FINAL
BEST DEMONSTRATED AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY (BOAT)
BACKGROUND DOCUMENT FOR
D006 CADMIUM WASTES
Larry Rosengrant, Chief
Treatment Technology Section
Jose E. Labiosa
Project Manager
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Solid Waste
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, DC 20460
May 1990
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This document was prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Solid Waste, by Versar Inc. under Contract No.
68-W9-0068. Mr. Larry Rosengrant, Chief, Treatment Technology Section,
Waste Treatment Branch, served as the EPA Program Manager during the
preparation of this document and the development of treatment .standards
for the D006 wastes. The technical project officer for the waste was
Mr. Jose Labiosa. Mr. Steven Silverman served as legal advisor.
Versar personnel involved in the preparation of this document
included Mr. Jerome Strauss, Program Manager; Mr. Stephen Schwartz,
Assistant Program Manager; Mr. Edwin F. Rissmann, Principal Investigator
and Author; Ms. Justine Alchowiak, Quality Assurance Officer; Ms. Martha
Martin, Technical Editor; and Ms. Sally Gravely, Program Secretary.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page No,
1. INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY 1-1
2. INDUSTRIES AFFECTED AND WASTE CHARACTERIZATION 2-1
2.1 Industries Affected and Process Descriptions 2-1
2.1.1 Production of Inorganic Cadmium Compounds.... 2-1
2.1.2 Users of Inorganic Cadmium Compounds 2-3
2.2 Waste Characterization 2-4
2.3 Determination of Waste Treatability Group 2-5
3. APPLICABLE AND DEMONSTRATED TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 3-1
3.1 Applicable Treatment Technologies 3-1
3.1.1 Applicable Technologies for Nonwastewaters.. 3-1
3.1.2 Applicable Technologies for Cadmium-
Containing Batteries 3-3
3.1.3 Applicable Technologies for Wastewaters 3-4
3.2 Demonstrated Treatment Technologies 3-4
3.2.1 Demonstrated Technologies for
Nonwastewaters 3-4
3.2.2 Demonstrated Technologies for Cadmium-
Containing Batteries 3-5
3.2.3 Demonstrated Technologies for Wastewaters ... 3-6
4. PERFORMANCE DATA 4-1
4.1 Performance Data for Nonwastewaters 4-2
4.1.1 Performance Data for High-Temperature
Metals Recovery 4-2
4.1.2 Performance Data for Stabilization 4-3
4.2 Performance Data for Wastewaters 4-3
5. DETERMINATION OF BEST DEMONSTRATED AVAILABLE
TECHNOLOGY (BOAT) 5-1
5.1 BOAT for Nonwastewaters 5-1
5 . 2 BOAT for Wastewaters • 5-2
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED)
6. DEVELOPMENT OF BDAT TREATMENT STANDARDS 6-1
6.1 BDAT Treatment Standards for Nonwastewaters 6-1
6.2 BDAT Treatment Standards for Wastewaters 6-1
6.3 BDAT Treatment Standards for Cadmium Battery
Wastes 6-2
7. REFERENCES 7-1
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LIST OF TABLES
Page No.
Table 1-1 BOAT Treatment Standards for D006 -
Wastewaters 1-4
Table 1-2 BOAT Treatment Standards for D006 -
Nonwastewaters 1-4
Table 1-3 BOAT Treatment Standards for D006 -
Cadmium Batteries 1-4
Table 4-1 Treatment Performance Data for High-Temperature
Metals Recovery of K061 Waste: Waelz Kiln
(EPA-Collected Data) 4-5
Table 4-2 Treatment Performance Data for High-Temperature
Metals Recovery of K061 Waste: Plasma Arc Reactor . 4-7
Table 4-3 Treatment Performance Data for High-Temperature
Metals Recovery of K061 Waste: Rotary Hearth/
Electric Furnace 4-8
Table 4-4 Treatment Performance Data for High-Temperature
Metals Recovery of K061 Waste: Molten Slag System . 4-9
Table 4-5 Treatment Performance Data for Stabilization of
K061 Waste (EPA-Collected Data) 4-10
.Table 4-6 Treatment Performance Data for Stabilization of
F006 Waste 4-12
Table 4-7 Stabilization of Ferrous Foundry Wastes 4-14
Table 4-8 Treatment Performance Data for Chemical Precipita-
tion and Vacuum Filtration 4-15
Table 6-1 BOAT Treatment Standards for D006 Nonwastewaters ... 6-3
Table 6-2 BOAT Treatment Standards for D006 Wastewaters 6-3
Table 6-3 BOAT Treatment Standards for D006 - Cadmium
Batteries 6-3
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1. INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
Pursuant to section 3004(m) of the Resource Conservation arid Recovery
Act (RCRA) as enacted by the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA)
on November 8,.1984, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is
establishing treatment standards based on the best demonstrated available
technology (BOAT) for cadmium-containing wastes. These wastes are
identified in 40 CFR 261.24 under the waste code D006. Compliance with
these treatment standards is a prerequisite for placement of these wastes
in facilities designated as land disposal units according to 40 CFR
Part 268. The effective date of final promulgated treatment standards
for D006 wastes will be August 8, 1990.
This background document presents the Agency's rationale and technical
support for developing regulatory standards for these wastes. Sections 2
through 6 present waste-specific information for the D006 wastes. Sec-
tion 2 presents the number and location of facilities believed to be
affected by the land disposal restrictions, the waste-generating process,
and waste characterization data. It is possible that other industrial
operations generating cadmium wastes mayvnot have been covered in Sec-
tion 2. Section 3 discusses the technologies used to treat the waste (or
similar wastes), and Section 4 presents available performance data,
including data on which treatment standards are based. Section 5 explains
EPA's determination of BOAT. The treatment standards for cadmium wastes
are determined in Section 6.
The BOAT program and promulgated methodology are more thoroughly
described in two additional documents: Methodology for Developing BOAT
Treatment Standards (USEPA 1989a) and Generic Quality Assurance Project
Plan for Land Disposal Restrictions Program ("BOAT") (USEPA 1988a). The
petition process to be followed in requesting a variance from the BOAT
treatment standards is discussed in the methodology document (USEPA
1989a).
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Based on responses to EPA's 1986 National Survey of Hazardous Waste
Generators, the Agency has gathered information indicating that at least
three facilities presently generate D006 wastes from the production of
cadmium pigments and that at least seven other facilities produce the .
wastes from the manufacture of other cadmium compounds. The battery and
metal finishing industries also include a large number of generators of
cadmium-containing wastes.
D006 wastes are generated as either nonwastewaters or wastewaters.
