United States
       Environmental Protection
       Agency
       Toxic Substances
Office of
Toxic Substances
Washington, DC 20460
EPA 560/5-85-019
 October 1985
       EVALUATION OF ASBESTOS
       ABATEMENT TECHNIQUES
       PHASE I: REMOVAL
•>• —^r>i* *—   r~ - «
-^   > A  A -  	"* ' ^"HMW
^iV *i?^ ?L^5i- ^siSSi
•% J/fe^ ^ ^?£3^I
2'lf ^ >S2  ^5^?3!

-------
                                                  October, 1985
         EVALUATION OF ASBESTOS ABATEMENT TECHNIQUES
                      PHASE 1:  REMOVAL
                              by

                         Jean Chesson
                       Dean P. Margeson
                         Julius Ogden
                    Norman G.  Reichenbach
                           Battelle
          Columbus Division - Washington Operations
                 EPA Contract No.  68-01-6721
                             and
                         Karin Bauer
                    Paul C. Constant, Jr.
                       Fred J. Bergman
                        Donna P. Rose
                     Gaylord R. Atkinson


                  Midwest  Research  Institute
                 EPA Contract No. 68-02-3938
                             and

                      Donald E. Lentzen
                 Research Triangle Institute
                 EPA Contract No. 68-02-3767
 Cindy  Stroup,  Joseph S.  Carra,  Design and Development Branch
  Joseph  J.  Breen,  Frederick W.  Kutz,  Field Studies Branch
                 Exposure Evaluation Division
                  Office  of Toxic Substances

Darryl von Lehmden, Michael  C. Beard, Methods Standardization
                            Branch
         Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
             U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency
                      401  M Street,  S.W.
                   Washington, D.C.  20460

-------
                            DISCLAIMER
         This report was prepared under contract to an agency of
the United States Government.  Neither the United States
Government nor any of its employees, contractors, subcontractors,
or their employees makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or
assumes any legal liability or responsibility for any third
party's use of or the results of such use of any information,
apparatus, product, or process disclosed in this report, or
represents that its use by such third party would not infringe on
privately owned rights.

         Publication of the data in this document does not
signify that the contents necessarily reflect the joint or
separate views and policies of each sponsoring agency.  Mention
of trade names or commercial products does not constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.

-------
                         TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	     x

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY  	    xi

SECTION 1  INTRODUCTION	     1

SECTION 2  CONCLUSIONS	     5

SECTION 3  QUALITY ASSURANCE	     9

SECTION 4  SAMPLING DESIGN	    13

SECTION 5  FIELD SURVEY	    17

           I.      Introduction	    17
           II.    Air  Sampling	    17
                  A.   Sampling  System	    18
                  B.   Field Operations	    20
                  C.   Sample  Handling	    22
           III.   Bulk Sampling	    22
                  A.   Sample  Selection	    22
                  B.   Sample  Collection	    23
                  C.   Sample  Handling	    23
           IV-    Traceability	    23
           V.     Abatement Techniques	    24

SECTION 6  SAMPLE ANALYSIS	    25

           I.     Air  Samples	    25
                  A.   Transmission Electron
                       Microscopy  (TEM)	    25
                       1.   Methods	    25
                       2.   Discussion	    28
                       3.   Quality Assurance	    30
                  B.   Phase  Contrast Microscopy  (PCM)	    38
                       1.   Methods	    38
                       2.   Discussion	    39
                       3 .   Quality Assurance	    39
                  C.   Scanning Electron  Microscopy (SEM)..    41
                       1.   Methods	    41
                       2.   Discussion	    43
                       3 .   Quality Assurance	    44
           II.    Bulk Samples	    47
                  A.  Polarized Light Microscopy  (PLM)	    48
                       1.  Methods	   48
                       2.  Discussion	   49
                       3.  Quality Assurance	   50
                  B.   Releasability Rating	    50
                       1.  Methods	    52
                       2.  Discussion	    53
                       3.  Quality Assurance	    53
                                 IV

-------
                         TABLE OF CONTENTS
                             (continued)
                                                              Page

SECTION 7  STATISTICAL ANALYSIS	    55

           I.     Analysis Methods	    56
           II.    Airborne Asbestos Levels Before,
                  During , and After Abatement	    58
                  A.   TEM Results	    58
                  B .   SEM Results	    64
                  C.   PCM Results	    67
           III.   Comparison of Sampling and
                  Analytical Protocols	    70
                  A.   Sampling Duration	    70
                  B.   Analytical Method	    70
           IV.    Analysis of Relationships Between
                  Bulk Samples and Levels of Airborne
                  Asbestos Fibers	    79

REFERENCES	    84


                         LIST OF  APPENDICES

APPENDIX A  Excerpts from Quality Assurance Plan
            and Quality Assurance  Data Tables	    85

APPENDIX B  Sampling and Analysis  Protocols	   Ill

APPENDIX C  Results of Sample Analyses	   144

APPENDIX D  Data Listings	   179

APPENDIX E  Summary of Sample Results  for
            Each School and  Site	   186

-------
                          LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.

Table 2.



Table 3.
Table 4.
Table 5.
Table 6,
Table 7,
Sampling Plan,
The Number of Chrysotile Bundles and
Clusters Observed on the Filters but
Not Used in the Mass Calculations...,
Average Chrysotile Fiber and Mass    3
Concentrations (in Fibers/m  and ng/m ,
Respectively) Measured by TEM at Each School
and Type of Site Before, During and After
Removal of the Asbestos-Containing Material.
During Removal, "Asbestos" Sites were Located
Immediately Outside the Barriers	
Average Chrysotile Fiber and Mass       -.
Concentrations (in Thousands of Fibers/m
and ng/m , Respectively) Measured by TEM
at Each Type of Site Before, During and After
Removal of the Asbestos-Containing Material.
During Removal, "Asbestos" Sites were Located
Immediately Outside the Barriers	,
Average Chrysotile Fiber and Mass
Concentrations (in Thousands of Fibers/m
and ng/m , Respectively) Measured by SEM
at Each School and Type of Site Before, During
and After Removal of the Asbestos-Containing
Material.  During Removal, "Asbestos" Sites
were Located Immediately Outside the Barriers.

Average Chrysotile Fiber and Mass       _
Concentrations (in Thousands of Fibers/m
and ng/m , Respectively) Measured by SEM at
Each Type of Site Before, During and After
Removal of the Asbestos-Containing Material.
During Removal, "Asbestos" Sites were Located
Immediately Outside the Barriers	
Average Fiber Concentration  (in Thousands of
Fibers/m ) Measured by PCM at Each School
and Type of Site Before, During and After
Removal of the Asbestos-Containing Material.
During Removal, "Asbestos" Sites were Located
Immediately Outside the Barriers	,
16
29
                                                                62
                                                                63
                                                                65
                                                                66
                                                                68
                                VI

-------
                          LIST OF TABLES
                                                              Page

Table 8.     Average Fiber Concentration  (in Thousands of
             Pibers/m  ) Measured by PCM at Each Type of
             Site Before, During and After Removal of the
             Asbestos-Containing Material.  During Removal,
             "Asbestos" Sites were Located Immediately
             Outside the Barriers	     ^9

Table 9.     Percent Chrysotile Content and Releasability
             Rating (Weighted Average) for Each
             Asbestos-Containing Site	     80

-------
                          LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.

Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
Figure 7.
Figure 8.
Figure 9,
Figure 10.
Air sampling system,
Coefficient of variation for duplicate,
replicate, and external QA analyses plotted
against the mean fiber concentration
(millions of fiber/m  ) measured by TEM.
The total range of mean values are plotted.,

Coefficient of variation for duplicate and
external QA analyses plotted against the
mean fiber concentrations (thousands of
fibers/m  ) measured by TEM.  Only the
lower mean values are plotted	
Coefficient of variation for duplicate,
replicate, and external QA analyses plotted
against the mean mass concentration (ng/m  )
measured by TEM.  The total range of mean
values are plotted	,
Coefficient of variation for duplicate,
replicate, and external QA analyses plotted
against the mean fiber concentrations
(fibers/m  ) measured by TEM.  Only the
lower mean values are shown	,
Coefficient of variation for duplicate,
replicate, and external QA analyses plotted
against the mean fiber concentration
(thousands of fibers/m ) measured by PCM...

Coefficient of variation for duplicate
and external QA analyses plotted against the
mean fiber concentrations (thousands of
fibers/m  ) measured by SEM	

Coefficient of variation for duplicate and
external QA analyses plotted against the mean
mass concentration (thousands of ng/m  )
measured by SEM	

Coefficient of variation for duplicate,
replicate, and external QA analyses plotted
against the mean percent chrysotile content
in bulk samples measured by PLM	
                                                                33
                                                                34
                                                                35
                                                                36
                                                                40
                                                               45
                                                                46
                                                                51
Coefficient of variation for duplicate,
replicate, and external QA analyses plotted
against the mean releasability rating  for
bulk samples measured by PLM	,
                                                                54
                               Vlll

-------
                          LIST OF FIGURES
                            (Continued)
Figure  11.
Figure  12.
Figure  13.
Figure  14.




Figure  15.




Figure  16.




Figure  17.




Figure A-l.

Figure A-2.

Figure A-3.


Figure B-2.
 Summary of air  sampling  results.   The
 distribution of values for  each  sampling
 period and site type  is  indicated  by the
 maximum, minimum and  75th,  50th  (median),
 and  25th percentiles	
 Range of  fiber  sizes  that  can be detected  by
 three analysis  methods  under the conditions  of
 this study	

 Fiber concentration  (thousands of  fibers/m )
 measured  by TEM plotted against fiber
 concentration measured  by  SEM.  Air  samples
 were collected  simultaneously at the same
 site	

 Mass concentration  (ng/m  ) measured  by  TEM
 plotted against mass  concentration measured
 by SEM.   Air samples  were  collected  simulta-
 neously at the  same  site	
Fiber concentration  (thousands of  fibers/m  )
measured by TEM plotted against  fiber
concentration measured by PCM.   Both analyses
were done on a single filter	

Average mass concentration  (ng/m ) during
removal plotted against average  chrysotile
percentage of the bulk samples for each of
the four schools	
Average mass concentration  (ng/m  ) during
removal plotted against average releasability
rating of the bulk samples  for each of  the
four schools	

Flowmeter calibration dataform, > 1000  cc/mm.

Rotameter calibration system	

Plot of rotameter readings  versus
values of Q	

Procedure for PLM analysis  of asbestos
materials	
                                                                59
                                                                71
                                                                73
 74
 76
 82
 83

 99

100


102


121
                                IX

-------
                         ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
         This study would not have been possible without the
cooperation of the local school district.  We thank the district
officials, school principals, maintenance staff, teachers and
students for providing access to their schools and allowing us to
collect samples.  Wolfgang Brandner of EPA Region VII, and James
Trombley of Hoskins-Western-Sonderagger, Inc. also gave valuable
assistance.  Additional information on Scanning Electron
Microscopy was provided by Randi Nordstrom and Gary Casuccio of
Energy Technology Consultants and Richard Lee of U.S. Steel.

         This was a joint effort by Battelle, Midwest Research
Institute, and Research Triangle Institute under contract to the
Environmental Protection Agency.  The close cooperation among a
large number of individuals from all organizations was essential
in successfully completing the project.

-------
                         EXECUTIVE SUMMARY








        The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's document,




"Friable Asbestos-Containing Materials in Schools, Identification




and Notification Rule", as published in May, 1982 in the Federal




Register (47 FR 23360), required the identification of friable




asbestos-containing materials in schools and the notification of




those exposed to the materials.  Although there is no requirement




to do so, many school districts have decided to undertake an




abatement program to reduce the risk of exposure.








        In 1983, EPA published "Guidance for Controlling Friable




Asbestos-Containing Materials in Buildings" (EPA 560/5-83-002) to




help school officials and other building managers deal with




asbestos in their buildings.  A series of field studies was also




initiated to develop quantitative information on the relative




merits of alternative abatement methods.  The first of these




studies, on asbestos removal, is the subject of this report.




