PHASE II
 FACT SHEET
 National Primary Drinking Water
 Regulations for 38 Inorganic and
 Synthetic Organic Chemicals

 January 1991
Office of Drinking Water
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C

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                                                                    January 1991
Summaryj
These regulations will:
>• Promulgate Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLGs) and Maximum Contaminant
   Levels (MCLs) or treatment technique requirements for 33 contaminants; and,

>• Repropose  MCLGs and  MCLs for aldicarb,  aldicarb  sulfoxide, aldicarb  sulfone,
   pentachlorophenol, and barium.

When both rulemakings are final:

>• The addition of the 38 contaminants regulated in phase n will nearly double the number
   of MCLs water systems must meet from 34 to 60. Phase II will establish:

   •  27 new MCLs; and,
   •  11 revised MCLs.

>• The final and proposed rulemakings will establish:

      12 new pesticide standards for a total of 18;
      Two new inorganic standards and delete one standard for a total of 11;
      10 new volatile organics standards for a total of 18;
      Treatment technique requirements for two contaminants; and,
      One additional standard for PCBs.

These rules also include additional provisions ion

>• Analytical methods and laboratory performance requirements;

>• Best Available Technologies (BATs) for compliance with the MCLs and for the purpose of
   issuing variances;

>• Secondary standards for silver and aluminum to address aesthetic considerations;

>• Mandatory health effects language to be used by systems when notifying the public of
   violations; and

5* State reporting, recordkeeping and primacy requirements.
                                                           PHASE II FACT SH HIT

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  January 1991
	 ^ implementation uaies i 	

January 1991
July 1991
July 1992
January 1993
Standards for 33 contaminants promulgated
Standards for 5 contaminants reproposed
Standards for 5 contaminants promulgated
Standards for 33 contaminants effective
State adoptioa
Standards for 5 contaminants effective
Monitoring for 38 contaminants begins
( Regulatory Impact J
  >• These regulations will reduce the exposure of three million consumers to the regulated
     contaminants and result in an estimated reduction of 73 cancer cases per year.

  >• Pesticides are expected to result in most violations, costs and benefits.

  >• Total costs to all public water systems will be approximately $88 million per year.

  >• State implementation costs will be $21 million initially and $17 million in future years.

  >• Additional monitoring will be required for 200,000 systems.

     •  80,000 community and non-transient non-community systems must monitor for all
        contaminants.
     •  120,000 transient non-community systems must monitor for nitrate and nitrite.
     •  Monitoring requirements will be standardized to 3/6/9 year cycles.
     •  Monitoring costs will generally be less than $10 per household per year.
     •  It will cost $24 million per year for systems to monitor.
     •  Monitoring for the 30 unregulated contaminants (contaminants that will be regulated
        in future rulemakings) will cost systems an additional $39 million.

  >- Approximately 3300 or 3% of all public water systems will be required to provide treatmen t
     or find an alternate source of water.

     •  Treatment will cost $10 to $800 per household depending upon system size, degree of
        contamination, and other factors.
     •  It will cost systems $64 million to provide treatment.
     •  Exemptions will be allowed for small systerr»s based on costs.
  PHASE II FACT SHEET
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Contaminants
Inorganics
Asbestos
Barium3
Cadmium
Chromium

Mercury
Nitrate
Nitrite
Total Nitrate/Nitrite
Selenium
1 Final MCLGs and MCLs
' Mr l. - n.illion fibers per
(Phaco II Matinnfil Prlmorv/ ftrin


EPA Standards (mg/1)1
Drinking water Final Final Current
Health Effects MCLG MCL MCL

benign tumors 7MFL2 7MFL2 -
circulatory system 2 2 1
kidney 0.005 0.005 0.01
liver/kidney, 0.1 0.1 0.05
skin, and
digestive system
kidney, nervous 0.002 0.002 0.002
system
methemoglobinemia 10 10 10
"blue-baby syndrome"
methemoglobinemia 1 1
"blue-baby syndrome"
•4 A *1 A
	 	 10 lU
nervous system 0.05 0.05 0.01
become effective July 1992. At that time, the current MCLs cease to be effective
liter, with fiber length >10 microns.
klnn \A/otAr Rom ilfiti/\nc '
iviiiy vvdiui nuLjuidiiuiia i

Sources

natural mineral deposits;
also in Asbestos/Cement (A/C) pipe
natural mineral deposits; oil/gas drilling
operations; paint & other industrial uses
natural mineral deposits; metal finishing;
corrosion product in plumbing
natural mineral deposits; metal finishing,
textile, tanning and leather industries

industrial/chemical manufacturing;
fungicide; natural mineral deposits
fertilizers, feedlots, sewage;
naturally in soil, mineral deposits
unstable, rapidly converted to nitrate;
prohibited in working metal f liuds
natural mineral deposits; by-product of
copper mining/smelting




Analytic
Method BAT

TEM C/F; DF
DMF; CC
GFAA; ICP; IE; LS;
DAAA RO; ED
GFAA; ICP C/F; LS;
RO;IE
GFAA; ICP C/F; LS
RO;IE

MCV; ACV GAC; LS;
C/F; RO
MCR;AHR; IE; RO;
ACR; ISE; 1C EDR
ACR;MCR; IE; RO
IC;SP
GHAA; GFAA EDR;C/F
AA;LS;RO


• L..-V.-IS to- bnnum. ald.carb. aldicarb sulfone. aldicarb sulfoxide and pentachlorophenol are proposed. Final levels will be established by July 1991.

