xvEPA
             United States
             Environmental Protection
             Agency
             Environmental Monitoring
             Systems Laboratory
             P.O. Box 15027
             Las Vegas NV 89114-5027
EPA 600 4 85 035
DOE DP 0539-055
April 1985
             Research and Development
Off-Site
Environmental
Monitoring
Report

Radiation Monitoring
Around United States
Nuclear Test Areas,
Calendar Year 1984
             prepared for the
             U.S. Department of Energy
             under Interagency Agreement
             Number DE-AI08-76DPO0539

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Printed in the United States of America

Available from;

    National Technical Information Service
    US  Department of Commerce
    5285 Port Royal Road
    Springfield, Virginia 22161

Price  Printed Copy E07
      Microfiche A01

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                                            EPA-600/4-85-035
                                            DOE/DP/0539-055
                                            April 1985
OFF-SITE ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING REPORT
Radiation monitoring around United States
nuclear test areas, calendar year 1984
compiled by

G. D. Potter, S. C. Black, R. F. Grossman,
R. G. Patzer, D. D. Smith, and
Nuclear Radiation Assessment Division
prepared for the
U.S. Department of Energy
under Interagency Agreement
Number DE-AI08-76DP00539
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING SYSTEMS LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
LAS VEGAS, NEVADA  89114

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                                     NOTICE
     This report has been reviewed 1n accordance with the U.S.  Environmental
Protection Agency's peer and administrative review policies and approved for
publication.  Mention of trade names or commercial  products does not constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
                                       11

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                                     PREFACE


     The U.S. Atomic Energy Commission  (AEC) used  the Nevada Test Site  (NTS)
from January 1951 through January  19, 1975, for conducting nuclear weapons
tests, nuclear rocket-engine  development, nuclear  medicine studies, and other
nuclear and non-nuclear experiments.  Beginning January 19, 1975, these activ-
ities became the responsibility of the  newly formed U.S. Energy Research and
Development Administration (ERDA).   On  October 1,  1977 the ERDA was merged with
other energy-related agencies to form the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).
Atmospheric nuclear tests were conducted periodically from January 27,  1951,
through October 30, 1958, after which a testing moratorium was in effect until
September  1, 1961.  Since September  1,  1961, all nuclear detonations have been
conducted  underground with the expectation of containment, except for four
slightly above-ground or shallow underground tests of Operation Dominic II in
1962 and five nuclear earth-cratering experiments  conducted under the Plowshare
program between 1962 and 1968.

     Prior to 1954, an off-site surveillance program was performed by the Los
Alamos Scientific Laboratory and the U.S. Army.  From 1954 through 1970 the
U.S. Public Health Service (PHS), and from 1970 to the present the U.S. Envi-
ronmental  Protection Agency (EPA) have  provided an Off-Site Radiological Safety
Program under an Interagency Agreement.  The PHS or EPA has also provided
off-site surveillance for U.S. nuclear  explosive tests at places other than the
NTS.

     Since 1954, an objective of this surveillance program has been to measure
levels and trends of radioactivity, if  present, in the environment surrounding
testing areas to ascertain whether the  testing is  in compliance with existing
radiation protection standards.  Off-site levels of radiation and radioactivity
are assessed by sampling milk, water, and air; by deploying dosimeters; and by
sampling food crops, soil, etc., as required.   Personnel  with mobile monitoring
equipment are placed in areas downwind  from the test site prior to each test
in order to implement protective actions, provide immediate radiation monitoring,
and obtain environmental  samples rapidly after any release of radioactivity.
Since 1962, aircraft have also been deployed to rapidly monitor and sample
releases of radioactivity during nuclear tests.  Monitoring data obtained by
the aircraft crew immediately after a test are used to position mobile radiation
monitoring personnel on the ground.  Data from airborne sampling are used to
quantify the amounts,  diffusion, and transport of the radionuclides released.

       Beginning with  Operation Upshot-Knothole in 1953,  a report was published
by the PHS summarizing the surveillance data for each test series.   In 1959
for reactor tests,  and in 1962 for weapons and Plowshare  tests, such data were
published for those tests that released radioactivity detectable off the NTS.


                                      111

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The reporting Interval  was changed again 1n 1964 to semi-annual  publication of
data for each 6-month period which also Included the data from the individual
reports.

     In 1971, the AEC Implemented a requirement, now Incorporated into DOE
Order 5484.1, that each contractor or agency Involved 1n major nuclear act-
ivities provide a comprehensive annual  radiological monitoring report.  This is
the thirteenth annual report in this series; it summarizes the off-site
activities of the EPA during CY 1984.
                                       1v

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                                    CONTENTS
Preface	1ii
Figures	vii
Tables	    ix
Abbreviations, Symbols and Conversions 	    xi
Prefixes, Conversions	xii

Section

  1.  Summary	     1
         Purpose 	     1
            Locations	     1
            Pathways Monitoring	     1
            External Exposure	     2
            Internal Exposure	     2
            Community Monitoring Stations	     3
            Dose Assessment	     3

  2.  Introduction 	     4

  3.  Description of the Nevada Test Site	     5
         Site Location	     5
         Climate 	     5
         Geology and Hydrology  	     7
         Land use of NTS Environs	     7
         Population Distribution 	     8
         Airborne Releases of Radioactivity  at  the  NTS During  1984  ...     8

  4.  Quality Assurance	    10
         Goals	    10
         Sample Collection 	    10
         Sample Analysis 	    10
            External  QA	    10
            Internal  QA	    11
         Validation	    11
         Audits	    11

  5.  Radiological  Safety Activities  	    12
         Special  Test Support	    12
         Pathways Monitoring  	    13
            Air Surveillance  Network  (ASN) 	    13
            Noble Gas and Tritium Surveillance  Network 	    16
            Long-Term Hydrologlcal Monitoring Program	    19

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                              CONTENTS (Continued)
            Milk Surveillance Network	    26
            B1omon1tor1ng Program	    28
         External Exposure Monitoring	    36
            Thermolumlnescent Doslmetry Network	    36
            Pressurized Ion Chamber Network	    40
         Internal Exposure Monitoring	    40
            Network Design	    40
            Methods	    41
            Results	    42
         Community Monitoring Stations 	    44
         Claims Investigations 	    44
         Public Information Program	    44
         Dose Assessment	    46

  6.  References	    48

Appendices

  A.  Site Data	    51

  B.  Sample Analysis Procedures 	    62

  C.  Quality Assurance Procedures 	    64

  D.  Radiation Protection Standards for External  and Internal
        Exposure	    71

  E.  Data Summary for Monitoring Networks 	    73

Addendum

  REECO Non-Radiological Supplement to the NTS Environmental
    Monitoring Report 	   117
                                       VI

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                                    FIGURES
Number                                                                   Page
   1   Location of the Nevada Test Site	     6
   2   A1r Surveillance Network stations (1984)	    14
   3   Standby A1r Surveillance Network stations (1984)	    15
   4   Monthly average gross beta 1n air, 1981-1984	    17
   5   Noble Gas and Tritium Surveillance Network
         sampling locations	    18
   6   Weekly average distribution of krypton-85 concentration in
         air, 1984 data	    20
   7   Trend 1n annual average krypton-85 concentration	    20
   8   LTHMP sampling locations on the NTS	    23
   9   LTHMP sampling locations near the NTS	    24
  10   M1lk sampling locations within 300 km of the NTS	    27
  11   Strontium-90 concentration in Pasteurized Milk Network
         samples	    29
  12   Collection sites for bighorn sheep samples  	    30
  13   Average stront1um-90 concentration in animal  bone  	    33
  14   Locations monitored with TLD's	    37
  15   Average annual  TLD exposure as a function of station
         altitude	    39
  16   Location of families in the Off-Site Human Surveillance
         Program	    43
Appendix A
  A-l  Ground-water flow systems around the NTS	    54
  A-2  General  land use within 300 km of the NTS	    55
                                      vii

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                              FIGURES (Continued)
Number                                                                   Page
  A-3    Population of Arizona, California,  Nevada,  and Utah
           counties near the NTS (1980)	   57
  A-4    Distribution of family milk cows and goats,
           by county	   58
  A-5    Distribution of dairy cows, by  county 	   59
  A-6    Distribution of beef cattle, by county	   60
  A-7    Distribution of sheep, by county	   61
Appendix E
  E-l    Amchltka Island and background  sampling locations
           for the LTHMP	   83
  E-2    LTHMP sampling locations for Project Cannikin 	   85
  E-3    LTHMP sampling locations for Projects Mllrow and Long  Shot.  .  .   87
  E-4    LTHMP sampling locations for Project Rio  Blanco 	   89
  E-5    LTHMP sampling locations for Project Rulison	   91
  E-6    LTHMP sampling locations for Project Dribble -
           towns and residences	   92
  E-7    LTHMP sampling locations for Project Dribble - near  GZ	   94
  E-8    LTHMP sampling locations for Project Dribble -
           near salt dome	   96
  E-9    LTHMP sampling locations for Project Faultless	   97
  E-10   LTHMP sampling locations for Project Shoal	   99
  E-ll   LTHMP sampling locations for Project Gasbuggy 	  100
  E-12   LTHMP sampling locations for Project Gnome	102

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                                     TABLES
Number                                                                   Page
   1   Total Airborne Radionuclide Emissions at the NTS During 1984. .  .     9
   2   Annual Average Krypton-85 Concentrations in Air, 1975-1984.  ...    21
   3   Water Sampling Locations Where Samples Contained
         Man-made Radioactivity - 1984	    25
   4   Network Annual Average Concentrations of Tritium
         and Stront1um-90 1n M1lk, 1975-1984 	    28
   5   Radlonuclide Concentrations 1n Desert Bighorn Sheep
         Samples - 1983	    31
   6   Radlonuclide Concentrations 1n Cattle Tissue Samples - 1984  ...    34
   7   Dosimetry Network Summary for the Years 1971-1984 	    39
   8   Pressurized Ion Chamber Readings - uR/hour	    41
Appendix A
  A-l  Characteristics of Climatic Types in Nevada 	    52
Appendix B
  B-l  Summary of Analytical Procedures	    62
Appendix C
  C-l  Samples and Analyses for Duplicate Sampling Program 	    64
  C-2  Sampling and Analytical  Precision 	    66
  C-3  Quality Assurance Intercomparison Results  - 1984	    67
  C-4  Quality Assurance Results for the Bioenvironmental  Program -  1984    69
  C-5  Summary Results of the Sixth  International  Intercomparison
         of Environmental Dosimeters 	    70
                                       1x

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                               TABLES (Continued)
Number                                                                   Page
Appendix D
                     I
  D-l  DOE Concentration Guides	    72
Appendix E
  E-l   Summary of Analytical Results for ASM Continuously
          Operating Stations - 1984	    73
  E-2   Summary of Analytical Results for ASN Standby Stations
          Operated 1 or 2 Weeks per Quarter - 1984	    75
  E-3   Summary of Gross Beta Analyses for ASN - 1984	    76
  E-4   Plutonium Concentration 1n Composited Air Samples - 1984 ....    77
  E-5   Summary of Analytical Results for the Noble Gas
          and Tritium Surveillance Network - 1984	    78
  E-6   Summary of Tritium Results for the NTS Monthly
          Long-term Hydro!oglcal  Monitoring Program - 1984 	    80
  E-7   Tritium Results for the Long-term Hydrologlcal
          Monitoring Program - 1984	    81
  E-8   Summary of Analytical Results for the Milk
          Surveillance Network - 1984	104
  E-9   Analytical Results for Standby Milk Surveillance
          Network - 1984	107
  E-10  Summary of Radiation Dose Equivalents from
          TLD Data - 1984	112
  E-ll  Summary of Radiation Doses for Off-site Residents - 1984 ....   114

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              ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS AND CONVERSIONS
a
ASN
CG
Ci
CP-1
CY
d
DOE
DOE/NV
EMSL-LV
EPA
eV
9
GZ
h
HTO
L
LTHMP
m
MDC
MSL
MSN
NGTSN
NTS
Pa
R
rad
rem
TLD
annum (year)
A1r Surveillance Network
Concentration Guide
Curie
Control  Point One
Calendar Year
day
U.S. Department of Energy
Department of Energy, Nevada Operations Office
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Las Vegas
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
electron volt
gram
Ground Zero
hour
tritiated water
liter
Long-Term Hydro!ogical Monitoring Program
meter
Minimum Detectable Concentration
Mean Sea Level
Milk Surveillance Network
Noble Gas and Tritium Surveillance Network
Nevada Test Site
Pascal - unit of pressure
Roentgen
unit of  absorbed dose, 100 ergs/g
the rad  adjusted for biological  effect
thermoluminescent dosimeter
                                xi

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PREFIXES
a atto = 10-18
f femto = 10-15
p pico = 10-12
n nano s 10~9
u micro = 10~6
m m1ll1 = ID'3
k kilo = 103
M Mega = 106
CONVERSIONS
Multiply By To Obtain
Concentration Guides
ud/mL 109
uC1/mL 1012
SI Units
rad 10-2
rem 10"2
pC1 0.037
pCi/L
pC1/m3
Gray (Gy = 1
Slevert (Sv)
Becquerel

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                                   SECTION  1

                                    SUMMARY
 PURPOSE
      It  is U.S. Environmental Protection Agency policy to protect the general
 public and the environment  from  pollution caused by human activities.  This
 includes  radioactive contamination  of  the biosphere and concomitant radiation
 exposure  of  the population.  To  this end and  in concordance with U.S.  Depart-
 ment  of  Energy policy of keeping radiation exposure of the general public as
 low as reasonably achievable, the EMSL-LV conducts an Off-site Radiological
 Safety Program centered on  the DOE's Nevada Test Site.  This program is conduc-
 ted under an  Interagency Agreement  between EPA and DOE.

      A principal activity of the Off-site Radiological Safety Program is routine
 environmental monitoring for radioactive materials in various media and for
 radiation in  areas which may be  affected by nuclear tests.  It is conducted to
 document  compliance with standards, to identify trends, and to provide informa-
 tion  to  the public.  This report summarizes these activities for CY 1984.

 Locations

      Most of  the radiological safety effort is applied in the areas around the
 Nevada Test Site in south-central Nevada.  The principal  activity at the NTS is
 testing of nuclear devices, though  other related projects are also conducted.
 This  portion  of Nevada is sparsely  settled, 0.5 person/km^, and has a conti-
 nental arid climate.  The largest town in the near off-site area is Beatty,
 located about 65 km west of the  NTS with a population of about 800.

      Underground tests have been conducted in several  other States for various
 purposes.  At these sites in Alaska, Colorado, New Mexico, and Mississippi, a
 long-term hydrological monitoring program (LTHMP) is conducted to detect any
 possible  contamination of potable water and aquifers near these sites.

 Pathways Monitoring

      The  pathways leading to human exposure to radionuclides,  namely air, water,
 and food, are monitored by networks of sampling stations.   The networks  are
 designed  not  only to detect radiation from DOE/NV nuclear test areas but also
 to detect increases in population exposure from other sources.

      In 1984  the air surveillance network (ASN) consisted of 29 continuously
 operating stations surrounding the NTS and 85 standby  stations (operated 1 or 2
weeks each quarter) in all  States west of the Mississippi.  Other than naturally

                                       1

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occurring beryl!1um-7, the only activity detected by this network was plutonium-
239 from worldwide fallout.

     The noble gas and tritium sampling network (NGTSN) consisted of 16 sta-
tions off site (off the NTS and exclusion areas) 1n 1984.  No NTS-related radio-
activity was detected at any off-site station.  Tritium concentrations 1n air
remained below MDC levels and krypton-85 concentration continued the upward
trend which started 1n 1960, reflecting the worldwide Increase In the use of
nuclear technology.

     The long-term hydro!oglcal monitoring of wells and surface waters near
sites of nuclear tests showed only background tritium and other radlonuclide
concentrations except for those wells that enter the test cavity or those that
were previously spiked with radlonuclldes for hydrologlcal tests.

     The milk surveillance network (MSN) consisted of 28 sampling locations
within 300 km of the NTS and about 86 standby locations 1n the Western U.S.
The tritium concentration 1n milk was at background levels, and stront1um-90
from worldwide fallout continued the slow downward trend observed 1n recent
years.

     Other foods analyzed have been mainly meat from domestic or game animals
and garden vegetables.  The radlonuclide most frequently found 1n the edible
portion of the sampled animals 1s ceslum-137.  However, Its concentration has
been near the MDC since 1968.  Meat from deer that reside on the NTS has not
had markedly higher concentrations of radlonuclldes than meat from deer that
reside 1n other areas of Nevada.

External Exposure

     External exposure 1s monitored by a network of TLD's at 86 locations
surrounding the NTS and by TLD's worn by 49 off-site residents.  In a few cases,
small exposures of a few mrem above the average for the person or location were
measured.  Except for several occupational  exposures, all such net exposures
were very low and were not related to NTS activities.  The range of exposures
measured, varying with altitude and soil constituents,  Is similar to the range
of such exposures found 1n other areas of the U.S.

Internal Exposure

     Internal exposure 1s assessed by whole-body counting supplemented by.
phoswlch detectors to measure lung burdens of radioactivity.   In 1984, counts
were made on 70 off-site residents, as well as on 226 other Individuals for
occupational or other reasons.  Natural  potass1um-40 was found as expected, but
no nuclear test related radioactivity was detected.   In addition, physical
examinations of the off-site residents revealed only a  normally healthy popula-
tion consonant with the age and sex distribution of that population.

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Community Monitoring Stations

     The 15 Community Monitoring Stations became operational in 1982.  Each
station is operated by a resident of the community who is trained to collect
samples and interpret some of the data.  Each station is an integral part of
the ASN, NGTSN and TLD networks and is also equipped with a pressurized ion
chamber system and recording barograph.  Samples and data from the stations are
analyzed by EMSL-LV and are also interpreted and reported by the Desert Research
Institute, University of Nevada.  Data from these stations are reported herein
as part of the networks in which they participate.

Dose Assessment

     Doses were calculated for an average adult living in Nevada based on the
Kr-85, Sr-90, Cs-137 and Pu-239 detected by the monitoring networks.  Using
conservative assumptions, the estimated dose would have been less than 0.6 mrem
per year, a small fraction of the variation of 10 mrem per year due to the
natural radlonuclide content of the body.  Since no radioactivity originating
on the NTS was detectable off site, no dose assessment related to NTS activities
could be made.  However, atmospheric dispersion calculations,  based on known
emissions from the NTS, indicate that the population dose within 80 km of CP-1
was about 1 x 10~3 person-rem for 1984.

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                                    SECTION 2

                                  INTRODUCTION


     The EMSL-LV operates an Off-site Radiological Safety Program around the NTS
and other sites as requested by the Department of Energy (DOE) under an Inter-
agency Agreement between DOE and EPA.  This report, prepared 1n accordance with
the guidelines In DOE/EP-0023 (DOE 1981a), covers the program activities for
calendar year 1984.  It contains descriptions of pertinent features of the NTS
and Its environs, summaries of the EMSL-LV doslmetry and sampling methods,
analytical  procedures, and the analytical results from environmental measure-
ments.   Where applicable, doslmetry and sampling data are compared to appro-
priate guides for external and Internal  exposures of humans to Ionizing radia-
tion.

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                                    SECTION 3

                       DESCRIPTION OF THE NEVADA TEST SITE


     Historically, the major programs conducted at the NTS have been nuclear
weapons development, proof-testing and weapons safety and effects, testing
peaceful uses of nuclear explosives (Plowshare Program), reactor engine devel-
opment for nuclear rocket and ramjet applications (Projects Rover and Pluto),
high-energy nuclear physics research, seismic studies (Vela Uniform), and
studies of high-level waste storage.  During 1984, nuclear weapons development,
proof-testing and weapons safety, nuclear physics programs, and studies of high-
level waste storage were continued at the NTS.  Project Pluto was discontinued
in 1964; Project Rover was terminated in January 1973; Plowshare tests were
terminated in 1970; Vela Uniform studies ceased in 1973.  All  nuclear weapons
tests since 1962 have been conducted underground.  More detail and pertinent
maps for the portions of this section are included in Appendix A.   Only selected
information is presented in this Section.


SITE LOCATION

     The NTS is located in Nye County, Nevada, with its southeast corner about
90 km northwest of Las Vegas (Figure 1).  It has an area of about 3,500 square
km and varies from 40 to 56 km in width (east-west) and from 64 to 88 km in
length (north-south).  This area consists of large basins or flats about 900 to
1,200 m above mean sea level (MSL) surrounded by mountain ranges rising 1,800
to 2,300 m above MSL.

     The NTS is surrounded on three sides by exclusion areas,  collectively
named the Nellis Air Force Range, which provide a buffer zone between the test
areas and public lands.  This buffer zone varies from 24 to 104 km between the
test area and land that is open to the public.  Depending upon wind speed and
direction at the time of testing, from 2 to more than 6 hours will elapse
before any release of airborne radioactivity could pass over public lands.


CLIMATE

     The climate of the NTS and surrounding area is variable,  due to its varia-
tions in altitude and its rugged terrain.  Generally, the climate is referred
to as continental  arid.  Throughout the year,  there is insufficient precipita-
tion to support the growth of common food crops without irrigation.

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   SO    100   150    200
     Scale in Kilometers
Figure 1.  Location of the Nevada Test Site  (NTS).

                          6

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     As Houghton  et  al.  (1975)  point  out,  90  percent of Nevada's population
lives  1n areas with  less than 25 cm of  rainfall  per year or 1n areas that would
be classified as  mid-latitude steppe  to low-latitude desert regions.

     The wind direction, as measured  on a  30  m tower at an observation station
about  9 km NNW of Yucca Lake near CP-1,  1s predominantly northerly except
during May through August when  winds  from  the south-southwest predominate
(Quiring 1968).   Because of the prevalent  mountain/valley winds 1n the basins,
south  to southwest winds predominate  during daylight hours of most months.
During the winter months southerly winds have only a slight edge over northerly
winds  for a few hours during the warmest part of the day.  These wind patterns
are often quite different at other locations  on  the NTS because of local terrain
effects and differences 1n elevation.


GEOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY

     Geological and  hydrologlcal studies of the NTS have been 1n progress by
the U.S. Geological  Survey and  various  other  organizations since 1956.  Because
of this continuing effort, the  surface  and underground geological and hydro-
logical characteristics for much of the NTS are known 1n considerable detail
(see Figure A-l).  This 1s particularly true  for those areas 1n which underground
experiments are conducted.  A comprehensive summary of the geology and hydrology
of the NTS by Wlnograd and Thordarson was published 1n 1975.

     The aquifers underlying the NTS  vary  1n  depths from about 200 m beneath
the surface of valleys 1n the southeastern part of the site to more than 500 m
beneath the surface  of highlands to the north.  Although much of the valley
fill 1s saturated, downward movement  of water 1s retarded by various tuffs and
1s extremely slow.   The primary aquifer 1n these formations consists of Paleozoic
carbonates that underlie the more recent tuffs and alluviums.


LAND USE OF NTS ENVIRONS

     Industry within the Immediate off-NTS area Includes approximately 40
active mines and mills, oil fields 1n the Railroad Valley area,  and several
Industrial  plants In Henderson, Nevada.  The  number of employees for these
operations may vary  from one person at several of the small  mines to several
hundred workers for  the oil fields north of the NTS and the Industrial  plants
1n Henderson.  Most  of the Individual  mining operations Involve less than 10
workers per mine; however, a few operations employ 100 to 250 workers.

     The major body of water close to the NTS 1s Lake Mead (120 km southeast,
Figure A-2), a manmade lake supplied by water from the Colorado River.   Lake
Mead supplies about 60 percent of the water used for domestic, recreational,
and Industrial  purposes In the Las Vegas Valley.   Some Lake Mead water Is used
1n Arizona,  southern California, and Mexico.   Smaller reservoirs and lakes
located 1n the area are used primarily for Irrigation,  for watering livestock,
and for wildlife refuges.

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     Dairy farming 1s not extensive within 300 km of the NTS.  A survey of milk
cows during the summer of 1983 showed 78,000 dairy cows, 757 family milk cows
and 847 family milk goats 1n the area (Figures A-4 and A-5).  The family cows
and goats are distributed 1n all directions around the NTS, whereas most dairy
cows are located to the southeast (along the Muddy and Virgin River valleys
and 1n Las Vegas, Nevada), northeast (Lund), and southwest (near Barstow,
California).

     Grazing 1s the most common land use within 300 km of the site.  Approxi-
mately 560,000 cattle and 150,000 sheep are distributed within the area as
shown 1n Figures A-6 and A-7, respectively.  The estimates are based on Infor-
mation supplied by the California Crop and Livestock reporting service, from
1984 agricultural statistics supplied by the Nevada Department of Agriculture
and 1984 estimates based on 1982 census Information supplied by the Utah Depart-
ment of Agriculture.


POPULATION DISTRIBUTION

     Excluding Clark County, the major population center (approximately 463,000
1n 1980), the population density within a 150 km radius of CP-1 on the NTS 1s
about 0.5 persons per square kilometer.  For comparison, the 48 contiguous
states (1980 census) had a population density of approximately 29 persons per
square kilometer.  The estimated average population density for all of Nevada
In 1980 was 2.8 persons per square kilometer.

     The off-site area within 80 km of the NTS (the area 1n which the dose
commitment must be determined for the purpose of this report) 1s predominantly
rural, Figure A-3.  Several small communities are located 1n the area, the
largest being 1n the Pahrump Valley.  This growing rural community, with an
estimated population of about 5,500, 1s located about 72 km south of the NTS
CP-1.  The Amargosa Farm Area, which has a population of about 1,500, 1s located
about 50 km southwest of CP-1.  The largest town 1n the near off-site area 1s
Beatty, which has a population of about 800 and 1s located approximately 65 km
to the west of CP-1.


