Verm
MEMORANDUM
TO:
FROM:
DATE:
SUBJECT:
Monica Chatmon-McEaddy
Amanjit S. Paintal
May 8, 1989
cc: J. Strauss
S. Shwartz
5254 File
Final Treatment Standards for Nonwastewater and Wastewater
Forms of K100
This memorandum presents the technical support and rationale for the
development of treatment standards for nonwastewater and wastewater forms
of K100.
INTRODUCTION
According to 40 CFR Part 261.32 (hazardous wastes from specific
sources), waste code K100 is listed as waste leaching solution from acid
leaching of emission control dust/sludge from secondary lead smelting.
Treatment standards for K100 wastes were originally scheduled to be
promulgated as part of the Third Third rulemaking. However, a treatment
standard of "No Land Disposal Based on No Generation" for K100
nonwastewaters was promulgated on August 8, 1988, and was subsequently
revised on May 1, 1989, (54 FR 18836) to be applicable only to
"Nonwastewater forms of these wastes generated by the process described
in the listing description and disposed after August 17, 1988, and not
generated in the course of treating wastewater forms of these wastes
[Based on No Generation]."
In the proposal for the Second Third Wastes (54 FR 1056, January 11,
1989), EPA stated its intention to develop concentration-based treatment
standards for all forms of K100 prior to May 8, 1990, and has since
3215g
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decided to the promulgated to revoke treatment standard of "No Land
Disposal Based on No Generation" for K100 nonwastewaters. EPA prefers to
set concentration-based treatment standards in lieu of this standard and
is promulgating these for K100 nonwastewaters.
Concentration-based treatment standards for all forms of K100 are
promulgated based on the transfer of performance data from other
hazardous wastes known to be similar in chemical and physical form to
K100 wastes.
INDUSTRY AFFECTED
In the manufacture of refined lead, lead oxide, antimonal lead, and
lead alloy, "soft lead" (low antimony lead) is smelted in reverberatory
furnaces. Source materials include discarded batteries, lead residues,
scrap lead, and, in the case of lead alloy, recycled secondary lead
emissions control dust. The smelting processes take place at high
temperatures. The soft lead is then further processed to either refined
lead or lead oxide (USEPA 1980) .
When reverberatory furnace emissions are scrubbed, cadmium, chromium,
and lead entrained in the fumes are collected by either wet scrubbing or
by baghouse. The emission control dusts collected by baghouse may be
recycled for use as input material for lead alloy manufacture. Before
the emission control dust is recycled to the remelt kettle, it is leached
with dilute sulfuric acid to remove zinc. The waste leaching solution is
the waste stream of concern, i.e., K100.(USEPA 1980).
Based on available information, the Agency believes that this waste
is no longer generated by the lead smelting industry. However, K100
treatment standards are still necessary for application to residues from
previous disposal.
-2-
3215g
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WASTE CHARACTERIZATION
The Agency has determined that K100 represents a single treatability
group based on its expected physical and chemical composition. This
group consists of two subgroups -- wastewaters and nonwastewaters. For
the purpose of the land disposal restrictions rule, wastewaters are
defined as wastes containing less than 1 percent (weight basis)
filterable solids and less than 1 percent (weight basis) total organic
carbon (TOG). Wastes not meeting this definition are classified as
nonwastewaters.
The Office of Water, Effluent Guidelines Division, draft development
document (USEPA 1977) on the secondary lead smelting industry were
reviewed. No characterization data were found on the K100 waste stream:
Neither the EPA Preamble on Land Disposal Restrictions for First Third
Scheduled Wastes: Final Rule (FR 31138-31222) nor the "Response to
Comments Related to the First Third Wastes Treatment Technologies and
Associated Performance" contains data on KlOO waste and its
treatability. The only characterization data available are in the
Background Document for the listing of the waste (USEPA 1980).
*Table 1 KlOO - Waste Characterization Data
Estimated concentration
BOAT constituents • (mg/1)
Hexavalent chromium 20
Lead 60
Cadmium 110
Source: USEPA 1985.
*It should be noted that these are "synthetic waste" data based on
emission control dust composition data and solubility of dust metal
constituents in dilute sulfuric acid.
-3-
3215s
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APPLICABLE AND DEMONSTRATED TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
This section describes the applicable treatment technologies for the
treatment of K100. waste. The Agency identified the applicable treatment
technologies based on the estimated waste composition (see Table 1). The
technologies considered to be applicable are those designed to (1) Reduce
the concentration of BDAT list metals present in the treated residual
and/or (2) Reduce the leachability of BDAT list metals in the treated
residual.
Chemical precipitation followed by dewatering of the precipitated
solids is an applicable technology for the removal of the dissolved metals
from K100 wastewater. Ordinarily, ion exchange would be an applicable
technology. However, K100 is likely to have a very high ionic strength
since it is derived from acid leaching. Ion exchange is not conducive to
solutions with very high ionic strengths. Additionally, the presence of
hexavalent chromium indicates the need for chromium reduction to convert
hexavalent chromium to trivalent chromium prior to precipitation. Other
applicable technologies include physical treatment methods that remove
suspended solids from wastewaters (such as clarification, floccutation,
vacuum filtration, sludge thickening, and other similar technologies).
