FINAL
BEST DEMONSTRATED AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY (BDAT)
BACKGROUND DOCUMENT FOR
CHROMIUM WASTES
D007 AND U032
Larry Rosengrant, Chief
Treatment Technology Section
Jose Labiosa
Project Officer
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Solid Waste
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, DC 20460
May 1990
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This document was prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Solid Waste, by Versar Inc. under Contract No.
68-W9-0068. Mr. Larry Rosengrant, Chief, Treatment Technology Section,
Waste Treatment Branch, served as the EPA Program Manager during the
preparation of this document. The technical project officer for the
waste was Mr. Jose Labiosa. Mr. Steven Silverman served as legal advisor.
Versar personnel involved in the preparation of this document
included Mr. Jerome Strauss, Program Manager; Mr. Stephen Schwartz,
Assistant Program Manager; Mr. Stanley Moore and Mr. Miguel Trespalacios,
Principal Investigators and Authors; Ms. Justine Alchowiak, Quality
Assurance Officer; Ms. Martha Martin, Technical Editor; Ms. Sally
Gravely, Secretary.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Paee No.
1. INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY 1-1
2. INDUSTRIES AFFECTED AND WASTE CHARACTERIZATION 2-1
2.1 Industries Affected and Process Description 2-1
2.1.1 Production of Chromium Chemicals and
Pigments 2-1
2.1.2 Uses of Chromium and Chromium Chemicals 2-5
2.2 Waste Characterization 2-8
2.3 Determination of Waste Treatability Groups 2-9
3. APPLICABLE AND DEMONSTRATED TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 3-1
3.1 Applicable Treatment Technologies 3-1
3.1.1 Treatment Technologies for Nonwastewaters ... 3-1
3.1.2 Treatment Technologies for Wastewaters 3-3
3.2 Demonstrated Treatment Technologies 3-5
4. PERFORMANCE DATA 4-1
4.1 Performance Data for Nonwastewaters 4-1
4.1.1 Performance Data for Treatment of D007 Wastes
Submitted During the Comment Period 4-2
4.1.2 Performance Data for High-Temperature Metals
Recovery (Not Received During the Comment
Period) 4-6
4.1.3 Performance Data for Stabilization of
Chromium-Containing Waste (Not Received
During the Comment Period) 4-7
4.1.4 Performance Data for Chromium Reduction
Followed by Precipitation, Settling, Filter-
ing, and Dewatering of Solids (Not Received
During the Comment Period) 4-8
4.2 Performance Data for Wastewaters 4-8
5. DETERMINATION OF BEST DEMONSTRATED AVAILABLE
TECHNOLOGY (BOAT) 5-1
5.1 Nonwastewaters 5-1
5.2 Wastewaters 5-4
ii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED)
Section Pane No.
6. CALCULATION OF BOAT TREATMENT STANDARDS 6-1
6.1 Nonwastewaters 6-2
6.2 Wastewaters 6-2
7. U WASTE CODES 7-1
7.1 Industries Affected 7-1
7.2 Applicable and Demonstrated Treatment Technologies . 7-1
7.3 Determination of Best Demonstrated Available
Technology 7-2
7.4 Selection of Regulated Constituents 7-2
7.5 Development of Treatment Standards 7-3
8. REFERENCES 8-1
APPENDIXES:
APPENDIX A Calculation of Achievable D007 Treatment
Standards Based on Data Submitted to the
Agency During the Comment Period A-l
APPENDIX B Summary of Accuracy Adjustment of Treatment
Data for Chromium (Total) in Treated K062
Wastes Used to Calculate the U032 Standard .. B-l
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LIST OF TABLES
Page No.
Table 1-1 BOAT Treatment Standards for D007 Wastes 1-11
Table 1-2 BOAT Treatment Standards for U032 Wastes 1-11
Table 2-1 Current Manufacturers of Chromium Chemicals 2-2
Table 2-2 U.S. Chromium Consumption by Product (%) 2-6
Table 4-1 Treatment Performance Data for Chromium Reduction
Followed by Precipitation, Vacuum Filtration, and
Stabilization of D007 Nonwastewaters (Submitted by
Cyanokem Corp.) 4-10
Table 4-2 Treatment Performance Data for Stabilization of D007
Nonwastewaters (Submitted to EPA by the Hazardous
Waste Treatment Council 4-11
Table 4-3 Treatment Performance Data for High-Temperature
Metals Recovery of K061 Waste: Waelz Kiln 4-12
Table 4-4 Treatment Performance Data for High-Temperature
Metals Recovery of K061 Waste: Plasma Arc Reactor . 4-14
Table 4-5 Treatment Performance Data for Stabilization of
F006 Waste 4-15
Table 4-6 Treatment Performance Data for Treatment of K062
Waste by Chemical Chromium Reduction Followed by
Chemical Precipitation and Vacuum Filtration 4-17
Table 6-1 BOAT Treatment Standards for D007 Wastes 6-3
Table 7-1 Calculation of U032 (Calcium Chromate) Nonwaste-
water Treatment Standards Using K062 Data 7-4
Table 7-2 Calculation of U032 (Calcium Chromate) Wastewater
Treatment Standards Using K062 Data 7-5
Table 7-3 Treatment Standards for U032 (Calcium Chromate) .... 7-6
IV
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1. INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
Pursuant to section 3004(m) of the Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act (RCRA), enacted as a part of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments
(HSWA) on November 8, 1984, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is
promulgating treatment standards based on the best demonstrated available
technology (BOAT) for the characteristic chromium-containing waste
identified in 40 CFR 261.24 as D007 and for the commercial chemical
product waste identified in 40 CFR 261.33 as U032 - calcium chromate.
Compliance with the final BDAT treatment standards is a prerequisite for
the placement of these wastes in units designated as land disposal units
according to 40 CFR Part 268. The effective date of final promulgated
treatment standards for these wastes will be August 8, 1990.
This background document provides the Agency's technical support and
rationale for the development of treatment standards for the constituents
to be regulated for the above-mentioned chromium-containing wastes.
Sections 2 through 6 present waste-specific information for the D007
wastes. Section 2 describes the industries affected by regulation of
these wastes, explains the processes generating these wastes, and
presents available waste characterization data. Section 3 specifies the
applicable and demonstrated treatment technologies for these wastes.
Section 4 contains performance data for the demonstrated technologies,
and Section 5 contains analyses of these performance data to determine
BDAT for each waste. Section 6 contains the determination of BDAT
treatment standards for the regulated constituent (chromium). Section 7
discusses an associated chromium-containing U-code waste (U032 - calcium
chromate) and details the development of the treatment standards for this
waste.
The BDAT program and promulgated methodology are more thoroughly
described in two additional documents: Methodology for Developing BDAT
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Treatment Standards (USEPA 1989a) and Generic Quality Assurance Project
Plan for Land Disposal Restrictions Program ("BOAT") (USEPA 1988a). The
petition process to be followed in requesting a variance from the BOAT
treatment standards is discussed in the methodology document.
Standards are being promulgated for the wastewater and nonwastewater
forms of these wastes. For the purpose of determining the applicability
of the treatment standards, wastewaters are defined as wastes containing
less than 1 percent (weight basis) total suspended solids* and less than
1 percent (weight basis) total organic carbon (TOC). Waste not meeting
this definition must comply with the treatment standards for
nonwastewaters.
The treatment standards promulgated for U032 are transferred from the
treatment of K062 wastewaters and nonwastewaters. The treatment standards
for K062 were based on treatment of a mixture of K062 and other EP-toxic
wastewaters treated by chromium reduction followed by chemical
precipitation, settling, filtering, and dewatering of solids. EPA has no
information to indicate that any of the constituents present in U032 are
likely to interfere with the reduction treatment of hexavalent chromium
achieved in the treated mixture of K062 and EP-toxic wastewaters.
For D007 wastes, EPA proposed treatment standards based on the same
performance data supporting U032 treatment standards (i.e., K062 data).
EPA requested comments on the achievability of the proposed D007
nonwastewater standard of 0.094 mg/1 chromium (total), noting that
alternative performance data based on the stabilization of F006
nonwastewaters could be used to support promulgation of a treatment
* The term "total suspended solids" (TSS) clarifies EPA's previously used
terminology of "total solids" and "filterable solids." Specifically,
the quantity of total suspended solids is measured by Method 209c
(Total Suspended Solids Dried at 103°C to 105°C) in Standard
Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 15th Edition
(APHA, AWWA, and WPCF 1985).
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standard of 5.2 mg/1. The vast majority of comments on the proposed D007
standard stated that the diversity of D007 wastes generated from
different manufacturing processes could not possibly be represented by
the K062 performance data and that the proposed treatment standard of
0.094 mg/1 could not possibly be achieved on a routine basis for all
nonwastewater forms of D007 wastes. Several commenters submitted
treatment data to show that the proposed treatment standard, i.e.,
0.094 mg/1, transferred from K062 data, was unachievable.
EPA reviewed all of the treatment performance data submitted to the
Agency during the comment period and calculated a treatment standard from
each of these data sets (see Appendix A). The Agency received 10 data
sets for treatment of various D007 wastes discussed further in Section 4
of this document. The Agency examined the quality and completeness of
these data for the nonwastewater residues. The Agency determined that
eight were deficient in information and therefore failed to meet the BOAT
criteria for data quality. Therefore, the Agency determined that these
data could not support the development of a treatment standard for D007
wastes. The deficiencies of many of these data were as follows: no
untreated waste concentrations corresponding to treated waste
concentrations, no waste source descriptions, no binder-to-waste ratios
for stabilization, no treatment operating/design information, no
treatment step for hexavalent chromium reduction, and/or no quality
assurance and quality control (QA/QC) information.
Two data sets (one from CyanoKem and one from the Hazardous Waste
Treatment Council) have some deficiencies in meeting the BOAT criteria,
but they represent the same or similar BOAT train used to treat K062 or
F006 and are more complete than other data submitted during the comment
period. While neither of these two data sets is as sound as the data for
F006 or K062, these data indicate that the K062 nonwastewater standard of
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0.092 mg/1 chromium (TCLP) is not generally achievable. Treatment:
standards calculated using these data would result in a D007
nonwastewater standard of 0.74 mg/1 chromium (total) for the TCLP
leachate (based on ten data points from the HWTC's data having
corresponding untreated and treated TCLP concentrations) and 0.86 mg/1
chromium (total) for the TCLP leachate (based on CyanoKem's data).
In considering the usefulness of the two data sets that are more
complete than the others (i.e., the data from CyanoKem and from the
Hazardous Waste Treatment Council), the Agency examined what the
treatment standards would have been if they had been derived from these
data. One data set (from CyanoKem) would have resulted in a standard of
0.86 mg/1, and another data set (using only ten of the more complete data
points from the HWTC) would have resulted in a standard of 0.74 mg/1.
(Note: Both are based on TCLP analysis.)
However, the HWTC data contained an additional 32 incomplete
treatment data points (no untreated TCLP analyses), many of which could
not meet the 0.86 mg/1 or the 0.74 mg/1 treatment standards. Assuming
that these previously rejected 32 data points represent valid treatment,
the Agency decided that both the 0.86 mg/1 and the 0.74 mg/1 standards
calculated on just 20 data points were not achievable on a routine
basis. The Agency found that it was difficult to ascertain (per
treatment facility) the mixing ratios of waste volumes that were received
from each of the different industries. While the data indicated that
some wastes contained very high concentrations of chromium, the lack of
information on mixing ratios and feed rates made it difficult to assess
the true effectiveness of treatment (i.e., the Agency could not determine
the chromium concentration of mixed D007 wastes just prior to treatment).
The Agency points out that the data from CyanoKem represented
primarily treatment of liquid waste (some with very high concentrations
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of chromium). Some of the sludges generated from this process did not
require further treatment (i.e., stabilization). This same situation
occurred in generating the promulgated treatment standards for K062
wastes, in that the wastewater treatment process employed for treating
the combined K062/D007 wastes was effective enough that the treatment
sludges were not characteristic for chromium and did not require any
further stabilization (thus, the derivation of the 0.094 mg/1 proposed
standard for D007 wastes). While CyanoKem's data clearly indicated that
the proposed 0.094 mg/1 standard could not be achieved, thus implying
that their combined D007 wastes were more difficult to treat, their data
did not represent wastes similar to those represented by the HWTC data,
which were composed primarily of sludge stabilization data.
The Agency then decided to examine what the treatment standard would
be based on all of the data from CyanoKem and the HWTC (i.e., using all
52 data points, except for one from the HWTC data that the Agency
believes clearly represented an outlier). In doing so, it significantly
increased the number of data points and also represented a greater
variety of wastes from a greater cross-section of industries. Despite
all of this, the Agency took a conservative approach and assumed that
proper and effective treatment had occurred for all of the data.
The resultant standard using these combined data was 4.3 mg/1 based
on TCLP. While the combined data are technically "weak" because of
various deficiencies in BOAT information, the combined two data sets do
reflect the treatment of the widest variety of wastes most similar to
that expected for all D007 wastes. The Agency contemplated promulgating
the 4.3 mg/1 standard as an alternative to the 5.2 mg/1 standard from
F006; however, this level is so close to the 5.0 mg/1 characteristic
level that the Agency does not believe the significant regulatory
disruptions and uncertainties inherent in applying direct Part 268
regulation to Subtitle D facilities is warranted.
