PESTICIDAL ASPECTS OF CHLORDANE AND HEPTACHLOR
IN RELATION TO MAN AND THE ENVIRONMENT -
A FURTHER REVIEW, 1972 - 1975
Criteria and Evaluation Division
Office of Pesticide Programs
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
EPA-540/4-76-005
August 1976
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I BIB
JSH!
BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA
SHEET
1. Report No.
EPA-540/4-76-005
2.
I 3. P.ecipiem'." Acc«rs«jt>n No.
i
,. Title and Subtitle
Chlordane and Heptachlor In Relation to Man And
The Environment A Further Pesticide Review 1972-197:
i y U..-ro.-r !'•
August
6.
7. Author(s)
Dr. Homer E. Fairchild, et al.
8. Performing Orf'unir.atiorr'Rept.
No.
9. Performing Organization Name and Address
Chlordane and Heptachlor Scientific Review Team
10. Project/Task/Worlc Unit No.
11. Conrract/Gram No.
12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address
Criteria and Evaluation Division
Office of Pesticide Programs
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20450
13. Type of Repon & Period
Covered
14.-
15. Supplementary Notes
16. Abstracts This report presents an additional review of both chlordane and heptachlor,
which is intended to present selected papers appearing in the literature from 1972-
1975, The review indicates new and significant literature in the areas of fish, wild-
life, distribution in the environment ( air, soil, water), residues in crops.and food
items, and toxicology and epidemiology. The chemistry information for 1972-1975 was
published as a part of a 1975 amendment to the 1972 reviews. This review summarizes
rather than interprets scientific data jtudies in the process of updating the earlier
reviews of chlordane and heptachlor, It is not intended to correlate data from different
sources of present opinions on contradictory findings, The review covers all uses of
the pesticides in the United States and should be applicable to future needs in the
Agency. The review was researched and prepared by the criteria and Evaluation Division,
Office of Pesticide Programs, EPA.
17. Key Words and Document Analysis.
Chlordane
Heptachlor
pesticides
use patterns
impact on environment
alternative uses
toxicity
fate in environment
residues in crops and food
toxicology
17b. Identifiers/Open-Ended Terms
17o. Descriptors
epidemiology
chemistry
17e. COSATI Field/Group
18. Availability Statement
19..Security Class (This
Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
(21. No. of Pages
20. Security Class (This
Page
UNCLASSIFIED
FORM NTIS-33 (REV. 10-73)
ENDORSED BY ANSI AND UNESCO.
THIS FORM MAY BE REPRODUCED
USCOMM-DC
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PESTICIDAL ASPECTS OF CHLORDANE AND HEPTACHLOR
IN RELATION TO MAN AND THE ENVIRONMENT -
A FURTHER REVIEW, 1972 - 1975
Criteria and Evaluation Division
Office of Pesticide Programs
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
EPA-540/4-76-005
August 1976
-------
Mention of trade names or commercial
products does not constitute endorse-
ment or recommendation for use.
ii
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PREFACE
Because of the Environmental Protection Agency's statutory mandate to protect
the public health and well being of its citizenry through control of economic
poisons, a comprehensive effort intended to insure intensive and regular re-
view of all economic poisons was initiated March 18, 1971, to identify those
pesticides which could represent potential unreasonable adverse effects on ,i?-r
and his environment. Since that date comprehensive "internal reviews" have
been conducted on a number of pesticides by the staff of the Office of Pesti-
cide Programs. ' .
Chlordane and heptachlor were initially reviewed in 1971 - 1972 by the Office
of. Pesticide Programs. The reviews, available from the Environmental Protection
Agency, are entitled: Pesticidal Aspects of Chlordane in Relation to Man and the
Environment, 1972 and Heptachlor - A Review of Its Uses, Chemistry, Environmen-
tal Hazards, and Toxicology, 1972. ;
This report presents an additional review of both chlordane and heptachlor,
which is intended to present selected papers appearing in the literature
from 1972-1975. The review indicates new and significant literature in the
areas of fish, wildlife, distribution in the environment (air, soil, water),
residues in crops and food items, and toxicology and epidemiology. The chem-
istry information for 1972-1975 was published as a part of a 1975 amendment to
the 1972 reviews.
This review summarizes rather than interprets scientific data studies in the
process of updating the earlier reviews of chlordane and heptachlor. It is
not intended to correlate data from different sources or present opinions on
contradictory findings. .
The review covers all uses of the pesticides in the United States and should be
applicable to future needs in the Agency. The review was researched and pre-
pared by the Criteria and Evaluation Division, Office of Pesticide Programs,
EPA. .
iii
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chlordane and Heptachlor Scientific Review Team:
Homer E. Fairchild, PH.D., Coordinator
Lawrence J. Baer
Kyle R. Barbehenn, Ph.D.
George J. Beusch
Robert L. Caswell
Frederick J. Hageman
Merle H. Markley
0. E. Paynter, Ph.D.
Kathy K. Smith
Rosemary Spencer
iv
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CONTENTS
Page No.
Summary 1
Chapter I. Current Chlordane and Heptachlor Pesticide
Uses With Their Impact on the Environment
and Alternatives 3
Chapter II. Toxicity, Fate and Implications of Chlordane
and Heptachlor in the Environment 33
Chapter III. Residues of Chlordane in Crops and Food Items 56
Chapter IV. Residues of Heptachlor in Crops and Food Items 63
Chapter V. Toxicology and Epidemiology of Chlordane 75
Chapter VI. Toxicology and Epidemiology of Heptachlor 78
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SUMMARY
Chlordane and heptachlor were initially reviewed by the Office of Pesticide
Programs, Environmental Protection Agency. The present review primarily
presents selected significant papers which have appeared in the literature lix-n
1972-1975. The amounts of chlordane and heptachlor used in the United State-
have continued to increase since 1972. It is estimated that the use-
distribution of chlordane in the United States during 1974 was as follows:
68% for termite control; 10% for home and garden uses; and, 22% for agricultur-
al uses. The use-distribution of heptachlor in the United States during 1974
has been estimated as follows: 50% for agricultural uses, primarily on corn;
34% for termite control; and, 16% for home and garden pests.
The recent development of a high purity technical chlordane (less than 1%
heptachlor content) presents a new pesticide product which is being evaluated
for efficacy and hazard in the environment.
Studies of chlordane in the soil have demonstrated that alpha and gamma
chlordane are the major components of the pesticide found in soil. Heptachlor
has been reported to be a minor component of this soil residue. Chlordane
has been confirmed to be relatively immobile in soil.
Data show that chlordane will translocate to certain crops, primarily the root
crops. It has been suggested that the atmosphere is a transport route for
chlordane from site of soil application to the oceans. Studies suggest organo
chlorine pesticides reside in the atmosphere either as vapors or are included
on dust particles. The pesticides are then "scrubbed out" by rain and snow.
Studies have indicated that normal agricultural pesticide applications did
not appear to endanger most farmstead water supplies.
Heptachlor is rapidly metabolized in flooded soil whereas its metabolite,
heptachlor epoxide, was not detected in the flooded soil. Previous studies
have shown that heptachlor epoxide would be formed from heptachlor in aerobic
non-flooded soil. Chlordane remains stable under both these conditions for
three months. Residues of chlordane and heptachlor have been found in sedi-
ments at levels much higher than the associated water residues.
Low levels of chlordane and heptachlor have been shown to be toxic to aquatic
life. The effects have been studied with oysters and several species of fish.
Recent studies have established levels of maximum acceptable toxicant concen-
tration (MATC) for chlordane and heptachlor through use of chronic exposure
tests with several species of aquatic animals. Chlordane, heptachlor and
heptachlor epoxide residues are widespread.
Residues of heptachlor epoxide are relatively widespread in wildife, but at
generally low levels. In recent years, dramatic wildlife kills have not been
attributed to the major uses of chlordane and heptachlor in the United States.
A recommendation was made that the heptachlor use as a seed dressing for
cereal grains be suspended as of January 1, 1974 in Canada.
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Early market basket surveys conducted by the Food and Drug Administration
demonstrate that chlordane is only infrequently found in total diet studies.
However, the Food and Drug Administration did report finding chlordane in
processed foods examined in fiscal year 1973 at a 5% relative frequency. The
USDA did find chlordane in 17.7% of fat tissues analyzed from livestock in
1974.
Market basket surveys for FY 1973 and .1974 indicate heptachlor epoxide occurs
commonly in dairy products and meat, fish and poultry.
Carcinogenic studies for chlordane and heptachlor are currently underway at
the National Cancer Institute, the National Institute of Health and the U.S.
Department of Health, Education and Welfare. A preliminary report is avail-
able at this time.
Oxychlordane, a metabolite of chlordane is stored in rat adipose tissue. Trans-
chlordane resulted in greater oxychlordane storage than cis-chlordane in both
sexes of rats with lower accompanying parent isomer storage.
Studies of human tissues from various areas of the world indicate widespread
distribution of heptachlor epoxide. Certain studies indicate the ability of
heptachlor epoxide to cross the placental barrier.
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CHAPTER I
Current Chlordane and Heptachlor Uses With
Their Impact On the Environment and Alternatives
This review of chlordane and heptachlor uses is intended to update the
information presented in the Reviews of 1972.
Of the total United States consumption of heptachlor in 1974, it is estimated
that the use-distribution was as follows: 50% agriculture, primarily corn;
34% termite control; and 16% home and garden and miscellaneous uses.
The United States use-distribution of chlordane in 1974 has been estimated as
follows: 22% agriculture; 68% termite control; and 10% home and garden and
miscellaneous uses.
Of the heptachlor uses currently registered, only those for snap beans,
cabbage, lettuce and rutabagas have established tolerances of 0.1 ppm. The
remainder of the registered heptachlor uses have had registrations extended
to allow gathering of data to support proposed tolerances (Code of Federal
Regulations, Section 180.104).
Interim tolerances have been set for blackberries, blueberries, boysenberries,
dewberries, raspberries at 0.01 ppm, tomatoes at 0.02 ppm and peppers at 0.1
ppm (Code of Federal Regulations, Section 180.319).
In 1960, zero heptachlor tolerances were established for barley, corn, oats,
pineapples, wheat and rye. Registration for these latter uses has been
extended until sufficient data to support a finite tolerance are submitted.
The majority of crops for which chlordane has a registered use have a tolerance
of 0.3 ppm (Code of Federal Regulations, Section 180.122). This tolerance has
been reaffirmed for most crops in a Federal Register notice of September
21, 1973. The registrations have been extended to allow time to gather data
supporting proposed tolerances.
Interim tolerances for extended registrations are as follows: Asparagas,
mustard greens, pumpkins and spinach at 0.1 ppm, parsnips, at 0.2 ppm and
bananas at 0.03 ppm (Code of Federal Regulations, Section 180.319).
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Seed treatment applications of chlordane utilize 2 oz of actual chlordane
per bushel of seed. Recent reports indicate this treatment is effective in
preventing seed-feeding damage by seed-corn beetles, seed-corn maggots, and
wireworms, except where resistance of the three pests is either confirmed or
suspected. ,
This chapter presents the currently registered uses of chlordane and heptachlor,
according to current use patterns, along with an update of the known regis-
tered alternative pesticides (see I.A. and I.E.). ,
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I.A. Summary of Registered Chlordane Uses and Alternatives
Animals
Brown Dog Tick - Naled, Carbaryl.
Demodectic Mange Mites - Lindane.
Fleas - Allethrins, Lindane, Benzobenzoate, Methoxychlor, Naled,
Coumaphos, Dioxthion, Baygon, Carbaryl, Malathion, Diazinon.,
Trichlorofon, Ronnel, Chlorpyrifos, Cythioate, Pyrethrins,
Rotenone, Rabon, DDVP, Compound 4072, Resmethrin.
Flies - Lindane, Methoxychlor, Ciodrin, Pyrethrins, DDVP.
Lice - Lindane, Benzobenzoate, Coumaphos, Methoxychlor, Dioxthion,
Carbaryl, Malathion, Ronnel, Pyrethrins, Rotenone, DDVP,
Lethane 384, Ciodrin, Toxaphene.
Mites - Ronnel, Pyrethrins.
Psoroptic Mange Mites - Lindane.
Ticks - Allethrins, Lindane, Methoxychlor, Naled, Coumaphos,
Dioxthion, Baygon, Carbaryl, Malathion, Diazinon, Dylox,
Ronnel, Pyrethrins, Rabon, DDVP, Compound 4072, Ciodrin,
Toxaphene. :
Field Crops -
Corn
Ants - Carbaryl.
Armyworm - Methoxychlor, Methyl parathion, Carbaryl, Malathion,
Diazinon, Toxaphene.
Climbing Cutworms - Methyl parathion, Toxaphene.
Corn Rootworms - Methyl parathion, Phorate, Malathion, Diazinon,
Disulfaton, Bux, Dasanit, Furadan, Dyfonate, Mocap.
Crickets - Carbaryl, Trichlorofon, Toxaphene.
Cutworms - Methyl parathion, Carbaryl, Diazinon, Trichlorofon,
Toxaphene, Dylox.
Earwigs - Carbaryl.
Flea Beetles - Methoxychlor, Methyl parathion, Carbaryl, Malathion,
Diazinon, OMPA, Toxaphene.
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Corn (continued)
Grasshoppers - Mevlnphos, Methoxychlor, Methyl parathlon, Carbaryl,
Malathion, Diazlnon, Endosulfan, Toxaphene.
Japanese Beetle - Methoxychlor, Carbaryl, Malathion, OMPA, Toxaphene.
June Beetles - Carbaryl.
Mole Crickets - Diazinon,.
Root Maggots - Diazinon.
Rose Chafer - Methoxychlor.
Slugs - Metaldehyde.
Snails - Metaldehyde.
Sowbugs - Carbaryl.
Wireworms - Lindane, D-D Mixture, Diazinon, EDB, Dasanit, Dyfonate,
Furadan, Mocap.
Cotton
Ants - Carbaryl.
Aphids - Phosphamidon, Perthane, Disulfaton, Naled, Dimethoate,
Bidrin, EPN, Methyl parathlon, Carbaryl, Phorate, Demeton,
Malathion, Diazinon, Guthion, Ethion, Metasystox-R, Endo-
sulfan, Toxaphene, Monitor, Endrin.
Beet Army-worm - EPN, Methyl parathion, Trichlorofon, Guthion,
. Azodrin, Toxaphene, Monitor.
Boll Weevil - Naled, Bidrin, EPN, Methyl parathion, Carbaryl,
Malathion, Guthion, Endosulfan, Toxaphene, Endrin.
Bollwortn - Naled, EPN, Methyl parathion, Carbaryl, Malathion,
Guthion, Chlordioneform, Chlordionefonn Hydrochloride,
Endosulfan, Toxaphene, Methyl bromide, Endrin.
Cabbage Looper - Bacillus Thuringiensis, Naled, Endrin, EPN,
Methyl parathion, Carbaryl, Malathion, Guthion,
Endosulfan, Toxaphene, Monitor.
Cotton Fleahopper - Naled, Bidrin, Endrin, EPN, Methyl parathion,
Carbaryl, Malathion, Trichlorofon, Guthion,
Carbophenothion, Endosulfan, Toxaphene.
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Cotton (continued)
Cotton Leafworm - Naled, Endrin, EPN, Methyl parathion, Carbaryl,
Malathion, Diazinon, Trichlorofon, Guthion, Car-
bophenothion, Ethion, Endosulfan, Toxaphene.
Crickets - Carbaryl, Trichlorofon, Toxaphene.
Cutworms - Endrin, Methyl parathion, Carbaryl, Malathion,
Trichlorofon, Guthion, Toxaphene.
Darkling Beetles - Carbaryl.
Fall Armyworm - Naled, Endrin, EPN, Methyl parathion, Carbaryl,
Malathion, Guthion, Toxaphene.
Flea Beetles - Phosphamidon, Naled, Methyl parathion, Carbaryl,
Endosulfan, Toxaphene.
Fleahoppers - Phosphamidon, Perthane, Naled, Dimethoate, Endrin, EPN,
Methyl parathion, Carbaryl, Malathion, Trichlorofon,
Guthion, Endosulfan, Toxaphene.
Garden Webworm - Perthane, Endrin, EPN, Methyl parathion, Malathion,
Diazinon, Guthion, Toxaphene.
Grasshoppers - Naled, Dimethoate, Bidrin, Endrin, EPN, Methyl
parathion, Carbaryl, Malathion, Guthion, Toxaphene.
Lygus Bugs - Phosphamidon, Naled, Dimethoate, Bidrin, Endrin, EPN,
Methyl parathion, Carbaryl, Malathion, Diazinon, Dylox,
Guthion, Ethion, Azodrin, Endosulfan, Toxaphene.
Stink Bugs - Endrin, Methyl parathion, Carbaryl, Malathion,
. Diazinon, Trichlorofon, Guthion, Endosulfan, Toxaphene.
Tarnished Plant Bug - Endrin EPN, Methyl parathion, Carbaryl,
Guthion, Toxaphene.
Thrips - Phosphamidon, Disulfaton, Naled, Dimethoate, Bidrin, Endrin,
EPN, Methyl parathion, Carbaryl, Phorate, Demeton, Malathion,
Guthion, Azodrin, Endosulfan, Toxaphene, Monitor.
Wireworms - Lindane D-D Mixture, EDB.
Soybeans
Crickets - Dylox, Toxaphene.
Grasshoppers - Naled, Methyl parathion, Carbaryl, Malathion, OMPA,
Toxaphene.
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Soybeans (continued)
Stink bugs - Naled, EPN, Methyl parathion, Carbaryl, Malathion,
Dylox, Guthion, OMPA, Endosulfan, Toxaphene.
Wirewonns - Lindane, D-D Mixture, Diazinon.
Tobacco
Ants - Carbaryl.
Cutworms - Lindane, Methyl parathion, Carbaryl, Malathion, Diazinon,
Trichlorofon, Endosulfan, Toxaphene.
Grasshoppers - Naled, Methyl parathion, Carbaryl, Malathion,
Diazinon, Guthion, Endosulfan.
Green June Beetle - Methyl parathion, Trichlorofon.
Hornworms - Naled, Methyl parathion, Carbaryl, Malathion,
Trichlorofon, Guthion, Endosulfan.
Mole Crickets - Diazinon.
White Grubs - Methyl Bromide, Chloropicrin.
Wireworms - Chloropicrin, Lindane, D-D Mixture, Diazinon, Dyfonate,
EDB, Methyl bromide, Mocap.
Field Crops Other Than Corn, Cotton, Soybeans and Tobacco
Alfalfa Weevil - Mevinphos, Methoxychlor, Dimethoate, Methyl
parathion, Carbaryl, Malathion, Guthion, Imidan,
Toxaphene.
Ants - Carbaryl.
Armyworm - Methyl parathion, Carbaryl, Malathion, Toxaphene.