Information from the field studies and experience gained by EPA




and other organizations involved in asbestos control have been




incorporated in the 1985 EPA guidance, "Guidance for Controlling




Asbestos-Containing Materials in Buildings" (EPA 560/5-85-024).




The guidance emphasizes the establishment of a special operations




and maintenance (O&M) program whenever asbestos-containing




materials are present.  The situation is assessed to determine




whether additional control action is required, and, if so, which




abatement method is appropriate.  Abatement methods
                                 XI

-------
fall into three main categories:

         (1)  Removal;
         (2)  Encapsulation; and
         (3)  Enclosure.

The appropriate abatement method in a given situation depends  on
many factors, including the nature of the asbestos-containing
material, its condition and accessibility, and the future  use  of
the building.


         No matter which abatement method is selected, it  is
important to be able to measure airborne asbestos levels with
sufficient accuracy and precision to determine whether or  not  an
abatement program has been completed satisfactorily.  The  1983 EPA
guidance document (USEPA 1983a) recommended analysis of air
samples by Phase Contrast Microscopy (PCM) for this purpose.   PCM
is the method that is most familiar, available, and frequently
used.  It is also the least expensive and has a well-established
analytical protocol.  However, PCM does not distinguish between
asbestos and other types of fibers, and counts only fibers longer
than 5 micrometers.   Nor is PCM sensitive enough to detect the
extremely thin fibers typical of airborne asbestos in buildings.
Thus,  the interpretation of PCM results assumes that a low
concentration of relatively large airborne fibers means that the
concentration of asbestos fibers is also low.

-------
         Other methods, including Transmission Electron Microscopy
(TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy  (SEM), have been proposed
as alternatives to PCM, and were discussed at length at a workshop
sponsored jointly by EPA and the National Bureau of Standards*.
Evidence presented at the workshop, together with the results of
this and other studies, has led EPA to  recommend TEM when
practical constraints such as cost and  availability can be
overcome (USEPA 1985).  EPA acknowledges that all three methods
are used in testing for the purpose of  releasing abatement
contractors.  However, only PCM and TEM have standard methods and
testing programs.  A standard method has not yet been developed
for SEM.  While TEM is technically the method of choice, PCM is
the only option in many localities.  EPA is continuing to evaluate
the alternatives and update its guidance on appropriate sampling
and analysis protocols.


         This study, which investigated removal of asbestos-
containing material, is Phase 1 of an ongoing program to evaluate
alternative abatement techniques.  (Phase 2 will investigate
encapsulation with latex paint.)  The two primary objectives were:


         •  to compare airborne asbestos levels before, during,
            and after removal of the asbestos-containing material;
            and
         •  to compare analytical methods of assessing airborne
            asbestos levels.
*  Workshop on the Monitoring and Evaluation of Airborne Asbestos
   Levels Following an Abatement Program.  March 12 and 13,  1984,
   National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD.
                                Xlll

-------
A secondary objective was:








         •  to investigate the relationship between airborne



            asbestos levels and two properties of the asbestos-




            containing material, asbestos content and




            releasability rating index.








         The  study consisted of five major phases:  development  of




a sampling design, development of a quality assurance plan, field




sampling, microscopic analysis of the samples, and statistical




analysis.








         The  sampling design took advantage of a suburban U.S.




school district's plan to remove asbestos-containing acoustical




plaster from  its buildings during the summer of 1983.  A total of



24 sites in four schools were selected for air sampling.  The




sites were made up of 14 sites with asbestos-containing materials




on ceilings and walls,  6 indoor sites that did not have asbestos,




and 4 outdoor sites.   There were four periods of air sampling:




(1) before asbestos removal while students were still present; (2)




during removal; (3) immediately after removal before the schools




reopened; and (4) after school resumed.  The same sites were




sampled each time with the exception that during removal the




asbestos-containing sites were not accessible.  During removal,




samples were collected immediately outside the barriers separating




the work area from the rest of the school .
                                xiv

-------
         Samples were collected on both Millipore and Nuclepore


filters to permit comparison between different sampling and


analytical methods.  Bulk samples of the asbestos-containing


material were collected prior to the removal operation.




         A quality assurance plan was applied to all aspects of


the study, including project organization, personnel


qualifications, field sampling, sample traceability, sample


analysis, data collection and analysis, documentation and


reporting.  To provide external quality assurance for each method


of sample analysis, a proportion of the samples were analyzed by a


second laboratory.




         Field sampling was carried out according to the sampling


design and quality assurance plan.  Air samples collected on


Millipore filters were analyzed by transmission electron


microscopy (TEM) and phase contrast microscopy (PCM).  Those


collected on Nuclepore filters were analyzed by scanning electron


microscopy (SEM).  The bulk samples were analyzed by polarized


light microscopy (PLM) and rated for their tendency to release


asbestos fibers.




         Airborne asbestos levels, as measured by TEM, were low

         3
(< 6 ng/m ) both before and after asbestos removal.  During


removal they were somewhat higher immediately outside the barriers


at all 4 schools (up to 140 ng/m3).  The difference is


statistically significant at the .01% level.  Low levels (up to
                                 xv

-------
1.6 ng/m  ) were observed at outdoor and non-asbestos  containing




sites during all four  sampling periods.   (Results  are expressed as




mass rather than fiber concentrations because  TEM  detects  many




small fibers that are  not detected by the other methods.   TEM




fiber concentrations are not equivalent to those obtained  by SEM




or PCM.)  Results obtained by SEM showed a similar pattern to TEM




even though asbestos fibers were detected on only  21% of the




Nuclepore filters.  Total fiber concentrations measured by PCM




were highest during the first and fourth sampling  periods  and did




not follow the same trend as the TEM and SEM results.








         Analysis of the bulk samples showed that  three of the




four schools contained similar material (approximately 15  - 25%




chrysotile asbestos with releasability rating  4 -  5.5), while the




fourth contained materials with a higher asbestos  content  (84%



chrysotile asbestos and releasability ratings  up to 7).




Releasability is rated on a scale from 0 to 9 with 9  indicating a




very strong tendency to release fibers.  The fourth school also  •




had the highest average airborne asbestos levels during abatement,




although this most likely reflects the inadequacy of  the




barriers.  Negative air pressure systems were not  used in  any of




the schools during the removal operation.








         All airborne asbestos levels measured in this study were




relatively low and results should be interpreted in that context.
                                xvi

-------
The principal findings of the study are:



         •  It is possible to achieve low airborne asbestos  levels



            after a removal operation.  However, care must be



            taken to minimize escape of asbestos fibers  from the



            worksite while removal is in progress.  Further



            research is needed on barrier construction and use of



            negative air systems.








            Evidence:  Airborne asbestos levels in asbestos-



            containing sites were low after asbestos removal (<0.5


                3                                 3
            ng/m  ).  Higher levels (up to 140 ng/m ) were



            found immediately outside the containment area while



            removal was in progress.  Even though airborne



            asbestos levels were low (< 6 ng/m  ) before  removal,



            the elevated levels outside the containment  areas



            indicate that the removal did cause significant  fiber



            release.  The low levels after removal show  that



            post-removal cleaning was effective.








         •  TEM provides the clearest documentation of changes in



            airborne asbestos levels.  PCM measurements  appear to



            be related to the level of human activity rather than



            to the concentration of asbestos fibers.








            Evidence:  The TEM results showed a consistent trend



            at all four schools, with the highest airborne



            asbestos levels occurring during removal.  Very  few
                                xvii

-------
fibers were detected by  SEM although  the  results




obtained by SEM did follow a  similar  pattern  to those




obtained by TEM.  Fiber  concentrations measured by  PCM




were  low (<0.1 f/cc) and showed no relationship to




those measured by TEM and SEM.  PCM measurements,




which include all fiber  types, not just asbestos, were




highest when students were present and were similar at




both  asbestos and non-asbestos sites.








Percent chrysotile content and fiber  releasability



rating were not useful in predicting  airborne asbestos




levels before abatement.








Evidence:  Pre-abatement air  levels were  low even at




sites with high percent  chrysotile and/or




releasability ratings.    On the other  hand, the school




with the highest percent chrysotile had the highest




mean airborne asbestos levels outside the containment




barriers during abatement.   This evidence has to be




interpreted cautiously because the levels also depend




on the effectiveness of  the barriers.
                   XVI Ll

-------
                             SECTION 1








                            INTRODUCTION








         The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's document




"Friable Asbestos-Containing Materials  in Schools, Identification




and Notification Rule," as published in May, 1982 in the Federal




Register (47 FR 23360), required the identification of friable




asbestos-containing materials in schools and the notification of




those exposed to the materials.  Although there is no requirement




to do so, many school districts have decided to undertake an




abatement program to reduce the risk of exposure.








         In 1983, EPA published "Guidance for Controlling Friable




Asbestos-Containing Materials in Buildings" (EPA 560/5-83-002) to




help school officials and other building managers deal with




asbestos in their buildings.  A series of field studies was also




initiated to develop quantitative information on the relative




merits of alternative abatement methods.  The first of these




studies, on asbestos removal, is the subject of this report.




Information from the field studies, and experience gained by EPA




and other organizations involved in asbestos control, have been




incorporated in the 1985 EPA guidance,  "Guidance for Controlling




Asbestos-Containing Materials in Buildings" (EPA 560/5-85-024).




The guidance emphasizes the establishment of a special operation




and maintenance (O&M) program whenever asbestos-containing




materials are present.  The situation is assessed to determine

-------
whether additional control action is required, and,  if  so, which
abatement method is appropriate.  Abatement methods  fall  into
three main categories:


          (1)  Removal;
          (2)  Encapsulation; and
          (3)  Enclosure.

The appropriate abatement method in a given situation depends on
many factors, including the nature of the asbestos-containing
material, its condition and accessibility, and the future use of
the building.


         No matter which abatement method is selected,  it is
important to be able to measure airborne asbestos levels with
sufficient accuracy and precision to determine whether  or not an
abatement program has been completed satisfactorily.  The 1983 EPA
guidance document (USEPA 1983a) recommended analysis of air
samples by Phase Contrast Microscopy (PCM) for this purpose.  PCM
is the method that is most familiar, available, and  frequently
used.  It is also the least expensive and has a well-established
analytical protocol.  However, PCM does not distinguish between
asbestos and other types of fibers,  and counts only  fibers longer
than 5 micrometers.   In addition, is PCM not sensitive  enough to
detect the extremely thin fibers typical of airborne asbestos in
buildings.  Thus,  the interpretation of PCM results assumes that a
low concentration of relatively large airborne fibers means that
the concentration of asbestos fibers is also low.

-------
         Other methods, including Transmission Electron Microscopy

(TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), have been proposed

as alternatives to PCM and were discussed at length at a workshop

sponsored jointly by EPA and the National Bureau of Standards*.

Evidence presented at the workshop, together with the results of

this and other studies, has led EPA to recommend TEM when

practical constraints such as cost and availability can be

overcome (USEPA 1985).  EPA acknowledges that all three methods

are used in testing for the purpose of releasing abatement

contractors.  However, only PCM and TEM have standard methods and

testing programs.  A standard method has not yet been developed

for SEM.  While TEM is technically the method of choice, PCM is

the only option in many localities.  EPA is continuing to evaluate

the alternatives and update its guidance on appropriate sampling

and analysis protocols.



         This study, which investigated removal of asbestos-

containing acoustical plaster from ceilings and walls, is Phase 1

of an ongoing program to evaluate alternative abatement

techniques.  (Phase 2 will investigate encapsulation with latex

paint.)



         Phase 1 had two primary objectives:

         •    to compare airborne asbestos levels before, during

              and after asbestos removal; and,
*  Workshop on the Monitoring and Evaluation of Airborne Asbestos
   Levels Following an Abatement Program.  March 12 and 13, 1984,
   National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD.

-------
         •    to compare analytical methods of assessing  airborne




              asbestos levels.








