National Survey of Pesticides in Drinking Water Wells


            UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                           WASHINGTON. D.C. 20460
                                                          OFFICE OF
                                                           WATER
                NATIONAL SURVEY OF PESTICIDES IN
                       DRINKING  WATER WELLS
     The attached materials describe, in lay language, possible
health effects associated with commonly-used pesticides that may
be found in drinking water wells.

     EPA has prepared this information for the National Survey of
Pesticides and Nitrates in Drinking Water Wells, a joint project
of EPA's Office of Drinking Water and Office of Pesticide
Programs.  The Survey is designed to provide us with the first
national assessment of the extent and severity of pesticide
contamination in drinking water wells.  It will also examine the
relationships of pesticide use and groundwater vulnerability in
the contamination process.

     A total of 1,350 domestic and community water system wells
have been sampled.  They constitute a statistically valid sample
of the nation's drinking water wells.  These wells were not
chosen because of any suspected contamination.

     Because of the intense interest in this information, and the
time it takes to fill orders, please duplicate and distribute
copies within your organization, as needed.

     Information on ordering the attached materials, or the full
technical Health Advisories on which the summaries are based, can
be found on the first page of the packet.
                            Director, National Pesticide Survey

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                      United States                   Office of Water
                      Environmental Protection          Washington DC 20460
                      Agency
                       Health  Advisory  Summaries

EPA has prepared the attached Health Advisory Summaries for participants in the National Pesticide Survey and
is now making them available to the general public. The Survey is testing a statistically representative sample
of 1,350 wells — some in every state — in order to provide a national assessment of pesticide contamination of
drinking water wells.

Health advisory information has been  prepared for the substances listed below because of their potential for
reaching drinking water.  These pesticides are  among the more than 100 pesticides and breakdown products
that the Survey is testing for during its two-year study of private and community water system wells.  The
Health Advisory Summaries describe possible health effects of these pesticides and suggest actions that may be
taken by a well owner or community system operator to ensure a safe drinking water supply.

The Summaries are based on longer, more technical scientific documents called Health Advisories, which
identify, for each contaminant, the level of pesticide concentration in drinking water that would not pose a
health risk. These levels, based on human data or experimental animal studies, include a "margin of safety."

Appropriate Health Advisory Summaries are sent to well owners and operators when the National Pesticide
Survey finds pesticides in their drinking water wells. This information is also being made available to federal,
state, and local officials and to industry, farm and environmental groups for further distribution. Health
Advisory levels are offered as guidance. They are subject to  change as new information becomes available.
Experts can advise well owners on the appropriate actions to take if pesticides are found in drinking  water.

Information on how to obtain the full  Health Advisories or the Summaries can be obtained by calling the EPA's
Safe Drinking Water Hotline's toll-free number, Monday to Friday, 8:30 a.m.-4:30 p.m. E.S.T. The  number is 1-
800-426-4791  or, in Washington, D.C.,  382-5533-

For more information on the Survey, write to: Director, National Pesticide Survey, Office of Drinking Water
(WH-550A), U.S. EPA, 401  M Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20460.
                     LIST OF HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARIES


 Acifluorfen               Chlordane               Endrin                   Pentachlorophenol
 Alachlor                 Chlorothalonil            Ethylene dibromide       Picloram
 Aldicarb &               Cyanazine               Ethylene thiourea         Prometon
   Aldicarb sulfone &      Dalapon                 Fenamiphos              Pronamide
   Aldicarb sulfoxide      2,4-D                    Fluometuron             Propachlor
 Ametryn                 DBCP                   Heptachlor &            Propazine
 Atrazine                 Diazinon                   Heptachlor epoxide     Propham
 Baygon                  Dicamba                 Hexachlorobenzene      Simazine
 Bentazon                1,2-Dichloropropane      Hexazinone              2,4,5-T
 Bromacil                 1,3-Dichloropropene      Methomyl                2,4,5-TP (Silvex)
 Butylate                 Dieldrin                 Methoxychlor            Tebuthiuron
 Carbaryl                 Dinoseb                 Metolachlor              Terbacil
 Carbofuran               Diphenamid             Metribuzin               Terbufos
 Carboxin                 Disulfoton               Nitrate/Nitrite            Trifluralin
 Chloramben              Diuron                   Oxamyl

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V>EPA HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY

Acifluorfen

What is a Health Advisory?

Health Advisories are guidance documents issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency to assist federal, state, and local officials in responding to drinking water
contamination. The Health Advisories contain information on health risks and treatment
technologies, and specify levels of chemical concentrations in water that are acceptable for
drinking. In preparing Health Advisories, EPA reviews available human data and
experimental animal studies in evaluating potential human health effects. The Health
Advisories are updated as new information becomes available. This summary presents key
highlights from the Health Advisory for Acifluorfen.

What is Acifluorfen?

Acifluorfen, also known as Blazer®, Carbofluorfen, Tackle®, and RH-6201, is a herbicide
used to control weeds and grasses in soybeans and peanuts.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by Acifluorfen in My Water?

Non-Cancer Effects. Consuming Acifluorfen at high levels over a long period of time has
been shown to result in adverse health effects in animal studies, including damage to the
heart, liver, and kidneys, changes in the blood, and delayed fetal development.
Cancer Risk. Aciflourfen also causes cancer in laboratory animals that are given high
doses of the pesticide over the course of their lifetimes. Therefore, EPA considers
Acifluorfen to be a probable human carcinogen (cancer causing agent). EPA estimates that
if an individual consumes water containing Acifluorfen at 1 microgram per liter* over
his or her entire lifetime, that person would have no more than a one-in-a-million chance
of developing cancer as a direct result of drinking water containing this pesticide.

What Actions Should I Take?

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These people can assist you in interpreting your sampling results. They may recommend
that you retest your well to get an accurate overall picture of the water quality. Seasonal
precipitation changes and changes in pesticide use can cause wide variations in the
amount of pesticides found in your well.
Your state or county health officials can refer you to approved testing services, advise you
on the cost of testing, and recommend how often retesting should be done.
Depending on the results of testing, your state or county health officials may advise you to
continue periodic retesting, or in some cases, to use an alternative drinking water supply
(such as bottled water) or treat the water or dig a new or deeper well.
At present, activated carbon adsorption and reverse osmosis appear to be possible
methods for removing Acifluorfen from water. However, these techniques may not be
appropriate or available in every situation. Your state or county health officials should be
able to advise you on the best approach to follow.

Where Can I Get More Information?

In addition to your state and county experts, EPA has two toll-free lines you can call. For
further information on drinking water quality, treatment technologies, and EPA's Health
Advisories, please contact EPA's toll-free Safe Drinking Water Hotline, Monday thru Friday,
8:30 A.M. to 4:30 P.M. E.S.T. at 1-800-426-4791.
Additional information on the health effects of pesticides is available from the National
Pesticide Telecommunications Network, toll-free, 24 hours a day, 1-800-858-7378.
January 1989

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4>EPA HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY

Alachlor

•••••••••••••1HH

What is a Health Advisory?

Health Advisories are guidance documents issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency to assist federal, state, and local officials in responding to drinking water con-
tamination. The Health Advisories contain information on health risks and treatment
technologies, and specify levels of chemical concentrations in water that are acceptable
for drinking. In preparing Health Advisories, EPA reviews available human data and
experimental animal studies in evaluating potential human health effects. The Health
Advisories are updated as new information becomes available. This summary presents
key highlights from the Health Advisory for Alachlor.

What is Alachlor?

Alachlor, also known as Lasso®, is a herbicide, used to control annual grasses and
broadleaf weeds in field corn, soybeans, and peanuts.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by Alachlor in My Water?

Non-Cancer Effects. Consuming Alachlor has been shown to result in damage to the
liver, kidneys, spleen, and eyesm in animal studies.

Cancer Risk. Alachlor also causes cancer in laboratory animals that are given high
doses of the pesticide over the course of their lifetimes. Therefore, EPA considers
Alachlor to be a probable human carcinogen (cancer causing agent). EPA estimates that
if an individual consumes water containing Alachlor at 0.4 micrograms per liter* over
his or her entire lifetime, that person would theoretically have no more than a
one-in-a-million chance of developing cancer as a direct result of drinking water con-
taining this pesticide.

What Actions Should I Take?

Your state or county health officials can refer you to approved testing services, advise you
on the cost of testing, and recommend how often retesting should be done.

Depending on the results of retesting, your state or county health officials may advise
you to continue periodic retesting, or in some cases, to use an alternative drinking water
supply (such as bottled water) or dig a new or deeper well. Treatment by granular acti-
vated carbon can remove Alachlor from water. However, this technique is not necessarily
appropriate or available in every situation. Your state or county health officials should be
able to advise you on the best approach to follow,

aesre Can I Get More Information?

Additional information on the health effects of pesticides is available from the National
Pesticide Telecommunications Network, toll-free, 24 hours a day, 1-800-858-7378.
August 1990

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HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY

Aldicarb (Sulfone and Sulfoxide)
What is a Health Advisory?

What is Aldicarb?

Aldicarb, also known as Temik®, is a pesticide applied both to the soil and directly to
plants to control insects, nematodes, and mites. Aldicarb sulfone and Aldicarb sulfoxide are
oxidation derivatives of Aldicarb formed by many plants and animals after exposure to
Aldicarb. Aldicarb sulfone, also known as Aldoxycarb, may also be used as a pesticide to
control insects and mites. The detection of sulfone and sulfoxide oxidation products of
Aldicarb indicates the use of Aldicarb. Therefore, this Health Advisory Summary for
Aldicarb can also be used as guidance for Aldicarb sulfone and Aldicarb sulfoxide.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by Aldicarb in My Water?

Non-Cancer Effects. EPA has set Lifetime Health Advisory levels of 1 microgrami per
liter* for concentrations of Aldicarb and Aldicarb sulfoxide in drinking water, and JjJ,
mtcrograms per liter for Aldicarb sulfone. (The Lifetime Health Advisory level for the
combination of Aldicarb sulfone and either Aldicarb or Aldicarb sulfoxide in water is 1
microgram per liter.) These levels include a margin of safety to protect human health
and should be regarded as guidelines. EPA believes that water containing Aldicarb at or
below this level is acceptable for drinking every day over the course of one's lifetime, and
does not pose any health concerns.
* Micrograms per liter are the units of measurement for contaminants in water, equivalent to parts
per billion.

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However, consuming water containing Aldicarb at high levels well above the Lifetime
Health Advisory level over a long period of time has been shown to result in inhibition of
an enzyme called cholinesterase, in both humans and animals. Symptoms associated with
inhibition of this enzyme in humans include nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, stomach
cramps, excessive sweating, muscle weakness, headaches, and rapid heart rate. .^
Cancer Risk. Data from laboratory studies are inadequate for EPA to determine if
Aldicarb can increase the risk of cancer in humans.

What Actions Should I Take?

Your first step should be to get the advice of your state or county health officials. Other
experts in your state environmental agency or agriculture department may also be helpful
to you.

Treatment by activated carbon adsorption can remove Aldicarb from water. However, this
technique may not be appropriate or available in every circumstance. Your state or county
health officials should be able to advise you on the best approach to follow.

Where Can I Get More Information?

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HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY
What is a Health Advisory?

What is Ametryn?

Ametryn, also known as Ametrex, or Gesapax®, is a herbicide used to control broadleaf
and grassy weeds in pineapple, sugarcane, bananas, and plantains. Ametryn is also used
on corn, potatoes and for general weed control.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by Ametryn in My Water?

Non-Cancer Effects. EPA has set a Lifetime Health Advisory level for Ametryn in drinking
water at 60 micrograms per liter*. This level includes a margin of safety to protect
human health and should be regarded as a guideline. EPA believes that water containing
Ametryn at or below this level is acceptable for drinking every day over the course of
one's lifetime, and does not pose any health concerns.
However, consuming Ametryn at high levels well above the Lifetime Health Advisory level
over a long period of time has been shown to result in liver damage in animal studies.
Cancer Risk Data from laboratory studies are inadequate for EPA to determine if
Ametryn can increase the risk of cancer in humans.
What Actions Should I Take?
Your first step should be to get the advice of your state or county health officials. Other
experts in your state environmental agency or agriculture department may also be helpful
to you.
* Micrograms per liter are the units of measurement for contaminants in water, equivalent to parts
per billion.

Where Can I Get More Information?

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V>EPA HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY
What is a Health Advisory?

What is Atrazine?

Atrazine, also known as Atranex, or Crisazina®, is a herbicide used to control certain
weeds in corn, sorghum, sugarcane, pineapple, and citrus fruits. It is also used for general
weed control on industrial and non-cropped land.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by Atrazine in My Water?
Non-Cancer Effects. EPA has set a Lifetime Health Advisory level for Atrazine in drinking
water at 3 mtcrograms per liter*. This level includes a margin of safety to protect
human health and should be regarded as a guideline. EPA believes that water containing
Atrazine at or below this level is acceptable for drinking every day over the course of one's
lifetime, and does not pose any health concerns.
However, consuming Atrazine at high levels well above the Lifetime Health Advisory level
over a long period of time has been shown to result in adverse health effects in animal
studies, including tremors, changes in organ weights, and damage to the liver and heart.
Cancer Risk Atrazine is considered by EPA to be a possible human carcinogen (cancer
causing agent). There is limited or uncertain information indicating that Atrazine causes
cancer in animals receiving high doses of the chemical over the course of their lifetimes.
Because Atrazine in drinking water may possibly increase the risk of cancer in humans, the
Lifetime Health Advisory includes an additional margin of safety.
* Micrograms per liter are the units of measurement for contaminants in water, equivalent to parts
per billion.

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Page 2
What Actions Should I Take?

Your first step should be to get the advice of your state or county health officials. Other
experts in your state environmental agency or agriculture department may also be helpful
to you.

