.07
12.54
11.85
9.74
8.98
10.36
7.45
9.81
9.78
11.15
8.94
8.95
10.58
10.92
11.48
11.83
15.08
12.06
10.51
10.31
14.52
11.18
12.98
11.72
13.37
11.52
12.65
12.42
11.85
10.47
11.90
10.57
13.21
11.37
11.54
13.22
12.28
11.91
11.05
12.51
11.79
9.70
8.95
10.27
7.43
9.77
9.73
11.11
8.90
8.90
10.53
10.91
11.47
11.82
15.01
12.05
10.48
10.30
14.46
11.16
12.97
11.71
13.34
11.51
12.63
12.41
11.82
10.46
11.89
10.55
13.19
11.36
11.53
13.21
12.27
11.90
11.01
12.47
11.77
9.70
8.94
10.26
7.42
9.76
9.72
11.09
8.90
8.90
10.52
10.94
11.50
11.86
15.42
12.11
10.63
10.29
14.86
11.19
13.08
11.76
13.57
11.56
12.76
12.45
12.00
10.50
11.91
10.60
13.43
11.42
11.57
13.28
12.39
11.95
11.21
12.70
11.83
9.64
8.87
10.31
7.34
9.74
9.72
11.11
8.87
8.89
10.51
10.83
11.40
11.75
15.33
12.02
10.55
10.21
14.77
11.10
12.89
11.65
13.52
11.48
12.71
12.35
11.96
10.43
11.82
10.52
13.24
11.30
11.50
13.20
12.26
11.84
11.18
12.64
11.72
9.56
8.80
10.16
7.29
9.65
9.61
11.02
8.79
8.79
10.42
10.80
11.37
11.72
15.14
11.97
10.47
10.17
14.59
11.06
12.86
11.63
13.44
11.45
12.65
12.33
11.88
10.40
11.80
10.49
13.19
11.27
11.47
13.16
12.24
11.82
11.09
12.53
11.69
9.54
8.79
10.12
7.28
9.63
9.59
10.98
8.78
8.79
10.39
38
-------
Iowa
Iowa
Kansas
Kansas
Kansas
Kansas
Kansas
Kansas
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Maine
Van Buren Co
Woodbury Co
Johnson Co
Linn Co
Sedgwick Co
Shawnee Co
Sumner Co
Wyandotte Co
Bell Co
Boyd Co
Bullitt Co
Campbell Co
Carter Co
Christian Co
Daviess Co
Fayette Co
Franklin Co
Hardin Co
Jefferson Co
Kenton Co
McCracken Co
Madison Co
Perry Co
Pike Co
Warren Co
Caddo Parish
Calcasieu Parish
East Baton Rouge Parish
Iberville Parish
Jefferson Parish
Lafayette Parish
Orleans Parish
Ouachita Parish
St. Bernard Parish
Tangipahoa Parish
Terrebonne Parish
West Baton Rouge
Parish
Androscoggin Co
10.45
10.08
11.95
10.92
11.39
11.03
10.31
13.69
14.98
15.16
15.41
14.31
12.48
14.06
14.81
16.06
14.07
14.36
17.07
15.36
14.16
13.99
13.54
14.33
14.52
13.13
12.02
13.71
13.08
12.82
11.60
13.05
12.15
10.88
12.15
10.61
13.29
10.60
8.76
8.68
9.95
8.90
9.60
9.46
8.63
11.73
10.95
11.37
11.69
10.57
9.00
10.95
11.27
11.88
10.21
10.82
13.57
11.36
11.31
10.10
9.79
10.39
11.08
11.27
10.16
12.91
12.17
11.51
9.82
11.72
10.84
8.84
10.23
9.05
12.51
9.22
8.71
8.64
9.87
8.82
9.56
9.40
8.59
11.65
10.93
11.33
11.67
10.53
8.98
10.93
11.25
11.84
10.17
10.80
13.54
11.32
11.29
10.07
9.75
10.34
11.06
11.24
10.15
12.90
12.16
11.50
9.82
11.71
10.82
8.84
10.22
9.04
12.50
9.21
8.70
8.63
9.87
8.82
9.55
9.39
8.59
1 1 .64
10.92
11.30
11.65
10.50
8.96
10.92
11.23
11.83
10.16
10.79
13.51
11.29
11.26
10.06
9.75
10.33
11.05
11.24
10.13
12.81
12.08
11.39
9.79
11.60
10.81
8.81
10.21
9.04
12.42
9.21
8.69
8.59
9.89
8.85
9.56
9.41
8.60
11.74
10.96
11.67
11.76
10.75
9.10
10.98
11.37
11.93
10.25
. 10.87
13.75
11.57
1 1 .43
10.13
9.81
10.47
11.12
11.34
10.36
13.65
12.93
12.23
10.01
12.47
10.91
9.09
10.50
9.30
13.23
9.22
8.60
8.51
9.76
8.72
9.49
9.30
8.53
11.59
10.92
11.61
11.73
10.69
9.07
10.94
11.34
11.86
10.19
10.84
13.70
11.50
11.38
10.07
9.76
10.39
11.09
11.30
10.35
13.63
12.91
12.22
10.00
12.45
10.88
9.08
10.49
9.29
13.22
9.22
8.58
8.50
9.75
8.71
9.48
9.29
8.52
11.56
10.91
11.53
11.68
10.61
9.03
10.91
11.27
11.83
10.17
10.81
13.61
11.42
11.32
10.05
9.75
10.37
11.06
11.28
10.28
13.40
12.68
11.93
9.92
12.16
10.85
8.99
10.45
9.27
13.00
9.22
39
-------
Maine
Maine
Maine
Maine
Maine
Maine
Maine
Maryland
Maryland
Maryland
Maryland
Maryland
Maryland
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Minnesota
Minnesota
Minnesota
Minnesota
Aroostook Co
Cumberland Co
Hancock Co
Kennebec Co
Oxford Co
Penobscot Co
York Co
Anne Arundel Co
Baltimore Co
Harford Co
Montgomery Co
Washington Co
Baltimore city
Berkshire Co
Hampden Co
Plymouth Co
Suffolk Co
Allegan Co
Bay Co
Berrien Co
Chippewa Co
Genesee Co
Ingham Co
Kalamazoo Co
Kent Co
Macomb Co
Monroe Co
Muskegon Co
Oakland Co
Ottawa Co
Saginaw Co
St. Clair Co
Washtenaw Co
Wayne Co
Dakota Co
Hennepin Co
Mille Lacs Co
Olmsted Co
11.16
11.44
6.20
10.55
10.29
9.87
9.63
15.47
15.09
13.26
12.97
14.35
17.12
12.26
13.74
11.19
12.76
12.36
11.22
12.60
8.28
12.70
13.35
14.92
13.91
13.31
15.33
12.23
14.85
13.41
10.80
13.92
14.57
19.62
10.32
10.81
7.40
11.17
10.32
9.80
5.27
9.22
9.11
8.87
8.23
10.98
11.21
9.80
9.06
9.86
12.86
10.34
11.41
9.01
10.08
10.63
10.22
10.70
7.88
10.98
11.28
12.60
11.81
11.20
12.58
10.66
12.88
11.41
9.54
12.57
12.07
17.29
8.74
9.32
6.44
9.39
10.32
9.80
5.27
9.22
9.11
8.87
8.23
10.96
11.18
9.77
9.04
9.83
12.83
10.33
11.41
9.00
10.08
10.60
10.21
10.66
7.87
10.96
11.25
12.55
11.77
11.18
12.50
10.64
12.86
11.38
9.53
12.55
12.04
17.26
8.69
9.29
6.42
9.36
10.32
9.79
5.27
9.22
9.11
8.87
8.22
10.95
11.14
9.74
9.04
9.83
12.78
10.32
11.41
8.99
10.07
10.60
10.20
10.65
7.87
10.95
11.24
12.55
11.76
11.18
12.48
10.63
12.85
11.37
9.53
12.54
12.03
17.25
8.68
9.28
6.42
9.35
10.32
9.81
5.29
9.23
9.11
8.88
8.25
11.09
11.46
10.01
9.11
9.90
13.14
10.37
11.48
9.04
10.06
10.63
10.23
10.69
7.90
11.00
11.28
12.58
11.78
11.24
12.67
10.67
12.97
11.39
9.56
12.64
12.13
17.41
8.70
9.35
6.41
9.31
10.32
9.81
5.29
9.23
. 9.11
8.88
8.25
11.06
11.42
9.98
9.08
9.86
13.09
10.36
11.47
9.03
10.05
10.57
10.22
10.62
7.89
10.96
11.22
12.49
11.71
11.20
12.54
10.61
12.93
11.33
9.53
12.60
12.08
17.35
8.61
9.28
6.36
9.23
10.32
9.80
5.28
9.23
9.11
8.88
8.23
11.04
11.30
9.88
9.08
9.85
12.93
10.35
11.47
9.02
10.03
10.55
10.20
10.60
7.88
10.95
11.21
12.47
11.69
11.19
12.47
10.59
12.91
11.30
9.52
12.58
12.05
17.32
8.58
9.25
6.35
9.21
40
-------
Minnesota
Minnesota
Minnesota
Minnesota
Mississippi
Mississippi
Mississippi
Mississippi
Mississippi
Mississippi
Mississippi
Mississippi
Mississippi
Mississippi
Mississippi
Mississippi
Mississippi
Mississippi
Mississippi
Mississippi
Missouri
Missouri
Missouri
Missouri
Missouri
Missouri
Missouri
Missouri
Missouri
Missouri
Missouri
Missouri
Missouri
Montana
Montana
Montana
Montana
Montana
Ramsey Co
St. Louis Co
Scott Co
Stearns Co
Adams Co
Bolivar Co
DeSoto Co
Forrest Co
Hancock Co
Harrison Co
Hinds Co
Jackson Co
Jones Co
Lauderdale Co
Lee Co
Lowndes Co
Pearl River Co
Rankin Co
Scott Co
Warren Co
Buchanan Co
Cass Co
Cedar Co
Clay Co
Greene Co
Jackson Co
Jasper Co
Jefferson Co
Monroe Co
St. Charles Co
Ste. Genevieve Co
St. Louis Co
St. Louis city
Cascade Co
Flathead Co
Gallatin Co
Lake Co
Lincoln Co
12.24
8.41
10.42
9.65
11.35
12.81
13.18
13.54
10.97
11.56
13.85
12.56
15.29
13.34
13.20
13.68
11.68
13.35
11.88
12.50
12.54
11.39
11.61
12.88
12.27
12.27
13.85
14.80
11.16
14.52
13.98
14.46
15.62
6.04
8.54
8.72
9.69
16.24
10.53
7.98
8.84
8.36
9.48
10.40
10.66
11.13
8.89
9.35
11.36
10.42
12.49
10.58
10.43
11.25
9.72
10.77
9.37
10.28
10.59
9.49
9.49
11.01
10.22
10.49
11.61
12.41
9.33
12.13
11.68
12.14
13.43
5.80
8.03
8.39
9.23
14.89
10.48
7.97
8.81 .