AIRBORNE RELEASES OF RADIOACTIVITY AT THE NTS DURING 1984

     All nuclear detonations during 1984 were conducted underground and were
contained, although occasional releases of low-level radioactivity occurred
during re-entry drilling or seepage, through fissures 1n the soil.   Table 1
shows the total quantities of radionuclides released to the atmosphere, as
reported by the DOE Nevada Operations Office (1985).  Because these releases
occurred throughout the year, and because of the distance from the points of
releases to the nearest sampling station, none of the radioactive nuclides
listed in this table were detected off site.
                                       8

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TABLE 1.  TOTAL AIRBORNE RADIONUCLIDE EMISSIONS
            AT THE NTS DURING 1984
Rad1onucl1de
=============
    Half-Life
      (days)
                           ====================
                             Quantity Released
                                  (CO
Tritium
Argon-37
Krypton-83m
Krypton-85m
Krypton-87
Xenon-133
Xenon-133m
Xenon-135
Xenon-135m
4,500
35.1
0.08
0.19
0.05
5.24
2.2
0.38
0.00018
197
9.6
21.3
34
0.8
160
8.5
1297
156

-------
                                   SECTION 4

                               QUALITY ASSURANCE
GOALS
     The goals of the EMSL-LV quality assurance program are to assure the col-
lection and analysis of environmental samples with the highest degree of
accuracy and precision obtainable with state-of-the-art Instrumentation and to
achieve the best possible completeness and comparability given the extent and
type of networks from which samples are collected.  To meet these goals, 1t 1s
necessary to devote strict attention to both the sample collection and sample
analysis procedures.


SAMPLE COLLECTION

     The collection of samples 1s governed by a detailed set of Standard Opera-
ting Procedures (SOP's).  These SOP's prescribe the frequency and method of
collection, the type of collection media, sample containment and transport,
sample preservation, sample Identification and labeling, and operating param-
eters for the Instrumentation.  Sample control 1s an Important segment of these
activities as 1t enables tracking from collection to analysis for each sample
and governs the selection of duplicate samples for analysis and the samples
chosen for replicate analysis.

     These procedures provide assurance that sample collection, labeling and
handling are standardized to minimize sample variability due to Inconsistency
among these variables.


SAMPLE ANALYSIS

     All of the networks operated by the EMSL-LV have Individual  Quality-Assur-
ance Project Plans that assure the results of analysis will be of known quality
and will be comparable to results obtained elsewhere with equivalent procedures.
These Plans are summarized 1n the following sections.

External QA

     External  QA provides the data from which the accuracy of analysis (a com-
bination of bias and precision) can be determined.  Bias 1s assessed from the
results obtained on Intercomparison study samples and on samples  "spiked" with
known amounts of radionuclldes.  The Off-site Radiological  Safety Program par-
ticipates 1n Intercomparison Study Programs that Include environmental sample

                                       10

-------
 analysis, TLD  doslmetry,  and whole-body counting.  Also, samples which are
 undisclosed  to the  analyst  are  spiked  by adding known amounts of radlonucHdes
 and entered  then  Into  the normal chain of analysis.

     Data for  precision are collected  from duplicate and replicate analyses.
 At least 10  percent of all  samples  are collected 1n duplicate.  When analyzed,
 the data Indicate the  precision of  both sample collection and analysis.  Repli-
 cate counting  of  at least 10 percent of all samples yield data from which the
 precision of counting  can be determined.

     If the  bias  and precision  data are of sufficient quality (I.e., normalized
 deviation 1n Table  C-3 1s less  than 3), then comparability, I.e., comparison of
 the data with  those of other analytical laboratories, can be assessed with con-
 fidence.  The  results  of  external QA procedures are shown 1n Appendix C.

 Internal QA

     Internal  QA  consists of those  procedures used by the analyst to assure
 proper sample  preparation and analysis.  The principal procedures used are the
 following:

     o  Instrument  background counts
     o  Blank  and reagent analyses
     o  Instrument  calibration with known nuclldes
     o  Laboratory  control  standards analysis
     o  Performance check-source analysis
     o  Maintenance of control charts  for background and check-source data
     o  Scheduled Instrument maintenance

 These procedures ensure that the Instrumentation 1s not contaminated, that cali-
 bration 1s correct, and that standards carried through the total  analytical
 procedure are  accurately  analyzed.

 VALIDATION

     After the results are  produced, supervisory personnel  examine the data  to
 determine whether or not  the analysis  Is valid.   This Includes checking all
 procedures from sample receipt to analytical  result with particular attention
 to the Internal QA  data and comparison of the results with previous data from
 similar samples at  the same location.

     Any variant result or  failure  to  follow Internal  QA procedures during
 sample analysis will trigger an Internal  audit of the analytical  procedures
 and/or a re-analysis of the sample  or  Its duplicate.

AUDITS

     All  analytical  data are reviewed by personnel  of the Dose Assessment
Branch for completeness and consistency.   Investigations are conducted to
resolve any Inconsistencies and corrective actions  are taken 1f necessary.
SOP's and QA project plans are revised as needed following review of procedures
and methodology.  The EMSL-LV QA Officer audits  the operations periodically.

                                       11

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                                   SECTION 5

                        RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY ACTIVITIES


     The radiological safety activities of the EMSL-LV are divided Into two
major areas:  special test support and routine environmental surveillance.
Both of these activities are designed to detect any Increase 1n environmental
radiation which might cause exposure to Individuals or population groups so
that protective actions may be taken, to the extent feasible.  These activities
are described 1n the following portions of this report.


SPECIAL TEST SUPPORT

     Before each nuclear test, mobile monitoring personnel are positioned 1n
the off-site areas most likely to be affected should a release of radioactive
material occur.  They ascertain the locations of residents, work crews and
animal herds and obtain Information relative to controllability of residents 1n
communities and remote areas.  These monitors, equipped with radiation survey
instruments, gamma exposure-rate recorders, thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD's),
portable air samplers, and supplies for collecting environmental samples, are
prepared to conduct a monitoring program as directed from the NTS Control Point
(CP-1) via two-way radio communications.

     For those tests which might cause ground motion detectable off site, EPA
monitors are stationed at locations where hazardous situations might ensue.  At
these locations, occupants are notified of potential hazard so they can take
precautionary measures.

     Professional EPA personnel serve as members of the Test Controller's
Advisory Panel to provide advice on possible public and environmental  impact of
each test and feasible protective actions in case accidental releases  of radio-
activity should occur.

     An EG&G cloud sampling and tracking aircraft 1s always flown over the NTS
to obtain samples, assess total cloud volume, and provide long-range tracking
in the event of a release of airborne radioactivity.  A second aircraft is also
flown to gather meteorological data and to perform cloud tracking.   Information
from these aircraft can be used in positioning the radiation monitors.

     During CY 1984 none of the tests conducted at the NTS released radioactiv-
ity that was detected off site.
                                       12

-------
PATHWAYS MONITORING

     The off-site radiation monitoring program Includes pathways monitoring
consisting of air, water and milk surveillance networks surrounding the NTS and
a limited animal sampling project.  These are explained 1n detail below.

A1r Surveillance Network (ASN)

Network Design—

     The ASN monitors an Important route of human exposure to radionuclldes:
inhalation of airborne materials.  Not only the concentration but also the
source must be determined 1f appropriate corrective actions are to be taken.
The ASN 1s designed to cover the areas within 200 km of the NTS with some con-
centration of stations 1n the prevailing downwind direction (Figure 2).  The
coverage 1s constrained to those locations having available electrical power
and a resident willing to operate the equipment.  This continuously operating
network 1s reinforced by a standby network which covers the contiguous States
west of the Mississippi River, (Figure 3).

Methods—

     During 1984 the ASN consisted of 29 continuously operating sampling sta-
tions and 85 standby stations.  The air sampler at each station was equipped to
collect both particulate radionuclides and reactive gases.

     Samples of airborne particulates were collected at each active station on
5-cm diameter glass-fiber filters at a flow rate of about 81 m3 per day.  Fil-
ters were changed after sampler operation periods of 2 or 3 days (160 to 240
m3).  Activated charcoal cartridges placed directly behind the filters to
collect gaseous radioiodine were changed at the same time as the filters.  The
standby network was activated for 1 to 2 weeks per quarter at most locations.
The samplers are Identical  to those used 1n the ASN and are operated by State
and municipal health department personnel or by local  residents.  All  air
filters and charcoal cartridges were analyzed by the EMSL-LV.

Results—

     Throughout the network, beryllium-7 was the only nucllde  detected by gamma
spectroscopy.  The principal means of beryl Hum-7 production is from spallation
of oxygen-16 and nitrogen-14 1n the atmosphere by cosmic rays.  Appendix Tables
E-l and E-2, summarize the data from the ASN samples.   All time-weighted aver-
ages (Avg 1n the tables) are less than 1 percent of the Concentration  Guide
(Appendix D) for exposure to the general  public, however,  these guides do not
apply to naturally-occurring radionuclides.

     During 1984, no airborne radioactivity related to nuclear testing at the
NTS was detected on any sample from the ASN.

     A plot of the logarithm of the individual  concentrations  of beryllium-7
for all  stations during the year versus problts Indicates  that the air data are
approximately lognormally distributed.  The distribution for the individual

                                       13

-------


/

1




s
I
i






1 Nevada




\1 Pyramid Lake

• Austin g.

v «..„•.,„ • * Sunnyside
\ Stone Ca^n Rn- Blue Eagle Rn.
X Tonopah •
Q\ • NVala
$f\ Goldfleld
'ftX • * Twin Springs Rn.
^VX •TTR
Scotty's Jet. Rachel *^°
\. • if^**1^^**
Beany m NsvBdaf* /°°"1
X lT«*t 1 La^e
X (Site 1
Lathrop Wells •L-%T . ..
\ •lndian >Aov
X Springs A i
Furnace Creek* pahrump» u ^J(Lak
I
%l
1
1
• i
Salt Lake City |
(0 I
•M 1
D
1
Delta • I
I
• Milford |
• Cedar City |
|

• St. George 1
Arizona
ton
e Mead
Death Valley Jet. • X Las *ff^\&
~L. f X Vegas
Shoshone X 1
 • Community Monitoring Stations (15)
 • Other Locations (14)
3/84
    Figure 2.  Air Surveillance Network  stations  (1984).

                                14

-------
                          A"'ona  I New Mexico


    Scale in Miles
   100     300     600
  100  300  600  700
  Scale in Kilometers
 A Stand-by ASN Station (85)

3/83
  Figure 3.   Standby Air Surveillance Network  stations (1984).

                                    15

-------
nuclide that was detected Indicated that there was a single source, assumed to
be worldwide, because all stations were affected similarly.

     Two special studies are performed on the samples from the ASM: a gross beta
analysis of th$ filters from 5 stations, and pluton1um-238 and pluton1um-239
analysis of composited filters from 15 States.  The results from the pluton1um-239
analyses are shown 1n Appendix Table E-4; pluton1um-238 results were 
-------
o
a
^    -2
c  10 H


5
0)
00
(A
  10
     -3
        I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I  I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

           1981    '     1982    '     1983     '    1984     '
  Figure 4.  Monthly average gross beta  in air. samples, 1981-84.



                              17

-------
      3/84
Figure 5.  Noble Gas and Tritium Surveillance Network  sampling  locations,
                                    18

-------
Results-

     All results are  shown  1n Appendix Table E-5 as the maximum, minimum and
average concentration  for each  station.  These data Indicate that no radio-
activity from NTS  tests was detected  off site by the Noble Gas and Tritium
Surveillance Network  during 1984.  The average concentrations of krypton-85 at
all  network stations  ranged from 25 to 29 pC1/m3 (as shown 1n Figure 6).

     The concentrations of  krypton-85 within the whole network appeared to have
a  skewed distribution.  The lognormal distribution had a geometric mean of 26
pC1/m3 and a geometric standard deviation of 1.16.

     As shown 1n Figure 7.and Table 2, the average concentration of krypton-85
for  the whole network  has gradually Increased since sampling began 1n 1972.
This Increase, observed at  all  stations, reflects the worldwide increase in
ambient concentrations resulting from the Increased use of nuclear technology.
The  Increase 1n ambient krypton-85 concentration was projected by Bernhardt, et
al., (1973).  However, the  measured network average In 1984 is only about 13%
percent of the 210 pC1/m3 predicted by Bernhardt.  Since nuclear fuel reproces-
sing 1s the primary source  of krypton-85, the decision of the United States to
defer fuel reprocessing may be  one reason why krypton-85 levels have not in-
creased as fast as predicted.

    Using published data for krypton-85 concentration in air (NCRP 1975) and
the  data from our network (Table 2),  the change over time was plotted as shown
in Figure 7.  Linear correlation analysis indicates that the krypton concen-
tration/time relation  is pd/m3 = 5.4 + 0.85t where t is number of years after
1960.  The correlation coefficient, R, 1s 0.986.

     As in the past, tritium concentrations 1n atmospheric moisture samples
from the off-NTS stations were  generally below the minimum detectable concen-
tration (MDC) of about 400  pC1/L water (Appendix Table E-5).   The tritium
concentrations observed at  off-NTS stations were considered to be representa-
tive of environmental background.   The geometric mean of the tritium concen-
trations for all off-site stations was evaluated as 0.018 pCi/mL of moisture,
which is below the minimum  detectable concentration of about 0.4 pC1/ml.  The
geometric standard deviation for the mean was determined to be 1.5.

Long-term Hydro!ogical Monitoring Program

Network Design—

     A major pathway for the transport of radionuclides to individuals  is via
potable water.   This program monitors possible radioactive contamination of
potable water sources.  The design 1s for a system to monitor the aquifers
underlying, and surface waters on  or near,  sites where nuclear explosions have
occurred.   For aquifers,  monitoring 1s limited by the availability of wells
that tap those sources.  For the sites considered herein,  a suitable number of
wells 1s present so that sufficient monitoring data are obtained.
                                       19

-------
30-
21'
26'


~ - ""- ~
"*— •— ~" _^ *"^~— — •" * "~ ™~ """
• IOIIMI* 1 iieiiMnl IMIIKI* I I louion 1 i IOIIKII 1 i MI* MM 1 iwuion 1 IMIIMM 1 iiomoii 1 no nun ' i ion tan 1 1 1011 ion 1
Jenuery Fekruwy Apr* March May June July AufuM September October November December
1984
Figure 6.   Weekly averaged krypton-85  concentration 1n air,  1984 data.
             Least Squares Line:  pCi/m
                                    R
     0.85t
0.986
      1960    1965     1970     1975     1980
                          Time - Calendar Years
           1985
1990
     Figure 7.  Trend 1n  annual average krypton-85 concentration.
                                20

-------
    TABLE 2.  ANNUAL AVERAGE KRYPTON-85 CONCENTRATIONS IN AIR, 1975-1984
Sampling
Locations
Alamo, NV
Austin, NV
Beatty, NV
Diablo and
Rachel, NV**
Ely, NV
Goldfield, NV*
Hiko, NV*
Indian Springs,
NV
NTS, Mercury, NV*
NTS, Area 51, NV*
NTS, BJY, NV*
NTS, Area 12, NV*
Tonopah, NV
Las Vegas, NV
Death Valley Jet.,
CA*
NTS, Area 15, NV*
NTS, Area 400, NV*
Lathrop Wells, NV
Pahrump, NV
Overton, Nev.
Cedar City, Ut.
St. George, Ut.
Salt Lake City, Ut.
Shoshone. CA
Kr-85 Concentrations
1975
M M
--
19
18

__
—
17
20

18
18
19
18
17
18
17

—
MM
	
MM
—
M M
--
— —
MM
1976
„
—
20
19

__
—
17
20

19
20
20
20
19
18
20

—
MM
	
— —

M M
	
MM
MM
1977
„
--
20
19

__
—
19
20

20
19
21
19
19
20
20

—
__
—
__
—
.. ..
—
MM
MM
1978
„
—
20
20

__
--
20
20

20
20
22
20
20
20
20

—
....
—
— —
--
— —
—
— —
__
1979
..
—
19
19

__
--
19
19

19
19
21
19
18
--
19

19
18
19
MM
"-
M M
~
....
__
1980
„
—
21
21

__
—
21
21

21
21
23
21
21
--
--

21
21
22
__
--
__
—
..
__
(pCi/m3)
1981
27
—
24
24

__
—
24
24

23
24
26
24
25
24
—

25
23
24
23
26
....
—
__
_-
1982
24
24
25
26

24
25
26
24

-_
--
__
-_
24
24
M W

—
— _
24
24
24
25
24
25
25
1983
25
25
24
24

25
24
MM
25

__
--
__
—
25
24
—

—
__
26
24
25
24
25
25
25
1984
28
27
26
26

26
28
__
25

__
--
__
--
26
27
--

—
__
26
27
26
26
26
29
26
NETWORK AVERAGE       18    19    20    20    19    21    24    24   25   27

 *Stations discontinued
**Station at Diablo was moved to Rachel in March 1979.
                                        21

-------
     The monitored locations for the NTS and nearby off-site areas are shown 1n
Figures 8 and 9.  For Projects Cannikin, Longshot and Mil row 1n Alaska;  for
Projects R1o Blanco and Rullson 1n Colorado; for Projects Dribble and Miracle
Play 1n Mississippi; for Projects Faultless and Shoal in Nevada; and for Projects
Gasbuggy and Gnome 1n New Mexico, the sampling locations are shown in Figures
E-l through E-12 1n Appendix E.

Methods—

     At each sampling location, four samples are collected.   Two samples are
collected 1n 500-mL glass bottles; one is used for tritium analysis and  the
other stored for use as a duplicate sample or to replace the original  sample 1f
1t 1s lost 1n analysis.  Two 3.5-L samples are filtered through 10 cm diameter
membrane filters Into cubitalners and acidified with HN03.  One sample and the
filter are gamma-scanned, the other sample is stored for duplicate analysis or
for reanalysis as required.

     Beginning 1n July 1984, this procedure was modified for the locations
around the NTS which were sampled semi-annually and annually.  At these  loca-
tions, the sampling frequency was changed to monthly and the above sampling
procedure was used only twice a year.  During the other months, only a 3.5-L
sample was collected for analysis by gamma spectrometry.

     The tritium and gamma spectrometric analyses are described in Appendix B.
If the tritium concentration detected by the conventional  analysis 1s less than
700 pC1/L, then the sample Is reanalyzed using the enrichment method.

Results--

     Table 3 lists the locations at which water samples were found to contain
man-made radioactivity.  Radioactivity in samples collected at most of these
locations has been reported in previous years, the data for all samples  analyzed
are compiled in Appendix Tables E-6 and E-7 together with  the percent of the
relevant concentration guide listed in Appendix D.  No man-made gamma-emitting
radionuclldes were detected in any of the other water samples analyzed.

     None of the radlonuclide concentrations found at the  locations listed 1n
Table 3 are expected to result 1n measurable radiation exposures to residents
in the areas where the samples were collected.  Well UE7NS and Test Well  B are
located on the NTS, and are not used as sources of domestic  water.

     USGS Wells 4 and 8, which were contaminated with the  reported nuclides
during tracer studies years ago, are on private land at the  Project Gnome site
1n New Mexico and are closed and locked to prevent their use.  Well LRL-7 was
used for the disposal of contaminated soil and salt.  As a result,  this  well  is
expected to produce contaminated water.

   The Project Dribble wells 1n Mississippi are about 1 mile from the  nearest
residence and are not sources of drinking water.

     The shallow wells at the Project Long Shot site on Amchitka Island  1n
Alaska are 1n an isolated location and are not sources of  drinking water.

                                       22

-------
            Nuclear Rocket
          Development Station
Figure 8.  LTHMP sampling locations on  the NTS.

                           23

-------
                    Twin Springs Rn.
   Tonopah
                                                 Nyala
                                                     Adaven Springs
N.

  ^
            TTR Well #6


                  Nellis
                Air Force
                  Range
                          h
       Springdale*
     Goss Springs

          Beatty
       V^
                 Neco
 I
                                                   Tempiute
                                                              • Hiko

                                                               Crystal Springs


                                                              • Alamo
             Lathrop Wells
                X

                    V     •Fairbanks Springs
         Well 17S/50E-14CAC*-
                       X.   •Crystal Pool
             Well 18S/51E-7db^ »Ash Meadows
           Death Valley Jet.
                                      ICalvada Well #3
Indian Springs
Sewer Co. Well #1
                                                                   »Las Vegas
                                                                   Well #28
                                                                  Lake Meadf
                                                                  Intake
         Scale in Miles
       10    20    30
 0  10  20  30  40  50  60
3/85  Scale in Kilometers
                               >Shoshbne
                                Spring
                                                                Nevada
                                                              \
                                                   Nevada Test Site
                                               Nellis Air Force Range^P

                                                                 V1ap\i
                                                          Location Map i
       Figure  9.   LTHMP  sampling  locations  near  the  NTS,

                                    24

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               TABLE 3.  WATER SAMPLING LOCATIONS WHERE SAMPLES
                    CONTAINED MAN-MADE RADIOACTIVITY - 1984
Sampling Location
   Type of
Radioactivity
Concentration
   (pCi/L)
NTS, NV
Test Well B
Well UE7NS
PROJECT GNOME, NM
USGS Well 4
USGS Well 8
Well LRL-7
PROJECT DRIBBLE, MS
Well HMH-1 through 11
Well HM-S
Well HM-L
REECo Pit Drainage-B
REECo Pit Drainage-C
Half Moon Creek Overflow
PROJECT LONG SHOT, AK
Well WL-2
Well GZ, No. 1
Well GZ, No. 2
Mud Pit No. 1
Mud Pit No. 2
Mud Pit No. 3
Stream East of Long Shot

Hydrogen-3
Hydrogen-3

Hydrogen-3
Strontium-90
Hydrogen-3
Strontium-90
Cesium-137
Hydrogen-3
Strontium-90
Cesium-137

Hydrogen-3
Hydrogen-3
Hydrogen-3
Hydrogen-3
Hydrogen-3
Hydrogen-3

Hydrogen-3
Hydrogen-3
Hydrogen-3
Hydrogen-3
Hydrogen-3
Hydrogen-3
Hydrogen-3

6-190
990-4600

330,000
9,000
260,000
5,700
95
23,000
13
210

26-5,800
18,000
1,400
800
510
280

710
3,200
220
490
580
710
660
                                     25

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M11k Surveillance Network (MSN)

Network Design—

     An Important pathway for transport of radlonuclldes to humans 1s the air-
forage-cow-m1lk chain.  This pathway 1s monitored by EMSL-LV through analysis
of mllki  The design of the network Is based on collections from areas likely
to be affected by accidental releases from the NTS as well as from areas un-
likely to be so affected.  Additional considerations are:  1) a complete ring
of stations to cover any eventuality, 2) samples from major nrllksheds as well
as from family cows, and 3) availability of milk cows.

Methods—

     The network consists of two major portions, the MSN at locations within
300 km of the NTS from which samples are collected quarterly or monthly
(Figure 10) and the standby network (SMSN) at locations 1n all  major mllksheds
west of the Mississippi River from which samples are collected annually.  One
exception to the latter portion of the network Is Texas; the State Health
Department performs the surveillance of the mllksheds 1n that State.  Begin-
ning 1n August, the locations that were sampled quarterly are now sampled
monthly.

     The quarterly/monthly raw milk samples are collected by EPA monitors 1n
4-l1ter plastic containers (cubltalners) and preserved with formaldehyde.
The annual milk samples are also collected 1n cubltalners and preserved
with formaldehyde but they are collected by contacting State Food and Drug
Administration Representatives, after notification of the Regional EPA offices
by telephone, and mailed to EMSL-LV for analysis.

     All the milk samples are analyzed first for gamma-emitting nuclldes by
high-resolution gamma spectrometry and then for stront1um-89 and stront1um-90
by the methods outlined 1n Appendix B, after a portion of milk  1s set aside
for tritium analysis.  Occasionally a milk sample will sour, thus preventing
Its passage through the 1on exchange column and Its subsequent strontium anal-
ysis.  However, the other analyses can generally be performed satisfactorily.
Beginning 1n August, 1984 strontium analyses are done quarterly.

Results—

     The analytical results from the 1984 milk samples are summarized 1n Appen-
dix Table E-8 and Table E-9 where the maximum, minimum, and average concen-
trations of tritium, stront1um-89 and stront1um-90 are shown for each sampling
location.  As shown 1n Table 4, the average concentrations of tritium and
stront1um-90 for the whole network are similar to the network averages for
previous years.

     Other than naturally occurring potass1um-40, radlonuclldes were not de-
tected by gamma spectrometry In any of the samples from the MSN.
                                       26

-------
                                                                     • Wells
                                 •Winnemucca
                                                          • Elko
                                                             Larten Rn I
                                                                      • McGMI
    •Reno
   •Auitin

  | Young Rn.
                                                                      • Ely
                                                              Burdick Rn.
                                Round Mtn.i
                                  Berg Rn.l
               Maniome Rn
                 Currant •
                                    Warm Springs*)
                                       Twin Spgs. Rn.l
                                                                Blue Eagle Rn.
•                       Nyala
                       Sharp's Rn.