Corn Rootworms - Phorate, Diazinon.
Crickets - Carbaryl, Trichlorofon.
Cutworms - Trichlorofon, Carbaryl, Diazinon, Toxaphene, Endrin.
Darkling Beetles - Carbaryl.
Flea Beetles - Methoxychlor, Carbaryl.
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Other field crops (continued)
Grasshoppers - Mevinphos, Methoxychlor, Naled, Dimethoate,
Methyl parathion, Carbaryl, Malathion, Diazinon,
OMPA, Toxaphene, Cabofuran, Endosulfan.
Lygus Bugs - Mevinphos, Methoxychlor, Naled, Dimethoate,
Methyl parathion, Carbaryl, Malathion, Diazinon,
Trichlorofon, Guthion, Metasystox-R, Toxaphene,
Methomyl, Carbofuran.
Mole Crickets - Trichlorofon.
Rice Leaf Miner - Methyl parathion, Malathion.
Wireworms - D-D Mixture, EDB, Lindane, Diazinon, Dyfonate, Phorate.
Fruits (Excluding Small Fruits)
Ants - Carbaryl, Malathion.
Aphids - Lindane, Mevinphos, Perthane, Methoxychlor, Dimethoate,
Methyl parathion Nicotine sulfate, Carbaryl, Demeton,
Malathion, Diazinon, Guthion, Carbophenothion, Metasystox-R,
Endosulfan, TEPP, Phoslon, Ethion.
Bagworm - Methoxychlor, Carbaryl, Malathion, OMPA.
Catfacing Insects - Endosulfan, Methyl parathion, Malathion,
Lindane, Carbaryl, Diazinon.
Codling Moth - Phosphamidon, Methoxychlor, Perthane, Dioxithion,
EPN, Methyl parathion, Morestan, Carbaryl, Malathion,
Diazinon, Guthion, Carbophenothion, Ethion, OMPA,
Imidan, Gardona, Chlordimeform, Chlordimeform
hydrochloride, Endosulfan, Methomyl, Phosalone.
Cutworms - Carbaryl.
Flea Beetles - Lindane, Methoxychlor, Malathion, Diazinon.
Grasshoppers - Lindane, Mevinphos, Perthane, Dimethoate, Carbaryl,.
Malathion, Toxaphene, Naled.
Green June Beetle - Carbaryl.
Oriental Fruit Moth - Methoxychlor, Methyl parathion, Carbaryl,
Malathion, Toxaphene.
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Fruits (Excluding Small Fruits) (continued)
Plum Curculio - Lindane, Perthane, Methoxychlor, EPN, Methyl
parathion, Morestan, Carbaryl, Malathlon, Diazinon,
Guthion, OMPA, Imidan, Gardona, Phosalone, Toxaphene,
Endosulfan.
Rose Chafer - Methoxychlor, Carbaryl, Malathion.
Spider Mites - Kelthane, Mevinphos, Kelthane, Malathion,
Carbophenothlon, Diazinon.
Thrips - Lindane, Methoxychlor, Dimethoate, Malathion, Diazinon,
TEPP, Toxaphene, Guthion, Naled, Carbaryl.
White Grubs - Chloropicrin.
Wireworms - D-D Mixture, EDB, Chloropicrin.
Ornamentals
Ants - Metasystox, Metasystox-R, Tetradlfon, Toxaphene, Allethrin,
Chloropyrifos, Fenthlon, Diazinon, Lindane, Di-Syston,
Carbaryl, Carbophenothion, Disulfoton, Malathion, Ovex,
Methoxychlor, Naled.
Aphids - Phorates, Ovex, DDVP, Metasystox, Rotenone, Endosulfan,
Acephate, Perthane, Methyl parathion, Nicotine, Dichlone,
Lindane, Disulfoton, Methoxychlor, Carbaryl, Malathion,
Trichlorofon, Metasystox-R, Toxaphene, Naled, Dimethoate,
Mexacarbate, Demeton, Diazinon, OMPA, Resmethrin, Allethrin.
Armyworm - Mexacarbate, Methoxychlor, Carbaryl, Malathion,
Chloropyrifos, Toxaphene, Metasystox-R.
Bagworm - Methychlor, Carbaryl, Malathion, Diazinon, Trichlorofon,
OMPA, Metasystox-R, Toxaphene, Acephate, Lindane,
Chloropyrifos, Carbophenothion, Ovex, Bacillus,
Thuringiensls.
Billbugs - Diazinon.
Birch Leafminer - Diazinon, Disulfoton, Malathion, Carbaryl,
Demeton.
Blister Beetles - Methoxychlor, Lindane, OMPA, Malathion, Carbaryl,
Metasystox-R.
Boxelder Bug - Methoxychlor, Carbaryl, Malathion, Chloropyrifos.
10
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Ornamentals (continued)
Brown Dog Tick - Chloropyrifos.
Cabbage Looper - Methyl parathion.
Carnation Bud Mite - Diazinon.
Carnation Shoot Mite - Diazinon.
Centipedes - Carbaryl, Malathion.
Chinch Bug - Ethion, Chloropyrif as, Aspon.
Climbing Cutworms - Allethrin, Dichlone, Methoxychlor, Carbaryl,
Malathion, Trichlorofon, Metasystox-R, Lindane,
Toxaphene.
Clover Mite - Karathane, Mexacarbate, Lindane, Kelthane.
Crickets - Diazinon, Chloropyrifos, Carbaryl, Malathion, Trichlorofon.
Cutworms - Mexacarbate, Diazinon, Chloropyrifos, Malathion, Endrin,
Lindane, Carbaryl, Toxaphene, Perthane, Methoxychlor,
Metasystox-R, Naled, Trichlorofon, Metasystox.
Cyclamen Mite - Kelthane, Diazinon.
Digger Wasps - Diazinon.
Dipterous Leafminers - Trichlorofon, Metasystox-R.
Earwigs - Diazinon, Chloropyrifos, Malathion, Carbaryl, Lindane,
Naled, Carbophenothion, Toxaphene, Sodium fluosilicate,
Tetradifon, Metasystox, Metasystox-R.
Elm Leaf Beetle - Carbaryl, OMPA, Naled, Toxaphene, Methoxychlor,
Malathion, Metasystox-R.
European Chafer - Chloropyrifos, Diazinon.
European Pine Shoot Moth - Mexacarbate, Lindane, Carbaryl, Phorate,
Malathion.
European Red Mite - Kelthane, Dioxathion, Demeton, Diazinon.
Fall Armyworm - Carbaryl, Tetradifon, Toxaphene.
Fall Webworm - Bacillus Thuringiensis.
11
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Ornamentals (continued)
Fiery Skipper - Lindane, Ethlene dichloride, Toxaphene.
Flea Beetles - Lindane, Methoxychlor, Carbaryl, Malathion,
Toxaphene, Diazinon, OMPA, Dichlone, Rotenone,
Trichlorofon.
Fleas - Malathion, Carbophenothion, Ethion, Lindane, Carbaryl,
Diazinon, Chloropyrifos, Toxaphene, Naled, Tetradifon,
Disulfoton, EDC, Ronnel, DDVP.
Flies - Methoxychlor, Malathion,, Diazinon.
Gnats - Methoxychlor, Malathion.
Grasshoppers - Methoxychlor, Malathion, Chloropyrifos, Toxaphene,
Lindane, Diazinon, Carbophenothion, Ethion, Carbaryl.
Holly Bud Moth - Diazinon.
Holly Leafminer - Diazinon.
Japanese Beetle - Carbaryl, Malathion, Methoxychlor, OMPA, Chloropy-
rifos, Resmethrin, Allethrin, Lindane, Metasystox-R,
Metasystox, Ovex, Diazinon, Rotenone.
June Beetles - Carbaryl.
Lace Bugs - Demeton, Phorate, Metasystox-R, Carbaryl, Malathion,
Diazinon, Resmethrin, OMPA, Lindane, Methoxychlor,
Toxaphene, Disulfoton, Dimethoate, Acephate, Allethrin,
Ovex, Dichlone, Nicotine sulfate, Rotenone.
Leaf Beetles - Carbaryl.
Leafhoppers - Phorate, Dichlone, Ovex, Nicotine sulfate, Lindane,
Disulfoton, Methoxychlor, Chloropyrifos, Carbaryl,
Malathion, Trichlorofon, Metasystox-R, Toxaphene,
Mexacarbate, Naled, Demeton, Diazinon, OMPA,
Resmethrin, Allethrin, Bacillus Thuringiensis,
Rotenone, Carbophenothion, Tetradifon, DDVP,
Metasystox, Dimethoate.
Leafminers - Metasystox-R, Carbaryl, Metasystox, Mexacarbate,
Lindane, Methoxychlor, Naled, Dimethoate, Diazinon,
Acephate, Malathion.
Leafrollers - Carbaryl, OMPA, Lindane, Ovex, Malathion, Naled.
12
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Ornamentals (continued)
Loopers - Mexacarbate, Naled.
Lygus Bugs - Trichlorofon, Metasystox-R, Malathion, Methoxychlor,
Diazinon, Acephate, Allethrin, Resmethrin, Ovex,
Methoxychlor, Perthane.
Millipedes - Lindane, Mexacarbate, Carbaryl, Diazinon, Toxaphene, EDC,
Malathion, Carbophenothion, Tetradifon.
Mites - Chloropyrifos, DDVP, Rynadin, Karathane, Dinsulfoton, Diazinon,
Trichlorofon, Metasystox-R.
Mole Crickets - Lindane, Diazinon, Carbophenothion, Ethion,
Chloropyrifos, Toxaphene.
Mosquitoes - Carbaryl, Lindane, Methoxychlor, Malathion, Diazinon,
Chloropyrifos, Tetradifon, Allethrin, DDVP.
Oak Kermes - Lindane, Carbaryl, Phorate, Malathion.
Plant Bugs - Lindane, Disulfoton, Methoxychlor, Carbaryl, Malathion,
Toxaphene, OMPA, Resmethrin, Allethrin, Dichlone,
Metasystox-R.
Privet Mite - Toxaphene, Kelthane. .-'...
Psyllids - Carbaryl, Lindane, Metasystox-R.
Rhododendron Borer - Lindane.
Rose Chafer - Carbaryl, Lindane, Methoxychlor, Malathion, Disulfoton,
Endosulfan, Perthane.
Scales - Carbaryl, Dimethoate.
Scorpions - Diazinon.
Scurfy Scale - Lindane, Carbaryl, Phorate, Malathion.
Slugs - Mexacarbate, Metaldehyde, Carbaryl, Mesurol.
Snails - Mexacarbate, Metaldehyde, Carbaryl, Mesurol.
Sod webworms - Diazinon, Carbaryl, Tetradifon, Chloropyrifos.
Sowbugs - Mexacarbate, Carbaryl, Diazinon, Chloropyrifos, Lindane, Naled..
Malathion, Metasystox-R, Carbophenothion, Ethion, Toxaphene.
13
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Ornamentals (continued)
Spider Mites - Disulfoton, Malathion, Nicotine sulfate, Phorate,
Kelthane, Naled, Karathane, Demeton, DDVP.
Spiders - Malathion, Diazinon.
Spittlebugs - Resmethrin, Endrin, Chloropyriphos, Lindane, Allethrin,
Toxaphene.
Stink Bugs - Dylox, Lindane, Carbaryl.
Tarnished Plant Bugs - Malathion, Chloropyrifos, Carbaryl, Methoxychlor
Dylox, Metasystox-R.
Tent Caterpillars - Methoxychlor, Carbaryl, Malathion, Lindane,
Mexacarbate, Diazinon, Ovex, Naled, Toxaphene,
Metasystox-R.
.Thrips - Dimethoate, Dichlone, Endrin, Nicotine sulfate, Lindane,
Disulfoton, Methoxychlor, Rotenone, Carbaryl, Malathion,
Trichlorofon, Phorate, Metasystox-R, Toxaphene, Naled,
Mexacarbate, Demeton, Diazinon, Metasystox, OMPA, Resmethrin,
Allethrin, DDVP.
Ticks - Diazinon, Carbaryl, Lindane, Methoxychlor, Naled, Dioxathon,
Malathion, Carbophenothion, Ethion, Metasystox-R, Chloropyrifos,
Toxaphene, DDVP.
Webworms - Trichlorofon, Metasystox-R, Metasystox, Carbaryl, Diazinon,
Methoxychlor.
Whiteflies - Mexacarbate, Methoxychlor, Malathion, Chloropyrifos,
Disulfoton, Dylox, Metasystox-R, Allethrin, Lindane,
Perthane, Naled, Carbaryl, Demeton, Diazinon, Metasystox,
DDVP, Resmethrin.
White Grubs - Diazinon, Lindane, Toxaphene, Methyl bromide, Chloropicrin,
Methoxychlor, Naled, EDC, Trichlorofon, Carbophenothion,
Ethion, Metasystox-R.
Willow Leaf Beetles - Carbaryl, Malathion, Methoxychlor.
Wireworms - Chloropicrin, Lindane, Methoxychlor, Naled, Diazinon,
Metasystox-R, Methyl bromide, D-D Mixture.
Premises (Indoor)
Ants - Lindane, Methoxychlor, Lethane, Malathion, Ronnel, DDVP,
Pyrethrins, Baygon, Diazinon.
-------
Premises (Indoor) (continued)
Bees - Pyrethrins.
Brown Dog Tick - Naled, DDVP, Baygon, Carbaryl, Malathion, Diazinon,
Chloropyrifos, DDVP.
Cadelle - Methoxychlor, Ethylenedichloride, Pyrethrins, EDB, Methyl br«:ii <:<•',
Cockroaches - Diazinon, Ronnel, DDVP, Baygon, Lindane, Fenthion,
Malathion, Trichlorofon, Pyrethrins, Chloropyrifos.
Crickets - Baygon, Ronnel, Pyrethrins.
Fleas - Thanite, Diazinon, Chloropyrifos, Ronnel, Rotenone, DDVP,
Compound 4072, Pyrethrins, Naled, Dioxathion, Carbaryl, Resmethi'lr.,
Lindane, Lethane, Methoxychlor, Baygon, Malathion.
Flies - Lindane, Malathion, Trichlorofon, Ronnel, DDVP, Pyrethrins,
Lethane 384, Methoxychlor, Carbaryl, Diazinon, Fenthion,
Resmethrin.
Gnats - Pyrethrins, DDVP, Methoxychlor, Malathion, Resmethrin.
Granary Weevil - Lindane, Methoxychlor, Malathion, Pyrethrins,
Ethylene dichloride, Methyl bromide.
Hornets - Pyrethrins, DDVP, Resmethrin.
Mosquitoes - Lindane, Malathion, Ronnel, DDVP, Pyrethrins, Lethane 384,
Methoxychlor, Carbaryl, Fenthion, Diazinon, Resmethrin.
Rice Weevil - Lindane, Methoxychlor, Malathion, Pyrethrins, EDB,
Ethylene dichloride, Methyl bromide, Trichlorethylene.
Silverfish - Ronnel, DDVP, Pyrethrins, Baygon, Lindane, Methoxychlor,
Malathion, Diazinon.
Spiders - Lethane 384, Methoxychlor, Malathion, Ronnel, DDVP, Baygon,
Pyrethrins.
Ticks - Naled, Dioxithon, Carbaryl, Baygon, Malathion, Compound 4072,
Lindane, Methoxychlor, Pyrethrins, DDVP.
Wasps - Ronnel, Pyrethrins, DDVP, Fenthion, Resmethrin.
Premises (Outdoor)
Ants - Carbaryl, Malathion, Diazinon, Ronnel, Pyrethrins, DDVP,
Resmethrin, Lindane, Lethane 384, Methoxychlor, Toxaphene.
15
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Premises (Outdoor) (continued)
Brown Dog Tick - DDVP.
Cockroaches - Malathion, Diazinon, Toxaphene, DDVP, Dylox, Pyrethrins.
Fleas - Lindane, Lethane 384, Methoxychlor, Malathion, Ronnel,
Pyrethrins, Toxaphene, DDVP.
Flies - Lindane, Lethane 384, Methoxychlor, Naled, Baygon, Malathion,
Ronnel, Pyrethrins, Toxaphene, DDVP, Resmethrin, Thanite,
Trichlorofon.
Gnats - Lindane, Malathion, Pyrethrins, Toxaphene, DDVP, Lethane 384,
Naled, Thanite, Ciodrin.
Grasshoppers - Carbaryl, Diazinon, Toxaphene.
Mosquitoes - Lindane, Lethane 384, Methoxychlor, Malathion, Ronnel,
Pyrethrins, Toxaphene, DDVP, Resmethrin, Naled, Thanite,
Ciodrin.
Powderpost Beetles - Pentachlorophenol.
Silverfish - Ronnel, Pyrethrins, DDVP.
Spiders - Lethane 384, Methoxychlor, Malathion, Ronnel, Pyrethrins, DDVP.
Termites (Wood) - Chromic Acid, Copper Naphthanate, Pentachlorophenol,
Zinc Naphthanate, Copper sulfate, Pentahydrate,
Creosote.
Wood Boring Insects - Copper Naphthanate, Creosote, Pentachlorophenol.
Seed Treatment
Wireworms - Lindane, Diazinon.
Small Fruits
Ants - Carbaryl, Methyl bromide, Chloropicrin.
• Cabbage Looper - Mevinphos, Carbaryl, Malathion.
Climbing Cutworms - Toxaphene.
Crickets - Lindane, Methoxychlor, Carbaryl, Malathion, Toxaphene.
Cutworms - Carbaryl, Malathion, Lindane, Toxaphene.
Darkling Beetles - Carbaryl.
16
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Small Fruits (continued)
Earwigs - Carbaryl, Lindane.
False Chinch Bug - Methyl parathion.
Field Crickets - Methoxychlor, Carbaryl, Malathion, Endosulfan.
Flea Beetles - Methoxychlor, Carbaryl, Malathion, Diazinon.
Fuller Rose Beetle - Guthion.
Grasshoppers - Lindane, Mevinpho's, Naled, Endrin, Carbaryl, Toxaphene.
Japanese Beetle - Methoxychlor, Carbaryl, Malathion.
Leaf Miners - Diazinon.
Lygus Bugs - Endosulfan, Mevinphos, Methoxychlor, Carbaryl, Malathion.
Mole Crickets - Diazinon.
Pill Bugs - Lindane, Methoxychlor, Naled, Carbaryl, Malathion, Diazinon,
Endosulfan. •
Rose Chafer - Methoxychlor, Carbaryl.
Slugs - Metaldehyde, Carbaryl.
Snails - Metaldehyde.
Stink Bugs - Mevinphos, Carbaryl, Guthion.
Strawberry Crown Borer - Toxaphene.
Strawberry Root Weevil - Malathion, Methoxychlor, Endosulfan.
Strawberry Weevil - Lindane, Perthane, Methoxychlor, Naled, Carbaryl,
Malathion, Toxaphene.