A secondary objective was:



         •    to investigate the relationship between airborne




              asbestos levels and two properties of the asbestos-




              containing material, asbestos content and




              releasability rating index.








         These objectives were addressed by collecting air and




bulk samples at four schools in a suburban school district before,




during, and after removal of the asbestos-containing material.




The principal conclusions of the study are given in Section 2.




Section 3 outlines the quality assurance plan and Section 4




describes the sampling plan.  These sections are followed by an




account of the field survey (Section 5) and the methods of sample




analysis (Section 6).  The results of the statistical analyses are



given in Section 7.








         The Appendices,  A-E,  contain the excerpts from the QA




plan, field sampling and sample analysis protocols, results of the



sample analyses and raw data listings.

-------
                             SECTION 2


                            CONCLUSIONS




    The principal conclusions from this study are listed below

under each study objective.  All airborne asbestos  levels


measured in this study were relatively low and the  results  should

be interpreted in that context.




    Objective 1

    Comparison of airborne asbestos levels before,  during and

after asbestos removal.




         Conclusion:  It is possible to achieve low airborne

                      asbestos levels after a removal operation.

                      However, care must be taken to minimize

                      escape of asbestos fibers from the worksite

                      while removal is in progress.  Further

                      research is needed on barrier construction,

                      use of negative air systems,  etc.
         Evidence:    Airborne asbestos levels in asbestos-

                      containing sites were low after asbestos

                      removal  (.< 0.5 ng/m  ).  Higher levels  (up
                                 •3
                      to 140 ng/m  )  were  found immediately

                      outside the containment area while removal


                      was in progress.  (Results are expressed as


                      mass rather than fiber concentrations

-------
                  because TEM detects many small  fibers  that




                  are not detected by the other methods.   TEM




                  fiber concentrations are not equivalent  to




                  those obtained by SEM or PCM.)  Even though




                  airborne asbestos levels were low




                  (< 6 ng/m ) before removal, the elevated




                  levels outside the containment areas




                  indicate that the removal did cause




                  significant fiber release.   The low levels




                  after removal show that post-removal




                  cleaning was effective.








Objective 2




Comparison of methods of assessing airborne asbestos levels.








     Conclusion:   TEM provides the clearest documentation of




                  changes  in  airborne asbestos levels.   PCM




                  measurements appear to be related to the




                  level  of human activity rather  than to the




                  concentration of asbestos fibers.








     Evidence:     The TEM  results showed a consistent trend




                  at  all  four  schools, with the highest




                  airborne asbestos levels occurring during




                  removal. Very few fibers were  detected by




                  SEM although the results obtained  by SEM




                  did follow a similar pattern to  those

-------
                      obtained by TEM.  Fiber concentrations



                      measured by PCM were low (<0.1 f/cc) and



                      showed no relationship to those measured by



                      TEM and SEM.  PCM measurments, which



                      include all fiber types, not just asbestos,



                      were highest when students were present and



                      were similar at both asbestos and



                      non-asbestos sites.








    Secondary Objective



    Relationship between air levels and properties of the



asbestos-containing material.








         Conclusion:  Percent chrysotile content and fiber



                      releasability rating were not useful in



                      predicting airborne asbestos levels before



                      abatement.  However, these bulk material



                      properties may have influenced air levels



                      during abatement.
         Evidence:    Pre-abatement air levels were low even at



                      sites with high percent chrysotile and/or



                      releasability ratings.  On the other hand,



                      the school with the highest percent



                      chrysotile had the highest mean airborne



                      asbestos levels outside the containment

-------
barriers during abatement.  This evidence



has to be interpreted cautiously because



the levels also depend on the effectiveness



of the barriers.
         8

-------
                             SECTION 3



                         QUALITY ASSURANCE



         This study was carried out according to a Quality

Assurance Plan* which addresses all aspects of the study,

including project organization, personnel qualifications, field

sampling, sample traceability,  sample analysis, data collection

and analysis, documentation and reporting.  Some of the major

components of this plan are summarized below.



         The plan describes the project and defines the project

organization in terms of the roles and responsibilities of the

members.  It states how information is communicated within and

between organizations, and how progress is reviewed and

reported.  The quality assurance objectives are described in

terms of accuracy, precision, representativeness and

completeness.



         The QA plan also specifies the number of schools and

sites within each school, the number of pumps per site, and the

sampling duration for each pump.  Additional sections outline

personnel qualifications, facilities and equipment, preventive

maintenance procedures and schedules, consumables and supplies,
*  Evaluation of Asbestos Abatement Techniques, Phase  1, Quality
   Assurance Plan, submitted to EPA August 2,  1983, Contract
   68-01-6721.

-------
documentation, document control, configuration  control,  sample




collection and sample custody.








         Detailed guidelines are given for air  and bulk  sample




handling and analysis.  The number of field blanks and laboratory




blanks and the number of samples to be analyzed in replicate,



duplicate and by an independent laboratory are  specified for  each




analytical method.  These figures are based on  the number  and




types of samples to be collected.  The results  of these  QA




analyses are presented in Section 6.








         The remaining sections of the plan give specifics on




calibration procedures and reference materials, data validation,




data processing and analysis, internal quality  control checks,




data assessment procedures, feedback and corrective action,



quality assurance reports to management, and report design.




Appendix A contains excerpts from this QA Plan.








         The primary means for external monitoring of the  project




was provided by a series of performance and systems audits at  a




rate of one audit per sampling period.  These audits were




conducted on site to determine and establish sample and  data




traceability and to determine if sampling and analysis protocols




were followed by field personnel.  Flow rates were measured on




all pumps.   Only two of 55 readings exceeded the limits  for




relative accuracy of +10% (-10.12% and 11.75%).  The average




relative accuracy was 2.7% (standard deviation of 2.5%).   Some
                              10

-------
minor problems or inconsistencies were  detected  during  on-site




logbook examinations and immediate corrective  action  was  taken.








         The initial study design  (See  Section 4)  specified  that



a total of 276 Millipore filters were to be collected (96 field




blanks, 84 3-day filters, and  96 5-day  filters).   A total of 243



Millipore filters, or  88%, were actually collected; 85  field



blanks  (89%), 77 3-day filters  (92%), and 81 5-day filters (84%).



The discrepancy between the planned and actual number of  filters



was mainly due to loss of sites (due to various  reasons including



vandalism), unavailability of  sites during specific sampling



periods, and to nonrecovery of a few filters by  field personnel.








         Of the 243 Millipore  filters collected, a small  number



(6 or 2.5%) were invalid due to either  technical difficulties in



the field (plugged flow control orifices resulting in unknown



volumes of sampled air), or to bad weather conditions for outdoor



filters.  Thus, a high percentage  (86%  or 237  out  of  276) of the



Millipore filters specified in the QA plan were  suitable  for



analysis.








         Eighty-eight  Nuclepore filters were initially  planned to



be collected (76 5-days filters and 12  field blanks).  A  total of




83 filters were actually collected  (69  5-day filters  (or  90%) and



14 field blanks.)  For each sampling period, 3 Nuclepore  field




blanks were requested; however, only one was collected  during the



first sampling period  because  too few filters  were shipped.   In
                               11

-------
later periods, up to 6 field blanks were collected.  Of  the  69




5-day filters, 4 were invalid, one due to technical  field




difficulties, and the remaining 3 outdoor filters due to heavy




rains.  A total of 65 5-day Nuclepore filters, or 86% were




available for SEM analysis.








         Bulk samples were collected as requested immediately




after the first sampling period and all samples were of good



quality.
                                 12

-------
                            SECTION 4



                         SAMPLING DESIGN





     This study was conducted in conjunction with the asbestos



removal program being undertaken in a suburban school system.



Schools, and sites within schools, were selected within the con-



straints of program scheduling and physical accessibility, in



order to achieve the study objectives.  Three types of sites were



identified in each of four schools:  sites (rooms) with asbestos-



containing material on ceilings and walls that was scheduled for



removal, sites without asbestos material, and outdoor sites



located on the roofs of the buildings.  (A non-asbestos site was



not available in the fourth school.)







     The first objective was to compare airborne asbestos levels



before, during and after asbestos removal.   Four periods of air



sampling were carried out:







     (1)  Before removal while students were still at school;



     (2)  During removal;



     (3)  Immediately after removal, before school resumed; and,



     (4)  Five months after removal, with students present.







The same sites were sampled each time with one exception.  During



the removal operation the asbestos-containing sites were not



accessible and samples were collected as close as possible to the
                                 13

-------
original sites, but outside the barriers  separating  the  work area




from the rest of the building.  The  final  sampling period  was




carried out after school had resumed, to  determine whether




asbestos fibers that might have settled onto the  floor or  other



surfaces throughout the building would be  resuspended by the




increased activity in the building.  This  design  allowed



comparisons among sampling periods at a given site and among




sites within a single sampling period.  The outdoor  sites  acted




as one type of control since they should not have been affected



by conditions within the building.  The nonasbestos  sites  acted




as a second type of control since their airborne  asbestos  levels




should have remained relatively constant unless there was  rapid



transport of fibers throughout the building.








         The second objective was to compare methods of  assessing



airborne levels.  Up to three air samples were collected




simultaneously at each site.  One sample was collected on  a




Nuclepore filter and subsequently analyzed by SEM.  A second




sample was collected on a Millipore filter and subsequently




analyzed by both TEM and PCM.   Both of these samples were




collected over 5 working days.   At sites where a  third sampler




was available,  a 3-day sample was collected on a Millipore filter




to compare lengths of sampling periods.  This design allowed




direct comparison between TEM and PCM using the same set of




samples (filters),  and between TEM, PCM and SEM using samples




taken simultaneously at the same site.
                                 14

-------
          Bulk samples were collected at each  site  to



characterize the sites and to see if there was any  relationship



between the nature of the asbestos-containing material  and



airborne asbestos levels.  Two properties of the asbestos-



containing material were examined:  asbestos content and  fiber



releasability.








          The sampling plan is summarized in Table  1.   The number



of samples of each type was chosen to ensure sufficient power to



detect differences of interest while remaining within constraints



imposed by budget and other resources.  Insufficient Nuclepore



filters were available for use at all sites.  Assuming  a



coefficient of variation of 150% for TEM analysis of air  samples,



the number of asbestos sites is sufficient to detect a  ten-fold



difference in airborne asbestos levels between one  period and



another with a probability of more than 99%.  A five-fold



difference will be detected with a probability of more  than  95%



(Chesson et al.  1985).
                                      15

-------
                     Table 1.  Sampling Plan
School
1 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
2 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
3 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
4 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Site*
Non-asbestos
Asbestos
Asbestos
Non-asbestos
Asbestos
Asbestos
Outdoor
Asbestos
Outside Barrier
Outside Barrier
Non-asbestos
Asbestos
Non-asbestos
Asbestos
Asbestos
Asbestos
Outdoor
Outside Barrier
Outside Barrier
Outside Barrier
Outside Barrier
Asbestos
Non-asbestos
Asbestos
Asbestos
Non-asbestos
Asbestos
Outdoor
Outside Barrier
Outside Barrier
Outside Barrier
Asbestos
Asbestos
Outdoor
Outside Barrier
Outside Barrier
Outside Barrier
Air
3 Day
M
M
M
M
M
M
—
—
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
—
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
samples'''
5 Day
M/N
M/N
M/N
M
M/N
M/N
M/N
	
M/N
M/N
M
M/N
M/N
M/N
M/N
M/N
M/N
M/N
M/N
M/N
M/N
M/N
M/N
M/N
M/N
M/N
M/N
M/N
M/N
M/N
M/N
M
M
M
M/N
M/N
M/N
Bulk*
samples
—
8
8
—
8
8
—
8
—
—
—
8
—
8
8
8
—
—
—
—
—
8
—
8
8
—
8
—
—
—
—
8
8
—
—
—
""
*Sites located outside the barrier were only  sampled  while the
 removal operation was in progress.  Asbestos sites were  not
 sampled during removal.
tM = Millipore, N = Nuclepore.
±Six locations per site with a pair of side by side samples at 2
 of the 6 locations.
                               16

-------
                            SECTION 5



                           FIELD SURVEY





I.  INTRODUCTION



     The field survey included air sampling and bulk sampling.



