ft DESERT RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Cll UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA SYSTEM
    AN INVESTIGATION OF ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES

             OF POROUS MEDIA
                S.W. Wheatcraft
                 K.C. Taylor
                JLG. Haggard
               September 1984
        WATER RESOURCES CENTER
            PUBLICATION ^41098

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                      AN INVESTIGATION OF ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
                                   OP POROUS MEDIA
                                          by
                                Stephen W.  Wheatcraft
                                  Kendrick  C.  Taylor
                                   John G.  Haggard
 o-                 '
 ;                             Water  Resources  Center
 T"                           Desert Research  Institute
 O                           University of  Nevada System
                                 Reno/  Nevada  89506
 0
 (N
 tn  ,
 /   4
                              Contract  No.  CR8  10052-01
^                                 Project  Officer
O                              Leslie G.  McMillion
o
\
                    Environmental  Monitoring  Systems  Laboratory
                                   P.O. Box  15027
                              Las  Vegas, Nevada  89114
                        U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

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                              ABSTRACT

     The  problem  of  ground-water  contamination has provided a need
for detailed  information  on  ground-water  quality.   Well  drilling
and sampling  provide limited information,  especially when trying
to delineate  a ground-water  contamination  plume.   D.C.  electrical
geophysical methods  are being increasingly used -to help  delineate
contaminated  ground  water, however,  these  methods  provide only
resistivity data.  Simple resistivity is  affected  by many dif-
ferent parameters* and it is often  not  possible to develop a
unique interpretation of  the data.   Complex  resistivity  (CR)  is  a
method that provides  considerably more  information about the
saturated porous  medium,  thus introducing  the  possibility of
reducing  the  unknown  parameters that  affect  the electrical proper-
ties of the porous medium and thereby providing a  unique interpre-
tation.
     The  CR method provides  two curves: impedance  amplitude
(related  to resistivity)  and phase  shift  (related  to capacitive
effects), both as a  function of frequency.   Although CR  provides
much more information than a single  resistivity measurement,  there
is not much known about how  the CR  responses are affected by pore
geometry, pore fluid  chemisty and clay  content.
     In this  study,  a laboratory  measurement system is set up to
allow systematic  variation of parameters of  interest, in order to
determine their effect on amplitude  and phase  data.   The labora-
tory apparatus consists of a sample  holder,  appropriate  elec-
trodes, and a data collection and analysis system.   Experiments
were conducted to vary grain size,  concentration of NaCl and  clay
content.

*Such as pore geometry, pore  fluid  chemistry and clay content
                               11

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     Results indicate that grain size has  little  to  no  effect  on
amplitude or phase at any frequency  for clay-free samples.   Phase-
shift becomes increasingly negative  over the  range of frequency
investigation for a clay-bearing sample  (3% clay  content).   The
amplitude also becomes increasingly  smaller with  increased  fre-
quency for ;a clay-bearing sample.
     Comparison of amplitude versus  salinity  for  the clay and  non-
clay samples show that it may be possible  to  develop a  modified
version of Archie's Law for low salinity samples  that contain
clay.
                                111

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                             CONTENTS


Abstract                                                       ii
Figures                                                         v
Tables                                                          v

   1.  Introduction                                             1
   2.  Objectives                                               4
   3.  Theory and Background of Electrical Measurements         6
            The Need for Complex Electrical Measurements        6
            Calculation of Complex Amplitude  and  Phase          8
   4.  Experimental Design and Equipment                     •  13
            Sample Holder                                      13
            Electrical Equipment                       .        16
            Porosity and Clay Content Determination            17
            Method of Sample Saturation                        17
   5.  Testing and Calibration                                 18
   6.  Problems Encountered and Possible Solutions             21
            Coupling Errors                                    21
            A/D Converter                                      22
            Low Frequency Effects                              22
            D.C. Offset                                        22
            Clays                                              22
            Current Density                                    23
            Data Recording                                     23
   7.  Results                                                 25
            Data Analysis Procedures                           25
            Summary of Experiments                             25
            Experimental Errors and Interference               27
            Comparison of Experimental Results with other
              Research                                         31
            Effects of Grain Size on Amplitude and Phase       34
            Effects of Clay on Amplitude and  Phase             34
   8.  Conclusions                                             40

References Cited                                               42
Selected References                                            45
Appendices

   1.  Graphs of each run.                                     55
   2.  Listing of each run.                                    79
                               IV

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                             FIGURES


Number                                                       Page

1.   Electrical response of porous medium.                     7

2.   Experimental setup.                                       14

3.   Sample holder.                                            15

4.   Calibration runs: sample holder filled with salt
     solution of indicated molarity.                           20

5.   Large glass beads sample, without clay.           •        28

6.   Medium glass beads sample, without clay.                  29

7.   Small glass beads sample, without clay.                   30

8.   Sample of large glass beads with 3% Na-Montmorillonte.    32

9.   Selected results of sample of large glass beads and 3%
     Na-Montmorillonite.                                       33

10.  Effect of grain size on phase and amplitude, without
     clay.                                                     35

11.  Effect of 3% Na-Montmorillonite and phase and
     amplitude.                                                36

12.  Effect of clay content on the impedance vs. salinity
     relationship.                                              38


                              TABLE


1.  Summary of the  Samples Used.                                26
                                v

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                           SECTION 1
                          INTRODUCTION
    The use of geophysical techniques has become common in inves-
 }ation.s of the character and extent of the ground-water
 source.  This is especially true with respect to electrical
 :hods.   In general these techniques rely on detecting the elec-
 Lcal  response of subsurface units and then correlating this with
 ler geologic information such as well logs, geology, and water
 alysis to obtain information such as the depth to ground water,
 alitative estimates of occurrence and distribution of ground-
 ter contamination, and even estimates of the hydraulic conduc-
 vity  of aquifers (Zody £t jil.,  1974; Keys and MacCary, 1971;
 ott,  1980).
    In general past measurements of the electrical response have
 en  limited to the D.C. resistivity of the medium, which is only
 e portion of the electrical response.  Additional information
 out the system can be obtained  by more fully characterizing the
 ectrical  response of a medium,  which consists of two parts, real
 d imaginary.  This can be represented by amplitude and phase.
 e impedance  represents the total resistance (measured in ohms)
 ' flow of  an  alternating current and the phase shift represents
 ,e difference between the current and voltage waveforms voltage
 id is  measured in radians, or milliradians.  The impedance and
 tase shift can be affected by numerous properties of the porous
idium  and  the fluid within the porous medium, and in general,
>th  are  frequency dependent.

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   Although measurements of  the  complex  electrical  signal  are
  common to ground-water investigations,  they  have  been  used  by
  minerals exploration  industry  since  the late 1940's  (Brent,
  ).  The techniques go by such  names  as  "complex resistivity"
   (Zonge, 1972) or "spectral  IP"  (induced polarization)  (Pelton
  il., 1978).
   In the past few years, emphasis  in  the ground-water discip-
  s has shifted from ground-water quantity to concern about
  md-water quality.  Traditional D.C.  resistivity techniques
  \ in conjunction with other methods usually provide adequate
  irmation about ground-water head  levels  (for  unconfined
  Lfers).  However, D.C.  methods are inadequate  for many prob-
  3 in which the contaminant plume  location, distribution,  and
  nical nature are of interest  because  so  many  parameters affect
  D.C. resistivity.  For instance,  a relatively  low resistivity
 ue can be indicative of high  salinity and/or  high moisture
 bent.
   Complex resistivity investigations  conceptually have  the
 ential to reduce the number of unknowns  by providing more elec-
 cal information.  Because many parameters affect the resistiv-
  of a saturated porous medium it  is not  possible to separate
  individual effects with resistivity  data alone.  This poten-
                                               ,\
 1 advantage of the CR technique arises because  two sets of
 ,bers (impedance and phase shift)  for  a suite  of frequencies  are
 terated for a particular porous medium, instead  of a single
 .ue of resistivity that is obtained with  D.C.  techniques.
 rause of this additional information,  it  may be  possible to
 :ain actual concentration values and/or type of  chemical species
 it are present in a contaminated ground-water  system.  One very
 :eresting possible use for CR  is that  organic  pollutants may
 Mnically interact with earth materials to create a complex
 sistivity anomaly which would not be detected  by D.C. resis-
 ?ity measurements alone.
   Carefully controlled laboratory  experiments represent an
portant step in isolating and determining the  complex response
 the fluid and chemical constituents contained within a porous

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medium.  As a first step towards this  long range goal,  this  study
is an attempt to characterize  the complex, frequency dependent
electrical response of a saturated porous medium when certain
parameters are varied.  The parameters to be varied in  these
experiments include grain size, salinity and clay content.   There
already exists a large body of literature characterizing  the com-
plex electrical response of rocks due  to the occurrence and  dis-
tribution of ore materials (Wong and Strangway, 1981; Wong,  1979;
Zonge, 1972; Marshall and Madden, 1959).  Although most of this
information is not directly transferable to the problem of ground-
water contamination, it has been very  helpful  in the design  of the
present study.

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                             SECTION 2

                             OBJECTIVES

     This publication  was  produced  as part of a cooperative agree-
ment between  the  Desert  Research  Institute,  University of Nevada
System and  the  U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency (EPA CR810052-
01).  The objectives of  this task are as  follows:
     1)  Design and  build  laboratory equipment to  measure complex
         frequency dependent electrical response of a saturated
         porous media  with accuracy and repeatability.
     2)  Calibrate the experimental apparatus and  compare calibra-
         tion results  to similar  experiments by other
         researchers.
     3)  Measure  complex electrical response of porous media as a
         function of frequency  for:  a) samples of  several dif-
         ferent grain  sizes;  b) samples of saturated  porous media
         'with a range  of solutions  of an  electrolytic solute;  and
         c) samples with and without clay.
     4)  Analyze  the collected  laboratory data for relationships
         between  the varied  parameters and the complex electrical
         response.
     To achieve these  objectives, the project was  divided into
four tasks.  Task one  consisted of  a thorough search  of the liter-
ature to assess the applicability of field CR methods to ground-
water quality and contamination investigations.  Since these
methods were developed primarily  for sulphide ore  body and other
ore-related investigations,  interpretation of field data was not
expected to be  directly  applicable  to ground-water problems.  A
literature search was  also conducted to determine  what other

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experimental laboratory equipment had been  used  for  complex
parameter estimation.  Information gleaned  from  this search
provided the basis for the experimental design that  was  chosen.
     Task two consisted of building, testing  and calibrating  the
laboratory equipment.  Task three was the actual suite of  experi-
ments for the numerous parameters that were varied.   Task  four was
the analysis and interpretation of the experimental  results.

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                             SECTION 3

          THEORY  AND BACKGROUND OP ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS

THE NEED  FOR  COMPLEX ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS

     The  most commonly  made  electrical  measurement is the D.C.
resistivity of a material, which represents  only a portion of'the
electrical characteristics of  a medium.   There is also a capaca-
tive property which causes a phase  lag  between the current and
voltage.  This phase lag makes it convenient to describe the elec-
trical properties as a  complex number represented as  amplitude  and
phase.  In the most general  case both of  these properties of the
sample are considered to be  frequency dependent.   One simplified
example of this  is  the  electrical circuit shown in Figure 1a.  We
see in this case that the D.C.  resistance alone is not sufficient
to characterize  the circuit.   To fully  investigate the circuit
both phase and amplitude must  be measured as a function of fre-
quency.  Ward and Fraser (1967)  discuss that a similar situation
can occur in  a porous medium.   Figure 1b  shows two pore paths,  the
upper one with a clay particle and  the  lower one  without clay.
The cations are  attracted to the vicinity of the  clay because of
its excess negative surface  charge  when current is applied (Figure
1c).  Cations can move  freely  through the cation  cloud but anions
are blocked.  This  forms an  ion-selective membrane and a buildup
of charge.  The  charge  buildup is analogous  to the charge built on
the capacitor in Figure 1a.

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     B
                CATIONIC
                CLOUD
NORMAL ELECTROLYTE
CHARGE CARRIERS
                               CLAY PARTICLE
                               NEGATIVE CHARGE
    ZONE OF ION
    CONCENTRATION
                    ZONE OF ION
                    DEFICIENCY
       ANIOMS
       BLOCKED CATIONS PASS THROUGH
Figure 1.  Electrical  response of porous medium:

           A.  Analogous  electrical circuit.

           B.  Charge  distribution in pore without current flow,

           C.  Charge  distribution with current flow.

(After Ward and Frazier,  1967).

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CALCULATION  OF  COMPLEX AMPLITUDE AND PHASE

     To determine  the  complex impedance of the sample the voltage
waveform  across a  known resistance (Vr) and across the sample
(Vs) are  digitized (see Section 4).   By measuring the voltage
drop across  the known  resistance (Rr) ,  the current can be deter-
mined utilizing Ohm's  law.   To characterize the sample impedance
independent  of  the sample geometry,  it  is  necessary to multiply by
the sample length  (L)  and divide by  the sample cross section
(Ar).  This  is  referred to  as the material's intrinsic resis-
tivity.
     To obtain  the complex  electrical response of the sample, .a
sine wave was used as  an input and the  digitized voltages were
recorded  and analyzed  for up to 10 harmonics.   This was repeated
until the frequency range of interest was  covered.   An alternate
technique employed by  Zonge and Hughs  (1981)  utilizes a waveform
that contains numerous  harmonics such as a square wave.  By doing
this they were  able to  obtain results at many  frequencies by only
doing one measurement.   This technique  can save time but it
requires more data points per waveform  to  obtain reliable results,
which causes problems  in non-linear  systems.
     To measure  the voltage waveforms across  the sample and resis-
tor, digital recording  is necessary.  The  equipment used' to do
this is discussed  in Section 4.
     To reduce  the  digital  data a matrix inversion  method was
chosen instead  of  a fast Fourier transform because  it provides  a
method to calculate the  variance to  check  data quality (Olhoeft,
1979).  The data is in  a series of voltages  and times:

                        Vs ,  V  ,  V   ---- ,  V
                         S1    S2   S3         Sn
                           , V^  , V    ---- , V                 (1)
                         1    2    3        rn
                           t'

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where:
     n = number of digitized  points
    ti = time at  the  ith  sample
   Vs. = voltage  reading  from across  the sample at ti
   Vr, = voltage  reading  from across  the resistor at ti
These data were fitted  to the following  model  (Olhoeft, 1979);

                           k
           V^ft)  = Vdc + Z    v^   sin (w.t  + A   )
    \f                      i=1  ri        L    ri
                                                             (2)
                           k
           V (t)  = V  dc + E   V_  sin  (oi.t + $   )
            s       s      i=1  Si       i     si

where:
     t = time
    oii = 2irfi
    fi = frequency of ith harmonic
   <)>r. = phase shift of the ith harmonic of the voltage
         waveform across  the  resistor relative  to time  0
   $s. = phase shift of the ith harmonic of the voltage
         waveform across  the  sample relative to time 0
   Vr. = amplitude of the  ith  harmonic for  the  voltage
     ti
         waveform across  the  resistor
   Vs. = amplitude of the  ith  harmonic for  the  voltage
         waveform across  the  sample
  Vrdc = zero frequency component of  the voltage waveform  across
         the resistor
  Vsdc = zero frequency component of  the voltage waveform  across
         the sample
     k = number of harmonics considered

