&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Environmental Monitoring
Systems Laboratory
P.O. Box 15027
Las Vegas NV 89114-5027
EPA 600/4-84-066
DOE/DP/0539-052
August 1984
Nevada Test Site
Experimental Farm
Summary Report
1963-1981
prepared for the
U.S. Department of Energy
under Interagency Agreement
Number DE-AI08-76DP00539
-------
\
EPA-600/4-84-066
DOE/OP/0539-052
NEVADA TEST SITE EXPERIMENTAL FARM:
SUMMARY REPORT 1963 - 1981
by
Stuart C. Black and Donald D. Smith
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
Las Vegas, Nevada 89114
VJ
6*
0)
o
o
Oc...
Prepared for the
U.S. Department of Energy
under Interagency Agreement
Number DE-AI08-76DP00539 ,
,o \.
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING SYSTEMS LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
LAS VEGAS, NEVADA 89114
-------
DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Monitoring Systems
Laboratory--l_as Vegas, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for
publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not
constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
ii
-------
CONTENTS
Page
Tables . iv
Summary 1
Introduction 3
Procedures 5
Radioiodlne Studies 5
Other Radioisotope Studies 8
Results 10
Radioiodines Studies 10
Other Fission-Products 12
Actinide Studies 13
Discussion 16
References 17
Bibliography 23
Appendix 31
TABLES
Number Page
1 Experimental Program Variables .... 6
2 Physical Data for Radioiodine Model 7
3 Actinide Studies in Dairy Animals 14
i i i
-------
SUMMARY
The Experimental Farm facility In Area 15 of the Nevada Test Site (NTS)
was established in 1963-64 so that the air-forage-cow-milk chain, for the
transport of radioiodine, could be investigated. The Farm included an irri-
gated agricultural area, a dairy-cow herd, milking facilities, and facilities
for surgical and necropsy procedures. A later addition was metabolism stalls,
developed to facilitate individual collection of urine, feces, milk, and blood
from dairy cows. As the research program progressed, radioactive products of
the nuclear testing program other than radioiodine were studied in a variety
of animals that could be sources of ultimate human exposure.
The studies of radioiodine, other radionuclides, and other animal species
that involved the Farm, principally or peripherally, are listed in chronological
order in the Appendix. This Appendix 1s deliberately concise because of its
length. Complete data for those experiments for which formal reports were
prepared, as indicated for each study, are available in the reports listed in
the references.
The radioiodine program was essentially complete by 1970 and was summar-
ized in a 1976 report (reference 48). Table 2 from that report (see pages 7
and 8) indicates the types of studies conducted for that program and the kinds
of data collected. Some of the studies were based on exposure from planned or
1
-------
accidental ventings from nuclear tests and some were based on exposure from
artificially generated aerosols labeled with radlolodlne.
In addition to its role as an experimental facility for fallout-related
metabolism studies, the Farm has been used in cooperative studies with Lawrence
Livermore Laboratory, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, and other Environ-
mental Protection Agency (EPA) laboratories. Another important role has been
as a staging area for the Animal Investigation Program (AIP). The surgery
and necropsy procedures could be performed there in a clean environment and
space was available for maintenance of animals and, particularly, for the
fistulated steers—known collectively as "Big Sam." It also served as the
operation base for the Nevada Applied Ecology Group grazing studies conducted
on actinide-contaminated ranges and for ad hoc AIP Investigations. Reports on
those studies are listed in the enclosed bibliography. The major experimental
findings are summarized in the results section of this report.
-------
INTRODUCTION
In 1963 under an Interagency Agreement with the Atomic Energy Commission,
the U.S. Public Health Service instituted studies to determine the transport
of radioactive iodine in the human food chain. These studies were important
because the most immediate hazard to humans who might be exposed to fallout
from nuclear tests is radioiodine, which concentrates in the thyroid gland.
This is particularly true for infants and young children who drink milk, so
elucidation of the air-to-forage-to-cow-to-milk pathway was the primary
purpose of the studies. To accomplish this, a dairy farm was established on
the Nevada Test Site in Area 15.
The experimental dairy farm was operated in the same manner as a Grade A
dairy with dry-lot feeding practices, except that all milk was disposed of as
waste. The facilities included up to 26 milk cows; a 15-acre farm plot for
growing forage; pens for individually feeding the cows during experiments;
metabolism stalls for separate collection of milk, urine, feces and blood; and
an abbatoir for sacrifice of experimental animals and collection of tissue
samples.
During its IB-year operation, many well-controlled experiments on the
milk transfer and metabolism of the radioiodines, other fission products, and
the actinides were conducted at the farm. It also served as the base of
-------
operation for the Animal Investigation Program (AIP), which investigated the
uptake and retention of radionuclides in a 100-cow beef herd maintained on the
Nevada Test Site as well as in other domestic and wild animals both on and off
the Nevada Test Site.
This report summarizes the findings of the studies conducted at the farm,
lists in chronological order all the major experiments involving the farm, and
lists all published reports for both the farm studies and the studies of the
Animal Investigation Program.
-------
PROCEDURES
The procedures used in these studies are briefly summarized below; the re-
ports cited in the appendix contain all details of the procedures used for a
given experiment. In general, the radioiodine studies were the most complete
since measurements were made of the radioiodine concentration in all parts of
the air-forage-cow-milk pathway. The other isotopes were administered orally
or by injection into the experimental animals and only portions of the pathway
were studied. The range of variables studied is listed in Table 1. For example,
the kinds of isotopes studied are listed in column 1, the sources for one or
more isotopes in column 2, etc. Most isotopes were tested in dairy cows, but
some subjects were tested with only a few, e.g., chickens were dosed only with
actinides.
RADIOIODINE STUDIES
The Area 15 Dairy Farm was established for these kinds of studies. In
general, sized diatomaceous earth aerosols, sprayed salt solution or gaseous
iodine, all labeled with iodine-131, were dispersed in air either over growing
or chopped fresh forage or over baled or spread hay. When possible, such feed-
stuff was exposed to fallout from accidental or planned releases from nuclear
tests. Weighed amounts of the appropriate feed were fed to lactating cows and
the milk produced was measured for total amount and content of radioactivity.
-------
TABLE 1. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM VARIABLES
Radio-
nuclides
T
Be
Fe
Rb
Te
I
Tl
W
Pb
Hq
U
Pu
Np
Am
Cm
Sources
Accidental venting
Plowshare tests
Aerosol Generations:
Gaseous, aqueous,
partlculate
Spiked solutions
Subjects
Dairy cows
Steers
Calves
Swine
Chickens
Goats
F1sh
Plants
Exposures
Forage crops
Range forage
M1lk
Oral Injection
Intravenous
Injection
Inhalation
Objects
Milk
Urine
Feces
Blood
Eggs
Vegetation
Organs
Tissues
============================ ==================3:==================:=======: = =====
In a few Instances some cows were exposed to the rad1o1od1ne only through
inhalation, and fed uncontamlnated feed, to estimate the contribution of inhala-
tion to the contamination of milk. In other Instances, various chemical forms
of radloiodine were placed 1n capsules and administered to the cows by use of a
balling gun to measure milk and tissue distribution following ingestion.
The types of physical data collected from the majority of the radioiodine
experiments are shown 1n Table 2. For the artificial contamination experiments,
of course, both the distance from ground zero and the survey-meter readings
were not applicable.
-------
TABLE 2. PHYSICAL DATA FOR RADIOIODINE MODEL
Name and Cows
Date of Per
Experiment Group
Hay:
Pike
03/13/64
Palanquin
04/14/65
TNT
01/12/65
Cabriolet
01/26/68
Buggy
03/12/68
Schooner
12/08/68
Hayseed
10/04/65
Alfalfa
06/21/66
Rainout
09/29/66
SIP
06/06/67
MICE
09/21/67
Green Chop:
Pike
03/13/64
Palanquin
04/14/65
Pin Stripe
04/25/66
Hayseed
10/04/65
Alfalfa
06/21/66
Rainout
09/29/66
SIP
06/06/67
MICE
09/21/67
HARE
09/18/68
3
3
6
3
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
6
6
6
6
3
3
6
4
6
4
4
4
4
6
6
6
3
3
Distance
(mi.)
84
84
2.85
3.5
1.5
0.75
2.8
10
10
10
10
46
43.5
29
136
84
84
2.85
63
54
Peak
Y-dose
Rate1
(mR/h)
0.1
0.06
2X101*
17
9.0
2.9
31
252
252
64
64
100
34
14
0.58
0.1
0.06
2x10"
1.6
0.38
Dose
Rate Planch.2
@ 6h (yCi/m2)
(mR/h)
0.08
0.05
2,300 206
2 1.
1.05
0.34
5
3 1.04
25 18.2
25 18,
.2
6.2 3.1
6.2 3,
55 6,
30 1,
7 0
0.68
3
4
24
1
0
0
0.08
0.05
2 , 300 206
1.1
0.28
3
3
4
4
24
1
0
1
1
.1
.43
.93
.39
.13
.66
.6
.63
.66
.66
.13
.13
.66
.66
.6
.63
.66
.25
.43
Air3
(pCi-s/m3)
264
3.5
ND
ND
9.92
52
52
7.9
7.9
3.2
2.0
1.5
323
333
5.6
157
132
132
264
21.7
6.6
323
323
334
334
5.6
157
132
87.5
F/C"
Ratio
3.4
0.11
1.43
14.6
14.6
6.6
6.6
6.4
4.1
13.7
4.9
3.5
0.33
3.2
0.12
0.12
3.4
3.0
1.9
4.9
4.9
3.5
3.5
0.33
3.2
0.12
1.0
1.0
Particle* Peak
Size Forage
(urn) Concen.
(nCi/kg)
26,
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6-0.9
0.6-0.9
0.6-0.9
23
2
169 (drop) 9
0.13
gas 2
gas
45
23 1
23 2
2
2 3
169(drop)21
0.13 1
gas 2
0.6 1
0.6
1.3
0.65
000
385
5.1
1.6
68.4
452
121
57
20.7
56
19
4.3
405
640
,800
79.8
,110
102
4.7
1.7
,400
56
18
,900
,700
260
,400
,000
,130
,630
,030
775
T „ in
eff
Forage
(days)
2.4
4.0
6.2
6.8
8.2
10.5
7.9
6.5
3.6
5.9
2.2
5.3
5.3
-
4.9
4.0
3.6
-
2.1
4.5
4.1
4.0
2.4
3.8
Days
Fed
8
24
6
6
8
0.5
8
0.5
10
10
10
6
8
7.5
0.5
10.5
3
4
14
14
4
6
3
9
8
10
8
5
5
(Continued next page)
-------
TABLE 2. (Continued)
Exposure Route:
Name and Cows
Peak Dose
Particle5 Peak
Date of Per Distance
Experiment Group (mi.)
Green Chop:
Milkrun
08/11/65
Air Uptake:
Palanquin , „
04/14/65 * />B
Hayseed ,
10/04/65
Alfalfa
06/21/66
SIP
06/06/67
MICE
09/21/67
y-dose Rate Planch.2
Rate1 @ 6h (yCi/m2)
(mR/h) (mR/h)
2x10 ^ 2,300 206
3.13
4.66
1.63
0.66
Air3 F/C1* Size Forage Days
(pCi-s/m3) Ratio (ym) Concen. /j^8? Fed
(nCi/kg) ldays^
118 Ci Capsule 1
264 3.4
323 4.9 23
334 3.5 2
157 3.2 0.13
132 0.12 gas
1-Y dose-rate measured 3 feet above ground
2-Deposition on planchets
3-Intergrated air concentration
it-Activity on filter divided by activity on charcoal
5-Count median diameter of the aerosol
OTHER RADIOISOTOPE STUDIES
The studies Involving the other radloisotopes listed 1n Table 1 were
principally based on oral or intravenous administration to a variety of exper-
imental subjects. The data collected were mostly concerned with excretion of
the Isotopes in milk, urine, and feces and with their concentration in various
tissues. Extensive use of the metabolism stalls of the Experimental Farm
facilitated the separate collection of the aforementioned excreta and, fre-
quently, of blood samples.
Some of these studies explored the effect of chemical form on the excretion
of radloisotopes, or explored the effect of route of administration. Other
-------
data collected included the differential absorption of plutonium-238 and -239,
the transfer of certain actinides to hen's eggs, differential secretion into
goat's milk versus cow's milk, uptake in calves from in vivo or in vitro labeled
milk, the effect of heating and cooking with labeled natural gas on the tritium
exposure of pigs, and the effect of particle size on the passage of ingested
soil through the gastro-intestinal tract of cows.
-------
RESULTS
RADIOIODINES STUDIES
The results from these studies, concerned with the air-forage-cow-milk
chain, are listed below in the form of statements or equations for various
segments of the milk food-chain. The published reports may be consulted for
complete details (references: 1-3, 5-11, 13-17, 20-23, 25, 27, 31, 33, 35,
40, 42, 45, 46, 48).
Air to Forage Deposition
The deposition velocity is greater for particulate forms of radioiodine
than for \2- Precipitation appears to increase deposition 2 to 10 times.
"Washout" may increase deposition but, if rain continues, it will wash par-
ti cul ates from the vegetation.
