FINAL
BEST DEMONSTRATED AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY (BOAT)
BACKGROUND DOCUMENT FOR
U AND P WASTES AND MULTISOURCE LEACHATES
VOLUME D:
REACTIVE U & P WASTEWATERS AND NONWASTEWATERS
Richard Kinch
Acting, Chief, Waste Treatment Branch
Laura Fargo
Project Manager
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Solid Waste
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, DC 20460
May 1990
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
1. INTRODUCTION 1-1
1.1 Regulatory Background 1-1
1.2 User's Guide to the Five-Volume U and P Waste
and Multisource Leachate Background Document Set ... 1-3
1.3 Summary of Contents: Volume D 1-3
2. WASTE CHARACTERIZATION, INDUSTRIES AFFECTED,
AND ANALYTICAL ISSUES 2-1
2.1 Waste Characterization 2-1
2.2 Industries Affected 2-6
2.3 Analytical Issues 2-10
3. IDENTIFICATION OF APPLICABLE AND DEMONSTRATED
TECHNOLOGIES 3-1
3.1 Applicable Treatment Technologies 3-1
3.2 Demonstrated Treatment Technologies 3-4
4. IDENTIFICATION OF BEST DEMONSTRATED AVAILABLE
TECHNOLOGY (BOAT) 4-1
4.1 BOAT for Incinerable Reactive Organics and
Hydrazine Derivatives 4-1
4.2 BOAT for Incinerable Inorganics 4-5
4.3 BOAT for Fluorine Compounds 4-7
4.4 BOAT for Recoverable Me tallies 4-9
5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 5-1
6. REFERENCES 6-1
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED)
APPENDIX A Waste Characterization, Industrial Descriptions,
and Analytical Problems Associated with Wastes
Containing P and U Reactive Listing Constitutents . A-l
APPENDIX B Carbon Adsorption Performance Data B-l
APPENDIX C Wastewater Treatment Performance Data for Fluoride. C-l
APPENDIX D Performance Data for Stabilization of F006 Waste .. D-l
APPENDIX E Performance Data for Chemical Oxidation of a
Metal-Bearing Wastewater E-l
ill
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LIST OF TABLES
Page No.
Table 4-1 BDAT Treatment Standards for P and U Wastes
Containing Reactive Listing Constituents 4-13
Table A-l Chemical Structures for Reactive P and U Listing
Constituents A-l
Table A-2 P and U Wastes Containing Reactive Listing
Constituents A-4
Table A-3 Generation Information for Reactive U and P Wastes
According to the 1986 TSDR Survey A-6
Table A-4 Analytical Problems Associated with the Listing
Constituents for Reactive P and U Waste Codes A-12
Table B-l Amenability of Typical Organic Compounds to
Activated Carbon Adsorption B-3
Table C-l Performance Data for Stabilization of F006 Waste ... C-l
Table C-2 TCLP Performance Data for Stabilization of F006
Waste after Screening and Accuracy Correction of
Treated Values C-3
Table C-3 Matrix Spike Recovery Data for the TCLP Extract
from Stabilization of F006 Waste C-4
Table C-4 Calculation of the Nonwastewater Treatment Standard
for Nickel Treated by Stabilization C-5
Table D-l Performance Data for Chemical Oxidation and Sludge
Filtration of a Metal-Bearing Wastewater Sampled
by EPA D-l
Table D-2' Accuracy-Corrected Data for Treated Wastewater
Residuals from Chemical Oxidation and Sludge
Filtration D-4
Table D-3 Matrix Spike Recovery Data for Metals in
Wastewater D-5
Table D-4 Calculation of the Treatment Standard for Nickel-
Treated Wastewater D-6
iv
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1
Regulatory Background
Section 3004(m) of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA),
as amended by the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA) on
November 8, 1984, requires the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA
or the Agency) to promulgate treatment standards for certain hazardous
wastes based on the Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BOAT) for
those wastes. More than 500 of these hazardous wastes were listed as of
December 1988 (see Title 40, Code of Federal Regulations. Part 261 (40
CFR Part 261)). The Agency divided the listed hazardous wastes into five
groups. The wastes in each group were examined to determine whether
further land disposal is protective of human health and the environment
(see 40 CFR Part 268). The five groups and their respective dates of
promulgation of treatment standards are:
• Solvent and dioxin wastes
• "California List" wastes
• "First Third" wastes
• "Second Third" wastes
• "Third Third" wastes
November 7, 1986
July 8, 1987
August 8, 1988
June 8, 1989
On or before May 8, 1990
Several wastes included in this schedule were regulated ahead of
schedule, and several wastes in the First Third or Second Third group of
wastes were deferred to the Third Third group of wastes. Treatment
standards for the Third Third wastes become effective on May 8, 1990. On
and after this date, wastes regulated in the Third Third rulemaking will
have to comply with applicable treatment standards prior to "land
disposal" as it is defined in 40 CFR Part 268.
This background document provides the Agency's rationale and
technical support for developing treatment standards for those U and P
wastes with reactive listing constituents. These standards are
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applicable to the wastes as listed in 40 CFR 261.33(e) and (f) as well as
to any wastes generated by the management or treatment of the listed
waste. Treatment standards are specified for both nonwastewater and
wastewater forms of each listed hazardous waste. For the purpose of
determining the applicability of the treatment standards, wastewaters are
defined as wastes containing less than 1 percent (weight basis) total
suspended solids and less than 1 percent (weight basis) total organic
carbon (TOC). Wastes not meeting the wastewater definition must comply
with treatment standards for nonwastewaters.
The Agency's legal authority and promulgated methodology for
establishing treatment standards and the petition process for requesting
a variance from the treatment standards are summarized in EPA's
Methodology for Developing BOAT Treatment Standards (Reference 1).
U wastes include discarded commercial chemical products, manufacturing
chemical intermediates, off-specification commercial chemical products,
container and inner liner residues, and spill cleanup residues, including
contaminated water, soil, or debris, that are identified as toxic wastes.
P wastes include discarded commercial chemical products, manufacturing
chemical intermediates, off-specification commercial chemical products,
container and inner liner residues, and spill cleanup residues, including
contaminated water, soil, or debris, that are identified as acutely
hazardous wastes. Section 2 discusses the definition of U and P wastes
in greater detail.
1 The term "total suspended solids" (TSS) clarifies EPA's previously
used terminology of "total solids" and "filterable solids."
Specifically, total suspended solids are measured by Method 209c (Total
Suspended Solids Dried at 103°C to 105°C) in Standard Methods
for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (Reference 2).
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1.2 User's Guide to the Five-Volume U and P Waste and Multisource
Leachate Background Document Set
In the interest of clarity, the Agency has reorganized the Third
Third background documents that were prepared for proposal of the Third
Third Rule. Multisource leachates and the majority of the U and P waste
codes addressed in the Third Third Proposed Rule are now covered in a
five-volume set of background documents.
The five-volume background document set is organized as follows:
• Volume A - Wastewater forms of organic U and P wastes and
multisource leachates with concentration-based treatment standards;
• Volume B - U and P wastewaters and nonwastewaters with methods
of treatment as treatment standards;
• Volume C - Nonwastewater forms of organic U and P wastes and
multisource leachates with concentration-based treatment standards;
• Volume D (this document) - Reactive U and P wastewaters and
nonwastewaters; and
• Volume E - Gases.
1.3 Summary of Contents: Volume D
This background document provides the Agency's rationale and
technical support for developing treatment standards for the reactive U
and P wastes. These wastes pose a significant risk during handling
because of their reactivity. The hazardous wastes with hazardous waste
codes beginning with P are identified as acute hazardous waste, while the
hazardous waste codes beginning with U identify toxic wastes. Whether a
waste is an acute hazardous waste or a toxic waste generally has no
bearing on the treatability of the waste. The following is the list of P
and U wastes containing reactive listing constituents:
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P006 - Aluminum phosphide U023
P009 - Ammonium picrate U086
P015 - Beryllium dust U096
P056 - Fluorine U098
P068 - Methyl hydrazine U099
P073 - Nickel carbonyl U103
P081 - Nitroglycerine U109
P087 - Osmium tetroxide U134
P096 - Phosphine U133
P105 - Sodium azide U135
P112 - Tetranitromethane U160
P122 - Zinc phosphide (>10%) U189
U249
Benzotrichloride
1,2 -Die thyIhydraz ine
a,a-Dimethylbenzylhydroperoxide
1,1-Dimethylhydrazine
1,2-Dimethylhydrazine
Dimethyl sulfate
Diphenylhydrazine
Hydrogen fluoride
Hydrazine
Hydrogen sulfide
Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide
Phosphoric sulfide
Zinc phosphide (<10%)
It should be mentioned that strontium sulfide (P107) was a reactive
listing constituent. However, the Agency is not regulating P107 because
on October 31, 1988, it was removed from Appendix VIII of Part 261, the
list of RCRA hazardous constituents. EPA took this action because
strontium sulfide, even when improperly treated, stored, transported,
disposed of, or otherwise managed, does not pose a significant hazard to
human health or the environment.
However, wastes containing strontium sulfide are not released from
regulatory control under RCRA. If a waste contains high concentrations
of strontium sulfide, it may exhibit the characteristic of reactivity
(40 CFR 261.23(a)(5)) (i.e., a sulfide-bearing waste that, when exposed
to pH conditions between 2 and 12.5, can generate toxic gases (e.g.,
H«S), vapors, or fumes in a quantity sufficient to present a danger to
human health or the environment). If the wastes exhibit the
characteristic of reactivity, they must be handled as D003 - sulfide
characteristic hazardous wastes.
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2. WASTE CHARACTERIZATION, INDUSTRIES
AFFECTED, AND ANALYTICAL ISSUES
This section describes the available waste characterization data for
the P and U wastes containing reactive listing constituents, the
processes generating these wastes, the industries affected by the land
disposal restrictions, and analytical issues associated with these wastes.
2.1 Waste Characterization
According to 40 CFR 261.33, the P and U codes presented above are
essentially commercial chemical products (or intermediates) and become
hazardous wastes when they are discarded or are intended to be discarded;
when they are mixed with waste oil, used oil, or another material; when
they are applied to the land for dust suppression or road treatment; when
they are otherwise applied to the land i'n lieu of their original intended
use or when they are contained in products that are applied to the land
in lieu of their original intended use; or when, in lieu of their
original intended use, they are produced for use as (or as a component
of) a fuel, distributed for use as a fuel, or burned as a fuel.
These materials can be present in different forms:
• Any commercial or off-specification commercial chemical product
(or intermediate) with any of the above generic names;
• Residues remaining in containers that held any of the
above-mentioned products (or intermediates); or
• The residue of contaminated soil, water, or other debris that
results when there is a cleanup of a commercial product (or
intermediate) or off-specification commercial chemical product (or
intermediate) or manufacturing chemical intermediate having the
generic name of any of the above-listed products that had been
spilled onto the land or into the water.
Since the Agency could not characterize every P and U waste stream
that could possibly be generated, the Agency has based its BOAT
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development on the characteristics of the pure chemical that was listed.
Below are descriptions of the pure applicable chemical elements or
compounds. The waste codes are listed next to the chemical names;
however, these descriptions may not always be indicative of the different
P and U wastes containing the reactive chemicals that could be
generated. The chemical structures of each listing constituent are shown
in Table A-l located in Appendix A. Where noted, the wastes have been
listed for their reactivity. All the wastes react violently in some way,
but not all are listed for reactivity. A brief statement about why each
waste has been listed is also presented below.
P006 - Aluminum phosphide: This compound exists as dark gray or dark
yellow crystals with a cubic zinc blend structure. It must be
protected from moist air since it reacts readily to produce
phosphine, which is highly toxic. It does not melt or decompose
thermally at temperatures up to 1000°C. When water and acid
are added to aluminum phosphide, phosphine is produced in
quantitative yields. The waste is listed for reactivity and
toxicity.
P009 - Ammonium pjcrate: This compound exists as bright yellow bitter
scales or orthorhombic crystals. It explodes easily from heat or
shock and is soluble in water at 20°C. The waste is listed
for reactivity.
P015 - Beryllium dust: This compound exists as a gray metal with a
close-packed hexagonal structure. Beryllium has a melting point
of 1287°C and a boiling point of 2500°C. The dust or amal-
gamated metal reacts with hydrochloric acid, dilute sulfuric acid,
and dilute nitric acid and reacts violently with strong bases. In
both cases, it causes an evolution of hydrogen. Death may result
from short exposure to very low concentrations of the dust or its
salts.
P056 - Fluorine: This halogen exists as Y^ in its elemental state and
is a pale yellow gas. Fluorine has a melting point of
-219.61°C and a boiling point of -188.13°C. Fluorine is
the most reactive nonmetal, and it reacts vigorously with most
oxidizable substances at room temperature, frequently with
ignition. Its violent reactions with organic compounds usually
disintegrate the metal. This gas is dangerous to inhale.
P068 - Methyl hvdrazine: This compound exists as a clear liquid with an
odor that is characteristic of short chain, organic amines. It
has a flash point of 70°C and an ignition temperature of
196°C. The vapors may explode and self-ignite in and on
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contact with oxidizing agents. The chemical is soluble in
hydrocarbons. Methyl hydrazine is considered a mild alkaline base
and a strong reducing agent. It ignites spontaneously on contact
with strong oxidizing agents such as fluorine, chlorine
trifluoride, nitrogen tetroxide, and fuming nitric acid.
P073 - Nickel carbonvl: This chemical is a colorless, volatile liquid
at standard temperature and pressure. It is extremely poisonous.
It oxidizes in the air and explodes at about 60°C. Nickel
carbonyl is made by passing carbon monoxide over finely divided
nickel.
P081 - Nitroglvcerin: This chemical exists as a pale yellow, oily liquid '
that explodes on rapid heating or on concussion. It crystallizes in
two forms and begins to decompose at 50° to 60°C. Nitrogly-
cerin is appreciably volatile at 100°C, evolves nitrous yellow
vapors at 135°C, and explodes at 281°C. On explosion,
harmless gases (i.e., oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide) are
produced. The waste is listed for reactivity and toxicity.
P087 - Osmium tetroxide: The form of this compound is a pale yellow
solid. It exists as monoclinic crystals. Osmium tetroxide has a
boiling point of 130°C and begins to sublime and distill well
below the boiling point. It is soluble in benzene. The vapor is
extremely poisonous. This compound is a strong oxidant.
P096 - Phosphine: This chemical compound is a poisonous gas at standard
temperature and pressure. It is prepared from white phosphorus and
aqueous alkali hydroxide and also by treatment of PH^I with KOH.
This gas is spontaneously flammable in air if there is a trace of
Vflb present and burns with a luminous flame, Phosphine is
slightly soluble in water and combines violently with oxygen and the
halogens. It liberates hydrogen and forms the phosphide when passed
over heated metal and forms phosphonium salts when brought into
contact with the halogen acids.
P105 - Sodium azide: This compound exists as crystals that decompose into
sodium and nitrogen when heated. It is soluble in water at 10°C
and in alcohol at 25°C. Sodium azide can react with lead and
its compounds to form explosive chemicals.
P112 - Tetranitromethane: This compound exists as a pale yellow liquid.
