FINAL
BEST DEMONSTRATED AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY (BOAT)
BACKGROUND DOCUMENT FOR
K061 (ADDENDUM)
Larry Rosengrant, Chief
Treatment Technology Section
Monica Chatmon-McEaddy
Project Manager
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Solid Waste
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, DC 20460
May 1990
Note: This Background Document is an addendum to the August 1988 Final Best Demonstrated Available
Technology (BDAT) Background Document for K061
-------
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This document was prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Solid Waste, by Versar Inc. under Contract No.
68-W9-0068. Mr. Larry Rosengrant, Chief, Treatment Technology Section,
Waste Treatment Branch, served as the EPA Program Manager during the
preparation of this document and the development of treatment standards
for the K061 wastewaters. The technical project officer for K061 waste
was Ms. Monica Chatmon-McEaddy. Mr. Steven Silverman served as legal
advisor.
Versar personnel involved in the preparation of this document
included Mr. Jerome Strauss, Program Manager; Mr. Stephen Schwartz,
Assistant Program Manager; Mr. David Bottimore, Principle Investigator
and Author; Ms. Justine Alchowiak, Quality Assurance Officer; Ms. Barbara
Malczak and Ms. Juliet Crumrine, Technical Editors; Ms. Sally Gravely,
Secretary.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No,
1. INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY 1-1
2. INDUSTRY AFFECTED AND WASTE CHARACTERIZATION 2-1
2.1 Industry Affected $-1
2.2 Waste Characterization 2-1
3. APPLICABLE AND DEMONSTRATED TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 3-1
4. PERFORMANCE DATA 4-1
5. DETERMINATION OF BEST DEMONSTRATED AVAILABLE
TECHNOLOGY (BOAT) 5-1
6. SELECTION OF REGULATED CONSTITUENTS 6-1
7. CALCULATION OF BOAT TREATMENT STANDARDS 7-1
8. REFERENCES 8-1
APPENDIX A A-1
-i-
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LIST OF TABLES
Page No,
Table 1-1 BOAT Treatment Standards for K061 Wastewaters .... 1-3
Table 2-1 K061 Wastewater Characterization Data 2-2
Table 4-1 Treatment Performance Data for K061 Wastewater by
Clarification, Thickening, and Vacuum Filtration.. 4-5
Table 4-2 Treatment Performance Data for K061 Wastewater by
Clarification, Flocculation, Lime Neutralization,
and Vacuum Filtration 4-6
Table 4-3 Treatment Performance Data for K061 Wastewater by
Clarification and Vacuum Filtration 4-7
Table 4-4 Treatment Performance Data for Wastewater from
Electric Arc Furnace Emission Control Scrubber
(Lone Star) 4-8
Table 4-5 Treatment Performance Data for K062 - EPA-Collected
Data Sample Set #1 4-9
Table 4-6 Treatment Performance Data for K062 - EPA-Collected
Data Sample Set #2 4-10
Table 4-7 Treatment Performance Data for K062 - EPA-Collected
Data Sample Set #3 4-11
Table 4-8 Treatment Performance Data for K062 - EPA-Collected
Data Sample Set #4 4-12
Table 4-9 Treatment Performance Data for K062 - EPA-Collected
Data Sample Set #5 4-13
Table 4-10 Treatment Performance Data for K062 - EPA-Collected
Data Sample Set #6 4-14
Table 4-11 Treatment Performance Data for K062 - EPA-Collected
Data Sample Set #7 4-15
-11-
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LIST OF TABLES
Page No.
Table 4-12 Treatment Performance Data for K062 - EPA-Collected
Data Sample Set #8 4-16
Table 4-13 Treatment Performance Data for K062 - EPA-Collected
Data Sample Set #9 4-17
Table 4-14 Treatment Performance Data for K062 - EPA-Collected
Data Sample Set #10 4-18
Table 4-15 Treatment Performance Data for K062 - EPA-Collected
Data Sample Set #11 4-19
Table 4-16 Treatment Performance Data for D008 Wastewater ... 4-20
Table 4-17 Design and Operating Data for D008 Wastewater
Treatment Performance Data 4-21
Table 7-1 Matrix Spike Recovery of TCLP Extract of K061
Waste and Accuracy Correction Factors for High
Temperature Metals Recovery 7-3
Table 7-2 Calculation of Corrected Values for Regulated
Constituents for Treated Wastewater 7-4
Table 7-3 Calculation of Treatment Standards for the
Regulated Constituents for Treated Wastewater ... 7-6
Table 7-4 BOAT Treatment Standards for K061 Wastewaters ... 7-8
-iii-
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1. INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
This background document presents the technical support and rationale
for the promulgation of treatment standards for K061 wastewaters.
Treatment standards for nonwastewater forms of K061 were promulgated in
the First Third final rule (53 FR 31138, August 17, 1988). This
background document is issued as an addendum to the August 1988
background document for K061 (USEPA 1988a), which accompanied the
rulemaking for nonwastewater forms of K061. Treatment standards for
wastewater forms of K061 were not promulgated as part of the First Third
rulemaking in order to allow the Agency time for additional data
collection and analysis. Information contained in the August 1988
background document is not repeated in this document.
In the Third Third proposed rule, the Agency proposed to amend the
existing treatment standard for the high zinc subcategory of K061
nonwastewater to be "resmelting in a high temperature zinc metal recovery
furnace." The Agency has decided not to amend the existing description
of the treatment standard of "no land disposal based on high temperature
metals recovery as a method of treatment." In addition, the Agency is
extending the duration of the existing, interim treatment standards for
another year. Further discussion of the rationale for the treatment
standard for the high zinc subcategory of K061 nonwastewaters and
extending the interim treatment standards is not provided here, but can
be found in the preamble to the Third Third final rule.