These people are likely to recommend that you retest your well to get an accurate overall
picture of the water quality. Seasonal precipitation changes and changes in pesticide use
can cause wide variations in the amount of pesticides found in your well.
Upon retesting, if Atrazine is detected in your drinking well at or below 3 micrograms per
liter, you should continue to retest your well periodically. Your state or county health
officials can refer you to approved testing services, advise you on the cost of testing, and
recommend how often you should retest.
If Atrazine is detected in your water and confirmed by retesting at a level above 3
micrograms per liter, once again consult your state or county health officials. They may
advise you to continue periodic retesting, or in some cases, to use an alternative drinking
water supply (such as bottled water) or treat the water or dig a new or deeper well.
Treatment technologies that can remove Atrazine from water include granular and
powdered activated carbon adsorption. Other technologies such as ion exchange, reverse
osmosis, ozone oxidation, and ultraviolet irradiation are in the experimental stages for this
pesticide and are not necessarily appropriate or available in every situation. Certain
treatment methods are more suitable for large community water systems than for individual
domestic wells. Your state or county health officials should be able to advise you on the
best approach to follow.

Where Can I Get More Information?

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4>EPA HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY

Baygon

What is a Health Advisory?

What is Baygon?

Baygon, also known as Propoxur, Unden®, or Blattanex®, is an insecticide used against
several kinds of insects, especially cockroaches, flies, and mosquitos.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by Baygon in My Water?

Non-Cancer Effects. EPA has set a Lifetime Health Advisory level for Baygon in drinking
water at 3 mtcrograms per liter*. This level includes a margin of safety to protect
human health and should be regarded as a guideline. EPA believes that water containing
Baygon at or below this level is acceptable for drinking every day over the course of one's
lifetime, and does not pose any health concerns.
However, consuming Baygon at high levels well above the Lifetime Health Advisory level
over a long period of time has been shown to result in damage to various organs and the
nervous system in animal studies, as well as inhibition of an enzyme called cholinesterase,
in both humans and animals. Symptoms associated with inhibition of this enzyme include
nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, stomach cramps, excessive sweating, muscle weakness,
headaches, and rapid heart rate.
Cancer Risk Baygon is considered by EPA to be a possible human carcinogen (cancer
causing agent), based on limited or uncertain information that Baygon causes cancer in
animals receiving high doses of the chemical over the course of their lifetimes. Because
Baygon in drinking water may possibly increase the risk of cancer in humans, the Lifetime
Health Advisory includes an additional margin of safety. EPA is currently reviewing recent
evidence that may indicate that Baygon has a stronger potential to cause cancer than
previously thought.
* Micrograms per liter are the units of measurement for contaminants in water, equivalent to parts
per billion.

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Page 2
What Actions Should I Take?

Your first step should be to get the advice of your state or county health officials. Other
experts in your state environmental agency or agriculture department may also be helpful
to you.

These people are likely to recommend that you retest your well to get an accurate overall
picture of the water quality. Seasonal precipitation changes and changes in pesticide use
can cause wide variations in the amount of pesticides found in your well.
Upon retesting, if Baygon is detected in your drinking well at or below 3 micrograms per
liter, you should continue to retest your well periodically. Your state or county health
officials can refer you to approved testing services, advise you on the cost of testing, and
recommend how often you should retest.
If Baygon is detected in your water and confirmed by retesting at a level above 3
micrograms per liter, once again consult your state or county health officials. They may
advise you to continue periodic retesting, or in some cases, to use an alternative drinking
water supply (such as bottled water) or treat the water or dig a new or deeper well.
At present, treatment by granular activated carbon adsorption appears to be a possible
method for removing Baygon from water. However, this technique is not necessarily
appropriate or available in every situation. Your state or county health officials should be
able to advise you on the best approach to follow.

Where Can I Get More Information?

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HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY

Bentazon
What is a Health Advisory?

Health Advisories are guidance documents issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency to assist Federal, state, and local officials in responding to drinking water
contamination. The Health Advisories contain information on health risks and treatment
technologies, and specify levels of chemical concentrations in water that are acceptable for
drinking. In preparing Health Advisories, EPA reviews available human data and
experimental animal studies in evaluating potential human health effects. The Health
Advisories are updated as new information becomes available. This summary presents key
highlights from the Health Advisory for Bentazon.

What is Bentazon?

Bentazon, also known as Basagran®, is a herbicide used to control broadleaf weeds in
soybeans, rice, corn, peanuts, beans, peas, and mint.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by Bentazon in My Water?
Non-Cancer Effects. EPA has set a Lifetime Health Advisory level for Bentazon in
drinking water at 20 microgramsper liter*. This level includes a margin of safety to
protect human health and should be regarded as a guideline. EPA believes that water
containing Bentazon at or below this level is acceptable for drinking every day over the
course of one's lifetime, and does not pose any health concerns.
However, consuming Bentazon at high levels well above the Lifetime Health Advisory
level over a long period of time has been shown to result in excessive weight loss and
inflammation of the prostate gland in animal studies.
Cancer Risk. Data from laboratory studies are inadequate for EPA to determine if
Bentazon can increase the risk of cancer in humans.
What Actions Should I Take?
Your first step should be to get the advice of your state or county health officials. Other
experts in your state environmental agency or agriculture department may also be helpful
to you.
* Micrograms per liter are the units of measurement for contaminants in water, equivalent to parts
per billion.

Where Can I Get More Information?

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HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY

Bromacil
What is a Health Advisory?

What is Bromacil?

Bromacil, also known as Borea®, Hyvar®, or Uragan®, is a herbicide used for general weed
and brush control in noncrop areas. It is particularly useful against perennial grasses.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by Bromacil in My Water?

Non-Cancer Effects. EPA has set a Lifetime Health Advisory level for Bromacil in
drinking water at 90 microgratns per liter*. This level includes a margin of safety to
protect human health and should be regarded as a guideline. EPA believes that water
containing Bromacil at or below this level is acceptable for drinking every day over the
course of one's lifetime, and does not pose any health concerns.
However, consuming Bromacil at high levels well above the Lifetime Health Advisory level
over a long period of time has been shown to result in damage to the testes, liver, and
thyroid in animal studies.
Cancer Risk. Bromacil is considered by EPA to be a possible carcinogen (cancer causing
agent). There is limited or uncertain information indicating that Bromacil causes cancer in
animals receiving high doses of the chemical over the course of their lifetimes. Because
Bromacil in drinking water may possibly increase the risk of cancer in humans, the
Lifetime Health Advisory includes an additional margin of safety.
* Micrograms per liter are the units of measurement for contaminants in water, equivalent to parts
per billion.

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Page 2
What Actions Should I Take?

Your first step should be to get the advice of your state or county health officials. Other
experts in your state environmental agency or agriculture department may also b* helpful
to you.

Upon retesting, if Bromacil is detected in your drinking well at or below 90 micrograms
per liter, you should continue to retest your well periodically. Your state or county health
officials can refer you to approved testing services, advise you on the cost of testing, and
recommend how often you should retest.

If Bromacil is detected in your water and confirmed by retesting at a level above 90
micrograms per liter/once again consult your state or county health officials. They may
advise you to continue periodic retesting, or in some cases, to use an alternative drinking
water supply (such as bottled water) or dig a new or deeper well. At present, EPA has no
information on treatment technologies that can effectively remove Bromacil from drinking
water. 6

Where Can I Get More Information?

Additional information on the health effects of pesticides is available from the National
Pesticide Telecommunications Network, toll-free, 24 hours a day, 1-800-858-7378.
January 1989

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V>EPA HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY

Butylate

What is a Health Advisory?

What is Butylate?

Butylate, also known as R-1910 or Sutan®, is a herbicide used to control most grassy
weeds, including nutgrass, in corn.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by Butylate in My Water?

Non-Cancer Effects. EPA has set a Lifetime Health Advisory level for Butylate in drinking
water at 350 micrograms per liter*. This level includes a margin of safety to protect
human health and should be regarded as a guideline. EPA believes that water containing
Butylate at or below this level is acceptable for drinking every day over the course of one's
lifetime, and does not pose any health concerns.
However, consuming Butylate at high levels well above the Lifetime Health Advisory level
over a long period of time has been shown to result in adverse health effects in animal
studies, including damage to the testes, liver, and kidneys, and delayed fetal development.
Cancer Risk. Data from laboratory studies are inadequate for EPA to determine if Butylate
can increase the risk of cancer in humans.

What Actions Should I Take?

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Page 2
These people are likely to recommend that you retest your well to get an accurate overall
/ picture of the water quality. Seasonal precipitation changes and changes in pesticide use
can cause wide variations in the amount of pesticides found in your well.
Upon retesting, if Butylate is detected in your drinking well at or below 350 micrograms
per liter, you should continue to retest your well periodically. Your state or county health
officials can refer you to approved testing services, advise you on the cost of testing, and
recommend how often you should retest.
If Butylate is detected in your water and confirmed by retesting at a level above 350
micrograms per liter, once again consult your state or county health officials. They may
advise you to continue periodic retesting, or in some cases, to use an alternative drinking
water supply (such as bottled water) or dig a new or deeper well. At present, EPA has no
information on the effectiveness of treatment technologies in removing Butylate from
drinking water, but activated carbon adsorption is considered likely to be effective.

Where Can I Get More Information?

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&EPA HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY

Carbaryl
What is a Health Advisory?

What is Carbaryl?

Carbaryl, also known as Sevin®, is an insecticide used for the control of pests on more
than 100 different crops, and on forests, lawns, ornamentals, shade trees and rangeland.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by Carbaryl in My Water?
Non-Cancer Effects. EPA has set a Lifetime Health Advisory level for Carbaryl in drinking
water at 700 micrograms per liter*. This level includes a margin of safety to protect
human health and should be regarded as a guideline. EPA believes that water containing
Carbaryl at or below this level is acceptable for drinking every day over the course of
one's lifetime, and does not pose any health concerns.
However, consuming Carbaryl at high levels well above the Lifetime Health Advisory level
over a long period of time has been shown to result in damage to the liver and kidneys
and reduced fertility in animal studies, as well as inhibition of an enzyme called
cholinesterase, in both humans and animals. Symptoms associated with inhibition of this
enzyme in humans include nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, stomach cramps, excessive
sweating, muscle weakness, headaches, and rapid heart rate.
Cancer Risk. Data from laboratory studies are inadequate for EPA to determine if
Carbaryl can increase the risk of cancer in humans.
* Micrograms per liter are the units of measurement for contaminants in water, equivalent to parts
per billion.

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What Actions Should I Take?

Your first step should be to get the advice of your state or county health officials. Other
experts in your state environmental agency or agriculture department may also be helpful
to you.

These people are likely to recommend that you retest your well to get an accurate overall
picture of the water quality. Seasonal precipitation changes and changes in pesticide use
can cause wide variations in the amount of pesticides found in your well.
Upon retesting, if Carbaryl is detected in your drinking well at or below 700 micrograms
per liter, you should continue to retest your well periodically. Your state or county health
officials can refer you to approved testing services, advise you on the cost of testing, and
recommend how often you should retest.
If Carbaryl is detected in your water and confirmed by retesting at a level above 700
micrograms per liter, once again consult your state or county health officials. They may
advise you to continue periodic retesting, or in some cases, to use an alternative drinking
water supply (such as bottled water) or treat the water or dig a new or deeper well.
Treatment technologies that can remove Carbaryl from water include activated carbon
adsorption, ozonation, and conventional water treatment (coagulation, settling, and
filtration). However, these techniques are not necessarily appropriate or available in every
situation. Certain treatment methods are more suitable for large community water systems
than for individual domestic wells. Your state or county health officials should be able to
advise you on the best approach to follow.

Where Can I Get More Information?

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V^EPA HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY

Carbofuran
What is a Health Advisory?

What is Carbofuran?

Carbofuran, also known as Furadan, or Curaterr®, is a pesticide used to control insects,
mites, and nematodes on corn and a variety of other crops.

What Health Effects Might Be Ca ised by Carbofuran in My Water?

Non-Cancer Effects. EPA has set a Lifetime Health Advisory level for Carbofuran in
drinking water at 40 microgramsper liter*. This level includes a margin of safety to
protect human health and should be regarded as a guideline. EPA believes that water
containing Carbofuran at or below this level is acceptable for drinking every day over the
course of one's lifetime, and does not pose any health concerns.
However, consuming Carbofuran at high levels well above the Lifetime Health Advisory
level over a long period of time has been shown to result in damage to the testes and
uterus in animal studies, as well as inhibition of an enzyme called cholinesterase, in both
humans and animals. Symptoms associated with inhibition of this enzyme in humans
include nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, stomach cramps, excessive sweating, muscle
weakness, headaches, and rapid heart rate.
Cancer Risk. Sufficient data are available from animal studies to indicate that Carbofuran
does not increase the risk of cancer in humans.
* Micrograms per liter are the units of measurement for contaminants in water, equivalent to parts
per billion.

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Page 2
What Actions Should I Take?

Your first step should be to get the advice of your state or county health officials. Other
experts in your state environmental agency or agriculture department may also be helpful
to you.

These people are likely to recommend that you retest your well to get an accurate overall
picture of the water quality. Seasonal precipitation changes and changes in pesticide use
can cause wide variations in the amount of pesticides found in your well.
Upon retesting, if Carbofuran is detected in your drinking well at or below 40 micrograms
per liter, you should continue to retest your well periodically. Your state or county health
officials can refer you to approved testing services, advise you on the cost of testing, and
recommend how often you should retest.
If Carbofuran is detected in your water and confirmed by retesting at a level above 40
micrograms per liter, once again consult your state or county health officials. They may
advise you to continue periodic retesting, or in some cases, to use an alternative drinking
water supply (such as bottled water) or treat the water or dig a new or deeper well.
A number of treatment technologies may be effective in removing Carbofuran from water,
including granular or powdered activated carbon adsorption and lime softening. However,
these techniques are not necessarily appropriate or available in every situation. Certain
treatment methods are more suitable for large community water systems than for individual
domestic wells. Reverse osmosis and oxidation by ozone or ozone/ultraviolet light are
also possible treatment technologies, although they are still considered experimental for
removal of Carbofuran from water. Your state or county health officals should be able to
advise you on the best approach to follow.

Where Can I Get More Information?

Additional information on the health effects of pesticides is available from the National
Pesticide Telecommunications Network, toll-free, 24 hours a day, 1-800-858-7378.
January 1989

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HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY

Carboxin
What is a Health Advisory?

