ft DESERT RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Cll UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA SYSTEM
AN INVESTIGATION OF ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
OF POROUS MEDIA
S.W. Wheatcraft
K.C. Taylor
JLG. Haggard
September 1984
WATER RESOURCES CENTER
PUBLICATION ^41098
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AN INVESTIGATION OF ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
OP POROUS MEDIA
by
Stephen W. Wheatcraft
Kendrick C. Taylor
John G. Haggard
o- '
; Water Resources Center
T" Desert Research Institute
O University of Nevada System
Reno/ Nevada 89506
0
(N
tn ,
/ 4
Contract No. CR8 10052-01
^ Project Officer
O Leslie G. McMillion
o
\
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
P.O. Box 15027
Las Vegas, Nevada 89114
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
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ABSTRACT
The problem of ground-water contamination has provided a need
for detailed information on ground-water quality. Well drilling
and sampling provide limited information, especially when trying
to delineate a ground-water contamination plume. D.C. electrical
geophysical methods are being increasingly used -to help delineate
contaminated ground water, however, these methods provide only
resistivity data. Simple resistivity is affected by many dif-
ferent parameters* and it is often not possible to develop a
unique interpretation of the data. Complex resistivity (CR) is a
method that provides considerably more information about the
saturated porous medium, thus introducing the possibility of
reducing the unknown parameters that affect the electrical proper-
ties of the porous medium and thereby providing a unique interpre-
tation.
The CR method provides two curves: impedance amplitude
(related to resistivity) and phase shift (related to capacitive
effects), both as a function of frequency. Although CR provides
much more information than a single resistivity measurement, there
is not much known about how the CR responses are affected by pore
geometry, pore fluid chemisty and clay content.
In this study, a laboratory measurement system is set up to
allow systematic variation of parameters of interest, in order to
determine their effect on amplitude and phase data. The labora-
tory apparatus consists of a sample holder, appropriate elec-
trodes, and a data collection and analysis system. Experiments
were conducted to vary grain size, concentration of NaCl and clay
content.
*Such as pore geometry, pore fluid chemistry and clay content
11
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Results indicate that grain size has little to no effect on
amplitude or phase at any frequency for clay-free samples. Phase-
shift becomes increasingly negative over the range of frequency
investigation for a clay-bearing sample (3% clay content). The
amplitude also becomes increasingly smaller with increased fre-
quency for ;a clay-bearing sample.
Comparison of amplitude versus salinity for the clay and non-
clay samples show that it may be possible to develop a modified
version of Archie's Law for low salinity samples that contain
clay.
111
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CONTENTS
Abstract ii
Figures v
Tables v
1. Introduction 1
2. Objectives 4
3. Theory and Background of Electrical Measurements 6
The Need for Complex Electrical Measurements 6
Calculation of Complex Amplitude and Phase 8
4. Experimental Design and Equipment 13
Sample Holder 13
Electrical Equipment . 16
Porosity and Clay Content Determination 17
Method of Sample Saturation 17
5. Testing and Calibration 18
6. Problems Encountered and Possible Solutions 21
Coupling Errors 21
A/D Converter 22
Low Frequency Effects 22
D.C. Offset 22
Clays 22
Current Density 23
Data Recording 23
7. Results 25
Data Analysis Procedures 25
Summary of Experiments 25
Experimental Errors and Interference 27
Comparison of Experimental Results with other
Research 31
Effects of Grain Size on Amplitude and Phase 34
Effects of Clay on Amplitude and Phase 34
8. Conclusions 40
References Cited 42
Selected References 45
Appendices
1. Graphs of each run. 55
2. Listing of each run. 79
IV
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FIGURES
Number Page
1. Electrical response of porous medium. 7
2. Experimental setup. 14
3. Sample holder. 15
4. Calibration runs: sample holder filled with salt
solution of indicated molarity. 20
5. Large glass beads sample, without clay. 28
6. Medium glass beads sample, without clay. 29
7. Small glass beads sample, without clay. 30
8. Sample of large glass beads with 3% Na-Montmorillonte. 32
9. Selected results of sample of large glass beads and 3%
Na-Montmorillonite. 33
10. Effect of grain size on phase and amplitude, without
clay. 35
11. Effect of 3% Na-Montmorillonite and phase and
amplitude. 36
12. Effect of clay content on the impedance vs. salinity
relationship. 38
TABLE
1. Summary of the Samples Used. 26
v
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
The use of geophysical techniques has become common in inves-
}ation.s of the character and extent of the ground-water
source. This is especially true with respect to electrical
:hods. In general these techniques rely on detecting the elec-
Lcal response of subsurface units and then correlating this with
ler geologic information such as well logs, geology, and water
alysis to obtain information such as the depth to ground water,
alitative estimates of occurrence and distribution of ground-
ter contamination, and even estimates of the hydraulic conduc-
vity of aquifers (Zody £t jil., 1974; Keys and MacCary, 1971;
ott, 1980).
In general past measurements of the electrical response have
en limited to the D.C. resistivity of the medium, which is only
e portion of the electrical response. Additional information
out the system can be obtained by more fully characterizing the
ectrical response of a medium, which consists of two parts, real
d imaginary. This can be represented by amplitude and phase.
e impedance represents the total resistance (measured in ohms)
' flow of an alternating current and the phase shift represents
,e difference between the current and voltage waveforms voltage
id is measured in radians, or milliradians. The impedance and
tase shift can be affected by numerous properties of the porous
idium and the fluid within the porous medium, and in general,
>th are frequency dependent.
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Although measurements of the complex electrical signal are
common to ground-water investigations, they have been used by
minerals exploration industry since the late 1940's (Brent,
). The techniques go by such names as "complex resistivity"
(Zonge, 1972) or "spectral IP" (induced polarization) (Pelton
il., 1978).
In the past few years, emphasis in the ground-water discip-
s has shifted from ground-water quantity to concern about
md-water quality. Traditional D.C. resistivity techniques
\ in conjunction with other methods usually provide adequate
irmation about ground-water head levels (for unconfined
Lfers). However, D.C. methods are inadequate for many prob-
3 in which the contaminant plume location, distribution, and
nical nature are of interest because so many parameters affect
D.C. resistivity. For instance, a relatively low resistivity
ue can be indicative of high salinity and/or high moisture
bent.
Complex resistivity investigations conceptually have the
ential to reduce the number of unknowns by providing more elec-
cal information. Because many parameters affect the resistiv-
of a saturated porous medium it is not possible to separate
individual effects with resistivity data alone. This poten-
,\
1 advantage of the CR technique arises because two sets of
,bers (impedance and phase shift) for a suite of frequencies are
terated for a particular porous medium, instead of a single
.ue of resistivity that is obtained with D.C. techniques.
rause of this additional information, it may be possible to
:ain actual concentration values and/or type of chemical species
it are present in a contaminated ground-water system. One very
:eresting possible use for CR is that organic pollutants may
Mnically interact with earth materials to create a complex
sistivity anomaly which would not be detected by D.C. resis-
?ity measurements alone.
Carefully controlled laboratory experiments represent an
portant step in isolating and determining the complex response
the fluid and chemical constituents contained within a porous
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medium. As a first step towards this long range goal, this study
is an attempt to characterize the complex, frequency dependent
electrical response of a saturated porous medium when certain
parameters are varied. The parameters to be varied in these
experiments include grain size, salinity and clay content. There
already exists a large body of literature characterizing the com-
plex electrical response of rocks due to the occurrence and dis-
tribution of ore materials (Wong and Strangway, 1981; Wong, 1979;
Zonge, 1972; Marshall and Madden, 1959). Although most of this
information is not directly transferable to the problem of ground-
water contamination, it has been very helpful in the design of the
present study.
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SECTION 2
OBJECTIVES
This publication was produced as part of a cooperative agree-
ment between the Desert Research Institute, University of Nevada
System and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA CR810052-
01). The objectives of this task are as follows:
1) Design and build laboratory equipment to measure complex
frequency dependent electrical response of a saturated
porous media with accuracy and repeatability.
2) Calibrate the experimental apparatus and compare calibra-
tion results to similar experiments by other
researchers.
3) Measure complex electrical response of porous media as a
function of frequency for: a) samples of several dif-
ferent grain sizes; b) samples of saturated porous media
'with a range of solutions of an electrolytic solute; and
c) samples with and without clay.
4) Analyze the collected laboratory data for relationships
between the varied parameters and the complex electrical
response.
To achieve these objectives, the project was divided into
four tasks. Task one consisted of a thorough search of the liter-
ature to assess the applicability of field CR methods to ground-
water quality and contamination investigations. Since these
methods were developed primarily for sulphide ore body and other
ore-related investigations, interpretation of field data was not
expected to be directly applicable to ground-water problems. A
literature search was also conducted to determine what other
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experimental laboratory equipment had been used for complex
parameter estimation. Information gleaned from this search
provided the basis for the experimental design that was chosen.
Task two consisted of building, testing and calibrating the
laboratory equipment. Task three was the actual suite of experi-
ments for the numerous parameters that were varied. Task four was
the analysis and interpretation of the experimental results.
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SECTION 3
THEORY AND BACKGROUND OP ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS
THE NEED FOR COMPLEX ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS
The most commonly made electrical measurement is the D.C.
resistivity of a material, which represents only a portion of'the
electrical characteristics of a medium. There is also a capaca-
tive property which causes a phase lag between the current and
voltage. This phase lag makes it convenient to describe the elec-
trical properties as a complex number represented as amplitude and
phase. In the most general case both of these properties of the
sample are considered to be frequency dependent. One simplified
example of this is the electrical circuit shown in Figure 1a. We
see in this case that the D.C. resistance alone is not sufficient
to characterize the circuit. To fully investigate the circuit
both phase and amplitude must be measured as a function of fre-
quency. Ward and Fraser (1967) discuss that a similar situation
can occur in a porous medium. Figure 1b shows two pore paths, the
upper one with a clay particle and the lower one without clay.
The cations are attracted to the vicinity of the clay because of
its excess negative surface charge when current is applied (Figure
1c). Cations can move freely through the cation cloud but anions
are blocked. This forms an ion-selective membrane and a buildup
of charge. The charge buildup is analogous to the charge built on
the capacitor in Figure 1a.
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B
CATIONIC
CLOUD
NORMAL ELECTROLYTE
CHARGE CARRIERS
CLAY PARTICLE
NEGATIVE CHARGE
ZONE OF ION
CONCENTRATION
ZONE OF ION
DEFICIENCY
ANIOMS
BLOCKED CATIONS PASS THROUGH
Figure 1. Electrical response of porous medium:
A. Analogous electrical circuit.
B. Charge distribution in pore without current flow,
C. Charge distribution with current flow.
(After Ward and Frazier, 1967).
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CALCULATION OF COMPLEX AMPLITUDE AND PHASE
To determine the complex impedance of the sample the voltage
waveform across a known resistance (Vr) and across the sample
(Vs) are digitized (see Section 4). By measuring the voltage
drop across the known resistance (Rr) , the current can be deter-
mined utilizing Ohm's law. To characterize the sample impedance
independent of the sample geometry, it is necessary to multiply by
the sample length (L) and divide by the sample cross section
(Ar). This is referred to as the material's intrinsic resis-
tivity.
To obtain the complex electrical response of the sample, .a
sine wave was used as an input and the digitized voltages were
recorded and analyzed for up to 10 harmonics. This was repeated
until the frequency range of interest was covered. An alternate
technique employed by Zonge and Hughs (1981) utilizes a waveform
that contains numerous harmonics such as a square wave. By doing
this they were able to obtain results at many frequencies by only
doing one measurement. This technique can save time but it
requires more data points per waveform to obtain reliable results,
which causes problems in non-linear systems.
To measure the voltage waveforms across the sample and resis-
tor, digital recording is necessary. The equipment used' to do
this is discussed in Section 4.
To reduce the digital data a matrix inversion method was
chosen instead of a fast Fourier transform because it provides a
method to calculate the variance to check data quality (Olhoeft,
1979). The data is in a series of voltages and times:
Vs , V , V ---- , V
S1 S2 S3 Sn
, V^ , V ---- , V (1)
1 2 3 rn
t'
-------
where:
n = number of digitized points
ti = time at the ith sample
Vs. = voltage reading from across the sample at ti
Vr, = voltage reading from across the resistor at ti
These data were fitted to the following model (Olhoeft, 1979);
k
V^ft) = Vdc + Z v^ sin (w.t + A )
\f i=1 ri L ri
(2)
k
V (t) = V dc + E V_ sin (oi.t + $ )
s s i=1 Si i si
where:
t = time
oii = 2irfi
fi = frequency of ith harmonic
<)>r. = phase shift of the ith harmonic of the voltage
waveform across the resistor relative to time 0
$s. = phase shift of the ith harmonic of the voltage
waveform across the sample relative to time 0
Vr. = amplitude of the ith harmonic for the voltage
ti
waveform across the resistor
Vs. = amplitude of the ith harmonic for the voltage
waveform across the sample
Vrdc = zero frequency component of the voltage waveform across
the resistor
Vsdc = zero frequency component of the voltage waveform across
the sample
k = number of harmonics considered
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These equations are Fourier series and can be used to recon-
struct any periodic waveform. In this study a sine wave input was
used and therefore the ideal calculated response would contain
only 1 harmonic (k = 1). However, Olhoeft ('1981b) suggests that
measuring the change in harmonic content of the waveforms can give
an indication of the linearity of the sample's response. There-
fore even though a sine wave input was used, up to 10 harmonics
were analyzed to check the linearity of the sample's electrical
response.
Equation 2 can be set up in the following matrix form
(Olhoeft, 1979).
X = T A
(3)
where T is n by (1+2k), A is (1+2k) by 2f x_ is n by z where n is
the number of digitized points and k is the number of harmonics.