This document presents information specific to the treatment of K061
wastewaters and the technologies that were evaluated in the determination
of best demonstrated available technology (BOAT) for K061 wastewaters.
The Agency is promulgating standards for the same four BOAT list metal
constituents that are regulated in K061 nonwastewaters--cadmium,
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chromium, lead, and nickel. For cadmium, chromium, and nickel, the
standards are based on the transfer of treatment performance data from
treatment of a similar metal-bearing wastewater (K062) using a treatment
system consisting of hexavalent chromium reduction and chemical
precipitation, followed by dewatering of the precipitate. For lead, the
standards are based on the transfer of treatment performance data from a
lead-bearing wastewater (D008) using a treatment system consisting of
chemical precipitation, flocculation, clarification, filtration, and
sludge thickening.
The treatment standards for K061 wastewaters are presented in
Table 1-1.
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3062s
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Table 1-1. BOAT Treatment Standards for K061 Wastewaters
Maximum for any single grab sample
Total concentration TCLP
Constituent (mg/1) (mg/1)
Cadmium 1.61 Not applicable
Chromium (total) 0.32 Not applicable
Lead 0.51 Not applicable
Nickel 0.44 Not applicable
1-3
3082g
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2. INDUSTRY AFFECTED AND WASTE CHARACTERIZATION
2.1 Industry Affected
K061 waste is generated by the iron and steel industry and is defined
as emission control dust/sludge from the primary production of steel in
electric furnaces. The Agency has no new data that would change the
description of the iron and steel industry contained in the August 1988
K061 background document (USEPA 1988a).
2.2 Waste Characterization
The August 1988 K061 background document contained waste
characterization data for nonwastewater forms of K061. As defined by
EPA, the wastewater form of K061 waste has less than 1 percent total
suspended solids and less than 1 percent total organic carbon. K061
wastewaters can be generated from dewatering K061 sludges from electric
furnace air pollution control scrubbers, leachates from mono-landfills,
and CERCLA sites, as well as during corrective actions at RCRA
facilities. Waste characterization data for wastewater forms of K061 are
presented in Table 2-1 of this addendum. Three data points for untreated
K061 wastewaters were collected by EPA's Office of Water for the Effluent
Limitations Guidelines for the iron and steel industry (USEPA 1982).
Four data points for K061 wastewaters were submitted by industry.
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Table 2-1. K061 Maatewater Characterization Data
Plant Identification
Constituent (ng/1)
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
fT>iT*r»ti^ i^ffl
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
PH
Suspended Solids (ms/1)
051°
0.67
1.23
-
3.33
4.30
1.33
23.3
-
0.043
-
0.063
100
7.1-7.2
2843
052a 059Aa CBIb
_ _ _
0.014
0 . 16
<0.16
2.10
-
9.82
0.003
_
0.2
0.06
27 190 1.48
8.4-9.6 6.6-7.5 12.03
883 6308
CBIb
_
0.021
0.22
<0.01
1.55
-
86
<0.09
-
0.08
0.03
2.33
12.38
~
CBIb
_
0.006
0.30
0.01
0.24
-
17.8
0.002
-
0.040
<0.01
HD
-
~
cscc
_
<0.5
0.10
<0.03
<0.05
-
23.7
<0.002
-
<0.5
<0.05
-
12.1
~
- - Ho data reported.
RD - lot detected.
a USEPA 1982.
Industry-submitted data, generator is CBI.
c Industry-submitted data (Chaparral Steel Co./Steel Manufacturers Assoc. - LD12-00274).
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3. APPLICABLE AND DEMONSTRATED TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
For K061 wastewaters, the Agency believes that the applicable
treatment technologies include chemical precipitation, followed by
settling, filtration, and dewatering of solids. The Agency has
identified these treatment technologies because they are designed to
reduce the concentration of metals in wastewaters. Other applicable
technologies include physical treatment methods that remove suspended
solids from wastewaters. These include clarification, flocculation,
vacuum filtration, sludge thickening, and other similar technologies. In
addition, available waste characterization data on K061 wastes indicate
that hexavalent chromium may be present in K061 wastewaters (Lehigh
University 1982). Chromium reduction may be needed to convert hexavalent
chromium to trivalent chromium prior to metals precipitation.
All of the applicable treatment technologies are also demonstrated
because they are used on a full-scale commercial basis for treatment of
metal-bearing wastewaters. Hexavalent chromium reduction and chemical
precipitation, followed by settling, filtering, and dewatering of solids,
are widely practiced metals treatment technologies (USEPA 1986a).
Physical separation methods such as clarification, flocculation,
filtration, and sludge thickening are also demonstrated treatment
technologies for removal of metals from wastewaters. Regarding treatment
of precipitated solids (K061 nonwastewaters), the Agency has previously
promulgated treatment standards in the First Third final rule (USEPA
1988a).
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4. PERFORMANCE DATA
The Agency has three data sets for treatment of K061 wastewaters
collected by EPA's Office of Water, Effluent Guidelines Division (USEPA
1982) . The three data sets were collected from different facilities
treating K061 wastewaters by physical treatment methods. The treatment
technologies consisted of clarification, thickening, and vacuum
filtration (Plant 051); clarification, flocculation, lime neutralization,
and vacuum filtration (Plant 052); and clarification and vacuum
filtration (Plant 059A). These three treatment performance data sets for
K061 wastewaters are presented in Tables 4-1 through 4-3 at the end of
this section.
Also available are treatment performance data for metal-bearing
wastewaters similar to K061 wastewaters. Specifically, the Agency has
six data points for wastewaters from the emission control scrubber of an
electric arc furnace. These data are from the treatment system
consisting of clarification and vacuum dewatering of solids. They are
presented in Table 4-4.
