FINAL
BEST DEMONSTRATED AND AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY (BOAT)
BACKGROUND DOCUMENT
FOR
WASTES FROM THE PRODUCTION OF EPICHLOROHYDRIN
K017
Richard Kinch
Acting Chief, Waste Treatment Branch
Elaine Eby
Project Manager
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Solid Waste
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
May 1990
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1-1
2.0 INDUSTRY AFFECTED AND WASTE CHARACTERIZATION 2-1
2.1 Industry Affected and Process Description .... 2-1
2.2 Waste Characterization 2-4
3.0 APPLICABLE AND DEMONSTRATED TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES . . 3-1
3.1 Applicable Treatment Technologies 3-1
3.1.1 Nonwastewaters 3-1
3.1.2 Wastewaters 3-3
3.2 Demonstrated Treatment Technologies 3-3
3.2.1 Nonwastewaters 3-3
3.2:. 2 Wastewaters 3-4
4.0 TREATMENT PERFORMANCE DATA 4-1
4.1 Treatment of Organic Constituents in Nonwastewaters 4-1
4.2 Treatment of Organic Constituents in Wastewaters 4-3
5.0 IDENTIFICATION OF THE BEST DEMONSTRATED AND AVAILABLE
TECHNOLOGY (BOAT) 5-1
5.1 Review of Treatment Performance Data 5-2
5.2 Accuracy Correction of Treatment Performance Data 5-2
5.3 Best Demonstrated Technologies for K017 5-3
5.4 Available Treatment Technologies 5-4
6.0 SELECTION OF REGULATED CONSTITUENTS 6-1
6.1 BOAT List Constituents Not Selected for Regulation 6-2
6.1.1 BOAT List Constituents Not Analyzed for the
Untreated Waste 6-2
6.1.2 BOAT List Constituents for Which Detection
Limits or Analytical Results Were Not Obtained
Due to Analytical Problems 6-2
6.1.3 BOAT List Constituents for Which Available
Treatment Performance Data Did Not Show
Effective Treatment by BOAT 6-3
6.2 BOAT List Constituents Selected for Regulation . 6-3
6.3 Non-BDAT List Constituents 6-3
7.0 CALCULATION OF BOAT TREATMENT STANDARDS 7-1
8.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 8-1
9.0 REFERENCES 9-1
APPENDIX A - Waste Characteristics Affecting Treatment Performance
APPENDIX B - Wastewater Treatment Performance Data
-------
LIST OF TABLES
1-1 BOAT TREATMENT STANDARDS FOR KOI7 - NONWASTEWATERS AND
WASTEWATERS 1-4
2-1 FACILITIES THAT MAY GENERATE K017, BY STATE AND
EPA REGION 2-5
2-2 SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE CHARACTERIZATION DATA FOR K017 . . 2-6
6-1 STATUS OF BOAT LIST CONSTITUENTS IN UNTREATED K017 . . 6-4
6-2 BOAT LIST CONSTITUENTS SELECTED FOR REGULATION IN K017
NONWASTEWATERS AND WASTEWATERS 6-12
ii
-------
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
!
1 PRODUCTION OF EPICHLOROHYDRIN (K017) 2-3
iii
-------
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is establishing best
demonstrated available technology (BDAT) treatment standards for the listed
hazardous waste identified in Title 40, Code of Federal Regulations. Section
261.32 (40 CFR 261.32) as K017, heavy ends (still bottoms) from the
purification column in the production of epichlorohydrin. These BDAT
treatment standards are being established in accordance with the amendments to
the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976, enacted by the
Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA) of November 8, 1984. BDAT treat-
ment standards will be effective no later than May 8, 1990, and on and after
the effective date, compliance with these BDAT treatment standards will be a
prerequisite under 40 CFR Part 268 for placement of the wastes in land dis-
posal units.
This background document provides the Agency's rationale and techni-
cal support for selecting the constituents for regulation in K017 and for
developing treatment standards for these constituents. The document also
provides waste characterization data that serve as a basis for determining
whether a variance from a treatment standard may be warranted for a particular
type of K017 that is more difficult to treat than the wastes that were ana-
lyzed in developing the treatment standards for K017.
The Agency's legal authority and promulgated methodology for estab-
lishing treatment standards and the petition process necessary for requesting
a variance from the treatment standards are summarized in EPA's Methodology
for Developing BDAT Treatment Standards (Reference 8).
This background document presents the following waste-specific
information: the number and locations of facilities that may be affected by
the land disposal restrictions for K017; the processes generating this waste;
waste characterization data; the technologies used to treat this waste (or
similar wastes, if any); and the treatment performance data on which the
treatment standards are based. This document also explains how EPA determines
BDAT, selects constituents for regulation, and calculates treatment standards.
1-1
-------
Under 40 CFR 261.32, wastes identified as K017 are listed as fol-
lows:
K017 - Heavy ends (still bottoms) from the purification column in
the production of epichlorohydrin.
The Agency believes that there are three facilities manufacturing epichloro-
hydrin in the United States that could potentially generate this listed waste.
The Agency is regulating three organic constituents in K017
nonwastewaters and wastewaters. No metal constituents are being regulated in
K017. To determine the applicability of the treatment standards, wastewaters
are defined as wastes containing less than 1% (weight basis) total suspended
solids1 and less than 1% (weight basis) total organic carbon (TOG). Wastes
not meeting this definition are classified as nonwastewaters and must comply
with the nonwastewater treatment standards.
The Agency does not have any performance data for treatment of K017.
Treatment performance tests for these wastes have not been pursued since EPA-
approved analytical methods are not available for some of the constituents of
concern in K017. Additionally, the Agency believes that adequate treatment
performance data are available for other constituents of concern (that do have
EPA-approved analytical methods) from similar wastes. Therefore, the Agency
is transferring such data from other sources to develop treatment standards
for K017 nonwastewaters and wastewaters.
For K017 nonwastewaters, BOAT is incineration, based on treatment
performance of this technology on the similar waste F024. The treatment
standards for organic constituents are based on treatment performance data
'The term "total suspended solids" (TSS) clarifies EPA's previously used
terminology of "total solids" and "filterable solids." Specifically, total
suspended solids is measured by Method 209C (total suspended solids dried at 103-
105°C) in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Sixteenth
Edition (Reference 10).
1-2
-------
transferred from EPA's Final Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BOAT)
Background Document For U and P Wastes and Multi-source Leachate CF039') .
Volume C: Nonwastewater Forms of Organic U and P Wastes and Multi-Source
Leachate (F034) For which There Are Concentration - Based Treatment Standards
(Reference 19).
For K017 wastewaters, BOAT treatment standards for organic
constituents are based on treatment performance data transferred from EPA's
Final Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BOAT) Background Document For U
and P Wastes and Multi-Source Leachate (F039). Volume A: Wastewater Forms of
Organic U and P Wastes and Multi-Source Leachate (F039) For Which There Are
Concentration-Based Treatment Standards.
Table 1-1 at the end of this section lists the treatment standards
for K017 nonwastewaters and wastewaters. Treatment standards for organic
constituents regulated in K017 nonwastewaters and wastewaters are based on the
total concentration of each constituent in the waste.
The units used for total constituent concentration of organic
constituents in K017 nonwastewaters are mg/kg (parts per million on a weight-
by-weight basis). The units used for total constituent concentration of
organic constituents in K017 wastewaters are mg/1 (parts per million on a
weight-by-volume basis). If the concentrations of the constituents regulated
in K017 nonwastewaters and wastewaters, as generated, are lower than or are
equal to the promulgated treatment standards, then treatment of the waste is
not required prior to land disposal.