Dewatering of the precipitated solids results in a nonwastewater
filter cake stream and a wastewater filtrate stream. The filtrate may be
further processed by polishing filtration, such as multimedia filtration,
to remove the remaining suspended solids. For the nonwastewater solids
that are precipitated and filtered, stabilization can be used to reduce
the leachability of the BDAT list metals. Hexavalent chromium reduction
followed by settling, filtering, and dewatering of solids are widely
practiced metals treatment technologies (USEPA 1986a). Physical
separation methods such as clarification, flocculation, filteration, and
sludge thickening are also demonstrated treatment technology for removal
of metals from wastewater.
-4-
321Sg
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All of the applicable technologies are demonstrated. Hexavalent
chromium reduction, chemical precipitation, arid dewatering by settling
and/or filtration are widely practiced as a metals treatment technology
for aqueous wastes. In addition, polishing filtration is a
well-documented technology for removing insoluble material from wastewater
streams. Regarding treatment of the precipitated solids, stabilization of
wastewater treatment sludges is considered demonstrated.
PERFORMANCE DATA
In the absence of specific data on treatability of K100 wastes, EPA is
promulgating concentration-based treatment standards for wastewater forms
of K100 based on the transfer of performance data for treatment train of
chromium reduction followed by metals precipitation, clarification, and
sludge dewatering for K062 wastewaters. For the nonwastewater forms of
K100, the Agency is promulgating treatment standards based on the
performance of stabilization for F006 wastes.
A. Wastewaters. The Agency has 11 data sets for treatment of K062
wastewaters containing hexavalent chromium, lead, and cadmium by the
treatment methods of hexavalent chromium reduction, chemical
precipitation, and dewatering of the precipitate. These data are
presented in Tables 2 through 12. These metal bearing wastewaters include
waste code K062, and these data were previously used in the development of
treatment standards for K062 in the First Third Final Rule (USEPA 1988b).
The Agency believes that these K062 data can be used to assess the
performance of these technologies for K100 wastewaters, since the
untreated K062 wastewaters contain much higher concentrations for most
metals than K100 wastewaters are expected to contain. Accordingly, EPA is
using three performance data for treatment by hexavalent chromium
reduction, chemical precipitation, and dewatering of the precipitate to
promulgate treatment standards for cadmium and total chromium in K100
wastewaters.
-5-
321Sg
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The Agency has data indicating that K100 wastewaters may contain
higher concentrations of lead than is typically found in K062
wastewaters. Therefore, the Agency evaluated available wastewater data
for treatment of lead. The Agency evaluated the 15 data sets for
treatment of D008 (lead) wastewaters from the foundry industry
(Tischler/Kocurek - LD12-00027). These treatment performance data are
presented in Table 13 and 14. The D008 wastewaters are generated from the
emission control scrubber from the production of iron castings and are
treated by a system consisting of chemical precipitation, flocculation,
clarification, filtration, and sludge thickening.
EPA evaluated the D008 data with respect to characteristics that
effect treatment performance. Specifically, the D008 data were determined
to be similar to K100 wastewaters in terms of the concentration of lead.
In fact, the D008 had higher untreated lead concentrations than K100
wastewaters, 50-276 mg/1 compared to 60 mg/1). Also, the D008 waste lead
concentration was substantially reduced (from as high as 276 mg/1 of lead
in influent to as low as 0.17 mg/1 of lead effluent) by the treatment
consisting of chemical precipitation, flocculation, clarification,
filteration, and sludge thickening. The performance data for the D008
waste is shown in Table 14. Based on these D008 data the Agency would
expect that these D008 wastewaters would be more difficult to treat than
K100 wastewaters. Therefore, the Agency is using D008 treatment data to
assess the performance of lead in K100 wastewater.
B. Nonwastewaters. Performance data are available for
stabilization of F006 and K061 nonwastewaters using various pozzolonic
binders and mix ratios. The data presented in Table 13 represent
performance data developed from stabilization of F006 waste, while the
data in Table 14 represent performance data of K061 wastes. These data
were previously used in the development of treatment standards for F006
and K061 in the First Third Final Rule (USEPA 1988a,c).
-6-
321Sg
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Table 2 Treatment Performance Data for K062 - EPA-Collected Data
Sample Set
Constituent
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium (hezavalent)
Chromium (total)
Copper
Lead
Hickel
Zinc
Untreated Untreated
K062 waste K062 waste
(mg/1) (rns/1)
Sample Ho. Sample Ho.
801 802
3 <1
<5 <5
I I
1800 7000
865 306
<10
3200 2600
<2 <2
Untreated
waste
composite"
(OB/I)
Sample Ho.
805
<1
13
893
2581
138
64
*71
116
Treated
waste
(wastewater)
(os/1)
Sample Ho.
806
<0.1
<0.5
0.011
0.12
0.21
<0.01
0.33
0.125
Design and Operating Data
Design value
Operation
value
8-10
I » Color interference.
" The untreated waste composite is a mixture of the untreated K062 waste mtre
shown on this table, along with other non-K062 waste streams.
Source: USEPA 1988b.
-7-
3215g
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Table 3 Treatment Performance Data for K062 - EPA-Coilected Data
Sample Set #2
Constituent
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium (hexavalent)
Chromium (total)
Copper
Lead
Hickel
Zinc
Untreated
K062 waste
(og/1)
Sample Ho.