Thrips - Endosulfan, Naled, Methyl parathion, Carbaryl, Malathion, Guthion
Mevinphos, Methoxychlor, Diazinon.
White Grubs - Chloropicrin, Lindane, Methyl bromide.
Wireworms - D-D Mixture, Chloropicrin, EDB, Methyl bromide.
Small Grains
Armyworms - Endrin, Methyl parathion, Malathion, Toxaphene.
17
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-iV i>
Small Grains (continued)
Crickets - Trichlorofon.
Grasshoppers - Methyl parathion, Carbaryl, Malathion, Toxaphene, Phorate.
Wireworms - Lindane, D-D Mixture.
Vegetables
Ants - Allethrin, Carbaryl, Malathion, Pyrethrum, Methyl bromide,
Chloropicrin.
Armyworm - Carbaryl, Malathion, Endosulfan, Toxaphene, Mevinphos,
Methoxychlor, Methyl parathion, Naled, Diazinon, Ethion,
Monuron, Lindane.
Asparagus Beetle - Lindane, Methoxychlor, Carbaryl, Malathion, Ethion,
OMPA, Rotenone, Mevinphos, Methyl parathion, Diazinon,
Pyrethrum, Dylox, Endosulfan, Toxaphene.
Bean Leaf Beetle - Methoxychlor, Carbaryl, Ethion, Rotenone, Endosulfan,
Toxaphene.
Bean Leafroller - Toxaphene.
Beet Armyworm - Malathion, Rotenone.
Blister Beetles - Methoxychlor, Carbaryl, Rotenone, Methyl parathion,
Malathion, Naled, Endosulfan, Toxaphene, Diazinon,
Rotenone.
Cabbage Looper - Bacillus Thruingiensis, Methyl parathion, Carbaryl,
Malathion, Rotenone, Mevinphos, Endrin, Methoxychlor,
Naled, Methylene chloride, Carbophenothion, Endosulfan,
Toxaphene, Methomyl, Monitor.
Cabbage Maggot - Lindane, Guthion.
Carrot Rust Fly - Rotenone.
Centipedes - Diazinon.
Climbing Cutworms - EPN, Toxaphene, Mevinphos, Endrin, Naled,
Methyl parathion, Carbaryl, Endosulfan, Malathion,
Pyrethrum, Lindane, Dylox, Methoxychlor.
Colorado Potato Beetle - Perthane, Phorate, Imidan, Methoxychlor, Carbaryl,
Malathion, Rotenone, Naled, Carbofuran, Mevinphos,
Ethion, OMPA, Guthion, Monitor, Pyrethrum,
Toxaphene, Endosulfan, Methyl parathion,
Diazinon, Phosphamidon, Disulfoton.
18
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Vegetables (continued)
Corn Earworm - Mevinphoe, Naled, Carbaryl, Malathion, Carbophenothi.cn.
Crickets - Carbaryl, Toxaphene, Malathion, Trichlorofon, Lindane, Naled,
Endosulfan.
Cross-striped Cabbageworm - Mevinphos, Methyl parathion, Malathion,
Endosulfan, Pyrethrum.
Cucumber Beetles - Methoxychlor, Methyl parathion, Carbaryl, Malathior,
Diazinon, Ethion, OMPA, Rotenone, Endosulfan, Toxaphen*
Pyrethrum, Lindane, Phosphamidon, Naled, DDVP, Monurci.
Mevinphos.
Cutworms - Carbaryl, Malathion, Diazinon, Toxaphene, Lindane, Mevinphos,
Endosulfan, Dylox, Naled, Methyl parathion, Gardona.
Darkling Beetle - Carbaryl.
Earwigs -.Carbaryl, Malathion, Lindane.
Fall Armyworm - Methoxychlor, Carbaryl, Malathion, Naled, Methyl parathicr
Diazinon, Endosulfan.
Flea Beetles - Carbophenothion, DDVP, Mevinphos, Methoxychlor, Methyl
parathion, Carbaryl, Malathion, Guthion, Ethion, OMPA,
Rotenone, Toxaphene, Endosulfan, Diazinon, Naled, Lindane,
Disulfoton, Phorate, Pyrethrum, Phosphamidon, Metasystox-R,
Monitor, EPN.
Garden Webworm - Malathion.
Grasshoppers - Lindane, Carbaryl, Mevinphos, Dimethoate, Endrin,
Malathion, Diazinon, Toxaphene, Naled, Endosulfan,
Perthane, Guthion.
Green Stink Bug - Sabadilla, Malathion, Endosulfan, Mevinphos, Naled,
Carbaryl, Pyrethrum, Ethion, Diazinon, Guthion.
Harlequin Bug - DDVP, Endosulfan, Toxaphene, Diazinon, Pyrethrum,
Sabadilla, Carbaryl, OMPA, Malathion, Mevinphos, Naled,
Monuron, Methyl parathion, Rotenone.
Hornworms - Mevinphos, Phosphamidon, Methoxychlor, Naled, Methyl paratbi"
Carbaryl, Malathion, Guthion, Endosulfan, Toxaphene, Gardow .
Imported Cabbage Worm - Malathion, Carbophenothion, Pyrethrum, Rotenone,
Carbaryl, OMPA, Endosulfan, Bacillus Thuringier:'.
Phosphamidon, Toxaphene, Methoxychlor, Naled,
Methomyl, Methyl parathion, Ronnel, Diazinon,
Dylox, Monitor, Guthion.
19
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Vegetables (continued)
Japanese Beetle - Methoxychlor, Carbaryl, Malathion, OMPA, Rotenone,
Endosulfan, Toxaphene.
June Beetle - Carbaryl.
Leafhoppers - Mevinphos, Disulfoton, DDVP, Methoxychlor, Naled, Dimethoate,
Endrin, EDC, Methyl parathion, Carbaryl, Phorate, Malathion,
Diazinon, Guthion, Carbophenothion, Ethion, OMPA, Pyrethrujn,
Rotenone, Ryanodine, Endosulfan, Toxaphene, Phosphamidon,
Sabadilla, Nicotine sulfate, Bacillus Thruingiensis, Demeton,
Metasystox-R, Perthane.
Leafminers - Naled, Dimethoate, Methyl parathion, Malathion, Diazinon,
Guthion, Ethion, Endosulfan, Lindane, Phosphamidon, Ethylene
Dichloride, Guthion, Disulfoton, Carbaryl, Phorate, Toxaphene,.
Leafrollers - Malathion, Naled, Methyl parathion.
Lygus Bugs - Sabadilla, Mevinphos, Naled, Dimethoate, Methyl parathion,
Carbaryl, Phorate, Malathion Carbophenothion, Ethion,
Rotenone, Ryanodine, Toxaphene, Endosulfan, Methoxychlor,
Trichlorofon, Ronnel, Lindane.
Melonworm - Lindane, Methyl parathion, Carbaryl, Malathion, Ethion, OMPA,
Pyrethrum, Rotenone, Endosulfan, DDVP.
Mexican Bean Beetle - Sabadilla, Mevinphos, Methoxychlor, Naled, Monuron,
Endrin, EPN, Methyl parathion, Carbaryl, Phorate,
Malathion, Diazinon, Guthion, Ethion, OMPA, Rotenone,
Endosulfan, Toxaphene.
Mole Crickets - Diazinon, Dylox.
Onion Maggot - Diazinon, Lindane, Dasanit, Malathion, Carbophenothion,
Rotenone.
Onion Thrips - Naled, Methyl parathion, Carbaryl, Phorate, Malathion,
Diazinon.
Pea Weevil - Methoxychlor, Malathion, Rotenone, Toxaphene, Methyl para-
thion, Carbaryl, Pyrethrum, Endosulfan.
Pepper Weevil - Methoxychlor, Toxaphene.
Plant Bugs - Mevinphos, Carbaryl, Methyl parathion, Endosulfan, Lindane,
Toxaphene, Malathion.
20
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Vegetables (continued)
Potato Flea Beetle - Methoxychlor, Methyl parathion, Carbaryl, Ma lath ::.,'>•,•
Diazinon, Imidan, Endosulfan, Carbofuran, Monitor-
Potato Leafhopper - Methoxychlor, Methyl parathion, Carbaryl, Malathi or.
Diazinon, Imidan, Endosulfan, Carbofuran, Monitor
Potato Psyllid - Disulfoton, Methoxychlor, Methyl parathion, Phorate:..
Malathion, Endosulfan, Carbophenothion.
Root Aphids - Disulfoton, Phorate.
Root Maggots -- Diazinon. i
Rose Chafer - Methoxychlor, Carbaryl, Malathion, Rotenone, Pyrethrum.
Serpentine Leafmiher - EPN, Carbaryl, Toxaphene, Carbophenothion, Diar.lv
Ethion, Dylox, Endosulfan, Methyl parathion.
Slugs - Carbaryl, Metaldehyde.
Snails - Carbaryl, Metaldehyde.
Sowbugs - Carbaryl.
Spotted Cucumber Beetle - Lindane, Methoxychlor, Carbaryl, Malathion,
Guthion, Pyrethrum, Rotenone.
Squash Bug - Sabadilla, Lindane, Methoxychlor, Methyl parathion, Carbaryl,
Malathion, Ethion, OMPA, Pyrethrum, Endosulfan, Rotenone,
Dylox.
Squash Vine Borer - Methoxychlor, Malathion, Diazinon, Ethion, Pyrethrum,
Rotenone, Endosulfan, Carbaryl, Lindane.
Stink Bug - Mevinphos, Naled, Monuron, Methyl parathion, Carbaryl,
Malathion, Guthion, OMPA, Rotenone, Endosulfan, Bacillus
Thuringiensis, Ryanodine, Methoxychlor, Lindane, Phosphamidon.
Striped Cucumber Beetle - Rotenone, Pyrethrum, Sabadilla, Lindane,
Methoxychlor, Carbaryl, Malathion, Guthion.
Thrips - Lindane, Mevinphos, Disulfoton, Methoxychlor, Naled, Dimethoate.
EPN, Methyl parathion, Carbaryl, Phorate, Malathion, Diazinon,
Carbophenothion, Ethion, Rotenone, Ryanodine, Endosulfan, Toxa-
phene, Pyrethrum, Trichlorofon, Ronnel, DDVP, Nicotine sulfate,
Guthion.
21
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Vegetables (continued)
Tomato Hornworm - Carbaryl, Rotenone, Methoxychlor, Naled, Malathion,
Ethion, Endosulfan, Bacillus Thuringiensis, Toxaphene,
EPN, Methyl parathion.
White Grubs - Lindane, Chloropicrin, Methyl bromide.
Wireworms - EDB, D-D Mixture, Diazinon, Lindane, Chloropicrin, Phorate,
Dyfonate, Methyl bromide.
22
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T. B. Summary of_ Registered Heptachlor Uses and Alternnilves
Field Crops
Corn
Ants - Carbaryl.
Billbug - Toxaphene. .
Cutworms - Carbaryl, Dylox, Diazinon, Methyl parathion, Trichlorofon,
Toxaphene.
Rootworms - Bux, Dasanit, Furadan, Diazinon, Dyfonate, Mocap, Methyl
parathion, Phorate, Malathion, Disulfoton.
Wireworms - Dyfonate, Dasanit, Diazinon, Furadan, Mocap, Lindane,
D-D Mixture, EDB.
Cotton
Boll weevil - Naled, Bidrin, Endrin, EPN, Methyl parathion, Carbaryl,
Malathion, Endosulfan, Toxaphene, Guthion.
Cotton Fleahopper - Naled, Bidrin, Endrin, EPN, Methyl parathion,
Carbaryl, Malathion, Trichlorofon, Guthion,
Carbophenothion, Endosulfan, Toxaphene.
Cutworms - Endrin, Guthion, Malathion, Methyl parathion, Carbaryl,
Trichlorofon, Toxaphene.
Fleahopper - Phosphamidon, Perthane, Dimethoate, Naled, Bidrin, Endrin,
EPN, Methyl parathion, Carbaryl, Malathion, Trichlorofon,
Guthion, Carbophenothion, Endosulfan, Toxaphene.
Tarnished Plant Bug - Endrin, EPN, Methyl parathion, Carbaryl, Guthion,
Toxaphene.
Thrips - Azodrin, Phosphamidon, Endosulfan, Disulfoton, Naled, Toxaphene,
Dimethoate, Bidrin, Monitor, Endrin, EPN, Methyl parathion,
Carbaryl, Phorate, Demeton, Malathion, Guthion.
Soybeans
Wireworms - Lindane, D-D Mixture, Diazinon.
Tobacco
Cutworms - Lindane, Malathion, Endosulfan, Carbaryl, Methyl parathion,
Diazinon, Trichlorofon, Toxaphene.
23
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Field Crops (continued)
Tobacco (continued)
White Grubs - Methyl bromide, Chloropicrin.
Wireworms - Lindane, Dyfonate, EDB, Methyl bromide, Diazinon, Chloropicrin,
D-D Mixture, Mocap.
Ornamentals
Ants - Carbaryl, Metasystox, Lindane, Diazinon, Malathion, Resmethrin,
Metoxychlor, Chloropyrifos, Naled, Di-Syston, Metasystox-R,
Toxaphene, Allethrin, Fenthion, Tetradifon, Carbophenothion,
Disulfoton, Ovex.
Aphids - Methoxychlor, Carbaryl, Malathion, Resmethrin, DDVP, Allethrin,
Lindane, Diazinon, Trichlorofon, Metasystox-R, Toxaphene,
Mexacarbate, Disulfoton, Phorate, Ovex, Metasystox, Rotenone,
Endosulfan, Acephate, Perthane, Methyl parathion, Nicotine,
Dichlone, Naled, Dimethoate, Demeton, OMPA.
Armyworms - Malathion, Toxaphene, Mexacarbate, Methoxychlor, Carbaryl,
Chloropyrifos, Metasystox-R.
Asiatic Garden Beetle
Black Vine Weevil
Crickets - Trichlorofon, Chloropyrifos, Diazinon, Carbaryl, Malathion.
Cutworms - Lindane, Mexacarbate, Carbaryl, Diazinon, Chlorpyrifos,
Toxaphene, Methoxychlor, Naled, Trichlorofon, Malathion, Endrin,
Perthane, Metasystox-R.
Earwigs - Carbaryl, Diazinon, Lindane, Naled, Malathion, Toxaphene,
Chloropyrifos, Carbophenothion, Sodium Fluosilicate, Tetradifon,
Metasystox, Metasystox-R.
Fleas - Chloropyrifos, Lindane, Ronnel, Naled, Toxaphene, DDVP, Diazinon,
Carbaryl, Malathion, Carbophenothion, Ethion, Tetradifon,
Disulfoton, EDC.
Grasshoppers - Chlorpyrifos, Carbaryl, Methoxychlor, Malathion, Toxaphene,
Lindane, Diazinon, Carbophenothion, Ethion.
Japanese Beetle - Methoxychlor, Carbaryl, Malathion, Chlorpyrifos,
Resmethrin, Allethrin, Lindane, Toxaphene, OMPA,
Metasystox-R, Metasystox, Ovex, Diazinon, Rotenone.
24
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Field Crops (Continued)
Ornamentals
June Beetles - Carbaryl.
Mole Crickets - Lindane, Dlazinon, Chlorpyrifos, Toxaphene, Carbophen • .'. •>-
Ethion.
Slugs - Mexacarbate, Metaldehyde, Carbaryl, Mesurol.
Snails - Mexacarbate, Carbaryl,'Metaldehyde, Mesurol.
Sod webworms - Carbaryl, Diazinon, Cblorpyrifos, Tetradifon.
Sowbugs - Mexacarbate, Carbaryl, Diazinon, Chlorpyrifos, Malathion,
Lindane, Naled, Metasystox-R, Carbophenothion, Ethion, Toxapher:
Spider mites - Kelthane, Malathion, Nicotine sulphate, Disulfoton, Phorar.e
Naled, Karathane, Demeton, DDVP.
Ticks - Lindane, Methoxychlor, Naled, Dioxathion, Carbaryl, Malathion,
Diazinon, Chlorpyrifos, Toxaphene, DDVP, Carbophenothion, Ethion,
Metasystox-R.
White grubs - Lindane, Diazinon, Toxaphene, Chloropicrin, Methoxychlor,
Naled, Methyl bromide, EDC, Trichlorofon, Carbophenothion,
Ethion, Metasystox-R.
Wireworms - Lindane, Chloropicrin, Methoxychlor, Naled, Diazinon, Methyl
bromide, D-D Mixture, Metasystox-R.
Mosquitoes - Pyrethrins, Carbaryl, Diazinon, Lindane, Methoxychlor,
Malathion, Chlorpyrifos, Tetradifon, Allethrin, DDVP.
Narcissus Bulb Fly - Ronnel, Trichlorofon.
Premises (Domestic Dwellings - Indoors)
Ants - Pyrethrins, Lindane, Methoxychlor, Lethane, Malathion, Ronnel,
DDVP, Baygon, Diazinon.
Cockroaches - Pyrethrins, Diazinon, Ronnel, DDVP, Baygon, Lindane,
Fenthion, Malathion, Trichlorofon, Chlorpyrifos.
Flies - DDVP, Lindane, Malathion, Trichlorofon, Ronnel, Pyrethrins,
Lethane 384, Methoxychlor, Carbaryl, Diazinon, Fenthion,
Resmethrin.
Silverfish - Pyrethrins, Ronnel, DDVP, Baygon, Lindane, Methoxychlor
Malathion, Diazinon.
25
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Field Crops (continued)
Premises (Domestic Dwellings - Indoors) (continued)
Silverfish - Pyrethrins, Ronnel, DDVP, Baygon, Lindane, Methoxychlor
Malathion, Diazinon.
Seed Treatment
Wireworms - Lindane, Diazinon.
Small Fruits
Strawberry Root Weevil - Malathion, Methoxychlor, Endosulfan.
Small Grains
Cutworms - Endrin, Methyl parathion, Toxaphene.
Vegetables
Cabbage Maggot - Lindane, Guthion. *"'"
Cutworms - Lindane, Carbaryl, Mevinphos, Methyl parathion, Diazinon,
Toxaphene, Gardona, Malathion, Endosulfan, Dylox, Naled.
Root Maggots - Diazinon.
White Grubs - Lindane, Chloropicrin, Methyl bromide.
Wireworms - Lindane, D-D Mixture, EDB, Diazinon, Chloropicrin,
Phorate, Dyfonate, Methyl bromide.
26
-------
I.C. Discussion £f Chlordane and Heptachlor Usage Patterns and Alternative
Chemicals - in 1972, the EPA Special Pesticide Review Group studied the cox>
cological hazard to man and the environment associated with the use of
dane as a pesticide in the United States. In making this study, the Group
consulted pesticide experts in EPA and other Federal agencies and evaluated
the information received in response to the Federal Register notice on chirr
dane and heptachlor (36 FR 6606). In this study, the Group used a questiorr.--
prepared by the Office of Pesticide Programs of EPA and sent by the U.S.