1-3
-------
Table 1-1
BOAT TREATMENT STANDARDS FOR K017
NONWASTEWATERS AND WASTEWATERS
Maximum for Any Single Grab Sample
Total Concentration
Nonwastewaters
BOAT List Constituent (nig/kg)
26. 1,2-Dichloropropane 18
49. 1,2,3-Trichloropropane 28
68. Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether 7.2
Maximum for Any 24-Hour Composite Sample
Total Concentration
Wastewaters
BOAT List Constituent (mg/1)
26. 1,2-Dichloropropane 0.85
49. 1,2,3-Trichloropropane 0.85
68. Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether 0.033
1-4
-------
2.0 INDUSTRY AFFECTED AND WASTE CHARACTERIZATION
This section describes the industry affected by the land disposal
restrictions for K017 and presents available characterization data for this
waste.
Under 40! CFR 261.32 (hazardous wastes from specific sources), wastes
identified as K017 are listed as heavy ends (still bottoms) from the
purification column in the production of epichlorohydrin.
2.1 Industry Affected and Process Description
The Agency estimates that there are three domestic facilities that
produce and purify epichlorohydrin and may potentially generate K017.
Table 2-1 (presented at the end of this section) lists these facilities by
state and EPA region. These facilities were identified using the updated TSDR
survey database as well as data collected during EPA's listing efforts for
K017 (Reference 6).
Epichlorohydrin is used mainly as an intermediate for the manufac-
ture of glycerin and epoxy resins. It is also used in the manufacture of
plasticizers, surfactants, stabilizers, and ion exchange resins.
Heavy ends (still bottoms) from the purification column in the
production of epichlorohydrin is the waste stream addressed in this
document. A simplified flow diagram illustrating the manufacturing process
generating epichlorohydrin is presented in Figure 1.
Epichlorohydrin is produced by the following reaction sequence:
Step 1:
i
C12 + H20 > HOC1 + HC1
(chlorine) (water) (hypochlorous (hydrochloric
acid) acid)
2-1
-------
Step 2:
CH2-CH-CH2C1
(allyl chloride)
HOC1
HC1
(hypochlorous
acid and hydro-
chloric acid)
CH2OHCHC1CH2C1 (65-70%) +
(1,2-dichloropropanol-l)
CH2C1CHOHCH2C1 (30-55%)
(1,3- dichloropropanol - 2 )
Step 3:
/ \
CH2OHCHC1CH2C1 + CH2C1CHOHCH2C1 + 2NaOH ......... > 2CH2-CH-CH2C1
(1,2-dichloropronanol-l) (epichlorohydrin) + 2NaCl
(1,3 -dichloropropanol -2) + 2H20
By-products produced in small quantities during the reaction sequence include
1, 2 , 3-trichloropropane and chloro- ethers.
As shown in Figure 1, a mixture of hypochlorous acid and hydro-
chloric acid reactants is produced by absorbing chlorine in water in a
chlorine absorber. The resulting acid reactant feed plus allyl chloride are
then fed to the chlorination reactor. After chlorination, the reaction
mixture (containing the dichloropropanols , some feed materials, and the
reaction by-products) is sent to a separator. The top aqueous layer
containing hydrochloric and hypochlorous acids is then recycled to the
chlorine absorber, and the bottom organic phase is sent to the
dehydrochlorination reactor, where the dichloropropanols are
dehydrochlorinated using sodium hydroxide.
The crude epichlorohydrin and calcium chloride mixture from the
dehydrochlorination reactor is sent to a steam stripper. In the steam strip-
per, an azeotropic mixture is formed consisting of water and crude epichloro-
hydrin. This mixture is taken overhead, condensed, and sent to a liquid/ -
liquid separator.
The wastewater from the bottom of the steam stripper is stripped in
the aqueous phase stripper, where small amounts of epichlorohydrin are recov-
ered overhead and recycled to the steam- stripper condenser. The bottom stream
is discharged as wastewater.
2-2
-------
Water
Hypochlorous
and Hydrochloric
Acid Recycle
Aqueous Phase
Chlorine
Absorber
Hypochlorous
and Hydrochloric
Acid Feed
Reactor
Chlorine
Ally!
Chloride
J
Chlofinotion
Reactor
ro
Oichlorapropanols
HL_
Separator
Crude
Epichlorohydrin
plus
Calcium
Chloride
Hastewater
from
Steam
Stripper
Wastewater
(to Aqueous
Phase
Stripper)
Wastewater
Organic Phase
Stripper
rr
Organic Phase
Sodium
Hydroxide
1
Dehydrochlorination
Reactor
u
Crude
Epichlorohydrin
Purified
Epichlorohydrin
(89% Product)
Purification
Column
Hazardous
Waste
Stream
(KOI 71
figure 1. Production of Epichlorohydrin (K017)
-------
The bottom organic phase from the liquid/liquid separator is fed to
the organic phase stripper where residual water is removed overhead. The
bottom stream of crude epichlorohydrin is fed to a purification column where
it is purified by fractionation. Purified epichlorohydrin is distilled
overhead. The bottom stream from the purification column forms the listed
waste K017.
2.2 Waste Characterization
Table 2-2 (at the end of this section) presents a summary of the
available characterization data for K017. Data are presented for BDAT List
constituents and other compounds that are believed to be present or have been
detected in K017.
As shown in Table 2-2, K017 contains several organic constituents
that could be present at concentrations up to 70%. These constituents are
1,2-dichloropropane; 1,2,3-trichloropropane; bis(2-chloroethyl)ether; bis(2-
chloromethyl)ether; epichlorohydrin; and dichloropropanol. K017 is not
expected to contain metals, based on engineering judgment of the process
generating the waste.
2-4
-------
Table 2-1
FACILITIES THAT MAY GENERATE K017, BY STATE AND EPA KEGION
Facility Location EPA Region
Dow Chemical Freeport, TX VI
Shell Oil Co. Deer Park, TX VI
Ciba-Geigy Corp. Toms River, NJ II
2-5
-------
Table 2-2
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE CHARACTERIZATION DATA FOR K017
BOAT List Constituents
26. 1,2-Dichloropropane
49. 1,2,3-Trichloropropane
68. Bis(2-chloroethyl)ethere
Other Constituents
Bis(2-chloromethyl)ether0
Epichlorohydrin
Dichloropropanol
Bis-dichloropropyl ether
Bis-tetrachloropropyl ether
Chlorinated Aliphatics
Chloroallyl alcohol
1-Chloropropane
2-Chloropropane
Untreated Waste Concentration (%)
Source* Source"
0.1-1
<0.01-70
14
14
<0.01-10
0-10
<0.01-50
10-50
4
<0.01-1
0.1-1
0.1-1
NA
70
14
14
2
10
NA
NA
4
NA
NA
NA
NA - Not available.
•Waste Profiles (Reference 18).
"Listing Background Document for K017 (Reference 6).
"Untreated waste concentration for chloroethers including
bis(2-chloroethyl)ether and bis(2-chloromethyl)ether combined
is 14 percent.
2-6
-------
3.0 APPLICABLE AND DEMONSTRATED TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
This section identifies the treatment technologies that are applica-
ble for treatment of K017 and determines which of the applicable technologies
can be considered demonstrated for the purpose of establishing BOAT.