                      • Rachel
                                                                       •    HHarbeckeRn.
                                                                             • Shothone
                                                                       Lund       |
                                                                       McKanzie Dairy
                                                    jnoyer.
                                           mrra    iftmtm
                                           • i in    "-I  Darrel Hansen Rn.
                                             NelliS  "-^   Hiko|
                                           Air Force
                                             Bai
                              Caliente*)1
I                                Alamo
                                Whlpple Rn.
                                         June Cox Rn. Cedar City
  Western
General Dairy

 •Si George
  Droubay Dairy
                                                     Indian Spgs

                                                Pehrump
         Sell* in Miles
              60
 3/88
          SO      100
        Seal* in Kilom*t*r«
• Milk Sampling Locations
NOTE: When sampling location occurred
in city or  town, the sampling location
symbol was used (or showing both town
and sampling location.
                                   • Rldjecrest
                                   I  Stymanski  Ranch
^•Barstow
Bill Nelson Dairy
Hinkley
                                             Iriesquite
                                             SF and K Dairy

                                            Knudsen Corp.
                                            Logandale
                                 LDS Dairy Farm
 Figure  10.    M1lk  sampling  locations  within 300  km of  the  NTS.

                                                27

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                TABLE 4.  NETWORK ANNUAL AVERAGE CONCENTRATIONS OF
                   TRITIUM AND STRONTIUM-90 IN MILK, 1975 - 1984
               ==3================================================

                          Average Concentrations - pC1/L

               Year                   H-3                 Sr-90
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
<400
<400
<400
<400
<400
<400
<400
<400
<400
<400
<3
<2
<2
1.2
<3
<2
1.9
1.2
0.8
0.5
     The tritium and stront1um-90 concentrations for the whole milk network
were plotted versus problts.  The tendency of the data to fit one straight line
Indicates that the data represent a single source, which appears to be atmos-
pheric deposition.  The consistently higher results from New Orleans reflect
the higher rainfall 1n that area.  These results are consistent with the results
obtained for the Pasteurized M1lk Network shown 1n Figure 11.  This network  is
operated by the Eastern Environmental  Radiation Facility in Montogmery,  Alabama.

B1omonitor1ng Program

Objective—

     The pathways for transport of radionuclldes to man include air, water,  and
food.  Monitoring of air, water, and milk are discussed above.  Meat is  a food
component that may be a potential route of exposure to off-site residents.

Methods-

     Samples of muscle, lung, liver, kidney, blood, and bone are collected
periodically from cattle purchased from a commercial herd that grazes areas
northeast of the NTS.  These samples are analyzed for gamma emitters, tritium,
strontium, and plutonium.  Also, each November and December, bone and kidney
samples from desert bighorn sheep collected throughout southern Nevada (see
Figure 12) are donated by licensed hunters and are analyzed.  These kinds of
samples have been collected and analyzed for up to 27 years to determine long
term trends.
                                       28

-------
                                             * New Orleans
                                             • Salt Lake City
                                             • Las Vegas
          CO
  Figure 11.  Stront1um-90 concentration  1n Pasteurized Milk Network samples.
Results-

     Analytical data from bones and kidneys collected from desert bighorn sheep
during 1984 are presented 1n Table 5.  Gamma-emitting radlonuclldes, other
than the naturally occurring potass1um-40, were not detected 1n any of the
kidneys.  Tritium was detected 1n the kidneys of two animals (500 ± 280 and 650
± 280 pC1/l of tissue water).  Stront1um-90 levels 1n the bones (average 2.02
pC1/g ash) are consistent with the reports 1n recent years (Figure 13).  Count-
Ing errors exceeded the reported concentrations of pluton1um-238 and -239 1n
all samples of bone ash.

     Analytical data for samples collected from eight beef cattle are presented
1n Table 6.  These cattle grazed the Orln Nash Ranch, which 1s northeast of the
NTS.  Other than the naturally occurring potass1um-40, the only gamma-emitting
radlonucllde detected, was cesium-137 1n one muscle sample (22 ± 12 pCi/kg).
Tritium was not detected 1n blood from any of these animals.   Plutonium anal-
ysis has been completed only 1n the first four animals sampled.  Positive
values of pluton1um-239 1n soft tissues analyzed (muscle, lungs, and liver)
ranged from 0.011 to 0.18 pC1/kg and 1n bone ash from 0.00 to 0.028 pC1/g of
ash.  Plutonium-238 was not detected.  The analytical data for the October
sampling will be reported 1n the next annual  report.   Strontium-90 detected in
the bones averaged 2.1 pC1/g of ash which is consistent with  concentrations
reported 1n recent years (Figure 13).
                                       29

-------
OOLDFIELD
   Silver Peak
                                                 TEMPIUTE

                                             "' *    HIKO '
                                  COYOTE SMT.


                                      HANCOCK SMT. JJ<
                                           I
SCOTTV'S JCT
                                              NELLIS
                                            AIR  FORCE
                                          I    RANGE    I
          SPRINGDALE
                                                            Desert
                                                           National
                                                           Wildlife
            LATHROP WELLS

            "^S
         FURNACE
RIDGECREST
   O Indicates collection site of
      individual animal
                                                          SEARCHLIGHT \
   Figure 12.   Collection  sites  for bighorn  sheep  samples.

                                  30

-------
 TABLE 5.  RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP SAMPLES - 1983
aaaaaaaaaaaaaBaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaasaasaasas
  Bighorn
Kidney
Sheep
(Collected
Winter 1983)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Bone
90 Sr
(pC1/g Ash)
3.5 ± 0.1
1.4 ± 0.1
2.4 ± 0.1
3.2 ± 0.1
1.8 ± 0.1
2.2 ± 0.1
2.1 ± 0.1
1.2 ± 0.1
2.2 ± 0.1
1.9 ± 0.1
1.5 ± 0.1
Bone
238 Pu
(pC1/g Ash)
0.00023**
-0.00054**
-0.0606**
0.00047**
-0.00051**
-0.00053**
-0.0012**
-0.0007**
-0.0011**
0.00048**
0.00023**
Bone
239 Pu
(pCI/g Ash)
0.00**
-0.0006**
0.0006**
0.00**
-0.00025**
-0.0011**
0.0011**
0.00027**
0.00049**
-0.00044**
0.00**
K(g/kg)*
l37Cs(pC1/kg)
3H(pC1/l)*
2.1 ± 0.3
<36
<440
2.0 ± 0.4
<30
<440
3.8 ± 0.4
<30
650 ± 280
4.5 ± 0.7
<74
<440
3.6 ± 0.4
<39
500 ± 280
4.7 ± 0.8
<75
<460
5.0 ± 0.5
<40
<460
2.3 ± 0.6
<68
<460
2.1 ± 0.4
<29
<460
2.3 ± 0.4
<40
<460
2.3 ± 0.4
<36
<470
(continued)
                                       31

-------
                              TABLE 5.  Continued
==================3===========:
  Bighorn
   Sheep         Bone
(Collected       90 Sr
Winter 1983)  (pC1/g Ash)
                                                                         =======
                     Bone
                     238 Pu
                  (pC1/g Ash)
                       Bone
                       239 Pu
                    (pC1/g Ash)
                  Kidney
                  K(g/kg)*
               137Cs(pC1/kg)*
                 3H(pC1/l)*
   11         1.8 ± 0.1
(duplicate)
   12
   13
   14
   15
0.95 ± 0.1
0.87 ± 0.1
 1.1 ± 0.1
 4.3 ± 0.2
   15         3.9 ± 0.2
(duplicate)
   16
   17
   18
   19
   20
 2.2 ± 0.1
 3.2 ± 0.2
 1.0 ± 0.1
   18         0.8 ± 0.1
(duplicate)
 1.2 ± 0.1
 1.8 ± 0.1
-0.0019**


-0.00022**



-0.00051**



  0.00**


  0.0016**



  0.00059**


 -0.00031**



 -0.00065**



  0.0009**



 -0.0019**


 -0.00078**



 -0.0019**
                                         0.00063**
   0.00026**
0.005 ± 0.0035
                                          0.0013**
    0.00092**
   -0.00032**
   -0.0018**
                                         -0.0063**
    0.0012**
    0.00**
                      NS
  -0.00044**      4.1 ± 0.9
                     <85
                     <470

   -0.001**       6.9 ± 0.8
                     <73
                     <470
    NS
3.8 ± 0.4
   <33
   <410

    NS
2.0 ± 0.3
   <32
   <470

2.8 ± 0.3
   <24
   <470

2.8 ± 0.4
   <32
   <470

    NS
3.1 ± 0.5
   <43
   <470

2.4 ± 0.4
   <33
   <470
(continued)
                                       32

-------

Bighorn
Sheep
(Collected
Winter 1983)
Median
TABLE 5. Continued
83 3333333838333 338 3333 333 SBSaaaaa 33 as 8S3B 3 asaaaaaaSBSSSaaasaaaSaS 3
Kidney
Bone Bone Bone K(g/kg)*
90 Sr 238 Pu 239 Pu 137Cs(pd/kg)*
(pC1/g Ash) (pC1/g Ash) (pCI/g Ash) 3H(pC1/m
1.8
-0.0019**
0.00**
2.8
<36
<470
 Range
0.8 ± 4.3   -0.00078** - 0.0016**   -0.00044** - 0.005   2.0 ± 6.9
                                                         <24 ± <85
                                                        <410 - 650
 *Wet weight.
**Count1ng error exceeds reported activity.
 ^Aqueous  Portion of Kidney Tissue.
NS Not  sampled.
     Two  reports Black and Smith  (1984) and Smith and Black  (1984) on radlo-
nucllde uptake studies conducted  at the NTS Experimental  Dairy Farm from 1963
to 1981 and the Animal Investigation Program from 1957  to 1981, respectively,
were published during the year.   Giles (1985) presented a paper at the Nevada
Chapters  of the Wildlife Society  and the Society for Range Management describ-
ing the migration patterns of  the NTS mule deer herd as observed during the
years  1977  to 1981.
                                               Bighorn sheep
                                           H Cattle
                                           Numbers at top of columns indicate
                                           the number of bone samples in each
                                           category. Numbers prior to 1964
                                           are unknown.
                 56   58   60   62   64  66
                                                        ,-.,13
                                                        14 II " 4 3 16 
-------
                    TABLE 6.  RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN CATTLE TISSUE SAMPLES - 1984
GO

MAY - 1984
BOV-1

DUPLICATE BOV-1

BOV-2

DUPLICATE BOV-2

BOV-3

BOV-4

OCTOBER 1984
BOV-5

BOV-6


MUSCLES
K(g/kg*)
239Pu(pCi/kg*)

4.0 ± 0.3
0.020 ± 0.028**
NC

3.5 ± 0.3
0.075 ± 0.03
NC

4.7 ± 0.3
0.18 ± 0.05
4.2 ± 0.4
0.011 ± 0.021**

5.7 ± 0.4
•NR
3.8 ± 0.4
NR

LUNGS
K(g/kg*)
239Pu(pC1/kg*)

7.1 ± 1.0
0.086 ± 0.059
NC

4.7 ± 0.6
0.043 ± 0.041
NC

5.0 ± 0.5
0.066 ± 0.049
1.9 ± 0.5
0.055 ± 0.053

5.7 ± 0.6
NR
4.8 ± 0.6
NR

LIVER
K(g/kg*) BLOOD
239Pu(pCi/kg*) 3H(pCi/l)

4.2 ± 0.4 <260
0.066 ± 0.041
***

4.0 ± 0.4 <490
0.11 ± 0.051
4.1 ± 0.4
0.086 ± 0.036
3.9 ± 0.4 <490
0.095 ± 0.035
4.1 ± 0.3 <490
0.023 ± 0.034**

4.5 ± 0.4 <260
NR
4.7 ± 0.4 <260
NR

BONE
90Sr(pCi/g ash)
239Pu(pCi/g ash)

1.8 ± 0.2
0.013 ± 0.006
1.8 ± 0.2
0.084 ± 0.005
2.7 ± 0.2
0.00 ± 0.003**
2.5 ± 0.2
0.028 ± 0.009
2.2 ± 0.2
0.028 ± 0.006
1.6 ± 0.2
0.0072 ± 0.0046

NR

NR

(continued)

-------
                                            TABLE 6.   (Continued)


                       MUSCLES            LUNGS              LIVER                              BONE
                       K(g/kg*)          K(g/kg*)           K(g/kg*)           BLOOD       90Sr(pCi/g ash)
                    239Pu(pCi/kg*)      239Pu(pCi/kg*)      239Pu(pCi/kg*)     3H(pCi/D     239Pu(pCi/g ash)


   BOV-7             5.9 ± 0.4           2.8  ±  0.6           4.8 ± 0.3          <260              NR
                         NR                 NR                 NR

   BOV-8             5.4 ± 0.4           3.7  ±  0.5           4.8 ± 0.3          <260              NR
                         NR                 NR                 NR

     *Wet weight.
    **Counting error exceeds reported activity.
   ***Lost in chemistry.
   NC Not collected
   NR Not reported, analysis not completed.
00
01

-------
EXTERNAL EXPOSURE MONITORING

Thermo!uminescent Dosimetry Network

     External radiation exposure of people 1s due primarily to medical sources
and to natural 'sources such as cosmic radiation and naturally occurring radio-
activity 1n soil.  Radioactivity from fallout generated by past atmospheric
nuclear testing causes approximately 0.6 percent of a person's total exposure.
Until 1965, film badges were used to document external exposure, but TLD's
gradually replaced film as the measurement Instrument because of their greater
sensitivity and precision.  From 1970 to 1974 the EMSL-LV used the TLD-12
dosimeter but changed to the TLD-200 1n 1975.

Network Design—

     The TLD network 1s designed to measure environmental radiation exposure
at a location rather than to an Individual because of the many uncertainties
associated with personnel monitoring.  Several Individuals, some residing within
and some residing outside of estimated fallout zones from past nuclear tests at
the NTS, have been monitored so that any correlations that may exist between
personnel and environmental monitoring could be obtained.  The network consists
of 86 monitored locations encircling the NTS with some concentration in the
area of the estimated fallout zones (Figure 14).  This arrangement permits
an estimate of average background exposure; yet any increase due to NTS activ-
ities can be detected.

Methods—

     In 1984 the TLD Network consisted of 86 stations at both inhabited and
uninhabited locations within a 300-km radius of the CP-1.  Each station is
equipped with three Harshaw thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD's) to measure
gamma exposures resulting from environmental background as well as accidental
releases of gamma-emitting radioactivity.  Within the area covered by the
Network, 49 off-site residents wore dosimeters during 1984. All TLD's were
exchanged quarterly with personnel TLD's being changed to monthly in July.

     The Harshaw Model 2271-G2 (TLD-200) dosimeter consists of two small  "chips"
of dysprosium-activated calcium fluoride mounted in a window of Teflon plastic
attached to a small aluminum card.  An energy compensation shield of 1.2-mm
thick cadmium metal is placed over the card containing the chips, and the
shielded card is then sealed in an opaque plastic card holder.  Three of these
dosimeters are placed in a secured, rugged, plastic housing 1 meter above
ground level at each station to standardize the exposure geometry.  One dosim-
eter 1s issued to each of 49 off-site residents who are instructed in its proper
wearing.

     After appropriate corrections were made for exposure accumulated during
shipment between the laboratory and the monitoring location, and for the re-
sponse factor, the six TLD chip readings for each station were averaged.   The
average value for each station was then compared to the values obtained during
the previous four quarters at that station to determine whether the new value
was within the range of previous background values for that station.  The

                                      36

-------
                                       • Austin
                                        Young Rn
                                                       Eureka
                                                                   • Ely
                                                                      Ktrkeby Rn
G*bbt •Round Win _
       Manhattan •
Mina»       Stone Cabin •
   Duckwater 4

Hot Creek
  *?• .Blue
      •jay
Currant
   (Blu
   Rn
•                                                            Blue Eagle
          i Lund
              • Geyser
           unnyside
      • Complex I
• Pine Creek Rn    •Pioche
- ^ Tl*Hiko          I
Rachel^6"1?'"'8 •Cal.ente   _
  -  - Coyote Smt        Ic...
       •Alamo   »Elgm |Enle"
                 • Carp
                                                                                 Salt Lake Otyfl
                               Tonopah^ Twin Spgs  Rn
                                       .  -„„   -, ablo
                              Goldtield^
                                    Scotty's Jet
                                    prmgdalef
                                      Beauv
                                  US  Ecology•
                                    Lathrop Wells
                                                                               (Garrison
                                                                                        -,
                                                                                   pnse  Cedar
                           • St George
                     Mesqutte
> Thermoluminescent Dosimeter Stations (86)
          Figure  14.    Locations  monitored with  TLD's.
                                           37

-------
result from each of the personnel dosimeters was compared to the average back-
ground value measured at the nearest fixed station over the previous four
quarters.

     The smallest exposure above background radiation that can be determined
from these TLD readings depends primarily on the magnitude of variations in the
natural background exposure rate at the particular station.  In the absence of
other independent exposure rate measurements, the present exposure rate is
compared with valid prior measurements of natural background.  Typically, the
smallest net exposure detectable at the 99 percent confidence level for a
90-day exposure period would be 1 to 5 mR above background.

     Depending on location, the background ranges from 15 to 35 mR per quarter.
The term "background," as used in this context, refers to naturally occurring
radioactivity plus a contribution from residual manmade fission products, such
as worldwide fallout.

Results-

     Appendix Table E-10 lists the maximum, minimum, and average dose equiva-
lent rate (mrem/day) and the annual  adjusted dose equivalent rate (average in
mrem/day times the number of days 1n the year) measured at each station in the
Network during 1984.  No allowance was made for the small  additional  exposure
due to the neutron component of the cosmic ray spectrum.  No station exhibited
an exposure in excess of background during 1984.

     Appendix Table E-ll lists the personnel number; associated background
station; the maximum, minimum, and average dose equivalent rate (mrem/d); and
the annual  dose equivalent (mrem) measured for each off-site resident monitored
during 1984.  Twelve dosimeters worn by residents exhibited exposures in excess
of background.  These exposures are attributed to higher background levels in
the residence than at the background station location or to occupational ex-
posure (Nos. 45, 49, 52, 57).  Usually, the average dose equivalent rates of
the off-site residents is lower than their background stations due to the shield-
Ing provided by their homes or places of work.

     Table 7 shows that the average annual dose rate for the Dosimetry Network
1s consistent with the Network average established in 1975.  Annual doses
decreased from 1971 to 1975 with a leveling trend since 1975, except for a high
bias in the 1977 results attributed to mechanical readout problems.  The trend
shown by the Network average is indicative of the trend exhibited by individual
stations, although this average is also affected by the mix of stations at
different altitudes (note Figure 15).

     Because of the great range 1n the results, 35 to 133 mrem, an average for
the whole area monitored may be inappropriate for estimating individual exposure.
This would be particularly true if the exposure of a particular resident were
desired.  Since environmental radiation exposure can vary markedly with both
altitude and the natural radioactivity In the soil, and since the altitude of
the TLD station location is relatively easy to obtain, the measured dose rates
for 1975 to 1984 were plotted as a function of altitude.   As most of Nevada
lies between 2,000 and 6,000 feet above mean sea level, this range was used and

                                       38

-------
     TABLE 7.  DOSIMETRY NETWORK SUMMARY FOR THE YEARS 1971 - 1984
     =============================================================

               Environmental Radiation Dose Rate (mrem/y)
     Year
Maximum
Minimum
Average
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
==============:
250
200
180
160
140
140
170
150
140
140
142
139
140
133
102
84
80
62
51
51
60
50
49
51
40
42
42
35
160
144
123
114
94
94
101
95
92
90
90
88
87
85
                                                Station Altitude

                                                     4 - 6.000 ft.
       50
          75  76  77   78   79   80   81   82

                            Calendar Year 19--
Flgure 15.  Average annual TLD exposure as a function of station  altitude.

                                   39

-------
was split Into two sections for plotting purposes.  The results, shown 1n
Figure 15, Indicate that the average exposure at altitudes between 4,000 and
6,000 feet Is about 20 mrem/a higher than that at altitudes between 2,000 and
4,000 feet, although both curves follow the same trend as the overall  averages
listed 1n Table:7.  Thus, If an Individual does not live near a monitored loca-
tion, an estimate of exposure could be based on the altitude of his residence
rather than on the average for the whole area monitored.

Pressurized Ion Chamber Network (PIC)
     This network 1s located at the 15 Community Monitoring Stations identified
on Figure 2 plus stations at Complex I, Furnace Creek, Nyala, Stone Cabin Ranch,
Tlkaboo Valley, Twin Springs, and Lathrop Wells.  The PIC used 1s manufactured
by Reuter-Stokes.  The output 1s displayed on both a paper tape and a digital
readout, so the station manager can observe the response.  All data is stored
on cassette tapes which are read into a computer at EMSL-LV each week.  The
computer output consists of a table containing hourly, daily, and weekly sum-
maries of the maximum, minimum, average, and standard deviation of the gamma
exposure rate.

     The data for 1984 are displayed 1n Table 8 as the average pR/hr and annual
mR from each station.  When these data are compared to the TLD results for the
same 22 stations, It Is found that the PIC response is about 34% higher than
the TLD response.  This 1s attributed, primarily, to the difference in energy
response (plateau) of the two instruments.


INTERNAL EXPOSURE MONITORING

     Internal exposure Is caused by ingested or Inhaled radionuclides that
remain in the body either temporarily or for longer times because of storage in
tissues.  At EMSL-LV two methods are used to detect such body-burdens: whole-
body counting and urinalysls.

     The whole-body counting facility has been maintained at EMSL-LV since 1966
and is equipped to determine the identity and quantity of gamma-emitting radio-
active materials which may have been inhaled or ingested into the body.   A
single thallium-activated sodium Iodide crystal, 28 x 10 centimeters, 1s used
to measure gamma radiation having energies ranging from 0.1 to 2.5 MeV.   Two
phoswlch detectors are available and can be placed on the chest to measure
low-energy radiation - for example, 17 KeV X-rays from plutonium-239.  The most
likely mode of intake for most alpha-emitting radionuclides is inhalation, and
the most important of these radionuclides also emit low-energy X-rays which can
be detected 1n the lungs by the phoswlch detectors.  An additional phoswich
detector is used to determine low-energy radionuclide concentrations in bone,
by moving the detector around the skull.

Network Design

     This activity consists of two portions, an Off-site Human Surveillance
Program and a Radiological Safety Program.  The design for the Off-site Human
Surveillance Program Is to measure radionuclide body-burdens in a representative

                                       40

-------
TABLE 8. PRESSURIZED ION CHAMBER
READINGS - uR/HOUR

EXPOSURE RATE ANNUAL
(MICRO-R/H)* ADJUSTED
	 cvoncimr
STATION LOCATION
ALAMO, NV
AUSTIN, NV
BEATTY, NV
CEDAR CITY, UT
COMPLEX 1, NV
ELY, NV
FURNACE CREEK, CA
GOLDFIELD, NV
INDIAN SPRINGS, NV
LAS VEGAS, NV (UNLV)
LATHROP WELLS, NV
NYALA, NV
OVERTON, NV
PAHRUMP, NV
RACHEL, NV
SALT LAKE CITY, UT
SHOSHONE, CA
ST. GEORGE, UT
STONE CABIN RNCH, NV
TIKABOO VALLEY, NV
TONOPAH, NV
TWIN SPRGS RANCH, NV
MEASUREMENT PERIOD
01/01/84-12/30/84
01/01/84-12/30/84
01/01/84-12/30/84
01/01/84-12/30/84
01/03/84-12/30/84
01/04/84-12/27/84
01/01/84-12/30/84
01/01/84-12/30/84
01/01/84-12/30/84
01/01/84-12/30/84
01/01/84-12/30/84
01/01/84-12/30/84
01/05/84-12/30/84
01/01/84-12/30/84
01/01/84-12/30/84
01/01/84-12/30/84
01/01/84-12/30/84
01/04/84-12/30/84
01/01/84-12/30/84
01/01/84-12/30/84
01/01/84-12/30/84
01/01/84-12/30/84
MAX.
19.6
25.0
22.2
15.4
23.4
17.8
17.6
20.0
14.1
14.6
19.0
17.7
13.5
12.8
21.3
16.1
16.8
13.0
22.1
21.3
22.3
21.2
MIN.
7.2
14.3
8.2
8.8
10.0
10.1
1.0
11.3
2.0
3.4
9.1
5.8
2.3
6.7
13.3
1.4
9.7
7.2
9.6
12.8
15.2
AVG. (MR/Y)
14.08
17.82
16.13
10.41
18.38
12.01
10.21
14.35
7.89
7.12
13.28
12.58
8.18
7.71
16.72
11.17
11.19
8.77
16.57
15.75
17.58
14.1 17.13
===================
123
156
141
91
161
105
89
126
69
62
116
110
72
67
146
98
98
77
145
138
154
150
========
*The MAX and MIN values are obtained from the instantaneous readings,
number of families who reside In areas that were subjected to fallout during
the early years of nuclear weapons tests.  A few families who reside 1n areas
not affected by such fallout were also selected for comparative study.   The
principal constraint to the program is the cooperation received from the people
in the area of study.

     The Radiological Safety Program portion requires all employees who may be
exposed to radioactive materials in the course of their work to undergo a
periodic whole-body count.  Some DOE contractor employees are also included in
this program.

Methods

     The Off-Site Human Surveillance Program was initiated in December  1970 to
determine levels of radioactive nuclides in some of the families residing in
communities and ranches surrounding the Nevada Test Site.  Biannual  counting is
performed in the spring and fall.  This program started with 34 families (142

                                       41

-------
Individuals).  In 1984, 16 of these families (37 individuals) were still active
1n the program.  The geographical locations of the families which participated
in 1984 are shown 1n Figure 16.