8.32
9.47
10.38
10.59
11.10
8.87
9.34
11.32
10.41
12.46
10.55
10.40
11.23
9.70
10.73
9.34
10.27
10.53
9.42
9.46
10.93
10.17
10.41
11.57
12.37
9.29
12.09
11.63
12.10
13.38
5.80
8.02
8.38
9.23
14.84
10.47
7.92
8.81
8.31
9.42
10.37
10.57
11.10
8.86
9.31
11.31
10.34
12.46
10.54
10.40
11.22
9.69
10.72
9.33
10.19
10.52
9.42
9.45
10.92
10.17
10.40
11.56
12.35
9.28
12.06
11.60
12.08
13.32
5.80
8.02
8.38
9.22
14.84
10.56
8.25
8.77
8.30
9.74
10.47
10.78
11.20
9.08
9.52
11.43
10.77
12.57
10.62
10.47
11.27
9.85
10.84
9.41
10.69
10.53
9.45
9.46
11.02
10.22
10.45
11.59
12.46
9.29
12.20
11.76
12.23
13.69
5.79
8.02
8.37
9.21
14.85
10.47
8.22
8.70
8.23
9.73
10.44
10.68
11.15
9.06
9.50
11.35
10.75
12.52
10.56
10.41
11.23
9.82
10.77
9.35
10.67
10.41
9.32
9.38
10.88
10.15
10.31
11.51
12.38
9.21
12.12
11.69
12.15
13.61
5.79
8.00
8.36
9.20
14.78
10.43
8.10
8.69
8.21
9.61
10.40
10.61
11.13
9.01
9.42
11.33
10.55
12.50
10.54
10.40
11.22
9.79
10.73
9.33
10.45
10.39
9.31
9.37
10.85
10.14
10.28
11.50
12.33
9.18
12.03
11.61
12.10
13.44
5.79
7.99
8.36
9.19
14.77
41
-------
Montana
Montana
Montana
Montana
Montana
Montana
Nebraska
Nebraska
Nebraska
Nebraska
Nebraska
Nebraska
Nebraska
Nebraska
Nevada
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Hampshire
New Hampshire
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Mexico
New Mexico
New Mexico
New Mexico
New Mexico
New Mexico
New Mexico
New Mexico
New York
Missoula Co
Ravalli Co
Rosebud Co
Sanders Co
Silver Bow Co
Yellowstone Co
CassCo
Douglas Co
Hall Co
Lancaster Co
Lincoln Co
Sarpy Co
Scotts Bluff Co
Washington Co
Clark Co
Washoe Co
Cheshire Co
Coos Co
Merrimack Co
Sullivan Co
Bergen Co
Camden Co
Gloucester Co
Hudson Co
Mercer Co
Middlesex Co
Morris Co
Union Co
Wan-en Co
Bernalillo Co
Chaves Co
Dona Ana Co
Grant Co
Lea Co
Sandoval Co
San Juan Co
Santa Fe Co
Bronx Co
11.03
9.32
6.97
6.51
8.74
7.62
10.38
10.83
8.55
10.01
7.10
10.32
6.03
9.90
10.96
9.38
11.81
10.11
9.96
9.95
14.09
14.54
13.99
15.39
14.27
12.67
12.68
15.94
13.55
6.50
6.78
11.18
5.97
6.77
10.17
6.30
4.88
15.99
10.51
8.89
6.80
6.24
8.37
7.24
8.82
9.27
7.50
8.61
6.34
8.80
5.49
8.50
9.81
8.70
9.90
8.93
7.95
8.32
10.88
10.99
11.15
11.76
10.74
9.53
9.46
11.99
10.16
6.37
6.36
10.36
5.74
6.35
9.85
6.03
4.61
12.66
10.50
8.88
6.79
6.23
8.37
7.23
8.76
9.22
7.42
8.55
6.28
8.75
5.43
8.44
9.79
8.67
9.90
8.93
7.94
8.32
10.87
10.98
11.14
11.75
10.73
9.52
9.45
11.97
10.15
6.36
6.35
10.30
5.74
6.35
9.85
6.03
4.61
12.65
10.49
8.88
6.79
6.23
8.37
7.23
8.76
9.22
7.42
8.54
6.27
8.75
5.43
8.43
9.79
8.67
9.90
8.93
7.94
8.31
10.86
10.96
11.10
11.74
10.72
9.52
9.45
11.96
10.14
6.36
6.35
10.30
5.74
6.35
9.85
6.03
4.61
12.65
10.51
8.86
6.80
6.22
8.36
7.24
8.74
9.19
7.42
8.54
6.30
8.74
5.46
8.41
9.76
8.64
9.93
8.94
7.98
8.33
10.86
11.17
11.57
12.81
10.85
9.75
9.59
13.08
10.26
6.40
6.36
10.32
5.74
6.35
9.87
6.03
4.61
12.67
10.48
8.85
6.79
6.21
8.35
7.23
8.64
9.10
7.31
8.44
6.21
8.64
5.37
8.31
9.73
8.58
9.93
8.94
7.97
8.33
10.83
11.15
11.55
12.78
10.84
9.74
9.58
13.05
10.24
6.39
6.35
10.24
5.73
6.35
9.85
6.02
4.61
12.66
10.47
8.84
6.79
6.20
8.35
7.23
8.63
9.09
7.30
8.43
6.21
8.64
5.37
8.30
9.73
8.57
9.93
8.93
7.97
8.33
10.82
11.10
11.45
12.76
10.82
9.73
9.57
13.02
10.23
6.39
6.35
10.24
5.73
6.35
9.85
6.02
4.61
12.65
42
-------
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
Chautauqua Co
Erie Co
Essex Co
Kings Co
Monroe Co
Nassau Co
New York Co
Niagara Co
Onondaga Co
Orange Co
Queens Co
Richmond Co
St. Lawrence Co
Steuben Co
Suffolk Co
Westchester Co
Alamance Co
Buncombe Co
Cabarrus Co
Caswell Co
Catawba Co
Chatham Co
Cumberland Co
Davidson Co
Duplin Co
Durham Co
Forsyth Co
Gaston Co
Guilford Co
Haywood Co
Jackson Co
Lenoir Co
McDowell Co
Mecklenburg Co
Mitchell Co
Montgomery Co
Onslow Co
Orange Co
10.97
14.35
6.49
14.90
11.52
12.36
16.67
12.25
10.68
11.64
13.56
12.35
8.62
9.95
12.41
12.55
14.47
13.67
15.03
13.90
16.19
12.81
14.69
16.56
12.37
14.65
15.40
14.62
15.11
14.17
12.59
11.94
15.06
15.77
14.39
12.57
11.60
13.67
8.18
11.07
5.33
11.71
9.06
9.64
13.82
9.74
8.62
9.43
10.62
9.29
7.44
7.30
9.60
9.77
10.23
10.18
10.86
9.66
11.82
8.99
11.15
11.93
9.53
10.48
10.73
10.63
10.45
10.99
9.51
8.90
11.25
11.49
10.63
8.96
8.82
9.69
8.16
11.05
5.32
11.70
9.05
9.63
13.81
9.73
8.60
9.42
10.62
9.28
7.44
7.30
9.60
9.77
10.21
10.16
10.84
9.64
11.80
8.98
11.13
11.91
9.52
10.47
10.72
10.61
10.44
10.99
9.51
8.89
11.22
11.48
10.61
8.95
8.81
9.68
8.16
11.04
5.32
11.69
9.05
9.63
13.81
9.73
8.60
9.42
10.61
9.27
7.44
7.30
9.59
9.76
10.21
10.16
10.84
9.64
11.80
8.98
11.13
11.91
9.52
10.47
10.72
10.61
10.44
10.98
9.50
8.89
11.22
11.48
10.61
8.95
8.81
9.68
8.21
11.12
5.35
11.64
9.10
9.58
13.95
9.77
8.64
9.46
10.66
10.14
7.46
7.33
9.64
9.77
10.24
10.19
10.87
9.66
11.82
8.98
11.16
11.94
9.54
10.49
10.75
10.63
10.47
11.00
9.53
8.92
11.25
11.52
10.64
8.96
8.84
9.68
8.19
11.09
5.35
11.62
9.07
9.57
13.92
9.74
8.63
9.46
10.65
10.12
7.46
7.33
9.63
9.76
10.21
10.15
10.84
9.64
11.79
8.97
11.13
11.91
9.53
10.47
10.74
10.60
10.44
10.99
9.51
8.91
11.20
11.50
10.60
8.94
8.83
9.67
8.18
11.07
5.34
11.60
9.06
9.56
13.90
9.73
8.62
9.45
10.64
10.10
7.44
7.32
9.62
9.75
10.21
10.15
10.84
9.64
11.78
8.97
11.13
11.90
9.53
10.47
10.74
10.60
10.44
10.98
9.51
8.91
11.20
11.50
10.60
8.94
8.82
9.67
43
-------
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Dakota
North Dakota
North Dakota
North Dakota
North Dakota
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
Pitt Co
Robeson Co
Swain Co
Wake Co
Wayne Co
Billings Co
Burke Co
Burleigh Co
CassCo
Mercer Co
Athens Co
Butler Co
Clark Co
Cuyahoga Co