For the purpose of determining BOAT and compliance with the promulgated
standards, a wastewater is defined by the Agency as a waste containing
less than 1 percent (weight basis) total suspended solids* and less than
1 percent (weight basis) total organic carbon (TOC). Wastes not meeting
this definition must comply with the treatment standards for nonwaste-
waters. The Agency is promulgating treatment standards for D006 as
proposed. Nonwastewater forms of D006 are divided into two subcategories:
(1) cadmium batteries and (2) other cadmium nonwastewaters. All
wastewater forms of 0006 wastes must meet the same treatment standards.
Stabilization is BOAT for D006 nonwastewaters (other than cadmium-
containing batteries). At proposal, the performance data available to
EPA showed that wastes similar to D006 wastes could be treated by
stabilization so that a treatment level of 0.14 mg/1, as measured by
TCLP, could be achieved. Commenters responding to the treatment stand-
ards submitted data on the stabilization of D006 wastes showing that the
standard of 0.14 mg/1, measured by TCLP, may not be achievable for all
* The term "total suspended solids" (TSS) clarifies EPA's previously used
terminology of "total solids" and "filterable solids." Specifically,
the quantity of total suspended solids is measured by Method 209c
(Total Suspended Solids Dried at 103 to 105°C) in Standard Methods
for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 16th'Edition (APHA, AWWA,
and WPCF 1985).
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D006 wastes. EPA was unable to determine from these data whether a
separate treatability subcategory was merited. However, these data
support promulgating a treatment standard of 1.0 mg/1 as measured by TCLP.
Thermal recovery is BOAT for D006 nonwastewaters in the "Cadmium-
Containing Battery Subcategory" based on thermal recovery data available
for K061 wastes. EPA has determined that well-designed and well-operated
high-temperature recovery furnaces can treat D006 wastes such that the
concentration levels of cadmium left behind in furnace residue:; (i.e.,
slag or clinker) are allowable for land disposal under Section 3004(m) of
HSWA. However, the air pollution control devices (APCDs) of these high-
temperature furnaces can generate wastewater and nonwastewater forms of
D006 that may require further treatment for cadmium as a prerequisite for
land disposal. For the purpose of the rule, wastes from these APCDs that
must meet the TCLP toxicity criteria for cadmium are no longer considered
D006 wastes belonging to the D006 wastes in the Cadmium-Containing Battery
Subcategory. The APCD wastes are instead considered nonwastewater and
wastewater forms of D006 wastes. Applicable treatment standards for D006
wastes must then be met prior to disposal. EPA's determination of BOAT
and the provisions for APCD wastes are supported by comments submitted on
the promulgated standards for D006 in the Cadmium-Containing Battery
Subcategory.
Chemical precipitation followed by filtration is BOAT for D006
wastewaters. The data available to EPA show that a treatment standard of
0.20 mg/1 is achievable for D006 wastewaters. However, EPA recognizes
the diversity of wastes that qualify as hazardous under the D006
classification. These wastewaters include those from APCD systems in use
at facilities using high-temperature metals recovery technologies,
wastewater forms of D006 wastes generated by chemical and pigment
production facilities, and a wide variety of other cadmium-containing
aqueous solutions.
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Comments on the promulgated treatment standard pointed out that a
treatment standard of 0.20 mg/1 could be achieved for cadmium wastewaters
not containing complexing agents and other interfering ingredients.
However, these commenters also discussed the presence of such
constituents in some types of D006 wastewaters. Because of this
diversity, EPA has chosen to regulate D006 wastewaters at 1.0 mg/1. EPA
believes even the most difficult to treat D006 wastes can be treated to
this level.
The BOAT for commercial cadmium batteries is thermal recovery as a
method of treatment. This standard applies to all waste cadmium
batteries generated by commercial facilities. Some commenters have
inquired as to whether the thermal recovery standard applies to discarded
small appliances. The Agency notes that generators of household wastes
consisting of discarded small appliances would be small quantity
generators of cadmium-containing battery wastes and thus are excluded
from all Subtitle C regulation under 40 CFR 261.4 (b)(l) and 261.1 (b).
However, should such batteries and battery-containing household items be
a hazardous waste, and not be excluded from regulation, they would be
covered by the prohibition. The BOAT treatment standards for cadmium are
summarized in Tables 1-1 through 1-3.
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Table 1-1 BDAT Treatment Standard for D006 - Wastewaters
Regulated Maximum for anv single grab sample
constituent Total composition (mg/1)
Cadmium 1.0
Table 1-2 BDAT Treatment Standard for D006 - Nonwastewaters
Regulated Maximum for anv single grab sample
constituent TCLP (mg/1)
Cadmium 1.0
Table 1-3 BDAT Treatment Standard for D006
Commercial Cadmium Battery Wastes
THERMAL RECOVERY AS A METHOD OF TREATMENT
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2. INDUSTRIES AFFECTED AND WASTE CHARACTERIZATION
As defined in 40 CFR 261.24, D006 wastes are wastes that exhibit the
characteristic of EP toxicity for cadmium. In other words, D006 wastes
have a cadmium concentration of greater than 1.0 mg/1, as measured by the
EP Toxicity Leaching Procedure. Section 2.1 describes the industries
believed to be affected by the land disposal restrictions for D006 wastes
and describes the processes identified by EPA that may generate these
wastes. It is possible that some industries generating D006 wastes are
not discussed in this section. Section 2.2 summarizes the available
waste characterization data for these wastes. Section 2.3 uses the
Agency's analysis of the sources of D006 wastes and waste composition to
divide D006 wastes into several waste treatability groups.
2.1 Industries Affected and Process Descriptions
The industries affected by the land disposal restrictions for D006
wastes are (1) the inorganic chemicals industry, which produces various
inorganic cadmium compounds, and (2) industries that use cadmium
compounds to manufacture various products. Processes in industries that
may generate cadmium-containing wastes are discussed below.
2.1.1 Production of Inorganic Cadmium Compounds
The major manufactured cadmium compounds may be classified into three
groups: (1) cadmium pigments, (2) soluble cadmium salts used in the
electroplating and battery industries, and (3) high-purity cadmium
sulfide and cadmium oxide used in the semiconductor and electronics
industries. These classes of materials are discussed separately below.
(1) Cadmium pigments. The term "cadmium pigments" refers to a
group of cadmium sulfide-based pigments that range in color from light
yellow to deep red. Cadmium pigments are used for the colorization of
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plastics, artists' colors, and other quality paints. Differences in
color are achieved by adding zinc, selenium, and barium salts to the
process.
To produce cadmium pigments, cadmium metal is digested in sulfuric
acid to form a cadmium sulfate solution. Often nitric acid is added to
increase the reaction rate. A yellow pigment is produced by adding zinc
sulfate to this solution and mixing with an aqueous solution of sodium
sulfide. A red or orange pigment is made by adding selenium. Barium
sulfide is used in place of the sodium sulfide to produce less intense
pigments, A few plants also add barium sulfate, in suspension, along
with the sodium sulfide as an alternative procedure for generating less
intensely colored pigments.