The air sampling took place during four periods in 1983:  May 23



through May 27, July 11 through July 22, August 16 through



August 20, and November 7 through November 11.  The bulk sampling



activity took place on June 3, 1983.  Battelle Columbus Labora-



tories (BCL), Midwest Research Institute (MRI), and EPA selected



the sites to be surveyed.  The statistical basis for the field



survey plan is described in Section 4.  The protocols that were



followed for air sampling and bulk sampling can be found in



Appendix B.  The protocols are adaptations of those used during a



previous study reported in EPA 560/5-83-003 (USEPA 1983b).





II.  AIR SAMPLING



     Initially, 14 indoor sites in which asbestos-containing



material was present were selected for air sampling in the four



study schools.  Two sites were removed from the program at the



request of the teachers, leaving 12 indoor asbestos sites for air



sampling.  Twelve additional sites were selected which were



located just outside of the containment barriers enclosing the



asbestos-containing sites sampled during the first sampling



period.  These 12 sites were sampled only during the active



abatement period.
                               17

-------
     The field survey plan called for the collection at  each



school of  (a) one outdoor ambient air sample,  (b) one or  two



indoor control air samples at sites (rooms) where no asbestos



was present, and (c) up to four samples from rooms containing



asbestos.  All samples at any given school were to be collected



simultaneously.  Outdoor sites were sampled for 5 days.   Two



5-day side-by-side samples were collected at indoor sites, one



using a Nuclepore and the other using a mixed cellulose ester



membrane (Millipore) filter.  At some indoor sites a 3-day sample



was collected on a second Millipore filter.







     While school was in session, samples were collected  at each



site during school hours.  While school was out, sample collec-



tion, during and after abatement, took place during the same



hours students would normally have been in the classrooms.







     The sampling rate was to be approximately 5 1/min,  for a



total volume of air sampled of approximately 6 m^ for 3-day



samples and 10 m^ for 5-day samples.





     A.   Sampling System



     The air sampling systems used were of two types.  A single



filter system was used for the 3-day samples,  as shown in Fig-



ure 1.    A double  filter system was used for  the 5-day  side-by-



side samples and  consisted of the same system  as shown in the



figure,  but equipped with two orifices.   One orifice  controlled
                              18

-------
            Oriflc*
            Detail
                \
Brau Diik 0.209"DiQ.
1/16" Tnick Center
Drilled '68 & Soft
Soldered in P.oc.  * ^

                 1/2" Deep
                                                   8 Tumi of
                                                   1/4 "Copper
                                                   Tubing Wound
                                                   4" Diameter
                            \  Orifice     \
                              v (See Detail) |
3 Foot 1/4" x 3/16"
Rubber Vacuum Tubing
Swage lot B-2-MHC-
Hove Connector to Male
Pipe  1/8" Male Pipe to
1/4" I.D. Tubing
TKomoj Induitriet  Inc.
Pump Model 107CA18
                                                             Gelmon Filter Holden
                                                             Model 4202 47mm Open
                                                             Faced Magnetic
                                                                         Clamp. Medium
                                                                         Utility 3-Finger
                                                                         Jaw Vinyliied
                                                                          36" Long Rod
                                                                    Tube  Fitting, Male Elbow 90°
                                                                    1/8" Male Pipe Threaded to
                                                                    1/4" Tube
                                                                    Swage lolc B-200-2-*

ElapMd Time
Indicator
WW Grainger
6X136




7 Day Programmable
Timer
Grainger 2E214
Power Cord

                      Figure  1.    Air  sampling  system.
                                                   19

-------
the flow through a 47 mm  filter holder  containing  a  0.45   m



Millipore filter.  The second orifice controlled the flow through




a 37 mm Millipore two-piece styrene  filter holder  (M000-37-OW)




which contained the 0.2   m Nuclepore filter.  The  orifices for




the double filter system  were drilled (No. 64 standard  drill  bit,




0.036" diameter), and were not operated in the critical flow



range.  A programmable timer was set to start the  systems at  the




beginning of the class day and to stop at the end  of the  class




day.  A sampling day ran  from 8:00 a.m. to 3:30 p.m.  for  a total




of 7.5 hrs/day and 37.5 hrs for 5 days.  At some of  the sampling



sites during the abatement phase and immediately after  abatement,




five test days were not available.  In those cases,  the test  day




was extended to obtain a  total of 37.5 hrs of sampling.








         B. Field Operations








         Air sampling was started simultaneously at  the four




schools in accordance with the sampling protocol presented in




Appendix B-l.   During field operations some samples  were  lost and




some were collected for an inadequate or unknown length of time.




(See Section 3.)   These deficient samples resulted from filters




being vandalized,  power interruptions,  field crew  errors  and, in




the case of outdoor samples,  the weather.
                              20

-------
     In an effort to obtain satisfactory samples for as many



sites as possible, samples were re-collected when possible.



Because of the limited time available before the end of a



sampling period, however, not all deficient samples could be



re-collected.







     Each field team member (referred to as "operator" in the



protocol) was given a hardbound logbook for recording data.  Most



types of data collected are given in the sampling protocol docu-



ment (Appendix B-l).  Additional items recorded include type and



operation of air conditioners, room ventilation and occupancy,



floor covering, and method and frequency of cleaning.







     Because of the number of problems that developed in keeping



the sites operational during the sampling period, a walk-through



procedure was instituted.  This procedure consisted of walking



through each school and observing each system.   As problems with



a system developed, corrective action was taken, including



replugging in power cords, resetting timers, replacing malfunc-



tioning equipment, cleaning orifices, and reconnecting hoses.   If



filters were damaged early in the sampling period,  new filters



were installed and the unit was restarted.   The walk-through



period was also used to gather and document information required



by the protocol (Appendix B-l) as well as to make other



observations.
                               21

-------
     C.  Sample Handling
     The air samples were handled according to the protocol
(Appendix B-l).  Each sample was labeled as it was recovered
using an assigned letter followed by a sample number.  The sample
numbers were assigned sequentially by each operator.  At this
time, the operator entered the sample number in the logbook for
that collection site.  Before leaving the site, the operator
completed a sample traceability form.

III.  BULK SAMPLING
     Eight bulk samples were collected from each of 15 indoor
asbestos-containing sites.  Fourteen of the bulk sampling sites
were also air sampling sites.  Samples were collected from six
randomly selected points at each site.  From two of the six
points, a double sample was taken side-by-side to provide for
replicate and external QA samples.   The procedures specified in
USEPA 1980 were followed.

     A.  Sample Selection
     Sampling points were designated as a fraction of the room
length and width.   The field sampling team located a sampling
point by measuring the room and converting the fractional value
to a unit measure.  If a sampling point could not be reached
because of its location (for example, above a light fixture or
other obstruction),  an alternate site was selected from a list of
alternates.
                               22

-------
     B.   Sample Collection



     Bulk samples were collected by cutting away a section of the



asbestos-containing material.  A section of material 3 cm in



diameter and the thickness of the covering was collected.  The



collected samples were placed directly into labeled, snap-covered



plastic bottles for transport to MRI.  At the same time, the



operator prepared traceability forms and entered the sample



number and site description in the logbook.





     C.   Sample Handling



     The bulk samples were transported to MRI and released to MRI



analysts.  The MRI quality assurance representative identified



the duplicates and selected the samples to be analyzed in repli-



cate, duplicate and by an external QA laboratory.  Further



details of the bulk sampling procedure can be found in the



sampling protocol in Appendix B-2.





IV.  TRACEABILITY



     The protocol used for establishing traceability of air and



bulk samples is given in Appendix B-3.  As stated in Section II,



after sampling was completed, the samples were transported to



MRI and stored.  Responsibility for the air samples was trans-



ferred at MRI to a BCL representative.  The samples and copies of



the traceability logs were then hand-carried by the BCL



representative to BCL for analysis.  The bulk samples and copies



of the associated traceability logs were transferred to the MRI



analyst  at MRI.
                                23

-------
V.       ABATEMENT TECHNIQUES








         The removal program was instigated by the school



district and was entirely under its control.  Through the




cooperation of the school authorities, EPA was able to carry out




this study, but did not determine the removal techniques used,



nor the timing of them.  A copy of contractor specifications for




the removal is provided in Appendix B-7.  Additional information




noted by the field crew is also included in Appendix B-7.
                                24

-------
                            SECTION 6

                         SAMPLE ANALYSIS


     Four types of analyses were performed.  Air samples on

Millipore filters were analyzed by TEM and PCM.  Air samples on

Nuclepore filters were analyzed by SEM.  Bulk samples were anal-

yzed by polarized light microscopy (PLM).  TEM and PCM analyses

were done by BCL, SEM analyses were done by Energy Technology

Consultants (ETC), and PLM analyses were done by MRI.  External

quality assurance was provided by EMS Laboratories for TEM, PCM

and SEM and by Environmental Health Laboratory for PLM.


I.  AIR SAMPLES

     For all three methods of analysis,a fiber was defined as a

particle with an aspect ratio (length: width) of 3:1 or greater

and having parallel sides.


     A.  Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)

     A total of 185 analyses (including 26 duplicates and 26*

replicates) were done by TEM.   A computer listing of the results

appears in Appendix C-l.


          1.  Methods

          The filters were coded so that the analyst did not know

where the samples were taken or  which samples were field blanks.
*An additional 27th,  but invalid,  filter was mistakenly analyzed
 in replicate.
                                25

-------
Four analysts performed the analyses on the transmission electron



microscope.  A senior analyst was always available for consulta-



tion in the event of a question about the identification of a



fiber or particle.  The microscopic examination of the prepared



grids was carried out at a magnification of 20,OOOX.  Each grid



opening to be counted was selected randomly and then systemati-



cally scanned to cover the full opening.  The fibers observed



were identified as chrysotile, amphibole, or other.







     The length and width of the chrysotile and amphibole fibers



were recorded.  The fiber length was measured using the number of



concentric circles on the viewing screen that the fiber crossed



(each circle segment was 0.25 ym at 20,OOOX).  The fiber was



aligned with the millimeter scale on the side of the viewing



screen and the width measured in millimeters (1 mm = 0.05 um at



20,OOOX).  The volume of the fiber was then computed assuming the



fiber to be a right circular cylinder.   The mass of the fiber was



calculated using a density of 2.6 g/cm^ for the chrysotile and



3.0 g/cm^ for the amphibole.  Appropriate filter area factors and



dilution factors were used to extrapolate from the fibers



actually counted and measured to the total number of fibers per



filter and total nanograms of asbestos per filter.







     The minimum fiber size easily detected at 20,OOOX during the



scanning for  the counting  procedure is  about 0.125 pm long  by



0.025 pm in diameter.   Since the chrysotile fiber becomes
                                26

-------
cylindrical by rolling up the silica/brucite sheet, 0.025 pm  is
about the minimum diameter that will hold together.  The minimum
diameter detected during this study was 0.025 um.  The maximum
fiber size would be one that overlaps the 90 um grid opening.
The largest bundle observed during this study was 2 pm in
diameter.

     The detection limit for this type analysis is one fiber
observed while 10 grid openings are scanned.  The protocol calls
for the counting of 100 fibers or 10 grid openings whichever
occurs first, but never any partial grid openings.  One fiber
observed in 10 grid openings would correspond to 4 x 10-3 fibers
per filter when the extrapolation is made to total filter area.
If the one fiber were of average dimensions (1 vim long x 0.05 um
in diameter), the mass would be 2 x 10-11 g per filter.  Since
most of the air volumes per sample were approximately 10 m3, the
minimum detectable quantities would be 2 x 10~12 g/m3 or
0.002 ng/m3-

     The large amount of debris (non-asbestos organic matter)
collected on many of the filters made the low temperature ashing
procedure a necessity.  After ashing, the residue containing the
asbestos fibers was resuspended in 100 ml of water using the
ultrasonic bath to ensure that the fibers were removed from the
ashing tube walls.  The resuspended sample was then divided into
10-ml, 20-ml, and 70-ml aliquots,  and each aliquot was filtered
                                27

-------
onto a Nuclepore filter.  The three aliquots gave  the  analyst




some flexibility in finding a suitable  fiber loading for TEM




examination.  The protocol for TEM is given in Appendix  B-5.