It is insoluble in water and freely soluble in alcohol. It attacks
iron, copper, brass, zinc, and rubber. Tetranitromethane can be
decomposed by an alcoholic solution of potassium hydroxide. It is
used as a powerful oxidizing agent. It has a boiling point of
126CC and is highly explosive in the presence of impurities.
The waste is listed for reactivity.
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P122 - Zinc phosphide: The chemical exists as dark gray, tetragonal
crystals and powder. The chemical has a faint phosphorus odor.
When heated with the exclusion of air, it melts and finally
sublimes. The melting point has been given as 420°C and the
boiling point as 1100°C. When kept dry, it is quite stable. It
is insoluble in water and alcohol, but soluble in benzene and carbon
disulfide, causing the evolution of spontaneously flammable
phosphine. It reacts violently with concentrated sulfuric acid and
other oxidizing agents. The waste is listed for reactivity and
toxicity.
U023 - Benzotrichloride: Benzotrichloride exists as an unstable liquid
that fumes in air and hydrolyzes in the presence of moisture,
forming benzoic and hydrochloric acids. It is insoluble in water
but soluble in alcohol, benzene, ether, and many other organic
solvents. Its boiling point is 220.8°C. The waste is listed
for reactivity, corrosivity, and toxicity.
U086 - 1.2-Diethvlhvdrazine: This compound is soluble in alcohol and
ether. It has a boiling point of 86°C. When heated to
decomposition, it emits toxic fumes of NOX.
U096 - a.a-Dimethvlbenzvlhvdroperoxide: The boiling point of this compound
is 100° to 101°F. This compound is an oxidizer and is listed
as toxic.
U098 - 1.1-DimethyIhvdrazine: This compound is a flammable, hygroscopic,
mobile liquid that fumes in air and gradually turns yellow. It is
corrosive to skin and has a characteristic ammoniacal odor of
aliphatic hydrazines. The chemical is miscible with water, causing
the evolution of heat. It is also miscible with alcohol, ether,
dimethylformamide, and hydrocarbons. Its boiling point is
63.9°C.
U099 - 1.2-Dimethvlhvdrazine: This chemical fumes in air and gradually
turns yellow. It is miscible with water with the evolution of
heat. This compound is corrosive to the skin.
U103 - Dimethyl sulfate: This chemical is a colorless, oily liquid with
a boiling point of about 188°C with decomposition and a flash
point of 182°C. It is extremely hazardous with no warning
characteristics (e.g., odor, irritation).
U109 - DiphenvIhvdrazine: The form of this compound is yellow crystals
with a melting point of 34.5°C. It is insoluble in water and
freely soluble in alcohol and ether.
U133 - Hvdrazine: Hydrazine exists as a colorless, oily liquid that fumes
in air. It has a penetrating odor resembling that of ammonia.
Hydrazine is a violent poison that causes delayed eye irritation.
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It burns with violet flame and explodes during distillation if
traces of air are present (also affected by ultraviolet light and
metal ion catalysts). Its flash point is 126°F (52°C).
Hydrazine can be stored for years if sealed in glass and kept in a
cool, dark place. It forms salts with inorganic acids. The
chemical is a highly polar solvent and powerful reducing agent. It
dissolves many inorganic substances and is miscible with water,
methyl, ethyl, propyl, and isobutyl alcohols. Hydrazine forms an
azeotropic mixture with water. The waste is listed for reactivity
and toxicity.
U134 - Hydrogen fluoride: Hydrogen fluoride is a colorless gas that fumes
in air. It is listed as highly irritating, corrosive, and
poisonous. In aqueous solutions, it is a weak acid. Its boiling
point is -56°C.
U135 - Hydrogen sulfide: This chemical is a flammable, poisonous gas
with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs that is perceptible in
air in a concentration of 0.002 mg/1. It burns in air with a pale
blue flame. The ignition temperature is 260°C. Hydrogen
sulfide has explosive limits when mixed with air. Water solutions
of hydrogen sulfide are not stable; absorbed oxygen causes the
formation of elemental sulfur, and the solutions become turbid
rapidly. It is soluble in glycerol. In a 50-50 by volume mixture
of glycerol and water, the precipitation of sulfur is retarded
considerably.
U160 - Methvl ethvl ketone peroxide: The waste is listed for reactivity
and toxicity. The chemical will explode when heated and is a
strong oxidizer.
U189 - Phosphoric sulfide: This compound exists as light yellow,
triclinic crystals with a peculiar odor. It has a melting point
of 286°C to 290°C and a boiling point of 513°C to 515°C. This
chemical decomposes in water, forming phosphoric acid and hydrogen
sulfide. It is soluble in carbon disulfide and in aqueous
solutions of alkali hydroxides. It must be kept tightly closed.
The waste is listed for reactivity.
U249 - Zinc phosphide: The chemical exists as dark gray tetragonal
crystals and powder. The chemical has a faint phosphorus odor.
When heated with the exclusion of air, it melts and finally
sublimes. The melting point has been given as 420°C and the
boiling point as 1100°C. When kept dry, it is quite stable.
It is insoluble in water and alcohol but soluble in benzene and
carbon disulfide, causing the evolution of spontaneously flammable
phosphine. It reacts violently with concentrated sulfuric acid
and other oxidizing agents. The waste is listed for reactivity
and toxicity.
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It should be mentioned that a waste is not necessarily a P waste or a
U waste if it contains one or more of the chemicals with a generic name
listed in 40 CFR 261.33. In other words, the fact that a waste contains
aluminum phosphide does not automatically render the waste P006 hazardous.
P and U wastes are limited to commercial products or intermediates or
off-specification versions thereof that are spilled, discarded, or
intended to be discarded. Thus, a waste containing aluminum phosphide
would be a P006 hazardous waste only if some or all of the aluminum
phosphide in the waste were a commercial product, intermediate, or
off-specifi- cation version thereof at some point in its existence prior
to its incorporation into the waste. The available characterization data
for the P and U wastes containing reactive listing constituents are
presented in Table A-2 in Appendix A.
2.2 Industries Affected
The Agency does not intend to describe every industry that generates
the P and U wastes containing reactive listing constituents, since any
industrial facility that produces, uses, stores, and/or transports the
chemicals has the potential of generating the waste. Table A-3, located
in Appendix A, presents a description of the RCRA-permitted facilities
that generated the above-listed wastes and the approximate volumes
produced in 1986. Confidential Business Information (CBI) is not
included. The following is a summary of the producers of the chemicals
and the generators of the waste. Brief descriptions of the uses of the
chemicals are also presented to indicate areas of potential waste
generation.
P006 - Aluminum phosphide: There are no listed producers of this
chemical in the SRI 1988 edition. One generator in EPA Region IV
is listed in the 1986 TSDR Survey.
USE: Source of phosphine; in semiconductor research; as a
fumigant.
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P009 - Ammonium picrate: One producer located in EPA Region II is
listed in SRI; however, the facility is selling all stock that was
originally imported and does not manufacture ammonium picrate. No
generators of P009 wastes were listed in the 1986 TSDR Survey.
USE: Explosives, fireworks, rocket propellants.
P015 - Beryllium dust: Two mines currently process beryllium ore.
Thirteen generators are listed in the TSDR Survey as generating
P015 in 1986: one in EPA Region II, two in EPA Region III, two in
EPA Region IV, one in EPA Region V, one in EPA Region VI, one in
EPA Region VIII, four in EPA Region IX, and one in EPA Region X.
USE: Source of neutrons when bombarded with alpha particles; as a
neutron reflector and neutron moderator in nuclear reactors; in
radio tube parts and aerospace structures; in inertial guidance
systems.
P056 - Fluorine: One producer was listed in the SRI 1988 edition. One
generator in Region II is listed in the 1986 TSDR Survey.
USE: Powerful fluorinating agent.
P068 - Methyl hvdrazine: No producers are listed in SRI 1988 edition.
Three generators are listed in the 1986 TSDR Survey: one in EPA
Region III, one in EPA Region V, and one in EPA Region VI.
USE: In rocket fuel; intermediate in chemical synthesis.
P073 - Nickel carbonvl: One company located in EPA Region III is listed
as a producer in the SRI 1988 edition. One generator in EPA
Region III is listed in the 1986 TSDR Survey.
USE: Laboratory and organic synthesis.
P081 - Nitroglvcerin: Five U.S. military installations are currently
producing this chemical: two in EPA Region II, two in EPA Region
III, and one in EPA Region VII. No P081 waste generators are
listed in the 1986 TSDR Survey.
USE: Explosives (dynamite is 75 percent nitroglycerin) and
veterinary Pharmaceuticals.
P087 - Osmium tetroxide: Three producers are listed in the SRI 1988
edition: one in EPA Region I, one in EPA Region II, and one in
EPA Region III. Eight generators of P087 are listed in the 1986
TSDR Survey: two Region II, one in Region IV, three in Region V,
one in Region VI, and one in Region VIII.
USE: Oxidizing agent particularly for converting olefins to
glycols. Catalyzes chlorate, peroxide, periodate, and other
oxidations. As a fixing and staining agent for cell and tissue
studies.
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P096 - Phosphine: Eight producers are listed in the 1988 edition of SRI:
one in Region I, one in Region II, one in Region IV, one in Region
V, one in Region VI, and three in Region IX. Two facilities are
listed as generators in the 1986 TSDR Survey: one in EPA Region V
and one in EPA Region VI.
USE: Gaseous dopent for semiconductors.
P105 - Sodium azide: No producers are listed in the 1988 edition of
SRI. Seventeen generators are listed in the 1986 TSDR Survey:
one in EPA Region I, six in EPA Region II, three in EPA Region
III, one in EPA Region IV, two in EPA Region V, three in EPA
Region VI, and one in EPA Region X.
USE: In the preparation of hydrazoic acid, lead azide, pure
sodium; as a propellant for inflating automotive safety bags; in
weed and fruit rot control.
P112 - Tetranitromethane: One chemical producer in EPA Region II is
listed in the SRI 1988 edition, and no generators of P112 are
listed in the 1986 TSDR Survey.
USE: Oxidizer in rocket propellants. As explosive in admixture
with toluene, to increase cetane number of diesel fuels. Reagent
for detecting the presence of double bonds in organic compounds.
Has been proposed as an irritant war gas.
P122 - Zinc phosphide: One chemical producer, located in EPA Region V,
is listed in the SRI 1988 edition. One generator of P122 waste,
located in EPA Region V, is listed in the 1986 TSDR Survey.
USE: In rat and field mouse poison preparations.
U023 - Benzotrichloride: In the 1988 edition of SRI, one company in
Region II is listed as producing benzotrichloride, and the same
company is listed as generating U023 in the 1986 TSDR Survey.
USE: Intermediate for pesticides.
U086 - 1.2-Diethvlhvdrazine: No producers are listed in the SRI 1988
edition. One generator of U086 in Region V is listed in the 1986
TSDR Survey.
USE: Polymer additives, fuels, photographic chemicals, and dyes.
U096 - a.a-Dimethvlbenzvlhvdroperoxide: Four producers are listed in the
SRI 1988 edition: two in Region II, one in Region III, and one in
Region V. No generators are listed in the 1986 TSDR Survey.
USE: Intermediate in acetol/phenol production process.
U098 - 1.1-Dimethvlhvdrazine: One producer in Region VI is listed in the
SRI 1988 edition. Three generators are listed in the 1986 TSDR
Survey: one in Region II and two in Region V.
USE: Base for rocket fuel formulations.
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U099 - 1.2-Dimethvlhvdrazine: No producers are listed in the SRI 1988
edition, and no generators are listed in the 1986 TSDR Survey.
USE: The base in rocket fuel formulations.
U103 - Dimethvlsulfate: Two producers are listed in the SRI 1988 edition,
and five generators are listed in the 1986 TSDR Survey. The two
producers are located in EPA Regions II and III, and the five
generators are located in Regions I, II, III, IV, and V.
USE: Methylating agent in the manufacture of many organic
chemicals.
U109 - Diphenvlhvdrazine - No producers are listed in the SRI 1988
edition. Two generators are listed in the 1986 TSDR Survey, both
located in EPA Region V.
USE: In the manufacture of hydrochloride, which is used as
reagent for ababrnose and lactose.
U133 - Hvdrazine - One producer, located in EPA Region V, is listed in
the SRI 1988 edition, and 17 generators are listed in the 1986
TSDR Survey. Two of the generators are located in EPA Region I,
one in Region II, one in Region III, three in Region IV, three in
Region V, two in Region VI, two in Region VIII, one in Region IX,
and two in Region X.
USE: Reducing agent; organic hydrazine derivative; rocket fuel.
U134 - Hydrogen fluoride: Four producers are listed in the SRI 1988
edition. According to the 1986 TSDR Survey, 16 facilities
generate this waste: one in Region I, two in Region III, seven in
Region V, one in Region VI, one in Region VIII, three in Region
IX, and one in Region X.
USE: Catalyst in petroleum industry, use in fluorination
processes, especially in the aluminum industry; in the manufacture
of fluorides; in making fluorine-containing plastics; and for
separating uranium isotopes.
U135 - Hydrogen sulfide: Twelve facilities are listed in the SRI 1988
edition as producing hydrogen sulfide, and five facilities are
listed in the 1986 TSDR Survey as generating U135 wastes. The
facilities producing hydrogen sulfide are located as follows: one
in Region I, one in Region II, one in Region III, one in Region
IV, two in Region V, three in Region VI, one in Region VIII, and
two in Region IX. The facilities that generated hydrogen sulfide
waste (U135) in 1986 are located as follows: one in Region I, one
in Region III, one in Region IV, one in Region V, and one in
Region IX.
USE: In the manufacture of chemicals; in metallurgy; as an
analytical reagent.
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U160 - Methyl ethvl ketone peroxide: No producers are listed in the SRI
1988 edition. Eight facilities are listed as generating U160 in
the 1986 TSDR Survey: two in Region II, two in Region IV, one in
Region V, one in Region VI, one in Region IX, and one in Region X.
USE: A widely used polymer-curing agent.
U189 - Phosphoric sulfide: Six facilities are listed as producers of
phosphoric sulfide, and four facilities are listed as generators
of U189 wastes. One facility producing phosphoric sulfide is
located in EPA Region III, three in Region IV, one in Region V,
and one in Region VII. The four facilities that generated U189 in
1986 are located in EPA Regions V, VI, VII, and X.
USE: In manufacture of lube oil additives and pesticides;
manufacture of safety matches and ignition compounds; for
introducing sulfur into organic compounds.
U249 - Zinc phosphide: One chemical producer, located in EPA Region V,
is listed in the SRI 1988 edition. One generator of U249 waste,
in EPA Region IX, is listed in the 1986 TSDR Survey.
USE: In rat and field mouse poison preparations.