After addition of the sulfide-containing solution (or suspension),
the pigment precipitate (chiefly cadmium sulfide) is recovered by
filtration, washed, and calcined. The pigment is then ground, rewashed
to remove residual traces of sodium sulfate and other soluble materials,
redried, and packaged for sale.
Treatment of the wastewaters from this process generates wastewater
treatment sludges that contain high levels of cadmium compounds.
(2) Soluble cadmium salts. Cadmium chloride, sulfate, and nitrate
are all produced by dissolving cadmium metal in the appropriate mineral
acids (Versar 1980). The resulting solutions are then evaporated to
recover the desired products. The majority of soluble cadmium salts are
used in electroplating operations and as active anode material in
silver-cadmium and nickel-cadmium batteries. The small amounts of
wastewaters from these processes are generally combined with wastewaters
from other production areas prior to chemical treatment before
discharge. This chemical treatment normally generates wastewater
treatment sludges containing cadmium.
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(3) High-purity cadmium sulfide and cadmium oxide. High-purity
cadmium sulfide and cadmium oxide are produced by proprietary processes
for use in component fabrication operations in the semiconductor and
electronics industries. A limited amount of information on these
processes has been published (Parker 1978). The available information
indicates that cadmium-containing wastes (both nonwastewaters and
wastewaters) are likely to be generated by these processes.
2.1.2 Users of Inorganic Cadmium Compounds
The largest single use of cadmium salts is in electroplating
operations. Use of cadmium salts in electroplating rinse waters results
in the generation of a number of cadmium-containing wastes. Many of
these wastes are identified as the electroplating wastes F006, F007,
F008, and F009 and are addressed in the Best Demonstrated Available
Technology (BOAT) Background Document for F006 (USEPA 1988c) and the Best
Demonstrated Available Technology (BOAT) Background Document for Cyanide
Wastes (USEPA 1989c) .
The second largest use of cadmium compounds is the use of cadmium
pigments for colorization of plastics, in artists' colors, and in other
quality paints. Use of cadmium pigments involves mechanical formulation
operations of paint, ink, and plastic products. The processes used to
manufacture these products generate cadmium-containing wastes including
rinse waters and spilled and off-specification products that contain
cadmium.
The third largest use of cadmium compounds is in the battery
industry. Cadmium hydroxide is used as the active anode material in
silver-cadmium and nickel-cadmium batteries. Manufacture of these anodes
includes a number of mechanical pasting operations that may generate
spilled materials containing cadmium. Subsequent incorporation of the
anodes into finished batteries may generate additional wastes consisting
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of off-specification anodes and batteries. Washdown of production areas
generates wastewaters containing cadmium. Chemical treatment of the
wastewaters generates cadmium-containing waste sludges.
The use of high-purity cadmium oxide and cadmium sulfide in the
production of electronic components generates cadmium-containing wastes
from component fabrication operations. Most of these wastes consist of
particulates and scrap solids high in cadmium content.
Cadmium is also used in small quantities to produce specialty
alloys. These operations do not generate significant amounts of waste.
2.2 Waste Characterization
The Agency has waste composition information from 3007 Questionnaire
responses from the three current manufacturers of cadmium pigments. The
wastewater treatment sludges generated by these facilities contain about
50 percent cadmium sulfide, with smaller amounts of cadmium selenide and
zinc sulfide. The Agency also has detailed composition information on
the wastewaters from which these sludges were generated from past EPA
Office of Water effluent guidelines studies (USEPA 1982) .
The Agency also has information from 145 facilities generating D006
wastes. Sixty-three of these facilities generated nonwastewater forms of
D006, 76 generated wastewaters, and the remainder generated both (or it
was indeterminable which form of waste they generated). Data on these
facilities were obtained from the 1986 National Survey of Hazardous Waste
Generators (USEPA 1986a). The data in this survey, however, are
insufficient to present a comprehensive picture of current waste
generated by process and region. Cadmium concentrations in the wastes
were as follows:
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Below 1 ppm 24 plants
1-10 ppm 46 plants
10-100 ppm 37 plants
100-500 ppm 11 plants
500-1,000 ppm 6 plants
10,000-10,000 ppm 6 plants
10% to 25% 2 plants
25% to 50% 2 plants
Over 50% 2 plants
Twenty-five generators reported generation of wastes that contained
organics. Levels of organics present in these wastes were as follows:
Less than 10% 16 plants
10% to 50% 8 plants
Over 50% 1 plant
The organics present were those normally associated with paint, paint
removal, or plastics manufacturing (e.g., methyl ethyl ketone, methyl
isobutyl ketone, toluene, acetone, methylene chloride, and phthalate
esters).
Several facilities showed cyanides to be present. Process
descriptions from those facilities indicated the source of the cyanides
to be electroplating operations. Most plants reported the presence of
other EP-toxic metals in the wastes in addition to cadmium. Tine metals
most frequently identified were lead, zinc, and chromium. Some of these
facilities were foundries or other metalworking operations.
2.3 Determination of Waste Treatabilitv Group
EPA believes that wastes with the same waste code produced in
different processes in an industry or in different industries may, in
some cases, not be treated to similar concentrations using the same
technologies. In these instances, the Agency may subdivide a waste code
into several treatability groups. This is done when the chemical forms
of the wastes are different and the wastes require different treatments
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or combinations of treatments. For example, inorganic and organometallic
compounds containing the same metals frequently require different types
of treatment.
Based on a careful review of available information on the generation
of D006 wastes and available waste characterization data, the Agency has
determined that D006 wastes comprise three treatability groups:
nonwastewaters, wastewaters, and cadmium-containing batteries. The last
treatability group includes cadmium-mercury and cadmium-silver cells in
addition to nickel-cadmium batteries.
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3. APPLICABLE AND DEMONSTRATED TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
Section 2 established three treatability groups for D006 wastes.
This section identifies the treatment technologies that are applicable to
these groups and determines which, if any, of the applicable technologies
can be considered demonstrated for the purpose of establishing BOAT.
To be applicable, a technology must to treat the waste of concern or
a similar waste. For detailed descriptions of the technologies
applicable for these wastes, or for wastes judged to be similar, see
EPA's Treatment Technology Background Document (USEPA 1989b). To be
demonstrated, the technology must be employed in full-scale operation for
the treatment of the waste in question or a similar waste. Technologies
available only at pilot- and bench-scale operations are not considered in
identifying demonstrated technologies.
3.1 Applicable Treatment Technologies
3.1.1 Applicable Technologies for Nonvastewaters
EPA has identified technologies applicable to nonwastewater forms of
D006 wastes. These are discussed separately in the following subsections.
(1) High-temperature metals recovery. Presently, two types of
high-temperature metals recovery operations are in use for reclamation of
cadmium for wastes. The first type is used at commercial primary zinc
smelters, which accept wastes with high concentrations of cadmium and
zinc sulfides. These wastes are blended with sulfide ores and fed to
reverbatory furnaces along with coke. Zinc and cadmium metals volatilize
from the roasting operation and are collected together by condensation.