The components of the matrices are as follows:
Vs(t.,)' Vr(tj)
Vs(t2)' Vr(t2)
Vs(tn)' Vr(tn)
(4)
1,
, cos(utl),
j). ..sin(ka>t1)...cos(kait1)
1, sin(o)t2), cos(«)t2), sin(2cut2), cos(2tot2)...sin(kwt2).. .cos(kwt2)
1,sin(o)tn), cos(wtn), sin(2wtn), cos(2utn)...sin(kutn)...oos(kutn)
(5)
10
-------
A
V cos*
S1 S1
V sin*
S1 S1
V cos*
S2 S2
V sin*
S2 S2
Vrdc
V cos*
r1 r1
V sin*
r1 r1
cos*
sin*
2 r2
COS*.
S
sin*
s
cos*.
sin*
(6)
Examination of these matrices reveals that the unknown quan-
tities are all in Matrix A. As given by Olhoeft (1979) this
matrix can be determined as follows:
A = (TT T) TTX
(7)
where TT means the transpose of T and the -1. refers to the in-
verse matrix. From the components of the A matrix the following
quantities can be obtained.
Arc tan
Arc tan
V
Vr. - A(2i,2)/cos*s.
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
These components are then utilized to obtain the magnitude of the
intrinsic impedance (|zin|j.) and the phase shift (*i) as
follows:
11
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ri
(13)
The average harmonic distortion is also calculated as a
measure of the linearity of the sample's electrical response by:
k Vs Vr
THD = [=s((-i - ) 100.)] (14)
S1 r1
where, % THD is referred to as the total harmonic distortion.
12
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SECTION 4
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND EQUIPMENT
The basic electrical measurement system utilized in this
study is shown in Figure 2. The operation of the system is basi-
cally the same as the system described by Olhoeft (1979). The
set-up has also been employed in the study by Nelson et al.
(1982). To determine the complex impedance it is necessary to
provide a current of the desired frequency in the sample. This is
done by connecting a function generator to the current electrodes
in the sample holder. The voltage waveform is measured by digi-
tizing the signal at the voltage electrodes and the current wave-
form is measured by digitizing the voltage drop across a known
resistor. The digitized data can then be processed.
SAMPLE HOLDER
An important feature of the system is the sample holder
(Figure 3) and its four-electrode arrangement. The unit consists
of two plexiglass reservoirs that are connected via a cylindrical
plexiglass sample tube. The sample is held in place by plexiglass
plates. The cylinder and sample can be removed from the reser-
voirs without disturbing the sample.
The four-electrode arrangement has been used for low fre-
quency measurements below 1000 Hz (Olhoeft, 1979; Nelson et al.,
1982). Platinum mesh electrodes were chosen to minimize electro-
lytic action and were placed at each end of the sample tube where
they measured the voltage drop across the sample. The current
electrodes are contained in the end reservoirs. The major
13
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o
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Ul
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o
z
UJ
D
a
UJ
oc
u.
r
1
FREQ.
CONT.
Rv «
SAMPLE TZl
i1
> Vr (t)
> (.'
f Js(t)
PRE-
AMP
PRE-
AMP
CLOCK
oc
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CONVER
Q
<
COMPUTER
Figure 2. Experimental setup.
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FLUID RESERVOIR
SAMPLE
U1
FLUID RESERVOIR
CURRENT
ELECTRODE
VOLTAGE
ELECTRODE
6.4cm
Figure 3. Sample holder.
CURRENT
ELECTRODE
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advantage of this system is that it circumvents the problems
associated with electrode polarization and other problems (Fuller
and Ward, 1970) .
The voltage electrodes located outside of the cylindrical
sample tube can polarize if the voltage measuring device draws an
appreciable current. However, the preamplifiers draw negligible
current and electrode polarization is not a problem with this
system. The problem with the four-electrode system is that mutual
inductance occurs between the electrode and leads and may become
serious above 100 Hz if the sample impedance is greater than 5000
ohm-cm. Although capacitive coupling is expected in samples with
high impedance, the inductive coupling inherent in the equipment
overshadows the capacitive coupling. Because resulting instrument
errors are the net effect of both capacitive and inductive coup-
ling, the instrument error will generally be referred to simply as
coupling errors or interference for the remainder of this report.
The resistivity of the samples used in this study effectively
limits the frequency range of the measurement system to less than
5000 Hz. This is not a serious problem because CR measurements
taken in the field presently fall within this range.
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
A function generator was employed as the voltage source and a
frequency counter was used to determine the output frequency.
A decade resistor box was constructed from resistors whose
values were determined on a commercial bridge. The resistors act
as the known resistance in the measuring circuit and the unit
contained values from 10 ohm to 1x106 ohms.
Because the current density had to be kept low to ensure a
linear electrical response, the resulting voltage drops were too
small to be accurately detected by the A/D converter. This is
especially pronounced for samples with low impedances and at low
frequencies. To overcome this problem, a preamp was used.
16
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After the voltage waveforms were amplified, they were dig-
itized and recorded with a resolution of 0.002 volts. The A/D
converter (Andromeda Systems Model ADC 11) is interfaced to an LSI
11/03 computer that controls the sampling and recording.
To minimize noise pickup, all leads were coaxial cables with
grounded shields and the decade resistance box, function generator
and sample holder were surrounded by a Faraday cage.
POROSITY AND CLAY CONTENT DETERMINATION
Porosity measurements were made by weighing the dry sample
holder both empty and full of glass beads, the weight difference
is the weight of glass, which by knowing the glass density can be
converted into the volume of glass. The porosity is found by
taking one minus the fraction of the volume of glass to the volume
of the sample holder.
Clay content was measured as percent weight of the sample.
The clay was powdered and heated at 105°C for 12 hours before
weighing to insure that all free water was driven out.
METHOD OP SAMPLE SATURATION
The sample was saturated by filling the fluid reservoirs.
Saturation was considered to be complete when the reservoir level
remained constant and the pore fluid conductivity, temperature and
pH were constant in both reservoirs, which took a few days. This
process could have been accelerated had vacuum saturation been
available.
17
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SECTION 5
TESTING AND CALIBRATION
A cell constant (K), which is equivalent to L/A (defined in
Section 3), was calculated based on electrical measurements of a
KC1 solution with known electrical properties. This was necessary
since the measurement of the sample geometry was not believed to
be as accurate as the electrical measurements. The resulting cell
constant utilized in the measurements was 0.257 (cm""1) and was
frequency independent. It is interesting to note that based on
geometric measurements the cell constant was calculated at 0.251
(cm-1)« An error of 0.03 cm in the measurement of the radius
could account for this difference and it appears that the K deter-
mined by electrical measurements is a reasonable value and is
probably superior to actual dimension measurements.
In order to determine lead effects, the system was calibrated
by replacing the sample with a parallel resistance-capacitance
(R-C) network with known values. However, the system agreed quite
well with the measured values of the R-C network for resistances
less than 1000 ohms. The tests with resistances greater than
approximately 1000 ohms had a phase shift and impedance magnitude
that deviated from the measured values. The phase shift was posi-
tive indicating inductive effects (Olhoeft, 1975). Since it was
uncertain if this result was due to the mutual inductance between
*
the leads and wiring necessary for R-C network, it was decided to
test the system with NaCl solutions of varying concentrations.
This better approximated the system error expected for actual
samples since component leads and wires were not present.
18
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The results of these tests are given in Figure 4. In this
calibration, the coupling errors were also found above 100 Hz in
samples with irapedivity above about 3000 ohms-cm. On a log-log
plot the slope of these lines were very close to 1.0 which is the
expected result of both capacitance and inductance effects
(Olhoeft, 1975).
From the standard deviation of the calibration it appears
that below 100 Hz the accuracy of the phase shift measurement is
within 2 milliradians of the known value. The precision of the
impedance magnitude measurements appears to be within 1 percent of
the reading below 100 Hz. When the impedivity magnitude is less
than approximately 1000 ohms-cm these values apply up to approx-
imately 3500 Hz. Then at 1000 ohms-cm the measurements deteri-
orate and the precision of the system is basically unknown, except
that the precision deteriorates as impedance increases since the
coupling errors cannot be removed with the equipment used in this
study.
19
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f
V 6
13
C
0
o
3
44
"* A
a 4
cr
o
0
-1 3
2'
900
200
§
oc
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100
a.
0
_inn
1 I 1 1 1 i
» 19 Q 19 O O ID«O^^^ w
O 99 99 99 9 «
A A A A A A A AAA*M -
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CD O&O Hater
O 0.0001
A 0.001
-f 0. 01
X 0.1
"
/
^ $ t 9« * 1 ^ ***** -
-2 -t
0 1 2
Log Frequency
Figure 4. Calibration runs: sample holder filled with salt
solution of indicated molarity.
20
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SECTION 6
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS
Once calibration was completed, the experiments were run. As
problems were encountered, it was sometimes possible to make minor
modifications in the equipment set up and design. (For example, a
Faraday cage was installed around the sample holder to help elim-
inate electromagnetic inteference.) This section deals with prob-
lems encountered which required solutions that were beyond the
scope of this project to solve, thus alerting future researchers
to the expected problems so that they can be dealt with appropri-
ately.
COUPLING ERRORS
At frequencies above 100 Hz there were problems with induc-
tive coupling between the current and voltage electrodes. This '
was especially true when the sample impedance was above 5000 ohm-
cm because the current densities were low. These effects could be
reduced by an improved amplifier design and a source that would
allow higher current densities.
A/D CONVERTER
The A/D converter limited the frequency range of the measure-
ments. The maximum sample rate of 25,000 samples/second caused
waveforms above 3,500 Hz to be undersampled. This undersampling
increased the error and set a practical upper limit on the fre-
quencies measured.
21
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LOW FREQUENCY EFFECTS
The results below 0.1 Hz are of uncertain reliability. The
current density was low during these readings, possibly due to the
characteristics of the signal generator and/or increased inter-
facial impedance at the current electrodes. In either case this
could have resulted in the voltage drop across the sample being to
small to be accurately digitized. Other possible problems are
thermal drift'^and slow chemical reactions. A function generator
that provided constant current would help eliminate these
problems.
D.C. OFFSET
A D.C. offset voltage was commonly present, probably caused
by spontaneous potential, and at times this reached values
exceeding 0.5 volts, which when amplified exceeded the voltage
level accepted by the A/D converter (±10 volts). Much of this
effect was eliminated by soldering the platinum'connections with a
palladium-platinum alloy; however, after amplification a D.C.
offset of ±5 volts was not uncommon. This could be further
reduced with a D.C. bucking circuit.
./
CLAYS
The clay mixtures also presented some problems. When the
clay-bearing samples were initially saturated with a high salinity
solution, the clays flocculated and tended to remain in place in
the sample. When lower salinity solutions were added, the clay
began to disperse, and it is estimated that by the time the lowest
salinity solution was used, well over half of the clay had been
washed from the sample.
The clay washing problem can be solved by using a recircu-
lating reservoir and pump attached to the sample holder. The
22
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reservoir would be filled with water at the desired salinity and
clay concentrations and would have a mixer to keep the clay in
suspension. The pump would circulate the water-clay mixture into
the sample holder (already filled with porous material). After
the mixture had been recirculated through the reservoir several
times, the sample holder and reservoir should have the same con-
centrations of salinity and clay. The pump would then be stopped
and the sample holder would be disconnected from the reservoir
apparatus and connected to the electrical measurement system. The
procedure would be repeated for multiple clay samples. The sample
holder designed for the present study would be suitable for this
process because of its modular design, allowing quick connection
and disconnection from the electrical and reservoir systems.
CURRENT DENSITY
During the course of the experiment a range of current den-
sities from 0.001-10 pamp/cm2 were used. Some problems with data
collection at low current densities were noted. The voltage drop
across the sample was low, which might have caused the waveform to
be poorly sampled. In future studies a constant current source of
variable frequency should help eliminate this problem.
DATA RECORDING
The data recording system relies on two computers operating
at the same time. The data processing computer was a DEC PDP11/23
with a UNIX-based operating system, which is not capable of
collecting real-time data. Therefore, the data was collected with
an A/D converter that was run by a DEC PDP11/03. Frequently one
of the computers went down, and measurements could not be made.
The amount of time it took to prepare, measure and analyze the
voltage data was also large. Each run took about one and one-half
days to obtain a complete data set. Most of this time (24 hrs)
23
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was spent equilibrating the sample with the saturating solution,
Future studies should allow the lengthy sample preparation and
data collection times necessary for each experiment.
24
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SECTION 7
RESULTS
DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURES
The first step in the interpretation of the results was to
evaluate and identify errors in the data that were the result of
experimental procedures and equipment. This was done by examining
all the data collected for individual samples and comparing them
to the calibration runs. Sample data which displayed experimental
and equipment errors or interference were not considered further
in the analysis. (The specific data that were ignored and the
rationale for doing so are discussed below.) The second step was
to compare data from experiments where only one parameter had been
changed, thus allowing the effect of that parameter to be investi-
gated. This analysis is presented in the sections dealing with
effects on varying parameters.
SUMMARY OF EXPERIMENTS
There were a total of 24 different experiments (or "runs")
made, on four different porous medium samples. Table 1 is a sum-
mary of these runs. Appendix 1 is a set of graphs of amplitude
and phase shift for each run, and Appendix 2 contains the actual
data that are shown graphically in Appendix 1. In addition,
Appendix 2 contains the standard deviation and total harmonic
distortion data for the amplitude and phase shift data. The first
three porous medium samples were pure glass beads of different
grain sizes. As can be seen from Table 1, sizes of beads within-
25
-------
TABLE 1. SUMMARY OF THE SAMPLES USED
Experiment
Run
GB1
GB2
GB3
GB4
GB5
GB6
GB7
GB8
GB9
GB10
GB11
GB12
GB13
GB14
GB15
GB16
GB18
GB19
GB20
CG1
CG2
CG3
CG4
CG5
CG6
Glass Bead
dia. (mm)
2.8-2.0
2.8-2.0
2.8-2.0
2.8-2.0
2.8-2.0
2.8-2.0
2.8-2.0
2.8-2.0
0.85-0.60
0.85-0.60
0.85-0.60
0.85-0.60
0.85-0.60
0.85-0.60
0.15-0.106
0.15-0.106
0.15-0.106
0.15-0.106 .