To be applicable, a technology must theoretically be usable to treat
the waste in question or to treat a waste that is similar in terms of parame-
ters -that affect treatment selection. (Detailed descriptions of technologies
that are applicable to listed hazardous wastes are provided in EPA's Treatment
Technology Background Document (Reference 9).) To be demonstrated, a technol-
ogy must be employed in full-scale operation for the treatment of the waste in
question or of a similar waste. Technologies available only at pilot- or
bench-scale operations are not considered in identifying demonstrated
technologies.
3.1 Applicable Treatment Technologies
Since K017 contains high concentrations of organic compounds,
applicable treatment technologies include those that destroy, reduce, or
recover the total amount of various organic compounds in the waste.
3.1.1 Nonwastewaters
The Agency has identified the following treatment technologies as
applicable for nonwastewater forms of K017: (1) incineration (fluidized-bed,
rotary kiln, and liquid injection); (2) solvent extraction (including critical
fluid extraction) followed by incineration or recycle of the extract; and (3)
total recycle or reuse. These treatment technologies were identified based on
current literature sources, field testing, and current waste treatment
practices.
Incineration. Incineration is a destruction technology in which
energy, in the form of heat, is transferred to the waste to destabilize
chemical bonds and destroy hazardous organic constituents. In a fluidized-bed
3-1
-------
incinerator, waste is injected into the fluidized-bed material (generally sand
and/or incinerator ash), where it is heated to its ignition temperature. Heat
energy from the combustion reactions is then transferred back to the fluidized
bed. Ash is removed periodically during operation and during bed change-outs.
In a rotary kiln incinerator, waste is fed into the elevated end of
the kiln, and the rotation of the kiln mixes the waste with hot gases to heat
the waste to its ignition temperature. Ash is removed from the lower end of
the kiln. Combustion gases from the kiln enter the afterburner for complete
destruction of waste constituents. Other waste may also be injected into the
afterburner.
In a liquid injection incinerator, liquid wastes are atomized and
injected into the incinerator. In general, only wastes with low or negligible
ash contents are amenable to liquid injection incineration. Therefore, this
technology generally does not result in the generation of an ash residual.
. Combustion gases from the incinerator are then fed to a scrubber
system for cooling and removal of entrained particulates and acid gases, if
present. In general, with the exception of liquid injection incineration, two
residuals are generated by incineration processes: ash and scrubber water.
Solvent Extraction. Solvent extraction is a separation technology
in which organics are removed from the waste due to greater constituent
solubility in the solvent phase than in the waste phase. This technology
results in the generation of two treatment residuals: a treated waste resi-
dual and an extract. The extract may be recycled or may be treated by
incineration.
Critical Fluid Extraction. Critical fluid extraction is a solvent
extraction technology in which the solvent is brought to its critical state to
aid in the extraction of hazardous organic constituents from the wastes.
After the extraction step, the solvent (liquified gas at its critical state)
is brought back to its normal condition in the gaseous state, generating a
small volume of extract that is concentrated in hazardous organic
3-2
-------
constituents. This technology results in the generation of two treatment
residuals: a treated waste and an extract. The extract may be recycled or
may be treated by incineration.
Total Recycle or Reuse. Total recycle or reuse of a waste in the
same process or another process eliminates the generation of the waste and
generates no treatment residuals.
3.1.2 Wastewaters
Applicable treatment technologies for organics in wastewaters are
discussed in Section 3.0 of EPA's Final Best Demonstrated Available Technology
(BOAT) Background Document For U and P Wastes and Multi-Source Leachate
(F039). Volume A: Wastewater Forms of Organic U and P Wastes and Multi-Source
Leachate (F039) For Which There Are Concentration-Based Treatment Standards
(Reference 20). The Agency has also identified these treatment technologies
as applicable for wastewater forms of K017.
3.2 Demonstrated Treatment Technologies
3.2.1 Nonwastewaters
The Agency has identified incineration (including rotary kiln,
liquid injection, and fluidized-bed incineration) and total recycle or reuse
as the demonstrated treatment technologies for K017 nonwastewater and
nonwastewater residuals. The Agency is not aware of any facilities that
treat, on a full-scale operational basis, K017 or similar wastes using solvent
extraction or critical fluid extraction; therefore, EPA believes that solvent
extraction and critical fluid extraction are not currently demonstrated for
K017.
Incineration. Rotary kiln incineration is demonstrated on a full-
scale operational basis for treatment of K107 at at least one facility.
Liquid injection incineration is demonstrated on a full-scale operational
basis for treatment of a similar waste (F024) at at least four facilities. In
3-3
-------
addition, fluidized-bed incineration is demonstrated on a full-scale
operational basis for treatment of a similar waste (F024) at at least one
facility.
Total Recycle or Reuse. EPA is aware of at least one facility that
reuses K017 as feed to a thermal oxidation unit that produces acid and heat.
3.2.2 Wastewaters
The Agency is not aware of any facilities that treat wastewater
forms of K017. However, the Agency believes that the technologies identified
as applicable in EPA's Final Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BOAT)
Background Document For U and P Wastes and Multi-Source Leachate (F039).
Volume A: Wastewater Forms of Organic U and P Wastes and Multi-source
Leachate (K039) For Which There Are Concentration-Based Treatment Standards
(Reference 20) are also demonstrated for treatment of the organic constituents
of concern in K017. The Agency has identified the technologies identified in
Volume A (Reference 20) as demonstrated for wastewater forms of K017.
3-4
-------
4.0 TREATMENT PERFORMANCE DATA
The Agency does not have any treatment performance data for treat-
ment of K017 nonwastewaters and wastewaters. Therefore, treatment performance
data were transferred from other previously tested wastes to develop treatment
standards for K017 nonwastewaters and wastewaters. The basis for data
transfer and the sources of treatment performance data are discussed below.
EPA's methodology for transfer of treatment performance data is
provided in EPA's Methodology for Developing BOAT Treatment Standards (Refer-
ence 8). Transfer of treatment performance data is technically valid in cases
where the untested waste is generated from a similar industry or similar
processing step, or has similar waste characteristics affecting treatment
performance and treatment selection as the tested wastes. Sources of treat-
ment performance data for potential transfer to K017 nonwastewaters include
wastes previously tested by rotary kiln, fluidized-bed, or liquid injection
incineration. Sources of treatment performance data for potential transfer to
K017 wastewaters include those wastes and technologies identified in EPA's
Final Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BOAT) Background Document For U
and P Wastes and Multi-Source Leachate (F039). Volume A: Wastewater Forms of
Organic U and P Wastes and Multi-Source Leachate (K039) For Which There Are
Concentration-Based Treatment Standards (Reference 20).
4.1 Treatment of Organic Constituents in Nonwastewaters
Wastes previously tested by the Agency by rotary kiln, fluidized-
bed, or liquid injection incineration include: K001, K019, K024, K037, K086,
K087, K101, K102, F024, K048, and K051. EPA examined these wastes to identify
the best data source(s), if any, for transfer of treatment performance data to
K017 nonwastewaters. Specifically, EPA examined whether the untested waste is
(1) generated from similar industries or processing steps, and (2) whether the
waste has similar waste characteristics affecting treatment performance as
these previously tested wastes.