Franklin Co
Hamilton Co
Jefferson Co
Lake Co
Lawrence Co
Lorain Co
Lucas Co
Mahoning Co
Montgomery Co
Portage Co
Preble Co
Scioto Co
Stark Co
Summit Co
Trumbull Co
Caddo Co
Canadian Co
Carter Co
Cherokee Co
Garfield Co
Kay Co
Lincoln Co
Mayes Co
Muskogee Co
12.56
12.75
13.15
14.54
14.50
4.52
5.75
6.76
8.11
6.22
12.47
16.78
14.67
19.25
17.28
18.55
18.36
13.75
16.31
13.88
15.07
15.77
15.75
14.88
13.51
19.53
17.85
16.98
15.60
8.66
8.99
10.21
11.72
10.03
10.71
10.08
12.01
12.17
9.62
9.68
9.82
10.68
11.05
4.27
5.28
6.06
7.16
5.70
8.62
12.37
11.43
15.20
13.46
14.09
13.99
10.77
12.81
11.05
12.33
11.63
12.12
11.02
10.27
15.41
12.97
12.96
11.84
7.57
7.29
8.29
9.67
8.47
9.11
8.28
10.70
10.22
9.61
9.67
9.81
10.66
11.04
4.24
5.28
6.02
7.12
5.68
8.60
12.31
11.39
15.14
13.39
14.04
13.97
10.73
12.75
11.01
12.24
11.58
12.09
10.97
10.23
15.34
12.93
12.93
11.80
7.56
7.27
8.26
9.64
8.43
9.07
8.26
10.66
10.18
9.61
9.67
9.81
10.66
11.04
4.24
5.28
6.02
7.12
5.68
8.59
12.30
11.38
15.11
13.38
13.99
13.94
10.71
12.72
11.00
12.22
11.57
12.08
10.97
10.22
15.29
12.91
12.92
11.79
7.56
7.27
8.26
9.64
8.43
9.07
8.25
10.66
10.18
9.63
9.68
9.83
10.71
11.06
4.25
5.26
6.01
7.07
5.66
8.70
12.43
11.43
15.34
13.49
14.33
14.12
10.86
13.03
11.19
12.40
11.67
12.16
11.06
10.27
15.68
13.01
13.01
11.89
7.57
7.27
8.31
9.68
8.41
9.08
8.28
10.69
10.23
9.62
9.66
9.81
10.69
11.05
4.21
5.25
5.95
7.01
5.63
8.67
12.35
11.36
15.26
13.38
14.24
14.09
10.81
12.95
11.14
12.26
11.60
12.10
10.99
10.21
15.59
12.94
12.96
11.83
7.54
7.23
8.27
9.63
8.35
9.01
8.24
10.63
10.17
9.61
9.66
9.80
10.69
11.05
4.21
5.25
5.95
7.01
5.63
8.64
12.30
11.34
15.17
13.34
14.13
14.02
10.76
12.85
11.09
12.18
11.56
12.07
10.97
10.18
15.45
12.90
12.93
11.79
7.54
7.23
8.26
9.62
8.35
9.00
8.24
10.62
10.16
44
-------
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
Oregon
Oregon
Oregon
Oregon
Oregon
Oregon
Oregon
Oregon
Oregon
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
Oklahoma Co
Ottawa Co
Pittsburg Co
Seminole Co
Tulsa Co
Columbia Co
Deschutes Co
Jackson Co
Klamath Co
Lane Co
Linn Co
Multnomah Co
Union Co
Wasco Co
Washington Co
Adams Co
Allegheny Co
Beaver Co
Berks Co
Bucks Co
Cambria Co
Centre Co
Dauphin Co
Delaware Co
Erie Co
Lackawanna Co
Lancaster Co
Lehigh Co
Luzerne Co
Mercer Co
Montgomery Co
Northampton Co
Perry Co
Philadelphia Co
Washington Co
Westmoreland Co
York Co
Kent Co
10.61
11.78
11.52
9.47
12.03
6.38
7.34
11.34
10.16
13.43
8.32
8.82
6.78
7.70
9.54
13.35
21.17
15.97
16.24
13.93
15.62
13.01
15.60
15.27
13.43
12.20
16.99
14.11
12.89
14.28
13.96
14.30
12.83
16.39
15.58
15.56
16.69
8.79
8.68
9.72
9.57
7.72
10.06
5.89
7.05
10.84
9.99
12.84
7.99
8.31
6.45
7.07
8.94
9.19
16.25
11.85
11.99
10.54
10.95
9.17
10.86
12.31
10.41
8.96
12.00
10.38
9.54
10.81
10.43
10.75
9.27
13.25
11.29
10.72
12.09
6.83
8.65
9.68
9.54
7.70
10.03
5.88
7.04
10.83
9.96
12.80
7.99
8.30
6.42
7.02
8.94
9.17
16.22
11.82
11.97
10.53
10.92
9.16
10.83
12.30
10.39
8.95
11.97
10.37
9.54
10.78
10.42
10.74
9.24
13.23
11.27
10.68
12.06
6.82
8.65
9.68
9.54
7.70
10.03
5.86
7.03
10.83
9.96
12.80
7.99
8.28
6.42
7.01
8.93
9.17
16.17
11.79
11.96
10.51
10.91
9.16
10.83
12.25
10.38
8.95
11.96
10.36
9.53
10.77
10.41
10.73
9.24
13.18
11.23
10.67
12.05
6.82
8.69
9.70
9.59
7.73
10.09
6.02
7.03
10.82
9.97
12.82
8.00
8.51
6.44
7.08
9.00
9.22
16.48
12.00
12.03
10.72
11.01
9.23
10.90
12.76
10.50
9.01
12.05
10.44
9.62
10.85
10.57
10.84
9.31
13.72
11.48
10.81
12.12
6.87
8.64
9.64
9.54
7.70
10.04
6.01
7.02
10.80
9.93
12.73
7.99
8.49
6.40
7.00
8.99
9.19
16.43
11.95
11.99
10.70
10.96
9.20
10.85
12.74
10.46
8.99
12.00
10.41
9.60
10.80
10.55
10.82
9.26
13.69
11.43
10.76
12.07
6.87
8.63
9.62
9.53
7.69
10.02
5.95
7.01
10.80
9.92
12.71
7.98
8.44
6.40
6.97
8.97
9.19
16.29
11.88
11.97
10.65
10.94
9.19
10.83
12.62
10.44
8.98
11.97
10.39
9.59
10.77
10.51
10.81
9.25
13.55
11.34
10.71
12.05
6.86
45
-------
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Carolina
South Carolina
South Carolina
South Carolina
South Carolina
South Carolina
South Carolina
South Carolina
South Carolina
South Carolina
South Carolina
South Carolina
South Dakota
South Dakota
South Dakota
South Dakota
South Dakota
South Dakota
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Providence Co
Beaufort Co
Charleston Co
Chesterfield Co
Edgefield Co
Florence Co
Georgetown Co
Greenville Co
Greenwood Co
HorryCo
Lexington Co
Oconee Co
Richland Co
Spartanburg Co
Brookings Co
Brown Co
Jackson Co
Meade Co
Minnehaha Co
Pennington Co
Blount Co
Davidson Co
Dyer Co
Hamilton Co
Knox Co
Lawrence Co
McMinn Co
Maury Co
Montgomery Co
Putnam Co
Roane Co
Shelby Co
Sullivan Co
Sumner Co
Bowie Co
Cameron Co
Dallas Co
Ector Co
11.35
11.02
11.91
12.40
12.80
13.22
13.25
15.33
13.96
11.12
14.52
11.41
14.43
14.35
9.37
8.31
5.50
6.25
9.82
7.74
14.12
15.55
12.35
17.23
18.11
12.65
15.34
13.65
13.75
13.70
15.38
14.81
15.56
14.47
14.10
9.90
13.76
7.57
9.25
8.78
9.62
9.23
9.70
10.30
10.59
11.15
10.26
8.71
10.96
8.21
10.90
10.48
8.08
7.39
5.14
5.94
8.32
7.39
10.17
12.33
10.01
13.43
13.08
9.71
11.79
10.82
10.90
10.31
11.51
12.44
12.22
11.23
11.99
9.21
11.19
7.32
9.24
8.77
9.61
9.22
9.69
10.29
10.59
11.14
10.24
8.71
10.95
8.20
10.89
10.47
8.05
7.37
5.13
5.94
8.29
7.38
10.15
12.30
9.98
13.39
13.05
9.70
11.75
10.81
10.89
10.30
11.47
12.38
12.18
11.21
11.95
9.20
11.18
7.31
9.23
8.76
9.59
9.22
9.69
10.29
10.58
11.14
10.24
8.70
10.95
8.20
10.89
10.47
8.05
7.37
5.13
5.94
8.29
7.38
10.14
12.28
9.95
13.38
13.04
9.70
11.74
10.80
10.87
10.29
11.46
12.32
12.18
11.20
11.94
9.19
11.18
7.31
9.37
8.83
9.76
9.23
9.71