801
3
<5
I
1800
BBS
<10
3200
<2
Design
Untreated
K062 waste
(mg/l)
Sample Ho.
802
<1
<5
I
7000
306
<10
2600
<2
and Operating Data
Untreated
waste
composite"
(mg/1)
Sample Ho.
813
<1
10
807
2278
133
54
470
4
Treated
waste
(wastewater)
(mg/1)
Sample Ho.
814
<0.1
<0.5
0.12
0.19
0.15
<0.01
0.33
0.115
pfl
Design value
6-10
Operating value
I - Color interference.
* The untreated waste composite is a mixture of the untreated 1062 waste streams
shown on this table, •long with other non-K062 waste streams.
Source: DSEFA IBBBb.
-8-
3215s
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Table 4 Treatment Performance Data for K062 - KPA-Collected Data
Sample Set #3
Constituent
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium (hezavalent)
Chromium (total)
Copper
Lead
Hickel
Zinc
Untreated
K062 waste
(IBS/1)
Sample Ho.
817
3
<5
I
1700
425
<10
100310
7
Design i
Design
Untreated
K062 waste
(mg/1)
Sample Ho.
802
<1
<5
I
7000
306
<10
2600
<2
md Operating Data
value
Untreated
waste
composite*
(ms/1)
Sample Ho.
821
<1
5
775
1900
133
<10
16330
3.9
Operating
Treated
waste
(wastewater)
(Bg/D
Sample Ho.
822
<0.1
<0.5
I
0.20
0.21
<0.01
0.33
0.140
value
8-10
10
I •> Color interference.
° The untreated waste composite is a mixture of the untreated 1062 waste streams
shown on this table, along with other non-K062 waste streams.
Source: USEPA 1988b.
-9-
3215g
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Table S Treatment Performance Data for K062 - EPA-Collected Data
Sample Set #4
Constituent
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium (bexavalent)
Chromium (total)
Copper
Lead
Hickel
Zinc
Untreated Untreated
K062 waste K062 waste
(mg/1) (ms/1)
Sample Ho. Sample Ho.
827 802
2 <1
<5 <5
1 I
142 7000
42 306
<10
650 2600
3 <2
Untreated
K062 waste
(mg/1)
Sample Ho.
817
3
5
I
1700
42S
<10
41000
7
Untreated
waste
composite*
(ms/D
Sample Ho.
828
<1
<5
0.6
556
88
<10
6610
64
Treated
waste
(wastewater)
(mg/1)
Sample Ho.
830
<1
<0.5
0.042
0.10
0.07
<0.01
0.33
1.62
Design and Operating Data
Desid value
8-10
Operating value
9
I «• Color interference.
* The untreated waste composite is a mixture of the untreated 1062 waste streams shown on this
table, along with other non-K062 waste streams.
Source: USEFA 1988b.
-10-
32158
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Table 6 Treatment Performance Data for K062 - EPA-Collected Data
Sample Set 45
Constituent
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium (hexavalent)
Chromium (total)
Copper
Lead
Hickel
Zinc
Untreated
Untreated Untreated Untreated waste
K062 waste K062 waste K062 waste composite"
(oc/1) (DB/1) (DB/1) (OB/1)
Sample Ho. Sample Ho. Sample Ho. Sample Ho.
801 802 817 837
3 <1 3 <1
<5 <5 5 <5
I I I 917
1800 7000 1700 2236
86S 306 423 91
<10
3200 2600 41000 1414
<2 <2 7 71
Treated
waste
(wastewater)
(DB/I)
Sample Ho.
838
<0.1
<0.5
0.038
0.11
0.14
0.01
0.31
0.123
Design and Operating Data
PH
Design value Operating value
8-10 8
I • Color interference.
a The untreated waste composite is a mixture of the untreated 1062 waste streams shown on this
table, «l""E with other non-K062 waste streams.
Source: OSEPA 1988b.
-11-
3215g
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Table 7 Treatment Performance Data for K062 - EFA-Collected Data
Sample Set
Constituent
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium (bezavalent)
Chromium (total)
Copper
Lead
Hickel
Zinc
Untreated
K062 waste
(me/D
Sample Ho.
801
3
<5
I
1800
865
<10
3200
<2
Design
Untreated
K062 waste
(OS/1)
Sample Ho.
802
<1
<5
I
7000
306
<10
2600
<2
and Operating Data
Untreated
waste
composite*
(ms/1)
Sample Ho.
845
<1
<5
734
2548
149
<10
588
4
Treated
waste
(wastewater)
<»S/1)
Sample Ho.
846
<0.1
<0.5
I
0.10
0.12
<0.01
0.33
0.095
Desiim value
Operating value
8-10
I = Color interference.
The untreated waste composite is a mixture of the untreated K062 waste strea
shown on this table, along with other non-K062 waste streams.
Source: USEPA 1988b.
-12-
3215g
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Table 8 Treatment Performance Data for K062 - EPA-Collected Data
Sample Sat f7
Constituent
Arsenic
{^fl<^p4»»n
Chromium (hexavalent)
Chromium (total)
Copper
Lead
Bickel
Zinc
Untreated
1062 waste
(=6/1)
Sample Ho.
801
3
<5
I
1600
865
<10
3200
<2
Design
Dn treated
1062 waste
(mg/1)
Sample Bo.