Health Advisories are guidance documents issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency to assist federal, state, and local officials in responding to drinking water
contamination. The Health Advisories contain information on health risks and treatment
technologies, and specify It els of chemical concentrations in water that are acceptable for
drinking. In preparing Health Advisories, EPA reviews available laboratory studies in
animals and conducts an expert evaluation of potential human health effects. The Health
Advisories are updated as new information becomes available. This summary presents key
highlights from the Health Advisory for Carboxin.

What is Carboxin?

Carboxin, also known as D-735, DCMO, or Vitavax®, is used as a seed protectant and
wood preservative and to control fungus.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by Carboxin in My Water?
Non-Cancer Effects. EPA has set a Lifetime Health Advisory level for Carboxin in
drinking water at 700 micrograms per liter*. This level includes a margin of safety to
protect human health and should be regarded as a guideline. EPA believes that water
containing Carboxin at or below this level is acceptable for drinking every day over the
course of one's lifetime, and does not pose any health concerns.
However, consuming Carboxin at high levels well above the Lifetime Health Advisory level
over a long period of time has been shown to result in adverse health effects in animal
studies, including damage to the kidneys and liver and reduced growth in offspring.
Cancer Risk. Data from laboratory studies are inadequate for EPA to determine if
Carboxin can increase the risk of cancer in humans.

What Actions Should I Take?

Where Can I Get More Information?

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4?EPA HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY

Chloramben

What is a Health Advisory?

What is Chloramben?
Chloramben, also known as Amiben, or Vegiben®, is a herbicide used for weed control in
corn, beans, peanuts, asparagus, soybeans, squash, sunflowers, sweet potatoes, and other
crops.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by Chloramben in My Water?

Non-Cancer Effects. EPA has set a Lifetime Health Advisory level for Chloramben in
drinking water at 100 micrograms per liter*. This level includes a margin of safety to
protect human health and should be regarded as a guideline. EPA believes that water
containing Chloramben at or below this level is acceptable for drinking every day over the
course of one's lifetime, and does not pose any health concerns.
However, consuming Chloramben at high levels well above the Lifetime Health Advisory
level over a long period of time has been shown to result in liver damage, delayed fetal
development, and higher fetal mortality in animal studies.
Cancer Risk Data from laboratory studies are inadequate for EPA to determine if
Chloramben can increase the risk of cancer in humans.

What Actions Should I Take?

Where Can I Get More Information?

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V>EPA HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY

Chlordane

What is a Health Advisory?

What is Chlordane?

Chlordane, also known as Dichlorodene, Octachlor®, or Velsicol-1068®, is a pesticide that
was formerly used to control termites in homes and to control other insects on a variety of
food crops. Chlordane is manufactured by the Velsicol Chemical Corporation. Most uses
of Velsicol-formulations were cancelled by EPA in November 1987. Registration with EPA
of Chlordane by the Velsicol Chemical Corporation for limited use in pre- and post-
construction was allowed until April 1988. Use of non-Velsicol fomulations of Chlordane
for commercial treatment was allowed until April 15, 1988. All uses of Chlordane were
conditionally cancelled by EPA in April 1988.
EPA and Velsicol reached an agreement that Velsicol would be permitted to conditionally
register Chlordane with the EPA for selected pre- and post-construction uses pending the
results of 4 months of satisfactory testing. Any detection of Chlordane in a test of a
specific use of the chemical will result in a cancellation of that use. Conditional
registration of Chlordane would also require additional post-test monitoring for 2 years. If
Chlordane were to be detected at any time during the 2-year period, registration would be
cancelled by EPA. Results of any testing by Velsicol are not yet available.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by Chlordane in My Water?

Non-Cancer Effects. Consuming Chlordane has been shown to result in liver damage
and central nervous system effects in animal studies.

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Page 2
Cancer Risk. Chlordane also causes cancer in laboratory animals that are given high
doses of the pesticide over the course of their lifetimes. Therefore, EPA considers
Chlordane to be a probable human carcinogen (cancer causing agent). EPA estimates that
if an individual consumes water containing Chlordane at 0.03 micrograms per liter*
over his or her entire lifetime, that person would theoretically have about a one-in-a-
million chance of developing cancer as a direct result of drinking water containing this
pesticide.
What Actions Should I Take?
Your first step should be to get the advice of your state or county health officials. Other
experts in your state environmental agency or agriculture department may also be helpful
to you.
These people can assist you in interpreting your sampling results. They may recommend
that you retest your well to get an accurate overall picture of the water quality. Seasonal
precipitation changes and changes in pesticide use can cause wide variations in the
amount of pesticides found in your well.
Your state or county health officials can refer you to approved testing services, advise you
on the cost of testing, and recommend how often retesting should be done.
Depending on the results of retesting, your state or county health officials may advise you
to continue periodic retesting, or in some cases, to use an alternative drinking water
supply (such as bottled water) or treat the water or dig a new or deeper well.
Chlordane can be removed from water by granular or powdered activated carbon
adsorption and possibly by aeration. However, these treatment techniques are not
necessarily appropriate or available in every situation. Certain treatment methods are more
suitable for large community water systems than for individual domestic wells. Your state
or county health officials should be able to advise you on the best approach to follow.

Where Can I Get More Information?
In addition to your state and county experts, EPA has two toll-free lines you can call. For
further information on drinking water quality, treatment technologies, and EPA's Health
Advisories, please contact EPA's toll-free Safe Drinking Water Hotline, Monday thru Friday,
8:30 A.M. to 4:30 P.M. E.S.T. at 1-800-426-4791.
Additional information on the health effects of pesticides is available from the National
Pesticide Telecommunications Network, toll-free, 24 hours a day, 1-800-858-7378.U.S.
* Micrograms per liter are the units of measurement for contaminants in water, equivalent to parts
per billion.
January 1989

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HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY

Chlorothalonil
What is a Health Advisory?

Chlorothalonil, also known as Bravo, or Daconil®, is a pesticide used to control fungus on
beans, carrots, celery, corn, conifers, peanuts, ornamentals, and many other crops.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by Chlorothalonil in My Water?

Non-Cancer Effects. Consuming Chlorothalonil has been shown to result in kidney
damage and excessive weight loss in animal studies.
Cancer Risk. Chlorothalonil also causes cancer in laboratory animals that are given high
doses of the pesticide over the course of their lifetimes. Therefore, EPA considers
Chlorothalonil to be a probable human carcinogen (cancer causing agent). EPA estimates
that if an individual consumes water containing Chlorothalonil at 2 micrograms per
liter* over his or her entire lifetime, that person would theoretically have no more than a
one-in-a-million chance of developing cancer as a direct result of drinking water
containing this pesticide.

What Actions Should I Take?

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Page 2
These people can assist you in interpreting your sampling results. They may recommend
that you retest your well to get an accurate overall picture of the water quality. Seasonal
precipitation changes and changes in pesticide use can cause wide variations in the
amount of pesticides found in your well.
Your state or county health officials can refer you to approved testing services, advise you
on the cost of testing, and recommend how often retesting should be done.
Depending on the results of retesting, your state or county health officials may advise you
to continue periodic retesting, or in some cases, to use an alternative drinking water
supply (such as bottled water) or treat the water, or dig a new or deeper well.
At present, treatment by activated carbon adsorption and reverse osmosis appear to be
possible methods for removing Chlorothalonil from water. However, these techniques may
not be appropriate or available in every situation. Your state or county health officials
should be able to advise you on the best approach to follow.

Where Can I Get More Information?

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HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY

Cyanazine
What is a Health Advisory?

What is Cyanazine?
Cyanazine, also known as Bladex, is used as a herbicide for the control of annual grasses
and broadleaf weeds.
What Health Effects Might Be Caused by Cyanazine in My Water?

Non-Cancer Effects. EPA has set a Lifetime Health Advisory level for Cyanazine in
drinking water at 10 micrograms per liter*. This level includes a margin of safety to
protect human health and should be regarded as a guideline. EPA believes that water
containing Cyanazine at or below this level is acceptable for drinking every day over the
course of one's lifetime, and does not pose any health concerns.

However, consuming Cyanazine at high levels well above the Lifetime Health Advisory
level over a long period of time has been shown to result in adverse health effects in
animal studies, including damage to the liver, changes in organ weights, changes in the
blood, birth defects, and convulsions.

Cancer Risk Data from laboratory studies are inadequate for EPA to determine if
Cyanazine can increase the risk of cancer in humans.
What Actions Should I Take?
Your first step should be to get the advice of your state or county health officials. Other
experts in your state environmental agency or agriculture department may also be helpful
to you.
* Micrograms per liter are the units of measurement for contaminants in water, equivalent to parts
per billion.

Where Can I Get More Information?

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HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY

Dalapon
What is a Health Advisory?

What is Dalapon?

Dalapon, also known as Dowpon, or Ded-Weed®, is a herbicide used to control grasses in
crops, along railroads and drainage ditches, and in industrial areas.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by Dalapon in My Water?

Non-Cancer Effects. EPA has set a Lifetime Health Advisory level for Dalapon in drinking
water at 200 microgratns per liter*. This level includes a margin of safety to protect
human health and should be regarded as a guideline. EPA believes that water containing
Dalapon at or below this level is acceptable for drinking every day over the course of
one's lifetime, and does not pose any health concerns.
However, consuming Dalapon at high levels well above the Lifetime Health Advisory level
over a long period of time has been shown to result in changes in kidney and liver
weights in animal studies.
Cancer Risk. Data from laboratory studies are inadequate for EPA to determine if
Dalapon can increase the risk of cancer in humans.

What Actions Should I Take?

Where Can I Get More Information?

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HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D)
What is a Health Advisory?

What is 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid, also known as 2,4-D or Aqua Kleen®, is a herbicide used
on wheat, corn, and barley, and on rangeland, pasture, and lawns.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by 2,4-D in My Water?

Non-Cancer Effects. EPA has set a Lifetime Health Advisory level for 2,4-D in drinking
water at 70 micrograms per liter*. This level includes a margin of safety to protect
human health and should be regarded as a guideline. EPA believes that water containing
2,4-D at or below this level is acceptable for drinking every day over the course of one's
lifetime, and does not pose any health concerns.
However, consuming 2,4-D at high levels well above the Lifetime Health Advisory level
over a long period of time has been shown to result in damage to the liver and kidneys,
gastrointestinal irritation, changes in the blood, and decreased fetal weight in animal
studies.
Cancer Risk Data from laboratory studies are inadequate for EPA to determine if 2,4-D
can increase the risk of cancer in humans.
What Actions Should I Take?

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Page 2
These people are likely to recommend that you retest your well to get an accurate overall
picture of the water quality. Seasonal precipitation changes and changes in pesticide use
can cause wide variations in the amount of pesticides found in your well.
Upon retesting, if 2,4-D is detected in your drinking well at or below 70 micrograms per
liter, you should continue to retest your well periodically. Your state or county health
officials can refer you to approved testing services, advise you on the cost of testing, and
recommend how often you should retest.
If 2,4-D is detected in your water and confirmed by retesting at a level above 70
micrograms per liter, once again consult your state or county health officials. They may
advise you to continue periodic retesting, or in some cases, to use an alternative drinking
water supply (such as bottled water) or treat the water or dig a new or deeper well.
Conventional treatment methods such as coagulation and filtration are not effective for
removal of 2,4-D from water. Treatment technologies that may be effective include
adsorption by granular or powdered activated carbon and reverse osmosis. However,
these techniques are not necessarily appropriate or available in every situation. Your state
or county health officials should be able to advise you on the best approach to follow.
Where Can I Get More Information?
In addition to your state and county experts, EPA has two toll-free lines you can call. For
further information on drinking water quality, treatment technologies, and EPA's Health
Advisories, please contact EPA's toll-free Safe Drinking Water Hotline, Monday thru Friday,
8:30 A.M. to 4:30 P.M. E.S.T. at 1-800-426-4791.
Additional information on the health effects of pesticides is available from the National
Pesticide Telecommunications Network, toll-free, 24 hours a day, 1-800-858-7378.
January 1989

-------
HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY

l,2-Dibromo-3-Chloropropane (DBCP)
What is a Health Advisory?

What is DBCP?

DBCP, also known as Nemafume®, is a pesticide which was widely used until 1979 to
control nematodes on more than 40 crops. All uses of DBCP in the U.S. have been
cancelled by EPA.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by DBCP in My Water?

Non-Cancer Effects. Consuming DBCP has been shown to result in adverse health
effects in animal studies, including decreased sperm production and damage to the
kidneys, liver, and testes.
Cancer Risk. DBCP also causes cancer in laboratory animals that are given high doses of
the pesticide over the course of their lifetimes. Therefore, EPA considers DBCP to be a
probable human carcinogen (cancer causing agent). EPA estimates that if an individual
consumes water containing DBCP at 0.03 micrograms per liter* over his or her entire
lifetime, that person would theoretically have no more than a one-in-a-million chance of
developing cancer as a direct result of drinking water containing this pesticide.

What Actions Should I Take?

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Page 2
These people can assist you in interpreting your sampling results. They may recommend
that you retest your well to get an accurate overall picture of the water quality. Seasonal
precipitation changes and changes in pesticide use can cause wide variations in the
amount of pesticides found in your well.
Your state or county health officials can refer you to approved testing services, advise you
on the cost of testing, and recommend how often retesting should be done.
Depending on the results of retesting, your state or county health officials may advise you
to continue periodic retesting, or in some cases, to use an alternative drinking water
supply (such as bottled water) or treat the water, or dig a new or deeper well.
Treatment technologies that can remove DBCP from water include aeration arid carbon
adsorption. However, these techniques are not necessarily appropriate or available in
every situation. Certain treatment methods are more suitable for large community water
systems than for individual domestic wells. Your state or county health officials should be
able to advise you on the best approach to follow.

Where Can I Get More Information?

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V^EPA HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY

Diazinon

What is a Health Advisory?

What is Diazinon?

Diazinon, also known as Spectracide®, Basudin®, or AG-500, is a soil insecticide used to
control insects in fruit, vegetables, tobacco, forage, and other field crops, and on pasture
and grass lands. It is also used for nematode control in turf and for seed treatment and fly
control.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by Diazinon in My Water?