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     These  equations are Fourier  series and can be  used to recon-
struct  any  periodic waveform.   In this study a sine wave input was
used and  therefore the ideal calculated response would  contain
only 1  harmonic (k = 1).  However,  Olhoeft ('1981b)  suggests that
measuring the change in harmonic  content of the waveforms can give
an indication of the linearity  of the sample's response.   There-
fore even though a sine wave input  was used, up to  10 harmonics
were analyzed to check the  linearity of the sample's electrical
response.
     Equation 2 can be set  up in  the following matrix form
(Olhoeft, 1979).
                              X  =  T A
                                                 (3)
where T  is  n by (1+2k), A  is  (1+2k)  by 2f x_ is n by  z  where n is
the number  of digitized points  and  k is the number of  harmonics.
The components of the matrices  are  as follows:
                           Vs(t.,)'  Vr(tj)
                           Vs(t2)'  Vr(t2)
                           Vs(tn)'  Vr(tn)
                                                 (4)
1,
,  cos(utl),
                                        j). ..sin(ka>t1)...cos(kait1)
     1, sin(o)t2), cos(«)t2),  sin(2cut2), cos(2tot2)...sin(kwt2).. .cos(kwt2)

     1,sin(o)tn), cos(wtn), sin(2wtn), cos(2utn)...sin(kutn)...oos(kutn)
                                                  (5)
                                 10

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A —
    V  cos*
     S1    S1
    V  sin*
     S1    S1
    V  cos*
     S2    S2

    V  sin*
     S2    S2
                                          Vrdc
                             V  cos*
                              r1    r1

                             V  sin*
                              r1    r1
                                cos*
                                sin*
                               2    r2
COS*.
    S


 sin*
                 s
                                                  cos*.
                                                  sin*
                                                 (6)
     Examination of these matrices  reveals  that  the unknown quan-
tities are all in Matrix A.  As given  by  Olhoeft (1979)  this
matrix can be determined as  follows:
                       A =  (TT T)   TTX
                                                 (7)
where TT means the transpose of T  and  the  -1.  refers  to  the  in-
verse matrix.  From the components of  the  A matrix  the  following
quantities can be obtained.
                     Arc  tan
                     Arc  tan
               V
               Vr. - A(2i,2)/cos*s.
                                                 (8)


                                                 (9)


                                                 (10)


                                                 (11)
These components are then utilized  to obtain  the magnitude  of  the
intrinsic impedance (|zin|j.) and the phase  shift  (*i)  as

follows:
                                11

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                               ri
                                                             (13)
     The average harmonic distortion  is  also  calculated  as  a
measure of the linearity of the sample's electrical  response by:
                     k    Vs    Vr
              THD = [=s((-i -     )  100.)]                 (14)
                           S1    r1
where, % THD is referred to as the total harmonic distortion.
                                12

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                           SECTION  4

                EXPERIMENTAL  DESIGN  AND  EQUIPMENT

     The basic electrical  measurement  system  utilized  in this
study is shown in Figure 2.   The operation  of the system is basi-
cally the same as the system  described by Olhoeft (1979).   The
set-up has also been employed in the study  by Nelson et  al.
(1982).  To determine the  complex  impedance it is necessary to
provide a current of the desired frequency  in the sample.   This  is
done by connecting a function generator  to  the current electrodes
in the sample holder.  The voltage waveform is measured  by  digi-
tizing the signal at the voltage electrodes and the current wave-
form is measured by digitizing  the voltage  drop across a known
resistor.  The digitized data can  then be processed.

SAMPLE HOLDER

     An important feature  of  the system  is  the sample  holder
(Figure 3) and its four-electrode  arrangement.   The unit consists
of two plexiglass reservoirs  that  are  connected via a  cylindrical
plexiglass sample tube.  The  sample  is held in place by  plexiglass
plates.  The cylinder and  sample can be  removed from the reser-
voirs without disturbing the  sample.
     The four-electrode arrangement  has  been  used for  low fre-
quency measurements below  1000  Hz  (Olhoeft,  1979;  Nelson et al.,
1982).  Platinum mesh electrodes were  chosen  to minimize electro-
lytic action and were placed  at each end of the sample tube where
they measured the voltage  drop  across  the sample.  The current
electrodes are contained in the end  reservoirs.   The major
                                13

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FREQ.
CONT.



Rv «
SAMPLE TZl

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PRE-
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COMPUTER

                      Figure 2.   Experimental  setup.

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                        FLUID RESERVOIR
                                           SAMPLE
U1
                                                            FLUID RESERVOIR
        CURRENT
        ELECTRODE
                                  VOLTAGE
                                  ELECTRODE
                            6.4cm
                             Figure 3.  Sample holder.
                                                                           CURRENT
                                                                           ELECTRODE

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advantage of this system  is  that  it  circumvents  the  problems
associated with electrode polarization  and  other problems  (Fuller
and Ward, 1970) .
     The voltage electrodes  located  outside of the cylindrical
sample tube can polarize  if  the voltage measuring device draws  an
appreciable current.  However, the preamplifiers draw  negligible
current and electrode polarization is not a problem  with this
system.  The problem with the  four-electrode system  is that mutual
inductance occurs between the  electrode and leads and  may  become
serious above 100 Hz if the  sample impedance is  greater than 5000
ohm-cm.  Although capacitive coupling is expected in samples with
high impedance, the inductive  coupling  inherent  in the equipment
overshadows the capacitive coupling.  Because resulting instrument
errors are the net effect of both capacitive and inductive coup-
ling, the instrument error will generally be referred  to simply as
coupling errors or interference for  the remainder of this  report.
The resistivity of the samples used  in  this study effectively
limits the frequency range of  the measurement system to less than
5000 Hz.  This is not a serious problem because  CR measurements
taken in the field presently fall within this range.

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT

     A function generator was  employed  as the voltage  source and  a
frequency counter was used to  determine the output frequency.
     A decade resistor box was constructed  from  resistors  whose
values were determined on a  commercial  bridge.   The  resistors act
as the known resistance in the measuring circuit and the unit
contained values from 10 ohm to 1x106 ohms.
    Because the current density had  to  be kept low to  ensure a
linear electrical response,  the resulting voltage drops were too
small to be accurately detected by the  A/D  converter.   This is
especially pronounced for samples with  low  impedances  and  at low
frequencies.  To overcome this problem, a preamp was used.
                                16

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     After the voltage waveforms were  amplified,  they  were  dig-
itized and recorded with a  resolution  of  0.002  volts.   The  A/D
converter (Andromeda Systems Model ADC 11)  is interfaced  to an LSI
11/03 computer that controls the sampling and recording.
     To minimize noise pickup, all leads were coaxial  cables with
grounded shields and the decade resistance  box,  function  generator
and sample holder were surrounded by a Faraday  cage.

POROSITY AND CLAY CONTENT DETERMINATION

     Porosity measurements  were made by weighing  the dry  sample
holder both empty and full  of glass beads,  the  weight  difference
is the weight of glass, which by knowing  the glass  density  can be
converted into the volume of glass.  The porosity is found  by
taking one minus the fraction of the volume of  glass to the volume
of the sample holder.
     Clay content was measured as percent weight of the sample.
The clay was powdered and heated at 105°C for 12 hours  before
weighing to insure that all free water was  driven out.

METHOD OP SAMPLE SATURATION

     The sample was saturated by filling  the fluid  reservoirs.
Saturation was considered to be complete when the reservoir level
remained constant and the pore fluid conductivity,  temperature and
pH were constant in both reservoirs, which  took a few  days.   This
process could have been accelerated had vacuum  saturation been
available.
                                 17

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                             SECTION 5

                      TESTING AND  CALIBRATION

     A cell constant  (K),  which  is equivalent to L/A (defined in
Section 3), was calculated based on electrical measurements of a
KC1 solution with known  electrical properties.  This was necessary
since the measurement of the sample geometry  was not believed to
be as accurate as the electrical measurements.  The  resulting cell
constant utilized in the measurements  was  0.257 (cm""1)  and  was
frequency independent.   It is interesting  to  note that  based on
geometric measurements the cell constant was  calculated at  0.251
(cm-1)«  An error of 0.03  cm in the measurement of the  radius
could account for this difference  and  it appears that the K deter-
mined by electrical measurements is a  reasonable value  and  is
probably superior to actual dimension  measurements.
     In order to determine lead effects, the  system  was calibrated
by replacing the sample with a parallel resistance-capacitance
(R-C) network with known values.   However,  the system agreed quite
well with the measured values of the R-C network for resistances
less than 1000 ohms.  The  tests with resistances greater than
approximately 1000 ohms had a phase shift  and  impedance magnitude
that deviated from the measured values.  The  phase shift was posi-
tive indicating inductive  effects  (Olhoeft, 1975).   Since it was
uncertain if this result was due to the mutual inductance between
                                                             *
the leads and wiring necessary for R-C network,  it was  decided to
test the system with NaCl  solutions of varying concentrations.
This better approximated the system error  expected for  actual
samples since component leads and  wires were  not present.
                                18

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     The results of these tests are given  in  Figure  4.   In  this
calibration, the coupling errors were also  found  above  100  Hz  in
samples with irapedivity above about 3000 ohms-cm.  On a log-log
plot the slope of these lines were very close to  1.0 which  is  the
expected result of both capacitance and inductance effects
(Olhoeft, 1975).
     From the standard deviation of the calibration  it  appears
that below 100 Hz the accuracy of the phase shift measurement  is
within 2 milliradians of the known value.  The precision of the
impedance magnitude measurements appears to be within 1  percent of
the reading below 100 Hz.  When the impedivity magnitude is less
than approximately 1000 ohms-cm these values  apply up to approx-
imately 3500 Hz.  Then at 1000 ohms-cm the measurements deteri-
orate and the precision of the system is basically unknown,  except
that the precision deteriorates as impedance  increases  since the
coupling errors cannot be removed with the  equipment used in this
study.
                                19

-------
f
V 6
13
C

0
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3
44
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a 4
cr
o
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i i i i i i
SYMBOL MOLARITY NaCI *
CD O&O Hater
O 0.0001 •
A 0.001
-f 0. 01 •
X 0.1
•

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/
^ $ t 9« * 1 ^ ***** -
                -2     -t
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Log Frequency
Figure 4.  Calibration runs: sample holder filled with salt
           solution of indicated molarity.
                            20

-------
                             SECTION  6

           PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED AND  POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS

     Once calibration was  completed, the  experiments  were run.   As
problems were encountered,  it was  sometimes  possible  to make minor
modifications in the equipment set up  and design.   (For example,  a
Faraday cage was installed  around  the  sample holder  to help elim-
inate electromagnetic inteference.)  This section  deals with prob-
lems encountered which required solutions that  were  beyond the
scope of this project to solve, thus alerting future  researchers
to the expected problems so  that they  can be dealt with appropri-
ately.

COUPLING ERRORS

     At frequencies above  100 Hz there were  problems  with induc-
tive coupling between the  current  and  voltage electrodes.   This   '
was especially true when the sample  impedance was  above 5000 ohm-
cm because the current densities were  low.   These  effects could be
reduced by an improved amplifier design and  a source  that would
allow higher current densities.

A/D CONVERTER

     The A/D converter limited the frequency range of the measure-
ments.  The maximum sample  rate of 25,000 samples/second caused
waveforms above 3,500 Hz to  be undersampled.   This undersampling
increased the error and set  a practical upper limit  on the fre-
quencies measured.
                                 21

-------
LOW FREQUENCY EFFECTS

     The results below  0.1  Hz  are  of  uncertain  reliability.   The
current density was low during  these  readings,  possibly due  to the
characteristics of the  signal  generator  and/or  increased inter-
facial impedance at the current  electrodes.   In either  case  this
could have resulted in  the  voltage drop  across  the  sample being to
small to be accurately  digitized.   Other  possible problems are
thermal drift'^and slow  chemical  reactions.   A function  generator
that provided constant  current would  help eliminate these
problems.

D.C. OFFSET

     A D.C. offset voltage  was  commonly  present, probably caused
by spontaneous potential, and  at times this  reached values
exceeding 0.5 volts, which  when  amplified exceeded  the  voltage
level accepted by the A/D converter (±10  volts).  Much  of this
effect was eliminated by soldering the platinum'connections  with a
palladium-platinum alloy; however,  after  amplification  a D.C.
offset of ±5 volts was  not  uncommon.  This could be further
reduced with a D.C. bucking circuit.
              ./
CLAYS

     The clay mixtures  also presented some problems.  When the
clay-bearing samples were initially saturated with  a high salinity
solution, the clays flocculated  and tended to remain in place  in
the sample.  When lower salinity solutions were added,  the clay
began to disperse, and  it is estimated that  by  the  time the  lowest
salinity solution was used, well over half of the clay  had been
washed from the sample.
     The clay washing problem  can  be  solved  by  using a  recircu-
lating reservoir and pump attached to the sample holder.   The
                                22

-------
reservoir would be  filled with water  at  the  desired  salinity and
clay concentrations and would have  a  mixer  to  keep  the  clay in
suspension.  The pump would circulate the water-clay mixture into
the sample holder  (already filled with porous  material).   After
the mixture had been recirculated through the  reservoir several
times, the sample holder and reservoir should  have  the  same con-
centrations of salinity and clay.   The pump  would then  be  stopped
and the sample holder would be disconnected  from the reservoir
apparatus and connected to the electrical measurement system.  The
procedure would be  repeated for multiple clay  samples.   The sample
holder designed for the present study would  be suitable for this
process because of  its modular design, allowing quick connection
and disconnection from the electrical and reservoir  systems.

CURRENT DENSITY

     During the course of the experiment a  range of  current den-
sities from 0.001-10 pamp/cm2 were  used.  Some problems with data
collection at low current densities were noted.  The voltage drop
across the sample was low, which might have  caused  the  waveform to
be poorly sampled.  In future studies a  constant current source of
variable frequency  should help eliminate this  problem.

DATA RECORDING

     The data recording system relies on two computers  operating
at the same time.  The data processing computer was  a DEC  PDP11/23
with a UNIX-based operating system, which is not capable of
collecting real-time data.  Therefore, the data was  collected  with
an A/D converter that was run by a  DEC PDP11/03.  Frequently one
of the computers went down, and measurements could  not  be  made.
The amount of time  it took to prepare, measure and  analyze the
voltage data was also large.  Each  run took  about one and  one-half
days to obtain a complete data set.   Most of this time  (24 hrs)
                                23

-------
was spent equilibrating the sample with the saturating  solution,
Future studies should allow the lengthy sample preparation  and
data collection times necessary for each experiment.
                                24

-------
                             SECTION 7

                              RESULTS

DATA ANALYSIS  PROCEDURES

     The  first step  in  the  interpretation of the results was to
evaluate  and identify errors  in  the data that were the result of
experimental procedures and  equipment.   This was done by examining
all the data collected  for  individual samples and comparing  them
to the calibration runs.  Sample data which displayed experimental
and equipment  errors or interference were not considered further
in the analysis.   (The  specific  data that were ignored and the
rationale for  doing so  are discussed below.)   The second step was
to compare data from experiments where  only one parameter had been
changed,  thus  allowing  the effect of that parameter  to be investi-
gated.  This analysis is presented  in the sections dealing with
effects on varying parameters.