Department of Agriculture to state extension directors and directors of sv.. '
agricultural experiment stations, to enable both agencies to better assess :
impact of cancellation of chlordane and heptachlor on American agriculture „
The questionnaire related to projected state recommendations for these
insecticides in 1975. Although these are recommendations only and may not be
followed by all users, their advocacy does represent the thinking of state
entomologists as to the most efficacious treatments. We must presume that \:hf
majority of users ahere to these recommendations. Some measure of usage pat-
terns of chlordane and heptachlor may thus be derived from state recommendat .j •
Table 1 was derived from this USDA/EPA questionnaire and lists those states
responding to our inquiry, the state estimates of total pounds actual of chl.vr
dane and heptachlor used in 1974, and whether they will or will not recommeiu,
these insecticides in 1975 for other than structural use against termites or
the dipping of nursery stock.
I.C.I. Discussion of Chlordane and Heptachlor Uses Being Recommended - Table ..
presents a brief summary of the recommendation plans of the various states for
chlordane and heptachlor. This section is intended to highlight comments which
are very significant to a review of the two pesticides.
I.C.I. a. Soil Applications - This is by far the most extensive agricultural
use of chlordane and heptachlor. The comments indicated that the principal
soil application recommendations for 1975 will be corn, strawberries, and
potatoes. Many states advocate soil treatment of ornamentals including
flowers and trees.
I.C.l.b. Foliar Applications - The only foliar applications of chlordane which
will be recommended in 1975 are insect pests on strawberries in Missouri and
cotton pests in Arkansas. It is possible that other foliar recommendations
were not clearly identified as such. Missouri has indicated that failure to
have chlordane for both soil and foliar application on strawberries would havt
a serious effect on production. Several states are recommending foliar appH.
cations for pests such as boxelder bug, rhododendron borer, willow tree bore:r
adult blackvine weevils and magnolia leaf miner.
27
-------
I.C.I.e. Seed Treatments - Most of the recommendations were for corn, other
grains, sorghum, and soybeans. The principal insects for which chlordane and
heptachlor seed treatments would be recommended include seed corn beetles, seed
corn maggots, wireworms and false wireworms. Sorghum seed is also treated to
control the kaffir ant.
I.C.l.d. Lawns and Turf - None of the responding states have indicated that
they will recommend chlordane as a preemergence herbicide for control of crab-
grass on lawns in 1975.
Many states indicated the need for chlordane to control common turf pests,
especially white grubs. Such treatments are recommended for home lawns, golf
courses, cemeteries, ornamental ground cover, and for use by commercial sod
producers.
I.C.I.e. Aquatic Uses - Recommendation of chlordane for mosquito control is
limited.
I.C.l.f. Indoor and Outdoor Uses for the Home and Commercial Establishments -
The indicated recommendations for this area of chlordane use were many and
varied.
I.C.l.g. Structural and Wood Products, Including Termite Control - The pest
control industry has estimated that 7,000 firms are engaged in termite control
in the United States. A further estimate indicates that 30% of structural
pest control revenue is derived from termite control which employs 9,000 direct
workers and 4,800 support people who produce $180,000,000 in annual revenue.
Chlordane and/or heptachlor will be recommended in 1975 by most states for
termite control. Chlordane was suggested by some states for control of other
woodboring insects. Alternative insecticides suggested for control of certain
woodboring insects included diazinon, baygon and pentachlorophenol. Several
of the states indicated that pentachlorphenol is considered too hazardous and
odoriferous for use.
28
-------
TABLE 1. Chlordane/Heptachlor Usage by State.
State or
Planned recommendations
in 1975 for uses
other than termites Total poundage used in 1974 (if a
and dipping of nur- ence exists in amounts used in 1973 and
Territory l.> sery stock
1974 the trend is indicated 2) 3)
Chlordane Heptachlor Chlordane
Alabama X
Alaska X
Arizona X
Arkansas X
California X
Colorado
Connecticut X
Delaware X
Florida X
Georgia X
Guam X
Hawaii
X 1,000,000 Ib
X 50- Ib
X 150,000 Ib
(down from 1973)
X no estimate
no estimate
40 Ib
(down from 1973)
no estimate
no estimate
X 1,124,193 Ib
(1973 estimate - Ib
sold)
no estimate
no estimate
126,000 Ib
(1973)
Heptachlor
250,000 Ib
4,000 Ib
no estimate
no estimate
120 Ib
(down from 1973)
no estimate
no estimate
260,367 Ib
(1973 estimate - Ib
sold)
no estimate
no estimate
no estimate
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
313,000 Ib
(up from 1973)
715,708 Ib
(down from 1973)
300,000 Ib
(plus termite and
small package use)
no estimate
270,645 Ib
(down from 1973)
300,000 Ib
(plus termite and
small package use.;
29
-------
TABLE 1. (continued)
State or
Planned recommendations
in 1975 for uses
other than termites Total poundage used in 1974 (if a differ-
and dipping of nur- ence exists in amounts used in 1973 and
Territory 1) sery stock
1974 the trend is indicated 2) 3) 4).
Chlordane Heptachlor
Chlordane
Heptachlor
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
X
X
X
X
X
X -75,000 Ib
(up from 1973)
no estimate
1,000 Ib
(down from 1973)
no estimate
slightly more than
500
no
no
no
low -
,000 Ib
estimate
estimate
estimate
no specific
Maryland
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
X
X
2,700 Ib
(up from 1973)
770,000 Ib
(70% for termites)
(down from 1973)
no estimate
160,000 Ib
(1973 use)
(does not include use
by PCOs for homeowners,
or use on turf)
448,520 Ib
(up from 1973)
estimate
61,000 Ib
(down from 1973)
231.3 Ib
(1973 use)
20,000 Ib
258,960 Ib
(up from 1973)
Missouri
Nebraska
Nevada
X
X
X
X
X
X
no estimate
100,000 Ib
8,758 gal.
(1973 use)
no estimate
25,000 Ib
1,601 gal.
(1973 use)
New Hampshire
no estimate
none used
30
-------
TABLE 1. (continued)
State or
Territory p
Planned recommendations
in 1975 for uses
other than termites
and dipping of nur-
sery stock
Total poundage used in 1974 (if a difft:
ence exists in amounts used in 1973 a;..i
1974 the trend is indicated 2) 3) 4),
New Mexico
New York
N. Carolina
N. Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
S. Carolina
S. Dakota
Tennessee
Utah
Vermont
Chlordane
X
X
(ant only)
X
X
X
X
' X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Heptachlor Chlordane
X 5,000 Ib
no estimate
restricted use
1,750,000 Ib
(up from 1973)
(1,000,000 Ibs of this
total used on termites)
X 79,600 Ib
(up from 1973)
no estimate
X no estimate
no estimate
no estimate
X no estimate
no estimate
X no estimate
X no estimate
5,000 Ib
used by per- 1,600 Ib
Heptachlor
. 500 Ib
no estimate -
used by N.Y. State-
Dept. Agr. to con
trol alfalfa snou'.
beetle
75,000 Ib
(down from 197 "
1,900 Ib
(down from 1973}
no estimate
no estimate
no estimate
no estimate
no estimate
no estimate
no estimate
no estimate
1,000 Ib
0
mit only - (licensed applicators only
no permits - does not include fonnu-
issued in lations under 10% sold by
1973 or 1974. outlets with no records of
sale) (up from 1973)
31
-------
TABLE 1. (continued)
State or
Territory 1)
Planned recommendations
in 1975 for uses
other than termites Total poundage used in 1974 (if a differ-
and dipping of nur- ence exists in amounts used in 1973 and
sery stock 1974 the trend is indicated 2) 3) A).
Chlordane Heptachlor
Chlordane
Heptachlor
Virginia
Washington
W. Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
X
X
X
no estimate
340,700 Ib
(Ib sold " up more
than tenfold from
1973)
no estimate
no estimate
no estimate
48 Ib
(1973 use)
no estimate
no estimate
no estimate
no estimate
(1 As of the date of issuance of this report, replies had not been received
from: California, Kansas, Massachusetts, Montana, Rhode Island, Texas.
The state of California, however, has entered as an intervenor in the public
hearing to be held on continued registration of heptachlor and chlordane pro-
ducts. In connection with the filing of objections to the cancellation, the
California State Department of Agriculture listed a number of sites and pests
foe which they requested the retention of chlordane. It has therefore been
presumed that these compounds will be recommended in 1975, and this has been
noted In Table 1. The state of Kansas submitted a list of probable 1975
recommendations In response to a telephone inquiry from this office, and this
Information has also been included.
2) Many of those responding Indicated that data were lacking to support
substantive estimates of actual poundages used in their states. Several state
representatives stated that estimates were imprecise. States requiring permits
for chlordane and heptachlor use would likely have accurate records of
amounts sold.
3) Usage of these chemicals may increase in the wake of the manufacturing
suspension of aldrin and dieldrin.
4) There is the possibility that several states showing high poundages used
or sold in their state have listed pounds of formulated insecticide rather
than pounds of actual insecticide.
32
-------
Chapter II
Toxicity, Fate and Implications of
Chlordane and Heptachlor in the Environment
II.A. The Fate of Chlordane in Soil - Stewart and Chisholm (1971) found
alpha and gamma chlordane to be the major components of the pesticide residue
in Nova Scotia sandy loam soil. Heptachlor was reported to be a minor com-
ponent of this residue. The last application was made 15 yr previously ,"
a rate of 5 ppm for 15.2 cm depth per hectare per year (equivalent to abciK
12.5 Ib active ingredient/acre) for 3 yr. The amount of residue remaining
was estimated to be 16% based on a standard said to be similar in composition
to the pesticide originally applied.
The residue from high-purity chlordane (Velsicol HCS-3260) was studied by
Wilson and Oloffs (1973) for 16 months following applications to British
Columbia soils at rates of 5.6 and 11.2 kg active ingredient per hectare
(equivalent to 5 and 10 Ib active ingredient/acre). Metabolites and minor
components of HCS-3260 occurred at very low concentrations in both moist and
dry soil conditions. In addition to alpha- and gamma-chlordane, these were;
heptachlor, gamma-chlordane, Compound K, photo-alpha-chlordane, heptachlor
epoxide and oxychlordane, amounting to 2.7 - 2.9% of the sum of alpha- plus
gamma-chlordane initially, under dry soil conditions, which over a period of
3 months, increased to 6.6%. This increase resulted from the formation of
photo-alpha-chlordane which alone accounted for 60% of the total metabolites
and minor components after that interval. The total number of metabolites
and minor components decreased during this same interval under moist soil
conditions. Oxychlordane was not detected under dry soil conditions, although
the aerial tissue of alfalfa grown in that soil contained oxychlordane (and
photo-alpha-chlordane). .
II.A.1'. Build-up and Persistence of Chlordane in Soil - Additional investi-
gations on the duration and extent of soil contamination under either experi-
mental or field conditions have been made.
Indicative of the residues in soil are the data tabulated below. Table 1 is
from Edwards (1973) with more recent data given as Table 1 (Addenda).
Chlordane is still commonly found in soil. Its persistence and relative
persistence remain essentially as indicated previously in this section of
the report. The view that chlordane is relatively immobile in soil is con-
firmed. (Stewart and Chisholm, 1971; Wilson and Oloffs, 1973).
The specialized use of chlordane for termite control includes high rates of
application and often some degree of protection from the weather. Thus, it
is not surprising to find a report of persistence, such as that of Bennett
et al. (1974), in which 15% of the original post-construction application
remained 21 yr after treatment (with 4 gal/5 linear ft of a 2% chlordane
emulsion). Under the ambient conditions of use in this study, the horizontal
and vertical movements were so restrictive that the authors considered
environmental contamination not to be a problem.
33
-------
J
Location
US
US
no. or bites
or Samples
30
227
Cropping
Orchard fruits
City garden
products,
Residue
Mav
A AOA .
37.60
and turf 120.0
US
US
Canada
Canada
US
US
US
US
US
+ Residues
41
27
11
3
12
5
92
1729
71
Vegetables
Soybeans
Vegetables
Vegetables
Corn
Forage
Sweet potatoes
Mixed
Onions
3.91
1.11
0.86
0.11
0.02
0.05
5.07
6.30
23.84
(ppm)
\f
Mean
0.10+
0.81
1.51
0.12
0.24
0.12
0.04
0.02
0.03
0.28
0.04
1.63
found at only one site
Reference
Stevens et al.(1970)
Fahey et al.(1965)
Saha and Sumner(1971)
USDA (1968)
Duffy and Wong(1967)
Harris and Sans(1969)
Gish (1970)
Mullins et al. (1971)
Sand et al. (1972)
Wiersma et al.(1972b)
Wiersma et al.(1972a)
Reprinted from Persistent pesticides in the environment, 2nd ed., by C. A.
Edwards by permission of CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio (1973).
34
-------
Addendum to Table 1
No. Times Detected/
Location
US
US
Canada
Total Samples
36/399
6/20
18/48
Cropping
Corn
Pasture
Mixed
Max.
4.30
0.076*
0.63**
Residue (ppm)
Mean
Reference
US
US
US
13/242
142/399
162/1506
Mixed
Garden
crops and
lawns
Mixed
0.02
20.48
13.34
0.05 Carey et al.(19 7
ND* McLane et _al
0.16** Harris and Sai'
(1971)
0.01 Wiersma et al.(:
ca 0.7 Wiersma et al.
(1972c)
0.08 Crockett et al.
(1974)
* Alpha-chlordane
** Gamma-chlordane
ND None detectable
II.A.2. Translocation into Plants - Data presented previously indicate that
when chlordane is applied to soil it will translocate to certain crops, pri-
marily the root crops. Further, it has been indicated that the relationship
of the residue in soil to that in the crop is neither consistent nor predict-
able.
Gutenmann et al. (1972) showed that low levels of chlordane are not translo-
cated into field corn from silt loam soils in central New York State.
II.B. Chlordane in the Atmosphere - It has been suggested that a major
transport route of organochlorine insecticides to the oceans involves the
atmosphere. Abbott et al. (1965) suggested that these pesticides reside in
the atmosphere as vapors or are occluded on dust particles, and, according
to Bevenue et al. (1972), "scrubbed out" by rain and snow. There is support
for these views in reports of the presence of these substances in air, rain--
water and dust, although there are few such reports for chlordane. Data on
these reports have been tabulated by Edwards (1973) in part of his Table 6,
reproduced here as Table 2.
35
-------
TABLE 2. Chlordane in the Atmosphere
Location
US
US
Hawaii
US
No. of
Sites
6
1
11
1
Medium
Air
Air
Rainwater
Dust deposited NA
by a trace of
precipitation
Residue (ppt)
Max.
0.006
0.03
3.0
NA'
Mean
0.002
0.016
1.0
500,000
Reference
Tabor (1966)
Tabor (1966)
Revenue et al. (1972)
Weibel et al. (1966)
Reprinted from Persistent pesticides in the environment, 2nd ed.,
by C.A. Edwards by permission of CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio (1973).
Data not previously discussed in the report include a study by Bevenue et al.
(1972) on organochlorine pesticides found in rainwater falling on Oahu in
1971-1972. The levels for chlordane ranged from N.D. (none detectable) to
3 ppt.
Bidleman and Olney (1974) reported on the presence of chlordane in marine
air from Bermuda, at sea en route from Bermuda to Narragansett, R.I.,
and in continental air from Providence, R.I. The levels were: <0.005-0.012
ng/m3 (Bermuda), 0.039-0.17 ng/m3 (at sea), and 0.25 ng/m3 (Providence).
In this study a glass fiber filter was found to trap 98% of the particles
of chlordane with radii greater than 0.15 ym. However, most of the chlordane
was found trapped in a polyurethane foam filter, which traps smaller particles
of vapor. Thus, it is suggested that chlordane and chlorinated insecticides
reside in the atmosphere as vapors or that they volatilize from particulate
matter.
II.C. Chlordane in Surface Water - The behavior and distribution of persistent
chlorinated insecticides in the marine environment is such that these sub-
stanceg accumulate in the oceans after having been transported there from the
points of application. With modifications this applies to chlordane.
The routes of entry to oceans are considered to be: (1) volatilization of
these substances into the atmosphere and "scrubbing out" by rain and snow
into the oceans; and, (2) by surface runoff, sewage outfalls and rivers to
the oceans.
36
-------
Oloffs et al. (1972) performed a series of experiments with natural i'.rJv •
Columbia waters treated with 0.025 ppm alpha- or gamma-chlordane. The watei
were incubated for up to 12 weeks at the temperatures recorded when water
samples were taken (7°, 9° and 16°C). These investigations indicated thar.
large proportions of both isomers are transported into the atmosphere.
Heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, oxychlordane and photocis-chlordane were
sought, but not found. While the solubilities of the isomers are not known,
it was suggested that if these isomers occur in natural water at less thai;
their solubilities, they will be evenly distributed and their rate of trar.-
port from water will be lower and about proportional to the evaporation r.v'---
of water, for example, they will codistill. However, when the isomers occ--.
in natural water at or above maximum solubility, they appear to accumulate .-'
the water-air interface from which they may evaporate into the atmosphere.
Surfactants will counteract evaporation as well. The ready escape into the
atmosphere of highly insoluble and chemically stable chlorinated hydrocarbon
compounds is said not only to explain their global distribution, but also to
indicate that the accumulation which has resulted from their extensive use is
unlikely to be reduced so long as their use is curtailed only in some parts of
the world and continued or increased in others.
Oloffs et al. (1973) performed a second series of experiments with natural
British Columbia waters in the presence of their natural bottom sediments.
Waters were treated with 0.025 ppm alpha- or gamma-chlordane and then incu-
bated for up to 12 weeks at 13°C. . These investigations indicate that all
detectable residues will move from the water into the underlying sediment
after 6 and 12 weeks, and demonstrate the influence of bottom sediments on
the fate and behavior of these isomers in natural waters. The authors con-
cluded that: "The results of this investigation suggest that
-------
TABLE 3 Chlordane Concentrations in Water
Location
US
Hawaii
No. of Sites
or Samples
109
101
Types of
Water
Major rivers
Residue (ppt)
Max. Mean
75.0
River and
drinking water 13.0
0.1
7.0
Reference
Green et al.
(1966)
Bevenue et al.
(1971)
Reprinted from Persistent Pesticides in the Environment,
2nd ed., by C.A. Edwards by permission of CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio (1973)
Addendum to TABLE 3
Location
Sargasso Sea
Hawaii
Canada
^o. of Sites
or Samples
8
45
3
* Gamma-chlordane
Types of
Water
Surface and
subsurface water
Nonpotable
Potable
River
Residue (ppt)
Max. Mean
17.6
5.0
21*
9.1
1.0
Reference
Bidleman and
Olney (1974)
Bevenue et al.