Non-Cancer Effects. EPA has set a Lifetime Health Advisory level for Diazinon in
drinking water at 0.6 micrograms per liter*. This level includes a margin of safety to
protect human health and should be regarded as a guideline. EPA believes that water
containing Diazinon at or below this level is acceptable for drinking every day over the
course of one's lifetime, and does not pose any health concerns.
However, consuming Diazinon at high levels well above the Lifetime Health Advisory level
over a long period of time has been shown to result in inhibition of an enzyme called
cholinesterase, in both humans and animals. Symptoms associated with inhibition of this
enzyme in humans include nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, stomach cramps, excessive
sweating, muscle weakness, headaches, and rapid heart rate.
Cancer Risk. Sufficient data are available from animal studies to indicate that Diazinon
does not increase the risk of cancer in humans.
* Micrograms per liter are the units of measurement for contaminants in water, equivalent to parts
per billion.

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Page 2
What Actions Should I Take?

Your first step should be to get the advice of your state or county health officials. Other
experts in your state environmental agency or agriculture department may also be helpful
to you.

These people are likely to recommend that you retest your well to get an accurate overall
picture of the water quality. Seasonal precipitation changes and changes in pesticide use
can cause wide variations in the amount of pesticides found in your well.
Upon retesting, if Diazinon is detected in your drinking well at or below 0.6 micrograms
per liter, you should continue to retest your well periodically. Your state or county health
officials can refer you to approved testing services, advise you on the cost of testing, and
recommend how often you should retest.
If Diazinon is detected in your water and confirmed by1 retesting at a level above 0.6
micrograms per liter, once again consult your state or county health officials. They may
advise you to continue periodic retesting, or in some cases, to use an alternative drinking
water supply (such as bottled water) or treat the water or dig a new or deeper well.
Treatment technologies that can remove Diazinon from water to varying degrees include
reverse osmosis, granular activated carbon adsorption, and ozonation. However, not all of
these techniques are necessarily appropriate or available in every situation. Certain
treatment methods are more suitable for large community water systems than for individual
domestic wells. Your state or county health officials should be able to advise you on the
best approach to follow.

Where Can I Get More Information?

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HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY

Dicamba
What is a Health Advisory?

Health Advisories are guidance documents issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency to assist federal, state, and local officials in responding to drinking water
contamination. The Health Advisories contain information on health risks and treatment
technologies, and specify levels of chemical concentrations in water that are acceptable for
drinking. In preparing Health Advisories, EPA reviews available human data and
experimental animal studies in evaluating potential human health effects, The Health
Advisories are updated as new information becomes available. This summary presents key
highlights from the Health Advisory for Dicamba.

What is Dicamba?

Dicamba, also known as Banvel®, is a herbicide used to control broadleaf weeds in corn,
sorghum, grains, asparagus, and grass seed crops, and on pasture, rangeland, and non-
cropland areas such as fence rows and roadways. It is also used to control brush and
vines in non-cropland, pasture, and rangeland areas.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by Dicamba in My Water?

Non-Cancer Effects. EPA has set a Lifetime Health Advisory level for Dicamba in
drinking water at 200 micrograms per liter*. This level includes a margin of safety to
protect human health and should be regarded as a guideline. EPA believes that water
containing Dicamba at or below this level is acceptable for drinking every day over the
course of one's lifetime, and does not pose any health concerns.
However, consuming Dicamba at high levels well above the Lifetime Health Advisory level
over a long period of time has been shown to result in adverse health effects in animal
studies, including changes in the liver and a decrease in body weight.
Cancer Risk Data from laboratory studies are inadequate for EPA to determine if
Dicamba can increase the risk of cancer in humans.
* Micrograms per liter are the units of measurement for contaminants in water, equivalent to parts
per billion.

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Page 2
What Actions Should I Take?

Your first step should be to get the advice of your state or county health officials. Other
experts in your state environmental agency or agriculture department may also be helpful
to you.

Upon retesting, if Dicamba is detected in your drinking well at or below 200 micrograms
per liter, you should continue to retest your well periodically. Your state or county health
officials can refer you to approved testing services, advise you on the cost of testing, and
recommend how often you should retest.

If Dicamba is detected in your water and confirmed by retesting at a level above 200
micrograms per liter, once again consult your state or county health officials. They may
advise you to continue periodic retesting, or in some cases, to use an alternative drinking
water supply (such as bottled water) or treat the water or dig a new or deeper well.

At present, granular activated carbon adsorption appears to be a possible treatment
method for removing Dicamba from water. However, this technique is not necessarily
appropriate or available in every situation. Your state or county health officials should be
consulted on the best course of action.

Where Can I Get More Information?

Additional information on the health effects of pesticides is available from the National
Pesticide Telecommunications Network, toll-free, 24 hours a day, 1-800-858-7378.
January 1989

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V>EPA HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY

1,2-Dichloropropane

What is a Health Advisory?

What is 1,2-Dichloropropane?

1,2-Dichloropropane, also known as Propylene dichloride or 1,2-DCP, is used as a solvent
for oils and fats, as a solvent for dry cleaning and degreasing operations, and as a
component of soil fumigants.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by 1,2-Dichloropropane in My Water?

Non-Cancer Effects. Consuming 1,2-Dichloropropane has been shown to result in liver
damage in animal studies.
Cancer Risk. 1,2-Dichloropropane also causes cancer in laboratory animals that are given
high doses of the pesticide over the course of their lifetimes. Therefore, EPA considers
1,2-Dichloropropane to be a probable human carcinogen (cancer causing agent). EPA
estimates that if an individual consumes water containing 1,2-Dichloropropane at 0.6
micrograms per liter* over his or her entire lifetime, that person would theoretically
have no more than a one-in-a-million chance of developing cancer as a direct result of
drinking water containing this pesticide.

What Actions Should I Take?

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Page 2
These people can assist you in interpreting your sampling results. They may recommend
that you retest your well to get an accurate overall picture of the water quality. Seasonal
precipitation changes and changes in pesticide use can cause wide variations in the
amount of pesticides found in your well.
Your state or county health officials can refer you to approved testing services, advise you
on the cost of testing, and recommend how often retesting should be done.
Depending on the results of retesting, your state or county health officials may advise you
to continue periodic retesting, or in some cases, to use an alternative drinking water
supply (such as bottled water) or treat the water, or dig a new or deeper well.
The best available treatment technologies for removing 1,2-Dichloropropane from water
are granular activated carbon adsorption and packed tower aeration (air stripping).
However, these techniques are not necessarily appropriate or available in every situation.
Certain treatment methods are more suitable for large community water systems than for
individual domestic wells. Your state or county health officials should be able to advise
you on the best approach to follow.

Where Can I Get More Information?

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V>EPA HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY

1,3-Dichloropropene

What is a Health Advisory?

What is 1,3-Dichloropropene?

1,3-Dichloropropene, also known as DCP or Telone, is a soil fumigant used to control a
wide variety of plant pests. Its major use is for nematode control on crops grown in sandy
soils of the Eastern, Southern, and Western United states.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by 1,3-Dichloropropene in My Water?

Non-Cancer Effects. Consuming 1,3-Dichloropropene has been shown to result in
damage to the bladder and kidneys in animal studies.
Cancer Risk. 1,3-Dichloropropene also causes cancer in laboratory animals that are given
high doses of the pesticide over the course of their lifetimes. Therefore, EPA considers
1,3-Dichloropropene to be a probable human carcinogen (cancer causing agent). EPA
estimates that if an individual consumes water containing 1,3-Dichloropropene at 0.2
micrograms per liter* over his or her entire lifetime, that person would theoretically
have no more than a one-in-a-million chance of developing cancer as a direct result of
drinking water containing this pesticide.

What Actions Should I Take?

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Page 2
These people can assist you in interpreting your sampling results. They may recommend
that you retest your well to get an accurate overall picture of the water quality. Seasonal
precipitation changes and changes in pesticide use can cause wide variations in the
amount of pesticides found in your well.
Your state or county health officials can refer you to approved testing services, advise you
on the cost of testing, and recommend how often retesting should be done.
Depending on the results of retesting, your state or county health officials may advise you
to continue periodic retesting, or in some cases, to use an alternative drinking water
supply (such as bottled water) or treat the water, or dig a new or-deeper well.
At present, granular activated carbon adsorption may be a possible treatment method for
removing 1,3-Dichloropropene from water. However, this technique is not necessarily
appropriate or available in every situation. EPA has no information on any other treatment
methods that are effective for removing 1,3-Dichloropropene. Your state or county health
officials should therefore be consulted on the best approach to follow.

Where Can I Get More Information?

In addition to your state and county experts, EPA has two toll-free lines you can call. For
further information on drinking water quality, treatment technologies, and EPA's Health
Advisories, please contact EPA's toll-free Safe Drinking Water Hotline, Monday thru Friday,
8:30 A.M. to 4:30 P.M. E.S.T. at 1-800-426-4791.
Additional information on the health effects of pesticides is available from the National
Pesticide Telecommunications N'etwork, toll-free, 24 hours a day, 1-800-858-7378.
January 1989

-------
HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY

Dieldrin
What is a Health Advisory?

Dieldrin, also known as HEOD or Dieldrex®, is a pesticide that was formerly used to
control soil insects, termites, and many other pests. These uses have been cancelled, and
manufacture of Dieldrin has been discontinued in the United States.
What Health Effects Might Be Caused by Dieldrin in My Water?

Non-Cancer Effects. Consuming Dieldrin has been shown to result in adverse health
effects in animal studies, including damage to the bladder and liver, convulsions,
chromosomal abnormalities, weight loss, and birth defects (in one species of animal but
not in others).
Cancer Risk. Dieldrin also causes cancer in laboratory animals that are given high doses
of the pesticide over the course of their lifetimes. Therefore, EPA considers Dieldrin to be
a probable human carcinogen (cancer causing agent). EPA estimates that if an individual
consumes water containing Dieldrin at 0.002 micrograms per liter* over his or her
entire lifetime, that person would theoretically have no more than a one-in-a-million
chance of developing cancer as a direct result of drinking water containing this pesticide.

What Actions Should I Take?

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Page 2
These people can assist you in interpreting your sampling results. They may recommend
that you retest your well to get an accurate overall picture of the water quality. Seasonal
precipitation changes and changes in pesticide use can cause wide variations in the
amount of pesticides found in your well.
Your state or county health officials can refer you to approved testing services, advise you
on the cost of testing, and recommend how often retesting should be done.
Depending on the results of retesting, your state or county health officials may advise you
to continue periodic retesting, or in some cases, to use an alternative drinking water
supply (such as bottled water) or treat the water, or dig a new or deeper well.
There are a number of treatment technologies that can remove Dieldrin from water to
varying degrees, including reverse osmosis, granular activated carbon adsorption,
ozonation, and conventional treatment. However, these techniques are not necessarily
appropriate or available in every situation. Certain treatment methods are more suitable
for large community water systems than for individual domestic wells. Your state or
county health officials should be able to advise you on the best approach to follow.

Where Can I Get More Information?

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V>EPA HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY
What Is a Health Advisory?

What is Dinoseb?
Dinoseb, also known as DNBP or Dinitro, is used as a herbicide, desiccant, and dormant
fruit spray.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by Dinoseb in My Water?
Non-Cancer Effects. EPA has set a Lifetime Health Advisory level for Dinoseb in drinking
water at 7 micrograms per liter*. This level includes a margin of safety to protect
human health and should be regarded as a guideline. EPA believes that water containing
Dinoseb at or below this level is acceptable for drinking every day over the course of
one's lifetime, and does not pose any health concerns.
However, consuming Dinoseb at high levels well above the Lifetime Health Advisory level
over a long period of time has been shown to result in adverse health effects in animal
studies, including changes in liver and thyroid weights, reduced fertility, decreased sperm
count, increased incidences of abnormal sperm, reduced fetal weight and survival, and
birth defects.
Cancer Risk Data from laboratory studies are inadequate for EPA to determine if
Dinoseb can increase the risk of cancer in humans.
* Micrograms per liter are the units of measurement for contaminants in water, equivalent to parts
per billion.

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Page 2
What Actions Should I Take?

Your first step should be to get the advice of your state or county health officials. Other
experts in your state environmental agency or agriculture department may also be helpful
to you.

These people are likely to recommend that you retest your well to get an accurate overall
picture of the water quality. Seasonal precipitation changes and changes in pesticide use
can cause wide variations in the amount of pesticides found in your well.
Upon retesting, if Dinoseb is detected in your drinking well at or below 7 micrograms per
liter, you should continue to retest your well periodically. Your state or county health
officials can refer you to approved testing services, advise you on the cost of testing, and
recommend how often you should retest.
If Dinoseb is detected in your water and confirmed by retesting at a level above 7
micrograms per liter, once again consult your state or county health officials. They may
advise you to continue periodic retesting, or in some cases, to use an alternative drinking
water supply (such as bottled water) or treat the water or dig a new or deeper well.
Treatment technologies that can remove Dinoseb from water include activated carbon
adsorption and ion exchange. However, these techniques are not necessarily appropriate
or available in every situation. Your state or county health officials should be able to
advise you on the best approach to follow.

Where Can I Get More Information?

-------
V>EPA HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY

Diphenamid

What is a Health Advisory?

What is Diphenamid?

Diphenamid, also known as Dymid® or Enide®, is a herbicide used for tomatoes, peanuts,
alfalfa, soybean, cotton and other crops.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by Diphenamid in My Water?

Non-Cancer Effects. EPA has set a Lifetime Health Advisory level for Diphenamid in
drinking water at 200 micrograms per liter*. This level includes a margin of safety to
protect human health and should be regarded as a guideline. EPA believes that water
containing Diphenamid at or below this level is acceptable for drinking every day over the
course of one's lifetime, and does not pose any health concerns.
However, consuming Diphenamid at high levels well above the Lifetime Health Advisory
level over a long period of time has been shown to result in damage to the liver and
thyroid in animal studies.
Cancer Risk. Data from laboratory studies are inadequate for EPA to determine if
Diphenamid can increase the risk of cancer in humans.