Air to Milk Ratio
For estimating maximum milk concentration when the air concentration has
been measured, use nCi/L = 0.8 x /uCi-s/m3 for cows fed fresh forage, or
nCi/L = 0.1 x /*Ci-s/m3 for cows fed hay. The term Ci-s/m3 is the integrated
air concentration of radioiodine.
10
-------
Forage to Milk Relationship
Baled hay contaminated in the open field and fed to cows reduces maximum
iodine in milk by a factor of 14 when compared to fresh forage from the same
field fed to other cows. Sudan grass feed reduces the maximum milk concentra-
tion by a factor of 3 compared to alfalfa feed. Milk concentration can be
related to exposure by the following: maximum nCi/L = 4 x mR/hr for fresh
forage feed, or = 0.29 x mR/hr for hay feed (G-M survey meter reading at 1 m
above ground; maximum or H + 6 hour value, whichever 1s greater). Iodine
uptake from soil by vegetation is negligible for a single acute deposition.
Spray irrigation can wash 30-40 percent of iodine particulates off the forage
if applied in the first few hours after deposition. The maximum Ci/L milk to
maximum Ci/kg feed ratio is 0.07 for cows fed fresh forage and 0.024 for cows
fed baled hay contaminated by the same fallout.
Chemical Form of Iodine
There was no difference in secretion of radioiodine in milk following
either Nal, \2, CH3l, or NaI03 ingestion by cows.
Inhalation Exposure
Inhalation by the cow during cloud passage increased the milk content of
radioiodine by 6 percent if the cow was fed fresh feed and by 30 percent if fed
hay.
11
-------
Isotopes
The 132, 133, and 135 Isotopes of Iodine in fresh fallout may increase the
infant thyroid dose by 38 percent 1f the milk comes from cows fed fresh forage
and by 12 percent if the cows are fed baled hay; if deposition occurs within a
few hours after the nuclear test and the consumption of milk begins soon there-
after.
Prediction
For a given cloud content (kt of fission products) the peak milk concen-
tration will be nd/liter = 17 x (miles from SGZ)"1-32 x kt for cows on a
pasture which is along the line of maximum fallout.
OTHER FISSION-PRODUCTS
Except for rubidium, the other elements studied were secreted in milk to a
much smaller extent than were the radioiodines. In these studies, the cows
were placed in metabolism stalls and the radioisotope, contained in a gelatin
capsule, was administered orally.
Over 8 to 10 days the total percent dose secreted in cow milk following
a single oral intake was:
for 86Rb - 15% (c.f. only 8 to 9% of ingested iodine)(reference 30);
for 202T1 - 2.5$ (reference 19);
12
-------
for ?Be, 59Fe, 182W> 202Hg, 203Pb> and 129Te _ less than 0.5%
(references 18, 19, 28, 36, 39, 49).
ACTINIDE STUDIES
In these studies the actinides were administered to lactating animals by
either oral or intravenous injection. The animals were confined in metabolism
stalls for 6 to 8 days for separate collection of excreta and were later sacrified
so that tissue concentrations could be measured. Table 3 contains a summary of
the results (references 43-45, 51-61).
Dairy Animals
_P_———^_
In cows, the highest percent dose absorbed for the ingested actinides was
0.025 percent for plutonium nitrate, but only 2 x 10~4 percent was transferred to
milk. About 4 x 10"4 percent of ingested americium or curium chloride was
transferred to milk. For edible tissues, the maximum concentration in liver
was 7 x ID"4 percent dose per kg and in muscle was 4 x 10-6 percent dose per kg
following oral intake of curium chloride. The concentration in liver and
muscle was about 2,000 times higher following intravenous injection compared to
oral administration for the soluble form of the actinides.
In goats, the highest percent dose absorbed was 0.5 percent for ingested
neptunium and 0.01 percent of that dose appeared in milk. In edible tissues,
neptunium was also highest of the actinides with maximum percent oral dose
being 0.015/kg for liver and 5 x 10~4/kg for muscle. A difference between cows
13
-------
TABLE 3. ACTINIDE STUDIES IN DAIRY ANIMALS*
Animal
Cow
Cow
Cow
Goat
Cow
Goat
Cow
Goat
Cow
Goat
Cow
Goat
Goat
Goat
chemical
238pu
238pu
238pu
238pu
24lAm
241Am
24lAm
241Am
243Cu
243Cu
243Cu
243Cu
234Np
234Np
oxide
nitrate
nitrate
nitrate
nitrate
nitrate
nitrate
nitrate
chloride
chloride
chloride
chloride
chloride
chloride
Mode of
Intake
oral**
oral
i.v.
i.v.
oral
oral
i.v.
1.V.
oral
oral
I.v.
i.v.
oral
i.v.
Percent Concentration in
Uptake Edible Tissue-%/kg
Liver Muscle
0.003 5x10-5
0.025 3x10-4
3x10-4
-
0.014 4x10-4
0.014 0.008
3.8
57
0.02 7x10-4
0.006 0.002
2.5
42
0.48 0.015
5.1
3xlO-7
4x10-6
4xlO-6
-
4xlO-6
4x10-5
0.019
0.29
4xlO-6
IxlO-4
0.009
0.27
5x10-4
0.033
% Transfer
to Milk
2x10-5
2x10-4
1.6
0.42
4x10-4
0.004
2.7
2.0
4x10-4
2x10-4
2.0
2.0
0.01
0.24
=============3=================================================================
*Milk collected for 4 to 10 days after dosing and the animals sacrificed a few
days later.
**The cows in this group received a daily oral dose of 238pu dioxide for 19
days. All other animals received a single dose.
14
-------
and goats 1s suggested by the high percentage uptake of americium and curium in
the goat liver following 1.v. Injection of the radloisotopes.
The studies summarized above, other than radioiodine studies, were con-
ducted by use of oral or intravenous administration of the nuclides; no aerosol
generation for contamination of forage crops was attempted.
In studies of actinlde transfer to hen eggs, the isotope was detectable
only in the yolk. For chickens given daily oral doses of plutonium-238 or
americium-241, the peak concentration in egg yolk, as a percentage of the total
dose, was 1.2x10"^ percent for plutonlum oxide and 3xlO~3 percent for both
Plutonium citrate and americium citrate.
Studies of plutonlum oxide uptake by alfalfa plants indicated about 50
times as much of the 238 isotope compared to the 239 isotope was taken up.
However, in dairy cows there was little difference between the two plutonium
isotopes as far as milk secretion and tissue concentration were concerned when
the Isotopes were given orally.
15
-------
CONCLUSION
The Experimental Farm was a unique facility essential to the types of
studies conducted thereon. The location and facilities permitted experiments
using types and/or quantities of materials that would have been extremely
difficult, if not impossible, to use elsewhere. The experimental design with
dry-lot feeding practices and sophisticated collection and analysis techniques
yielded more accurate data on radionuclide metabolism and tissue distribution
than would have been possible with other experimental regimes.
The experiments conducted with the Farm as a base, and the AIP related
activities, have generated over 100 formal reports and published presentations
as indicated in the references and bibliography. These reports should be con-
sulted to determine the detailed procedures and actual data used to derive the
conclusions summarized above. The appendix to this report gives, in abstract,
the purpose, design, and findings of each of the experiments conducted at the
farm and references the published report, if available, from which the data
were abstracted.
The findings from the radloisotope studies at the Experimental Dairy Farm
and the results obtained from the Animal Investigation Program provide a ra-
tionale for making predictions and for planning protective actions that could
be useful in emergency response to accidental contaminating events where fresh
fission products are involved. The factors listed in the Results section above
can provide preliminary Information pending more complete analyses as times
becomes available.
16
-------
REFERENCES CITED IN TEXT OR APPENDIX
1. Barth, Delbert S., and Veater, Joel G. Dairy Farm Radio-iodine Study
Following the Pike Event. SWRHL-14r. U.S. Public Health Service,
Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 24 pp.,
1964. (Also Report No. TID-21764)
2. Barth, D. S., and Seal, M. S. "Radlolodlne Transport Through the Ecosystem,
Air-Forage-Cow-Milk Using a Synthetic Dry Aerosol." pp. 151-158.
Radioecological Concentration Processes, Proceedings of an International
Symposium Held 1n Stockholm 25-29 April, 1966.
3. Bioenvironmental Research Program. Radipiodine Study In Conjunction with
Project Sulky. SWRHL-29R. U.S. Public Health Service, Southwestern
Radiological Health Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 42 pp., 1966.
4. Hazzard, D. G., Withrow, T. J., and Bruckner, G. H., "Verxite Flakes for
In Vivo Binding of 134Cs in Cows." J. Dairy Science Vol. 50, No. 6, p.
992, June 1967.
5. Douglas, Richard L. "Health Physics Program at the Nevada Test Site
Experimental Farm." Presented at the Health Physics Society Mid-Year
Tropical Symposium, Los Angeles, California, January 28-31, 9 pp., 1969.
6. Black, S. C., Barth, D. S., Engel, R. E., and Falter, K. H. Radioiodine
Studies Following the Transient Nuclear Test (TNT) of a KIWI Reactor.
SWRHL-26r.U.S. Public Health Service, Southwestern Radiological Health
Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 92 pp., 1969.
7. Douglas, Richard L. "Radioiodine Transport through the Alr-Forage-Cow-
Milk System Using a Gaseous J-2 Contaminant (Project Mice)."Presented
at 14th Annual Health Physics Society Meeting, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,
June 8-12, 1969.
8. Barth, D. S., Engel, R. E., Black, S. C., and Shimoda, W. Dairy Farm
Radlolodlne Studies Following the Pin Stripe Event of_April 25, 1966.
SWRHL-41r. U.S. PUDHC Health service, southwestern Radiological Health
Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 72 pp., 1969.
9. Stanley, Richard E., Black, Stuart C., and Barth, Delbert S. 131I Dairy
Cow Studies Using a Dry Aerosol (Project Alfalfa). SWRHL-42r.U.S. Public
Health Service, Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory, Las Vegas,
Nevada. 75 pp., 1969.
17
-------
10. James, R. H., McNeils, D. N., Whittaker, E. L., and Kennedy, N. C. Aerosol
Preparation. Generation, and Assessment (Project Hare). SWRHl-75r. U.S.
Public Health Service, Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory, Las
Vegas, Nevada. 22 pp., 1970.
11. Shimoda, W., Black, S. C.. Falter, K. H., Engel , R. E., and Barth, D. S.
Study of a Single Dose *3*I - 126I Ratio in Dairy Cows. SWRHL-27r. U.S.
Public Health Service, Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory, Las
Vegas, Nevada. 100 pp., 1970.
12. Douglas, Richard L., Mason, Benjamin J., and Moghissi, A. Alan. "Variations
in Tritium Concentrations in Urine of Employees at the Nevada Test Site
Experimental FarmT1" Presented at the Health Physics Society 15th Annual
Meeting, cnicago, Illinois, June 28-July 2, 1970.
13. McFarlane, James C., and Mason, Benjamin J. PI ant Radi oi odi ne Rel ati on-
ships--A Review. SWRHL-90r. U.S. Public Health Service, Southwestern
Radiological Health Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 50 pp., 1970.
14. McNelis, D. N., Black, S. C., and Whittaker, E. L. Radio iodine Field
Studies with Synthetic Aerosols. SWRHL-103r. U.S. Public Health service,
Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 23 pp.,
1971.
15. Mason, Benjamin J., Black, Stuart C., and Barth, Delbert S. 11 it Dairy
Cow Uptake Studies Using a Submicrometer Dry Aerosol. SWRHL-39r. U.S.
Public Health Service, Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory, Las
Vegas, Nevada. 31 pp., 1971.
16. Douglas, Richard L., Black, Stuart C., and Barth, Delbert S. j-31! Transport
through the Air-Forage-Cow-Milk System Using an Aerosol Mist (Project
Rainout). SWRHL-43r. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas,
Nevada. 38 pp., 1971.
17. White, Mary Mayes, and Moghissi, A. A. "Transfer of 13*1 from Milk into
Cheese." Health Physics Vol. 21, pp. 116-118, July 1971.
18. Stanley, R. E., Mullen, A. A., and Bretthauer, E. W. "Transfer to Milk of
Ingested Radiolead." Health Physics Vol. 21, pp. 211-215, August 1971.
19. Mullen, A. L., Stanley, R. E., Black, S. C., and Moghissi, A. A.: "Dairy
Cow Absorption and Milk Secretion of Four Radi onucl ides." Presented~afC
Health Physics Society 16th Annual Meeting, New York, New York. July 1971.
20. Douglas, Richard L., Payne, James G., Jr., Mullen, Anita L., and Moghissi,
A. Alan. "Health Physics Aspects of Large-Animal Radioiosptope Studies."
Presented at Radiation safety Officers conference, Purdue university,
September 23-24, 1971.
21. Potter, G. D., and Black, S. C.. "Secretion of Fallout Radi onucl ides in
Milk." Presented at workshop on Survival or Agriculture in the Event of
Nuclear War, Front Royal, Virginia, October 12, 1971.
18
-------
22. Black, Stuart C., Bretthauer, Erich W.t and McNeils, David N. Radionuclide
Studies with Dairy Cows Following Two Plowshare Experiments. SWRHL-85r.