2.3
Analytical Issues
For all but two P and U constituents (i.e., P015 - beryllium dust and
U109 - diphenylhydrazine), methods to analyze the listed constituents in
treatment residues are not currently available. Although the Agency
recognizes that these compounds exist, and that the manufacturers may
have methods to verify their purity and determine their product
specifications, there are no EPA-approved analytical procedures to
ascertain trace quantities of these chemicals either in the raw sample or
in the residues from treatment. In addition, EPA has not identified any
constituents in these wastes that could be used as a surrogate or as an
indicator compound. These wastes include the following:
P006 - Aluminum phosphide
P009 - Ammonium picrate
P056 - Fluorine
P068 - Methyl hydrazine
P073 - Nickel carbonyl
P081 - Nitroglycerine
P087 - Osmium tetroxide
U023 - Benzotrichloride
U086 - 1,2-Diethylhydrazine
U096 - a,a-Dimethylbenzylhydroperoxide
U098 - 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine
U099 - 1,2-DimethyIhydrazine
U103 - Dimethyl sulfate
U133 - Hydrazine
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P096 - Phosphine U134 - Hydrogen fluoride
P105 - Sodium azide U135 - Hydrogen sulfide
P112 - Tetranitromethane U160 - Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide
P122 - Zinc phosphide (>10%) U189 - Phosphoric sulfide
U249 - Zinc phosphide (<10%)
In the future, methods may be developed and approved for use in
analyzing some of the P and U reactive constituents. Table A-4 in
Appendix A presents the analytical problems associated with some of the
reactive listing constituents for the P and U waste codes.
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3. IDENTIFICATION OF APPLICABLE AND DEMONSTRATED TECHNOLOGIES
This section identifies the applicable and demonstrated treatment
technologies for the P and U wastes containing reactive listing
constituents. To be applicable, a technology must theoretically be
usable to treat the waste in question or a similar waste. To be
demonstrated, the technology must be employed in full-scale operation for
the treatment of the waste in question or of a similar waste.
3.1 Applicable Treatment Technologies
Because the Agency has no waste characterization data specifically
for the reactive P and U wastes, the applicable technologies are based on
the characteristics described in Section 4.1 for the reactive listing
constituents.
i
The following subsections present applicable treatment technologies
for the (1) organic constituents, (2) metal constituents, and
(3) inorganic constituents other than metals in nonwastewater and
wastewater forms of the P and U wastes containing reactive constituents.
For the purpose of the land disposal restrictions rule, wastewaters are
defined as wastes containing less than 1 percent (weight basis) total
suspended solids and less than 1 percent (weight basis) total organic
carbon (TOC). Wastes not meeting this definition are classified as
nonwastewaters. For a more detailed discussion of each treatment tech-
nology, see the Treatment Technology Background Document (Reference 3).
(1) Applicable treatment technologies for organic constituents.
For wastes containing reactive organic constituents, the technologies
i
considered applicable are those that destroy the organics in a manner
that is safe to human health and the environment.
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Nonwastewaters. The technologies that the Agency has
identified as applicable for treatment of nonwastewaters containing
reactive organic constituents are incineration, fuel substitution, and
chemical oxidation/ reduction.
Incineration is a technology that destroys the organic constituents
in the waste by converting them to carbon dioxide, water, and other
combustion products. Incineration may result in residuals that require
treatment because of their metal content. Specifically, the residuals
consist of ash and scrubber water. Incineration of highly explosive
constituents may require treatment in units that are specially designed
and fitted with certain explosion-proof equipment. These types of units
are not typically found at commercial incineration facilities. The
Agency is aware that these types of units are currently used for many of
the Department of Defense explosive wastes. Fuel substitution, like
incineration, destroys organic constituents in a waste. Since many of
these wastes have high Btu values (e.g., hydrazine is used in rocket
fuel), EPA believes that they are excellent candidates for fuel
substitution. Additionally, the Agency has determined that these wastes
can be chemically deactivated using chemical oxidation and chemical
reduction technologies.
Wastewaters. The Agency has identified carbon adsorption
followed by regeneration or incineration of the spent carbon, wet air
oxidation, biological treatment, and solvent extraction as potentially
applicable for treatment of hazardous P and U reactive organic
constituents in wastewaters. Additionally, incineration has been
identified for wastewaters containing high levels of reactive compounds
that may become increasingly dangerous when concentrated on carbon or in
an extraction fluid.
These applicable technologies destroy or reduce the total
concentration of hazardous organic compounds in the waste (incineration,
wet air oxidation, and biological treatment) or selectively remove
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hazardous organic compounds from the waste stream (carbon adsorption and
solvent extraction). The Agency believes that not all P and U wastes
contain reactive listing constituents amenable to treatment with
biological, wet air oxidation, and solvent extraction methods. However,
most of these wastewaters are somewhat amenable to carbon adsorption
because the constituents typically have low solubility in water, have
high molecular weights, and have branched, rather than straight chain,
molecular structures. Compounds with lower molecular weights and higher
solubilities have also been successfully treated using carbon
adsorption. Illustrations supporting this argument are presented in
Appendix B.
(2) Applicable treatment technologies for metal constituents. The
technologies considered applicable to treating P and U wastes containing
reactive metal constituents are those that remove the reactive
characteristic and/or recover the metals.
Nonwastewaters. For the metals present in nonwastewater P and
U wastes, potentially applicable treatment technologies are stabilization
and high-temperature metals recovery. Stabilization immobilizes the
metal constituents to minimize leaching. High-temperature metals
recovery provides for recovery of metals from wastes primarily by
volatilization of some of the metals, subsequent condensation, and
collection. The process yields a metal product for reuse and reduces the
amount of waste that needs to be land disposed. Additionally, most
metallic nonwastewaters can be slurried such that metals can be recovered
or treated using wastewater treatment techniques.
Wastewaters. The technologies applicable for reactive
constituents present in a wastewater matrix are chemical precipitation
and removal of the precipitated metal solids using settling or sludge
filtration. Chemical precipitation removes dissolved metals from
solution, and settling/sludge filtration removes suspended solids.
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(3) Applicable treatment technologies for inoreanics other than
metals. The technologies identified as potentially applicable are
those that destroy the compound or render it less harmful by removing the
reactive characteristic.
Nonwastewaters. EPA has identified incineration as applicable
for nonwastewaters and gases with inorganic reactive constituents other
than metals. Incineration is a technology that can destroy oxidizable
inorganics. Gases can be vented directly into the incinerator. It
should be mentioned that off-gases generated during the incineration of
these wastes may require an afterburner and/or may need to be scrubbed
before release to the atmosphere.
Gases that cannot be combusted should be solubilized in water. The
resulting compound present in aqueous scrubber solution should be
precipitated.
Wastewaters. The technologies identified as applicable for P
and U wastewaters containing reactive listing constituents are chemical
oxidation/reduction methods (e.g., alkaline chlorination) followed by
precipitation.
3.2 Demonstrated Treatment Technologies
EPA considers demonstrated technologies to be those that are used on
a full-scale basis to treat the waste of interest or a similar waste with
regard to parameters that affect treatment selection. To determine what
treatment technologies are "demonstrated" for the reactive P and U codes,
the Agency contacted both generators and treaters of the wastes (see
Reference 3). The following are summaries for each investigation
concerning the demonstrated treatment technologies for the individual
reactive P and U wastes.
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P006 - Aluminum phosphide - EPA contacted the only generator listed in
the 1986 TSDR Survey to gather information about treatment. This
company is also the only known producer; however, the company
claims that it no longer produces aluminum phosphide. The Agency
believes zinc phosphide (P122) to be a similar waste based on
physical and chemical characteristics. Incineration is
demonstrated to treat P122. Consequently, the Agency believes
incineration to be demonstrated to treat P006 nonwastewaters.
Since this compound is water reactive, it is believed that
wastewater forms cannot exist; however, phosphine, one of the
products of decomposition, can be oxidized and precipitated with
lime to form calcium phosphate.
P009 - Ammonium picrate - EPA could find no producers of this chemical
listed in the SRI 1988 edition and no generators of the waste
listed in the 1986 TSDR Survey. EPA believes that thermal
destruction (i.e., incineration in specially designed units) is
the best treatment for this waste. EPA believes that thermal
destruction has been demonstrated to treat similar wastes;
therefore, the Agency believes thermal destruction is demonstrated
to treat P009 wastewaters and nonwastewaters. Additionally,
carbon adsorption has been demonstrated for similar wastewaters
containing explosive nitro groups (i.e., the listed waste K045 is
spent carbon from treatment of wastewaters from the production of
nitrate esters and other nitrated explosives). Consequently, the
Agency believes carbon adsorption is demonstrated to treat P009
wastewaters.
P015 - Beryllium dust - The Agency has identified a metallic beryllium
producer that accepts beryllium wastes including P015 for
recycling. The wastes are manifested directly to the facility
since it has a RCRA storage permit. The facility usually only
accepts beryllium wastes that are not highly contaminated. The
wastes generally go through several proprietary processes to
remove some of the contaminants (such as iron and lead); the waste
is then added to the production process to make metallic
beryllium. Additionally, for highly contaminated wastes, the
facility has a vacuum cleaning process to recover beryllium from
the dust. Hence, EPA believes that recovery is demonstrated to
treat P015.
P056 - Fluorine - Two companies (in Pennsylvania and New Jersey) use
alkaline scrubbers to react with waste fluorine gas, although each
uses a different alkaline agent. One company uses potassium hy-
droxide solution and then ships the spent solution to a commercial
wastewater treatment plant for disposal. The other uses a caustic
soda (sodium hydroxide) solution in its scrubber, and when
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the resulting sodium fluoride concentration exceeds its solubility
concentration (about 4.0 g/100 ml of water), the sodium fluoride
is filtered out, drummed, and then shipped to a permitted
disposer. Hence, solubilization in alkaline water is demonstrated
to treat gaseous forms of P056. The Agency has also identified
one facility using precipitation of fluoride as calcium fluoride
(USEPA 1988f). Precipitation is demonstrated to treat P056
wastewaters.
P068 - Methyl hvdrazine - EPA has found one commercial facility presently
incinerating P068 nonwastewaters on a full-scale basis.
Therefore, the Agency believes incineration to be demonstrated.
The Agency has found one facility (NASA 1989) using an
ozone/ultraviolet light oxidation treatment system for destruction
of methyl hydrazines in a dilute aqueous solution (<100 ppm methyl
hydrazine). The facility uses total organic carbon (TOC) and some
intermediate products to monitor and evaluate the system;
therefore, the Agency believes ozone/ultraviolet light to be
demonstrated for the dilute wastewater forms of P068. However,
the Agency believes that the oxidation process should be followed
with carbon adsorption as a polishing step for removal because the
oxidation treatment has been demonstrated only for dilute
wastewaters. Carbon adsorption has been demonstrated on similar
wastes. The Agency believes that these wastewaters can be easily
adsorbed because of the branched nature of their structures, their
high molecular weights, and their low solubility in water.
Therefore, EPA believes carbon adsorption is demonstrated for P068
wastewaters. Following adsorption, the resulting nonwastewater
carbon residual must be incinerated.
P073 - Nickel carbonvl - EPA contacted a nickel smelter that uses the
Mond process to purify nickel (Bell 1989). During the Mond
process, nickel carbonyl is passed through a heated bed of alumina
at 200°C to recover nickel. The heat and alumina catalyst
cause the nickel carbonyl to decompose into nickel and carbon
dioxide. The carbon dioxide is fed to an incinerator and
destroyed. EPA believes that for wastewater and nonwastewater
forms of P073, nickel recovery using the Mond process is
demonstrated. EPA has information indicating that chemical
oxidation followed by stabilization is currently being sued for
P073 wastes; therefore, this treatment is also demonstrated.
P081 - NitroElvcerin - The Agency has found one facility using thermal
destruction for treatment of nonwastewater forms of a
nitroglycerin waste. EPA has determined that one facility is
using rotary kiln incineration for treatment of nitroglycerin
wastewaters and nonwastewater slurries. EPA believes that thermal
destruction and incineration are demonstrated for nonwastewaters
and that incineration is demonstrated for wastewaters.
Additionally, carbon adsorption has been demonstrated for similar
3-6
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wastewaters containing explosive nitro groups (i.e., the listed
waste K045 is spent carbon for treatment of wastewaters from the
production of nitrate esters and other nitrated explosives).
Consequently, the Agency believes that carbon adsorption, as well
as incineration, is demonstrated to treat P081 wastewaters.
P087 - Osmium tetroxide - EPA has found one facility that bench treated
an aqueous solution of osmium tetroxide with potassium iodide to
precipitate the osmium metal. The metal was recovered and sent to
a producer of osmium chemicals. (Since osmium is presently valued
at $1,350 per ounce, it is unlikely that anyone is discarding the
material.) According to the 1986 Minerals Yearbook, only 2 pounds
of osmium tetroxide were produced; therefore, the Agency believes
it appropriate to use bench-scale performance data. Hence,
recovery is a demonstrated technology for wastewater forms.
Similar nonwastewaters have been slurried and treated as stated
above; therefore, the Agency believes precipitation followed by
recovery of the osmium to be demonstrated for nonwastewater forms
of P087.
P096 - Phosphine - The Agency believes that it is common practice to
incinerate phosphine to phosphorus pentoxide and scrub the off-gas
with lime solution to generate calcium phosphate. This scrubber
water can be treated with neutralization. Hence, the Agency
considers incineration to be demonstrated to treat phosphine gas
and chemical oxidation followed by precipitation to be
demonstrated to treat P096 wastewaters.
P105 - Sodium azide - EPA has found one facility using incineration for
treatment of P105 nonwastewaters; therefore, the Agency has
concluded that incineration is demonstrated for nonwastewaters.
Nitrite treatment can be accomplished by adding sodium nitrite to
sodium azide to produce nitrogen and sodium hydroxide. This
treatment is currently used by a facility for treatment of lead
azide. Lead azide is believed to be a similar waste based on
chemical properties; consequently, the Agency considers chemical
oxidation to be demonstrated to treat P105 wastewaters.
P112 - Tetranitromethane - EPA has found one commercial facility
incinerating dilute concentrations of P112. This facility claims
that the waste is sufficiently stable when blended with other
wastes to form a dilute mixture that can be incinerated. Hence,
incineration is demonstrated to treat P112 wastewaters and
nonwastewaters. Additionally, carbon adsorption has been
demonstrated for similar wastewaters containing explosive nitro
groups (i.e., the listed waste K045 is spent carbon for treatment
of wastewaters from the production of nitrate esters and other
nitrated explosives). Consequently, the Agency considers carbon
adsorption to be demonstrated to treat P112 wastewaters.
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P122 - Zinc phosphide (>10%) - EPA has found one commercial facility
using incineration for treatment of P122 nonwastewaters and
consequently believes that incineration is demonstrated. Since
this compound reacts with water, it is believed that wastewater
forms cannot exist; however, the dissociated zinc can be
precipitated with lime.
U023 - Benzotrichloride - EPA has found one commercial facility using
incineration for treatment of U023 nonwastewaters and consequently
believes that incineration is demonstrated. Since this compound
reacts with water, it is believed that wastewater forms cannot
exist; however, carbon absorption has been demonstrated to treat
benzoic acid, which is one of the products formed by the reaction
of benzotrichloride with water.