What Actions Should I Take?

Where Can I Get More Information?

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4?EPA HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY

Disulfoton

What is a Health Advisory?

What is Disulfoton?

Disulfoton, also known as Disyston® or Dithiodemeton®, is applied to seeds to control
various species of insects and mites.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by Disulfoton in My Water?

Non-Cancer Effects. EPA has set a Lifetime Health Advisory level for Disulfoton in
drinking water at 0.3 micrograms per liter*. This level includes a margin of safety to
protect human health and should be regarded as a guideline. EPA believes that water
containing Disulfoton at or below this level is acceptable for drinking every day over the
course of one's lifetime, and does not pose any health concerns.
However, consuming Disulfoton at high levels well above the Lifetime Health Advisory
level over a long period of time has been shown to result in adverse health effects in
animal studies, including changes in organ weights, damage to the eyes, genetic mutations,
and inhibition of an enzyme called cholinesterase. Symptoms associated with inhibition of
cholinesterase in humans include nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, stomach cramps,
excessive sweating, muscle weakness, headaches, and rapid heart rate.
Cancer Risk. In a review of available laboratory information, EPA has determined that
there is no evidence that Disulfoton can increase the risk of cancer in humans.
* Micrograms per liter are the units of measurement for contaminants in water, equivalent to parts
per billion.

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Page 2
What Actions Should I Take?

Where Can I Get More Information?

-------
4?EPA HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY

Diuron

What is a Health Advisory?

What is Diuron?

Diuron, also known as DCMU or Karmex®, is a herbicide used to control broadleaf and
grassy weeds in numerous crops, including sugarcane, pineapple, alfalfa, grapes, cotton,
and peppermint.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by Diuron in My Water?

Non-Cancer Effects. EPA has set a Lifetime Health Advisory level for Diuron in drinking
water at 10 micrograms per liter*. This level includes a margin of safety to protect
human health and should be regarded as a guideline. EPA believes that water containing
Diuron at or below this level is acceptable for drinking every day over the course of one's
lifetime, and does not pose any health concerns.
However, consuming Diuron at high levels well above the Lifetime Health Advisory level
over a long period of time has been shown to result in adverse health effects in animal
studies, including damage to the spleen, abnormal fetal development, and a blood
condition called methemoglobinemia. Methemoglobinemia, also known as blue baby
syndrome, is characterized by a reduced ability of the blood to carry oxygen.
Cancer Risk. Data from laboratory studies are inadequate for EPA to determine if Diuron
can increase the risk of cancer in humans.
* Micrograms per liter are the units of measurement for contaminants in water, equivalent to parts
per billion.

-------
Page 2
What Actions Should I Take?

Your first step should be to get the advice of your state or county health officials. Other
experts in your state environmental agency or agriculture department may also be helpful
to you.
These people are likely to recommend that you retest your well to get an accurate overall
picture of the water quality. Seasonal precipitation changes and changes in pesticide use
can cause wide variations in the amount of pesticides found in your well.
Upon retesting, if Diuron is detected in your drinking well at or below 10 micrograms per
liter, you should continue to retest your well periodically. Your state or county health
officials can refer you to approved testing services, advise you on the cost of testing, and
recommend how often you should retest.
If Diuron is detected in your water and confirmed by retesting at a level above 10
micrograms per liter, once again consult your state or county health officials. They may
advise you to continue periodic retesting, or in some cases, to use an alternative drinking
water supply (such as bottled water) or treat the water or dig a new or deeper well.
Conventional water treatment techniques (coagulation, sedimentation, and filtration) do
not appear to be effective in removing Diuron from water. Treatment technologies that are
effective include granular or powdered activated carbon adsorption and chlorination.
However, these techniques are not necessarily appropriate or available in every situation.
Your state or county health officials should be able to advise you on the best approach to
follow.
Where Can I Get More Information?

-------
HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY
Endrin
What is a Health Advisory?

What is Endrin?

Endrin is a pesticide that was formerly used to control cutworms, grasshoppers, and moles.
Endrin is currently registered for use only for the control of pest birds (bird perch
treatment). All other uses have been cancelled by EPA. The Endrin technical product is
no longer available in the United states. When the current supply of Endrin is depleted,
the use of Endrin for bird perch treatment will also be eliminated.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by Endrin in My Water?

Non-Cancer Effects. EPA has set a Lifetime Health Advisory level for Endrin in drinking
water at 2 micrograms per liter*. This level includes a margin of safety to protect
human health and should be regarded as a guideline. EPA believes that water containing
Endrin at or below this level is acceptable for drinking every day over the course of one's
lifetime, and does not pose any health concerns.
However, consuming Endrin at high levels well above the Lifetime Health Advisory level
over a long period of time has been shown to result in convulsions and damage to the
liver in animal studies.
Cancer Risk. Data from laboratory studies are inadequate for EPA to determine if Endrin
can increase the risk of cancer in humans.
* Micrograms per liter are the units of measurement for contaminants in water, equivalent to parts
per billion.

-------
Page 2
What Actions Should I Take?

Your first step should be to get the advice of your state or county health officials. Other
experts in your state environmental agency or agriculture department may also be helpful
to you.
These people are likely to recommend that you retest your well to get an accurate overall
picture of the water quality. Seasonal precipitation changes and changes in pesticide use
can cause wide variations in the amount of pesticides found in your well.
Upon retesting, if Endrin is detected in your drinking well at or below 2 micrograms per
liter, you should continue to retest your well periodically. Your state or county health
officials can refer you to approved testing services, advise you on the cost of testing, and
recommend how often you should retest.
If Endrin is detected in your water and confirmed by retesting at a level above 2
micrograms per liter, once again consult your state or county health officials. They may
advise you to continue periodic retesting, or in some cases, to use an alternative drinking
water supply (such as bottled water) or treat the water or dig a new or deeper well.
There are a number of treatment technologies that can remove Endrin from water,
including granular or powdered activated carbon adsorption, reverse osmosis, and
coagulation/filtration. However, not all these techniques are necessarily appropriate or
available in every situation. Certain treatment methods are more suitable for large
community water systems than for individual domestic wells. Your state or county health
officials should be able to advise you on the best approach to follow.

Where Can I Get More Information?

-------
V>EPA HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY

Ethylene Dibromide

What is a Health Advisory?

What is Ethylene Dibromide?

Ethylene Dibromide, also known as EDB, Dowfume®, and Pestmaster®, was formerly used
as a pesticide and fumigant for soil, grain, and fruit. In the last few years, all pesticidal uses
of EDB have been cancelled by EPA.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by Ethylene Dibromide in My Water?

Non-Cancer Effects. Consuming Ethylene Dibromide has been shown to result in
adverse health effects in animal studies, including damage to the liver, kidneys, and testes
(including effects on sperm), genetic mutations, and chromosomal damage.
Cancer Risk. Ethylene Dibromide also causes cancer in laboratory animals that are given
high doses of the pesticide over the course of their lifetimes. Therefore, EPA considers
Ethylene Dibromide to be a probable human carcinogen (cancer causing agent). EPA
estimates that if an individual consumes water containing Ethylene Dibromide at 0.0004
mtcrograms per liter* over his or her entire lifetime, that person would theoretically
have no more than a one-in-a-million chance of developing cancer as a direct result of
drinking water containing this pesticide.

What Actions Should I Take?

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Page 2
These people can assist you in interpreting your sampling results. They may recommend
that you retest your well to get an accurate overall picture of the water quality. Seasonal
precipitation changes and changes in pesticide use can cause wide variations in the
amount of pesticides found in your well.
Your state or county health officials can refer you to approved testing services, advise you
on the cost of testing, and recommend how often retesting should be done.
Depending on the results of retesting, your state or county health officials may advise you
to continue periodic retesting, or in some cases, to use an alternative drinking water
supply (such as bottled water) or treat the water, or dig a new or deeper well.
At present, aeration, boiling, and activated carbon adsorption appear to be possible
methods for removing Ethylene Dibromide from water. However, these treatment
techniques are not necessarily appropriate or available in every situation. Certain
treatment methods are more suitable for large community water systems than for individual
domestic wells. Your state or county health officials should be able to advise you on the
best approach to follow.

Where Can I Get More Information?

-------
HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY

Ethylene Thiourea
What is a Health Advisory?

What is Ethylene Thiourea?

Ethylene Thiourea, also known as ETU, is not a pesticide itself and is no longer used in
commerce. ETU is a breakdown product of several other pesticides called EBDC (ethylene
bisdithiocarbamate) pesticides. EBDC pesticides are used to control fungus on roses and
other flowers and a broad range of crops including potatoes, tomatoes, lettuce, apples,
pears, and hops.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by Ethylene Thiourea in My Water?

Non-Cancer Effects. Consuming Ethylene Thiourea has been shown to result in damage
to the thyroid gland, genetic mutations, and birth defects in animal studies.
Cancer Risk. Ethylene Thiourea also causes cancer in laboratory animals that are given
high doses of the chemical over the course of their lifetimes. Therefore, EPA considers
Ethylene Thiourea to be a probable human carcinogen (cancer causing agent). EPA
estimates that if an individual consumes water containing Ethylene Thiourea at 0.2
micrograms per liter* over his or her entire lifetime, that person would theoretically
have no more than a one-in-a-million chance of developing cancer as a direct result of
drinking water containing Ethylene Thiourea.
What Actions Should I Take?

-------
Page 2
These people can assist you in interpreting your sampling results. They may recommend
that you retest your well to get an accurate overall picture of the water quality. Seasonal
precipitation changes and changes in pesticide use can cause wide variations in the
amount of pesticides found in your well.
Your state or county health officials can refer you to approved testing services, advise you
on the cost of testing, and recommend how often retesting should be done.
Depending on the results of retesting, your state or county health officials may advise you
to continue periodic retesting, or in some cases, to use an alternative drinking water
supply (such as bottled water) or dig a new or deeper well. At present, EPA has no
information on treatment technologies that can effectively remove Ethylene Thiourea from
water. Based on the chemical and physical properties of Ethylene Thiourea, EPA believes
that treatment by ion exchange or aeration would probably not be effective.

Where Can I Get More Information?

-------
HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY

Fenamiphos
What is a Health Advisory?

What is Fenamiphos?

Fenamiphos, also known as Nemacur®, is a pesticide used for nematode control on cotton,
peanuts, soybeans, certain vegetables, deciduous fruit, citrus, pineapple, tobacco, turf, and
certain ornamentals.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by Fenamiphos in My Water?

Non-Cancer Effects. EPA has set a Lifetime Health Advisory level for Fenamiphos in
drinking water at 2 microgramsper liter*. This level includes a margin of safety to
protect human health and should be regarded as a guideline. EPA believes that water
containing Fenamiphos at or below this level is acceptable for drinking every day over the
course of one's lifetime, and does not pose any health concerns.
However, consuming Fenamiphos at high levels well above the Lifetime Health Advisory
level over a long period of time has been shown to result in adverse health effects in
animal studies, including changes in organ weights, reduced fetal weight and survival,
abnormalities in fetal bone development, and inhibition of an enzyme called
cholinesterase. Symptoms associated with inhibition of this enzyme in humans include
nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, stomach cramps, excessive sweating, muscle weakness,
headaches, and rapid heart rate.

Cancer Risk Data from laboratory studies are inadequate for EPA to determine if
Fenamiphos can increase the risk of cancer in humans.
* Micrograms per liter are the units of measurement for contaminants in water, equivalent to parts
per billion.

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Page 2
What Actions Should I Take?

Your first step should be to get the advice of your state or county health officials. Other
experts in Ypurjjtate environmental agency or agriculture department may also be helpful
to you.

Where Can I Get More Information?

-------
V>EPA HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY

Fluometuron

What is a Health Advisory?

What is Fluometuron?

Fluometuron, also known as Cotoron® or C-2059, is a herbicide used to control annual
grasses and broadleaf weeds.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by Fluometuron in My Water?

Non-Cancer Effects. EPA has set a Lifetime Health Advisory level for Fluometuron in
drinking water at 90 micrograms per liter*. This level includes a margin of safety to
protect human health and should be regarded as a guideline. EPA believes that water
containing Fluometuron at or below this level is acceptable for drinking every day over the
course of one's lifetime, and does not pose any health concerns.
However, consuming Fluometuron at high levels well above the Lifetime Health Advisory
level over a long period of time has been shown to result in damage to the liver, kidneys,
and spleen in animal studies.
Cancer Risk. Data from laboratory studies are inadequate for EPA to determine if
Fluometuron can increase the risk of cancer in humans.

What Actions Should I Take?

Where Can I Get More Information?

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HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY

Heptachlor and Heptachlor Epoxide
What is a Health Advisory?

What are Heptachlor and Heptachlor Epoxide?

Heptachlor, also known as 3-Chlorochlordene, is an insecticide which was formerly used
on corn, alfalfa, hay and vegetables, and for the control of termites. All uses of Heptachlor
have been cancelled by EPA as of April 1988. Heptachlor epoxide is an oxidation
derivative of Heptachlor formed by many plants and animals, including humans, after
exposure to Heptachlor. Heptachlor epoxide also exists as a contaminant in Heptachlor.
The detection of the epoxide breakdown product of Heptachlor indicates the use of
Heptachlor.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by Heptachlor and Heptachlor Epoxide in
My Water?

Non-Cancer Effects. Consuming Heptachlor or Heptachlor Expoxide has been shown to
result in damage to the liver and chromosomes in animal studies.
Cancer Risk. Heptachlor and Heptachlor epoxide also cause cancer in laboratory animals
that are given high doses of these pesticides over the course of their lifetimes. Therefore,
EPA considers Heptachlor and Heptachlor Epoxide to be probable human carcinogens
(cancer causing agents). EPA estimates that if an individual consumes water containing
Heptachlor at 0.008 micrograms per liter* or Heptachlor Epoxide at 0.004
micrograms per liter over his or her entire lifetime, that person would theoretically have
no more than a one-in-a-million chance of developing cancer as a direct result of drinking
water containing these pesticides.
* Micrograms per liter are the units of measurement for contaminants in water, equivalent to parts
per billion.

