FINAL
BEST DEMONSTRATED AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY (BOAT)
BACKGROUND DOCUMENT
FOR
WASTEWATER TREATMENT SLUDGES GENERATED IN
THE PRODUCTION OF CREOSOTE
K035
Richard Kinch
Acting Chief, Waste Treatment Branch
Jose Labiosa
Project Manager
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Solid Waste
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
May 1990
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1-1
2.0 INDUSTRY AFFECTED AND WASTE CHARACTERIZATION 2-1
2.1 Industry Affected and Process Description 2-1
2.2 Waste Characterization 2-1
3.0 APPLICABLE AND DEMONSTRATED TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 3-1
3.1 Applicable Treatment Technologies 3-1
3.1.1 Nonwastewaters 3-1
3.1.2 Wastewaters 3-3
3.2 Demonstrated Treatment Technologies 3-3
3.2.1 Nonwastewaters 3-3
3.2.2 Wastewaters 3-4
4.0 TREATMENT PERFORMANCE DATA 4-1
5.0 IDENTIFICATION OF BEST DEMONSTRATED AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY (BOAT) 5-1
5.1 Review of Treatment Performance Data 5-2
5.2 Statistical Comparison of Treatment Performance Data . . 5-2
5.3 BOAT for K035 5-2
5.4 Available Treatment Technologies 5-3
6.0 SELECTION OF REGULATED CONSTITUENTS 6-1
6.1 BOAT List Constituents Not Selected for Regulation ... 6-2
6.1.1 BOAT List Constituents Not Detected in the
Untreated and Treated Wastes 6-2
6.1.2 BOAT List Constituents Not Analyzed For in
the Untreated Waste 6-2
6.1.3 BOAT List Constituents Deleted From Further
Consideration for Regulation For Other
Reasons 6-3
6.2 BOAT List Constituents Selected for Regulation 6-3
6.2.1 Nonwastewaters 6-4
6.2.2 Wastewaters 6-5
7.0 CALCULATION OF BOAT TREATMENT STANDARDS 7-1
8.0 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 8-1
9.0 REFERENCES 9-1
APPENDIX A - Summary of Treatment Performance Data for
Organic Constituents Regulated in K035
Wastewaters A-l
APPENDIX B - Accuracy Correction of Treatment Performance
Data B-l
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LIST OF TABLES
Page
1-1 BOAT TREATMENT STANDARDS FOR K035 - NONWASTEWATERS 1-4
1-2 BOAT TREATMENT STANDARDS FOR K035 - WASTEWATERS 1-5
2-1 FACILITIES THAT MAY GENERATE K035, BY LOCATION AND EPA REGION. 2-3
2-2 K035 CHARACTERIZATION DATA 2-4
4-1 WASTES TESTED BY INCINERATION AND SAMPLED BY EPA 4-3
4-2 ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR UNTREATED K087 COLLECTED PRIOR TO
TREATMENT BY ROTARY KILN INCINERATION 4-4
4-3 ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR KILN ASH GENERATED BY ROTARY KILN
INCINERATION OF K087 . 4-6
4-4 OPERATING DATA FOR THE K087 INCINERATION TEST 4-8
6-1 STATUS OF BOAT LIST CONSTITUENT PRESENCE IN UNTREATED K035 6-7
6-2 BOAT LIST CONSTITUENTS FURTHER CONSIDERED FOR REGULATION IN
K035 NONWASTEWATER AND WASTEWATER AFTER INITIAL SCREENING 6-14
6-3 BOAT LIST CONSTITUENTS SELECTED FOR REGULATION IN K035
NONWASTEWATERS 6-15
6-4 BOAT LIST CONSTITUENTS SELECTED FOR REGULATION IN K035
WASTEWATERS 6-16
7-1 CALCULATION OF TREATMENT STANDARDS FOR CONSTITUENTS REGULATED
IN K035 - NONWASTEWATERS 7-4
ii
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LIST OF FIGURES
Page
2-1 FLOW DIAGRAM FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT DURING THE PRODUCTION
OF CREOSOTE 2-4
iii
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA or Agency) is
establishing best demonstrated available technology (BDAT) treatment standards
for the listed hazardous waste identified in Title 40, Code of Federal
Regulations. Section 261.32 (40 CFR 261.32) as K035, wastewater treatment
sludges generated in the production of creosote. These BDAT treatment
standards are being established in accordance with the amendments to the
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976, enacted by the
Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA) of November 8, 1984. BDAT
treatment standards will be effective no later than May 8, 1990, and on and
after the effective date, compliance with these BDAT treatment standards will
be a prerequisite under 40 CFR Part 268 for placement of the waste in land
disposal units.
This background document provides the Agency's rationale and techni-
cal support for selecting constituents for regulation in K03S and for
developing treatment standards for these constituents. The document also
provides waste characterization data that serve as a basis for determining
whether a variance from a treatment standard may be warranted for a particular
type of K035 that is more difficult to treat than the wastes that were ana-
lyzed in developing treatment standards for K035.
The Agency's legal authority and promulgated methodology for estab-
lishing treatment standards and the petition process necessary for requesting
a variance from the treatment standards are summarized in EPA's Methodology
for Developing BDAT Treatment Standards (Reference 1).
Under 40 CFR 261.32, wastes identified as K035 are listed as
wastewater treatment sludges generated in the production of creosote. The
four-digit Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) code associated with the
production of creosote is 2865 (Industrial Organic Chemicals: cyclic crudes,
cyclic intermediates, dyes, and organic pigments). The Agency estimates that
there are eight domestic facilities that may generate K035.
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The Agency is regulating twelve organic constituents in
nonwastewater forms of K035 and nine organic constituents in wastewater forms
of K035. To determine the applicability of the treatment standards,
wastewaters are defined as wastes containing less than 1% (weight basis) total
suspended solids1 (TSS) and less than 1% (weight basis) total organic carbon
(TOG). Wastes not meeting this definition are classified as nonwastewaters
and must comply with nonwastewater treatment standards.
The Agency does not have any performance data for treatment of K035.
Treatment performance tests for this waste have not been pursued because the
Agency believes that adequate treatment performance data are available from
similar wastes previously tested by the BDAT Land Disposal Restrictions
Program. Therefore, treatment performance data were transferred to K035 from
a previously tested waste. For nonwastewater forms of K035, BDAT treatment
standards are based on treatment performance data transferred from
incineration of K087. For wastewater forms of K035, BDAT treatment standards
are based on wastewater treatment performance data transferred from wastes
judged to be similar. The Agency prefers, whenever possible, to use
wastewater treatment data from well-designed and well-operated wastewater
treatment units rather than to base wastewater treatment standards on
constituent concentrations in incinerator scrubber water. EPA has compiled a
database of wastewater treatment data for use in establishing treatment
standards for wastewater forms of U and P wastes and multi-source leachate.
These data, compiled from a variety of sources, were transferred on a
constituent-by-constituent basis to K035 organic constituents.
The tables at the end of this section list the BDAT treatment
standards for nonwastewater and wastewater forms of K035. These treatment
standards are based on the total concentration of each constituent in the
waste. The units used for total constituent concentration of organic
constituents are mg/kg (parts per million on a weight-by-weight basis) for
'The term "total suspended solids" (TSS) clarifies EPA's previously used
terminology of "total solids" and "filterable solids." Specifically, total
suspended solids is measured by Method 209C (total suspended solids dried at
103-105°C) in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater.
Sixteenth Edition (Reference 2).
1-2
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K035 nonwastewaters, and mg/1 (parts per million on a weight-by-volume basis)
for K035 wastewaters. If the concentrations of the constituents regulated in
K035 nonwastewaters and wastewaters, as generated, are lower than or are equal
to the treatment standards, then treatment of the waste would not be required
prior to "land disposal," as defined by 40 CFR Part 268.
This background document presents waste-specific information on the
number and locations of facilities that may be affected by the land disposal
restrictions for K035, the processes generating this waste, the waste charac-
terization data, the technologies used to treat the waste (or similar wastes,
if any), and the treatment performance data on which the treatment standards
are based (Sections 2.0 - 4.0). This document also explains how EPA
determines BOAT, selects constituents to be regulated, and calculates treat-
ment standards (Sections 5.0 - 7.0).
1-3
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Table 1-1
BOAT TREATMENT STANDARDS FOR K035
NONWASTEWATERS
Maximum for Any Single Grab Sample
Total Concentration
BOAT List Constituent (rag/kg)
52. Acenaphthene 3.4
57. Anthracene 3.4
59. Benz(a)anthracene 3.4
62. Benzo(a)pyrene 3.4
80. Chrysene 3.4
83. Dibenz(a,h)anthracene 3.4
108. Fluoranthene 3.4
109. Fluorene 3.4
116. Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene 3.4
121. Naphthalene 3.4
141. Phenanthrene 3.4
145. Pyrene 8.2
1-4
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Table 1-2
BOAT TREATMENT STANDARDS FOR K035
WASTEWATERS
Maximum for Any Single Grab Sample
Total Concentration
BOAT List Constituent (mg/1)
142. Phenol 0.039
Maximum for Any 24-Hour Composite Sample
Total Concentration
BOAT List Constituent (mg/1)
59. Benz(a)anthracene 0.059
80. Chrysene 0.059
81. o-Cresol 0.11
82. m,p-Cresola 0.77
108. Fluoranthene 0.068
121. Naphthalene 0.059
141. Phenanthrene 0.059
145. Pyrene 0.067
"The treatment standard is expressed as the sum of the meta- and para-cresol
isomers because these isomers are difficult to distinguish analytically.
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2.0 INDUSTRY AFFECTED AND WASTE CHARACTERIZATION
This section describes the industries that may be affected by the
land disposal restrictions for K035, the processes generating the waste, and
the available waste characterization data. All tables and figures are
presented at the end of this section.
2.1 Industry Affected and Process Description
Under 40 CFR Part 261.32, K035 is defined as wastewater treatment
sludges generated in the production of creosote. The Agency estimates that
there are approximately eight potential generators of this waste. Table 2-1
lists the potential generators by location and EPA region.
Creosote is produced by the distillation of coal tar. (Coal tar is
a product of the high-temperature carbonization of bituminous coal.) A
generic process diagram is shown in Figure 2-1. During the distillation of
coal tar, water is boiled off, and then condensed. The condensed water is
typically sent to an oil/water separator, with the water fraction going to a
wastewater treatment unit and the oil and sludge commonly recycled. The
wastewaters are commonly treated by solar evaporation or by biological treat-
ment or aeration followed by clarification. Sludge from the wastewater
treatment unit is the listed waste stream K035.
2.2 Waste Characterization
Available data sources (References 3 and 4) indicate the following
general composition for K035:
Constituent Concentration (%)
Volatile organics 1.5
Naphthalene 15
Semivolatile organics (other than 28.5
naphthalene)
Water 50
Other 5
Total: 100%
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Specific waste characterization data are presented in Table 2-2. These data
are for K035 samples that were collected by EPA in April and May, 1989,
(Reference 4) and represent three forms of K035:
Bottom oil layer from oil/water separation of creosote manufac-
turing wastewater (K035-1);
Sludge from a clarifier downstream from oil/water separation
and biological treatment of creosote manufacturing wastewater
(K035-2); and
Sludge from solar evaporation of creosote manufacturing waste-
water (i.e., the bottom layer from the evaporation tank).
2-2
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Table 2-1
FACILITIES THAT MAY GENERATE K035, BY LOCATION AND EPA REGION
Facility/Location EPA Region
Aristech Chemical Corporation
Clairton, PA III
Koppers Company, Inc.
Cicero, IL V
Dolomite, AL IV
Follansbee, WV III
Houston, TX VI
Portland, OR X
Reilly Industries
Granite City, IL V
Provo, UT VIII
Source: References 3 and 4.
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NJ
Coal Tar
Distil-
lation
Column
* Oils
*" Creosote
* Pitch
Oil/Water
Separator
1
Wastewater
Wastewater
Treatment
Unit
1
Water
to
or
Disposal
Oil and Sludge
to Recycle or
Waste Disposal
K035
Figure 2-1. Flow Diagram for Wastewater Treatment
During the Production of Creosote
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Table 2-2
K035 CHARACTERIZATION DATA
BOAT List
Constituent
Concentration in Untreated Waste (ppnO
K035-1 K035-2 K035-3
VOLATILES
4. Benzene
8. Carbon disulfide
226. Ethylbenzene
228. Methanol
38. Methylene chloride
39. Pyridine
43. Toluene
215.-217. Total Xylenes
SEMIVOLATILES
51. Acenaphthalene
52. Acenaphthene
57. Anthracene
59. Benzo(a)anthracene
60. Benzenethiol
62. Benzo(a)pyrene
63. Benzo(b)fluoranthene
64. Benzo(ghi)perylene
65. Benzo(k)fluoranthene
80. Chrysene
81. ortho-Cresol
82. para-Cresol
83. Dibenz(a,h)anthracene
96. 2,4-Dimethylphenol
3,700
ND
1,100
9.7
ND
610
8,700
2,000
7,600
18,000
10,000
,400
ND
,400
,300
,100
,700
,800
,300
4,100
2,600
2,600
ND
0.053
0.027
ND
0.026
ND
0.35
0.018
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
7.6
7.4
3.6
4.5
ND
ND
19
ND
ND
4.5
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
9.3
3.2
9
32
38
19
19
6
7
ND
7
22
31
160
ND
7
ND - Not detected.
Note: K035-1 represents an oil/water separator bottom oil layer, K035-2
represents an oil/water separation and biological treatment clarifier
sludge, and K035-3 represents an evaporator tank bottom layer. All
three of these samples are the listed waste K035.