4-1
-------
Of the wastes previously tested by Incineration, two wastes, F024
and K019, are believed to be similar to K017. F024 and K019 are generated
from the chlorinated organic chemicals industry and are also generated by
distillation, filtration, or some other type of separation process from the
product stream. K019 is generated from the production of chlorinated ethanes
and contains high concentrations of these constituents. F024 is generated
from the production of chlorinated organic chemicals having carbon contents of
one to five carbons, and contains high concentrations of these types of
compounds. In addition, F024 contains high concentrations of the three BOAT
List constituents (1,2-dichloropropane; 1,2,3-trichloropropane; and bis(2-
chloroethyl)ether) present in K017. K019 contains only one of the BOAT List
constituents contained in K017, at a lower concentration than that in F024.
As discussed in the Treatment Technology Background Document (Refer-
ence 9), waste characteristics that affect treatment performance for rotary
kiln, fluidized-bed, and liquid injection incineration include the thermal
conductivity of the waste and the boiling points and bond dissociation ener-
gies of the constituents of concern. (Boiling points and bond dissociation
energies of the constituents of concern in K017 are provided in Appendix A.)
K017 is a sludge as generated and is expected to have a similar thermal
conductivity to those of F024 and K019. The three BOAT List constituents
present in K017 are also present in F024, and one BOAT List constituent is
present in K019. Thus, the BOAT List constituents in K017 would have the same
boiling points and bond dissociation energies as those constituents in F024
and K019. Therefore, based on thermal conductivity, boiling points, and bond
dissociation energies, K017 is expected to be no more difficult to treat than
either F024 or K019.
Characterization data for K017 shows that K017 nonwastewaters are
comprised primarily of the organic constituents 1,2-dichloropropane;
trichloropropane; bis(2-chloroethyl)ether; bis(2-chloromethyl)ether;
epichlorohydrin; and dichloropropanol. The BOAT List constituents 1,2-
dichloropropane; trichloropropane; and bis(2-chloroethyl)ether were also found
in untreated F024 at concentrations of up to 23%, 0.9%, and 0.9%,
4-2
-------
respectively. The only matching BDAT List constituent found in untreated K019
was bis(2-chloroethyl)ether at a concentration up to 340 ppm (0.034%).
Based on the similarities discussed above, the treatment performance
of incineration for organic BDAT List constituents in K017 nonwastewaters was
transferred from rotary kiln incineration of F024.
The treatment standards for organic BDAT List Constituents in K017
nonwastewaters were developed from incineration treatment performance data
transferred from EPA's Final Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BDAT)
Background Document For U and P Wastes and Multi-Source Leachate (¥039).
Volume C: Nonwastewater Forms of Organic U and P Waste and Multi-Source
Leachate (K039) For Which There Are Concentration-Based Treatment Standards
!
(Reference 19). These data were used for transfer to K017 nonwastewaters
since the Agency believes that this incineration data best represents effluent
concentrations achievable in analysis of organic constituents in incineration
ash.
I
4.2 Treatment of Organic Constituents in Wastewaters
Treatment standards for organic BDAT List Constituents in K017
wastewaters were developed from treatment performance data transferred from
EPA's Final Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BDAT) Background Document
For U and P Wastes and Multi-Source Leachate (F039). Volume A: Wastewater
Forms of Organic U and P Wastes and Multi-Source Leachate (F039) For Which
There Are Concentration-Based Treatment Standards (Reference 20).
Treatment performance data from Volume A (Reference 20) are
presented in Appendix C. These data were used for transfer to K017
wastewaters because the Agency prefers, whenever possible, to use appropriate
wastewater treatment data from well-designed and well-operated wastewater
treatment units, rather than scrubber water concentration data, in setting
BDAT treatment standards. Additionally, these data represent a specific
wastewater treatment technology as opposed to incineration scrubber water.
4-3
-------
5.0 IDENTIFICATION OF THE BEST DEMONSTRATED AND AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY
(BOAT)
This section presents the Agency's rationale for determining the
best demonstrated available technology (BOAT) for K017 nonwastewaters and
wastewaters. BOAT for K017 nonwastewaters has been determined to be incinera-
tion. BOAT for K017 wastewaters was determined on a constituent-by-
constituent basis and is discussed in EPA's Final Best Demonstrated Available
Technology (BOAT) Background Document For U and P Wastes and Multi-Source
Leachate (F039). Volume A: Wastewater Forms of Organic U and P Wastes and
Multi-Source Leachate (K039) For Which There Are Concentration-Based Treatment
Standards (Reference 20).
To determine BDAT, the Agency examines all available treatment
performance data on technologies that are identified as demonstrated for the
waste of concern, or for a waste similar to the waste of concern, to evaluate
whether one or more of the technologies performs significantly better than the
others. If data are available for only one technology for treating a waste,
then that technology is "best." When data are available for more than one
treatment technology, the "best" performing treatment technology is usually
determined using a statistical method as discussed in EPA's Methodology for
Developing BDAT Treatment Standards (Reference 8). In the case of wastewater
treatment data available to the Agency for multi-source leachate (F039)
wastewaters, found in Volume A (Reference 20), a data hierarchy was
established to determine the best treatment technology for each constituent.
The treatment technology that is found to perform best on a particu-
lar waste stream is then evaluated to determine whether it is "available." To
I
be available, the technology must (1) be commercially available, and (2)
provide "substantial" treatment of the waste, as determined through evaluation
of treatment performance data that have been corrected for accuracy. In
determining whether treatment is substantial, EPA may consider data on a
treatment technology's performance on a waste similar to the waste in ques-
tion, provided that the similar waste is at least as difficult to treat. If
it is determined that the best performing treatment technology is not
5-1
-------
available, then the next best technology is evaluated to determine whether it
is "available," and so on.
5.1 Review of Treatment Performance Data
The available treatment performance data referenced in Section 4.0
were reviewed and assessed to determine whether they represent operation of a
well-designed and well-operated system, whether sufficient quality assur-
ance/quality control measures were employed to ensure the accuracy of the
data, and whether the appropriate measures of performance were used to assess
the performance of the treatment technology. The Agency had no reason to
believe that: the treatment systems represented by these data were not well-
designed and well-operated, or that insufficient analytical quality
assurance/quality control measures were employed in generating the treatment
performance data. Additionally, the data referenced in Section 4.0 had the
appropriate measures of performance used to assess the treatment performance.
5.2 Accuracy Correction of Treatment Performance Data
As part of the review of treatment performance data, the data are
adjusted to take into account any analytical interferences associated with the
chemical makeup of the samples. Generally, performance data are corrected for
accuracy as follows: (1) a matrix spike recovery is determined, as explained
below, for each BOAT List constituent detected in the untreated or treated
waste; (2) an accuracy correction factor is determined for each of the above
constituents by dividing 100 by the matrix spike recovery (expressed as a
percentage) for that constituent; and (3) the reported concentration of each
BOAT List constituent detected in the untreated or treated waste is corrected
by multiplying the concentration by the corresponding accuracy correction
factor.
Matrix spike recoveries are developed by analyzing a sample of a
treated waste for a constituent and then re-analyzing the sample after the
addition of a known amount of the same constituent (i.e., spike) to the
sample. The matrix spike recovery represents the total amount of constituent
5-2
-------
recovered after spiking minus the initial concentration of the constituent in
the sample, and the result divided by the spike concentration of the
constituent.
Accuracy correction of the nonwastewater treatment performance data
is discussed in EPA's Final Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BOAT)
Background Document For U and P Wastes and Multi-Source Leachate (F039).