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Page 2
What Actions Should I Take?

Your first step should be to get the advice of your state or county health officials. Other
experts in your state environmental agency or agriculture department may also be helpful
to you.

These people can assist you in interpreting your sampling results. They may recommend
that you retest your well to get an accurate overall picture of the water quality. Seasonal
precipitation changes and changes in pesticide use can cause wide variations in the
amount of pesticides found in your well. Your state or county health officials can refer
you to approved testing services, advise you on the cost of testing, and recommend how
often retesting should be done.
Depending on the results of retesting, your state or county health officials may advise you
to continue periodic retesting, or in some cases, to use an alternative drinking water
supply (such as bottled water) or treat the water, or dig a new or deeper well.
Treatment technologies that may be effective in removing Heptachlor from water include
granular activated carbon adsorption and packed tower aeration (air stripping). However,
these techniques are not necessarily appropriate or available in every situation. Certain
treatment methods are more suitable for large community water systems than for individual
domestic wells. Your state or county health officials should be able to advise you on the
best approach to follow.

Where Can I Get More Information?

-------
HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY

Hexachlorobenzene
What is a Health Advisory?

What is Hexachlorobenzene?

Hexachlorobenzene, also known as HCB or Perchlorobenzene, is an ingredient of
pesticides used to control fungus on wheat.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by Hexachlorobenzene in My Water?

Non-Cancer Effects. Consuming Hexachlorobenzene has been shown to result in
adverse health effects in animal studies, including damage to the liver, kidneys, ovaries,
and skin, decreased fetal weight, and adverse effects on the nervous system.
Cancer Risk. Hexachlorobenzene also causes cancer in laboratory animals that are given
high doses of the pesticide over the course of their lifetimes. Therefore, EPA considers
Hexachlorobenzene to be a probable human carcinogen (cancer causing agent). EPA
estimates that if an individual consumes water containing Hexachlorobenzene at 0.02
micrograms per liter* over his or her entire lifetime, that person would theoretically
have no more than a one-in-a-million chance of developing cancer as a direct result of
drinking water containing this pesticide.

What Actions Should I Take?

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Page 2
These people can assist you in interpreting your sampling results. They may recommend
that you retest your well to get an accurate overall picture of the water quality. Seasonal
precipitation changes and changes in pesticide use can cause wide variations in the
amount of pesticides found in your well.
Your state or county health officials can refer you to approved testing services, advise you
on the cost of testing, and recommend how often retesting should be done.
Depending on the results of retesting, your state or county health officials may advise you
to continue periodic retesting, or in some cases, to use an alternative drinking water
supply (such as bottled water) or treat the water, or dig a new or deeper well.
At present, activated carbon adsorption appears to be a possible method for removing
Hexachlorobenzene from water. However, this technique is not necessarily appropriate or
available in every situation. Your state or county health officials should be able to advise
you on the best approach to follow.

Where Can I Get More Information?

-------
4»EPA HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY

Hexazinone
What is a Health Advisory?

What is Hexazinone?

Hexazinone, also known as Velpar®, is used as a herbicide in a variety of applications
including plantations of coniferous trees, utilities, pipelines, drainage ditches, and sugar
and alfalfa croplands.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by Hexazinone in My Water?

Non-Cancer Effects. EPA has set a Lifetime Health Advisory level for Hexazinone in
drinking water at 200 micrograms per liter*. This level includes a margin of safety to
protect human health and should be regarded as a guideline. EPA believes that water
containing Hexazinone at or below this level is acceptable for drinking every day over the
course of one's lifetime, and does not pose any health concerns.
However, consuming Hexazinone at high levels well above the Lifetime Health Advisory
level over a long period of time has been shown to result in adverse health effects in
animal studies, including damage to the liver and blood, reduced body weight in offspring,
and chromosomal damage.
Cancer Risk Data from laboratory studies are inadequate for EPA to determine if
Hexazinone can increase the risk of cancer in humans.

What Actions Should I Take?

Where Can I Get More Information?

-------
<&EPA HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY

Methomyl
What is a Health Advisory?
Health Advisories are guidance documents issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency to assist federal, state, and local officials in responding to drinking water
contamination. The Health Advisories contain information on health risks and treatment
technologies, and specify levels of chemical concentrations in water that are acceptable for
drinking. In preparing Health Advisories, EPA reviews available human data and
experimental animal studies in evaluating potential human health effects. The Health
Advisories are updated as new information becomes available. This summary presents key
highlights from the Health Advisory for Methomyl.

What is Methomyl?
Methomyl, also known as Dupont 1179, Lannate®, or Nudrin®, is an insecticide used to
control a variety of insects in agricultural and ornamental crops.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by Methomyl in My Water?

Non-Cancer Effects. EPA has set a Lifetime Health Advisory level for Methomyl in
drinking water at 200 micrograms per liter*. This level includes a margin of safety to
protect human health and should be regarded as a guideline. EPA believes that water
containing Methomyl at or below this level is acceptable for drinking every day over the
course of one's lifetime, and does not pose any health concerns.
However, consuming Methomyl at high levels well above the Lifetime Health Advisory
level over a long period of time has been shown to result in adverse effects on the kidney,
spleen, liver, and bone marrow in animal studies.
Cancer Risk Data from laboratory studies are inadequate for EPA to determine if
Methomyl can increase the risk of cancer in humans.

What Actions Should I Take?
Your first step should be to get the advice of your state or county health officials. Other
experts in your state environmental agency or agriculture department may also be helpful
to you.
* Micrograms per liter are the units of measurement for contaminants in water, equivalent to parts
per billion.

Where Can I Get More Information?

In addition to your state and county experts, EPA has two toll-free lines you can call. For
further information on drinking water quality, treatment technologies, and EPA's Health
Advisories, please contact EPA's toll-free Safe Drinking Water Hotline, Monday thru Friday,
8:30 A.M. to 4:30 P.M. E.S.T. at 1-800-426-4791. .
Additional information on the health effects of pesticides is available from the National
Pesticide Telecommunications Network, toll-free, 24 hours a day, 1-800-858-7378.
January 1989

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HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY

Methoxychlor
What Is a Health Advisory?
Health Advisories are guidance documents issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency to assist federal, state, and local officials in responding to drinking water
contamination. The Health Advisories contain information on health risks and treatment
technologies, and specify levels of chemical concentrations in water that are acceptable for
drinking. In preparing Health Advisories, EPA reviews available human data and
experimental animal studies in evaluating potential human health effects. The Health
Advisories are updated as new information becomes available. This summary presents key
highlights from the Health Advisory for Methoxychlor.

What Is Methoxychlor?
Methoxychlor, also known as Malate®, DMDT, or Methoxy-DDT, is used as an insecticide
to control mosquito larvae, horseflies, and many other species of insects. It is used on
fruit and shade trees, vegetables, dairy and beef cattle, home gardens, and around farm
buildings.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by Methoxychlor in My Water?

Non-Cancer Effects. EPA has set a Lifetime Health Advisory level for Methoxychlor in
drinking water at 400 micrograms per liter*. This level includes a margin of safety to
protect human health and should be regarded as a guideline. EPA believes that water
containing Methoxychlor at or below this level is acceptable for drinking every day over
the course of one's lifetime, and does not pose any health concerns.
However, consuming Methoxychlor at high levels well above the Lifetime Health Advisory
level over a long period of time has been shown to result in inhibition of growth in animal
studies.
Cancer Risk Data from laboratory studies are inadequate for EPA to determine if
Methoxychlor can increase the risk of cancer in humans.

* Micrograms per liter are the units of measurement for contaminants in water, equivalent to parts
per billion.

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V>EPA HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY

Metolachlor

What is a Health Advisory?

What is Metolachlor?

Metolachlor, also known as Dual® or Primextra®, is a herbicide used for weed control in
woody ornamentals, sunflowers, com, soybeans, peanuts, pod crops, cotton, and other
crops.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by Metolachlor in My Water?

Non-Cancer Effects. EPA has set a Lifetime Health Advisory level for Metolachlor in
drinking water at 100 micrograms per liter*. This level includes a margin of safety to
protect human health and should be regarded as a guideline. EPA believes that water
containing Metolachlor at or below this level is acceptable for drinking every day over the
course of one's lifetime, and does not pose any health concerns.
However, consuming Metolachlor at high levels well above the Lifetime Health Advisory
level over a long period of time has been shown to result in adverse health effects in
animal studies, including damage to the testes and a blood condition known as
methemoglobinemia. Methemoglobinemia, also known as blue baby syndrome, is
characterized by a reduced ability of the blood to carry oxygen.
Cancer Risk. Metolachlor is considered by EPA to be a possible human carcinogen
(cancer causing agent). There is limited or uncertain information that Metolachlor causes
cancer in animals receiving high doses of the chemical over the course of their lifetimes.
Because Metolachlor in drinking water may possibly increase the risk of cancer in humans,
the Lifetime Health Advisory includes an additional margin of safety.
* Micrograms per liter are the units of measurement for contaminants in water, equivalent to parts
per billion.

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Page 2
What Actions Should I Take?

Your first step should be to get the advice of your state or county health officials. Other
experts in your state environmental agency or agriculture department may also be helpful
to you.

If Metolachlor is detected in your water and confirmed by retesting at a level above 100
micrograms per liter, once again consult your state or county health officials. They may
advise you to continue periodic retesting, or in some cases, to use an alternative drinking
water supply (such as bottled water) or treat the water or dig a new or deeper well.
At present, treatment by granular activated carbon appears to be the most promising
method for removing Metolachlor from water. However, this technique is not necessarily
appropriate or available in every situation. Your state or county health officials should be
consulted on the best approach to follow.

Where Can I Get More Information?

Additional information on the health effects of pesticides is available from the National
Pesticide Telecommunications Network, toll-free, 24 hours a day, 1-800-858-7378.
January 1989

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V^EPA HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY

Metribuzin

What is a Health Advisory?

What is Metribuzin?

Metribuzin, also known as Lexone® or Sencor®, is a herbicide used for the control of a
large number of grass and broadleaf weeds infesting agricultural crops.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by Metribuzin in My Water?

Non-Cancer Effects. EPA has set a Lifetime Health Advisory level for Metribuzin in
drinking water at 200 mtcrograms per liter*. This level includes a margin of safety to
protect human health and should be regarded as a guideline. EPA believes that water
containing Metribuzin at or below this level is acceptable for drinking every day over the
course of one's lifetime, and does not pose any health concerns.
However, consuming Metribuzin at high levels well above the Lifetime Health Advisory
level over a long period of time has been shown to result in kidney damage in animal
studies.
Cancer Risk. Data from laboratory studies are inadequate for EPA to determine if
Metribuzin can increase the risk of cancer in humans.

What Actions Should I Take?

Upon retesting, :if Metribuzin is detected in your drinking well at or below 200 micrograms
per liter, you should continue to retest your well periodically. Your state or county health
officials can refer you to approved testing services, advise you on the cost of testing, and
recommend how often you should retest.

If Metribuzin is detected in your water and confirmed by retesting at a level above 200
micrograms per liter, once again consult your state or county health officials. They may
advise you to continue periodic retesting, or in some cases, to use an alternative drinking
water supply (such as bottled water) or treat the water or dig a new or deeper well.

Granular activated carbon can remove Metribuzin from water. However, this treatment
technique may not be appropriate or available in every situation. Your state or county
health officials should be able to advise you on the best approach to follow.

Where Can I Get More Information?

Additional information on the health effects of pesticides is available from the National
Pesticide Telecommunications Network, toll-free, 24 hours a day, 1-800-858-7378.
January 1989

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VxEPA HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY

Nitrate/Nitrite

What is a Health Advisory?

What are Nitrate and Nitrite?

Nitrate and Nitrite are naturally occurring inorganic ions which make up part of the
nitrogen cycle. Nitrates occur naturally in a number of foods, particularly vegetables.
Both Nitrate and Nitrite also are added to meat products as preservatives. The major use
of Nitrate is in inorganic fertilizers.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by Nitrate and Nitrite in My Water?

Non-Cancer Effects. EPA has set a Guidance level for Nitrate in drinking water at 10
milligrams per liter* and a Guidance level for Nitrite in drinking water at / milligram
per liter. The Guidance level for the combination of Nitrate and Nitrite in drinking water
is 10 milligrams per liter. These levels include a margin of safety to protect human
health and should be regarded as guidelines. EPA believes that water containing Nitrate or
Nitrite at or below these levels is acceptable for drinking every day over the course of
one's lifetime, and does not pose any health concerns.
However, in infants, exposure to Nitrate at levels in excess of 10 milligrams per liter can
result in a blood condition called methemoglobinemia. Methemoglobinemia, also known
as blue baby syndrome, is characterized by a reduced ability of the blood to carry oxygen.
Methemoglobinemia related to drinking water contamination has only been observed in
infants up to the age of about 6 months.
Cancer Risk. Data from laboratory studies are inadequate for EPA to determine if Nitrate
and Nitrite can increase the risk of cancer in humans.
* Milligrams per liter are a common unit of measurement for Nitrate/Nitrite in water, equivalent to
parts per million.

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Page 2
What Actions Should I Take?

Your first step should be to get the advice of your state or county health officials. Other
experts in your state environmental agency or agriculture department may also be helpful
to you.
These people are likely to recommend that you retest your well to get an accurate overall
picture of the water quality. Seasonal precipitation changes and changes in pesticide use
can cause wide variations in the amount of chemicals found in your well.
Upon retesting, if Nitrate is detected in your drinking well at or below 10 milligrams per
liter or if Nitrite is detected in your well at or below 1 milligrams per liter, (or if the sum of
Nitrate plus Nitrite exceeds 10 milligrams per liter), you should continue to retest your well
periodically.
Significant Nitrite contamination is usually a sign of microbiological contamination resulting
from human or animal waste. Thus, if there is significant Nitrite contamination, a check
for microbiological contamination should be made as well. Your state or county health
officials can refer you to approved testing services, advise you on the cost of testing, and
recommend how often you should retest.
If Nitrate is detected in your water and confirmed by retesting at a level above 10
milligrams per liter or if Nitrite is detected in your water at a level above 1 milligrams per
liter, once again consult your state or county health officials. They may advise you to
continue periodic retesting, or in some cases, to use an alternative drinking water supply
(such as bottled water) or treat the water or dig a new or deeper well.
Treatment technologies that are currently used to remove Nitrates from water include ion
exchange, distillation, and reverse osmosis. However, these techniques are not necessarily
appropriate or available in every situation. Conventional coagulation and lime softening
are not effective treatment methods for the removal of this contaminant. Your state or
county health officials should be able to advise you on the best approach to follow.