Source: Reference 4.
2-5
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Table 2-2 (Continued)
K035 CHARACTERIZATION DATA
BOAT List
Constituent
SEMIVOLATILES (Continued)
108. Fluoranthene
109. Fluorene
116. Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
121. Naphthalene
141. Phenanthrene
142. Phenol
145. Pyrene
146. Resorcinol
Concentration in Untreated Waste (ppm)
K035-1 K035-2 K035-3
21,000
17,000
1,100
220,000
50,000
4,000
19,000
ND
ND
ND
4.6
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
76
43
ND
370
150
510
64
21
METALS
155. Arsenic
156. Barium
157. Beryllium
158. Cadmium
159. Chromium (total)
221. Chromium (hexavalent)
160. Copper
161. Lead
162. Mercury
163. Nickel
164. Selenium
166. Thallium
167. Vanadium
168. Zinc
ND
C
ND
1
ND
ND
1.61
0.2
ND
1.22
)
0.6
)
1.32
ND
0.61
0.21
)
3.35
0.44
5.19
ND
1.59
2.11
ND
1.98
0.49
2.87
ND
1.74
0.13
1.55
3.22
4.4
108
0.2
3.77
20.8
0.28
315
47
134
516
ND
0.55
9.92
61.6
INORGANICS
169. Cyanide
170. Fluoride
171. Sulfide
ND
2.42
46
23.7
80.1
43
1,080
ND
291
ND - Not detected.
Note: K035-1 represents an oil/water separator bottom oil layer, K035-2
represents an oil/water separation and biological treatment clarifier
sludge, and K035-3 represents an evaporator tank bottom layer. All
three of these samples are the listed waste K035.
Source: Reference 4.
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3.0 APPLICABLE AND DEMONSTRATED TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
This section discusses the technologies that are applicable for
treatment of K035 nonwastewaters and wastewaters and determines which, if any,
of the applicable technologies can be considered demonstrated for the purpose
of establishing BOAT. A discussion of applicable and demonstrated
technologies for treatment of constituents in K035 wastewaters is provided in
EPA's Final Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BOAT) Background Document
for U and P Wastes and Multi-Source Leachate (F039), Volume A (Reference 8).
To be applicable, a technology must theoretically be usable to treat
the waste in question or a waste that is similar in terms of parameters that
affect treatment selection. (Detailed descriptions of technologies that are
applicable to listed hazardous wastes are provided in EPA's Treatment Technol-
ogy Background Document (Reference 5).) To be demonstrated, a technology must
be employed in full-scale operation for treatment of the waste in question or
a similar waste. Technologies available only at pilot- or bench-scale opera-
tions are not considered in identifying demonstrated technologies.
3.1 Applicable Treatment Technologies
Since nonwastewater forms of K035 consist primarily of organic
compounds (as shown in Section 2.0), applicable treatment technologies include
those that destroy or reduce the total amount of various organic compounds in
the waste.
3.1.1 Nonwastewaters
The Agency has identified the following technologies as potentially
applicable for treatment of K035 nonwastewaters: (1) incineration (fluidized-
bed and rotary kiln); (2) solvent extraction followed by incineration or
recycle of the extract; and (3) critical fluid extraction followed by recycle
or incineration of the contaminated solvents. Total recycle or reuse has also
been identified as an applicable treatment technology for K035 nonwastewaters.
3-1
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These treatment technologies were identified based on current waste treatment
practices and engineering judgment.
Incineration. Incineration is a destruction technology in which
energy, in the form of heat, is transferred to the waste to destabilize
chemical bonds and destroy organic constituents. In a fluidized-bed incinera-
tor, waste is injected into the fluidized-bed material (generally sand and/or
incinerator ash), where it is heated to its ignition temperature. Heat energy
from the combustion reactions is then transferred back to the fluidized bed.
Ash is removed periodically during operation and during bed change-outs.
In a rotary kiln incinerator, wastes are fed into the elevated end
of the kiln, and the rotation of the kiln mixes the waste with hot gases to
heat the waste to its ignition temperature. Ash is removed from the lower end
of the kiln. Combustion gases from the kiln enter the afterburner for com-
plete destruction of organic waste constituents. Other wastes may also be
injected into the afterburner.
Combustion gases from the fluidized-bed or kiln afterburner are then
fed to a scrubber system for cooling and removal of entrained particulates and
acid gases, if present. In general, two residuals are generated by incinera-
tion processes: ash and scrubber water.
Solvent Extraction. Solvent extraction is a separation technology
in which organics are removed from the waste due to greater constituent
solubility in the solvent phase than in the waste phase. This technology
results in the generation of two treatment residuals: a treated waste resid-
ual and an extract. The extract may be recycled or may be further treated by
incineration.
Critical Fluid Extraction. Critical fluid extraction is a solvent
extraction technology in which the solvent is brought to its critical state to
aid in the extraction of organic constituents from the wastes. After the
extraction step, the solvent (liquified gas at its critical state) is brought
to its normal condition in the gaseous state and generates a small volume of
3-2
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extract that is concentrated in organic constituents. This technology results
in the generation of two treatment residuals: a treated waste and an extract.
The extract may be recycled or may be further treated by incineration.
Total Recycle or Reuse. Total recycle or reuse of a waste in the
same process or another process eliminates the generation of the waste and
generates no treatment residuals.
3.1.2 Wastewaters
Applicable treatment technologies for constituents in K035
wastewaters are discussed in Section 3.0 of EPA's Final Best Demonstrated
Available Technology (BOAT) Background Document for U and P Wastes and Multi-
Source Leachate (F039), Volume A (Reference 8).
3.2 Demonstrated Treatment Technologies
Technologies that are demonstrated for treatment of K035
nonwastewaters and wastewaters are discussed in the subsections below.
3.2.1 Nonwastewaters
The Agency is aware of two facilities that recycle K035
nonwastewaters. Total recycle is therefore demonstrated for K035
nonwastewaters. However, EPA does not believe that this technology may be
applicable to all forms of K035. Organic wastes, including wastes judged to
be similar to K035, are commonly incinerated by industry. Because
incineration is demonstrated for wastes judged to be similar to K035, such as
K001 and K087, incineration is considered to be demonstrated for K035. The
Agency is not aware of any other technologies that are demonstrated for
treatment of K035.
3-3
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3.2.2 Wastewaters
Demonstrated treatment technologies for constituents in K035
wastewaters are discussed in EPA's Final Best Demonstrated Available
Technology (BOAT) Background Document for U and P Wastes and Multi-Source
Leachate (F039), Volume A (Reference 8). Additionally, the Agency is aware of
one facility that treats K035 by biological treatment after mixing it with
other wastes generated at the facility.
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4.0 TREATMENT PERFORMANCE DATA
This section presents the treatment performance data that were used
to develop treatment standards for nonwastewater forms of K035. The
performance data used to develop treatment standards for constituents in
wastewater forms of K035 are presented in EFA's Final Best Demonstrated
Available Technology (BOAT) Background Document for U and F Wastes and Multi-
Source Leachate (F039), Volume A (Reference 8). These data are also
summarized in Appendix A of this background document.
Where data are not available on the treatment of the specific waste
of concern, the Agency may elect to transfer performance data from a demon-
strated technology that treats a similar waste or wastes. EPA's methodology
for the transfer of treatment performance data is provided in EPA's Methodol-
ogy for Developing BOAT Treatment Standards (Reference 1). Transfer of
treatment performance data is technically valid in cases where the untested
wastes are generated from similar industries or similar processing steps, or
have similar waste characteristics affecting treatment selection and perfor-
mance to those of the tested wastes.
The Agency does not have any treatment performance data for treat-
ment of K035 nonwastewaters. However, treatment performance data were
available from other wastes previously tested by EPA and were transferred to
develop treatment standards for K035. Sources of treatment performance data
for potential transfer to K035 included wastes previously tested by
incineration (including rotary kiln and fluidized-bed). These technologies
were identified as applicable and demonstrated for treatment of these wastes,
as discussed in Section 3.0.
Previous incineration tests conducted by the Agency are listed in
Table 4-1 at the end of this section. EPA examined the wastes incinerated in
these tests to identify the best data source(s), if any, for transfer of
treatment performance data to K035 nonwastewaters. Specifically, EPA examined
(1) whether the untested K035 is generated from a similar industry or
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processing step, and (2) whether the waste has similar waste characteristics
affecting treatment performance as do the previously tested wastes.
Although they are not generated by the same industry as K035, wastes
included in Tests 1, 2, and 8 are generated in the form of sludges from
separation technologies, as is K035. Wastes included in Tests 2 and 8 are
also generated during the production or use of coke by-products, similar to
K035.
As discussed in the Treatment Technology Background Document (Refer-
ence 5), waste characteristics that affect treatment performance for inciner-
ation include the thermal conductivity of the waste and the boiling points and
bond dissociation energies of the constituents of concern. The wastes
incinerated in Tests 1 and 2 had 5 constituents in common with K035, while the
waste incinerated in Test 8, K087, had 12 constituents in common with K035.
The constituents detected in K035 have the same or similar boiling points and
bond dissociation energies as those in K087. Since these constituents were at
the same or higher concentrations in K087, it is expected that K087 and K035
will show comparable treatment performance.
Based on the similarities discussed above, treatment standards for
constituents being regulated in K035 nonwastewaters were developed based on
treatment performance data transferred from rotary kiln incineration of K087
in Test 8.
Table 4-2 presents the BDAT List constituents detected in the
untreated K087 collected by EPA from the rotary kiln incineration treatment
test of K087. Table 4-3 presents the BDAT List constituents detected in the
kiln ash residual. Design and operating data for the rotary kiln and
secondary combustor are presented in Table 4-4. Additional details of this
test may be found in the Onsite Engineering Report for K087 (Reference 6).
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Table 4-1
WASTES TESTED BY INCINERATION AND SAMPLED BY EPA
Test Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Waste Code(s)
K001-Pentachlorophenol
KOOl-Creosote
K011, K013, K014
K019
K024
K037
K048, K051
K087
K101
K102
F024
K015
D014, D016, P059",
U127a, and U192a
U141a, U028a, P020a,
U112", U226a, U239a,
U080", U220", U1668,
U161", and U188"
Treatment Technology Used
Rotary kiln incineration
Rotary kiln incineration
Rotary kiln incineration
Rotary kiln incineration
Rotary kiln incineration
Rotary kiln incineration
Fluidized-bed incineration
Rotary kiln incineration
Rotary kiln incineration
Rotary kiln incineration
Rotary kiln incineration
Liquid injection incineration
Rotary kiln incineration
Rotary kiln incineration
"Commercial chemical products were used in these test burns as surrogates for
these wastes.
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Table 4-2
ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR UNTREATED K087
COLLECTED PRIOR TO TREATMENT BY ROTARY KILN INCINERATION
Concentration
Constituent/parameter (units)
BOAT Volatile Organ ics (mg/kg)
Benzene
Methyl ethyl ketone
Toluene
Xy lenes
BOAT Semi volatile Organ ics (mg/kg)
Acenaphtha lene
Anthracene
Benz ( a ) ant hracene
Benzo(b)f luoranthene
Benro(k ) f luoranthene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Chrysene
para-Cresol
F luoranthene
Fluorene
I ndeno ( 1 . 2 . 3 -cd ) py rene
Naphthalene
Phenanthrene
Phenol
Pyrene
BOAT Metals (mq/kg)d
Ant imony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Vanadium
Zinc .
1
17
<2.0
17
2}
11000
7500
5700
3200
3100
4100
5100
1600
11000
7600
2100
64000
34000
1600
9100
<2.0
6.1
<20
<0.5
1.7
<2.0
3.2
85
2.9
<4.0
1.2
<5.0
2.7
<5.0
63
2
19
<2.1
17
23
12000
8100
5900
<1010
7500
4300
5300
1600
12000
7900
2500
66000
34000
1500
5900
<2.0
6.1
<20
<0.5
2.1
<2.0
4.5
80
3.6
4.6
1.6
<5.0
2.3
<5.0
63
Sample Set 1
3
5.6
<2.0
5.0
3.0
10000
7100
5600
3100
3100
4100
5100
1300
11000
7000
2300
64000
15000
1200
8000
<2.0
5.5
<20
<0.5
2.1
<2.0
3.2
72
3.8
<4.0
1.3
<5.0
2.2
<5.0
58
4
212
<10
152
123
13000
8100
7500
<982
9300
5400
6500
1900
<982
9300
3100
81000
41000
1800
9700
<2.0
1.9
<20
<0.5
1.7
<2.0
<2.5
64
4.2
<4.0
1.4
<5.0
2.1
<5.0
50
5
170
<10
130
121
10000
6700
5400
5300
<1026
3800
4700
1200
11000
7000
2100
63000
15000
1200
8100
<2.0
5.2
<20
<0.5
1.9
<2.0
2.6
69
3.3
<4.C
1.2
<5.0
2.2
<5.0
66
4-4
-------
Table 4-2 (Continued)
ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR UNTREATED K087
COLLECTED PRIOR TO TREATMENT BY ROTARY KILN INCINERATION
Concentration
Constituent/parameter (units)
BOAT Inorganics Other Than Metals (ng/kg)
Cyanide
Fluoride
Sulf ide
Non-BDAT Volatile Organ ics (rag/kg)
Styrene
Non-BDAT Sanwolatile Organ ics (mg/kg)
Dibcnzofuran
2-Methylnaphthalene
Other Parameters
Ash content (X)
1
22.8
0.38
323
12
5300
7000
2.9
Heating value (Btu/lb) 15095
Percent water (X)
Total halogens as chlorine (X)
Total organic carbon (X)
Total organic ha 1 ides (mg/kg)
Total solids (X)b
Viscosity0
Elemental constituents (X)
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
5.70
0.033
83.67
27.0
87.7
-
83.80
5.62
1.13
9.13
2
18.2
-
320
12
5600
6900
3.4
14898
10.31
0.023
76.38
28.0
90.5
-
81.90
5.14
1.06
11.94
Sample Set 1
3
21.1
-
275
3.4
5200
6300
9.7
14823
11.26
0.026
84.27
29.3
91.1
-
84.01
5.27
1.03
10.25
4
22.0
-
293
26
6800
9400
3.7
15336
7.72
0.045
79.10
87.7
89.7
-
66.36
6.46
0.82
26.59
5
17.9
0.18
302
71
5000
6200
2.7
14959
6.60
0.057
85.57
25.8
86.5
-
77.54
5.97
0.96
15.71
- * Not analyzed.