802
<1
<5
I
7000
306
<10
2600
<2
and Operating Data
Untreated
waste
composite
(B6/D
Sample Ho.
853
<1
10
769
2314
72
108
426
171
Treated
waste
(wastewater)
(OR/I)
Sample Ro.
854
<0.1
<0.5
0.12
0.12
0.16
<0.01
0.40
0.115
Design value
Operating value
8-10
I - Color interference.
° The untreated waste composite is a mixture of the untreated K062 waste strea
shown on this table, along with other non-K062 waste streams.
Source: OSEFA lOBSb.
-13-
3215g
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Table 9 Treatment Performance Data for K062 - EFA-Collected Data
Sample Set #8
Constituent
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium (hezavalent)
Chromium (total)
Copper
Lead
Hickel
Zinc
Untreated Untreated
K062 waste K062 waste
(mg/1) (ms/1)
Sample Ho. Sample Ro.
859 801
<1 3
<5 <5
0.220 I
15 1800
151 865
<10
90 3200
7 9
Untreated
waste
composite
(mg/1)
Sample Ho.
861
<1
<5
0.13
831
217
212
669
151
Treated
waste
(wastewater)
(mg/1)
Sample Ho.
862
<0.1
<0.5
<0.01
0.15
0.16
<0.01
0.36
0.13
Design and Operating Data
Design value
Operating value
8-10
I = Color interference.
The untreated waste composite is a mixture of the untreated K062 waste strea
shown on this table, clans with other non-K062 waste streams.
Source: DSEPA 1988b.
-14-
3215g
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Table 10 Treatment Performance Data for K062 - EFA-Collected Data
Sample Set #9
Untreated
Untreated Untreated Untreated waste
K062 waste K062 waste K062 waste composite"
(mg/l) (ms/D (ms/D (mg/1)
Constituent Sample Ho. Sample Ho. Sample Ho. Sample Ho.
867 801 802 869
Arsenic <0.1 3 <1 <1
Cadmium <0.5 <5 <5 <5
Chromium (hezavalent) 0.079 I I 0.07
Chromium (total) 6 1800 7000 939
Copper 5 865 306 225
Lead <1 <10 <10 <10
Hickel 4 3200 2600 940
Zinc 0.4 <2 <2 5
Treated
waste
(wastewater)
(DC/1)
Sample Ho.
870
<..!
<0.5
0.041
0.10
0.08
<0.01
0.33
0.06
Design and Operating Data
Design value Operation value
pH 8-10 10
I » Color interference.
a The untreated waste composite is a mixture of the untreated K062 waste streams shown
this table, along with other non-K062 waste streams.
Source: USEPA 1988b.
-15-
3215g
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Table 11 Treatment Performance Data for K062 - EPA-Collected Data
Sample Set
Constituent
Arsenic
Cadmium
Cbrcmiim (hexavalent)
Cbramiun (total)
Copper
Lead
•ickel
Zinc
Untreated
K062 waste
(ms/1)
Sample Ho.
801
<3
<5
I
1800
865
<10
3200
<2
Design and
Design
Untreated
waste
composite*
(DK/D
Sample Ho.
BBS
<1
<5
0.08
305
181
<10
712
5
Operating Data
value
Treated
waste
(wastewater)
(ms/1)
Sample Ho.
862
<0.10
<0.5
0.106
0.12
0.1*
<0.01
0.33
0.070
Operating value
8-10
I = Color interference.
* The untreated waste composite is a mixture of the untreated K062 waste streams
shown on this table, along with other non-K062 waste streams.
Source: USEPA 1088b.
-16-
3215g
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Table 12 Treatment Performance Data for K062 - EPA-Collected Data
Simple Set
Constituent
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium (hexavalent)
Chromium (total)
Copper
Lead
Hickel
Zinc
Untreated Untreated
K062 waste K062 waste
(mg/1) (ng/D
Sample Ho. Sample Ho.
801 859
3 <1
<5 <5
I 0.220
1800 15
865 151
<10
3200 90
<2 7
Untreated
waste
composite*
(me/1)
Sample Ho.
893
<1
23
0.30
617
137
136
382
135
Treated
waste
(wastewater)
(mg/1)
Sample Ho.
694
<0.10
<5
<0.01
0.18
0.24
<0.01
0.39
0.100
Design and Operating Data
Design value
Operating
value
8-10
" Color interference.
The untreated waste canqx>site is a mixture of the untreated K062 waste streams
shown on this table, along with other non-K062 waste streams.
Source: USEPA 1988b.