The Agency also has 11 data sets for treatment of metal-bearing
wastewaters by hexavalent chromium reduction, chemical precipitation, and
dewatering of the precipitate (USEPA 1986a). The metal-bearing
wastewaters included waste code K062, and these data were previously used
in the development of treatment standards for K062 in the First Third
final rule (USEPA 1988b). These data are presented in Tables 4-5 through
4-15.
The Agency believes that the K062 data can be used to assess the
performance of these technologies for K061 wastewaters. EPA compared the
K062 wastewaters and K061 wastewaters with regard to characteristics that
affect treatment performance. Included in this analysis were
4-1
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concentrations of metals, oil and grease, and organic constituents. Of
these characteristics, only metals concentration data were available for
both wastes. The K062 wastewater composite, however, was very well
characterized prior to treatment by hexavalent chromium reduction,
chemical precipitation, and dewatering of the precipitate. Available
data include concentrations of metals, organics, and oil and grease.
These data show high levels of metals, suspended solids, dissolved
solids, and measurable concentrations of oil and grease. In general,
K061 wastewaters and K062 wastewaters contain similar metal constituents,
but K062 has several BOAT list metals at higher concentrations. Also
included in this analysis was consideration of (1) the effect on
treatment performance of pH of the untreated wastewaters and (2) the
settling characteristics of the precipitated solids. Available K061
wastewater characterization data generally show high pH levels, although
different sources of K061 wastewaters are likely to have different pHs.
The Agency believes that the addition of precipitating and other reagents
can readily alter the pH of wastewaters for effective treatment by these
technologies (Patterson 1985).
Also considered in the comparison of the treatability of K061 and
K062 wastewaters were the settling characteristics of the precipitates.
Specifically, the precipitate from the K062 treatment system is primarily
a hydroxide while data on K061 indicate that the precipitated solids will
be primarily in the oxide form. The Agency believes that differences in
the settling characteristics of these two materials may exist. A
well-designed and well-operated treatment system, however, should achieve
similar or better performance on K061 solids than on K062 solids.
Furthermore, the addition of flocculating/coagulating agents and the use
of filtration may improve treatment of K061 wastewaters (Patterson 1985).
Based on information collected from the Generator survey (USEPA
1986b), K061 wastewaters generally have low concentrations of dissolved
metals (i.e., less than 100 ppm), while K062 wastewaters generally
4-2
3100g
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contain concentrations of dissolved metals as high as 5,000 ppm. For
example, the Agency has waste characterization data showing that chromium
is present in the untreated K062 wastewater composite at concentrations
as high as 2,581 mg/1 and in K061 wastewaters as high as 4.3 mg/1;
cadmium is present in the K062 wastewater composite at concentrations as
high as 23 mg/1 and in K061 wastewaters as high as 3.33 mg/1; and nickel
is present in the untreated K062 wastewater composite as high as 16,330
mg/1 and in K061 wastewaters as high as 0.043 mg/1. EPA would therefore
expect that the K062 wastewaters would be more difficult to treat
effectively using the treatment system consisting of hexavalent chromium
reduction, chemical precipitation, and dewatering of the precipitate.
Accordingly, EPA is using these performance data for hexavalent chromium
reduction, chemical precipitation, and dewatering of the precipitate to
establish treatment standards for cadmium, chromium, and nickel in K061
wastewaters.
The Agency has data indicating that K061 wastewaters contain higher
concentrations of lead than is typically found in K062 wastewaters.
Therefore, the Agency evaluated available wastewater data for treatment
of lead. The Agency identified two comments to the Third Third proposed
rule containing lead (D008) wastewater treatment data including (1) data
from the battery manufacturing/secondary smelter industries and (2) data
from the foundry industry. The data submitted by the Battery Council
International (LD12-00035/LD12-L0041) were evaluated and found to be
insufficient for use in developing treatment standards for lead in K061
wastewaters (see Response to Comments Document for D008). The Agency
evaluated the 15 data sets for treatment of D008 (lead) wastewaters from
the foundry industry (Tischler/Kocurek - LD12-00027). The D008
wastewaters are generated from the emission control scrubbers from the
production of iron castings and are treated by a system consisting of
chemical precipitation, flocculation, clarification, filtration, and
sludge thickening. These treatment performance data are presented in
Tables 4-16 and 4-17.
4-3
3100g
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The Agency believes that these D008 wastewater treatment can be used
to assess the performance of these technologies for lead in K061
wastewaters. EPA evaluated the D008 data with respect to characteristics
that affect treatment performance. Specifically, the D008 wastewaters
were determined to be similar to K061 wastewaters with respect to the
concentration of lead. In fact, the D008 wastewaters had higher
untreated lead concentrations than K061 wastewaters (50-276 mg/1 compared
to 9.82-86 mg/1), and could be substantially reduced by the treatment
system consisting of chemical precipitation, flocculation, clarification,
filtration, and sludge thickening. Therefore, the Agency would expect
that these D008 wastewaters would be more difficult to treat effectively
using that treatment system. The Agency believes that these two wastes
would have similar characteristics because both are generated as an
emission control dust/sludge from high temperature steel making/foundry
operations. The Agency also believes that this D008 treatment system
will achieve similar reductions in concentrations of metals in addition
to lead. Accordingly, EPA is using these data to establish the treatment
standard for lead in K061 wastewaters.
4-4
3100g
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Table 4-1. Treatment Performance Data for K061 Wastewater by
Clarification, Thickening, and Vacuum Filtration
Constituent
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
PH
Suspended Solids
Untreated (mg/1)
0.67
1.23
3.33
4.30
1.33
23.3
0.043
0.063
100
7.1-7.2
2843
Treated (mg/1)
0.005
0.011
1.5
0.55
0.080
1.5
0
0
31
7.6
86
Source: Plant 051-USEPA 1982.