(1972)
Miles and
Harris (1973)
Schulze et al. (1973) presented data from a U.S. Geological Survey program
for monitoring pesticides in the streams of the Western United States for the
period October 1968 to September 1971. There was one occurrence of chlordane
during the period.
The termite use of chlordane was implicated in two incidents involving con-
tamination by chlordane of farmstead water supplies (Jones, 1973). Both
of these incidents were associated with poor well construction. Preliminary
38
-------
results of the project "Pesticides in Farmstead Water Supplies in the
Northeast" indicated that normal agricultural pesticide applications did
not appear to endanger most farmstead water supplies. Pesticides were found
in low concentrations ranging from approximately one-tenth of the maximum
limits of United States Public Health Service drinking water recommendation-.-
for long-term ingestion (3 ug/1) to the lower limit of detection of about
0.01 ppb. The extreme variations at the lower concentrations were attributed
to atmospheric contamination during sampling.
II.D. The Fate of Heptachlor in Soil - Sethunathan (1973) observed that
until recently, attention has usually been given to the fate of organic
pesticides in nonflooded soils under, aerobic and temperate environments.
On this basis, heptachlor has been designated persistent. He recommends that.
consideration should also be given to flooded soils since such soils are usec'.
in the cultivation of rice, a staple food of much of the world's population.
Under these circumstances the rate and mechanism of degradation of the insec-
ticide may differ. Heptachlor is rapidly metabolized in flooded soil. Its
metabolite, heptachlor epoxide, was not detected. Previous studies had shown
that heptachlor epoxide would be formed from heptachlor in aerobic nonfloodeo
soil. Chlordane is stable under both these conditions for three months.
(Castro and Yoshida, 1971).
II.D.I. Build-up and Persistence of Heptachlor in Soil - Indicative of the
heptachlor or heptachlor epoxide residues in soil are the data tabulated by
Edwards (1973). See a portion of his Table 2, reproduced here as Table 4.
More recent data are given as Table 4 (Addenda).
II.D.2. Translocation of Heptachlor to Plants - Additional data confirming
the absorption and translocation of heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide in
plants from soils are given by Dorough and Pass (1972), Gutemann et al. (1972),
and Polizu et al. (1971) for corn; Turner et al. (1972) for soybeans; and,
Kawahara and Nakamura (1972) for turnips.
II.E. Heptachlor and Heptachlor Epoxide in the Atmosphere - Indicative of
the residues which may occur are the data tabulated by Edwards (1973). See
portion of his Table 6, reproduced as Table 5.
II.F. Heptachlor and Heptachlor Epoxide in Surface Water - Indicative of
the residues which may occur in surface water are the data tabulated by
Edwards (1973). See portions of his Table 8, reproduced here as Table 6.
More recent data are given as Table 6 (Addenda).
II.G. Residues and Effects in Aquatic Systems
II.G.I. Residues of Chlordane and Heptachlor in Sediments - Levels of
chlordane and heptachlor much higher than water residue concentrations have
frequently been reported. Sediment concentrations of up to 30,000 pptn
chlordane and 1090 ppm heptachlor have been recorded in Tennessee.
39
-------
Location
Canada
US
US
us
us
us
Canada
Canada
Canada
US
US
US
No. of Sites
or Samples
6
227
6
41
19
27
11
3
11
12
3
5
Heptachlor
Cropping
Orchard
fruits
..i_f wuv.IIJ.WA. dllU
Epoxide in Soil
Residues (ppm)
Max. Mean
0.02 T
City garden 1.23 0.03
products and
turf
Vegetables
Vegetables
Carrots
Soybeans
Vegetables
Vegetables
Vegetables
Corn
Rice
Forapp
T T
0.34 0.03
0.26 0.16
0.16 0.02
1.39 0.16
0.17 0.06
0.20 0.02
0.03 0.004
0.02
n m n nr
Reference
Duffy and Wong
(1967)
Fahey et al.
(1965)
Mullins et al.
(1971)
Saha and Sumner
(1971)
Seal et al.
(1967)
USDA (1968)
Duffy and Wong
(1967)
Harris and Sans
(1969)
Harris et al.
(1966)
Gish (1970)
Gish (1970)
us
us
us
11
10
92
Grain
Mixed
Sweet
potatoes
0.39
Mullins et al.
(1971)
0.02-*- Mullins et al.
(1971)
T Mullins et al.
(1971)
0.02 Sand et al.
' (1972)
40
-------
TABLE 4. Residues of Heptachlor and
Location
US
US
US
No. of Sites
or Samples
25
Al
1729
Heptachlor
Cropping
Potatoes
Mixed
Mixed '
Epoxide in Soil (coi
Residues
Max.
0.10
0.01
1.08
(ppm)
Mean
0.08
T
0.01
US
71
Onions
2.24
Reference
0.08 Seal et al.
(1967)
Trautmann (I'y
0.01 Wiersma et al.
(1972b)
0.09 Wiersma et al.
(1972a)
Residues found at only one site.
Reprinted from persistent pesticides in the environment, 2nd ed., by
C. A. Edwards by permission of CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio (1973).
Addendum to Table 4.
Location
US
US
Canada
US
US
No. Times
Detected/
Total Samples Cropping
6/20 Pasture
58/399 Corn
19/48 Mixed
245/1506 Mixed
Combined
Residues (ppm)
Max . Mean
,0.118*
1.15
0.50
1.06
2.05
ND*
0.03
0.16
0.06
0.02
Reference
McLane et al. (1971)
Carey et al. (1973)
Harris and Sans (1971)
Wiersma et al. (1972c)
Crockett et al. (1974)
* Heptachlor epoxide only
ND None detectable
T Trace
41
-------
TABLE 5. Heptachlor and Heptachlor Epoxide
Residues in Air. Rainwater, and Dust
No. of Sites
Location or Samples
Concentration (ppt)
Max. Mean
Reference
US
US
9 Air (cities)
1 Dust (deposited
by a trace of
precipitation)
0.019
Stanley et al. (1971)
40,000 Weibel et al. (1966)
Reprinted from persistent pesticides in the environment, 2nd ed., by
C. A. Edwards by permission of CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio (1973).
TABLE 6. Concentrations of Heptachlor and
Heptachlor Epoxide in Water
Location
W. Germany
US
US
JS
NO. of Sites
or Samples
51
10
13
99
Types of
Water
Major Rivers
Mississippi River
California Rivers
California Bays
Calif. Agr. Drains
Major River
Basins
Concentration (ppt)
Max. Mean Reference
2000.0
10.0
0.15
0.15
0.04
155.0
39.4
2.0
6.3
Herzel
(1970)
USDA,
ARS-81-
13 (1966)
0.017 Bailey
and
Hannum
(1967)
0.016 Bailey
and
Hannum
(1967)
0.008 Bailey
and
Hannum
(1967)
Breidenbach
et al.
(1967)
42
-------
TABLE 6. Concentrations of Heptaehlor and
Heptachlor Epoxide in Water (continued)
No. of Sites Types of
Location or Samples Water
Concentration (ppt)
Max. Mean Reference
US
US
us
us
us
11
109
82
20
48
Major Rivers
(west)
Major Rivers
90.0
19.0
Calif. Water Areas T*
Streams (west) 60.0
Water Areas 15,800.0
2.6 Brown and
Nishioka
(1.967)
0.1 Green
et al.
(1966)
T* Keith and
Hunt (1969)
1.4 ' Manigold
and Schulze
(1969)
Weatherholt£
•et al. (196"
*T = Trace
Reprinted from persistent pesticides in the environment, 2nd ed., by
C. A. Edwards by permission of CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio (1973).
Location
Hawaii
West Germany
Netherlands
US
No. of Sites
or Samples
45
28
-
16
Addendum to Table 6
Concentration (ppt)
Max. Mean
ND* -
205
60 10
200
Reference
Be venue et al. (1972)
Herzel (1972)
Greve (1972)
Bradshaw e^«al. (1972";
*ND = None dectectable
43
-------
(Barthel et al., 1969). Chlordane was found in 92% of the sediments taken
from tributaries of San Francisco Bay with a maximum concentration reported
at 800 ppb (Law and Goerlitz, 1974).
Marsh sediments in Rhode Island have been found to contain 363 ppb chlordane.
A concentration of 480 ppb chlordane has been recorded for sediments of the
Pawtuxent River in the same state (Olney, 1972).
Chlordane residues have been reported in the sediments of nonpotable waters
in Oahu, Hawaii with the maximum reported level being 720 ppb (Bevenue et al.
1972^1.
II.G.2. Effects on Aquatic Life - Both chlordane and heptachlor have been
shown to be toxic to aquatic life at low concentrations (Table 7).
Levels of maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) for chlordane and
heptachlor have been determined from chronic exposure tests with several
species of aquatic animals (Table 8) (Cardwell et al., in press; and Macek
et al., in press).
Low levels of both of these compounds (0.01 ppm) have been shown to inhibit
oyster growth (Butler et al., 1960). A 1.0 ppm solution of heptachlor'caused
the barbels of catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis) to curl,, with death occurring
after 44 hr (Konar, 1969). Exposure of bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus) to this
same concentration of heptachlor (1.0 ppm) resulted in severe hemorrhaging in
the pelvic and pectoral fins (Phelps et al., 1964). Rainbow trout gill micro-
somal ATPase activity was inhibited by 4 ppm chlordane (77%) and by 4 ppm
heptachlor (67%) (Davis, 1972).
The photoproduct of heptachlor, photo-heptachlor, has been shown to be more
toxic to minnows (Georgakis and Kahn, 1971) than to Daphnia, amphipods, and
isopods (Khan et al., 1973). Photochlordene is less toxic to Daphnia and
bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus) than is the parent chlordene (Khan et al.,
1973).
II.G.3. Residues in Natural Environments - Chlordane, heptachlor and
heptachlor epoxide residues are widespread in fish. Residues of 8.33
ppm heptachlor in white perch (Morone americanus), 6.93 ppm heptachlor
epoxide in large mouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), and 2.24 ppm chlor-
dane in the pumkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus), have been found during the
National Pesticide Monitoring Program. Heptachlor and/or heptachlor
epoxide were found in 32% of the samples while chlordane was reported
22% of the time (Henderson et al., 1969). Residues of 1.55 ppm hepta-
chlor and 0.56 ppm heptachlor epoxide have been reported in the muscle
of winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Smith and Cole, 1970).
Heptachlor and chlordane residues have been reported in excess of 0.01
ppm in fish from Canadian rivers (Miles and Harris, 1973).
-------
TABLE 7. Toxtcity of Chlordane and
Heptachlor to Aquatic Animals
Species
Chinook salmon
(Oncorhynchus tshavytacha)
Bluegill
(Lepomis macrochirus) .
Sheepshead minnow
(Cyprinodon variegatus)
Pinfish
(Lagodon rhomboides)
Fathead minnow
(Pimephales promo la 3)
Scud
(Gammarus fasctatus)
Glass shrimp
(Palaemonetes kadiakensis)
Crayfish
(Orconectes nais)
Concentration
Chlordane
57.0
16.5
24.5
6.4
52.0
40
10
'
(ppb)
Heptachlor
-
-
3.68
3.77
78.0
56
1.80
7.8
Test
96-hr. LCso
96-hr. LC5Q
96-hr. LC50
96- hr. LC5Q
96-hr. LC50
96-hr. LC5Q
96-hr. LC5o
96-hr. l£5Q
Source
Car dwell et al. ,
Cardwell et al.,
pers. com.
Gulf Breeze NERC
pers. com.
Gulf Breeze NERC
Henderson et al.
Sanders (1972)
Sanders (1972)
Sanders (1972)
in press
in press
(1974)
(1974)
(1959)
Pink shrimp
(Peneus duoraruro)
0.4
0.1
96-hr.
pers. com. •
Gulf Breeze NERC (1974)
-------
TABLE 8. Chronic Toxicity of Chlordane and Heptachlor to Aquatic Animals
Maximum Acceptable Toxicant Concentration (ppb)
Species Chlordane Heptachlor
Bluegill 0.54-1.22
(Lepomis macrochirus)
Fathead minnow 0.75-1.38 1.2
(Pimephales promelas)
Brook trout 0.36
(Salvelinus fontinalis)
Chironomus 51 0.7
Daphnia magna 12-25 12.5
Source: Cardwell et al. (in press) and Macek et al.. (in press).
A metabolite of heptachlor, 1-hydroxychlordane, has been found with residue
concentrations greater than 0.01 ppm in at least eight species of fish in Iowa
(Bondeman and Slaqh, 1972). In this same study residues of heptachlor and
heptachlor epoxide were frequently noted.
The ability of chlordane and heptachlor epoxide to pass from gravid female fish
to their eggs was documented by Johnson and Morris (1974). Eggs taken from
gravid channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and northern pike (Esox lucius)
contained up to 350 ppb chlordane. Eggs taken from channel catfish, northern
pike, walleyes (Stizostedion vitreum), and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)
had from 5 to 93 ppb heptachlor epoxide.
In sampling fish from ponds and rivers in Rhode Island, Olney (1972) frequently
found chlordane residues, with some greater than 200 ppb. Hydroxychlordane
residues were also reported.
Godsil and Johnson (1968) analyzed water, vascular plants, algae, chubs (Siphateles
spp.), clams, and largemouth bass taken from the Tule Lake National Wildlife
Refuge. With water concentrations in the 10's of ppt chlordane range, the
plants and animals were found to have accumulated chlordane residues in the 10's
of parts per billion range. Hannon et al. (1970) reported heptachlor - heptachlor
epoxide residues in the Lake Poinsett, South Dakata ecosystem. Average values
(ppb) were: water, .006; bottom sediment, 0.8; crayfish, 1.0; plankton-algae, 1.1;
fish, 8.0; and aquatic insects, 312.
-------
These residues found in organisms where the water concentrations of chlordatn-
and heptachlor are extremely minute indicate that biological concentration cf
these pesticides is an area of environmental interest.
II.H. Toxicity and Effects on Wildlife
II.H.I. Acute Toxicity to Birds - The relative dietary toxicities of 89
pesticides to four species of birds (bob-white, Japanese quail, pheasant and
mallard) have been determined by Heath et al. (1972), using dieldrin as a
standard. The LC5Q for chlordane ranged from 331 to 858 ppm in 5-day feed:'.nj/,
tests while that for heptachlor was 92-480 ppm. Roughly, dieldrin was from
2 to 4 times more toxic than heptachlor and from 4.to 8 times more toxic than
chlordane.
II.H.2. Residues in Wildlife - Recent analyses indicate that oxychlordane,
a metabolite of chlordane, occurs frequently in starlings (Paul R. Nickerson,
personal communication, February 19, 1975) and bald eagles (William L. Reiche.1,
personal communication, February 19, 1975). Residues of heptachlor epoxide
are relatively widespread in wildlife but at generally low levels. Maximum
levels reported from wide surveys are 7.9 ppm lipid basis for breast muscle
in mourning doves (Kreitzer, 1974), 0.16 ppm in eggs of black duck (Longcore
and Mulhern, 1973), 8.67 ppm for breast muscle (lipid basis) in woodcock (ClsrV
and McLane, 1974), and 0.97 ppm in starling pools (Martin and Nickerson, 1972),
For mallard and black duck wings: "Heptachlor epoxide was detected in most
pools and in every state except Vermont. Few pools contained levels exceeding
0.02 ppm ..." (Heath and Hill, 1974). Specific reasons for occasional high
levels are not known but in starlings relatively high levels (0.1 ppm or
greater) were consistently associated with the corn belt and the southern
states from Louisiana to the Florida panhandle.
Other surveys have been more local in scope. Three years after discontinuing
aerial treatment with heptachlor for fire ant "eradication" in Louisiana,
heptachlor epoxide residues in woodcock averaged 0.15 ppm wet weight and
ranged up to 0.62 ppm (McLane et al., 1971). Greenberg and Edwards (1970)
found maximum levels of 0.40 ppm heptachlor epoxide in eggs of wild pheasants
in Illinois in 1966. In 4 of 25 clutches the mean was 0.1 ppm or greater.
Anderson et al. (1970) found heptachlor epoxide in 75% of 147 pheasants col-
lected in Illinois with the highest value for subcutaneous fat being 4.76 ppm.
Eggs of the little blue heron in southeast Missouri contained up to 0.15 ppm
heptachlor epoxide with a mean of 0.011 ppm in 1967 but none detected in 1968
(Greenberg and Hege, 1971). Johnson (1974) found up to 0.012 ppm heptachlor
epoxide in composite samples of fat from mallards and from 0.011 to 0.019 ppm
in similar samples of other species of migrating ducks in Iowa. Verier and
Reynolds (1970) found up to 0.9 ppm heptachlor epoxide in mallard eggs
47
-------
(composite sample of 10) in the prairie provinces of Canada while values for
other aquatic birds ranged from maximum of 0.246 ppm in ring-billed gulls to
a maximum of 0.023 ppm in the white pelican. They suggested that specific
differences in residue values were related to food habits.
Twenty of 35 mink collected in Iowa had detectable residues of heptachlor
epoxide ranging up to 0.2 ppm in the adipose tissue but no residues were de-
tected in liver and brain (Franson et al., 1974). Boddicker et al. (1971)
reported an average of 0.12 ppm heptachlor epoxide in the renal fat of mountain
goats in South Dakota. This exceeded levels previously found in deer and
pronghorn antelope, and the contrast was unexpected because of the more remote
habitats of the goats. Twenty-five of 45 pronghorns had heptachlor epoxide
residues at or above the level of detection (0.03 ppm) and the highest value
was 0.12 ppm (Moore et al., 1968). Robel et al. (1972) found relatively low
heptachlor epoxide residues (0.001-0.02 ppm) in rodents associated with an
experimental area treated with about 0.5 lb heptachlor/acre but the extent
to which the rodents actually fed in the treated area was unknown.
II.H.3. Mortality in the Field - In recent years, dramatic wildlife kills
have not been attributed to the major uses of these pesticides in the United
States. Past reports of kills have been associated primarily with the use of'
heptachlor in eradication programs for insects such as the fire ant. Such
special uses, however, attract the attention of biologists and more common
uses, such as for seed dressing, bear investigation.
When heptachlor, aldrin and dieldrin were used as seed dressings on spring-
sown cereal grains in the United Kingdom, casualties among granivorous birds
occurred on a large scale. This led to a voluntary ban on such uses (Papworth,
1971). Similarly, an official ban on the use of aldrin, dieldrin and hepta-
chlor for spring-sown grains in the Netherlands (January 1, 1968) was extended
to include fall-sown seed following a widespread mortality of raptors in the
winter of 1968-1969. Dieldrin residues then declined by about an order of
magnitude in certain raptors over the next two years (Fuchs, 1972). In
North America, the use of aldrin and heptachlor as seed dressings for cereal
grains in the prairie provinces of Canada was directly linked to highly signi-
ficant increases in residues found in seed eating birds and mammals. These
prey species were considered to be the major sources of residues found in
prairie falcon (heptachlor epoxide max = 7.04 ppm) and merlin eggs (heptachlor
epoxide max =4.63 ppm) and led to the recommendation that these uses of
aldrin and heptachlor be suspended as of January 1, 1974 (Fyfe, 1973). Except
for the use of aldrin on rice seed (Flickinger and King, 1972) , comparable
information appears to be lacking for the United States.