10.31
10.64
11.17
10.26
8.74
10.97
8.21
10.91
10.50
7.97
7.30
5.13
5.94
8.21
7.38
10.20
12.41
10.19
13.48
13.12
9.75
11.83
10.85
10.95
10.33
11.55
12.74
12.25
11.28
12.03
9.26
11.28
7.33
9.37
8.81
9.74
9.21
9.69
10.29
10.63
11.15
10.22
8.73
10.95
8.19
10.89
10.47
7.93
7.27
5.12
5.93
8.15
7.36
10.16
12.36
10.15
13.41
13.06
9.74
11.78
10.82
10.92
10.30
11.48
12.65
12.19
11.24
11.96
9.26
11.26
7.32
9.32
8.79
9.69
9.21
9.69
10.29
10.61
11.15
10.22
8.72
10.95
8.19
10.88
10.47
7.92
7.27
5.12
5.93
8.14
7.36
10.15
12.32
10.05
13.39
13.04
9.72
11.75
10.80
10.88
10.29
11.46
12.50
12.19
11.21
11.94
9.24
11.25
7.32
46
-------
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Utah
Utah
Utah
Utah
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
Washington
Galveston Co
Gregg Co
Harris Co
Hidalgo Co
Jefferson Co
Lubbock Co
Nueces Co
Orange Co
Tarrant Co
Box Elder Co
Cache Co
Salt Lake Co
Utah Co
Weber Co
Chittenden Co
Arlington Co
Charles City Co
Chesterfield Co
Fairfax Co
Henrico Co
Loudoun Co
Page Co
Bristol city
Chesapeake city
Hampton city
Newport News city
Norfolk city
Richmond city
Roanoke city
Salem city
Virginia Beach city
Benton Co
Clark Co
King Co
Pierce Co
Snohomish Co
Spokane Co
Thurston Co
9.64
12.49
14.13
10.84
11.25
7.65
10.30
11.41
12.36
9.01
12.90
14.05
10.81
9.77
9.36
14.61
13.30
13.89
14.28
13.91
13.64
13.16
15.21
12.97
12.95
12.30
13.29
14.47
14.84
14.95
12.83
6.84
9.82
11.59
11.14
11.45
10.34
9.49
7.77
10.41
13.28
10.55
10.11
7.08
9.92
10.29
9.89
8.50
12.34
12.22
9.08
8.87
7.66
10.30
9.20
9.76
9.71
9.74
9.23
8.94
11.12
9.83
10.00
9.09
10.44
10.17
10.42
10.62
10.07
6.42
9.10
10.91
11.62
11.45
9.60
8.84
7.77
10.39
13.27
10.55
10.10
7.08
9.91
10.28
9.86
8.49
12.33
12.18
9.05
8.85
7.66
10.28
9.17
9.73
9.69
9.71
9.21
8.93
11.08
9.82
10.00
9.08
10.43
10.14
10.36
10.56
10.07
6.39
9.08
10.90
11.61
11.44
9.58
8.83
7.74
10.38
13.15
10.55
10.04
7.08
9.79
10.22
9.86
8.49
12.33
12.18
9.05
8.85
7.66
10.28
9.17
9.73
9.69
9.70
9.21
8.93
11.08
9.81
9.93
9.07
10.37
10.14
10.36
10.56
10.00
6.38
9.06
10.85
11.58
11.43
9.57
8.82
8.00
10.48
14.40
10.58
10.64
7.08
10.67
10.82
9.95
8.48
12.32
12.09
9.00
8.84
7.70
10.33
9.24
9.81
9.77
9.79
9.29
8.97
11.14
9.91
10.35
9.15
10.79
10.23
10.45
10.65
10.42
6.41
9.25
11.21
11.79
11.51
9.60
8.91
8.00
10.45
14.38
10.57
10.63
7.07
10.67
10.81
9.91
8.47
12.30
12.02
8.94
8.81
7.69
. 10.30
9.20
9.76
9.74
9.74
9.26
8.96
11.09
9.90
10.35
9.13
10.79
10.18
10.37
10.57
10.41
6.36
9.23
11.19
11.77
11.49
9.57
8.90
7.92
10.43
14.08
10.57
10.47
7.07
10.35
10.64
9.90
8.47
12.29
12.01
8.94
8.81
7.68
10.30
9.19
9.76
9.73
9.74
9.26
8.95
11.08
9.87
10.18
9.11
10.60
10.17
10.37
10.57
10.24
6.35
9.16
11.04
11.69
11.47
9.57
8.87
47
-------
Washington
Washington
West Virginia
West Virginia
West Virginia
West Virginia
West Virginia
West Virginia
West Virginia
West Virginia
West Virginia
West Virginia
West Virginia
West Virginia
West Virginia
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Wyoming
Wyoming
Whatcom Co
Yakima Co
Berkeley Co
Brooke Co
Cabell Co
Hancock Co
Harrison Co
Kanawha Co
Marion Co
Marshall Co
Mercer Co
Monongalia Co
Ohio Co
Raleigh Co
Summers Co
Wood Co
Brown Co
Dane Co
Dodge Co
Grant Co
Kenosha Co
Manitowoc Co
Milwaukee Co
Outagamie Co
Vilas Co
Waukesha Co
Campbell Co
Laramie Co
Sheridan Co
7.67
10.31
16.18
16.96
17.22
17.40
14.40
17.75
15.58
16.07
12.97
14.96
15.37
13.54
10.46
16.88
11.52
12.81
11.39
11.78
11.90
10.09
13.74
11.04
6.26
13.55
6.35
5.12
10.77
7.65
9.37
11.83
12.72
13.35
13.26
10.29
13.60
11.24
11.63
8.98
10.52
10.96
9.51
7.18
12.60
10.14
10.87
9.55
9.98
10.13
8.54
11.98
9.48
5.57
11.64
6.13
4.82
10.45
7.65
9.37
11.78
12.70
13.29
13.24
10.27
13.56
11.23
11.61
8.96
10.50
10.95
9.48
7.15
12.57
10.12
10.83
9.52
9.92
10.09
8.52
11.94
9.46
5.56
11.60
6.11
4.79
10.43
7.65
9.36
11.78
12.68
13.26
13.21
10.27
13.54
11.22
11.59
8.96
10.50
10.92
9.48
7.15
12.55
10.11
10.83
9.51
9.91
10.08
8.51
11.93
9.45
5.55
11.59
6.11
4.79
10.43
7.67
9.37
11.87
12.85
13.67
13.38
10.34
13.70
11.31
11.77
9.01
10.57
11.10
9.55
7.20
12.75
10.13
10.81
9.51
9.92
10.16
8.54
12.02
9.46
5.57
11.62
6.13
4.81
10.44
7.66
9.36
11.81
12.81
13.60
13.35
10.32
13.65
11.29
11.75
8.98
10.55
11.07
9.50
7.16
12.71
10.08
10.74
9.44
9.81
10.07
8.48
11.95
9.41
5.54
11.54
6.10
4.76
10.42
7.66
9.34
11.80
12.75
13.51
13.28
10.31
13.60
11.27
11.68
8.97
10.53
11.01
9.50
7.16
12.64
10.07
10.72
9.42
9.78
10.05
8.47
11.92
9.39
5.53
11.51
6.10
4.76
10.42
48
-------
Appendix C: 8-Hour Ozone Design Values for Locomotive/Marine Scenarios (units are ppb)
State Name
Alabama
Alabama
Alabama
Alabama
Alabama
Alabama
Alabama
Alabama
Alabama
Alabama
Arizona
Arizona
Arizona
Arizona
Arizona
Arizona
Arkansas
Arkansas
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
County Name
Baldwin
Clay
Elmore
Jefferson
Madison
Mobile
Montgomery
Morgan
Shelby
Tuscaloosa
Cochise
Coconino
Mahcopa
Pima
Final
Yavapai
Crittenden
Pulaski
Alameda
Amador
Butte
Calaveras
Colusa
Contra Costa
El Dorado
Fresno
Glenn
Imperial
Inyo
Kern
Kings
Los Angeles
Madera
Marin
Baseline DV
79.0
82.0
78.3
87.3
82.7
79.0
80.0
83.0
91.7
78.0
70.3
73.0
85.0
72.3
83.0
79.5
92.7
84.7
82.3
88.0
89.0
92.3
76.0
80.0
105.7
111.3
74.7
87.0
80.3
112.0
97.3
110.0
90.7
48.7
2020 Base
68.6
63.6
64.1
67.8
64.2
69.4
65.1
66.8
70.3
58.7
67.6
70.3
79.5
68.3
76.8
76.0
77.0
70.4
75.0
79.9
77.1
83.1
66.2
72.9
90.7
102.8
65.4
80.8
75.6
104.5
86.8
106.7
83.7
46.3
2020 Locomotive
only
68.4
63.4
63.9
67.4
64.0
69.3
64.9
66.5
69.9
58.4
67.5
70.2
79.4
68.2
76.7
75.9
76.7
70.0
74.9
79.7
76.8
82.9
66.0
72.8