Volume C: Nonwastewater Forms of Organic U and P Wastes and Multi-Source
Leachate (F039) For Which There Are Concentration-Based Treatment Standards
(Reference 19).
Accuracy correction of the wastewater treatment performance data is
discussed in EPA's Final Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BOAT)
Background Document For Wastewater Forms of Organic U and P Wastes and Multi-
Source Leachate (F039). Volume A: Wastewater Forms of Organic U and P Wastes
and Multi-Source Leachate (F039) For Which There Are Concentration-Based
Treatment Standards (Reference 20).
5.3 Best Demonstrated Technologies for K017
As discussed above, incineration has been determined to be the
demonstrated technology for treatment of organics in nonwastewater forms of
K017. Because the Agency does not have treatment performance data for any
other technologies for treating K017 nonwastewaters or similar wastes, this
treatment is the best. Therefore, the best demonstrated technology for K017
nonwastewaters has been determined to be incineration.
The best demonstrated technologies for treatment of organics in K017
wastewaters are presented and discussed on a constituent-by-constituent basis
in EPA's Final Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BOAT) Background
Document for Uastewater Forms of Organic U and P Wastes and Multi-Source
Leachate (F039). Volume A: Wastewater Forms of Organic U and P Wastes and
Multi-Source Leachate (F039) For Which There Are Concentration-Based Treatment
Standards (Reference 20).
5-3
-------
5.4 Available Treatment Technologies
The best technology for treatment of organic constituents in K017
nonwastewaters, incineration, is considered to be commercially available.
Furthermore, the Agency has determined that this technology will provide
substantial treatment of F024, and therefore of K017 also. Consequently, this
technology is considered to be available for treatment of K017 nonwastewaters
and has been determined to be BOAT.
The best technologies for treatment of organic constituents in K017
wastewaters are also considered to be commercially available. Furthermore,
the Agency has determined that these technologies will provide substantial
treatment of the constituents of concern in the tested wastes, and therefore
of K017 also. Consequently, these technologies are considered to be available
for treatment of K017 wastewaters and have been determined to be BOAT.
The identification of these technologies as BOAT for K017 does not
preclude a facility from utilizing recycle or reuse operations in accordance
with 40 CFR Part 261. Also, since concentration-based standards are being
set, the BOAT technologies do not preclude the use of other treatment
technologies that can achieve the treatment standards as long as the other
treatment technologies do not constitute impermissible dilution or land
disposal.
5-4
-------
6.0 SELECTION OF REGULATED CONSTITUENTS
The Agency has developed a list of hazardous constituents (the BDAT
Constituent List, presented in EPA's Methodology for Developing BDAT Treatment
Standards (Reference 8)) from which constituents are selected for regulation.
EPA may revise this list as additional data and information became available.
The list is divided into the following categories: volatile organics,
semivolatile organics, metals, inorganics other than metals, organochlorine
pesticides, phenoxyacetic acid herbicides, organophosphorus insecticides,
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and dioxins and furans. This section
presents EPA's methodology and rationale for selection of regulated
constituents in K017 nonwastewaters and wastewaters. (All tables are
presented at the end of this section.)
Generally, constituents selected for regulation must satisfy the
following criteria:
1. The constituent must be on the BDAT List of constituents.
Presence on the BDAT List means that EPA-approved methods
exist for analysis of the constituent in treated waste
matrices.
2. The constituent must be present in. or be suspected of being
present in. the untreated waste. For example, analytical
difficulties may prevent a constituent from being identified
in the untreated waste, but its identification in a treatment
residual may lead the Agency to conclude that it is present in
the untreated waste.
From a group of constituents that are eligible for regulation
because they meet the above criteria, EPA may select a subset of constituents
that represents the broader group. For example, from a group of constituents
that react similarly to treatment, the Agency may select for regulation those
constituents that (1) are the most difficult to treat, based on waste
characteristics affecting treatment performance; (2) are representative of
other constituents in the waste, based on structural similarities; or (3) are
present in the untreated waste in the highest concentrations. Selecting a
subset of constituents for regulation is done to facilitate implementation of
the compliance and enforcement program.
6-1
-------
The Agency initially considered all constituents on the BDAT List
for regulation. Table 6-1 summarizes available waste characterization data
for the BDAT List constituents in K017 (as derived from Table 2-2). Ranges of
concentrations for constituents detected in the waste are shown in the table.
Constituents for which no analysis was performed are identified by "NA" (not
analyzed).
Generally, a BDAT List constituent is deleted from further
consideration for regulation if: (1) the constituent was not analyzed for in
the untreated waste; (2) detection limits or analytical results were not
obtained for the constituent due to analytical problems; or (3) available
treatment performance data for the constituent did not show effective
treatment by BDAT.
6.1 BDAT List Constituents Not Selected For Regulation
6.1.1 BDAT List Constituents Not Analyzed For in the Untreated Waste
Some constituents on the BDAT List were deleted from further
consideration for regulation because these constituents were not analyzed for
in the untreated waste (labeled "NA" in Table 6-1). These constituents were
not analyzed for because it is extremely unlikely that they would be present
in the untreated waste, based on the processes generating K017. These
constituent types include metals, inorganics, organochlorine pesticides,
phenoxyacetic acid herbicides, organophosphorus insecticides, polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs), and dioxins and furans.
6.1.2 BDAT List Constituents For Which Detection Limits or Analytical
Results Were Not Obtained Due to Analytical Problems
There were no BDAT List constituents that were deleted from further
consideration for regulation based on this consideration.
6-2
-------
6.1.3 BOAT List Constituents For Which Available Treatment Performance
Data Did Not Show Effective Treatment by BOAT
There were no BOAT List constituents that were deleted from further
consideration for regulation based on this consideration.
6.2 BOAT List Constituents Selected For Regulation
All of the BOAT List organic constituents that were further consid-
ered for regulation in K017 nonwastewaters and wastewaters were selected for
regulation. Table 6-2 presents the three BOAT List constituents selected for
regulation in K017 nonwastewaters and wastewaters.
6.3 Non-BDAT List Constituents
Of the six constituents of concern identified in the K017 character-
ization data, three are BOAT List constituents and three are non-BDAT List
constituents. The three non-BDAT List constituents of concern are bis(2-
chloromethyl)ether, epichlorohydrin, and dichloropropanol. While these non-
BDAT List constituents are present in K017 at high concentrations, there are
currently no EPA-approved methods for analysis of these constituents in the
K017 matrix. Therefore, these constituents could not be considered for
regulation.
6-3
-------
Table 6-1
STATUS OF BOAT LIST CONSTITUENTS IN UNTREATED KOI7
Concentration in Untreated Waste
BDAT List Constituent
Volatiles
222. Acetone
1. Acetonitrile
2. Acrolein
3. Acrylonitrile
4. Benzene
5. Bromodichloromethane
6. Bromomethane
223. n-Butyl alcohol
7. Carbon tetrachloride
8. Carbon disulfide
9. Chlorobenzene
10. 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene
11. Chlorodibromomethane
12. Chloroethane
13. 2-Chloroethyl vinyl ether
14. Chloroform
15. Chloromethane
16. 3-Chloropropene
17. l,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane
18. 1,2-Dibromoethane
19. Dibromomethane
20. trans-l,4-Dichloro-2-butene
21. Dichlorodifluoromethane
22. 1,1-Dichloroethane
23. 1,2-Dichloroethane
24. 1,1-Dichloroethylene
25. trans-l,2-Dichloroethene
26. 1,2-Dichloropropane
27. trans-l,3-Dichloropropene
28. cis-l,3-Dichloropropene
29. 1,4-Dioxane
224. 2-Ethoxyethanol
225. Ethyl acetate
226. Ethyl benzene
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA '
NA
NA
NA
0.1-1
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA - Not analyzed.