     These persons travel to the Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
where a whole-body count of each person is made to determine the body burden of
gamma-emitting radionuclldes.  A urine sample is collected for analysis and a
short medical history, complete blood count, thyroid profile and physical  exam-
inations are obtained on each participant at one of the visits.  Results of
the whole-body count are available before the families leave the facility and
are discussed with the subjects.  The results of the blood and urine tests are
sent to the families, along with a letter of explanation from the examining
physician.

     In 1982, 15 new families were added to the surveillance program.  These
people are 1n charge of the community monitoring stations described in the fol-
lowing section.  In 1984, three long-time residents in the off-site area,  with
their families, were added.  As with the first group of families, each person
receives a whole-body count, medical history, complete blood count, thyroid
profile, etc.

     In addition to the above off-site families, counts are performed routinely
on EPA and other contractor's employees as a part of the health monitoring
programs.  Counts on other individuals in the general population from Las Vegas
and other cities are used for comparison.

Results

     During 1984, a total of 409 Nal(Tl) and 800 phoswich spectra were obtained
 from individuals, of which 130 were from persons participating in the Off-site
Human Surveillance Program.  Also, about 1,600 spectra for calibrations and
background were generated.  Ces1um-l37 is generally the only fission product
detected though none was found in the persons counted this year.  Body burdens
of Cs-137 1n the off-site population detected in previous years were similar to
those in other U.S. residents from California to New York.  All spectra collec-
ted in 1984 were representative of normal background for people and showed only
natural potassium-40.  No plutonium was detected in any of the phoswich spectra.

     The concentration of tritium in urine samples from the off-site residents
varied from 0 to 1,650 pCi/L with an average value of 210 pCi/L.  Nearly all
the concentrations measured were in the range of background levels measured in
water and reflect only natural exposure.  The source for the high values
(Salt Lake City residents) is unknown but 1s not attributed to NTS activities.
The tritium concentration in urines from EPA employees had a mean of 214 pCi/L
and a range of 0 to 1080 pCi/L.

     As reported in previous years, medical  examination of the off-site families
revealed a generally healthy population.  In regard to the hematological examin-
ations and thyroid profiles, no abnormal results were observed which could be
attributed to past or present NTS testing operations.
                                       42

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                      Nevada
                       •Austin
Currant
    O
           Ely

           6
                                          o Lund
                                                         Salt Lake City
                                   0 Nvala   Eagle Valley

                                     OAdaven  Ol
                                            Elgin
                                             O
                                         Alamo
                                      BunkervilleO
                                                         • Cedar City
                                                    • St. George
                      Arizona
                          DK     ^
                          Pahrump
                               •
                           Shoshone

     O Offsite Family
     • Community Monitoring Sta. Family
                                            « Overton
                                               La'keMead
Figure 16.   Location of families  in the  Human Surveillance Program.

                                     43

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COMMUNITY MONITORING STATIONS

     In order to Increase public knowledge about and participation in radio-
logical surveillance activities as conducted by DOE and EPA; the DOE, through
an Interagency Agreement with EPA and contracts with the Desert Research Insti-
tute (DRI) of th£ University of Nevada, and the University of Utah, has estab-
lished a network of 15 Community Monitoring Stations 1n the off-NTS areas.  Each
station 1s operated by a local resident, in most cases a science teacher, who
is trained in radiological surveillance methods by the University of Utah.  The
stations are equipped and maintained, and samples are collected and analyzed by
EMSL-LV.  DRI provides data interpretation to the communities Involved and pays
the station operators for their services.

     Each station contains one of the samplers for the ASN, NGTSN and Dosimetry
networks discussed earlier, plus a pressurized ion chamber (PIC) and recorder
for Immediate readout of external gamma exposure, and a recording barograph.
All of the equipment 1s mounted on a stand at a convenient location in each
community so the residents are aware of the surveillance and, if interested,
can have ready access to the data.  The station locations are those indicated
in Figure 2.

     The data from these stations are Included in the tables in Appendix E  with
the other data from the appropriate networks.  Table 8 contains a summary of
the PIC data.
CLAIMS INVESTIGATIONS

     One of the public service functions of the EMSL-LV is to investigate
claims of Injury allegedly due to radiation originating from NTS activities.   A
physician and a veterinarian, qualified by education or experience in the field
of radlobiology, investigate claims of radiation injury to determine whether  or
not radiation exposure may be involved.

     Investigation of claims from people involves determining the type of
illness, from examining physicians records and diagnoses, and determining the
possibility of radiation exposure through residence history and examination of
historical radiation surveillance data.  These investigations can be conducted
by the Medical Liaison Officers Network (MLON) or by the EMSL-LV physician,
depending on where the claim is made.  The MLON is composed of physicians, one
from each state, who are trained in radiobiology.

     The EMSL-LV veterinarian conducts similar investigations for claims of
injury to domestic animals.  In most cases the injuries investigated have been
due to common causes such as bacterial infections or unusual  events such as
feeding on halogeton, a poisonous plant.  No such claims were made in 1984.


PUBLIC INFORMATION PROGRAM

     An important function of the Off-site Program has been to create and main-
tain, to the extent possible, public confidence that all reasonable safeguards

                                       44

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 are  being employed  to  preserve  public  health  and  property  from possible hazards
 resulting from  nuclear testing.  Much  of  this  responsibility  is carried out
 through personal contact with off-site residents  by  the  radiation monitors who
 advise the residents of program developments  and  answer  questions about test
 activities.

     For any test where ground  motion  may be  perceptible off  site, monitors
 visit remote locations and active mines beforehand to advise  operators of pos-
 sible problems.  They  also stand by on test day to advise  of  schedule changes.
 Mine operators  are  reimbursed for time lost due to these activities.  After the
 test, monitors  inform  all their contacts  that  the test is  over and whether or
 not any radiation was  detected  off site.

     The series of  "town hall"  meetings,initiated during Fiscal Year 1982 near
 community monitoring stations was continued for CY 1984.   The meetings were
 organized to familiarize the local citizenry with the NTS  nuclear testing and
 related activities, to show how the surveillance  networks  function, and to
 answer questions or expressed concerns of the  attending public.  During CY84,
 meetings were held according to  the following  schedule:

 January 12, 1984    Mesquite, NV          July 18, 1984      Amargosa Valley, NV
 February 14, 1984   Eureka, NV            August  22, 1984    Kanab, UT
 March 22, 1984      Searchlight,, NV      August  23, 1984    Fredonia, AZ
 April 19, 1984      Bullhead City, AZ     October 17, 1984   Kingman, AZ
 May 26, 1984        Currant, NV           November 27, 1984  Silver Peak, NV
 June 13, 1984       Enterprise,  UT        November 28, 1984  Bishop, CA
 June 14, 1984       Mil ford, UT

     Other activities  included  arranging  NTS tours for business and community
 leaders from Beatty, Death Valley, Amargosa Valley and Pahrump; for the
 Community Monitoring Station managers, and for members of  the Medical Liaison
 Officers Network.  Talks on the Off-site  Program were given at Twin Springs
 school and to civic and professional organizations in Reno, Carson City,
 Tonapah and Las Vegas  in June, August, October, and November.  A complete
 Community Monitoring Station was exhibited at the Southern Arizona State Fair
 in Fredonia during September.

     With the continued population growth in the  off-site area in recent years
 and the continuing concern for keeping radiation exposures as low as reasonably
 achievable, the EMSL-LV realized that  it would need local government assistance
 to implement all protective actions that could be needed to protect close-in
 population centers should an underground nuclear  test accidently vent.   EMSL-LV
 staff discussed the kinds of assistance needed with the Nevada State Division
 of Emergency Management, and obtained  the State's concurrence with its  plan to
work with County emergency management  officials to develop modifications  or
 additions to their adopted emergency response plans.   These changes would
 specify protective actions and procedures for implementing them and would serve
 as formal  agreements on Federal  and local  government responsibilities and
authorities.

     During fiscal  year 1984, an Appendix to the Radiological  Defense Annex
of the Lincoln County and Nye County (Nevada)  emergency plans was  approved by

                                       45

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Federal, State, and County agency officials and was signed.  This Appendix Is
expected to serve as a model for developing similar agreements with officials
of Clark, Esmeralda, and possibly White P1ne counties.  The County plans, with
their new appendices, will be annexed to the master plan DOE 1s developing for
off-site emergency response for an accidental venting or seepage at the Nevada
Test Site.
DOSE ASSESSMENT

     Dose assessment calculations for NTS-related radioactivity are not pos-
sible because detectable levels of radioactivity from the 1984 nuclear testing
program at the NTS were not observed off site by any of the monitoring networks.
However, an exposure can be calculated by using atmospheric dispersion and
reported releases of radioactivity from the NTS (Table 1),   This calculation
is shown below.  Residual radioactivity was observed in waters from wells in
other nuclear testing areas known to be contaminated during past nuclear tests
at the Project Dribble Site near Hattlesburg, Mississippi;  Project Gnome near
Malaga, New Mexico; and at the Project Long Shot Site on Amchitka Island,
Alaska.  However, the waters from these contaminated wells  are not used for
drinking purposes.

     An estimate of exposure of an average adult in Nevada  due to worldwide
radioactivity can be made based on the data from the monitoring networks.  The
principal data are strontium-90 1n milk (0.27 pC1/L) from previous atmospheric
tests; krypton-85 1n air (26 pCi/m3) from power reactors and reprocessing
plants; and plutonium-239 in air (24 aCi/m3) from previous  atmospheric tests.

Assumptions:  1)  Breathing rate = 7,300 m3/a
              2)  Water intake = 438 L/a, milk = 1/2 of water or 219 L/a
              3)  8,766 hr/a

From DOE/EP-0023 Appendix B (DOE 1981a); first-year Dose Factors are:
              1)  Kr-85 (Immersion) 2,200 mrem/hr per uCi/mL, whole body
                  (nCi/mL = 1012 pCi/m3),

              2)  Sr-90 (ingestion) 45 mrem/uCi intake, whole body, and

              3)  Pu-239 (inhalation) 48,000 mrem/uCi to lung.

Calculated annual dose:
                                         26 pCi/m3              A  !  ,
  Kr-85:  2,200 mrem/hr x 8,760 hr/a x -—---	  = 5.01  x 1(H mrem/a
                                       10*2 pCi/m3

  Sr-90:  45 mrem/uC1 x 10-6 uCi/pCi x 0.27 pC1/L x 219 L/a = 0.0027 mrem/a

 Pu-239:  4.8 x 104 mrem/pCi x 24 aCi/m3 x 10-12  uCi/aC1 x 7,300 m3/a =
           0.0084 mrem/a
                                       46

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     The highest postulated annual dose estimate to man, from the results of
the 1984 Biomonitoring Program, was calculated to be 0.58 mrem.  This would
result from the Pu-239 content of liver from the cattle sample if an individual
ate 0.5 kg per day for the whole year and if the liver tissue had the maximum
measured plutonium.

     Therefore, the total maximized annual dose to an adult in Nevada from
worldwide radioactivity (assuming the above conditions) as detected by EMSL-LV
monitoring networks is the sum of the above amounts or 0.59 mrem.  Natural
radioactivity in the body (K-40, C-14, Ra-226, etc.) results in annual internal
doses ranging from 26 to 36 mrem per year (FRC I960), and the calculated in-
ternal dose Is only 5.9 percent of this 10 mrem variation.

     The external exposures to Nevadans range from 35 to 133 mrem/a as measured
by the TLD network.  In the U.S., reported external exposures range from 63 to
200 mrem/a, depending on elevation (sea coast or Rocky Mountains) and on the
natural radioactivity 1n the soil (NCRP 1971).  The exposures measured by the
TLD's compare favorably with that range as the TLD station's altitude varies
from 500 to over 7,000 feet above MSL and the uranium content in soil probably
also varies markedly among stations.

     No radioactivity released at the NTS was measured off site, therefore, the
dose to the off-site population from these releases was calculated by using
average weather data and atmospheric diffusion equations.   Wind direction and
speed data were available for a 12-year period as were 25,000 hourly observa-
tions of Pasquill stability class.  Based on the releases  shown in Table 1, the
estimated population dose to the 8500 people within 80 km  of CP-1 was 1 x 10"3
person-rem.  The highest estimated dose was 2.6 x 10~4 mrem/yr to an individual
living in Indian Springs, with lesser amounts to individuals in Amargosa, Beatty,
Lathrop Wells, Pahrump, and Rachel.   Both results were higher than last year
due to an increased seepage of short-lived noble gases and to a doubling of
the population in the affected area.
                                       47

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                                     SECTION 6

                                    REFERENCES


ANSI, 1975.  "American National Standard Performance Testing and Procedural
     Specifications for Thermo!uminescent Dosimetry (Environmental Applica-
     tions)." ANSI N545-1975.  American National Standards Institute, Inc.,
     New York, New York.

Bernhardt, D. E., A. A. Moghissi and J. A. Cochran, 1973.  Atmospheric Concen-
     trations of Fission Product Noble Gases, pp. 4-19, in Noble Gases, CONF-
     730915.

Black,  S. C. and D. D. Smith, 1984.  "Nevada Test Site Experimental Farm
     Summary Report 1963-1981".  EPA 600/4-84-066, DOE/DP/0539-052.  U.S.
     Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring Systems Labor-
     atory, Las Vegas, Nevada.

California, 1982.  Personal communication from California county agents.

DOE, 1981a.  A Guide for Environmental Radiological Surveillance at U.S.
     Department of Energy Installations.  Report No. DOE/EP-0023.

DOE, 1981b.  Environmental Protection, Safety, and Health Protection Program
     for DOE Operations; Chapter XI.  Requirements for Radiation Protection.
     Order DOE 5480.1, U.S. Department of Energy.

DOE, 1981c.  Environmental Protection, Safety, and Health Protection Informa-
     tion Reporting Requirements.  Order DOE 5484.1, U.S. Department of Energy.

DOE, 1983.  Personal communication from Health Physics Division, DOE/NV.

EPA, 1981.  "Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory Intercomparison Studies
     Program 1978-1979."  EPA-600/4-81-004.  Environmental Monitoring and
     Support Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas,
     Nevada.  (Available from U.S. Department of Commerce, NTIS, Springfield,
     VA  22161.)

ERDA, 1977.  "Final Environmental Impact Statement, Nye County, Nevada." ERDA-
     1551.  U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration, Nevada Opera-
     tions Office, Las Vegas, Nevada.  (Available from U.S.  Department of
     Commerce, NTIS, Springfield, VA  22161.)
                                       48

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Fenske, P. R. and T. M. Humphrey, Jr.,  1980.   "The Tatum Dome Project Lamar
     County, Mississippi" NVO-225.  U.S. Department of Energy.  Nevada Opera-
     tions Office, Las Vegas, Nevada.

FRC, 1960.  Background Material for the Development of Radiation Protection
     Standards.  Staff Report No. 1, Federal Radiation Council.

Giles, K. R., 1979.  "A Summer Trapping Method for Mule Deer." EMSL-LV-0539-27.
     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring and Support
     Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada.

Giles, K. R., 1985.  Characteristics and Migration Patterns of Mule Deer on
     the Nevada Test Site.  In: Proceedings of the Nevada Chapters of the
     Wildlife Society and the Society for Range Management.  Ely, Nevada.

Holder, L. E.  1972.  "National Network of Physicians Investigates Claims of
     Radiation Injury in the Non-Occupationally Exposed Population."  American
     Journal of Public Health.

Houghton, J. G., C. M. Sakamoto, and R. 0. Gifford, 1975.  "Nevada's Weather
     and Climate."  Special Publication 2.  Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology,
     Mackay School of Mines, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada,  pp. 69-74.

Jarvis, A. N. and L. Siu, 1981.  Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory Inter-
     comparison Studies Program - FY 1981-82, EPA-600/4-81-004, Las Vegas,
     Nevada.

National Park Service, 1980.  Personal Communication with Chief Ranger R.
     Rainer, Death Valley National Monument, Death Valley, California.

NCRP, 1975.  Natural Background Radiation in the United States.  NCRP Report
     No. 45, National Council  on Radiation Protection and Measurements.

NCRP, 1971.  Basic Radiation Protection Criteria.  NCRP Report No.  39, National
     Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements.

Nevada Department of Agriculture, 1979.  "Nevada Agricultural  Statistics 1979."
     Nevada Crop and Livestock Reporting Service, Reno, Nevada.

Patzer, R. G. and M. E. Kaye,  1982.   "Results of a Human Surveillance Program
     in the Off-site Area Surrounding the Nevada Test Site."  Health Phys.
     43:791-801.

Potter, G. D., R. F. Grossman, W. A. Bliss, D. J. Thome, 1980.   "Off-site Envi-
     ronmental Monitoring Report for the Nevada Test Site and Other Test Areas
     used for Underground Nuclear Detonation, January through December 1979."
     EMSL-LV-0539-36.  U.S. Environmental  Protection Agency, Environmental
     Monitoring Systems Laboratory,  Las Vegas, Nevada.

Quiring, R. E.,  1968.  "Climatological  Data, Nevada Test Site,  Nuclear Rocket
     Development Station (NRDS)."  ERLTM-ARL-7.  ESSA Research  Laboratories,
     Las Vegas,  Nevada.

                                       49

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Smith. D. D. and V. E. Andrews, 1981.  Selected Radioisotopes in Animal  Tissues:
     90Sr and 137Cs Measurements from 1956 to 1977.  U.S.  Environmental Pro-
     tection Agency Report EPA-600/3-81-027 (DOE/DP/00539-040).  Las Vegas,
     Nevada.
                   i
Smith, D. D. and S. C. Black, 1984.  Animal Investigation Program for the Nevada
     Test Site 1957-1981, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental
     Monitoring Systems Laboratory Report EPA 600/6-84-020, Las Vegas, Nevada.

Smith, D. D., and J. S. Coogan, 1984.  "Population Distribution Around the Nevada
     Test Site - 1984".  EPA-600/4-84-067, DOE/DP/0539-053.  U.S. Environmental
     Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Las Vegas,
     Nevada.

Smith j D. D., K. R. Giles and D. E. Bernhardt, 1982.  Animal  Investigation
     Program 1980 Annual Report:  Nevada Test Site and Vicinity.  U.S.  Envir-
     onmental Protection Agency Report EPA 600/3-82-077.

Toonkel, L. E., 1980.  "Appendix to Environmental Measurements Laboratory,
     Environmental Quarterly."  EML-371 Appendix, UC—11.  Environmental Meas-
     urements Laboratory.  U.S. Department of Energy, New York, N.Y.
     10014.

UNSCEAR, 1977.  Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiations, United Nations
     Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation  1977 Report to the
     General Assembly.

Utah Department of Agriculture, 1979.  "Utah Agricultural Statistics, 1978."
     State of Utah Department of Agriculture, Salt Lake City, Utah.

Winograd, I. J. and W. Thordarson, 1975.  Hydrogeologic and hydrochemical
     framework, south-central Great Basin, Nevada-California, with special
     reference to the Nevada Test Site, USGS Professional Paper 712-C, Denver,
     Colorado.
                                      50

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                            APPENDIX A.  SITE DATA

SITE DESCRIPTION

     A summary of the uses of the NTS and its immediate environs is included
in Section 3 of this report.  More detailed data and descriptive maps are
contained in this Appendix.

Location

     The NTS is located in Nye County, Nevada, with its southeast corner about
90 km northwest of Las Vegas (Figure 1 in main report).  It has an area of
about 3,500 square km and varies from 40 to 56 km in width (east-west) and from
64 to 88 km in length (north-south).  This area consists of large basins or
flats about 900 to 1,200 m above mean sea level (MSL) surrounded by mountain
ranges rising 1,800 to 2,300 m above MSL.

     The NTS is surrounded on three sides by exclusion areas, collectively
named the Nellis Air Force Range, which provide a buffer zone between the test
areas and public lands.  This buffer zone varies from 24 to 104 km between the
test area and land that is open to the public.  Depending upon wind speed and
direction, from 2 to more than 6 hours will  elapse before any release of air-
borne radioactivity could pass over public lands.

Hi mate

     The climate of the NTS and surrounding area is variable, due to its varia-
tions in altitude and its rugged terrain.  Generally,  the climate is referred
to as continental  arid.  Throughout the year, there is insufficient water to
support the growth of common food crops without irrigation.

     Climate may be classified by the types  of vegetation indigenous to an
area.  According to Houghton et al.  (1975),  this method of classification of
dry condition,  developed by Doppen,  is further subdivided on  the basis of
temperature and severity of drought.   Table  A-l (Houghton et  al. 1975) summar-
izes the characteristics of climatic types for Nevada.

     According to Quiring (1968), the NTS average  annual  precipitation ranges
from about 10 cm at the lower elevations to  around 25  cm on the higher eleva-
tions.   During the winter months, the plateaus may be  snow-covered  for a period
of several  days or weeks.   Snow is  uncommon  on the flats.   Temperatures vary
considerably with  elevation,  slope,  and local  air  currents.   The average daily
high (low)  temperatures at the lower altitudes are around 50F (25F)  in January
and 95F (55F)  in July,  with extremes  of 110F and -15F.   Corresponding  tempera-
tures on the plateaus are 35F (25F)  in January and 80F  (65F)  in July with ex-
115F have been  observed.

                                       51

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                 TABLE A-l.  CHARACTERISTICS OF CLIMATIC TYPES IN NEVADA (from Houghton et al. 1975)
in
ro
Mean Temperature
°C
(°F)
Climate Type Winter Summer
Alpine
tundra
Humid
continental
Subhumi d
continental
Mid-latitude
steppe
Mid-latitude
desert
Low-1 ati tude
desert
-18° to -9°
( 0° to 15°)
-12° to -1°
(10° to 30°)
-12° to -1°
(10° to 30°)
-7° to 4°
(20° to 40")
-7° to 4°
(20° to 40°)
-4° to 10°
(40° to 50°)
4° to 10°
(40° to 50°)
10° to 21°
(50° to 70°)
10° to 21°
(50° to 70°)
18° to 27°
(65° to 80°)
18° to 27°
(65° to 80°)
27° to 32°
(80° to 90°)
Annual Precipitation
cm
(inches)
Total* Snowfall
38 to 114
(15 to 45)
64 to 114
(25 to 45)
30 to 64
(12 to 25)
15 to 38
( 6 to 15)
8 to 20
( 3 to 8)
5 to 25
( 2 to 10)
Medium to
heavy
Heavy
Moderate
Light to
moderate
Light
Negligible
Dominant Percent
Vegetation of Area
Al pi ne
meadows
Pine-fir 1
forest
Pine or scrub 15
woodland
Sagebrush, 57
grass, scrub
Greasewood, 20
shadscale
Creosote 7
bush
      *Limits of annual precipitation overlap because

       water balance.
of variations in temperature which affect the

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     The wind direction, as measured on a 30 m tower at an observation station
about 9 km NNW of Yucca Lake, 1s predominantly northerly except during the
months of May through August when winds from the south-southwest predominate
(Quiring 1968).  Because of the prevalent mountain/valley winds in the basins,
south to southwest winds predominate during daylight hours of most months.
During the winter months southerly winds have only a slight edge over northerly
winds for a few hours during the warmest part of the day.  These wind patterns
may be quite different at other locations on the NTS because of local terrain
effects and differences In elevation.

Geology and Hydrology

     Two major hydrologic systems shown in Figure A-l exist on the NTS (ERDA
1977).  Ground water in the northwestern part of the NTS or in the Pahute Mesa
area has been reported to flow at a rate of 2 m to 180 m per year to the south
and southwest toward the Ash Meadows Discharge Area in the Amargosa Desert.  It
is estimated that the ground water to the east of the NTS moves from north to
south at a rate of not less than 2 m nor greater than 220 m per year.  Carbon-14
analyses of this eastern ground water indicate that the lower velocity is
nearer the true value.  At Mercury Valley in the extreme southern part of the
NTS, the eastern ground water flow shifts southwestward toward the Ash Meadows
Discharge Area.

Land Use of NTS Environs

     Figure A-2 is a map of the off-NTS area showing a wide variety of land
uses, such as farming, mining, grazing, camping, fishing, and hunting within a
300-km radius of the NTS.  For example, west of the NTS, elevations range from
85 m below MSL in Death Valley to 4,420 m above MSL in the Sierra Nevada Range.
Parts of two major agricultural valleys (the Owens and San Joaquin) are included.
The areas south of the NTS are more uniform since the Mojave Desert ecosystem
(mid-latitude desert) comprises most of this portion of Nevada, California, and
Arizona.  The areas east of the NTS are primarily mid-latitude steppe with some
of the older river valleys, such as the Virgin River Valley and Moapa Valley,
supporting irrigation for small-scale but intensive farming of a variety of
crops.  Grazing 1s also common in this area, particularly to the northeast.
The area north of the NTS is also mid-latitude steppe, where the major agricul-
tural activity is grazing of cattle and sheep.  Minor agriculture, primarily
the growing of alfalfa hay, is found in this portion of the State within 300 km
of the NTS Control Point-1 (CP-1).  Many of the residents grow or have access
to locally grown fruits and vegetables.

     Many recreational areas, In all directions around the NTS (Figure A-2) are
used for such activities as hunting, fishing, and camping.  In general, the
camping and fishing sites to the northwest, north, and northeast of the NTS are
utilized throughout the year except for the winter months.  Camping and fishing
locations to the southeast, south, and southwest are utilized throughout the
year.  The hunting season is from September through January.
                                       53

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       Pahute Mesa
       Ground Water
          System
                                                  Ash Meadows
                                               Ground Water System
\
             20   30    40
   3/81   Seal* in Kilometers
     »    i» Flow Direction
  —• — «— Ground Water System Boundaries
  — •—••— Silent Canyon Caldera
  	••••• Timber Mountain Caldera
Figure A-l.   Ground-water flow systems around the Nevada Test Site.