U.S. Public Health Service, Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory,
Las Vegas, Nevada. 32 pp., 1971.
23. Black, Stuart C., Engel, Ronald E., Randecker, Victor W., and Barth,
Delbert S. Radioiodine Studies In Dairy Cows Following Project Palanquin.
PNE-914F. U.S. Public Health Service, Southwestern Radiological Health
Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 60 pp., 1971.
24. Moghissi, A. A., Patzer, R. G., McNeils, D. N., and Carter, M. W. "Back-
ground Information for the Development of a Radiation Standard for Tritium
in Nuclear Stimulated Natural Gas."Presented at the Sixth Annual Health
Physics Society Topical Symposium, Richland, Washington, November 2-5,
1971.
25. Black, Stuart C., McNeils, David N., and Bretthauer, Erich W. Radionuclide
Studies In Dairy Cows Foil owing Project Schooner. SWRHL-112r. U.S. Public
Health Service, Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory, Las Vegas,
Nevada. 26 pp., 1972.
26. McNeils, D. N., Moghissl, A. A., Patzer, R. G., and McMillan, R. C.
"Tritium Body Burden of Swine Following the Rupture of a Luminous Source
Activated with Elemental Tritium." Health Physics Vol. 22. pp. 161-164,
February 1972.
27. Bretthauer, E. W., Mullen, A. L., and Moghissi, A. A. "Milk Transfer
Comparisons of Different Chemical Forms of Radioiodine." Health Physics
Vol. 22. pp. 257-260, March 1972.
28. Mullen, A. L., Stanley, R. E., Lloyd, S. R., and Moghissi, A. A. "Radio-
beryllium Metabolism by the Dairy Cow." Health Physics Vol. 22, pp. 17-
22, January 1972.
29. Patzer, Robert G., Moghissi, A. Alan, and McNeils, David N. "Tritium
Transfer to Swine from Trltiated Natural Gas Used for Domestic Heating and
Cooking."Presented at the Health Physics Society meeting, Las Vegas,
June 12-16, 1972.
30. Mullen, A. L., Stanley, R. E., and Moghissi, A. A. "Absorption, Distribu-
tion and Milk Secretion of Radlonuclides by the Dairy Cow--II. Radio-
rubidium." Health Physics Vol. 24, pp. 417-422, April 1973.
31. Brown, K. W., and McFarlane, James C. "Deposition and Retention of 131I
on Gray1 a Splnosa Following Baneberry." Health Physics Vol. 24, pp. 680-
682, June 1973.
32. Stanley, Richard E., Bretthauer, Erich W., and Sutton, William W.
Absorption, Distribution, and Excretion of Plutonium by Dairy Cattle. NVO-
142. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Nevada Operations Office, Las Vegas,
Nevada, pp. 163-185, 1974.
19
-------
33. Barth, Julius, Whittaker, Earl L., and Barth, Delbert S. The Behavior of
13^I in an Artificial Rumen and In the Simulated Fluids of the Abomasum
and Intestine.NERC-LV-539-32.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Las
Vegas, Nevada. 8 pp., 1974.
34. Beckert, W. F., Moghfssi, A. A., Au, F. H. F., Bretthauer, E. W., and
McFarlane, J. C. "Formation of Methyl mercury 1n a Terrestrial Environment."
Nature Vol. 249, pp. 674-675, June 1974.
35. Mason, B. J., Brown, K. W., Hop, H. W., and McFarlane, J. C. Retention of
Elemental and Participate Radlolodine on Alfalfa. NERC-LV-539-33. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada. 17 pp., 1974.
36. Mullen, Anita A., and Stanley, Richard E. "Absorption, Distribution, and
Milk Secretion of Rad1onucl1des by the Dairy Cow III: Radlotellurlum."
Health Physics Vol. 27. pp. 279-284, September 1974.
37. Stanley, R. E., Bretthauer, E. W., and Sutton, W. W. Absorption, Pistrlbu-
tton, and Excretion of Plutonium by Dairy Cattle. NVO-153.U.S. Energy
Research and Development Administration, Nevada Operations Office, Las
Vegas, Nevada, pp. 97-124, 1975.
38. McFarlane, J. C., Brown, K. W., and Kinnlson, R. R. "In Situ Soil Gamma
Analyzer--A New Approach to Determine the Movement of Pollutants In Soils."
Soil Science Vol. 120. No. 2, pp. 140-146, February 1974.
39. Mullen, A. L., Stanley, R. E., Lloyd, S. R., and Moghlssi, A. A. "Absorp-
tion, Distribution, and Milk Secretion of Radionuclides by the Dairy Cow
IV. Inorganic Radlomercury." Health Physics Vol. 28, pp. 685-691, June
1975.
40. Black, S. C., Stanley, R. E., Barth, D. S. 131I Levels In Cow's Milk Fol-
lowing Ingestlon of Contaminated Alfalfa or Sudan Grass.EMSL-LV-539-1.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada. 22 pp., 1975.
41. Shuyler, L. R., Clark, D. A., Barth, J., and Smith, D. D. "Excretion of
Salts by Feed!ot Cattle in Response to Variations in Concentrations of
Sodium Chloride Added to Their RatlonT"Proceedings of 3rd International
Symposium on Livestock Wastes--1975. Presented at the University of
Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, April 21-24, 1975.
42. Smith, D. D., Black, S. C., Giles, K. R., and Moghissi, A. A. Report of
Animal Investigation Program Activities for the Baneberry Event. NERC-LV-
539-10.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada. 55 pp.,
1975.
43. Mullen, Anita A., Lloyd, S. R., and Mosley, R. E. "Distribution of In-
gested Transuranium Nucl Ides in Chickens and Subsequent Transport to Eggs."
Proceedings of the Symposium on Transuranium Nuclldes In the Environment
Organized by the United States Energy Research and Development Administration
and the International Atomic Energy Agency. Presented in San Francisco,
November 17-21, 1975 (pp. 423-433).
20
-------
44. Beckert, W. F., and Au, F. H. F. "Plutonium Uptake by a Soil Fungus and
Transport to Its Spores." Proceedings of the Symposium on Transuranium
Nuclfdes in tne Environment Organized by the United States Energy Research
and Development Administration and the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Presented in San Francisco, November 17-21, 1975 (pp. 337-345).
45. Smith, D. D., Barth, J., and Patzer, R. 6. "Grazing Studies on a Plutonium-
Contaminated Range of the Nevada Test Site." Proceedings of the Symposium
on Transuranium Nuclides in the Environment Organized by the United States
Energy Research and Development Administration and the International
Atomic Energy Agency. Presented in San Francisco, November 17-21, 1975
(pp. 325-336).
46. Black, S. C., Douglas, R. L., and Barth, D. S. Gaseous Radioiodine
Transport in the A1r-Forage-Cow-Mi1k System. EMSL-LV-539-2. U.S.
Environmental protection Agency, i_as vegas, Nevada. 24 pp., 1976.
47. Patzer, R. G., Potter, G. D., and Sutton, W. W. Passage of Sand Particles
through the Gastrointestinal Tract of Dairy Cows. NVO-159. U.S. Energy
Research and Development Administration, Nevada Operations Office, Las
Vegas, Nevada, pp. 47-46, 1976.
48. Black, Stuart C., and Barth, Delbert S. Rad1o1od1ne Prediction Model for
Nuclear Tests. EPA-600/4-76-027. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Las Vegas, Nevada. 38 pp., 1976.
49. Mullen, A. L. Bretthauer, E. W., and Stanley, R. E. "Absorption, Distribu-
tion, and Milk Secretion of Radlonuclides by the Dairy Cow~V. Radiotungsten."
Health Physics Vol. 31, pp. 417-424, November 1976.
50. Mullen, A. L., Moghissi, A. A., Wawerna, J. C., Mitchell, B. A., Bretthauer,
E. W., and Stanley, R. E. Tritium Retention by Cows and Steers and
Transfer to M1lk. EPA-600/3-77-076.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Las Vegas, Nevada. 16 pp., 1977.
51. Sutton, W. W., Patzer, R. G., Hahn, P. B., and Potter, G. D. Bovine
Transport and Retention of Plutpn1um-238 with Special Emphasis on the
Gastrointestinal Uptake of In Vivo Labeled Milk"! NVO-171. U.S. Energy
Research and Development Administration, Nevada Operations Office, Las
Vegas, Nevada, pp. 179-192. 1977.
52. Sutton, W. W., and Mullen, A. A. "Transport of Plutonium Via Food
Products of Animal Origin," in Transuranics in Natural Environments.
NVO-178. U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration, Las Vegas,
Nevada, pp. 435-448, 1977.
53. Patzer, R. G., Sutton, W. W., Hahn, P. B., and Potter, G. D. Comparisons
of Curium-243 and Plutonium-238 Biological Transport in Dairy Animals'
Following Intravenous InjecfTorK NVO-181.U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada.ppT 243-265, 1977.
21
-------
54. Sutton, W. W., Patzer, R. G., Hahn, P. B., and Potter, G. D., "Plutonium
Retention In Dairy Calves Following Ingestipn of Either In Vivo Labeled oT
In Vitro labeled Milk Transuram'cs In Desert Ecosystems."NVO-181.075T~
Department of Energy, Las Vegas, Nevada.pp. 229-241, 1977.
55. Sutton, W. W.., Patzer, R. G., Mullen, A. A., Hahn, P. B., and Potter, G.
D. Metabolism of Amerlclum-241 In Dairy Animals. EMSL-LV-0539-22. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada. 24 pp., 1978.
56. Brown, Kenneth W. Plutom'um-239 and Amerlclum-241 Uptake by Plants from
Sol 1. EPA-600/3-79-026. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas,
RevTda. 16 pp., 1979.
57. Sutton, W. W., Patzer, R. G., Hahn, P. B., and Potter, G. D. Biological
Transport of Curlum-243 In Dairy Animals. EMSL-LV-0539-23. U73T
ronmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada. 23 pp., 1979.
58. Patzer, R. G., Mullen, A. A., Sutton, W. W., Potter, G. D., Mosley, R. E.,
and Efurd, D. W. PIutonlum-238 and PIutonlIum-39 Metabol1sm 1n Dalry Cows
Following Ingesting of Mixed Oxides.EPA-600/3-80-097.U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada. 31 pp., 1980.
59. Mullen, A. A., Lloyd, S. R., Mosley, R. E., Potter, G. D., and Patzer, R.
G. Absorption, Distribution, and Milk Secretion of Neptunium In the Dairy
Goat"NVO-181.U.S. Department of Energy, Las Vegas, Nevada.pp. 267-
7797 1977.
60. Mullen, A. A., Mosley, R. E., and Potter, G. D. "Tissue Distribution of
Sollborne Aged Radlonuclldes Following Ingestlon by Goats." To be
published.
61. Sutton, W. W., Patzer, R. G., and Potter, G. D. Blotransport of Transur-
anium Radlonuclldes In Dairy Animals; A Data Summary.EMSL-LV-0539-35.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada. 53 pp., 1979.
22
-------
AIP BIBLIOGRAPHY
Farmer, G. R. "Effects of Radioactive Fall-Out on Bighorn." pp. 15-19.
Desert Bighorn Council 1959 Transactions. 86 pp. 1959.
Farmer, G. R. Off-Site Animal Investigation Project. Second Annual Report.
The Special Services Division of Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Co.,
Inc. Contract AT(29-2)-162. 19pp. June 30, 1959.
Farmer, G. R. "Radioactivity in Bighorn Sheep." pp. 23-25. Desert Bighorn
Council 1960 Transactions. 107 pp. 1960.
Fountain, E. L. "Fallout, Its Relation to Wildlife." pp. 95-97. Desert
Bighorn Council 1961 Transactions. 119 pp. 1961.
Fountain, E. L. Off-Site Animal Investigation Project. Fourth Annual
Report. Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Co., Inc. Contract
AT(29-2)-162. 32 pp. June 30, 1961.
Fountain, E. L. "Nuclear Test Program as It Affects Bighorn Sheep." pp.
87-92. Desert Bighorn Council 1962 Transactions. 130 pp. 1962.
Fountain, E. L. "Biological Assays." pp. 53-57. Desert Bighorn Council
1963 Transaction. 202 pp. 1963.
Blincoe, C., V. R. Bohman, and E. L. Fountain. "Iodine-131 in bovine thyroid
glands from 1957 through 1961." J. Agr. and Food Chem. J.2:5, pp.
414-418. 1964.
Engel, R. E. "Methods of Post Mortem Description of Wildlife Ruminants with
Two Commonly Observed Lesions in the Desert Bighorn Sheep." pp. 68-69b.
Desert Bighorn Council 1965 Transactions. 92 pp. 1965.
Kramp, R. C. "Preliminary Report on 90Sr Levels in Hock Joints of Desert
Bighorn Sheep and Mule Deer." pp. 62-67. Desert Bighorn Council 1965
Transactions. 92 pp. 1965.
Blincoe, C., V. R. Bohman, and E. L. Fountain. "Cesium-137 concentrations in
desert range cattle." J. Agr. and Food Chem. JL3_:2, p. 157. 1966.
Bohman, V. R., C. Blincoe, M. A. Wade, A. L. Lesperance, and E. L. Fountain.