The crude zinc is then refined electronically to separate the cadmium,
which is recovered separately as the metal.
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Commercial smelters generally accept cadmium- and zinc-bearing
residues only if they have zinc and cadmium content similar to that of
the ores normally processed. These facilities normally blend the
residues with purchased ore prior to processing. Use of residuals with
cadmium and zinc concentrations different from normally used feed
materials requires process modifications. For this reason, high-
temperature metals recovery using smelters is limited to wastes with
cadmium or zinc contents equivalent to the amounts found in common ores.
A second form of high- temperature metals recovery in use for waste
treatment is a modification of the standard process for production of
zinc oxide. In this process, the waste is blended with coke, silica, and
lime and fed to a high- temperature furnace. Chemical reactions occur
between the zinc and cadmium 'sul fides present, oxygen, and carbon to form
elemental zinc and cadmium. For cadmium, these reactions are:
2CdS + 302 - 2S02 + 2CdO
2CdO + C - 2Cd + C0
Elemental zinc and cadmium volatilize and react with oxygen to
re-form the oxides. The oxides are then collected from the hot gases
emerging from the furnace in baghouses. The impure zinc oxide generated
is then purified to separate out cadmium, which is recovered and
purified. High- temperature metals recovery is discussed in the Treatment
Technology Background Document (USEPA 1989b) .
(2) Stabilization technologies. Stabilization technologies
involve mixing the waste with binders, such as lime, fly ash mixtures,
cement, or concrete mixtures. Water is then added, and the mixture sets
into a solid mass that can be land disposed. Stabilization technologies
are discussed in detail in the Treatment Technology Background Document
(USEPA 1989b).
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(3) Chemical precipitation. Chemical precipitation technologies
are normally used to treat wastewaters. They may also be used, however,
to treat dilute suspensions of solids in water. These technologies will
be discussed in Section 3.1.3 on wastewaters.
(4) Incineration. Incineration is applicable to treatment of D006
wastes containing organics. Incineration treatment destroys the organic
compounds contained in the wastes. During incineration, some of the
cadmium present in the waste volatilizes and is removed as the metal or
the oxide in the scrubber water; the rest remains in the solid residue
(ash). The residuals (scrubber water and ash) can be treated by the
technologies applicable to treatment of wastewaters and nonwastewaters
containing no organics.
3.1.2 Applicable Technologies for Cadmium-Containing Batteries
Recovery has been identified as an applicable technology for
treatment of cadmium-containing battery wastes. Cadmium may be recovered
from these wastes using pyrometallurgical techniques or" smelting
techniques, as described in Section 3.1.1(1).
Cadmium recovery from cadmium-containing batteries has been practiced
in Europe since the 1970s. The metal is removed from liquid wastes by
precipitation, flocculation, sedimentation, flotation, and separation and
dewatering of the sludge. Pure cadmium metal is obtained through
separation by electrolysis (Barring 1983). The Japanese have also
developed recycling operations to recover cadmium from cadmium-containing
batteries, starting in the 1970s. Cadmium is obtained by feeding the
waste materials containing cadmium into a rotary kiln. In the kiln,
cadmium compounds are converted to cadmium oxide, which condenses in the
cooling zone and is collected in powder form (Ohira 1986).
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3.1.3 Applicable Technologies for Wastewaters
(1) Chemical precipitation. Chemical precipitation is applicable
to wastewater forms of D006. This technology typically involves addition
of lime, caustic, or a sulfide compound to the wastewater solution with
pH adjustment. Cadmium hydroxide or cadmium sulfide precipitates from
solution and is collected by filtration. The collected solids may then
be. further treated by high-temperature metals recovery or stabilization
prior to disposal. The treated wastewater may be further treated or
discharged. Chemical precipitation is discussed in the Treatment
Technology Background Document (USEPA 1989b).
(2) Ion exchange. This technology is applicable to treatment of
wastewaters containing relatively low concentrations of dissolved
metals. The metal must be in a soluble ionic form in order to be removed
by this technology. The waste is passed through a bed of ion exchange
resin beads. The resin adsorbs the soluble ions, thus removing them from
solution. Ion exchange produces both a wastewater residual (from
regeneration of the ion exchange resin) and a nonwastewater residual (the
spent ion exchange resin). The spent regenerate solutions (usually acid
solutions) are more concentrated than the original untreated waste
(though much lower in volume) and must be treated for metals removal by
chemical precipitation followed by filtration if the regenerate solution
is not recyclable. Ion exchange is discussed in detail in the Treatment
Technology Background Document (USEPA 1989b).
(3) Electrolytic Recovery. Electrolytic recovery is applicable
for treatment of wastewaters containing certain dissolved metals. In
electrolytic recovery treatment, an electric current is passed between
two submerged electrodes through a solution containing the metal to be
recovered. An electrolytic oxidation-reduction reaction occurs in the
solution. The dissolved metal is reduced to its pure metallic state and
is deposited on one electrode (the anode).
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3.2 Demonstrated Treatment Technologies
3.2.1 Demonstrated Technologies for Nonwastewaters
According to 3007 Questionnaire responses on file at the Agency, the
three facilities manufacturing cadmium pigments send their wastewater
treatment sludges to primary zinc smelters for metals recovery. The
second type of high-temperature metals recovery discussed in
Section 3.1.1(1) is currently in commercial use treating K061 wastes that
have high zinc, lead, and cadmium content. The operations at this
facility are described in more detail in the K061 background document
(USEPA 1988b). Both types of high-temperature metals recovery are
demonstrated for wastes similar to cadmium-containing batteries.
During the comment period, the Agency received information indicating
that nonthermal technologies are used to recover cadmium chiefly from
spent or discarded batteries. These processes consist of mechanical
separation of the cadmium-containing components, which are then shipped
to cadmium recovery facilities located abroad. Several of these foreign
facilities are primary zinc smelters. Some facilities then subsequently
process the noncadmium components to recover other materials such as
nickel (National Electrical Manufacturers Association 1990). Residuals
from mechanical separation processes must comply with the D006
nonwastewater and wastewater treatment standard.
Stabilization has been used on a commercial basis to treat the listed
wastes K061 and F006. Some F006 wastes contain high levels of cadmium,
particularly if they originate from electroplating operations producing
cadmium-coated products. The commercial use of stabilization to treat
F006 wastes is described in the F006 background document (USEPA 1988c) .
Incineration is demonstrated for treatment of many hazardous wastes
containing organic and metal constituents. These incineration processes
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generate scrubber wastewaters and ash that may contain one or more toxic
metal constituents which, if they contain cadmium above characteristic
levels, must be managed as D006 wastes.
3.2.2 Demonstrated Technologies for Cadmium-Containing Batteries
Cadmium-containing batteries are already being processed on an
industrial scale in several countries. The Agency has received
information indicating that at least two such facilities are currently
operating in the United States. Both of these use the same thermal.
processes for cadmium recovery.