4-5
3100g
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Table 4-2. Treatment Performance Data for K061 Wastewater by
Clarification, Flocculation, Lime Neutralization,
and Vacuum Filtration
Constituent Untreated (mg/1) Treated (mg/1)
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Silver
Zinc 27 4.4
pH 8.4-9.6 8.5-9.5
Suspended Solids 883 15
- - Data not reported.
Source: Plant 052-USEPA 1982.
4-6
3100g
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Table 4-3. Treatment Performance Data for K061 Wastewater
by Clarification and Vacuum Filtration
Constituent Untreated (mg/1) Treated (mg/1)
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Silver
Zinc 190 38
pH 6.6-7.5 7.1-7.9
Suspended Solids 6308 38
- - Data not reported.
Source: Plant 059A-USEPA 1982.
4-7
3100g
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Table 4-4. Treatment Performance Data for Wastewater from
Electric Arc Furnace Emission Control
Scrubber (Lone Star Steel)
(Treated Effluent)3
Sample No. Cadmium Chromium Lead Nickel pH
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
6 0
.04
.05
.07
.18
.03
.06
0
0
0
0
0
0
.40
.51
.50
.23
.28
.04
2
2
3
1
2
2
.6
.6
.0
.8
.6
.9
0
0
0
<0
<0
<0
.05
.05
.05
.03
.03
.03
9
9
9
8
9
10
.1
.7
.7
.7
.7
.0
Treated effluent from treatment system consisting of clarification and vacuum
dewatering of solids.
Source: Lone Star Steel (LD 12-L0044).
4-8
3100g
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Table 4-5 Treatment Performance Data for K062 - EPA-Collected Data
Sample Set #1
Constituent
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium (hexavalent)
Chromium (total)
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Untreated Treated
Untreated Untreated waste waste
K062 waste K062 waste composite3 (wastewater)
(mg/1) (mg/1) (mg/1) (mg/1)
Sample no. Sample no. Sample no. Sample no.
801 802 805 806
3 <1 <1 <0.1
<5 <5 13 <0.5
I I 893 0.011
1800 7000 2581 0.12
865 306 138 0.21
<10 <10 64 <0.01
3200 2600 471 0.33
<2 <2 116 0.125
Design and Operating Data
Design value Operating value
PH
8-10
I - Color interference.
a The untreated waste composite is a. mixture of the untreated K062 waste streams
shown on this table and other non-K062 waste streams.
Source: USEPA 1988b.
4-9
3100g
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Table 4-6 Treatment Performance Data for K062 - EPA-Collected Data
Sample Set #2
Constituent
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium (hexavalent)
Chromium (total)
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Untreated
K062 waste
(mg/1)
Sample no.
801
3
<5
I
1800
865
<10
3200
<2
Design
Design
Untreated
K062 waste
(mg/1)
Sample no.
802
<1
<5
I
7000
306
<10
2600
<2
and Operating Data
value
Untreated
waste
composite3
(mg/1)
Sample no.
813
<1
10
807
2279
133
54
470
4
Treated
waste
(wastewater)
(mg/1)
Sample no.
814
<0.1
<0.5
0.12
0.19
0.15
<0.01
0.33
0.115
Operating value
PH
8-10
I •* Color interference.
a The untreated waste composite is a mixture of the untreated K062 waste streams
shown on this table and other non-K062 waste streams.
Source: USEPA 1988b.
4-10
3100s
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Table 4-7 Treatment Performance Data for K062 - EPA-Collected Data
Sample Set #3
Constituent
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium (hexavalent)
Chromium (total)
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Untreated
K062 waste
(mg/1)
Sample no.
817
3
<5
I
1700
425
<10
100310
7
Design
Design
Untreated
K062 waste
(mg/1)
Sample no.
802
<1
<5
I
7000
306
<10
2600
<2
and Operating Data
value
Untreated
waste
composite3
(mg/1)
Sample no.
821
<1
5
775
1990
133
<10
16330
3.9
Operating
Treated
waste
(wastewater)
(mg/1)
Sample no .
822
<0.1
<0.5
I
0.20
0.21
<0.01
0.33
0.140
value
8-10
10
1 - Color interference.
a The untreated waste composite is a mixture of the untreated K062 waste streams
shown on this table and other non-K062 waste streams.
Source: USEPA 1988b.
4-11
3100g
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Table 4-8 Treatment Performance Data for K062 - EPA-Collected Data
Sample Set #4
Constituent
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium (hexavalent)
Chromium (total)
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Untreated Untreated
K062 waste K062 waste
(mg/1) (mg/1)
Sample no. Sample no.
827 802
2
<5
1
142
42
<10
650
3
-------
Table 4-9 Treatment Performance Data for K062 - EPA-Collected Data
Sample Set #5
Constituent
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium (hexavalent)
Chromium (total)
Copper.
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Untreated
K062 waste
(mg/1)
Sample no .
801
3
<5
I
1800
865
<10
3200
<2
Untreated
K062 waste
(rag/1)
Sample no .
802
<1
<5
I
7000
306
<10
2600
<2
Untreated
K062 waste
(rag/1)
Sample no.
817
3
5
I
1700
425
<10
41000
7
Untreated
waste
composite3
(rag/1)
Sample no.
837
<1
<5
917
2236
91
18
1414
71
Treated
waste
(wastewater)
(rag/1)
Sample no.