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The Agency notes that the 5.2 mg/1 F006 standard was also generated
by the commercial treatment industry and that further combination of the
F006 data with the commenters' data would probably result in a standard
even closer to the characteristic level of 5.0 mg/1. As it is, a
measurement of A.3 mg/1 by the TCLP test is approximately 86 percent of
the 5.0 mg/1 characteristic level and within the analytical error that
may be expected for such an analysis.
As a result of these comments and data, EPA is withdrawing the
proposed treatment standards for D007 wastes, i.e., the transfer from
F006 and K062. While the Agency contemplated promulgating the 5.2 mg/1
F006 standard, the Agency notes that if the F006 data were included with
the commenter's data, then the combined data set would produce a
treatment standard even closer to the characteristic level than the
4.3 mg/1 standard calculated using the commenters' data. The treatment
standards promulgated today, therefore, are set at the characteristic
level of 5.0 mg/1 chromium (total, as measured by TCLP) for
nonwastewaters and 5.0 mg/1 (total concentration) for wastewaters. While
the majority of commenters support this approach from a policy
standpoint, the Agency is convinced that the available data submitted by
them clearly indicate the validity of the achievability of this standard.
Some D007 nonwastewaters are generated in the form of refractory
bricks containing percent levels of hexavalent chromium. The Agency has
identified one facility, i.e., INMETCO, that is recovering chromium using
a high-temperature thermal recovery process. The bricks are crushed and
recycled as feedstock along with other raw materials in the manufacture
of refractory bricks or metal alloys. This recovery technology is
currently used for bricks that contain up to 20 percent chromium, but
INMETCO believes the technology can treat bricks containing up to 40
percent chromium. However, INMETCO also indicated that there are upper
limits on the amount of phosphorus present in the bricks that would lower
the quality of the product produced from the recovered chrome.
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EPA has determined that this thermal recovery process is an
alternative treatment for some forms of these D007 refractory bricks.
However, the Agency is currently uncertain to what extent this thermal
recovery technology is demonstrated for all of the various types of
refractory bricks currently being land disposed. Thus, the Agency is not
establishing high temperature thermal recovery as a treatment standard
for these D007 wastes, but is not precluded from doing so in the future.
At the same time, facilities are not precluded from using this technology
for these type of wastes.
Some commenters submitted data on the stabilization of these spent
refractory bricks. These data are one of the eight data sets rejected by
the Agency for reasons outlined above. These data consist of analysis on
two TCLP extracts of crushed refractory brick that were subjected to two
different stabilization technologies. One technology utilized cement as
a stabilization reagent and achieved a treated TCLP level for chromium of
70 mg/1. The other technology was a glassification process that achieved
a treated TCLP level for chromium of 110 mg/1. While these performance
data are incomplete, they appear to indicate that chromium bricks could
be more difficult to treat than the other chromium-containing wastes
tested by EPA (K062 or F006) or, more likely, that stabilization of
chromium bricks may need to be preceded by a hexavalent chromium
reduction step. Congress, in fact, contemplated that hexavalent chromium
would be reduced to the maximum extent possible before prohibited wastes
are land disposed.
PQ Corporation submitted data on the stabilization of these spent
refractory bricks. These data are one of the eight data sets rejected by
the Agency for reasons outlined above. These data consist of analysis of
two TCLP extracts of crushed refractory brick that were subjected to two
different stabilization technologies. One technology utilized cement as
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a stabilization reagent and achieved a treated TCLP level for chromium of
70 mg/1. The other technology was a glassification process that achieved
a treated TCLP level for chromium of 110 mg/1. While these performance
data are incomplete, they appear to indicate that chromium bricks could
be more difficult to treat than the other chromium-containing wastes
tested by EPA (K062 and F006) or, more likely, that stabilization of
chromium bricks may need to be preceded by a hexavalent chromium
reduction step. Congress, in fact, contemplated that hexavalent chromium
would be reduced to the maximum extent possible before prohibited wastes
are land disposed statement of Senator Chaffee, 130 Cong. Rec. Section
9178, July 25, 1984 . EPA thus does not view these data as representing
BOAT, nor as minimizing threats to human health and the environment.
EPA also received comments requesting that the Agency clarify the
appropriate treatment for characteristic metal wastes that are identified
as slags, glass, concrete, bricks, and other inorganic solid debris. The
commenters stated that these materials would probably have to be crushed
or otherwise reduced in size prior to stabilization in order to comply
with the D007 treatment standards. The Agency agrees that these, as well
as other similar wastes, form a different treatability group and is
identifying this group of D007 wastes as the "inorganic solids debris"
treatability group. Wastes in this treatability group are defined in
section 268.2(a)(7) of today's rule as follows: "nonfriable inorganic
solids that are incapable of passing through a 9.5 mm standard sieve that
require cutting, or crushing and grinding in mechanical sizing equipment
prior to stabilization, limited to the following inorganic or metal
materials: 1) metal slags (either dross or scoria); 2) glassified slag;
3) glass; 4) concrete (excluding cementitious or pozzolanic stabilized
hazardous wastes); 5) masonry and refractory bricks; 6) metal cans,
containers, drums, or tanks; 7) metal nuts, bolts, pipes, pumps, valves,
appliances, or industrial equipment; and 8) scrap metal as defined in 40
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261.l(c)(6)." (Note: The 9.5 ram requirement on sieve size is based on a
similar requirement for pretreatment of samples that are to be analyzed
using the TCLP. This size also approximates the size of small pebbles
that are often incorporated into some forms of concrete.)
While the Agency is establishing a separate treatability group for
D007 "inorganic solids debris," it is promulgating the same
concentration-based treatment standards for these wastes as for D007
characteristic wastes. Thus, there are no separate treatment standards
for inorganic solid debris D007 wastes appearing in today's rule. The
Agency has determined, however, that there is a national capacity
shortage for treatment of this treatability group. Therefore, the
standards for D007 wastes do not apply to "inorganic solids debris" until
May 8, 1992.
Several commenters objected to the proposal to regulate total
chromium rather than hexavalent chromium in D007 and U032. They stated
that EPA should regulate only hexavalent chromium since "EPA has
recognized that only the hexavalent chromium presents a threat to humans
and the environment...." The Agency is not persuaded by these arguments,
maintaining that treatment of total chromium will provide the most
effective regulation of hexavalent forms. These comments improperly
characterize the Agency's position. Under Subtitle C, EPA regulates on a
total chromium basis unless it is demonstrated that (1) the chromium is
exclusively (or nearly exclusively) trivalent, (2) the chromium is
generated from a process that uses only trivalent chromium, and (3) the
waste is managed in nonoxidizing environments. See 40 CFR
261.4(b)(6)(i)(1980). To date, EPA is unaware of any generator
submitting a demonstration to EPA stating that his waste meets the three
criteria noted above. EPA is not reopening this long-settled issue in
this rulemaking.
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The data available to EPA show that a treatment standard of 4.3 mg/1,
based on treatment data submitted to the Agency (by HWTC and CyanoKem),
is probably achievable for D007 nonwastewaters. However, EPA recognizes
the diversity of wastes that qualify as hazardous under the D007
classification. Because of this diversity, EPA has chosen to regulate
D007 wastes (nonwastewaters and wastewaters) at the characteristic level
of 5.0 mg/1. From examination of the comments and review of the
treatment data submitted for D007 nonwastewaters, EPA believes that even
the most difficult to treat D007 waste (with the exception of wastes in
the inorganic solid debris treatability group) can be treated currently
to this level.
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Table 1-1 BOAT Treatment Standards for D007 Wastes
Maximum for any single grab sample
Total composition TCLP
Constituent (mg/1) (mg/1)
Nonwastewaters
Chromium (total) Not applicable 5.0
Wastewaters
Chromium (total) 5.0 Not applicable
Table 1-2 BOAT Treatment Standards for U032 Wastes
Maximum for any single grab sample
Total composition TCLP
Constituent (mg/1) (mg/1)
Nonwastewaters
Chromium (total) Not applicable 0.094
Wastewaters
Chromium (total) 0.32 Not applicable
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2. INDUSTRIES AFFECTED AND WASTE CHARACTERIZATION
As defined in 40 CFR 261.24, D007 wastes are those that exhibit the
characteristic of TC Toxicity for chromium: in other words, D007
nonwastewaters that have a chromium concentration of greater than
5.0 mg/1, as measured by the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure,
or wastewaters with a total chromium concentration of greater than
5.0 mg/1. Section 2.1 describes the industries believed to be affected
by the land disposal restrictions for D007 wastes and describes the
processes identified by EPA that may generate these wastes. Section 2.2
summarizes the available waste characterization data for these wastes.
Section 2.3 uses the Agency's analysis of the sources of D007 wastes and
waste composition to divide D007 wastes into waste treatability groups.
2.1 Industries Affected and Process Description
Chromium is used in industry as the metal and as various inorganic
and organic chromium compounds. The major products containing chromium
are chromium ore, alloys, chemicals, and the metal itself. The
industries affected by the land disposal restrictions for D007 wastes are
(1) the metallurgical industry, which produces chromium ferroalloys,
metals, and other chromium-containing materials; (2) the chemical
industry, which produces chromates, chromic acid, chromium pigments, and
a wide range of chromium chemicals; and (3) the refractory industry,
which produces chromite to make refractory bricks to line metallurgical
furnaces. Processes in these industries that may generate
chromium-containing wastes are discussed below.
2.1.1 Production of Chromium Chemicals and Figments
A list of current manufacturers of the most common chromium compounds
is provided in Table 2-1. All chromium metal and chromium compounds that
are produced in the United States are derived from various grades of
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Table 2-1 Current Manufacturers of Chromium Chemicals
Compound
Plant
Location
Chromic acid
Chromium oxide
Chromium sulfate
Potassium
chromate/
dichromate
Sodium chromate/
dichromate
Calcium chromate
American Chrome & Chemicals, Inc.
Occidental Petroleum Corporation;
Occidental Chemical Corporation,
subsidiary
Allied Corporation
Ferro Corporation, Color Division
National Industrial Chemical Co.
Pfizer Inc.
Blue Grass Chemical Specialties
Wayne Chemical Corporation
The Procter & Gamble Company
J.T. Baker, Inc., subsidiary
Allied Corporation
American Chrome & Chemicals, Inc.
Occidental Petroleum Corporation;
Occidental Chemical Corporation,
subsidiary
Allied Corporation
Barium & Chemicals, Inc.
National Industrial Chemical Co.
Corpus Christi, TX
Castle Hayne, NC
Baltimore, MD
Toccoa, GA
Chicago, IL
Easton, PA
New Albany, NY
Milwaukee, WI
Phillipsburg, NJ
Baltimore, MD
Corpus Christi, TX
Castle Hayne, NC
Baltimore, MD
Steubenville, OH
Chicago, IL
Source: SRI 1989.
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chromite ore. Chromite ores are generally classified according to the
type of production process in which the chromite ore is eventually used.
Metallurgical chromite refers to high chromium content chromite ore,
chemical chromite refers to high iron content chromite ore, and
refractory chromite refers to high aluminum/low chromium content chromite
ore.
Chromic acid (CrCO is produced by mixing sulfuric acid with sodium
dichromate dihydrate in a heavy-walled steel or cast-iron reactor, which
is heated externally and stirred with an agitator. The resultant mixture
of sodium chromate and sulfuric acid is heated to 197°C to melt the
constituents, allowing the reactions to complete. These reactions
proceed as follows:
+ 2H9SO. --> CrO, + H90 + 2NaHSO.
t. >* 2 U 52 U
Upon cooling, the molten chromic acid separates from the sodium bisulfate
byproduct. The molten chromic acid layer is tapped from the reactor and
flaked on water-cooled rolls to produce the commercial product. Chromic
acid is used extensively in the metal finishing industry for the
production of chemical conversion coatings and in decorative and hard
chromium electroplating operations.
Chromium oxide (Cr,,0.,) is produced by reduction of an alkali
dichromate in a self-sustaining dry reaction by a reducing agent such as
sulfur, carbon, starch, wood flour, or ammonium chloride. The mixture of
dichromate and an excess of reducing agent is ignited in a reverbatory
furnace or small kiln, transferred to leaching tanks (where reaction
byproducts are removed), filtered, washed, dried, and pulverized. The
reduction reaction, using carbon as the reducing agent, is as follows:
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Chromic oxide is used in the manufacture of chromium metal and
aluminum- chromium master alloys and in pigments that are used where
chemical and heat resistance are required.
Chromic sulfate (Cr,,(SO, ).,) is manufactured by the sulfur
dioxide reduction of sodium dichromate in an acid-resistant tank. The
reaction is as follows:
After reduction is complete, steam is bubbled through the solution to
decompose any impurities and remove excess sulfur dioxide. Chromic
sulfate is used in leather tanning liquors and in textile mordants and
dyes .
Potassium dichromate is made by reacting sodium dichromate with an
equivalent amount of potassium chloride in a crystallization process.
Potassium chromate is prepared by the reaction of potassium dichromate
and potassium hydroxide. The reactions are as follows:
Na2Cr20? + 2 KC1 --> K2Cr20? + 2 NaCl
K2Cr2°7 + 2 KOH "^ 2 K2Cr°4 + H2°
Potassium dichromate is used as an analytical standard for laboratory use
and in tanning, dyeing, pigment applications, and metal finishing.