SUMMARY OF EXPERIMENTS

     There were a total of 24 different  experiments  (or "runs")
made, on  four  different porous medium samples.   Table 1  is a sum-
mary of these  runs.  Appendix 1  is  a set  of  graphs of amplitude
and phase shift for each run, and Appendix  2  contains the actual
                •
data that are  shown graphically  in  Appendix  1.   In addition,
Appendix  2 contains the standard  deviation  and  total  harmonic
distortion data for the amplitude and phase  shift data.   The first
three porous medium samples were  pure glass  beads of  different
grain sizes.   As can be seen  from Table  1,  sizes of  beads within-
                                25

-------
TABLE 1.  SUMMARY OF THE SAMPLES USED
Experiment
Run
GB1
GB2
GB3
GB4
GB5
GB6
GB7
GB8
GB9
GB10
GB11
GB12
GB13
GB14
GB15
GB16
GB18
GB19
GB20
CG1
CG2
CG3
CG4
CG5
CG6
Glass Bead
dia. (mm)
2.8-2.0
2.8-2.0
2.8-2.0
2.8-2.0
2.8-2.0
2.8-2.0
2.8-2.0
2.8-2.0
0.85-0.60
0.85-0.60
0.85-0.60
0.85-0.60
0.85-0.60
0.85-0.60
0.15-0.106
0.15-0.106
0.15-0.106
0.15-0.106 .
0.15-0.106
2.8-2.0
2.8-2.0
2.8-2.0
2.8-2.0
2.8-2.0
2.8-2.0
% Na-Mont.
by Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
Molarity of
NaCl Sat. Sol.
0.0001
0.0005
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.05
0.1
0.5
0.0005
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.005
0.1
0.0005
0.001
0.01
0.05
0.1
0.1
0.05
0.01
0.005
0.001
0.0005
                           26

-------
each sample varied  slightly,  but  the variation was limited enough
so that each  sample could  be  considered  essentially uniform in
size.  The fourth sample was  prepared as a clay-bearing porous
medium, containing  3% Na-Montmorillonite by weight, mixed uni-
formly with large (2.2-2.8  mm)  glass beads.   The clay was mixed
with the glass beads in such  a  way  as to cause the clay to adhere
to the surface of the glass beads.   Another way to mix the clay is
to fill the voids with a clay-water mixture.   These two methods
may give different  results, as  it is important to specify which is
used.  A number of  different  experiments was  run on each sample,
varying the salinity concentrations, as  shown in Table 1.

EXPERIMENTAL  ERRORS AND INTERFERENCE

     In Figure 5 all of the runs  for the large grain size sample
have been plotted together.   Similarly,  all runs for the medium
grain size and the  small grain  size are  plotted in Figures 6 and
7, respectively.  All the  runs  with an impedance greater than 5000
ohm-cm show the effects of  coupling errors at frequencies greater
than 100 Hz.  This  can be  seen  in Figures 5-7 as an exponential
increase in phase at higher frequencies  and was expected because
the calibrations behaved in a similar fashion (see Section 5,
Testing and Calibration).   The  observed  phase increases are caused
by coupling errors  within  the equipment  and should not be attrib-
uted to true  sample response.
     The runs that  have the inductance problem are the very low
salinity runs, below 0.001  molarity (about 50 ppm).  The coupling
interference  of this equipment  limits the useful range of investi-
gation to pore fluids above 50  ppm  total salinity.
     The total salinity found in  most ground  waters is higher than
50 ppm, therefore the equipment is  able  to measure pore fluids in
and above the range found  in  most natural ground-water systems.
The runs with serious coupling  interference are therefore not con-
sidered further in  the analysis.
                                27

-------
O

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SYMBOL RUN
Gl 08 1
0 08 2
A 08 3
+ 08 4
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 08 8
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•

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O O O OOO O OfflO O 0QO0BM0

99999 99 99 99 99 9999m
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I I I I I

1 1 1 1 1
MOLARITY NaCI *
0. 0001
0. 0005 •
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                             Log Frequency
Figure 5.  Large glass beads  sample, without clay.
                            28

-------
o
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ct
a
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                          i

                          •
                                            m  m m  m mm
                             A
                             X
                                        A
                                        X
                                  A A A AA
                                  XXX XXXXKK
g
       500
       400-
300-
       200 -
       100-
      -100
SYMBOL    RUN   MOLARITY N«CI
  ID     00 9    0.0005
  O     00 10   0.001
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  +     00 12   0.01
  X     00 13   0.005
                -2-1       0       1

                               Log Fr«qu«ncy
  Figure  6.   Medium glass beads sample,  without clay
                              29

-------
£
•u

"a
                                   •   a  a  •  a a o 001
                                   •   •  •  •  •••••<
                                   A   A     A  A   A AA
                                   +   +  *  +  + * + 4-f 44Nf
       100
|
a.
      •100
             SYMBOL   RUN   MOLARITY NaCI
                d     OB IS   0.0005
                O     OB IB   0.001
                A     OB IB   0.01
                +     OB 20   0.1
                             1  •«
y
        =4-3-2-1      0      1      2      34

                              Log Fr«qu«noy
    Figure 7.   Small glass beads  sample, without clay.
                               30

-------
     For the remaining  runs  on  the  non-clay  samples,  Figures 5-7
show little dependency  on  frequency for  the  phase or  amplitude.
This is expected because there  are  no  polarization mechanisms in
the sample and it demonstrates  that the  experimental  setup is
working quite well.  The experimental  results  from the fourth
(clay) sample in Figure 8  show  the  data  for  several runs  with
different concentrations of  NaCl  in the  pore fluid.  Once again
the coupling errors can be seen above  100  Hz for  low  salinity
solutions.  Below 0.1 Hz there  is a wide scatter  in the data which
can be attributed to low current densities (see appendix  2)  at
those frequencies, thus the  voltages were  too  small to be ade-
quately digitized by the equipment.  In  addition,  at  these low
frequencies, the time required  to make the measurements increases
greatly so that temperature  drift and  slow electrochemical effects
can also contribute to  errors.  There  are  methods  that will  im-
prove the low-frequency data, such  as  signal stacking.  One  algor-
ithm was devised to average  the signal,  but  it proved unsatisfac-
tory.  In future studies,  consideration  should be  given to some
sort of signal processing  for the important  low frequency data.
For these reasons the low  frequency data are not  considered  reli-
able, and Figure 9 shows the data for  the  clay sample that are
acceptable.  These data will be discussed  further  in  the  following
sections.

COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS  WITH  OTHER  RESEARCH

     The most obvious effect of the clay is  to cause  a reduction
of the phase at frequencies  above 10 Hz.   This is  expected because
of membrane polarization effects and agrees  favorably with Olhoeft
(1981).  The trend and magnitude of the  effect agree  with Klein
and Sill (1982), however they report a positive phase shift  which
is in disagreement with this work and  Olhoeft  (1981).   It is
possible that the discrepancy is due to  an opposite definition of
the phase.  The phase shift  also increases with decreasing salin-
ity, which is attributed to  an  increase  in the effectiveness of
                                31

-------
V


D
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4-3-2-1 0 1
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MOLARITY NaCI
0.1
0.05
0.01
0.005
0.001
0. 0005 +
••i i£ m
jhfj:!*
i i
234
                             Log Frequanoy
Figure  8.  Sample  of  large glass beads with 3% Na-Montmoril-

           lonite.
                           32

-------
•»
%
V
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3 3
4J
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SYMBOL RUN MOLARITY NaCI
d CO 1 0.1
O CO 2 0. 05
A CO 3 0.01
+ CO 4 0.005




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-4**Bi «3n
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01234
                             Loo Frequency
Figure 9.  Selected results of sample of large glass  beads
           and 3% Na-Montmorillonite.
                          33

-------
clay particles to set up  ion  selective  membranes  in  low salinity
solutions (Ward, 1967).   Another observed  effect  which only occurs
in the clay-bearing sample  is  that  the  phase  peak is shifted to
lower frequencies as the  salinity  is  decreased.   This can be ob-
served in Figure 9 and corresponds  to a similar observation made
by Sill and Klein (1981).   There is also a small  effect of fre-
quency on amplitude.  At  the  higher frequencies the  amplitude
decreases slightly.  Although  the  small change of only a few per-
cent is difficult to see  on the logarithamic  plots,  it can be
verified by examining the actual values in Appendix  2.  This trend
is in agreement with Klein  and Sill (1982)  and is caused by capac-
iti-ve losses at the higher  frequencies.

EFFECTS OF GRAIN SIZE ON  AMPLITUDE  AND  PHASE

     To investigate the influence  of  grain size,  Figure 10 shows
the results of the three  clay  free  samples with a pore fluid con-
centration of 0.01 molar  NaCl.  The differences in amplitude are
believed to be caused by  a  difference in the  porosity of the
samples due to slight differences  in  the grain sorting.  The scale
of the phase shift plot is  expanded compared  to the  other phase
graphs, thus exaggerating the  scatter and  the relatively small
coupling errors which begin to appear above 1000  Hz.  The scatter
is within the expected errors  of the  experiment,  so  it is con-
cluded that there is no effect of  grain size  on the  phase shift in
clay-free samples.  This  is an expected result, since the phase
shift should always be small  in a  clay-free sample.

EFFECTS OF CLAY ON AMPLITUDE  AND PHASE

     In a clay bearing sample  the  phase shift may depend, among
other things, on the distance  between the  ion selective membranes,
which is influenced by the  grain size (Ward 1967).  Figure 11 is a
comparison of  the response of two  samples of the same grain size
both with and without clay.   The results are  shown for runs of 3
                                34

-------
V
i
                                   *   g   g  **
ct

o
       10|
             SYMBOL   RUN

               GH     08 5
               O     08 12
               A     08 18
Q
Ct
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GRAIN SIZE

2.8-2.0 M
0.85-0.80 M
0.1S-0.108 M
                                                       m
                                                      J

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       -JOI
                              Log Fr«qu«nog
 Figure 10
             Effect of grain  size on phase and amplitude
             (without clay).
                             35

-------
«*
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Clean Sand CNoClJ 0.01
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Clean Sand CNoClJ 0.1




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                            Lo0 Frequency
Figure 11,
Effect of 3% Na-Montmorillonite on phase and

amplitude.
                          36

-------
different salinities.  The  clay-free  sample  has  essentially zero
phase shift while the clay  sample has  negative shifts.   This pro-
vides encouragement for the use of  the CR method  to  identify clay
zones.  Traditional resistivity methods which only measure  the
amplitude at D.C. cannot differentiate between a  saline  sand and a
formation containing clay.   The results here indicate  that  under
favorable circumstances, the CR method may be able to  make  such  a
distinction.  Because the method is sensitive to  low clay content,
which can have significant  effects  on  the hydraulic  conductivity
of a formation, it is anticipated that CR may be  of  significant
importance for hazardous waste site evaluation and other ground-
water studies.
     Figure 12 indicates the effect of clay  content  on amplitude
as a function of salinity for samples  of the same pore size.
Because the effect of frequency on  amplitude is small  at low fre-
quencies, a frequency of 10  Hz was  chosen for this analysis.  The
clean sample plots as a straight line  on the log-log plot,  in
agreement with Archie's Law.  The clay-bearing sample  also  plots
as a straight line, but with a smaller slope.  Run CG4 falls above
the straight line, however  it is believed that about one-half of
the clay was lost from the  sample between run CG3 and  CG4,  thus
causing the shift (see Section 6-clays).  The smaller  slope asso-
ciated with CG4 implies that a new  form of Archie's  Law  may be
developed for porous media  containing  clay with pore fluid  of low
salinity.  This form of Archie's Law may have the form:

                            PB = a = porosity
     m = cementation factor
    PB = bulk (formation) resistivity
    pf = fluid resistivity
     n = constant which depends on  the formation  clay  content
                                37

-------
 10.000
o
I

X
o
   1000 -
CO
III
cc
   100
          FREQUENCY = 10 hz
      .001
                                                         CQ1
                 CONCENTRATION NaCI (MOLARITY)
  Figure 12.   Effect of clay content on the impedance vs.

              salinity relationship.
                                38

-------
The data from these results  suggest  that  the  fluid  resistivity has
an exponent greater than one for  clay-bearing samples.   However,
because there were only three valid  data  points,  an attempt  was
not made to calculate  a value for n.   Archie's Law  is  semi-empiri-
cal in nature whereas  Waxman-Smits  (1968)  proposed  a model  that is
physically-based.  Future  experiments  to  compare  models  would be
simplified relative to this  study because  the results  of this
study show little to no dependence of  impedance amplitude over the
rarVge of frequency normally  used  in  the field.  Thus future  exper-
iments could be conducted  at one  frequency.
     Another significant result is that the samples have nearly
identical response for pore  fluids of  0.1  molarity  NaCl. Unfortu-
nately, there are no data  beyond  where the curves meet,  so  it is
not possible to say what will happen at higher NaCl concentra-
tions. It is generally assumed that  clay-containing formations
will have a lower resistivity than clean  formations due  to  the
additional surface conductance on the  clay.   Salinity  may influ-
ence this effect because volume conduction through  pores dominates
surface conduction at  high salinities.
                                 39

-------
                            SECTION  8

                           CONCLUSIONS

CONCLUSIONS

    Analysis of the data collected in these  experiments .leads  to
three primary conclusions:
1.  The impedance amplitude and phase data as  a  function  of  fre-
    quency agree quite well qualitatively with similar experiments
    by Olhoeft (1981).  The agreement between  this  study  and some
    experimental data by Klein and Sill  (1982) is somewhat ambigu-
    ous because they report positive phase shifts in  the  presence
    of clay.  This may be due to a difference  in definition,
    rather than a real difference.
2.  Amplitude/phase data are not affected by variation in grain
    size for clay-free samples.  This result implies  that hydrau-
    lic conductivity cannot be determined by amplitude/phase ;data
    because hydraulic conductivity is a  function of porosity and
    grain size.
3.  Clay-free samples have zero phase shift over the  range of
    frequency measurement, whereas the clay-bearing sample showed
    increasingly negative phase shifts from about 10  Hz through
    3500 Hz.  The amount of clay in the  sample was  only 3%, which
    is an indication that CR measurements may be quite sensitive
    to clay content and therefore useful for detecting changes in
    hydraulic conductivity that are due  to the presence of clay.
    Downhole CR data would be more useful than surface CR for
    clay-content determination for two reasons: a)  the vertical
    changes in hydraulic conductivity are very useful in  deter-
                                40