NO = Not detected: estimated detection limit has not been determined.
Note: This table shows the concentrations at which constituent* were quantified or expected to be present
in the treated wast* for all constituents detected in the untreated waste.
aResults have been reported on a wet weight oasis.
Total solids results are biased low because of test complications arising from waste matrix.
cBecause of the high concentration of solids in the waste, viscosity values could not be determined.
Source: BOAT Background Document for K.087 (Reference 7).
4-5
-------
Table 4-3
ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR KILN ASH GENERATED BY
ROTARY KILN INCINERATION OF K087
Concentration
Constituent/parameter (units)
BOAT Volatile Organ ics (itg/kg)
Benzene
Methyl ethyl ketone
To lucne
Xy lenes
BOAT Semi volatile Organ ics (pg/kg)
Acenaphtha lene
Anthracene
Benz ( a ) anthracene
Benzo( b) f luoranthene
Benzo(k)f luoranthene
Benzol a Jpyrene
Chrysene
para-Cresol
F luoranthene
Fluorene
I ndeno( 1.2. 3-cd )pyrene
Naphtha lene
Phenanthrene
Phenol
Pyrene
BOAT Metals (mg/kg)
Ant imony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Cadnium
Chroniun
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Vanadium
Zinc
Samolc Set 1
1
<25
<25
ISO
<25
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
<3.2
9.9
317
0.60
<0.40
34
746
44
<0.10
10
1.4
<0.60
<1.0
17
50
2
<25
<25
85
<25
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
OOOO
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000 .
<2.0
11
56
<0.5
<1.0
5.2
44
8.2
2.8
<4.0
1.6
<5.0
<1.0
9.7
13
3
<25
<25
<25
<25
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
<2.0
6.7
53
<0.5
<1.0
2.2
43
8.3
2.9
<4.0
<0.50
<5.0
<1.0
6.6
13
4
<25
<25
<25
<25
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
'1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
<2.0
12
41
<0.5
<1.0
2.1
50
5.9
3.3
<4.0
5.9
<5.0
<1.0
8.1
12
5
<25
<25
190
<25
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
<1000
<3.2
5.3
63
0.36
<0.40
7.6
94
7.2
<0.1
4.5
<0.5
<6.0
<1.0
10
21
4-6
-------
Table 4-3 (Continued)
ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR KILN ASH GENERATED BY
ROTARY KILN INCINERATION OF K087
Concentration
Constituent/parameter (units)
BOAT TCLP: Metals Uq/1)
Ant imony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
S i Iver
Thallium
Vanadium
Zinc
BOAT Inorganics Other Than Metals (ag/kg)
Cyanide
Tluonde
Sulfide
Non-BDAT Volatile Organics («q/kq)
Styrene
Non-BDAT Semivolati le Orqanics (pa/kg )
Dibenzofuran
?-Methylnaphthalene
Other Parameters (mg/kg)
Total organic carbon
Total chlorides
Total organic ha 1 ides
1
425
96
609
3.3
<4.0
62
<6.0
29
<0.2
93
<50
<6.0
<10
<30
169
0.74
<1.0
35.5
<25
<1000
<1000
350000
9.7
375
2
<20
33
344
<5.0
<10
<70
52
40
<0.30
<40
7.3
<50
<10
<50
202
<0.50
-
36.3
<2S
<1000
<1000
553000
6.8
18.3
Sample Set f
3
<20
25
547
<5.0
<10
<20
1110
53
<0.30
<40
<5.0
<50
<10
<50
218
<0.50
-
144
<2S
<1000
<1000
402000
14.1
32.1
4
<20
19
641
<5.0
<10
<20
346
20
<0.30
<40
<5.0
<50
<10
<50
288
<0.50
-
116
-------
Table 4-4
OPERATING DATA FOR THE K087 INCINERATION TEST
Temperature (°F)*
Emlss ions*
Kiln Scrubber Feed
Sample Set/ Rotational Effluent Rate' 0, CO, CO" THC
Date/Time Speed (rum) Kiln Afterburner Water (Ib/hr) (X vol) (X vol) (DDR)) (ppra)
Target
Value* 0.2 1.800 2,150 <180 105 6-8 -- <1000 0
Sample
Set fl
8/25/87 0.2 1,400-2,000 1,950-2,150 165-170 77 0-19 7.0->10 0->100 -'
840-1510
Sample
Set 12
8/25/87 0.2 1,600-2,000 1,850-2,150 143-170 80 0-18 6.4->10 0->100 -'
1410-1825
(Scrubber
Effluent
Water Data)
Sample
Set 12
8/26/87 0.2 1,350-1,875 1,925-2,150 165-170 97 0-13 3.8->10 0->100 0->10*
1020-1300
(Kiln Ash
Data)
Scrubber
Pressure Scrubber Effluent
Drop Venturi Effluent Water Flow
(In H,O) Water ph Rate (gpm)
20 7.0-8.0 1.5
9-17» 6.9-7.8 1.5
7-14' 7.0-7.5 1.5
7-22" 7.0-7.6 1.5
'Kiln and afterburner temperatures presented on this table are minimum and maximum values according to the data logger strip charts, which are presented in Figures
C-l through C-5 In Appendix C of the BOAT Background Document for K087 (Reference 7). Note that the thermocouples connected to the American Combustion printer are
used by the controller for adjusting operating conditions.
"The minimum 0, and maximum CO values typically correspond to periods of flameout In the kiln and/or afterburner. See Figures B, C, and D (In Appendix C of the BOAT
Background Document for K087 (Reference 7» for strip charts showing continuous emissions monitoring (CEM) of O,, CO,, and CO, respectively.
c Includes weight of fiber drum packaging (1.1 pounds per drum) and weight of waste (approximately 3.5 pounds per drum). Waste feed rate alone was targeted at 80
Ibs/hr.
"Upper end of detection limit for CO was raised from 100 ppra on August 25 and 26 to 2000 ppm on August 28 by switching to another strip chart recorder.
'The targeted values represent the optimum operating conditions to provide the most effective treatment for hazardous organic constituents. EPA recognizes that
during normal operation, these optimum conditions cannot be sustained at all times. EPA will determine whether the treatment system has been adequately operated
based on the magnitude and duration of the fluctuations from the targeted values.
'THC analyzer was down for repairs.
9 Needle readout failed during the test burn; operator speculated that pressure drop was in reality 20 In H,0 on 8/25 and 8/26. Operator recorded values from a
second readout located in the bay area on 8/28.
"The analyzer registered four sharp peaks on 8/26 at approximately 1025, 1028, 1100 and 1140 and one sharp peak on 8/28 at approximately 0959.
Source: BOAT Background Document for K087 (Reference 7).
-------
Table 4-4 (Continued)
OPERATING DATA FOR THE K087 INCINERATION TEST
Temperature (°F)'
Emissions"
Sample Set/
Date/Time
Target
Value*
Sample
Set 13
8/28/87
950-1415
Sample
Set 14
8/28/87
Kiln
Rotational
Speed (rpm)
0.2
0.2
0.2
Scrubber
Effluent
Kiln Afterburner Water
1,800 2,150 <180
1,675-2,000 1,900-2,150 165-170
1,625-2,000 2,050-2,150 165-170
Feed
Rate' 0, CO,
(Ib/hr) (X vol) (X vol)
105 6-8
89 0-14 5.4->10
87 2-12 6.8->10
CO"
(ppm)
<1000
0-1500
0-800
Pressure Scrubber
TEC Drop Venturi Effluent
(ppm) (in H,O) Water ph
0 20 7.0-8.0
0->10" 20 7.2
0 20 7.2
Scrubber
Effluent
Water Flow
Rate (Rom)
1.5
1.5
1.5
1315-1650
Sample
Set 15
8/28/87
1550-1825 0.2
1,725-2.050 2,125-2,175 165-170
90
4-12 6.4->10 0-360
20
7.2
1.5
* Kiln and afterburner temperatures presented on this table are minimum and maximum values according to the data logger strip charts, which are presented in Figures
C-l through C-5 In Appendix C of the BOAT Background Document for K087 (Reference 7). Note that the thermocouples connected to the American Combustion printer are
used by the controller for adjusting operating conditions.
"The minimum 0, and maximum CO values typically correspond to periods of flameout in the kiln and/or afterburner. See Figures B, C, and D (in Appendix C of the BOAT
Background Document for K087 (Reference 7)) for strip charts showing continuous emissions monitoring (CEM) of 0,, CO,, and CO, respectively.
' Includes weight of fiber drum packaging (1.1 pounds per drum) and weight of waste (approximately 3.5 pounds per drum). Waste feed rate alone was targeted at 80
Ibs/hr.
'Upper end of detection limit for CO was raised from 100 ppm on August 25 and 26 to 2000 ppm on August 28 by switching to another strip chart recorder.
'The targeted values represent the optimum operating conditions to provide the most effective treatment for hazardous organic constituents. EPA recognlres that
during normal operation, these optimum conditions cannot be sustained at all times. EPA will determine whether the treatment system has been adequately operated
based on the magnitude and duration of the fluctuations from the targeted values.
*THC analyzer was down for repairs.
' Needle readout failed during the test burnt operator speculated that pressure drop was In reality 20 in H,0 on 8/25 and 8/26. Operator recorded values from a
second readout located in the bay area on 8/28.
"The analyzer registered four sharp peaks on 8/26 at approximately 1025, 1028, 1100 and 1140 and one sharp peak on 8/28 at approximately 0959.
Source: BOAT Background Document for K087 (Reference 7).
-------
5.0 IDENTIFICATION OF BEST DEMONSTRATED AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY (BOAT)
This section discusses technologies that are available for treatment
of K035 nonwastewaters and identifies BOAT for K035 nonwastewaters.
Technologies that are available for treatment of the constituents in K035
wastewaters and the technologies identified as BOAT for these constituents are
discussed in EPA's Final Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BOAT)
Background Document for U and P Wastes and Multi-Source Leachate (F039),
Volume A (Reference 8).
To determine BOAT, the Agency examines all available treatment
performance data on technologies that are identified as demonstrated for the
waste of concern, or for a waste similar to the waste of concern, to evaluate
whether one or more of the technologies performs significantly better than the
others. If data are available for only one technology for treating a waste,
then that technology is "best." When data are available for more than one
treatment technology, the "best" performing treatment technology is determined
by an analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. (The ANOVA test is discussed in
EPA's Methodology for Developing BOAT Treatment Standards (Reference 1).)
The treatment technology that is found to perform best on a
particular waste stream is then evaluated to determine whether it is
"available." To be available, the technology must (1) not be a proprietary or
patented process that cannot be purchased or licensed from the proprietor
(i.e., it must be commercially available), and (2) substantially diminish the
toxicity of the waste or substantially reduce the likelihood of migration of
hazardous constituents from the waste. In determining whether treatment is
substantial, EPA may consider data on a treatment technology's performance on
a waste similar to the waste in question, provided that the similar waste is
at least as difficult to treat. If it is determined that the best performing
treatment technology is not available, then the next best technology is
evaluated to determine whether it is "available."
5-1
-------
5.1 Review of Treatment Performance Data
The available treatment performance data (presented in Section 4.0)
were reviewed and assessed to determine whether they represent operation of a
well-designed and well-operated system, whether sufficient quality
assurance/quality control measures were employed to ensure the accuracy of the
data, and whether the appropriate measures of performance were used to assess
the performance of the particular treatment technology.
The treatment performance data and the design and operating data
collected during the test of rotary kiln incineration of K087 (Reference 6)
were reviewed for the points described above. The appropriate measure of
performance (total constituent concentration) was used to assess the treatment
system. Additionally, the Agency had no reason to believe that this treatment
system was not well-designed and well-operated, or that insufficient analyti-
cal quality assurance/quality control measures were employed in generating
treatment performance data.
5.2 Statistical Comparison of Treatment Performance Data
In cases where the Agency has treatment performance data from more
than one technology, EPA uses the statistical method known as the analysis of
variance (ANOVA) test (discussed in EPA's Methodology for Developing BOAT
Treatment Standards (Reference 1)), to determine if one technology performs
significantly better than the rest. For K035 nonwastewaters, the Agency has
treatment performance data for only one treatment technology; therefore, an
ANOVA comparison is not appropriate.
5.3 BOAT for K035
As discussed above, incineration has been determined to be
demonstrated and available. Because the Agency does not have treatment
performance data for any other technologies for treating nonwastewater forms
of K035 or similar wastes, this treatment technology is the best. Therefore,
the bfc.st demonstrated available technology (BDAT) for K035 nonwastewaters has
5-2
-------
been determined to be incineration. In addition, this BOAT technology does
not preclude a facility from utilizing recycle or reuse operations in
accordance with 40 CFR Part 261. Also, it does not preclude the use of other
treatment technologies that can achieve the treatment standards.