                                        54

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  6     50    100    150
 3/81   Scale in Kilometers
A Camping & Recreational
  Areas
O Hunting
• Fishing
O Mines
A Oil Fields
     JA|
Lake Havasu
  Figure A-2.  General  land  use within  300 km of the Nevada Test Site.

                                        55

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Population Distribution

     Figure A-3 shows the current population of counties surrounding the NTS
based on 1980 census figures.  Excluding Clark County, the major population
center (approximately 463,000 1n 1980), the population density within a 150 km
radius of the NTS 1s about 0.5 persons per square kilometer.  For comparison,
the 48 contiguous states (1980 census) had a population density of approximately
29 persons per square kilometer.  The estimated average population density for
Nevada 1n 1980 was 2.8 persons per square kilometer.

     The off-site area within 80 km of the NTS (the area 1n which the dose
commitment must be determined for the purpose of this report) 1s predominantly
rural.  Several small communities are located 1n the area, the largest being In
the Pahrump Valley.  This growing rural community, with an estimated population
of about 5,500, 1s located about 72 km south of the NTS CP-1.  The Amargosa
Farm Area, which has a population of about 1,500, 1s located about 50 km south-
west of CP-1.  The largest town 1n the near-offslte area 1s Beatty, which has  a
population of about 800 and 1s located approximately 65 km to the west of CP-1.
A report by Smith and Coogan was published 1n 1984 which summarizes the popula-
tion distribution within selected rural areas out to 200 kilometers from the
Control Point on the NTS.

     The Mojave Desert of California, which Includes Death Valley National
Monument, Hes along the southwestern border of Nevada.  The National  Park
Service (1980) estimates that the population within the Monument boundaries
ranges from a minimum of 200 permanent residents during the summer months to as
many as 5,000 tourists and campers on any particular day during the major hol-
iday periods 1n the winter months, and as many as 30,000 during "Death Valley
Days" 1n the month of November.  The largest town and contiguous populated area
(about 40 square miles) 1n the Mojave Desert 1s Barstow, located 265 km south-
southwest of the NTS, with a 1983 population of about 36,000.  The next largest
populated area 1s the Rldgecrest-Chlna Lake area, which has a current population
of about 25,000 and 1s located about 190 km southwest of the NTS.  The Owens
Valley, where numerous small towns are located, lies about 50 km west of Death
Valley.  The largest town 1n Owens Valley 1s Bishop, located 225 km west-north-
west of the NTS, with a population of about 5,300 Including contiguous populated
areas.

     The extreme southwestern region of Utah 1s more developed than the adjacent
part of Nevada.  The largest community 1s St. George, located 220 km east of
the NTS, with a population of 11,300.  The next largest town, Cedar City, with
a population of 10,900, 1s located 280 km east northeast of the NTS.

     The extreme northwestern region of Arizona 1s mostly range land except for
that portion 1n the Lake Mead Recreation Area.  In addition, several  small  com-
munities He along the Colorado River.  The largest town 1n the area 1s Klngman,
located 280 km southeast of the NTS,  with a population of about 9,300.   Figures
A-4 through A-7 show the domestic animal  populations 1n the counties near the
NTS.
                                       56

-------
 Storey,
 1,500

Canon
 City
33,600
  Douglas
   19,500
N
     Sell* in Miltt
 0   26  50  76  100
 0   60  100  160
3/85 Se«l» in Kllom«t«r»
 Figure A-3.   Population of Arizona,  California, Nevada, and  Utah
             counties  near the Nevada  Test site (1980).

                                     57

-------
                                                          XX   Cows
                                                         (XX)  Goati
Figure A-4.  Distribution of family milk cows and goats, by  county  (1984),

                                     58

-------
N
\Kern
7,720

Sell* in Milet
25 50 75 100

I
San Bernardir
34,876
 0   50   100   150
3/85 Seal* in Kilometer!
   Figure  A-5.  Distribution of dairy cows, by  county  (1984),

                                  59

-------
Canon
 City
 1,200
                                                              Box Elder
                                                               30,600
            Humboldt
            74,000
                  Panning
                  30,000
                               Lander
                              28.000
Washoe
34,000
                    Churchill
                    75,000
                                       White Pine
                                         32,000
              yo
   Douglas ? 59,006
   22.000 )  V 1  Mineral
                   4,700
                        Etmeralda
                MonoX   g QOO
                4.000
                                           Lincoln
                                          20,000
                                                             Washington
                                                               9,800
                                     San Bernardino
                                       134,000
       Scalt m Miles
  0   25  50  75  100
  0    50    100   150
  3/85 Seal* in Kilom*l»ri
    Figure  A-6.   Distribution of  beef cattle,  by county,  1984.

                                       60

-------
 0    60   tOO   1
3/85 Scali in Kilomcttrt
      Figure A-7.  Distribution of sheep, by  county,  1984.

                                 61

-------
                      APPENDIX B.   SAMPLE ANALYSIS PROCEDURES
ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES

    The procedures for  analyzing  samples collected  for offslte surveillance are
described by Johns et al.  1n "Rad1ochem1cal  Analytical  Procedures for Analyses
of Environmental  Samples"  (EMSL-LV-0539-17,  1979) and are summarized In  Table
B-l.
                    TABLE  B-l.  SUMMARY OF ANALYTICAL  PROCEDURES

Type of
Analysis
IG Ge(U)
Gamma
Spec
trometry**









Analytical
Equipment
IG or Ge(L1)
detector cali-
brated at 0.5 keV/
channel (0.04
to 2 MeV range)
Individual detec-
tor efficiencies
ranging from
15% to 35%.



Counting
Period
(m1n)
A1r charcoal
cartridges
and Individual
air filters,
30 m1n; air
filter com-
posites, 1200
m1n. 100 m1n
for milk.
water, sus-
pended solids.


Analytical
Procedures
Rad1onucl1de
concentration
quantified
from gamma
spectral data
by on-Hne
computer pro-
gram. Radlo-
nuclldes 1n air
filter composite
samples are
Identified only.

Sample
Size
120-300 m3
for air
filters;
and char-
coal car-
tridges;
3-1/2
liters for
milk and
water.


Approximate
Detection
Limit*
For routine milk
and water generally,
5 pC1/L for most
common fallout
radlonuclldes 1n a
simple spectrum.
Filters for LTHMP
suspended solids,
6 pC1/L. Air
filters and char-
coal cartridges,
0.04 pC1/m3.
   Gross beta
   on air
   filters
Low-level  end
window, gas
flow proportional
counter with a
12.7 cm diameter
window (80 pg/cm2)
30
Samples are
counted after
decay of
naturally-
occurlng
radlonuclldes
and, If neces-
sary, extrapo-
lated to mid-
point of col-
lection 1n
accordance with
t.-l.z decay or
an experiment-
ally-derived
decay.
120-300 m3    0.5 pd/sample.
                                                                       (continued)
                                           62

-------
                                   TABLE B-l.   (Continued)
Type of
Analysis
Sr-89-90
Analytical
Equipment
Low-background
thin-window,
gas-flow pro-
portional
counter.
Counting
Period
(mln)
50
Analytical
Procedures
Chemical separa-
tion by Ion ex-
change. Separated
sample counted
successively; ac-
tivity calculated
by simultaneous
solution of equa-
tions.
Sample
Size
1.0 liter
for milk
or water.
0.1-1 kg
for tissue.
Approximate
Detection
Limit*
Sr-89 • 5 pCI/L
Sr-90 - 2 pC1/L.
H-3
H-3
Enrichment
(Long-Term
Hydro-
logical
Samples)

Pu-238,239
Kr-85,
 Xe-133,
 Xe-135
Automatic             200
liquid
scintillation
counter with
output printer.

Automatic             200
scintillation
counter with
output printer.
Alpha spectro-       1000-1400
meter with 450
mm, 300-pm
depletion depth,
silicon surface
barrier detectors
operated 1n
vacuum chambers.
Automatic             200
liquid scintil-
lation counter
with output
printer.
Sample pre-
pared by
distillation.
Sample concen-
trated by
electrolysis
followed by
distillation.
Water sample or
acid-digested
filter or tissue
samples separated
by Ion exchange,
electro-plated on
stainless steel
planchet.
Separation by
gas chromatogra-
phy; d1 solved 1n
toluene "cocktail1
for counting
4 ml
for water
250 ml
for water
1.0 liter
for water;
0.1-1 kg
for tissue;
5,000-
10,000 m3
for air.
0.4-1.0
for air
400 pCI/L.
10 pC1/L.
Pu-238 - 0.08 pC1/L
Pu-239 - 0.04 pC1/L
for water.   For
tissue samples,
0.04 pC1 per total
sample for  all
Isotopes; 5-10 aC1/m3
for plutonlum on air
filters.

Kr-85. Xe-133,  Xe-135
• 4 pC1/m3.
 *The detection limit Is defined as 3.29 slgma where  slgma equals the counting error of the sa«ple
  and Type I error « Type II error » 5 percent.   (J.  P. Corley, 0. H. Denham, R. E. Jaqulsh, 0.  E.
  Mlchels, A. R. Olsen, 0. A. Walte, A Guide for Environmental Radiological Surveillance at U.S.
  Dept. of Energy Installations, July 1981,  Office  of Operational Safety Report DOE/EP-0023, U.S.
  DOE, Washington, D. C.)

**6amma Spectrometry using either an Intrinsic germanium  (16), or lithium-drifted germanium diode
  (Ge(LD) detector.
                                                 63

-------
                   APPENDIX C.  QUALITY ASSURANCE PROCEDURES
PRECISION OF ANALYSIS

    The duplicate sampling program was Initiated for the purpose of routinely
assessing the errors due to sampling, analysis, and counting of samples obtained
from the surveillance networks maintained by the EMSL-LV.

     The program consists of the analysis of duplicate or replicate samples
from the ASN, the NGTSN, the LTHMP, and the Doslmetry Network.  As the radio-
activity concentration In samples collected from the LTHMP and the MSN are
below detection levels, most duplicate samples for these networks are prepared
from spiked solutions.  The NGTSN samples are generally split for analysis.

     At least 30 duplicate samples from each network are normally collected and
analyzed over the report period.  Since three TLD cards consisting of two TLD
chips each are used at each station of the Doslmetry Network, no additional
samples were necessary.  Table C-l summarizes the sampling information for each
surveillance network.

     To estimate the precision of a methodology, the standard deviation of
replicate results is needed.  Thus, for example, the variance, s2, of each set
     TABLE C-l.  SAMPLES AND ANALYSES FOR DUPLICATE SAMPLING PROGRAM, 1984
ssssssaiaaasaasassassssssasssasssasssassssssasssssssssssssssssassssssssssss:
Surveillance
Network
Number of
Sampling
Locations
Samples
Collected
This Year
Sets of
Duplicate
Samples
Collected
Number
Per Set
Sample
Analysis
 ASN

 NGTSN


 Doslmetry

 MSN


 LTHMP
114

 16


 86

 31


134
4,533

  835 (NG)
  833 (H3)

  344

   98
  254
469

 27
 32

344

 25


125
 2

 2


4-6

 2
Gross beta,
y Spectrometry
Kr-85, H-3,
H20, HTO

Effective dose
from gamma
K-40, Sr-89,
Sr-90

H-3
                                       64

-------
 of  replicate  TLD  results  (n=6)  was  estimated from the  results  by  the  standard
 expression,


                        0      k          2
                        s2  =    E  (x<  -  x) /  (k  -  1)
                              1=1


 where  k   =   number  of  sets of  replicates.

    Since  duplicate  samples were collected for  all other sample types, the
 variances, s2,  for these  types  were calculated  from  s2 = (0.886R)2, where R 1s
 the absolute  difference between the duplicate sample results.  For small sample
 sizes, this estimate of the variance  1s  statistically efficient*  and  certainly
 more convenient to calculate  than the standard  expression.  The standard devia-
 tion 1s obtained  by  taking  the  square root.

     The principle that the variances of random samples collected from a normal
 population follow a  ch1-square  distribution  (X2)  was then used to estimate the
 expected population  standard  deviation  for each type of sample analysis.  The
 expression used 1s as follows:**
                        s  =
                                               k
 Z (n^  - Ds-iV Z (n* - 1)
1=1            1=1
                            1/2
where  n^-1  =  the degrees of freedom for n samples collected for the ith
                 replicate sample
          2
         Sj  =  the expected variance of the 1th replicate sample

          s  =  the best estimate of sample standard deviation derived from the
                variance estimates of all replicate samples (the expected value
                of s2 1s cr2).

     For expressing the precision of measurement in common units, the coefficient
of variation (s/x") was calculated for each sample type.  These are displayed 1n
Table C-2 for those analyses for which there were adequate data.

     To estimate the precision of counting, approximately 10 percent of all
samples are counted a second time.  These are unknown to the analyst.  Since
all such replicate counting gave results within the counting error, the preci-
sion data in Table C-2 represents errors principally 1n analysis.
 *Snedecor, G. W., and W. G. Cochran.  Statistical Methods.  The Iowa State
  University Press, Ames, Iowa.  6th Ed.  1967.  pp. 39-47.
**Freund, J. E.  Mathematical Statistics.  Prentice Hall, Englewood, New Jersey.
  1962.  pp 189-235.


                                       65

-------
             TABLE C-2.  SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL PRECISION - 1984
Surveillance
Network
ASN
NGTSN
Analysis '
Gross p
Be-7 (1982)
Kr-85
HTO
H20
Sets of
Replicate
Samples
Evaluated
39
9
26
*
29
Coefficient
of Variation
(*)
55
37
15
26
24
 Dosimetry

 MSN



 LTHMP
 (TLD)

K-40
Sr-89
Sr-90

H-3
H-3
344

 55
 33
 34

 41
 56
 4.1

11
11
16

 9.7
19

*Estimate of precision was calculated from the errors in the H-3 conventional
 analysis and the measurement of atmospheric moisture (H20).


ACCURACY OF ANALYSIS

     Data from the analysis of intercomparison samples are statistically anal-
yzed and compared to known values and values obtained from other participating
laboratories.  A summary of the statistical analysis 1s given in Table C-3,
which compares the mean of three replicate analyses with the known value.  The
normalized deviation is a measure of the accuracy of the analysis when compared
to the known concentration.  The determination of this parameter is explained
1n detail separately (Jarvis and Siu).  If the value of this parameter (in
multiples of standard normal deviate, unltless) lies between control limits of
-3 and +3, the precision or accuracy of the analysis is within normal  statis-
tical variation.  However, if the parameters exceed these limits, one must
suspect that there Is some cause other than normal statistical variations that
contributed to the difference between the measured values and the known value.
As shown by this table, all analyses were within the control limit.

     To measure the performance of the contractor laboratory for analysis
of animal tissues, a known amount of activity was added to several  samples.
The reported activity is compared to the known amount in Table C-4.  The aver-
age bias for Sr-90 was -22 percent and for Pu-239 was -19 percent.
                                       66

-------
TABLE C-3.  QUALITY ASSURANCE INTERCOMPARISON RESULTS - 1984
sassasaaaaaa:
Analysis
H-3 1n
water




H-3 1n
urine

Cr-51 1n
water

Co-60 1n
water


Zn-65 1n
water

Ru-106 1n
water

1-131 1n
water

Cs-134 1n
water


Cs-137 1n
water


aasaaaasaaas
Month
Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug
Oct
Dec
Mar
Jun
Nov
Feb
Jun
Oct
Feb
Jun
Oct*
Oct*
Feb
Jun
Oct
Feb
Jun
Oct
Apr
Aug
Dec.
Feb
Jun
Oct*
Oct*
Feb
Jun
Oct*
Oct*
Mean of
Replicate
Analyses
(pC1/L)
2333
2389
2917
2746
2640
3022
3927
2183
2011
41
<60
<40
9
30
19
16
49
59
147
44
32
45
<10
34
36
25
43
31
<3
15
35
24
15
Known
Value
(pC1/L)
2383
3508
3081
2817
2810
3182
4496
2319
2012
40
66
40
10
31
20
14
50
63
147
61
29
47
6
34
36
31
47
31
2
16
37
24
14
Normalized
Deviation from:
Known Cone.
-0.2
-0.6
-0.6
-0.3
-0.8
-0.8
-2.6
-0.7
0.0
0.5
—
---
-0.2
-0.5
-0.2
0.6
-0.5
-1.4
-0.1
-6.0
1.2
-0.8
___
-0.1
-0.1
-2.0
-1.4
0.0
---
-0.3
-0.8
-0.1
0.2
                               67
                                                          (continued)

-------
                            TABLE C-3.  (Continued)
333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333533333333333=3333335333
                           Mean of
Analysis
Sr-89 1n
milk
Sr-90 in
milk
1-131 1n
milk
Cs-137 1n
milk
Cs-137 1n
air filters
Month
June
Oct
June
Oct
June
Oct
June
Oct
Aug
Nov
.Replicate Known Normalized
, Analyses Value Deviation from:
(pC1/L) (pC1/L) Known Cone.
25
23
17
16
Not
41
33
32
10
7
25
22
17
16
reported - excessive decay
42
35
32
15
10
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.3
-0.7
0.0
-1.8
-0.9
 (pd/fHter)
23393833333333333333383333333533333333333333333=33333333333333335333333333333
*In October 1984, two Intercomparlson studies were conducted for Co-60,
 Cs-134, and Cs-137 1n water.
QUALITY ASSURANCE-DOSIMETRY

     Radioanalytlcal counting systems and TLD systems are calibrated using
radlonucllde standards that are traceable to the National Bureau of Standards
(NBS).  These standards are obtained from the Quality Assurance Division at
EMSL-LV or from NBS.  Each standard source used for TLD calibrations is
periodically checked for accuracy 1n accordance with procedures traceable to
NBS.
     To determine accuracy of the data obtained from the TLD systems, dosim-
eters are submitted to the International Intercomparlson of environmental
dosimeters.  Dosimeters were submitted to the Sixth International  Intercompar-
lson in July 1981 (Table C-5).  All TLD measurements are performed in conform-
ance with standards proposed by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI
1975).
                                       68

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TABLE C-4.  QUALITY ASSURANCE  RESULTS  FOR  THE  BIOENVIRONMENTAL  PROGRAM  -  1984
Sample Type
and
Shipment
Number
Activity Added
Nucllde pCI/g Bone Ash
% B1as+
Activity Reported or
pC1/g Bone Ash Precision*
Bone Ash
Ash  24
 52
Ash  25
 52
Ash  26
 52
Ash  27
 52
Ash  7
 55
Ash  8
 55
Ash  9
 55
Ash  10
 55

Duplicate Samples
Bov 11 Bone
Bov 11 Bone
BHS 15 Bone
BHS 15 Bone Dup
BHS 18 Bone
BHS 18 Bone Dup
BOV 1  Bone

BOV 1  Bone Dup

BOV 2  Bone

BOV 2  Bone Dup
                     239PU
                      90Sr
                     239Pu
                      90Sr
                     239Pu
                      90Sr
                     239Pu
                      90Sr
                     239Pu
                      90Sr
                     239Pu
                      90Sr
                     239Pu
                      90Sr
                     239Pu
                      90Sr
                     90Sr
                     90Sr
                     90Sr
                     90Sr
                     90Sr
                     90Sr
                    239Pu
                     90Sr
                    239Pu
                     90Sr
                    239Pu
                     90Sr
                    239Pu
                     90Sr
                                 Spiked  Samples

                                    0.20
                                    9.76
                                    0
                                    0
                                    0.19
                                    9.1
                                    0
                                    0
                                    0.13
                                    1.2
                                    0
                                    0
                                    0.13
                                    1.2
                                    0
                                    0
                                   0
                                   0
                                   0
                                   0
                                   0
                                   0
                                   0
                                   0
                                   0
                                   0
                                   0
                                   0
                                   0
                                   0
0.13
8.97
0.00024**
1.6
0.14
8.9
0.00029**
1.6
0.11
2.8
0.00037**
1.7
0.13
2.5
0.003**
1.98
1.5
1.8
4.3
3.9
1.0
0.8
0.013
1.8
0.084
1.8
0.00
2.7
0.02
2.5
   Bias (B) = Recovery -1; where recovery 1s
 -35
 -25
 -26
 •21
 -15
 •12
 0
-31
-0.16

 0.086

 0.19

-1.3
 0
-1.7
0.07
                           and xi = net activity reported
                                u v= activity added
t Precision (Cv)
                          xl + X2

**Count1ng error exceeds reported activity
                                    x r-rrr where
                                                     = first value
                                                     3 second value
                                       69

-------
            TABLE C-5.  SUMMARY RESULTS OF THE SIXTH INTERNATIONAL
                  INTERCOM?ARISON OF ENVIRONMENTAL DOSIMETERS
333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333=333333333333333333333333333333=
       Quantity
Mean
Standard
Deviation
Comments
Summary of Laboratory Results (mR):
  EMSL-LV Dosimeters      146         11
  All Dosimeters          149         21
  Calculated Exposure     158          8
Summary of Field (Pre-1rradlated) Results (mR):
  EMSL-LV Dosimeters      191         14
  All Dosimeters          191         30
  Calculated Exposure     202         10
Summary of Field Results (mR):
  EMSL-LV Dosimeters     43.1
  All Dosimeters         45.0
  Calculated Exposure    43.5
              3.2
             16.4
              2.2
                       EMSL-LV results 2% lower
                       than all  dosimeters and
                       8% lower than the
                       calculated exposure.
             EMSL-LV results 0% lower
             than all dosimeters and 5%
             lower than the calculated
             exposure.


             EMSL-LV results 4.2% lower
             than all dosimeters and
             0.9% lower than the
             calculated exposure.
3 333 3 = 333 = 333 33 33 3333 = 3 33 3 = 33 = 3 33 = 3 = 3 333 3 333 3 3 33 3 3 3 3 = 333 3 = 33 3 = 3 333333 = 3 3 = 3 333
                                       70

-------
               APPENDIX D.  RADIATION PROTECTION STANDARDS FOR
                        EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL EXPOSURE


DOE ANNUAL DOSE COMMITMENT


     The annual dose commitment tabulated below 1s from "Basic Radiation
Protection Criteria" 1n NCRP Report No. 39.


                        Dose Limit to Individuals      Dose Limit to Suitable
                         1n Uncontrolled Area at       Sample of the Exposed
                        Points of Maximum Probable        Population 1n an
Type of Exposure              Exposure (rem)           Uncontrolled Area (rem)


Whole body, gonads,               0.5                         0.17
 or bone marrow

Other organs                      1.5                         0.5
DOE CONCENTRATION GUIDES

     The concentration guides (CG's) 1n Table D-l are from the DOE Order
5480.1, Chapter XI, "Requirements for Radiation Protection."  All  values are
annual average concentrations.  The Concentration Guides are based on a
suitable sample of the exposed population In an uncontrolled area.  The
final column lists the Minimum Detectable Concentration from Appendix B as
a percent of the CG.