838
<0.1
<0.5
0.058
0.11
0.14
0.01
0.31
0.125
Design and Operating Data
Design
value
Operating
value
PH
8-10
I - Color interference.
a The untreated waste composite is a mixture of the untreated K062 waste streams shown
on this table and other non-K062 waste streams.
Source: USEPA 1988b.
4-13
31008
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Table 4-10 Treatment Performance Data for K062 - EPA-Collected Data
Sample Set #6
Constituent
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium (hexavalent)
Chromium (total)
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Untreated Treated
Untreated Untreated waste waste
K062 waste K062 waste composite3 (wastewater)
(mg/1) (mg/1) (mg/1) (mg/1)
Sample no. Sample no. Sample no. Sample no.
801 802 845 846
3 <1 <1 <0.1 .
<5 <5 <5 <0.5
I I 734 I
1800 7000 2548 0.10
865 306 149 0.12
<10 <10 <10 <0.01
3200 2600 588 0.33
<2 <2 4 0.095
Design and Operating Data
Design value Operating value
pH
8-10
I - Color interference.
a The untreated waste composite is a mixture of the untreated K062 waste streams
shown on this table and other non-K062 waste streams.
Source: USEPA 1988b.
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3100g
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Table 4-11 Treatment Performance Data for K062 - EPA-Collected Data
Sample Set #7
Constituent
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium (hexavalent)
Chromium (total)
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Untreated
K062 waste
(mg/1)
Sample no.
801
3
<5
I
1800
865
<10
3200
<2
Design
Design
Untreated
K062 waste
(mg/1)
Sample no .
802
<1
<5
I
7000
306
<10
2600
<2
and Operating Data
value
Untreated
waste
composite3
(rag/1)
Sample no.
853
<1
10
769
2314
72
108
426
171
Operating
Treated
waste
(wastewater)
(mg/1)
Sample no.
854
<0.1
<0.5
0.12
0.12
0.16
<0.01
0.40
0.115
value
PH
8-10
I - Color interference.
a The untreated waste composite is a mixture of the untreated K062 waste streams
shown on this table and other non-K062 waste streams.
Source: USEPA 1988b.
4-15
3100g
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Table 4-12 Treatment Performance Data for K062 - EPA-Collected Data
Sample Set #8
Constituent
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium (hexavalent)
Chromium (total)
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Untreated Treated
Untreated Untreated waste waste
K062 waste K062 waste composite3 (wastewater)
(rag/1) (mg/1) (mg/1) (mg/1)
Sample no. Sample no. Sample no. Sample no.
859 801 861 862
<0.1
<5 <5 <5 <0.5
0.220 I 0.13 <0.01
15 1800 831 0.15
151 865 217 0.16
<10 <10 212 <0.01
90 3200 669 0.36
7 9 151 0.13
Design and Operating Data
Design value Operating value
pH
8-10
I - Color interference.
a The untreated waste composite is a mixture of the untreated K062 waste streams
shown on this table and other non-K062 waste streams.
Source: USEPA 1988b.
4-16
3100g
-------
Table 4-13 Treatment Performance Data for K062 - EPA-Collected Data
Sample Set #9
Untreated
Untreated Untreated Untreated waste
K062 waste K062 waste K062 waste composite3
(rag/1) (mg/1) (mg/1) (mg/1)
Constituent Sample no. Sample no. Sample no. Sample no.
867 801 802 869
Arsenic <0.1 3 <1 <1
Cadmium <0.5 <5 <5 <5
Chromium (hexavalent) 0.079 I I 0.07
Chromium (total) 6 1800 7000 939
Copper 5 865 306 225
Lead <1 <10 <10 <10
Nickel 4 3200 2600 940
Zinc 0.4 <2 <2 5
Treated
waste
(wastewater
(rag/1)
Sample no.
870
<0.1
<0.5
0.041
0.10
0.08
<0.01
0.33
0.06
Design and Operating Data
Design value Operating value
pH
8-10
10
I - Color interference.
a The untreated waste composite is a mixture of the untreated K062 waste streams shown
on this table and other non-K062 waste streams.
Source: USEPA 1988b.
4-17.
3100g
-------
Table 4-14 Treatment Performance Data for K062 - EPA-Collected Data
Sample Set #10
Constituent
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium (hexavalent)
Chromium (total)
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Untreated
K062 waste
(mg/1)
Sample no.
801
<3
<5
I
1800
865
<10
3200
<2
Design and
Design
Untreated
waste
composite3
(mg/1)
Sample no .
885
<1
<5
0.08
395
191
<10
712
5
Operating Data
value
Treated
waste
(wastewater)
(mg/1)
Sample no.
862
<0.10
<0.5
0.106
0.12
0.14
<0.01
0.33
0.070
Operating value
pH
8-10
I - Color interference.
a The untreated waste composite is a mixture of the untreated K062 waste streams
shown on this table and other non-K062 waste streams.
Source: USEPA 1988b.
4-18
3100s
-------
Table 4-15 Treatment Performance Data for K062 - EPA-Collected Data
Sample Set #11
Constituent
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium (hexavalent)
Chromium (total)
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Untreated
K062 waste
(mg/1)
Sample no.
801
3
<5
I
1800
865
<10
3200
<2
Design
De s i en
Untreated
K062 waste
(mg/1)
Sample no.
859
<1
<5
0.220
15
151
<10
90
7
and Operating Data
value
Untreated
waste
composite3
(rag/1)
Sample no.
893
<1
23
0.30
617
137
136
382
135
Operating
Treated
waste
(wastewater)
(mg/1)
Sample no.
894
<0.10
<5
<0.01
0.18
0.24
<0.01
0.39
0.100
value
PH
8-10
I - Color interference.
a The untreated waste composite is a mixture of the untreated K062 waste streams
shown on this table and other non-K062 waste streams.