5.4 Available Treatment Technologies
The best technology for treatment of K035 nonwastewaters,
incineration, is considered to be commercially available. Furthermore, the
Agency has determined that this technology provides substantial treatment of
K087, and therefore will provide substantial treatment of nonwastewater forms
of K035. Consequently, this technology is considered available for treatment
of K035 nonwastewaters.
5-3
-------
6.0 SELECTION OF REGULATED CONSTITUENTS
The Agency has developed a list of hazardous constituents (the BDAT
Constituent List, presented in EPA's Methodology for Developing BDAT Treatment
Standards (Reference 1)) from which constituents to be regulated are selected.
EPA may revise this list as additional data and information become available.
The list is divided into the following categories: volatile organics, semi-
volatile organics, metals, inorganics other than metals, organochlorine pesti-
cides, phenoxyacetic acid herbicides, organophosphorus insecticides,
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and dioxins and furans. This section
presents the rationale for the selection of constituents being regulated in
wastewater and nonwastewater forms of K035.
Generally, constituents selected for regulation must satisfy the
following criteria:
(1) The constituent must be on the BDAT List of regulated constitu-
ents. Presence on the BOAT List means that EPA-approved
methods exist for analysis of the constituent in treated waste
matrices.
(2) The constituent must be present in. or be suspected of being
present in. the untreated waste. For example, in some cases,
analytical difficulties (such as masking) may prevent a con-
stituent from being identified in the untreated waste, but its
identification in a treatment residual may lead the Agency to
conclude that it is present in the untreated waste.
From a group of constituents that are eligible for regulation
because they meet the above criteria, EPA may select a subset of constituents
that represent the broader group. For example, from a group of constituents
that react similarly to treatment, the Agency may select for regulation only
those constituents that (1) are the most difficult to treat, based on waste
characteristics affecting treatment performance; (2) are representative of
other constituents in the waste, based on structural similarities; and/or (3)
are present in the untreated waste in the highest concentrations. Selecting a
subset of constituents for regulation is done to facilitate implementation of
the compliance and enforcement program.
6-1
-------
The Agency initially considered all constituents on the BDAT List
for regulation. Available K035 characterization data for all BDAT List
constituents are summarized in Table 6-1. (All tables are presented at the
end of Section 6.0.) When data are available for more than one sample set, a
range of detected concentrations is shown in the table for all constituents
quantified in the untreated K035. Constituents for which analytical results
were not quantified at or above the detection limits are identified by the
notation "ND" (not detected). Constituents for which no analysis was per-
formed are identified by "NA" (not analyzed).
6.1 BDAT List Constituents Not Selected for Regulation
The Agency is not regulating all of the BDAT List constituents
initially considered for regulation. As discussed further below, a BDAT List
constituent was deleted from further consideration for regulation if (1) the
constituent was not detected in the untreated and treated wastes, (2) the con-
stituent was not analyzed for in the untreated waste, or (3) other reasons, as
discussed below. BDAT List constituents that remained following the deletions
described in this subsection were further considered for regulation and are
listed in Table 6-2 at the end of this section.
6.1.1 BDAT List Constituents Not Detected in the Untreated and Treated
Wastes
BDAT List constituents that were not detected in the untreated waste
(labeled "ND" in Table 6-1) were deleted from consideration for regulation.
6.1.2 BDAT List Constituents Not Analyzed For in the Untreated Waste
Some BDAT List constituents were deleted from further consideration
for regulation because they were not analyzed for in the untreated waste
(labeled "NA" in Table 6-1). These constituents were not analyzed for in the
untreated waste because it was extremely unlikely that these constituents
would be present in the waste, based on knowledge of the process generating
the waste.
6-2
-------
6.1.3 BOAT List Constituents Deleted From Further Consideration for
Regulation For Other Reasons
Copper, vanadium, and zinc were considered for regulation in K035
nonwastewaters and wastewaters but were not selected as constituents for
regulation. Although copper cyanide, vanadium pentoxide, and zinc cyanide are
listed in Appendix VIII of 40 CFR Part 261, the metals are not listed
individually. The Agency is only regulating copper, vanadium, and/or zinc
when they are indicators of treatment performance for other Appendix VIII
constituents. For K035 nonwastewaters and wastewaters, copper, vanadium, and
zinc have not been identified as indicators of treatment performance for other
Appendix VIII constituents and are therefore not being regulated.
Fluoride and sulfide were deleted from further consideration for
regulation in K035 because the technology determined to be BOAT for K035
(incineration) does not provide effective treatment for these BOAT List
constituents. Moreover, the'Agency is unaware of any demonstrated technology
for treatment of fluoride and sulfide in K035 or similar wastes.
The remaining BDAT List metal constituents that were detected in the
untreated waste -- arsenic, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium (total),
hexavalent chromium, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, and thallium -- were not
present at treatable concentrations. Therefore, it would not be possible to
show treatment for these constituents. Accordingly, these 11 BDAT List
constituents were deleted from further consideration for regulation.
6.2 BDAT List Constituents Selected for Regulation
This subsection presents the BDAT List constituents that were
selected for regulation in nonwastewater and wastewater forms of K035.
6-3
-------
6.2.1 Nonwastevaters
Constituents further considered for regulation in nonwastewater
forms of K035 were selected from the BOAT List constituents that were detected
in the untreated waste, unless they were deleted from further consideration as
discussed in Section 6.1. The constituents that remained following the
deletions discussed in Section 6.1 are listed in Table 6-2. Some constituents
listed in Table 6-2 were deleted from further consideration for regulation
after evaluation of (1) the constituent concentration in the untreated waste,
(2) whether the constituent is adequately controlled by regulation of another
constituent, and (3) the relative difficulty in achieving effective treatment
of the constituent by the technology identified as BOAT for K035
nonwastewaters (incineration). Table 6-3 presents the list of constituents
that remained and were selected for regulation in K035 nonwastewaters.
The Agency's determination of adequate control for organic constitu-
ents was based on (1) an evaluation of the characteristics of the constituents
that would affect the performance of incineration relative to the ash resid-
ual, specifically, their estimated boiling points, and (2) the structural
similarities among the constituents.
Thirty-three BOAT List organic constituents (shown in Table 6-2)
were further considered for regulation in nonwastewater forms of K035 due to
their presence in the untreated waste. The boiling points of these 33
constituents, and their concentrations in the untreated waste, were compared
to determine which constituents had higher boiling points and higher
concentrations in the untreated waste. Twenty-one constituents were then
deleted from further consideration for regulation because (1) they are
believed to be adequately controlled by incineration of the 12 remaining
organic constituents in K035 nonwastewaters, and/or (2) they are believed to
be treated to similar concentrations as the 12 remaining constituents, based
on structural similarities.
Based on the above discussion, the 12 BOAT List organic constituents
selected for regulation in K035 nonwastewaters (shown in Table 6-3) are
6-4
-------
acenaphthene, anthracene, benz(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, chrysene,
dibenz(a,h)anthracene, fluoranthene, fluorene, indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene, naph-
thalene , phenanthrene, and pyrene.
6.2.2 Wastewaters
Constituents further considered for regulation in wastewater forms
of K035 were selected from the BOAT List constituents that were detected in
the untreated waste, unless they were deleted from further consideration as
discussed in Section 6.1. The constituents that remained following the
deletions discussed in Section 6.1 are listed in Table 6-2. Some constituents
listed in Table 6-2 were deleted from further consideration for regulation
after evaluation of (1) the constituent concentration in the untreated waste,
(2) whether the constituent is adequately controlled by regulation of another
constituent, and (3) the relative difficulty in achieving effective treatment
of the constituent by the technology identified as BOAT for K035 wastewaters
(incineration). Table 6-4 presents the list of constituents that remained and
were selected for regulation in K035 wastewaters.
The Agency's determination of adequate control for organic constitu-
ents was based on (1) an evaluation of the characteristics of the constituents
that would affect the performance of incineration relative to the scrubber
water residual, specifically, their estimated bond dissociation energies, and
(2) the structural similarities among the constituents.
Thirty-three BOAT List organic constituents (shown in Table 6-2)
were further considered for regulation in wastewater forms of K035 due to
their presence in the untreated waste. The bond dissociation energies of
these 33 constituents, and their concentrations in the untreated waste were
compared to determine which constituents had higher bond dissociation energies
and higher concentrations in the untreated waste. Twenty-four constituents
were deleted from further consideration for regulation because (1) they are
believed to be adequately controlled by incineration of the organic constitu-
ents selected for regulation in K035 wastewaters, and/or (2) they are believed
6-5
-------
to be treated to similar concentrations as the nine remaining constituents,
based on structural similarities.
Based on the above discussion, the nine BOAT List organic constitu-
ents selected for regulation in K035 wastewaters (shown in Table 6-4) are
benz(a)anthracene, chrysene, o-cresol, p-cresol, fluoranthene, naphthalene,
phenanthrene, phenol, and pyrene.
6-6
-------
Table 6-1
STATUS OF BOAT LIST CONSTITUENT PRESENCE IN UNTREATED K035
Concentration In
BOAT List Constituent Untreated K035 (ppm)
VOLATILE ORGANICS
222. Acetone ND
1. Acetonitrile ND
2. Acrolein ND
3. Acrylonitrile ND
4. Benzene 4.5-3,700
5. Bromodichloromethane ND
6. Bromomethane ND
223. n-Butyl alcohol ND
7. Carbon tetrachloride ND
8. Carbon disulfide 0.053
9. Chlorobenzene ND
10. 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene ND
11. Chlordibromomethane ND
12. Chloroethane ND
13. 2-Chloroethyl vinyl ether ND
14. Chloroform ND
15. Chloromethane ND
16, 3-Chloropropene ' ND
17. l,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane ND
18. 1,2-Dibromoethane ND
19. Dibromomethane ND
20. trans-l,4-Dichloro-2-butene ND
21. Dichlorodifluoromethane ND
22. 1,1-Dichloroethane ND
23. 1,2-Dichloroethane ND
24. 1,1-Dichloroethylene ND
25. trans-l,2-Dichloroethene ND
26. 1,2-Dichloropropane ND
27. trans-l,3-Dichloropropene ND
28. cis-l,3-Dichloropropene ND
29. 1,4-Dioxane ND
225. Ethyl acetate ND
226. Ethyl benzene . 0.027-1,100
30. Ethyl cyanide ND
227. Ethyl ether ND
31. Ethyl methacrylate ND
214. Ethylene oxide ND
32. lodomethane ND
ND - Not detected.
Source: K035 Characterization Report for Reillv Industries Inc.. Provo. Utah
and Granite City. Illinois (Reference 4).
6-7
-------
Table 6-1 (Continued)
STATUS OF BOAT LIST CONSTITUENT PRESENCE IN UNTREATED K035
Concentration In
BOAT List Constituent Untreated K035
VOLATILE
33.
228.
34.
229.
35.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
231.
50.
215. -217.
ORGANICS (Continued)
Isobutyl alcohol
Methanol
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl isobutyl ketone
Methyl methacrylate
Methacrylonitrile
Methylene chloride
Pyridine
1,1,1 , 2-Tetrachloroethane
1,1,2, 2-Tetrachloroethane
Tetrachloroethene
Toluene
Tribromome thane
1,1, 1 -Trichloroe thane
1,1, 2 -Trichloroethane
Trichloroe thene
Trichloromonofluororae thane
1,2, 3 -Trichloropropane
1,1, 2 -Trichloro- 1 ,2,2- trif luoroethane
Vinyl chloride
Xylenes (total)
ND
9.7
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.026
610
ND
ND
ND
0.35-8,700
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.018-2,000
SEMIVOLATILE ORGANICS
51.
52.
53.
54.
233.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
18.
60.
62.
ND - Not
Source :
Ac enaphthal ene
Acenaphthene
Acetophenone
2 - Acetylaminof luorene
Acrylamide
4 - Aminob ipheny 1
Aniline
Anthracene
Aramite
Benz (a) anthracene
Benzal chloride
Benzene thiol
Benz o ( a ) py r ene
detected.
K035 Characterization Report for Reillv Industries
and Granite City. Illinois (Reference 4) .
9-7,600
32-18,000
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
38-10,000
ND
19-5,400
ND
19
6-2,400
Inc . . Provo . Utah
6-8
-------
Table 6-1 (Continued)
STATUS OF BOAT LIST CONSTITUENT PRESENCE IN UNTREATED K035
Concentration In
BOAT List Constituent Untreated K035 (ppm)
SEMIVOLATILE ORGANICS (Continued)
63. Benzo(b)fluoranthene 7-2,300
64. Benzo(ghi)perylene 3.6-1,000
65. Benzo(k)fluoranthene 4.5-1,700
66. p-Benzoquinone NA
67. Bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane ND
68. Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether ND
69. Bis(2-chloroisopropyl)ether ND
70. Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate ND
71. 4-Bromophenyl phenyl ether ND
72. Butyl benzyl phthalate ND
73. 2-sec-Butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol ND
74. p-Chloroaniline ND
75. . Chlorobenzilate ND
76. p-Chloro-m-cresol ND
77. 2-Chloronaphthalene ND
78. 2-Chlorophenol ND
80. Chrysene 22-5,800
81. ortho-Cresol 31-3,300
82. para-Cresol 19-4,100
232. Cyclohexanone ND
83. Dibenz(a,h)anthracene 2,600
84. Dibenzo(a,e)pyrene ND
86. m-Dichlorobenzene ND
87. o-Dichlorobenzene ND
88. p-Dichlorobenzene ND
89. ' 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine ND
234. cis-l,4-Dichloro-2-butene ND
90. 2,4-Dichlorophenol ND
91. 2,6-Dichlorophenol ND
92. Diethyl phthalate ND
93. 3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine ND
94. p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene ND
95. 3,3'-Dimethylbenzidine ND
96. 2,4-Dimethylphenol 7-2,600
97. Dimethyl phthalate ND
98. Di-n-butyl phthalate ND
99. 1,4-Dinitrobenzene ND
100. 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol ND
101. 2,4-Dinitrophenol ND
ND - Not detected.