"Accumulation of strontium in bovine bones." J. Agr. and Food Chem.
14:4, pp. 413-415. 1966.
23
-------
Brown, K. W. and D. D. Smith. The Poisonous Plants of the U.S. Atomic Energy
Commission's Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada.SWRHL-33r.U.S.
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Southwestern Radiological
Health Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 56 pp. 1966.
Bohman, V. R. and A. L. Lesperance. The Accumulation of Fission Products in
Bovine Tissues and An Evaluation~of certain Factors influencing the
Uptake of Materials. Annual Report 1967. U.S. Department of Health,
Education, and welfare"southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory, Las
Vegas, Nevada. Contract AT(04-3)-509. 28 pp. 1967.
Brechbill, R. A., R. E. Engel, and R. C. Kramp. Calcium in Hock Joints of
Wildlife Ruminants in Selected Areas of the United states.SWRHL-34r.
U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Southwestern
Radiological Health Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 8 pp. 1967.
Douglas, R. L. Status of the Nevada Test Site Experimental Farm. SWRHL-36r.
U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Southwestern
Radiological Health Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 30 pp. 1967.
Fountain, E. L. and M. S. Seal. "Strontium-90 in the bones of big game in
the Western United States." Health Phys. ^3 pp. 1205-1209. November
1967.
Brown, K. W. and B. J. Mason. Range Survey, Area 18, Nevada Test Site.
SWRHL-52. U.S. Department or Health, Education, and welfare,
Southwestern Radiological Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 42 pp. 1968.
Cohen, S. L. "Amputation of the Forelimb of a Desert Bighorn Sheep."
pp. 28-37. Desert Bighorn Council 1968 Transactions. 77 pp. 1968.
Engel, R. E. and S. L. Cohen. Principles of Reporting Post-Mortem Findings.
SWRHL-35r. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
Southwestern Radiological Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 15 pp. 1968.
Hull, B. P. and S. L. Cohen. Animal Investigation Program Baseline Studies:
Supplemental Test Site "C"^SWRHL-54r.U.S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare, Southwestern Radiological Laboratory, Las Vegas,
Nevada. 14 pp. 1968.
Smith, T. M., A. L. Lesperance, V. R. Bohman, R. A. Brechbill, and K. W.
Brown. "Intake and digestibility of forages grazed by cattle on a
southern Nevada range." Proceedings, Western Section, American Society
of Animal Science JL£ pp. Z//-ZBZ. iyb«.
Brechbill, R. A. Special Bovine Sampling Study—Project Roller Coaster
Sites. SWRHL-53r.U.S. Department of Health, Education, and welfare,
Southwestern Radiological Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 23 pp. June
1969.
24
-------
Daley, E. M. and D. D. Smith. Agronomic Aspects of the Experimental Dairy
Farm. SWRHL-63r. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 41 pp.
1969.
Smith, D. D. and R. E. Engel. Progress Report for the Bioenvironmental
Research May 22, 1964 through July 1, 1966.Part I.Experimental Dairy
Herd. SWRHL-55r.U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 106 pp.
1969.
He!vie, J. B. and D. D. Smith. "Summary of Necropsy Findings in Desert
Bighorn Sheep." pp. 28-42. Desert Bighorn Council 1970 Transactions.
200 pp. 1970.
Leavitt, V. D. Soil Survey of Area 18, Nevada Test Site. SWRHL-74r. U.S.
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Southwestern Radiological
Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 119 pp. 1970.
Smith, D. D. Status of the Bioenvironmental Research Experimental Dairy Herd.
July 1, 1966 through December 31, 1968.SWRHL-67r.U.S. Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, Southwestern Radiological Health
Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 90 pp. 1970.
Smith, D. D. Management History of the AEG Beef Herd 1 June 1964 - 1 June
1969. SWRHL-80r.U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
Southwestern Radiological Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 26 pp. 1970.
Smith, D. D. and K. R. Giles. Animal Investigation Program 1969 Annual
Report. SWRHL-102r. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
Southwestern Radiological Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 20 pp. 1970.
Daley, E. M. Agronomic Aspects of the Experimental Dairy Farm During 1969.
SWRHL-104FIU.S. Environmental Protection Agency, western Environmental
Research Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 19 pp. 1971.
Western Environmental Research Laboratory. The January 1971 Sheep Death
Incident Near Garrison, Utah. SWRHL-llTFIU.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Western Environmental Research Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada.
11 pp. 1971.
Daley, E. M. Agronomic Aspects of the Experimental Dairy Farm - 1970.
SWRHL-1177\U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Western Environmental
Research Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 18 pp. 1972.
Klein, W. L. and R. A. Brechbill. Preliminary Radiation Surveillance on An
Aquatic System Near the Nevada Test Site June - July 1967.SWRHL-65r.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Western Environmental Research
Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 23 pp. 1972.
25
-------
Smith, D. D. "Radiation Surveillance of.Ruminants On and About the Nevada
Test Site." pp. 101-108. Desert Bjghorn Council 1971 Transactions.
110 pp. 1971. Also, NERC-LV-539-18.U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, National Environmental Research Center, Las Vegas, Nevada.
10 pp. 1972.
Smith, D. D., K. W. Brown, R. A. Brechbill, K. R. Giles, and A. L.
Lesperance. The Radionuclide Concentrations and Botanical Composition
of the Diet oTTattle Grazing the Area 18 Range of the Nevada Test Site,
1966-197(HSWRHL-llOr.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Western
Environmental Research Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 31 pp. 1972.
Smith, D. D. Status of the Environmental Protection Agency's Nevada Test Site
Experimental Dairy Herd January 1, 1969 - December 31, 1970.
NERC-LV-539-ZZ.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National
Environmental Research Center, Las Vegas, Nevada. 62 pp. 1973.
Smith, D. D. Observations on Wildlife and Domestic Animals Exposed to the
Ground Motion Effects of Underground Nuclear Detonations.
NERC-LV-539-Z4.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National
Environmental Research Center, Las Vegas, Nevada. 11 pp. 1973.
Smith, D. D. and K. R. Giles. Report of Bioenvironmental Sampling at the
Gnome Site. Carlsbad New Mexico - October 1972.NERC-LV-539-25.U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, National Environmental Research Center,
Las Vegas, Nevada. 35 pp. 1973.
Smith, D. D. "Grazing Studies on Selected Plutonium-Contaminated Areas in
Nevada." pp. 151-161. The Dynamics of Plutonium in Desert Environments.
Nevada Applied Ecology Group Progress Report, July 1974. NVO-142. PT~B~.
Dunaway and M. G. White, eds. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Nevada
Operations Office, Las Vegas, Nevada. 369 pp. 1974.
Smith, D. D. and K. R. Giles. Animal Investigation Program 1970 Annual
Report. NERC-LV-539-16. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National
Environmental Research Center, Las Vegas, Nevada. 53 pp. 1974.
Shuyler, L. R., D. D. Smith, D. A. Clark, and J. Barth. "Excretion of Salts
by Feedlot Cattle in Response to Variations in Concentrations of Sodium
Chloride Added to Their Ration." pp. 336-343. Managing Livestock
Wastes. Third International Symposium on Livestock Wastes—1975.
PROC-Z/5.1975.
Smith, D. D. "Grazing Studies on Selected Plutonium-Contaminated Areas in
Nevada." pp. 125-135. The Radioecology of Plutonium and Other
Transuranics in Desert Environments.Nevada Applied Ecology Group
Progress Report, June 1975TNVO-153. M. G. White and P. B. Dunaway, eds.
U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration, Nevada Operations
Office, Las Vegas, Nevada. 503 pp. 1975.
26
-------
Smith, D. D. and S. C. Black. Actirride Concentrations In Tissues from Cattle
Grazing Near the Rocky Flats Plant.NERC-LV-539-36.U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, National Environmental Research Center, Las Vegas,
Nevada. 47 pp. 1975.
Smith, D. D. and K. R. Giles. 1971 Animal Investigation Program Annual
Report. NERC-LV-539-20. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National
Environmental Research Center, Las Vegas, Nevada. 39 pp. 1975.
Brown, K. W., D. D. Smith, D. E. Bernhardt, K. R. Giles, and J. B. Helvie.
"Food Habits and Radionuclide Tissue Concentrations of Nevada Desert
Bighorn Sheep 1972-1973." pp. 61-68. Desert Bighorn Council 1975
Transactions. 72 pp. 1976. Also, EMSL-LV-539-6.U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Las
Vegas, Nevada. 23 pp. 1976.
Daley, E. M. Agronomic Practices of the Nevada Test Site Experimental Dairy
Farm During 1971. 1972, and 1973. EMSL-LV-539-5. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Las
Vegas, Nevada. 25 pp. 1976.
Giles, K. R. Springs on the Nevada Test Site and Their Use by Wildlife.
NERC-LV-539-26.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental
Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 15 pp. 1976.
Smith, D. D. "Status Report on Grazing Studies on a Plutonium-Contaminated
Range of the Nevada Test Site." pp. 41-45. Studies of Environmental
Plutonium and Other Transuranics in Desert Ecosystems.NVO-159.M. G.
White and P. B. Dunaway, eds.U.S. Energy Research and Development
Administration, Nevada Operations Office, Las Vegas, Nevada. 189 pp.
1976.
Smith, D. D., J. Barth, and R. G. Patzer. "Grazing Studies on a
Plutonium-Contaminated Range of the Nevada Test Site." pp. 325-336.
Proceedings of the Symposium on Transuranium Nuclides in the Environment.
lAeA-SM-199/73. San Francisco, California, November 17-21, 1975.
724 pp. 1976.
Smith, D. D., S. C. Black, K. R. Giles, D. E. Bernhardt, and R. R. Kinnison.
Tissue Burdens of Selected Radionuclides in Beef Cattle On and Around the
Nevada Test Site.NERC-LV-539-29.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
National Environmental Research Center, Las Vegas, Nevada. 83 pp.
1976.
Smith, D. D., K. R. Giles, and D. E. Bernhardt. Animal Investigation Program
1972 Annual Report. NERC-LV-539-35. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, National Environmental Research Center, Las Vegas, Nevada.
82 pp. 1976.
27
-------
Daley, E. M. Five-Year Summary Report of an Experimental Dairy Herd
Maintained on the Nevada Test Site 1971 through 1975. EMSL-LV-0539-9.
U.S. Environmental "Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring and
Support Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 45 pp. 1977.
Gilbert, R. 0., D. D. Smith, and L. L. Eberhardt. "An Initial Synthesis of
Area 13 239Pu Data and Other Statistical Analyses." pp. 237-274.
Environmental Plutonium on the Nevada Test Site and Environs. NVO-171.
M. G. White, P. B. Dunaway, and W. A. Howard, eds. Nevada Applied
Ecology Group, U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration, Las
Vegas, Nevada. 322 pp. 1977.
Smith, D. D. "Grazing Studies on a Contaminated Range of the Nevada Test
Site." pp. 139-149. Environmental Plutonium on the Nevada Test Site and
Environs. NVO-171. M. G. White, P. B. Dunaway, and W. A. Howard, eds.
Nevada Applied Ecology Group, U.S. Energy Research and Development
Administration, Las Vegas, Nevada. 322 pp. 1977.
Smith, D. D. "Review of Grazing Studies on Plutonium-Contaminated
Rangelands." pp. 407-417. Transuranics in Natural Environments.
NVO-178. M. G. White and P. B. Dunaway, eds. Nevada Applied Ecology
Grouo, U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration, Las Vegas,
Nevada. 710 pp. 1977.
Smith, D. D. 1 in Animal Thyroids from Nevada and Other Western States.
EPA-600/3-77-067. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental
Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 22 pp. 1977.
Smith, D. D. and D. E. Bernhardt. "Actinide Concentrations in Tissues from
Cattle Grazing a Contaminated Range." pp. 281-303. Transuranics in
Desert Ecosystems. NVO-181. M. G. White, P. B. Dunnaway and D. L.
Wi reman, eds. Nevada Applied Ecology Group, U. S. Department of Energy,
Las Vegas, Nevada. 469 pp. 1977.
Smith, D. D., K. R. Giles, and D. E. Bernhardt. Animal Investigation Program
1973 Annual Report; Nevada Test Site and Vicinity. EMSL-LV-0539-3.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring and
Support Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 89 pp. 1977.
Smith, D. D., K. R. Giles, D. E. Bernhardt, and K. W. Brown. Animal
Investigation Program 1974 Annual Report; Nevada Test Site and Vicinity.
EMSL-LV-0539-10. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental
Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 95 pp. 1977.
Brown, K. W., D. D. Smith, and R. P. McQuivey. "Food Habits of Desert Bighorn
Sheep in Nevada 1957-1975." Desert Bighorn Council 1976 Transactions.
1978.
Daley, E. M. Status Report of an Experimental Dairy Herd Maintained on the
Nevada Test Site January 1, 1976, through December 31, 1976.
EMSL-LV-Ub39-ll. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Lnvironmental
Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 27 pp. 1978.
28
-------
Daley, E. M. Agronomic Practices of the Nevada Test Site Experimental Dairy
Farm During 1974 through 1977;EMSL-LV-0539-21.U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Las
Vegas, Nevada. 34 pp. 1978.