-------
    mining contaminant migration  in  groundwater,  and b)  surface
    measurements  cannot  provide the  detailed  resolution  necessary
    to delineate  important  changes  in  hydraulic  conductivity over
    a small vertical distance.
     Results of this study  show that the  presence of clay has a
significant effect on frequency dependent electrical properties of
a saturated porous medium.  Most  well  log interpretation strate-
gies that have been used  in hydrologic investigations ignore or
avoid this problem, thus  making the  interpretations  subject  to
significant error.  The  electrical effects  of  clay on a  saturated
porous medium need to be  understood  so that clay  content and vari-
ation can be determined.  Amplitude/phase data taken over a  range
of frequencies show promise for being  able  to  make these deter-
minations.  Further quantitative  laboratory work  needs to be done
to more fully understand  the  relationships  between amplitude/phase
information and clay content.
     Clay content information can be derived  from nuclear logging
techniques.  However, to  apply this  information  in interpreting
the electrical response  requires  an  indirect  relationship in-
volving the cation exchange capacity of the clay.  A model
accounting for the effect of  clay on amplitude that  is based on
phase information may be more direct.  An additional advantage of
CR over techniques using  active sources is- the elimination of the
logistical problems associated with  the radioactive  source.   The
potential advantages to downhole  CR  over  other methods may lend
further weight to the recommendation to develop a better under-
standing of the relationship  between amplitude/phase information
and clay content.
     The insensitivity of amplitude  and phase  to  grain size  varia-
tion provides a strong indication that hydraulic  conductivity
variations resulting purely from  grain size variations will  be
detectable with downhole  CR methods.   It  should be noted that this
is true only for non-reactive surfaces.   Information on  grain size
variation is very important for the  determination of hydraulic
conductivity variations,  and  it is recommended that  other downhole
methods be examined to determine  their potential  in  this area.
                                41

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                         REFERENCES  CITED


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Puller, B.D. and Ward,  S.H.  (1970)  Linear  system  description  of
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Halloff, P.G. and Klien, J.D.  (1982) Electrical parameters  of
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Hasted, J.B., Millany,  H.M.  and Rosen, D.  (1981)  Low-frequency
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                                46

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Jones, G. and Davies,  M.  (1975)  Dielectric  studies  of  zeolite
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Macdonald, J.R.  and  Barlow,  C.A.  (1963)  Relaxation,  retardation
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Pelton, W.H., Ward,  S.H.,  Hallof,  D.,  Sill,  W.  and  Nelson,  P.H.
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                                50

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Shankland, T.J. and Waff, H.S.  (1974)  Conductivity in  fluid-
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Sheuey, B.T. and Johnston, M. (1973)  On the  phenemenology of
     electrical relaxation  in rocks.  Geophy.,  V. 38, p.  37-48.

Sluyters-Rehbach, M.  and Sluyters,  J.H. (1969)  Sine wave methods
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                               51

-------
Smith,  S.S.  and  Arulanandan,  K.  (1981)  Relationship of electrical
     dispersion  to  soil  properties.  ASCE J.  Geotech.  Eng.  Div.r V.
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Strangway,  D.W.,  Chapman,  W.B.,  Olhoeft, G.  R.  and Carnes, J.
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     polarization.   Geophy., V.  22,  p.  660-687.

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     shaly sands-I. The relationship between hydrocarbon
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     134.
                                 52

-------
Winsauer, W.O.,  Shearin,  H.M.  Jr.,  Mason,  P.H.  and Williams,  M.
      (1952)  Resistivity of  brine-saturated sands  in relation  to
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      disseminated sulfied ores  containing  elongated
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      polarization phenomena in  disseminated sulfide ores.  Geophy.,'
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      salinity, porosity and matrix  conductivity in arenaceous
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      unconsolidated porous media:  Influence of  particle shape and
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      pgs.

Wynn, J.C. and Zonge,  K.L.  (1975)  EM coupling,  its intrinsic
     value; its  removal and the  cultural coupling  problem.
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Zonge, K.L. (1976) Method using  induced polarization  for  ore
     discrimination in disseminated  earth  deposits.  U.S.  Patent
      3,967,190.

Zonge, K.L. (1972) Electrical properties of rocks  as  applied to
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Zonge, K.L. and  Hughs, L.J. (1981)  The  Complex  Resistivity Method.
      In:  Advances in  Induced Polarization  and  Complex
     Resistivity, Univ. Ariz., pg.  140-163.

                                53

-------
Zonge, K.L. and Wynn, J.C. (1975) Recent advances and applications
     in complex resistivity measurements. Geophy., V. 40f p.  851-
     364.

Zonge, K.L., Sauck, W.A. and Sumner, J.S. (1972) Comparison of
     time, frequency, and phase measurements  in induced
     polarization.  Geophy. Pros., V. 20, p.626-648.

Zonge Eng. and Res. Organ, and Internat. Resource Consultants,
     Inc. (1979) The use of complex resistivity to assess ground
     water quality degredation resulting from oil well brine
     disposal. Tech. Rept. IRC-02-79. Submitted to the U.S.
     E.P.A., 63 pgs.
                               54

-------
    APPENDIX 1





GRAPHS OF EACH RUN
       55

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                                   Fr«qu«nou
                                78

-------
     APPENDIX 2





LISTING OF EACH RUN
         79

-------
                            GB1
GLASS BEADS 2.8-2.2 MM DIA. FILE GB1
RK=101820. 8/23/83  2100 HRS
,0001 MOLAR NACL
FREQ
(hz)
.349e+04
.3496*04
.3^96+04
.349e+04
.297e+04
.297e+04
.297e+04
.297e+04
.251e+04
.2516+04
.251e+04
.251e+04
.201e+04
.201e+04
.201e+04
.201e+04
.153e+04
.1536+04
.153e+04
.1536+04
.100e+04
.100e+04
.100e+04
.100e+04
.691e+03
.6916+03
.5016+03
.500e+03
.3036+03
.3036+03
.107e+03
.107e+03
.694e+02
.693e+02
.499e+02
.499e+02
.3006+02
.3006+02
.104e+02
IMP MAG
(ohm-cm)
273586.09
273841.16
273236.72
273174.38
264984.50
265292.06
265336.50
264399.22
258430.16
257701.52
257960.80
256915.16
250747.91
251389.58
250558.92
250624.14
245934.97
245830.98
245809.55
245263.27
240681.44
240746.44
240450.20
239743.06
238324.30
238484.78
237539.31
237793.45
236740.56
236737.20
235967. 88
236184.23
235822.14
234850.19
234403.56
234383.38
234011.67
234134.86
234070.33
S.D.
(ohm- cm)
607.54
564.75
570.12
631.37
544.81
498,35
404.61
725.17
488.98
420.34
442.85
558.52
829.45
826.81
808.81
960.20
671.43
711.95
636.65
646.44
498.33
524.52
501.21
488.15
357.27
371.70
3460.05
3510.67
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
PHASE
(mrads)
442.18
442.38
443.95
443.44
385.02
385.10
386.56
383.17
336.06
330.61
333.46
333.92
273.72
275.07
272.57
274.12
210.80
209.62
210.83
210.23
139.67
141.46
139.24
140.84
97.36
97.53
73.43
72.43
43.96
43.49
15.17
15.24
9.95
10.97
5.90
8.43
4.22
3.64
.54
S.D.
(mrads)
.08
.08
.08
.09
.08
.07
.06
.10
.07
.06
.07
.08
.14
.14
.13
.15
.11
.12
.11
.11
.08
.09
.09
.08
.06
.06
.63
.64
.24
.24
.03
.03
.15
.14
.03
.03
.04
.05
.03
THD
(*)
.101
.008
.092
.130
.069
.072
.058
.1-48
.060
.037
.108
.193
.054
.060
.052
.080
.040
.017
.021
.025
.071
.036
.048
.063
.031
.041
.020
.036
.016
.019
.037
.028
.019
.018
.015
.009
.047
.040
.033
J
(amp/cm*2)
.11e-07
.11e-07
. 11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
.116-07
.11e-07
,11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
. 11e-07
.11e-07
..11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
.11e-07
                              80

-------
.1046+02
.703e+01
.703e+01
.496e+01
.4966+01
.302e+01
.3026+01
.998e+00
.998e+00
.999e-01
.999e-01
233795.06
233986.30
233418.50
233796.41
233504.81
233180.92
233534.88
233093.09
233250.84
233642.45
233751.17
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
 1
-1
-2
.07
.27
.21
.54
.77
.85
.45
.83
.96
.37
.28
,03
.03
,03
.03
.03
.03
.03
,04
,03
,03
.03
.040
.031
.029
.051
.021
.033
.026
.036
.041
.021
.039
11e-07
11e-07
11e-07
11e-07
11e-07
11e-07
11e-07
11e-07
11e-07
11e-07
11e-07
     81

-------
                            GB2

GLASS BEADS 2.8-2.2 MM .0005 MOLAR NaCl rk=10004.ohms
8/23/83 2200 HRS ,
FREQ
(hz)
.3516+04
.351e+04
.35164-04
.3006+04
.300e+04
.3006+04
.251e+04
.251e+04
.251e+04
.201e+04
.2016+04
.2016+04
.1506+04
.150e+04
.1506+04
.1006+04
.100e+04
.1006+04
.7016+03
.701e+03
.400e+03
.400e+03
.203e+03
.203e+03
.104e+03
.104e+03
.7056+02
.705e+02
.402e+02
.402e+02
.204e+02
.204e+02
.1016+02
.1016+02
.701e+01
.701e+01
.399e+01
.399e+01
.209e+01
IMP MAG
(ohm-cm)
60660.37
60579.85
60748.79
60687.04
60828.87
60692.96
60843.13
60808.21
60870.77
60835.67
60852.36
60951.73
60890.69
60929.63
60944.52
60884.40
60937.41
60806.98
61004.57
67631.95
60940.04
61048.92
61072.39
60984.04
61297.80
61025.52
61176.85
61179.20
61213.16
61327.97
61303.26
61312.47
61350.92
61405.42
61454.14
61492.22
61517.72
61556.09
61628.27
S.D.
(ohm-cm)
85.82
100.59
109.97
82.34
84.01
92.89
82-77
72.10
59.62
179.98
179.55
189.93
150.78
158.20
153.04
117.41
117.30
118.77
89.44
99.38
700.90
692.56
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
PHASE
(mrads)
43.89
41.90
44.22
35.90
38.90
38.26
34.13
29.41
35.61
24.69
25.21
24.24
16.86
18.11
17.37
11.46
11.54
10.80
7.28
64.42
5.27
7.53
2.70
.41
.40
.87
-,30
-.82
-.46
-.22
-1.30
-1.34
-1.37
-.66
-1.78
-2.25
-1.80
-2.47
-2.06
S.D.
(mrads)
.07
.08
.08
.07
.07
.07
.06
.07
.06
.13
.12
.13
.11-
.11
.11
.09
.08
.09
.06
2.91
.50
.49
.03
.03
.03
.03
.18
.17
.03
.02
.03
.03
.02
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
THD
(*)
.115
.067
.052
.005
.040
.042
.045
.093
.108
.014
.090
.037
.020
.077
.063
.026
.051
.063
.025
5.072
.031
.034
.035
.024
.010
.024
.023
.016
.032
.036
.030
.045
.023
.029
.033
.027
.036
.039
.012
J
(amp/cm*2)
.65e-07
.66e-07
.65e-07
,65e-07
.65e-07
.656-07
.65e-07
.65e-07
.65e-07
.65e-07
.65e-07
.65e-07
.65e-07
.65e-07
.65e-07
.65e-07
.65e-07
.65e-07
.65e-07
.59e-07
.65e-07
.65e-07
.65e-07
»65e-07
.65e-07
.65e-07
.65e-07
.656-07
.65e-07
.65e-07
.65e-07
.65e-07
.64e-07
.64e-07
.64e-07
.64e-07
.64e-07
.64e-07
.63e-07
                              82

-------
.209e+01    61609.22      .00    -2.25      .03   .019     .63e-07
.106e+01    61636.32      .00     -.91      .03   .020     .63e-07
.106e+01    61781.59      .00    -1.61      .03   .035     .63e-07
.352e+00    61752.16      .00    -1.06      .03   .041     .62e-07
.353e+00    61870.18      .00    -1.32      .07   .029     .62e-07
.970e-01    61767.32      .00     2.35      .03   .017     .62e-07
.105e+00    61899.63      .00      .53      .03   .024     .62e-07
.3496-01    58176.28      .00     6.49      1.30  2.318     .65e-07
                                83

-------
                            GB3

GLASS BEADS 2.8-2.2 MM .001 MOLAR NACL RK=10004.
8/24/83 1515 lira
FREQ
(hz)
•354e+04
.354e+04
.354e+04
.3006+04
.300e+04
.3006+04
.249e+04
.249e+04
.249e-«.04
.203e+04
.203e+04
.203e+04
.150e+04
.150e+04
.150e+04
.978e+03
.978e+03
.978e+03
.704e+03
.704e+03
.409e+03
.409e+03
.204e+03
.205e+03
.104e+03
.104e+03
.349e+02
.3496+02
.105e+02
. 105e+02
.3526+01
.352e+01
.103e+01
.103e+01
.352e+00
. 352e+00
. 1.03e+00
.103e+00
.3506-01
.350e-01
IMP MAG
(ohm-cm)
42678.78
. 42826.13
42820.40
42971.98
42962.74
43042.71
43095. 10
43276.18
43188.25
43290.65
43347.11
43379.05
43458.34
43525.22
43538.35
43630.05
43695.00
43649.01
43795.46
43797.54
43825.49
43901.33
43954.87
44319.58
44341.72
44338.38
44442.69
44477.14
44639.79
44639. 12
44728.39
44771.60
44907.26
44943.74
44990.43
48303.28
45063.25
45117.96
45206.58
45275.36
S.D.
(ohm-cm)
72.07
75.74
74.53
75.59
64.49
65.75
58.73
58.19
65.30
132.50
131.40
130.79
105.64
112.15
111.40
84.24
78.87
84.58
60.67
65.65
514.38
525.74
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
PHASE
(mrads)
45.73
45.62
45.88
41.73
38.96
39.37
37.33
34.90
36.99
. 27.25
27.54
27 . 04
20.13
19.91
20.49
11.68
11.89
13.27
9.95
10.60
6.67
6.35
1.50
2.93
-.07
-.15
-1.16
-.98
-2.27
-2.03
-2.99
-.87
-.91
-.68
.30
13.82
1.05
-.03
.10
1.20
S.D.
(mrads)
.08
.07
.07
.07
.06
.06
.06
.06
.06
.13
.13
.13
.11
.11
.11
.08
.08
.08
.06
.06
.51
.52
.15
.17
.02
.02
.07
.07
.02
.02
.03
.02
.02
.03
.02
1.67
.02
.02
.02
.03
THD
(*)
.011
.080
.097
.037
.045
.054
.099
.098
.024
.028
.035
.063
.023
.034
.011
.042
.021
.031
.032
.006
.037
.030
.013
.052
.013
.012
.053
.015
.029
.038
.027
.019
.035
.038
.024
2.837
.050
.048
.033
.010
J
(amp/cm*2)
.82e-07
.82e-07
.82e-07
.82e-07
.82e-07
,82e-07
.82e-07
.816-07
.82e-07
.816-07
.816-07
.816-07
.816-07
.816-07
.816-07
.816-07
.816-07
.816-07
.816-07
.816-07
.SOe-0-7
.816-07
.80e-07
.80e-07
.80e-07
.80e-07
.80e-07
.80e-07
.79e-07
.80e-07
.79e-07
.79e-07
.78e-07
.78e-07
.77e-07
.72e-07
,76e-07
.76e-07
.76e-07
.76e-07
                              84