NA - Not analyzed.
Source: K035 Characterization Report for Reillv Industries Inc.. Provo. Utah
and Granite City. Illinois (Reference 4).
6-9
-------
Table 6-1 (Continued)
STATUS OF BOAT LIST CONSTITUENT PRESENCE IN UNTREATED K035
Concentration In
BOAT List Constituent Untreated K035 (ppm)
SEMIVOLATILE ORGANICS (Continued)
102. 2,4-Dinitrotoluene ND
103. 2,6-Dinitrotoluene ND
104. Di-n-octyl phthalate ND
105. Di-n-propylnitrosamine ND
106. Diphenylamine ND
219. Diphenylnitrosamine ND
107. 1,2-Diphenylhydrazine ND
108. Fluoranthene 76-21,000
109. Fluorene 43-17,000
110. Hexachlorobenzene ND
111. Hexachlorobutadiene ND
112. Hexachlorocyclopentadiene ND
113. Hexachloroethane ND
114. Hexachlorophene NA
115. Hexachloropropene ND
116. Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene 4.6-1,000
117. Isosafrole ND
118. Methapyrilene ND
119. 3-Methylcholanthrene ND
120. 4,4'-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) ND
36. Methyl methanesulfonate ND
121. Naphthalene 370-220,000
122. 1,4-Naphthoquinone ND
123. 1-Naphthylamine ND
124. 2-Naphthylamine ND
125. p-Nitroaniline ND
126. Nitrobenzene ND
127. 4-Nitrophenol ND
128. n-Nitrosodi-n-butylamine ND
129. n-Nitrosodiethylamine ND
130. n-Nitrosodimethylamine ND
131. n-Nitrosomethylethylamine ND
132. n-Nitrosomorpholine ND
133. n-Nitrosopiperidine ND
134. n-Nitrosopyrrolidine ND
135. 5-Nitro-o-toluidine ND
ND - Not detected.
NA - Not analzyed.
Source: K035 Characterization Report for Reillv Industries Inc.. Provo. Utah
and Granite Citv. Illinois (Reference 4).
6-10
-------
Table 6-1 (Continued)
STATUS OF BOAT LIST CONSTITUENT PRESENCE IN UNTREATED K035
Concentration In
BOAT List Constituent Untreated K035 (ppm)
SEMIVOLATILE ORGANICS (Continued)
136. Pentachlorobenzene ND
137. Pentachloroethane ND
138. Pentachloronitrobenzene ND
139. Pentachlorophenol ND
140. Phenacetin ND
141. Phenanthrene 150- 50,000
142. Phenol 510-4,000
220. Phthalic anhydride ND
144. Pronamide ND
145. Pyrene 64-19,000
146. Resorcinol 21
147. Safrole ND
148. 1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene . ND
149. 2,3,4,6-Tetrachlorophenol ND
150. 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene ND
151. 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol ND
152. 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol ND
153. Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate NA
METALS
154. Antimony ND
155. Arsenic . 0.44-4.4
156. Barium ' 0.2-108
157. Beryllium 0.2
158. Cadmium 1.22-3.77
159. Chromium (total) 2.11-20.8
221. Chromium (hexavalent) 0.28-0.6
160. Copper 1.98-315
161. Lead 0.49-47
162. Mercury 2.87-134
163. Nickel 516
164. Selenium 0.61-1.74
165. Silver ND
166. Thallium 0.13-0.55
167. Vanadium 1.55-9.92
168. Zinc 3.22-61.6
ND - Not detected.
NA - Not analyzed.
Source: K035 Characterization Report for Reillv Industries Inc.. Provo. Utah
and Granite City. Illinois (Reference 4).
6-11
-------
Table 6-1 (Continued)
STATUS OF BOAT LIST CONSTITUENT PRESENCE IN UNTREATED K035
Concentration In
BOAT List Constituent Untreated K035
INORGANICS
169 . Cyanide
170. Fluoride
171. Sulfide
ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES
172 . Aldrin
173. alpha -BHC
174. beta-BHC
175. delta-BHC
176. gamma -BHC
177. Chlordane
178. ODD
235. o,p'-DDD
179. DDE
236. o.p'-DDE
180 . DDT
237. o,p'-DDT
181. Dieldrin
182. Endosulfan I
183. Endosulfan II
238. Endosulfan sulfate
184. Endrin
185. Endrin aldehyde
186 . Heptachlor
187 . Heptachlor epoxide
188. Isodrin
189 . Kepone
190. Methoxychlor
191. Toxaphene
PHENOXYACETIC ACID HERBICIDES
192. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
193. Silvex
194. 2,4,5-T
ND - Not detected.
Source: K035 Characterization Report for Reillv Industries
23.7-1,080
2.42-80.1
43-291
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Inc . . Provo . Utah
and Granite Citv. Illinois (Reference 4).
6-12
-------
Table 6-1 (Continued)
STATUS OF BOAT LIST CONSTITUENT PRESENCE IN UNTREATED K035
Concentration In
BOAT List Constituent Untreated K035 (ppm)
ORGANOPHOSPHOROUS INSECTICIDES
195. Disulfoton ND
196. Famphur ND
197. Methyl parathion ND
198. Parathion ND
199. Phorate ND
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBs)
200. Aroclor 1016 ND
201. Aroclor 1221 ND
202. Aroclor 1232 ND
203. Aroclor 1242 ND
204. Aroclor 1248 ND
205. Aroclor 1254 ND
206. Aroclor 1260 ND
DIOXINS AND FURANS
207. Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins ND
208. Hexachlorodibenzofurans ND
209. Pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins ND
210. Pentachlorodibenzofurans ND
211. Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins ND
212. Tetrachlorodibenzofurans ND
213. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin ND
ND - Not detected.
Source: K035 Characterization Report for Reillv Industries Inc.. Provo. Utah
and Granite City. Illinois (Reference 4).
6-13
-------
Table 6-2
BDAT LIST CONSTITUENTS FURTHER CONSIDERED FOR
REGULATION IN K035 NONWASTEWATER AND WASTEWATER
AFTER INITIAL SCREENING8
4. Benzene
8. Carbon disulfide
226. Ethylbenzene
228. Methanol
38. Methylene chloride
39. Pyridine
43. Toluene
215.-217. Xylenes (total)
51. Acenaphthalene
52. Acenaphthene
57. Anthracene
59. Benz(a)anthracene
60. Benzenethiol
62. Benzo(a)pyrene
63. Benzo(b)fluoranthene
64. Benzo(ghi)perylene
65. Benzo(k)fluoranthene
80. Chrysene
81. o-Cresol
82. p-Cresol
83. Dibenz(a,h)anthracene
96. 2,4-Dimethylphenol
108. Fluoranthene
109. Fluorene
116. Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
121. Naphthalene
141. Phenanthrene
142. Phenol
145. Pyrene
146. Resorcinol
169. Cyanide
All constituents on this list were detected in untreated K035 and were
either selected for regulation (as shown in Tables 6-3 and 6-4) or are
believed to be controlled by regulation of another constituent.
6-14
-------
Table 6-3
BOAT LIST CONSTITUENTS SELECTED FOR
REGULATION IN K035 NONWASTEWATERS
52. Acenaphthene
57. Anthracene
59. Benz(a)anthracene
62. Benzo(a)pyrene
80. Chrysene
83. Dibenz(a,h)anthracene
108. Fluoranthene
109. Fluorene
116. Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
121. Naphthalene
141. Phenanthrene
145. Pyrene
6-15
-------
Table 6-4
BOAT LIST CONSTITUENTS SELECTED FOR
REGULATION IN K035 WASTEWATERS
59. Benz(a)anthracene
80. Chrysene
81. o-Cresol
82. p-Cresol
108. Fluoranthene
121. Naphthalene
141. Phenanthrene
142. Phenol
145. Pyrene
6-16
-------
7.0 CALCULATION OF BOAT TREATMENT STANDARDS
The Agency bases numerical treatment standards for regulated
constituents on the performance of well-designed and well-operated BOAT
treatment systems. These standards must account for analytical limitations in
available treatment performance data, and the data must be adjusted for
variabilities related to treatment, sampling, and analytical techniques and
procedures. The purpose of this section is to calculate treatment standards
for K035 nonwastewaters for the constituents selected for regulation, using
the available treatment performance data from the treatment technology
identified as BDAT. Calculation of treatment standards for the constituents
selected for regulation in K035 wastewaters is discussed in EPA's Final Best
Demonstrated Available Technology (BDAT) Background Document for U and P
Wastes and Multi-Source Leachate (F039), Volume A (Reference 8).
Treatment performance data for the ash from rotary kiln
incineration of K035 are not available. Therefore, the Agency is transferring
performance data from treatment of organic constituents in K087 to develop
treatment standards for organic constituents in nonwastewater. forms of K035.
The rationale for this transfer is presented in Section 4.0.
Incineration generally results in the generation of ash (a
nonwastewater) and combustion gas scrubber water (a wastewater). The best
measure of performance for a destruction technology, such as incineration, is
the total amount of each constituent of concern remaining after treatment.
Therefore, BDAT treatment standards for organic constituents regulated in K035
nonwastewaters were calculated based on total constituent concentration data
transferred from K087 incinerator ash (Reference 6).
Before treatment standards are calculated, the treatment
performance data are corrected to account for analytical interferences
associated with the chemical matrices of the samples. A complete discussion
of the accuracy correction of treatment data is provided in Appendix A.
Appendix A also contains the matrix spike recoveries and accuracy correction
7-1
-------
factors used to correct the treatment performance data, as well as the
corrected treatment performance data.
After treatment performance data are corrected for accuracy, the
arithmetic average of the corrected data is calculated for each regulated
constituent. In cases where the constituent is not detected in the treatment
residual at or above its detection limit, the detection limit is used to
calculate the average constituent concentration in the treated waste.
Table 7-1 at the end of this section presents the average of the corrected
treatment performance data for each constituent regulated in K035
nonwastewaters.
The next step in calculating treatment standards is to determine
the variability factor (VF) for each regulated constituent. The variability
factor accounts for the variability inherent in treatment system performance,
treatment residual collection, and treatment sample analysis. (For more
information on calculation of variability factors, see EPA's Methodology for
Developing BOAT Treatment Standards (Reference 1).) Variability factors for
the constituents regulated in K035 are shown in Table 7-1.
Finally, a treatment standard is calculated for each regulated
constituent by multiplying the average of the corrected treatment performance
values by the variability factor for the constituent. Treatment standards for
nonwastewater forms of.K035 are presented in Table 7-1 and are discussed in
greater detail below.
Treatment standards for organic constituents in K035 nonwastewaters
were calculated using five sample sets of ash data from rotary kiln
incineration of K087 (Reference 6). Tables 4-2 and 4-3 present the total
concentrations of each organic constituent detected in untreated K087 and the
treated nonwastewater residual (ash). Treatment performance data for each
constituent being regulated in K035 nonwastewaters were transferred from data
for the same constituent in K087 if that constituent was detected in the
untreated K087. For a constituent that was not detected in the untreated
K087, a treatment standard was developed based on treatment performance data
7-2
-------
from another constituent that was detected in the untreated K087 that was
tested.
The particular constituent from which data are transferred is
determined based on the characteristics of the waste that affect treatment
performance by incineration with respect to the nonwastewater residual (i.e.,
incinerator ash) and the structural similarities between the constituents from
and to which data are transferred. In the rotary kiln, energy in the form of
heat is transferred to the waste to volatilize the organic waste constituents.
To determine whether one constituent is volatilized similarly to another
constituent, the Agency examines the boiling points and the structural
similarities of the constituents.
In general, the Agency believes that a constituent with a higher
boiling point (bp) is more difficult to treat than a constituent with a lower
boiling point. Whenever possible, treatment performance data were transferred
*to K035 nonwastewaters from constituents detected in untreated K087 that had
equal or higher boiling points. Specific cases where data were transferred
from another constituent are noted in Table 7-1.
7-3
-------
Table 7-1
CALCULATION OF TREATMENT STANDARDS FOR CONSTITUENTS REGULATED IN K035
NONWASTEUATERS
I
i>
BDAT List Constituent
Regulated in K035
Constituent from
Which Treatment
Performance Data Arithmetic Average of
Corrected Treatment Treatment Standard
Performance Values (pom) Variability Factor (VF) (Average x VF) (ppin)
in K087 Were
Transferred
52.
57.
59.
62.
80.
83.
108.
109.
116.
121.
141.
145.