Smith, D. D. "Area 13 Grazing Studies—Additional Data." pp. 59-93.
Selected Environmental Plutonium Research Reports of the NAEG. NVO-192.
M. G. White and K B. Dunaway, eds.Nevada Applied Ecology Group, U.S.
Department of Energy, Las Vegas, Nevada. 2 Vol. 759 pp. 1978.
Smith, D. D., K. R. Giles, D. E. Bernhardt, and K. W. Brown. Animal
Investigation Program 1975 Annual Report: Nevada Test Site and Vicinity.
EMSL-LV-0539-14.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental
Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 88 pp. 1978.
Smith, D. D., K. R. Giles, D. E. Bernhardt, and K. W. Brown. Animal
Investigation Program 1976 Annual Report; Nevada Test Site and Vicinity.
EMSL-LV-0539-20. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental
Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. Ill pp. 1978.
Giles, K. R. A Summer Trapping Method for Mule Deer. EMSL-LV-0539-27. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring and Support
Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 5 pp. 1979.
Smith, D. D. Summary Report of the Grazing Studies Conducted on a
PIutom'um^tontaminatedI Range in Area 13 of the Nevada Test Site.
EMSL-LV-0539-24.Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada. 104 pp. 1979.
Smith, D. D., K. R. Giles, D. E. Bernhardt, A. B. Crockett, and R. R.
Kinnison. Animal Investigation Program 1977 Annual Report: Nevada Test
Site and Vicinity.tMSL-LV-0539-Zb.U.S. Environmental protection
Agency, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada.
90 pp. 1979.
Taylor, W. D. and K. R. Giles. Freshwater Algae of the Nevada Test Site.
EMSL-LV-0539-25. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental
Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 19 pp. 1979.
Bohman, V. R. and C. Blincoe. The Intake and Digestibility of Range Plants
Grown on Plutonium-Contaminated Soils as Determined with Grazing Cattle.
EMSL-LV-0539-34.Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada. 43 pp. 1980.
Gears, G. E., G. LaRoche, J. Coble, B. Jaroslow, and D. D. Smith.
Investigations of Reported Plant and Animal Health Effects in the Three
Mile Island Area. NUREG-0738 and EPA 600/4-80-049. U.S. Nuclear
Regulatory Commission, Office of Nuclear Regulation, Washington, D. C.
And U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring
Systems Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 33 pp. 1980.
29
-------
Smith, D. D. Status Report of Area 15 Experimental Dairy Farm: Dairy
Husbandrylanuary 1977 - June 1979, Agronomic Practices January 1978 -
June 1979"EMSL-LV-0539-32.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 28 pp.
1980.
Smith, D. D., D. E. Bernhardt, and K. R. Giles. Animal Inyeftigation Program
1978 Annual Report: Nevada Test Site and Vicinity.EPA-600/3-80-096 and
DOE/DP/0059-038.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental
Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 65 pp. 1980.
Blincoe, C., V. R. Bohman, and D. D. Smith. "Ingestion of Plutonium and
Americium by Range Cattle." Health Physics 41:285-292. 1981.
Smith, D. D. and V. E. Andrews. Selected Radioisotopes in Animal Tissues in
Nevada: 90$r and 137s Measurements from 1956 to 1977.EPA-600/3-81-027
and DOE/DP/0059-040.UYS. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental
Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 54 pp. 1981.
Smith, D. D., D. E. Bernhardt and K. R. Giles. Animal Investigation Program
*_Z9_An"ugl ferP°rt:. _Nev.ada Test Site and Vicinity. EPA 600/3-81-035 and
DOE/DP/0059-042.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental
Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 74 pp. 1981.
Smith, D. D. and K. W. Brown. Preliminary Grazing Studies with Rumen-
Fi still ated Steers at Selected Nuclear-Test Sitesi EPA-600/3-81-004.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring Systems
Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 32 pp. 1981.
Smith, D. D., D. E. Bernhardt and K. R. Giles. Animal Investigation Program
1980 Annual Report: Nevada Test Site and Vicinity.EPA 600/3-81-U77
and DOE/DP/0059-045.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental
Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 62 pp. 1982.
Smith, D. D. and S. C. Black. Animal Investigation_Program for the Nevada
Test Site; 1957 -1981. EPA/600/6-84-020 and DOE/DP/0539-050.U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring Systems
Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. 75 pp. 1984.
30
-------
APPENDIX. NTS FARM PROJECTS (chronological order)
Experiment Mode of Type and No. of
Name or No. Date Isotope Exposure Subjects Duration Measurements
Pike 3/13/64 131i Ingestion; 3 cows at each of 24 days Milk; feed;
inhalation two local farms water; air; soil
Purpose: Study uptake of radioiodine under local dairy farm management conditions.
Findings: T^/2 of 3.8 days in milk from cows on green chop; Tj/2 of 5.9 days in milk from cows
on hay; peak milk to peak feed ratio of 0.04 to 0.08.
Bibliographic references: #1, #48.
TORY II-C 5/20- 131I Ingestion; 2 groups of 4 cows 8 hours Milk; feed;
25/64 inhalation on 4,000-ft arc; water; air; soil
1 group of 4 cows
fed green chop
Purpose: Determine amount of radioiodine that will enter cows' milk from fallout under simulated
summer feeding conditions plus inhalation.
Findings: No activity detected.
Bibliographic references: No report.
#1 8/10- 131i Intravenous 2 cows 1 injec- Milk
17/64 injection of tion
1.25jiCi,
Na
Purpose: Establish techniques for collection of milk samples containing low concentrations of
Findings: Proper collection techniques developed; decontamination procedures, proper labeling,
and expeditious handling emphasized.
Bibliographic references: No report.
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX. (Continued)
Experiment Mode of Type and No. of
Name or No. Date Isotope Exposure Subjects Duration Measurements
oo
ro
KIWI 9/28/64 1311 Ingestion 4 cows fed contami- 4 days Milk; feed; water
nated green chop;
4 control cows
10/10/64 131I Ingestion 10 cows fed contam- 2 days Milk; feed; water
inated green chop
Purpose: Measure amount of radioiodine entering cows milk as a result of fallout under simulated
summer feeding conditions.
Findings: Insufficient activity for analysis.
Bibliographic reference: No report.
A^A^^^^^^MAAAAAAAAAAAAA^jfe^AAAAifc*********^*********^**^***********^**.*******-*^**********^*****-*^ *****«>****«
SULKY 12/18/64 131i Ingestion 4 cows inhalation; 13 days Milk; hay; water;
inhalation 3 cows ingestion; soil; vegetation;
8 cows ingestion air; ejecta; blood;
and inhalation precipitation;
film badges
Purpose: Quantify amount of radioiodine excreted in milk of dairy cows fed under simulated winter
feeding conditions.
Findings: Objectives not achieved as significant amounts of radioactivity not released; however,
experience gained in conducting winter field studies with lactating cows.
Bibliographic reference: #3.
TNT 1/12/65 131I Ingestion 12 cows fed con- 6 days Hay; milk; blood;
133j taminated hay; fallout; air;
4 control cows film badges; soil;
vegetation
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX. (Continued)
Experiment Mode of Type and No. of
Name or No. Date Isotope Exposure Subjects Duration
Measurements
Purpose: Determine kinetics of uptake and secretion of radioiodine in milk following ingestion of
contaminated hay, and determine amount of radioiodines deposited on stacked hay versus
loose hay in a fallout location.
Findings: Peak values in milk of 830 pCi/1 for 133I and 150 pCi/1 for 133I; 5.7-day Te of
1311 in milk from cows fed hay from 4,000-ft arc; air sampling indicated
contaminant ingested by Group I cows was less gaseous than that for Group II cows;
radioiodine in the effluent contaminated the loosely piled hay to a greater extent than
stacked hay.
Bibliographic references: #6, #48.
Palanquin
4/14/65
Inhalation;
ingestion
CO
4 cows inhala-
tion; 3 cows
inhalation
and sacrifice; 15
cows ingestion;
4 calves fed con-
taminated milk
6 fed green
chop 4 days;
6 fed hay 8
days; 3 fed
hay 24 days;
7 inhalation
during cloud
passage 2
days
Milk; green chop;
tissues;
blood; air; veg-
etation; soil;
fallout; film
badges; in vivo
thyroid
Purpose:
Findings:
To investigate the air-forage-milk chain; determine the relative importance of inhalation of
radioiodine; distribution in cow tissues following inhalation; and thyroid uptake in calves
fed contaminated milk.
Peak milk 131j concentrations were higher in cows exposed to the effluent than in cows
eating contaminated forage; peak 131i milk concentrations appeared in 2-3 days in the
cows eating contaminated food, and the peak milk to peak forage ratio was 0.03; tissue
distribution studies indicated peak thyroid concentration occurred 76 hours after exposure,
that 33.6% of intake was present in the cow 56 hours after exposure, and that the
concentrations in fetal thyroids was 2.4 times that of the maternal thyroid.
Bibliographic references: #23, #48.
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX. (Continued)
Experiment
Name or No. Date
#2 8/11/65
(Milkrun)
Mode of
Isotope Exposure
!31l; Oral dose
126i Of 126i 4
131i; milk
from dosed
cows
Type and No. of
Subjects
4 groups of 2
cows given
different ratios
of 126/131i;
4 calves fed milk
from each group
Duration Measurements
cows Milk; blood; hay;
received grain; water; in
dose in vivo thyroid
capsule counting
in a.m. of
8/11; calves
fed milk for
14 days
Purpose: Develop techniques to analyze 126i -jn the presence of 131l in milk; to determine
variations in time of 1261 _ 131i levels in milk from cows given a single dose in
various proportions; to determine calf thyroid uptake from ingestion of milk; and to
compare AgCl precipitation and ion exchange separation methods with gamma spectrometry.
Findings: Peak milk levels were observed at five hours after dosing; the effective half life in milk
averages 14.4 hours; calf thyroid uptake averaged 11.5% with an effective half life of 7.5
days. Recoveries of radioiodine from milk by ion exhange column and AgCl precipitation
methods indicated the need for further study prior to field use. 126i can be detected
and quantitated in milk in the presence of 1311 by determining the physical half-life of
the combined radionucTides.
Bibliographic references: #11, #48.
#3
(Hayseed)
10/4/65 131 1 Inhalation;
ingestion
4 cows inha-
lation;
4 cows fed
contaminated hay;
4 cows fed
contanri nated
green chop;
30 min
5 days
4 days
Milk; hay; green
chop; sudan grass;
grain; water;
blood; air; parti-
cles; in vivo
thyroids
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX. (Continued)
Experiment
Name or No.
Date Isotope
Mode of
Exposure
= 3 ============== = === = = = = =: = = = = = = » = = = :
Type and No. of
Subjects Duration
Measurements
4 cows fed
contami nated
sudan grass;
3 control cows;
6 calves fed milk
5 days
en
Purpose: Relate the amounts of j tagged dry aerosols deposited on spread hay, spread green chop
and growing sudan grass; determine the kinetics of 131i secretion into milk from cows fed
these different forages or inhaling the aerosol; develop methods for generating and
measuring aerosols.
Findings: The peak average daily milk values to peak average forage values were 0.0078, 0.0063 and
0.027 respectively for fresh green chop, spread green chop and spread hay; approximately
2% of the ingested 13*I was secreted in the milk of cows fed spread or fresh green chop
and 6.3% for hay fed cows; effective half-life in the fed cows was approximately 2.7 days
while in the inhalation cows it was 0.8 days; calf thyroid levels peaked in 7 days and
decreased with a Tg of 6 days after feeding stopped.
Bibliographic references: #2, f!4, and #48.
#4
(Alfalfa)
Milk; hay; green
chop; grain; water;
air particles
Purpose:
6/21/65 131I Inhalation; 4 cows inhala- 30 min
ingestion tion;
4 cows fed spread
hay; 8 days
4 cows fed spread
green ghop; 4 days
4 cows fed fresh
green chop; 9 days
2 control cows
A repeat of experiment #3 utilizing growing alfalfa-oats, instead of growing sudan grass,
and a smaller aerosol.
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX. (Continued)
Experiment
Name or No.
Date
Isotope
Mode of
Exposure
Type and No. of
Subjects
Duration
Measurements
Findings: Peak milk levels for inhalation was 2 orders of magnitude less than from ingestion of
contaminated forage; greatest amount of 131I aerosol was deposited on forage with the
most surface area; ratios of peak average milk to peak average forage concentration were
0.061 for hay, 0.036 for green chop and 0.032 for growing alfalfa-oats; apparently, sudan
grass in experiment 3 inhibited milk secretion of
Bibliographic references: #9, #14, and #48.
#5
(Rainout)
9/29/66 131I
Ingestion
6 cows fed
alfalfa hay;
6 cows fed growing
alfalfa;
6 control cows
8 days Milk; hay; green
chop; grain; water;
particles
en
Purpose: To mimic passage of a fallout cloud through a rain cloud; determine concentrations of 131i
on growing alfalfa and on alfalfa hay as a result of applying 131i as an aqueous
solution; determine 131i content in milk from cows fed these forages and to relate
concentrations of 131i in forage to that in milk.