-------
                            GB4

GLASS BEADS 2.8-2.0 MM .005 MOLAR NACL RK=996.72
FILE GB4 8/24/83 1925 HRS
FREQ
(ha)
.3526+04
' .352e+04
'.352e+04
.298e+04
.298e+04
.298e+04
.2506+04
.2506+04
.2506+04
.200e+04
.2006+04
.2006+04
.1496+04
.1496+04
.1496+04
.101e+04
.101e+04
.101e+04
.701e+03
.701e+03
.404e+03
.404e+03
.205e+03
.205e+03
. 103e+03
.103e+03
.7066+02
•706e+02
.4016+02
.401e+02
.2016+02
.2016+02
.103e+02
.103e+02
.350e+01
.350e+01
.103e+01
.103e+01
IMP MAG
(ohm-Gm)
7054.20
7049.05
7065.57
7053.34
7051.33
7062.76
7032.03
7030.86
7058.07
7040.53
7045.48
7049.32
7036.23
7039.16
7044.95
7035.66
7051.06
7044.76
7037.12
7034.98
7033.91
7031.87
7047.32
7038.67
7048.94
7047.89
7044.50
7064.26
7048.06
7052.79
7053-94
7050.82
7059.56
7061.47
7064.04
7060.21
7062.17
7065.50
S.D.
(ohm-cm)
10.10
9.95
10.71
8.33
9.94
9.41
7.55
7.35
7.12
21.18
20.15
21.02
17.46
17.67
17.42
13-34
12.97
.13.09
9.23
9.68
81.70
81.95
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
PHASE
(mrads)
4.53
4.51
5.05
5.33
1.67
6.28
-1.17
7.73
.05
1.29
1.19
3.27
.91
1.27
.21
.74
-.28
-1.55
-5.06
-2.64
-.06
• -.69
-1.15
-.77
-.37
-.73
-3.81
-1.14
-.76
-2.56
-2.41
-1.43
-2.35
-1.79
-.43
1.19
-.98
.31
S.D.
(mrads)
.07
.08
.07
.07
.07
.07
.07
.07
.06
.14
.13
.13
.11
.11
.11
.08
.09
.09
.07
.07
.50
.51
.16
.15
.03
.03
.15
.15
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.04
.04
.04
.04
THD
(*)
.047
.054
.005
.046
.018
.036
.061
.061
.161
.060
.033
.031
.025
.039
.020
.024
.021
.032
.022
.020
.027
.041
.025
.022
.030
.008
.021
.021
.022
.020
.033
.030
.028
.032
.030
.022
.012
.006
J
(amp/cm*2)
,58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
, ,58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
,58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
..58e-06
.57e-06
.578-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.57e-06
.58e-06
.57e-06
.57e-06
.57e-06
.576-06
.56e-06
.56e-06
.56e-06
.56e-06
.56e-06
.56e-06
                              85

-------
                            GB5

GLASS BEADS .01MOLAR NACL 2.8-2.0 MM DIA. RK=996.72
8/24/83 2200 HRS
FREQ
(hz)
.3526+04
. 3526+04
.3526+04
.300e+04
.300e+04
.300e+04
.253e+04
.253e+04
.2536+04
.199e+04
.1996+04
.199e+04
.1526+04
.152e+04
.152e+04
IMP MAG
(ohm-cm)
3401.33
3394.71
3398.16
3394.56
3391.31
3394.58
3395.97
3397.93
3399.81
3392.73
3400.91
3395.19
3390.70
3396.81
3392.88
S.D.
(ohm-cm)
5.63
4.89
5.75
4.97
4.30
4.91
4.42
5.34
4.39
10.23
10.11
10.12
8.74
8.28
8.33
PHASE
(mrads)
5.25
5.23
5.51
3.68
6.90
3.96
2.58
4.87
4.62
2.98
2.75
3.38
2.17
2.19
2.39
S.D.
(mrads)
.07
.07
.08
.07
.07
.07
.06
.07
.06
.13
.13
.13
.12
.11
.11
THD
(*)
.091
.051
.034
.036
.121
.113
.01-6
.066
.061
.039
.060
.066
.006
.041
.032
J
(amp/cm*2)
.91e-06
.916-06
.91e-06
.91e-06
.91e-06
.91e-06
.91e-06
.916-06
.91e-06
.91e-06
.91e-06
.91e-06
.91e-06
.91e-06
.91e-06
                               86

-------
                            GB6

GLASS BEADS 2.8-3.0 MM DIA 0.05 MOLAR NACL RK=100.35
8/25/83 0810 HRS
FREQ
(ha)
.3516+04
.351e+04
.351e+04
.298e+04
.298e+04
.298e+04
.251e+04
.251e+04
.251e+04
. 199e+04
.199e+04
.199e+04
.155e+04
.155e+04
.155e+04
.9956+03
.995e+03
.995e+03
.703e+03
.7036+03
.404e+03
.404e+03
.203e+03
.203e+03
. 103e+03
.103e+03
.348e+02
.348e+02
.103e+02
.103e+02
.351e+01
.3516+01
.966e+00
.967e+00
.349e+00
.3496+00
.102e+00
.102e+00
IMP .MAG
(ohm-om)
707.61
707.21
707.48
708.96
707.53
707.87
708.01
708.39
709.30
708.25
708.17
709.41
707.31
710.69
705.95
707.74
710.17
708.96
708.72
7 1 1 . 36
707.86
709.59
711.05
710.63
709.67
710.75
711.41
7 1 1 . 78
710.86
711.49
711.67
711.02
711.56
711.55
708.55
714.21
712.21
711.75
S.D.
(ohm-cm)
1.08
1.06
1.05
.80
1.08
.91
.82
.73
.80
2.09
2.09
2.13
29.06
29.10
28.54
1.28
1.30
1.32
1.04
.91
8.26
8.27
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
PHASE
(mrads)
-.30
1.42
1.50
3.73
1. 16
1.54
-2.88
.69
3.85
1.03
-.62
-1.41
11.72
7.68
8.79
-2.03
-1.79
-2.82
-1.32
1.78
-.68
-1.72
-.52
-1.35
-2.20
-1.84
-1.01
-.37
-1.04
.26
-.12
-.47
.00
.12
-1.07
1.21
.18
-2.52
S.D.
(mrads)
.07
.07
.07
.07
.07
.07
.06
.06
.07
.13
.13
.13
1.78
1.77
1.76
.09
.09
.09
.07
.06
.51
.50
.17
.15
.03
.04
.07
.07
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.04
.04
THD
(*)
.079
.100
.064
.092
.041
.071
.033
.100
.050
.013
.010
.018
.047
.106
.096
.033
.034
.026
.008
.036
.058
.014
.025
.033
.024
.042
.019
.020
.076
.068
.037
.033
.020
.030
.018
.048
.053
.066
J
(amp/cm*2)
.51e-05
.51e-05
.51e-05
.51e-05
.51e-05
.51e-05
.51e-05
.51e-05
.51e-05
.51e-05
.51e-05
.51e-05
.496-05
.48e-05
.48e-05
.51e-05
.51e-05
.51e-05
.51e-05
.51e-05
.50e-05
.49e-05
.50e-05
.50e-05
.506-05
.50e-05
.49e-05
.49e-05
.49e-05
.49e-05
.49e-05
.49e-05
.48e-05
.48e-05
.45e-05
.45e-05
.33e-05
.33e-05
                              87

-------
                            GB7

GLASS BEADS 2.8-2.0 MM DIA 0.1 MOLAR NACL RK=100.35
8/25/83 1220 HRS
FREQ
(hz)
.351e+OU
.351e+04
.351e+04
.298e+04
.298e+04
.298e+04
.251e+04
.251e+04
.251e+04
.200e+04
.200e+04
.2006+04
.1516+04
.1516+04
.151e+04
.103e+04
.103e+04
.106e+04
.671e+03
.671e+03
.4076+03
.407e+03
.202e+03
.2026+03
.103e+03
.103e+03
.350e+02
.3506+02
.1056+02
.1056+02
.351e+01
.3516+01
.103e+01
.103e+01
.353e+00
•3536+00
.102e+00
.1026+00
IMP MAG
(ohm-cm)
378.20
377.41
377.65
378.83
378.05
378.23
377.08
377.01
377.03
377.77
377.33
377.51
377.40
377.59
377.37
376.96
376.36
376.83
376.72
377.05
376.12
377.48
377.09
377.04
377.90
376.89
377.15
377.51
377.38
377.23
377. 18
376.90
377.40
377.49
377.66
376.92
378.38
377.07
S.D.
(ohm-cm)
.62
.60
.61
.60
.55
.49
.44
.49
.45
1.12
1.10
1.11
.98
.91
.94
.72
.71
.76
.49
.49
4.47
4.48
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
PHASE
(mrads)
1.11
-1.40
.31
-.70
-1.59
-1.99
1.89
.60
-1.26
.12
1.26
.13
-.36
-.82
-1.25
-1.90
.77
-1.34
-1.56
-2.06
1.24
-.33
-.62
.52
-1.21
-.38
.09
-.61
.13
-.12
.30
.30
.22
.17
1.08
2.13
1.63
.08
S.D.
(mrads)
.08
.08
.08
.07
.07
.06
.06
.06
.07
.13
.13
.13
.11
.11
.11
.08
.08
.09
.06
.06
.51
.51
.18
.17
.03
.03
.07
.07
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.04
.04
THD
(*)
.060
.069
.062
.006
.065
.031
.064
.034
.043
.063
.065
.039
.044
.026
.030
.049
.044
.047
.029
.022
.021
.033
.027
.023
.022
.010
.027
' .024
.043
.034
.027
.035
.031
.027
.038
.068
.034
.054
J
(amp/om*2)
.71e-05
.71e-05
.71e-05
.71e-05
.71e-05
.71e-05
.71e-05
,71e-05
.71e-05
.71e-05
.71e-05
.716-05
.71e-05
.71e-05
.71e-05
.71e-05
.71e-05
.71e-05
.71e-05
.716-05
.70e-05
.70e-05
.706-05
.70e-05
.70e-05
.70e-05
.70e-05
.69e-05
.69e-05
.69e-05
.69e-05
.696-05
.68e-05
.68e-05
.616-05
.616-05
.38e-05
.39e-05
                             88

-------
                             GB8

 GLASS BEADS 2.8-2.0 MM DIA  .5 MOLAR NACL RK=100.35
 8/25/83  1450 HRS
  FHEQ
  Chz)
IMP MAG     S.D.
(ohm-cm) (ohm-cm)
.349e+04
.3496+04
.296e+04
.296e+04
.296e+04
.2526+04
.2526+04
.252e+04
.2026+04
.2026+04
.20-26+04
.1506+04
.150e+04
.1506+04
.1016+04
.1016+04
.1016+04
.7056+03
.7056+03
.4056+03
.404e+03
.2036+03
.2036+03
.1056+03
.1056+03
.3536+02
.353e+02
.1006+02
. 100e+02
.3486+01
.348e+01
.988e+00
.988e+00
.352e+00
.3526+00
.1006+00
. 100e+00
   87.60
   87.42
   87.82
   87.52
   87.33
   87.27
   87.53
   87.42
   87.38
   87.35
   87.42
   87.27
   87.62
   87.41
   87.47
   87.37
   87.33
   87.36
   87.01
   86.89
   86.84
   87.12
   87.06
   87.06
   87.20
   87.01
   87.15
   87.22
   87.16
   87.08
   87.08
   87.06
   87.12
   87.13
   86.91
   87.00
   87.14
   86.96
.18
.17
.17
.15
.17
.16
.16
.15
.10
.26
.26
.26
.22
.23
.22
.17
.16
.17
.14
.11
.02
.01
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.0.0
PHASE
(mrads)
-.98
-1.26
-.57
.40
-.27
-1.77
-5.51
-3.42
1.97
.33
-2.65
-.70
-1.44
-.05
-1.59
-1.63
-1.05
-.42
-2.10
-3.87
.46
-.42
-.28
.65
-.65
1.04
1.06
.49
-.46
.91
.58
-.23
.29
.53
-1.66
-.51
.21
1.59
S.D.
(mrads)
.08
.08
.08
.07
.07
.07
.07
.06
.05
.13
.13
.12
.11
.11
.11
.08
.08
.08
.06
.06
.51
.51
.17
.17
.03
.03
.07
.07
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.05
.05
THD
(*)
.026
.045
.010
.060
.031
.051
.028
.161
.087
.074
.090
.068
.032
.052
.027
.022
.069
.075
.059
.026
.056
.030
.032
.036
.017
.021
.019
.023
.024
.015
.016
.032
.051
.018
.026
.032
.032
.076
(amp/cm*2)

   .11e-04
   .11e-04
   .11e-04
   .11e-04
   .11e-04
   .11e-04
   .11e-04
   .11e-04
   .11e-04
   .11e-04
   .11e-04
   .11e-04
   .11e-04
   .11e-04
   .11e-04
   .116-04
   .11e-04
   .11e-04
   .11e-04
   .11e-04
   .116-04
   .116-04
   .11e-04
   .11e-04
   . 11e-04
   .11e-04
   .116-04
   .11e-04
   .11e-04
   .11e-04
   .116-04
   .11e-04
   .10e-04
   .106-04
   .91e-05
   .91e-05
   .50e-05
   .50e-05
                               89