U086 - N. N - D iethvlhvdrazine - EPA has found one commercial facility using
incineration for treatment of U086 nonwastewaters and consequently
believes that incineration is demonstrated. Carbon adsorption has
been demonstrated on similar wastewaters. The Agency believes
that U086 wastewaters can be easily adsorbed because of the
branched nature of their structures, high molecular weights, and
low solubility in water. Therefore, the Agency believes carbon
adsorption to be demonstrated for these wastewaters.
U096 - a.a-Dimethvlbenzvlhvdroperoxide - EPA has found one commercial
facility using incineration for treatment of U096 nonwastewaters;
hence, incineration is demonstrated. Carbon adsorption has been
demonstrated on similar wastewaters. The Agency believes that
these wastewaters can be easily adsorbed because of the branched
nature of their structures, their high molecular weights, and
their low solubility in water. Therefore, the Agency considers
carbon adsorption to be demonstrated for these wastewaters.
U098 - 1.1-DimethyIhvdrazine - EPA has found one commercial facility
using incineration for treatment of U098 nonwastewaters;
therefore, incineration is demonstrated. Carbon adsorption has
been demonstrated on similar wastewaters. The Agency believes
that these wastewaters can be easily adsorbed because of their
polar nature. Therefore, the Agency considers carbon adsorption
to be demonstrated for these wastewaters.
U099 - 1.2-Dimethvlhvdrazine - EPA has found one commercial facility
using incineration for treatment of U099 nonwastewaters;
therefore, incineration is demonstrated. Carbon adsorption has
been demonstrated on similar wastewaters. The Agency believes
that these wastewaters can be easily adsorbed because of the
branched nature of their structures, their high molecular weights,
and their low solubility in water. Therefore, the Agency
considers carbon adsorption to be demonstrated for these
wastewaters.
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U103 - Dimethyl sulfate - EPA has found one commercial facility using
incineration for treatment of U103 nonwastewaters; therefore,
incineration is demonstrated. Carbon adsorption has been
demonstrated on similar wastewaters. The Agency believes that
these wastewaters can be easily adsorbed because of the branched
nature of their structures, their high molecular weights, and
their low solubility in water. Therefore, the Agency considers
carbon adsorption to be demonstrated for these wastewaters.
U109 - 1.2-Diphenvlhvdrazine - EPA has found one commercial facility
using incineration for treatment of U109 nonwastewaters;
therefore, incineration is demonstrated. Carbon adsorption has
been demonstrated on similar wastewaters. The Agency believes
that these wastewaters can be easily adsorbed because of their
polar nature. Therefore, the Agency considers carbon adsorption
to be demonstrated for these wastewaters.
U133 - Hvdrazine - EPA has found one commercial facility using
incineration for treatment of U133 nonwastewaters; therefore,
incineration is demonstrated. Carbon adsorption has been
demonstrated on similar wastewaters. The Agency believes that
these wastewaters can be easily adsorbed because of their polar
nature. Therefore, the Agency considers carbon adsorption to be
demonstrated for these wastewaters.
U134 - Hydrogen fluoride - The disposal of hydrogen fluoride is similar
to the disposal of fluorine. In fact, the same scrubbing
equipment and the same alkaline scrubbing solutions are used by
two facilities for both waste fluorine and waste hydrogen
fluoride. Two other facilities utilize scrubbing, or a variation
of scrubbing, for their waste hydrogen fluoride gas but do not
scrub fluorine. A fifth vendor uses recovery and recycle
techniques on its gas cylinders, but its situation is special
because its locations deal only in 850-pound, 1-ton, and 20-ton
containers. With such large containers, recovery and recycle are
the most technically feasible practice. Because four companies
use alkaline scrubbing and one uses product recovery and recycle,
these are demonstrated technologies.
U135 - Hydrogen sulfide - It is common practice to incinerate hydrogen
sulfide, which will generate sulfur dioxide off-gas. The off-gas
can be scrubbed with alkaline solution to generate calcium
sulfate. Hence, the Agency believes that incineration is
demonstrated to treat hydrogen sulfide gas and that chemical
oxidation of any sulfide to sulfate, followed by precipitation, is
demonstrated to treat U135 wastewaters.
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U160 - Methyl ethvl ketone peroxide - One facility reportedly uses
thermal destruction to treat U160 nonwastewaters. EPA has also
found one commercial facility using incineration for treatment of
U160 nonwastewaters; therefore, both technologies are demonstrated
to treat U160 nonwastewaters. Carbon adsorption has been
demonstrated on similar wastewaters. The Agency believes that
these wastewaters can be easily adsorbed because of their polar
nature. Therefore, the Agency considers carbon adsorption to be
demonstrated for these wastewaters.
U189 - Phosphorus sulfide - EPA has found one commercial facility using
incineration for treatment of U189 nonwastewaters; hence,
incineration is demonstrated. This compound reacts with water,
and consequently it is believed that wastewater forms cannot exist.
U249 - Zinc phosphide «10%') - EPA has found one commercial facility
using incineration for treatment of U249 nonwastewaters; hence,
incineration is demonstrated. Since this constituent is water
reactive, it is believed that wastewater forms cannot exist;
however, the dissociated zinc can be precipitated with lime.
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4. IDENTIFICATION OF BEST DEMONSTRATED
AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY (BOAT)
This section presents the rationale for determination of best
demonstrated available technology (BOAT) for each reactive P and U
waste. First, the Agency examines all the demonstrated technologies to
determine whether one of the technologies performs significantly better
than another. Next, the "best" performing treatment technology is
evaluated to determine whether the resulting treatment is "substantial."
Since EPA does not have performance data for any of these wastes and
because of the lack of analytical methods, the Agency's evaluation of
"substantial" is based on the performance of technologies established in
the Agency's BOAT data base. If the "best" technology provides
"substantial" treatment and it has been determined that the technology is
also commercially available to the affected industry, then the technology
represents BOAT.
For the purpose of BOAT determinations, the Agency has identified
four subgroups according to similarities in treatment, chemical
composition, and structure. These groups are Incinerable Reactive
Organics and Hydrazine Derivatives, Incinerable Inorganics, Fluorine
Compounds, and Recoverable Metallics. The discussion of the treatment
standards applicable to each subgroup follows. Table 4-1 at the end of
this section summarizes the treatment standards for P and U wastes
containing reactive listing constituents.
4.1 BOAT for Incinerable Reactive Organics and Hvdrazine Derivatives
The following constituents have been grouped together because they
are organic constituents that can be incinerated:
P009 - Ammonium picrate P068 - Methyl hydrazine
P081 - Nitroglycerine P105 - Sodium azide
P112 - Tetranitromethane U086 - 1,2-Diethylhydrazine
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U023 - Benzotrichloride U098 - 1,1-DimethyIhydrazine
U096 - a,a-Dimethylbenzylhydroperoxide U099 - 1,2-DimethyIhydrazine
U103 - Dimethyl sulfate U109 - 1,2-DiphenyIhydrazine
U160 - Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide U133 - Hydrazine
The Agency does not believe that concentration-based treatment
standards can be established for these wastes at this time. The major
problems in establishing concentration-based standards for these wastes
are (1) EPA does not currently have an analytical method for measuring
many of these wastes in treatment residues and (2) where the Agency does
have methods, there are no data available on the treatment of these
chemicals. In cases when there is no verified analytical method for a
particular waste, EPA tries to find an appropriate measurable surrogate
or indicator compound. However, no constituent has been identified in
these wastes that could be used as a surrogate or indicator compound.
One of the specific problems encountered in analysis of P068, P105,
P112, U023, U098, U099, and U103 is that these wastes break down quickly
in water (hydrolyze) and the analysis of wastewater forms of these wastes
is very difficult, as well as often hazardous, because of the intensity
of the reaction. In addition, the Agency lacks data on what effects the
hydrolysis products would have on the environment. Also, verified
analytical methods do not currently exist for the quantification of these
hydrolysis products in treatment residues.
Another analytical problem is created because P081 wastes are only
quantifiable by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) methods.
Although HPLC techniques have been used to quantify certain chemicals in
relatively clean aqueous matrices, the Agency has not completely verified
that HPLC is appropriate for analysis of either untreated wastes or
treatment residuals. There is only one HPLC method currently listed in
SW-846 as applicable for analysis of solid wastes, with very limited
applicability. However, the Agency is in the process of validating other
HPLC methods, including multiple-column HPLC systems and HPLC units
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coupled with mass spectroscopy. Until this method validation work is
completed, the Agency does not believe that it should establish
concentration-based treatment standards for these particular U and P
chemicals. Further, the Agency currently lacks data on treatment of
hazardous wastes based on HPLC analyses. In addition, there are no
verified SW-846 analytical methods for measuring P009 and U133 in
treatment residues.
Nonwastewaters. The Agency has identified incineration, fuel
substitution, and chemical oxidation/reduction as demonstrated
technologies for treatment of reactive organic constituents. These
technologies are considered commercially available and provided
substantial treatment of reactive organic constituents; therefore, they
are considered "best."
Many of the U and P wastes exist as concentrated off-specification
chemicals. Depending on other constituents present in the waste matrix,
these off-specification chemicals could potentially be dissolved in a
suitable waste solvent prior to treatment (i.e., incinerated in a liquid
injection system). There is, however, risk associated with dissolving
these highly reactive chemicals; therefore, treatment without dissolving
may be preferable. EPA is not precluding the dissolution of these
chemicals to facilitate treatment. In cases where there is a significant
volume of these chemicals, dissolution may be necessary to reduce air
emissions or to reduce the risk of explosion prior to treatment.
Since the analytical problems previously described preclude setting
concentration-based treatment standards and RCRA section 3004(m) allows
the-Agency to establish either levels or methods of treatment, the Agency
is promulgating a treatment standard of "Incineration (INCIN), Fuel
Substitution (FSUBS), Chemical Oxidation (CHOXD), or Chemical Reduction
(CHRED) as Methods of Treatment" for the nonwastewater forms of these U
and P wastes. See 40 CFR 268.42, Table I, for a description of the
technologies referred to by a five-letter technology code in parentheses.
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Although there is an SW-846 method for U109, the Agency is not
promulgating a numerical standard for this waste since it is very similar
to P068, U086, U098, U099, and U133 (all are hydrazine compounds).
Further, there are no performance data from which to establish numerical
standards, and it is the Agency's belief that the thermal and chemical
destruction technologies specified will provide effective treatment for
this waste.
Wastewaters. The Agency determined that carbon adsorption was
demonstrated, available, and provided substantial treatment; it was
therefore considered "best." Additionally, for wastewaters containing
high concentrations of constituents, incineration was determined to be
demonstrated, available, and therefore "best."
Data reviewed by the Agency indicate that some of these wastes (i.e.,
P068) can be effectively treated by ozone/ultraviolet light oxidation
(chemical oxidation). EPA also has information indicating that
biodegradation is capable of destroying the reactive organic constituents
in the wastewater forms of these P and U wastes. These technologies are
demonstrated, available, and provide substantial treatment; they are
therefore considered "best" for some wastes in this group.
Based on the information described above, the Agency is promulgating
a treatment standard of "Incineration (INCIN), Chemical Oxidation
(CHOXD), Chemical Reduction (CHRED) or Carbon Adsorption (CARBN), or
Biodegradation (BIODG) as Methods of Treatment" for the wastewater forms
of these P and U wastes. See 40 CFR 268.42, Table 1, for a description
of the technologies referred to by a five-letter technology code in
parentheses.
The Agency is unaware of any alternative treatment or recycling
technologies that have been examined specifically for these U and P
wastes. The Agency solicited data and comments on such technologies but
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received no response on this issue. In any case, the treatment standards
for the nonwastewater and wastewater forms of these P and U wastes do not
preclude recycling (provided the recycling is not a use constituting
disposal).
4.2 BDAT for Incinerable Inorganics
The following constituents have been grouped together because they
consist of compounds containing sulfur, nitrogen, and phosphorus:
P006 - Aluminum phosphide U135 - Hydrogen sulfide
P096 - Phosphine U189 - Phosphorus sulfide
P122 - Zinc phosphide (>10%) U249 - Zinc phosphide (<10%)
The Agency does not believe that numerical treatment standards can be
established for these wastes at this time. The major problem in
establishing concentration-based standards for these wastes is that EPA
does not currently have an analytical method for measuring these wastes
in treatment residues. In cases when there is no analytical method for a
particular waste, EPA tries to find an appropriate measurable surrogate
or indicator compound; however, no constituent has been identified in
these wastes that could be used as a surrogate or indicator compound.
One of the specific problems encountered in analysis of P006 is that
this waste breaks down quickly in water (hydrolyzes), making the analysis
of wastewater forms of this waste very difficult. In addition, an SW-846
analytical method does not exist for U189.
Nonwastewaters. The Agency has information indicating that
incineration and chemical oxidation/reduction can be used for effective
treatment for phosphine gas (P096) and hydrogen sulfide gas (U135). The
information indicates that both of these gases can be treated by
controlled reaction with an aqueous solution of potassium permanganate.
4-5
3675ft
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This treatment allows the margin of safety that venting into an
incinerator does not, since both gases, when heated, emit highly toxic
oxides of either sulfur or phosphorus.
The Agency still believes that incineration can be used to
effectively and safely treat some of these wastes. However, because many
of these wastes will contain high concentrations of sulfur and phosphorus
when discarded as off-spec products, they will require as part of their
treatment the use of air pollution control equipment capable of
controlling the emissions of phosphorus and sulfur to acceptable levels.
The Agency believes that both incineration and chemical
oxidation/reduction have been proven to provide substantial treatment.
These technologies are also commercially available; hence they are "best."
Based on available information, the Agency is promulgating a
treatment standard of "Incineration (INCIN), Chemical Oxidation (CHOXD),
or Chemical Reduction (CHRED) as Methods of Treatment" for P006, P096,
P122, U135, U189, and U249 nonwastewaters. See 40 CFR 268.42, Table 1,
for a description of the technologies referred to by a five-letter
technology code in parentheses.
Wastewaters. The Agency reviewed information indicating that
these wastewaters can be effectively treated by incineration or chemical
oxidation/reduction. The Agency believes that both incineration and
chemical oxidation/reduction provide substantial treatment and are also
commercially available; hence, they are "best."
Based on available information, the Agency is promulgating a
treatment standard of "Incineration (INCIN), Chemical Oxidation (CHOXD),
or Chemical Reduction (CHRED) as Methods of Treatment" for the wastewater
forms of P006, P096, P122, U135, U189, and U249 wastewaters. See 40 CFR
268.42, Table 1, for a description of the technologies referred to by a
five-letter technology code in parentheses.
4-6
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The Agency is currently unaware of any alternative treatment or
recycling technologies that have been examined specifically for the
nonwastewater or wastewater forms of these P and U wastes. The Agency
solicited data and comments on this, but received no response on this
issue. The final rule, in any case, does not preclude recycling
(provided the recycling does not involve burning as fuel or is not a use
constituting disposal; see 40 CFR 261.33).
4.3 BDAT for Fluorine Compounds
The following constituents were grouped together because of their
physical form and because they contain fluorine:
P056 - Fluorine
U134 - Hydrofluoric Acid
Nonwastevaters. Both of these wastes can exist as gases and
gases solubilized in wastewaters (although U134 is often generated as an
aqueous acid). In the gaseous form, alkaline scrubbing to achieve
neutralization has been demonstrated to treat P056 and U134, although
recycling and recovery can be used when applicable for some containerized
gases.