Where Can I Get More Information?

-------
<>EPA HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY

4-Nitrophenol

•••^•^•••••i

What is a Health Advisory?

What is 4-Nitrophenol?

4-Nitrophenol is not a pesticide itself. 4-Nitrophenol is a breakdown product of para-
thion, which is used as an insecticide.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by 4-Nitrophenol in My Water?

Non-Cancer Effects. EPA has set a Lifetime Health Advisory level for 4-Nitrophenol in
drinking water at 60 micrograms per liter*. This level includes a margin of safety to
protect human health and should be regarded as a guideline. EPA believes that water
containing 4-Nitrophenol at or below this level is acceptable for drinking every day over
the course of one's lifetime, and does not pose any health concerns.

However, consuming 4-Nitrophenol at high levels well above the Lifetime Health Advi-
sory level over a long period of time has been shown to result in adverse health effects in
animal studies, including damage to the liver, respiratory stress, and gastritis.

Cancer Risk. Data from laboratory studies are inadequate for EPA to determine if
4-Nitrophenol can increase the risk of cancer in humans.

What Actions Should I Take?

Upon retesting, if 4-Nitrophenol is detected in your drinking well at or below 60 micro-
grams per liter, you should continue to retest your well periodically. Your state or county
health officials can refer you to approved testing services, advise you on the cost of test-
ing, and recommend how often you should retest.

If 4-Nitrophenol is detected in your water and confirmed by retesting at a level above
60 micrograms per liter, once again consult your state or county health officials. They
may advise you to continue periodic retesting, or in some cases, to use an alternative
drinking water supply (such as bottled water) or treat the water or dig a new or deeper
well.

Treatment by granular activated carbon adsorption can remove 4-Nitrophenol from
water. However, this technique is not necessarily appropriate or available in every
situation. Your state or county health officials should be able to advise you on the best
approach to follow.
Where Can I Get More Information?

Additional information on the health effects of pesticides is available from the National
Pesticide Telecommunications Network, toll-free, 24 hours a day, 1-800-858-7378.
July 1990

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4?EPA HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY

Oxamyl

What is a Health Advisory?

What is Oxamyl?

Oxamyl, also known as Vydate® or DPX-1410, is a pesticide used to control insects, mites,
and nematodes on many field crops, vegetables, fruits, and ornamentals.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by Oxamyl in My Water?

Non-Cancer Effects. EPA has set a Lifetime Health Advisory level for Oxamyl in drinking
water at 200 micrograms per liter*. This level includes a margin of safety to protect
human health and should be regarded as a guideline. EPA believes that water containing
Oxamyl at or below this level is acceptable for drinking every day over the course of one's
lifetime, and does not pose any health concerns.
However, consuming Oxamyl at high levels well above the Lifetime Health Advisory level
over a long period of time has been shown to result in adverse health effects in animal
studies, including decreased body and organ weights, decreased fetal survival, and
inhibition of an enzyme called cholinesterase. Symptoms associated with inhibition of this
enzyme in humans include nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, stomach cramps, excessive
sweating, muscle weakness, headaches, and rapid heart rate.
Cancer Risk. Sufficient data are available from animal studies to indicate that Oxamyl
does not increase the risk of cancer in humans.
* Micrograms per liter are the units of measurement for contaminants in water, equivalent to parts
per billion.

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Page 2
What Actions Should I Take?

Your first step should be to get the advice of your state or county health officials. Other
experts in your state environmental agency or agriculture department may also be helpful
to you.

These people are likely to recommend that you retest your well to get an accurate overall
picture of the water quality. Seasonal precipitation changes and changes in pesticide use
can cause wide variations in the amount of pesticides found in your well.
Upon retesting, if Oxamyl is detected in your drinking well at or below 200 micrograms
per liter, you should continue to retest your well periodically. Your state or county health
officials can refer you to approved testing services, advise you on the cost of testing, and
recommend how often you should retest.
If Oxamyl is detected in your water and confirmed by retesting at a level above 200
micrograms per liter, once again consult your state or county health officials. They may
advise you to continue periodic retesting, or in some cases, to use an alternative drinking
water supply (such as bottled water) or treat the water or dig a new or deeper well.
Activated carbon adsorption is an effective treatment method for removing Oxamyl from
water. However, this technique is not necessarily appropriate or available in every
situation. Your state or county health officials should be able to advise you on the best
approach to follow.

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V>EPA HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY

Pentachlorophenol (PCP)

^••^H

What is a Health Advisory?

Health Advisories are guidance documents issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency to assist federal, state, and local officials in responding to drinking water con-
tamination. The Health Advisories contain information on health risks and treatment
technologies, and specify levels of chemical- concentrations in water that are acceptable
for drinking. In preparing Health Advisories, EPA reviews available human data and
experimental animal studies in evaluating potential human health effects. The Health
Advisories are updated as new information becomes available. This summary presents
key highlights from the Health Advisory for Pentachlorophenol.

What is Pentachlorophenol?

Pentachlorophenol, also known as PCP, is used as a wood preservative, herbicide,
antimicrobial agent, disinfectant, mossicide, and defoliant.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by Pentachlorophenol in My Water?

Non-Cancer Effects. Consuming high levels of Pentachlorophenol over a long period of
time has been shown to result in liver and kidney damage and delayed fetal develop-
ment in animal studies. There is also weak evidence that PCP causes genetic muta-
tions.

Cancer Risk. Pentachlorophenol also causes cancer in laboratory animals that are
given high doses of the pesticide over the course of their lifetimes. Therefore, EPA
considers Pentachlorophenol to be a probable human carcinogen (cancer causing
agent). EPA estimates that if an individual consumes water containing Pentachlorophe-
nol at 0.1 micrograms per liter* over his or her entire lifetime, that person would
theoretically have no more than a one-in-one hundred thousand chance of developing
cancer as a direct result of drinking water containing this pesticide.

What Actions Should I Take?

Your state or county health officials can refer you to approved testing services, advise you
on the cost of testing, and recommend how often retesting should be done.

At present, activated carbon adsorption is the only treatment method likely to be effective
in removing Pentachlorophenol from your water. However, this technique is not neces-
sarily appropriate or available in every situation. Your state or county health officials
should be able to advise you on the best approach to follow.
Where Can I Get More Information?

Additional information on the health effects of pesticides is available from the National
Pesticide Telecommunications Network, toll-free, 24 hours a day, 1-800-858-7378.
July 1990

-------
4>EPA HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY
What is a Health Advisory?

What is Picloram?

Picloram, also known as Tordon®, is a broad-spectrum herbicide used to control broadleaf
and woody plants in rangelands, pastures, and rights-of-way for powerlines and highways.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by Picloram in My Water?

Non-Cancer Effects. EPA has set a Lifetime Health Advisory level for Picloram in drinking
water at 500 micrograms per liter*. This level includes a margin of safety to protect
human health and should be regarded as a guideline. EPA believes that water containing
Picloram at or below this level is acceptable for drinking every day over the course of
one's lifetime, and does not pose any health concerns.
However, consuming Picloram at high levels well above the Lifetime Health Advisory level
over a long period of time has been shown to result in damage to the liver, thyroid, testes,
and arteries, and possibly reduced fertility, in animal studies.
Cancer Risk Data from laboratory studies are inadequate for EPA to determine if
Picloram can increase the risk of cancer in humans.
What Actions Should I Take?

Where Can I Get More Information?

-------
V>EPA HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY

Prometon

What is a Health Advisory?

What is Prometon?

Prometon, also known as Gesafram® or Pramitol®, is a herbicide used to control perennial
broadleaf weeds and grasses.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by Prometon in My Water?

Non-Cancer Effects. EPA has set a Lifetime Health Advisory level for Prometon in
drinking water at 100 mlcrograms per liter*. This level includes a margin of safety to
protect human health and should be regarded as a guideline. EPA believes that water
containing Prometon at or below this level is acceptable for drinking every day over the
course of one's lifetime, and does not pose any health concerns.
However, consuming Prometon at high levels well above the Lifetime Health Advisory
level over a long period of time has been shown in animal studies to result in adverse
effects on growth.

Cancer Risk. Data from laboratory studies are inadequate for EPA to determine if
Prometon can increase the risk of cancer in humans.

What Actions Should I Take?

Where Can I Get More Information?

-------
V>EPA HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY

Pronamide

What is a Health Advisory?

What is Pronamide?

Pronamide, also known as Kerb® or Propyzamide, is a herbicide used for weed and grass
control in lettuce, legumes, turf, woody ornamentals, nursery stock, and Christmas trees.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by Pronamide in My Water?

Non-Cancer Effects. EPA has set a Lifetime Health Advisory level for Pronamide in
drinking water at 50 microgramsper liter*. This level includes a margin of safety to
protect human health and should be regarded as a guideline. EPA believes that water
containing Pronamide at or below this level is acceptable for drinking every day over the
course of one's lifetime, and does not pose any health concerns.
However, consuming Pronamide at high levels well above the Lifetime Health Advisory
level over a long period of time has been shown to result in liver damage in animal
studies.
Cancer Risk. Pronamide is considered by EPA to be a possible human carcinogen
(cancer causing agent). There is limited or uncertain information indicating that
Pronamide causes cancer in animals receiving high doses of the chemical over the course
of their lifetimes. Because Pronamide in drinking water may possibly increase the risk of
cancer in humans, the Lifetime Health Advisory includes an additional margin of safety.
* Micrograms per liter are the units of measurement for contaminants in water, equivalent to parts
per billion.

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Page 2
What Actions Should I Take?

Your first step should be to get the advice of your state or county health officials. Other
experts in your state environmental agency or agriculture department may also be helpful
to you.
These people are likely to recommend that you retest your well to get an accurate overall
picture of the water quality. Seasonal precipitation changes and changes in pesticide use
can cause wide variations in the amount of pesticides found in your well.
Upon retesting, if Pronamide is detected in your drinking well at or below 50 micrograms
per liter, you should continue to retest your well periodically. Your state or county health
officials can refer you to approved testing services, advise you on the cost of testing, and
recommend how often you should retest.
If Pronamide is detected in your water and confirmed by retesting at a level above 50
micrograms per liter, once again consult your state or county health officials. They may
advise you to continue periodic retesting, or in some cases, to use an alternative drinking
water supply (such as bottled water) or treat the water or dig a new or deeper well.
At present, reverse osmosis appears to be the only effective method for removing
Pronamide from water. Activated carbon adsorption may also be helpful, but EPA has no
information on its effectiveness in removing Pronamide from water. Your state or county
health officials should be consulted on the best approach to follow.

-------
HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY

Propachlor

What is a Health Advisory?

What is Propachlor?

Propachlor, also known as Bexton? or Ramrod®, is a herbicide used to control many
grasses and certain broadleaf weeds.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by Propachlor in My Water?

Non-Cancer Effects. EPA has set a Lifetime Health Advisory level for Propachlor in
drinking water at.90 micrograms per liter*. This level includes a margin of safety to
protect human health and should be regarded as a guideline. EPA believes that water
containing Propachlor at or below this level is acceptable for drinking every day over the
course of one's lifetime, and does not pose any health concerns.
However, consuming Propachlor at high levels well above the Lifetime Health Advisory
level over a long period of time has been shown to result in damage to the liver, kidneys,
and blood in animal studies.
Cancer Risk. Data from laboratory studies are inadequate for EPA to determine if
Propachlor can increase the risk of cancer in humans.
What Actions Should I Take?
Your first step should be to get the advice of your state or county health officials. Other
experts in your state environmental agency or agriculture department may also be helpful
to you.
* Micrograms per liter are the units of measurement for contaminants in water, equivalent to parts
per billion.

Upon retesting, if Propachlor is detected in your drinking well at or below 90 micrograms
per liter, you should continue to retest your well periodically. Your state or county health
officials can refer you to approved testing services, advise you on the cost of testing, and
recommend how often you should retest.
If Propachlor is detected in your water and confirmed by retesting at a level above 90
micrograms per liter, once again consult your state or county health officials. They may
advise you to continue periodic retesting, or in some cases, to use an alternative drinking
water supply (such as bottled water) or treat the water or dig a new or deeper well.
Treatment by granular or powdered activated carbon, ozonation, and reverse osmosis
appear to be possible methods for removing Propachlor from water. However, these
techniques have not been widely tested for Propachlor and are not necessarily appropriate
or available in every situation. Certain treatment methods are more suitable for large
community water systems than for individual domestic wells. Your state or county health
officials should be able to advise you on the best approach to follow.

Where Can I Get More Information?

-------
4xEPA HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY

Propazine

What is a Health Advisory?

What is Propazine?

Propazine, also known as Gesomil®, Milogard®, or Primatol P®, is a herbicide used for the
control of annual broadleaf weeds and annual grasses in sorghum.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by Propazine in My Water?
Non-Cancer Effects. EPA has set a Lifetime Health Advisory level for Propazine in
drinking water at 10 micrograms per liter*. This level includes a margin of safety to
protect human health and should be regarded as a guideline. EPA believes that water
containing Propazine at or below this level is acceptable for drinking every day over the
course of one's lifetime, and does not pose any health concerns.
However, consuming Propazine at high levels well above the Lifetime Health Advisory
level over a long period of time has been shown to result in decreased fetal weight gain
and delayed fetal bone development in animal studies.
Cancer Risk Propazine is considered by EPA to be a possible human carcinogen (cancer
causing agent). There is limited or uncertain information indicating that Propazine causes
cancer in animals receiving high doses of the chemical over the course of their lifetimes.
Because Propazine in drinking water may possibly increase the risk of cancer in humans,
the Lifetime Health Advisory includes an additional margin of safety.
' Micrograms per liter are the units of measurement for contaminants in water, equivalent to parts
per billion.