Findings: Peak activity in milk from cows consuming both types of forage occurred one day after
feeding; peak milk to peak forage ratio was 0.013 for hay fed cows and 0.041 for green
chop fed cows; hay fed cows secreted in milk 4.5% of amount of 13li ingested, while
green chop fed cows secreted 6.1%.
Bibliographic references: #16, #48.
Pinstripe
4/25/66
131
I
Inhalation;
ingestion
4 cows
NV;
6 cows
in Hiko.
, Alamo,
>
NV
15
days
Milk;
water;
chop;
vegetati on ;
hay; green
air
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX. (Continued)
Experiment
Name or No.
Date
Isotope
Mode of
Exposure
Type and No. of
Subjects
Duration
Measurements
Purpose: To determine amounts of radioiodines in milk from cows under actual farm conditions eating
fresh green chop contaminated with fresh fission products; determine the effect of
countermeasures in reducing milk levels.
Findings: Effective half-life of 13ll in milk at two farms from cows eating green chops was 5.6
and 4.0 days; milk-to-forage ratios were 0.86 and 0.078. In one of the herds
uncontaminated hay was substituted after the third day. Over an 18 day period this
counter-measure reduced the potential thyroid dose of humans consuming one liter of milk
per day to 29% of the dose compared to no counter-measure.
Bibliographic references: #8, #48.
OJ
#6
Aug. & 134cs
Sept.
1966
Ingestion 4 cows 0.82 kg;
4 cows 0.54 kg;
4 cows 0.27 kg;
4 cows 0 kg
verxite daily
23 days
23 days
23 days
23 days
Milk; grain
Purpose: To determine decrease in 134cs concentration in milk from ingestion of various levels of
verxite.
Findings: Compared to the zero verxite group, average percent reductions of 134Cs in milk of the
0.82, 0.54 and 0.27 verxite-treated groups were 88, 84 and 68, respectively. There were
no significant changes in Na, K, Ca or Mg concentrations in the milk.
Bibliographic references: #4.
#7
(Checkout)
1/20/67 50O, Ingestion 1 cow
59Fe,
187W
Single dose
of 80 ^Ci
5°Cr,
45 /xC1 59Fe
and 608 uCi
187W
Milk
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX. (Continued)
Experiment
Name or No.
Date Isotope
Mode of
Exposure
Type and No. of
Subjects Duration
Measurements
Purpose: Obtain preliminary information on uptake, secretion and metabolism of iostopes of Tungsten,
Chromium and Iron.
Findings: 50Cr not secreted in milk; 59Fe secreted in trace amounts; 187W was secreted in milk
with an effective half-life of 16 hours.
Bibliographic references: No report.
Phoebus
2/23/67
131
I
Ingestion;
inhalation
11 cows fed
contaminated hay;
6 cows inhalation
5
days
Milk;
grain
hay;
H
20;
CO
CD
Purpose: Measure amount of radioiodine entering cows milk from hay contaminated with reactor
effluent and uptake via inhalation of effluent.
Findings: Insufficient activity - effluent cloud missed hay stations.
Bibliographic references: No report.
#8
(Sip)
6/6/67
ISlj
Ingestion;
i nhal ati on
6 cows fed hay;
6 cows fed green
chop;
6 cows inhalation
1 day
10 days
30 min
Milk; hay; green
chop; grain; water;
air
Purpose: To measure deposition on growing forage of lijll in a dry aerosol with a CMD <1 ^im; measure
secretion of 1311 -jn milk of dairy cows under simulated summer feeding conditions,
simulated winter feeding conditions and from inhalation only.
Findings: Pasture was contaminated to a level of 1.13 jxCi/kg; cows fed green chop secreted peak
levels of 70 nCi/1 in milk; effective half-life of 13ll in milk was 5.2 days which was
nearly twice that seen in previous studies using aerosol of larger particle size; peak milk
to peak forage ratio was 0.06.
Bibliographic references: #14, #15, and #48.
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX. (Continued)
Experiment
Name or No.
#9
(Mice)
Mode of
Date Isotope Exposure
9/22/67 131i Ingestion;
inhalation
=====================
Type and No. of
Subjects
All cows-
inhalation;
6 fed hay;
6 fed green chop;
6 inhalation only;
4 goats fed green
chop
Duration Measurements
30 min Milk; hay; green
aerosol chop; grain; water;
8 days air
8 days
GO
Purpose: Determine deposition velocity and forage retention of molecular iodine; determine milk
transfer of 1311 after consumption by cows of contaminated forage; compare uptake via
ingestion versus inhalation; compare milk transfer parameters of cows vs. goats.
Findings: Deposition velocity of gaseous iodine was much less than that bound to particulars;
ingestion of contaminated forage resulted in 80 times as much 1311 transfer to milk as
inhalation; goats transfer 131I from forage to milk more efficiently, peak milk to peak
forage ratios were 0.053 in cows and 0.089 in goats.
Bibliographic references: #7, #14, #46 and #48.
Cabriolet
1/26/68 131I
Ingestion
of con-
taminated hay
4 cows
8 Days
Milk; hay;
water; grain;
air; fallout
particles
Purpose: Obtain correlations between surveillance data and peak milk concentrations for predictions
and obtain correlations between filter/charcoal measurements and transfer of radioiodine
in the forage-cow-milk system.
Findings: The biological availability of i31I was less than observed previously, less than 3% of
ingested *31j appeared in milk and both its T ^r and time to peak milk concentrations
were longer; peak milk/peak forage ratio was less than 0.01.
Bibliographic references: #22, #48.
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX. (Continued)
Experiment
Name or No.
Buggy
Date Isotope
3/12/68 J31I
Mode of
Exposure
Ingestion
of con-
taminated
Type and No. of
Subjects
8 cows
hay 8 cows
Duration
1 day
8 days
Measurements
Milk; hay; water;
grain; air; fall-
out particles
Purpose: Same as for Cabriolet except also made comparisons between single and multiple ingestion of
hay contaminated at same location.
Findings: Same as for Cabriolet. Multiple ingestion yielded peak milk concentrations 3-5 times
that from a single ingestion and the total I3* I in milk was 15 times greater. Although
18'W concentration in hay was 10 times that of 13ll, less than 0.5% appeared in the
milk and the Teff was only 2.5 days.
Bibliographic references: #22, #48.
£#10, #11
Purpose:
5/7/68
8/13/68
Ingestion
1 cow
3 cows
Single dose
Single dose
Milk; feces;
urine
Provide data to develop mathematical model for accurate prediction of the amount of
radioiodine which will appear in milk of dairy cows at specific times after exposure.
Data used to verify previous findings.
Bibliographic references: No report.
9/18/68 131I
Ingestion
3 cows—sudan
^green stoop;
3 cows—alfalfa
green chop;
3 cows
green chop and
metabolism;
6 control cows
8 days
Milk; green
cttop; water; air;
particles
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX. (Continued)
Experiment
Name or No.
Mode of
Date Isotope Exposure
Type and No. of
Subjects
Duration Measurements
Purpose: To evaluate the relationship of 1311 secretion in milk to the ingestion of different
types of contaminated forage and to obtain a further indication of the possible influence
on milk radioiodine of changing the particle size of the contaminant.
Findings: Ratios of peak milk activity to peak forage activity was 0.0145 for cows fed alfalfa and
0.0082 for cows fed sudan grass; results of this study indicate major effect on activity
level in milk is related to forage type; ingestion of sudan grass reduces transfer of
radioiodine to milk by one third compared to ingestion of alfalfa.
Bibliographic references: #40, #48 and #14.
Schooner
12/8/68 131 I
187W
Ingestion 14 cows fed 10 days
contaminated hay
from 3 different
locations;
5 control cows
Milk; hay; water;
grain; air;
particles
Purpose: To determine the amount of radioiodines and 18?w deposited on baled hay and secreted in
the milk of cows fed this hay; determine the differences, if any, for these isotopes when
the cows are fed hay from bales exposed to different portions of the cloud; search for
correlations among the gaseous/particulate ratio, integrated air concentration, planchet
deposition and exposure rates versus forage contamination, peak milk concentration and
effective half-life.
Findings: As in the Cabriolet and Buggy experiments, the biological availability of 131l, 133j
and 18?w was much reduced compared to previous experiments. Less than 4% of the 131I
and less than 0.07% of the i87W ingested by the cows was secreted in their milk. The
areal deposition (^Ci/m2 on planchets) and the 1-m peak gamma mR/h were useful for
predicting the peak concentration in cow's milk. The particulate/gaseous ratio in the
debris deposited had some effect on the peak concentration of radioiodine in the milk.
The prediction of peak milk concentration from air sampler data was improved if the
integrated air concentration was divided by the filter/charcoal activity ratio.
Bibliographic references: #25, #48.
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX. (Continued)
Experiment
Name or No.
#12
(Shimoda)
r============
Date
5/13/69
===========
Isotope
123j
131 1
Mode of
Exposure
Ingestion
Type and No. of
Subjects
3 cows fed 1311
contaminated hay;
Durati on
3 days
Measurements
Milk; hay
1 cow oral dose of
; all received
orally
as a tracer to determine total uptake of iodine
Purpose: Investigate the feasibility of usin
by cows fed hay contaminated with li.
Findings: As the 123I was contaminated with 124I, the objective was not met.
Bibliographic references: No report.
ro
#13
(Wolf I)
7/24/69
187W
Ingestion
4 cows maintained
in metabolism
stall for 4 days
Single dose
(1.0 mCi)
Blood; feces;
milk; and urine
Purpose: Determine excretion pathways for 187^ following single oral administration.
Findings: Within 84 hours 64%, of administered dose was eliminated via feces, 14.6% via urine, and
0.4% in the milk.
Bibliographic references: #49.
#14
(Plum)
8/13/69
203Pb
Ingestion
4 cows in
metabolism stall
for 5 days
Si ngl e
(1.5 mCi)
Blood; feces;
milk; urine
Purpose: Obtain reliable biological data to assess potential hazard imposed by Plowshare releases of
radio!ead and to obtain blood, urine, and fecal concentrations in the dairy cow.
Findings: Peak activity appeared in the milk 30 hours following administration of the nuclide and
then declined with a half-time of 70 hours. Less than 0.02% of the ingested 203Pb was
secreted in milk. Over 91% of the administered dose was recovered in the feces within 84
hours, approximately 0.1% was excreted in urine.
Bibliographic references: #18.
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX. (Continued)
Experiment
Name or No. Date
#15 8/27/69
(Endpoint)
Isotope
131 1
Mode of
Exposure
Oral &
I.V.
========= =s====s=====
Type and No. of
Subjects
3 cows
Duration
Single
dose -
0.1 mCi
Measurements
Tissues and
organs
Purpose: Terminal study using unsatisfactory cows to obtain information on the distribution of
radioiodine in the major organs and systems of the dairy cow.
Findings: None.
Bibliographic references: No report.
CO
#16
(Thallus 1)
9/15/69
202T1 oral
4 cows in
metabolism
stalls; 1 cow
sacrifice
Single
dose -
0.5 mCi
Milk; urine;
feces; blood and
tissues
Purpose: Determine uptake, secretion and deposition data on the metabolism of radiothallium
following a single oral dose.
Findings: Peak activity in the milk occurred in 18 hours; 0.03% of the administered dose was
recovered in the milk in 30 days; activity in milk had a 30 hour biological half-life.
Bibliographic references: #19.
#17 10/29/69 181W Oral
(Wolf II)
4 cows in
metabolism stall ;
2 calves fed milk
and sacrificed;
1 cow and calf
sacrificed
2/day for
10 days;
0.05 mCi
per dose
4 days
Milk; urine;
feces; blood
tissues
and
Purpose: Investigate the retention, secretion, and distribution of radiotungsten in the dairy cows
following multiple oral ingestion, simulating the continued ingestion of contaminated
forage and to study the retention of radiotungsten in calves fed milk from these cows.
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX. (Continued)
Experiment Mode of Type and No. of
Name or No. Date Isotope Exposure Subjects Duration Measurements
Findings: The average percent of administered dose secreted per liter of milk at peak activity was
0.01; during the 84-hour period after dosing, 64% recovered in the feces, 14.6% in urine
and 0.4% in milk; principal sites of short-term radiotungsten deposition were skin, liver
and soft tissue; long-term retention sites in mature cows were bone, muscle and skin and
in calves were bone, adrenal, skin and spleen.
Bibliographic references: #49.
#18
(RIMS
I)
12/09/69 131I Oral
4
4
4
4
cows
cows
cows
cows
' V*
- Cfi3I;
- Nal;
- NaI03
Single
oral dose
0.4 mCi
Milk;
thyroi
in
d
vivo
Purpose: Determine whether the chemical form of ingested radioiodine affects the amount of
radioiodine secreted in milk and transferred to the thyroid.
Findings: For these 4 chemical forms, the effective half-life in milk was approximately 1 day for
the first 5 days; peak thyroid concentration occurred in approximately 2.8 days;
ion-exchange analysis indicated that, regardless of chemical form, 97% of the iodine in
the milk was inorganic. These results suggest no significant differences in the thyroid
uptake and milk transfer among the compounds tested; results of milk and thyroid analysis
of a single Jersey cow in the elemental iodine group appeared variant.
Bibliographic references: #27.