EPA CONCENTRATION GUIDE

     In 1976 the Environmental Protection Agency published concentration
guides for drinking water (Part 141, CFR 40, Amended) which Included 20,000
pC1/L for tritium.  This concentration would result 1n 4 mrem/a to an
Individual from continuous exposure.
                                       71

-------
                    TABLE 0-1.   DOE CONCENTRATION  GUIDES
Network or Program

A1r Surveillance
Network











Noble Gas and Tritium
Surveillance Network



Long-Term
Hydrologlcal Program







M1lk Surveillance
Networks


Sampling Radlo-
. Medium nucllde
i

air Be-7
Zr-95
Nb-95
Mo-99
Ru-103
1-131
Te-132
Cs-137
Ba-140
La-140
Ce-141
Ce-144
Pu-239
air Kr-85
H-3
Xe-133
Xe-135

water H-3
Sr-89
Sr-90
Cs-137
Ra-226
U-234
U-235
U-238*
Pu-238
Pu-239
milk H-3
Cs-137
Sr-89
Sr-90
CG
(pC1/m3)
1.3 x 104
3.3 x 102
1.0 x 103
2.3 x 103
1.0 x 103
3.3 x IQl
1.3 x 103
1.7 x 102
3.3 x 102
1.3 x 103
1.7 x 103
6.7 x IQl
2.0 x lO"2
1.0 x 105
6.7 x 104
1.0 x 105
3.3 x 104
(pCI/L)
1.0 x 10?
1.0 x 103
1.0 x 102
6.7 x 103
1.0 x IQl
1.3 x 103
1.3 x 103
2.0 x 102
1.7 x 103
1.7 x 103
1.0 x 106
6.7 x 103
1.0 x 103
1.0 x 102
MDC as % of CG

3.1 x 10-4
1.2 x lO'2
4.0 x 10~3
1.7 x 10-3
4.0 x 10-3
1.2 x 10-1
3.1 x 10-3
2.4 x 10-2
1.2 x 10-2
3.1 x 10-3
2.4 x 10-3
6.0 x 10-2
5.0 x 10-2
4.0 x 10"3
6.0 x 10-1
4.0 x ID'3
1.2 x 10-2

1.0 x 10-3
5.0 x 10-1
2.0 x 10-0
1.5 x lO-1




4.7 x 10-3
2.4 x 10-3'
1.0 x 10~3
1.5 x 10-1
5.0 x 10-1
2.0 x 10-°
Concentration based on chemical  toxlclty.
                                    72

-------
        APPENDIX E.  DATA SUMMARY FOR THE MONITORING NETWORKS
TABLE E-l.  SUMMARY OF ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR AIR SURVEILLANCE NETWORK
                CONTINUOUSLY OPERATING STATIONS - 1984
=======3333 333=3=3 ===3 =3= ======
SAMPLING LOCATION
DEATH VALLEY JCT, CA
FURNACE CREEK, CA
SHOSHONE, CA
ALAMO, NV
AUSTIN, NV
BEATTY, NV
STONE CABIN RANCH, NV
CURRANT, NV - BLUE EAGLE RANCH
GOLDFIELD, NV
GROOM LAKE, NV
HIKO, NV
INDIAN SPRINGS, NV
LAS VEGAS, NV
LATHROP WELLS, NV
OVERTON, NV
PAHRUMP, NV
NO. DAYS
DETECTED
/SAMPLED
13.0/367.0
26.9/364.5
21.7/319.5
15.0/362.5
7.2/349.4
4.0/345.9
12.9/342.6
5.0/360.4
7.9/364.2
21.7/317.1
5.0/363.2
11.7/362.7
8.5/357.0
15.9/350.9
16.9/356.9
21.0/353.1
RADIO-
NUCLIDE
7BE
7BE
7BE
7BE
7BE
7BE
7BE
7BE
7BE
7BE
7BE
7BE
7BE
7BE
7BE
7BE
RADIOACTIVITY CONC.
(PCI/M3)
MAX
0.75
0.60
0.43
0.59
0.29
0.58
0.98
0.81
0.64
0.58
0.36
0.89
0.54
0.81
0.90
0.71
MIN
0.31
0.25
0.16
0.43
0.29
0.48
0.44
0.47
0.39
0.29
0.33
0.29
0.33
0.33
0.21
0.37
AVG*
0.018
0.029
0.020
0.021
0.0060
0.0061
0.024
0.0084
0.011
0.028
0.0048
0.018
0.010
0.021
0.021
0.029
                                                              (continued)
                                  73

-------
                             TABLE E-l.  Continued
sassssasssassBaassaBassasssBisssssssssassssssssssssssssssssassBsssssssssssssssas
                                 NO. DAYS                 RADIOACTIVITY CONC.
                                 	                      (PCI/M3)
SAMPLING LOCATION
SCOTTY'S JCT, NV
SUNNYSIDE, NV
RACHEL, NV - ROBINSON TRAILER
TONOPAH, NV
TTR, NV
FALLINI'S (TWIN SPGS) RANCH, NV
CEDAR CITY, UT
DELTA, UT
MILFORD, UT
ST GEORGE, UT
SALT LAKE CITY, UT
Uf. 1 tly 1 L.U
/SAMPLED
11.0/365.3
5.0/363.9
9.0/344.5
2.0/365.9
42.4/360.1
4.0/360.6
8.0/349.3
3.7/199.1
24.7/303.9
15.0/336.3
53.1/355.3
r\rtuiu-
NUCLIDE
7BE
7BE
7BE
7BE
7BE
7BE
7BE
7BE
7BE
7BE
7BE
MAX
0.58
0.55
0.69
0.62
0.52
0.79
0.92
0.48
0.50 '
0.61
0.57
MIN
0.25
0.53
0.20
0.62
0.19
0.44
0.55
0.48
0.13
0.27
0.22
AVG*
0.014
0.0074
0.012
0.0033
0.039
0.0068
0.015
0.0088
0.017
0.022
0.043
*AVG MEANS TIME-WEIGHTED AVERAGE OVER TOTAL SAMPLING TIME.

THE FOLLOWING STATIONS HAD NEGLIGIBLE GAMMA-SPECTRA:

  ELY, NV
  NYALA, NV            :
                                       74

-------
     TABLE 1-2.  SUMMARY OF ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR AIR SURVEILLANCE NETWORK
          STANDBY STATIONS - OPERATED 1 OR 2 WEEKS PER QUARTER - 1984
                                3ssBS3333333S333B33BSss33ssss3===s===::=s3===3=
                                 NO. DAYS                 RADIOACTIVITY CONC.

SAMPLING LOCATION
KINGMAN, AZ
INDIO, CA
CLAYTON, MO
LUND, NV
RENO, NV
MEDFORD, OR
BRYCE CANYON, UT
DETECTED
l*W 1 LaW 1 UL/
/SAMPLED
2.0/28.1
3.0/20.8
2.0/28.0
3.0/27.2
2.0/28.1
3.1/20.7
2.0/28.9
RADIO-
i\f\u AU
NUCLIDE
7BE
7BE
7BE
7BE
7BE
7BE
7BE

MAX
0.48
0.39
0.56
0.69
0.45
0.50
0.77
\r\si/ru i
MIN
0.48
0.39
0.56
0.69
0.45
0.50
0.77

AVG
0.034
0.055
0.040
0.076
0.031
0.076
0.054
33S3333333333333a33S3333Sa3333S3333::33S333B33333333333333S3r

THE FOLLOWING STATIONS HAD NEGLIGIBLE GAMMA-SPECTRA:
  GLOBE, AZ
  TUCSON, AZ
  WINSLOW, AZ
  YUMA, AZ
  LITTLE ROCK, AR
  ALTURAS, CA
  BAKER, CA
  BISHOP, CA
  CHICO, CA
  LONE PINE, CA
  NEEDLES, CA
  RIDGECREST, CA
  SANTA ROSA, CA
  CORTEZ, CO
  DENVER, CO
  GRAND JUNCTION, CO
  MOUNTAIN HOME, ID
  NAMPA, ID
  POCATELLO, ID
  FORT DODGE, IA
  IOWA CITY, IA
  DODGE CITY, KS
  MONROE, LA
MINNEAPOLIS, MN
JOPLIN, MO
GREAT FALLS, MT
KALISPELL, MT
MILES CITY, MT
NORTH PLATTE, NE
BATTLE MOUNTAIN, NV
BLUE JAY, NV
CALIENTE, NV
CURRANT, NV - ANGLE WORM RANCH
CURRIE, NV
ELKO, NV
EUREKA, NV
FALLON, NV
FRENCHMAN STATION, NV
GEYSER RANCH, NV
LOVELOCK, NV
MESQUITE, NV
PIOCHE, NV
ROUND MOUNTAIN, NV
WARM SPRINGS, NV
WELLS, NV
WINNEMUCCA, NV
ALBUQUERQUE, NM
CARLSBAD, NM
SHIPROCK, NM
BISMARK, ND
FARGO, ND
WILLISTON, ND
MUSKOGEE, OK
BURNS, OR
RAPID CITY, SD
AMARILLO, TX
AUSTIN, TX
MIDLAND, TX
TYLER, TX
ENTERPRISE, UT
GARRISON, UT
LOGAN, UT
PAROWAN, UT
VERNAL, UT
WENDOVER.UT
SEATTLE, WA
SPOKANE, WA
ROCK SPRINGS, WY
WORLAND, WY
                                       75

-------
TABLE E-3.  SUMMARY OF GROSS BETA ANALYSES FOR AIR SURVEILLANCE NETWORK - 1984

:
SAMPLING LOCATION
SHOSHONE, CA
LAS VEGAS, NV
DELTA, UT
MILFORD, UT
ST GEORGE, UT
RADIOACTIVITY CONC.
NO. DAYS
SAMPLED
324.7
353.9
199.1
303.9
331.3

MAX
0.035
0.027
0.064
0.040
0.032
(PCI/M3)
MIN
-0.0032
-0.011
0.0016
-0.0042
0.0

AVG
0.013
0.011
0.014
0.012
0.013

                                      76

-------
   TABLE E-4.  PLUTONIUM-239 CONCENTRATION IN COMPOSITED AIR SAMPLES* - 1984
           =========== ====3========= ======================-====================

                             First      Second     Third      Fourth     Annual
Sampling Location           Quarter    Quarter    Quarter    Quarter    Average
WINSLOW, AZ
BISHOP, CA
MT HOME, ID
IOWA CITY, IA
MONROE, LA
JOPLIN, MO
LAS VEGAS, NV
LATHROP WELLS, NV
RACHEL, NV
ALBUQUERQUE/CARLSBAD, NM
MUSKOGEE, OK
MEDFORD/BURNS, OR
RAPID CITY, SD
AUSTIN, TX
VERNAL, UT
SALT LAKE CITY, UT
SEATTLE/SPOKANE, WA
WORLAND, WY
25.2
._
31.6
9.28
5.62**
7.05**
-0.6**
24.4
42.8
494
0**
3.14**
5.93**
1.26**
11.0**
41.5
-1.47**
0**
25.2
153
31.6
11.5
6.78**
7.05**
5.6**
34.4**
42.1
438
0**
3.51**
5.77**
1.26**
—
38.5
-1.47**
0**
-11.9**
_-
—
711***
7.65**
..
14.4
58.9
3.54**
42.7
305
2.68**
67.7**
47.1**
67.6
5.39**
70.7
-19.8**
29.1
22.5
__ .
--
—
47**
9.0**
5.55**
14.2**
2.81**
3.63**
15.0**
19.8**
—
4.27**
-3.95**
0**
—
16.9
87.5
31.6
210
6.8**
17.6**
5.4**
31.2
25,6
256
94.1
4.7**
24.9**
16.2**
30.4
24.6
17.1**
0**
  *A11 data expressed 1n aC1/m3.
 **Result 1s less than 2 x counting error.  MDC varied from
***Insuff1c1ent sample, concentration 1s Inaccurate.
                                                           10 to 50 aCi/m3.
                                       77

-------
TABLE E-5.  SUMMARY OF ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR THE NOBLE GAS AND TRITIUM
                      SURVEILLANCE NETWORK - 1984
           =================================
NO. SAMPLES
SAMPLING
LOCATION
SHOSHONE,
CA


ALAMO,
NV


ALAMO, (SHERRI
NV
AUSTIN,
NV

*
BEATTY,
NV


ELY,
NV


GOLDFIELD,
NV


INDIAN SPRINGS
NV


LAS VEGAS,
NV


POSITIVE/
NEGATIVE
47/6
41/12
52/0
52/0
44/7
43/8
52/0
52/0
'S) 1/0
1/0
50/2
45/7
52/0
52/0
46/5
39/12
51/1
51/1
48/4
42/10
49/2
49/2
48/4
43/9
51/0
51/0
, 46/6
41/11
53/0
53/0
47/6
43/10
50/3
50/3
RADIONUCLIDE
85KR
133XE
3H IN ATM. M.*
3H AS HTO IN AIR
85KR
133XE
3H IN 'ATM. M.*
3H AS HTO IN AIR
85KR
133XE
85KR
133XE
3H IN ATM. M.*
3H AS HTO IN AIR
85KR
133XE
3H IN ATM. M.*
3H AS HTO IN AIR
85KR
133XE
3H IN ATM. M.*
3H AS HTO IN AIR
85KR
133XE
3H IN ATM. M.*
3H AS HTO IN AIR
85KR
133XE
3H IN ATM. M.*
3H AS HTO IN AIR
85KR
133XE
3H IN ATM. M.*
3H AS HTO IN AIR
RADIOACTIVITY CONC.
(PCI/M3)* 1
MAX
38
27
0.40
2.5
34
37
0.40
4.5
33
6.8
34
32
0.46
2.5
34
31
0.30
2.1
34
23
0.50
2.3
40
30
0.43
2.3
34
33
0.45
4.1
35
35
0.67
3.3
MIN
18
-9.3
-0.22
-1.4
21
-6.6
-0.28
-1.3
33
6.8
20
-14
-0.34
-1.6
19
-19
-0.19
-1.7
19
-13
-0.25
-1.3
18
-14
-0.25
-2.3
20
-19
-0.25
-0.96
19
-7.9
-0.16
-1.1
AVG
26
5.3
0.043
0.31
28
7.7
0.055
0.43
33
6.8
27
5.5
0.021
0.15
26
6.0
0.064
0.34
26
4.9
0.061
0.40
28
5.2
0.021
0.063
25
5.3
0.052
0.30
27
6.5
0.079
0.45
'ERCENT
CONC.
GUIDE*
0.03
<0.01
-
<0.01
0.03
<0.01
-
<0.01
0.03
<0.01
0.03
<0.01
-
<0.01
0.03
<0.01
-
<0.01
0.03
<0.01
-
<0.01
0.03
<0.01
-
<0.01
0.03
<0.01
-
<0.01
0.03
<0.01
-
<0.01
	 1 \
                                                               (continued)
                                    78

-------
                              TABLE  E-5.   Continued
NO. SAMPLES
                                                 RADIOACTIVITY CONC.
SAMPLING
s/rvi ir L. t, ii u
LOCATION
LATHROP WELLS,
NV


OVERTON,
NV


PAHRUMP,
NV


RACHEL,
NV


TONOPAH,
NV


CEDAR CITY,
UT


ST GEORGE,
UT


SALT LAKE CITY,
UT


POSITIVE/
r v/w i i * i I* /
NEGATIVE
49/3
43/9
50/2
50/2
42/12
39/15
48/4
48/4
45/8
41/12
52/1
52/1
48/4
47/5
50/2
50/2
48/4
43/9
52/0
52/0
49/4
46/7
50/2
50/2
41/11
39/13
52/1
52/1
38/12
32/18
39/12
39/12

RADIONUCLIDE
85KR
133XE
3H IN ATM. M.*
3H AS HTO IN AIR
85KR
133XE
3H IN ATM. M.*
3H AS HTO IN AIR
85KR
133XE
3H IN ATM. M.*
3H AS HTO IN AIR
85KR
133XE
3H IN ATM. M.*
3H AS HTO IN AIR
85KR
133XE
3H IN ATM. M.*
3H AS HTO IN AIR
85KR
133XE
3H IN ATM. M.*
3H AS HTO IN AIR
85KR
133XE
3H IN ATM. M.*
3H AS HTO IN AIR
85KR
133XE
3H IN ATM. M.*
3H AS HTO IN AIR

MAX
36
51
0.37
4.0
35
20
0.48
4.3
34
29
0.45
2.4
32
38
0.44
3.0
34
41
0.48
2.3
34
33
0.29
1.9
33
31
0.35
4.0
35
60
0.36
3.6
irui/mo;"
MIN
20
-21
-0.22
-1.1
19
-18
-0.28
-1.6
18
-16
-0.21
-2.4
21
-16
-0.33
-1.4
18
-11
-0.25
-1.6
18
-58
-0.35
-2.3
19
-8.8
-0.28
-2.4
20
-9.8
-0.26
-2.0
i
AVG
26
7.1
0.077
0.46
26
5.8
0.015
0.13
27
5.9
0.052
0.22
26
6.2
0.050
0.33
26
6.5
0.026
0.14
26
5.7
0.0074
0.056
26
5.7
0.038
0.29
29
12
0.068
0.56
re.KUC.Nl
rnur
wUNl» .
GUIDEi
0.03
<0.01
_
<0.01
0.03
<0.01
-
<0.01
0.03
<0.01
_
<0.01
0.03
<0.01
-
<0.01
0.03
<0.01
-
<0.01
0.03
<0.01
-
<0.01
0.03
<0.01
-
<0.01
0.03
0.01
-
<0.01
* CONCENTRATIONS OF TRITIUM IN ATMOSPHERIC MOISTURE (ATM. M.) ARE EXPRESSED AS
  PCI PER ML OF WATER COLLECTED.
± CONCENTRATION GUIDES USED ARE FOR EXPOSURE TO A SUITABLE SAMPLE OF THE POPUL-
  ATION IN AN UNCONTROLLED AREA.
                                       79

-------
TABLE E-6.  SUMMARY OF TRITIUM RESULTS FOR THE NTS MONTHLY LONG-TERM
               HYDROLOGICAL MONITORING PROGRAM - 1984
SAMPLING
LOCATION
WELL 2
WELL 3
WELL 4
WELL 4 CP-1 .
WELL 5C
WELL 8
WELL A
TEST WELL B
WELL C
WELL J-13
WELL U19C
WELL UE7NS
WELL ARMY 1
=================
i
NO.
SAMPLES
12
12
12
5
12
12
12
11
12
12
8
8
12
===================================
TRITIUM CONCENTRATION
(PCI/L)
MAX
5.1
8.3
15
0.0
6.7
4.8
20
190
34
2.9
2.0
4600
3.3
MIN
-1.9
-1.3
-2.3
-6.0
-8.5
-6.6
0.0
5.6
19
-14
-49
990
-6.1
AVG
1.4
4.6
3.0
-2.4
-0.54
0.65
3.8
150
27
-0.77
-6.6
2200
-1.2
PERCENT
CONC.
GUIDE
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.02
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.2
<0.01
                                 80

-------
     TABLE E-7.  TRITIUM  RESULTS  FOR  THE  LONG-TERM HYDROLOGICAL MONITORING
                                  PROGRAM  -  1984
==============================================================================

                             COLLECTION      CONC.  ± 2  SIGMA      PCT  OF
                                DATE            TRITIUM          CONC.
SAMPLING LOCATION               1984             (PCI/L)          GUIDE
SHOSHONE, CA
SHOSHONE SPRING
ADAVEN SPRING, NV
ALAMO, NV
CITY WELL 4
ASH MEADOWS, NV
CRYSTAL POOL
FAIRBANKS SPRINGS
WELL 17S-50E-14CAC
WELL 18S-51E-7DB
BEATTY, NV
CITY SUPPLY 12S-47E-7DB
COFFERS WELL 11S/48/1DD
USECOLOGY
BOULDER CITY, NV
LAKE MEAD INTAKE
01/11
10/01

09/06

01/16
06/27
01/16
08/08
01/16
06/28
08/08
01/16
06/27

01/17
08/07
01/17
06/26
01/03

01/16
08/13
09/04
-100 ± 180*
59 ± 130*

65 ± 120*

5.6 ± 5.2*
-58 ± 120*
25 ± 18
2.9 ± 4.5*
4.1 ± 5.2*
NC
2.0 ± 4.2*
7.1 ± 5.0*
-53 ± 120*

2.6 ± 5.4*
7.5 ± 4.0
0.25 ± 7.9*
-100 ± 120*
-0.22 ± 4.7*

170 ± 8
62 ± 5
220 ± 110
<0.01
<0.3

<0.3

<0.03
<0.01
0.1
<0.01
<0.02
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01

<0.01
0.04
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01

0.9
0.3
1
CLARK STATION, NV


  TTR WELL 6


HIKO, NV

  CRYSTAL SPRINGS
10/04
09/06
200 ± 110
 77 ± 120*
<0.4 (continued)
                                       81

-------
TABLE E-7.  Continued
SAMPLING LOCATION ;
INDIAN SPRINGS, NV
SEWER CO. INC. WELL 1
USAF WELL 2
LAS VEGAS, NV
WELL 28
LATHROP WELLS, NV
CITY 15S-50E-18CDC
NTS, NV
WELL 5B
WELL C-l
TEST WELL D
WELL U3CN-5
WELL U16D
WELL UE1C
WELL UE5C
WELL UE15D
COLLECTION
DATE
1984

01/16
01/16

01/22

01/17

01/09
07/18
08/06
01/10
07/18
08/07
01/18
07/19
08/08
07/05
08/06
01/10
07/18
01/18
07/19
08/08
01/09
07/18
08/06
01/10
07/13
08/07
CONC. ± 2 SIGMA
TRITIUM
(PCI/L)

9.9 ± 4.9
14 ± 5

-17 ± 180*

10 ± 5

1.7 ± 7.6*
-0.99 ± 5.9*
4.7 ± 4.6*
11 ± 8
11 ± 5
15 ± 4
0.33 ± 7.5*
5.2 ± 5.6*
-59 ± 110*
NC
NC
3.9 ± 7.5*
-2.2 ± 5.5*
0.92 ± 7.5*
4.1 ± 5.8*
-51 ± 110*
3.7 ± 7.7*
1.0 ± 5.6*
0 ± 4.5*
63 ± 7
4.1 ± 6.0*
29 ± 4
PCT OF
CONC.
GUIDE

0.05
0.07

<0.01

0.5

<0.01
<0.01
<0.02
0.05
0.05
0.08
<0.01
<0.03
<0.01

<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.02
<0.01
<0.02
<0.01
<0.01
0.3
<0.02
0.1 (continue
          82

-------

                                    Mile 27 Streams
                                                        5555 Bering Sea =§========§
            r^ , ^  - —  Tr^a^^-»_%w^ w
                                                       Cannikin =^3:
            ^^^S Pacific Ocean ^^^^^^«
                                                                        Constantino Harbor
                                            Duck Cove Cr.
           3/82  Scale in Kilometers
                                            : Base Camp Area
         £ ^Surface Ground Zero

            Sampling Locations

                                                             5 Bering Sea 5g35S5£S£
                                          Constantino Harbor
               Infa
                 •M



                 Mason Lakeo
                Constamine Spring

             Clevanger Lak
                                                                      Sampling Locations
                                               [Pacific Ocean ^s
Figure E-l.   Amchitka  Island  and background  sampling locations for  the  LTHMP,

-------

SAMPLING LOCATION
 TABLE E-7.

COLLECTION
   DATE
   1984
                                         Continued
CONC. ± 2 SIGMA      PCT OF
    TRITIUM          CONC.
    (PCI/L)          GUIDE
NYALA, NV

  SHARP'S RANCH

OASIS VALLEY, NV

  GOSS SPRINGS


PAHRUMP, NV

  CALVADA WELL 3

TEMPIUTE, NV

  UNION CARBIDE WELL

TONOPAH, NV

  CITY WELL

WARM SPRINGS, NV
  10/04
  01/17
  08/07
  10/04
  10/03
  10/05
    18 ± 130*
   8.0 ± 4.5
   3.7 ± 4.6*
    36 ± 130*
    70 ± 130*
    18 ± 130*
<0.09
 0.04
<0.02
<0.2
<0.3
<0.09
TWIN SPRINGS RANCH
AMCHITKA, AK - BACKGROUND
ARMY WELL 1
ARMY WELL 2
ARMY WELL 3
ARMY WELL 4
CONSTANTINE SPRING
DUCK COVE CREEK
JONES LAKE
RAIN SAMPLE
10/04
SAMPLES
05/03
05/02
05/02
05/02
05/03
05/03
05/03
05/03
05/08
05/09
57 ± 130*
46 ± 5
26 ± 5
62 ± 5
59 ± 5
65 ± 5
29 ± 4
33 ± 5
35 ± 5
22 ± 5
31 ± 5
<0.3
0.2
0.1
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.2
(continued)
                                       84

-------
                     s5=Bering
                         oimy ^*™"^^~^— ~^—'. ^_=~^^- — ^^.^^IC

                           '     ^^L~^__^—^^^^^^  — — ^"^^-'•* ^J    J
 ) Surface Ground Zero
 Sampling Locations
Figure E-2.   LTHMP  sampling  locations  for Project Cannikin.
                                 85

-------
TABLE 1-7.  Continued
=============================
c
SAMPLING LOCATION ;
SITE D HYDRO EXPLOR HOLE
SITE E HYDRO EXPLOR HOLE
PROJECT CANNIKIN - AMCHITKA,
NORTH END CANNIKIN LAKE
SOUTH END CANNIKIN LAKE
DK-45 LAKE1"
ICE BOX LAKE
PIT S OF CANNIKIN GZ
WELL HTH-3
WHITE ALICE CREEK
STREAM EAST OF LONG SHOT*
PROJECT LONG SHOT - AMCHITKA,
EPA WELL-1
LONG SHOT POND 1
LONG SHOT POND 2
LONG SHOT POND 3
MUD PIT 1
MUD PIT 2
MUD PIT 3
REED POND
WELL GZ 1
WELL GZ 2

:====== = ====
iOLLECTION
DATE
1984
05/02
05/02
AK
05/02
05/02
05/03
05/02
05/02
05/02
05/02
05/05
AK
05/05
05/05
05/05
05/05
05/05
05/05
05/05
05/05
05/05
05/05

CONC. ± 2 SIGMA
TRITIUM
(PCI/L)
73 t 5
140 ± 6

40 ± 5
49 ± 5
42 ± 5
45 ± 5
18 ± 4
48 ± 5
38 ± 5
660 ± 11

5.6 ± 4.8*
23 ± 4
26 ± 4
56 ± 5
490 ± 9
580 ± 8
710 ± 9
59 ± 5
3200 ± 140
220 ± 6

PCT OF
CONC.
GUIDE
0.4
0.7

0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.09
0.2
0.2
3

<0.03
0.1
0.1
0.3
2
3
4
0.3
20
1
(continued)

-------
               Collapse
               Boundary.
                 &>
              Scale in Feet

            0      600    1200
           0      200     400
           I/an Scale in Meters
              Surface Ground Zero

              Sampling Locations
                                                               Long Shot
                                                               Pond #3
                                                              0       100

                                                              Scale in Meters
                                                       Surface Ground Zero

                                                       Sampling Locations
Figure E-3.  LTHMP sampling locations  for Projects  Milrow and Long Shot.