-17-
3215g
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3265
Table 13 Treatment Performance Data for Stabilization of F006 Nonwastewater*
Nix . Metal concentrations torn)
Source ratio Bariui CadMiu* Chraiui Copper Lead
•
Unknown
Unstabtltzed
As received - -
TCIP - -
Stabilized
TCLP 0.2 - - - - -
Auto part Manufacturing
Unstabtltzed
As received - - 31.3 755 7030 409
TCLP - - 2.21 0.76 638 10.7
Stabilized
TCLP 0.5 - 0.01 0.45 0.27 0.39
Aircraft overhauling
Unstabiltzed
As received - 85.5 67.3 716
TCLP - 1.41 1.13 0.43
Stabilized
TUP 0.2 0.34 0.06 0.09
Zinc plating
Unstabtltzed
As received - 17.2 1.30 - 1510
TCLP - 0.84 0.22 - 4.6
Stabilized
TCLP 0.5 0.25 0.01 - 0.21
Unknown
Unstabtltzed
As received - 14.3 720 12.200 160
TCLP - 0.38 23.6 25.3 1.14
Stabilized
TCLP 0.5 0.21 0.01 0.44 0.31
Nickel
435
0.71
0.05
989
22.7
0.03
259
1.1
0.27
37
0.52
0.02
701
9.78
0.04
Silver Zinc
1560
0.16
0.03
6.62 4020
0.14 219
0.06 0.01
631
5.41
0.03
9.05 90.200
0.16 2050
0.05 0.04
25.900
867
0.03
-------
3Z65g
Table 13 (continued)
Nix
Source rat to*
Sull engine Manufacturing
Unstabiltzed
As received
TCLP
Stabilized
TCLP O.S
Circuit board manufacturing
Uhstabilized
As received
TCLP
Stabilized
TCLP 0.5
Unknown
Uhstabtlized
As received
TCLP
Stabilized
Tap 0.5
Unknown
Unstabllized
As received
TCLP
Stabilized
Tap 0.5
'Adjusted analytical results (referred to as
and for calculating treatment standards for
b weight of reagent
Netal concentrations
Barium Cadi 1 UN ChroBtui Copper
7.28 3100 1220
0.3 38.7 31.7
0.01 0.89 0.31
5.39 42.900 10.600
0.60 360 8.69
0.01 1.41 0.45
15.3 5.81 - 17.600
0.53 0.18 - 483
0.294 0.01 - 0.35
19.2 - - 27.400 24.
0.28 - - 16.9
0.087 - - 0.50
accuracy-corrected concentrations) used for conparing the
those constituents to be regulated (USEPA 1988a).
(DUD)
Lead Nickel
113 19.400
3.37 730
0.39 0.06
156 13.000
1.0 152
0.41 0.11
169 23.700
4.22 644
0.40 0.04
500 5.730
50.2 16.1
0.29 <0.02
performance of one technology
Silver Zinc
4.08 27.800
0.12 1200
0.06 0.040
120
0.62
0.020
8.11 15.700
0.31 €50
0.06 0.020
322
1.29
<0.01
to that of another
weight of waste
Source: USEPA 1988a.
-------
3201g
Table 14 Treatment Performance Data for D008 Wastewater
Influent concentration Effluent concentration
Sample set no. (mg/1) (mg/1)1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
66.7
91.7
83.3
276.0
50.0
50.0
58.3
58.3
134.0
200.0
100.0
116.0
91.7
100.0
116.0
0.17
0.25
0.25
0.33
0.17
0.25
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.25
0.33
0.25
0.33
0.42
0.33
Recovery data 115 percent and 112 percent. Analytical recovery data
show two recovery values. 115 & 112 percent. Because both values
exceeded 100X, the effluent data were not corrected to lower values,
but are considered at the uncorrected value. (See Methodology Document
Nay 89).
Source: Tischler/Kocurek (LD12-00027)
-------
3201g
Table 15 Design and Operating Data for 0008 Wastewater Treatment
Performance Data
Sample set no.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Chemical addition:
Cationic polymer
Anlonic polymer
TSS (mg/1)
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
4
5
6
- 1.5 ppm
- 0.5 ppm
16 percent high magneslun lime
Flow (GPN)
1300
1285
1291
1274
1296
1285
1305
1295
1285
1290
1250
1250
1300
1262
1307
- 4.26 6PM
PH1
8.9
9.2
9.2
9.0
9.1
8.8
9.1
9.2
9.1
9.2
8.7
8.6
8.8
9.2
9.4
PH2
8.8
9.2
9.3
9.2
9.2
8.8
9.2
9.3
9.2
9.2
8.5
8.6
8.8
9.1
9.2
pH of recycle to clarifier.
2 pH In clarifier.
Source: Tischler/Kocurek (LD12-00027)
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Table 16 Summary of Treatment Performance Data for Stabilization
of K061 Nonwastewater Using a Lime/Flyash Binder
(EPA Collected Data)
Untreated waste
Constituents
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Vanadium
Zinc
Oil and grease
Sulfates
Chlorides
TOC
Total
(ppm)
294
36
238
0.15
481
1,370
2,240
20,300
3.8
243
<5.0
59
<1.0
25
244,000
282
8,440
19,300
4,430
TCLP
(mg/1)
0.040
<0 . 010
0.733
<0.001
12.8
<0 . 007
0.066
45.1
0.0026
0.027
<0 . 050
0.021
0.038
<0 . 006
445
Treated waste
TCLP
(mg/1)
<0.050
<0 . 010
0.431 -
<0.001
0.033 -
0.053 -
<0.004 -
0.066 -
0.0016
<0.012
<0.025
<0 . 003
0.011 -
0.080 -
0.179 -
0.500
0.073
0.093
0.015
0.150
- 0.0018
0.014
0.089
0.592
Source: USEPA 1988c.