3.2.3 Demonstrated Technologies for Wastewaters
Chemical precipitation has been in use in the cadmium pigments
industry for over a decade as a method for the removal of cadmium from
process wastewaters (Versar 1980, USEPA 1982). The specific treatment
method consists of sulfide precipitation followed by filtration of the
metal sulfide precipitates formed. Cadmium pigment plants generally
achieve levels of 0.25 to 0.50 mg/1 cadmium in their effluents (Versar
1980). Data on the demonstrated effectiveness of this process are given
in the effluent guidelines development document for the inorganic
chemicals industry (USEPA 1982).
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4. PERFORMANCE DATA
This section presents relevant data available to EPA on the
performance of demonstrated technologies in treating listed wastes
containing cadmium in concentrations similar to concentrations expected
to be found in D006 wastes. These data are used elsewhere in this
document for determining which technologies represent BDAT (Section 5)
and for developing treatment standards (Section 6). Available
performance data consist of full-scale demonstration data as well as
bench- and pilot-scale test data for demonstrated technologies.
Performance data, to the extent that they are available to EPA,
include the untreated and treated waste concentrations for a given
constituent, the values of operating parameters that were measured at the
time the waste was being treated, the values of relevant design
parameters for the treatment technology, and data on waste
characteristics that affect performance of the treatment technology.
Where data are not available on the treatment of the specific wastes
of concern, the Agency may elect to transfer data on the treatment of a
similar waste or wastes, using a demonstrated technology. To transfer
data from another waste category, EPA must find that the wastes covered
by this background document are no more difficult to treat (based on the
waste characteristics that affect performance of the demonstrated
treatment technology) than the treated wastes from which performance data
are being transferred.
4.1 Performance Data for Nonwastewaters
Presented in this section are data collected by EPA and submitted to
EPA on treatment of various F-code and K-code wastes containing cadmium.
These data include performance data for high-temperature metals recovery
of K061 wastes and stabilization of K061 and F006 wastes. The Agency
4-1
3110g
-------
believes that K061 is similar in waste characteristics to many D006
wastes (such as off-specification cadmium chemicals and incinerator ash
residues containing cadmium). Additionally, EPA believes that F006
wastes are similar to D006 wastewater treatment sludges in terms of waste
characteristics and cadmium concentrations.
4.1.1 Performance Data for High-Temperature Metals Recovery
The Agency has 11 data sets for treatment of K061 waste by high-
temperature metals recovery. Tables 4-1 to 4-4 at the end of this
section summarize the treatment performance data collected for high-
temperature metals recovery for each of the 11 data sets. Seven of the
data sets represent data that the Agency collected on a rotary kiln unit
(presented in Table 4-1); all other data were submitted by industry and
include two data sets from plasma arc furnace treatment (see Table 4-2),
one from a rotary hearth electric furnace (see Table 4-3), and one from a
molten slag reactor (see Table 4-4).
Table 4-1 presents total composition data for the untreated waste and
total composition and TCLP leachate data for the treated nonwastewater
residual, as well as design and operating data for each sample set.
Table 4-2 presents total composition data for the untreated waste,
treated nonwastewater, and treated wastewater, as well as, for Sample Set
No. 2, TCLP leachate data for the treated nonwastewater. Treatment for
the wastewater is described in detail in the background document for K061
wastes (USEPA 1988b). Table 4-3 presents TCLP leachate data for both the
untreated waste and the treated nonwastewater, and Table 4-4 presents EP
Toxicity Procedure leachate data for the untreated waste and the treated
nonwastewater.
For high-temperature metals recovery, treatment performance is
measured by the reduction in the concentration of metal constituents from
the untreated waste and also the reduction of leachability of the metals
in the residual as compared to the untreated waste.
4-2
3110g
-------
4.1.2 Performance Data for Stabilization
EPA has performance data for treatment of cadmium-containing
nonwastewaters using stabilization, shown in Tables 4-5 and 4-6. The
data presented in Table 4-5 are performance data developed from
stabilization of K061 waste, while the data in Table 4-6 represent
treatment of F006 waste. Both data sets present untreated waste total
composition and TCLP data and treated waste TCLP data. These treatments
used are discussed in detail in the K061 background document (USEPA
1988b). Table 4-5 also presents design and operating parameters for this
test. The data shown in Tables 4-5 and 4-6 are taken directly from the
tables presented in the K061 background document (USEPA 1.988b) . Where
values of less than the detection limit are shown, cadmium was not
detected in the specific sample.
The Agency also has stabilization performance data from two iron
foundries, which are shown in Table 4-7. These foundry wastes contain
both lead and cadmium as hazardous constituents. As can be seen, several
stabilization formulations reduce both the lead and cadmium EP toxicity
t'est leachates to below characteristic levels. The foundry wastes are
likely to be different to treat than K061 and F006 cadmium-containing
wastes because of the different raw waste lead and cadmium mix present.
The data shown in Table 4-7 consist largely of individual data points
obtained with individual stabilization mixtures. Nevertheless, they
demonstrate that stabilization mixtures that which can reduce cadmium
levels present in leachates to below characteristic levels.
4.2 Performance Data for Wastewaters
Performance data on chemical precipitation for removal of toxic
metals, including cadmium, from wastewaters were developed as part of the
effort to establish effluent limitations guidelines for various
4-3
3110g
-------
industries. The effluent guidelines development document for the
inorganic chemicals point source category (USEPA 1982) contains a large
amount of data on the effectiveness of various precipitation processes
for removal of cadmium from solution, as well as the results of
engineering site visit studies at cadmium pigment plants. These data
clearly show that with the use of sulfide precipitation followed by
filtration, residual cadmium levels in the effluent are reduced to 0.25
to 0.5 ppm, which is well below the EP toxicity limit of 1.0 ppm.
EPA also has performance data for treatment of cadmium-containing
wastewaters using chemical precipitation, shown in Table 4-8. These data
represent 24-hour composite samples for the concentration of cadmium in
treated and untreated wastewaters. The treatment system used was
composed of chemical precipitation followed by vacuum filtration. The
data in Table 4-8 have been edited to remove data points where the
concentrations of cadmium in the treated and untreated waste are both
below detection limits. The total data base is shown in the F006
background document (USEPA 1988c).
Additional wastewater treatment data, primarily from fcPA's Office of
Water, have been analyzed for the development of concentration-based
treatment standards for D006 and other wastewaters. Further information
on these data, including the sources of the data and the treatment
technologies used, can be found in the preamble to the Third Third Final
Rule and in the Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BOAT) Background
Document for Wastewaters Containing BOAT List Constituents (USEPA 1989d).