0.15-0.106
2.8-2.0
2.8-2.0
2.8-2.0
2.8-2.0
2.8-2.0
2.8-2.0
% Na-Mont.
by Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
Molarity of
NaCl Sat. Sol.
0.0001
0.0005
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.05
0.1
0.5
0.0005
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.005
0.1
0.0005
0.001
0.01
0.05
0.1
0.1
0.05
0.01
0.005
0.001
0.0005
26
-------
each sample varied slightly, but the variation was limited enough
so that each sample could be considered essentially uniform in
size. The fourth sample was prepared as a clay-bearing porous
medium, containing 3% Na-Montmorillonite by weight, mixed uni-
formly with large (2.2-2.8 mm) glass beads. The clay was mixed
with the glass beads in such a way as to cause the clay to adhere
to the surface of the glass beads. Another way to mix the clay is
to fill the voids with a clay-water mixture. These two methods
may give different results, as it is important to specify which is
used. A number of different experiments was run on each sample,
varying the salinity concentrations, as shown in Table 1.
EXPERIMENTAL ERRORS AND INTERFERENCE
In Figure 5 all of the runs for the large grain size sample
have been plotted together. Similarly, all runs for the medium
grain size and the small grain size are plotted in Figures 6 and
7, respectively. All the runs with an impedance greater than 5000
ohm-cm show the effects of coupling errors at frequencies greater
than 100 Hz. This can be seen in Figures 5-7 as an exponential
increase in phase at higher frequencies and was expected because
the calibrations behaved in a similar fashion (see Section 5,
Testing and Calibration). The observed phase increases are caused
by coupling errors within the equipment and should not be attrib-
uted to true sample response.
The runs that have the inductance problem are the very low
salinity runs, below 0.001 molarity (about 50 ppm). The coupling
interference of this equipment limits the useful range of investi-
gation to pore fluids above 50 ppm total salinity.
The total salinity found in most ground waters is higher than
50 ppm, therefore the equipment is able to measure pore fluids in
and above the range found in most natural ground-water systems.
The runs with serious coupling interference are therefore not con-
sidered further in the analysis.
27
-------
O
V 8
i
c
4
4J
i 3
a
t»
0
-J 2
f
1
500
400
§ 300
(C
* -
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£ 100
1 1
m
A
)
-
1 1
I 1
SYMBOL RUN
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0 08 2
A 08 3
+ 08 4
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08 8
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.
i i i i i
O O O OOO O OfflO O 0QO0BM0
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MOLARITY NaCI *
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0.01
0.05
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0.5 a
B
.
1
-
-
.
-
.
-
Log Frequency
Figure 5. Large glass beads sample, without clay.
28
-------
o
0
ct
a
o
i
m m m m mm
A
X
A
X
A A A AA
XXX XXXXKK
g
500
400-
300-
200 -
100-
-100
SYMBOL RUN MOLARITY N«CI
ID 00 9 0.0005
O 00 10 0.001
A 00 11 0.005
+ 00 12 0.01
X 00 13 0.005
-2-1 0 1
Log Fr«qu«ncy
Figure 6. Medium glass beads sample, without clay
29
-------
£
u
"a
a a a a o 001
<
A A A A A AA
+ + * + + * + 4-f 44Nf
100
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a.
100
SYMBOL RUN MOLARITY NaCI
d OB IS 0.0005
O OB IB 0.001
A OB IB 0.01
+ OB 20 0.1
1 «
y
=4-3-2-1 0 1 2 34
Log Fr«qu«noy
Figure 7. Small glass beads sample, without clay.
30
-------
For the remaining runs on the non-clay samples, Figures 5-7
show little dependency on frequency for the phase or amplitude.
This is expected because there are no polarization mechanisms in
the sample and it demonstrates that the experimental setup is
working quite well. The experimental results from the fourth
(clay) sample in Figure 8 show the data for several runs with
different concentrations of NaCl in the pore fluid. Once again
the coupling errors can be seen above 100 Hz for low salinity
solutions. Below 0.1 Hz there is a wide scatter in the data which
can be attributed to low current densities (see appendix 2) at
those frequencies, thus the voltages were too small to be ade-
quately digitized by the equipment. In addition, at these low
frequencies, the time required to make the measurements increases
greatly so that temperature drift and slow electrochemical effects
can also contribute to errors. There are methods that will im-
prove the low-frequency data, such as signal stacking. One algor-
ithm was devised to average the signal, but it proved unsatisfac-
tory. In future studies, consideration should be given to some
sort of signal processing for the important low frequency data.
For these reasons the low frequency data are not considered reli-
able, and Figure 9 shows the data for the clay sample that are
acceptable. These data will be discussed further in the following
sections.
COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS WITH OTHER RESEARCH
The most obvious effect of the clay is to cause a reduction
of the phase at frequencies above 10 Hz. This is expected because
of membrane polarization effects and agrees favorably with Olhoeft
(1981). The trend and magnitude of the effect agree with Klein
and Sill (1982), however they report a positive phase shift which
is in disagreement with this work and Olhoeft (1981). It is
possible that the discrepancy is due to an opposite definition of
the phase. The phase shift also increases with decreasing salin-
ity, which is attributed to an increase in the effectiveness of
31
-------
V
D
0
TJ
a
8
cr
a
o
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x x x xxx x xxx x xxx x xxxx XXXXH*
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e aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
B a B oa a B BO B e oa a a BB a a mo
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cc
oc
0
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SYMBOL RUN
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G> CG 2
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MOLARITY NaCI
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0.01
0.005
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0. 0005 +
i i£ m
jhfj:!*
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234
Log Frequanoy
Figure 8. Sample of large glass beads with 3% Na-Montmoril-
lonite.
32
-------
»
%
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x:
c
3 3
4J
^f
*4
a
a '
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f ^. A A A * A'*A'4
* +
1 | 1 1
01234
Loo Frequency
Figure 9. Selected results of sample of large glass beads
and 3% Na-Montmorillonite.
33
-------
clay particles to set up ion selective membranes in low salinity
solutions (Ward, 1967). Another observed effect which only occurs
in the clay-bearing sample is that the phase peak is shifted to
lower frequencies as the salinity is decreased. This can be ob-
served in Figure 9 and corresponds to a similar observation made
by Sill and Klein (1981). There is also a small effect of fre-
quency on amplitude. At the higher frequencies the amplitude
decreases slightly. Although the small change of only a few per-
cent is difficult to see on the logarithamic plots, it can be
verified by examining the actual values in Appendix 2. This trend
is in agreement with Klein and Sill (1982) and is caused by capac-
iti-ve losses at the higher frequencies.
EFFECTS OF GRAIN SIZE ON AMPLITUDE AND PHASE
To investigate the influence of grain size, Figure 10 shows
the results of the three clay free samples with a pore fluid con-
centration of 0.01 molar NaCl. The differences in amplitude are
believed to be caused by a difference in the porosity of the
samples due to slight differences in the grain sorting. The scale
of the phase shift plot is expanded compared to the other phase
graphs, thus exaggerating the scatter and the relatively small
coupling errors which begin to appear above 1000 Hz. The scatter
is within the expected errors of the experiment, so it is con-
cluded that there is no effect of grain size on the phase shift in
clay-free samples. This is an expected result, since the phase
shift should always be small in a clay-free sample.
EFFECTS OF CLAY ON AMPLITUDE AND PHASE
In a clay bearing sample the phase shift may depend, among
other things, on the distance between the ion selective membranes,
which is influenced by the grain size (Ward 1967). Figure 11 is a
comparison of the response of two samples of the same grain size
both with and without clay. The results are shown for runs of 3
34
-------
V
i
* g g **
ct
o
10|
SYMBOL RUN
GH 08 5
O 08 12
A 08 18
Q
Ct
oc
GRAIN SIZE
2.8-2.0 M
0.85-0.80 M
0.1S-0.108 M
m
J
^
|
o.
-JOI
Log Fr«qu«nog
Figure 10
Effect of grain size on phase and amplitude
(without clay).
35
-------
«*
V
0
c 3
«
3
+»
f^
a
* 2
GC 2
a
0
-i
1
i i i
» +*++ + »+ +-H-
X X X XXXXX XX XXX
> O 0 0O O 000 0 00000 000
i o «a a » a«ga» «» >aa -
M
f ' f
O
cc
ac
00
70
60
50
wu
40
30
20
10
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10
l
SYMBOL RUN
ED CG 1
G> CG 2
A CO 3
f GB S
X GB 6
4> Gfl 7
-
-§*»* a
A A "
A
^
i i
3* No-Mont CNoCU 0.1
37 No-Mont CNoCU 0,^35
37 No-Mont CNoCtf 0. 01
Clean Sand CNoClJ 0.01
Clean Sand CNaCtf 0.05
Clean Sand CNoClJ 0.1
^ 4 * * * J * ****
_ ^^
9 8 8 m g g tggg
^ A -A A AAA
1 1
-
.
m
"
-
-
-
.
_
Lo0 Frequency
Figure 11,
Effect of 3% Na-Montmorillonite on phase and
amplitude.
36
-------
different salinities. The clay-free sample has essentially zero
phase shift while the clay sample has negative shifts. This pro-
vides encouragement for the use of the CR method to identify clay
zones. Traditional resistivity methods which only measure the
amplitude at D.C. cannot differentiate between a saline sand and a
formation containing clay. The results here indicate that under
favorable circumstances, the CR method may be able to make such a
distinction. Because the method is sensitive to low clay content,
which can have significant effects on the hydraulic conductivity
of a formation, it is anticipated that CR may be of significant
importance for hazardous waste site evaluation and other ground-
water studies.
Figure 12 indicates the effect of clay content on amplitude
as a function of salinity for samples of the same pore size.
Because the effect of frequency on amplitude is small at low fre-
quencies, a frequency of 10 Hz was chosen for this analysis. The
clean sample plots as a straight line on the log-log plot, in
agreement with Archie's Law. The clay-bearing sample also plots
as a straight line, but with a smaller slope. Run CG4 falls above
the straight line, however it is believed that about one-half of
the clay was lost from the sample between run CG3 and CG4, thus
causing the shift (see Section 6-clays). The smaller slope asso-
ciated with CG4 implies that a new form of Archie's Law may be
developed for porous media containing clay with pore fluid of low
salinity. This form of Archie's Law may have the form:
PB = a = porosity
m = cementation factor
PB = bulk (formation) resistivity
pf = fluid resistivity
n = constant which depends on the formation clay content
37
-------
10.000
o
I
X
o
1000 -
CO
III
cc
100
FREQUENCY = 10 hz
.001
CQ1
CONCENTRATION NaCI (MOLARITY)
Figure 12. Effect of clay content on the impedance vs.
salinity relationship.
38
-------
The data from these results suggest that the fluid resistivity has
an exponent greater than one for clay-bearing samples. However,
because there were only three valid data points, an attempt was
not made to calculate a value for n. Archie's Law is semi-empiri-
cal in nature whereas Waxman-Smits (1968) proposed a model that is
physically-based. Future experiments to compare models would be
simplified relative to this study because the results of this
study show little to no dependence of impedance amplitude over the
rarVge of frequency normally used in the field. Thus future exper-
iments could be conducted at one frequency.
Another significant result is that the samples have nearly
identical response for pore fluids of 0.1 molarity NaCl. Unfortu-
nately, there are no data beyond where the curves meet, so it is
not possible to say what will happen at higher NaCl concentra-
tions. It is generally assumed that clay-containing formations
will have a lower resistivity than clean formations due to the
additional surface conductance on the clay. Salinity may influ-
ence this effect because volume conduction through pores dominates
surface conduction at high salinities.
39
-------
SECTION 8
CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONS
Analysis of the data collected in these experiments .leads to
three primary conclusions:
1. The impedance amplitude and phase data as a function of fre-
quency agree quite well qualitatively with similar experiments
by Olhoeft (1981). The agreement between this study and some
experimental data by Klein and Sill (1982) is somewhat ambigu-
ous because they report positive phase shifts in the presence
of clay. This may be due to a difference in definition,
rather than a real difference.
2. Amplitude/phase data are not affected by variation in grain
size for clay-free samples. This result implies that hydrau-
lic conductivity cannot be determined by amplitude/phase ;data
because hydraulic conductivity is a function of porosity and
grain size.
3. Clay-free samples have zero phase shift over the range of
frequency measurement, whereas the clay-bearing sample showed
increasingly negative phase shifts from about 10 Hz through
3500 Hz. The amount of clay in the sample was only 3%, which
is an indication that CR measurements may be quite sensitive
to clay content and therefore useful for detecting changes in
hydraulic conductivity that are due to the presence of clay.
Downhole CR data would be more useful than surface CR for
clay-content determination for two reasons: a) the vertical
changes in hydraulic conductivity are very useful in deter-
40
-------
mining contaminant migration in groundwater, and b) surface
measurements cannot provide the detailed resolution necessary
to delineate important changes in hydraulic conductivity over
a small vertical distance.
Results of this study show that the presence of clay has a
significant effect on frequency dependent electrical properties of
a saturated porous medium. Most well log interpretation strate-
gies that have been used in hydrologic investigations ignore or
avoid this problem, thus making the interpretations subject to
significant error. The electrical effects of clay on a saturated
porous medium need to be understood so that clay content and vari-
ation can be determined. Amplitude/phase data taken over a range
of frequencies show promise for being able to make these deter-
minations. Further quantitative laboratory work needs to be done
to more fully understand the relationships between amplitude/phase
information and clay content.
Clay content information can be derived from nuclear logging
techniques. However, to apply this information in interpreting
the electrical response requires an indirect relationship in-
volving the cation exchange capacity of the clay. A model
accounting for the effect of clay on amplitude that is based on
phase information may be more direct. An additional advantage of
CR over techniques using active sources is- the elimination of the
logistical problems associated with the radioactive source. The
potential advantages to downhole CR over other methods may lend
further weight to the recommendation to develop a better under-
standing of the relationship between amplitude/phase information
and clay content.