-22-
3215g
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DETERMINATION OF BEST DEMONSTRATED AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY (BOAT)
This section presents the rationale for the determination of best
demonstrated available technology (BOAT) for nonwastewater and wastewater
forms of K100. The Agency examined all the available treatment
performance data for the demonstrated technologies to determine which is
best. Treatment performance data are available for metal bearing
wastewaters containing K062 and D008 waste that is believed to be similar
in its metal constituents and physical form, but K062 has several BOAT
list metals at higher concentrations than K100 wastewaters to K100
wastewaters. For K100 nonwastewaters, performance data are available
from stabilization tests on F006 and K061 nonwastewaters.
A. Vastewater. Available treatment performance data presented in
Tables 2-12 for treatment of K062 wastewaters by chromium reduction,
chemical precipitation, and filtration show that this treatment is
effective. Total chromium was reduced from 2,581 mg/1 to 0.12 mg/1;
cadmium from 13 mg/1 to <0.5 mg/1; nickel from 471 mg/1 to 0.33; and lead
from 64 mg/1 to <0.01 mg/1. The Agency has determined that the data
collected from treatment of K062 wastewaters represent a well-designed
and well-operated system and therefore may be used to compare treatment
performance of demonstrated technologies.
The Agency believes that K062 wastewater data transfer is technically
feasible since, K062 wastewater best represents a K100 wastewater due to
the concentration of its metal constituents (i.e., up to 917 mg/1 in K062
wastewater compared to the anticipated 20 mg/1 of hexavalent chromium in
K100). Also, the Agency recognizes that chemical precipitation is a
well-established method for removal of cadmium from wastewaters (USEPA
1986a).
-23-
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Based on the evaluation of the available treatment performance data
and other information, the Agency believes that the treatment train
consisting of hexavalent chromium reduction, chemical precipitation, and
settling and/or filtration represents BOAT for chromium and cadmium in
K100 wastewaters.
Even though K062 data could be used to evaluate treatment of lead in
K069 wastewaters, treatment data for K062 wastewaters, however, were not
used because during the Third Third comment period, EPA received D008
(lead) wastewater data (Tischler/Kocurek; LG 12-00027) showing higher
lead concentration in untreated D008 waste in both K100 and K062. These
data are shown in Table 14. D008 treatment data (15 data sets) showed,
treatment was possible to 0.17-0.42 mg/1 for lead. Since D008 wastewater
data have higher untreated lead concentration than both K062 and K100
wastewaters (i.e., D008 should be more difficult to treat than either
K100 or K062), EPA is using these data to calculate the treatment
standard for lead (see Table 18). The D008 data were collected from a
well-designed and well-operated treatment system consisting of chemical
precipitation, flocculation, clarification, filtration, and sludge
thickening. Also, submitted for D008 treatment were effluent values
without the corresponding untreated data. These data could not be used
in EPA's evaluation of the treatment system. However, they are presented
in Appendix A.
The Agency believes that the D008 wastewater treatment data for
chemical precipitation, flocculation, clarification, filtration, and
sludge thickening represents BOAT for lead in K069 wastewaters. The
treatment performance data demonstrate substantial reduction of the
concentration of lead in wastewaters from levels as high as 276 mg/1 to
as low as 0.17 mg/1; (see Table 14). Therefore, the Agency is
transferring the D008 wastewater treatment performance data for lead to
K069 wastewaters, with the above-mentioned treatment train representing
BOAT for lead in K069 wastewaters.
-24-
321Sg
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For chromium and cadmium in K100 wastewater, the treatment standard
is based on the performance hexavalent chromium reduction, chemical
precipitation for K062 wastewaters. For lead, in K100 wastewater the
treatment standard is also based on the performance of chemical
precipitation, but in D008 wastewaters. As noted above, the Agency
believes the D008 wastewaters better represent lead treatment in K100
wastewaters. Since both the K062 and D008 treatment trains use the same
technology (i.e., precipitation) as a method of removing metals from
wastewaters, EPA believes that the use of K062 wastewater data for
cadmium and chromium in K100 wastewaters is compatible with the use of
D008 wastewater data for lead regulation in K069 wastewater.
Based on the evaluation of the available treatment performance data
and other information, the Agency has determined that the treatment train
consisting of hexavalent chromium reduction, chemical precipitation,
filtration, clarification, and sludge dewatering is BOAT for K100
wastewater for treating cadmium, chromium, and lead.
B. Nonwastewaters. EPA compared the F006 wastes and K061 wastes
with regard to metals concentrations. In general, both K061 nonwaste-
waters and F006 nonwastewaters contain similar metal constituents but
F006 has several BOAT list metals at higher concentrations. Specifically,
chromium is present in the untreated F006 wastes at concentrations as
high as 42,900 ppm and in K061 wastes as high as 1,370 ppm; lead is
present in F006 in concentrations as high as 24,500 ppm and in K061
wastes at 20,300 ppm; cadmium is present in F006 wastes at concentrations
as high as 720 ppm and in K061 wastes as high as 481 ppm. Additional
characterization of the wastes (USEPA 1988a,c) show that F006 wastes have
higher concentrations of organics than K061, which would tend to make the
F006 waste more difficult to treat by stabilization techniques based on
waste characteristics that affect the stabilization process.
Importantly, K100 nonwastewaters would be formed by chemical
-25-
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CALCULATION OF BOAT TREATMENT STANDARDS
This section presents the treatment standards for the regulated
constituents described previously. A description of the rationale and
procedures for calculating treatment standards for wastewaters and
nonwastewaters is presented in the K062, D008, and F006 background
document ((1988a, 1988b) and the Background Document for D008, May 90).