48
-------
II.H.4. Effects on Raptors - From the viewpoint of hazards to wildlife, .
the possible effects on certain raptors is of greatest concern. Analyses
of 169 golden eagles found dead or incapacitated from 1964-1971 yielded
generally low values in 32 specimens positive for heptachlor epoxide in
fat (2.4 ppm maximum) (Reidinger and Crabtree, 1974). One of seven brain
positives was 2.3 ppm, which approaches the range where acute effects can
be suspected. Bald eagles, similarly collected in 1969 and 1970 had a
prevalence of residues (31 of 39) but values were relatively low (Trace anicc. .
to 0.41 ppm heptachlor epoxide in carcass) (Belisle et al., 1972). Heptnr"
epoxide was also found in the eggs of bald eagles in 1969-1970, with the hig: •
est value (0.17 ppm) being from Minnesota (Wiemeyer et al., 1972). Effects,
if any, of these residues cannot be determined because they are generally as-
sociated with much higher levels of dieldrin and DDT-type compounds. The same
can be said for other birds of prey, such as the red-tailed hawk and the great
horned owl (Seidensticker and Reynolds, 1971).
II.H.5. Effects on Reproduction - The chronic effects of chlordane and
heptachlor on wildlife have not received adequate study. Unpublished results
from Patuxent Wildlife Research Center (R.G. Heath, personal communication)
indicate no measurable effects on reproduction in bobwhite and mallards.
Grolleau and Froux (1973), however, found an increased mortality in Japanese
quail chicks when the hen was given 1 mg heptachlor/day. The effect was not
satistically significant at lower doses,but a trend may be present. Similar
results were obtained from the partridge, Perdix perdix, but the increased
mortality of chicks was not statistically significant (Havet, 1973). Such
results from studies of precocial birds hatched in incubators provide no in-
formation concerning possible effects on the behavior.of. the adult in caring
for the eggs and young and on the ability of precocial young to forage suc-
cessfully in the field.
49
-------
CHAPTER II
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53
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Johnson, L. G. and Morris, Robert L. Pesticide and mercury levels in
migrating duck populations. Bull. Environ . Contam. & Toxicol. 11(6) :
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Toxicity - metabolism relationship of the photoisomers of certain
chlorinated cyclodiene insecticide chemicals. Arch. Environ. Contam.
Toxicol. 1(2): 159-169 (1973).
Konar, S. K. Effects of heptachlor and nicotine on the barbels of a catfish
(Heteropneustes fossils). Prog. Fish. Cult. 31(l):62-63 (1969).
Kreitzer, J. F. Residues of organochlorine pesticide, mercury and PCB's
in mourning doves from eastern United States - 1970-71. Pestic.
Monit. J_- ^:195-199 (1974).
Law, L. M. and Goerlitz, D. F. Selected chlorinated hydrocarbons in
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Longcore, J. R. and Mulhern, B. M. Organochlorine pesticides and poly-
chlorinated biphenyls in black duck eggs from the United States and
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Macek, K. J. , Lindbergh, M. A., Sauter, S., Buxton, J. S. and Costa, P. A.
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1970. Pestic. Monit. -J. 6/1): 33-40 (1972).
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Pestic. Monit. J. JK3): 248-250 (1971).
54
-------
Miles, J. R. W. and Harris, C. R. Organochlorine insecticide residues in
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-------
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soybeans - 1966. Pestic. Monit. J. 2(1):58 (1968).
56
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Verier, K. and Reynolds, L. M. Organochlorine residues in aquatic
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Pesticides and other contaminants in rainfall and runoff. Am. Water
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eight cities - 1969. Pestic. Monit . J. j>(_2) : 126-129 (1972c).
Wilson. D. M. and Oloffs, P. C. Persistence and movement of « - and
0 - chlordane in soils following treatment with high-purity chlordane.
(Velsicol HCS-3260). Can. J. Soil Sci. 53(4) :465-472 (1973).
57
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CHAPTER III
Residues of Chlordane in Crops and Food Items
III.A. Tolerances - The existing tolerances for residues of chlordane in or
on raw agricultural commodities are listed in 40 CFR 180.122.
The interim tolerances listed in 40 CFR 180.319 are also in effect until
action is completed on certain petitions (PP No. 1F1041 and FAP Nos. 1H2600
and 3H5026) submitted by the Velsicol Chemical Corporation.
Copies of these sections of the regulations are reproduced here in Exhibit 1.
The Food and Drug Administration, HEW, and the Animal and Plant Health
Inspection Service, USDA, maintain action levels for residues of chlordane.
III.B.I. Residues in Vegetable Crops - Additional published data on the amount
:rops is shown
in Table
TABLE 1. Residues of
Source
of Residue
soil
soil
soil
soil
soil
soil
soil
soil
;d treatment
Source
0.25
0.053
ca 0.18
ca 0.17
ca 0.17
0.020
1.233
0.28
44.0
1.
Chlordane in Crops.
Residue (ppm)
Crop
75.60+ Do
<0.008* Gu
0.034**+ Do
<0.008**+ DC
0.020**+ Do
<0.0001 Me
0.224 On;
0.001 Sai
0.003 Bu
Crop
Alfalfa
Corn
Corn (silage stage)
Corn (gnain, cob)
Corn (stalk)
Soybeans
Sugar beets
Sweet potatoes
* As gamraa-chlordane
** As alpha-plus gamma-chlordane
+ High-purity chlordane (HCS-3260) used.
Reference
Dorough et al. (1972)
Guntemann et al. (1972)
Dorough et al. (1972)
Dcrough et al. (1972)
Dorough et al. (1972)
McCaskill et al. (1970)
Onsager et al. (1970)
Sand et al. (1972)
Burrage and Sana (1967)
Source: Reprinted from Persistent Pesticides in the Environment, 2nd ed., by
C. A. Edwards by permission of CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio (1973).
58
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§ 180.122 Chlordane tolerances for
residues.
A tolerance of 0.3 part per million is
established for residues of the insecticide
chlordane (1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-octachloro-2, 3, -
3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-4,7-methanoindene, con-
taining not more than 1 percent of the inter-
mediate compound hexachlorocyclopentadiene)
in or on each of the following raw agricul-
tural commodities: Apples, apricots, beans,
beets (with or without tops) or beet greens
alone, blackberries, blueberries (huckle-
berries), boysenberries, broccoli, brussels
sprouts, cabbage, carrots, cauliflower, celery,
cherries, citrus fruits, collards, corn, cu-
cumbers, dewberries, eggplants, grapes, kale,
kohlrabi, lettuce, loganberries, melons, nec-
tarines, okra, onions, papayas, peaches, pea-
nuts, pears, peas, peppers, pineapples, plums
(fresh prunes), potatoes, quinces, radishes
(with or without tops) or radish tops, rasp-
berries, rutabagas (with or without tops) or
rutabaga tops, squash, strawberries, summer
squash, sweetpotatoes, tomatoes, turnips,
(with or without tops) or turnip greens, young-
berries.
§ 180.319 Interim tolerances.
While petitions for tolerances for negli-
gible residues are pending and until action is
completed on these petitions, interim tolerances
are established for residues of the listed pesti-
cide chemicals in or on raw agricultural commo-
dities as follows:
Chlordane .0.2 ppm Parsnips
0.1 ppm Asparagus, mustard greens,
pumpkins, spinach and
Swiss chard
0.03 ppm Bananas
EXHIBIT I
59
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Despite differences in the residues of alpha- and gamma-chlordane in the soil,
residues of these isomers were comparable in corn (silage stage, grain, cob
and stalk) for chlordane and for high-purity chlordane (HCS-3260) (Dorough
and Pass, 1972).
The amount of residue in many crops is uniformly low, i.e. about 0.1 or 0.2
ppm, from good agricultural practice. Chlordane tends to concentrate in the
crude oils of oil seed crops to levels above those in the original seed, and
in the oil seed meal. After refining these levels are lowered'(Duggan, 1968).
III.B.2. Residues in Feeds - Chlordane is not used on forage crops. However,
it is used on certain crops, parts of,which may contain residues, and may be
used as forage or fodder and/or derived by-product feed items. In addition,
there is the possibility of residues in crops planted subsequently to a crop
treated with chlordane as indicated in Section III.B.I.
It may not always be possible to establish tolerances or to impose practical
feeding restrictions or otherwise preclude the feeding of residue-bearing
forage to livestock. These items therefore are a potentially troublesome
source of residues in meat, milk, poultry and eggs.
III.B.3. Residues in Meats, Milk, Poultry, and Eggs - Boyd (1970) conducted
tests to determine how much chlordane can be fed to cows to maintain residues
in milk below a 0.3 ppm (fat basis) action level. In one study, cows were
fed 12 weeks on hay containing an average of 3.5 ppm technical chlordane; the
residues reported as heptachlor epoxide, were erratic (0.18 to 1.34 ppm)
averaging 0.551 ppm. These residues were not further confirmed, but Boyd (1971)
later published a statement that these consisted of only 10% heptachlor epoxide
and 90% of a degradation product of chlordane, subsequently identified as
oxychlordane.
High-purity chlordane (HCS-3260) was fed to Holstein cows at 1, 10 and 100 ppm
once daily for 60 days by Dorcugh and Hemken (1973). The total HCS-3260 resi-
dues in milk fat rose rapidly at the 1 ppm feeding level, total residues level-
ed off at 0.5 ppm after 10 days. At the 10 and 100 ppm levels, approximately
35 and 45 days were required for a plateau at 2.5 and 5.0 ppm respectively.
The major component of the residue in milk fat was identified as oxychlordane,
accounting for 70 to 75% of the total residue while the animals were being
treated. It accounted for essentially 100% of the total residue in milk fat
after HCS-3260 had been removed from the feed for 10 days.
III.C. Pesticide Monitoring
III.C.I. Market Basket Surveys - Surveys conducted by the Food and Drug
Administration continue to demonstrate that chlordane is only infrequently
found in total diet studies and not at all in the latest available study
for the period 1970-71. (Corneliussen 1970, 1972) (Manske and Corneliussen,
1974).
60
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III.C.2. Other Residue Surveys - Chlordane was not among the most frequently
detected residues in 4,836 domestic survey samples examined during FY 73 on a
national basis by the Food and Drug Administration, particularly for domestic
raw agricultural commodities, manufactured dairy products (cheese, butter, etc
eggs and egg products, processed animal feeds and whole fluid milk. However,
chlordane was detected in processed foods (with a relative frequency of 5%) a>u
fish and marine products (with a relative frequency of 2%).
The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (and its predecessor, the
Consumer and Marketing Service), USDA, found residues of chlorinated hydro-
carbon insecticides, including chlordane in samples of fat tissues of livestoc,
and poultry. Occurrences of residues are tabulated in Table 2.
TABLE 2. Occurrences of Residues of Chlordane in Fat Tissue*
No. Sam- % Sam- Residue Range (ppm)
No. pies with pies with
Year Samples Residues Residues
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
2785
2698
3169
3500
2403
819
1070
1974 2256
1967
1968
1969
1970
2659
2199
2972
All Livestock
11
5
2
2
1
0
398
0.4
0.2
0.06
0.06
0.04
0
0.7
17.7
All Poultry
No reports
2 0.08
0 0
0 0
0.
0.
0.
01-0.10
2
0
1
0
0
0
4
01-0.30
393
01-0.10
0.11-0.50
8
4
1
0
0
0
2
0.31-1.00
2
0.11-0.50
0.51-1.50
0
1
0
2
0
0
1
1.01-1.50
1
0.51-1.50
>1.50
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
>1.50
2
>1.50
0
0
0
1
0
0
I
0
0
0
0
0
61
-------
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
No.
Samples
2972
1804
417
1142
No. Sam-
ples with
Residues
0
0
0
7
% Sam-
ples with
Residues
0
0
0
0.6
'
Residue Range (ppm)
0.01-0.10
0
0
0
0
0.01-0.30
0.11-0.50
0
0
0
7
0.31-1.00
0.51-1.50
0
0
0
0
1.01-1.50
1.50
0
0
0
0
1.50
1974
1916
38
2.0
38
0
0
0
* Data calculated in whole or in part from reports made available by Animal,
Plant, Health Inspection Service, USDA.
Reinke et al. (1972) found organochlorine pesticide residues in commercially
caught fish from a total of 78 locations in 68 central Canadian lakes and
rivers. Trace amounts of chlordane and heptachlor epoxide were found in some
samples.
Although not considered a food, tobacco was also reviewed. Gibson
et al. (1972) conducted a study of the levels of chlorinated insecticides
(including chlordane) in Kentucky Burley tobacco produced during the period
1968-1972 but still available for sale. The only residue reported for
chlordane was 0.27 ppm, an average for all samples collected during the year
1971. Chlordane appears to be one.of the lesser contaminants of Kentucky
Burley tobacco.
62
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CHAPTER III
Bibliography
Boyd, J.C. Field study of a chlordane residue problem in milk. Bull.
Environ. Contam. Toxicol. _5(A.): 292-299 (1970).
Boyd, J. C. Field study of a chlordane residue problem: soil and plant
relationships. Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 6_(2) :177-182 (1971).
Burrage, R. H. and Saha, J. G. insecticide residues in spring wheat plants
grown in the field from seed treated with aldrin or heptachlor.
Can, j;. Plant Sci. 47:114 (1967).'
Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Chapter 1, Subchapter E, Subpart C,
Sections 180.122, 180.319.
Corneliussen, P. E. Pesticide residues in total diet samples (V).
Pestic. Monit. J. 4/3.):89-105 (1970).
Corneliussen, P. E. Pesticide residues in total diet samples (VI).
Pestic. Monit. -J. M4) :313-330 (1972).
Dorough, H. W. and Hemken, R. W. Chlordane residues in .milk and fat of cows
fed HCS-3260 (high purity chlordane) in the diet. Bull. Environ.
Contam. Toxicol. 10 (_4 ): 208-216 (1973).
Dorough, H. W. and Pass, B. C. Residues in corn and soils treated with
technical chlordane and high-purity chlordane (HCS-3260). J^ Econ.
Entomol. 65(4):976-979 (1972).
Dorough, H. W., Skrentny, R. F. and Pass, B. C. Residues in alfalfa and
soils following treatment with technical chlordane and high-purity
chlordane (HCS-3260) for alfalfa weevil control. J_. Agr. Food Chem.
20(JL):42-47 (1972).
Duggan, R. E. Pesticide residues in vegetable oil seeds,' oils and
by-products. Pestic. Monit. J^. .1(4):2-7 (1968).
Edwards, C. A. Persistent Pesticides in the Environment, 2nd Ed.,
CRC Press (1973).
Food and Drug Administration, DREW FY 1973 Pesticide/PCB in Foods Program,
Evaluation Report.
Gibson, J. R., Jones, G. A., Dorough, H. W., Lusk, C. I. and Thurston, R.
Chlorinated insecticide residues in Kentucky Burley tobacco: Crop
years 1962-1972. Pestic. Monit. J.- J_(3/4.): 205-213 (1972).
Gutemann, W. H., Greenwood, R. A., Gyrisco, G. G., Little, R. J. Studies
of aldrin and chlordane in silt loam soils and their possible trans-
location in field corn in New York. J_. Econ. Entomol. 65(3) :842-
844 (1972).
63
-------
Manske, D. D. and Corneliussen, P. E. Pesticide residues in total diet
samples (VII). Pestic. Monit. J. JK2J:110-124 (1974).
McCaskill, W. R., Phillips, B. H., Jr. and Thomas, C. A. Residues of
chlorinated hydrocarbons in soybean seed and surface soils from
selected counties of South Carolina. Pestic. Monit. J_. _4:42 (1970).
Onsager, J. A., Rusk, H. U. and Butler, L. I. Residues of aldrin, dieldrin,
chlordane and DDT in soil and sugar beets. J_. Econ. Entomol. 63:
8143 (1970).
Reinke, J., Uthe, J. F. and Jamieson, D. Organochlorine pesticide
residues in commercially caught fish in Canada - 1970. Pestic.
Monit. J. 6(1):43-49 (1972).
Sand, P. F., Wiersma, G. B. and Landry, J. L. Pesticide residues in
sweet potatoes and soil - 1969. Pestic. Monit. J_. _5(4J:342 (1972).
64
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CHAPTER IV
Residues of Heptachlor in Crops and Food Items
iV.A. Tolerances - The existing tolerances for residues of heptachlor and
heptachlor epoxide in or on raw agricultural commodities are listed in 40
CFR 180.104. The list includes a number of zero tolerances whose present
status is moot.
The interim tolerances listed in 40 CFR 180.319 are also in effect until •
action is completed on certain petitions (PP No. OF0935 and FAP No. OH2520)
submitted by the Ve.lsicol Chemical Corporation.
'l .
Copies of these sections of the regulations are reproduced here in Exhibit 1.
A request is pending for an interim tolerance of 0.1 ppm for unavoidable
residues in or on pumpkins from the previous use of heptachlor (PP No. 4E1455).
The Food and Drug Administration, HEW, and the Animal and Plant Health
Inspection Service, USDA, Maintain action levels for residues of heptachlor
and heptachlor epoxide. Data from Table 1 is indicative of the residues whicl>
may occur in crops.
IV.B.2. Residues in Feeds - Heptachlor is not used on forage crops. However,
it is used on certain crops, parts of which may contain residues and may be
used as forage or fodder and/or derived by-products which may be used as feed.
In addition, there is the possibility of residues in crops planted in the
same field after a crop treated with chlordane, as indicated in Section IV A.
It may not always be possible to establish tolerances or to impose practical
restrictions on feed or otherwise preclude the furnishing of feed to livestock.
These items are a potentially troublesome source of residues in meat,' milk,
poultry and eggs.
Residue data indicate that residues do not concentrate except in oil from oil
seeds and soapstock.
IV.B.3. Residue in Meat, Milk, Poultry and Eggs - A number of studies are
available to indicate the carry over of residues into meat,.milk, poultry and
eggs (Huber and Bishop, 1962) (Williams et al., 1964, Cummings et al., 1966,
1967). These studies were conducted at low .levels comparable to those which
may be ingested by livestock and include a plateau. In general, these studies
indicate a consistent concentration factor for the deposition of residues in
body fat, in butterfat, and in the fat of eggs. This represents a 10 to 15
fold increase over residues ingested in the dry diet or ration.