6-4
-------
Table 6-1 (Continued)
STATUS OF BOAT LIST CONSTITUENTS IN UNTREATED K017
Concentration in Untreated Waste
BOAT List Constituent (%)
I
Volatiles (Continued)
30. Ethyl cyanide NA
227. Ethyl ether NA
31. Ethyl methacrylate NA
214. Ethylene oxide NA
32. lodomethane NA
33. Isobutyl alcohol NA
37. Methacrylonitrile NA
228. Methanol NA
34. Methyl ethyl!ketone NA
229. Methyl isobutyl ketone NA
35. Methyl methacrylate NA
38. Methylene chloride NA
230. 2-Nitropropahe . NA
39. Pyridine NA
40. 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane NA
41. 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane NA
42. Tetrachloroethene NA
43. Toluene NA
44. Tribromomethane NA
45. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane NA
46. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane NA
47. Trichloroethene NA
48. Trichloromonofluoromethane NA
49. 1,2,3-Trichloropropane <0.01-70
231. l,l,2-Trichl6ro-l,2,2-trifluoroethane NA
50. Vinyl chloride NA
215. 1.2-Xylene NA
216. 1,3-Xylene NA
217. 1,4-Xylene NA
NA - Not analyzed.
6-5
-------
Table 6-1 (Continued)
STATUS OF BOAT LIST CONSTITUENTS IN UNTREATED K017
Concentration in Untreated Waste
BOAT List Constituent
Semivolatiles
51. Acenaphthalene
52. Acenaphthene
53. Acetophenone
54. 2-Acetylaminofluorene
55. 4-Aminobiphenyl
56. Aniline
57. Anthracene
58. Aramite
59. Benz(a)anthracene
218. Benzal chloride
60. Benzenethiol
62. Benzo(a)pyrene
63. Benzo(b)fluoranthene
64. Benzo(ghi)perylene
65. Benzo(k)fluoranthene
66. p-Benzoquinone
67.. Bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane
68. Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether
69. Bis(2-chloroisopropyl)ether
70. Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
71. 4-Bromophenyl phenyl ether
72. Butyl benzyl phthalate
73. 2-sec-Butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol
74. p-Chloroaniline
75. Chlorobenzilate
76. p-Chloro-m-cresol
77. 2 -Chloronaphthalene
78. 2-Chlorophenol
79. 3-Chloropropionitrile
80. Chrysene
81. ortho-Cresol
82. para-Cresol
232. Cyclohexanone
83. Dibenz(a,h)anthracene
84. Dibenzo(a,e)pyrene
85. Dibenzo(a,i)pyrene
NA - Not analyzed.
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
14
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
6-6
-------
Table 6-1 (Continued)
STATUS OF BOAT LIST CONSTITUENTS IN UNTREATED K017
\
BOAT
Concentration
List Constituent
/
in Untreated Waste
(%)
Semivolatiles (Continued)
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
219.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
m-Dichlorobenzene
o - Dichlorobenzene
p- Dichlorobenzene
3,3' -Dichlorbbenzidine
2,4-Dichlorophenol
2 , 6 - Dichlorophenol
Diethyl phthalate
3 , 3-Dimethoxybenzidine
p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene
3,3' -Dimethylbenzidine
2,4-Dimethylphenol
Dimethyl phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
1,4-Dinitrobenzene
4 , 6-Dinitro-o-cresol
2 , 4 - D ini tropheno 1
2,4-Dinitrotpluene
2 , 6 -Dinitro toluene
Di-n-octyl phthalate
Di-n-propylnitrosamine
Diphenylamine
Diphenylnitrbsamine
1,2- dipheny Ihydraz ine
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobutadiene
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Hexachloroe thane
Hexachlorophene
Hexachloropropene
Indeno(l , 2 , 3-cd)pyrene
Isosafrole
Methapyrilene
3 -Methylcholanthrene
4,4' -Methylenebis (2-chloroaniline)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA - Not analyzed.
6-7
-------
Table 6-1 (Continued)
STATUS OF BOAT LIST CONSTITUENTS IN UNTREATED K017
Concentration in Untreated Waste
BOAT List Constituent (%)
Semivolatiles (Continued)
36. Methyl methanesulfonate NA
121. Naphthalene NA
122. 1,4-Naphthoquinone NA
123. 1-Naphthylamine NA
124. 2-Naphthylamine NA
125. p-Nitroaniline NA
126. Nitrobenzene NA
127. 4-Nitrophenol NA
128. N-Nitrosodi-n-butylamine NA
129. N-Nitrosodiethylamine NA
130. N-Nitrosodimethylamine NA
131. N-Nitrosomethylethylamine NA
132. N-Nitrosomorpholine NA
133. N-Nitrosopiperidine NA
134. N-Nitrosopyrrolidine NA
135. 5-Nitro-o-toluidine NA
136. Pentachlorobenzene NA
137. Pentachloroethane NA
138. Pentachloronitrobenzene NA
139. Pentachlorophenol NA
141. Phenanthrene NA
142. Phenol NA
220. Phthalic anhydride NA
143. 2-Picoline NA
144. Pronamide NA
145. Pyrene NA
146. Resorcinol NA
147. Safrole NA
148. 1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene NA
149. 2,3,4,6-Tetrachlorophenol NA
150. 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene NA
151. 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol NA
152. 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol NA
153. Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate NA
NA - Not analyzed.
6-8
-------
Table 6-1 (Continued)
STATUS OF BOAT LIST CONSTITUENTS IN UNTREATED K017
Concentration in Untreated Waste
BOAT List Constituent
Metals
154.
155.
156.
157.
158.
159.
221.
160.
161.
162.
163.
164.
165.
166.
167.
168.
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium (total)
Chromium (hexavalent)
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel :
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Vanadium
Zinc
Inorganics \
169. Cyanide
170. Fluoride
171. Sulfide
Organochlorine Pesticides
172. Aldrin
173. alpha-BHC j
174. beta-BHC
175. delta-BHC
176. gamma-BHC
177. Chlordane !
178. ODD
179. DDE
180. DDT
181. Dieldrin
182. Endosulfan I
183. Endosulfan II
NA - Not analyzed.
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
6-9
-------
Table 6-1 (Continued)
STATUS OF BOAT LIST CONSTITUENTS IN UNTREATED KOI7
Concentration in Untreated Waste
BOAT List Constituent
Organochlorine Pesticides (Continued)
184. Endrin
185. Endrin aldehyde
186. Heptachlor
Heptachlor epoxide
Isodrin
Kepone
Methoxychlor
Toxaphene
187
188
189
190
191
Phenoxvacetic Acid Herbicides
192. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
193. Silvex
194. 2,4,5-T
Organophosphorus Insecticides
195. Disulfoton
196. Famphur
197. Methyl parathion
198. Parathion
199. Phorate
Polvchlorinated Biphenvls (PCBs)
200. Aroclor 1016
20l'. Aroclor 1221
202. Aroclor 1232
203. Aroclor 1242
204. Aroclor 1248
205. Aroclor 1254
206. Aroclor 1260
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA - Not analyzed.