Sodium chromate is manufactured by roasting a mixture of ground
chromium ore, soda ash, and lime in a rotary kiln. The reaction
occurring in the kiln is as follows:
4 FeO»Cr203 + 8 Na2C03 + 8 CaO + 7 02 --> 8 Na2Cr04 +8 CaC03 + 2
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The kiln roast is discharged through a cooler and leached. The leached
calcine residue is recycled to the raw materials mixing station. The
crude chromate liquor is added to hydrolyzing tanks at a pH of 9 to
precipitate alumina impurities. Removal of the precipitate by filtration
leaves a refined sodium chromate liquor.
Sodium dichromate is produced by treatment of sodium chromate liquor
with sulfuric acid. The reaction is as follows:
The mixture is passed through an evaporator, where sodium dichromate
liquor is evaporated and a sodium sulfate byproduct is precipitated. The
purified and concentrated dichromate liquor is crystallized, put through
a crystal centrifuge, and dried as the final sodium dichromate product.
Almost all chromium compounds are produced using either sodium chromate
or sodium dichromate as the primary feedstock material.
Calcium chromate is manufactured by a proprietary process as a
specialty chemical product. Calcium chromate is used as an oxidizing
agent in the production of ferrochromium and is used in the production of
pigments and metal finishing compounds.
2.1.2 Uses of Chromium and Chromium Chemicals
Table 2-2 lists the major uses of chromium and its compounds.
Chromium consumption can be attributed to three primary user groups
or industries: metallurgical, chemical, and refractory. Uses of
chromium in the metallurgical industry include the production of
stainless steels; full, low-alloy, and electrical steels; carbon steels;
and other metallurgical products, which include cast irons and nonferrous
alloys .
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Table 2-2 U.S. Chromium Consumption by Product (%)
Metallurgical 71.4
Wrought stainless and heat-resisting steels 51.3
Tool steels 1.3
Wrought alloy steels 9.5
Cast alloy steels 3.1
Alloy cast irons 1.8
Nonferrous alloys 3.1
Other 1.3
Chemical 15.1
Pigments 4.0
Metal finishing 3.3
Leather tanning 2.4
Drilling muds 0.7
Wood treatment 0.9
Water treatment 0.9
Chemical manufacture 1.1
Textiles 0.4
Catalyst <0.3
Other 1.1
Refractory 13.5
Chrome and chrome-magnesite 2.2
Magnesite-chrome brick 3.1
Granular chrome-bearing 6.0
Granular chromite 2.2
Source: Hartford 1978 and Westbrook 1978.
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These chromium products are used primarily in the manufacture of
transportation, electrical, and construction equipment; heavy machinery;
and fabricated metal products. Chromium-containing listed wastes
generated from the metallurgical industry include K061, K062, and F006.
These wastes are discussed in the BOAT background documents for these
waste codes (USEPA 1988b, 1988c, 1988d).
Chromium is used in the chemical industry for manufacturing a wide
variety of chromium chemicals, of which sodium chromate and sodium
dichromate are the most commercially significant and are produced in the
largest volume. Other chromium compounds are manufactured using sodium
chromate or dichromate as the primary feedstock material. The more
important secondary chromium chemicals include chromic acid, potassium
chromate and dichromate, basic chromic sulfate, and chromium pigments.
Chromic acid is used in chromium plating and for the production of
chemical conversion coatings. In chromium plating, chromium is plated
from solutions in which it is present as an anion onto various substrates
such as steel, brass, aluminum, plastics, and zinc die castings. The
deposition of chromium from chromic acid solutions provides the substrate
with a decorative and corrosion-resistant surface. In chemical
conversion coating, chromate conversion coatings are produced on metals
by chemical or electrochemical treatment with mixtures of hexavalent
chromium and other compounds. These treatments convert the metal surface
to a layer containing a complex mixture of chromium compounds that will
prevent oxidation and provide corrosion protection. These operations
consume large quantities of chromic acid and generate waste
electroplating and conversion coating solutions and sludges generated
from wastewater treatment. Listed wastes associated with these
operations are F006 and F019.
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Potassium chromate and dichromate are used in metal finishing, in
tanning compounds, and as raw materials in the production of chromate
color pigments and corrosion-inhibiting pigments. Listed wastes
associated with the production of chromium pigments are K002, K003, K004,
K005, K006, K007, and K008.
Chromium sulfate (Cr2(SO,),) is used in leather tanning and
textiles. In these applications, chromium is used for its abilit}: to
form stable complexes with proteins, cellulosic materials, dyestuffs, and
various synthetic polymers.
Other uses of chromium compounds include the manufacture of metal
corrosion inhibitors for circulating water systems and for wood
preservation. The use of chromium compounds in wood preservation has
been largely attributable to the excellent results achieved by chromated
copper arsenate. The treated wood is free from bleeding, paintable, and
of an attractive olive-green color.
Chromium is used in the refractory industry to produce chrome brick,
chrome-magnesite brick, and other refractory materials to line furnaces,
kilns, incinerators, and other high-temperature industrial equipment.
Other industrial sectors consuming chromium refractory include glass
manufacturing, nonferrous metals production, primary minerals smelting,
and ceramics production.
All of the above uses of chromium generate a variety of
chromium-containing nonwastewaters and wastewaters. Treatment of the
wastewaters usually generates chromium-bearing nonwastewater residues.
2.2 Waste Characterization
The Agency has data from EPA's 1986 National Survey of Hazardous
Waste Generators on the approximate composition of the types of D007
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wastes currently generated. The nonwastewater forms of D007 are shown to
contain from 5.0 to 700,000 parts per million chromium. Other BOAT list
metals may also be present at concentrations as high a percent level.
Most wastewaters contain very low levels of organics.
The wastewater forms of D007 are shown to contain from 5.0 to 10,000
parts per million chromium. Frequently, other metals are also present.
In a few cases, organics may be present at concentrations up to 1 percent.
Most of the facilities reporting generation of D007 wastes were
plants producing industrial inorganic chromium chemicals and pigments,
chromium plating and polishing operations, aluminum conversion coating
operations, wood-preserving facilities, and petroleum refineries. The
wastes generated included plating solutions, stainless steel acid baths
and rinses, chromium conversion coating process rinses, and wastewater
treatment sludges from treatment of chromium-containing wastewaters.
2.3 Determination of Waste Treatabilitv Groups
Characteristic wastes with the same waste code may be produced in
different processes in one industry or in different industries and thus
may have different waste characteristics and may not be treatable to
similar concentrations using the same technology. In these instances,
the Agency may subdivide waste codes into several treatability groups.
This is done when the chemical forms of the wastes are very different and
clearly require different treatments or combinations of treatments. For
example, inorganic and organometallic compounds containing the same
metals frequently require different types of treatment. Based on a
careful review of the generation of D007 wastes and available waste
characterization data from a variety of chromium-containing wastes, the
Agency has determined that D007 nonwastewaters and wastewaters form two
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separate treatability groups. Additionally, for D007 nonwastewaters, the
Agency is establishing a separate treatability group inorganic solid
debris as discussed in the introduction to this document.
The concentration of chromium in D007 wastes is dependent on the
waste type and the particular production process from which the waste is
generated. However, the D007 wastes identified by the Agency in Section
2.2 are expected to be treatable to similar levels by use of the same
technologies. However, the Agency has received many comments indicating
that D007 refractory bricks may require special consideration because of
the physical and chemical nature of these bricks. Therefore, D007
refractory bricks may require additional methods of treatment (such as
the pulverizing of the bricks) prior to other treatment technologies
applicable to D007 wastes (discussed in Section 3 of this document).
All nonwastewater forms of D007 wastes for which EPA has
characterization data have similar compositions in terms of waste
characteristics that affect treatment performance for BOAT list metals.
Specifically, D007 nonwastewaters are not expected to have high
concentrations of organic compounds, which would have the most important
effect on BOAT list metals treatment technologies for nonwastewaters.
All wastewater forms of chromium are also expected to be treated to
similar levels by the same technologies for the same reasons as discussed
above for nonwastewaters.
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3. APPLICABLE AND DEMONSTRATED TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
Section 2 established two treatability groups for nonwastewater forms
of D007 and another treatability group for wastewater forms of DOQ7
wastes. This section identifies the treatment technologies that are
applicable to treatment of these wastes and determines which, if any, of
the applicable technologies can be considered demonstrated for the
purpose of establishing BOAT.
To be applicable, a technology must treat the waste of concern or a
similar waste. For detailed descriptions of the technologies applicable
for these wastes, or for wastes judged to be similar, see EPA's Treatment
Technology Background Document (USEPA 1989b.) To be demonstrated, the
technology must be employed in full-scale operation for the treatment of
the waste in question or a similar waste. Technologies available only at
pilot- and bench-scale operations are not considered in identifying
demonstrated technologies.
3.1 Applicable Treatment Technologies
The technologies applicable for treatment of chromium-containing
wastes are those that reduce the concentration of chromium in the treated
residual and/or reduce the leachability of chromium in the treated
residual.
3.1.1 Treatment Technologies for Nonvastevaters
Chromium-containing nonwastewaters are generated as inorganic: solids
and sludges, typically from treatment of wastewaters, or as ash or slag
from thermal processes, such as incineration or metallurgical processes.
The two technologies that the Agency has identified as applicable for
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treatment of chromium-containing nonwastewaters are high-temperature
metals recovery and stabilization. These technologies are described
below.
(1) High-temperature metals recovery. The basic principle of
operation for this technology is that metals are separated from a waste
as pure metals or metal oxides through high-temperature thermal reduction
processes that typically use carbon, limestone, and silica (sand) as raw
materials. The carbon acts as a reducing agent and reacts with metal
compounds in the waste to generate carbon dioxide and free metal. The
silica and limestone serve as fluxing agents: Some metals volatilize and
are captured by air pollution control devices (APCDs); others remain
behind in the residual slag. This process separates some of the volatile
metals, typically for reuse, and reduces the concentration of those
volatile metals in the furnace residuals. Hence, the amount of waste
that needs to be land disposed is reduced. Occasionally the furnace
residuals, which are more concentrated in the less volatile metals, can
be reused. This is the case with chromium, which is not relatively
volatile compared to many other metals. High-temperature metals recovery
technologies are discussed in detail in the Treatment Technology
Background Document (USEPA 1989b).
(2) Stabilization technologies. Stabilization treatment
technologies are designed to reduce the leachability of metals in the
treated waste compared to that in the untreated waste. These
technologies involve mixing the waste with lime/fly ash mixtures, cement,
concrete mixtures, or other formulations, both proprietary and
nonproprietary. The binder/waste mixture normally sets into a solid
mass, which can be land disposed. Stabilization technologies are
discussed in detail in the Treatment Technology Background Document
(USEPA 1989b).
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3.1.2 Treatment Technologies for Vastewaters
Chromium-containing wastewaters are generated from chromium plating
and polishing operations, chemical manufacture, leather tanning, water
treatment, or other uses of soluble chromium compounds. These
wastewaters are typically generated as aqueous, acidic, inorganic
solutions that may contain high concentrations of hexavalent chromium and
other dissolved metals. The Agency has identified two technology trains
applicable to treatment of chromium-containing wastewaters: (1) chromium
reduction followed by chemical precipitation and filtration and (2) ion
exchange. These technologies are described below.
(1) Chromium reduction/chemical precipitation/filtration. The
basic principle of chromium reduction is to reduce the valence of
chromium in solution from the hexavalent state (in the form of chromate
or dichromate ions) to the trivalent state. Common reducing agents
utilized include sulfur dioxide (S02>, sodium sulfite (Na^O-j),
and sodium metabisulfite (Na2S20,-). The reduction reaction is
usually accomplished at a pH ranging from 2 to 3. The typical reduction
process, using sodium metabisulfite, proceeds as follows:
Na2S205 + H20 -> 2NaHS03
6NaHS03 + 4H2Cr04 + 3H2S04 -» 2Cr2(S04)3 + 3Na2S04 + 10H20
Chromium reduction technologies are discussed in detail in the Treatment
Technology Background Document (USEPA 1989b).
Chemical precipitation is used when dissolved metals are to be
removed from solution. This technology can be applied to a wide range of
wastewaters containing dissolved chromium and other metals. The
underlying principle of chemical precipitation is that metals in
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wastewater are removed by the addition of a treatment chemical that
converts the dissolved metal to a metal precipitate. The precipitate
settles out (and/or is filtered out) of solution, leaving a lower
concentration of the dissolved metal present in the solution. The
principal chemicals used to convert soluble metal compounds to the less
soluble forms include hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2), caustic soda (NaOH),
sodium sulfide (Na-S), and, to a lesser extent, soda ash (Na-CO,),
ferrous sulfide (FeS), and several other chemicals, depending on the
metal(s) to be removed.
In the treatment of wastewaters containing chromium, at the
completion of the chromium reduction step, the trivalent chromium
compounds are precipitated from solution as chromium hydroxide at a pH
above 8. The insoluble trivalent chromium (in the form of chromium
hydroxide) is then allowed to settle (and/or is filtered) from solution.
Chemical precipitation is discussed in detail in the Treatment Technology
Background Document (USEPA 1989b).