90.4
102.6
65.2
80.6
75.5
104.4
86.6
106.5
83.6
46.3
2020 Primary
68.3
63.4
63.8
67.4
63.9
69.2
64.8
66.3
69.8
58.3
67.5
70.1
79.4
68.2
76.7
75.9
76.4
69.8
74.7
79.6
76.6
82.8
65.8
72.6
90.2
102.5
65.0
80.5
75.3
104.2
86.6
106.3
83.6
46.2
2030 Base
68.2
62.6
63.2
66.3
63.0
69.0
64.0
65.8
68.9
57.3
67.3
69.8
78.6
67.8
75.9
75.5
76.1
69.3
72.5
77.7
73.7
80.5
63.4
70.5
86.5
100.3
62.6
79.5
74.5
102.5
83.6
105.6
81.7
45.6
2030 Locomotive
only
67.9
62.1
62.6
65.2
62.3
68.7
63.3
65.0
67.9
56.4
67.2
69.6
78.2
67.6
75.6
75.2
75.3
68.3
72.1
77.3
72.9
80.1
62.9
70.0
85.7
99.9
62.1
79.0
74.3
102.1
83.1
105.1
81.4
45.5
2030 Primary
67.5
62.0
62.4
65.0
61.9
68.4
63.1
64.6
67.7
56.2
67.1
69.5
78.1
67.5
75.6
75.1
74.5
67.9
71.5
76.9
72.3
79.6
62.3
69.5
84.9
99.6
61.6
78.6
73.9
101.8
82.8
104.2
81.2
45.3
49
-------
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Connecticut
Mariposa
Merced
Monterey
Nevada
Orange
Placer
Riverside
Sacramento
San Benito
San Bernardino
San Diego
San Joaquin
San Luis Obispo
San Mateo
Santa Barbara
Santa Clara
Santa Cruz
Shasta
Solano
Stanislaus
Sutler
Tehama
Tulare
Tuolumne
Ventura
Yolo
Adams
Arapahoe
Boulder
Denver
Douglas
El Paso
Jefferson
La Plata
Larimer
Montezuma
Weld
Fairfield
88.3
101.3
64.3
97.7
82.7
100.3
108.7
99.7
81.0
129.3
94.0
83.0
73.0
53.0
82.0
79.0
57.3
74.3
71.7
94.0
84.3
84.3
105.3
91.5
97.7
82.7
65.0
77.7
74.0
72.7
82.5
71.0
83.7
59.3
77.7
68.3
74.3
98.7
85.3
91.4
58.6
83.4
79.7
86.1
105.1
84.8
71.8
120.3
83.2
72.2
67.7
52.3
73.5
69.1
57.4
70.8
65.2
79.8
73.4
77.9
99.7
85.1
98.2
73.5
64.9
76.7
72.9
72.5
80.4
68.9
82.4
58.1
76.7
67.2
71.7
92.2
85.3
91.2
58.5
83.1
79.6
85.8
105.1
84.5
71.7
120.1
83.1
72.0
67.6
52.2
73.3
68.9
57.3
70.8
65.0
79.6
73.2
77.7
99.6
85.0
98.1
73.4
64.8
76.6
72.8
72.5
80.4
68.9
82.4
58.1
76.7
67.2
71.6
92.1
85.2
91.0
58.4
82.9
79.2
85.6
105.0
84.2
71.6
119.9
82.6
71.8
67.5
52.2
72.5
68.8
57.3
70.7
64.9
79.4
73.0
77.6
99.5
84.9
97.8
73.2
64.8
76.6
72.8
72.5
80.4
68.9
82.4
58.1
76.7
67.2
71.6
92.1
84.7
88.5
56.5
79.5
78.7
82.1
105.0
80.4
68.9
121.7
80.6
68.7
66.3
50.9
71:5
65.7
56.7
69.9
63.6
75.6
70.3
76.1
98.3
83.6
97.0
70.7
64.8
76.4
72.8
72.5
80.2
68.7
82.3
58.0
76.6
67.1
71.4
92.9
84.6
87.9
56.2
78.7
78.4
81.3
104.6
79.6
68.5
121.7
80.3
68.2
66.0
50.6
71.2
65.3
56.5
69.8
63.1
75.0
69.8
75.7
98.1
83.3
96.7
70.2
64.8
76.3
72.7
72.4
80.1
68.6
82.2
57.9
76.5
67.0
71.3
92.7
84.4
87.5
55.9
77.9
76.8
80.6
104.2
78.8
68.2
121.8
78.9
67.5
65.6
50.4
68.8
64.9
56.2
69.6
62.6
74.3
69.1
75.4
97.9
83.0
95.3
69.7
64.7
76.3
72.7
72.4
80.1
68.6
82.2
57.9
76.5
67.0
71.2
92.6
50
-------
Connecticut
Connecticut
Connecticut
Connecticut
Connecticut
Connecticut
Delaware
Delaware
Delaware
D.C.
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Hartford
Litchfield
Middlesex
New Haven
New London
Tolland
Kent
New Castle
Sussex
Washington
Bay
Escambia
Manatee
Santa Rosa
Sarasota
Bibb
Chatham
Cherokee
Cobb
Coweta
Dawson
De Kalb
Douglas
Fayette
Fulton
Gwinnett
Henry
Murray
Muscogee
Paulding
Richmond
Rockdale
Adams
Champaign
Clark
Cook
Du Page
Effingham
89.3
83.0
98.0
99.0
90.7
93.0
91.3
95.3
93.3
94.3
80.0
83.7
83.0
82.0
82.3
92.0
71.0
77.0
94.7
92.0
82.0
95.3
94.7
90.7
99.0
89.3
98.0
86.0
82.0
90.3
85.7
96.3
76.0
77.3
75.0
87.7
70.7
77.7
78.4
69.6
87.0
89.8
79.9
80.2
77.9
81.2
78.2
82.5
69.4
72.5
69.3
70.1
65.3
75.7
60.5
57.4
74.6
74.4
62.1
79.7
73.5
72.3
83.7
68.8
75.8
65.1
68.0
71.0
70.3
74.4
63.7
67.1
57.6
80.8
68.0
63.6
78.3
69.5
86.9
89.7
79.8
80.1
77.8
81.0
78.1
82.3
69.3
72.3
69.2
69.9
65.3
75.4
60.3
57.1
74.4
74.2
61.9
79.5
73.3
72.1
83.4
68.6
75.5
64.8
67.8
70.8
70.1
74.2
63.5
66.8
57.5
80.9
67.9
63.3
78.2
69.4
86.9
89.6
79.6
80.0
77.4
81.0
77.9
82.3
69.1
72.2
68.9
69.7
64.9
75.4
60.1
57.1
74.3
74.1
61.8
79.4
73.2
72.0
83.4
68.5
75.5
64.7
67.8
70.7
70.0
74.2
63.2
66.8
57.3
81.0
67.9
63.2
78.7
69.6
87.5
90.5
80.3
80.4
78.1
81.1
78.3
82.6
68.8
71.7
69.1
69.4
64.9
74.6
60.0
55.6
72.4
73.2
60.4
78.0
71.5
70.6
81.9
66.8
73.9
63.6
67.0
69.3
69.3
72.3
63.1
66.2
56.9
80.3
67.7
62.6
78.4
69.3
87.2
90.3
80.1
80.1
77.9
80.7
78.0
82.3
68.4
71.3
68.9
69.0
64.6
73.9
59.7
55.0
71.6
72.6
59.9
77.4
70.8
70.0
81.3
66.2
73.2
62.7
66.6
68.6
68.9
71.6
62.4
65.6
56.4
80.7
67.3
62.0
78.1
69.1
87.0
90.0
79.7
79.7
76.9
80.6
77.4
82.1
68.1
70.9
67.9
68.6
63.7
73.8
59.1
54.9
71.5
72.5
59.7
77.3
70.7
69.9
81.1
66.0
73.1
62.5
66.5
68.4
68.7
71.5
61.7
65.4
56.0
81.0
67.2
61.6
51
-------
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Hamilton
Jersey
Kane
Lake
McHenry
McLean
Macon
Macoupin
Madison
Peoria
Randolph
Rock Island
St Clair
Sangamon
Will
Winnebago
Allen
Boone
Clark
Floyd
Gibson
Greene
Hamilton
Hancock
Hendricks
Huntington
Jackson
Johnson
Lake
La Porte
Madison
Marion
Morgan
Perry
Porter
Posey
St Joseph
Shelby
78.7
89.0
77.7
83.3
83.3
77.0
76.7
79.3
85.0
79.0
78.7
70.0
83.3
76.0
79.3
76.0
87.7
89.0
89.3
83.7
71.7
88.5
93.3
91.7
86.5
85.0
85.0
86.7
90.7
90.0
91.0
90.0
86.7
90.0
89.0
85.7
89.0
93.5
67.4
75.0
72.0
76.7
74.9
65.0
64.8
65.8
72.6
68.5
67.2
59.1
72.5
61.3
69.6
64.2
67.8
74.3
77.1
73.1
56.2
70.9
78.8
76.4
73.5
69.2
68.9
71.3
84.9
76.7
73.9
77.8
71.8
72.4
77.6
72.9
73.1
78.7
67.2
74.8
71.8
76.5
74.6
64.8
64.5
65.6
72.4
68.3
66.9
58.9
72.3
61.1
69.4
63.9
67.4
74.1
76.9
73.0
56.0
70.6
78.6
76.1
73.3
68.8
68.7
71.0
84.9
76.4
73.6
77.5
71.6
72.2
77.4
72.7
72.7
78.4
66.9
74.4
71.7
76.4
74.6
64.7
64.5
65.4
72.1
68.2
66.7
58.8
72.2
61.0
69.3
63.8
67.3
74.0
76.7
72.8
55.8
70.4
78.4
76.0
73.1
68.7
68.4
70.9
85.0
76.3
73.5
77.4
71.4
71.8
77.3
72.5
72.6
78.3
67.0
74.3
71.2
76.2
74.1
64.0
63.9