65
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Amount
Crop
Alfalfa foliage
Alfalfa foliage
Alfalfa roots
Alfalfa
Carrot roots
Carrot roots
Carrot
Carrot
Cucumber fruit
Lettuce
Oat seed
Potato tubers
Rutabaga roots
Soybeans
Soybeans
Sugar beet roots
Source of
Insecticide
soil
soil
soil
soil
silt loam soil
soil
sandy soil
muck soil
soil
silt loam soil
soil
soil
soil
soil
soil
silt loam soil
Sweet potato tubers soil
Turnips silt loam soil
..- miiuunt (jonc. or
in source in plant dilution
(pp 106)* (pp 106)* factor** Reference
o
\J
0.234
0.234
0.78
1.33
0.49
0.44
1.40
3.8
2.5
1.0
0.49
0.320
n
\J
1 0
JL • \J
2.5
0.02
2.5
Wheat foliage treated soil 543.0
Wheat
Wheat
* mg/kg
** concentration
soil
soil
1.94
0.74
Of\ i
.91
0.67
0.41
0.028
0.98
0.36
0.039
0.004
0.091
0.04
0.02
0.05
0.024
Of\f\f\ C
.0005
01 i
. 11
0.14
0.0004
0.09
0.015
0.11
0.44
Dorough et al.
(1972)
2.863 King et al. (1966)
1.752 King et al. (1966)
0.036 Lichtenstein &
Schulz (1965)
0.737 Lichtenstein
et al. (1965)
0.735 Lichtenstein
et al. (1965)
0.089 Oloffs et al.
(1971)
0.003 Oloffs et al.
(1971)
0.721 Lichtenstein &
Schulz (1965)
0.016 Lichtenstein &
Schulz (1965)
0.02 Bruce et al.
(1966)
0.102 Lichtenstein
et al. (1968)
0.075 Saha and Stewart
(1967)
McCaskill et al.
(1970)
0.11 Bruce et al.
(1966)
0.056 Lichtenstein &
Schulz (1965)
0.02 Sand et al. (1972)
0.036 Lichtenstein &
Schulz (1965)
0.00003 Burrage and Saha
(1967)
0.057 Wingo (1966)
0.045 Wingo (1966)
of dilution factor = amount in plant
amount in soil
66
-------
§180.104 Heptachlor and Heptachlor
epoxide, tolerances for residues.
Tolerances for total residues of the
insecticide heptachlor (1,4,5,6,7,8,8-hep-
tachloro-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,7-meth-
anoindene) and its oxidation product hep-
tachlor epoxide (1,4,5,6,7,8,8-hepta-
chloro-2,3-epoxy-2, 3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-
4,7-methanoindene) from application of
heptachlor in or on raw agricultural com-
modities are established as follows:
0.1 part per million'in or on cabbage,
lettuce, rutabagas, snap beans.
Zero in or on alfalfa, apples, barley,
beets (including sugar beets), black-eyed
peas, brussels sprouts, carrots, cauli-
flower, cherries, clover, corn, cottonseed,
cowpeas, grain sorghum (milo), grapes, grass
(pasture and range), kohlrabi, lima beans,
meat, milk, oats, onions, peaches, peanuts,
peas, pineapples, potatoes, radishes, rye,
sugarcane, sweet clover, sweetpotatoes,
tomatoes, turnips, (including tops), wheat.
§ 180.319 Interim tolerances.
While petitions for tolerances for neg-
ligible residues are pending and until
action is completed on these petitions,
interim tolerances are established for resi-
dues of the listed pesticide chemicals in
or on raw agricultural commodities as follows:
Heptachlor 0.1 ppm Peppers
0.2 ppm Tomatoes
0.01 ppm Blackberries, blue-
berries , boysen-
berries, dewberries
and raspberries.
Exhibit I
67
-------
Table 2. Heptachlor Epoxide Residues In Total Diet Samples
(Residues in ppm whole commodity basis)
Year 1968-69 1969-70 1970-71 1971-72
I. Dairy Products
Averages 0.003 0.002 trace trace
Maxima 0.005 0.005 0.002 0.004
II. Meat, Fish and Poultry
Averages
Maxima
0,005
0.016
0.006
0.020
0.002
0.011
trace
0.003
The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (and its predecessor, the
Consumer and Marketing Service), USDA, found residues of chlorinated hydro-
carbon insecticides, including heptachlor (and heptachlor epoxide) in samples
of fat tissues of livestock and poultry. Occurrences of residues are tabulat-
ed below.
IV.C. Pesticide Monitoring
IV.C.I. Market Basket Surveys - Residues of heptachlor epoxide occurred
commonly in the two food classes, dairy products and meat, fish and poultry,
and infrequently in the other ten classes. Heptachlor per se was rarely, if
ever, found. The data from the latest period and for two previous periods
were tabulated below for the two forementioned sensitive food classes. This
tabulation also includes data obtained verbally from the Food and Drug
Administration for the period 1971-72. Because of a change in the manner of
reporting data, it was necessary to recalculate the residue values from the
previously used fat basis to a whole commodity basis for the periods 1968-69
and 1969-70.
IV.C.2. Other Residue Surveys - Heptachlor epoxide was frequently detected
by the Food and Drug Administration in 4,836 domestic survey samples examined
during FY 73 on a national basis. (Heptachlor itself was infrequently detect-
ed). The frequency of residues was greatest for manufactured dairy products
(with a relative frequency of 10%) and whole fluid milk (with a relative fre-
quency of 4%); and least of all for agricultural commodities, eggs and egg
products, fish and marine animals, processed animal feeds and processed foods
(Food and Drug Administration, 1973).
68
-------
IV.D. Removal of Residues - The effects of cooking and heating on residues
of chlorinated hydrocarbons, including, heptachlor in poultry were invest!g<-<;.
by Ritchey et_ jil. (1972). rieptachlor was fed to broilers at 10 ppm for 8
weeks, which when slaughtered contained 28.1 ppm. (All values are in term?
of heptachlor epoxide in dry tissue, and because of variations, are reported
as means). Baking reduced the residue to 22.5 ppm; steaming to 22.1 ppm;
frying, not at all. Heating in a closed container at 350°F for 30, 60 and
90 min reduced the residue to 16.0-19.5 ppm, with no losses after 30 min.
The elimination of chlorinated.hydrocarbon residues, including heptachlor,
studied by Vioque et al. (1973). Using virgin olive oil fortified with 1 ppr
heptachlor, these workers observed that deodorization by passing steam througl
the oil at 180°C for 3 hr resulted in partial removal of the heptachlor; at
210°C for 3 hr, more, extensive removal and at 240°C for 3 hr, complete removal
Neutralization and decolorization were ineffective for heptachlor.
69
-------
No.
Year Samples
No. Sam- % Sara-
pies w/ pies w/
™™ .1.
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
* Data
2785
2698
3169
3500
2403
819
1070
2114
2659
2199
2972
1804
417
1142
1916
claculat
829
746
752
997
259
45
206
540
No
803
313
865
271
39
123
250
led in i.ih
Plant Health Insnprn
i« residues 0.01-0.10 0.11 0 5l
All Livestock
29-8 759 65
27.8 ' 628 1Q9
23-8 637 114
j..m
28.6 887 107
10.8 237 21
5.5 43 2
19.3 188 18
2^.0 536 3
0.01-0.10 0.11-n sn
All Poultrv
reports
30.1 687 1;n
J-J-,5
14.2 276 Q<:
/0 36
29.2 728 133
15.0 248 22
9'4 39 o
10.8 115 g
0.01-0.30 0.31-1.00
13.1 249 !
- ,
ole or in part from reports made t
r\ o**i i c •» — —
^ U. 51-1. 5 ]_c;n
2 3
•J
8 1
i.
0 i
2 i
JL
1 0
0 0
\J
0 0
w
0 1
0.51-1.50 l.sn
3 o
1 0
4 1
1 0
0 o
V
0 0
1.01-1.50 l.sn
0 0
Jvailable hi/ Ar,-f_
70
-------
CHAPTER IV
Bibliography
Bruce, W. N., Decker, G. C. and Wilson, J. G. The relationship of the. leveis
of insecticide contamination of crop seeds to the fat content and soli
concentration of aldrin, heptachlor, and their epoxides. J_. EC on. £»•;•<•-
,59:179 (1966).
Burrage, R. H. and Saha, J. G. Insecticide residues in spring.wheat plants
grown in the field from seed treated with aldrin or heptachlor. Can. Ji.
Plant Sci. ^7:114 (1967). ,
Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Chapter 1, Subchapter E, Subpart C,
Sections 180.104, 180.319.
Corneliussen, P. E. Pesticide residues in total diet samples (v). Pestic.
Monit. J_. _4(_3): 89-105 (1970).
Corneliussen, P. E. Pesticide residues in total diet samples (vi). Pestic.
Monit. J. _5(4): 313-330 (1972).
Cummings, J. G., Eidelman, M., Turner, V., Reed, D., Zee, K. T. and Cook, R. F,
Residues in poultry tissues from low level feeding of five chlorinated
hydrocarbon insecticides to hens. J^. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists
_50U):418-425 (1967).
Cummings, J. G., Zee, K. T., Turner, V. and Quinn, F. Residues in eggs from
low level feeding of five chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides to hens.
J_. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 49(2): 354-364 (1966).
Borough, H. W., Skentry, R. F. and Pass, B. C. Residues in alfalfa and soils
following treatment with technical chlordane and high purity chlordane
(HCS-3260) for alfalfa weevil control, j;. Agr. Food Chem. 2iO_a):42-47
(1972).
Edwards, C. A. Persistent pesticides in the environment, 2nd edition, CRC
Press, Cleveland, Ohio (1973).
Food and Drug Administration, DHEW, FY 1973 Pesticide/PCB in Foods Program,
Evaluation Report (1973).
Huber, J. T. and Bishop, J. L. Secretion of heptachlor epoxide in the milk
of cows fed field-cured hay from soils treated with heptachlor. J_. Dairy
Sci. 45;79-81 (1962).
King, R. L. , Clark, N. A. and Hemken, R. W. Distribution, movement, and per-
sistence of heptachlor and its epoxide in alfalfa plants and soil. J_.
Agr. Food Chem. 1.4:62-65 (1966).
71
-------
Liechtenstein, E. P., Fuhremann, T. W. and Schulz, K. R. Use of carbon to
reduce the uptake of insecticidal soil residues by crop plants. J.. Agr.
Food Chem. 1.6(2.)-.348-355 (1968).
Lichtenstein, E. P., Myrdal, G, R, and Schulz, K. R. Absorption of insec-
ticidal residues from contaminated soils into five carrot varieties.
i- Agr. Food Chem. U02) :126-131 (1965).
Lichtenstein, E. P. and Schulz, K. R. Residues of aldrin and heptachlor in
soils and their translocation into various crops. J_. Agr. Food Chem.
1.3(3.) :57-63 (1965).
Manske, D. D. and Corneliussen, P. E. Pesticide residues in total diet
samples (VII). Pestic. Monit. J.- 1(1): 110-124 (1974).
McCaskill, W. R., Phillips, B. H., Jr. and Thomas, C. A. Residues of
chlorinated hydrocarbons in soybean seed and surface soils from selected
counties of South Carolina. Pestic. Monit. J_. 4^42 (1970).
Oloffs, P. C. , Szeto, S. Y. and Webster, J. M. Translocation of the organo-
chlorine pesticide residues from soils into carrots. Can. J_. Plant Sci.
5^(6):547 (1971).
Ritchey, S. J., Young, R. W., Essary, E. 0. Effects of heating and cooking
method of chlorinated hydrocarbon residues in chicken tissue. J^. Agr.
Food Chem. ^0(12) -.291-293 (1972).
Saha, J. G. and Stewart, W. W. A. Heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide and gamma
chlordane residues in soil and rutabaga after soil and surface treatment
with heptachlor. Can. J_. Plant Sci. ^7_:79 (1967).
Sand, P. E., Wiersma, G. B. and Landry, J. L. Pesticide residues in sweet
potatoes and soil - 1969. Pestic. Monit. J. J5(4_):342 (1972).
Williams, S., Mills, P. A. and McDowell, R. E. Residues in milk of cows fed
rations containing low concentrations of five chlorinated hydrocarbon
pesticides. 2- Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 47(6);1124-8 (1964).
Vioque, A., Albi, T. and Nosti, M. Pesticide residues in edible fats. II:
Elimination of chlorinated insects during refining. Grasas Aceitas
24.01):20-26 (1973) (in Spanish).
Wingo, C. W. Persistence and degradation of dieldrin and heptachlor in soil
and effects on plants. Univ. Missouri Agr. Exp. S tat. Res. Bull. 914:27
(1966). ~
72
-------
CHAPTER V
Toxicology and Epidemiology of Chlordane
7.A. Introduction - A survey of the literature available on chlordane since?
the Review of 1972 has revealed some new information relative to its carcin-
ogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, metabolic and enzyme effects.
V.B. Carcinogenic Studies - No carcinogenic studies, per se, were reported
in the 1972 review of chlordane. However, chlordane was not reported at the
time to be tumorigenic in long-term studies in rats or dogs.
In an 18-month feeding study, male and female Charles River CD~1 mice were
fed chlordane in the diet at dosage levels of 5, 25, and 50 ppm. For those
mice which were sacrificed after 18 months or which died during study, a
large number of compound-related liver masses and nodules were observed in the
25 and 50 ppm chlordane feeding groups. Microscopically, hepatocytomegaly was
observed in livers from mice of the three chlordane feeding groups, and a
statistically significant increase in hepatic nodular hyperplasia occurred at
the 25 and 50 ppm levels. Mice at the 25 ppm chlordane feeding level had a
greater number of hepatomas than occurred in the untreated controls (Wazeter
e£ al. (1973)
The National Cancer Institute has issued a preliminary report covering car-
cinogenicity testing of AG chlordane using both sexes of Osborne - Mendel rats
and B6C3F1 mice. The AG chlordane was composed of approximately 65 percent
alpha chlordane and 35 percent gamma chlordane. The AG chlordane was adminis-
tered in the diets for a period of 80 weeks with sacrifice at approximately 90
weeks for the mouse and 110 weeks for the rat. The dose levels for AG chlor-
dane in the diet were: 29.9 ppm (low), 30.1 ppm (low), 56.2 ppm (high), and
63.8 ppm (high) for the mice; and, 120.8 ppm (low), 203.5 ppm (low), 241.5 ppm
(high), and 407.0 ppm (high) for the rats. The AG chlordane was found to be
carcinogenic in the mouse with a high incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas.
With the rats, the predominant lesions were hepatic nodules and hyperplasia of
the liver. Also, an increase of thyroid/parathyroid tumors occurred in the
male rats receiving AG chlordane. A complete histopathological report and
final document is expected to follow this prelimary report. (National Cancer
Institute, 1975).
73
-------
V.C. Mutagenic and Teratogenic Studies - Brubaker et al. (1970) examined the
effects of gamma chlordane on cell division and DNA synthesis utilizing syn-
chronized mouse leukemia cells (L5178Y) grown in suspension culture. The
cells were treated with 4 yg/ml gamma chlordane. Few treated cells reentered
mitosis; instead they were arrested somewhere between the G-l and G-2 phases
of the cell cycle. The treated cells were as competent in DNA replication as
control cells. However, 25-30% of the total DNA persisted as light density
material. The authors concluded that the effect of gamma chlordane on cell
division was not related directly to interference with DNA synthesis or the
cleavage of mitotic cells, but may arrest the cells during the G-2 period.
V.D. Metabolic Studies - In the 1972 Review it was reported that a metabolite,
oxychlordane, was recently found in mammalian fat, milk and cheese. It was
reported to be an epoxide derivative of chlordane formed from both alpha and
gamma chlordane.
Street and Blau (1972) reported oxychlordane storage in rat adipose tissue.
Male and female rats were fed pure cis-and trans-chlordane or technical chlor-
dane at levels from 50 to 200 ppm fori 15 days. Trans-chlordarie resulted in
greater oxychlordane storage than cis-chlordane in both sexes with lower ac-
companying parent isomer storage. Males fed either isomer stored less oxy-
chlordane than females. At 100 ppm in the diet, storage ratios of oxychlordane
to chlordane for male and females respectively were: trans-chlordane, 4.3:1
and 20:1; cis-chlordane, 3.4:1 and 9.1:1. Oxychlordane storage during simul-
taneous administration of both chlordane isomers, or of technical chlordane
itself, showed additivity of oxychlordane formation with no interaction ap-
parent. The authors believe that results of incubating chlordane isomers with
rat liver homogenate indicated that oxychlordane formation proceeds via a de-
hydrogenated Intermediate, dichlorochlordene.
V.E. Effects of Chlordane on Enzymes - Ample evidence of enzyme induction by
chlordane is presented in early papers reviewed. The following papers add to
evidence for induction and suppression of enzyme systems.
Wiess et al. (1970) found that chlordane fed to rats at 10 or 50 ppm for vary-
ing times up to 12 months significantly decreased hexobarbital leeping time at
one month. After 12 months, treated rats showed a trend toward decreased pen-
tylenetitrazal and hexaflourodiethyl ether convulsive thresholds. Hepatic
enzyme induction was postulated as the result of chlordane administration.
Kinoshita and Kempf (1970) fed various levels of chlordane, gamma chlordane,
heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide to male and female rats for 13 weeks. Three
hepatic microsomal enzymes, phosphorothioate detoxification, 0-demethylase,
and N-demethylase, were induced in a dose-related manner. Elevated enzyme
74
-------
activity was maintained throughout the feeding period. The more persistent
induction occurred with heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide. The "no effect"
dietary levels for enzyme induction by the administered pesticides were ap-
proximately 1 ppm. The reported descending order of potency for the chlordaae
and heptachlor materials as hepatic microsomal enzyme inducers were: heptachlc-r
epoxide, heptachlor, chlordane and gamma chlordane.
Rats treated with a single dose (100 mg/kg) of chlordane (Lechner and Pousada.
1971) showed significantly increased capacities of oxidative drug metabolism
24 hr after administration, and even more strongly at 48 hr, while RNase
activity was reduced to less than 50% of normal at 10 hr.
Pardini et al. (1971) reported that heptachlor and chlordane depressed the
mitochondrial succinoxidase system to 5.8 and 21.5% of the uninhibited controls.
Both compounds also depressed mitochondiral NADH-oxidase activity to 8.6 and
10.1%, respectively, of the controls. The authors speculate that since hepta-
chlor and chlordane did not interact after cytochrome C, the site of inhibition
interaction may be either at complex III or at complexes I and II.
Kacew and Singhal (1973) reported that daily intramuscular injections of alpha
chlordane (5 mg/kg) for 45 days significantly stimulated the activities of py-
ruvate carboxylase, phos-phoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, fructose-1, 6-diphos-
phatase and glucose-6-phosphatase in liver and kidney cortex of male rats.
Exposure for 45 days at 25 mg/kg also elevated the concentration of serum urea.