4-4
3110g
-------
Table 4-1 Treatment Performance Data for High-Temperature
Metals Recovery of K061 Waste: Waelz Kiln
(EPA-Collected Data)
Constituent3
Sample Set #1
Cadmium
Samole Set «»2
Cadmium
Sample Set #3
Cadmium
Sample Set iM
Cadmium
Sample Set #5
Cadmium
Sample Set 16
Cadmium
Sample Set #7
Cadmium
Concentration (units)
Untreated Treated
concentration concentration
mg/kg mg/kg
737 <15
345 <15
394 <15
808 <15
857 <15
298 <15
290 <15
Treated
TCLP
(mg/1)
<0.060
<0.060
<0.060
<0.060
<0.060
<0.060
<0.060
dSome of the design and operating data associated with these data have
been claimed to be confidential. The remaining design and operating data
associated with these data are shown at the end of this table.
Reported as ppm in referenced source.
Source: USEPA 1987a.
3197g
4-5
-------
Table 4-1 (continued)
Waste Characteristics Affecting Performance
Boiling Point (in increasing order) -
Mercury 356*C
Cadmium 765'C
Zinc 909'C
Lead 1760'C
Chromium 2672'C .
Boiling Point of Metal - No low boiling point metals are present in concentrations that could impact product (recovered
metal) purity and use.
Thermal Conductivity - The thermal conductivity of K061 waste has been estimated to be approximately
28 Btu/hr-ffF.
Design and Operating Data for Rotary Kiln High-Temperature Metals Recovery
Nominal
Parameter va luec
Kiln temperature CO 700-800
Feed rate (ton/hr)
Rate of rotation (m in/ rev)
Zinc content (X)
Moisture content (X)
Carbon content (X)
Calcium/silica ratio
SS 11
760-840d
-
1.5
-
13.3
-
3.48
6/2/87
ss n
730-820d
-
1.5
-
10.8
-
3.33
SS «
740-840d
-
1.3
-
11.2
-
9.84
Operating value
6/3/87
SS 14 SS 15 SS 16 SS *7
720-840® 600-10656 575-7406 575-7406
.
1.5 1.1 1.1 1.1
.
14.7 11.4 14.4 9.2
.
5.6 5.89 8.54 8.8
- = This information is considered Confidential Business Information.
aThe waste characteristics affecting performance for high-temperature metals recovery are relative volatility and the heat
transfer characteristics of the waste. As the best approximate measure of the parameters, EPA is using boiling point and
thermal conductivity.
Thermal conductivity was calculated based on major constituents present in the waste and their respective thermal
conductivities. This calculation can be found in the Administrative Record for K061.
°This system was built in the 1920s and was not originally designed for treatment of K061 waste. Nominal values were
developed by the plant in lieu of design values.
'Values reflect those for kiln K.
"Values reflect those for kiln «.
Source: USEPA 1987a.
3197g-2
4-6
-------
Table 4-2 Treatment Performance Data for High-Temperature Metals
Recovery of K061 Waste: Plasma Arc Reactor
BOAT constituents detected
Untreated
waste3 'b
(mg/kg)
Treated
slagb
(mg/kg)
Treated
slag
TCLP (mg/1)
Sample Set tl (Stainless Steel)
Cadmium 100-600 <2
Sample Set K (Carbon Steel)
Cadmium 200-900 <10-500 <0.005
- = No data.
a For the untreated waste. EPA has values for ranges only. Data were
not available on the specific untreated values that corresponded to the
treated values.
Expressed as ppm in the referenced source.
Ccnments:
1. Data were not provided showing the specific operating conditions at
the time the wastes were treated.
2. No data were provided on treatment characteristics that affect
performance.
Source: SKF Plasmadust 1987.
3197g-3
4-7
-------
Table 4-3 Treatment Performance Data for High-
Tenperature Metals Recovery of K061 Waste:
Rotary Hearth/Electric Furnace
BOAT constituents detected
Untreated Treated
waste waste
TCLP TCLP
Constituent (mg/1) (mg/1)
Lead
Zinc
Cadmium
Chromium
365
4,973
56
<0.1
0.38
0.94
0.05
<0.1
Carmen ts:
1. Data were not provided on untreated total concentrations.
2. Data were not provided on the design and operating values.
3. Data were not provided on waste characteristics that affect
performance.
Source: INMETCO 1987 (Sample Set *3).
3197g-2
4-8
-------
Table 4-4 Treatment Performance Data for High-
Temperature Hetals Recovery of K061 Waste:
Molten Slag System
BOAT constituents detected
Untreated Treated
waste slag
Constituent EP Tox (mg/1) EP Tox (mg/1)
Lead 348-556 0.05-0.80
Garments:
1. Data were not provided on total waste concentrations.
2. Data were not provided on the design and operating values.
3. Data were not provided on waste characteristics that affect
performance.
Source: Sumitomo 1987 (Sample Set *2).
3197g-Z
4-9
-------
Table 4-5 Treatment Performance Data for Stabilization
of K061 Waste (EPA-Collected Data)
Test #1 - Binder: Cement
BOAT
constituents
Untreated waste
Total
(ppm)
TCLP
(mg/1)
Treated waste - TCLP (mq/1)
Run Run Run
#1 #2 #3
Cadmium
481
12.8
2.86
3.64
3.38
Cadmium
Test n - Binder: Kiln Oust
8DAT
constituents
Untreated waste
Total TCLP
(ppm) (mg/1)
Treated waste - TCLP
Run Run
#4 #5
(ma/1)
Run
#6
481
12.8
2.92
1.80
0.508
Test #3 - Binder: Lime/Fly Ash
BOAT
constituents
Untreated waste
Total
(ppm)
TCLP
(mg/1)
Treated waste - TCLP (mq/1)
Run Run Run
#7 #8 #9
Cadmium
481
12.8
0.033
0.049
0.073
Note: Design and operating data associated with these data can be found
at the end of this table.
Source: USEPA 1988d.
3197g
4-10
-------
Table 4-5 (continued)
Desian and Ooeratina Data:
Stabilization process/binder
Parameter
Binder-to-waste ratio
Water-to-waste ratio
Mixture pH
Cure time (days)
Unconfined compress ive
strength (psi)
Cement
Run 11 Run #2 Run #3
0.05 0.05 0.05
0.5 0.5 0.5
10.9 11.5 10.5
28 28 28
29.7 88.8 95.7
Run #4
0.05
0.5
11.5
28
133.0
Waste Characteristics Affect inq
Kiln dust Lime and fly ash
Run #5 Run #6 Run #7 Run #8 Run #9
0.05 0.05 0.10 0.10 0.10
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5' 0.5
11.6 11.1 12.1 12.0 12.0
28 28 28 28 28
167.2 141.2 54.8 58.0 ' 50.7
Performance
Fine particulates - 90% of the waste composed of particles <63 tan or less than 230 mesh sieve size
Oil and grease - 282 ppm
Sulfates - 8,440 ppm
Chlorides - 19,300 ppm
Total organic carbon - 4,430 ppm
a This binder consisted of equal parts of lime and fly ash.