65.0
71.7
67.6
66.5
58.1
71.7
60.3
68.9
63.0
66.5
73.3
76.7
72.8
55.5
70.0
77.6
75.0
72.4
67.8
68.1
70.1
84.4
75.7
72.4
76.8
70.8
72.1
76.4
72.4
71.7
77.4
66.4
73.8
70.3
75.9
73.3
63.3
63.2
64.3
71.2
67.0
65.9
57.5
71.2
59.7
68.3
62.3
65.4
72.7
76.3
72.4
55.0
69.4
77.1
74.4
71.8
66.7
67.6
69.5
84.5
74.7
71.8
76.2
70.2
71.7
75.9
71.9
70.6
76.6
65.7
72.7
70.1
75.8
73.0
63.1
63.0
63.9
70.5
66.7
65.3
57.2
70.7
59.4
68.2
62.1
65.2
72.3
75.7
71.9
54.5
68.7
76.7
74.0
71.5
66.4
67.0
69.0
84.6
74.4
71.4
75.9
69.8
70.5
75.7
71.2
70.3
76.3
52
-------
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Vanderburgh
Vigo
Warrick
Scott
Wyandotte
Boone
Boyd
Bullitt
Campbell
Carter
Christian
Daviess
Fayette
Graves
Greenup
Hancock
Hardin
Henderson
Jefferson
Jessamine
Kenton
Livingston
McCracken
McLean
Oldham
Pulaski
Scott
Simpson
Trigg
Warren
Ascension
Bossier
Caddo
Calcasieu
East Baton Rouge
Grant
Iberville
Jefferson
83.3
87.0
84.5
79.0
80.3
85.3
88.3
83.7
91.7
80.3
85.0
77.3
78.3
81.0
84.0
82.7
80.7
80.0
84.3
78.0
86.3
85.0
81.7
84.0
88.0
81.3
70.7
84.0
76.7
84.0
81.7
84.7
79.7
81.7
87.3
77.7
86.7
85.3
70.8
71.6
71.0
66.7
70.8
67.8
73.0
68.1
78.5
64.9
66.4
64.3
63.1
68.9
68.3
67.9
69.4
68.8
72.3
62.1
74.7
71.0
69.6
67.4
73.7
64.9
56.6
68.1
61.3
65.3
72.2
74.7
69.2
73.2
77.8
65.8
77.6
73.5
70.7
71.3
70.8
66.5
70.6
67.6
72.8
67.9
78.3
64.6
66.3
64.2
62.8
68.7
68.0
67.7
69.2
68.7
72.1
61.8
74.5
70.7
69.5
67.3
73.6
64.6
56.3
67.9
61.1
65.1
72.0
74.5
69.0
73.1
77.7
65.7
77.5
73.3
70.4
71.1
70.6
66.4
70.5
67.2
72.5
67.6
77.9
64.4
66.1
63.9
62.8
68.4
67.7
67.4
69.0
68.5
71.9
61.7
74.2
70.4
69.2
67.1
73.3
64.4
56.1
67.7
61.0
65.0
71.6
74.3
68.8
72.6
77.7
65.1
76.9
73.0
70.3
70.7
70.5
65.6
70.0
67.6
73.0
67.5
77.9
64.8
65.7
63.9
62.2
68.5
68.0
67.5
68.7
68.4
71.7
61.3
74.1
70.5
69.2
66.8
73.2
64.1
55.8
67.1
60.7
64.4
72.3
74.1
68.7
73.5
77.5
65.6
77.9
73.2
69.8
69.9
70.1
65.0
69.2
67.1
72.2
67.0
77.3
64.2
65.3
63.5
61.4
68.1
67.3
67.1
68.3
68.0
71.2
60.5
73.6
70.0
68.8
66.4
72.7
63.2
55.1
66.6
60.2
63.9
71.9
73.7
68.2
73.2
77.2
65.3
77.6
72.8
69.2
69.5
69.5
64.7
69.0
66.0
71.4
66.2
76.4
63.6
64.9
62.9
61.2
67.4
66.5
66.2
67.9
67.5
70.7
60.3
72.7
69.1
68.1
65.9
71.9
62.9
54.7
66.2
59.8
63.5
70.9
73.2
67.5
71.9
77.1
63.5
76.3
72.0
53
-------
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana
Maine
Maine
Maine
Maine
Maine
Maine
Maryland
Maryland
Maryland
Maryland
Maryland
Maryland
Maryland
Maryland
Maryland
Maryland
Maryland
Maryland
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Lafayette
Lafourche
Livingston
Orleans
Ouachita
Pointe Coupee
St Bernard
St Charles
St James
St John The Baptist
StMary
West Baton Rouge
Cumberland
Hancock
Kennebec
Knox
Penobscot
York
Anne Arundel
Baltimore
Calvert
Carroll
Cecil
Charles
Frederick
Harford
Kent
Montgomery
Prince Georges
Washington
Barnstable
Bristol
Essex
Hampden
Hampshire
Middlesex
Suffolk
Worcester
80.7
81.0
83.3
72.0
78.7
73.0
79.3
81.7
77.3
81.7
78.0
85.7
84.7
92.0
77.7
83.3
83.0
89.0
101.0
93.0
89.0
91.3
102.7
94.7
90.0
103.7
99.0
88.7
95.0
86.0
94.7
92.7
89.7
90.3
88.3
88.7
88.0
85.3
71.2
72.0
72.8
62.0
68.9
65.0
69.9
70.8
69.2
72.5
68.8
75.6
71.7
77.4
64.4
68.8
68.3
75.4
84.9
82.3
72.1
77.1
86.4
76.8
74.8
89.7
81.4
78.9
81.6
70.6
80.2
79.0
77.0
76.9
75.0
74.6
75.9
71.7
71.1
71.9
72.7
61.8
68.7
64.9
69.7
70.7
69.1
72.4
68.7
75.5
71.6
77.3
64.3
68.7
68.1
75.3
84.7
82.2
72.0
76.9
86.2
76.7
74.6
89.6
81.2
78.8
81.4
70.4
80.1
78.9
76.9
76.7
74.9
74.4
75.8
71.6
70.4
71.6
72.4
61.7
68.5
64.6
69.6
70.4
( 68.8
72.1
68.2
75.3
71.6
77.2
64.2
68.6
68.0
75.2
84.6
82.1
71.9
76.9
86.0
76.6
74.5
89.4
81.0
78.7
81.4
70.3
79.9
78.7
76.8
76.6
74.7
74.3
75.7
71.5
71.6
72.6
73.2
61.7
68.4
64.9
69.7
70.6
69.3
72.3
69.6
75.4
71.7
77.5
64.3
68.7
68.2
75.4
85.0
82.4
72.0
77.1
86.5
76.7
74.7
89.8
81.3
79.2
81.8
70.2
80.4
79.4
77.4
76.9
75.0
74.5
76.5
71.7
71.3
72.3
72.8
61.4
68.0
64.7
69.3
70.3
69.0
72.0
69.2
75.0
71.4
77.2
64.0
68.4
67.9
75.1
84.5
82.2
71.6
76.7
86.0
76.2
74.1
89.4
80.7
78.9
81.4
69.6
80.1
79.1
77.2
76.5
74.6
74.3
76.3
71.4
69.6
71.5
72.0
61.0
67.5
63.9
69.0
69.5
68.3
71.2
68.1
74.7
71.2
76.8
63.7
68.1
67.5
74.8
84.4
82.0
71.4
76.5
85.6
76.0
73.9
89.1
80.2
78.7
81.2
69.3
79.6
78.6
77.1
76.2
74.3
74.0
76.1
71.1
54
-------
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Michigan
Minnesota
Minnesota
Mississippi
Mississippi
Mississippi
Mississippi
Mississippi
Mississippi
Missouri
Missouri
Missouri
Missouri
Missouri
Missouri
Missouri
Nevada
Nevada
Nevada
Nevada
Allegan
Benzie
Berrien
Cass
Clinton
Genesee
Huron
Ingham
Kalamazoo
Kent
Lenawee
Macomb
Mason
Muskegon
Oakland
Ottawa
St Clair
Washtenaw
Wayne
Anoka
Washington
De Soto
Hancock
Harrison
Hinds
Jackson
Warren
Clay
Jefferson
Platte
St Charles
Ste Genevieve
St Louis
St Louis City
Clark
Douglas
Washoe
White Pine
92.0
87.7
88.3
90.0
83.3
86.7
84.0
83.3
83.0
84.7
85.0
91.0
89.0
92.0
87.0
86.0
87.7
88.3
88.0
71.0
75.0
84.3
83.7
83.3
76.3
83.0
76.7
84.3
87.3
81.7
90.7
84.0
89.3
87.0
81.7
71.7
73.3
72.0
78.2
73.3
75.0
72.9
67.5
69.6
70.5
68.0
67.2
69.8
71.0
81.5
75.2
80.3
78.9
72.5
75.0
77.4
78.2
58.7
61.6
70.5
71.7
67.6
58.9
71.7
57.3
71.4
77.3
71.2
77.4
68.6
80.5
78.9
75.6
66.2
69.0
70.5
78.0
73.0
74,8
72.5
67.3
69.4
70.3
67.8
66.9
69.6
70.8
81.3
74.9
80.1
78.7
72.3
74.8
77.2
78.0
58.5
61.3
70.1
71.5
67.4
58.5
71.5
57.0
71.0
77.1
70.9
77.2
68.4
80.3
78.7
75.4
66.1
68.9
70.4
77.9
72.9
74.7
72.3
67.2
69.3
70.2
67.7
66.8
69.5
70.6
81.2
74.8
80.0
78.6
72.2
74.7
77.0
77.9
58.4
61.2
69.8
71.1
66.8
58.4
71.3
56.2
70.9
77.0
70.8
76.9
68.1
80.1
78.5
75.3
66.0