Source: USEPA 1988b.
4-19
3100g
-------
Table 4-16 Treatment Performance Data for D008
(EP Toxic for Lead) Wastewater
Sample set no.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Influent concentration
(mg/1)
66.7
91.7
83.3
276.0
50.0
50.0
58.3
58.3
134.0
200.0
100.0
116.0
91.7
100.0
116.0
Effluent concentration
(rag/1 )a
0.17
0.25
0.25
0.33
0.17
0.25
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.25
0.33
0.25
0.33
0.42
0.33
a Recovery data 115 percent and 112 percent.
Source: Tischler/Kocurek (LD12-00027).
4-20
3100g
-------
Table 4-17 Design and Operating Data for D008 Wastewater Treatment
Performance Data
Sample set no.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
TSS (mg/1)
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
4
5
6
Flow (GPM)
1300
1285
1291
1274
1296
1285
1305
1295
1285
1290
1250
1250
1300
1262
1307
PH*
8.9
9.2
9.2
9.0
9.1
8.8
9.1
9.2
9.1
9.2
8.7
8.6
8.8
9.2
9.4
PHb
8.8
9.2
9.3
9.2
9.2
8.8
9.2
9.3
9.2
9.2
8.5
8.6
8.8
9.1
9.2
Chemical addition:
Cationic polymer - 1.5 ppm
Anionic polymer - 0.5 ppm
16 percent high magnesium lime - 4.26 GPM
a pH in recycle clarifier.
pH in dissolved metals clarifier.
Source: Tischler/Kocurek (LD12-00027).
4-21
3100g
-------
5. DETERMINATION OF BEST DEMONSTRATED AVAILABLE
TECHNOLOGY (BOAT)
This section presents the rationale for the determination of best
demonstrated available technology (BOAT) for K061 wastewaters. The
Agency examined all the available treatment performance data for the
demonstrated technologies to determine which is best. The Agency has
treatment performance data for three facilities that treat K061
wastewaters using physical separation methods. In addition, treatment
performance data are available for systems treating metal-bearing
wastewaters that are similar to K061 wastewaters. Based on an evaluation
of the untreated waste characteristics that affect treatment performance
of these technologies, the Agency has determined that K062 wastewaters
are more difficult to treat than K061 wastewaters for cadmium,
chromium, and nickel. Also available are treatment performance data for
D008 wastewaters that are similar to K061 wastewaters with respect to
lead concentrations. Based on an evaluation of these data, the Agency
has determined that for lead the D008 wastewater is more difficult to
treat than K061 wastewaters.
As stated previously, the Agency has three data sets for treatment of
K061 wastewaters using a physical separation treatment process. Of these
three data sets, two (Plants 052 and 059A) are not usable by the BOAT
program to assess the performance of the technologies because chemical
analysis is provided only for zinc. Therefore, these two data sets were
not used in the comparison of the technologies. The remaining data set
(Plant 051) for physical treatment consisting of clarification,
thickening, and vacuum filtration was compared to the other available
treatment data. The six data points submitted by Lone Star Steel
(LD12-L0044) were evaluated for use in determining the best demonstrated
available technology for K061 wastewaters. The data submitted consist of
effluent data for cadmium, chromium, lead, and nickel from a treatment
5-1
31016
-------
system consisting of clarification and vacuum dewatering of solids.
These data were determined to be insufficient to evaluate the treatment
system because only effluent data were supplied. Because of the absence
of influent waste characterization data, the Agency could not evaluate
properly the effectiveness of the treatment system.
Available treatment performance data presented in Tables 4-5 through
4-15 for treatment of K062 wastewaters by hexavalent chromium reduction,
chemical precipitation, and dewatering of the precipitate show that
treatment levels are substantial. Total chromium was reduced from 2,581
mg/1 to 0.12 mg/1; cadmium from 13 mg/1 to <0.5 mg/1; and nickel from 471
mg/1 to 0.33 mg/1. The data collected from this treatment train for K062
waste- waters were obtained from a well-designed and well-operated system
and therefore may be used to compare the treatment performance of
demonstrated technologies. However, these data for K062 wastewaters were
not used to evaluate treatment of lead because the Agency received K061
wastewater data that contain higher concentrations of lead than were
present in the K062 wastewaters tested. Therefore, the Agency evaluated
other sources of treatment data for lead-bearing wastewaters. The D008
wastewater treatment data were identified as suitable for characterizing
treatment performance for lead. The D008 data were collected from a
well-designed and well-operated treatment system consisting of chemical
precipitation, flocculation, clarification, filtration, and sludge
thickening, a system essentially identical to and certainly compatible
with that used for K062 treatment. Also submitted for D008 treatment
were effluent values without the corresponding untreated data. These
data could not be used in EPA's evaluation of the treatment system,
however, they are presented in Appendix A.
Based on the evaluation of these treatment performance data, the
Agency believes that the K062 treatment system consisting of hexavalent
chromium reduction, chemical precipitation, and dewatering of the
precipitate represents treatment by BOAT for cadmium, chromium, and
5-2
3101g
-------
nickel. First, the physical separation system treating K061 wastewaters
was not considered to be well-designed because it is designed to remove
particulates, not dissolved metals in solution, especially hexavalent
chromium. Hexavalent chromium reduction and chemical precipitation steps
are included in the K062 treatment train to remove metals from solution.
Second, the level of treatment performance achieved by the K062 treatment
train is more substantial because it reduces BOAT list metal constituents
from much higher concentrations in the untreated waste to levels below
those achieved by the K061 physical separation system. Therefore, the
Agency is transferring the treatment performance data from this treatment
train for K062 wastewaters to K061 wastewaters for cadmium, chromium, and
nickel. The Agency has no evidence to suggest that any further
precipitation process would significantly improve the performance.