The BOAT treatment standards presented in this section are reflective of
treatment performance data from a well-designed and well-operated
treatment systems, and are adjusted for analytical accuracy.
A. Vastevaters. Treatment Standards for Cadmium and Chromium:
EPA compared the K062 wastewaters and K100 waste stream shown in Table 1
with regard to concentrations of metals. In general, both K100
wastewaters and K062 wastewaters contain similar metal constituents. As
noted earlier, K062 wastewaters have BOAT list metals at higher
concentrations than do K100 wastewaters. Therefore, EPA would expect the
K062 wastewaters to be more difficult to treat.
Further, based on the characteristics, the Agency has no reason to
believe that for chromium and cadmium, the treatment levels achieved for
K062 wastewaters cannot be achieved for K100 wastewaters. Accordingly,
EPA is using the K062 wastewater performance data for hexavalent chromium
reduction, chemical precipitation, and settling and/or filtration to
establish treatment standards for chromium and cadmium K100 wastewaters.
Therefore, the Agency is transferring the treatment performance data from
the treatment train for K062 wastewaters to K100 wastewaters.
The 11 data sets for treatment of K062 wastewaters by hexavalent
chromium reduction, chemical precipitation, and dewatering of the
precipitate were determined to represent treatment by a well-designed and
well-operated treatment system (USEPA 1988b). One treatment data set for
-27-
3215g
-------
cadmium was rejected (Sample Set #11) because of an artificially high
detection limit of 5 mg/1 for chromium and cadmium, which deviated from
the other 10 data points' detection limits of 0.5 mg/1. An expanded
description of the calculation of these treatment standards is presented
in the K062 background document (USEPA 1988b).
Treatment Standard for Lead. The 15 data sets for treatment of
lead in D008 wastewaters by chemical precipitation, flocculation,
clarification, filtration, and sludge thickening were determined to
represent treatment by a well-designed and well-operated system. (See
Table 14 and 15). The 15 effluent treatment points for lead were
corrected for analytical recovery by multiplying the data by the
appropriate correction factor. The correction factor was calculated from
the recovery data submitted with the data for the treatment tests
(Tischler/Kocurek 1989). Both of the recovery figures (115 and 112
percent) were greater than 100 percent. Therefore, a correction factor
of 1.0 is used and the corrected values equal the original data value
(see Methodology Document, May, 1989).
An arithmetic average of accuracy-corrected concentration levels for
each regulated constituent and a variability factor for each regulated
constituent were then calculated. The treatment standard for each
regulated constituent was calculated by multiplying the average
accuracy-corrected data by the appropriate variability factor. The
calculation of the treatment standards for K069 wastewaters is presented
in Table 21.
Table 20 presents the specific BOAT treatment standards for K100
wastewater. For the BDAT list metal constituents, treatment standards in
the wastewater reflect the total constituent concentration. The units
for the total constituent concentration are mg/1 (parts per million on a
-28-
3215g
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Table 15 Calculation of the Treatment Standards for the
Regulated Constituents - Treated Wastewater
Regulated
constituent
(correction factor)
Cadmium
(1.15)
Chromium (total)
(1.47)
Lead
(1.316)
Average
corrected Number
concentration of
(mg/1) samples
<0.575 10
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
0.1765 11
0.1765
0.2941
0.1471
0.1618
0.1471
0.1765
0.2206
0.1471
0.1765
0.2647
<0.0132 11
<0.0132
<0.0132
<0.0132
0.0132
<0.0132
<0.0132
<0.0132
<0.0132
<0.0132
<0.0132
Varia- Treatment
bility standard
Average factor (mg/1)
0.575 2.8a 1.61
.1898 1.69 0.32
0.0132 2.8a 0.04
aFor cases in which all values are at or below the detection limit, the
variability factor is taken as 2.8.
-29-
32158
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weight-by-volume basis) for the wastewater. If the concentrations of the
regulated constituents in the K069, as generated, are lower than or equal
to those of the BOAT treatment standards, then treatment is not necessary
as a prerequisite to land disposal.
B. Nonwastewaters. Specifically, EPA believes that the data on
stabilization of F006 waste can be used to assess treatment performance
for chromium, cadmium, and lead in K100 nonwastewaters, since significant
treatment occurred for the regulated constituents (i.e., from 23.6 TCLP
untreated to 0.01 ppm TCLP for cadmium; and from 360 ppm TCLP untreated
to 1.61 ppm TCLP for chromium; and from 50.2 ppm TCLP untreated to 0.29
ppm TCLP for lead).
The data presented for stabilization of F006 nonwastewaters (see
Table 13) have been evaluated by EPA to ensure that any data representing
poor design and poor operation were deleted and that all data were
adjusted for analytical accuracy. Using the accuracy corrected data, EPA
developed treatment standards by averaging the performance data for each
constituent and then multiplying the average value by a variability
factor that accounts for variations in technology performance, waste
characteristics, and laboratory analysis. An expanded description of the
calculation of these treatment standards is presented in the F006
background document.
Table 18 shows the calculations for the three metals regulated for
K100 nonwastewaters. For the BDAT list metal constituents, treatment
standards in nonwastewater reflect the concentration of constituents in
the leachate from the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP).