-------
                            GB9

GLASS BEADS 850-600 UM DIA .0005 MOLAR NACL RK=101820 OHMS
8/26/83 1230 HRS
FREQ
(hz)
.349e+04
.349e+04
.3496+04
.299e+04
.299e+04
%. 299 e+04
.252e+04
.252e+04
.2526+04
.T99e+04
.1996+04
.199e+04
.155e+04
. 155e+04
.1556+04
.1056+04
.1056+04
.1056+04
.711e+03
.711e+03
.406e+03
.406e+03
.207e+03
.207e+03
.101e+03
.101e+03
.351e+02
.351e+02
.105e+02
.105e+02
.351e+01
.351e+01
.103e+01
.103e+01
. 352e+00
.352e+00
.103e+00
.103e+00
IMP MAG
(ohm-cm)
74427.15
73965.44
74224.28
72151.42
71982.29
71870.67
69913.53
70378.24
69721.06
68068. 16
67577.83
67565.57
66235.52
66356.44
66176.52
65221.03
65104.88
65185.71
64664.64
64678.77
64374.22
64136.67
64227.99
64175.20
63603.02
63975.81
63741.92
63794.94
63808.92
63695.16
63887.36
63836.79
63923.16
63965.78
63693.77
63831.72
63787.81
63703.52
S.D.
(ohm-cm)
230.49
284.03
233.21
197.91
265.50
230.93
250.45
265.00
304.81
290.01
274.30
230.26
191.98
260.01
256.15
154.90
147.11
202.90
210.06
109.67
764.29
766.22
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
PHASE
(mrads)
462.47
467.44
462.61
408.73
407.34
400.69
347.09
356.72.
352.98
284.20
286.85
283.79
223.60
226.36
220.98
154.74
154.80
154.84
117.17
103.91
61.27
61.12
31.80
32.45
17.02
17.40
4.34
6.53
-.02
2.87
-.99
1.23
1.04
-3.02
-.61
-5.30
2.03
-1.23
S.D.
(mrads)
.10 -
.13
.11
.09
.12
.11
.11
.12
.14
.16
.15
.14
.12
.14
.14
.09
.09
.11
.11
.06
. .51
.51
.18
.16
.07
.06
.09
.09
.05
.06
.06
.05
.07
.06
.06
.06
.05
.07
THD
(56)
.125
.160
.153
.132
.108
.097
.396
.164
.245
.044
.028
.069
.054
.036
.063
.054
.062
.045
.047
.061
.080
.084
.035
.048
.026
.018
.061
.047
.197
.161
.065
.043
.080
.078
.065
.085
.054
.042
J
(amp/cmA2)
.166-07
.166-07
.166-07
.166-07
.166-07
.166-07
.166-07
.166-07
.166-07
.166-07
.166-07
.166-07
.166-07
.166-07
.16e-07
.166-07
.166-07
.166-07
.I6e-07
.I6e-07
.166-07
.166-07
.I6e-07
.166-07
.166-07
.166-07
.I6e-07
.166-07
. 166-07
.I6e-07
.I6e-07
.166-07
.166-07
.I6e-07
.166-07
.I6e-07
.166-07
.166-07
                             90

-------
                            GB10

GLASS BEADS 850-600 UM DIA. .001 MOLAR NACL RK=10004 OHMS
8/26/83 1510 HRS
FREQ
(ha)
.348e+04
.348e+04
.348e+04
. 302e+04
.3026+04
.302e+04
.252e+04
.252e+04
.252e+04
.199e+04
.199e+04
.199e+04
.151e+04
.151e+04
.151e+04
.997e+03
. 997e+03
.997e+03
.706e+03
.706e+03
.406e+03
.406e+03
.201e+03
.2016+03
.978e+02
,978e+02
.3516+02
.3516+02
.1026+02
.102e+02
.352e+01
.352e+01
.102e+01
.1026+01
IMP MAG
(ohm-cm)
40067.80
40055.76
39960.85
40053.11
39892.63
39934.41
39930.39
39889.00
40001.90
39870.87
39936.61
39941.62
39819.45
39852.23
39811.58
39763.80
39807.22
39859.29
39623.92
39961.00
39906.50
39615.02
39728.62
39677.61
39712.36
39706.38
39726.74
39708.65
39732.15
39729.06
39789.45
39758.77
39808.27
39806.02
S.D.
(ohm-cm)
73.46
87.58
73.91
88.05
69.57
71.66
80.48
67.44
67.21
128.40
138.96
135.68
105.94
102.45
105.98
85.58
82.42
75.18
85.63
66.32
468.85
467.87
.00
.00
'.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
PHASE
(mrads)
45.38
47.65
47.41
42.69
40.56
39.07
36.55
37.40
31.83
29.58
29.32
27.38
23.24
20.36
20.67
14.07
14.27
13.22
13.05
10.71
6.34
6.18
2.62
4.91
.79
.56
.12
-.23
-2.03
-2.11
-.90
-.36
-.82
-.67
S.D.
(mrads)
.08
.08
.07
.08
.07
.07
.08
.07
.06
.14
.14
.14
.11
.11
.11
. -09
.09
.08
.08
.06
.51
.51
.16
.16
.03
.03
.07
.07
.03
.03
.03
.03
.04
.03
THD
(*)
.057
.052
.085
.061
.032
.059
.022
.059
.031
.050
.028
.041
.044
.033
.035
.028
.021
.016
.025
.030
.030
.028
.019
.034
.031
.030
.025
.012
.018
.024
.036
.013
.052
.021
J
(amp/cmA2)
.88e-07
.88e-07
.88e-07
,88e-07
.88e-07
.88e-07
.88e-07
.88e-07
.88e-07
.88e-07
.88e-07
.88e-07
.88e-07
.88e-07
.88e-07
.88e-07
.88e-07
.88e-07
.88e-07
.88e-07
.87e-07
.87e-OT
.88e-07
.88e-07
.88e-07
.88e-07
rt rt * •»
.88e-07
.87e-07
.87e-07
.87e-07
,86e-07
.86e-07
.84e-07
.85e-07
                              91

-------
                            GB11

GLASS BEADS 850-600 UM DIA .005 MOLAR NACL RKs10004. OHMS
8/26/83 1720 HRS
FREQ
Cfaz)
.3506+04
.350e+04
.350e+04
.3016+04
.301e+04
.3016+04
.2516+04
.251e+04
.2516+04
.199e+04
.1996+04
.199e+04
.1526+04
.152e+04
.152e+04
.9996+03
.9996+03
.999e+03
.711e+03
.711e+03
.4036+03
.403e+03
.205e+03
.205e+03
. 101e+03
.101e+03
.348e+02
.348e+02
.100e+02
.100e+02
•354e+01
.354e+01
.100e+01
.100e+01
IMP MAG
(ohm-cm)
8589.51
8615.44
8636.32
8593.74
8620.60
8631.17
8580.49
8624.38
8658.46
8619.87
8613.77
8562.07
8611.59
8610.30
8659.49
8637.78
8638.22
8609.26
8639.78
8616.72
8623.13
8608.22
8638.11
8643.32
8630.42
8644.43
»»»»»»»»»
32089.28
8629.19
8624.74
8619.15
8637.03
8618.91
8620.16
S.D.
(ohm-cm)
33.38
16.35
24.94
25.78
16.25
17.89
28.70
19.91
22.31
30.38
30.88
37.23
28.49
26.22
28.75
21.27
21.77
24.55
18.17
21.01
101.53
101.40
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
PHASE
(mrads)
8.26
5.68
-1.48
6.54
5.55
7.37
-4.93
6.83
.36
4.20
5.28
-.89
4.76
2.36
.01
1.39
.91
2.62
.63
-.07
.30
.85
-.76
-1.03
-.88
2.13
2674.10
745.45
.23
1.89
2.23
.37
.94
-1.29
S.D.
(mrads)
.13
.08
.10
.11
.07
.08
.11
.08
.09
.14
.15
.16
.13
.12
.13
.09
.10
.11
.08
.09
.51
.51
.17
.17
.04
.04
4.59
2.20
.04
.04
.04
.04
.03
.04
THD
(*)
.059
.113
.058
.148
.120
.063
.592
.101
.072
.164
.041
.120
.119
.106
.093
.080
.084
.073
.096
.101
.093
.061
.051
.044
.027
.093
***«*
»«»*»
.061
.048
.035
.067
.050
.090
J
(amp/cm*2)
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.596-07
.576-07
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
.15e-06
                             92

-------
                            GB12

GLASS BEADS 850-600 UM DIA. 0.01 MOLAR NACL RK=996.72
8/26/83 1950 HRS
FREQ
(hz)
.349e+OU
.3496+04
.349e+04
.302e+04
.302e+04
.3026+04
.251e+04
.251e+04
.251e+04
.202e+04
.202e+04
.202e+04
.153e+04
.153e+04
.153e+04
.100e+04
.100e+04
.100e+04
.709e+03
.709e+03
.4056+03
.405e+03
.202e+03
.202e+03
.105e+03
.105e+03
.345e+02
.345e+02
.1006+02
.1006+02
.346e+01
.346e+01
.' 101e+01
.1016+01
IMP MAG
(ohm-cm)
3836.89
3829.99
3830.11
3829.52
3833.62
3832.60
3839.61
3829.54
3828.62
3836.03
3822.75
3827.55
3831.53
3828.86
3831.17
3836.20
3833.40
3832.68
3820.26
3837.51
3833.00
3834.55
3835.17
3831.33
3840.60
3834.76
3840.01
3839.78
3843.29
3842.60
3846.43
3848.25
3836.99
3841.02
S.D.
(ohm-om)
6.32
5.92
6.20
5.06
6.32
5.94
4.82
4.33
3.80
12.27
11.93
11.53
9.75
9.73
9.02
6.89
7.29
7.82
5.38
4.63
44.55
44.67
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
PHASE
(mrads)
4.18
6.31
6.39
6.75
2.84
3.19
-.66
6.08
2.18
5.45
1.95
4.44
3-23
2.19
2.15
.59
.93
1.10
-4.14
3.42
-.80
.97
-.80
-1.46
-2.44
-2.63
-1.4-3
-1.57
-.79
-.35
-.83
-.47
.70
1.43
S.D.
(mrads)
.08
.07
.07
.06
.07
.07
.06
.06
.06
.14
.14
.13
.11
.11
.10
.08
.09
.09
.07
.06
.50
.5t
.17
.15
.03
.03
.07
.07
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
THD
(*)
.068
.073
.075
.024
.028
.018
.089
.050
.037
.033
.021
.030
.042
.014
.028
.027
.032
.023
.019
.021
.036
.021
.019
.029
.016
.031
.021
.032
.016
.020
.024
.021
.014
.029
J
(amp/cm*2)
.97e-06
.97e-06
.976-06
.97e-06
.97e-06
.97e-06
.97e-06
.97e-06
.97e-06
.976-06
.97e-06
.97e-06
.97e-06
.97e-06
.97e-06
.97e-06
.97e-06
.97e-06
.98e-06
,97e-06
.95e-06
.96e-06
.97e-06'
.97e-06
.97e-06
.97e-06
.97e-06
.97e-06
,97e-06
.97e-06
.97e-06
.96e-06
.95e-06
.95e-06
                             93

-------
                            GB13

GLASS'BEADS 850-600 UM DIA 0.005 MOLAR NACL RK=996.?2 OHMS
8/28/83 1610 HRS
FREQ
(hz)
.354e+04
.354e+04
.3546-4-04
.300e+04
.3006+04
.300e+04
.2526+04
.2526+04
.252e+04
.196e+04
.196e+04
.196e+04
.1526+04
.1526+04
. 152e+04
.1016+04
.1016+04
.1016+04
.710e+03
.710e+03
.4016+03
.4016+03
.202e+03
.202e+03
,1006+03
.100e+03
.3496+02
.349e+02
.9966+01
.996e+01
.348e+01
.348e+01
.991e+00
.991e+00
IMP MAG
(ohm-cm)
7629.90
7636.61
7613.28
7599.43
7622.13
7614.42
7629.35
7626.61
7628; 70
7629.61
7603.28
7621.65
7619.99
7634.36
7612.66
7631.17
7610.43
7615.97
7632.68
7647.03
7627.17
7634.22
7621.35
7375.64
7621.37
7635.69
7630.10
7624.97
7652.92
7650.76
7456.97
7645.52
7636.86
7638.60
S.D.
(ohm-cm)
13.13
12.86
12.52
8.94
10.95
11.44
7.95
8.55
10.42
21.49
. 22.19
22.37
20.27
19.04
19.86
14.40
13.89
14.04
3.46
3.92
87.90
88.45
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
PHASE
(mrads)
7.28
7.02
5.69
• 6.77
7.69
6.64
2.40
5.54
8.17
3.38
4.77
2.17
1.77
2.67
1.29
1.47
.45
.45
3.19
-.47
1.57
.56
-.67
-17.21
-1.39
.59
-1.12
-.81
-1.10
-1.27
• -33.09
1.60
.31
-.65
S.D.
(mrads)
.09
.09
.08
.06
.08
.08
.06
.07
.07
.13
.13
.13
, .12
.11
.11
.09
.09
.09
.03
.03
.50
.50
.17
.96
.03
.03
.07
.07
.03
.03
.92
.03
.03
.03
THD
(*)
.088
.110
.120
.085
.095
.098
.026
.077
.083
.121
.049
.055
.026
.016
.022
.042
.023
.012
.027
.022
.031
.031
.030
1.483
.030
.033
.015
.022
.022
.024
1.636
.020
.016
.032
J
(amp/cm~2)
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.57e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.58e-06
.57e-06
.58e-06
.56e-06
.56e-06
.57e-06
.55e-06
.55e-06
.55e-06
                             94

-------
                            GB14

GLASS BEADS 850-600 UM DIA 0.1 MOLAR NACL RK=100.35 OHMS
8/28/83 1825 HRS
FREQ
(hz)
.353e+04
.353e+04
.353e+04
.298e+04
.298e+04
.298e+04
.2496+04
.249e+04
.249e+04
.200e+04
.200e+04
.200e+04
. 151e+04
.151e+04
.151e+04
.104e+04
.104e+04
.104e+04
.697e+03
.697e+03
..402e+03
.402e+03
.200e+03
.2006+03
.106e+03
.106e+03
.3506+02
.3506+02
.992e+01
.992e+01
.3526+01
.352e+01
.102e+01
.1026+01
IMP MAG
(ohm-cm)
656.81
658.82
656.17
657.04
656.05
659.27
657.30.
657.69
658.03
658. 12
657.64
657.66
657.56
657.79
657.75
656. 13
656.66
657.92
654.27
656.88
656.24
658.19
657.53
657.95
657.14
656.90
657.73
658.07
657.72
657.72
656.76
657.33
656.67
657.29
S.D;'
(ohm-cm)
1.,21
1 .'21
1.41
.96
.88
1.02
.83
.69
.87
1.98
1.88
2.03
1.65
1.70
1.71
1.28
1.31
1.26
.89
.97
. 7.70
7.54
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
PHASE
(mrads)
-.45
.52
1.62
2.50
2.05
-.14
.00
2.37
-4.29
.92
1.26
1.83
-.78
.87
-1.24
2.30
.03
-1.14
-1.48
.36
-.80
1.56
-.81
1.21
-.73
-2.18
.23
1.32
.57
.72
-1.05
-.34
.24
-.02
S.D.
(mrads)
.09
.09
.09
.07
.07
.08
.07
.07
.08
.14
.13
.14
.11
.11
.12
.09
.09
.09
.07
.07
.51
.50
.16
.16
.03
.03
.07
.07
.03
.03
.03
.04
.04
.04
THD
(*)
.090
.081
.131
.009
.026
.110
.091
' .037
.074
.010
.055
.022
.051
.040
.026
.029
.047
.053
.036
.022
.031
.042
.029
.017
.023
.038
.029
.015
.017
— - ^
.016
.019
.021
.019
.023
J
(amp/cm^)
.57e-05
,56e-05
.57e-05
.57e-05
.57e-05
.56e-05
.57e-05
.56e-05
.56e-05
.56e-05
.56e-05
.57e-05
.56e-05
.56e-05
.57e-05
.56e-05
.56e-05
.56e-05
.56e-05
.56e-05
.55e-05
.56e-05
.55e-05
.55e-05
.55e-05
.55e-05
.55e-05
.55e-05
,54e-05
.54e-05
.54e-05
.54e-05
.53e-05
.53e-05
                             95