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Contaminants
Volatile Organlcs
o-Dichlorobenzene
cis-1 ,2 dichloroethylene
trans-1 ,2 dichloroethylene
1 ,2 Dichioropropane
tthylbenzene
Monochlorobenzene
Styrene
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Xylenes
C Phase II


Drinking Water
Health Effects

nervous system.lung,
liver, kidney
nervous system, liver,
circulatory
nervous system, liver,
circulatory
probable cancer, liver,
lungs, kidney
kidney, liver, nervous
system
kidney, liver, nervous
system
liver, nervous system
probable cancer
kidney, nervous
system, lung
liver, kidney,
nervous system
' F.ruil MCLGs and MCLs become effective July 1992. At that time, the
National Primary Drinking

EPA Standards (mg/l)1
Final Final Current
MCLG MCL MCL

0.6 0.6
0.07 0.07
0.1 0.1
0 0.005
0.7 0.7
0.1 0.1
0.1 0.1
0 0.005
1 1
10 10
current MCLs cease to be effective.
VVatAr R0niilat!r»n
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Contaminants
Pesticides and PCBs
Alachlor
(Lasso)
Aldicarb2
(Temik)
Aldicarb sulfone2
Aldicarb sulfoxide2
Atrazine
(Atranex, Crisazina)
Carbofuran
(Furadan 4F)
Chiordane
Dibromochloropropane
(DBCP, Nemafume)
2,4-D
(Formula 40, Weedar 64)
Ethylene Dibromide
(EDB, Bromofume)
Heptachlor
(H-34, Heptox)
Heplachlor
i-poxide
c
\s

Drinking Water
HealthEffects

probable cancer
nervous system
nervous system
nervous system
reproductive and
cardiac
nervous system
and reproductive
probable cancer
probable cancer
liver, kidney,
nervous system
probable cancer
probable cancer
probable cancer
' i >i MCl C.4 and MCLs bocomo olfoctive July 1992 At
Phase II National Pri

EPA
Final
MCLG

0
0.001
0.002
0.001
0.003
0.04
0
0
0.07
0
0
0

Standards
Final
MCL

0.002
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.04
0.002
0.0002
0.07
0.00005
0.0004
0.0002
marv Drinklna Water Reaulations i


(mg/l)1
Current
MCL Sources

herbicide on com and soybeans;
under review for cancellation
insecticide on cotton, potatoes; restricted
in many areas due to gndwater contam.
degraded from aldicarb by plants
degraded from aldicarb by plants
widely used herbicide on corn, and on
non-crop land
soil fumigant/insecticide on com/cotton;
restricted in some areas
soil insecticide for termite control, com,
potatoes; most uses cancelled in 1980
soil fumigant on soybeans, cotton;
cancelled in 1977
0.1 herbicide for wheat, corn, rangelands
gasoline additive, soil fumigant, solvent
cancelled in 1984; limitod uses continue
insecticide on corn; cancelled in 1983 for
all but termite control
soil & water organisms convert
heptachlor to the epoxide


Analytic
Method

505, 507
525
531.1
531.1
531.1
505, 507
525
531.1
505, 508,
525
504
515.1
504
505, 508,
525
505, 508.
525
.

BAT

GAG
GAG
GAG
GAG
GAG
GAG
GAG
GAC/PTA
GAG
GAC/PTA
GAG
GAG
that ome. the current MCLs cease to be effective.
2 Levels lor barium, aldicarb, aldicarb sullone, aldicart) sultoxide and pentachlorophenol are
proposed. Final levels will be established by July 1, 1991.

^^•^•M
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C Phase II National PrimaW^Drinkinci Water Regulations ^


EPA Standards (mg/l)1
Drinking Water Final Final Current
Contaminants Health Effects MCLG MCL MCL Sources
Pesticides and PCBs (cont'd)
Lindane nervous system, 0.0002 0.0002 0.004 insecticide for seed/lumber/livestock
liver, kidney pest control; most uses restricted in 1983
Methoxychlor nervous system, 0.04 0.04 0.1 insecticide on alfalfa, livestock
(DMDT, Marlate) liver, kidney,
Polychlorinated probable cancer 0 0.0005 - electrical transformers, plasticizers;
Biphenyls (PCBs, Aroclor) * banned in 1979
Pentachlorophenol2 probable cancer, 0 0.001 - wood preservative & herbicide; non-wood
liver, kidney uses banned in 1987
Toxaphene probable cancer 0 0.003 0.005 insecticide/herbicide for cotton, soybeans;
cancelled in 1982
2,4,5-TP nervous system, 0.05 0.05 0.01 herbicide on rangelands. sugarcane, golf
(Silvex) liver, kidney courses; cancelled in 1983.
Treatment Techniques
Acrylamide probable cancer, 0 0.005% dosed flocculents in sewage/
nervous system at 1 mg/l wastewater treatment
Epichlorohydrin probable cancer, 0 0.01% dosed epoxy resins & coatings,
liver, kidney, lungs at 20 mg/l flocculents used in treatment