The insensitivity of amplitude and phase to grain size varia-
tion provides a strong indication that hydraulic conductivity
variations resulting purely from grain size variations will be
detectable with downhole CR methods. It should be noted that this
is true only for non-reactive surfaces. Information on grain size
variation is very important for the determination of hydraulic
conductivity variations, and it is recommended that other downhole
methods be examined to determine their potential in this area.
41
-------
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54
-------
APPENDIX 1
GRAPHS OF EACH RUN
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APPENDIX 2
LISTING OF EACH RUN
79
-------
GB1
GLASS BEADS 2.8-2.2 MM DIA. FILE GB1
RK=101820. 8/23/83 2100 HRS
,0001 MOLAR NACL
FREQ
(hz)
.349e+04
.3496*04
.3^96+04
.349e+04
.297e+04
.297e+04
.297e+04
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.499e+02
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.3006+02
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IMP MAG
(ohm-cm)
273586.09
273841.16
273236.72
273174.38
264984.50
265292.06
265336.50
264399.22
258430.16
257701.52
257960.80
256915.16
250747.91
251389.58
250558.92
250624.14
245934.97
245830.98
245809.55
245263.27
240681.44
240746.44
240450.20
239743.06
238324.30
238484.78
237539.31
237793.45
236740.56
236737.20
235967. 88
236184.23
235822.14
234850.19
234403.56
234383.38
234011.67
234134.86
234070.33
S.D.
(ohm- cm)
607.54
564.75
570.12
631.37
544.81
498,35
404.61
725.17
488.98
420.34
442.85
558.52
829.45
826.81
808.81
960.20
671.43
711.95
636.65
646.44
498.33
524.52
501.21
488.15
357.27
371.70
3460.05
3510.67
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
PHASE
(mrads)
442.18
442.38
443.95
443.44
385.02
385.10
386.56
383.17
336.06
330.61
333.46
333.92
273.72
275.07
272.57
274.12
210.80
209.62
210.83
210.23
139.67
141.46
139.24
140.84
97.36
97.53
73.43
72.43
43.96
43.49
15.17
15.24
9.95
10.97
5.90
8.43
4.22
3.64
.54
S.D.
(mrads)
.08
.08
.08
.09
.08
.07
.06
.10
.07
.06
.07
.08
.14
.14
.13
.15
.11
.12
.11
.11
.08
.09
.09
.08
.06
.06
.63
.64
.24
.24
.03
.03
.15
.14
.03
.03
.04
.05
.03
THD
(*)
.101
.008
.092
.130
.069
.072
.058
.1-48
.060
.037
.108
.193
.054
.060
.052
.080
.040
.017
.021
.025
.071
.036
.048
.063
.031
.041
.020
.036
.016
.019
.037
.028
.019
.018
.015
.009
.047
.040
.033
J
(amp/cm*2)
.11e-07
.11e-07
. 11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
.116-07
.11e-07
,11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
. 11e-07
.11e-07
..11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
80
-------
.1046+02
.703e+01
.703e+01
.496e+01
.4966+01
.302e+01
.3026+01
.998e+00
.998e+00
.999e-01
.999e-01
233795.06
233986.30
233418.50
233796.41
233504.81
233180.92
233534.88
233093.09
233250.84
233642.45
233751.17
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
1
-1
-2
.07
.27
.21
.54
.77
.85
.45
.83
.96
.37
.28
,03
.03
,03
.03
.03
.03
.03
,04
,03
,03
.03
.040
.031
.029
.051
.021
.033
.026
.036
.041
.021
.039
11e-07
11e-07
11e-07
11e-07
11e-07
11e-07
11e-07
11e-07
11e-07
11e-07
11e-07
81
-------
GB2
GLASS BEADS 2.8-2.2 MM .0005 MOLAR NaCl rk=10004.ohms
8/23/83 2200 HRS ,
FREQ
(hz)
.3516+04
.351e+04
.35164-04
.3006+04
.300e+04
.3006+04
.251e+04
.251e+04
.251e+04
.201e+04
.2016+04
.2016+04
.1506+04
.150e+04
.1506+04
.1006+04
.100e+04
.1006+04
.7016+03
.701e+03
.400e+03
.400e+03
.203e+03
.203e+03
.104e+03
.104e+03
.7056+02
.705e+02
.402e+02
.402e+02
.204e+02
.204e+02
.1016+02
.1016+02
.701e+01
.701e+01
.399e+01
.399e+01
.209e+01
IMP MAG
(ohm-cm)
60660.37
60579.85
60748.79
60687.04
60828.87
60692.96
60843.13
60808.21
60870.77
60835.67
60852.36
60951.73
60890.69
60929.63
60944.52
60884.40
60937.41
60806.98
61004.57
67631.95
60940.04
61048.92
61072.39
60984.04
61297.80
61025.52
61176.85
61179.20
61213.16
61327.97
61303.26
61312.47
61350.92
61405.42
61454.14
61492.22
61517.72
61556.09
61628.27
S.D.
(ohm-cm)
85.82
100.59
109.97
82.34
84.01
92.89
82-77
72.10
59.62
179.98
179.55
189.93
150.78
158.20
153.04
117.41
117.30
118.77
89.44
99.38
700.90
692.56
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
PHASE
(mrads)
43.89
41.90
44.22
35.90
38.90
38.26
34.13
29.41
35.61
24.69
25.21
24.24
16.86
18.11
17.37
11.46
11.54
10.80
7.28
64.42
5.27
7.53
2.70
.41
.40
.87
-,30
-.82
-.46
-.22
-1.30
-1.34
-1.37
-.66
-1.78
-2.25
-1.80
-2.47
-2.06
S.D.
(mrads)
.07
.08
.08
.07
.07
.07
.06
.07
.06
.13
.12
.13
.11-
.11
.11
.09
.08
.09
.06
2.91
.50
.49
.03
.03
.03
.03
.18
.17
.03
.02
.03
.03
.02
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
THD
(*)
.115
.067
.052
.005
.040
.042
.045
.093
.108
.014
.090
.037
.020
.077
.063
.026
.051
.063
.025
5.072
.031
.034
.035
.024
.010
.024
.023
.016
.032
.036
.030
.045
.023
.029
.033
.027
.036
.039
.012
J
(amp/cm*2)
.65e-07
.66e-07
.65e-07
,65e-07
.65e-07
.656-07
.65e-07
.65e-07
.65e-07
.65e-07
.65e-07
.65e-07
.65e-07
.65e-07
.65e-07
.65e-07
.65e-07
.65e-07
.65e-07
.59e-07
.65e-07
.65e-07
.65e-07
»65e-07
.65e-07
.65e-07
.65e-07
.656-07
.65e-07
.65e-07
.65e-07
.65e-07
.64e-07
.64e-07
.64e-07
.64e-07
.64e-07
.64e-07
.63e-07
82
-------
.209e+01 61609.22 .00 -2.25 .03 .019 .63e-07
.106e+01 61636.32 .00 -.91 .03 .020 .63e-07
.106e+01 61781.59 .00 -1.61 .03 .035 .63e-07
.352e+00 61752.16 .00 -1.06 .03 .041 .62e-07
.353e+00 61870.18 .00 -1.32 .07 .029 .62e-07
.970e-01 61767.32 .00 2.35 .03 .017 .62e-07
.105e+00 61899.63 .00 .53 .03 .024 .62e-07
.3496-01 58176.28 .00 6.49 1.30 2.318 .65e-07
83
-------
GB3
GLASS BEADS 2.8-2.2 MM .001 MOLAR NACL RK=10004.
8/24/83 1515 lira
FREQ
(hz)
354e+04
.354e+04
.354e+04
.3006+04
.300e+04
.3006+04
.249e+04
.249e+04
.249e-«.04
.203e+04
.203e+04
.203e+04
.150e+04
.150e+04
.150e+04
.978e+03
.978e+03
.978e+03
.704e+03
.704e+03
.409e+03
.409e+03
.204e+03
.205e+03
.104e+03
.104e+03
.349e+02
.3496+02
.105e+02
. 105e+02
.3526+01
.352e+01
.103e+01
.103e+01
.352e+00
. 352e+00
. 1.03e+00
.103e+00
.3506-01
.350e-01
IMP MAG
(ohm-cm)
42678.78
. 42826.13
42820.40
42971.98
42962.74
43042.71
43095. 10
43276.18
43188.25
43290.65
43347.11
43379.05
43458.34
43525.22
43538.35
43630.05
43695.00
43649.01
43795.46
43797.54
43825.49
43901.33
43954.87
44319.58
44341.72
44338.38
44442.69
44477.14
44639.79
44639. 12
44728.39
44771.60
44907.26
44943.74
44990.43
48303.28
45063.25
45117.96
45206.58
45275.36
S.D.
(ohm-cm)
72.07
75.74
74.53
75.59
64.49
65.75
58.73
58.19
65.30
132.50
131.40
130.79
105.64
112.15
111.40
84.24
78.87
84.58
60.67
65.65
514.38
525.74
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
PHASE
(mrads)
45.73
45.62
45.88
41.73
38.96
39.37
37.33
34.90
36.99
. 27.25
27.54
27 . 04
20.13
19.91
20.49
11.68
11.89
13.27
9.95
10.60
6.67
6.35
1.50
2.93
-.07
-.15
-1.16
-.98
-2.27
-2.03
-2.99
-.87
-.91
-.68
.30
13.82
1.05
-.03
.10
1.20
S.D.
(mrads)
.08
.07
.07
.07
.06
.06
.06
.06
.06
.13
.13
.13
.11
.11
.11
.08
.08
.08
.06
.06
.51
.52
.15
.17
.02
.02
.07
.07
.02
.02
.03
.02
.02
.03
.02
1.67
.02
.02
.02
.03
THD
(*)
.011
.080
.097
.037
.045
.054
.099
.098
.024
.028
.035
.063
.023
.034
.011
.042
.021
.031
.032
.006
.037
.030
.013
.052
.013
.012
.053
.015
.029
.038
.027
.019
.035
.038
.024
2.837
.050
.048
.033
.010
J
(amp/cm*2)
.82e-07
.82e-07
.82e-07
.82e-07
.82e-07
,82e-07
.82e-07
.816-07
.82e-07
.816-07
.816-07
.816-07
.816-07
.816-07
.816-07
.816-07
.816-07
.816-07
.816-07
.816-07
.SOe-0-7
.816-07
.80e-07
.80e-07
.80e-07
.80e-07
.80e-07
.80e-07
.79e-07
.80e-07
.79e-07
.79e-07
.78e-07
.78e-07
.77e-07
.72e-07
,76e-07
.76e-07
.76e-07
.76e-07
84
-------
GB4
GLASS BEADS 2.8-2.0 MM .005 MOLAR NACL RK=996.72
FILE GB4 8/24/83 1925 HRS
FREQ
(ha)
.3526+04
' .352e+04
'.352e+04
.298e+04
.298e+04
.298e+04
.2506+04
.2506+04
.2506+04
.200e+04
.2006+04
.2006+04
.1496+04
.1496+04
.1496+04
.101e+04
.101e+04
.101e+04
.701e+03
.701e+03
.404e+03
.404e+03
.205e+03
.205e+03
. 103e+03
.103e+03
.7066+02
706e+02
.4016+02
.401e+02
.2016+02
.2016+02
.103e+02
.103e+02
.350e+01
.350e+01
.103e+01
.103e+01
IMP MAG
(ohm-Gm)
7054.20
7049.05
7065.57
7053.34
7051.33
7062.76
7032.03
7030.86
7058.07
7040.53
7045.48
7049.32
7036.23
7039.16
7044.95
7035.66
7051.06
7044.76
7037.12
7034.98
7033.91
7031.87
7047.32
7038.67
7048.94
7047.89
7044.50
7064.26
7048.06
7052.79
7053-94
7050.82
7059.56
7061.47
7064.04
7060.21
7062.17
7065.50
S.D.
(ohm-cm)
10.10
9.95
10.71
8.33
9.94
9.41
7.55
7.35
7.12
21.18
20.15
21.02
17.46
17.67
17.42
13-34
12.97
.13.09
9.23
9.68
81.70
81.95
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
PHASE
(mrads)
4.53
4.51
5.05
5.33
1.67
6.28
-1.17
7.73
.05
1.29
1.19
3.27
.91
1.27
.21
.74
-.28
-1.55
-5.06
-2.64
-.06
-.69
-1.15
-.77
-.37
-.73
-3.81
-1.14
-.76
-2.56
-2.41
-1.43
-2.35
-1.79
-.43
1.19
-.98
.31
S.D.
(mrads)
.07
.08
.07
.07
.07
.07
.07
.07
.06
.14
.13
.13
.11
.11
.11
.08
.09
.09
.07
.07
.50
.51
.16
.15
.03
.03
.15
.15
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.04
.04
.04
.04
THD
(*)
.047
.054
.005
.046
.018
.036
.061
.061
.161
.060
.033
.031
.025
.039
.020
.024
.021
.032
.022
.020
.027
.041
.025
.022
.030
.008
.021
.021
.022
.020
.033
.030
.028
.032
.030
.022
.012
.006
J
(amp/cm*2)
,58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
, ,58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
,58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
..58e-06
.57e-06
.578-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.57e-06
.58e-06
.57e-06
.57e-06
.57e-06
.576-06
.56e-06
.56e-06
.56e-06
.56e-06
.56e-06
.56e-06
85
-------
GB5
GLASS BEADS .01MOLAR NACL 2.8-2.0 MM DIA. RK=996.72
8/24/83 2200 HRS
FREQ
(hz)
.3526+04
. 3526+04
.3526+04
.300e+04
.300e+04
.300e+04
.253e+04
.253e+04
.2536+04
.199e+04
.1996+04
.199e+04
.1526+04
.152e+04
.152e+04
IMP MAG
(ohm-cm)
3401.33
3394.71
3398.16
3394.56
3391.31
3394.58
3395.97
3397.93
3399.81
3392.73
3400.91
3395.19
3390.70
3396.81
3392.88
S.D.