#19
(Lightwater
I)
12/22/69
3H
Oral
4 cows
Si ngl e
dose
(100 mCi)
Milk;
blood
Purpose: Establish the time for tritium to reach equilibrium in the body fluids of the dairy cows;
determine the biological half-life of tritium in the milk; and determine the fraction of
tritium in the serum, fat and protein portions of milk.
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX. (Continued)
Experiment
Name or No.
Date
=========
Isotope
Mode of
Exposure
Type and No. of
Subjects Duration
Measurements
Findings: The tritium content of whole milk decreased as a three component exponential which yielded
half-times of 3.04 _+ 0.09, 11.1 + 2.58, and >120 days; study of the milk fractions showed
half-times of 2.93 _+ 0.14 and 4377 +_ 4.28 days for milk serum; 2.08 +_ 0.56 and >50 days
for milk protein; and 3.28 _+ 0.35 and 60.7 _+ 43 days for butterfat.
Bibliographic references: #50.
#20
(Thallus II)
1/9/70 202-ri Oral
4 cows;
2 calves
(milk from cows):
1 calf
7 days
11 & 20
days
Single Dose
(100 mCi)
Milk; blood;
tissues
Purpose: To measure the milk, fecal, and urinary excretion of radiothallium following multiple oral
ingestion; measure the tissue distribution of radiothallium in calves fed milk from these
cows.
Findings: Peak activity in milk occurred in 18 hours and was 0.03 percent of the administered dose
per liter; biological half-time of thallium-202 in the milk was 22 hours; combined
excretion was 25 percent after 36 hours, and 46 percent after 84 hours, with feces
preferred route of excretion; about 2.5 percent of the dose secreted in the milk in 30
days.
Bibliographic references: #19.
#21
(RIMS
ID
2/10/70
131
12
Oral
3 Jersey
2 Jersey
cows
cows;
control
} dose
I31Io
(0.275
mCi)
Milk; in
thyroid
vivo
Purpose: The milk and thyroid analysis of the Jersey cow in the \2 group of study #18 (RIMS I)
appeared variant, thus a repetition of the ^M^ ingestion with that cow plus two
additional Jersey cows; control Nal dosing of two Jersey cows.
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX. (Continued)
Experiment
Name or No.
Date Isotope
Mode of
Exposure
Type and No. of
Subjects Duration
Measurements
Findings: Results indicate that the findings for the Jersey cow in study #18 (RIMS I) was an
artifact and there were no differences due to breed in the metabolism of radioiodine.
Bibliographic references: #27.
#22
(Wolf III)
3/3/70
4 cows in
metabolism stalls
Single
dose (1 mCi)
Milk; blood;
urine; feces
•t*
cr>
Purpose: To evaluate long-term excretion of radiotungsten; determine any metabolic differences
between oral and I.V. dose.
Findings: The average percent of dose secreted per liter at peak activity was 0.01 and 0.1 for the
groups receiving oral and i.v. doses, respectively; during the 84-hour period after oral
dosing, 64$ was recovered in the feces, 14.6% in urine and 0.4% in milk; after the
intravenous dose, 65% was in urine, 2% in the milk and less than 1% in feces.
Bibliographic references: #49.
#23
(Beryl)
4/27/70 7Be
Oral
4 cows in
metabolism stalls;
1 cow & 3 calves
sacrificed
Single
oral dose
of 3.0 mCi
Milk; urine;
feces; blood;
tissues
Purpose: Investigate the milk transfer and tissue distribution of radioberyllium following a single
dosing.
Findings: Less than 0.002% of the ingested activity was recovered in the milk; biological half-time
in the milk was 19 hours. The liver, kidney and skeletal system accumulate most of the
absorbed activity. The bone appeared to be the site of long-term deposition.
Bibliographic references: #28.
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX. (Continued)
Experiment Mode of Type and No. of
Name or No. Date Isotope Exposure Subjects Duration Measurements
#24
(Lightwater II)
3H
Oral
4 cows;
3 steers
Single
(200 mCi)
Blood; milk
Purpose: To determine difference in blood tritium levels between lactating and nonlactating animals
and to determine the biological half-life in different milk components.
Findings: Tritium in the blood serum of steers decreased with half-lives of 4.05 ^ 0.21 and 40.4 +_
9.82 days which was not significantly different from lactating cows.
Bibliographic references: #50.
#25
3H Oral & 4 swine Continuous Food; gas; urine;
inhalation exposure to air
gas heater;
4 swine exposure to
gas heater
plus food
cooked with
tritiated gas
Purpose: Estimate radiation dose which may be received by people as a result of domestic consumption
of tritiated natural gas from nuclear stimulation of gas fields.
Findings: Under severely conservative conditions of gas use, the major mode of tritium intake was
from inhalation and skin absorption. Extrapolation of experimental data from pigs to a
reference man indicates that a continuous natural gas tritium concentration of 1 nCi/1
(STP) could result in a radiation dose of about 2 mrad/year.
Bibliographic references: #24, #29.
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX. (Continued)
Experiment
Name or No. Date
#26 6/15/70
(Rubi)
Mode of
Isotope Exposure
86Rb Oral
Type and No. of
Subjects
4 cows;
1 cow, 3 calves
Duration
Single
oral dose
(2 mCi)
Measurements
Milk; blood;
urine; feces,
tissues
00
Purpose: Establish metabolism of radiorubidium by dairy cows with special emphasis on transfer to
mi 1 k.
Findings: Maximum concentration of 0.16% of the dose per liter appeared in the milk. The activity
decreased with biological half-times of 13 and 84 hours. Half of the 86Rb was excreted
in 66 hours, 8% was secreted in the milk, 12% was excreted in the feces, and 30% in the
urine. Approximately 75% of the administered activity was eliminated after one week.
Deposited activity was highest in the liver, thymus, pancreas, muscle and other soft
tissue. Rubidium is readily absorbed by the dairy cow and a substantial portion is
transferred to milk.
Bibliographic references: #30.
#27 & #28
7/15/70 3H Inhalation
and skin
absorption
3 swine
3 swine
4 cows
24 hours
2 hours
Single
oral dose
(1.7 mCi)
Air; blood;
atmospheric
moisture
Milk; urine; feces;
blood
Purpose: Evaluation of the hazard to man following an accidental tritium release from rupture of a
luminous source material. These studies considered two possible accident conditions, i.e.
tube rupture in open air and in a small unventilated room.
Findings: Biological absorption of released tritium in the open air experiment was found to be
0.001%, a 70-fold increase in the biological absorption was observed during the experiment
in a tent. Extrapolation to a similar human exposure indicates that the rupture of a 1 Ci
source in an enclosure would result in a dose commitment of 230 mrem.
Bibliographic references: #26.
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX. (Continued)
Experiment
Name or No.
#29
(Quicksilver)
Date Isotope
8/3/70 203Hg
Mode of
Exposure
Oral
Type and No. of
Subjects
2 cows; 3 calves
Duration
Single
oral 4 i.v.
doses
Measurements
Tissues
Purpose: Study the metabolism and tissue distribution of radiomercury.
Findings: Peak activity appeared in the milk 42 hours after ingestion; biological half-time in milk
was 131 hours. In the 10-day period after dosing, 75% of the mercury-203 was excreted,
with 0.08% in the urine, 0.01% in the milk, and the remainder in the feces. Radiomercury
was distributed throughout the body after both intravenous and oral administrations, with
the kidneys being the site of principal concentration.
Bibliographic references: #39.
#30
Oral
3 goats; 8 cows
Single
dose
Cheese & milk
Purpose: The transfer of radioiodine to cheese from contaminated goat and cow milk was evaluated.
The study compared the transfer of radioiodine from in vivo and in vitro labelled milk to
cheese.
Findings: The in vivo goat data indicate a transfer of 7.9% of the activity in the milk to the
cheese the in vitro values were 6.2%. The Holstein in vivo and in vitro experiment
resulted in 11.0% transfer. The in vivo transfer for Jersey cows was 17.7% and the
rn vitro, 15%.
Bibliographic references: #17.
#31
(Washout)
9/29/70 131l Inhalation
and inges-
tion of
contaminated
feed
2 groups of 4 8 days
cows
Milk; green chop;
air; water; grain
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX. (Continued)
Experiment
Name or No.
Date
Isotope
Mode of
Exposure
Type and No. of
Subjects
Duration
Measurements
Purpose: To study, under controlled conditions, the efficiency of the washout process for removal of
particulate and gaseous 131j aerosols from air by rain. Also, to study the peak milk to
peak forage ratio of 131i for groups of cows fed washout contaminated or dry aerosol
contaminated green chop.
Findings: Little enhanced forage activity by washed out particulates. 100% increase in forage
activity by washout of gaseous iodine. No significant difference in milk to forage ratio
for the two types of contaminant.
Bibliographic references: #48.
Ul
o
#32
(Ferric)
10/19/70 59Fe
Oral;
intravenous
4 cows
1 cow
Single
dose
(2.4 mCi)
Milk; urine;
feces; blood
Purpose: Estabish milk transfer and investigate the metabolism of pe -jn dairy cows following a
single dose.
Findings: A peak activity concentration of 0.00018% per liter appeared in the milk 51 hours after
oral administration and decreased with a biological half-life of 172 hours. Fifty percent
was eliminated in 30 hours and more than 99% of that was in feces. Less than 0.015% of
the nuclide was secreted in milk in 10 days. The peak activity concentration in milk of
0.026% per liter occurred 33 hours after i.v. administration and decreased with a
biological half-life of 84 hours followed by one of 180 hours.
Bibliographic references: #19.
#33
(Baneberry)
12/18/70
131 It
3H
Inhalation
plus
ingestion
4
6
cows
cows
5
10
days
days
Milk;
grain
hay;
water
j
Purpose: Document the relative importance of inhalation vis-a-vis ingestion in the transfer of
radioiodine to milk during venting from an underground test.
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX. (Continued)
Experiment
Name or No.
Mode of
Date Isotope Exposure
Type and No. of
Subjects Duration
Measurements
Findings:
#33
(Baneberry)
Purpose:
Findings:
Teff was about 33 hours for cows. Peak activity in milk occurred in 48 hours. Peak
milk to peak forage concentration ranged from 0.1-0.5. Forage fed inhalation cows was
also found to be contaminated hence all groups were exposed by inhalation and ingestion.
12/18/70
Fission
products
Inhalation
plus
ingestion
2 calves
96 hours
Tissues
Determine tissue distribution of fresh fallout.
The highest levels of gamma-emitting radionuclides were detected on the hair of the
calves. The thyroids contained significant levels of 133I and 131I (0.73 & 0.78
nCi/g). The activity in the lungs was relatively low, with no detectable gamma-emitting
radionuclides reported on recount. Tritium concentrations in the urine of both calves
were found to be 1.9 pCi/ml.
#33
(Baneberry)
4/14 -
7/21/71
3H
fission
products
Ingestion
Rumen fistulated
steers
Contam-
inated
forage 72
hours every
3 weeks
Blood and rumen
contents
Purpose: Determine oral intake of cattle grazing natural vegetation. Type of forage and
contamination measured in rumen contents.
Findings: The tritium levels in the blood of the fistulated steers were higher following grazing and
were slightly higher than that found in the rumen contents. Short-lived radionuclides
detected included l°3Ru, 95Zr, and 124Sb.
Bibliographic references: #42.
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX. (Continued)
Experiment
Name or No.
#34
Date Isotope
12/20/70 I31 I
==============
Mode of
Exposure
Deposition
Type and No. of
Subjects
Gray i a spinosa
Duration
Fallout
cloud
passage
Measurements
Plants &
planchets
Purpose: To determine if plants can be used in the absence of mechanical samplers to give
information about the release of radioactive particulates from a venting nuclear
detonation.
Findings: In the absence of man-made collection systems, plants (even dormant) can provide
information about release of fallout materials. In the absence of snow, plants were shown
to be an important and cheap sample collector.
Bibliographic references: #31.
en
ro
#35
(Takeup &
Retake)
1969
131X
Gaseous and
parti cul ate
aerosol s
Alfalfa
30 minutes
Alfalfa
Purpose: Determine the role of binding and the effective half-life for three different artificial
1311 contaminants on growing vegetation.
Findings: A fraction of the 131i can be removed by washing with detergent solution but the plants
would have to be "cleaned" during a very short period of time following contamination.
The retention on alfalfa appears to be particle size dependent only during early time
periods. The elemental 131I contaminant showed essentially no rapid early loss and
decayed with the physical decay rate.
Bibliographic references: #35, #13.
#36
1970
Injection
Artificial rumen 1 day
Artifical rumen;
abomasum; intes-
tinal juice
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX. (Continued)
Experiment
Name or No.
Date
Isotope
Mode of
Exposure
Type and No. of
Subjects
Duration
Measurements
Purpose: Assess the possibility that 131Iodide might be converted to volatile iodine or
methyliodide in rumen juice which could then be inhaled by the cow.
Findings: Under the conditions of the study, l^I was not volatile. As much as 3% of the
was shown to be associated with rumen juice sediment in the artificial rumen. This value
was reduced to 0.52% and 0.038% in the simulated abomasal and intestinal fluids,
respectively.
Bibliographic references: #33.