(2) Ion exchange. This technology is applicable to treatment of
wastewaters containing relatively low concentrations of dissolved
chromium. The chromium must be in a soluble ionic form (Cr
_2
CrO, ) in order to be removed by this technology. The waste is
passed through a bed of ion exchange resin beads. The resin adsorbs the
soluble ions, thus removing them from solution. Ion exchange produces
both a wastewater residual (from regeneration of the ion exchange resin)
and a nonwastewater residual (the spent ion exchange resin). The spent
regenerant solutions (usually acid solutions) are more concentrated than
the original untreated waste (though much lower in volume) and must be
treated for chromium removal by chemical precipitation followed by
filtration if the regenerant solution is not recyclable. Ion exchange is
discussed in detail in the Treatment Technology Background Document
(USEPA 1989b).
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3.2 Demonstrated Treatment Technologies
High-temperature metals recovery as applied to chromium is currently
demonstrated at manufacturing facilities. Stabilization is demonstrated
for many wastes containing chromium and other BOAT list metals, including
F006 wastes generated from electroplating operations.
Chemical reduction and chemical precipitation are demonstrated
technologies that have been in full-scale use for many years in the
chemical and metals industries. In fact, effluent guidelines limitations
for several segments of the inorganic chemicals industry that generate
chromium-containing wastewaters are based on the use of chemical
reduction and precipitation technologies (USEPA 1982). Ion exchange is
also demonstrated at many metal finishing facilities to remove chromium
from wastewater and, in many cases, to recover the removed chromium for
reuse in the metal finishing process.
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4. PERFORMANCE DATA
This section presents the data available to EPA on the performance of
demonstrated technologies (as described in Section 3) in treating D007
wastes or similar wastes. These data are used elsewhere in this document
for determining which technologies represent BOAT (Section 5) and for
assessing an achievable D007 treatment standard (Section 6). Available
performance data consist of full-scale demonstration data, as well as
bench- and pilot-scale test data. EPA evaluates these data in accordance
with BOAT methodology as explained the BOAT methology document (USEPA
1989a).
Performance data, to the extent that they are available to EPA,
should include the untreated and treated waste concentrations for a given
constituent, values of operating parameters that were measured at the
time the waste was being treated, values of relevant design parameters
for the treatment technology, and data on waste characteristics that
affect the performance of the treatment technology.
Where data are not available on the treatment of the specific wastes
of concern, the Agency may elect to transfer data on the treatment of a
similar waste or wastes using a demonstrated technology. To transfer
data from another waste category, EPA must find that the wastes for which
treatment standards are being developed are no more difficult to treat
(based on the waste characteristics that affect performance of the
demonstrated treatment technology) than the treated wastes from which
performance data are being transferred.
4.1 Performance Data for Nonwastevaters
Presented in this section are data collected by EPA and submitted to
the Agency during the comment period on treatment of various D007
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wastes. These data include performance data for one or more of the
following technologies: chromium reduction, chemical precipitation,
filtration, and stabilization.
The section also includes data on the treatment of F-code and K-code
wastes containing chromium. These data include performance data for
high-temperature metals recovery of K061 wastes; stabilization of F006
wastes; and chromium reduction followed by chemical precipitation,
settling, filtering, and dewatering of solids of K062 wastes.
The Agency believes that the tested K061 was similar in waste
characteristics to many D007 wastes (such as off-specification chromium
chemicals and incinerator ash residues containing chromium). The
available data show that chromium was present at significant (i.e.,
treatable) concentrations in the K061 wastes, which are from the primary
production of steel in electric furnaces. For the proposed rulemaking,
EPA believed that the F006 and K062 nonwastewaters were similar to D007
wastewater treatment sludges in terms of waste characteristics and
chromium concentrations. (However, during the comment period, many
comments were received stating that the K062 wastes were very different
from some D007 waste streams.)
4.1.1 Performance Data for Treatment of D007 Wastes Submitted During
the Comment Period
During the comment period, the Agency received treatment data from
the following commenters:
CvanoKem Incorporated
CyanoKem submitted treatment data for treatment of D007
nonwastewaters by chromium reduction followed by precipitation, vacuum
filtration, and stabilization. These data are presented in Table 4-1 at
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Che end of this section and are available in the RCRA docket (reference
number LD12-00020). These data consisted of ten data points for the
treated effluents. However, these data did not contain the corresponding
untreated TCLP values that can be used to compare to those of the treated
waste in order to determine the reduction of chromium leachability.
Because of deficiencies in these data, they were not used to develop a
treatment standard.
Hazardous Waste Treatment Council
The Hazardous Waste Treatment Council submitted stabilization
treatment data for treatment of D007 nonwastewaters using different
treatment additives, which are confidential business information (CBI).
These treatment data are presented in Table 4-2. The complete data
package is available in the RCRA docket (reference number LD12-00050).
These data consisted of 42 data points for the treated effluents. The
Agency reviewed these data for consideration of a treatment standard.
Although the bulk of these data were deficient (i.e., they lacked
untreated TCLP values: only ten data points had corresponding untreated
and treated TCLP values), the Agency calculated an achievable treatment
standard of 0.74 mg/1 based on these ten data points. (See Appendix A.)
However, because of the diversity of wastes that qualify as hazardous
under the D007 classification, these data were not used to develop the
D007 nonwastewater treatment standards.
PQ Corporation
PQ Corporation submitted treatment performance data for treatment of
D007 refractory bricks. These data appear in their entirety in the RCRA
docket (reference number LD12-00120). These data consisted of four data
points (two for cement stabilization and two for glassification). These
data did not provide any quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC)
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information. Also, the two data points per technology were not
sufficient for calculating a treatment standard because of extreme
variability in the data (i.e., 8.5 mg/1 and 70 mg/1 for cement
stabilization and 61 mg/1 and 110 mg/1 for glassification). Because of
the extreme variability of these data, they were not used to develop
treatment standards for D007 nonwasteswaters.
Chemical Manufactures Association
The Chemical Manufacturers Association submitted 52 data points for
treatment of D007 spent metal catalyst pressed sludges treated by
chromium reduction followed by lime and sulfide precipitation, and
dewatering. These data appear in their entirety in the RCRA docket
(reference number LD12-00187). These data did not provide any
information for the untreated TCLP values; nor quality assurance/quality
control (QA/QC) data or design and operating parameters. Therefore,
these data were not used to develop treatment standards for D007 wastes.
Chemical Waste Management
Chemical Waste Management submitted laboratory data consisting of
nine data points for treatment of various D007 waste matrices by
stabilization using cement and ferrous sulfate, and stabilization using
cement, ferrous sulfate and lime. These data are contained in the RCRA
docket (reference number LD12-00159). There were questions as to whether
these data were aggregate, and these data did not contain any QA/QC
data. These data were reviewed, and because of the above-mentioned
deficiencies they were not used to develop treatment standards.
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ChemFix Technologies. Incorporated
ChemFix Technologies, Inc., submitted two data points for treatment
of K048 incinerator waste residue containing chromium, treated by
fixation with "ChemFix" with and without "Chemset" pretreatment
reagents. These data are contained in the RCRA docket (reference number
LD12-00073). These data did not provide any quality assurance/quality
control (QA/QC) information, and more information is needed on the
pretreatment reagent "Chemset." ChemFix Technologies, Inc., also
presented one data point for treatment of D007. No untreated value or
quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) data were given for this data
point. As a result, none of the data from ChemFix Technologies, Inc.,
were used to develop treatment standards for D007 wastes.
E.I. Du Pont De Nemours and Company
E.I. Ou Pont submitted sludge analysis aggregate data summarizing 31
data points resulting from neutralization followed by precipitation with
lime followed by filtration. These data provided only summary (i.e.,
aggregate) information for the treated effluent. No untreated waste data
or quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) information was provided.
Therefore, a treatment standard was not developed based on the one
aggregate data point. These data are available in the RCRA docket
(reference number LD12-00189).
Collis Incorporated
Collis Incorporated submitted sludge analysis data summarizing the
data over a 4-year period resulting from chromium reduction followed by
precipitation with lime followed by dewatering. These data provided only
summary (i.e., aggregate) information for the sludge analysis. They did
not provide any untreated waste information or quality assurance/
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quality control (QA/QC) data. As a result, the above-mentioned data were
not used to develop the D007 nonwastewater treatment standard. These
data are available in the RCRA docket (reference number LD12-00217).
TRICIL Environmental Services Incorporated
TRICIL Incorporated submitted 12 months of EP toxicity summary data
from treatment consisting of blending, acidification, neutralization,
metal precipitation, and dewatering. These summary data did not contain
any untreated values or quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) data.
Therefore, these data were not used to develop a D007 nonwastewater
treatment standard. These data are available in the RCRA docket
(reference number LD12-00094).
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)
U.S. DOE submitted laboratory solidification data for treatment of a
synthetic D007 waste using cement and/or silicate and/or envirostone.
These laboratory data did not contain quality assurance/quality control
(QA/QC) data. Therefore, the Agency did not use these data to develop a
treatment standard. These data are available in the RCRA docket
(reference number LD12-00198).
4.1.2 Performance Data for High-Temperature Metals Recovery (Not
Received During the Comment Period)
The Agency has nine data sets for treatment of K061 waste by high-
temperature metals recovery. Tables 4-3 and 4-4 at the end of this
section summarize the treatment performance data collected for high-
temperature metals recovery for each of the nine data sets. Seven of the
data sets represent data that the Agency collected on a rotary kiln unit
(presented in Table 4-3); the other data were submitted by industry and
include two data sets from plasma arc furnace treatment (see Table 4-4) .
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Table 4-3 presents total composition data for the untreated waste and
total composition and TCLP leachate data for the treated nonwastewater
residual, as well as design and operating data for each sample set.
Table 4-4 presents total composition data for the untreated waste,
treated nonwastewater and treated scrubber wastewater and TCLP leachate
data for the treated nonwastewater. For each of these two data sets,
there are no TCLP leachate data provided for the untreated waste that can
be used to compare to that of the treated waste in order to determine the
reduction of chromium leachability.
For high-temperature metals recovery, treatment performance is
measured by the reduction in the concentration of metal constituents in
treatment residuals, as compared to the untreated waste, and also by the
reduction of the leachability of the metals in the residual as compared
to that in the untreated wastes. However, the data available to EPA in
Tables 4-3 and 4-4 are not sufficient to show applicability of
high-temperature metals recovery to treat D007 nonwastewaters because it
is not clear that the total chromium concentration in the residual or in
the TCLP leachate from the residual is lower than that in the untreated
Waste. Consequently, treatment standards were not developed from these
data.
4.1.3 Performance Data for Stabilization of Chromium-Containing Vastes
(Not Received During the Comment Period)
The Agency has performance data for treatment of chromium-containing
wastes using stabilization, as shown in Table 4-5. The data presented in
Table 4-5 are performance data developed from stabilization of a variety
of chromium-containing F006 wastes. These data sets present untreated
waste total composition and TCLP data and treated waste TCLP data, and
they were used in developing F006 treatment standards. (The data are
discussed in detail in the F006 background document (USEPA 1988d).) The
treatment data indicate that F006 wastes with untreated TCLP leachate
concentrations
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up to 360 mg/1 can be created to below the chromium characteristic level
by well-designed and well-operated stabilization processes. (All wastes
were treated to less than 1.21 mg/1 in the TCLP leachate.)
4.1.4 Performance Data for Chromium Reduction Followed by Precipitation,
Settling, Filtration, and Dewatering of the Solids (Not Received
During the Comment Period)
The data presented in Table 4-6 are performance data from treatment
of a K062 waste by a technology train consisting of chromium reduction
followed by precipitation, settling, filtration, and dewatering of the
solids. During the precipitation step, excess lime had been added, and
therefore the treatment for nonwastewaters was essentially the same as
stabilization. These performance data represent 11 data sets. Total
chromium concentrations in the TCLP extracts of the nonwastewater
residuals were all below the detection limit of 0.050 mg/1, with the
exception of 0.068 mg/1 in Sample Set #4.
4.2 Performance Data for Wastevaters
As discussed in Section 4.1.2, the Agency has 11 data sets for
treatment of a K062 waste by chromium reduction followed by chemical
precipitation and filtration. The wastewater residuals had total
chromium concentrations ranging from 0.10 to 0.20 mg/1, which is well
below the TC toxicity characteristic limit of 5.0 mg/1.
The Agency also received a set of data consisting of ten data points
from CyanoKem Corporation, submitted during the comment period, for
treatment of D007 waste by chromium reduction followed by precipitation,
vacuum filtration, and stabilization. These ten data points did not
contain any untreated values nor quality assurance/quality control
(QA/QC) data. Further, it was not clear what treatment train these data
represented. (The comment stated that these D007 wastewater data were
not submitted for consideration of a treatment standard, but just for
information purposes.)
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Additional wastewater treatment data, primarily from EPA's Office of
Water, have been analyzed for the development of concentration-based
treatment standards for D007 and other wastewaters. Further information
on these data, including the sources of the data and the treatment
technologies used, can be found in the Final Best Demonstrated Available
Technology Background Document for Organic U and P Wastes and Multi-
source Leachate, Volumes A, B, and C (USEPA 1990).