EPA is promulgating "Adsorption (ADGAS) Followed by Neutralization
(NEUTR) as a Method of Treatment" for P056 nonwastewaters and
"Neutralization (NEUTR) or Adsorption (ADGAS) Followed by Neutralization
(NEUTR) as Methods of Treatment" for U134 nonwastewaters since this waste
can exist as an acidic solution or a gas. See 40 CFR 268.42, Table 1,
for a description of the technologies referred to by a five letter
technology code in parentheses. The Agency made this decision as a
result of information indicating that most facilities are currently
treating gaseous forms of P056 and U134 by reacting the gases with
alkaline solution and that it is common practice to neutralize waste
hydrofluoric acid (U134).
4-7
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The Agency has information indicating that these fluorine compounds
are mixed with other wastes requiring incineration and that they can be
safely incinerated. The Agency is not precluding incineration as long as
the acid off-gases are scrubbed with alkaline reagents to achieve the
appropriate treatment standard. In this case, the water will act as the
adsorbent and the alkaline reagents will neutralize the acidity.
Wastewaters. The Agency has reviewed data applicable for the
wastewater forms of P056 and U134 wastes. These data were used to
develop numerical treatment standards for BOAT list constituents, such as
fluoride. Detailed information on the development of these treatment
standards is included in the Best Demonstrated Available Technology
(BOAT) Background Document for Wastewaters Containing BOAT List
Constituents (Reference 4). A summary of the information used to develop
the fluoride treatment standard is included in Appendix C.
Based on the information described above, the Agency is promulgating
a concentration-based wastewater treatment standard of 35 mg/1 for
fluoride in P056 and U134 Wastewaters.
4.4 BOAT for Recoverable Metallics
All the wastes in this group contain metallic elements (i.e.,
beryllium, osmium, and nickel) that can be recovered because of their
high economic value. Information available to the Agency indicates that
recovery of these metallic elements from these wastes is feasible and is
currently practiced.
P015 - Beryllium dust
P073 - Nickel carbonyl
P087 - Osmium tetroxide
4-8
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Nonwastewaters. The Agency identified recovery and oxidation
followed by stabilization as demonstrated technologies for P073 wastes.
The Agency reviewed information indicating that it is inappropriate to
establish recovery as the only acceptable treatment method for nickel
carbonyl (P073). Because of the highly reactive nature of the chemical
and the fact that it is generated in small quantities, long-term storage
to obtain quantities sufficient to justify recovery either onsite or
offsite would present a significant safety hazard. The information
indicates that P073 can be treated by oxidation, either thermally in an
incinerator or chemically in a laboratory-scale treatment facility,
followed by stabilization. This is the only safe, economical, and
environmentally sound treatment method for small quantities of nickel
carbonyl.
Based on this information, the Agency believes that it is not always
practical to recover small quantities of nickel and that oxidation of
wastewaters followed by stabilization of nonwastewaters will provide
effective treatment for P073 wastes. Since EPA has performance data on
the stabilization of nickel in nonwastewaters believed to be similar to
P073, the Agency has decided to develop a concentration-based standard.
The performance data used were from the stabilization of F006
nonwastewaters. These F006 wastes contained high concentrations of
nickel (as high as 170,000 ppm). Therefore, the Agency believes that
these data are applicable to P073 nonwastewaters. Based on these data,
the Agency is promulgating a concentration-based standard of 0.32 mg/1
nickel for P073 nonwastewaters. For a detailed discussion on the
development of this treatment standard, see the BDAT background document
for F006 (Reference 5). A summary of the stabilization performance data
used is presented in Appendix D.
For P015 and P087, recovery was the only demonstrated technology
identified. The Agency reviewed information from a producer of beryllium
and beryllium-containing products indicating that although only very
4-9
3675g
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small quantities of P015 are generated at any one time, recovery is a
viable and preferred treatment method in light of the high economic value
of the recovered beryllium. Additionally, the Agency is aware that it is
current practice to recover osmium from P087 using bench-scale
technologies because of the high economic value of the recovered osmium.
Consequently, the Agency is promulgating a treatment standard of
"Recovery (REMETL or RTHRM) as a Method of Treatment" for P015 and P087
nonwastewaters. See 40 CFR 268.42, Table 1, for a detailed description
of the technologies referred to by the five-letter technology codes in
parentheses.
Wastewaters. The Agency identified recovery and chemical
oxidation as the only demonstrated treatment of wastewaters containing
P015, P073, and P087 wastes. These technologies are commercially
available and were therefore considered "best."
Based on the information received for P073 wastes (as previously
described in the nonwastewater section), the Agency has decided to
develop a concentration-based standard for P073 wastewaters. This
standard is based on the chemical oxidation of K062 wastewaters. The
wastewaters treated contained between 4 and 100,310 ppm of nickel.
Therefore, the Agency believes that these data are applicable to P073
wastewaters. Based on these data, the Agency is promulgating a
concentration-based standard of 0.44 mg/1 nickel for P073 wastewaters.
For a detailed discussion on the development of this treatment standard,
see the BDAT background document for K062 (Reference 6). A summary of
the chemical oxidation performance data used is presented in Appendix E.
Based on the information reviewed for P015 and P087 wastes (as
previously described in the nonwastewater section), the Agency is
promulgating a treatment standard of "Recovery (RMETL or RTMRM) as a
4-10
3675g
-------
Method of Treatment" for P015 and P087 wastewaters. See 40 CFR 268.42,
Table 1, for a description of the technologies referred to by a five-
letter technology code in parentheses.
4-11
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TABLE 4-1 BOAT TREATMENT STANDARDS FOR P AND U WASTES
CONTAINING REACTIVE LISTING CONSTITUENTS
BOAT TREATMENT STANDARDS FOR P009, P068, P081, P105, P112, U023,
U086, U096, U098, U099, U103, U109, U133, AND U160
[Nonwas tewaters]
INCINERATION (INCIN) FUEL SUBSTITUTION (FSUBS),
CHEMICAL OXIDATION (CHOXD), OR
CHEMICAL REDUCTION (CHRED)
AS METHODS OF TREATMENT*
BOAT TREATMENT STANDARDS FOR P009, P068, P081, P112, U023,
U086, U096, U098, U099, U103, U109, U133, AND U160
[Wastewaters]
INCINERATION (INCIN), CHEMICAL OXIDATION (CHOXD),
CHEMICAL REDUCTION (CHRED), CARBON ADSORPTION (CARBN), OR
BIODEGRADATION (BIODG) AS METHODS OF TREATMENT*
BOAT TREATMENT STANDARDS FOR P006, P096, P122, U135, and U249
[Nonwastewaters and Wastewaters]
INCINERATION (INCIN), CHEMICAL OXIDATION (CHOXD), OR
CHEMICAL REDUCTION (CHRED) AS METHODS OF TREATMENT*
* Incinerators must comply with 40 CFR 264 Subpart O or 265 Subpart 0. Fuel substitution units must
comply with 40 CFR Fart 266 Subpart D. See 40 CFR 268.42. Table 1. for a description of the
technologies referred to by a five-letter technology code in parentheses.
4-12
3675g
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Table 4-1 (continued)
BOAT TREATMENT STANDARDS FOR P056
[Nonwastewaters]
ADSORPTION (ADGAS) FOLLOWED BY NEUTRALIZATION (NEUTR)
AS A METHOD OF TREATMENT*
BOAT TREATMENT STANDARDS FOR U134
[Nonwastewaters]
NEUTRALIZATION (NEUTR) OR ADSORPTION (ADGAS) FOLLOWED
BY NEUTRALIZATION (NEUTR)
AS METHODS OF TREATMENT*
BOAT TREATMENT STANDARDS FOR
P056 AND U134
[Wastewaters]
Maximum for any
Single Grab Sample
Regulated Total Composition
Constituent (mg/1)
FLUORIDE 35
BOAT TREATMENT STANDARDS FOR
P015 AND P087
[Nonwastewaters and Wastewaters]
RECOVERY (RMETL OR RTHRM) AS A METHOD OF TREATMENT*
* See 40 CFR 266.42, Table 1, for a description of the technologies referred to by a five-letter
technology code in parentheses.
4-13
3675g
-------
Table 4-1 (continued)
BOAT TREATMENT STANDARDS FOR P073
[Nonwastewaters]
Maximum for any
Single Grab Sample
Regulated Total Composition
Constituent (mg/kg)
NICKEL 0.32
BOAT STANDARDS FOR P073
[Wastewater]
Maximum for any
Single Grab Sample
Regulated Total Composition
Constituent (mg/1)
NICKEL 0.44
4-14
3675g
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5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This document was prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Solid Waste, by Versar Inc. under Contract No.
68-W9-0068. Mr. Larry Rosengrant, Chief, Treatment Technology Section,
Waste Treatment Branch, served as the EPA Program Manager during the
preparation of this document and the development of treatment standards
for the P and U wastes containing reactive listing constituents. The
technical project officer for the waste was Ms. Laura Fargo. Mr. Steven
Silverman served as legal advisor.
Versar personnel involved in the preparation of this document included
Mr. Jerome Strauss, Program Manager; Mr. Stephen Schwartz, Assistant
Program Manager; Mr. James Berkes, Principal Investigator and Author;
Ms. Justine Alchowiak, Quality Assurance Officer; Ms. Juliet Crumrine and
Ms. Martha Martin, Technical Editors; and Ms. Sally Gravely, Program
Secretary.
5-1
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6. REFERENCES
1. USEPA. 1988. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste. Methodology for Developing Treatment Standards. Washington,
D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
2. American Public Health Association, American Water Works
Association, and the Water Pollution Control Federation. 1985.
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater.
Sixteenth Edition. Washington, D.C.: American Public Health
Association.
3. Rissmann, E., and Fargo, L., Versar. 1989. Letter to Juan
Baez-Martinez, EPA, concerning phone calls made to generators/
treaters of reactive wastes.
4. USEPA. 1989. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste. Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BOAT) BackEround
Document for Wastewaters Containing BOAT List Constituents.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
5. USEPA. 1988. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste. Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BOAT) Background
Document for F006 Wastes. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency.
6. USEPA. 1988. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste. Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BOAT) Background
Document for K062 Wastes. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency.
7. USEPA. 1988. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste. Computer printout: Data for D001, D002, D003, and P and U
wastes containing reactive listing constituents from the Generator
Survey Data Base. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency.
8. USEPA. 1986. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. National
Survey of Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, Disposal, and
Recycling Facilities. Computer Printout: Data on non-CBI
commercial facilities only sorted by management category.
9. Alchowiak, J. and Truskett, 0. 1989. Letter to Lisa Jones, EPA,
concerning analytical issues associated with the listing
constituents for the U and P waste codes.
10. Hutton, D.G. 1981. Removal of priority pollutants with a combined
powdered activated carbon-activated sludge process. Vol. 2. In
Chemistry in Water Reuse ed. W.R. Cooper, pp. 403-428. Ann Arbor,
Mich: Ann Arbor Science.
6-1
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11. Belfort, G. 1981. Selective adsorption of organic homologs or to
activated carbon from dilute aqueous solutions - solvophobic
interaction approach: development and test of theory. Vol. 2. In
Chemistry in Water Reuse, ed. W.R. Cooper, pp. 207-242. Ann Arbor,
Mich.: Ann Arbor Science.
12. Giusti, Conway, and Lawson. 1974. Activated Carbon Adsorption of
Petro-chemicals. WPCF46(5).
13. CWM. 1987. Chemical Waste Management. Technical note 87-117,
Stabilization treatment of selected metal containing wastes.
September 22, 1987. Chemical Waste Management, 150 West 137th
Street, Riverdale, 111.
14. USEPA. 1986. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste. Onsite Engineering Report of Treatment Technology
Performance and Operation for Envirite Corporation, York,
Pennsylvania. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency.
15. USEPA. 1988. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Onsite
Engineering Report of Treatment Technology and Performance for K061
Waste at Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. Palmerton,
Pennsylvania. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency.