                                         87

-------
     TABLE  E-7.
================
Continued

SAMPLING LOCATION
WELL WL-1
WELL WL-2
PROJECT MILROW - AMCHITKA,
CLEVENGER CREEK
HEART LAKE
WELL W-2
WELL W-3
WELL W-4
WELL W-5
WELL W-6
WELL W-7
WELL W-8
WELL W-9
WELL W-10
WELL W-ll
WELL W-12
WELL W-13
WELL W-14
WELL W-15
WELL W-16
WELL W-17
WELL W-18
WELL W-19
COLLECTION
DATE
1984
05/05
05/05
AK
05/04
05/04
05/04
05/04
05/04
05/04
05/04
05/04
05/04
05/04
05/04
05/04
05/04
05/04
05/04
05/04
05/04
05/04
05/04
05/04
CONC. ± 2 SIGMA
TRITIUM
(PCI/L)
53 ± 5
710 ± 9

47 ± 5
23 ± 5
33 ± 4
32 ± 5
NC
22 ± 4
22 ± 5
17 ± 4
30 ± 4
NC
43 ± 4
110 ± 5
NC
54 ± 4
38 ± 4
20 ± 4
NC
27 ± 5
54 ± 5
NC
PCT OF
CONC.
GUIDE
0.3
4

0.2
0.1
0.2
0.2

0.1
0.1
0.09
0.1

0.2
0.5

0.3
0.2
0.1

0.1
0.3
(continued)

-------
                                        Fawn Cr. 500' Downstream
                                        IB-D-01
                                       SGZ
                                     Fawn Cr. 500' Upstream
                        Bio Blanco County
                        Garfield County
                                                               Ri° Blanco Countv
  0 Surface Ground Zero     D Water Well

     Artesian Well          A Spring

  O Windmill             • Stream
Figure E-4.   LTHMP  sampling locations  for  Project Rio Blanco.

                                      89

-------
                             TABLE E-7.  Continued
==========================================================:
COLLECTION
DATE
SAMPLING LOCATION , 1984
PROJECT RIO BLANCO - COLORADO
RIO BLANCO, CO
B-l EQUITY CAMP
BRENNAN WINDMILL
CER 1 BLACK SULPHUR
CER 4 BLACK SULPHUR
FAWN CREEK 1
FAWN CREEK 3
FAWN CREEK 6800FT UPSTR
FAWN CREEK 500FT UPSTR
FAWN CREEK 500FT DNSTR
FAWN CREEK 8400FT DNSTR
JOHNSON ARTESIAN WELL
WELL RB-D-01
PROJECT RULISON - COLORADO
GRAND VALLEY, CO
CITY SPRING
ALBERT GARDNER RANCH
RULISON, CO
LEE HAYWARD RANCH
POTTER RANCH
G. SCHWAB RANCH (R.SEARCY)
FELIX SEFCOVIC RANCH

06/22
06/22
06/22
06/22
06/22
06/22
06/22
06/22
06/22
06/22
06/22
06/22

06/20
06/21

06/21
06/21
06/21
06/21
CONC. ± 2 SIGMA
TRITIUM
(PCI/L)

100 ± 5
45 ± 4
78 ± 5
110 ± 5
51 ± 5
63 ± 5
69 ± 5
79 ± 5
74 ± 5
75 ± 4
-0.93 ± 4.2*
13 ± 4

3.3 ± 5.0*
200 ± 6

310 ± 7
160 ± 6
180 ± 6
240 ±7
PCT OF
CONC.
GUIDE

0.5
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
<0.01
0.07

<0.02
1

2
0.8
0.9
1 (continue*
                                       90

-------
N
                 Grand Valley
                 City Water
                             Rn.
         Grand Valley/t J
G- Schwab—PonefRn.   /
           ••»•      /


      ^fW/
        JlSefcovic Rn.
  iL. Hay ward Rn.
  """*!
     Scale in Miles
   Scale in Kilometers
  ) Surface Ground Zero

   Water Sampling Locations
3/81
«Settlement Creek
                                  £ER Test Well
                                   •Spring
                      Location Maps
Figure E-5.   LTHMP  sampling locations  for Project Rullson.

                                    91

-------
     i
                    A.C. Mills

                   G. KellyB I
       B. ChamblissB
           \T. Speights
                      Lowe
                      N
               Baxterville

            Well Ascot 2m
        Creek
  •alt Dome Timber Co.
   . Anderson
 B.R. Anderson I
,SGZ
  •R.L. Anderson'
W. Daniels Jr./ rfpurvis
                                                    Lumberton
            Scale in Miles
             5      10
      0
     3/85
5   10   15   20
 Scale in Kilometers
                                          >^^»
                                          Mississippi
        Surface Ground Zero
      • Water Sampling Stations
                                              La mar
                                              County
                                             Tatum Dome0SGZ
                                                "
                                       Location Maps
Figure E-6.   LTHMP sampling locations for Project  Dribble
                     towns and residences.
                                92

-------
TABLE E-7.  Continued
COLLECTION
DATE
SAMPLING LOCATION 1984
GRAND VALLEY, CO
BATTLEMENT CREEK
SPRING 300 YRDS NW OF G
CER TEST WELL
PROJECT DRIBBLE - MISSISSIPPI
BAXTERVILLE, MS
BAXTERVILLE CITY WELL
COLUMBIA, MS
CITY WELL 64B
LUMBERTON, MS
CITY WELL 2
PURVIS, MS
CITY SUPPLY
BAXTERVILLE, MS
HALF MOON CREEK
LOWER LITTLE CREEK
B R ANDERSON
H ANDERSON
R L ANDERSON
B CHAMBLISS
W DANIELS OR
G KELLY


06/20
06/20
06/20

04/17

04/17

04/16

04/16

04/16
04/17
04/16
04/16
04/16
04/16
04/16
04/16

CONC. ± 2 SIGMA
TRITIUM
(PCI/L)

120
130
110

63

10

2.4

-0.22

50
50
50
44
53
3.5
42
1.1


± 5
± 6
± 6

± 5

± 5

± 5.8*

± 5.0*

± 5
± 5
± 5
± 5
± 5
± 5.1*
± 5
± 4.8*

PCT OF
CONC.
GUIDE

0.6
0.6
0.6

0.3

0.05

<0.01

<0.01

0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.3
<0.02
0.2
<0.01
(continued)
         93

-------
                                                  V
                                                                           )
                                                            Half Moon Creek   1
                                                         ,__,Overflow
                                                    HMH-1 ^v             (
                                                            HMH-9
            Scale in Feet
            100   200
                       300
               50
           Scaln in Meters
                         100
       )Surface Ground Zero
        Water Sampling Locations
                                                                          I
                                                                          !v
                                                            [Mississippi /
          Lamar
          County
Tatum Dome^SGZ
                                                                Location Maps
Figure  E-7.   LTHMP  sampling locations  for  Project  Dribble  -

                                         94
            near GZ.

-------

SAMPLING LOCATION
M LOWE
A C MILLS
R MILLS
R READY
T SPEIGHTS
WELL ASCOT 2
HALF MOON CREEK OVRFLW
WELL E-7
WELL HM-1
WELL HM-2A
WELL HM-2B
WELL HM-3
WELL HMH-1
WELL HMH-2
WELL HMH-3
WELL HMH-4
WELL HMH-5
WELL HMH-6
WELL HMH-7
WELL HMH-8
WELL HMH-9
WELL HMH-10
WELL HMH-1 1
TABLE E-7
COLLECTION
DATE
1984
04/16
04/16
04/16
04/16
04/17
04/18
04/16
04/17
04/16
04/16
04/16
04/16
04/16
04/16
04/16
04/16
04/16
04/16
04/16
04/16
04/16
04/16
04/16
. Continued
CONC. ± 2 SIGMA
TRITIUM
(PCI/L)
39 ± 5
0.74 ± 4.9*
39 ± 5
90 ± 5
74 ± 5
15 ± 5
280 ± 7
9.0 ± 4.4
1.3 ± 4.9*
4.5 ± 4.9*
1.1 ± 4.8*
1.1 ± 5.6*
5800 ± 170
1800 ± 130
110 ± 6
32 ± 5
2600 ± 140
610 ± 9
290 ± 7
30 ± 5
28 ± 5
26 ± 6
820 ± 120

S53S5SS5SSS13S»3wSSSS3«
PCT OF
CONC.
GUIDE
0.2
<0.01
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.07
1
0.04
<0.01
<0.02
<0.01
<0.01
30
9
0.5
0.2
10
3
1
0.2
0.1
0.1
4 (continued)
95

-------
                                               '•.   ,   REECO Pit - C
                                                 '•. I   /  REECO Pit - B
                                                   '..'^ I  I REECO Pit - A
                                                             	Moon" Creek
                                                             Overflow ^«
                                                 •Well    _
                                        Well E-7«Well HT-4  j
J           *    *     *

     f    —-:     /
     '-^.       \   .'
       X        '•->• Grantham
      •           • *•-"••—».._«
ur.A   I         .*
                                                                                    ,&,
                     Scale in Feel
                  40O 800 1200 16O02000
               0  100 200 300 400 500 60
              3/83  Scale in Meiers
                )Surface Ground Zero
                 Water Sampling Locations
                                                  */
                                                                  Location Maps
Figure E-8.   LTHMP  sampling locations  for Project Dribble  -  near salt  dome.

                                               96

-------
                                                SGZ
                                                        HTH 2
                                                      jlHTH 1
                                                      I
                                                       I

                     Hot Creek  \
                       Ranch
Six Mid!
                                         I Jim Bias Well
                                         (Blue Jay Springs)
N
  )Surface Ground Zero
   Water Sampling Locations
                                                    I Blue Jay
                                                     Mamt Sta
                                                                INye
                                                                County
                                                         Location Maps
 Figure  E-9.   LTHMP  sampling locations  for  Project  Faultless.

                                  97

-------
TABLE E-7.  Continued

c
SAMPLING LOCATION
BAXTERVILLE, MS
WELL HM-L
WELL HM-L 2
WELL HM-S
HT-2C
WELL HT-4
WELL HT-5
POND WEST OF GZ
REECO PIT DRAINAGE-A
REECO PIT DRAINAGE-B .
REECO PIT DRAINAGE-C
SALT DOME TIMBER CO
PROJECT FAULTLESS - NEVADA
BLUE JAY, NV
BIAS WELL
HOT CREEK RANCH SPRING
MAINTENANCE STATION
SIX MILE WELL
HTH-1 WELL
HTH-2 WELL
PROJECT SHOAL - NEVADA
FRENCHMAN STATION, NV
HUNTS STATION
FLOWING WELL
IOLLECTION
DATE
1984
04/16
04/16
04/16
04/17
04/17
04/17
04/16
04/16
04/16
04/16
04/16


07/23
07/25
07/24
07/25
07/25
07/25


02/22
02/22
CONC. ± 2 SIGMA
TRITIUM
(PCI/L)
1400 ± 130
2.1 ± 5.1*
18000 ± 270
32 ± 5
8.7 ± 4.4
5.4 ± 4.9*
27 ± 5
38 ± 5
800 ± 10
510 ± 9
47 ± 5


-4.1 ± 5.0*
3.2 ± 5.6*
-9.2 ± 4.7*
NC
1.1 ± 5.6*
-2.2 ± 5.5*


-1.7 ± 8.5*
0 ± 8.7*
PCT OF
CONC.
GUIDE
7
<0.01
90
0.2
0.04
<0.03
0.1
0.2
4
3
0.2


<0.01
<0.02
<0.01

<0.01
<0.01


<0.01
<0.01 (contlni
         98

-------
                 Churchill County
                  Mineral County
             Ground Zero
       Water Sampling Locations
                                                        Location Maps
Figure E-10.   LTHMP sampling  locations  for  Project Shoal
                                 99

-------
                                     SGZ
                    • Cave Spring


                 I Arnold Rn.
  N
      Scale in Kilometers
   0               8
   0               5
  3/81  Scale in Miles
    I Surface Ground Zero

     Water Sampling Locations
                                        Lower Burro Canyon
New Mexico
                                                  Rio Arriba County
                                            Location Maps
Figure  E-ll.   LTHMP  sampling  locations for Project  Gasbuggy,

                                  100

-------
                             TABLE E-7.  Continued

SAMPLING LOCATION
FRENCHMAN STATION
WELL H-3
WELL HS-1
COLLECTION
DATE
1984
02/22
02/22
02/23
CONC. ± 2 SIGMA
TRITIUM
(PCI/L)
-10 ± 8*
NC
-11 ± 8*
PCT OF
CONC.
GUIDE
<0.01

<0.01
PROJECT GASBUGGY - NEW MEXICO
GOBERNADOR, NM
ARNOLD RANCH
BIXLER RANCH
BUBBLING SPRINGS
CAVE SPRINGS
LA JARA CREEK
LOWER BURRO CANYON
WELL 28.3.33.233 SOUTH
WELL 30.3.32.343 NORTH
JICARILLA WELL 1
WINDMILL 2
EPNG WELL 10-36
PROJECT GNOME - NEW MEXICO

06/06
06/06
06/06
06/07
06/07
06/06
06/07
06/07
06/06
06/07
06/07


5.4 ± 4.6*
13 ± 4
84 ± 5
68 ± 5
64 ± 5
NA
NC
NC
11 ± 4
NC
400 ± 8


<0.03
0.06
0.4
0.3
0.3



0.05

2

CARLSBAD, NM
  CARLSBAD CITY WELL 7      05/31
LOVING, NM
  CITY WATER WELL 2         05/31
8.5 ± 3.9
7.1 ± 4.2
0.04

0.04
(continued)
                                     101

-------
          Carlsbad
 Carlsbad City Well til
     Loving City Well #2
 N
                                          PHS weii ttam
                                           PHS Well #10
                                             Pecos River
                                             Pumping Station Well #1
       Scale in Miles
  0        5       10
 3/81
            10    15
    Scale in Kilometers
fWSurface Ground Zero

 A On-Site Water Sampling Locations
 B Off-Site Water Sampling Locations
                                          New Mexico
         SGZ0I
       "Eddy County

Location Maps
Figure E-12.   LTHMP  sampling stations  for  Project  Gnome.

                                 102

-------
                             TABLE 1-7.  Continued
aasasssaaasaaaasaasasaasajsaaaassaasssaaaaaaaaaaaaaasaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
SAMPLING LOCATION
COLLECTION     CONC. ± 2 SIGMA      PCT OF
   DATE            TRITIUM          CONC.
   1984            (PCI/L)          GUIDE
 MALAGA, NM
   PECOS PUMPING STATION     05/31
   PHS WELL 6                06/02
   PHS WELL 8                06/02
   PHS WELL 9                06/02
   PHS WELL 10               06/02
   USGS WELL 1               06/01
   USGS WELL 4               06/01
   USGS WELL 8s              06/01
   WELL LRL-7*               06/02
                 1.3 ± 4.6*
                  80 ± 5
                  19 ± 4
                 2.4 ± 4.4*
                  18 ± 4
                 2.9 ± 4.5*
              280000 ± 960
              200000 ± 810
               18000 ± 260
                <0.01
                 0.4
                 0.09
                <0.01
                 0.09
                <0.01
                 1000
                 1000
                 90
sssssaaaasaaaaaaaasaassassssaasaaasaaaaassasaaaaaaaaaaaaasaaaaaaaaaasaaaaaaaaa
                      ANALYSIS
           RESULT
2 SIGMA
UNITS
FOOTNOTES
 tDK-45 LAKE
 4-STR. E. LONG SHOT
 §USGS WELL 8
 IWELL LRL-7
NC - No sample collected - pump out/gate locked/dry well,  etc.
 * CONCENTRATION IS LESS THAN THE MINIMUM DETECTABLE CONCENTRATION (MDC)
238PU
239PU
238PU
239PU
137CS
137CS
0.066
0.024
-0.0048
0
95
210
0.059*
0.035*
0.023*
11
16
pC1/M3
pCi/M3
PC1/L
pCi/L
pC1/L
pC1/L
                                      103

-------
TABLE E-8.  SUMMARY OF ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR THE MILK SURVEILLANCE
                           NETWORK - 1984
SAMPLING
LOCATION
BISHOP, CA
WHITE MOUNTAIN RANCH

HINKLEY, CA
BILL NELSON DAIRY

RIDGECREST, CA
CEDARSAGE FARM

KEOUGH HOT SPGS, CA
YR I BARREN RANCH
ADAVEN, NV
UHALDE RANCH

ALAMO, NV
WHIPPLE RANCH

RACHEL, NV
FALL IS RANCH

RACHEL, NV
JAMES MOODY

AUSTIN, NV
YOUNG'S RANCH

CURRANT, NV
BLUE EAGLE RANCH

CURRANT, NV
MANZONIE RANCH

SAMPLE
TYPE
13


12


10


13

13


13


10


13


13


13


13


NO. OF
SAMPLES
2
2
2
5
2
4
5
3
3
2
2
1
1
1
3
1
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
5
5
3
2
3
:=========
RADIO-
NUCLIDE
3H
89SR
90SR
3H
89SR
90SR
3H
89SR
90SR
3H
90SR
3H
89SR
90SR
3H
89SR
90SR
3H
89SR
90SR
3H
89SR
90SR
3H
89SR
90SR
3H
89SR
90SR
3H
89SR
90SR
RADIOACTIVITY CONC.
(PCI/L)
MAX
200
-1.5
3.1
210
0.097
2.8
170
2.2
2.9
50
-0.48
39
1.8
-1.9
120
2.0
-1.8
320
-2.7
3.2
160
1.6
0.14
260
2.1
5.1
220
1.8
5.6
280
1.2
0.69
MIN
49
-10
1.4
-12
-3.6
-0.57
3.8
-3.0
-0.74
8.7
-6.4
39
1.8
-1.9
21
2.0
-1.8
-160
-2.7
-1.9
130
0.0090
-0.13
160
-1.8
-1.5
-74
-7.4
-0.84
26
-0.69
-3.0
AVG
130
-5.8
2.2
85
-1.7
1.3
73
-0.67
1.1
29
-3.4
39
1.8
-1.9
81
2.0
-1.8
81
-2.7
0.66
140
0.80
0.0035
220
0.44
1.2
39
-1.0
1.4
190
0.23
-1.3
(continued)
                                104

-------
TABLE E-8.  Continued

                            RADIOACTIVITY CONC.
                                  (PCI/L)
onnruinva
LOCATION
DYER, NV
ROTHROCK RANCH

60LDFIELD, NV
FRAYNE RANCH

LAS VEGAS, NV
LOS DAIRY FARMS

LATHROP WELLS, NV
LOGANDALE, NV
KNUDSEN DAIRY

LUND, NV
MCKENZIE DAIRY

MCGILL, NV
LARSEN RANCH

MESQUITE, NV
SF AND K DAIRY

MOAPA, NV
DECADE CORP

NYALA, NV
SHARP'S RANCH

CALIENTE, NV
JUNE COX RANCH

ROUND MT, NV
BERG'S RANCH

onriruu
TYPE
13


10


12


10
12


12


13


12

12


13


13


13

nu • ur
SAMPLES
2
1
1
2
1
1
5
4
4
1
5
2
3
5
3
3
3
1
2
5
3
3
5
2
3
2
1
1
5
2
3
1
1
NUCLIDE
3H
89SR
90SR
3H
89SR
90SR
3H
89SR
90SR
3H
3H
89SR
90SR
3H
89SR
90SR
3H
89SR
90SR
3H
89SR
90SR
3H
89SR
90SR
3H
89SR
90SR
3H
89SR
90SR
89SR
90SR
MAX
250
-5.5
4.5
220
-3.4
2.6
350
2.0
0.63
180
120
1.6
1.8
200
2.2
0.50
310
-1.1
1.4
170
3.0
0.23
350
-1.8
1.6
320
-1.0
1.5
350
3.0
0.64
0.55
2.8
MIN
69
-5.5
4.5
120
-3.4
2.6
11
-2.1
-0.19
180
-49
-1.6
-1.4
-150
0.23
-1.1
11
-1.1
-4.4
1.0
0.79
-2.1
-45
-4.2
-4.5
84
-1.0
1.5
-60
0.89
-0.18
0.55
2.8
AVG
160
-5.5
4.5
170
-3.4
2.6
160
0.87
0.27
180
43
0.020
0.16
47
1.0
-0.47
160
-1.1
-1.5
83
2.2
-0.84
110
-3.0
-0.63
200
-1.0
1.5
180
2.0
0.25
0.55
2.8
(continued)
         105

-------
                           TABLE  E-8.   Continued

                                                       RADIOACTIVITY CONC.
                                                              (PCI/L)
vjni'ir L. i iiu
LOCATION
SHOSHONE, NV
HARBECKE RANCH
WARM SPRINGS, NV
TWIN SPRINGS RANCH
CEDAR CITY, UT
WESTERN GEN DAIRIES
ST GEORGE, UT
GENTRY DAIRY
ST GEORGE, UT
DROUBAY DAIRY
offriri-c.
TYPE
13
13
12
12
12
lew • \JI
SAMPLES
3
5
5
3
2
2
4
2
3
1
1
4
1
3
rsnuiu-
NUCLIDE
3H
89SR
90SR
3H
89SR
90SR
3H
89SR
90SR
89SR
90SR
3H
89SR
90SR
MAX
230
0.94
5.7
130
0.19
4.5
71
0.86
1.2
-2.5
1.6
170
-0.62
1.4
MIN
160
-16
0.69
-140
-2.8
2.0
-51
-0.39
-4.3
-2.5
1.6
2.5
-0.62
-4.7
AVG
180
-4.7
3.3
-12
-1.3
3.2
4.1
0.24
-0.91
-2.5
1.6
85
-0.62
-0.84
:=============================================================================
                                    106

-------
      TABLE E-9.  ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR THE  STANDBY MILK SURVEILLANCE
                               NETWORK  - 1984
                                                      CONC. ±  2 SIGMA
OUL.I.I-U 1 1UIH
DATE
SAMPLING LOCATION 1984
GAMMA
KINGMAN, AZ
CANYON FARMS
TUCSON, AZ
SHAMROCK DAIRY, PIMA CO
BAKERSFIELD, CA
CARNATION DAIRY
SANTA ROSA, CA
GLEN OAKS FARM
WILLOWS, CA
FOREMOST FOODS COMPANY
PUEBLO, CO
HYDE PARK DAIRY CO.
FLENSBURG, MN
FLENSBURG CO-OP CMRY
ATOKA, OK
89SR
(PCI/L)
90SR
(PCI/L)
SPECTRAL AND STRONTIUM ANALYSES**
07/23
07/23
07/23
07/23
07/23
07/09
05/22
07/10
2.3 ± 2.1*
-0.49 ± 2.1*
1.8 ± 2.1*
-2.7 ± 1.7*
1.4 ± 1.9*
-0.69 ± 1.7*
NA
NA
0.0022 ±
0.99 ±
-0.69 ±
2.0 ±
-0.59 ±
-0.17 ±
NA
NA
2.2*
2.2*
2.2*
1.8*
2.0*
1.8*


MUNGLE DAIRY
                                    107
                                                                (continued)

-------
                           TABLE E-9.  Continued
COLLECTION
•. DATE
SAMPLING LOCATION 1984
COLLECTION
DATE
SAMPLING LOCATION 1984
GAMMA SPECTRAL ANALYSES ONLY**
PIMA, AZ
SMITH HUNT DAIRY
TAYLOR, AZ
SUNRISE DAIRY
TEMPE, AZ
UNITED DAIRYMEN OF AZ
YUMA, AZ
GOLDEN WEST DAIRY
FAYETTEVILLE, AR
UNIVERSITY OF AR
LITTLE ROCK, AR
BORDENS
PARAGOULD, AR
FOREMOST FOODS INC
RUSSELLVILLE, AR
ARKANSAS TECH UNIV
HELENDALE, CA
OSTERKAMP DAIRY NO 2
CHINO, CA
CALIF INST FOR MEN
FERNBRIDGE, CA
HUMBOLDT CREAMERY
HOLTVILLE, CA
SCHAFFNERSON DAIRY
LEMON GROVE, CA
MILLER DAIRY
MANTECA, CA
07/23
07/23
07/23
07/24
06/25
06/25
06/26
06/26
07/23
07/24
03/05
07/23
07/23
08/23
07/23
OXNARD, CA
CHASE BROS DAIRY
PALO ALTO, CA
PENINSULA CREAMERY
REDDING, CA
MCCOLL'S DAIRY PROD
SAN LUIS OBISPO, CA
CAL STATE POLY
SAUGUS, CA
WAYSIDE HONOR RANCH
SMITH RIVER CA
COUNTRY MAID DAIRY
SOLEDAD, CA
CTF DAIRY
TRACY, CA
DEUEL VOC INST
WEED CA
MEDO-BEL CREAMERY
COLORADO SPGS, CO
SINTON DAIRY CO
DELTA, CO
ARDEN MEADOW GOLD DAIRY
FT COLLINS, CO
POUDRE VALLEY DAIRY
GRAND JCT, CO
COLORADO WEST DAIRIES
BOISE, ID
07/23
03/05
07/23
07/23
07/23
07/23
07/23
07/23
08/28
09/05
07/09
07/11
07/09
07/09
08/13
DEJAGER DAIRY NO 2 NORTH
MEADOW GOLD DAIRIES
                                    108