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Table 4-1 Treatment Performance Data for Chromium Reduction
Followed by Precipitation, Vacuum Filtration,
and Stabilization of D007 Nonwastewater
Chromium concentration
Sample Untreated Treated
number concentration concentration
total chromium (mg/kg) (mg/1)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
17,450
465,000
16,300
1,000
70,000
160
198,500
6,015
69.500
190,100
0.10
0.28
0.07
0.02
0.21
0.10
0.33
0.13
0.25
0.10
Source: Cyanokem Corp., 1990. Treatment performance data submitted to
EPA; reference number LD12-0020.
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Table 4-2 Treatment Performance Dataa for
Stabilization of D007 Nonwastewater
Sample
number
Chromium concentration
Load
number
Untreated
concentration (TCLP)
(mg/1)
Treated
concentration (TCLP)
(mg/1)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7.
8
9
10
4497B
449 7B
4467B
4467B
5404B
5404B
6319
6319
6377
6377
1.66
1.66
0.096
0.096
4.42
4.42
0.106
0.106
122.0
122.0
0.1200
0.0810
0.0610
0.0600
0.0100
0.0940
0.0600
0.0090
0.1000
0.2200
aThe only data presented here from the HWTC's entire data package are those
that have corresponding untreated and treated TCLP values Additional
chromium data for treated chromium concentrations are presented in Appendix A
of this background document. The complete data for chromium submitted by HWTC
are also contained in the RCRA Docket: reference number LD12-00050 and
LD12-00067.
Description of waste per load number
4497B: Sodium fluoride/metal sludge from a metal forming and wastewater
treatment plant in the aerospace industry.
4467B: Incinerator flyash from the aerospace industry.
5404B: Mixed metal chips from machining operations in the aerospace industry.
6319: Water filtration sludge from the manufacture of conduit piping.
6377: Petroleum refinery waste containing between 10 and 20 percent mono-
ethylamine and the remainder being water.
Source: Hazardous Waste Treatment Council, 1990. Treatment performance data
submitted to EPA; reference number LD12-00050.
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Table 4-3 Treatment Performance Data for High-Temperature
Metals Recovery of K061 Waste: Waelz Kiln
Sample set3
Sample Set #1
Sample Set #2
Sample Set #3
Sample Set #4
Sample Set //5
Sample Set #6
Sample. Set #7
Untreated
wasteb
(mgAg)
905
959
1,190
903
803
909
1,080
Chromium concentration
Furnace
residual
(mg/kg)
662
741
748
978
205
477
476
Furnace
residual
TCLP
(mg/1)
<0.080
0.103
<0.080
<0.080
<0 . 080
<0.080
<0 . 080
a Some of the design and operating data associated with these data have
been claimed to be confidential. The remaining design and operating
data associated with these data are shown at the end of this table.
Analysis prior to addition of lime, coke, etc.
Source: USEPA 1987a.
4-12
3299g
-------
Table 4-3 (continued)
imrmKt mri «ti en Affaetinft
Boiling Point (in increasing ordar) -
Mercury 356"C
Cadmium 765*C
Zinc 808 °C
Lead 1760°C
Chromium 2672°C
Boiling Point of Metal - Bo low boiling point met ill are present in concentrations that could impact product (recovered
metal) purity and use.
. Thermal Conductivity - The thermal conductivity of K061 waste has been estimated to be approximately
28 Btu/hr-ft°P.
and OOOT•ti.HJt DflLal tot RokAafT ITi In Hi.Jtll~TaiIDOFat41F0
Operation value
6/2/87
6/3/87
Parawatar
value6
SS #1
SS #2
SS
SS #4
SS #5
SS *6
SS #7
Kiln temperature (*C) 700-600
Feed rate (ton/hr)
Eate of rotation (min/rev)
Zinc content (Z)
Moisture content (Z)
Carbon contant (Z)
Calciiam/silica ratio
760-8404
-
1.5
-
13.3
-
3.48
730-820d
-
1.5
-
10.8
-
3.33
740-84011
-
1.3
-
11.2
-
9.84
720-640*
-
1.5
-
14.7
-
5.6
600-1065*
-
1.1
-
11.4
-
5.89
575-740*
-
1.1
-
14.4
-
8.54
575-740*
-
1.1
-
9.2
-
8.8
*The waste characteristics affecting performance for high-temperature metals recovery are relative volatility and the beat
transfer characteristics of the waste. As the best approximate measure of the parameters, EPA is using boiling point and
thermal conductivity.
Thermal conductivity was calculated based on major constituents present in the waste and their respective thermal
conductivities. This calculation can be found in the Administrative Record for K061.
cThis system was built in the 1920s and was not originally designed for treatsMnt of K061 waste. Bominal values were
developed by the plant in lieu of design values.
Values reflect those for kiln #2.
"Values reflect those for kiln #3.
- - This information is considered Confidential Business Information.
Source: USEPA 1987a.
4-13
3299g
-------
Table 4-4 Treatmant Performance Data for High-Temperature Metals Recovery
of K061 Waste: Plasma Arc Reactor
Sample set
Untreated
waste
(ppm)
Chromium concentration
.Treated
slag
(ppm)
Treated
slag
TCLP (mg/1)
Treated
wastewater
(mg/.L)
Sample Set «l
(Stainless Steel) 60,000-100,000 40.000-170.000
0.05-0.10
Sample Set #2
(Carbon Steel)
400-5,000
2.000-12,000
0.013
0.03-0.08
- • No data.
For the untreated waste, EPA has values for ranges only. Data were not available on the
specific untreated values that corresponded to the treated values.
Comments:
1. Data were not provided showing the specific operating conditions at the time the wastes were
treated.
2. No data were provided on treatment characteristics that affect performance.
Source: SKF Plasmadust 1987.
4-14
3299g
-------
Table 4-5 Treatment Performance Data for Stabilization of F006 Waste
Concentration
Constituent
Sample Set #1
(Source -unknown)
Chromium
Oil and grease
TOCb
Sample Set #2
(Source -auto parts
manufacturing)
Chromium
Oil and grease
TOC
Sample Set #3
(Source -aircraft over-
hauling facility)
Chromium
Oil and grease
- TOC
Sample Set #4
Untreated
Total
(mg/kg)
1,270
1,520
14,600
755
60
1,500
716
37,000
137,000
waste Treated waste - TCLP (me/1)
TCLP Binder -to -waste ratio3
(mg/1) 0.2 0.5 1.0 1.5
0.34 0.51 NR NR NR
0.76 0.40 0.39 NR NR
-
0.43 0.08 0.20 NR NR
.
(Source-aerospace manufacturing-
mixture of F006 & F007)
Chromium 12.9
Oil and grease 3,870
TOC 8,280
7.58
Sample Set #5
(Source-zinc plating)
Chromium
Oil and grease
TOC
Sample Set #6
(Source-unknown)
Chromium
Oil and grease
TOC
110
1,150
21.200
12,200
20,300
28,600
0.18
25.3
NR
NR
0.40 0.34
0.23 0.30 NR
0.25 0.38 NR
NR
NR
3299g
4-15
-------
Table 4-5 (continued)
Constituent
Concentration
Untreated waste
Total TCLP
(mg/kg) (mg/D
Treated waste - TCLP (me/I1)
Binder-to-waste ratio3
0.2 0.5 1.0 1.5
Sample Set #1
(Source-small engine
manufac tur ing)
Chromium
Oil and grease
TOC
Sample Set #8
(Source-circuit board
manufacturing0)
Chromium
Oil and grease
TOC
Sample Set #9
(Source-unknown)
Chromium
Oil and grease
. TOC
3,100
2,770
6,550
38.7
42,900
130
550
47.9
30
10,700
360
0.04
0.21 0.76 NR
NR
3.0 1.21 NR
NR
0.10
0.20
NR
NR
Sample Set #10
( Source -unknown)
Chromium
Oil and grease
TOC
644 0.01
1,430
5,960
0.03 0.21 NR NR
.
- -
- Not applicable.
NR - Results of tests at this binder-to-waste ratio were not reported.
aBinder-to-waste ratio -
weieht of binder material
weight of waste
"Oil and grease and total organic carbon (TOC) have been identified by EPA as
waste characteristics that affect the performance of stabilization.
cCircuit board manufacturing waste is not in its entirety defined as F006;
however, an integral part of the manufacturing operation is electroplating.
Treatment residuals generated from treatment of these electroplating wastes are
F006.
Source: CWM 1987,
3299g
4-16
-------
Table 4-6 Treatment Performance Data for Treatment of a K062 Waste by
Chromium Reduction Followed by Chemical Precipitation
and Vacuum Filtration
Concentration
Constituent
Sample Set #la
Chromium (hexavalent)
Chromium (total)
Sample Set #2a
Chromium (hexavalent)
Chromium (total)
Sample Set #3a
Chromium (hexavalent)
Chromium (total)
Sample Set #4a
Chromium (hexavalent)
Chromium (total)
Sample Set #5a
Chromium (hexavalent)
Chromium (total)
Sample Set #6a
Chromium (hexavalent)
Chromium (total)
Sample Set #7a
Chromium (hexavalent)
Chromium (total)
Sample Set #8a
Chromium (hexavalent)
Chromium (total)
Sample Set #9a
Chromium (hexavalent)
Chromium (total)
Untreated
waste
(ppm)
893
2,581
807
2,279
775
1,990
0.6
556
917
2,236
734
2,548
769
2,314
0.13
831
0.07
939
Treated
nonwastewater
Total
(mg/kg)
1.43
7,300
1.04
7,400
b
4,000
0.92
2,400
0.741
11,500
1.78
10,000
16,300
0.116
2,800
b
3,400
TCLP
(mg/D
<0.050
<0 . 050
<0.050
0.068
<0.050
<0.050
<0.050
<0.050
<0.050
Treated
wastewater
(ppm)
0.011
0.12
0.19
0.12
b
0.20
0.042
0.10
0.058
0.11
b
0.10
0.12
0.12
<0.01
0.15
0.041
0.10
3299g
4-17
-------
Table 4-6 (continued)
Concentration
Constituent
Sample Set #10
Chromium (hexavalent)
Chromium (total)
Sample Set #11
Chromium (hexavalent)
Chromium (total)
Untreated
waste
(ppm)
0.08
395
0.30
617
Treated
nonwastewater
Total TCLP
(mg/kg) (mg/1)
0.078
4,400 <0.050
•
1 . 24
2,100 <0.050
Treated
wastewater
(ppm)
0.106
0.12
<0.01
0.18
& Untreated waste composite of K062 along with other non-K062 waste streams.
Color interference.
Design and Operating Data
Ot5eratine value
Sample
set no.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
pHa
9
9
10
9
8
8
9
9
10
9
9
Suspended
solids
(mg/1)
<1-100 1.
<1-100 1,
<1-100 1,
<1-100 1,
<1-100 1,
<1-100 1,
<1-100 1,
<1-100 1,
<1-100 1,
<1-100 1,
<1-100 1,
Dissolved
solids
(mg/1)
900-118
900-118
900-118
900-118
900-118
900-118
900-118
900-118
900-118
900-118
900-118
,100
,100
,100
,100
,100
,100
,100
,100
,100
,100
,100
Oil and
grease
(mg/1)
<0
<0
<0
<0
<0
<0
<0
<0
<0
<0
<0
.2-6
.2-6
.2-6
.2-6
.2-6
.2-6
.2-6
.2-6
.2-6
.2-6
.2-6
a The pH design value is 8-10.
Source: USEPA 1986.
3299g
4-18
-------
5. DETERMINATION OF BEST DEMONSTRATED AVAILABLE
TECHNOLOGY (BOAT)
This section presents the Agency's rationale for determining best
demonstrated available technology (BDAT) for nonwastewater and wastewater
forms of D007.
To determine BDAT, the Agency examines all available performance data
on technologies that are identified as demonstrated to determine (using
statistical techniques if necessary) whether one or more of the
technologies performs significantly better than the others. The
technology that performs best on a particular waste or waste treatability
group is then evaluated to determine whether it is "available." To be
available, the technology must (1) be commercially available and
(2) provide "substantial" treatment of the waste, as determined through
evaluation of treatment performance data. In determining whether
treatment is substantial, EPA may consider treatment performance data
from a waste as difficult, or more difficult, to treat as the waste of
concern. If the best technology is found to be not available, then the
next best technology is evaluated, and so on.
5.1 Nonwastewaters
For D007 nonwastewaters EFA has treatment performance data for
various D007 waste streams submitted during the comment period. These
data (discussed in Section 4 of this document) represent substantial
treatment of D007 nonwastewaters. These data show substantial treatment
of D007 nonwastevaters containing up to 465,000 total chromium mg/kg in
untreated waste.
The F006 stabilization data show that the chromium concentration was
reduced from as much as 360 mg/1 in the untreated waste TCLF extract to
5-1
3300g
-------
less than 1.21 mg/1 in the stabilized waste TCLP extract.
The F006 wastes contained as much as 42,900 mg/kg of chromium and as much
as 137,000 mg/kg of TOC. The K062 data show chromium TCLP extract levels
ranging from <0.050 to 0.068 mg/1. Accuracy-adjustment results in a
range of <0.074 to 0.10 mg/1. (A correction factor of 1.47 is applied to
these data, as shown in Table B-8 of USEPA 1988e.) The accuracy-adjusted
data are presented in Table B-l in Appendix B of this document.