6-2
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APPENDIX A
WASTE CHARACTERIZATION, INDUSTRIAL DESCRIPTIONS,
AND ANALYTICAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH
WASTES CONTAINING P AND U
REACTIVE LISTING CONSTITUENTS
-------
TABLE A-l CHEMICAL STRUCTURES FOR REACTIVE P AND U
LISTING CONSTITUENTS
Waste code
Chemical
constituent
Structure
Molecular
weight
P006
Aluminum phosphide
Al—P
58.0
POOS
P015
P056
Ammonium picrate
Beryllium dust
Fluorine
^XxJ^X
NQz
Be
246.1
9.0
38.0
P068
Methyl hydrazine
H
I
CH3—N—NH2
46.1
P073
Nickel carbonyl
c
D
CssNissCasO
II
C
II
o
170.7
P081
NItroglycerin
CH2—
I
CH—ONOj
227.1
P087
Osmium tetroxide
254.2
P096
P105
Phosphlne
Sodium azide
Y
H
Na— N— NBN
34.0
65.0
A-l
-------
TABLE A-l (CONTINUED)
Waste code
Chemical
constituent
Structure
Molecular
weight
P112
P122/U249
Tetranltromethane
Zinc Phosphide
NOj—C-NQ,
196.0
258.1
U023
U086
Benzotrlchloride
1,2-Dlethylhydrazine
H H
I I
—N— N—
195.5
88.2
U096
U098
U099
U103
U109
a,a-Dlmethylbenzyl-
hydroperoxide
1,1>0imethylhydrazine
1,2-Oimethylhydrazine
Dimethyl Sulfate
Diphenylhydrazine
T"
CHj—C—O—O—H
OH,
CHj— N— NH2
H H
I I
— N— N— CH,
O
II
CHjO— S—OCH3
II
O
N—
152.1
60.1
60.1
126.1
184.2
A-2
-------
TABLE A-l (CONTINUED)
Waste code
Chemical
constituent
Structure
Molecular
weight
U133
U134
U135
U160
U189
Hydrazlne
Hydrogen Fluoride
Hydrogen Sulflde
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Peroxide
Phosphorus Sulfide
HaN—
H— F
H—8
CHaCHj—C—O— O— CH,
32.1
20.1
34.1
88.0
222.3
A-3
-------
WASTE
CODE
WASTE DESCRPTION
Table A-2 P and U Wastes Containing Reactive Listing Constituents
SOURCE OF WASTE GENERATION
PERCENT PERCENT
QUANTITY SOLD* WATER CONSTITUENTS PRESENT M PERCENTAGE LEVELS
POOMJIXErjl
POOMJDtED)
Mil
Mil
Mil
Mil
POttyMKEO}
P01KUKED)
MlSAMtXEDf
POtMjtKED)
POM
POBcXMIXED)
POM
POM
POM|MIXEO|
POM(IIIXED)
POMIMKED)
tudonMti mauMcyonttM
»T
1ST
poor
UD pocn of on choificol.) only
OPMC hofpBnfc fauM
L*pock>ofdibrtioi*
Ohor imul utattwnfc*
PM704IXEOI
PM7(HD(EO)
P007(MDtED|
PI08
P10S
P10S
PtOS
PtOS
Pt05p«**
l*b pock* of aUchonfcaki only
CenconMttd ol-opoe of di
OTMT———"—•-*
Ohor
Ohor
pfoouo
GOnOOranHOQ OlfHpMt Of OMCttwtQ pfOOUQl
CouMkODrnMnotaMcyinUoi
DocojdbiQ of oi4-4f-diVipnduoii 01 ohontfcok
iaofplon M..*i.ydj.x^.^of oo^xi«wicl.r6lM CnOnvOMi
. ^ i«rim*oihorlo«leoraink»
Sodknonl or iMjoon ov Mjom oonttviiWUiloo wib OFUffvoB
ConMrtrattil jfl^Mt of dteorttrf prprfuct
Ohor MOIO horganb chomkok
ConowinMd ofl-opoo or dhcanJod product
Oftor »H«BV» i—"-"---
Dhetrdkig d euM-dtt* praducH or
OkKardhg at euM-dM poducti or
Oboon*i| of outotdoto product or chomlcak
PhcirdTng ot ea-ot^o ptoduett or ehon*aoi
rttlOpjMflMO MwMI
AouoiMaojioiBlowoitioriBadBorgonlet
Cent Sol or doonup noklw
Ottior ononto Iquil
Chomp ol •«• iwUuM
DtMRftig ol ouHMm pradudi or dwnkok
COwrpaiudon control or i
RtMdVv or9*vilc Mltf
OOMT polutfon oontraf 01
au,U»p - -
toMfmonl piooMo
UOM
U103
0103
U10)(UDtED|
UtM
U133
um
CdiorcvgonlelauUeDonliriAiolodcfl-^poooiolNOfdtdpmducI Dlic*rdki(oloU^f-dal*produeMorcrMntfaii
NonfudoQMUBM oulvoi4 Lobondory WHIOI/ dbcordhig ol out-of-dalo ctiondcoJi
CffMr wto production proooio
OttiorpfooMi
OtfMf ofp^rao MJMI
8p*nl odd wftnotAfc
IT
IT
IT
IT
IT
110Q
1411000 T
1MT
ND
IT
IT
«T
to
»Q
t4t74BQ
IT
in a
1ST
11 T
11 T
IT
•a
44 T
to
Ub(
t/ wBcvdlnflj of ou^ol-dolo ctNmlcoli
OtMf
Otaeaidlng of ofl-op*e rratMW
Dtoetnflng of om-ol-d«« produdt or ditrrieili
10
1100
10
IT
2200
P
OK
NO
M
M
0
10
0
OK
NA
0
OK
M
M
OK
M
P
P
OK
NA
OK
OK
S
40
M
NA
OK
100
M
01
M
ND
OK
0
0
NO
0
I
NA
0
OK
ND
0
NA
0
1
OK
20
OK
0
SO
OK
NA
SO
OK
OK
NA
0
OK
4
P
OK
OK
0
0
M
OK
n
•0
OK
NA
OK
ND
0
0
ss
0
1
MO
OK
0
ND
0
48
OK
40
Cdf
N
N
-m,. CywUtoJ«8(l-lOK|
B*(>90K)
JNMOKt
N
FkMrkM(>00«|
H|drulno(M01l|
Mr«Hn»(Ot.-im
Oombm MraUot>SOK|
Curium MnMUo(»90iU
Omtfum Mreatd*pOOPPW-ai«|
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Motfiyl otfiy) hMono poreifcto(iO-25i(y
l>OliiMBiy»m»Mtiol>OOm
t.1^jm*ftrtirdi«ilno(>91>K(
OtlMlirlouboK>OOM)
Pi
-------
WASTE
CODE
WASTE DESCHFTION
Table A-2 (continued)
SOURCE OF WASTE OENERATHN
PERCENT PERCENT
QUANTITY SOLOS WATER CONSTITUENTS PRESENT M PERCENTAGE LEVELS
U133
U133
UI33(MIXEpl
UI3XMIXED)
UI33(MIXED|
U133(MIXED)
U133(UIXED)
U133 (MIXED)
UI33(MIXED|
UI3KMIXED)
UI33(MIXEO)
U13KMIXED)
UIS3(MIXEOJ
UI13 (MIXED)
UI33(MIXED)
UIM
UtM
UIM
UIM
UtM
UIM
UIM (MIXED)
UIM (MIXED)
UIM (MIXED)
UIM (MIXED)
UIM (MIXED)
UIM (MIXED)
UtM (MIXED)
UtM (MIXED)
UIM (MIXED
UIM (MIXED
UIM (MIXED
UIM (MIXED
UtM (MIXED
UtM (MIXED
UIM (MIXED
UtM (MIXED
UtM (MIXED
UtM (MIXED
UtM (MIXED
UIM (MIXED
um
um
um
um
U13S(MIXED)
UI3S(UIXED)
UIW
utsoiMixED)
NoriutogmMdMtonl
OttMr ergnle IquU
Eirply « owlMd imW dram or eoniMMra
Otm torganfe twU/MjuMut «MM •» tow
(Meaning of out*
dbi»«M d ert^MM dwntali
AcUc MUOOUB
OMO out otpmoMi
Otti» axli poiteltan jtoMM
AOCBOTtSI Ipik) Of dhKMfQM
OMH out d pm
OMMB el m
OlKMdkM olel
Aodfrnj
Oh« agaric Mjutf
OAwharganlDMldi
Efflply or mated imW dram cf eBUJMm
Odn
OOMf
Addfc
>g*fcty*
of ow-opoo nvtMW
Dbicwdbifl of o
OtttlY pOBvdOfl OOnMl Of
OttHVpfOOMS
SAHrMdMogmaMdM
Sport add Mfchoul mvtMi
Oh«r I or k MMb M dMertMd
ioro*wrerganlolauklt
OtfMr
ocUvjihoul tnviflB
Me MM
Mdhbc
Einply Rb« or phMb contthM*
WMMiMtar ei aquMM irbtur*
Oriw
BM pfOdUCHM ptOOMO
OBnt >«iHl»ui>nltolpinn>il
OtaMdkigdwMl-dMpndueiiOf
8pMt MM vMioul
« AJH^kdM^ ^_
HIUBjOUl W8
OlMtenMlelquU
l •ddiM
Mkod tab potto
ApOdHJdgMCNUM
bWQAnlO QMM
Concwtffltod o
oB-flpco ot
1 2 f^^lA
Empty or cruafwd rnMat drums or oonutntft
pfoouol
CenuntaM to! or ctoamp iMMu*
PteWnfl
CHKftratag ot off-opoo
OMO out of praoM Mumnl
Cfaourt of piBcooi •guymrt
to o
IT OK
tT 0
SIT OK
0 OK
0 SO
NO 0
621441T 1
IT tOO
SOtQ 0
ta o
•2 a so
0 NA
ST tOO
0 SO
two o
4T NA
40600 Q NA
SWT 0
1320 OK
12680 OK
aritfJMMm 20710O P
300 O DK
SSOd OK
34000 P
26616O 0
ton a p
ti a so
109000 0
16050 P
mo •
23000O 0
M70DOQ t
ST NA
20000 1
tT
0000
18 T
IT
IT
ND
CHMhargnfclauU
OawrmvMtorganfcchmfca*
OK
0
ND
ND
t
I136T 0
IT OK
OT DK
Uberatoy«MiM/dhcMdi«dauM-dM»dMfflledi 0 0
Oh«Mfl*|voducft>nf»oo«M 224220 T P
OheM^dauKd^MpraduciiOfrfNrrtcMi IT 00
CkNW*diurlMlmMWidRW« 216000 O M
0
OK
SO
OK
OK
1
0
•
0
06
ss
0
IS
NA
OK
to
NA
60
•7
OK
OK
P
OK
OK
P
•0
P
1
74
M
NA
30
OK
1
1
ND
ND
H|*Mkw(>tM)
H|dr«iM(10-2m|
N
N
N
N
N
HydragM SuoriMpS-SOK)
N
N
N
DK
N
HydragM •uorid^aOOppmO.1%)
Pi
Hydfooon Nuofhto(1-tOll|
Hr*ogMftjort(^>00%)
N
N
HydragM SuerlMR«{tv«>.ce 1
-------
Table A-3 Generation Information for Reactive U and P
Hastes According to the 1986 TSOR Survey
Waste code
EPA Region State SIC codes
Industry
Volt
P006-Aluminu» phosphide
IV SC 3731/9711 Ship building and repairing/
National security
0.5T
POOS-Asaoniu* picrate
POlS-BerylliuB dust
II
III
IV
NY
NO
VA
FL
7301
3764
9711
9199/97117
3471/3721
V
VI
VIII
IX
SC
OH
TX
CO
CA
WA
3731/9711
3641
3483/2892
3761/3764/
7391/3769
3.06
Space propulsion units and parts 24.06
National security LOT
General government/national LOT
Security/plating and polishing/
Aircraft
Ship building and repairing/ 3.0T
national security
Electric lamps LOP
Awn ft ion. except for small 8.0T
arms/explosives
Guided aissiles and space 660.06. 18.OT
vehicles/space propulsion units
and parts research and development
laboratories/space vehicle equipment
3679/9661/ Electronic
nts/space
3629/3S32/
3671/3693
3761
3699
9711/89227
4911/1541
research and technology/petroleum
and coal products
Electrical industrial apparatus/
optical instruments and lenses/
electron tubes, receiving type/
x-ray apparatus and tubes
Guided missiles and space vehicles
Electrical equipment and supplies
National security/noncommercial
research organizations/electric
services/industrial buildings and
••rehouses
LOT
27. OT
1.06
1608.06
LOT
P056-Fluoriiie
P068-Nethyl hydro ine
P073-Nickel carbonyl
POBl-Nitroglycerin
II NJ 2869/2833 Industrial organic chemicals/ LOT
medicinal* and botanicals
III OE 2800 General chemical manufacturing 831.OP
V WI 2800/2869 General chemical manufacturing/ 1.06
industrial organic chemicals
VI MM 9661 Space research and technology 30.000G
III OE 2800 General chemical manufacturing LOP
A-6
-------
2772g-2
Table A-3 (Continued)
Waste code EPA Region State
P067-0smium tetroxide III OE
PA
IV NC
V IL
*
OH
VI
VI TX
VIII NO
SIC codes
2800
2647/2611
9199
8Z21/2800/
8071/2833
7391
2800/2869
8062/8071
8221/8062
Industry
General chemical Manufacturing
Sanitary paper products/pulp
•ills
General government
Collages and universities/
general chemical Mnufacturing/
medical laboratories/medicinals
and botanicals
Research and development
General chemical eanufacturing/
industrial organic chemicals
General Medical and surgical
hospitals/Medical laboratories
Colleges and universities/general
•edical and surgical hospitals
Volume
1.5P
l.OP
LOT
161.06
1.06
1.06
64. OP
LOT
P096-Phosphine
P105-ScdiuB azide
V NN 8922/9199 Noncommercial research organiza- LOG
t ions/OBfrntm 1 0ovcrimmT0it *
VI VI 2800/2869 General chemical manufacturing/ LOG
industrial organic chemicals
I CT 2834
II NJ 2869/2819 Industrial organic chemicals/ LOT
industrial organic chemicals
2800/2821/ General chemical manufacturing/ LOT
2869/2899 plastic materials and resins/
industrial organic chemicals/
chemical preparations
2834 Pharmaceutical preparations LOT
2899/2819/ Chemical preparations/industrial LOT
2869 inorganic chemicals/industrial
organic chemicals/chemical
preparations
2834/2831 Pharmaceutical preparations/ LOT
biological products
NY 2800 General chemical manufacturing LOT
III DE 2899 Chemical preparations LOT
2800 General chemical manufacturing 61.OT
PA 2833/2379 Medicinal* and botanicals/ 2.06
agricultural chemicals
IV NC 9199 General uuveinmenl LOT
V OH 2879/2B69/ Agricultural chemicals/ 10.OP
2816/2819 industrial organic chemicals/
inorganic pigments/industrial
inorganic chemicals
VI 2800/2869 General chemical manufacturing/ LOG
industrial organic chemicals
VI NO 2B69/2892/ Industrial organic chemicals/ LOT
8911/3662 explosives/engineering and
A-7
-------
Table A-3 (Continued)
Waste code
EPA Region State SIC codes
Industry
Volt
P105-(cantinued)
VI
PllZ-TetronitroMrthane
P122-Z1nc phosphide (>1«) V
U023-Benzotrich1oride II
U086-N.N-Diethylhydrazime V
U096-a,a-OiMBthyl(benzyl
hydropernide)
U098-1.1-DiMBthylhydrazine
U099-1.2-OiMethylhydrazine
U103-DiMrthyl sulfate I
in
IV
V
NO
TX
WA
OH
NT
HI
NJ
OH
VI
MA
NT
OE
NC
VI
architectural services/radio and
TV coMMinication equipment
8221/8062 Colleges and universities/ LOT
general eedical and surgical
hospitals
8062/8071 General Medical and surgical 77.OP
hospitals/Medical laboratories
9711/8922/ National security/noncooercial S.OP
4911/1541 research organizations/electric
services/industrial buildings and
Mrehouses
3641 Electric laeps LOP
2800/2812 fieneral cheaical Miuifacturing/ 626.OT
2819/2869 alkalies and chlorine/industrial
inorganic cheeic*Is/industrial
organic cheiicals
2800/2869 General cheeical Manufacturing/ 1.06
industrial organic cheaicals
2899/2819/ Cheaical preparations/ industrial LOT
2869
7391
2800/2869
4226/49S9/
2899
7301
2800
9199
2800/2869
inorganic cheMicals/industrial
organic chMiicals
Research and develooMent
laboratories
General cheiical Manufacturing/
industrial organic cheaicals
Special warehousing and storage/
sanitary services/cheMical
preparation
General cheiical Manufacturing
General government
General cheaical Manufacturing/
industrial organic cheaicals
1.06
1.06
12.06
2.06
l.OP
1.06
1.06
A-8
-------
2772g-4
Table A-3 (Continued)
Waste code EPA Region State
U109-L2-Diphenylhydrazine V NI
VI
U133-hydrazine I CT
MA
II NJ
III DC
IV FL
DC
sc
V OH
VI
(
VI LA
TX
1
VIII CO
CO
IX CA
X VA
SIC codes
2869/2879
2800/2869
2834
4226/49597
2899
7391
2800
9661
9199
3731
7391
2800/2869
2B69/2843/
2899/2841
2869/2819
8062/8071
9711/3499
3761/3764/
7391/3769
3679/9661/
2999
9711/3731
9711/892Z/
4911/1541
Industry
Industrial organic chanicals/
agricultural cheated Is
General chevical Manufacturing/
industrial organic cheaicals
PhanBceutical preparations
Special warehousing and storage/
unitary services/chemical
preparations
Research and development
laboratories
General chearical Manufacturing
Space research and technology
General governMBnt
Ship building and repairing
Research and development
laboratories
General chemical Manufacturing/
Industrial organic chemicals
Industrial organic chemicals/
surface active agents/eheBica 1
preparations/soap and other
detergents
Industrial organic chemicals/
industrial inorganic chemicals
General Medical and surgical
hospitals/Medical laboratories
National security/fabricated
eetal products
Guided Missiles and space vehicles/
space propulsion units and parts/
research and development
laboratories/space vehicle
equipment
f _ . .