-------
Page 2
What Actions Should I Take?

Where Can I Get More Information?

-------
4>EPA HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY
What is a Health Advisory?

What is Propham?

Propham, also known as IPC or Beet-Kleen®, is a herbicide used for control of weeds in
alfalfa, lettuce, spinach, sugarbeets, lentils, and peas.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by Propham in My Water?

Non-Cancer Effects. EPA has set a Lifetime Health Advisory level for Propham in
drinking water at 100 mtcrograms per liter*. This level includes a margin of safety to
protect human health and should be regarded as a guideline. EPA believes that water
containing Propham at or below this level is acceptable for drinking every day over the
course of one's lifetime, and does not pose any health concerns.
However, consuming Propham at high levels well above the Lifetime Health Advisory level
over a long period of time has been shown to result in delayed fetal development in
animal studies and inhibition of an enzyme called cholinesterase, in both humans and
animals. Symptoms associated with inhibition of this enzyme in humans include nausea,
vomiting, blurred vision, stomach cramps, excessive sweating, muscle weakness,
headaches, and rapid heart rate.
Cancer Risk. Data from laboratory studies are inadequate for EPA to determine if
Propham can increase the risk of cancer in humans.
* Micrograms per liter are the units of measurement for contaminants in water, equivalent to parts
per billion.

-------
Page 2
What Actions Should I Take?

Your first step should be to get the advice of your state or county health officials. Other
experts in your state environmental agency or agriculture department may also be helpful
to you.

These people are likely to recommend that you retest your well to get an accurate overall
picture of the water quality. Seasonal precipitation changes and changes in pesticide use
can cause wide variations in the amount of pesticides found in your well.
Upon retesting, if Propham is detected in your drinking well at or below 100 micrograms
per liter, you should continue to retest your well periodically. Your state or county health
officials can refer you to approved testing services, advise you on the cost of testing, and
recommend how often you should retest.
If Propham is detected in your water and confirmed by retesting at a level above 100
micrograms per liter, once again consult your state or county health officials. They may
advise you to continue periodic retesting, or in some cases, to use an alternative drinking
water supply (such as bottled water) or treat the water or dig a new or deeper well.
Treatment by granular activated carbon will remove Propham from water. However, this
technique is not necessarily appropriate or available in every situation. Your state or
county health officials should be able to advise you on the best approach to follow.

Where Can I Get More Information?

-------
V>EPA HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY

Simazine

What is a Health Advisory?

What is Simazine?

Simazine, also known as Princep®, or Aquazine®, is primarily used as a herbicide for
control of annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in com, alfalfa, asparagus, certain fruit and
nuts, and certain ornamental and tree nursery stock. It is also used to inhibit the growth of
algae and to control weeds in industrial areas.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by Simazine in My Water?

Non-Cancer Effects. EPA has set a Lifetime Health Advisory level for Simazine in
drinking water at 1 microgram per liter*. This level includes a margin of safety to
protect human health and should be regarded as a guideline. EPA believes that water
containing Simazine at or below this level is acceptable for drinking every day over the
course of one's lifetime, and does not pose any health concerns.
However, consuming Simazine at high levels well above the Lifetime Health Advisory level
over a long period of time has been shown to result in adverse health effects in animal
studies, including tremors, damage to the testes, kidneys, liver, and thyroid, disturbances in
sperm production, and gene mutations.
Cancer Risk. Simazine is considered by EPA to be a possible human carcinogen (cancer
causing agent). There is limited or uncertain information indicating that Simazine may
cause cancer in animals receiving high doses of the chemical over the course of their
lifetimes. Because Simazine in drinking water may possibly increase the risk of cancer in
humans, the Lifetime Health Advisory includes an additional margin of safety.
* Micrograms per liter are the units of measurement for contaminants in water, equivalent to parts
per billion.

-------
Page 2
What Actions Should I Take?

Your first step should be to get the advice of your state or county health officials. Other
experts in your state environmental agency or agriculture department may also be helpful
to you.
These people are likely to recommend that you retest your well to get an accurate overall
picture of the water quality. Seasonal precipitation changes and changes in pesticide use
can cause wide variations in the amount of pesticides found in your well.
Upon retesting, if Simazine is detected in your drinking well at or below 1 microgram per
liter, you should continue to retest your well periodically. Your state or county health
officials can refer you to approved testing services, advise you on the cost of testing, and
recommend how often you should retest.
If Simazine is detected in your water and confirmed by retesting at a level above 1
microgram per liter, once again consult your state or county health officials. They may
advise you to continue periodic retesting, or in some cases, to use an alternative drinking
water supply (such as bottled water) or treat the water or dig a new or deeper well.
Activated carbon adsorption is the most reliable treatment method for removing Simazine
from water. Other treatment technologies, including ion exchange, and oxidation by
chlorine, chlorine dioxide, ozone, hydrogen peroxide, and potassium permanganate, are
still considered experimental for removing Simazine and are not necessarily appropriate or
available in every situation. Certain treatment methods are more suitable for large
community water systems than for individual domestic wells. Your state or county health
officials should be able to advise you on the best approach to follow.

Where Can I Get More Information?

-------
<&EPA HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY

2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4,5-T)

What is a Health Advisory?

What is 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid?

2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid, also known as 2,4,5-T, Dacamine®, or Fence Rider®,
was formerly used to control woody plants on industrial sites and rangeland and to control
weeds in rice. All uses of 2,4,5-T have been cancelled by EPA.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by 2,4,5-T in My Water?

Non-Cancer Effects. EPA has set a Lifetime Health Advisory level for 2,4,5-T in drinking
water at 70 mtcrograms per liter*. This level includes a margin of safety to protect
human health and should be regarded as a guideline. EPA believes that water containing
2,4,5-T at or below this level is acceptable for drinking every day over the course of one's
lifetime, and does not pose any health concerns.
However, consuming 2,4,5-T at high levels well above the Lifetime Health Advisory level
over a long period of time has been shown to result in liver, kidney and lung damage,
reduced fetal weight, and birth defects in animal studies.
Cancer Risk Data from laboratory studies are inadequate for EPA to determine if 2,4,5-T
can increase the risk of cancer in humans.

What Actions Should I Take?

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4?EPA HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY

2,4,5-TP (Silvex)

What is a Health Advisory?

What is 2,4,5-TP?

2,4,5-TP, also known as Silvex, is a herbicide that was formerly used for weed and brush
control. All uses of 2,4,5-TP have been banned by EPA.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by 2,4,5-TP hi My Water?

Non-Cancer Effects. EPA has set a Lifetime Health Advisory level for 2,4,5-TP in drinking
water at 50 tnicrograms per liter*. This level includes a margin of safety to protect
human health and should be regarded as a guideline. EPA believes that water containing
2,4,5-TP at or below this level is acceptable for drinking every day over the course of one's
lifetime, and does not pose any health concerns.
However, consuming 2,4,5-TP at high levels well above the Lifetime Health Advisory level
over a long period of time has been shown to result in adverse effects on the liver and
kidneys in animal studies.
Cancer Risk. Data from laboratory studies are inadequate for EPA to determine if 2,4,5-
TP can increase the risk of cancer in humans.

What Actions Should I Take?

Where Can I Get More Information?

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HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY

Tebuthiuron
What is a Health Advisory?

What is Tebuthiuron?

Tebuthiuron, also known as Graslan® or Spike®, is a herbicide used for total vegetation/
woody plant control in noncropland areas and for brush and weed control in rangeland.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by Tebuthiuron in My Water?

Non-Cancer Effects. EPA has set a Lifetime Health Advisory level for Tebuthiuron in
drinking water at 500 micrograms per liter*. This level includes a margin of safety to
protect human health and should be regarded as a guideline. EPA believes that water
containing Tebuthiuron at or below this level is acceptable for drinking every day over the
course of one's lifetime, and does not pose any health concerns.
However, consuming Tebuthiuron at high levels well above the Lifetime Health Advisory
level over a long period of time has been shown to result in excessive weight loss; and
damage to the pancreas in animal studies.
Cancer Risk. Data from laboratory studies are inadequate for EPA to determine if
Tebuthiuron can increase the risk of cancer in humans.
What Actions Should I Take?

Where Can I Get More Information?

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V>EPA HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY

Terbacil

^•^•^••^•••^^^••••^••^^•^^^••I^^HI^^BII^H

What is a Health Advisory?

What is Terbacil?

Terbacil, also known as Sinbar®, is a herbicide used to control annual and perennial weeds
in crops such as sugarcane, alfalfa, pecans, and certain fruits.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by Terbacil in My Water?

Non-Cancer Effects. EPA has set a Lifetime Health Advisory level for Terbacil in drinking
water at .90 mtcrogramsper liter*. This level includes a margin of safety to protect
human health and should be regarded as a guideline. EPA believes that water containing
Terbacil at or below this level is acceptable for drinking every day over the course of one's
lifetime, and does not pose any health concerns.
However, consuming Terbacil at high levels well above the Lifetime Health Advisory level
over a long period of time has been shown to result in adverse health effects in animal
studies, including liver damage, reduced fetal weight, and disturbances in fetal
development.

Cancer Risk. Sufficient data are available from animal studies to indicate that Terbacil
does not increase the risk of cancer in humans.

What Actions Should I Take?

Where Can I Get More Information?

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HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY

Terbufos
What is a Health Advisory?

What is Terbufos?

Terbufos, also known as Counter®, is used for the control of soil insects and nematodes
infesting corn, maggots in sugarbeets, and green bug on grain sorghum.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by Terbufos in My Water?

Non-Cancer Effects. EPA has set a Lifetime Health Advisory level for Terbufos in
drinking water at 0.9 micrograms per liter*. This level includes a margin of safety to
protect human health and should be regarded as a guideline. EPA believes that water
containing Terbufos at or below this level is acceptable for drinking every day over the
course of one's lifetime, and does not pose any health concerns.
However, consuming Terbufos at high levels well above the Lifetime Health Advisory level
over a long period of time has been shown to result in adverse health effects in animal
studies, including damage to the eye and stomach, disturbances in fetal development, and
inhibition of an enzyme called cholinesterase. Symptoms associated with inhibition of this
enzyme in humans include nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, stomach cramps, excessive
sweating, muscle weakness, headaches, and rapid heart rate.
Cancer Risk. Sufficient data are available from animal studies to indicate that Terbufos
does not increase the risk of cancer in humans.
* Micrograms per liter are the units of measurement for contaminants in water, equivalent to parts
per billion.

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What Actions Should I Take?

Your first step should be to get the advice of your state or county health officials. Other
experts in your state environmental agency or agriculture department may also be helpful
to you.

Upon retesting, if Terbufos is detected in your drinking well at or below 0.9 micrograms
per liter, you should continue to retest your well periodically. Your state or county health
officials can refer you to approved testing services, advise you on the cost of testing, and
recommend how often you should retest.
If Terbufos is detected in your water and confirmed by retesting at a level above 0.9
micrograms per liter, once again consult your state or county health officials. They may
advise you to continue periodic retesting, or in some cases, to use an alternative drinking
water supply (such as bottled water) or treat the water or dig a new or deeper well.
Treatment by activated carbon adsorption and ion exchange appear to be possible
methods for removing Terbufos from water. However, these techniques have not been
widely tested for Terbufos and are not necessarily appropriate or available in every
situation. Your state or county health officials should be able to advise you on the best
approach to follow.
Where Can I Get More Information?

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HEALTH ADVISORY SUMMARY

Trifluralin
What is a Health Advisory?

What is Trifluralin?

Trifluralin, also known as Treflan®, is a herbicide used for control of annual grasses and
broadleaf weeds in soybean, cotton and vegetable crops, fruit and nut trees, shrubs, and
flowers. It is also used on golf courses, rights of way, and domestic and industrial sites.

What Health Effects Might Be Caused by Trifluralin in My Water?

Non-Cancer Effects. EPA has set a Lifetime Health Advisory level for Trifluralin in
drinking water at 5 micrograms per liter*. This level includes a margin of safety to
protect human health and should be regarded as a guideline. EPA believes that water
containing Trifluralin at or below this level is acceptable for drinking every day over the
course of one's lifetime, and does not pose any health concerns.
However, consuming Trifluralin at high levels well above the Lifetime Health Advisory
level over a long period of time has been shown to result in liver and kidney damage,
decreased fetal weight and size, and increased numbers of miscarriages in animal studies.
Cancer Risk. Trifluralin is considered by EPA to be a possible human carcinogen (cancer
causing agent). There is limited or uncertain information indicating that Trifluralin may
cause cancer in animals receiving high doses of the chemical over the course of their
lifetimes. Because Trifluralin in drinking water may possibly increase the risk of cancer in
humans, the Lifetime Health Advisory includes an additional margin of safety.
* Micrograms per liter are the units of measurement for contaminants in water, equivalent to parts
per billion.

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Page 2
What Actions Should I Take?

Your first step should be to get the advice of your state or county health officials. Other
experts in your state environmental agency or agriculture department may also be helpful
to you.
These people are likely to recommend that you retest your well to get an accurate overall
picture of the water quality. Seasonal precipitation changes and changes in pesticide use
can cause wide variations in the amount of pesticides found in your well.
Upon retesting, if Trifluralin is detected in your drinking well at or below 5 micrograms
per liter, you should continue to retest your well periodically. Your state or county health
officials can refer you to approved testing services, advise you on the cost of testing, and
recommend how often you should retest.
If Trifluralin is detected in your water and confirmed by retesting at a level above 5
micrograms per liter, once again consult your state or county health officials. They may
advise you to continue periodic retesting, or in some cases, to use an alternative drinking
water supply (such as bottled water) or treat the water or dig a new or deeper well.
Treatment technologies that can remove Trifluralin from water include reverse osmosis,
granular activated carbon adsorption, conventional treatment (coagulation, sedimentation,
and filtration), and possibly air stripping. However, these techniques are not necessarily
appropriate or available in every situation. Certain treatment methods are more suitable
for large community water systems than for individual domestic wells. Your state or
county health officials should be able to advise you on the best approach to follow.

Where Can I Get More Information?

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