Further, the Agency has no data suggesting that other methods of
chromium treatment in nonwastewaters can be universally applied success-
fully to all D007 wastes. The data on high-temperature metals recovery
of K061 waste show that chromium is concentrated in the nonwastewater
residual (slag) from these processes. However, EPA does not have data
showing that all forms of D007 wastes would be amenable to treatment by
this recovery technology (e.g., wastewater treatment sludges).
EPA reviewed all of the available treatment performance data for
chromium and determined that the treatment train consisting of chromium
reduction followed by chemical precipitation, settling, filtering, and
dewatering of solids generates a nonwastewater that gives the lowest
levels for chromium in the TCLP leachate. This technology is also
commercially available and demonstrated. The Agency has thus determined
that chromium reduction followed by chemical precipitation, settling,
filtering, and dewatering of solids represent BOAT for D007
nonwastewaters.
5.2 Wastevaters
For wastewater forms of D007 wastes, EPA has data on treatment of a
K062 wastewaters containing chromium and a variety of other metals.
These wastes were treated by chromium reduction followed by chemical
precipitation, settling, filtration, and dewatering of solids. The data
5-2
33008
-------
presented in Table 4-6 show that hexavalent chromium concentration was
reduced from as high as 917 mg/1 in the untreated waste to less than
0.19 mg/1 in the treated wastewater; the total chromium concentration was
reduced from as high as 2,581 mg/1 in the untreated waste to less than
0.20 mg/1 in the treated wastewater. Accuracy adjustment of these K062
treatment data is detailed in Table B-2 in Appendix B of this document.
The data base developed by EPA's Office of Water (see USEPA 1989d)
also supplies data on the treatment of wastewaters containing chromium.
The Agency has .determined, however, that these data represent treatment
of wastes less difficult to treat than some D007 wastewaters. Therefore,
EPA has not considered these data in development of wastewater treatment
standards for D007.
Ion exchange may reduce chromium concentrations to levels similar to
or lower than those achieved by chemical precipitation. However,
regeneration of ion exchange resin systems will generate a wastewater
residual stream (see Section 3.1.2(3)) that, if not directly recyclable,
will probably still require treatment by reduction, chemical
precipitation, and filtration.
EPA reviewed all of the available treatment performance data for
chromium and determined that the treatment train of chromium reduction
followed by chemical precipitation, settling, filtering, and dewatering
of solids results in the best treated levels for chromium in
wastewaters. Because the above-mentioned technologies are commercially
available and demonstrated, the Agency has determined that chromium
reduction followed by chemical precipitation, settling, filtration, and
dewatering of solids are BDAT for D007 wastewaters.
5-3
3300g
-------
6. CALCULATION OF BOAT TREATMENT STANDARDS
In Section 5, the Agency chose the best demonstrated available
technology (BOAT) for both nonwastewaters and wastewaters based on the
treatment data available to the Agency. In this section, the promulgated
BOAT treatment standards for D007 wastes are determined and presented.
Chromium is selected as the only regulated constituent because it is the
only constituent regularly expected to be found in D007. If D007 wastes
are mixed with other listed or characteristic hazardous wastes and thus
contain other constituents, other treatment standards would also apply.
The Agency typically bases treatment standards for regulated
constituents on the performance of well-designed and well-operated BOAT
treatment systems. These standards must account for analytical
limitations in available performance data and must be adjusted for
variabilities related to treatment, sampling, and analytical techniques
and procedures.
BOAT standards are determined for each constituent by multiplying the
arithmetic mean of accuracy-adjusted constituent concentrations detected
in treated waste by a "variability factor" specific to each constituent
for each treatment technology defined as BOAT. Variability factors
account for normal variations in the performance of a particular
technology over time. They are designed to reflect the 99th percentile
level of performance that the technology achieves in commercial
operation. (For more information on the principles of calculating
variability factors, see EPA's publication Methodology for Developing
BOAT Treatment Standards (USEPA 1989a).)
6-1
3302s
-------
6.1 Nonwastevaters
The Agency has treatment performance data to indicate that D007
nonwastewaters can be treated to 0.094 mg/1 TCLP based on the treatment
of K062 nonwastewaters. However, the Agency received treatment
performance data to indicate that this level may not be routinely
achievable. Further, many commenters submitted treatment performance
data indicating that all D007 wastes may not be able to achieve the
proposed standard of 0.094 mg/1. Most of these data submittals were
deficient in information (see Section 4) and could not have been used to
promulgate D007 treatment standards. However, if they were used to
develop standards, the standards would range from 0.12 to 900 mg/1 (see
Appendix A). Further, the Agency notes that D007 nonwastewater treatment
standards derived from F006 data (a data set meeting all of the Agency's
BOAT quality criteria) would be 5.2 mg/1. Hence, EPA is acknowledging
the diversity of wastes that qualify as hazardous under the D007
classification. Because of this diversity, the Agency has chosen to
regulate D007 nonwastewaters at the characteristic level of 5.0 mg/1 in
the TCLP leachate. EPA has no information and acceptable data meeting
EPA's data quality requirements to indicate that even the most difficult
to treat D007 nonwastewaters (except chromium wastes in the inorganic
solid debris treatability group) cannot be treated to this level (see
Table 6-1).
6.2 Wastewaters
Although the Agency has treatment performance data to indicate that
D007 wastewaters can be treated to 0.32 mg/1 based on the treatment of
K062 wastewaters, EPA is acknowledging the diversity of wastes that
qualify as hazardous under the D007 classification. Because of this
6-2
3302g
-------
Table 6-1 BOAT Treatment Standards for D007 Wastes
Constituent
Wastewater
Total
composition
(rag/1)
Nonwastewater
Total
composition TCLP
(mg/1) (mg/1)
Chromium
5.0
NA
5.0
NA - Not applicable.
6-3
3302g
-------
diversity, the Agency has chosen to promulgate a treatment standard for D007
wastewaters at the characteristic level of 5.0 mg/1. EPA has no information
or acceptable data meeting EPA's data quality requirements to indicate that
even the most difficult to treat D007 wastewaters cannot be treated to this
level (see Table 6-1).
6-4
3302g
-------
7. U WASTE CODES
This section addresses regulation of the only U waste that is listed
for chromium. This waste, calcium chromate, U032, is identified in 40
CFR 261.33 as "discarded commercial/chemical products, off-specification
species, container residues, and spill residues thereof."
7.1 Industries Affected
Industries that may generate chromium-containing U032 wastes are the
metallurgical industry, in the production of ferrochromium (chromium-iron)
alloy; the chemical industry, in the production of pigments, oxidizing
agents, corrosion inhibitors, and metal finishing compounds; and the
battery manufacturing industry, in the production of high-temperature
batteries.
7.2 Applicable and Demonstrated Best Treatment Technologies
Calcium chromate (U032) is slightly soluble in water and soluble in
diluted acids. EPA believes that calcium chromate wastes are primarily
generated by facilities involved in the manufacture of pigments and by
metal finishing operations, because these facilities are the most likely
users of calcium chromate. U032 wastewaters are expected to be similar
in nature to K062 and other wastes generated from metal finishing
operations in terms of the concentration of chromium in the untreated
waste and other waste characteristics affecting treatment performance.
Therefore, the Agency believes that chromium reduction followed by
chemical precipitation, filtration of the precipitate, and stabilization
of the nonwastewater residual solids is applicable and demonstrated to
treat these wastes. EPA has no other data suggesting that other
treatment technologies are applicable or demonstrated for U032 wastes.
3339g
7-1
-------
7.3 Determination of Best Demonstrated Available Technology
Because chemical reduction followed by chemical precipitation and
filtration is the only treatment train demonstrated for wastewaters
similar to U032, it is also considered the "best" treatment (see
Section 5).
Further, the chromium in calcium chromate is a soluble (in acid
solutions) hexavalent chromium and is therefore readily reducible by the
chromium reduction step that is part of the K062 waste treatment train.
The Agency did not receive any treatment data for U032 wastes. Also, the
Agency has no information to indicate that constituents present in U032
are likely to interfere with the reduction treatment of hexavalent
chromium achieved in the treated mixture of K062 and EP toxic metal
wastewater. Likewise, as discussed in Section 5, chromium reduction,
followed by chemical precipitation, settling, filtration, and dewatering
of solids, of the K062 waste is considered "best" for nonwastewater forms
of U032.
Chromium reduction, followed by chemical precipitation, settling, and
dewatering of solids, is shown to provide the best treatment of chromium
in wastewaters and nonwastewaters (see Section 5). These technologies
are also all demonstrated and commercially available. Therefore, these
technologies are determined to be BOAT for U032 wastes.
7.4 Selection of Regulated Constituents
EPA is promulgating treatment standards for chromium in both
wastewater and nonwastewater U032. Chromium is the only Appendix VIII
constituent for which this waste is listed, and it is the only BOAT list
constituent that the Agency expects to find in the waste on a regular
basis (unless this waste is mixed with other listed hazardous wastes, in
which case other treatment standards would also apply).
3339g
7-2
-------
7.5 Development of Treatment Standards
Treatment standards for chromium in U032 wastes are based on chromium
reduction and chemical precipitation followed by settling filtration and
solids dewatering for wastewaters and nonwastewaters. Treatment
standards for U032 are transferred from the performance of the BDATs for
K062 waste. The calculations of the U032 treatment standards are shown
in Tables 7-1 and 7-2 for nonwastewaters and wastewaters, respectively.
The treatment standards for U032 are presented in Table 7-3.
3339g
7-3
-------
Table 7-1 Calculation of 0032 (Calcita Chroaate)
treatment Standard* Dsing K062 Data
HoDvaatewater
Ragulatad
constituent
Accuracy-adjuatad
treated waste
concentration0
(•B/l)
(1)
Haan traatad
waste
concentration
(•8/1)
(2)
Variability
factor (VF)b
(3)
Traatnent
standard (total
composition)
(•B/l)
(4) - (2) (3)
ChnaBiiai (total)
0.074
0.074
0.074
0.10
0.074
0.074
0.074
0.074
0.074
0.076
1.24
0.094
0.074
0.074
0.074
• Pro* Appendix B.
b See Hetbodology Document (DSEPA 1989a) for calculation of variability factor.
3339g
7-4
-------
Table 7-2 Calculation of 0032 (Calcitai Chroawte) Hastawater
Traabaant Standards Using KD62 Data
Ac curacy- adjua tad
Regulated tzaated waste
eonatituent concentration*
(ac/1)
(1)
Chrcaita (total) 0.176S
0.176S
0.2941
0.1471
0.1471
0.1618
0.1471
0.1765
0.2206
0.1471
0.176S
0.2647
Mean treated Treatnont
waste Variability standard (total
concentration factor (VF) conposltion)
(•R/l) (a«/l)
(2) (3) (4) - (2) (3)
0.1888 1.69 0.32
* Fro* Appendix B
b See HethodoloBT
Docnaent (USEPA 1989a) for calculation of variability factor.
3339g
7-5
-------
Table 7-3 Treatment Standards for U032 (Calcium Chromate)
Constituent
Wastewater
Total
composition
(mg/1)
Nonwastewater
Total
composition TCLP
(mg/1) (mg/1)
Chromium (U032)
0.32
NA
0.094
NA - Not applicable.
3339g
7-6
-------
8. REFERENCES
APHA, AWWA, and WPCF. 1985. American Public Health Association, American
Water Works Association, and Water Pollution Control Federation..
Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 16th
ed. Washington, D.C.: American Public Health Association.
Barhett, V and Lewis, T. 1978 outliers in statistical data. New York:
John Wiley.
CWM. 1987. Chemical Waste Management. Technical report no. 87-117:
Stabilization treatment of selected metal-containing wastes. Chemical
Waste Management, 150 West 137th Street, Riverdale, 111.
CyanoKEM Corp. 1990. Treatment performance data submitted to EPA during
the comment period. Reference number LD12-00050.
Hartford, W.H. 1978. Chromium compounds. In Kirk Othmer encyclopedia
of chemical technology. Vol. 6, pp. 82-120. New York: John Wiley and
Sons.
Hazardous Waste Treatment Council. 1990. Treatment performance data
submitted to EPA during the comment period. Reference number
LD12-00050.
N.H. Analytical Software "STATISTIX"--an interactive statistical analysis
program for minicomputers.
SKF Plasmadust. 1987. Key data for the Scandust Plant for treating EAF
flue dust (K061). August 1987. (Industry-submitted data.)
SRI. 1989. Stanford Research Institute. 1989 directory of chemical
producers, United States of America. Menlo Park, Calif.: Stanford
Research Institute.
USEPA. 1982. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Development
document for effluent limiting guidelines (BATEA). New source
performance standards and pretreatment standards for the inorganic
chemicals manufacturing point source category. Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency.
USEPA. 1986. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste. Onsite engineering report of treatment technology performance
and operation for Envirite Corporation. Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency.
8-1
3312s
-------
USEPA. 1987a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste. Onsite engineering report for Horsehead Development Company for
K061. Draft report. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency.
USEPA. 1988a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste. Generic quality assurance plan for Land Disposal Restrictions
Program ("BOAT"). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency.
USEPA. 1988b. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste. Best demonstrated available technology (BOAT) background
document for K061. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency.
USEPA. 1988c. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Solid
Waste. Best demonstrated available technology (BDAT) background
document for K062. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency.