#37
(Tellus)
4/26/71
129mje
Oral
4 cows
3 calves
Single
dose 2.2 mCi
0.5 mCi
Milk; urine;
feces; tissue
in
Purpose: To determine the tissue distribution, retention, and milk secretion of radiotellurium by
dairy cows, and the concentration of radiotellurium in the tissues of calves.
Findings: The highest concentration of 129mje jn the milk was 0.0035%/L 18 hours following
administration. The activity decreased with a biological half-time in the milk of 38
hours. Only 0.254% of the administered nuclide was secreted in milk in 13 days. Thirty
hours after dosing 49% of the activity had been excreted by all routes. After 5 days 80%
of the activity had been recovered with 95% of this in the feces. The radiotellurium was
found to be distributed throughout the body of calves with the main concentration
occurring in the kidney and liver.
Bibliographic references: #36.
#38 & #39
(Pu-1 & Pu-2)
5/17/72
4/26/73
238pu oral
4 cows
4 cows
Single
dose 3 mCi
19 days at
1 mCi daily
Milk; urine;
feces; tissues
Purpose: To obtain information on the significance of milk as a source of plutonium exposure and to
gain additional information on plutonium patterns in ruminants. Both plutonium citrate and
plutonium dioxide were studied.
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX. (Continued)
Experiment
Name or No.
Date
Isotope
Mode of
Exposure
Type and No. of
Subjects
Duration
Measurements
Findings: From 96% to almost 100% plutonium activity was excreted in the feces. Activity in urine
and milk following both the acute dose of plutonium citrate and the multiple doses of
plutonium dioxide confirmed the bovine gastrointestinal uptake. In both groups, the total
deposition of plutonium was greatest in bone, liver, and skeletal muscle. Plutonium was
also observed to be transported across the bovine placenta.
Bibliographic references: #37.
#40
1973
238Pu
241Am
Ingest ion
20 hens
20 hens
20 hens
Daily dose
for 14 days-
23
Eggs; tissues
Pu
citrate
dioxide:
2 MCi 24lAm
citrate
Purpose: To study the metabolism of plutonium and americium by chickens (Gallus domesticus) and its
subsequent transfer to eggs.
Findings: Yolk was the only egg fraction in which radioactivity was observed regardless of the
nuclide administered. The plutonium per yolk tended to plateau after 6 days with the
oxide form and after 11 days with the citrate. The americium-241 activity in yolks peaked
on the 14th day of dosing. Little plutonium-238 was concentrated in the tissues of hens
receiving either form. Americium was detected in most tissues with the main concentration
in the liver and skeleton.
Bibliographic references: #43.
#41
(Pass)
11/10/73
l«Ce
85Sr
54Mn
m f
•
i
•
,
J
Ingestion
of 4 sizes
of sand
4 cows
1
dose
Urine,
mi 1 k ;
blood
feces
»
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX. (Continued)
Experiment
Name or No.
Mode of
Date Isotope Exposure
Type and No. of
Subjects
Duration
Measurements
Purpose: To obtain information on the gastrointestinal passage rates for various soil particle sizes.
Findings: The smallest particles (15-25 pm) were excreted rapidly, 90% within 91 hours of dosing.
The three larger size particle groups were excreted more slowly and with large variations,
up to 288 hours required to excrete 90%. This period would provide more time for
gastrointestinal absorption.
Bibliographic references: #47, #45.
#42
1973 203Hg
Aqueous Soil
solution
applied to
soil
Single
Soil
en
en
Purpose: To determine if inorganic mercury can be methylated by terrestrial microorganisms.
Findings: Mercuric salts can, under agricultural conditions, be transformed into methylmercury.
Mercury deposited in soil is more readily available to humans and animals and the health
hazard magnified by the higher toxicity of methylmercury.
Bibliographic references: #34.
1973
203Hg
Soil
Purpose: To develop an in situ soil gamma analyzer to study the behavior and movement of mercury in
soils.
Findings: The _i_n situ soil gamma analyzer proved to be an effective and efficient instrument for
analyzing pollutant movement in soil.
Bibliographic references: #60.
#43
(Salt Study)
1974
NaCl
Ingestion
9 Hereford
heifers
18 weeks Hay; grain; urine;
feces; blood;
carcass
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX. (Continued)
Experiment
Name or No.
Mode of
Date Isotope Exposure
Type and No. of
Subjects
Duration
Measurements
Purpose: Determine whether excretion of salts in cattle wastes might be significantly reduced by
varying the concentration of added salt in their ration without affecting weight gain.
Findings: No difference in health in three groups. Group receiving 0.25% added NaCl gained the
best. Salt addition to feed can be reduced without affecting health or weight gain.
Bibliographic references: #41.
#44
1974
238Pu
Aspergillus
ni qer
33 days
Spores; culture
medi a
in
Purpose: To determine the effects of the pH of the culture media and of the chemical form of
Plutonium on the uptake of this radionuclide by Aspergillus m'ger.
Findings: "8pu was taken up from all three chemical forms and transported to the aerial spores
of Aspergillus m'ger at each concentration and at both pH levels. The specific
activities of the spores grown at pH 5.5 were at least twice those grown at pH 2.5. The
uptake of plutonium from the dioxide form was about one-third of that from the nitrate
and citrate forms.
Bibliographic references: #44.
#45 - #46
(Pu-3 & Pu-4)
April -
May 75;
Nov-
Dec 75
238Pu
Intravenous
milk
2 cows
4 calves
5 days
6 days
Milk; blood;
urine; feces;
tissue
Intravenous 4 cows
in vivo milk 12 calves
in vitro milk 6 calves
Single dose
7 days
7 days
Purpose:
A two-phase experiment was conducted to determine whether in vivo piutoniurn-labeled milk
presents the nuclide in a more biologically available form than in preparations typically
administered for intestinal uptake studies.
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX. (Continued)
Experiment Mode of
Name or No. Date Isotope Exposure
Type and No. of
Subjects
Duration
Measurements
Findings: Approximately 1.5% of i.v. dose recovered in milk in 120 hours. Thirty-three % of dose
was in liver & approximately 5% in muscle. In individual calf tissues, no discernible
differences were detected in nuclide availability between in vivo milk and in vitro
labelled milk. Retention in both groups was greater than that previously reported for
adult animals.
Bibliographic references: #51, #52, #54.
#47 & #48 1976 243Cu Oral
(Curium) Oral
& i.v.
& i.v.
6 goats
2 cows
Si ngl e
Single
dose
dose
Milk; urine;
feces;
tissues
blood
9
in
Purpose: To establish the gastrointestinal uptake of curium; determine the amount transported to
milk; examine the plasma clearance rate; quantify the excretion characteristics; and
establish the tissue deposition pattern in dairy animals.
Findings: Gastrointestinal uptake of curium was estimated to be 0.02 and 0.006 percent of the oral
dose for cows and goats, respectively. The cumulative percentage of oral dose transported
to milk and urine was 4.6 x 10~4 and 1.9 x 10~3, respectively, for a cow and 2.7 x
10-4 and 1.6 x 10-4, respectively, for goats. Plasma concentrations of curium
decreased rapidly following all i.v. injections. The average percentage of injected
curium transferred to milk, urine, and feces was 2, 8, and 1 percent for a cow and 2, 5,
and 5 percent for goats. Bovine bone retained the greatest fraction of the administered
dose followed by the liver. However, in all three intravenously dosed goats the liver
contained the greatest amount of curium.
Bibliographic references: #53, #57.
# 49
1976
239Pu *
241Am
Plants grown
in contamin-
ated soil
Alfalfa;
radishes; wheat;
rye; tomatoes
52-237
days
Soil ; stems;
leafs; fruiting
structures
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX. (Continued)
Experiment
Name or No.
Date
Isotope
Mode of
Exposure
Type and No. of
Subjects
Duration
Measurements
Purpose: To determine the extent and magnitude of plutonium-239 and americium-241 assimilation by
plants from soils; obtain data on the differences in plant uptake between plutonium-238 and
plutonium-239 oxides.
Findings: Plutonium incorporation by alfalfa, concentration ratio of 2.5 x 10~6, was similar to
reported data using other chemical forms; differences in the biological availability of
Plutonium isotopes do exist. Americium-241 was assimilated and translocated to the stem,
leaf, and fruiting structures. The concentration ratios varied from 0.001 for the
wheat grass to 0.015 for the radishes. The predominant factor in plutonium and
americium uptake by plants may involve the chelation of these elements in soils.
Bibliographic references: #56.
#50
en
oo
1977 234Np qral; 2 goats
intravenous 1 goat
Single dose
Single dose
Milk; urine;
feces; tissues
Purpose: To determine milk secretion, metabolism and tissue distribution of neptunium.
Findings: From oral and i.v. dosing respectively: in milk 0.01 and 0.24%, in urine 0.42 and 21%,
and in feces 97.4 and 2.2%. In tissues, liver and bone had greatest concentration after
oral, and bone and liver in that order, after intravenous dosing.
Bibliographic references: #59.
#51 & #52
(Americium)
2/28- 24lAr
3/10/77;
3/30-
4/13/77
1 Intravenous
and
oral
2
2
2
2
1
cows
cows
goats
goats
goat
(oral)
(i.v.)
(oral)
(i.v.)
control
Single
Single
dose
dose
Milk;
blood;
tissue
urine;
feces
j
Purpose: To establish the gastrointestinal uptake of americium and the amount of activity trans-
ported to milk; examine the plasma clearance rate; quantify the excretion characteristics;
and establish the tissue deposition pattern in dairy animals.
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX. (Continued)
Experiment
Name or No.
Mode of
Date Isotope Exposure
Type and No. of
Subjects Duration Measurements
Findings: Gastrointestinal uptake of americium by both cows and goats was estimated to be 0.014
percent of the respective oral doses. The cumulative percentage of oral dose transported
to milk and urine was less than 2 x 10~3 for cows and less than 5 x 10~3 for goats.
The average percentage of injected americium transferred to milk, urine and feces was 3, 6
and 2 percent respectively for cows and 2, 4 and 2 percent respectively for goats.
Approximately 30 percent of all americium released from the body was found in the urine
during the first 24 hours after injection. Bovine bone retained the greatest fraction of
the administered dose followed by the liver. Liver retained the greatest amount of
americium in the goats.
Bibliographic references: #55.
en
vo
#53
11/14/77
11/22/77
238Pu>
239Pu'
Oral
4 cows
Single dose
Blood; urine;
milk; tissues
Purpose: To determine the relative gastrointestinal absorption and tissue distribution of
plutonium-238 and plutonium-239 following oral ingestion of dioxide mixtures by dairy cows.
Findings: Results indicate that, when the two isotopes of plutonium are homogenous within the
particles, there is no difference between plutonium-238 and plutonium-239 in the relative
gastrointestinal absorption and tissue distribution.
Bibliographic references: #58.
#54
Jun-Oct
78
241Am;
137CS;
60Co;
238Pu;
239Pu;
T: and
Oral - fed
contaminated
soil
8 goats
90 days
Blood; feces;
grain; soil;
tissue
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX. (Continued)
Experiment
Name or No.
Mode of
Date Isotope Exposure
Type and No. of
Subjects
Duration
Measurements
Purpose: Determine intestinal absorbtion of radionuclides present in soil ingested by goats and to
determine the tissue concentrations of those radionuclides.
Findings: Aged radionuclides are biologically available and gastrointestinal uptake occurs.
Strontium-90 was the most readily available with one to eight percent of the dose
deposited in the bone. Cobalt-60 and 137-Cs were also readily detected in most of the
organs sampled. The transuranics were detected to a much lesser extent. The juvenile
animals showed the highest concentration of most isotopes.
Bibliographic references: #60.
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Imtructions on the reverse before completing]
. REPORT NO.
DOE/DPQ539-052
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
NEVADA TEST SITE EXPERIMENTAL FARM:
1963 - 1981
Summary Report
5. REPORT DATE
1y 1984
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
Stuart C. Black and Donald D. Smith
EPA 600/4-84-066
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
Office of Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
P.O. Box 15027, Las Vegas, NV 89114
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
XLUF10
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
TAG DE-AI08-76DP00539
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. Department of Energy
Nevada Operations Office
P.O. Box 14100
Las Vegas, NV 89114
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
onse Report. 1963 - 1981
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Interagency Agreement
Number DE-AI08-76DP00539.
16. ABSTRACT
This report summarizes the findings from experiments conducted at the Experimental
Dairy Farm located on the Nevada Test Site. These experiments included the air-
forage-cow-milk transport of the radioiodines, and the metabolism and milk transfer
of other fission products and several actinides. Major studies are listed in
chronological order from 1964 to 1978 and include the purpose, procedures,
isotopes used, and findings for each such study. Animal exposures occurred
from fallout, from artificial aerosol generation, and from oral or intravenous
administration. A complete bibliography and references to published reports of
the experiments are included.
The findings from the radioisotope studies at the Experimental Dairy Farm and
the results obtained from the Animal Investigation Program provide a rationale for
making predictions and for planning protective actions that could be useful in
emergency response to accidental contaminating events where fresh fission products
are involved.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO THE PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
66
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UNr.lASSIFTFD
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (R«v. 4-77) PREVIOUS EDITION i* OBSOLETE
------- |