Acenaphthene
Anthracenene
Benz (a) anthracene
Benzo (a) pyrene
Chrysene
Dibenz(a.h)
anthracene
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)
pyrene
Naphthalene
Phenanthrene
Pyrene
Fluorene
Anthracene
Benz ( a) anthracene
Benzo (a) pyrene
Chrysene
Indeno(l , 2 , 3 -cd) pyrene
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)
pyrene
Naphthalene
Phenanthrene
Pyrene
1.220
1.220
1.220
1.220
1.220
1.220
1.220
1.220
1.220
1.220
1.220
2.941
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
8.2
-------
Table 7-2
CALCULATION OF TREATMENT STANDARDS FOR CONSTITUENTS REGULATED IN K035
UASTEWATERS
BOAT List Constituent
Regulated in K035
Constituent from
Which Treatment
Performance Data Arithmetic Average of
in K087 Were Corrected Treatment Treatment Standard
Transferred Performance Values (ppm) Variability Factor (VF) (Average x VF) (ppm)
59.
80.
"
i
v_n
82.
108.
121.
141.
142.
145.
Benz ( a ) anthracene
Chrysene
o-Cresol
p-Cresol
Fluoranthene
Naphthalene
Phenanthrene
Phenol
Pyrene
Benz ( a ) anthracene
Chrysene
p-Cresol
p-Cresol
Fluoranthene
Naphthalene
Phenanthrene
Phenol
Pyrene
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.010
.005
.010
.010
.010
.010
.010
.011
.02
2
2.
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
.8
.8
.8
.8
.8
.8
.8
.8
.8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.028
.14
.028
.028
.028
.028
.028
.031
.056
-------
8.0 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This background document was prepared for the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste, by Radian Corporation under Contract
No. 68-W9-0072. This document was prepared under the direction of Richard
Kinch, Acting Chief, Waste Treatment Branch; Larry Rosengrant, Section Head,
Treatment Technology Section; Jerry Vorbach, Project Officer; and Jose
Labiosa, Project Manager. Steve Silverman served as EPA legal advisor.
The following personnel from Radian Corporation were involved in
preparing this document: John Williams, Program Manager; Mary Willett,
Project Director; and Chrisanti Haretos, Task Leader.
8-1
-------
9.0 REFERENCES
1. USEPA. 1989. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Solid Waste. Methodology for Developing BOAT Treatment Standards.
June, 1989. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency.
2. American Public Health Association, American Waterworks
Association, and the Water Pollution Control Federation. 1985.
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater.
Sixteenth Edition. Washington, D.C.: American Public Health
Association.
3. USEPA. 1985. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Solid Waste. Characterization of Waste Streams Listed in 40 CFR
Section 261 Waste Profiles. Two Volumes. Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency.
4. USEPA. 1989. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Solid Waste. K035 Characterization Report for Reillv Industries
Inc.. Provo. Utah and Granite City. Illinois. Washington, D.C.:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
5. USEPA. 1989. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Solid Waste. Treatment Technology Background Document. June,
1989. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
6. USEPA. 1988. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Solid Waste. Draft Onsite Engineering Report of Treatment
Technology Performance and Operation for K087 Wastes at the
Combustion Research Facility. Jefferson. Arkansas. February, 1988.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
7. USEPA. 1988. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Solid Waste. Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BOAT)
Background Document for K087. August, 1988. Washington, D.C.:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
8. USEPA. 1990. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Solid Waste. Final Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BOAT)
Background Document for U and P Wastes and Multi-Source Leachate
(F039"). Volume A. May, 1990. Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency.
9-1
-------
APPENDIX A
SUMMARY OF TREATMENT PERFORMANCE DATA FOR
ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS REGULATED IN K035 WASTEUATERS
A-l
-------
Benzfa^anthracene (U018). Two sources of wastewater treatment
performance data were available for benz(a)anthracene, including data from the
ITD and WERL databases. These data are presented in Table 4-57. Technologies
for which data are available include AS, AS+Fil, and BT. The treatment
performance data represent pilot- and full-scale studies.
The treatment performance data available from the ITD database were
used for setting the proposed and promulgated BOAT standard for this
constituent for the following reasons:
(1) The ITD data represent treatment performance data from the
OCPSF sampling episodes. The data collected by ITD include
long-term sampling of several industries. These data are
therefore a good reflection of the total organic chemical
industry and can adequately represent a wastewater of unknown
characteristics.
(2) The ITD data were carefully screened prior to inclusion in the
OCPSF database. These data were used in determining an ITD
promulgated limit.
(3) A promulgated ITD limit represents data that have undergone
both EPA and industry review and acceptance.
BDAT for benz(a)anthracene is being promulgated as proposed and is
identified as biological treatment (BT). The BDAT treatment standard was
calculated using the ITD median long-term average of 10 ppb and the ITD Option
1 variability factor. The calculation of the resulting BDAT treatment
standard for benz(a)anthracene (0.059 ppm) is described in Section 6.0 and is
shown in Table 6-10.
TABLE 4-57
WASTEWATER TREATXENT PERFORMANCE DATA
FOR BENZ(a)ANTHRACENE
DETECTION RANGE HO. OP AVERAGE
TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY FACILITY LIMIT INFLUENT DATA EFFLUENT RECOVERY REHOVAL REFERENCE
SIZE (ppb) CONCENTRATION POINTS CONCENTRATION (t) (t)
(PpB)
98.3 WERL
97.5 WERL
97 WERL
96.5 WERL
99.75 WERL
ITD-L *
AS
AS
AS
ASfFil
Fil
* BT
Ful
PlK
Pu
Ful
Ful
Ful
201B
: 204A
6B
6B
. 792E
1293
0-100
0-100
100-1000
1000-10000
1000-10000
10 10-614
1
8
12
3
4
15
1.000
0.600
10.000
56.000
3.000
10.000
Data used in developing proposed standard.
A-2
-------
Chrvsene (U050). Two sources of wastewater treatment performance
data were available for chrysene, including data from the ITD and WERL
databases. These data are presented in Table 4-73. Technologies for which
data are available include AS, AS+Fil, and BT. The treatment performance data
represent pilot- and full-scale studies.
The treatment performance data available from the ITD database were
used for setting the proposed and promulgated BOAT standard for this
constituent for the following reasons:
(1) The ITD data represent treatment performance data from the
OCPSF sampling episodes. The data collected by ITD include
long-term sampling of several industries. These data are
therefore a good reflection of the total organic chemical
industry and can adequately represent a wastewater of unknown
characteristics.
(2) The ITD data were carefully screened prior to inclusion in the '
OCFSF database. These data were used in determining an ITD
promulgated limit.
(3) A promulgated ITD limit represents data that have undergone
both EPA and industry review and acceptance.
BDAT for chrysene is being promulgated as proposed and is identified
as biological treatment (BT). The BDAT treatment standard was calculated
using the ITD median long-term average of 10 ppb and the ITD Option 1
variability factor. The calculation of the resulting BDAT treatment standard
for chrysene (0.059 ppm) is described in Section 6.0 and is shown in Table
6-10.
TABLE 4-73
WASTEWATER TREATHEHT PERFORMANCE DATA
FOR CHRYSENE
DETECTION
TECHBOLOGY TECHNOLOGY FACILITY LIMIT
SIZE (ppb)
RANGE NO. OF AVERAGE
INFLCEHT DATA EFFLDEHT RECOVERY REMOVAL REFERENCE
CONCENTRATION POINTS CONCENTRATION (\) (\)
(ppb) (ppb)
AS
AS
AS.
AS+Fil
Fll
* BT
PllO
Fu
Fu
Fu.
Fu
Ful
t 204A
6B
6B
6B
792E
1 1293 10
0-100
100-1000
100-1000
1000-10000
100-1000
10-677
8
4
11
3
4
15
1.200
10.000
10.000
10.000
1.000
10.000
96.9
99
96.8
99.09
99.76
*m
~mi
viEHL
>m
*ERL
ITD-L *
* Data used in developing proposed standard.
A-3
-------
ortho-Cresol (U052). The data available for ortho-cresol were
compiled from che UERL database and the BOAT Solvents Rule data. These data
are presented in Table 4-74. Technologies for which data are available
include anaerobic fixed film (Anff) separately and in conjunction with GAG
(AnFFwGAC), BT, and RO. The treatment performance data represent bench-,
pilot-, and full-scale studies and the resulting effluent concentrations
ranged from 14 ppb to 26,000 ppb.
BOAT for ortho-cresol is being promulgated as proposed and is
identified as biological treatment (BT). Biological treatment was selected as
BOAT because it represents full-scale data developed from ITD sampling and was
used as part of the BOAT Solvents Rule. The BOAT treatment standard for
ortho-cresol was calculated using the effluent concentration of 25 ppb and the
appropriate variability factor and accuracy correction factor. The
calculation of the resulting BOAT treatment standard for ortho-cresol (0.11
ppm) is described in Section 6.0 and is shown in Table 6-10.
TABLE 4-74
WASTEWATEJ TREATMENT PERFORMANCE DATA
FOR ortho-CRESOL
TECHNOLOGY
AnFF
AnFF
AnFFvGAC
* BT
RO
TECHNOLOGY
SIZE
Bench
Pilot
Pilot
FACILITY
m
249D
REF5
250B
DETECTION RANGE
LIMIT INFLDENT
(ppb) CONCENTRATION
(Ppb)
100000-1000000
10000-100000
100000-1000000
1886-2536
100-1000
NO. OF
DATA
POINTS
2
-r
AVERAGE
EFFLDENT RECOVERY
CONCENTRATION (t)
(PPb)
26000.000
7800.000
8800.000
25.000
14.000
REMOVAL
78
85
98.7
98.5
REFERENCE
WERL
WERL
WERL
BOAT / *
WERL
/ ITD data presented in the BOAT Solvents Rule F001-F005 Background Oocuient.
* Data used in developing proposed standard.
A-4
-------
meta/para-Cresol (U052). The data available for meta/para-cresol
were compiled from the WERL database and are presented in Table 4-75.
Technologies for which data are available include gravity oil water separation
followed by dissolved air flotation separation followed by AS (API+DAF+AS),
AS, AnFF, RO, and SExt. The treatment performance data represent bench-,
pilot-, and full-scale studies. The resulting effluent concentrations ranged
from 72 ppb to 17,000 ppb.
BOAT for meta/para-cresol is being promulgated as proposed and is
identified as activated sludge biological treatment (AS). Activated sludge
was selected as BOAT because it represents a demonstrated technology with a
high removal efficiency and was the BOAT chosen for ortho isomers of cresol.
The BOAT treatment standard for meta/para-cresol was calculated using the
effluent concentration of 174 ppb and the appropriate variability factor and
accuracy correction factor. The calculation of the resulting BOAT treatment
standard for meta/para-cresol (0.77 ppm) is described in Section 6.0 and is
shown in Table 6-10.
TABLE 4-75
WASTEWATE5 TREATMENT PERFORMANCE DATA
FOB aeta/para-CRESOL
TECHNOLOGY
API+DAF+AS
* AS
AnFF
SO
SExt
TECHHOLOGY FACILITY
SIZE
pffi
Benc
Pffi
1482D
: 241B
1 230A
250B
: 1082E
DETECTION
LIMIT
(PPb)
RANGE
INFLUENT
CONCENTRATION
(PPb)
1000-10000
100-1000
100000-1000000
1000-10000
100000-1000000
NO. OF
DATA
POINTS
4
9
AVERAGE
EFFLDENT RECOVERY
CONCENTRATION (1)
(PPb)
160.000
174.000
17000.000
72.000
3000.000
REMOVAL
(*)
87
68
90.7
97.7
99.66
REFERENCE
WERL
'mi *
WERL
WERL
WERL
* Data used in developing proposed standard.
A-5
-------
Fluoranthene (U120). Two sources of wastewater treatment
performance data were available for fluoranthene, including data from the ITD
and WERL databases. These data are presented in Table 4-92. Technologies for
which data are available include AL, AS, AS+Fil, CAC, ChOx, BT, PACTR, RO, and
TF. The treatment performance data represent bench-, pilot-, and full-scale
studies.
The treatment performance data available from the ITD database were
used for setting the proposed and promulgated BOAT standard for this
constituent for the following reasons:
(1) The ITD data represent treatment performance data from the
OCPSF sampling episodes. The data collected by ITD include
long-term sampling of several industries. These data are
therefore a good reflection of the total organic chemical
industry and can adequately represent a wastewater of unknown
characteristics.
(2) The ITD data were carefully screened prior to inclusion in the
OCPSF database. These data were used in determining an ITD
promulgated limit.
(3) A promulgated ITD limit represents data that have undergone
both EPA and industry review and acceptance.
BDAT for fluoranthene is being promulgated as proposed and is
identified as biological treatment (BT). The BDAT treatment standard was
calculated using the ITD median long-term average of 11.533 ppb and the ITD
Option 1 variability factor. The calculation of the resulting BDAT treatment
standard for fluoranthene (0.068 ppm) is described in Section 6.0 and is shown
in Table 6-10.