68.8
70.4
77.2
72.4
74.0
71.4
66.5
68.2
69.5
67.0
66.0
68.7
70.5
81.2
74.2
79.6
78.4
71.5
74.2
76.8
78.3
57.3
60.1
69.7
71.7
67.6
57.5
71.3
57.3
70.2
76.6
70.3
76.7
68.0
79.9
78.2
74.3
64.8
67.8
70.2
76.5
71.5
73.3
70.3
66.0
67.6
69.0
66.5
65.1
68.0
69.8
80.7
73.2
78.8
77.9
70.7
73.7
76.3
77.8
56.7
59.4
68.9
71.2
67.2
56.5
71.0
56.7
69.2
76.1
69.6
76.1
67.4
79.3
77.7
73.9
64.5
67.6
70.1
76.2
71.2
73.1
70.0
65.7
67.4
68.7
66.2
64.8
67.8
69.2
80.4
72.9
78.6
77.7
70.5
73.4
75.9
77.5
56.5
59.0
67.9
70.0
65.7
56.1
70.5
54.4
68.9
75.5
69.4
75.3
66.6
78.8
77.2
73.6
64.3
67.4
70.0
55
-------
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Mexico
New Mexico
New Mexico
New Mexico
New Mexico
New Mexico
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
North Carolina
Carson City
Hillsborough
Rocking ham
Atlantic
Bergen
Camden
Cumberland
Essex
Gloucester
Hudson
Hunterdon
Mercer
Middlesex
Monmouth
Morris
Ocean
Passaic
Bernalillo
Dona Ana
Eddy
Sandoval
San Juan
Valencia
Bronx
Chautauqua
Dutchess
Erie
Jefferson
Monroe
Niagara
Orange
Putnam
Queens
Richmond
Suffolk
Wayne
Westchester
Alexander
68.7
85.0
82.7
90.3
92.5
102.3
96.7
67.0
100.3
88.0
97.3
102.3
100.7
95.7
97.7
109.0
88.3
75.7
79.7
69.0
72.0
75.0
68.0
82.7
91.7
91.3
96.0
91.7
86.5
91.0
86.0
91.3
85.0
96.0
98.5
84.0
92.0
88.7
64.8
71.5
70.0
77.3
81.4
87.0
80.9
60.3
85.9
81.9
82.4
89.4
87.2
85.1
80.8
90.9
75.8
73.2
75.4
66.8
70.1
73.3
65.6
73.5
77.2
74.0
82.3
78.3
76.4
79.4
69.3
77.9
76.3
83.4
89.8
73.0
81.0
68.9
64.7
71.3
69.8
77.2
81.3
86.9
80.8
60.3
85.8
81.8
82.2
89.3
87.1
85.0
80.7
90.8
75.7
73.1
75.2
66.7
70.0
73.2
65.5
73.4
76.9
73.8
82.1
78.1
76.3
79.2
69.1
77.8
76.3
83.3
89.7
72.9
80.9
68.8
64.7
71.3
69.8
76.9
81.3
86.8
80.5
60.2
85.7
81.9
82.2
89.2
87.0
84.9
80.5
90.6
75.6
73.1
75.2
66.7
70.0
73.2
65.5
73.4
76.5
73.7
81.9
77.9
76.2
79.1
69.0
77.7
76.2
83.2
89.7
72.8
80.9
68.7
63.8
71.4
69.8
77.5
81.4
87.0
81.1
60.1
85.9
81.3
82.2
89.3
87.3
85.2
80.6
90.8
75.8
72.9
75.0
66.6
69.8
73.0
65.3
73.9
77.0
73.8
82.0
78.0
76.2
79.0
69.1
77.9
76.7
83.2
90.3
72.8
81.2
67.9
63.6
71.0
69.5
77.2
81.1
86.6
80.8
60.0
85.5
81.2
81.9
89.0
87.0
85.0
80.2
90.5
75.5
72.7
74.5
66.4
69.6
72.9
65.1
73.7
76.3
73.5
81.3
77.6
75.8
78.6
68.8
77.7
76.5
82.9
90.1
72.5
81.0
67.5
63.4
70.8
69.3
76.5
81.1
86.5
80.1
59.9
85.2
81.3
81.7
88.7
86.6
84.8
79.9
90.1
75.3
72.7
74.5
66.3
69.6
72.8
65.1
73.6
75.4
73.3
80.8
77.0
75.7
78.3
68.5
77.6
76.4
82.8
90.0
72.3
80.9
67.3
56
-------
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Buncombe
Caswell
Davie
Durham
Forsyth
Franklin
Granville
Guilford
Haywood
Lincoln
Mecklenburg
Northampton
Person
Randolph
Rockingham
Rowan
Union
Wake
Allen
Ashtabula
Butler
Clark
Clermont
Clinton
Cuyahoga
Delaware
Franklin
Geauga
Greene
Hamilton
Jefferson
Knox
Lake
Lawrence
Licking
Lorain
Lucas
Madison
82.0
89.7
94.7
89.0
93.7
89.0
92.0
90.7
86.3
92.3
100.3
83.3
90.0
85.0
88.7
99.7
87.7
92.7
87.7
94.0
89.0
88.3
89.7
95.7
86.3
90.3
95.0
98.3
87.0
89.3
85.3
89.3
92.7
85.0
89.0
85.3
88.7
89.0
65.7
67.1
71.9
66.9
70.9
62.8
68.4
67.5
68.2
72.2
76.0
67.9
71.1
63.6
67.1
75.4
66.8
69.6
72.2
79.9
73.4
68.5
72.8
73.5
73.3
71.9
77.2
82.2
68.2
75.2
69.4
70.0
79.1
69.1
69.9
72.7
75.2
68.8
65.5
66.9
71.6
66.7
70.7
62.6
68.2
67.3
68.0
72.0
75.8
67.7
70.9
63.4
66.9
75.1
66.5
69.5
72.0
79.6
73.2
68.2
72.6
73.2
73.1
71.6
76.9
82.0
67.9
75.0
69.3
69.7
78.9
68.8
69.6
72.6
74.9
68.6
65.5
66.9
71.6
66.6
70.7
62.6
68.2
67.2
67.9
72.0
75.8
67.6
70.9
63.3
66.8
75.1
66.5
69.4
71.8
79.5
72.8
68.0
72.3
72.9
72.9
71.4
76.7
81.8
67.7
74.7
69.0
69.5
78.7
68.5
69.4
72.7
74.7
68.4
64.6
65.8
70.3
65.2
69.2
60.7
66.9
65.8
67.2
70.9
74.3
67.2
70.3
61.9
66.0
73.6
64.9
67.6
70.9
79.4
72.4
66.9
72.1
72.3
73.0
70.5
75.9
81.5
66.9
74.5
69.2
68.6
78.8
68.8
68.6
72.1
74.7
67.4
64.1
65.3
69.7
64.7
68.7
60.2
66.4
65.2
66.7
70.5
73.7
66.6
69.8
61.3
65.4
72.8
64.2
67.1
70.2
78.9
71.8
66.2
71.5
71.5
72.4
69.6
75.0
80.8
66.2
73.9
68.8
67.7
78.2
68.1
67.8
71.7
73.9
66.7
64.1
65.1
69.5
64.5
68.5
60,0
66.2
65.0
66.6
70.3
73.6
66.3
69.7
61.2
65.2
72.7
64.1
66.9
69.9
78.5
70.9
65.7
70.6
70.6
71.8
69.2
74.6
80.2
65.6
73.0
68.1
67.3
77.7
67.3
67.4
72.0
73.3
66.2
57
-------
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Mahoning
Medina
Miami
Montgomery
Portage
Preble
Stark
Summit
Trumbull
Warren
Washington
Wood
Marshall
Oklahoma
Tulsa
Allegheny
Armstrong
Beaver
Berks
Blair
Bucks
Cambria
Chester
Clear-field
Dauphin
Delaware
Erie
Franklin
Greene
Lackawanna
Lancaster
Lawrence
Lehigh
Luzerne
Mercer
Montgomery
Northampton
Perry
87.3
87.7
86.3
86.7
92.0
80.3
89.0
94.3
91.0
89.7
87.0
87.0
85.0
80.7
86.7
93.0
92.0
90.7
92.7
84.3
103.0
87.7
96.5
86.7
91.0
93.7
89.0
93.0
90.3
85.3
94.0
78.7
93.3
84.7
91.3
96.3
93.0
84.7
73.3
72.1
66.1
68.9
76.4
62.2
73.2
77.0
76.0
71.6
65.2
72.4
72.0
67.7
73.5
81.0
76.0
78.4
77.4
66.7
90.7
74.0
81.0
69.4
77.4
80.2
73.8
76.2
70.5
70.2
78.2
65.6
78.2
69.4
75.4
83.2
78.1
70.4
73.2
71.9
65.8
68.6
76.2
. 61.9
73.0
76.8
75.8
71.3
65.0
72.1
71.8
67.5
73.3
80.9
75.8
78.3
77.2
66.5
90.6
73.8
80.9
69.2
77.2
80.0
73.6
76.0
70.3
70.0
78.0
65.4
78.1
69.3
75.2
83.1
77.9
70.2
73.0
71.7
65.7
68.5
76.0
61.7
72.8
76.6
75.6
71.0
64.7
71.9
71.6
67.4
73.2
80.9
75.6
78.2
77.2
66.3
90.6
73.7
80.8
69.0
77.2
80.0
73.5
75.9
70.1
70.0
77.9
65.3
78.0
69.2
75.0
83.1
77.8
70.1
72.8
71.2
64.3
67.4
75.5
61.0
72.5
75.9
75.3
70.4
65.1
71.5
71.1
66.8
72.6
80.8
75.9
78.3
77.2
66.4
90.7
73.7
81.1
69.1
77.3
79.9
73.0
75.7
70.1
70.0
78.1
65.2
78.0
69.2
74.8
82.9
77.8
70.2
72.2
70.5
63.6
66.7
74.9
60.2
71.9
75.3
74.7
69.7
64.5
70.7