Source: USEPA 1988d.
3197g
4-11
-------
Table 4-6 Treatment Performance Data for Stabilization of F006 Waste
Sample Set tl
(Source-unknown)
Cadmium
Oil and grease
TOC
Concentration
Constituent
Untreated waste Treated waste - TCLP (ma/1)
Total TCLP Binder-to-waste ratio4
(ing/kg) (mg/1) 0.2 0.5 1.0 1.5
1.3
1,520
14.600
0.01
0.01
NR
NR
NR
Sample Set tZ
(Source-auto parts
manufacturing)
Cadmium
Oil and grease
TOC
31.3
60
1,500
2.21
0.50 0.01
NR
NR
Sample Set 13 .
(Source-aircraft over-
hauling facility)
Cadmium
Oil and grease
TOC
67.3
37,000
137,000
1.13
0.06
0.02 NR
NR
Sample Set 14
(Source-aerospace manufacturing-
mixture of F006 & F007)
Cadmium 1.69
Oil and grease 3,870
TOC 8,280
0.66
NR
NR
<0.01 0.01
Sample Set 15
(Source-zinc plating)
Cadmium 1.30
Oil and grease 1,150
TOC 21,200
0.22
0.01 0.01
NR
NR
Sample Set 16
(Source-unknown)
Cadmium 720
Oil and grease 20,300
TOC 28.600
23.6
3.23 0.01
NR
NR
3197g-22
4-12
-------
Table 4-6 (continued)
Constituent
Concentration
Untreated waste
Total TCLP
(rag/kg) (mg/D
Treated waste - TCLP (ma/1)
Binder-to-waste ratio3
0.2 0.5 1.0 1.5
Sample Set 17
(Source-small engine
manufacturing)
Cadn i urn
Oil and grease
TOC
Sample Set *8
(Source-circuit board
manufacturing )
Cadmium
Oil and grease
TOC
7.28
2,770
6,550
5.39
130
550
0.3
0.06
0.02
0.01
NR
NR
0.01 0.01
NR
NR
Sample Set J9
(Source-unknown)
Cadnium
Oil and grease
TOC
Sample Set t\Q
(Source-unknown)
Cadmium
Oil and grease
TOC
5.81
30
10.700
5.04
1,430
5,960
0.18
0.01
0.01
0.01
NR
NR
<0.01 <0.01 NR
NR
NR
Not applicable.
Results of tests at this binder-to-waste ratio were not reported.
Binder-to-waste ratio
weight of binder material
weight of waste
Oil and grease and total organic carbon (TOC) have been identified by EPA as
waste characteristics that affect the performance of stabilization.
cCircuit board manufacturing waste is not in its entirety defined as F006;
however, an integral part of the manufacturing operation is electroplating.
Treatment residuals generated from treatment of these electroplating wastes are
F006.
Source: CWH 1987.
3197g-9
4-13
-------
3555g
Table 4-7 Stabilization of Ferrous Foundry Wastes
Foundry
Foundry 1
Untreated EP-Toxic Waste Composite
Residuals from the following stabilization methods:
+25% Magnesium hydroxide slurry
+3.9% Phosphoric acid
+7.8% Phosphoric acid
+10% Phosphoric acid
+12.5% Phosphoric acid
+20% Phosphoric acid
+10% Metallic iron
+20% Metallic iron
+20% Cement
+25% Cement
+30% Cement
Foundry 2
Sample 11 Untreated
Residuals from the following Sample #1 stabilization methods:
+10% Metallic iron
+20% Metallic iron
+2.5% Phosphoric acid
+5.0% Phosphoric acid
+7.5/5 Phosphoric acid
+7.5% Magnesium oxide
+15% Magnesium oxide
+22.5% Magnesium oxide
Sample #2 Untreated
Residuals from the following Sample #2 treatment methods:
+7.5% Triple superphosphate
+10% Triple superphosphate
+12.5% Triple superphosphate
+15.0% Triple superphosphate
+20% Triple superphosphate
+10% Phosphoric acid
+15% Phosphoric acid
+5% Magnesium oxide + 5% TSP
EP toxicity criteria
EP toxicitv
cadmium
(mg/1)
8.8
1.7
4.4
0.46
1.2
0.71
3.8
6.3
3.1
3.0
1.4
<0.005
5.2
1.9
1.9
2.3
1.0
0.48
0.029
0.014
0.005
9.8
2.70
1.07
0.77
0.68
0.43
1.2
4.0
2.3
1.0
test results
lead
(mg/1)
79
5.2
9.2
0.16
0.9
<0.1
0.4
17
0.57
12.0
1.0
0.3
88
0.7
0.7
0.3
<0.1
<0.1
0.3
0.9
1.4
85.1
0.34
0.11
0.15
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.2
5.0
4-14
Source: RMT Inc..1990.
-------
Table 4-8 Treatment Performance Data for Chemical Precipitation
and Vacuum Filtration
Constituent
Concentration
Untreated waste"
composite concentration
(mg/1)
Treated3
wastewater concentration
(mg/1)
Sample Set t\
Cadmium
13
<0.5
Sample Set tZ
Cadmium
Sample Set 13
Cadmiun
10
<0.5
<0.5
Sample Set »5
Cadmium
Sample Set 17
Cadmium
<5
10
0.5
<0.5
Sample Set HI
Cadmium
23
<5
a Untreated waste is a composite of K062, F006, F019, and 0002 waste streams.
Experimental values are taken directly from the reference.
Source: USEPA 19866.
3197g-22
4-15
-------
5. DETERMINATION OF BEST DEMONSTRATED
AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY (BOAT)
This section presents the Agency's rationale for determining best
demonstrated available technology (BOAT) for D006 nonwastewaters and
wastewaters.
To determine BOAT, the Agency examines all available performance data
on technologies that are identified as demonstrated to determine (using
statistical techniques) whether one or more of the technologies perform
significantly better than the others. The technology that performs best
on a particular waste or waste treatability group is then evaluated to
determine whether it is "available." To be available the technology must
(1) be commercially available and (2) provide "substantial" treatment of
the waste, as determined through evaluation of accuracy-adjusted data.
In determining whether treatment is substantial, EPA may consider
treatment performance data from a waste as difficult to treat as the
waste of concern. If the best technology is found to be not available,
then the next best technology is evaluated, and so on. If no technology
is found to be demonstrated and/or available, the waste may be prohibited
from land disposal unless a variance is granted to gain time to develop
and make available the needed technology.
5.1 BOAT for Nonvastevaters
EPA has identified two treatment groups for nonwastewater forms of
D006 wastes. One treatability group is referred to by the Agency as D006
nonwastewaters in the Cadmium-Containing Battery Subcategory; the other
treatability group includes other nonwastewater forms of D006 wastes that
do not belong to the Cadmium-Containing Battery Subcategory. The Agency
has determined that thermal recovery of cadmium is the best demonstrated
available technology for the Cadmium-Containing Battery Subcategory. EPA
has been unable to quantify a recoverable concentration for cadmium, but
5-1
3111g
-------
believes chat recovery is demonstrated for treatment of all wastes in the
Industrial Cadmium Batteries Subcategory.