         2.  Discussion



         Fiber bundles and fiber clusters required special




attention.  A bundle is defined as a group of fibers bound




together that make the determination of its constituents




difficult.  Often it was possible to identify one  end  of a fiber,




but it was not always possible to positively identify  all the



constituents.  A cluster is defined as several overlapping and




cross-linked individual fibers.  Fibers in a cluster that could




be seen as individual fibers were counted as individual  fibers,




but when the individual fibers could not be distinguished, they




were considered a cluster and recorded as such, but not  counted.








         The way in which bundles and clusters are handled can




greatly affect the quantity of asbestos calculated  for each



filter.  Bundles and clusters were not included in the




calculation primarily because the analyst could not be sure of




uniform distribution or rely on the volume calculations




associated with the bundles and clusters.  Thus, airborne




asbestos levels are underestimated for samples with bundles and




clusters.   There were 36 5-day samples that had some bundles  or



clusters (Table 2).  (The 3-day samples are not included in this




table because only of a few 3-day samples were analyzed  and




subsequent statistical analyses was based on the 5-day samples
                                 28

-------
      Table 2.    The Number of Chrysotile Bundles and Clusters
                Observed on the Filters but Not Used in  the
                Mass Calculations
   Sampling
    Period
    Site
    Type
             Filter  ID
         (total number of
      bundles and clusters)*
Before
Removal
During
Removal
Immediately
After Removal

After School
Resumed
                          5-Day Samples
Asbestos
    l), M22(2), S21(3), S22(2),
S23(9), S27(l), S28(5)
                 Non-Asbestos  M21(4), M23(2), S20(8)
Asbestos
B2{7), G6(ll), G7(10),
G15{7), K13B(6+1), K15(5+13),
K23(3+2), K24(3+17)
Non-Asbestos  Bl(4), K7(l) K12B(1), K14(4+l)

Outdoor       B9(l)

Asbestos      DG20(1)
Asbestos
D23(1-H), D25(2), D29(2), L22(4),
L23(2), L27(3), L30(18)
                 Non-Asbestos  L25(l)f L29(l)

                 Outdoor       D21(l), D32(l)
*The first number following the filter ID refers to the number of
 bundles and clusters found on duplicate analyses and the second
 for replicate analyses on the same filter.
                                29

-------
only.)  Three of these were outdoor ambient  samples  and 9 were




indoor samples at sites without asbestos-containing  material.




The remaining 24 were samples from sites with  asbestos-containing




material.








         The samples with higher asbestos concentrations  tended




to have more bundles and clusters.  The bundles and  clusters were




observed on the TEM-prepared filter and must have been  deposited




as such on the filter during air sampling.  The ultrasonification




procedure that followed the low temperature ashing tended to



break up the fiber bundles and clusters.  The  primary purpose  of




sonification was to ensure the removal of fibers from the glass




test tube in which the ashing took place.  All samples  were




subjected to the same low temperature ashing and sonification




procedure, done according to the protocol; therefore, the effect



is assumed to be the same for each sample.








         A more accurate mass determination could be made if the




ultrasonic procedure were made severe enough to break up  all




bundles and clusters.  However this would make fiber size



distribution meaningless.








         3.   Quality Assurance








         Although the TEM protocol (Appendix B-5) is accepted  and




used by expert microscopists,  there are factors that contribute




to the possibility of having relatively large  variabilities  in




results.   These factors include (a) the presence of agglomerates
                                 30

-------
of asbestos fiber  (bundles and clusters)  that  are  not  included in

the fiber count, since the number of  fibers  cannot be

ascertained, (b) the possible loss or gain of  fibers from

filters, (c) the effectiveness of the dispersion of fibers  during

the sonication process, and  (d) the production of  a nonuniform

deposit of the fibers during the filtration  operation.



         The quality assurance aspect of  the analytical part  of

this program is summarized in the following  paragraphs.   Besides

the standard analyses performed at BCL, three  additional  types of

analyses were done:  duplicate, replicate, and external QA

analyses.



         Duplicate analyses were conducted by  a second analyst

using the same grid preparations as the first  analyst.  Replicate

analyses were performed using two independent  preparations  from

the same filter.   External QA samples were randomly selected  for

analysis by EMS Laboratories (external QA laboratory).  The

selected filters were divided at BCL, and one-half of each  filter

was hand-carried to EMS Laboratories  for  analysis.   The side  of

the filter to which the fibers adhered was kept upright at  all

times.



         Of the 132 filters to be analyzed by  TEM,  26  (six  3-day

and twenty 5-day filters) were selected for  duplicate, 26*  (six

3-day and twenty 5-day filters) were  selected  for  replicate,  and
*  An additional 27th, but invalid,  filter was mistakenly
   analyzed in replicate.
                                 31

-------
28 (eight 3-day and twenty 5-day filters) were  chosen  for


external QA analysis.  Fiber counts, fiber concentrations

         o                                o
(fibers/m ), and mass concentrations (ng/m ) for duplicate,


replicate, and QA analysis are shown, side-by-side with  the


corresponding standard analysis results (Appendix C-4) .




         Only fiber concentrations and mass concentrations were


statistically evaluated.  The number of fibers measured  under  the


microscope depends on the area of filter examined and direct


comparisons between samples cannot be made for this variable.




         For each pair of duplicate, replicate, and external QA


analyses, the coefficient of variation (CV:  standard deviation/


mean) was calculated and plotted against the mean (for fiber and


mass concentration; Figures 2,  3,  4 and 5).  When one of the two


data points used in the calculation is zero,  the CV will always


be 141%.  The variability for fiber concentrations in the


duplicate, replicate,  and external QA samples was similar and


ranged from 0 to 141% (Figures  2 and 3).
                               32

-------
co
CO

^^
&s
TT
£-.
o
£
a:
^f
$
L-
0
f-
z:
LJ
O
u_
«
u_
Ld
O
o






ISO -•
140 J
13O -
120 -
110-
100 -J
90 -
80 -
70 -
60 -
50 -
40 -
30 -

20 -
10 -
0 H
(
} -H-f . +
>+ +
? +
0+
1
B
i
h
]
> !
>• ;
I
n
i
, i
1 -u
?
1
1
1 +
)-}
ln o
!
0
P It i 1 I 1 1 f I 11!
D 4 8 12 16 20 24
MEAN (millions of fibers/m3)
n DUPLICATE + EXTERNAL QA <> REPLICATE
Figure 2. Coefficient of variation for duplicate, replicate, and external QA analyse
                      plotted against the mean fiber concentration (millions of fiber/m3)

                      measured by TEM.  The total range of mean values are plotted.

-------
00




fc?
v~--'
•z.
o
h-

o D
% B ° a


OD f I I 1 ill I 1 1 I T I 1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
           D   DUPLICATE
MEAN (thousands of fibers/mg  )

 +   EXTERNAL QA
REPLICATE
               Figure 3.  Coefficient of variation for duplicate and external  QA analyses
                        plbtted against the mean fiber concentrations  (thousands  of
                        fibers/m3) measured by TEM.  Only the lower mean  values are plotted.

-------
GO
en
        a:
u.
o
\-
z:
LJ
O
U.
L_
LJ
O
O
150
140
130
120
1 10
100
 90
 80
 70
 60
 50
40 -;
[
30 -i
I
20 -j
r
10 -
0 J
•
]
]


a D
•
j
T A
r i i i ! i i i i i i i i
                   0          40
                   DUPLICATE
                                 80         120
                                    MEAN (ng/m3)
                                  +    EXTERNAL QA
                                                  160
200       24O
                                                                 REPLICATE
               Figure 4.   Coefficient of variation for duplicate, replicate,  and external QA
                         analyses plotted against the mean mass concentration (ng/m^)
                         measured by TEM.  The total range of mean values are plotted.

-------
CO
ai




&r
v-x
~z.
o
E
>
L-
O
^-
~z.
LJ
O
1 1
I ,
LL_
UJ
o
o







1 +J\J —
140 -
13O -

120 -
1 1O -
100 -
90 -
80 -
70 -

60 -

50 -
40 -
30 -

20 -

10 -

0 -

on ++ + oo
+
D
0 D + +
0
O a
0
O 0 o 0 0 D
O Q
+ D
O


DD ° 0 +
D
n
on _
n
D n
n

o on
n
i i i i i i i i i
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
                     DUPLICATE
MEAN  (fibers/m3)

+     EXTERNAL QA
o    REPLICATE
                 Figure 5.  Coefficient of variation for  duplicate,  replicate, and  external QA
                           analyses plotted against the  mean fiber  concentration  (fibers/m3)
                           measured by TEM.  Only the lower mean values are shown.

-------
     As with the TEM fiber concentrations,  the CV values  for  TEM
mass concentrations were similar for duplicate, replicate, and
external QA samples (Figures  4 and  5).

     It appears that the external QA laboratory obtained  results
that tended to be higher than those obtained at BCL  (Appendix
C-4).  Further analyses are in progress to  try to determine the
reason for this.

     As a means of checking for filter contamination in the
field, one Millipore field blank was collected at each site and
at each sampling period, giving a total of  85 field blanks.  In
the field, the filter blanks were taken directly from the filter
box, placed in a petri filter holder, and carried to the labora-
tory with the exposed samples.  The analyst did not know which
samples were field blanks; these samples were prepared and
analyzed like all other samples.  A total of 12 field blanks were
randomly selected (one field blank from each of the three types
of sites for each of the four sampling periods) and subjected to
TEM analysis.  The results in terms of fiber counts, fibers per
filter, and ng per filter are presented in Appendix C-4.  No
fibers were detected on half the field blanks.   The other six
field blanks yielded  a low average asbestos count of 0.52
ng/filter (standard deviation of 0.44).
                                37

-------
     To check for possible contamination during  the preparation



procedures, 5 laboratory blank Millipore filters were subjected



to standard laboratory procedures during preparation and  analysis



of the other samples.  The laboratory blank was either a  blank



filter in an ashing tube or an empty tube placed beside each  sam-



ple tube.  Each sample was ashed in a test tube  (the test tubes



were never reused), and each sample test tube had a blank test



tube placed beside it in the low temperature ashing chamber.  The



results are given in Appendix C-4.  Of these five filters, two



showed no contamination.  The remaining three yielded a low aver-



age asbestos count of 0.37 ng/filter (standard deviation of



0.31) .





     B.  Phase Contrast Microscopy (PCM)



     One hundred and twenty-three PCM analyses (including 26 rep-



licate and 23 duplicate analyses) were performed on 5-day samples



collected on Millipore filters.   These same filters were also



analyzed by TEM.





          1.   Methods



          The protocol for PCM is given in Appendix B-6.   This is



the standard NIOSH method (Leidel et al.  1979).   It considers



only fibers that are longer than 5 urn and does not  distinguish



asbestos fibers from other types of fiber.   A section of  the



membrane filter is cleaned and placed beneath a  coverslip on a



microscope slide.   A phase microscope equipped with a  Porton



reticle is used to count fibers  within 100  fields.
                                38

-------
          2.  Discussion



          Under the conditions of this study, the smallest fiber



width that could be measured by PCM was 0.3 to 0.5 um.  Results,



in terms of fibers/m3, are given in Appendix C-2.  The fiber



concentration includes all fibers, asbestos and nonasbestos, as



specified by the protocol.  Although positive identification was



not made, in the opinion of the microscopist, most of the fibers



appeared to be nonasbestos.