A-6
-------
TABLE 4-92
'niASTEWTER TREATMENT PERFORMANCE DATA
FOR FLUORAHTHENE
DETECTION
TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY FACILITY LIMIT
SIZE (ppb)
AL
AL
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
Pilot 203A
Pilot - 203A
Full 375E
Full 375E
Pilot 204A
Full 375E
Full 6B
Pilot 240A
Full 375E
Pilot 203A
ASi-Fil Full 6B
CAC Pilot 195B
CAC Pilot 203A
ChOx(Cl) Full 1081D
Fi]
Fl]
Fj]
Fl]
* BT
L Pilot 195B
L Pilot 577E
L Full 1081D
I Full 792E
Full 1293 10
PACT Bench 975B
RO
TF
TF
TF
TF
TF
Pilot 1634E
Pilot 203A
Full
Full
Ful]
Pilot
L 375E
I 375E
L IB
: 240A
RANGE
INFLUENT
CONCENTRATION
(ppb)
100-1000
100-1000
0-100
0-100
0-100
0-100
1000-10000
0-100
0-100
100-1000
1000-10000
1000-10000
100-1000
0-100
100-1000
0-100
0-100
1000-10000
988-2141
0-100
0-100
100-1000
0-100
0-100
0-100
0-100
NO, OF
DATA
POINTS
11
11
7
7
8
7
14
12
i
ii
3
8
11
3
4
15
11
7
7
4
11
AVERAGE
EFFLUENT RECOVERY
CONCENTRATION (I)
(PPb)
36.000
23.000
0.041
0.048
1.900
0.038
12.000
8.000
0.029
5.000
16.000
170.000
13.000
0.045
110.000
0.001
0.081
8.000
11.500
3.000
0.007
49.000
0.029
0.044
12.000
14.000
REHOVAL
m
65
78
98.1
93.3
93.9
94.1
99.25
91.8
96.8
95.2
99.69
93.7
88
44
35
99.92
42
99.56
77
88
53
97.1
96.3
69
85 .
REFERENCE
wERL
>'ERL
X'ERL
'mi
XERL
XERL
/iERL
>'ERL
XERL
>'ERL
*ERL
>m
*ERL
XERL
XERL
>m
X'ERL
VERL
ITD-L *
*ERL
XERL
AERL
*ERL
>TRL
*ERL
>ERL -
Data used in developing proposed standard.
A-7
-------
Naphthalene (U165). Three sources of wastewater treatment
performance data were available for naphthalene, including data from the ITD
and VERL databases as well as literature WAO data. These data are presented
in Table 4-100. Technologies for which data are available include AL, AS,
AirS, CAC, ChOx, BT, PACT", RBC, RO, TF, and WOx. The treatment performance
data represent bench-, pilot-, and full-scale studies.
The treatment performance data available from the ITD database were
used for setting the proposed and promulgated BOAT standard for this
constituent for the following reasons:
(1) The ITD data represent treatment performance data from the
OCPSF sampling episodes. The data collected by ITD include
long-term sampling of several industries. These data are
therefore a good reflection of the total organic chemical
industry and can adequately represent a wastewater of unknown
characteristics.
(2) The ITD data were carefully screened prior to inclusion in the
OCPSF database. These data were used in determining an ITD
promulgated limit.
(3) A promulgated ITD limit represents data that have undergone
both EPA and industry review and acceptance.
BDAT for naphthalene is being promulgated as proposed and is
identified as biological treatment (BT). The BDAT treatment standard was
calculated using the ITD median long-term average of 10 ppb and the ITD Option
1 variability factor. The calculation of the resulting BDAT treatment
standard for naphthalene (0.059 ppm) is described in Section 6.0 and is shown
in Table 6-10.
A-8
-------
TABLE 4-100
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PERFORMANCE DATA
FOR NAPHTHALENE
TECHNOLOGY
AL
AL
AL
AL
AL
AL+AL
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AirS
CAC
Choi
* BT
PACT
RflC
80
TP
TP
TP
WOX
TECHNOLOGY FACILITY
SIZE
Pilot 192D
Bench - 371D
Pilot 192D
Pilot 203A
Pilot 203A
Ful
FUl
Ful
Benc
Pilo
Pilo
233D
201B
6B
I 1050E
. 241B
: 241B
1 975B
Pilot 204A
Bench 202D
Pilot 203A
Pilot 240A
Ful
FUl
FuL
Pilo
fa
ful
Pilo
Bend
1 IB
IB
6B
6B
: 192D
IB
6B
6B
: 192D
b 1328E
Pilot 203A
Benc
Ful
fifi
Pilo
Pul
Pilo
l> 975B
1293
i Zimro
: 192D
. 180A
: 240A
IB
t 203A
Full Zispro
DETECTION RANGE
LIMIT INFLUENT
(ppb) CONCENTRATION
(ppb)
0-100
100-1000
100-1000
100-1000
100-1000
100-1000
0-100
100-1000
100-1000
100-1000
100-1000
100-1000
0-100
1000-10000
100-1000
100-1000
0-100
100-1000
10000-100000
100-1000
0-100
0-100
1000-10000
100-1000
100-1000
10000-100000
100-1000
0-100
10 11227-37145
A
0-100
100-1000
0-100
100-1000
6 1200
NO. OF
DATA
POINTS
11
11
21
11
2
5
11
5
8
11
12
5
5
14
13
4
7
3
5
11
15
1
11
6
11
1
AVERAGE
EFFLUENT RECOVERY
CONCENTRATION (*)
10.000
23.000
25.000
13.000
36.000
16.000
5.000
14.000
8.900
10.000
1.000
0.700
10.000'
4.000
6.000
9.000
10.000
10.000
10.000
10.000
3.000
10.000
10.000
25.000
6200.000
79.000
2.000
10.000
1.000
10.000
0.020
14.000
3.000
74.000
210.000
REMOVAL
(t)
82
97.7
96.5
88
67
98.3
89
95.9
99.5
97.9
93
99.17
99.09
99.86
96.3
95
86
95.4
99.95
99
32
91.9
99.56
96
96.5
74
27
88
99.9
82
80
88
89
32
REFERENCE
WERL
WERL
WERL
HERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WHL
WERL -
WERL
WERL
ITD-L *
WAO
WERL
HERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WAO
Data used in developing proposed standard.
A-9
-------
Phenanthrene (U051). Two sources of wastewater treatment
performance data were available for phenanthrene, including data from the ITD
and WERL databases. These data are presented in Table 4-108. Technologies
for which data are available include AL, AS, AS+Fil, CAC, BT, PACT", and TF.
The treatment performance data represent bench-, pilot-, and full-scale
studies.
The treatment performance data available from the ITD database were
used for setting the proposed and promulgated BOAT standard for this
constituent for the following reasons:
(1) The ITD data represent treatment performance data from the
OCPSF sampling episodes. The data collected by ITD include
long-term sampling of several industries. These data are
therefore a good reflection of the total organic chemical
industry and can adequately represent a wastewater of unknown
characteristics.
(2) The ITD data were carefully screened prior to inclusion in the
OCPSF database. These data were used in determining an ITD
promulgated limit.
(3) A promulgated ITD limit represents data that have undergone
both EPA and industry review and acceptance.
BDAT for phenanthrene is being promulgated as proposed and is
identified as biological treatment (BT). The BDAT treatment standard was
calculated using the ITD median long-term average of 10 ppb and the ITD Option
1 variability factor. The calculation of the resulting BDAT treatment
standard for phenanthrene (0.059 ppm) is described in Section 6.0 and is shown
in Table 6-10.
A-10
-------
TABLE 4-108
WASTEWATEX TREATMENT -PERFORMANCE DATA
FOR PHENANTHRENE
DETECTION
TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY FACILITY LIMIT
SIZE (ppb)
AL
AL
AL
AL
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS+Fil
CAC
m
* BT
FAQ
TF
TF
TF
full
Pilot -
Pilot
Bench
Pilot
Pilot
Full
Pilot
Full
Beno
Benci
Ful
Pilo ;
Ful.
Ful
Ful
Pilot
Pilot
Full
6B
203A
203A
371D
204A
240A
6B
203A
IB
202D
1050E
6B
203A
792E
1293 10
6B
240A
203A
IB
RANGE
INFLDENT
CONCENTRATION
(ppb)
100-1000
0-100
0-100
100-1000
0-100
0-100
1000-10000
0-100
0-100
100-1000
100-1000
1000-10000
0-100
0-100
2035-4711
100-1000
0-100
0-100
100-1000
NO. OF AVERAGE
DATA EFFLUENT RECOVERY REMOVAL
POINTS CONCENTRATION (*) (\)
(PPO)
5
11
11
8
12
14
11
4
5
3
11
4
15
10
10
11
6
10.000
40.000
16.000
15.000
1.100
6.000
10.000
4.000
13.000
10.000
2.000
17.000
24.000
10.000
10.000
25.000
9.000
51.000
17.000
92.9
58
83
98.5
97.2
93
99.7
95.8
82
98.2
99.5
99.8
75
85
95.9
90
46
91.5
REFERENCE
WERL
WERL
UERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
ITD-L *
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
Data used in developing proposed standard.
A-ll
-------
Phenol (U188). Several sources of wastewater treatment performance
data were available for phenol, including data from the 1TD, BOAT, and WERL
databases as well as literature WAO data. These data are presented in Table
4-109A. In addition, leachate treatment performance data submitted by
industry just prior to proposal are presented in Table 4-109B. Technologies
for which data are available include AL, API+DAF+AS, AS, ChOx, GAG, BT, LL,
LL+SS, LL+SS+AC, PACT", RBC, RO, SBR, SS, TF, WOx, AS+Fil, and Anff. The
treatment performance data represent bench-, pilot-, and full-scale studies.
At proposal, BOAT for phenol was identified as biological treatment
and the treatment standard was based on an ITD median long-term average
effluent concentration of 10.363 ppb from the ITD database. Between proposal
and promulgation, EPA evaluated the industry-submitted leachate data available
for phenol. Since this data for biological treatment (BT) showed substantial
treatment of phenol, these data were used to calculate the promulgated
standards. Therefore, BOAT for phenol is biological treatment.
The BOAT treatment standard for phenol was calculated using the
effluent concentration of 10 ppb and the appropriate variability factor and
accuracy correction factor. The calculation of the resulting BDAT treatment
standard for phenol (0.039 ppm) is described in Section 6.0 and is shown in
Table 6-10.
A-12
-------
TABLE 4-109A
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PERFORMANCE DATA
FOR PHENOL
TECHNOLOGY
AL
AL
AL
AL
API+DAF+AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS+Pjl
AS+Fll
DETECTION RANGE
TECHNOLOGY FACILITY LIMIT INFLUENT
SIZE (ppb) CONCENTRATION
(PPb)
Pilot 203A
Pilot - 203A
Full 6B
Pilot 192D
Full 1482D
Full IB
Bench 202D
fa
Pilo
Fa
Fu.
Pa
Fa
Fa
Fa
Ful
1 8
t 203A
201B
IB
' 6B
IB
IB
975B
IB
B?nch 1054E
pffi 2IS*
Ful 1122E
Full 6B
Pilot 241B
Pul
Fa
Fa
Fa
Fa
to
Pilo
Ful
Ful
Pilo
6B
975B
6B
IB
IB
6B
226B
975B
6B
; 2041
Pilot 192D
Ful
Benc
Pa
Fa
FU
Ful
1 6B
l 1054E
6B
IB
6B
1 6B .
100-1000
100-1000
100-1000
100-1000
100-1000
100-1000
0-100
100000-1000000
100-1000
100-1000
100-1000
100-1000
100-1000
10000-100000
100-1000
0-100
1000-10000
100-1000
100000-1000000
0-100
100-1000
10000-100000
100-1000
100-1000
1000-10000
100-1000
100-1000
100-1000
0-100
100-1000
100000-1000000
1000-10000
100000-1000000
100-1000
100-1000
1000-10000
10000-100000
100000-1000000
100-1000
10000-100000
100-1000
NO. OF AVERAGE
DATA EPFLDENT RECOVERY REMOVAL
POINTS CONCENTRATION (1) (J)
(ppb)
11
11
3
4
5
6
39
5
11
31
6
3
6
3
5
11
3
4
10
11
6
6
3
6
2
8
4
13
6
3
15
84.000
18.000
11.000
10.000
85.000
2.000
26.000
0.010
10.000
8.000
14.000
20.000
1.000
10.000
61.000
1.000
6.600
1.000
0.250
10.000
15.000
4000.000
120.000
8.000
21.000
20.000
10.000
1.000
1.000
10.000
500.000
160.000
10.000
14.000
10.000
56.000
1000.000
10.000
25.000
13.000
10.000
33
86
90.8
98.99
89.5
98.6
63
99.99
96.4
97.2
89
92.6
99.89
99.94
92.4
96.4
99.87
99.33
99.88
90
98
95.2
97.9
97.2
99.64
87
96.3
99.44
98.3
98.6
99.95
95
99.99
94.6
98.99
96.9
95
99.99
94.4
99.98
98
REFERENCE
WERL
WERL
HERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
HESL
HERL
HERL
MEM.