6-10
-------
Table 6-1 (Continued)
STATUS OF BOAT LIST CONSTITUENTS IN UNTREATED K017
Concentration in Untreated Waste
BOAT List Constituent (%)
Dioxins and Furans
207. Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins
208. Hexachlorodibenzofuran
NA - Not analyzed.
6-11
NA
«_ W W • A AW>^Wb»^B« ** ifcWT ^ V%*«, V^ kb««%' A. IHkAi b*bk li
209. Pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins NA
210. Pentachlorodibenzofuran NA
211. Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins NA
212. Tetrachlorodibenzofuran NA
213. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin NA
-------
Table 6-2
BOAT LIST CONSTITUENTS SELECTED FOR REGULATION IN KOI7
NONWASTEWATERS AND WASTEWATERS
Nonwastevaters
26. 1,2-Dichloropropane
49. 1,2,3-Trichloropropane
68. Bls(2-chloroethyl)ether
Wastewaters
26. 1,2-Dichloropropane
49. 1,2,3-Trichloropropane
68. Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether
6-12
-------
7.0 CALCULATION OF BOAT TREATMENT STANDARDS
The Agency bases numerical treatment standards for regulated con-
stituents on the performance of well-designed and well-operated BOAT treatment
systems. These standards must account for analytical limitations in available
treatment performance data, and the data must be adjusted for variabilities
related to treatment, sampling, and analytical techniques and procedures.
This section discusses the calculation of treatment standards for K017
nonwastewaters and wastewaters for the constituents selected for regulation
using the available treatment performance data from the BOAT treatment
technology.
As noted in Section 5.0, before treatment standards are calculated,
the treatment performance data are corrected to account for analytical
interferences associated with the chemical matrices of the samples. After
treatment performance data are corrected for accuracy, the arithmetic average
of the corrected data is calculated for each regulated constituent. In cases
where the constituent is not detected above its detection limit, the detection
limit is used to calculate the average constituent concentration in the
treated waste. The next step in calculating treatment standards is to
determine the variability factor (VF) for each regulated constituent. The
variability factor accounts for the variability inherent in treatment system
performance, treatment residual collection, and treatment sample analysis.
(For more information on calculation of variability factors, see EPA's
Methodology for Developing BOAT Treatment Standards (Reference 8).) Finally,
the treatment standard is calculated for each regulated constituent by
multiplying the ayerage of the corrected treatment performance values by the
variability factor for the constituent.
BDAT treatment standards for constituents being regulated in K017
nonwastewaters were calculated as shown in Section 6.0 of EPA's Final Best
Demonstrated Available Technology (BDAT) Background Document For U and P
Wastes and Multi-Source Leachate (F039). Volume C: Nonwastewater Forms of
Organic U and P Wastes and Multi-Source Leachate (F039) For Which There Are
Concentration-Based Treatment Standards (Reference 19).
7-1
-------
BDAT treatment standards for constituents being regulated in K017
wastewaters were calculated as shown in Section 6.0 of EPA's Final Best
Demonstrated Available Technology (BDAT) Background Document For U and P
Wastes and Multi-Source Leachate (F039). Volume A: Wastewater Forms of
Organic U and P Wastes and Multi-Source Leachate (F039) For Which There Are
Concentration-Based Treatment Standards (Reference 20).
Treatment standards for the regulated constituents in nonwastewater
and wastewater forms of K017 are presented in Table 1-1.
7-2
-------
8.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
.
This background document was prepared for the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste, by Radian Corporation, under
Contract No. 68-W9-0072. This document was prepared under the direction of
Richard Kinch, Acting Chief, Waste Treatment Branch; Larry Rosengrant, Section
Head, Treatment Technology Section; Jerry Vorbach, Project Officer; and Elaine
Eby, Project Manager. Steve Silverman served as EPA legal advisor.
The following personnel from Radian Corporation were involved in
preparing this document: John Williams, Program Manager; and Mary Willett,
Project Director. .
8-1
-------
9.0 REFERENCES
1. U.S. EPA. 1981. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste. Identification and Listing of Hazardous Waste Under RCRA. Sub-
title C. Section 3001. Background Document. Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency.
2. Hydroscience. 1978. Trip Report Emission Control Options for the
Synthetic Organic Chemicals Manufacturing Industry. Trip report for the
allyl chloride-epichlorohydrin-glycerin process at Dow Chemical Company.
Freeport. Texas. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. ;
3. U.S. EPA. 1981. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water
Regulations and Standards. Contractors Engineering Analysis of Organic
Chemicals and Plastics/Synthetic Fibers Industries. Appendix S, Chapter
41. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
4. SRI International. 1988. 1988 Directory of Chemical Producers-United
States of America. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International.
5. U.S. EPA. 1980. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Glycerin and its intermediates epichlo-
rohvdrin. acrblein and allyl chloride. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency.
6. U.S. EPA. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste.
Listing Background Document - Epichlorohvdrin Production. Washington,
D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
7. U.S. EPA. 1989. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste. Final Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BOAT) Background
Document for Wastes from the Production of Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydro-
carbons - F024. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency.
8. U.S. EPA. 1989. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste. Methodology for Developing BOAT Treatment Standards. June,
1989. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
9. U.S. EPA. 1989. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste. Treatment Technology Background Document. June, 1989. Washing-
ton, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
10. American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association,
and Water Pollution Control Federation. 1985. Standard Methods for the
Examination of Water and Wastewater. Sixteenth Edition. Washington,
D.C.
9-1
-------
11. U.S. EPA. 1988. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste. F024 Characterization Report for DuPont Chemical Company.
LaPlace. LA. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
12. U.S. EPA. 1988. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste. F024 Characterization Report for Shell Chemical Company. Norco.
LA. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
13. U.S. EPA. 1988. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste. F024 Characterization Report for Vista Chemical Company. Lake
Charles. LA. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
14. U.S. EPA. 1988. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste. F024 Characterization Report for Vulcan Chemicals. Wichita. KS.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
15. U.S. EPA. 1988. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste. Onsite Engineering Report of Treatment Technology Performance
and Operation for Incineration at ENSCO. El Dorado. AR. Washington,
D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
16. Weast, R.C., editor. 1984. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 65th
Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc.
17. Windholz, M., editor. 1983. The Merck Index. 10th Edition. Rahway,
NJ: Merck and Co.
18. U.S. EPA. 1985. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste. Characterization of Waste Streams Listed in 40 CFR Section 261
Waste Profiles. Volume I. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency.
19. U.S.EPA. 1990. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste. Final Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BOAT) Background
Document for U and P Wastes and Multi-Source Leachate (F039). Volume C:
Nonwastewater Forms of Organic U and P Wastes and Multi-Source Leachate
(F039) For Which There Are Concentration-Based Treatment Standards.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
20. U.S.EPA. 1990. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste. Final Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BOAT) Background
Document for U and P Wastes and Multi-Source Leachate (F039). Volume A:
Wastewater Forms of OrEanic U and P Wastes and Multi-Source Leachate
(F039) For Which There Are Concentration-Based Treatment Standards.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
9-2
-------
APPENDIX A
WASTE1CHARACTERISTICS AFFECTING TREATMENT PERFORMANCE
A-l
-------
Table A-l
BOILING POINTS FOR CONSTITUENTS OF CONCERN IN K017
BOAT List Constituent
26. 1,2-Dichloropropane
49. 1,2,3-Trichloropropane
68. Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether
Bis(2-chloromethyl)ether
Epichlorohydrin
Dichloroporanol
Boiling
Point (°C)
96.4
156.8
178
104
-16.5
28
Reference No,
16
16
17
16
17
17
Source: Merck Index (Reference 17).