          3.  Quality Assurance



          The phase contrast microscopy was carried out at BCL on



5-day samples collected on Millipore filters.  Of the 74 filters



collected, 23 were randomly selected to be analyzed in duplicate



and 26 to be analyzed in replicate.  Twenty-nine randomly



selected samples were split in halves and one-half of each of



these samples was hand-carried to EMS Laboratories for external



quality assurance analysis.  Duplicate, replicate, and quality



assurance analyses were carried out.  Fiber counts and fiber



concentrations (fibers/m3) for duplicate, replicate,  and QA



analyses are presented, side-by-side with the corresponding



standard analysis results, in Appendix C-5.  Only fiber concen-



trations were statistically evaluated.







     The plots of the CV's against the means for fiber concen-



trations showed them to be similar for duplicate, replicate, and



external QA analyses as noted for TEM (Figure 6).  (The CV
                                39

-------



KO^
^
z:
o
i—

LJ_
o
j_
2
LJ
CJ
l-u
u.
LJ
O
o







150 -T~ 	 • 	 ' 	
140 -P3
130 -
120 -

110-

100 -


90 -

80 -

70 -

60 -

50 -


40 -

30 -


20 -

10 -

4-

0
n
Si

o

0
n
$
o <>
+
D
O

n^ + -f-
SB "f~
O -L
4> n
_P .
0 + o n
o o
_(.
°m +
D 0
+ + o n +
o ffl n n o 4a
-?— 1 	 1) 	 p? 	 1 	 [- 	 	 1— 	 | [ | |
0 20 40 60 8
MEAN (thousands of fibers/m )

    +   EXTERNAL  QA
REPLICATE
n    DUPLICATE             +
   Figure 6.   Coefficient of variation for duplicate,  replicate,  and external QA
             analyses plotted  against the mean  fiber  concentration  (thousands
             of fibers/m-^)  measured by PCM.

-------
values of ca. 141% were caused by one of the two values being



zero as explained in the TEM QA section.)  The standard



deviations for PCM analyses were the greatest relative to TEM or



SEM,and were nearly equal to or greater than the mean values



recorded for the samples used for quality assurance.





     C.  Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)



     Manual counting of asbestos fibers was performed using scan-



ning electron microscopy (SEM) at 2,OOOX and 20,OOOX.  A total of



108 analyses (including 23 replicates and 19 duplicates) were



carried out.





          1.  Methods



          All samples analyzed during this study were hand



delivered to ETC.  Since each sample was collected directly onto



a Nuclepore filter, analysis of the collected sample was possible



once the filter was carbon coated.  In order to minimize sample



loss through handling, carbon coating the filter was performed



while it was still in the cassette.  This involved carefully



removing the top half of the plastic cassette and placing the



sample(s) in a carbon evaporator.   In this manner, the entire



filter was coated with a thin layer of carbon.   A portion of the



carbon-coated filter was directly mounted on a polished carbon



planchette SEM stub.
                                 41

-------
     The samples were analyzed using an ETEC Autoscan scanning



electron microscope (SEM) equipped with a Tracer Northern energy



dispersive spectrometry X-ray analyzer (EDS).  An electron beam



accelerating potential of 20 kV was used with a specimen current



of 0.5 x 10~9 A, and a working distance of 13 mm.  During the



SEM-EDS analysis, the samples were analyzed at magnifications of



2,OOOX and 20,OOOX.  A two-second raster rate was used for all



analyses.







     Stated briefly, the SEM-EDS analysis was performed by plac-



ing the sample in the SEM and evacuating the sample chamber.



Once vacuum is achieved, the electron beam can be focused on the



sample's surface.  The interaction of the electron beam with the



sample produces various effects that can be monitored with suit-



able detectors.  Secondary and/or backscattered electrons are



used to create a viewing image, while the X-ray emission is moni-



tored to determine the elemental chemistry of observed fibers and



thus to identify asbestos.







     The filter was scanned for the presence of fibers at 2,OOOX



and 20,OOOX over an area representing at least one hundred (100)



nonoverlapping fields.   Each fiber observed was recorded on the



data sheet.  Fiber dimensions (length and width in micrometers)



were measured from the SEM viewing screen.   Fiber identity was
                               42

-------
determined using morphology and elemental composition via EDS  for

representative fibers.  After representative fibers were

characterized, additional fibers were classified on the basis  of

morphology.  Fibers of questionable identity were also analyzed

by EDS.


          2.  Discussion

          A full account of the results of the SEM analyses is

given in a separate report*.  For this study, the number and

dimensions of chrysotile fibers were used to obtain estimates of

fiber concentration (fibers/m3) and mass concentration (ng/m3)

following the same methods as those used for TEM (Appendix B-5).

The estimates appear in Appendix D-l.  Other types of asbestos

fibers were occasionally observed, but only chrysotile fibers,

which were the most common, were used in the calculations.



     The minimum fiber width that can be detected under the con-

ditions of the study is 0.1 - 0.3 urn.  The minimum length is

1 ym.  Particles that are counted as individual fibers by SEM

would probably be considered bundles using TEM because of the

differences in the detection limits of the two methods, with the
*Nordstrom RL and Casuccio, GS.  The identification of asbestos
 in ambient samples by scanning and transmission electron
 microscopy.  Report to Research Triangle Institute, May 1984.
                                43

-------
latter technique being  able  to identify individual fibers  more
easily.  Since bundles  are excluded from fiber and mass
concentration estimates obtained by TEM, it is possible  that
there is very little overlap between the fiber sizes measured by
SEM and those measured  by TEM.

          3.  Quality Assurance
          Sixty-six Nuclepore filter analyses were performed  by
ETC and RTI, of which 19 analyses were performed in duplicate  and
23 in replicate, and 25 filters  were selected for external qual-
ity assurance analysis  by EMS Laboratories.   Fiber counts at
2000X magnification, fiber concentrations  (fibers/m^),  and mass
concentrations (ng/m^)  for duplicate,  replicate,  and QA analyses
are shown, side-by-side with  the corresponding standard analysis
results (Appendix C-6).

     Asbestos fibers were counted during 6  of the 38  duplicate
analyses (Appendix C-6).  An  evaluation  of  differences  in
variability in duplicate, replicate,and  external  QA samples is
not possible because fibers were detected on a  very low number of filters.
The majority of the CV's calculated were ca.  141%  due to reasons explained in
the TEM QA section (Figures 7  and 8)  .
                                44

-------
CJ1


^

o
h-
E
5
o
z
LJ
O
u.
UJ
o
o


1 OU -
140 -
130 -
120 -
110-
100 -
90 -
80 -
70 -
60 -
50 -
40 -
30 -
20 -
10 -
0 -
C
OBD D

O




D


O
O


I I I I I
) 2 4 6
                              D
           MEAN (thousands of fibers/m )
       DUPLICATE            o    REPLICATE
                  Figure 7.
Coefficient of variation for duplicate and external QA analyses
plotted against the mean fiber concentrations (thousands of
fibers/m^)  measured by SEM.

-------


KO
6X
— ^
2_
0
i —
<
a:
<
^
Lu
O
\—
z:
UJ
o
LL
i ,
LU
LJ
0
0


150
140 -
130 -
12O -
110-
100 -
90 -
80 -
70 -
60 -
50 -
40 -
30 -
20 -
10 -
O •

i n n 0 c
o
>





0




i 1 ^ 1 1 1 1 1 • • '1
 0
Figure 8.
0.2
O.4
0.6
                                                    O.8              1

         MEAN (thousands of ng/m3)
   D    DUPLICATE             o    REPLICATE
Coefficient of variation for duplicate and external  QA analyses plotted
against the mean  mass  concentration (thousands of  ng/m3 j  measured by  SEM .

-------
     For external quality assurance purposes, 25 filters were



split in halves and one half sent to an external QA laboratory.



Of these 25 filters, only 3 were found to have any fibers during



analysis at the main laboratory, while 5 were found to have fiber



deposits when analyzed by the QA laboratory, with a maximum of 3



agreements.  Fiber concentrations ranged from 3 x 103 to 8.7 x



103 fibers/m3 (3 measurements) for the main laboratory, and from



1.2 x 103 to 4.4 x 103 fibers/m3 (5 measurements) for the QA



laboratory (a slightly lower and smaller range).  No further



analyses of these data was attempted since most analyses yielded



no fibers.







     As a means of possible contamination check in the field or



the laboratory, 11 field blanks and 2 laboratory blanks were



analyzed following the same procedures as for the other filters.



No fibers were detected on any of these 13 filter blanks.





II.  BULK SAMPLES



     Eight bulk samples, including two side-by-side samples, were



collected at 14 air sampling sites and 1 additional site



(Table 1)   giving a total of 120 samples.  Sixty of these 120



samples were selected to be (a) analyzed for asbestos and other



materials by polarized light microscopy (PLM) procedures and (b)



rated for releasability by stereomicroscopic techniques.  The



remaining samples have not been analyzed.

-------
     A.  Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM)

     Fifty-two of the 60 samples selected for analysis were anal-
yzed by PLM techniques at MRI.  Of these 52 samples, 7 were sub-
jected to a blind duplicate analysis by a second analyst at MRI
and 7 samples (one of a pair of side by side samples) were used
for replicate analysis.  Eight samples (one of a pair of side by
side samples) were analyzed by an external quality assurance
laboratory, Environmental Health Laboratory, Macon, Georgia.  In
summary, there were 67 analyses of the 60 samples.

          1.  Methods
          The MRI analytical procedures for PLM analysis followed
the interim test method published by the EPA (1982).

     For the analyses, MRI used a stereo zoom microscope capable
of 8X to 40X magnification equipped with an external illuminator
for oblique illumination,and a polarizing microscope (100X
magnification) equipped with an external illuminator and
dispersion staining objective.

     Each bulk sample was emptied onto clean weighing paper, and
the entire sample was examined as a whole through the stereo-
microscope for layering,  homogeneity,  and the presence of fibrous
material.  Identification of macro-size nonfibrous components was
usually possible at this  point.
                               48

-------
     Subsamples of the bulk sample were selected using the
stereomicroscope.  They were then mounted onto a clean microscope
slide in the appropriate index of refraction liquids for
examination through the polarizing microscope.

     The PLM procedure consisted of observing the characteristics
of the subsample components with transmitted polarized light,
crossed polars, slightly uncrossed polars, crossed polars plus
the first-order red compensator, and the central stop dispersion
staining objective.  The observations obtained using the various
techniques were used to identify the composition of fibrous and
some of the nonfibrous components on the basis of morphology,
sign of elongation, and refractive index/dispersion staining
colors.

     Volume percentages of the various materials were estimated
in relationship to the whole sample.

          2.  Discussion
          The results are given in Appendix C-3.  Thirty-one PLM
analyses, or 42%,showed 25% by volume of chrysotile.  Fifty-two
PLM analyses, or 78%, showed 25% or less by volume of chrysotile.
The highest volume of chrysotile was 85% and the lowest 3%.  Non-
asbestos material predominance was shared by perlite and
vermiculite.
                                49

-------
          3.  Quality Assurance



          A total of 52 bulk samples were analyzed by MRI; of



these, 7 were analyzed in duplicate and 7 of these 52 samples



were replicates (one sample from a pair of side by side samples).



In addition, from each of the 8 side-by-side samples, one member



was selected to be analyzed by EMS Laboratories for external



quality assurance.  The results of percent chrysotile content and



releasability rating for duplicate, replicate, and external



quality assurance, side-by-side with the corresponding standard



analysis results,  are presented in Appendix C-7.







     The CV's calculated for the percent chrysotile was quite



variable, ranging from ca.  0 to 115% (Figure 9).    The CV's for



the external QA analyses were the highest, showing that inter-



laboratory variability was  higher than either duplicate or



replicate analyses.