WERL
HERL
WERL
HERL
HERL
HERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
mi
HERL
HERL
HER,
WERL
HER,
WEE
HER,
WERL
WERi
HERL
WERL
HERL
WERL
WERL
HERL
HERL
A-13
-------
TABLE 4-109A (Continued)
WASTEHATBR TREATMENT PERFORMANCE DATA
FOR PHENOL
TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY FACILITY
SIZE
*
AnFF Pilot 231A
AnFF Pilot 231A
AnFF Bench 230A
AnFF PUot 231A
AnFF Pilot 231A
AnFF Bench 230A
AnFF PUot 2350
AnFFwGAC Pjlot 249D
CAC Pilot 203
ChOx . Bench 975 ,
ChOx Bench 975
ChOx Bench 975
GAC Bench 1054
GAC Ful
GAC Fu
* BT FU
LL Fu
LL Ftt
LL+SS FU
LL+SS+AC FU
PACT Benc
PACT Benc
PACT Ful
PACT Bead
RflC PUo
RBC Pita
RO Ful
SBS P}lo
245B
237 1
1293
K104
K103
K103/K104
K1037K104
1 190E
1 975B
6B
I 975B
: 603E
1920
250B
14330
SBI Pilot 2270
SBR Bench 640
SBRwPACT Bench 640
SExt PUot 1082B
SS Pilot 1082E
TF Pilot 203A
TF Pul
TF Pllo
TF Ful
WOx Benc
WOx B] Benc
WOx B Benc
1 IB
: 240A
Ifi
) ZiBpro
I lOME
b 11010
WOx B Bench 236A
DETECTION RANGE
LIMIT INFLUENT
(ppb) CONCENTRATION
(ppb)
1000000
1000000
100000-1000000
100000-1000000
100000-1000000
>1000000
100000-1000000
1000000
100-1000
100-1000
100-1000
1000-10000
100-1000
100-1000
1000-10000
10 698564-978672
30 150000-300000
30 1500000-3000000
30 150000-3000000
30 150000-3000000
10000-100000
1000-10000
1000-10000
1000-10000
100000-1000000
100-1000
1000-10000
10000-100000
100000-1000000
100000-1000000
100000-1000000
>1000000
100000-1000000
100-1000
100-1000
0-100
0-100
10000000
100000-1000000
> 1000000
> 1000000
NO. OF
DATA
POINTS
11
1
1
15
5
5
5
4
3
16
1
11
6
10
6
1
1
AVERAGE
EFFLUENT
CONCENTRATION
(ppb)
700.000
30.000
10.000
10.000
70.000
1000.000
240.000
50.000
99.000
16.000
2.000
12.000
10.000
10.000
5.000
10.000
165000.000
84000.000
2400.000
60.000
1.800
2.000
30.000
8.000
1700.000
10.000
120.000
1000.000
1000.000
3000.000
1000.000
210000.000
160.000
64.000
47.000
8.000
1.000
20000.000
27000.000
3600.000
3000.000
RECOVERY
(*)
21
21
21
21
REMOVAL
(*)
99.98
99.99
98.97
99.99
99.98
99.95
99.86
99.99
21
93.3
98.3
99.37
99
92.6
99.89
99.99
99.96
98.6
99.85
99.6
98.99
93.6
97.7
99.81
99.63
99.88
95.4
24
49
82
91.3
98.2
99.8
97.3
99.92
99.97
REFERENCE
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
ITD-L *
BOAT
BOAT
BOAT
BOAT
WERL
WER,
WER, -
WER,
WERL
WER,
WERL
WER,
WER,
WER,
WER,
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WAO
WERL
WERL
WERL
Data used in developing proposed standard.
TABLE 4-109B
INDUSTRY-SUBMITTED LEACHATE TREATMENT PERFORMANCE
DATA FOR PHENOL
DETECTION
TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY FACILITY LDQT
SIZE (ppb)
RANGE
INFLUENT
CONCENTRATION
NO. OF AVERAGE
DATA EFFLUENT RECOVERY REMOVAL REFERENCE
POINTS CONCENTRATION (t) (I)
BT
DON
10
715-2500
10.000
99.32 LEACHATE
A-14
-------
Pvrene (U051). Three sources of wastewater treatment performance
data were available for pyrene, including data from the ITD and WERL databases
as well as literature WAO data. These data are presented in Table 4-111.
Technologies for which data are available include AL, AS, AS+Fil, CAC, ChOx,
GAG, BT, TF, and WOx. The treatment performance data represent bench-, pilot-
, and full-scale studies.
The treatment performance data available from the ITD database were
used for setting the proposed and promulgated BOAT standard for this
constituent for the following reasons:
(1) The ITD data represent treatment performance data from the
OCPSF sampling episodes. The data collected by ITD include
long-term sampling of several industries. These data are
therefore a good reflection of the total organic chemical
industry and can adequately represent a wastewater of unknown
characteristics.
(2) The ITD data were carefully screened prior to inclusion in the
OCPSF database. These data were used in determining an ITD
promulgated limit.
(3) A promulgated ITD limit represents data that have undergone
both EPA and industry review and acceptance.
BDAT for pyrene is being promulgated as proposed and is identified
as biological treatment (BT). The BDAT treatment standard was calculated
using the ITD median long-term average of 11.33 ppb and the ITD Option 1
variability factor. The calculation of the resulting BDAT treatment standard
for pyrene (0.067 ppm) is described in Section 6.0 and is shown in Table
6-10.
A-15
-------
TABLE 4-111
WASTEHATER TREATMENT PERFORMANCE DATA
FOR PYREHE
TECHNOLOGY
AL
AL
AL
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS+Pil
CAC
CAC
ChOx(Cl)
^p Y '
F' "
Pi
Fi
GAC
* BT
TF
TF
WOX
TECHNOLOGY FACILITY
SUE
Bench 371D
Pilot - 203A
Pilot 203A
Pilol
Pill
Pito
Fui:
Pilo
203A
IB
204A
: 240A
6B
6B
195B
Pilot 203A
Full 1081D
Pjlot 195B
Pui
fui
Fui
577E
1031D
792E
. 195D
1293
Pilot 203A
Pilot 240A
Bench Ziapro
DETECTION RANGE
LIHIT INFLOENT
(ppb) CONCENTRATION
(ppb)
100-1000
100-1000
100-1000
100-1000
0-100
0-100
0-100
100-1000
1000-10000
1000-10000
100-1000
0-100
100-1000
0-100
0-100
1000-10000
0-100
10 641-1438
100-1000
0-100
500000
NO. OF
DATA
POINTS
11
11
11
11
1
8
12
14
3
8
11
8
4
6
15
11
10
1
AVERAGE
EFFLUENT RECOVERY
CONCENTRATION (\)
(ppb)
15.000
36.000
25.000
5.000
5.000
2.000
10.000
10.000
16.000
110.000
12.000
0.018
80.000
0.001
0.045
6.000
10.000
10.300
48.000
17.000
260.000
REMOVAL
(*)
97
65
76
95.2
80
93.3
90
99
99.48
94.5
88
60
27
99.96
40
99.5
79
54
83
99.95
REFERENCE
WERL
WERL
HERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WER,
HER,
HERL
WERL
HERL
WERL
WERL
HERL
HERL
ITD-L *
HERL
WERL
WAO
Data used in developing proposed standard.
A-16
-------
APPENDIX B
ACCURACY CORRECTION OF TREATMENT PERFORMANCE DATA
B-l
-------
Appendix B
ACCURACY CORRECTION OF TREATMENT PERFORMANCE DATA
The treatment performance data used to determine treatment standards
for K035 nonwastewaters were adjusted to account for analytical interferences
associated with the chemical matrices of the samples. Generally, treatment
performance data were corrected for accuracy as follows: (1) a matrix spike
recovery was determined for each BOAT List constituent detected in the
untreated or treated waste; (2) an accuracy correction factor was determined
for each of the above constituents by dividing 100 by the matrix spike recov-
ery (percent) for that constituent; and (3) treatment performance data for
each BDAT List constituent detected in the untreated or treated waste were
corrected by multiplying the reported concentration of each constituent by its
corresponding accuracy correction factor. The procedure for accuracy correc-
tion of the data is described in further detail below.
Matrix spike recoveries are developed by analyzing a sample of a
treated waste for a constituent and then re-analyzing the sample after the
addition of a known amount of the same constituent (i.e., spike) to the
sample. The matrix spike recovery represents the total amount of constituent
recovered after spiking,'minus the initial concentration of the constituent in
the sample, and the result divided by the spike concentration of the constitu-
ent.
Matrix spike recoveries used to adjust the treatment performance
data transferred to K03S nonwastewaters are shown in Table B-l. Duplicate
matrix spikes were performed for some BDAT List constituents. If a duplicate
matrix spike was performed for a constituent, the matrix spike recovery used
for that constituent was the lower of the two values from the first matrix
spike and the duplicate spike. An accuracy correction factor of 1.00 was used
when the matrix spike and duplicate matrix spike recoveries both exceeded
100%, so that the data were not adjusted to concentrations below the detection
limits.
B-2
-------
Where a matrix spike was not performed for an organic constituent,
the matrix spike recovery for that constituent was derived from the average
matrix spike recoveries of the appropriate group of constituents (e.g.,
volatile or semivolatile organics) for which recovery data were available. In
these cases, the matrix spike recoveries for all volatiles or semivolatiles
from the first matrix spike were averaged. Similarly, an average matrix spike
recovery was calculated for the duplicate matrix spike recoveries. The lower
of the two average matrix spike recoveries of the volatile or semivolatile
group was used for any volatile or semivolatile constituent for which no
matrix spike was performed.
The accuracy correction factors for the data used to calculate K035
nonwastewater treatment standards are presented in Table B-2. The corrected
treatment concentrations for the constituents regulated in K03S nonwastewaters
and wastewaters are presented in Table B-3.
B-3
-------
Table B-l
MATRIX SPIKE RECOVERIES FOR KILN ASH RESIDUAL
Spike Constituent
VOLATILE ORGANICS
4. Benzene ND
9. Chlorobenzene ND
24. 1,1-Dichloroethene ND
43. Toluene ND
47. Trichloroethene ND
SEMIVOLATILE ORGANICS (ACID EXTRACTABLES)
76. 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol ND
78. 2-Chlorophenol ND
127. 4-Nitrophenol ND
139. Pentachlorophenol ND
142. Phenol ND
SEMIVOLATILES (BASE/NEUTRAL FRACTION)
52. Acenaphthene ND
88. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene ND
102. 2,4-Dinitrotoluene ND
105. n-Nitroso-di-n-propylamine ND
145. Pyrene ND
150. 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene ND
Original
Amount Amount
Found8 Spiked
(ppm) (ppm)
0.050
0.050
0.050
0.050
0.050
0.200
0.200
0.200
0.200
0.200
0.100
0.100
0.100
0.100
0.100
0.100
0.093
0.079
0.121
0.082
0.034
0.084
Sample Result
Amount Percent
Recovered Recovery6
(ppm)
0.050
0.053
0.057
0.053
0.057
100
106
114
106
114
0.183
0.155
0.074
0.013
0.153
92
78
37
7
77
93
79
121
82
34
84
Duplicate Sample Result
Amount Percent
Recovered Recovery11
(ppm) (%)
0.049
0.053
0.057
0.052
0.057
0.091
0.089
0.109
0.084
0.039
0.089
98
106
114
104
114
0.173
0.166
0.069
0.021
0.159
87
83
35
11
80
91
89
109
84
39
89
"For constituents not quantified in the treatment residual at or above the detection limit (ND), the original amount found
is considered zero in calculating percent recovery.
bPercent recovery - 100 x ((C,-C0)/Ct) , where C0 is the concentration of the original amount found, C, is the concentration
of the amount recovered, and C, is the concentration of the amount spiked.
Source: Onsite Engineering Report for K087 (Reference 6).
ND - Not detected.
-------
Table B-2
SUMMARY OF ACCURACY CORRECTION FACTORS
BOAT List Constituent
4. Benzene
43. Toluene
215.-217. Xylenes (total)
51. Acenaphthalene
57. Anthracene
5 9. Benz(a)anthracene
60. Benzenethiol
62. Benzo(a)pyrene
63. Benzo(b)fluoranthene
65. Benzo(k)fluoranthene
80. Chrysene
82. p-Cresol
108. Fluoranthene
109. Fluorene
116. Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
121. Naphthalene
141. Phenanthrene
142. Phenol
145. Pyrene
Accuracy Correction Factor3
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1,
02
00
00
22
22
22
1.41
22
22
22
22
41
22
22
22
22
22
30
2.94
"The accuracy correction factor is equal to 100 divided by the percent recovery.
An accuracy correction factor of 1.00 was used when matrix spike and duplicate
matrix spike recoveries both exceeded 100%, so that the data were not adjusted to
concentrations below the detection limits.
B-5
-------
Table B-3
ACCURACY-CORRECTED DATA USED TO CALCULATE TREATMENT STANDARDS FOR
CONSTITUENTS REGULATED IN K035 NONWASTEWATERS
to
BOAT List Constituent
VOLATILE ORGANICS
4. Benzene
43. Toluene
215.-217 Xylenes (total)
SEMIVOLATILE ORGANICS
51. Acenaphthalene
57. Anthracene
59. Benz(a)anthracene
60. Benzenethlol
62. Benzo(a)pyrene
63. Benzo(b)fluoranthene
65. Benzo(k)fluoranthene
80. Chrysene
82. p-Cresol
108. Fluoranthene
109. Fluorene
116. Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
121. Naphthalene
141. Phenanthrene
142. Phenol
145. Pyrene
Corrected Total Concentration In K087
Incinerator Ash (ppm)a
Sample Set:
0.0255
0.150
0.025
1.22
1.22
1.22
140.8
1.22
1.22
1.22
1.22
1.41
1.22
1.22
1.22
1.22
1.22
1.30
0.0255
0.085
0.025
1.22
1.22
1.22
140.8
1.22
1.22
1.22
1.22
1.41
1.22
1.22
1.22
1.22
1.22
1.30
0.0255
0.025
0.025
1.22
1.22
1.22
140.8
1.22
1.22
1.22
1.22
1.41
1.22
1.22
1.22
1.22
1.22
1.30
0.0255
0.025
0.025
1.22
1.22
1.22
140.8
1.22
1.22
1.22
1.22
1.41
1.22
1.22
1.22
1.22
1.22
1.30
0.0255
0.190
0.025
1.22
1.22
1.22
140.8
1.22
1.22
1.22
1.22
1.41
1.22
1.22
1.22
1.22
1.22
1.30
2.94
2.94
2.94
2.94
2.94
"Constituent concentrations have been corrected by multiplying the concentration by the accuracy correction
factor (ACF) for each constituent.
------- |