(ohm-cm)
5.63
4.89
5.75
4.97
4.30
4.91
4.42
5.34
4.39
10.23
10.11
10.12
8.74
8.28
8.33
PHASE
(mrads)
5.25
5.23
5.51
3.68
6.90
3.96
2.58
4.87
4.62
2.98
2.75
3.38
2.17
2.19
2.39
S.D.
(mrads)
.07
.07
.08
.07
.07
.07
.06
.07
.06
.13
.13
.13
.12
.11
.11
THD
(*)
.091
.051
.034
.036
.121
.113
.01-6
.066
.061
.039
.060
.066
.006
.041
.032
J
(amp/cm*2)
.91e-06
.916-06
.91e-06
.91e-06
.91e-06
.91e-06
.91e-06
.916-06
.91e-06
.91e-06
.91e-06
.91e-06
.91e-06
.91e-06
.91e-06
86
-------
GB6
GLASS BEADS 2.8-3.0 MM DIA 0.05 MOLAR NACL RK=100.35
8/25/83 0810 HRS
FREQ
(ha)
.3516+04
.351e+04
.351e+04
.298e+04
.298e+04
.298e+04
.251e+04
.251e+04
.251e+04
. 199e+04
.199e+04
.199e+04
.155e+04
.155e+04
.155e+04
.9956+03
.995e+03
.995e+03
.703e+03
.7036+03
.404e+03
.404e+03
.203e+03
.203e+03
. 103e+03
.103e+03
.348e+02
.348e+02
.103e+02
.103e+02
.351e+01
.3516+01
.966e+00
.967e+00
.349e+00
.3496+00
.102e+00
.102e+00
IMP .MAG
(ohm-om)
707.61
707.21
707.48
708.96
707.53
707.87
708.01
708.39
709.30
708.25
708.17
709.41
707.31
710.69
705.95
707.74
710.17
708.96
708.72
7 1 1 . 36
707.86
709.59
711.05
710.63
709.67
710.75
711.41
7 1 1 . 78
710.86
711.49
711.67
711.02
711.56
711.55
708.55
714.21
712.21
711.75
S.D.
(ohm-cm)
1.08
1.06
1.05
.80
1.08
.91
.82
.73
.80
2.09
2.09
2.13
29.06
29.10
28.54
1.28
1.30
1.32
1.04
.91
8.26
8.27
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
PHASE
(mrads)
-.30
1.42
1.50
3.73
1. 16
1.54
-2.88
.69
3.85
1.03
-.62
-1.41
11.72
7.68
8.79
-2.03
-1.79
-2.82
-1.32
1.78
-.68
-1.72
-.52
-1.35
-2.20
-1.84
-1.01
-.37
-1.04
.26
-.12
-.47
.00
.12
-1.07
1.21
.18
-2.52
S.D.
(mrads)
.07
.07
.07
.07
.07
.07
.06
.06
.07
.13
.13
.13
1.78
1.77
1.76
.09
.09
.09
.07
.06
.51
.50
.17
.15
.03
.04
.07
.07
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.04
.04
THD
(*)
.079
.100
.064
.092
.041
.071
.033
.100
.050
.013
.010
.018
.047
.106
.096
.033
.034
.026
.008
.036
.058
.014
.025
.033
.024
.042
.019
.020
.076
.068
.037
.033
.020
.030
.018
.048
.053
.066
J
(amp/cm*2)
.51e-05
.51e-05
.51e-05
.51e-05
.51e-05
.51e-05
.51e-05
.51e-05
.51e-05
.51e-05
.51e-05
.51e-05
.496-05
.48e-05
.48e-05
.51e-05
.51e-05
.51e-05
.51e-05
.51e-05
.50e-05
.49e-05
.50e-05
.50e-05
.506-05
.50e-05
.49e-05
.49e-05
.49e-05
.49e-05
.49e-05
.49e-05
.48e-05
.48e-05
.45e-05
.45e-05
.33e-05
.33e-05
87
-------
GB7
GLASS BEADS 2.8-2.0 MM DIA 0.1 MOLAR NACL RK=100.35
8/25/83 1220 HRS
FREQ
(hz)
.351e+OU
.351e+04
.351e+04
.298e+04
.298e+04
.298e+04
.251e+04
.251e+04
.251e+04
.200e+04
.200e+04
.2006+04
.1516+04
.1516+04
.151e+04
.103e+04
.103e+04
.106e+04
.671e+03
.671e+03
.4076+03
.407e+03
.202e+03
.2026+03
.103e+03
.103e+03
.350e+02
.3506+02
.1056+02
.1056+02
.351e+01
.3516+01
.103e+01
.103e+01
.353e+00
3536+00
.102e+00
.1026+00
IMP MAG
(ohm-cm)
378.20
377.41
377.65
378.83
378.05
378.23
377.08
377.01
377.03
377.77
377.33
377.51
377.40
377.59
377.37
376.96
376.36
376.83
376.72
377.05
376.12
377.48
377.09
377.04
377.90
376.89
377.15
377.51
377.38
377.23
377. 18
376.90
377.40
377.49
377.66
376.92
378.38
377.07
S.D.
(ohm-cm)
.62
.60
.61
.60
.55
.49
.44
.49
.45
1.12
1.10
1.11
.98
.91
.94
.72
.71
.76
.49
.49
4.47
4.48
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
PHASE
(mrads)
1.11
-1.40
.31
-.70
-1.59
-1.99
1.89
.60
-1.26
.12
1.26
.13
-.36
-.82
-1.25
-1.90
.77
-1.34
-1.56
-2.06
1.24
-.33
-.62
.52
-1.21
-.38
.09
-.61
.13
-.12
.30
.30
.22
.17
1.08
2.13
1.63
.08
S.D.
(mrads)
.08
.08
.08
.07
.07
.06
.06
.06
.07
.13
.13
.13
.11
.11
.11
.08
.08
.09
.06
.06
.51
.51
.18
.17
.03
.03
.07
.07
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.04
.04
THD
(*)
.060
.069
.062
.006
.065
.031
.064
.034
.043
.063
.065
.039
.044
.026
.030
.049
.044
.047
.029
.022
.021
.033
.027
.023
.022
.010
.027
' .024
.043
.034
.027
.035
.031
.027
.038
.068
.034
.054
J
(amp/om*2)
.71e-05
.71e-05
.71e-05
.71e-05
.71e-05
.71e-05
.71e-05
,71e-05
.71e-05
.71e-05
.71e-05
.716-05
.71e-05
.71e-05
.71e-05
.71e-05
.71e-05
.71e-05
.71e-05
.716-05
.70e-05
.70e-05
.706-05
.70e-05
.70e-05
.70e-05
.70e-05
.69e-05
.69e-05
.69e-05
.69e-05
.696-05
.68e-05
.68e-05
.616-05
.616-05
.38e-05
.39e-05
88
-------
GB8
GLASS BEADS 2.8-2.0 MM DIA .5 MOLAR NACL RK=100.35
8/25/83 1450 HRS
FHEQ
Chz)
IMP MAG S.D.
(ohm-cm) (ohm-cm)
.349e+04
.3496+04
.296e+04
.296e+04
.296e+04
.2526+04
.2526+04
.252e+04
.2026+04
.2026+04
.20-26+04
.1506+04
.150e+04
.1506+04
.1016+04
.1016+04
.1016+04
.7056+03
.7056+03
.4056+03
.404e+03
.2036+03
.2036+03
.1056+03
.1056+03
.3536+02
.353e+02
.1006+02
. 100e+02
.3486+01
.348e+01
.988e+00
.988e+00
.352e+00
.3526+00
.1006+00
. 100e+00
87.60
87.42
87.82
87.52
87.33
87.27
87.53
87.42
87.38
87.35
87.42
87.27
87.62
87.41
87.47
87.37
87.33
87.36
87.01
86.89
86.84
87.12
87.06
87.06
87.20
87.01
87.15
87.22
87.16
87.08
87.08
87.06
87.12
87.13
86.91
87.00
87.14
86.96
.18
.17
.17
.15
.17
.16
.16
.15
.10
.26
.26
.26
.22
.23
.22
.17
.16
.17
.14
.11
.02
.01
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.0.0
PHASE
(mrads)
-.98
-1.26
-.57
.40
-.27
-1.77
-5.51
-3.42
1.97
.33
-2.65
-.70
-1.44
-.05
-1.59
-1.63
-1.05
-.42
-2.10
-3.87
.46
-.42
-.28
.65
-.65
1.04
1.06
.49
-.46
.91
.58
-.23
.29
.53
-1.66
-.51
.21
1.59
S.D.
(mrads)
.08
.08
.08
.07
.07
.07
.07
.06
.05
.13
.13
.12
.11
.11
.11
.08
.08
.08
.06
.06
.51
.51
.17
.17
.03
.03
.07
.07
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.05
.05
THD
(*)
.026
.045
.010
.060
.031
.051
.028
.161
.087
.074
.090
.068
.032
.052
.027
.022
.069
.075
.059
.026
.056
.030
.032
.036
.017
.021
.019
.023
.024
.015
.016
.032
.051
.018
.026
.032
.032
.076
(amp/cm*2)
.11e-04
.11e-04
.11e-04
.11e-04
.11e-04
.11e-04
.11e-04
.11e-04
.11e-04
.11e-04
.11e-04
.11e-04
.11e-04
.11e-04
.11e-04
.116-04
.11e-04
.11e-04
.11e-04
.11e-04
.116-04
.116-04
.11e-04
.11e-04
. 11e-04
.11e-04
.116-04
.11e-04
.11e-04
.11e-04
.116-04
.11e-04
.10e-04
.106-04
.91e-05
.91e-05
.50e-05
.50e-05
89
-------
GB9
GLASS BEADS 850-600 UM DIA .0005 MOLAR NACL RK=101820 OHMS
8/26/83 1230 HRS
FREQ
(hz)
.349e+04
.349e+04
.3496+04
.299e+04
.299e+04
%. 299 e+04
.252e+04
.252e+04
.2526+04
.T99e+04
.1996+04
.199e+04
.155e+04
. 155e+04
.1556+04
.1056+04
.1056+04
.1056+04
.711e+03
.711e+03
.406e+03
.406e+03
.207e+03
.207e+03
.101e+03
.101e+03
.351e+02
.351e+02
.105e+02
.105e+02
.351e+01
.351e+01
.103e+01
.103e+01
. 352e+00
.352e+00
.103e+00
.103e+00
IMP MAG
(ohm-cm)
74427.15
73965.44
74224.28
72151.42
71982.29
71870.67
69913.53
70378.24
69721.06
68068. 16
67577.83
67565.57
66235.52
66356.44
66176.52
65221.03
65104.88
65185.71
64664.64
64678.77
64374.22
64136.67
64227.99
64175.20
63603.02
63975.81
63741.92
63794.94
63808.92
63695.16
63887.36
63836.79
63923.16
63965.78
63693.77
63831.72
63787.81
63703.52
S.D.
(ohm-cm)
230.49
284.03
233.21
197.91
265.50
230.93
250.45
265.00
304.81
290.01
274.30
230.26
191.98
260.01
256.15
154.90
147.11
202.90
210.06
109.67
764.29
766.22
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
PHASE
(mrads)
462.47
467.44
462.61
408.73
407.34
400.69
347.09
356.72.
352.98
284.20
286.85
283.79
223.60
226.36
220.98
154.74
154.80
154.84
117.17
103.91
61.27
61.12
31.80
32.45
17.02
17.40
4.34
6.53
-.02
2.87
-.99
1.23
1.04
-3.02
-.61
-5.30
2.03
-1.23
S.D.
(mrads)
.10 -
.13
.11
.09
.12
.11
.11
.12
.14
.16
.15
.14
.12
.14
.14
.09
.09
.11
.11
.06
. .51
.51
.18
.16
.07
.06
.09
.09
.05
.06
.06
.05
.07
.06
.06
.06
.05
.07
THD
(56)
.125
.160
.153
.132
.108
.097
.396
.164
.245
.044
.028
.069
.054
.036
.063
.054
.062
.045
.047
.061
.080
.084
.035
.048
.026
.018
.061
.047
.197
.161
.065
.043
.080
.078
.065
.085
.054
.042
J
(amp/cmA2)
.166-07
.166-07
.166-07
.166-07
.166-07
.166-07
.166-07
.166-07
.166-07
.166-07
.166-07
.166-07
.166-07
.166-07
.16e-07
.166-07
.166-07
.166-07
.I6e-07
.I6e-07
.166-07
.166-07
.I6e-07
.166-07
.166-07
.166-07
.I6e-07
.166-07
. 166-07
.I6e-07
.I6e-07
.166-07
.166-07
.I6e-07
.166-07
.I6e-07
.166-07
.166-07
90
-------
GB10
GLASS BEADS 850-600 UM DIA. .001 MOLAR NACL RK=10004 OHMS
8/26/83 1510 HRS
FREQ
(ha)
.348e+04
.348e+04
.348e+04
. 302e+04
.3026+04
.302e+04
.252e+04
.252e+04
.252e+04
.199e+04
.199e+04
.199e+04
.151e+04
.151e+04
.151e+04
.997e+03
. 997e+03
.997e+03
.706e+03
.706e+03
.406e+03
.406e+03
.201e+03
.2016+03
.978e+02
,978e+02
.3516+02
.3516+02
.1026+02
.102e+02
.352e+01
.352e+01
.102e+01
.1026+01
IMP MAG
(ohm-cm)
40067.80
40055.76
39960.85
40053.11
39892.63
39934.41
39930.39
39889.00
40001.90
39870.87
39936.61
39941.62
39819.45
39852.23
39811.58
39763.80
39807.22
39859.29
39623.92
39961.00
39906.50
39615.02
39728.62
39677.61
39712.36
39706.38
39726.74
39708.65
39732.15
39729.06
39789.45
39758.77
39808.27
39806.02
S.D.