-------
                            GB15

GLASS BEADS 150-106 UM DIA .0005 MOLAR NACL ACIDIFIED
RK=10004. OHMS 8/29/83 1800 HRS
FREQ
(ha)
.3536+04
.3536+04 .
.3536+04
.298e+04
.298e+04
.298e+04
.255e+04
.255e+04
.255e+04
.201e+04
.2016+04
.201e+04
.1486+04
.150e+04
.1506+04
.998e+03
.9986+03
.998e+03
.701e+03
.701e+03
.404e+03
.404e+03
.202e+03
.2026+03
.104e+03
.IOOe+03
.344e+02
.344e+02
. 100e+02
. 100e+02
.350e+01
.350e+01
.102e+01
.1026+01
. 348e+00
.348e+00
.103e+00
.103e+00
IMP MAG
(ohm- cm)
40716.74
40698.96
40694.25
40610.84
40491.22
40519.45
40570.20
40515.92
40526.51
40491.75
40438.32
40401.06
38179.66
39907.68
39925.52
39850.27
39790.86
39782.44
39887.41
39802.33
39607.36
39557.01
39520.18
39473-87
38565.91
39370.91
39262.84
39211.52
39159.47
39150.21
39136.74
39063.88
38954.71
38923.91
38827.40
38756.34
38675.07
38526.02
S.D.
(ohm- cm)
72.25
' 76.06
62.60
60.83
65.66
62.33
63.98
64.05
61.06
121.27
122.34
118.24
81.40
97.46
105.42
88.60
74.66
74.38
47.62
58.31
462.93
459.90
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
PHASE
(mrads)
50.36
49.13
49.99
42.24
41.26
41.73
36.86
35.62
35.50
28.97
28.29
29.30
21.40
23.19
22.53
15.36
14.14
14.78
11.19
9.72
6.44
9.05
3.32
4.84
1.11
.67
-.07
-.43
-.60
-1.65
-.47
-.13
-.22
-.11
.49
-.18
1.76
2.02
S.D.
(mrads)
.07
.08
.07
.06
.07
.07
.06
.06
.06
.13
.13
.12
.09
.11
.11
.09
.08
.08
.06
.06
.51
.50
.17
.17
.03
.03
.07
.07
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
' .03
.03
THD
(*)
.015
.048
.057
.027
.045
.038
.052
.052
.049
.016
.023
.047
.013
.016
.024
.025
.018
.051
.024
.026
.015
.027
.015
.025
.010
.027
.008
.056
.017
.021
.032
.025
.027
.022
.020
.026
.034
.010
J
(amp/cnT2)
.146-06
.I4e-06
.I4e-06
.146-06
.146-06
,14e-06
,l4e-06
.14e-06
.I4e-06
.146-06
.146-06
.146-06
.146-06
.146-06
.146-06
.14e-06
.146-06
.146-06
.146-06
.146-06
. 13e-06
.I4e-06
.14e-06
.I4e-06
.I4e-06
.I4e-06
- . I4e-06
.I4e-06
.I4e-06
.146-06
. I4e-06
.I4e-06
.13e-06
.13e-06
.13e-06
.13e-06
.136-06
.136-06
                             96

-------
GLASS BEADS 150-106 UM DIA .
GB16
001 MOLAR
NACL RKs1
0004.
8/29/83 2010 HRS
FREQ
(hz)
.3526+04
.352e+04
.352e+04
.3016+04
.301e+04
.301e+04
.249e+04
.249e+04
.249e+04
.1996+04
.199e+04
.199e+04
.1496+04
.1496+04
.1496+04
.101e+04
.101e+04
.1016+04
.695e+03
.695e+03
.404e+03
.404e+03
.201e+03
.201e+03
. 106e+03
.106e+03
.347e+02
.347e+02
.1026+02
.102e+02
.3476+01
.347e+01
.1026+01
.1026+01
.349e+00
.3496+00
. 100e+00
.1006+00
IMP MAG
(ohm-cm)
29589.99
29515.40
29505.95
29535.93
29480.97
29385.40
29410.79
29293.46
29284.79
29282.46
29221.60
29187.80
29165.33
29106.20
29072.78
29046.17
29009.92
28935.72
28916.55
28903.06
28785.66
28803.14
28689.46
28649.99
28598.29
28558.98
28554.96
28523*49
28537.92
28476.88
28500.29
28463.26
28441.93
28407.09
28345.99
28285.52
28155.29
28035.94
S.D.
(ohm-cm)
64.84
58.42
54.77
52.32
65.20
56.34
50.03
57.87
51.03
92.35
100.16
104.85
84.91
74.44
75.15
62.03
50.74
63.58
30.37
44.50
338.19
338.43
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
. .00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
PHASE
(rnrada)
53.98
53.93
54.38
48.11
45.42
48.82
37.46
36.60
41.35
31.71
31.06
31.29
23.21
24.66
24.23
15.64
18.82
18.34
8.93
10.39
6.66
7.00
2.87
4.15
1.69
1.32
.10
-.40
-1.92
-.63
-.75
-1.96
-.74
-.01
.61
-.32
2.37
.61
S.D.
(mrads)
.08
.08
.08
.07
.08
.07
.06
.07
.07
.13
.14
.14
.12
.11
.11
.09
.08
.09 '
.05
.06
.51
.51
.17
.17
.03
.03
.07
.07
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.04
.03
THD
(*)
.108
.014
.074
.061
.031
.006
.073
.052
.036
.027
.031
.058
.027
.016
.039
.035
.016
.034
.020
.019
.026
.041
.032
.032
.013
.012
A ^% /*
.026
.014
M M S
.036
.020
.021
.014
.007
.008
.024
.017
.026
.014
                        OHMS
                        (amp/cm"2)

                            .166-06
                            .166-06
                            .I6e-06
                            .166-06
                            .166-06
                            .I6e-06
                            .166-06
                            .166-06
                            .166-06
                            .166-06
                            .I6e-06
                            .166-06
                            .166-06
                            .I6e-06
                            .I6e-06
                            .166-06
                            .I6e-06
                            .I6e-06
                            .I6e-06
                            .I6e-06
                            .166-06
                            .I6e-06
                            .I6e-06
                            .166-06
                            .I6e-06
                            .17e-06
                            .I6e-06
                            .I6e-06
                            .I6e-06
                            .I6e-06
                            .166-06
                            .I6e-06
                            .I6e-06'
                            .166-06
                            .166-06
                            .I6e-06
                            .I6e-06
                            .I6e-06
97

-------
                            GB18

GLASS BEADS 150-106 UM DIA 0.01 MOLAR NACL RK=996.72 OHMS
8/30/83 1315 HRS JGH
 FREQ     IMP MAG     S.D.
 (hz)     (ohm-cm) (ohm-cm)
.350e+04
.350e+04
.350e+04
.299e+04
.299e+04
.299e+04
.249e+04
.249e+04
.249e+04
.200e+04
.200e+04
.200e+04
.151e+04
.151e+04
.151e+04
.999e+03
.999e+03
.999e+03
.700e+03
.700e+03
.400e+03
.400e+03
.199e+03
.199e+03
.102e+03
. 102e+03
.351e+02
.351e+02
.9986+01
.998e+01
.349e+01
.3496+01
.994e+00
.994e+00
.346e+00
,346e+00
.101e+00
.1016+00
3522.33
3521.92
3521.88
3526.84
3521.99
3525.41
3510.58
3512.27
3519.90
3516.55
3511.98
3517.55
3510.68
3516.26
3510.91
3512.56
3516.16
3510.62
3505.77
3520.96
3510.30
3505.28
3511.60
3506.64
3509.77
351^.50
3511.36
3513.47
3515.93
3516.82
3509.95
3513.41
3509.03
3509.58
3504.53
3501.23
3501.77
3498.16
5.55
5.87
5.77
5.10
5.68
5.07
3-91
4.17
4.08
10,08
10.47
10.69
9.01
9.11
8.93
6.50
6.95
6.89
4.94
4.54
••' 41.00
40.83
.00
,00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00.
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
5.12
5.62
7.39
3.11
2.88
4.79
.89
8.05
6.58
2.95
2.66
3.83
2.40
2.43
3.16
2.54
.98
1.24
.32
-.21
-.04
.03
-1.24
.46
.33
-.59
-1.32
-1.04
-.63
.09
.42
.72
1. 10
.56
-.09
-.74
— /•
.56
.36
PHASE
(mrads)
5.12
5.62
7.39
3.11
2.88
4.79
.89
8.05
6.58
2.95
2.66
3.83
2.40
2.43
3.16
2.54
.98
1.24
.32
-.21
-.04
.03
-1.24
.46
.33
-.59
-1.32
-1.04
-.63
.09
.42
.72
1.10
.56
-.09
-.74
.56
.36
S.D.
(mrads)
.08
.07
.07
.06
.07
.06
.05
.06
.06
.13
.13
.13
.11
.11
.11
.09
.09
.08
.05
.05
.51
.50
.15
.17
.03
.02
.07
.07
.02
.02
.02
.02
.03
.03
.03
.02
.03
.03
THD
(*)
.078
.010
.037
.066
.045
.034
.060
.051
.097
.027
.024
.033
.053
.010
.021
.018
.035
.036
.023
.036
.019
.019
.023
.018
.020
.016
.024
.044
.041
.024
.022
.030
.033
.025
.009
.021
.009
.021
J
(amp/cmA2)
.12e-05
.12e-05
.12e-05
.12e-05
.12e-05
.12e-05
.12e-05
.126-05
.126-05
,12e-05
.12e-05
.12e-05
.12e-05
.12e-05
.12e-05
.12e-05
.12e-05
.126-05
.126-05
.12e-05
.12e-05
.126-05
.12e-05
,12e-05
.12e-05
.12e-05
.12e-05
.12e-05
.11e-05
.11e-05
.11e-05
.11e-05
' .116-05
.11e-05
.11e-05
.11e-05
.11e-05
.11e-05
                             98

-------
                            GB19

GLASS BEADS 150-106 UM DIA 0.05 MOLAR NACL RK=100.35 OHMS
8/30/83
FREQ
(hz)
.353e+OH
.3536+04
.3536+04
.297e+04
.297e+04
.297e+04
.250e+04
.250e+04
.250e+04
.201e+04
.201e+04
.2016+04
.150e+04
.150e+04
.150e+04
.9966+03
.996e+03
.9966+03
.706e+03
.707e+03
.4076+03
.407e+03
.201e+03
.201e+03
.999e+02
.999e+02
.348e+02
.348 e+02
.974e+01
.974e+01
.347e+01
.347e+01
.100e+01
.100e+01
IMP MAG
(ohm-cm)
785.82
785.78
785.78
785.80
786.22
784.96
783.79
786.52
785.02
784.24
784.45
784.51
785.47
784.70
784.89
783.72
784.56
784.60
783.85
781.55
784.88
783.62
784.79
785.16
785,00
786.55
785.70
784.60
783.22
785.49
785.05
783.50
784.44
783.59
S.D.
(ohm-cm)
1.17
1.14
1.14
1.06
1.15
1.05
.87
.71
.91
2.32
2.28
2.33
1.96
1.93
1.96
1.41
1.43
1.43
1.05
.97
9.41
9.10
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
,00
.00
.00
.00
PHASE
(mrads)
.13
.57
.57
.27
1.03
1.95
-1.85
-1.81
.91
1.57
-.63
.14
.70
1.71
.62
-1.31
-.67
-.05
-1.52
-5.15
.89
-.94
-.91
-.64
.60
-2.11
-.15
.64
.06
.30
.42
.79
.94
.81
S.D.
(mrads)
.06
.07
.07
.06
.06
.06
.05
.05
.05
.14
.13
.13
.11
.11
.12
.08
.08
.08
.06
.06
.52
.50
.16
.16
.03
.03
.07
.07
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
THD
(*)
.021
.009
.009
.047
.013
.031
.100
.019
.134
.043
.053
.051
.014
.032
.029
.018
.027
.024
.026
.030
.012
.059
.036
.031
.025
.035
.030
.069
.034
.021
.023
.028
.021
.018
J
(amp/cm^)
.63e-05
.64e-05
.64e-05
.63e-05
.63e-05
,64e-05
.64e-05
.63e-05
.63e-05
.63e-05
.63e-05
.63e-05
.63e-05
.63e-05
.63e-05
i .63e-05
.636-05
.63e-05
.63e-05
.63e-05
.63e-05
.62e-05
.62e-05
.62e-05
.62e-05
.62e-05
.6le-05
,6le-05
.616-05
,6le-05
,6le-05
6* *% *»
1e-05
.60e-05
.60e-05
                              99

-------
GLASS BEADS 150-106 UM DIA 0.1 MOLAR NACL RK=100.35
  PREQ    IMP MAG     S.D.     PHASE     S.D.    THD       J
  (hz)    (ohm-cm)  (ohm-cm)  (mrads)  (mrads)   (%)   (amp/cnT2)

3540.      407.1      0.6       1.3      0.1     0.07      10.
2980.      407.2      0.6       0.9      0.1     0.05      10.
2470       406.9      0.5       1.0      0.1     0.05      10.
2010.      407.2      1.2      -0.3      0.1     0.04      10.
1540.      407.1      1.0      -0.8      0.1     0.02      10.
1000.      407.0      0.8      -1.6      0.1     0.02      10.
 702.      405.4      0.6       1.2      0.1     0.02      10.
 404.      407.0      4.75      0.5      0.5     0.02      10.
 205.      407.1      0.0      -0.6      0.2     0.02      10.
 103.      407.5      0.0      -1.0      0.0     0.02      10.
  35.0     407.0      0.0       0.9    •  0.1     0.03      10.
  10.5     406.4      0.0       1.0      0.0     0.03      TO.
   3.47    406.4      0.0       0.2      0.0     0.03       9.7
   1.00    405.7      0.0       0.9      0.0     0.03       8.6
                              100

-------
                      CG1

GLASS BEADS 2.8-2.0 MM  3 %  WT  NA  MONT  0.1  MOLAR  NACL RK=100.35
8/31/83 1410 HRS
FREQ
(fas)
.3476+04
.34764-04
.300e+04
.3006+04
.2506+04
.250e+04
.2016+04
.201e+04
.150e+04
.150e+04
.987e+03
.987e+03
.7066+03
.706e+03
.4o4e+03
.404e+03
.200e+03
.200e+03
.1016+03
.101e+03
.704e+02
.704e+02
.398e+02
.398e+02
.200e+02
.2006+02
.100e+02
.1006+02
.708e+01
.7086+01
.400e+01
.400e+01
.199e+01
.199e+01
.102e+01
.102e+01
.719e+00
.7196+00
.396e+00
IMP MAG
(ohm-cm)
374.73
375.27
374.44
375.31
376.58
375.33
360.63
375.52
376.45
376.22
377.41
377.19
379.32
379.15
379.85
378.98
380.89
380.51
382.15
381.65
381.53
381.71
382.19
382.22
382.26
382.14
382.18
381.77
381.83
381.41
381.20
380.91
381.27
381.13
381.35
381.11
381.02
381.79
381.65
                      22
                        1
                      S.D.
                   (ohm-cm)
 69
 55
 44
 46
 58
 43
 32
.13
.93
.94
.74
.73
.51
.57
.42
.42
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
PHASE
(mrads)
-7.45
-6.96
-4.35
-7.58
-9.55
-5.91
-90.91
-8.05
-8.02
-8.58
-7.29
-8.56
-9.88
-8.08
-5.97
-5.91
-5.77
-6.07
-4.93
-2.94
-3.86
-3-30
-.91
-.88
-.42
-.11
.06
.29
-.52
.05
-.30
.48
-.67
-.27
-.33
-.08
-.17
-.95
.29
S.D.
(mrads)
.08
.07
.06
.06
.07
.06
1.90
.14
.11
.11
.08
.09
.06
.07
.50
.50
.16
.17
.03
.03
.15'
.15
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.02
.04
.04
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
THD
(*)
.062
.029
.028
.036
.055
.080
4.348
.052
.044
.058
. .014
.025
.019
.019
.030
.034
.015
.013
.017
.027
.025
.040
.022
.042
.021
.038
.026
.035
.021
.017
.024
.048
.058
.026
.039
.019
.020
.029
.028
(amp/cnT2)