70.5
66.3
72.1
80.5
75.5
78.0
76.7
65.9
90.4
73.3
80.6
68.6
76.8
79.6
72.6
75.1
69.7
69.7
77.6
64.8
77.7
68.9
74.3
82.6
77.5
69.5
71.8
70.1
63.2
66.3
74.5
59.6
71.4
74.9
74.3
68.9
63.7
70.2
70.0
66.0
71.7
80.5
74.9
77.7
76.5
65.5
90.3
73.0
80.3
68.1
76.6
79.5
72.4
74.8
69.1
69.5
77.4
64.4
77.4
68.7
73.8
82.6
77.3
69.3
58
-------
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
Rhode Island
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Carolina
South Carolina
South Carolina
South Carolina
South Carolina
South Carolina
South Carolina
South Carolina
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Philadelphia
Washington
Westmoreland
York
Kent
Providence
Washington
Anderson
Charleston
Cherokee
Chester
Oconee
Pickens
Spartanburg
Union
York
Anderson
Blount
Davidson
Hamilton
Jefferson
Knox
Meigs
Rutherford
Shelby
Sullivan
Sumner
Williamson
Wilson
Brazoria
Collin
Dallas
Denton
Ellis
El Paso
Galveston
Gregg
Harris
97.5
87.7
87.7
90.3
95.3
90.3
93.3
88.0
72.0
86.0
84.3
84.5
85.3
90.0
80.7
83.3
89.7
94.0
81.3
90.7
94.0
94.7
90.5
83.3
90.7
89.3
89.0
86.3
84.7
91.0
93.3
91.0
99.0
85.3
78.7
92.0
88.3
105.0
86.0
72.9
73.3
76.6
81.2
78.0
81.7
66.9
62.1
63.2
66.3
68.8
66.1
68.1
63.7
64.2
64.7
72.4
64.6
69.2
69.4
70.8
69.8
66.4
73.6
73.3
69.8
68.5
65.7
83.3
76.6
81.0
80.0
73.8
75.3
83.5
80.4
96.3
85.9
72.8
73.2
76.4
81.1
77.9
81.6
66.7
62.0
62.9
66.1
68.6
65.9
67.9
63.5
64.0
64.4
72.0
64.3
68.7
69.1
70.4
69.5
66.2
73.3
73.1
69.6
68.3
65.4
83.2
76.4
80.9
79.8
73.6
75.2
83.4
80.3
96.2
86.0
72.5
73.0
76.3
80.9
77.7
81.4
66.6
61.9
62.9
66.1
68.5
65.8
67.8
63.4
63.9
64.4
71.9
64.2
68.6
69.0
70.4
69.4
66.1
73.0
73.0
69.4
68.1
65.3
82.9
76.2
80.7
79.6
73.6
75.2
82.7
80.1
95.9
85.8
72.7
73.1
76.4
81.5
78.2
82.1
65.3
61.7
61.7
65.1
67.7
64.8
66.6
62.4
63.0
63.2
71.0
63.2
67.7
67.8
69.3
68.5
65.0
72.8
72.4
68.3
67.2
64.1
83.3
74.7
79.7
78.4
72.6
75.0
83.6
80.0
96.3
85.5
72.3
72.7
76.0
81.3
78.0
81.9
64.8
61.5
61.1
64.6
67.2
64.2
65.9
61.9
62.5
62.4
70.0
62.5
66.6
66.8
68.4
67.6
64.3
72.1
71.8
67.7
66.6
63.4
83.0
74.3
79.3
77.9
72.1
74.7
83.2
79.7
95.9
85.7
71.8
72.2
75.8
80.8
77.6
81.5
64.6
61.2
61.0
64.4
67.0
64.1
65.8
61.7
62.4
62.2
69.7
62.2
66.2
66.5
68.2
67.4
64.0
71.2
71.7
67.3
66.3
63.1
82.1
73.7
78.7
77.3
72.0
74.7
81.6
79.3
95.1
59
-------
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Utah
Utah
Utah
Utah
Utah
Utah
Utah
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
West Virginia
West Virginia
West Virginia
West Virginia
West Virginia
West Virginia
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Harrison
Jefferson
Montgomery
Orange
Parker
Tarrant
Box Elder
Cache
Davis
Salt Lake
San Juan
Utah
Weber
Arlington
Caroline
Charles City
Chesterfield
Fairfax
Fauquier
Frederick
Hanover
Henri co
Loudoun
Page
Prince William
Roanoke
Stafford
Alexandria City
Hampton City
Suffolk City
Berkeley
Cabell
Hancock
Kanawha
Monongalia
Ohio
Wood
Brown
76.0
90.5
90.7
78.3
87.5
98.3
79.0
69.3
81.3
80.0
71.0
78.3
77.7
95.7
84.0
89.3
86.0
96.3
81.0
84.3
94.0
90.0
89.3
81.3
85.7
86.0
86.3
90.0
88.7
87.3
86.0
88.0
84.3
87.0
80.0
84.7
87.7
81.7
66.1
82.3
77.3
70.4
69.0
81.3
74.4
67.3
76.5
75.9
69.6
76.4
71.9
85.2
68.9
78.0
75.5
83.9
68.2
69.8
79.3
77.4
75.5
65.0
71.4
71.0
71.8
78.4
79.5
78.3
71.2
72.4
70.6
68.4
66.3
69.1
66.6
69.4
65.9
82.2
77.2
70.2
68.8
81.1
74.3
67.3
76.4
75.8
69.6
76.3
71.8
85.1
68.6
77.8
75.4
83.8
68.1
69.6
79.2
77.3
75.3
64.8
71.2
70.7
71.6
78.3
79.5
78.2
71.0
72.1
70.5
68.1
66.2
69.0
66.4
69.1
65.7
81.5
76.6
69.7
68.6
80.9
74.2
67.2
76.4
75.8
69.6
76.3
71.7
85.0
68.6
77.7
75.3
83.7
68.0
69.4
79.1
77.2
75.2
64.7
71.1
70.6
71.5
78.2
79.9
78.9
70.9
71.8
70.3
67.8
66.1
68.7
66.0
69.0
65.5
82.5
77.3
70.4
67.3
79.7
73.8
67.1
75.8
75.4
69.5
75.8
71.1
85.5
68.6
77.8
75.4
84.0
68.2
69.3
79.1
77.2
75.6
64.7
71.2
70.4
71.8
78.5
78.9
77.2
70.8
72.6
70.4
67.9
65.9
69.0
66.4
68.4
65.0
82.2
76.9
70.0
66.6
79.2
73.5
67.0
75.4
75.0
69.4
75.5
70.6
85.2
68.1
77.5
75.0
83.7
67.8
68.7
78.7
76.9
75.1
64.3
70.7
69.7
71.3
78.2
78.7
76.9
70.1
71.9
70.1
67.1
65.6
68.6
65.8
67.7
64.5
80.5
75.3
68.8
66.3
78.7
73.4
66.9
75.3
74.9
69.4
75.4
70.5
85.0
67.9
77.2
74.8
83.5
67.6
68.4
78.5
76.7
74.9
64.0
70.5
69.5
71.1
78.0
79.7
78.7
69.8
71.3
69.6
66.5
65.3
67.9
65.0
67.4
60
-------
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Wyoming
Columbia
Dane
Dodge
Door
Fond Du Lac
Jefferson
Kenosha
Kewaunee
Manitowoc
Milwaukee
Ozaukee
Racine
Rock
St Croix
Sheboygan
Walworth
Washington
Waukesha
Winnebago
Campbell
Teton
77.7
77.3
81.0
92.7
79.0
84.5
98.7
90.0
90.0
91.3
95.3
91.7
84.3
72.7
98.0
83.3
82.7
82.7
80.0
71.0
65.7
64.6
65.0
66.2
78.8
64.1
69.8
89.0
78.6
79.8
80.3
84.3
82.4
72.0
58.6
85.6
70.6
69.5
70.9
66.5
70.0
64.9
64.4
64.8
65.9
78.4
63.8
69.5
88.9
78.4
79.5
80.0
84.1
82.3
71.7
58.4
85.3
70.2
69.2
70.6
66.2
69.9
64.9
64.3
64.8
65.8
78.3
63.7
69.4
88.8
78.3
79.5
80.0
84.1
82.2
71.6
58.2
85.2
70.1
69.2
70.5
66.1
69.9
64.9
63.4
63.8
64.9
77.9
62.7
68.5
88.5
77.9
79.1
79.5
83.9
81.9
70.9
57.3
84.8
69.5
68.3
70.1
65.3
69.8
64.9
62.8
63.3
64.1
76.9
61.9
67.7
88.2
77.2
78.4
78.9
83.3
81.5
70.0
56.6
84.0
68.4
67.5
69.2
64.6
69.8
64.8
62.6
63.1
63.8
76.6
61.7
67.5
88.0
77.0
78.2
78.7
83.1
81.3
69.9
56.2
83.7
68.2
67.3
69.0
64.2
69.7
64.8
61
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United States Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Publication No. EPA 454/R-07-004
Environmental Protection Air Quality Assessment Division March 2007
Agency Research Triangle Park, NC
62
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