(ohm-cm)
73.46
87.58
73.91
88.05
69.57
71.66
80.48
67.44
67.21
128.40
138.96
135.68
105.94
102.45
105.98
85.58
82.42
75.18
85.63
66.32
468.85
467.87
.00
.00
'.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
PHASE
(mrads)
45.38
47.65
47.41
42.69
40.56
39.07
36.55
37.40
31.83
29.58
29.32
27.38
23.24
20.36
20.67
14.07
14.27
13.22
13.05
10.71
6.34
6.18
2.62
4.91
.79
.56
.12
-.23
-2.03
-2.11
-.90
-.36
-.82
-.67
S.D.
(mrads)
.08
.08
.07
.08
.07
.07
.08
.07
.06
.14
.14
.14
.11
.11
.11
. -09
.09
.08
.08
.06
.51
.51
.16
.16
.03
.03
.07
.07
.03
.03
.03
.03
.04
.03
THD
(*)
.057
.052
.085
.061
.032
.059
.022
.059
.031
.050
.028
.041
.044
.033
.035
.028
.021
.016
.025
.030
.030
.028
.019
.034
.031
.030
.025
.012
.018
.024
.036
.013
.052
.021
J
(amp/cmA2)
.88e-07
.88e-07
.88e-07
,88e-07
.88e-07
.88e-07
.88e-07
.88e-07
.88e-07
.88e-07
.88e-07
.88e-07
.88e-07
.88e-07
.88e-07
.88e-07
.88e-07
.88e-07
.88e-07
.88e-07
.87e-07
.87e-OT
.88e-07
.88e-07
.88e-07
.88e-07
rt rt * »
.88e-07
.87e-07
.87e-07
.87e-07
,86e-07
.86e-07
.84e-07
.85e-07
91
-------
GB11
GLASS BEADS 850-600 UM DIA .005 MOLAR NACL RKs10004. OHMS
8/26/83 1720 HRS
FREQ
Cfaz)
.3506+04
.350e+04
.350e+04
.3016+04
.301e+04
.3016+04
.2516+04
.251e+04
.2516+04
.199e+04
.1996+04
.199e+04
.1526+04
.152e+04
.152e+04
.9996+03
.9996+03
.999e+03
.711e+03
.711e+03
.4036+03
.403e+03
.205e+03
.205e+03
. 101e+03
.101e+03
.348e+02
.348e+02
.100e+02
.100e+02
354e+01
.354e+01
.100e+01
.100e+01
IMP MAG
(ohm-cm)
8589.51
8615.44
8636.32
8593.74
8620.60
8631.17
8580.49
8624.38
8658.46
8619.87
8613.77
8562.07
8611.59
8610.30
8659.49
8637.78
8638.22
8609.26
8639.78
8616.72
8623.13
8608.22
8638.11
8643.32
8630.42
8644.43
»»»»»»»»»
32089.28
8629.19
8624.74
8619.15
8637.03
8618.91
8620.16
S.D.
(ohm-cm)
33.38
16.35
24.94
25.78
16.25
17.89
28.70
19.91
22.31
30.38
30.88
37.23
28.49
26.22
28.75
21.27
21.77
24.55
18.17
21.01
101.53
101.40
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
PHASE
(mrads)
8.26
5.68
-1.48
6.54
5.55
7.37
-4.93
6.83
.36
4.20
5.28
-.89
4.76
2.36
.01
1.39
.91
2.62
.63
-.07
.30
.85
-.76
-1.03
-.88
2.13
2674.10
745.45
.23
1.89
2.23
.37
.94
-1.29
S.D.
(mrads)
.13
.08
.10
.11
.07
.08
.11
.08
.09
.14
.15
.16
.13
.12
.13
.09
.10
.11
.08
.09
.51
.51
.17
.17
.04
.04
4.59
2.20
.04
.04
.04
.04
.03
.04
THD
(*)
.059
.113
.058
.148
.120
.063
.592
.101
.072
.164
.041
.120
.119
.106
.093
.080
.084
.073
.096
.101
.093
.061
.051
.044
.027
.093
***«*
»«»*»
.061
.048
.035
.067
.050
.090
J
(amp/cm*2)
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.596-07
.576-07
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
92
-------
GB12
GLASS BEADS 850-600 UM DIA. 0.01 MOLAR NACL RK=996.72
8/26/83 1950 HRS
FREQ
(hz)
.349e+OU
.3496+04
.349e+04
.302e+04
.302e+04
.3026+04
.251e+04
.251e+04
.251e+04
.202e+04
.202e+04
.202e+04
.153e+04
.153e+04
.153e+04
.100e+04
.100e+04
.100e+04
.709e+03
.709e+03
.4056+03
.405e+03
.202e+03
.202e+03
.105e+03
.105e+03
.345e+02
.345e+02
.1006+02
.1006+02
.346e+01
.346e+01
.' 101e+01
.1016+01
IMP MAG
(ohm-cm)
3836.89
3829.99
3830.11
3829.52
3833.62
3832.60
3839.61
3829.54
3828.62
3836.03
3822.75
3827.55
3831.53
3828.86
3831.17
3836.20
3833.40
3832.68
3820.26
3837.51
3833.00
3834.55
3835.17
3831.33
3840.60
3834.76
3840.01
3839.78
3843.29
3842.60
3846.43
3848.25
3836.99
3841.02
S.D.
(ohm-om)
6.32
5.92
6.20
5.06
6.32
5.94
4.82
4.33
3.80
12.27
11.93
11.53
9.75
9.73
9.02
6.89
7.29
7.82
5.38
4.63
44.55
44.67
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
PHASE
(mrads)
4.18
6.31
6.39
6.75
2.84
3.19
-.66
6.08
2.18
5.45
1.95
4.44
3-23
2.19
2.15
.59
.93
1.10
-4.14
3.42
-.80
.97
-.80
-1.46
-2.44
-2.63
-1.4-3
-1.57
-.79
-.35
-.83
-.47
.70
1.43
S.D.
(mrads)
.08
.07
.07
.06
.07
.07
.06
.06
.06
.14
.14
.13
.11
.11
.10
.08
.09
.09
.07
.06
.50
.5t
.17
.15
.03
.03
.07
.07
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
THD
(*)
.068
.073
.075
.024
.028
.018
.089
.050
.037
.033
.021
.030
.042
.014
.028
.027
.032
.023
.019
.021
.036
.021
.019
.029
.016
.031
.021
.032
.016
.020
.024
.021
.014
.029
J
(amp/cm*2)
.97e-06
.97e-06
.976-06
.97e-06
.97e-06
.97e-06
.97e-06
.97e-06
.97e-06
.976-06
.97e-06
.97e-06
.97e-06
.97e-06
.97e-06
.97e-06
.97e-06
.97e-06
.98e-06
,97e-06
.95e-06
.96e-06
.97e-06'
.97e-06
.97e-06
.97e-06
.97e-06
.97e-06
,97e-06
.97e-06
.97e-06
.96e-06
.95e-06
.95e-06
93
-------
GB13
GLASS'BEADS 850-600 UM DIA 0.005 MOLAR NACL RK=996.?2 OHMS
8/28/83 1610 HRS
FREQ
(hz)
.354e+04
.354e+04
.3546-4-04
.300e+04
.3006+04
.300e+04
.2526+04
.2526+04
.252e+04
.196e+04
.196e+04
.196e+04
.1526+04
.1526+04
. 152e+04
.1016+04
.1016+04
.1016+04
.710e+03
.710e+03
.4016+03
.4016+03
.202e+03
.202e+03
,1006+03
.100e+03
.3496+02
.349e+02
.9966+01
.996e+01
.348e+01
.348e+01
.991e+00
.991e+00
IMP MAG
(ohm-cm)
7629.90
7636.61
7613.28
7599.43
7622.13
7614.42
7629.35
7626.61
7628; 70
7629.61
7603.28
7621.65
7619.99
7634.36
7612.66
7631.17
7610.43
7615.97
7632.68
7647.03
7627.17
7634.22
7621.35
7375.64
7621.37
7635.69
7630.10
7624.97
7652.92
7650.76
7456.97
7645.52
7636.86
7638.60
S.D.
(ohm-cm)
13.13
12.86
12.52
8.94
10.95
11.44
7.95
8.55
10.42
21.49
. 22.19
22.37
20.27
19.04
19.86
14.40
13.89
14.04
3.46
3.92
87.90
88.45
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
PHASE
(mrads)
7.28
7.02
5.69
6.77
7.69
6.64
2.40
5.54
8.17
3.38
4.77
2.17
1.77
2.67
1.29
1.47
.45
.45
3.19
-.47
1.57
.56
-.67
-17.21
-1.39
.59
-1.12
-.81
-1.10
-1.27
-33.09
1.60
.31
-.65
S.D.
(mrads)
.09
.09
.08
.06
.08
.08
.06
.07
.07
.13
.13
.13
, .12
.11
.11
.09
.09
.09
.03
.03
.50
.50
.17
.96
.03
.03
.07
.07
.03
.03
.92
.03
.03
.03
THD
(*)
.088
.110
.120
.085
.095
.098
.026
.077
.083
.121
.049
.055
.026
.016
.022
.042
.023
.012
.027
.022
.031
.031
.030
1.483
.030
.033
.015
.022
.022
.024
1.636
.020
.016
.032
J
(amp/cm~2)
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.57e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.57e-06
.58e-06
.56e-06
.56e-06
.57e-06
.55e-06
.55e-06
.55e-06
94
-------
GB14
GLASS BEADS 850-600 UM DIA 0.1 MOLAR NACL RK=100.35 OHMS
8/28/83 1825 HRS
FREQ
(hz)
.353e+04
.353e+04
.353e+04
.298e+04
.298e+04
.298e+04
.2496+04
.249e+04
.249e+04
.200e+04
.200e+04
.200e+04
. 151e+04
.151e+04
.151e+04
.104e+04
.104e+04
.104e+04
.697e+03
.697e+03
..402e+03
.402e+03
.200e+03
.2006+03
.106e+03
.106e+03
.3506+02
.3506+02
.992e+01
.992e+01
.3526+01
.352e+01
.102e+01
.1026+01
IMP MAG
(ohm-cm)
656.81
658.82
656.17
657.04
656.05
659.27
657.30.
657.69
658.03
658. 12
657.64
657.66
657.56
657.79
657.75
656. 13
656.66
657.92
654.27
656.88
656.24
658.19
657.53
657.95
657.14
656.90
657.73
658.07
657.72
657.72
656.76
657.33
656.67
657.29
S.D;'
(ohm-cm)
1.,21
1 .'21
1.41
.96
.88
1.02
.83
.69
.87
1.98
1.88
2.03
1.65
1.70
1.71
1.28
1.31
1.26
.89
.97
. 7.70
7.54
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
PHASE
(mrads)
-.45
.52
1.62
2.50
2.05
-.14
.00
2.37
-4.29
.92
1.26
1.83
-.78
.87
-1.24
2.30
.03
-1.14
-1.48
.36
-.80
1.56
-.81
1.21
-.73
-2.18
.23
1.32
.57
.72
-1.05
-.34
.24
-.02
S.D.
(mrads)
.09
.09
.09
.07
.07
.08
.07
.07
.08
.14
.13
.14
.11
.11
.12
.09
.09
.09
.07
.07
.51
.50
.16
.16
.03
.03
.07
.07
.03
.03
.03
.04
.04
.04
THD
(*)
.090
.081
.131
.009
.026
.110
.091
' .037
.074
.010
.055
.022
.051
.040
.026
.029
.047
.053
.036
.022
.031
.042
.029
.017
.023
.038
.029
.015
.017
- ^
.016
.019
.021
.019
.023
J
(amp/cm^)
.57e-05
,56e-05
.57e-05
.57e-05
.57e-05
.56e-05
.57e-05
.56e-05
.56e-05
.56e-05
.56e-05
.57e-05
.56e-05
.56e-05
.57e-05
.56e-05
.56e-05
.56e-05
.56e-05
.56e-05
.55e-05
.56e-05
.55e-05
.55e-05
.55e-05
.55e-05
.55e-05
.55e-05
,54e-05
.54e-05
.54e-05
.54e-05
.53e-05
.53e-05
95
-------
GB15
GLASS BEADS 150-106 UM DIA .0005 MOLAR NACL ACIDIFIED
RK=10004. OHMS 8/29/83 1800 HRS
FREQ
(ha)
.3536+04
.3536+04 .
.3536+04
.298e+04
.298e+04
.298e+04
.255e+04
.255e+04
.255e+04
.201e+04
.2016+04
.201e+04
.1486+04
.150e+04
.1506+04
.998e+03
.9986+03
.998e+03
.701e+03
.701e+03
.404e+03
.404e+03
.202e+03
.2026+03
.104e+03
.IOOe+03
.344e+02
.344e+02
. 100e+02
. 100e+02
.350e+01
.350e+01
.102e+01
.1026+01
. 348e+00
.348e+00
.103e+00
.103e+00
IMP MAG
(ohm- cm)
40716.74
40698.96
40694.25
40610.84
40491.22
40519.45
40570.20
40515.92
40526.51
40491.75
40438.32
40401.06
38179.66
39907.68
39925.52
39850.27
39790.86
39782.44
39887.41
39802.33
39607.36
39557.01
39520.18
39473-87
38565.91
39370.91
39262.84
39211.52
39159.47
39150.21
39136.74
39063.88
38954.71
38923.91
38827.40
38756.34
38675.07
38526.02
S.D.
(ohm- cm)
72.25
' 76.06
62.60
60.83
65.66
62.33
63.98
64.05
61.06
121.27
122.34
118.24
81.40
97.46
105.42
88.60
74.66
74.38
47.62
58.31
462.93
459.90
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
PHASE
(mrads)
50.36
49.13
49.99
42.24
41.26
41.73
36.86
35.62
35.50
28.97
28.29
29.30
21.40
23.19
22.53
15.36
14.14
14.78
11.19
9.72
6.44
9.05
3.32
4.84
1.11
.67
-.07
-.43
-.60
-1.65
-.47
-.13
-.22
-.11
.49
-.18
1.76
2.02
S.D.