electronic coMponents/space
research and technology/
petraleuB and coal products
National security/ship building
National security/noncoBMercial
research organizations/electric
services/ industrial buildings
and warehouses
VolUMB
5.0T
1.06
2.0T
55. OG
1.06
17. OP
18. ST
1.06
2.0T
5.0G
110.06
26.06
4.0T
28. OP
1.06
22. OT
LOT
LOT
446. OP
A-9
-------
Table A-3 (Continued)
Waste cade
EPA Region State SIC codes
Industry
Volt
U134-hydrooen fluoride
IX
III
V
VIII
V
U134-hydrogen fluoride
III
VI
CA 3629/3832 Electrical industrial apparatus/ 41006
3671/3693 Optical instruments and lenses/
electron tubes, receiving type
X-ray apparatus and tubes
3999 Manufacturing industries 57T/35006
3674 Semiconductors and related devices 527T
D£ 2800 General chemical manufacturing 8.OP
IN 3674/3651/ Semiconductors and related 44670T
3471/3469 devices/radio and TV receiving
sets/electron tubes, receiving
type/Beta 1 stampings
HA 4226/4959 Special warehousing and storage/ SSG
2899 Sanitary services/chemical
preparations
m 2821/2641/ Plastics, materials and resins/ 126S6
3861/2851 paper coating and glazing/
photographic equipment and
Supplies/paints and allied
products
NT 2911 Petroleum refining 3.0T
OH 9711/3721 National security/aircraft LOT
7391 research and development 1.06
laboratories
3229/3471 Pressed and blow glass/ 4.800.006
Plating and polishing
3641 Electric lamps l.OP
PA 2819/2873 Adhesives and sealants/ 55.06
2869 Nitrogenous fertilizers
Industrial organic chemicals
TX 2869/2821 Industrial organic chemicals/ 15.06
2899 plastics, materials and resins/
Chemical preparations
UA 9711/8922 National security/noncommercial 67.OP
4911/1541 research organizations/electric
services/industrial buildings and
•arehouses
WI 2800/2869 General chemical manufacturing/ 1.06
industrial organic chemicals
A-10
-------
2772g-6
Table A-3 (Continued)
Waste code
1111*1 HierftrrMiaHn aulf irtm
uuu nyui uycn su IT IQB
U160-Methyl Ethyl ketone
peroxide
1
U186-1.3-Pentadiene
U189-Phospnorus sulfide
UZ49-Z1nc phosphide (<10X)
6 » gallons
P • pounds
T • tons
EPA Region
I
III
IV
V
IX
II
IV
V
VI
IX
X
V
VI
VII
X
IX
State
MA
OE
sc
VI
CA
NJ
NY
FL
SC
Ml
LA
CA
UA
IL
TX
NO
UA
CA
SIC codes
3861
2800
3751/9711
2800/2869
2911
2834
2869
9661
3731/9711
2800/2869
3764/3471/
3499/3479
2869
9711/3731
2869/2818/
2819
2869/2821/
2899
2879/2818
3721
9199/2899
Industry
Photographic equipment and
supplies
General cheaical Manufacturing
Motorcycles, bicycles, and parts/
national security
General cheaical Manufacturing/
industrial organic chemicals
Petroleui refining
Pharmaceutical preparations
Industrial organic chemicals
Space research and technology
Ship building and repairing/
national security
General cheaical Manufacturing/
industrial organic chemicals
Space propulsion units and parts/
plating and polishing/fabricated
Metal products/Metal coating
and allied services
Industrial organic chemicals
National security/ship building
and repairing
Industrial organic chemicals/
organic pesticide products/
industrial inorganic chemicals
Industrial organic chemicals/
plastics. Materials, and resins/
chemical preparations
Agricultural cheaica Is/organic
pesticides products
Aircraft
General government/chHiical
preparations
VolUM
1500. oe
2.0T
LOG
LOT
1320.06
17. OT
LOT
LOT
LOG
LOT
1.5T
4.06
90. OT
LOG
3.0T
LOT
LOT
Note: The default unit for the survey is tons.
»
Reference: USEPA 1986
A-ll
-------
Table A-4 Analytical Problems Associated with the Listing
Constituents for Reactive P and U Waste Codes
Choeical
P006 -
P009 -
P056 -
P068 -
P073 -
P081 -
P087 -
P096 -
P105 -
P107 -
P112 -
P122 -
UOZ3 -
U086 -
U096 -
U098 -
U099 •
U103 -
U133 -
U134 -
U135 -
U160 -
U186 -
U189 -
U249 -
Aluiinu* phosphide
AMMoniue picrate
Fluorine
Methyl hydrazine
Nickel carbonyl
Nitroglycerine
Qmitm tatroxide
Phosphine , .
SodiM azide
Strontiui sulfide
TetranitruMB thane
Zinc phosphide (>10X)
Benzotrichloride
1 . 2-Oiethy Ihydroz ine
a,a~uiMBWB/ lueiuynyuruperiu ioe
1 . 1-OiMBthy Ihydraz ine
1.2-Oinethylhydrazine
DiMethyl sulfate
Hyorazine
Hydrogen T luoricte
Hydrogen sulfide
Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide
1,3-pentadiene
Phosphoric sulfide
Zinc phosphide (<10X)
CAS no.
20859738
131748
7782414
60344
13463393
55630
20816120
7803512
26628228
1314961
509148
1314847
98077
1615801
80159
57147
540738
77781
302012
7664393
7783064
1338234
504609
1314803
1314847
Reasons for analytical problems
5
3
5
5
5
2
1
3
3
1
5
5
5
4
3
5
5
5
3
5
5
5
3
2
5
1. This constituent can be analyzed for the Metal but not the inorganic coMpounds. It is the coapound that gives the
waste its reactive characteristic; therefore, EPA believes that a nuMerical standard based on Metal content of the
residuals say not control the reactive characteristic of the waste.
2. Only high perforBance liquid chroaatography (HPLC) techniques have been identified for analysis of this
constituent. This netted. SW-864 Method 8310. is used to determine the concentration of certain polynuclear
aroMBtic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ground water and wastes. Use of this Method presupposes a high expectation of
finding the specific ccapounds of interest; if this Method is used to screen samples for any or all of the
applicable PAHs listed under the Method, the analyst Must develop protocols to verify the identity of those
constituents. This inability to positively Identify chenicals in a coaplex Matrix is typical of Methods that
eaploy HPLC and liaits the usefulness of such Methods when analyzing coop lex staples containing unknown
constituents.
3. The Agency knows of no Methods that are available for analysis of this constituent.
4. Standards are not readily available for this constituent. Analytical standards are cheaical ccapounds of
guaranteed purity that can be used for calibrating instruaents and checking the accuracy of the data. The Agency
considers analytical standards for a constituent to be coaaercially unavailable if no cheaical Manufacturer or
other supply sources will sell reasonably pure staples of that constituent to analytical laboratories. Without
using a standard for a particular constituent, the analyst cannot ascertain that the analytical results for that
constituent are reproducible. If the results are not reliable and reproducible, the ensuing numerical treatment
standards are fallible and unenforceable.
5.
This constituent defueyuiin in or reacts with water. When placed in water, soae constituents separate into ions.
while others i*"_"^it» or react with the water. Such constituents are considered unstable in water. This
instability inhibits or even prevents the direct aeasure of a constituent's concentration in aqueous wastes,
traataent residues, and leaching solutions froa such wastes.
Reference: Alchowiak 1989
A-12
-------
APPENDIX B
CARBON ADSORPTION PERFORMANCE DATA
-------
The purpose of this appendix is to discuss the applicability of
carbon adsorption to wastewaters containing reactive listing
constituents. The discussion is subdivided by waste type so that the
reader can readily understand the types of reactive wastes to which this
technology is applicable.
Carbon adsorption is generally applicable to organic compounds
containing one or more polar groups. The following are the major classes
of compounds for which applicability can be readily established (Hutton
1981, Reference 10). Table B-l shows the amenability of typical organic
compounds to activated carbon adsorption.
1. Amines and Aminic-Like Compounds
A considerable volume of information exists on the removal of ammonia
and amines from wastewaters. Reactive constituents containing amino
(NH~, NH or N) groups should behave similarly to the amines already
studied, such as dipropylamine and aniline. Compounds containing NH,,,
NH, or N groups among the reactive wastes are as follows:
• Methyl hydrazine (P068)
• N N diethyl hydrazine (U086)
• 1,1 diethyl hydrazine (U098)
• 1,2 diethyl hydrazine (U099)
• 1,2 diphenyl hydrazine (U109)
• Hydrazine (U133)
For aromatic hydrazines, comparisons should be made with aniline.
Di-n-propylamine should be used as a surrogate or the alkylamines and
ammonia should be used as a surrogate for free hydrazine.
2. Nitrated Compounds
A very large volume of information exists on the removal of nitrated
phenols, aromatics, and aliphates from wastewater using activated
B-l
3683g
-------
carbon. Compounds containing nitro groups, which are reactive waste
constituents, are as follows:
• Ammonium picrate (P009), which is ammonium salt or
trinitrophenol (the dinitrophenols have been extensively studied)
• Tetranitromethane (P112)
Nitrate esters (i.e., nitroglycerin (P081)) are known to be treatable
by carbon adsorption. The listed waste, K045, is spent carbon for
treatment of wastewaters from production of nitrate ester and other
nitrated explosives.
3. Other Polar Compounds
Acid, ester, ketone, and alcohol compounds removed from wastewater
using activated carbon have been studied extensively (Belfort 1981,
Reference 11). The following reactive wastes fit into one or more of
these compound classes:
• Dimethyl sulfate (U103) is an ester.
• Dimethyl benzyl hydroperoxide (U096) and methyl ethyl ketone
peroxide (U160) are both organo peroxides, which are structurally
similar to alcohols.
B-2
36838
-------
Table B-l Amenability of Typical Organic Compounds to Activated Carbon Adsorption
Concentration
Molecular
Compound weight
Alcohols
Methanol
Ethanol
Proponol
Butanol
n-Amyl alcohol
n-Hezanol
Isopropanol
Allyl alcohol
Isobutanol
t-Butanol
2-Ethyl butanol
2-Ethyl hezanol
Amines
Di-N-Propylamine
Butylamine
Di-N-Butylamihe
Allylamine
Ethylenediamine
Diethylenetriamine
Diethanolomine
Triethanolamine
Honoisopropanolamine
Diisopropanolamine
Aromatics
Benzene
Toluene
Ethyl benzene
Phenol
Bydroquinone
Aniline
Styrene
Nitrobenzene
32.0
46.1
60.1
74.1
88.2
102.2
60.1
58.1
74.1
74.1
102.2
130.2
101.2
73.1
129.3
57.1
60.1
103.2
105.3
149.1
75.1
133.2
78.1
92.1
106.2
94
110.1
93.1
104.2
123.1
Aqueous
solubility Initial (CQ)
1.000
1,000
1,000
7.7 1,000
1.7 1,000
0.58 1,000
1,000
1,010
8.5 1,000
1,000
0.43 1,000
0.07 700
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
95.4 996
1,000
1,000
87 1,000
0.07 416
0.047 317
0.02 115
6.7 1.000
6.0 1,000
3.4 1,000
0.03 180
0.19 1,023
Final (Cs>
964
901
811
466
282
45
874
789
581
705
145
10
198
480
130
686
893
706
722
670 •
800
543
21
66
18
194
167
251
18
44
Adsorbabilitv
g Compound/
g Carbon
0.007
0.020
0.038
0.107
0.155
0.191
0.025
0.024
0.084
0.059
0.170
0.138
0.174
0.103
0.174
0.063
0.021
0.062
0.057
0.067
0.040
0.091
0.080
0.050
0.019
0.161
0.167
0.150
0.028
0.196
Percent
reduction
3.6
10.0
18. 0
53.4
71.8
95.5
12.6
21.9
41.9
29.5
85.5
98.5
80.2
52.0
87.0
31.4
10.7
29.4
27.5
33.0
20.0
45.7
95.0
79.2
84.3
80.6
83.3
74.9
-88.8
95.6
3683g
B-3
-------
Table B-l (continued)
Cone entration
Molecular
Compound weight
Esters
Methyl acetate
Ethyl acetate
Propyl acetate
Butyl acetate
Primary amyl acetate
Isopropyl acetate
Isobutyl acetate
Vinyl acetate
Ethylene glycol oono-
ehtyl ether acetate
Ethyl acrylate
Butyl acrylate
Ketones '
Acetone
Methyl ethyl kotone
Methyl propyl ketone
Methyl butyl ketone
Methyl isobutyl ketone
Methyl isoamyl ketone
Diisobutyl ketone
Cy c lohexanone
Acetophenone
Isophorone
Ornanic Acids
Formic acid
Acetic acid
Propionic acid
Butyric acid
Valeric acid
Caproic acid
Acrylic acid
Benzole acid
74.1
88.1
102.1
116.2
130.2
102.1
116.2
132.2
100.1
128.2
58.1
72.1
86.1
100.2
100.2
114.2
142.2
98.2
120.1
138.2
46.0
60.1
74.1
88.1
102.1
116.2
72.1
122.1
Aqueous
Solubility Initial (CQ)
31.9
8.7
2
0.68
0.2
2.9
0.63
22.9
2.0
0.2
—
26.8
4.3
v. si. sol.
1.9
0.54
0.05
2.5
0.55
1.2
—
—
—
—
2.4
1.1
—
0.29
1,030
1,000
1,000
1,000
985
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,015
1.000
1,000
1.000
1,000
988
1.000
986
300
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
Final (Cs)
760
495
248
154
119
319
180
342
226
43
782
532
305
191
152
146
nil
332
28
34
765
760
674
405
203
30
355
89
Adsorbability
g Compound/
8 Carbon
0.054
0.100
0.149
0.169
0.175
0.137
0.164
0.132
0.157
0.193
0.043
0.094
0.139
0.159
0.169
0.169
0.060
0.134
0.194
0.193
0.047
0.048
0.065
0.119
0.159
0.194
0.129
0.183
Percent
reduction
26.2
50.5
75.2
84.6
88.0
68.1
82.0
65.8
77.7
95.9
21.8
46.8
69.5
80.7
84.8
85.2
100.0
66.8
97.2
96.6
23.5
24.0
32.6
59.5
79.7
97.0
64.5
91.1
Reference: Giusti, Cuunay, and Lawson 1974, Reference 12.