USEPA. 1988d. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste. Best demonstrated available technology (BDAT) background
document for F006. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency.
USEPA. 1988e. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Best demonstrated
available technology (BDAT) background document for K086 solvent wash.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
USEPA. 1989a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste. Methodology for developing BDAT treatment standards.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
USEPA. 1989b. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste. Treatment technology background document. Washington, D.C.:
tJ.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
USEPA. 1989c. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste. Best demonstrated available technology (BDAT) background
document for cyanide wastes. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency.
USEPA. 1990. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste. Final best demonstrated available technology (BDAT) background
document for organic U and P wastes and multi-source leachate, Volumes
A, B, and C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Westbrook, J.H. 1978. Chromium and chromium alloys. In Kirk Othmer
encyclopedia of chemical technology. Vol. 6, pp. 54-82. New York:
John Wiley and Sons.
8-2
3312g
-------
APPENDIX A
Calculation of Achievable D007 Treatment Standards
Based on
Data Submitted to the Agency during the Comment Period
-------
CYANOKEH
(10 data points)
0007 nonwastewaters treated by chromium reduction followed by
precipitation, vacuum filtration, and stabilization.
Treatment standard (TS) - exp (LN mean * 2.33 LN standard deviation)
TS - exp (-2.085 + 2.33 (.8292))
TS • 0.86 ppm
' VARIABLE
MEAN
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
MEDIAN
MINIMUM
BAIIBUn
_
VIEU DATA
CASE C'/'ONOKEM
1
2
2
4
S
6
7
S
9
1O
O. 1OOO
O. 2SOO
O. O7OO
0. 02OO
O.2ZOO
O. 1OOO
0. 3300
O. 13OO
O. 2SOO
0. 1000
-S. 302S
-1..2T20
-£. S233
-S. 31 2O
-i. rsos
-2. 302S
-I. 1087
-2. OAO2
-I. 3SS3
-2. 302S
A-l
-------
CASE
HWTC
(10 data points)
Stabilization using proprietary reagents.
Treatment standard (TS) • exp (LN mean + 2.23 LN standard deviation)
TS - exp (-2.693 + 2.33 x 1.028)
TS • 0.74 ppm
HWTC CORRECTED
VIEW DATA
LN
1
2
3
4
3
6
•T
3
9
10
O. i£OO
O. OSiO
O. O61O
O..O6OO
O. O1OO
O. O94O
O. O6OO
O. OO3O
o. 1000
O. 3£OO
0. 1411
0. 03S2
O. 0718
0. 07O6
O. 01 13
O. 11O6
0. 0706
O. 01 OS
0. 1 1 7S
0. 2SSS
-1. 3SS2
-2.3518
~£. o344
-2. SS10
-4. 4421
-£. 2O2O
-2. SS21
—4. S4flS
-S. 14O5
-1.3516
VARIABLE
HHTC
CORRECTED
LN
MEAN
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
S. D. N MEDIAN
S. 1SOE—32 6. O44E-02
g. 5-S6E-02 7. 110E-02
-2.632 1.023
1O
1O
10
7.1OOE-OS
8. 34BE—D2
-2. 492
MINIMUM
9.OOOE-02
1.OSSE-O2
•4. S4S
A-2
-------
Cyanokem ana HWTC
C20 aata points)
Treatmen-c Stanaarc <.TS.>=exp (.LN mean + Ln standard dev. )
TS= sxo -2.389
TS= 0.86 oom
2.33
VARIABLE
CYANOtHKTc"
IN
MEAN
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
S. D. N MEDIAN
1. 274E-01
-2. 239
9.133E-02
0.361
20
2O
1.OOOE-O1
-2.3O3
MINIMUM
1» O6OE-O2
-4.. 34 7
VIEW DATA
CASE CYANOKEM
1
2
3
4
S
6
7
S
3
1O
11
12
13
14
15
IS
17
IS
13
20
O. 1OOO
O. 2SOO
O. 070O
O. 0200
O. 21OO
O. 1.0OO
0. 330O
O. 130O
O. 2SOO
O. 1OOO
O. 1411
O. O352
O. O71S
0. 0706
O. Oil 8
O. 11O6
0. O706
0. O1O6
O. 1176
O. 2588
-2. 3026
-1.2730
-2. 6533
-3. 31 2O
-1.56O6
-2. 3O2S
-1. 1OS7
-2. 04O2
-1. 3863
-2. 3O26
-1 . 3583
-2. 3518
-2. 5333
-2. 65O7
-4. 4337
-2. 2O 18
-2. 6507
-4. 5463
-2. 14O5
-1.3517
A-3
-------
HHTC 4U) Cyanota
(32 data points)
«xp (-2.043 ^-2.33
VARIABLE
MEAN
CIS) -
TS -
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
S.D. N MEDIAN
standard
MINIMUM
CHROME '1.548
CORRECTED 1. SIS
LN ' £.043
9. 201
10. as
1.501
SI
51
SI
VIEW DATA
CASE CHROME CORRECTED
1 4. S4OO
2 1. 3800
3 o. oaoo
4 0. 0520
5 O. O1OO
6 O. O94O
7 O. 12OO
3 0. OS10
9 1. 3600
10 o. osoo
11 O. 052O
12 O. O52O
13 O. OSOO
14 O. OSOO
IS O. OSOO
IS O. OO9O
17 0. OSOO
IS O. 1S2O
13 O. O1OO
2O O. 052O
21 0. 2SOO
Z2. O.S21O
22 O. O1OO
24 O. OS20
25 O. OS50
5.34OO
1.S22S
0.0341
0. 0612
0.01 IS
O. 11O6
O. 1412
0.0952
1. 6OOO
0. 0941
0. 0612
O. 0612
0. 07O6
0.0941
0. 07O6
0. 01O6
0. 0706
0.2152
0.0118
0. 0612
0. 305B
0. 3658
O. O11S
O. 0612
0. 1OOO
1.6752
O..4646
-£.3624
-£.7935
-4. 4397
-2.2O IS
-1. 9576
-£.3507
O. 47OO
-£.3534
-£,7926
-£.7926
-£.6507
-£. 2624
-£.6507
-4. 5469
-2. S5O7
— 1*5257
-4.4397
-£.7936
-1. 1848
-O. O348
-4.4397
-£.7935
-£.3026
a. 1OOE-02 9. OOOE-O2
9. SSOE-O2 1. O60E-O2
-£. 351 -4. 547
)
CASE
16
27
28
29
30
31
32
53
34
25
36
37
58
59
4O
41
42
43
45
46
47
48
49
90
51
•g
•
CHROME
O. O7OO
O. OSOO
O. O52O
O. 1OOO
O. 421 0
0. 1OOO
O.22OO
0.3110
0. 1000
O. OS10
O. OSOO
O. OSOO
O. 0520
O. OSOO
O. 166O
O. 1OOO
O.2SOO
Q. 07OO
O.21OO
O. 1OOO
0.3300
O. 15OO
O.2500
O. 1OOO
65.8OO
182lan
•4M^V* W^B A ^M\
'
-------
(2 data points)
Sludge analysis data from treatment by chromium reduction followed by
precipitation with lime followed by dewatering.
Treatment standard (TS) - exp (LN mean + 2.33 LN standard deviation)
TS - exp (-0.7061 + 2.33 (1.208))
TS • 8.2 ppm
VIEW DflTB
CASE COU_IS LMCOLl_JS
1 0.2100 -1.550S
£ i. isoo o.
DESCRIPTIVE STPTISTICS
VARIABLE MEAN
--- _ __.'"' N MEDIAN MINIMUM MflXIMUM
COLL1S •- a "
S.a=OE-01 S.100E-01 !. ISO
-i.asi i.4e4E-oi
A-5
-------
(2 data points)
Cement stabilization treatment of refractory bricks
Treatment standard (TS) - exp (LN mean + 2.33 LN standard deviation)
TS - exp (-3.58 + 2.33 x 1.491)
TS - 1158 ppra
VIEW DATA
CASE CEMENT CORRECTED*
Lf>f
1 S. 3000 12.500
2 TO. 000 102.30
OESCRIPTIVe STBTISTTCS
MEflN S D
' '
_
N MEgr^N MINIMUM MAXIMUM
.
0 IMENT S3. 2S 43.
lORRECTED 57. 7O S3 30 " S9' 2= a- 500 7O. OO
S.S80 1.431 S ST. 70 12. SO 1O2. 3
31 2.525
68 percent recovery from F006 used co accuracy adjusc dara
A-6
-------
(4 data points)
Cement stabilization and glasslflcation treatment of refractory bricks.
Treatment standard (IS) - exp (LN mean +• 2.33 LN standard deviation)
TS - exp (-3.293 + 1.932 (2.33))
TS - 2427 ppo
CASE REFRACTOR CORRECTED
VIEW DATA
LN ST
a. 5000
7O. OOO
no. oo
61. 000
12. 5OO
1O2. SO
161. 76
2.525T
2.5257
4.6338
5. 0861
0.3265
-O. 754a
O. 4335
1.2O72
-O. 3859
VARIABLE
REFRACTOR
CORRECTED
LN
ST
MEAN
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
D. M MEDIAN
€2. 3T
63.32
2.2SS
L.S32E-12
A1.T6
76.07
t.,332
i. boo
6S.50
S7.7O
2.SSO
-1.6OTE—Ol
MINIMUM MAXIMUM
8. 5OO HO. 0
2.526 1*1. a
9. 2SSE-O1 5. OSS
-a.assE—a i i. 207
A-7
-------
CHA
(52 data points)
Treatment of 0007 spent metal catalyst pressed sludges treated by
chromium reduction followed by lime and sulfide precipitation and
dewatering.
Treatment standard (TS) • exp (LN mean + 2.33 LN standard deviation)
TS - exp (-1.349 + 2.33 (1.855))
TS • 20 ppm
CASE
LNCMA
1
2
3
4
iml
6
7
a
9
10
11
12
12
14
IS
16
17
IB
19
2O
21
22
22
24
25
26
O. O2OO
O. 0600
O. 1OOO
O. O1OO
4. 3000
2. 5000
o. oaoo
O. 16OO
0. 2200
0. 1100
O. O1OO
O. 26OO
O. O7OO
O. O1OO
17. 000
1. 2OOO
O. 45OO
O. S2OO
1. OOOO
O. 46OO
O. 76OO
1.5000
O. 1000
O. 1OOO
0. 6000
O. 12OO
-2. 5O66
-2. 31 34
-2. 2O2S
-4. 6O52
1. 5666
O. 3162
—2. 5257
-1. S22£
-1. 4697
-2. 2072
-4. 6052
-1.0217
-2. 6592
-4. 6052
2. 3222
O. 1622
-0. 7965
-O. 1965
O. OOOO
-O. 724O
-O. 2744
O. 4O55
-2. 2026
-2. 2026
-O. 51O8
-2. O4O2
27
26
29
20
21
22
22
24
25
26
27
28
39
4O
41
42
42
44
45
46
47
46
49
50
51
52
O. 24OO
O. 2OOO
O. O7OO
O. 3OOO
2. OOOO
O. 3OOO
O. 1700
O. O6OO
O. 400O
0. O4OO
O. O2OO
O. O3OO
2. SOOO
O. 16OO
O. 0100
0. 6OOO
1. 1OOO
1. OOOO
O. 6-4OO
0. 9000
O. O1OO
O. O7OO
O. 6400
1.0000
1O. 4OO
6. 7000
-1.0786
-I. 6O94
-2. 6592
-1.2O40
1.O966
-1.2O4O
-1. 7720
-2.8124
-0.9162
-3.2189
-3. 9120
—3. 5O66
O. 9162
-1. S226
-4. 6052
-O. 51O8
O. 09S2
O. OOOO
-O. 4463
-0. 1O54
-4. 6052
-2. 6592
-O. 4462
O. OOOO
2. 2418
1. 9O21
MEAN
1.218
•1. 249
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
S. 0. N MEDIAN
MINIMUM MAXIMUM
2.377
1. 355
52
2. OOOE-O1
-1.204
1.OOOE-O2 17. OO
•4. 605 2. 823
A-8
-------
CHEHFIX
(1 data point)
from CHEHFIX Technologies
concentration • 0.12 ppm
Treatment standard (TS) - 0.12 x 2.8 - 0.336 ppm
when 2.8 - variability factor used when
there is one data point
CHEHFIX
(2 data points for K048 incinerator
waste residue containing chromium)
Treatment standard (TS) - exp (LN mean + 2.33 LN standard deviation)
TS » exp (-0.4338 + 2.33 (0.6134))
• 2.7 ppm
VIEW DATA
CASE CONC LNCONC
1 O.42OO -O. 3675
2 l.OOOO 0. OOOO
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
VARIABLE MEAN S. D. N MEDIAN MINIMUM MAXIMUM
CONC 7. 100E-01 4. 101E-01 2 7. 1OOE-O1 4.2OOE-O1 1 OOO
LNCONC -4.338E-01 S. 134E-O1 2 -4. 32SE-O1 -6. S75E-O1 0." OOO
A-9
-------
TKICIL
(16Z data points)
CASE
EP toxicity data from treatment by blending, acidification,
neutralization, metal precipitation, and dewatering.