(mrads)
.07
.08
.07
.06
.07
.07
.06
.06
.06
.13
.13
.12
.09
.11
.11
.09
.08
.08
.06
.06
.51
.50
.17
.17
.03
.03
.07
.07
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
' .03
.03
THD
(*)
.015
.048
.057
.027
.045
.038
.052
.052
.049
.016
.023
.047
.013
.016
.024
.025
.018
.051
.024
.026
.015
.027
.015
.025
.010
.027
.008
.056
.017
.021
.032
.025
.027
.022
.020
.026
.034
.010
J
(amp/cnT2)
.146-06
.I4e-06
.I4e-06
.146-06
.146-06
,14e-06
,l4e-06
.14e-06
.I4e-06
.146-06
.146-06
.146-06
.146-06
.146-06
.146-06
.14e-06
.146-06
.146-06
.146-06
.146-06
. 13e-06
.I4e-06
.14e-06
.I4e-06
.I4e-06
.I4e-06
- . I4e-06
.I4e-06
.I4e-06
.146-06
. I4e-06
.I4e-06
.13e-06
.13e-06
.13e-06
.13e-06
.136-06
.136-06
96
-------
GLASS BEADS 150-106 UM DIA .
GB16
001 MOLAR
NACL RKs1
0004.
8/29/83 2010 HRS
FREQ
(hz)
.3526+04
.352e+04
.352e+04
.3016+04
.301e+04
.301e+04
.249e+04
.249e+04
.249e+04
.1996+04
.199e+04
.199e+04
.1496+04
.1496+04
.1496+04
.101e+04
.101e+04
.1016+04
.695e+03
.695e+03
.404e+03
.404e+03
.201e+03
.201e+03
. 106e+03
.106e+03
.347e+02
.347e+02
.1026+02
.102e+02
.3476+01
.347e+01
.1026+01
.1026+01
.349e+00
.3496+00
. 100e+00
.1006+00
IMP MAG
(ohm-cm)
29589.99
29515.40
29505.95
29535.93
29480.97
29385.40
29410.79
29293.46
29284.79
29282.46
29221.60
29187.80
29165.33
29106.20
29072.78
29046.17
29009.92
28935.72
28916.55
28903.06
28785.66
28803.14
28689.46
28649.99
28598.29
28558.98
28554.96
28523*49
28537.92
28476.88
28500.29
28463.26
28441.93
28407.09
28345.99
28285.52
28155.29
28035.94
S.D.
(ohm-cm)
64.84
58.42
54.77
52.32
65.20
56.34
50.03
57.87
51.03
92.35
100.16
104.85
84.91
74.44
75.15
62.03
50.74
63.58
30.37
44.50
338.19
338.43
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
. .00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
PHASE
(rnrada)
53.98
53.93
54.38
48.11
45.42
48.82
37.46
36.60
41.35
31.71
31.06
31.29
23.21
24.66
24.23
15.64
18.82
18.34
8.93
10.39
6.66
7.00
2.87
4.15
1.69
1.32
.10
-.40
-1.92
-.63
-.75
-1.96
-.74
-.01
.61
-.32
2.37
.61
S.D.
(mrads)
.08
.08
.08
.07
.08
.07
.06
.07
.07
.13
.14
.14
.12
.11
.11
.09
.08
.09 '
.05
.06
.51
.51
.17
.17
.03
.03
.07
.07
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.04
.03
THD
(*)
.108
.014
.074
.061
.031
.006
.073
.052
.036
.027
.031
.058
.027
.016
.039
.035
.016
.034
.020
.019
.026
.041
.032
.032
.013
.012
A ^% /*
.026
.014
M M S
.036
.020
.021
.014
.007
.008
.024
.017
.026
.014
OHMS
(amp/cm"2)
.166-06
.166-06
.I6e-06
.166-06
.166-06
.I6e-06
.166-06
.166-06
.166-06
.166-06
.I6e-06
.166-06
.166-06
.I6e-06
.I6e-06
.166-06
.I6e-06
.I6e-06
.I6e-06
.I6e-06
.166-06
.I6e-06
.I6e-06
.166-06
.I6e-06
.17e-06
.I6e-06
.I6e-06
.I6e-06
.I6e-06
.166-06
.I6e-06
.I6e-06'
.166-06
.166-06
.I6e-06
.I6e-06
.I6e-06
97
-------
GB18
GLASS BEADS 150-106 UM DIA 0.01 MOLAR NACL RK=996.72 OHMS
8/30/83 1315 HRS JGH
FREQ IMP MAG S.D.
(hz) (ohm-cm) (ohm-cm)
.350e+04
.350e+04
.350e+04
.299e+04
.299e+04
.299e+04
.249e+04
.249e+04
.249e+04
.200e+04
.200e+04
.200e+04
.151e+04
.151e+04
.151e+04
.999e+03
.999e+03
.999e+03
.700e+03
.700e+03
.400e+03
.400e+03
.199e+03
.199e+03
.102e+03
. 102e+03
.351e+02
.351e+02
.9986+01
.998e+01
.349e+01
.3496+01
.994e+00
.994e+00
.346e+00
,346e+00
.101e+00
.1016+00
3522.33
3521.92
3521.88
3526.84
3521.99
3525.41
3510.58
3512.27
3519.90
3516.55
3511.98
3517.55
3510.68
3516.26
3510.91
3512.56
3516.16
3510.62
3505.77
3520.96
3510.30
3505.28
3511.60
3506.64
3509.77
351^.50
3511.36
3513.47
3515.93
3516.82
3509.95
3513.41
3509.03
3509.58
3504.53
3501.23
3501.77
3498.16
5.55
5.87
5.77
5.10
5.68
5.07
3-91
4.17
4.08
10,08
10.47
10.69
9.01
9.11
8.93
6.50
6.95
6.89
4.94
4.54
' 41.00
40.83
.00
,00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00.
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
5.12
5.62
7.39
3.11
2.88
4.79
.89
8.05
6.58
2.95
2.66
3.83
2.40
2.43
3.16
2.54
.98
1.24
.32
-.21
-.04
.03
-1.24
.46
.33
-.59
-1.32
-1.04
-.63
.09
.42
.72
1. 10
.56
-.09
-.74
/
.56
.36
PHASE
(mrads)
5.12
5.62
7.39
3.11
2.88
4.79
.89
8.05
6.58
2.95
2.66
3.83
2.40
2.43
3.16
2.54
.98
1.24
.32
-.21
-.04
.03
-1.24
.46
.33
-.59
-1.32
-1.04
-.63
.09
.42
.72
1.10
.56
-.09
-.74
.56
.36
S.D.
(mrads)
.08
.07
.07
.06
.07
.06
.05
.06
.06
.13
.13
.13
.11
.11
.11
.09
.09
.08
.05
.05
.51
.50
.15
.17
.03
.02
.07
.07
.02
.02
.02
.02
.03
.03
.03
.02
.03
.03
THD
(*)
.078
.010
.037
.066
.045
.034
.060
.051
.097
.027
.024
.033
.053
.010
.021
.018
.035
.036
.023
.036
.019
.019
.023
.018
.020
.016
.024
.044
.041
.024
.022
.030
.033
.025
.009
.021
.009
.021
J
(amp/cmA2)
.12e-05
.12e-05
.12e-05
.12e-05
.12e-05
.12e-05
.12e-05
.126-05
.126-05
,12e-05
.12e-05
.12e-05
.12e-05
.12e-05
.12e-05
.12e-05
.12e-05
.126-05
.126-05
.12e-05
.12e-05
.126-05
.12e-05
,12e-05
.12e-05
.12e-05
.12e-05
.12e-05
.11e-05
.11e-05
.11e-05
.11e-05
' .116-05
.11e-05
.11e-05
.11e-05
.11e-05
.11e-05
98
-------
GB19
GLASS BEADS 150-106 UM DIA 0.05 MOLAR NACL RK=100.35 OHMS
8/30/83
FREQ
(hz)
.353e+OH
.3536+04
.3536+04
.297e+04
.297e+04
.297e+04
.250e+04
.250e+04
.250e+04
.201e+04
.201e+04
.2016+04
.150e+04
.150e+04
.150e+04
.9966+03
.996e+03
.9966+03
.706e+03
.707e+03
.4076+03
.407e+03
.201e+03
.201e+03
.999e+02
.999e+02
.348e+02
.348 e+02
.974e+01
.974e+01
.347e+01
.347e+01
.100e+01
.100e+01
IMP MAG
(ohm-cm)
785.82
785.78
785.78
785.80
786.22
784.96
783.79
786.52
785.02
784.24
784.45
784.51
785.47
784.70
784.89
783.72
784.56
784.60
783.85
781.55
784.88
783.62
784.79
785.16
785,00
786.55
785.70
784.60
783.22
785.49
785.05
783.50
784.44
783.59
S.D.
(ohm-cm)
1.17
1.14
1.14
1.06
1.15
1.05
.87
.71
.91
2.32
2.28
2.33
1.96
1.93
1.96
1.41
1.43
1.43
1.05
.97
9.41
9.10
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
,00
.00
.00
.00
PHASE
(mrads)
.13
.57
.57
.27
1.03
1.95
-1.85
-1.81
.91
1.57
-.63
.14
.70
1.71
.62
-1.31
-.67
-.05
-1.52
-5.15
.89
-.94
-.91
-.64
.60
-2.11
-.15
.64
.06
.30
.42
.79
.94
.81
S.D.
(mrads)
.06
.07
.07
.06
.06
.06
.05
.05
.05
.14
.13
.13
.11
.11
.12
.08
.08
.08
.06
.06
.52
.50
.16
.16
.03
.03
.07
.07
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
THD
(*)
.021
.009
.009
.047
.013
.031
.100
.019
.134
.043
.053
.051
.014
.032
.029
.018
.027
.024
.026
.030
.012
.059
.036
.031
.025
.035
.030
.069
.034
.021
.023
.028
.021
.018
J
(amp/cm^)
.63e-05
.64e-05
.64e-05
.63e-05
.63e-05
,64e-05
.64e-05
.63e-05
.63e-05
.63e-05
.63e-05
.63e-05
.63e-05
.63e-05
.63e-05
i .63e-05
.636-05
.63e-05
.63e-05
.63e-05
.63e-05
.62e-05
.62e-05
.62e-05
.62e-05
.62e-05
.6le-05
,6le-05
.616-05
,6le-05
,6le-05
6* *% *»
1e-05
.60e-05
.60e-05
99
-------
GLASS BEADS 150-106 UM DIA 0.1 MOLAR NACL RK=100.35
PREQ IMP MAG S.D. PHASE S.D. THD J
(hz) (ohm-cm) (ohm-cm) (mrads) (mrads) (%) (amp/cnT2)
3540. 407.1 0.6 1.3 0.1 0.07 10.
2980. 407.2 0.6 0.9 0.1 0.05 10.
2470 406.9 0.5 1.0 0.1 0.05 10.
2010. 407.2 1.2 -0.3 0.1 0.04 10.
1540. 407.1 1.0 -0.8 0.1 0.02 10.
1000. 407.0 0.8 -1.6 0.1 0.02 10.
702. 405.4 0.6 1.2 0.1 0.02 10.
404. 407.0 4.75 0.5 0.5 0.02 10.
205. 407.1 0.0 -0.6 0.2 0.02 10.
103. 407.5 0.0 -1.0 0.0 0.02 10.
35.0 407.0 0.0 0.9 0.1 0.03 10.
10.5 406.4 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.03 TO.
3.47 406.4 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.03 9.7
1.00 405.7 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.03 8.6
100
-------
CG1
GLASS BEADS 2.8-2.0 MM 3 % WT NA MONT 0.1 MOLAR NACL RK=100.35
8/31/83 1410 HRS
FREQ
(fas)
.3476+04
.34764-04
.300e+04
.3006+04
.2506+04
.250e+04
.2016+04
.201e+04
.150e+04
.150e+04
.987e+03
.987e+03
.7066+03
.706e+03
.4o4e+03
.404e+03
.200e+03
.200e+03
.1016+03
.101e+03
.704e+02
.704e+02
.398e+02
.398e+02
.200e+02
.2006+02
.100e+02
.1006+02
.708e+01
.7086+01
.400e+01
.400e+01
.199e+01
.199e+01
.102e+01
.102e+01
.719e+00
.7196+00
.396e+00
IMP MAG
(ohm-cm)
374.73
375.27
374.44
375.31
376.58
375.33
360.63
375.52
376.45
376.22
377.41
377.19
379.32
379.15
379.85
378.98
380.89
380.51
382.15
381.65
381.53
381.71
382.19
382.22
382.26
382.14
382.18
381.77
381.83
381.41
381.20
380.91
381.27
381.13
381.35
381.11
381.02
381.79
381.65
22
1
S.D.
(ohm-cm)
69
55
44
46
58
43
32
.13
.93
.94
.74
.73
.51
.57
.42
.42
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
PHASE
(mrads)
-7.45
-6.96
-4.35
-7.58
-9.55
-5.91
-90.91
-8.05
-8.02
-8.58
-7.29
-8.56
-9.88
-8.08
-5.97
-5.91
-5.77
-6.07
-4.93
-2.94
-3.86
-3-30
-.91
-.88
-.42
-.11
.06
.29
-.52
.05
-.30
.48
-.67
-.27
-.33
-.08
-.17
-.95
.29
S.D.