     B.  Releasability Rating



     The 60 samples  (67 analyses) (7 duplicate analyses,  7



replicate samples, and 8 external QA samples) were examined by



stereomicroscopic  technique and rated for  the apparent avail-



ability of releasable fibers from the bulk material.   They were



rated on an arbitrary scale of  0 through 9.   The rating is a



subjective determination.
                               50

-------


£
o
<(
%
b.
O
1-
LU
COEFFICI





1 ^CU -
110 -
100 -
90 -
80 -

70 -
60 -
50 -

40 -
30 -
20 -
10 -
0 -
C
+



D

D

+
B
D
a
o
i t B i i i i i i •
) 20 4O 60 80
MEAN (% chrysotile content)
D DUPLICATE + EXTERNAL QA o REPLICATE
Figure 9.   Coefficient of variation for duplicate,  replicate,  and  external  QA  analyses
           plotted against the mean percent chrysotile content in  bulk  samples measured
           by PLM.

-------
          1.  Methods



          Determining the releasability rating involves



consideration of the number of apparently free asbestos fibers as



well as the friability of the matrix.  Samples with large numbers



of free asbestos fibers and those with brittle matrices easily



broken or abraded are given a high numerical rating.  Asbestos-



containing samples with resilient or tough matrices, such as



resin-bonded glass wool or resin-bonded vermiculite, are given a



low numerical rating.







     The method for determination of releasability (Atkinson et



al. 1983) is the following:







     (1)  Determine the identity and concentration of the sample



          components by the  usual microscopic means;



     (2)  Examine the sample under a stereomicroscope at



          approximately 10X  magnification.   Note  the size and



          freedom of the fibers;



     (3)  Probe the sample with needles and  note  the



          brittleness,  toughness,  or resilience of the



          matrix;  and,



     (4)  Rate  the releasability on a scale  of 0  to 9.



          Assign a low  number  to samples with low releasa-



          bility,  a high number to samples with high



          releasability.
                               52

-------
          2.   Discussion
          The results are given in Appendix C-3.  Eighty-two
percent of the samples had a rating of 4, 5, or 6.  Thirty-nine
percent of the samples had a rating of 5, 28% had a rating of 6,
and 15% had a rating of 4.  The extremes were one sample with an
8 rating and nine samples with a 3 rating.  There were three
samples with a 7 rating.

          3.   Quality Assurance
          The CV's calculated for the releasability ratings were
generally less than those calculated for the percent chrysotile
(Figure 10).    The CV's were all less than 50%.
                                53

-------
en
     O
L_
O
     UJ
     O

     t
     UJ
     O
     O
             5O
             40 -
             3O -
             2O -
             1O -
            D    DUPUCATE
                                    MEAN (releasability rating)

                                     +    EXTERNAL QA
                                                                              6
REPLICATE
          Figure 10.
               Coefficient of variation for duplicate, replicate, and external QA analyses plotted
               against the mean releasability rating for bulk samples measured by PLM.

-------
                            SECTION 7



                       STATISTICAL  ANALYSIS





     The statistical analysis of the data was directed at the two



main objectives of the study:








     (1)  To compare airborne asbestos levels before, during,



          and after removal of the asbestos containing



          material; and,



     (2)  To compare TEM, SEM and PCM as methods of assessing



          airborne asbestos levels.







     A secondary objective was to investigate the relationship



between airborne asbestos levels and properties of the bulk



samples.







     Airborne asbestos levels are expressed as fiber concen-



tration (fibers/m^) and as mass concentration (ng/m^).  The mass



is calculated directly from the dimensions of each fiber measured



under the microscope.   Only chrysotile asbestos is considered



since other types of asbestos fibers were rarely found.   The



analysis methods are discussed in more detail in the next



section.  Subsequent sections discuss each objective in turn and



present the results of the statistical analyses.  Data listings



are given in Appendix  D.
                               55

-------
I.        ANALYSIS METHODS




         Summary statistics are presented in graphs and  tables.


The distribution of airborne asbestos levels tends to be skewed


to the right with high levels occurring more often than  would  be


expected if the distribution were symmetrical about its  mean.


When this is the case, the arithmetic mean can be unduly


inflated.  To take this into account, the natural logarithm of


the levels was used in the statistical tests.  The


transformations used were log (X+l) for fiber concentration

         o
(fibers/m ) and log (1,000X+1) for mass concentration


(ng/m  ).  The inclusion of the 1 means that zero values  on the


original scale are also zero on the transformed scale.   Analysis


of the transformed data is equivalent to working with the


geometric mean.  The geometric mean is often regarded as a more


appropriate measure of central tendency or location for  skewed


data, and is presented in the summary tables.  The geometric mean


is the same as the median for the lognormal distribution.




         Analysis of variance and the nonparametric Kruskal-


Wallis test (which does not assume a particular distribution)


were used to test hypotheses about the effect of school, the type


of site and the sampling period on airborne asbestos levels.   The


p-value associated with each test indicates the probability of


obtaining, due to sampling error alone, an effect as large or


larger than the effect that was observed.  Thus, a large p-value


indicates that the observed effects are likely to be due to
                              56

-------
chance, whereas a small p-value indicates  that  the  observed



effects are most likely due to real differences.  The




conventional value of p < 0.05 is taken as  the  level of



statistical significance.








         Correlation coefficients are  used  to measure  the  degree



of association between results obtained to  different analytical



methods.  The maximum value is 1.   If  there is  no relationship



between the two sets of results, the correlation coefficient  is



0.  A  large p-value associated with a  correlation coefficient



indicates that the correlation is not  significantly different



from zero.








         In this study the airborne asbestos levels are  generally



low.   Therefore it is not uncommon, particularly with  SEM,  for



some estimates to be based on a few (  < 10) fibers.  The large



uncertainty associated with such an estimate means  that  little



confidence can be placed in the actual numberical value  of a



single observation.  This should be kept in mind when



interpreting the results.  It was felt that the estimates  still



provided useful information about trends in airborne asbestos



levels, particularly when an estimate  is based  on several



measurements, and therefore they were  included  in the  statistical



analyses.  Although the problem is  severe  for SEM,  it  is much



less serious for TEM and PCM.  Fiber counts for the latter two



methods are often greater than 10 (Appendix D-l).
                               57

-------
II.  AIRBORNE ASBESTOS LEVELS BEFORE. DURING.
     AND AFTER ABATEMENT

     The first objective of this study was to compare airborne

asbestos concentrations at selected sites before, during, and

after complete removal of the asbestos material.  The data  used

for this comparison came from 5-day air samples collected simul-

taneously on Millipore and Nuclepore filters.  Millipore filters

were analyzed by both PCM and TEM.  Nuclepore filters were  anal-

yzed by SEM.  Where replicate or duplicate analyses were done on

the same filter, the arithmetic mean of the two values was  used

in the statistical analysis.  Results from the external QA

analyses are not included.



     Figure 11  summarizes the results for each sampling period

and each analysis method.  The results are discussed in more

detail below.


     A.  TEM Results

     Fiber concentration (fibers/m3) and mass concentration

(ng/m3), as measured by TEM, were low both before and after

asbestos removal (
-------
      UJ^
      o
      z
      o
      o
      01
      UJ
      CD
      U.
      2
       2s
O
O

K

CD
U.

2
UJ
I/)
1 b -
15 -
14 -
13 -
12 -
1 1 -
10 -
9 -
8 -
7 -
6 -
5 -
4 -
3 -
2 -
1 -
O -
9 -
8 -
7 -
6 -
5 -
4 -
3 -
2 -
1 -
r» -














TEM












T . _
ANAO ANAO ANAO ANAO
lefore Ourtnj I«ed1«tely »fter School
After Resumed








T i .
SEM







T . I 	
                  A NA  0

                   Before
                  A NA   0

                   Before
                        A  NA  0

                         During
                                           lewdlately
                                             After
A  NA  0

 During
                                            I-nedlately
                                              After
            A  - Asbestos
                                                                               75th PercenHle
                                                                               25th Percenttle
                        After School
                          Resuned

£T
*
*E
1
If
l§
°fc.
o
o
K.
U
m
o
0.

90 -
80 -
70 -
60 -
50 -
40 -
3O -
20 -
10 -
n -
PCM





II 	 I









                                                 After School
                                                  Resulted
                         NA - Non-Asbestos      0 - Outdoor

                         (a)  Fiber concentration
Figure  11.   Summary  of air  sampling  results.   The  distribution of values  for
              each sampling period and site  type is  indicated by the maximum,
              minimum  and 75th, 50th  (mediarl),  and  25th percentiles.
                                       59

-------


£V
*
*
E
en
c
Z
O
t-
o;

z
I ' 1
o
z
o
o
I/)
uj




*
*E
en
c
z!
°?
*8
1°
z£.
o
(/I
1/1
5
uj




140 -
130 -
120 -

110 -
100 -

90 -

80 -

70 -

60 -

50 -
40 -
30 -
20 -
10 -
0 4


















TEN















,

ANAO ANAO ANAO ANAO
Before During Immediately After School
After Resumed
1
0.9 -

0.8 -
0.7 -

0.6 -
0.5 -

0.4 -

0.3 -
0.2 -

0. 1 -
0 -














I
SEN



















• -•• 	 •• • — _ _ _
A NA 0 A NA 0 A NA 0 A NA 0
Before During Immediately After School
                                                                    25th Percentlle
                                                                    Minimum
0   MAX      +   75JS      o  30J5
A -  Asbestos     NA -  Non-Asbestos
After          Resumed

   233C      x  MIN
   0  - Outdoor
                     (b)   Mass concentration
                 Figure 11.   (Continued)

                               60

-------
four schools were highest at asbestos-containing sites during
removal (Table 3).     These sites were located outside the
containment area but close to the barriers separating the work
area from the rest of the school.  A negative air pressure system
was not used during the removal operation.  The nonasbestos and
outdoor sites did not have elevated levels during removal.  Mass
concentrations follow the same pattern.  Table 4    provides a
summary of the results averaged across all schools.

     Two-way analyses of variance with school and sampling period
as the two factors were carried out on the log-transformed data.
At asbestos-containing sites, both fiber density and mass concen-
tration differ significantly (p <0.01 and p <0.0001, respec-
tively) between sampling periods.  When the "during" period is
eliminated from the analysis, significant differences are no
longer present.  Thus, the differences can be explained by
elevated levels during abatement and there is no significant
difference between levels before and after removal.  There is no
statistically significant difference between periods at either
nonasbestos-containing or outdoor sites (p >0.05).   Levels at
these two categories of sites remained low throughout the study.
There are no statistically significant interactions between
school and sampling period.   This indicates that  similar trends
were seen at all schools.
                                61

-------
                  Table 3.   Average Chrysotile Fiber and Mass Concentrations (in Fibers/m3 and
                            ng/m3, Respectively) Measured by TEM at Each School  and Type of Site
                            Before, During  and After Removal of the Asbestos-Containing Material.
                            During Removal, "Asbestos" Sites were Located Immediately Outside the
                            Barriers.
r\>







SCHOOL

I




2



3


4








ITYPE

(ASBESTOS
PERIOD
BEFORE REMOVAL
TEM-CHRYS-I
FI6ERS/M»»3l
1 THOUSANDS ) 1
GEOMETRIC 1
MEAN |
1
|
7.7|

INON-ASBESTOS I 320.0)

(OUTDOOR I 34.0)
(ASBESTOS 1 29.81

INON-ASBESTOS 1 23.01
(OUTDOOR 1 3.01
(ASBESTOS 1 46.
-------
            Table 4.
Average Chrysotile Fiber and Mass Concentrations (in Thousands of Fibers/m3
and nq/m3, Respectively) Measured by TEM at Each Type of Site Before,
During and After Removal of the Asbestos-Containing Material.  During Removal
"Asbestos" Sites were Located Immediately Outside the Barriers.
CT>
CO

ITYPE
| 	 . 	
ASBESTOS
PERIOD
BEFORE REMOVAL I
TEH-CHRYS-I
FIBERS/MO »j|
( THOUSANDS ) 1
GEOMETRIC I
MEAN I
1
1
31.21
NON-ASBESTOS 1 6.1|
	 t 	 . 	 >
(OUTDOOR 1 12.6)
DURING REMOVAL I
1 TEM-CHRYS-I
TEM-CHRYS-|FIBERS/M«*3|
NG/m»3 ((THOUSANDS))
GEOMETRIC 1
MEAN 1
1
1
0.21
0.11
0.11
GEOMETRIC 1
MEAN I
1
1
1736.01
12.01
1.31
SHORTLY AFTER REMOVAL 1
1 TEM-CHRYS-I
TEM-CHHYS-|FIBERS/M»«3|
NG/M»»3 ((THOUSANDS)!
GEOMETRIC 1
MEAN |
1
1
14.41
O.ll
O.Ol
GEOMETRIC 1
MEAN I
1
1
5.61
1.6|
20.01
AFTER SCHOOL RESUMED
1 TEM-CHRYS-I
TEM-CHRYS- 1 FIBERS/M«*3|
NG/M«»3 ((THOUSANDS)!
GEOMETRIC I
MEAN 1
1
1
O.ll
0.0)
O.ll
GEOMETRIC 1
MEAN I
1
1
23.91
18.11
7.91
TEM-CHRYS-
NG/M*»3
GEOMETRIC
MEAN
0.2
0.1
O.Ol

-------
     The results of the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test agree



with those of the analysis of variance indicating that the



results are not sensitive to the assumption of a lognormal dis-



tribution.  Levels are significantly different between sampling



periods at asbestos-containing sites (p <0.01 and p <0.0001) for



fiber concentration and mass concentration,  respectively),  but are



not significantly different (p <0.05) at nonasbestos-containing



and outdoor sites.