Treatment standard (TS) - exp (LN mean + 2.33 LN standard deviation)
TS - exp (-0.2882 + 2.33 (1.78))
TS - 12 ppm
TRICIL. LNTRICIL
. I
2
2
4
5
6
7
8
3
1O
11
12
12
14
15
16
17
18
13
20
21
22
22
24
25
26
27
28
23
20
21
22
22
24
25
26
27
28
23
4O
41
42
42
44
O. 1OOO
O. 1OOO
O. 1OOO
0. 1000
O. 1OOO
O. 1000
O. 1OOO
0. 1000
O. 1OOO
O. 1OOO
O. 1OOO
O. 1OOO
O. 1000
O. 1OOO
0. 1000
O. 1OOO
O. 1OOO
O. 1OOO
O. 1000
O. 1000
O. 1OOO
O. 1OOO
O. 1OOO
O. 1OOO
O. 42OO
0. 2600
0.5200
O. 2OOO
1.0000
0. 2600
1. 2800
2. 38OO
0. 8200
O. SOOO
1.3OOO
1. 1000
4. 76OO
4. 6800
O. 42OO
O. 1OOO
4. 5600
0. 2200
O. SOOO
2. 7200
-2. 2026
-2. 2O26
-2. 2026
-2. 2O26
-2. 2026
-2. 2026
-2. 2O26
-2. 2026
-2. 2026
-2. 2O26
-2. 2026
-2. 2O26
-2. 2026
-2. 2O26
-2. 2026
-2. 2026
-2. 2026
-2. 2026
-2. 2O26
-2. 2026
-2.2026
-2. 2026
-2. 2026
-£. 2026
-0. 8675
-1.O217
-O. 6523
-1.6O34
O. OOOO
-1.0217
O. 2221
1.O313
-O. 1385
-O. 6321
O. 2624
O. O352
1. S6O2
1. 5422
-O. 8675
-£. 2026
1.5172
-1. 1234
-O. 6321
1.OOO6
45
46
47
46
43
50
51
^f*,
WA
S3
54
55
56
57
SB
S3
60
61
62
62
64
65
66
67
68
63
7O
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
73
80
81
82
82
84
85
86
87
88
SiSSOO
2. 8400
1.48OO
O. 68OO
O. 2OOO
O. 48OO
0. 2800
1. 10OO
O. 34OO
1.34OO
2. 7400
4. 6OOO
2. 4OOO
1 . 2OOO
4.2200
4. 46OO
1.4200
1.640O
0.2200
O. SOOO
O. 6OOO
O. 5800
O. 58OO
2.7600
O. 3800
O. SOOO
O. 68OO
2.34OO
1. 6000
4. 6600
4. 32OO
0. 3000
1. O4OO
O. SOOO
1. 3OOO
1. 22OO
1.2600
1. S6OO
O. 3600
1.O40O
O. 32OO
O. 38OO
O. 4OOO
O. 28OO
11.2585
1.2455
O. 232O
-O. 2857
-1.6O34
-O. 724O
-1.2720
O. O352
-O. 1744
O. 6627
1. 2131
X <* 556 X
0.. 3755
O.. 1822
1. 4238
1. 4351
0. 2507
O. 4347
-1. 1234
-O. 2221
-O. 51 OS
-O. 5447
-O. 5447
1.0152
-O. 0202
-O. 2221
-0. 2857
O. 8502
O. 47OO
1.5230
1.5322
-O. 1O54
0. 0232
-0. 6321
O. 2624
O. 2776
0.2211
O. £206
-O. 15O8
O. O232
-O. O824
-O. O2O2
-O. 3162
-O. 3676
A-10
-------
TRICIL (continued)
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
1O2
103
104
1OS
1O6
107
108
1O9
110
111
112
113
114
US
116
117
us
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
13O
131
132
133
134
135
136
VARIABLE
TRICIL
2. 1OOO
O. 94OO
1. 36OO
2. 46OO
1. O6OO
1. 480O
1. 6800
1. OOOO
2. 380O
1.280O
O. 4800
O. 2OOO
O. 6000
2. 24OO
O. 78OO
2. 6800
O. 68OO
0. 2600
1. 24OO
O. 6600
O. 7SOO
1.2600
O. 96OO
O. 38OO
0. 3600
3. 16OO
O. 9600
0. 6000
O. 2800
0. 7800
6. 2000
O. 6000
2. oeoo
2. 74OO
4. 1600
4. 62OO
2. 12OO
1.S2OO
1. 44OO
1. 8600
O. 48OO
O. 96OO
O. 24OO
0. 280O
2. OOOO
O. SOOO
0. 2800
O. 7000
MEAN
1. 322
LMTRICIL-2- 3S2E-01
O. 7419
-0.0619
O. 3075
O. 3OO2
O. O583
O. 3920
0. 5188
O. OOOO
O. 8671
0. 2469
-O. 734O
-1. 6094
-O. 51 OS
0. 8065
-O. 2485
O. 3858
-0. 3857
-1.3471
0.2151
-O. 4155
-0. 2485
0.2311
-O. 04OQ
-O. 367S
-1.0217
1. 1506
-O. 04O8
-O. 51 OS
-1.2730
-O. 2485
-1.6094
-O. 51OS
0. 7324
1. OO8O
1.4255
1. 53O4
0. 7514
0. 5988
O. 3646
O. 62O6
-O. 734O
-O. 04O8
-1.4271
-1.2730
O. 6331
-0.6331
-1.272O
-O. 3567
01
3. D.
1.303
1. 178
137
138
133
14O
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
15O
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
153
16O
161
162
O. 6400
2.2OOO
2. 5000
4. 14OO
O.2OOO
1.34OO
3.3400
2.SOOO
1.1800
1.66OO
O.3600
3. 0800
O. 72OO
O. 3200
O. SOOO
O. S4OO
O. 66OO
2. SOOO
3. 4OOO
O.64OO
4.S6OO
2. 20OO
O.3600
1.32OO
4. 7OOO
1. 6800
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
N MEDIAN
-O.4463
O.7885
O. 9163
1. 4207
-1.6O94
O.2327
1.2O6O
1.O296
O.1655
O. SO63
-1.0217
1. 1249
-O.3285
-1.1394
-O. 6321
-O.1744
-O.4155
O.3163
1. 2233
-O.4463
1.5310
O. 7885
-1.O217
O. 277S
1. 5476
0.5183
MINIMUM MAXIMUM
162 8. 5OOE-O1
162 -1.626E-01
A-ll
l.OOOE-Ol 4.
-2.303
-------
WASTE" mmegHFHT TUT fMMri CHEHTtat HASTE" MANAGEMENT ifCMHI
(14 data points*)
Laboratory data for stabilization of various 0007 waste matrices.
Treatment standard (TS) • exp (LN mean + 2.33 LN standard deviation)
TS - exp(-0.9173 + 2.33 (3.316))
TS - 900 ppm
*2 data points debited as they showed no treatment.
VIEW DATA
CASE WASTEINC t-NWASTEIN
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
9 •
10
11
is
15
14
o. oaoo
o. 1100
o. isoo
O. 22OO
O. 1200
6.2500
S4S5. 0
O. OSOO
0. OSOO
0. 0650
O. OSSO
0. OSOO
0. 0600
98. OOO
-2. S257
-2. 2O72
-1.7146
-1.5141
-2. 12O3
1.8435
7. 8OS3
-2.9957
-2.9957
-2.7334
-2. 4651
-2.9957
-2.3134
4. 5S5O
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
VflRIflBLE MEPN S.O. N f«DIAN MINIMUM MAXIMUM
WASTEINC 182.9 654.5 ^ 9. 75OE-O2 S. OOOE--O2 2 4—P^o^
U^UASTEINC -9. 173E-01 3.316 14 _£. 336 -2.996 7."aoT
A-12
-------
(44 data points)
Laboratory solidification data for a synthetic D007 waste.
Treatment standard (TS) - exp (LN mean + 2.33 LN standard deviation)
TS - exp(-2.418 * 2-33 (1.367))
TS • 270 pom
CONCl LNCONCl
•
O. 7178
1.9139
1.O473
1.2726
1.6252
1. 9741
2. 9124
3.6232
1. 1694
1. OOO6
1. S013
1.2625
2.2672
1.6O24
1. 1246
2. 4596
4. 1268
5. 4596 .
2-7279
2. 2921
2.2026
0.8755
1. 5041
1. O647
2.7912
1. 5892
1. 9215
2.9124
2.8O94
4. 0271
2.4782
4. 2694
4.2822
O. O296
O. 2716
O.2292
1. 7O84
4.2TB1
2.4562
1. 90S!
4. OOOO
2.1125
2.6584
A-13
1
2
2
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
12
14
IS
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
32
34
25
26
27
28
29
40
41
42
43
44
2- OSOO
6. 8200
2. 8500
3.5700
5. OSOO
7. 2000
IS. 4OO
3T.800
3.2200
2.7200
4. 49OO
3. 9100
29. OOO
4. 97OO
3. 1100
11.700
62. SOO
235. OO
15. 300
26. 900
10. ooo
2. 4OOO
4. 5000
2.9000
16. 300
A. 9000
6. 9000
ia. 400
16. 600
56. 100
32-4OO
7S.OOO
ao. 100
1.0300
1. 4500
1.3900
5.5200
72. 1OO
31-700
6.7200
54. 600
22. SOO
38. 800
1 78. 00
-------
DOE »1 (continued)
(44 data, points)
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
VARIABLE ME«N S. D. N MEDIAN MINIMUM MAXIMUM
CONC1 27.98 4S.S3 44 8. SCO t. <>3O 235.0
LNCONC1 2.418 1.367 44 ' 2.138 2.95SE-O2 S. 46O
A-14
-------
points)
CASE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
6
9
1O
11
IS
13
14
15
16
17
is
is
20
21
22
22
24
2S
2S
Laboratory soTldlflcatlon data for t synthetic D007 waste.
Treatment standard (TS) - exp (LM mean + 2.33 LN standard deviation)
TS - exp (-0.3218 * 2.33 (1.385))
TS • 18 ppm
CONC2
O. 42OO
O.73OO
O. O2OO
1.1OOO
O.4100
O.13OO
O.41OO
3. 34OO
4.O6OO
2.010O
5. 28OO
3. O900
O. 43OO
O.O9OO
O. S900
O.S3OO
O. 3OOO
O.1SOO
1. 18OO
3. 3300
1.99OO
O.31OO
O. 270O
3.SBOO
2.5SOO
1.34OO
LNCONC2
-0.8675
-O.3147
. -3.912O
O. O952
-O. 8916
-2.0402
-0.8916
1. 2OSO
1.4012
0.6981
1.6639
1.12S2
-O. S44O
-2. 4O79
-O. S276
-O.6349
-1.2O4O
-a. 1203
O. 1655
1. 2O3O
O. 6881
-I. 1712
-1. 3O93
1. 3O29
O. 9243
O. 2927
VARIABLE
CONC2
LNCONC2
MEAN
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
S-°- M MEDIAN
1. 449 1. 497
•3.218E-01 1.385
26 6. 6OOE—01
26 —V.212E-01
MINIMUM
2. OOOE-O2
-3.912
MAXIMUM
5.280
1.664
A-15
-------
APPENDIX B
Summary of Accuracy Adjustment of Treatment
Data for Chromium (Total) in Treated K062 Wastes
Used to Calculate the U03Z Standard
-------
Appendix B-l Summary of Accuracy Adjustment of Treatment
Data for Chromium (Total) in Treated C062
•on»a»tawatar»
Untreated waste Measured
concentration treated vasta
Total concentration
Sample
Sample
3^,1.
Sample
Sample
Sample
Sample
Sample
Sample
Sample
Sample
Set
Set
Set
Set
Set
Set
Set
Set
Set
Set
Set
Ho.
Ho.
Ho.
Ho.
Ho.
lo.
Ho.
Ho.
Ho.
Ho.
Ho.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
(.*/*>
2.581
2.279
1.990
556
2.236
2.548
2.314
831
939
395
617
TCLP
<0
<0
<0
<0
(ms/1)
.050
.050
.050
.050
-------
Tabla B-2 StBBMzy of Accuracy Adjuataant of Treata»nt Data for
Chroaitai (Total) in Traatad K062 Haatawatara
Untraatad waata Maaaurad
concantration traatad waata
Saapla
Saapla
Saapla
Saapla
Saapla
Saapla
Saapla
Saapla
Saapla
Saapla
S-pl.
Sat
Sat
Sat
Sat
Sat
Sat
Sat
Sat
Sat
Sat
Sat
Bo.
Bo.
Bo.
Bo.
Bo.
Bo.
Bo.
Bo.
Bo.
Bo.
Bo.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
<-/k«)
2,581
2.279
1.990
336
2.236
2,548
2.314
831
939
395
617
TOP
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
(as/1)
.12
.12
.20
.10
.11
.10
.12
0.15
0
0
0
.10
.12
.18
Pare ant
racovary for Accuracy-
•atrlz correction
aplka taat
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
factor
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
.47
.47
.47
.47
.47
.47
.47
.47
.47
.47
.47
Accuracy-
adjuatad
TCLP laacbata
concantration
(•*/!)
0
0
0
0
0
.1764
.1764
.294
.147
.162
0.147
0
0
0
0
0
.1764
.2205
.147
.1764
.2646
Sourca: USZFA 1988c.
B-2
3633g-2
------- |