(mrads)
.08
.07
.06
.06
.07
.06
1.90
.14
.11
.11
.08
.09
.06
.07
.50
.50
.16
.17
.03
.03
.15'
.15
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.02
.04
.04
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
THD
(*)
.062
.029
.028
.036
.055
.080
4.348
.052
.044
.058
. .014
.025
.019
.019
.030
.034
.015
.013
.017
.027
.025
.040
.022
.042
.021
.038
.026
.035
.021
.017
.024
.048
.058
.026
.039
.019
.020
.029
.028
(amp/cnT2)
.73e-05
.736-05
.73e-05
.73e-05
.736-05
.73e-05
.73e-05
.73e-05
.73e-05
.73e-05
.73e-05
.73e-05
.72e-05
.72e-05
.72e-05
.72e-05
.71e-05
.716-05
.71e-05
.71e-05
.70e-05
.71e-05
.70e-05
.70e-05
.70e-05
.70e-05
.70e-05
.70e-05
.70e-05
.70e-05
.70e-05
.70e-05
.69e-05
.69e-05
.68e-05
.68e-05
.67e-05
.67e-05
.62e-05
101
-------
.396e+00 382.11 .00 -.16 .04 .018 .62e-05
.198e+00 381.42 .00 -1.19 .04 .025 -51e-05
.198e+00 381.58 .00 .07 .04 .026 .51e-05
.993e-01 382.59 .00 -.61 .06 .039 .35e-05
993e-01 382.41 .00 .15 .05 .021 .35e-05
.696e-01 380.34 .00 .86 .07 .041 .28e-05
.696e-01 382.16 .00 -3-50 .07 .060 .27e-05
.398e-01 380.99 .00 3.10 .13 .183 .I8e-05
.398e-01 382.29 .00 -3.12 .11 .164 .l8e-05
.197e-01 386.21 .00 17-39 .31 .210 .95e-06
.197e-01 372.65 .00 -8.38 .32 .254 .95e-06
.985e-02 398.54 .00 2.07 .82 .501 .51e-06
347e-02 234.94 .00 -61.21 7.42 8.024 .19e-06
.1016-02 485.23 .00 3274.90 6.73 »*»** .55e-07
102
-------
GLASS BEADS 2.8-2.0 MM 3
8/31/83 2300HRS JGH
CG2
% NA-MONT 0.05 MOLAR NACL RK=100.35
FREQ
(hz)
.350e+04
.3506+04
.2996+04
.2996+04
.2496+04
.249e+04
.197e+04
.197e+04
.1496+04
.1496+04
.997e+03
.997e+03
.701e+03
.701e+03
.402e+03
.402e+03
.200e+03
.200e+03
.102e+03
. 102e+03
.6976+02
.697e+02
.398e+02
.3986+02
.201e+02
.200e+02
.101e+02
.101e+02
.7316+01
.731e+01
.400e+01
.400e+01
.202e+01
.2016+01
. 103e+01
.1036+01
.693e+00
.693e+00
.400e+00
IMP MAG
(ohm-cm)
465.24
464.51
464.31
464.66
466.84
465.43
466.75
466.69
467.70
468.12
470.31
468.95
471.51
467.65
472.83
472.49
474.77
475.18
476.92
477.09
478.87
478.22
478.71
480.06
479.69
I | J m ** j
479.65
-479.48
480.66
480.43
479.66
479.98
480.18
479.92
479.64
479.99
479.86
481.18
480.72
481.11
S.D.
(ohm-cm)
.86
.77
.65
.61
.56
.53
1.41
1.41
1.18
1.16
.84
.87
.58
.57
5.51
5.41
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
. .00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
,00
.00
.00
.00
PHASE
(mrads)
-7.64
-10. 18
-9.79
-8.02
-7.40
-11.42
-9.06
-8.23
-9.82
-9.86
-11.24
-9.28
-7-02
-11.52
-8.92
-6.55
-7.98
-8.26
-5.78
-7.44
-4.83
-4.76
-3.02
-3-52
-2.31
-2.14
.28
-.39
.03
-.60
.57
-.44
.88
.50
.75
-.49
.74
.34
.12
S.D.
(mrads)
.09
.08
.07
.07
.07
.07
.13
.13
.11
.12
.08
.08
.07
.07
.50
.50
.15
.16
.02
.02
.15
.! .15
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.02
.04
.04
.03
.03
.03
.04
.13
.12
.03
.04
.04
THD
(*)
.083
.020
.117
.091
.055
.050
.049
.023
.027
.032
.039
..024
.038
.027
.028
.016
.027
.012
.036
.015
.028
.023
.017
.034
.011
.031
.051
.032
.027
.020
.025
.021
.015
.038
.024
.034
.023
.022
.037
J
(amp/cm*2)
.626-05
.62e-05
.62e-05
.62e-05
.62e-05
.62e-05
.62e-05
.62e-05
.62e-05
.62e-05
.62e-05
.62e-05
.62e-05
.62e-05
.60e-05
.616-05
.60e-05
.60e-05
.60e-05
.60e-05
.59e-05
.59e-05
.596-05
.59e-05
.58e-05
.58e-05
.58e-05
.58e-05
.58e-05
.58e-05
,58e-05
.58e-05
.58e-05
.58e-05
.57e-05
.576-05
.56e-05
.56e-05
.53e-05
103
-------
.745e-01
398e-01
.101e-01
348e-02
481
482
481
481
480
536
82
45
75
99
09
68
517.39
'00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
6.04
-1.46
-.78
4.42
5.15
18.38
35.50
14.75
1
.04
.04
.07
.34
.11
.98
.40
.041
625
.039
.059
.108
.927
.501
.536-05
45e-05
SfI-05
33e-05
24e-05
.17e-05
. 17e-05
.18e-05
104
-------
.400e*00 897.84 .00 -.67 .03 -025 .22.-05
:S!S88 85:S :g - ' ' ': :
.984e-01 898.84 .00 .98 .03 -0^5 ^J^|
ill II III i IB a
106
-------
CG4
GLASS BEADS 2.8-2.0 MM 356 NA-MONT 0.005 MOLAR MACL RK=996.72
9/6/83 1145 HRS
FREQ
(hz)
.352e+04
.3526+04
.301e+04
.301e+04
.2496+04
.249e+04
.200e+04
.200e+04
.149e+04
.1496+04
.102e+04
.102e+04
.702e+03
.403e+03
.2016+03
.106e+03
.715e+02
.398e+02
.202e+02
.988e+01
.705e+01
.398e+01
.202e+01
.103e+01
.715e+00
.400e+00
.199e+00
.1056+00
.738e-01
.420e-01
.2006-01
.102e-01
.3046-02
IMP MAG
(ohm-cm)
.2468.77
2468.60
2479.81
2478. 15
2488.40
2489.46
2503.10
2502. 13
2517.53
2516.13
2534.18
2536.55
2551.49
2569.95
2596.89
2616.39
2626.51
2638.15
2651.59
2661.64
2667.66
2672.30
2674.95
2675.10
2672.23
2675.64
2676.83
2676.22
2682.02
2686.78
2693.43
2654.64
2703.55
S.D.
(ohm-cm)
3.64
3.53
2,92
3.02
2.71
2,87
7.46
7.44
6.15
6.11
4.84
4.72
3.52
29.69
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
PHASE
(mrads)
-33.90
-33.83
-33.54
-32.42
-30.65
-35.09
-31.18
-31.55
-30.26
-30.32
-29.12
-28.54
-27.35
-20. 12
-18.97
-15.56
-15.08
-12.18
-10.79
-8.13
-6.96
-4.45
-2.46
-1.47
-.51
-.91
-.87
-.88
.95
.96
-5.31
-17.31
-37.72
S.D.
(mrads)
.07
.06
.05
.06
.05
.05
.13
.13
.11
.11
.08
.08
.06
.50
.17
.02
.15
.02
.02
.02
.03
.02
.02
.02
.02
.03
.03
.03
1.20
1.07
.08
.21
5.28
THD
(*)
.051
.025
.035
.017
.045
.045
.006
.015
.019
.015
.021
.018
.013
.028
.012
.019
.013
.016
.009
.006
.014
.012
.018
.009
.019
.024
.013
.033
.035
.050
.079
.169
.278
j
(amp/cm~2)
,25e-05
.25e-05
.25e-05
,25e-05
,25e-05
.256-05
.25e-05
,25e-05
.25e-05
.20e-05
.20e-05
.20e-05
.206-05
,20e-05
.206-05
,19e-05
.196-05
.196-05
.19e-05
.186-05
.186-05
.186-05
.I8e-05
.186-05
.186-05
.13e-05
.13e-05
.13e-05
.126-05
.11e-05
.94e-06
.65e-06
.166-06
107
-------
CG5
GLASS BEADS 2.8-2.0 MM 3% NA-MONT 0.001 MOLAR NACL RK=10004
9/6/83 1440 HRS
FREQ
(hz)
.348e+04
.348e+04
.299e+04
.299e+04
.250e+04
.250e+04
.204e+04
.204e+04
. 1506-1-04
.1506+04
. 101e+04
.101e+04
.704e+03
.403e+03
.202e+03
.106e+03
.7l6e+02
.399e+02
.201e+02
.998e+01
.701e+01
.400e+01
.199e+01
.100e+01
.647e+00
.3966+00
.200e+00
.988e-01
.665e-01
.398e-01
.200e-01
.1016-01
.349e-02
IMP MAG
(ohm-cm)
3530.62
3536.40
3552.98
3557.43
3569.72
3558.07
3563.43
3585.83
3600.18
3607.46
3640.39
3633.02
3647.86
3668.68
3708.72
3728.05
3764.08
3788.59
3809.48
3845.97
3860.92
3904.03
3944.02
3983.11
4008.83
4033.05
4053.19
4096.77
4106.47
4146.22
4206.84
4195.97
4011.28
S.D.
(ohm-cm)
15.36
15.96
11.30
11.85
10.89
12.38
20.05
13.99
13.13
10.52
10.86
8.50
8.42
43.13
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
PHASE,
(mrads)
4.36
4.97
6.48
1.60
1.68
-3.84
-4.03
-6.46
-9.96
-11.54
-12.15
-18.88
-15.34
-19.60
-17.44
-17.02
-17.72
-19.28
-16.24
-18.21
-18.62
^22 . 96
-19.9"6
-16.63
-12.62
-13.75
-9.60
-7.02
-3.87
-4.39
-9.41
-46 . 36
86.62
S.D.
(mrads)
.14
.15
.11
.11
.11
.11
.20
.15
.14
.12
.11
.09
.08
.51
.16
.06
.17
.06
.06
.06
.07
.06
.06
.06
.06
.06
.07
.10
.12
.18
.30
.49
1.21
THD
(*)
.302
.033
.055
.122
.107
.130
.070
.145
.085
.056
.072
.062
.054
.042
.036
.039
.049
.037
.131
.032
.075
.008
.062
.052
.063
.033
.032
.076
.061
.221
.297
.541
1.447
J
(amp/cm~2)
.36e-06
.36e-06
.36e-06
.36e-06
.36e-06
.36e-06
.36e-06
.36e-06
.36e-06
.36e-06
.36e-06
.36e-06
.36e-06
.35e-06
.35e-06
.35e-06
.35e-06
.35e-06
.35e-06
.35e-06
.35e-06
.34e-06
.34e-06
.33e-06
.33e-06
.33e-06
.336-06
.33e-06
.33e-06
.33e-06
.32e-06
.30e-06
.24e-06
108
-------
CG6
GLASS BEADS 2.8-2.0 MM 3% NA-MONT. 0.0005 MOLAR NACL RKr10004.
9/6/83 1900 HRS
FREQ
(hz)
.346e+04
.346e+04
.2996+04
.2996*04
,250e*04
,250e+04
.200e+04
.200e+04
.150e+04
.150e+04
.101e+04
.101e+04
.697e+03
.403e+03
.202e+03
.101e+03
.696e+02
.400e+02
.199e+02
.991e+01
.704e+01
.399e+01
.199e+01
.1016+01
.684e+00
.396e+00
.198e+00
.102e+00
.706e-01
.3996-01
.211e-01
.9)92e-02
.3476-02
IMP MAG
(ohm-cm)
6768.23
6770.64
6772.44
6768.58
6790.51
6750.28
6841.18
6820.57
6851.46
6866.98
6913.94
6890.70
6931.44
6998.57
7047.91
7087.62
7142.54
7169.39
7212.22
7278.14
7303.92
7356.75
7415.41
7466.27
7504.33
7534.48
7557.36
7608.34
7610.44
7639.37
7701.75
7808.69
8275.25
S.D.
(ohm-cm)
12.86
.17.43
16.93
12.42
12.61
19.45
22.13
24.24
19.85
17.65
15.35
13.72
18.46
83.04
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
PHASE
(mrads)
26.49
27.78
19.55
20.14
13.70
15.13
6.81
4.80
.06
2.32
-6.80
-6.28
-15.51
-15.86
-13.'11
-13.84
-9.19
-14.33
-13.47
-16.08
-13.91
-15.40
-15.01
-12.32
-10.50
-7.82
-5.46
-2.81
-2.48
-.31
6.47
6.48
-69.97
S.D.
(mrads)
.07
.09
.08
.07
.07
.10
.13
.14
.12
.11
.09
.08
.09
.51
.17
.06
.16
.06
.06
.06
.06
.06
.06
.06
.06
.06
.03
.03
.03
.03
1.21
.08
1.01
THD
(*)
.069
.065
.091
.055
.178
.181
.077
.027
.049
.069
.060
.078
.034
.040
.024
.023
.023
.030
.021
.032
.028
.023
.005
.018
.022
.088
.038
.032
.045
.015
.031
.077
1.034
J
(amp/cm*2)
.29e-06
.29e-06
.29e-06
.29e-06
.29e-06
.29e-06
.29e-06
.29e-06
.29e-06
.29e-06
.29e-06
.29e-06
.29e-06
.28e-06
.28e-06
.28e-06
.28e-06
.28e-06
,28e-06
.28e-06
.28e-06
.28e-06
.27e-06
.27e-06
.27e-06
.26e-06
.26e-06
,26e-06
.26e-06
.26e-06
.24e-06
.25e-06
.21e-06
109
------- |