B-4
-------
APPENDIX C
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PERFORMANCE
DATA FOR FLUORIDE
-------
DATABASE KEY
'„•/
BOAT Best Demonstrated Available Technology
ITD Industrial Technology Division
NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
UAO Wet Air Oxidation
WERL Water Engineering Research Laboratory
OCPSF Organic Chemicals, Plastics, and Synthetic Fibers
CMDB Combined Metals Database
C-l
-------
KEY TO THEATHJHT TECHNOLOGIES
AAS — Activated Alualna Sorptlon
AC — Activated Carbon
AFF — Aaroblc Flxad Film
AL — Atroblc Lagoona
API — API 01 I/water Seperetor
AS — Aotlvatad Sludge
AlrS — Alp Stripping
AnFF — Anaerobic Fixed FILM
AnL — Anaerobic Lagoons
B8AC — Biological Granular Activated Carbon
CAC — Che-IceIly Aaalated Clarification
Chew/Cond — Che-1cel Conditioning
ChOx — Che-IceI Oxidation (Perentheaee ehowe oxldetlon chaeHcal
1e. ChOx (Oz) - la ozone)
ChOx/Pt —ChMlcel Oxidetlon/Preolpltetlon
ChPt — Cheailcel Precipitation
Chred — Chaailcal Reduction
Chred/Pt — Chaailcal Reduction/Precipitation
Ch/Ox — Cyanide Oxidation
COA6 — Coeguletlon
OAF — Dlaaolvad Air Flotation
F1I — Filtration
FLOAT — Floatation
SAC — Activated Carbon (Granular)
Or/Raw — Greese/011 Removal
KPE6 — Oachlorlnetlon of Toxlce uelng en Alkoxlde [Forwed by the
reaction of poteaelua hydroxide with polyethylene
glyool (PE8400))
IE — Ion Exchange
Irr-PB — In-Plant Biological Traataant
L — L1«a
LL — Liquid, Liquid Extraction
Neut — Neutrellzetlon
PACT — Powdered Activated Carbon Addition to Activated Sludge
RBC — Rotetlng Biological Contactor
RO — Reveree Oeaoala
SBR — Sequential Batch Raector
SCOx — Super Critical Oxldetlon
SExt — Solvent Extrectlon
SS — Steea Stripping
Sed — 8ed1e»ntat1on
TF — Trickling Filter
UF — Ultref 11tretlon
UV — Ultraviolet Radiation
NDx — Mt A1r Oxidation
NOTESt
_____ * _____ la the flret proceee unit followed In procaaa treln by
the aecond 1e. AS + Fll - Activated Sludge followed
by Filtration.
• la the two unite together 1e. UFwPAC - Ultraflltretlon
uelng Powdered Activated Carbon.
_____ (B) 1e batch Ineteed of contlnuoue flow.
C-2
-------
Fluoride. The data available for fluoride were compiled from the
BOAT, VERL, and ITD databases. Demonstrated treatment technologies included
AAS, ChPt, RO, L+Sed, and L+Sed+Fil. The technology size included bench,
pilot, and full-scale data. The resulting effluent concentrations ranged from
200 ppb to 14,500 ppb.
The BDAT standard was set using L+Sed technology and an achievable
effluent of 14,500 ppb. L+Sed was selected as BDAT since these data represent
ITD full scale treatment performance data from the CMDB. L+Sed shows
equivalent substantial treatment to L+Sed+Fil.
The resulting BDAT treatment standard for fluoride is 35,000 ppb
as shown in Table 4-173.
4-134
TABLE
•ASTEtATER TREATMENT PERFORMANCE DATA
FOR FLUORIDE
DETECTION RAN8E NO. OF AVERASE
TECHNOLQ8Y TECHNOLOGY FACILITY LIMIT INFLIENT DATA EFFLUENT RECOVERY REMOVAL REFERENCE
SIZE (ppb) CONCENTRATION POINTS CONCENTRATION (X) (X)
(ppb) (ppb)
AAS
AAS
ChPt (B)
L+8ad
L+S«cHF1l
LL+88+AC
RO
RO
RO
Full
Full
Bench
Full
Full
Full
Pilot
Full
Full
12648
12648
1313E
K103/K104
180A
12B4B
12B4B
10000-100000
1000-40000
1000-10000
200 4
100-1000 16
1000-40000
1000-10000
200.000
200.000
300.000 .
14600.000
14800.000
482.000
210.000
BOO .000
800.000
98.8
85.2
92.8
74
8B
88
NERL
NERL
NERL
ITD-CMDB
ITD-CMDB
BDAT
WERL
NERL
NERL
C-3
-------
TABLE 4- 173
BOAT TREATMENT STANDARDS FOR WASTEIftTERS
CONSTITUENTS
N-NltroaoBorphoHna
N-Nltroaoplperldlne
n-N1troaopyrrol1d1ne
S-NU ro-o-to lul d 1 na
Pentachlorobenzene
Pentaohloroa thane
Pentachloronltrobanzona
PantaohlorophenoL
Phanaoatln
Phananthrena
Phanol
PhthaUc anhydride
Pronaailda
Pyrana
Raaorclnol
Safrola
1 t2,4,5-Tetrachlorobonzene
2,3,4,8-Tatrachlorophenol
1 ,2,4-Trlchlorobenzene
2,4,5-THchlorophenol
2,4,8-TrlchloPOphanol
Tr1a(2,3-d1broaopropyl]
phoaphate
Acrylaalde
Antlaony
Araanlc
BeMun :
Beryl HUB
CadBlUB
Chrc*1uB( total]
Coppar
Laad
Mercury i
Nickel
Selenitic
Silver
Thallium
VanadluB
Zinc
Cyanide
Fluoride
Sulflde
Aldrln
elphe-BHC
beta-BHC
delte-6HC
gaaaia1 flHC
Chlordene
LONG
TERN AV6.
(PPB)
73
2.4
2.4
58
10
10
10
20
2400
10
10.383
5
21
11.333
5.5
2400
10
6.8
10
1
1
20
2B2
470
340
280
200
48
70
380
80
38
220
200
70
340
3
230
180
14500
1000
1.48
0.01
0.01
1.832
0.12
0.233B
ACF
1.42
1.42
1.42
1.42
1.42
1.42
1.42
1.47
1.42
NA
NA
1.42
1.42
NA
2.7
1.42
1.42
2.7
1.84
2.7
2.7
1.42
1.42
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
5
NA
NA
NA
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
VF
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
5.88125
2.48705
2.8
2.8
5.88125
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.B
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
5. 28
3.28
3.5
4.1
2.5
4.1
4.1
4.1
2.8
4.43
8.68
2.41
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
BOAT TRT.
STANDARD
[PPB)
280
10
10
230
40
40
40
82
8542
58
28
20
83
87
42
8542
40
51
46
8
8
80
1042
1830
1380
1150
820
200
370
1280
280
150
550
820
280
1400
42
1020
1200
35000
14000
21
0.14
0.14
23
1.88
3.27
C-4
-------
APPENDIX D
PERFORMANCE DATA FOR STABILIZATION
OF F006 WASTE
-------
Table D-l Performance Data for Stabilization of f006 Waste
o
i
Concentration (ppm)
Sample Set f
Constituent
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Stream
Untreated total
Untreated TCLP
Treated TCIP8
Treated TClPb
Untreated total
Untreated TCLP
Treated TClPa
Treated TClPb
Untreated total
Untreated TCLP
Treated TCIP8
Treated TClPb
Untreated total
Untreated TCLP
Treated TCIP*
Treated TCLPb
Untreated total
Untreated TCLP
Treated TCIP*
Ireated TCLPb
Untreated total
Untreated 1CLP
Treated !ClPa
Treated ICLPb
1
<0.01
<0.01
-
36.4
0.08
0.12
-
1.3
0.01
0.01
-
1270
0.34
0.51
-
40.2
O.IS
O.?0
-
35.5
0.26
0.30
-
2
-------
Table D-l (Continued)
o
I
N5
Concentration (pom)
Sample Set 1
Constituent
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
Stream
Untreated total
Untreated TCLP
Treated TCLPa
Treated TCLPb
Untreated total
Untreated TCLP
Treated TCLPa
Treated TClPb
Untreated total
Untreated TCLP
Treated TCLPa
Treated TCLPb
Untreated total
Untreated TCLP
Treated TCLPa
Treated TCLPb
Untreated total
Untreated TCLP
Treated TUP8
Treated TClPb
1
- . -
-------
Table D-2 TCLP Performance Data for Stabilization of 1006 Waste After Screening and Accuracy Correction of Treated Values
Constituent Stream
Arsenic Untreated TCLP
Treated TCLP
Barium Untreated TCLP
Treated TCLP
Cadmium Untreated TCLP
Treated TCLP
Chromium Untreated TCLP
Treated TCLP
Copper Untreated TCLP
Treated TCLP
0 Lead Untreated TCLP
w Treated TCLP
Mercury Untreated TCLP
Treated TCLP
Nickel Untreated TCLP
Treated TCLP
Selenium Untreated TCLP
Treated TCLP
Si Tver Untreated 1CLP
Treated TCLP
Zinc Untreated TCLP
Treated TCLP
,a ?b
--
2.21
0.01
0.76
0.45
368
0.27
10.7
0.39
--
0.71 22.7
0.05 0.03
-.
0.14
0.06
0.16 219
0.03 0.01
Concentration ( ppm )
Sample Set *
3a 4b 5b 6b
--
1.41 0.84 0.38
0.34 0.25 0.21
1.13 0.22 23.6 0.3
0.06 0.01 0.01 0.01
0.43 -- 25.3 38.7
0.09 -- 0.44 0.89
4.6 1.14 31.7
0.29 0.31 0.22
3.37
0.39
--
1.1 0.52 9.78 730
0.27 0.02 0.04 0.06
-_
0.16 0.12
0.05 -- 0.06
5.41 2.030 867 1.200
.03 0.04 0 03 0.04
7b 8b
—
0.53
0.29
0.06 0.18
0.01 0.01
360
1.41
8.69 483
0.45 0.35
1.0 4.22
0.41 0.40
--
152 644
0.11 0.04
--
0.31
0.06
0.62 650
0.02 0.02
9b
0.28
0.09
--
--
16.9
0.50
50.2
0.29
--
16.1
0.02
--
--
1.29
0.01
Binding agent: cement kiln dust.
aHix ratio Is 0.2. The mix ratio Is the ratio of the reagent weight to waste weight.
bMlx ratio Is 0.5.
Reference: CVH Technical Note 87-117. lable I (CUM 1987) , Reference 13.
-------
lP73g
Table D-3 Matrix Spike Recovery Data for the TCLP Extracts from Stabilization of F006 Waste
Constituent
Arsen ic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium0
Silver0
Zinc
Original
amount
found
(pprc)
0.101a
0.01b
0.3737a
0.2765b
0.0075a
2.9034b
0.34943
0.2213b
0.2247a
0.15266
0.3226a
0.2142b
0.001a
0.001b
0.028a
0.4742b
0.101a
0.043b
0.04373
0.0344b
0.0133a
27.202b
Dup 1 icate
(ppm)
0.01
0.01
0.3326
0.222
0.0069
0.7555
0.4226
0.2653
0.2211
0.1462
0.3091
0.2287
0.001
0.001
0.0264
0.0859
0.12
0.053
0.0399
0.0411
0.0238
3.65
X Error
0.0
0.0
5.82
10.9
4.17
58.7
9.48
9.0
0.81
2.14
2.14
3.27
0.0
0.0
6.87
69.3
8.6
10.4
4.55
8.87
28.3
76.3
Actual
spike
0.086
0.068
4.9474
5.1462
4.9010
6.5448
4.6780
4.5709
4.8494
4.9981
4.9619
4.6930
0.0034
0.0045
4.5400
4.6093
0.175
0.095
4.2837
0.081
5.0910
19.818
X Recovery
94.5
104
91.9
97.9
97.9
94.3
85.8
86.6
92.5
97.0
92.9
89.4
92
110
90.3
86.6
86
66d
84.8
0.87d
101.4
87.8
Accuracy-
correct ion
factor
1.06
0.96
1.09
1.02
1.02
1.06
1.17
1.15
1.08
1.03
1.08
1.12
1.09
0.91
1.11
1.15
1.16
0.96
1.18
114.9
0.99
1.14
aAt a mix ratio of 0.5.
At a mix ratio of 0.2.
cFor a mix ratio of 0.2. correction factors of 1.16 and 1.18 were used when correcting for selenium and silver
concentrations, respectively.
This value is not considered in the calculation for the accuracy-correction factor.
Reference: Nemo to R. Turner. U.S. EPA/HWERL from Jesse R. Conner. Chemical Waste Management, dated January 20, 1988.
D-4
-------
Table D-4 Calculation of the Nonwastewater Treatment Standard for Nickel Treated by Stabilization
Concentration (ppn) Treatment
Sanple Set f Mean Variability standard
Constituent 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 89 (mg/1) factor (mg/1)
BOAT Metals
Nickel
Accuracy-corrected 0.05 0.03 0.27 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.11 0.04 0.02 0.072 4.47 0.32
treated TCLP
o
I
-------
APPENDIX E
PERFORMANCE DATA FOR CHEMICAL OXIDATION
OF A METAL-BEARING WASTEWATER
-------
Table E-l Performance Data for Chemical Oxidation and Sludge Filtration of a Metal-Bearing Wastewater Sampled by EPA
Const ituent/parameter
BDAt Hetals
Ant imony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium (hexavalent)9
Chromium (total)
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
thallium
Zinc
Other Parameters
Sample Set II
treatment
tank composite Filtrate
-------
con
W
i
Concentration (ppm)
Const ituent/parameler
BOAT Metals
Ant imony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Cadnlum
Chromium (hexavalent)
Chromium (total)
Copper
lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
Other Parameters
Sample
treatment
tank composite
<10
-------
ont
W
i
Const ituent/parameter
BOAT Metals
Ant imony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium (hexavalent)
Chromium (total)
Copper
lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
Other Parameters
Total organic carbon
Total solids
Total chlorides
Total organic ha 1 ides
Concentration (ppm)
Sample Set 19 Sample Set tlO Sample Set 111
Treatment Treatment Treatment
tank composite Filtrate tank composite nitrate tank cumjKjsite Filtrate
< 1 0
-------
Table E-2 Accuracy-Corrected Data for Treated Wastewater Residuals from Chemical Oxidation and Sludge Filtration
Constituent
Ant imony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Cadmium
Hexavalent chromium
i Chromium
•P-
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
Untreated
concentration range9
(mg/1)
<10
<»
<10
<2
<5-13
0.08-893
137-2581
72-225
<10 212
il
382-16330
-------
Table E-3 Matrix Spike Recovery Data for Metals in Wastewater
tn
Sample
Constituent
Ant irony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Hercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Vanadium
Zinc
Original sample
(og/i)
<2I
<10
l.4?0
1.4
4.2
<4.0
<4.0
<5.0
<0.2
?03
<25
<4.0
g/U
276
66
5.940
24
27
34
104
19
1.1
1.128
<25
38
48
211
12.400
Percent
recovery3
92
132
90
90
91
68
83
76
110
93
NC
76
96
84
98
NC = Not calculable.
'Percent recovery = [(spike result - original amount)/spike added] x 100.
Reference: USEPfl 1988, Reference 15.
-------
Table E-4 Calculation of the Treatment Standard for
Nickel-Treated Wastewater
Regulated
constituent
Accuracy-
corrected
concentration Mean VF
Treatment standard
total concentration
(mg/1)
Nickel
0.355
0.355
0.355
0.355
0.333
0.355
0.430
0.387
0.355
0.355
0.419
0.369 1.20
0.44
3073g
E-6
------- |