High-temperature metals recovery (HTMR), such as is demonstrated for
treatment of K061 wastes, is also demonstrated .for nonwastewaters. As a
recovery technology, this is the preferred and best technology for
treatment of wastes with high cadmium concentrations. The HTMR residuals
will contain much lower concentrations of cadmium than does the untreated
waste. Stabilization can be used .to treat residuals from either recovery
or incineration as well as D006 nonwastewaters that do not have
recoverable concentrations of cadmium. Stabilization is the best
treatment for these wastes. In the absence of such a cutoff •
concentration for recovery of cadmium from nonwastewaters, stabilization
has been determined to be the best technology for treatment of D006
nonwastewaters other than cadmium-containing batteries. Both HTMR and
stabilization are currently available technologies.
5.2 BOAT for Uastevaters
EPA has two data sets for chemical precipitation treatment of v
wastewaters. One data set, presented in Table 4-7, represents treatment
of K062, F006, and other mixed wastewaters containing cadmium. The other
data set was obtained from EPA's Office of Water (see USEPA 1989d).
Chemical precipitation is the only technology for which the Agency has
treatment data for cadmium-containing wastewaters. Therefore the Agency
has determined that it is the "best" technology for treatment of
wastewater forms of D006. The Agency has determined that well-designed
and well-operated chemical precipitation treatment processes can
substantially treat cadmium-containing wastewaters. These technologies
are available and represent BDAT for D006 wastewaters.
5-2
3111g
-------
6. DEVELOPMENT OF BOAT TREATMENT STANDARDS
In Section 5, the best demonstrated available technology was
identified for each of the three treatability groups (nonwastewaters,
cadmium-containing batteries, and wastewaters) identified in Section
2.3. In this section, BOAT treatment standards are developed for these
technologies based on the performance data presented in Section 4.
6.1 BOAT Treatment Standards for Nonvastevaters
EPA recognizes the diversity of wastes that qualify as hazardous
under the D006 classification. These wastes include those from diverse
sources such as paint formulation facilities and iron foundries and are
highly variable in composition with respect to both cadmium and other
metals. As a result, multiple treatments may be needed for proper
management of all constituents. Processes giving optimum results for one
type of waste may not do so for all. Because of this diversity, EPA has
chosen to regulate D006 nonwastewaters at 1.0 mg/kg in the TCLP
leachate. This numerical value represents the level at which the wastes
are defined as hazardous. EPA believes even the most difficult: to treat
D006 wastes can be treated to this level, a level below which the waste
will be rendered nonhazardous. Table 6-1 presents the treatment standard
for D006 nonwastewaters.
6.2 BOAT Treatment Standards for Wastevaters
EPA recognizes the diversity of wastes that qualify as hazardous
under the D006 classification. Based on the data available to EPA, a
treatment standard of 0.20 mg/1 is achievable for some D006 wastewaters.
However, because of the diversity of wastes, EPA has chosen to regulate
D006 wastewaters at 1.0 mg/1. This numerical value represents the'level
at which the wastes are defined as hazardous. EPA believes even the most
6-1
3112s
-------
difficult to treat D006 wastes can be treated to this level, a level
below which the waste will be rendered nonhazardous. Table 6-2 presents
the wastewater standard.
6.3 BOAT Treatment Standards for Cadmium Battery Wastes
Because the Agency does not have data on the performance of recovery
technologies for the treatment of cadmium battery wastes from commercial
and industrial sources, it is unable to establish a concentration-based
standard. The Agency is promulgating recovery as a method of treatment
for cadmium-containing industrial batteries. Table 6-3 presents the
cadmium battery standard.
6-2
3112g
-------
Table 6-1 BDAT Treatment Standard
for D006 - Nonwastewaters
Regulated Maximum for any single grab sample
constituent TCLP (rag/1)
Cadmium 1.0
Table 6-2 BDAT Treatment Standard
for D006 - Wastewaters
Regulated Maximum for any single grab sample
constituent Total composition (mg/1)
Cadmium 1.0
Table 6-3 BDAT Treatment Standard for D006
Cadmium Battery Wastes from Commercial
and Industrial Sources
THERMAL RECOVERY AS A METHOD OF TREATMENT
6-3
3112g
-------
7. REFERENCES
APHA, AWWA, and WPCF. 1985. Americal Public Health Association, American
Water Works Association, and Water Pollution Control Federation.
Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 16th
ed. Washington, D.C.: American Public Health Association.
Barring, N.E. 1983. Recycling of nickel-cadmium batteries and process
wastes - processes and operation of the new SAB NIFE plant. In
Proceedings, Fourth International Cadmium Conference, San Francisco,
California.
CWM. 1987. Chemical Waste Management. Technical report no. 87-117:
Stabilization treatment of selected metal-containing wastes.
September 22, 1987. Chemical Waste Management, 150 West 137th Street,
Riverdale, 111.
INMETCO. 1987. Description of INMETCO's operations and identification
of the materials that it processes. (Industry-submitted data.)
National Electrical Manufacturers Association. 1990. Data submission to
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, January 8, 1990.
Ohira, Y. 1986. Current status concerning the recycling of sealed
nickel-cadmium batteries in Japan. In Proceedings, Fifth International
Cadmium Conference, San Francisco, California. London: Cadmium
Association; New York: Cadmium Council, International Lead Zinc
.Research Organization.
Parker, P.O. 1978. Cadmium compounds. In Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of
Chemical Technology. Vol. 4, pp.297-411. New York: John Wiley and
Sons .
RMT Inc. 1990. Letter submission of EP toxicity testing data on foundry
wastes, January 8, 1990.
SKF Plasmadust. 1987. Key data for the Scandust Plant for treating EAF
flue dust (K061). August 1987. (Industry-submitted data.)
SRI. 1989. Stanford Research Institute. Directory of chemical
producers, United States of America. Menlo Park, Calif.: Stanford
Research Institute.
Sumitomo Corporation of America. 1987. On-site treatment of EAF dust
via the NMD system using sensible heat from molten slag. (Industry-
submitted data.)
7-1
3113g
-------
USEPA. 1982. Development document for effluent limiting guidelines
(BATEA). New source performance standards and pretreatment standards
for the inorganic chemicals manufacturing point source category.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
USEPA. 1986a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste. 1986 National survey of hazardous waste generators.
Washington,, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
USEPA. 1986b. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste. Onsite engineering report of treatment technology performance
and operation for Envirite Corporation, York, Pennsylvania.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
USEPA. 1987. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste. Onsite engineering report for Horsehead Development Company for
K061. Draft report. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection
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