   .73e-05
   .736-05
   .73e-05
   .73e-05
   .736-05
   .73e-05
   .73e-05
   .73e-05
   .73e-05
   .73e-05
   .73e-05
   .73e-05
   .72e-05
   .72e-05
   .72e-05
   .72e-05
   .71e-05
   .716-05
   .71e-05
   .71e-05
   .70e-05
   .71e-05
   .70e-05
   .70e-05
   .70e-05
   .70e-05
   .70e-05
   .70e-05
   .70e-05
   .70e-05
   .70e-05
   .70e-05
   .69e-05
   .69e-05
   .68e-05
   .68e-05
   .67e-05
   .67e-05
   .62e-05
                             101

-------
.396e+00     382.11      .00     -.16       .04    .018     .62e-05
.198e+00     381.42      .00    -1.19       .04    .025     -51e-05
.198e+00     381.58      .00      .07       .04    .026     .51e-05
.993e-01     382.59      .00     -.61       .06    .039     .35e-05
•993e-01     382.41      .00      .15       .05    .021     .35e-05
.696e-01     380.34      .00      .86       .07    .041     .28e-05
.696e-01     382.16      .00    -3-50       .07    .060     .27e-05
.398e-01     380.99      .00     3.10       .13    .183     .I8e-05
.398e-01     382.29      .00    -3.12       .11    .164     .l8e-05
.197e-01     386.21      .00    17-39       .31    .210     .95e-06
.197e-01     372.65      .00    -8.38       .32    .254     .95e-06
.985e-02     398.54      .00     2.07       .82    .501     .51e-06
•347e-02     234.94      .00   -61.21     7.42  8.024     .19e-06
.1016-02     485.23      .00  3274.90     6.73  »*»**     .55e-07
                             102

-------
GLASS BEADS 2.8-2.0 MM 3
8/31/83 2300HRS JGH
   CG2

% NA-MONT 0.05 MOLAR NACL RK=100.35
FREQ
(hz)
.350e+04
.3506+04
.2996+04
.2996+04
.2496+04
.249e+04
.197e+04
.197e+04
.1496+04
.1496+04
.997e+03
.997e+03 •
.701e+03
.701e+03
.402e+03
.402e+03
.200e+03
.200e+03
.102e+03
. 102e+03
.6976+02
.697e+02
.398e+02
.3986+02
.201e+02
.200e+02
.101e+02
.101e+02
.7316+01
.731e+01
.400e+01
.400e+01
.202e+01
.2016+01
. 103e+01
.1036+01
.693e+00
.693e+00
.400e+00
IMP MAG
(ohm-cm)
465.24
464.51
464.31
464.66
466.84
465.43
466.75
466.69
467.70
468.12
470.31
468.95
471.51
467.65
472.83
472.49
474.77
475.18
476.92
477.09
478.87
478.22
478.71
480.06
479.69
I | J m •** j
479.65
-479.48
480.66
480.43
479.66
479.98
480.18
479.92
479.64
479.99
479.86
481.18
480.72
481.11
S.D.
(ohm-cm)
.86
.77
.65
.61
.56
.53
1.41
1.41
1.18
1.16
.84
.87
.58
.57
5.51
5.41
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
. .00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
,00
.00
.00
.00
PHASE
(mrads)
-7.64
-10. 18
-9.79
-8.02
-7.40
-11.42
-9.06
-8.23
-9.82
-9.86
-11.24
-9.28
-7-02
-11.52
-8.92
-6.55
-7.98
-8.26
-5.78
-7.44
-4.83
-4.76
-3.02
-3-52
-2.31
-2.14
.28
-.39
.03
-.60
.57
-.44
.88
.50
.75
-.49
.74
.34
.12
S.D.
(mrads)
.09
.08
.07
.07
.07
.07
.13
.13
.11
.12
.08
.08
.07
.07
.50
.50
.15
.16
.02
.02
.15
.! .15
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.02
.04
.04
.03
.03
.03
.04
.13
.12
.03
.04
.04
THD
(*)
.083
.020
.117
.091
.055
.050
.049
.023
.027
.032
.039
..024
.038
.027
.028
.016
.027
.012
.036
.015
.028
.023
.017
.034
.011
.031
.051
.032
.027
.020
.025
.021
.015
.038
.024
.034
.023
.022
.037
J
(amp/cm*2)
.626-05
.62e-05
.62e-05
.62e-05
.62e-05
.62e-05
.62e-05
.62e-05
.62e-05
.62e-05
.62e-05
.62e-05
.62e-05
.62e-05
.60e-05
.616-05
.60e-05
.60e-05
.60e-05
.60e-05
.59e-05
.59e-05
.596-05
.59e-05
.58e-05
.58e-05
.58e-05
.58e-05
.58e-05
.58e-05
,58e-05
.58e-05
.58e-05
.58e-05
.57e-05
.576-05
.56e-05
.56e-05
.53e-05
                            103

-------
.745e-01
•398e-01
.101e-01
•348e-02
481
482
481
481
480
536
82
45
75
99
09
68
517.39
 '00
 .00
 .00
 .00
 .00
 .00
 .00
6.04
-1.46
 -.78
 4.42
 5.15
18.38
35.50
14.75
                             1
.04
.04
.07
.34
.11
.98
.40
.041
 625
.039
.059
.108
.927
.501
                             .536-05
                              45e-05
                              SfI-05
                              33e-05
                              24e-05
                             .17e-05
                             . 17e-05
                             .18e-05
104

-------
.400e*00    897.84     .00   -.67     .03   -025   .22.-05
:S!S88    85:S     :g   -       '•    '•     ':   :
.984e-01    898.84     .00    .98     .03   -0^5    ^J^|

ill    II     III     i   IB   a
                       106

-------
                            CG4

GLASS BEADS 2.8-2.0 MM 356 NA-MONT 0.005 MOLAR MACL RK=996.72
9/6/83 1145 HRS
FREQ
(hz)
.352e+04
.3526+04
.301e+04
.301e+04
.2496+04
.249e+04
.200e+04
.200e+04
.149e+04
.1496+04
.102e+04
.102e+04
.702e+03
.403e+03
.2016+03
.106e+03
.715e+02
.398e+02
.202e+02
.988e+01
.705e+01
.398e+01
.202e+01
.103e+01
.715e+00
.400e+00
.199e+00
.1056+00
.738e-01
.420e-01
.2006-01
.102e-01
.3046-02
IMP MAG
(ohm-cm)
.2468.77
2468.60
2479.81
2478. 15
2488.40
2489.46
2503.10
2502. 13
2517.53
2516.13
2534.18
2536.55
2551.49
2569.95
2596.89
2616.39
2626.51
2638.15
2651.59
2661.64
2667.66
2672.30
2674.95
2675.10
2672.23
2675.64
2676.83
2676.22
2682.02
2686.78
2693.43
2654.64
2703.55
S.D.
(ohm-cm)
3.64
3.53
2,92
3.02
2.71
2,87
7.46
7.44
6.15
6.11
4.84
4.72
3.52
29.69
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
PHASE
(mrads)
-33.90
-33.83
-33.54
-32.42
-30.65
-35.09
-31.18
-31.55
-30.26
-30.32
-29.12
-28.54
-27.35
-20. 12
-18.97
-15.56
-15.08
-12.18
-10.79
-8.13
-6.96
-4.45
-2.46
-1.47
-.51
-.91
-.87
-.88
.95
.96
-5.31
-17.31
-37.72
S.D.
(mrads)
.07
.06
.05
.06
.05
.05
.13
.13
.11
.11
.08
.08
.06
.50
.17
.02
.15
.02
.02
.02
.03
.02
.02
.02
.02
.03
.03
.03
1.20
1.07
.08
.21
5.28
THD
(*)
.051
.025
.035
.017
.045
.045
.006
.015
.019
.015
.021
.018
.013
.028
.012
.019
.013
.016
.009
.006
.014
.012
.018
.009
.019
.024
.013
.033
.035
.050
.079
.169
.278
j
(amp/cm~2)
,25e-05
.25e-05
.25e-05
,25e-05
,25e-05
.256-05
.25e-05
,25e-05
.25e-05
.20e-05
.20e-05
.20e-05
.206-05
,20e-05
.206-05
,19e-05
.196-05
.196-05
.19e-05
.186-05
.186-05
.186-05
.I8e-05
.186-05
.186-05
.13e-05
.13e-05
.13e-05
.126-05
.11e-05
.94e-06
.65e-06
.166-06
                            107

-------
                            CG5

GLASS BEADS 2.8-2.0 MM 3% NA-MONT 0.001 MOLAR NACL RK=10004
9/6/83 1440 HRS
FREQ
(hz)
.348e+04
.348e+04
.299e+04
.299e+04
.250e+04
.250e+04
.204e+04
.204e+04
. 1506-1-04
.1506+04
. 101e+04
.101e+04
.704e+03
.403e+03
.202e+03
.106e+03
.7l6e+02
.399e+02
.201e+02
.998e+01
.701e+01
.400e+01
.199e+01
.100e+01
.647e+00
.3966+00
.200e+00
.988e-01
.665e-01
.398e-01
.200e-01
.1016-01
.349e-02
IMP MAG
(ohm-cm)
3530.62
3536.40
3552.98
3557.43
3569.72
3558.07
3563.43
3585.83
3600.18
3607.46
3640.39
3633.02
3647.86
3668.68
3708.72
3728.05
3764.08
3788.59
3809.48
3845.97
3860.92
3904.03
3944.02
3983.11
4008.83
4033.05
4053.19
4096.77
4106.47
4146.22
4206.84
4195.97
4011.28
S.D.
(ohm-cm)
15.36
15.96
11.30
11.85
10.89
12.38
20.05
13.99
13.13
10.52
10.86
8.50
8.42
43.13
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
PHASE,
(mrads)
4.36
4.97
6.48
1.60
1.68
-3.84
-4.03
-6.46
-9.96
-11.54
-12.15
-18.88
-15.34
-19.60
-17.44
-17.02
-17.72
-19.28
-16.24
-18.21
-18.62
^22 . 96
-19.9"6
-16.63
-12.62
-13.75
-9.60
-7.02
-3.87
-4.39
-9.41
-46 . 36
86.62
S.D.
(mrads)
.14
.15
.11
.11
.11
.11
.20
.15
.14
.12
.11
.09
.08
.51
.16
.06
.17
.06
.06
.06
.07
.06
.06
.06
.06
.06
.07
.10
.12
.18
.30
.49
1.21
THD
(*)
.302
.033
.055
.122
.107
.130
.070
.145
.085
.056
.072
.062
.054
.042
.036
.039
.049
.037
.131
.032
.075
.008
.062
.052
.063
.033
.032
.076
.061
.221
.297
.541
1.447
J
(amp/cm~2)
.36e-06
.36e-06
.36e-06
.36e-06
.36e-06
.36e-06
.36e-06
.36e-06
.36e-06
.36e-06
.36e-06
.36e-06
.36e-06
.35e-06
.35e-06
.35e-06
.35e-06
.35e-06
.35e-06
.35e-06
.35e-06
.34e-06
.34e-06
.33e-06
.33e-06
.33e-06
.336-06
.33e-06
.33e-06
.33e-06
.32e-06
.30e-06
.24e-06
                             108

-------
                            CG6

GLASS BEADS 2.8-2.0 MM 3% NA-MONT. 0.0005 MOLAR NACL RKr10004.
9/6/83 1900 HRS
FREQ
(hz)
.346e+04
.346e+04
.2996+04
.2996*04
,250e*04
,250e+04
.200e+04
.200e+04
.150e+04
.150e+04
.101e+04
.101e+04
.697e+03
.403e+03
.202e+03
.101e+03
.696e+02
.400e+02
.199e+02
.991e+01
.704e+01
.399e+01
.199e+01
.1016+01
.684e+00
.396e+00
.198e+00
.102e+00
.706e-01
.3996-01
.211e-01
.9)92e-02
.3476-02
IMP MAG
(ohm-cm)
6768.23
6770.64
6772.44
6768.58
6790.51
6750.28
6841.18
6820.57
6851.46
6866.98
6913.94
6890.70
6931.44
6998.57
7047.91
7087.62
7142.54
7169.39
7212.22
7278.14
7303.92
7356.75
7415.41
7466.27
7504.33
7534.48
7557.36
7608.34
7610.44
7639.37
7701.75
7808.69
8275.25
S.D.
(ohm-cm)
12.86
.17.43
16.93
12.42
12.61
19.45
22.13
24.24
19.85
17.65
15.35
13.72
18.46
83.04
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
PHASE
(mrads)
26.49
27.78
19.55
20.14
13.70
15.13
6.81
4.80
.06
2.32
-6.80
-6.28
-15.51
-15.86
-13.'11
-13.84
-9.19
-14.33
-13.47
-16.08
-13.91
-15.40
-15.01
-12.32
-10.50
-7.82
-5.46
-2.81
-2.48
-.31
6.47
6.48
-69.97
S.D.
(mrads)
.07
.09
.08
.07
.07
.10
.13
.14
.12
.11
.09
.08
.09
.51
.17
.06
.16
.06
.06
.06
.06
.06
.06
.06
.06
.06
.03
.03
.03
.03
1.21
.08
1.01
THD
(*)
.069
.065
.091
.055
.178
.181
.077
.027
.049
.069
.060
.078
.034
.040
.024
.023
.023
.030
.021
.032
.028
.023
.005
.018
.022
.088
.038
.032
.045
.015
.031
.077
1.034
J
(amp/cm*2)
.29e-06
.29e-06
.29e-06
.29e-06
.29e-06
.29e-06
.29e-06
.29e-06
.29e-06
.29e-06
.29e-06
.29e-06
.29e-06
.28e-06
.28e-06
.28e-06
.28e-06
.28e-06
,28e-06
.28e-06
.28e-06
.28e-06
.27e-06
.27e-06
.27e-06
.26e-06
.26e-06
,26e-06
.26e-06
.26e-06
.24e-06
.25e-06
.21e-06
                             109

-------