Therefore, the treatment train consisting of hexavalent chromium
reduction, chemical precipitation, and dewatering of the precipitate
represents BDAT for cadmium, chromium, and nickel in K061 wastewaters.
The Agency believes that the D008 wastewater treatment data for
chemical precipitation, flocculation, clarification, filtration, and
sludge thickening represents BDAT for lead in K061 wastewaters. The
treatment performance data demonstrate substantial reduction of the
concentration of lead in wastewaters from levels as high as 276 mg/1 to
as low as 0.17 mg/1. Therefore, the Agency is transferring the D008
treatment performance data to lead for K061 wastewaters, with the
above-mentioned treatment train representing BDAT for lead in K061
wastewaters.
5-3
3101g
-------
6. SELECTION OF REGULATED CONSTITUENTS
The Agency presented its selection of regulated constituents for K061
nonwastewaters in Section 6 of the K061 background document (USEPA 1988a).
These regulated constituents are cadmium, chromium (total), lead, and
nickel.
The Agency has no data that would lead it to believe that other
constituents may warrant regulation for K061 wastewaters. An evaluation
of the available waste characterization data for K061 wastewaters and
nonwastewaters (USEPA 1988a) indicates that cadmium, chromium, lead, and
nickel are present in the waste at the highest concentrations with the
exception of zinc.* Although available waste characteristic data for
K061 wastewaters, presented in Table 2-1, show low concentrations of
nickel, the Agency would expect concentrations of nickel to be
significant in wastes from specialty and stainless steel production. For
this reason, nickel has been included as a regulated constituent for both
nonwastewater and wastewater forms of K061. Other BOAT list metal
constituents that may be present are not regulated since they are also
expected to be treated by a well-designed and well-operated treatment
system. Analytical methods to determine the concentration of BOAT list
metal constituents in K061 wastewaters can be found in USEPA 1986c.
* Zinc is no longer a BOAT list metal. It appears in 40 CFR 261 Appendix
VIII only as the cyanide compound zinc cyanide, which is listed because
of its cyanide, not its zinc content.
6-1
3102g
-------
7. CALCULATION OF BOAT TREATMENT STANDARDS
This section presents the calculation of treatment standards for the
regulated constituents described in Section 6. The BOAT treatment
standards for K061 wastewaters (1) reflect treatment performance data
from a well-designed and well-operated treatment system, (2) account for
analytical limitations, and (3) have been adjusted for variability
resulting from treatment, sampling, and analytical techniques and
procedures.
The 11 data sets for treatment of K062 wastewaters by hexavalent
chromium reduction, chemical precipitation, and dewatering of the
precipitate were determined to represent treatment by a well-designed and
well-operated treatment system (USEPA 1988b). One data set (Sample Set
#11) for cadmium was deleted because of an artificially high detection
limit of 5 ppm, which deviated from the other 10 data points having
detection limits of 0.5. The remaining analytical data sets for this
treatment system (for cadmium, chromium, and nickel) were corrected for
analytical recovery by multiplying the data by their respective
correction factors.
The correction factors were obtained by dividing 100 by the
corresponding percent recovery of the regulated constituents. The
percent recovery values for the regulated constituents were transferred
from the Onsite Engineering Report for Horsehead Resource Development
Co., Inc. for K061 (USEPA 1987), since recovery values were not available
for the treatment data on K062. An expanded description of the rationale
for this transfer of recovery data is presented in the K062 nonwastewater
background document (USEPA 1988b). The matrix spike recovery data used
for these data are presented in Table 7-1.
7-1
3103g
-------
The 15 data sets for treatment of D008 wastewaters by chemical
precipitation, flocculation, clarification, filtration, and sludge
thickening were determined to represent treatment by a well-designed and
well-operated system. The 15 effluent treatment points for lead were
corrected for analytical recovery by multiplying the data by the
appropriate correction factor. The correction factor was calculated from
the recovery data submitted with the data for the treatment tests
(Tischler/Kocurek 1989). Both of the recovery figures (115 and 112
percent) were greater than 100 percent; therefore, a correction factor of
1.00 is used, and the corrected values equal the original data. The
corrected values for all four regulated constitutents in the K061
wastewaters are presented in Table 7-2.
An arithmetic average of accuracy-corrected concentration levels for
each regulated constituent and a variability factor for each regulated
constituent were then calculated. The treatment standard for each
regulated constituent was calculated by multiplying the average accuracy-
corrected data by the appropriate variability factor. The calculation of
the treatment standards for K061 wastewaters is presented in Table 7-3.
Table 7-4 presents the treatment standards for K061 wastewaters.
7-2
3103g
-------
Tabla 7-1 Hatrix Spike Recovery of TCLP Extract of Traatad K061 Haata and Accuracy
Corraction Factors for High Temperature Matals Recovery
ole
Sample duplicate
BOAT
constituent
Cadmim
Chr«=iu»
Hickel
sample
(MB/1
4.2
<4.0
203
added
(MB/1
25
50
1,000
result
(MB/D
26
35
1.140
recovery
87
70
94
result
(MB/D
27
34
1.128
recovery
91
68
93
factor
1.15
1.47
1.08
Percent Recovery - [(Spike Result - Original Amount)/Spike Added] z 100.
Source: USZFA 1987.