A-2
-------
Table A-2
BOND DISSOCIATION ENERGIES FOR CONSITUENTS OF CONCERN IN K017
Bond Dissociation Energy
BOAT List Constituent (kcal/mole)
26. 1,2-Dichloropropane 930
49. 1,2,3-Trichloropropane 910
68. Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether 1,290
Bis(2-chloromethyl)ether 720
Epichlorohydrin 910
Dichloropropanol 1,025
Source: CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (Reference 16).
A-3
-------
APPENDIX B
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PERFORMANCE DATA
B-l
-------
1.2-Dichloroprooane (U083). The data available for 1,2-
dichloropropane were compiled from the WERL database and the EPA WAO test.
These data are presented in Table 4-23. Technologies for which data are
available include AS, AirS, ozonation (ChOx(Oz)), GAG, and WOX. The treatment
performance data represent bench-, pilot-, and full-scale studies. The
resulting effluent concentrations ranged from 0.500 ppb to 1,800 ppb.
BOAT for 1,2-dichloropropane is being promulgated as proposed and is
identified as activated sludge biological treatment (AS). Activated sludge
was selected as BOAT because it represents full-scale data with various high
influent ranges and substantial treatment removals. The activated sludge data
were used in preference to the EPA WAO test data due to the lower effluent
values achievable by activated sludge treatment as well as the fact that it
represents full-scale data over the WAO pilot-scale data. The BOAT treatment
standard for 1,2-dichloropropane was calculated using an effluent
concentration of 148.4 ppb (which represents an average of the AS effluent
concentrations presented for full-scale treatment) and the appropriate
variability factor and accuracy correction factor. The calculation of the
resulting BOAT treatment standard for 1,2-dichloropropane (0.85 ppm) is
described in Section 6.0 and is shown in Table 6-10.
TABLE 4-23
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PERFORMANCE DATA
FOR 1,2-DICHLOROPROPANB
TECHNOLOGY
* AS
AS
AS
* AS
* .AS
* AS
AS
* AS
AirS
AirS
ChOx (Oz)
ChOx [Oz
GAC
Wx
TECHNOLOGY
SIZE
Pull
Bench
Pilot
Ml
w
Pilot
full
Pilot
PUot
Pilot
Pilot
Pilot
Pilot
FACILITY
6B
202D
241B
IB
$
206B
6B
222B
1362E
331D
331D
331D
Zinpro
DETECTION RANGE
LIMIT INFLCENT
(ppb) CONCENTRATION
(ppb)
100-1000
100000-1000000
100-1000
1000-10000
1000-10000
1000-10000
100-1000
100-1000
0-100
100-1000
0-100
0-100
0-100
150 550000-630000
NO. OF
DATA
POINTS
15
5
1
3
20
24
1
3
3
AVERAGE
EFFLDENT
CONCENTRATION
(ppb)
490.000
1800.000
61.000
1.000
180.000
60.000
6.000
11.000
0.500
2.700
3.000
4.800
1.000
1607.000
RECOVERY REMOVAL
(*) (*)
37
99.01
76
99.96
98.2
96.7
98.1
98.2
75
99
33
21
84
REFERENCE
ViERL *
XERL
XERL
XERL *
XERL *
XERL *
XERL *
XERL
XERL
XERL
XERL
XAO
Data used in developing proposed standard.
B-2
-------
1.2.3-Trichloroorooane. No wastewater treatment performance data
were available for 1,2,3-trichloropropane from any of the examined sources.
Treatment performance data were therefore transferred to this constituent from
a constituent judged to be similar in elemental composition and functional
groups within the structure of the chemical. For constituents represented by
a U or P code, this means that constituents included in the same waste
treatability group (see Appendix B) were candidates for transfer of data.
1,2,3-Trichloropropane is similar in structure to those constituents in
treatability group II.A.2.b.(3) and the constituent used to transfer treatment
performance data from was 1,2-dichloropropane. The treatment performance data
for 1,2-dichloropropane is presented in Table 4-23. Using a transfer from
this constituent results in a BOAT for 1,2,3-trichloropropane of activated
sludge biological treatment and a BOAT treatment standard of 0.85 ppm as
described in Section 6.0 and shown in Table 6-10.
B-3
-------
Bls(2-chloroethvl^ether (U025). The data available for bis(2-
chloroethyl)ether were compiled from the NPDES and WERL databases and are
presented in Table 4-63. Technologies for which data are available include
AL, AS, BT, CAC, ChOx, and TF. The treatment performance data represent
bench-, pilot-, and full-scale studies. The resulting effluent concentrations
ranged from 1 ppb to 430 ppb.
BOAT for bis(2-chloroethyl)ether is being promulgated as proposed
and is identified as activated sludge biological treatment (AS). Activated
sludge was selected as BOAT because the data represent full-scale treatment
performance with a high influent concentration and high removal efficiency.
The BOAT treatment standard for bis(2-chloroethyl)ether was calculated using
the effluent concentration of 6 ppb and the appropriate variability factor and
accuracy correction factor. The calculation of the resulting BOAT treatment
standard for bis(2-chloroethyl)ether (0.033 ppm) is described in Section 6.0 .
and is shown in Table 6-10.
TABLE 4-63
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PERFORMANCE DATA
FOR BIS(2-CHLOROBTHYL)ETHE5
TECHNOLOGY
AL
AL
AS
AS
AS
AS
* AS
BT
BT
BT
BT
BT
BT
CAC
ChOx
TF
TF
DETECTION RANGE
TECHNOLOGY FACILITY LIMIT INFLCENT
SHE (ppb) CONCENTRATION
V (ppb)
LA0065501
PA0012777
MY0107174
KI0000868
LA0066214
Pilot 203A
Pilot 203A
Full IB
Pilot 240A
Full 6B
Pilot 203A
Fu
Fu
Fu
Fu
Fu
Fu
Fu
1 975B
KY0002119
LTO038245
PA0026247
PA0026689
KI0029173
1 H0029173
Pilot 203A
Bench 975B
Pilot 203A
Pilot 240A
100-1000
100-1000
100-1000
0-100
1000-10000
100-1000
1000-10000
100-1000
1000-10000
100-1000
0-100
NO. OF AVERAGE
DATA EFFLUENT RECOVERY REMOVAL
POINTS CONCENTRATION (1) (!)
(ppb)
6
38
8
8
15
11
11
11
9
11
13
38
25
2
15
15
11
11
8
10.000
3.014
25.875
2.750
10.000
102.000
78.000
13.000
29.000
430.000
30.000
6.000
12.080
12.492
10.880
2.500
1.000
1.000
114.000
6.000
132.000
65.000
29
46
98.3
67
73
79
99.87
20
99.74
8
32
REFERENCE
HPDES
HPDES
HPDES
HPDES
HPDES
PL
'mi
mi
mi
'mi *
HPDES
HPDES
HPDES
HPDES
HPDES
HPDES
#ERL
*ERL
"XERL
VfERL
Data used in developing proposed standard.
B-4
------- |