Analytic
Method BAT
505,508, GAC
525
505, 508, GAC
525
505, 508 (screen), GAC
508A
525 GAC
505 GAC
515.1 GAC
none limit
use
none limit
use
Analytical Methods Key: Best Available Technology Key:
TEM = Transmission Electron Microscopy ACV = Automated Cold Vapor ISE = Ion Selective Electrode AA = Activated Alumina GAC =Granular Activated Charcoal
GFAA = Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption GHAA = Gaseous Hydride Atomic absorption 1C = Ion Chromatography C/F » Coagulation/Filtration IE = Ion Exchange
DAAA = Direct Aspiration Atomic Absorption MCD = Manual Cadmium Reduction . SP = Spectrophotometric OF = Direct Filtration LS = Lime Softening
ICP = Inductively Coupled Plasma ACR = Automated Cadmium Reduction DMF » Diatomite Filtration RO = Reverse Osmosis
MCV = Manual Cold Vapor AHR = Automated Hydrazine Reduction EDR = Electrodialysis Reversal PTA = Packed Tower Aeraiion
	 _ 	 r.o = nnrrnsinn Control
.
1 F,n,il MCLGs and MGLs become effective July 199^. At that time, the current MCLs cease lube elleUive. 	
2 Levels for barium, aldicarb, aldicarb sullone, aldicarb sulloxide and pentachlorophenol are proposed. Final levels will be established by July 1991.






" 6
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                                                                  January 1991


l~Vin fa mi n a n i

5 Inorganics
Asbestos

Nitrate
Nitrite
18 VOCs
17 Pesticides
and PCBs
Unregulated
- 6 IOCS
- 24 SOCs
"1 Compliance Monitoring. Ke'

Base Requirement
Ground water Surface water
1 Sample every Annual sample
3 years
1 Sample every 9 years
Annual j_ Quarterly
After 1 year < 50% of MCL, SWS
may reduce to an annual sample
1 Sample - If < 50% of MCL,
state discretion
Quarterly for one year
Annual after 1 year of no detects
4 Quarterly samples every 3 years
After 1 round of no detects; systems
>3,300 reduce to 2 samples per year
every 3 years, systems < 3,300 reduce
to 1 sample every 3 years
1 Sample
4 Consecutive quarterly
quirernentsf

Trigger that
Increases
Monitoring
>MCL
>MCL

> 50% MCL
> 50% MCL
> 0.0005 mg/1
Detection
N.A.
;

XVaivpr^ :

YES
Based on analytical
results of 3 rounds
YES
Based on VA1

NO
NO
YES
Based on VA1
YES
Based on V A1 1
YES
Based on VA1
1 VA = Vulnerability Assessment I
                                                         PHASE II FACT SI 11-1T
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   January 1991
( For More Information j
                                EPA Regional Off ices
   EPA Region 1
   Water Supply Branch
   JFK Federal Building
   Boston, MA 02203
   (617) 565-3655

   Connecticut,
   Massachusetts, Maine,
   New Hamshire, Rhode
   Island,Vermont

   EPA Region 2
   Water Supply Branch
   26 Federal Plaza
   New York, NY 10278
   (212) 264-1800

   New Jersey, New York,
   Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands

   EPA Region 3
   Water Supply Branch
   841 Chestnut Street
   Philadelphia, PA 19107
   (215) 597-8227

   Delaware, Maryland,
   Pennsylvania, Virginia,
   West Virginia, District of
   Columbia
EPA Region 4
Water Supply Branch
345 Courtland Street N.E.
Atlanta, G A 30365
(404) 347-2913

Alabama, Florida, Georgia,
Kentucky, Mississippi, North
Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee

EPA Region 5
Water Supply Branch
230 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, IL 60604
(312) 353-2151

Illinois, Indiana, Michigan,
Minnesota, Ohio, Wisconsin

EPA Region 6
Water Supply Branch
1201 Elm Street
Dallas, TX 75270
(214) 655-7155

Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico,
Oklahoma, Texas

EPA Region 7
Water Supply Branch
726 Minnesota Avenue
Kansas City, KS 66101
(913) 551-7030

Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska
EPA Region 8
Water Supply Branch
One Denver Place
999 18th Street, Suite 1300
Denver, CO 80202-2413
(303) 293-1413

Colorado, Montana, North
Dakota, South Dakota, Utah,
Wyoming

EPA Region 9
Water Supply Branch
75 Hawthorne Street
San Francisco, CA 94105
(415) 744-2250

Arizona, California, Hawaii,
Nevada, American Samoa,
Guam, Trust Territories of
the Pacific

EPA Region 10
Water Supply Branch
1200 Sixth Avenue
Seattle, WA 98101
(206) 553-4092

Alaska, Idaho, Oregon,
Washington
                         EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline
                                  1-800-426-4791
  PHASE II FACT SHEET
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