7-3
3103g
-------
Table 7-2 Calculation of Corrected Values for Regulated Constituents
for Treated Wastewater
Constituent
Cadmium
Chromium (total)
-
Lead
Treated waste Percent
(mg/1) recovery
<0.5 87a
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
0.12 68a
0.12
0.20
0.10
0.11
0.10
0.12
0.15
0.10
0.12
0.18
0.17 115b
0.25
0.25
0.33
0.17
0.25
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.25
0.33
0.25
0.33
0.42
Correction Corrected value
factor (mg/1)
1.15 <0.575
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
1.47 0.1764
0.1764
0.294
0.147
0.162
0.147
0.1764
0.2205
0.147
0.1764
0.2646
1.00C 0.17
0.25
0.25
0.33
0.17
0.25
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.25
0.33
0.25
0.33
0.42
0.33
0.33
31038
7-4
-------
Table 7-2 (continued)
Treated waste Percent
Constituent (mg/1) recovery
Nickel 0.33 93a
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.31
0.33
0.40
0.36
0.33
0.33
0.39
Correction Corrected value
factor (mg/1)
1.075 0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.33
0.35
0.43
0.39
0.35
0.35
0.42
a The percent recovery has been taken from Table 7-14 of the Onsite Engineering
Report for Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. for K061 (USEPA 1987).
The percent recovery for lead is from the D008 data submitted by
Tischler/Kocurek (LD12-00027).
c For recoveries greater than 100, a correction factor of 1.00 is used and the
corrected values equal the uncorrected data.
7-5
3103g
-------
Table 7-3 Calculation of the Treatment Standards for the
Regulated Constituents for Treated Wastewater
Regulated
constituent
Cone.
Mean
VF
Treatment standard
total concentration
(mg/1)
Cadmium
Chromium (total)
Lead
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
0.1765
0.1765
0.2941
0.1471
0.1618
0.1471
0.1765
0.2206
0.1471
0.1765
0.2647
0.17
0.25
0.25
0.33
0.17
0.25
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.25
0.33
0.25
0.33
0.42
0.33
0.575
2.8a
1.61
0.1898
1.69
0.32
0.288
1.76
0.51
7-6
3103g
-------
Table 7-3 (continued)
Treatment standard
Regulated
constituent
Nickel
Cone .
0.3548
0.3548
0.3548
0.3548
0.3333
0.3548
0.4301
0.3871
0.3548
0.3548
0.4194
total concentration
Mean VF (mg/1)
0.3685 1.20 0.44
a For cases in which all values are at or below the detection limit, the
variability factor is taken as 2.8.
7-7
3103g
-------
Table 7-4 BOAT Treatment Standards for K061 Wastewaters
Maximum for any single grab sample
Total concentration TCLP
Constituent (mg/1) (mg/1)
Cadmium 1.61 Not applicable
Chromium (total) 0.32 Not applicable
Lead 0.51 Not applicable
Nickel 0.44 Not applicable
7-8
3103g
-------
8. REFERENCES
Battery Council International. 1989. Public comment submitted in
response to EPA proposed land disposal restrictions for Third Third
Scheduled Wastes, December 22, 1989. EPA RCRA Docket No. LD12-00035.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Lehigh University. 1982. Characterization, recovery, and recycling of
electric arc furnace dust. Final Report, Prepared for U.S. Department
of Commerce, February 1982.
Lone Star Steel. 1990. Public comment submitted in response to EPA pro-
posed land disposal restrictions for Third Third Scheduled Wastes,
February 27, 1990. EPA RCRA Docket No. LD12-L0044. Washington, D.C.:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Patterson, J.W. 1985. Industrial wastewater treatment technology. 2nd
Edition. Stoneham, Mass.: Butterworth Publishers.
Steel Manufacturers Association. 1990. Public comment submitted in
response to EPA proposed land disposal restrictions for Third Third
Scheduled Wastes, January 8, 1990. EPA RCRA Docket No. LD12-00274.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Tischler/Kocurek. 1989. Public comment submitted in response to EPA pro-
posed land disposal restrictions for Third Third Scheduled Wastes,
February 27, 1990. EPA RCRA Docket No. LD12-00027. Washington, D.C.:
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
USEPA. 1982. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Development
document (final) for effluent limitations guidelines and new source
performance standards for iron and steel manufacturing point source
category. Volume III. 440/1-82/024. Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency.
USEPA. 1986a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Onsite engineering
report of treatment technology performance and operation for Envirite
Corporation. Prepared by Versar Inc. for the Office of Solid Waste,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, under Contract No. 68-01-7053.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
USEPA. 1986b. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. National Survey of
Hazardous Waste Generators. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency.
USEPA. 1986c. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Solid
Waste and Emergency Response. Test methods for evaluating solid
wastes: physical/chemical methods. SW-846, Washington, D.C., Third
Edition, November 1986. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
8-1
310*8
-------
USEPA. 1987. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Onsite engineering
report for Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. for K061. Prepared
by Versar Inc. for the Office of Solid Waste, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, under Contract No. 68-01-7053. Washington, D.C:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
USEPA. 1988a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Final best
demonstrated available technology (BOAT) background document for K061.
EPA/530-SW-88-031D. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency.
USEPA. 1988b. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Final best
demonstrated available technology (BOAT) background document for K062.
EPA/530-SW-88-031E. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency.
8-2
3104g
-------
APPENDIX A
-------
Appendix A
Tischler/Kocurek Effluent Data
Date
11/88
12/88
1/89
2/89
•
4/89
5/89
Lead (mg/1) Date
2.0 6/89
0.1
0.3
0.1
0.1
7/89
0.2
0.2
0.3 . 8/89
0.7
0.2
0.2
0.4
9/89
0.4
0.4
0.2
10/89
0.6
0.3
0.4
0.2
0.3 11/89
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.4
0.3
Lead (mg/1)
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.2
<0.001
0.2
0.2
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.2
Reference: Tischler/Kocurek (LD12-00027)
353Ag
------- |