V.E.I. Miscellaneous Effects - Santolucito and Whitcomb (1971) studies the
mechanical response characteristic of the soleus muscle, in situ, in rats oral-
ly dosed with 260 mg/kg chlordane. Characteristics of performance measured
were the stimulation frequency required and tension developed for complete ti-
tanus; frequency of stimulation required and tension developed for maximum
tension; time constants for tetanic contraction and relaxation; and, single
contraction tension and duration. Chlordane did not alter any of the respon-
ses characteristic of the soleus muscle at the dose studies.
75
-------
CHAPTER V
Bibliography
Brubaker, P. E. , Flamm, W. G. and Bernhein, N. J. "Effect of gamma chlordane
on synchronized lytnphoma cells and inhibition of cell division." Nature
^26:548-549 (1970).
Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Chapter 1, Subchapter E, Subpart C,
Sections 180.122, 180.319.
.Kacew, S. and Singhal, R. L. Metabolic,alterations after chronic exposure
to alpha-chlordane. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. U_:539-544 (1973).
Kinoshita, F. K. and Kempf, C. K. Quantitative measurement of hepatic micro-
somal enzyme induction after dietary intake of chlorinated hydrocarbon
insecticides. Abstract: Ninth Annual Meeting, Toxicol. Appl. Pharm. 17(1):
288 (1970).
Lechner, M. C. and Pousada, C. R. A possible role of liver microsomal alkaline
ribonuclease in the stimulation of oxidative drug metabolism by phenobar-
bital, chlordane and chlorophenothane (DDT). Biochem. Pharm. 20:3021-3028
(1971).
National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Cause and Prevention. Preliminary
report of the carcinogenesis bioassay of chlordane and heptachlor - further
pathology evaluation pending - draft document. January 22, 1975. (1975). ;
Pardini, R. S. , Heidker, J. C. and Payne, B. The effect of some cyclodiene
pesticides, Benzenehexachloride and Toxaphene on mitochondrial electron
transport. Bull. Environ. Con tarn, and Toxicol. 6/_5) :436-444 (1971).
Santolucito, J. A. and Whitcomb, E. Mechanical response of skeletal muscle
following oral administration of pesticides. Toxicol. and Appl. Pharm.
20:66-72 (1971).
Street, J. C. and Blau, S. E. Oxychlordane: accumulation in rat adipose tissue
on feeding chlordane isomers or technical chlordane isomers or technical
chlordane. J_- Agr. Food Chem. 20(2):395-397 (1972).
Wazeter, F. X., Goldenthal, E. I.,'and Geil, R. G. Chlordane and 2-
Acetamidoflourene: Eighteen month oral carcinogenic study in mice.
Unpublished report for Velsicol Chemical Corporation, 103-163 (December 14,
1973).
Wiess, L. R., Brodie, R., Reilly, J. F. and Krop, S. Some observations on the
comparative toxicity of four organochlorine pesticides after short and pro-
longed oral administration in rats. Abstract: Ninth Annual Meeting,
Toxicol. Appl. Pharm. 17(1):278 (1970).
76
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CHAPTER VI
Toxicology and Epidemiology of Heptachlor
VI.A. Introduction - A review of literature available on heptachlor since
1972 has revealed new information on subacute oral toxicity, effects on repro-
duction, carcinogenicity, metabolism, enzyme induction, and human epidemiology.
VLB. Subacute Oral Toxicity - The toxicity of heptachlor was studied by Webb
and Miranda (1973) in male weanling rats fed different types (gluten or casein)
protein for 10 days at two levels of protein intake. With a dietary protein
level of 10%, heptachlor was less acutely toxic in rats fed an unsupplemented
gluten diet than in animals pair-fed diets containing gluten plus amino acids
or casein plus 0.2% DL-methionine. When the level of dietary protein was raised
to 18%, heptachlor was twice as toxic to rats pair-fed casein diets as the rats
fed unsupplemented gluten. The clinical syndrome of intoxication was not af-
fected by the quality of dietary protein fed. Animals fed casein diets ad_
libitum were less susceptible to heptachlor intoxication than were rats fed the
same diets at a restricted level of intake. The authors speculated that the dif-
ferences in heptachlor toxicity with variations in the quality of the dietary pro-
tein may be due to differences in rate of activation of heptachlor in vivo and
that impairment of the conversion of heptachlor to its epoxide probably occurs
in rats fed poor quality protein.
VI.C. Effects on Reproduction - The results of reproductive effects of hepta-
chlor epoxide on the hatchability of white leghorn eggs in the 1972 review of
heptachlor is supported by one additional study. Smith et al. (1970) studied
several chlorinated pesticides, including heptachlor, by injecting them via a
corn oil carrier into fertile hen eggs. A 1.5 mg injection of heptachlor re-
sulted in a 12% reduction in hatchability. All test chicks appeared normal.
The authors concluded that quite substantial amounts of chlorinated hydrocar-
bon pesticides must be injected to observe a sharp decline in hatchability.
VI.D. Carcinogenicity - Since 1972, additional studies have been completed.
Cabral et al. (1972) administered 10 rag/kg heptachlor, in grain oil, to rats
from birth to 10 days of age. Twenty-nine rats were killed at 60 weeks to
detect early changes. Changes in histopathology were absent. Growth and sur-
vival rates were similar in the experimental and control groups. No liver
tumors were observed in either sex. Incidence of tumors among males was sub-
stantially the same in the treated and control groups. Among females surviv-
ing 80 weeks, 9 of 28 heptachlor treated animals developed a total of 12 tumors
(5 of them mammary), while in the controls, A out of 27 developed a total of
4 tumors (2 of them mammary). Tumor incidence associated with the thyroid,
the adrenals, and pituitary in the treated and control groups was comparable.
The authors concluded that the administration of heptachlor to rats, in oral
doses of 50 mg/kg during the suckling period, showed no carcinogenic effect.
77
-------
In an 18-month feeding study, male and female Charles River CD-I mice were
fed a mixture of 75 percent heptachlor epoxide - 25 percent heptachlor in the
diet at dosage levels of 1, 5 and 10 ppm. For those mice which were sacri-
ficed after 18 months or which died during the study, a large number of
compound-related liver masses were observed in the groups which received 5
or 10 ppm of heptachlor epoxide/heptachlor. Microscopically, the livers of
male mice from the 1, 5 and 10 ppm levels of heptachlor epoxide/heptachlor
feeding and the livers of females from the 5 and 10 ppm levels of heptachlor
epoxide/heptachlor had compound-related hepatocytomegaly. Liver weights of
female mice on 1, 5 and 10 ppm of heptachlor epoxide/heptachlor were signif-
icantly increased. Mice from the 5 and 10 ppm feeding levels of heptachlor
epoxide/heptachlor had nodular hyperplasia of the liver. These lesions,
which occurred with a dosage-related incidence and severity, were considered
compound-related (Wazeter et al. 1973)
The National Cancer Institute has issued a preliminary report covering carcin-
ogenicity testing of technical grade heptachlor using both sexes of Osborne-
Mendel rats and B6C3F1 mice. The technical grade heptachlor was composed of
74 percent heptachlor with the remainder being essentially alpha chlordane.
The technical grade heptachlor was administered in the diets for a period of
80 weeks with sacrifice at approximately 90 weeks for the mouse and 110 weeks
for the rat. The dose levels for technical grade heptachlor in the diet were:
6.1 ppm (low), 9.0 ppm (low), 13.8 ppm (high), and. 18.0 ppm (high) for the
mice; and, 18.9 ppm (low), 38.9 ppm (low), 37.8 ppm (high), and 77.9 ppm (high)
for the rats. The technical grade heptachlor was found to be carcinogenic in
the mouse with a high incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas. With the rats,
the predominant lesions were hepatic nodules and hyperplasia of the liver. A
complete histopathological report and final document will follow this prelimin-
ary report. (National Cancer Institute, 1975).
VI.E. Metabolism - Mizyukova and Kurchatov (1970) gave female rats a single
dose (120 mg/kg) of heptachlor and found that the compound reaches all organs
and tissues within the first hour after dosing. It is rapidly metabolized to
form the epoxide which accumulates in the fatty tissue. The concentration of
heptachlor in all organs and tissue falls at the same time as its concentration
in the fatty tissue falls, and the epoxide reaches its maximum accumulation in
fatty tissue with scarcely any of it excreted.
latsumura and Nelson (1971) fed heptachlor epoxide (99%) to 4 male rats at 10
pm for 30 days. The rats excreted 950 ug of a fecal metabolite and 66 ug of
jptachlor epoxide in the feces. The evidence indicated that the structure of
e metabolite is as follows:
Cl
,r
I'A
k1
~-.
-^
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De Vos et al. (1972) fed several pesticides, including heptachlor, to day-old
broiler chicks at levels of 0.05, 0.14 and 0.30 ppm for a period of 7 weeks.
Heptachlor epoxide residue levels in fat were 13 times the level in feed.
Dobson et al. (1972) reported that hogs pasturing on corn stover accumulated
measurable residues of heptachlor epoxide in fat, 0.032 to 0.071 ppm. Remova:L
of the animals to concrete slabs for further fattening and varying periods of
time reduced but did not eliminate these residues.
VI.F. Enzyme Induction - Kinoshita and Kempf (1970) fed various levels of
chlordane, gamma chlordane, heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide to male and fe-
male rats for 31 weeks. Three hepatic microsomal enzymes, phosphorothioate
detoxification, 0-demethylase, and N-demethylase, were induced in a dose re-
lated manner. Elevated enzyme activity was maintained throughout the feeding
period. The more persistent induction occurred with heptachlor and heptachlor
epoxide. The "no effect" dietary level for enzyme induction was approximately
1 ppm. The reported descending order of potency for hepatic microsomal enzyme
induction was: heptachlor epoxide, heptachlor, chlordane and gamma chlordane.
Pardini et al. (1971) reported that heptachlor and chlordane depressed the
mitochondrial succinoxidase system to 5.8% and 21% of the uninhibited controls.
Both compounds also depressed mitochondrial NADA-oxidase activity to 8.6 and
10% respectively of the controls at 1 u mole/flask. The authors speculate
that since heptachlor and chlordane did not interact after cytochrome C, the
site of inhibition interaction may be either at complex III or at complex I
and III.
Krampl (1971) intubated female Wistar rats with 60 mg/kg of heptachlor (single
dose), and other groups received 7 or 12 mg/kg daily for 28 days. At 2 hr
after a single dose, activity of glutamic pyruvic transaminase in liver signif-
icantly increased, but at 72 hr it decreased below normal. The decreases
were significant on the 7th day for the 7 mg/kg dosage and on the 7th and 14th
day for the 12 mg/kg dosage. The terminal values were approximately at base
value for both groups by the 28th day. Changes in aldolase activity in liver
and serum for both groups (single and multiple dose) showed similar effects
over time.
VI.G. Epidemiological Studies - Hunter (1968) tabulated data for four pesti-
cides in adipose tissue from Australia, India, Israel, Italy, the U.K. and the
U.S.A. He related the data to maximum human tissue concentrations found with
and without intoxication (male adults). From this information, the respective
adipose tissue and whole blood values of 0.5 mg/g and 3.5 mg/1 for heptachlor
epoxide were proposed as allowable.
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Casarett and Fryer (1968) analyzed as many as 12 tissues from 44 autopsies in
Hawaii for some common organochlorine pesticides. Subjects ranged from 28
weeks gestation to 88 yr old. The levels of heptachlor eppxide in the 12
types of tissue ranged from 0.01 ppm in brain to 0.09 ppm in liver. In general,
the organochlorine pesticide levels corresponded with the extractible lipid
content of the tissue, except in the brain.
Zavon et al. (1969) collected and analyzed skin, fat and attached subcutaneous
tissue of 68 neonates from 13 U.S. cities. Fifty-six of the specimens were
from stillborn infants who died within one week of birth. The average of
results based on total weight of samples was 0.060 ppm heptachlor epoxide.
Differences in levels by sex were considered inconsequential.
Data for heptachlor epoxide in maternal blood and placental tissues from 53
women spontaneously delivered in a Louisiana parish in 1966-67 were reported by
Selby et al. (1969). Heptachlor was detected in the blood of 15 individuals
(mean 0.13 ppb, range 0.1-0.2 ppb). Heptachlor epoxide was detected in the
blood of 42 individuals (mean 0.21 ppb, range 0.1-0.6 ppb). The mean for
heptachlor in the placental tissue of 3 individuals was 6.23 ppb, and the
range was 2.0-52.0 ppb. The mean placental tissue value for heptachlor epoxide
in 11 individuals was 1.21 ppb, and the range was 0.1-6.5 ppb.
Heydrickx and Maes (1969) investigated several chlorinated hydrocarbon insecti-
cides in the lipid fraction of human milk. Four samples out of 20 contained
heptachlor epoxide, ranging from 0.001 to 0.003 ppm. The authors also reported
that heptachlor transferred from pregnant guinea pigs to the fetus via the
placenta.
Curley et al. (1969) reported the following ppm levels of heptachlor epoxide in
tissue from 10 autopsies of stillborns.
Tissue Mean SE+ Range
Adipose 0.32 0.10 0.07-0.51
Spinal Cord - -
Brain 0.13
Adrenals 0.73 0.27 0.46-1.00
Lungs 0.17 0.07 0.08-0.31
Heart 0.80 0.30 0.30-1.56
Liver 0.68 0.50 0.03-1.67
Kidney 0.70 0.28 0.19-1.14
Spleen 0.35 0.08 0.10-0.52
Pancreas - -
In a study of 1000 serum samples from people in southern Idaho, Watson et al.
(1970) found heptachlor epoxide in 2.2% of the samples. Levels ranged from
0-5 ppb.
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Mshimoto et al. (1970) analyzed 74 human adipose tissue samples for heptachlo-i
epoxide. The subjects were over 24 years of age. The compound was found at.
an arithmetic mean of 0.01 ppm and a range of 0 to 0.09 ppm.
In thirty-one samples of omentum fat (biopsy) from the Province of Trento,
Italy, Prati and Del Dot (1971) did not find heptachlor. Heptachlor epoxide
was found in 19.4% of the samples with a geometric mean of 0.010 ppm.
Doguchi et al. (1971) analyzed 21 samples of human abdominal fat tissues ft .,
females residing in metropolitan Tokyo. Gas chromatography detected heptachl."
epoxide levels ranging from 0 to 0.14 ppm with a mean of 0.04 ppm.
Paired samples of serum and adipose tissue from patients undergoing abdominal
surgery were analyzed to determine residue levels of several chlorinated hydro-
carbon pesticides pby Wyllie et al; (1972). Blood and adipose tissue were ob-
tained from 141 female and 61 male Caucasians. Heptachlor epoxide was found ir<
18% of the serum samples (0-2 ppb range, mean 0.1 ppb) arid 97% of the adipose
samples (0-1.3 ppm, range, mean 0.1 ppm).
Wassermann et al. (1972) used gas chromatographic methods to analyze 268 adi-
pose tissues collected during the autopsy of Nigerians who had no occupational
exposure to organochlorine insecticides. Heptachlor epoxide was found in all
tissues examined. In stillborn, heptachlor epoxide was present at 0.006 ppm.
Heptachlor epoxide was found as follows: 0-11 months children, 0.012 ppm;
1-4 years old, 0.006 ppm; 5-24 years old, 0.004 ppm; and, 45-4- years of age,
0.02 ppm.
Similar analyses were performed by Wassermann et al. (1974) on adipose tissues
from 307 autopsies of Israelis. Concentrations of heptachlor epoxide in adi-
pose tissues of stillborns averaged below 0.01 ppm, indicating, according to
the authors, accumulation during;fetal life and the ability of the compound to
cross the placental barrier. The mean concentrations in the tissues of various
age groups were:
Age Groups ppm
Stillborn 0.0030 + 0.0028
0-11 months • 0.0007 + 0.0025
5-24 yr. 0.0211 + 0.0412
25-44 yr. 0.0205 +0.0316
45-63 yr. 0.0251 + 0.0192
70+ yr. 0.0102 + 0.0027
In the United Kingdom during the period 1969-71, samples of human fat were
taken during routine necropsies of 201 subjects over 5 years of age and of 20
stillborn by Abbott et al. (1972). In subjects under 5 yr old, heptachlor
81
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epoxlde levels were reported as: arithmetic mean, 0.03 mg/kg; range, 0-0.14
mg/kg. The number of positive samples was not given nor were values for still-
born separated from the values of those under 5 yr.
Pratl et al. (1972) analyzed tissue of autopsy and biopsy subjects from
Ferrara Province, Italy for heptachlor epoxide and found the following percent-
positive samples: 52 autopsy fat, 69.2%; 33 biopsy fat, 54.5%; 23 liver, 34.8%;
15 kidney, 0%; 15 brain, 0%; and 13 spleen, 7.7%. The mean levels and ranges
were: autopsy fat, 0.51 ppm, 0-1.58 ppm; biopsy fat, 0.24 ppm, 0-1.02 ppm;
liver, 0.07 ppm, 0-0.34 ppm; and spleen, only one positive sample, 0.19 ppm.
Burns (1974) reported on residues in adipose tissue from elective surgery sub-
jects in the Rio Grande Valley, Texas. Heptachlor epoxide levels ranged from
0.08+0.07 to 0.14+0.13 ppm for the years 1969-72.
Kutz et al. (1974) reported a survey of human adipose tissue residues for
several pesticides. The survey for 1970 covered 32 cities in four census
regions of the contiguous 48 states. Heptachlor epoxide was detected in 76%
of 1,412 samples. The levels ranged from 0 to 10.62 ppm on a percent lipid
basis. The median, geometric and arithmetic means were: 0.08; 0.09; and,
0.17 ppm, respectively.
Heptachlor epoxide has been detected in human milk. .Larsen et al. (1971) found
two positive samples in 31 analyses in British Columbia. The levels were 0.052
and 0.013 ppm. Fifty samples of human milk from mothers (18-32 years) living
in Leiden, Netherlands were analyzed by Tuinstra (1971) during the last three
months of 1969. Heptachlor epoxide was detected in all samples, median 0.06 -
0.028 ppm, range - 0.13-0.15 ppm. The author states that the WHO/FAO average
daily intake for heptachlor epoxide is 0.5 g/kg/day, and that babies would
consume 0.19 g/kg/day. From November 1971 to March 1972, Hayashi (1972) analyz-
ed 398 samples of milk from mothers in all 336 Japanese prefectures. Heptachlor
epoxide was present at 0.0011 ppm (arithmetic mean) or 0.007 ppm (geometric
mean). Savage et al. (1973) reported on 40 human milk samples from rural
Colorado. Twenty-five percent of the samples contained heptachlor epoxide
at levels ranging from a trace to 5 ppb.
82
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CHAPTER VI
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S3 «US. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1976 «0-42S/f.7S 1
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