-------
                             TABLE E-9.  Continued
3333333383333333333383333333333333333333333333333333333383333333333333=33333333
COLLECTION
DATE
SAMPLING LOCATION 1984
COLLECTION
DATE
SAMPLING LOCATION 1984
GAMMA SPECTRAL ANALYSES ONLY**
TWIN FALLS, ID
YOUNGS DAIRY
CALDWELL, ID
OCA RECEIVING STA
IDAHO FALLS, ID
WESTERN GENERAL DAIRY
LEWISTON, ID
GOLDEN GRAIN DAIRY PROD
POCATELLO, ID
ROWLAND'S DAIRY
DAVENPORT, I A
SWISS VALLEY FARMS CO
KIMBALLTON, IA
AMP I RECEIVING STA
LAKE MILLS, IA
LAKE MILLS COOP CRMY
LEMARS, I A
WELLS DAIRY
GARDEN CITY, KS
MYERS MILK PROD
ELLIS, KS
MID-AMERICA DAIRY
TOPEKA, KS
THE DAIRY CO
BATON ROUGE, LA
LA STATE UN IV
HAMMOND, LA
08/13
08/13
08/13
08/13
08/13
02/29
03/02
02/29
02/29
02/29
06/04
06/04
06/04
06/25
06/27
LAFAYETTE, LA
UNIV SOUTHWESTERN LA
RUSTON, LA
TECH UNIV DAIRY
DALTON, MN
DALTON CO-OP CREAMERY
FLENSBURG, MN+
FLENSBURG CO-OP CMRY
FOSSTON, MN
LAND 0' LAKES INC
NICOLLET, MN
WALTER SCHULTZ FARM
ROCHESTER, MN
ASSC MILK PRODUCERS
AURORA, MO
MID-AMERICA DIARY INC
CHILLICOTHE, MO
MID-AMERICA DAIRYMEN
JACKSON, MO
MID-AMERICA DAIRYMEN INC
JEFFERSON CITY, MO
CENTRAL DAIRY CO
BOZEMAN, MT
DARIGOLD FARMS
GREAT FALLS, MT
MEADOW GOLD DAIRY
HAVRE, MT
* • • «v • MVMII r* • 4> n \r
06/25
06/25
05/23
05/22
05/21
05/16
05/21
06/04
06/05
06/04
06/05
07/09
08/24
08/22
 SOUTHEASTERN LA COLLEGE
VITA-RICH DAIRY
                                      109

-------
                           TABLE E-9.  Continued

COLLECTION
DATE
SAMPLING LOCATION 1984
COLLECTION
DATE
SAMPLING LOCATION 1984
GAMMA SPECTRAL ANALYSES ONLY**
KALISPELL, MT
EQUITY SUPPLY CO
NORTH PLATTE, NE
MID-AMERICA DAIRYMEN
FALLON, NV
CREAMLAND DAIRY
LAS VEGAS, NV
ANDERSON DAIRY
ALBUQUERQUE, NM
BORDEN'S VALLEY GOLD
LA PLATA, NM
ROTHLISBERGER DAIRY
BISMARCK, ND
BRIDGEMENS CREAMERY
DEVILS LAKE, ND
LAKE VIEW DAIRY
FARGO, ND
CASSCLAY CREAMERY
GRAND FORKS, ND
MINNESOTA DAIRY
JAMESTOWN, ND
COUNTRY BOY DAIRY
WILLISTON, ND
PETERSONS CREAMERY
ATOKA, OK*
MUNGLE DAIRY
CLAREMORE, OK
07/06
06/04
07/23
07/23
07/09
07/12
07/23
07/18
07/19
07/18
07/18
07/17
07/10
07/09
MCALESTER, OK
OKLA ST PENITENTIARY
STILLWATER, OK
OSU DAIRY
CORVALLIS, OR
SUNNY BROOK DAIRY
EUGENE, OR
ECHO SPRINGS DAIRY
GRANTS PASS, OR
VALLEY OF ROGUE DAIRY
KLAMATH FALLS, OR
NEDO BEL CREAMERY
MEDFORD, OR
DAIRYGOLD FARMS
MYRTLE POINT, OR
SAFEWAY STORES INC
PORTLAND, OR
DARIGOLD FARMS
REDMOND, OR
EBERHARD'S CREAMERY INC
TILLAMOOK, OR
TILLAMOOK CO CRMY
MITCHELL, SD
CULHANES DAIRY
SIOUX FALLS, SD
TERRACE PARK DAIRY
VOLGA, SD
07/09
07/09
08/14
08/13
08/13
08/24
08/13
08/13
08/13
08/11
08/14
07/09
07/09
07/09
SWAN BROS DAIRY
LAND O1LAKES INC
                                    110

-------
                             TABLE  E-9.   Continued
                        COLLECTION                                  COLLECTION
                           DATE                                        DATE
SAMPLING LOCATION          1984              SAMPLING  LOCATION          1984


                         GAMMA SPECTRAL ANALYSES ONLY**

BEAVER, UT                  07/09            MOSES LAKE, WA              08/13
  CACHE VALLEY DAIRY                          SAFEWAY STORES INC.

PROVO, UT                   07/16            SPOKANE,  WA                 08/13
  BYU DAIRY PRODUCTS LAB                      CONSOLIDATED DAIRY

CEDAR CITY, UT              07/09            POWELL, WY                  07/09
  WESTERN GEN DAIRIES                         CREAM OF THE VALLEY DAIRY

SMITHFIELD, UT              07/10            RIVERTON, WY                07/09
  CACHE VALLEY DAIRY                          ALBERTSON'S PLANT

====3sss=3ss=:B=ss = === === = ========== = =============•==•========= ====================
 * CONCENTRATION IS LESS THAN THE MINIMUM DETECTABLE  CONCENTRATION (MDC).
** POTASSIUM-40 WAS THE ONLY GAMMA-EMITTER DETECTED EXCEPT FOR THE RESULTS
   BELOW:

             ANALYSIS   RESULT   2SIGMA   UNITS

 +             137CS      11        7     PCI/L
 *             137CS       3.2      1.8   PCI/L
                                      111

-------
TABLE E-10.  SUMMARY OF RADIATION  DOSE  EQUIVALENTS FROM TLD DATA - 1984
   = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =: = = = = = = = = = = =; = = = =: = = = = = =: = = = = = = = =: = = = - =
                                                                   ADJUSTED
                                         DOSE EQUIVALENT RATE       DOSE
                   MEASUREMENT PERIOD          (MREM/D)          EQUIVALENT
o i r\ i ivjii
LOCATION
ADAVEN, NV
ALAMO, NV
AMERICAN BORATE, NV
AUSTIN, NV
BAKER, CA
BARSTOW, CA
BEATTY, NV
BISHOP, CA
BLUE EAGLE RANCH, NV
BLUE JAY, NV
CACTUS SPRINGS, NV
CALIENTE, NV
CARP, NV
CASEY'S RANCH, NV
CEDAR CITY, UT
CLARK STATION, NV
COALDALE, NV
COMPLEX 1, NV
CORN CREEK, NV
COYOTE SUMMIT, NV
CRYSTAL, NV
CURRANT, NY
DEATH VALLEY JCT, CA
DIABLO MAINT. STA., NV
DUCKWATER, NV
ELGIN, NV
ELY, NV
ENTERPRISE, UT
EUREKA, NV
FURNACE CREEK, CA
GABBS, NV
GARRISON, UT
GEYSER RANCH, NV
GOLDFIELD, NV
GROOM LAKE-NTS, NV
HANCOCK SUMMIT, NV
HIKO, NV
HOT CK RNCH, NV
INDEPENDENCE, CA
INDIAN SPRINGS, NV
KIRKEBY RANCH, NV
KOYNES RANCH, NV
LAS VEGAS, NV (AIRPT)

ISSUE
01/06/84
01/06/84
01/04/84
01/05/84
01/03/84
01/03/84
01/04/84
01/04/84
01/05/84
01/05/84
01/03/84
01/09/84
04/04/84
01/04/84
01/05/84
01/05/84
01/04/84
01/06/84
01/03/84
01/03/84
01/04/84
01/03/84
01/06/84
01/04/84
01/03/84
01/09/84
01/04/84
01/05/84
01/05/84
01/06/84
01/04/84
01/04/84
01/04/84
01/03/84
01/03/84
01/03/84
01/10/84
01/05/84
01/04/84
01/03/84
01/04/84
01/04/84
01/03/84
COLLECT
01/09/85
01/09/85
01/10/85
01/17/85
01/07/85
01/07/85
01/07/85
01/08/85
01/08/85
01/15/85
01/07/85
01/10/85
01/10/85
01/15/85
01/08/85
01/16/85
01/16/85
01/09/85
01/07/85
01/15/85
01/07/85 -
01/08/85
01/10/85
01/16/85
01/08/85
01/10/85
01/08/85
01/09/85
01/17/85
01/10/85
01/16/85
01/07/85
01/07/85
01/15/85
01/15/85
01/15/85
01/09/85
01/21/85
01/08/85
01/07/85
01/07/85
01/15/85
01/02/85
MAX.
0.32
0.23
0.27
0.34
0.23
0.28
0.32
0.27
0.19
0.32
0.16
0.29
0.28
0.21
0.21
0.30
0.28
0.32
0.12
0.32
0.19
0.28
0.20
0.34
0.27
0.33
0.23
0.33
0.29
0.18
0.20
0.20
0.28
0.25
0.19
0.39
0.20
0.24
0.25
0.14
0.22
0.27
0.14
MIN.
0.29
0.21
0.24
0.32
0.19
0.24
0.26
0.23
0.16
0.28
0.14
0.26
0.24
0.17
0.17
0.27
0.24
0.28
0.11
0.27
0.16
0.24
0.16
0.27
0.22
0.28
0.20
0.27
0.26
0.14
0.18
0.18
0.24
0.23
0.15
0.32
0.19
0.19
0.21
0.12
0.19
0.19
0.12
AVG.
0.31
0.23
0.25
0.33
0.21
0.26
0.29
0.26
0.18
0.30
0.15
0.27
0.26
0.19
0.19
0.29
0.27
0.31
0.12
0.30
0.18
0.27
0.18
0.32
0.26
0.31
0.22
0.30
0.28
0.16
0.19
0.19
0.26
0.24
0.18
0.37
0.19
0.23
0.23
0.13
0.21
0.24
0.13
(MREM/Y)
112
82
91
119
76
94
104
93
64
110
55
100
95
69
68
104
97
111
42
111
66
97
66
115
93
112
80
110
101
58
68
70
95
87
64
133
69
82
82
48
74
86
48
(continued)
                                  112

-------
TABLE E-10.  Continued
sssassassassssssasasss
STATION
LOCATION
LAS VEGAS, NV (PLACAK)
LAS VEGAS, NV (UNLV)
LAS VEGAS, NV (USD I)
LATHROP WELLS, NV
LAVADA'S MARKET, NV
LIDA, NV
LONE PINE, CA
LUND, NV
MAMMOTH MOUNTAIN, CA
MANHATTAN, NV
MESQUITE, NV
MINA, NV
MOAPA, NV
NYALA, NV
OLANCHA, CA
OVERTON, NV
PAHRUMP, NV
PENOYER FARMS, NV
PINE CREEK RANCH, NV
PIOCHE, NV
QUEEN CITY SMT, NV
RACHEL, NV
REED RANCH, NV
RIDGECREST, CA
ROUND MT, NV
S. DESERT COR CENTR.NV
SALT LAKE CITY, UT
SCOTTY'S JCT, NV
SHERI'S RANCH, NV
SHOSHONE, CA
SPRINGDALE, NV
ST. GEORGE, UT
STONE CABIN RANCH, NV
SUNNYSIDE, NV
TEMPIUTE, NV
TIKABOO VALLEY, NV
TONOPAH TEST RNG, NV
TONOPAH, NV
TWIN SPRGS RNCH, NV
USECOLOGY, NV
VALLEY CREST, CA
WARM SPRINGS, NV
YOUNG'S RANCH, NV
MEASUREMENT PERIOD
ISSUE
01/03/84
01/03/84
01/03/84
01/03/84
01/04/84
01/03/84
01/04/84
01/03/84
01/05/84
01/05/84
01/04/84
01/04/84
01/03/84
01/04/84
01/04/84
01/04/84
01/04/84
01/04/84
01/06/84
01/09/84
01/04/84
01/04/84
01/04/84
01/04/84
01/05/84
01/03/84
01/04/84
01/03/84
01/10/84
01/06/84
01/03/84
01/04/84
01/05/84
01/03/84
01/03/84
01/03/84
01/04/84
01/04/84
01/04/84
01/03/84
01/06/84
01/05/84
01/05/84
COLLECT
01/02/85
01/02/85
01/02/85
01/07/85
01/09/85
01/15/85
01/08/85
01/10/85
01/09/85
01/17/85
01/07/85
01/16/85
01/07/85
01/16/85
01/08/85
01/07/85
01/07/85
01/16/85
01/10/85
01/09/85
01/15/85
01/15/85
01/15/85
01/07/85
01/17/85
01/07/85
01/04/85
01/15/85
01/11/85
01/11/85
01/08/85
01/07/85
01/15/85
01/09/85
01/15/85
01/15/85
01/16/85
01/15/85
01/16/85
01/07/85
01/10/85
01/16/85
01/17/85
DOSE EQUIVALENT RATE
(MREM/D)
MAX.
0.14
0.12
0.17
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.24
0.24
0.35
0.35
0.18
0.27
0.20
0.23
0.26
0.17
0.14
0.31
0.34
0.21
0.35
0.29
0.30
0.23
0.31
0.14
0.24
0.29
0.25
0.20
0.30
0.18
0.30
0.16
0.29
0.29
0.28
0.32
0.30
0.30
0.15
0.32
0.25
MIN.
0.12
0.10
0.14
0.22
0.20
0.24
0.20
0.20
0.22
0.32
0.13
0.23
0.14
0.18
0.22
0.12
0.00
0.26
0.30
0.20
0.30
0.25
0.25
0.20
0.29
0.13
0.18
0.26
0.21
0.16
0.26
0.12
0.24
0.14
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.29
0.26
0.27
0.13
0.28
0.23
AVG.
0.13
0.11
0.16
0.23
0.22
0.25
0.22
0.22
0.27
0.33
0.16
0.25
0.17
0.21
0.24
0.14
0.10
0.29
0.32
0.21
0.33
0.28
0.28
0.21
0.30
0.13
0.21
0.27
0.23
0.18
0.28
0.15
0.28
0.15
0.28
0.27
0.27
0.31
0.28
0.28
0.14
0.31
0.24
ADJUSTED
DOSE
EQUIVALENT
(MREM/Y)
48
41
57
85
81
90
80
81
97
121
57
92
62
77
87
52
35
105
117
75
121
101
103
76
109
47
77
100
85
66
102
53
101
56
102
100
97
111
104
103
51
112
87
         113

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TABLE E-ll. SUMMARY (
RES-
I- BACKGROUND
DENT STATION
NO. LOCATION '
2
3
6
7
8
9
10
11
13
14
15
18
19
21
22
24
25
27
28
29
30
33
CALIENTE, NV
BLUE JAY, NV
INDIAN SPRINGS, NV
GOLDFIELD, NV
TWIN SPRINGS RANCH, NV
BLUE EAGLE RANCH, NV
COYOTE SUMMIT, NV
COYOTE SUMMIT, NV
KOYNES RANCH, NV
TIKABOO VALLEY, NV
TIKABOO VALLEY, NV
NYALA, NV
GOLDFIELD, NV
BEATTY, NV
ALAMO, NV
LAS VEGAS, NV (USD I)
CORN CREEK, NV
PAHRUMP, NV
HOT CREEK RANCH, NV
STONE CABIN RANCH, NV
RACHEL, NV
LATHROP WELLS, NV
DF RADIATION DOSES FOR OFFSITE R
DOSE EQUIV
MEASUREMENT PERIOD (MREy
ISSUE
01/09/84
04/12/84
01/03/83
01/03/84
01/04/84
01/05/84
01/06/84
01/06/84
01/04/84
01/03/84
01/03/84
01/04/84
01/03/84
01/04/84
01/06/84
01/03/84
01/03/84
01/04/84
01/05/84
01/05/84
01/03/84
01/04/84
COLLECT
01/10/85
06/29/84
01/08/85
01/15/85
01/16/85
01/08/85
01/09/85
01/09/85
01/15/85
01/15/85
01/15/85
01/16/85
01/15/85
01/08/85
01/09/85
01/04/85
01/02/85
06/27/84
01/15/85
01/15/85
01/21/85
01/09/85
MAX.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
30
28
17
23
29
17
30
30
19
23
23
21
25
25
18
15
15
19
28
28
25
22
RESIDENTS - 1984
'ALENT RATE NET
I/D) EXPOSURE
MIN.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
26
28
15
16
27
16
28
29
17
21
22
18
19
22
18
13
14
17
26
25
25
17
AVG.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
29
28
16
20
28
17
29
29
18
23
22
19
21
24
18
14
15
18
26
27
25
20
(MREM)
0.
0.
2.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
b.
0.
0.
0.
0.
2.
7.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
5
0
0
0
0
                            (continued)
114

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RES-
I-   BACKGROUND
        TABLE  E-ll.   Continued
:=========================================================

                            DOSE  EQUIVALENT  RATE     NET
       MEASUREMENT PERIOD         (MREM/D)          EXPOSURE
UC.FI
NO.
34
35
36
37
38
40
41
42
44
45
47
49
50
51
52
54
55
56
57
59
60
i o mi iun
LOCATION
FURNACE CREEK, CA
DEATH VALLEY JCT., CA
PAHRUMP, NV
INDIAN SPRINGS, NV
BEATTY, NV
GOLDFIELD, NV
AUSTIN, NV
TONOPAH, NV
CEDAR CITY, UT
ST. GEORGE, UT
ELY, NV
LAS VEGAS, NV (UNLV)
HOT CREEK RANCH, NV
TONOPAH, NV
SALT LAKE CITY, UT
RACHEL, NV
RACHEL, NV
CORN CREEK STATION, NV
OVERTON, NV
CEDAR CITY, UT
SHOSHONE, CA
ISSUE
01/06/84
01/06/84
01/03/84
01/03/84
01/04/84
01/03/84
01/05/84
01/04/84
01/05/84
01/04/84
01/04/84
01/03/84
01/05/84
01/04/84
01/06/84
01/04/84
01/04/84
01/03/84
01/03/84
01/05/84
01/06/84
COLLECT
01/10/85
01/10/85
01/08/85
01/10/85
01/08/85
01/15/85
12/11/84
01/15/85
01/08/85
01/07/85
01/08/85
01/02/85
01/15/85
01/16/85
01/04/85
01/15/85
01/21/85
01/02/85
01/07/85
01/08/85
01/18/85
M^
0,
0,
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
\X.
.17
,21
,14
,21
32
24
30
28
22
51
26
20
28
34
89
28
26
14
37
28
20
M:
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
IN.
.13
,17
,12
.16
,25
21
26
24
19
15
21
18
26
22
22
20
25
13
19
21
14
A!
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
/G.
.16
.19
.13
.18
,30
,22
26
26
21
25
24
19
27
26
57
26
25
14
26
24
18
(MR!
0,
0,
0,
9,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
35.
3.
26.
0.
0.
86.
0.
0.
0.
41.
12.
0.
:M)
.0
.0
.0
.1
,9
,0
,0
0
0
5
2
5
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
3
0
                                                                  (continued)
                                      115

-------
RES-
I-   BACKGROUND
 TABLE E-ll.  Continued


MEASUREMENT PERIOD
DOSE EQUIVALENT RATE     NET
     (MREM/D)         EXPOSURE
UC.IV 1
NO.
223
232
233
234
235
239
O 1 M 1 lum
LOCATION
' ISSUE
LAS VEGAS, NV (USD I) 01/04/84
HIKO, NV
ELY, NV
ALAMO, NV
CALIENTE, NV
TONOPAH, NV
04/03/84
05/24/84
05/24/84
05/24/84
09/12/84
COLLECT
01/02/85
01/09/85
11/05/84
09/06/84
01/10/85
10/04/84
MAX.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
13
23
23
21
27
28
0
0
0
0
0
0
MIN.
.12
.20
.15
.20
.17
.28
AVG.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
12
22
18
20
21
28
(MREM)
0.
3.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0
6
0
0
0
0

                                      116

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                                     ADDENDUM

      NON-RADIOLOGICAL  SUPPLEMENT TO  THE  NTS  ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING REPORT

                                   Prepared by:

                                Industrial Hygiene
                  Reynolds  Electrical  and Engineering Co., Inc.

                       Report  Period:  Calendar Year, 1984


 INTRODUCTION

      Environmental compliance activities which are the subject of this report
 are regulated under Chapter 445  of the state of Nevada Administrative Codes.
 Chapters 445.131, 445.361, and 445.401 respectively address water pollution
 control, public water  systems, and air pollution.  There are a total of 16
 facilities which  have  current State of Nevada operating permits or approval.
 For common information including site description, geology, land use, etc.,
 reference the EPA Annual Report.


 SUMMARY

 Water Pollution

     No effluent monitoring is required.

 Air Pollution

     There were no violations of the 14 State air pollution  operating permits.
 No effluent monitoring 1s required and none was  performed.   The allowable
 emissions are established by State-determined operating constraints  which
were not exceeded.

Ground-water Monitoring

     Composite quarterly samples were taken from two  wells  to  monitor changes
in nitrate concentration.
                                      117

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MONITORING DATA COLLECTION, ANALYSIS, AND EVALUATION

Air Pollution Control

     a.   Area 1 Shaker Plant-
               Operating restrictions to Permits 922 and 923 were not violated
     during this period.  The facilities were not operated 1n excess of the
     allowable hours and an annual production report will be forwarded to the
     State by April 15, 1985.

     b.   Area 12 Concrete Batch Plant—
               The plant did not exceed the permit restriction of 8 hours per
     day, nor more than 296 hours per year.  An annual  report will  be for-
     warded to the State by April 15, 1985.

     c.   Area 3 Aggregate Plant—
               The restrictions to Operating Permit 919 were not exceeded.
     The plant did not operate 1n excess of 8 hours per day, nor more than
     280 hours per year.  An annual production report will  be submitted by
     April 15, 1985.

     d.   Area 5 Aggregate Plant—
               The restrictions to Operating Permit 920 were not exceeded.
     The plant did nnot operate 1n excess of 8 hours per day, nor more than
     650 hours per year.  An annual production report will  be submitted by
     April 15, 1985.

     e.   Area 5 Surface Area Disturbance—
               The restrictions to Permit 921 were not exceeded.   A final
     fugitive dust control plan will be submitted at least  six months prior to
     abandonment of the site.

     f.   Area 2 Stemming Systems—
               The restrictions to Operating Permits 957 and 958 were not
     exceeded.

     g.   NTS 4,000,000 BTU/hour or Greater Boiler Permits—
               The restrictions to Permits 509 through  513  and 925  were not
     exceeded.  The boilers were not operated in excess of  8,400 hours per
     year.  All  boilers used Number 2 fuel  oil.   An annual  analysis of fuel  for
     sulfur and BTU content will  be submitted by October 1, 1985.

Ground-water Monitoring

     Monthly ground-water samples were collected from Wells Ue5C  and Ue58  and
composited into calendar year quarterly samples  to monitor  changes  in nitrate
concentration.  The sample from Well  Ue5B was 21.0 milligrams of  nitrates  per
liter (mg/1) and the sample from Well  Ue5C was 11.3 mg/1.
                                      118

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                                    TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
                             (Pleaie read Instructions on the reverie before completing}
1. REPORT NO.
  DOE/DP/0539-055
                              2.
                                                            3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
 OFFSITE ENFIRONMENTAL MONITORING REPORT
 Radiation Monitoring Around U.S. Nuclear Test Areas,
 Calendar Year 1984
                                                           5. REPORT DATE
                                                           I. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
 7. AUTHOR(S)
 G.  D. Potter, S.  C.  Black, R. F. Grossman,
 R.  G. Patzer, and  D. D.  Smith
                                                           8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
                                                                  EPA 600/4-85-035
 i. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
 Environmental Monitoring  Systems Laboratory
 Office of Research  and  Development
 U.  S. Environmental  Protection Agency
 Las Vegas, Nevada    89114
                                                           10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
                                                            X6EH10
                                                           11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.

                                                            LAG DE-A108-76DP00539
 12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
 U. S. Department of Energy
 Nevada Operations Office
 P. 0. Box 14100
 Las Vegas, NV   89114
                                                           13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
                                                            Response - 1984
                                                           14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
                                                            EPA 600/07
 16. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
 Prepared for the U.  S.  Department of Energy under Interagency Agreement No.
 DE-A108-76DP00539
 16. ABSTRACT
 This report covers  the  routine radiation monitoring  activities conducted by the
 Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory-Las Vegas  in areas which may be affected
 by nuclear testing  programs of the Department of Energy.  This monitoring is conducted
 to document compliance  with standards, to  identify trends in environmental radiation,
 and to provide  such information to the public.  It summarizes these activities for
 calendar year  1984.

 No radioactivity  attributable to NTS activities was  detectable offsite by the monitor-
 ing networks.   Using recorded wind data and  Pasquill stability  categories, atmospheric
 dispersion calculations based on reported  radionuclides releases yield an estimated
 dose of 1X10    person-rem to the population  within 80 km of the Nevada Test Site  during
 1983.  World-Wide fallout of Kr-85, Sr-90, Cs-137, and Pu-239 detected by the monitor-
 ing networks would  cause maximum exposure  to an individual of less than 0.6 mrem  per
 year.  Plutonium in air was still detectable along with krypton-85, which continued its
 gradual increase, as has been reported previously.  Cesium and strontium in air were
 near their detection limits.  An occasional  net  exposure to offsite residents has been
 detected  by  the TLD network.  On investigation,  the cause of  such net  exposures has
 been due  to  personal habits or  occupational  activities, not to NTS activities.
                                KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
                  DESCRIPTORS
                                              b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS  C. COSATI Field/GlOUp
 S. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT

   RELEASE  TO THE PUBLIC
                                             19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
                                               UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
    136
                                             20. SECURITY CLASS (TMipage)
                                               UNCLASSIFIED
                                                                        22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (R.v. 4-77)   PREVIOUS EDITION IS OMOLETE

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