The units for the leachate concentration are mg/1 (parts per million on a
weight-by-volume basis). If the concentrations of the regulated
constituents in K100 TCLP leachate, as generated, are lower than or equal
to the limits set by the BDAT treatment standards, then treatment is not
necessary as a prerequisite to land disposal.
-30-
3215g
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Table 17 Calculation of Corrected Values for Regulated Constituents
for Treated Mastewater
Treated waste Percent
Constituent (mg/1) recovery
Cadmium <0.5 87°
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
Chromium (total) 0.12 6Ba
0.12
0.20
0.10
0.11
0.10
0.12
0.15
0.10
0.12
0.18
Lead 0.17 115b
0.25
0.25
0.33
0.17
0.25
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.25
0.33
0.25
0.33
0.42
0.33
The percent recovery has been taken from Table
Report for Borsehead Resource Development Co.,
The percent recovery for lead is from the DO 08
(LD12-00027).
For recoveries greater than 100, a correction
corrected values equal the uncorrected data.
Correction Corrected value
factor (mg/1)
1.15 <0.575
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
1.47 0.1764
0.1764
0.294
0.147
0.162
0.147
0.1764
0.2205
0.147
0.1764
0.2646
1.00C 0.17
0.25
0.25
0.33
0.17
0.25
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.25
0.33
0.25
0.33
0.42
0.33
7-14 of the Onsite Engineering
Inc. for K061 (USEPA 1987).
data submitted by Tischler/Kocurek
factor of 1.00 is used and the
Data for cadmium from USEPA 198sb; data for lead from Fischler/Kocurek (LD12-00027)
data for lead from USEFA 1988b.
-31-
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Table 18 Calculation of the Treatment Standards for the
Regulated Constituents for Treated Wastewater
Regulated
constituent
Cadmium
Chromium (total)
Lead
Treatment standard
total concentration
Cone. Mean VF (mg/1)
<0.575 0.575 2.8° 1.61
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
0.1765 0.1898 1.69 0.32
0.1765
0.2941
0.1471
0.1618
0.1471
0.1765
0.2206
0.1471
0.1765
0.2647
0.17 0.288 1.76 0.51
0.25
0.25
0.33
0.17
0.25
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.25
0.33
0.25
0.33
0.42
0.33
For cases in which all values are at or below the detection limit, the
variability factor is taken as 2.8.
-32-
3215g
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Table 19 Calculation of the Treatment Standards for the Regulated
Constituents — Treated Nonwastewater
Cadmium Chromium Lead
Concentration
(mg/1)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.01
.06
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
0,
0
0
0,
1
.45
.09
.44
.89
.41
0.
0,
0,
0.
0,
,39
.39
.41
.40
.29
Average 0.018 0.66 0.37
Number of samples
Variability factor
3.72 7.94 1.37
Treatment standard
(mg/1)
0.066 5.2 0.51
Source: USEPA. 1988a.
-33-
3215g
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Table 20 BOAT Treatment Standards for K100
[Wastewaters]
(Revised from No Land Disposal)
Maximum for any
Single Grab Sample
Regulated Total Composition
Constituent (mg/1)
Cadmium 1.61
Chromium (Total) 0.32
Lead 0.51
Table 21 BOAT Treatment Standards for K100
[Nonwastewaters]
(Revised from No Land Disposal)
Maximum for any
Single Grab Sample
Regulated Total Composition
Constituent (mg/1)
Cadmium 0.066
Chromium (Total) 5.2
Lead 0.51
-34-
3215g
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References
USEPA. 1980. RCRA Background Listing Document. 1980. Washington, D.C.
USEPA. 1985. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Characterization
of Waste Streams Listed in 40 CFR Section 261 Waste Profiles.
Vol. 11. Prepared by Environ Corporation for Waste Identification
Branch, Characterization and Assessment Division, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency.
USEPA. 1988a. Final Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BOAT)
Background Document for F006. August 1988. Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. EPA/530-SW-88-031L.
USEPA. 1988b. Final Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BOAT)
Background Document for K062. August 1988. Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. EPA/530-SW-88-031E.
USEPA. 1988c. Final Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BOAT)
Background Document for K061. August 1988. Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. EPA/530-SW-88-031D.
USEPA. 1989. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste. Treatment Technology Background Document. Washington, D.C.:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
USEPA. 1986a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Onsite engineering
report of treatment technology performance and operation for Envirite
Corporation. Prepared by Versar Inc. for the Office of Solid Waste,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, under Contract No. 68-01-7053.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Tischler/Kocurek. 1989. Public comments submitted in response to EPA
proposed land disposal restrictions for Third Third Scheduled Wastes,
February 27, 1990. EPA RCRA Docket No. LD12-L00027. Washington,
D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
-35-
3215g
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APPENDIX A
-------
Appendix A
Tischler/Kocurek Effluent Data
Date
11/88
12/88
1/89
2/89
4/89
5/89
Lead (mg/1) Date
2.0 6/89
0.1
0.3
0.1
0.1
7/89
0.2
0.2
0.3 8/89
0.7
0.2
0.2
0.4
9/89
0.4
0.4
0.2
10/89
0.6
0.3
0.4
0.2
0.3 11/89
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.4
0.3
Lead (mg/1)
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.2
<0.001
0.2
0.2
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.2
Reference: Tischler/Kocurek (LD12-00027)
3334g
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