     B.  SEM Results



          Asbestos fibers were detected by SEM on only 14 (21%)



of the filters.  Therefore, the estimated fiber concentration and



mass concentrations were below detection limit in most cases and



were set to zero.  Eleven (79%) of the nonzero estimates were



obtained during asbestos removal.   Thus,  despite the small  number



of fibers counted, the SEM results show a similar pattern to the



TEM results (Figure 11) .    Fiber concentrations range from  0 to



9xl03 fibers/m3 and mass concentrations range from 0 to



1,000 ng/m3 (Appendix E).  The large value of 1,000  ng/m3 is



based on only 1 fiber and is discussed further in section 7-C



where the three analytical methods are compared.   The data  are



summarized across sites and across schools and sites in Tables



5 and 6.
                               64

-------
Table 5.  Average Chrysotile Fiber and Mass Concentrations (in Thousands of Fibers/m3
          and ng/m3, Respectively) Measured by SEM at Each School and Type of Site
          Before, During and After Removal of the Asbestos-Containing Material.
          During Removal, "Asbestos" Sites were Located Immediately Outside the
          Barriers.










SCHOOL


1




a



3




4











(TYPE


(ASBESTOS
PERIOD


BEFORE REMOVAL
SEM-CHRYS-I
FIBERS/M»»3l
1 THOUSANDS ) 1

GEOMETRIC 1
MEAN 1

1
1
O.Ol
1 	 . 	 . 	 .

1 NON-ASBESTOS I O.Ol
1 	 . 	 .

(OUTDOOR 1 O.Ol
(ASBESTOS 1 O.Ol
INON- ASBESTOS 1 O.Ol

(OUTDOOR 1 O.Ol
(ASBESTOS 1 O.Ol

(NON-ASBESTOS 1 O.Ol

(OUTDOOR I O.Ol
(ASBESTOS 1 .1
j 	 «. 	 «.
(OUTDOOR I . 1


1
1


DURING REMOVAL
SEM-CHRYS-I
SEM-CHRYS- 1 F IBERS/M»»3 I
NG/M««3

GEOMETRIC
MEAN



0.


0.


0.
0.
0.

0.
0.

1.

0.


1 1 THOUSANDS 1 1

1
1
,
1
1
01


01


01
01
01

01
01

01

01
.1
.1

GEOMETRIC 1
MEAN 1

1
1
0.0)


O.Ol


.1
1.61
O.Ol

.1
3.31

O.Ol

O.Ol
6.61
O.Ol


1
1


SHORTLY AFTER REMOVAL 1
SEM-CHRYS-I
SEM-CHRYS- I FIBERS/M«»3 I
NG/M««3

1 1 THOUSANDS > 1

GEOMETRIC 1
MEAN



0


0



16
0


314

0

0
216
0
1

1
1
.11


.01


.1
.31
.01

.1
.61

.01

.01
.41
.01

GEOMETRIC 1
MEAN I

1
1
O.Ol


O.Ol


0.0)
O.Ol
O.Ol

O.Ol
O.Ol

O.Ol

O.Ol
.1
.1
1

1
1
AFTER SCHOOL RESUMED 1
	 . 	 _ i
SEM-CHRYS- I
SEM-CHRYS- |FIBERS/M»»3l
NG/M" 3 1 1 THOUSANDS 1 1

GEOMETRIC 1
MEAN 1

1
1
O.Ol


O.Ol


O.Ol
O.Ol
O.Ol

O.Ol
O.Ol

O.Ol

O.Ol
.1
.1

GEOMETRIC ,1
MEAN 1

1
1
O.Ol


O.Ol


O.Ol
O.Ol
O.Ol

O.Ol
O.Ol

O.Ol

O.Ol
.1
.1
1
SEM-CHRYS- 1
NG/T1«*3 1
.-_--.----. 1
GEOMETRIC 1
MEAN I
	 	 	 i
1
1
O.Ol


O.Ol


O.Ol
O.Ol
O.Ol

O.Ol
O.Ol

O.Ol

O.Ol
.1
.1

-------
Table 6.  Average Chrysotile Fiber and Mass Concentrations (in Thousands of Fibers/m3
          and ng/m^, Respectively) Measured by SEM at Each Type of Site Before,
          During and After Removal of the Asbestos-Containing Material.  During
          Removal, "Asbestos" Sites were Located Immediately Outside the Barriers.

ITTPE
| 	 _ 	 	 	
i ASBESTOS
1
PERIOD
BEFORE REMOVAL I
SEH-CHRYS-1
FIBERS/M»«J|
1 THOUSANDS > 1
GEOMETRIC 1
MEAN |
1
1
o.ol
INON- ASBESTOS 1 0.0)
(OUTDOOR 1 0.01
DURING REMOVAL I
1 SEM-CHRYS-I
SEM-CHRYS- 1 F IBERS/M«« J 1
NG/««»3 I ( THOUSANDS ) 1
GEOMETRIC I
MEAN |
1
1
o.ol
o.ol
o.ol
GEOMETRIC 1
MEAN 1
1
1
IM
o.ol
0.01
SHORTLY AFTER REMOVAL 1
1 SEM-CHRYS-I
SEM-CHRYS- 1 F IBEHS/M«« Jl
NG/M»»3 ((THOUSANDS)!
GEOMETRIC I
MEAN |
1
1
20.21
o.ol
o.ol
GEOMETRIC 1
MEAN 1
1
1
o.ol
o.ol
o.ol
AFTER SCHOOL RESUMED
1 SEM-CHRYS-I
SEM-CHR YS- 1 F IBERS/M«« 3 1
MG/M»»3 II THOUSANDS >l
GEOMETRIC 1
MEAN 1
1
1
o.ol
o.ol
o.ol
GEOMETRIC I
MEAN I
1
1
o.ol
o.ol
o.ol
SEM-CHRYS-
NG/H»»3
GEOMETRIC
MEAN
o.ol
o.ol
o.ol

-------
         Both the two-way analysis of variance and  the  Kruskal-



Wallis test show a significant difference between sampling  periods



at asbestos-containing sites  (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.0001,  respec-



tively) .   At nonasbestos-containing and outdoor sites almost  all



the levels are zero and formal statistical analyses were  not  done.







         C.  PCM Results



         Fiber densities reported by PCM include both asbestos and



non-asbestos fibers.  Fiber dimensions are not measured.



Therefore, mass concentrations cannot be calculated.  Fiber


                                     3         3
concentrations range from 0 to 9.4x10  fibers/m  (Appendix



E).  There is no evidence of  elevated fiber levels  during



abatement; in contrast to the TEM and SEM results.  In  fact,  fiber



concentrations appear to be highest before removal  and  after



school resumed (Figure 11 and Tables 7 and 8).  This may  reflect



the increase in human activity during these periods.



Concentrations of non-asbestos fibers such as cellulose,  hair etc.



are expected to be higher when students are present and there is



substantial student activity  in the building.  These non-asbestos



fibers are included in the PCM measurements.  There is  a



statistically significant difference between periods at asbestos-



containing sites when the log transformed data are  analyzed by



either a two-way analysis of variance (p < 0.05) or the



Kruskal-Wallis test (p < 0.01).  At the non-asbestos sites  the



difference between periods is not as apparent with  the  two-way



analysis of variance (p = 0.08) but is detected by  the  Kruskal-



Wallis test (p < 0.01).  No significant differences among periods



were detected at the outdoor  sites  (p > 0.05).
                                67

-------
                              Table 7.   Average Fiber Concentration (in Thousands of Fibers/m^) Measured by
                                        PCM at Each School  and Type of Site Before, During and After Removal
                                        of the Asbestos-Containing Material.   During Removal, "Asbestos  Sites
                                        were Located Immediately Outside the Barriers.
CTl
OO









SCHOOL

1





2




3





4











(TYPE

(ASBESTOS
PERIOD

BEFORE
REMOVAL
PCM
1
1
1
1

DURING
REMOVAL
PCM
1
1
1
1
SHORTLY
AFTER
REMOVAL
PCM
1
1
1
1
AFTER
SCHOOL
RESUMED
PCM




F-BERS/M««.lF_BERS/M*».lF_BERS/t1««3lFIBERS/M«*3
I THOUSANDS ) 1 ( THOUSANDS ) 1 C THOUSANDS ) I ( THOUSANDS >
GEOMETRIC
MEAN


14.
(NON-ASBESTOS I 11.
I 	 	 	 	 ________*________

(OUTDOOR I 0.


(ASBESTOS 1 15.
I 	 	 	 	

(NON- ASBESTOS 1 10.


(OUTDOOR I 3.
(ASBESTOS 1 26.
(NON-ASBESTOS 1 29.


(OUTDOOR 1 0.


(ASBESTOS 1 22.

(OUTDOOR 1 2.
1
1
1
i
6|
01


7|


91


11


11
01
71


31


91

01
GEOMETRIC
MEAN


7.
0.


0.


2.


0.


2.
1
1
1
i
51
01


71


4|


01


31
3.11
0.


2.


1.

0.
31


01


4l

21
GEOMETRIC
MEAN


6.
9.





4.


1.



3.
3.


1
1
1
1
51
6|


.1


21


51


.1
61
31


5.61


3.

2.


61

01
GEOMETRIC
MEAN





0.51
33


.01


0.51


13


65


0
11
36


0


4

0


.21


.61


.01

.0)


.51


.61

.01

-------
                        Table 8   Average  Fiber Concentration  (in Thousands of Fibers/m3) Measured by
                                  PCM at Each Type of  Site Before, During and After Removal of the
                                  Asbestos-Containing  Material.  During Removal,  "Asbestos  Sites were
                                  Located  Immediately  Outside  the Barriers.
vO

ITYPE
1 ASBESTOS
• ,
PERIOD
1
BEFORE 1
REMOVAL 1
1 SHORTLY 1
DURING I AFTER I
REMOVAL 1 REMOVAL I
AFTER
SCHOOL
RESUMED
PCM | PCM | PCM | PCM
FIBERS/M«»3|FIBERS/T1«»3|FIBERS/n»»3|FIBERS/M**3
( THOUSANDS 1 1 1 THOUSANDS 1 1 C THOUSANDS ) I ( THOUSANDS )
GEOMETRIC 1
MEAN 1
1
1
19.71
1 NON-ASBESTOS 1 15.01
1 OUTDOOR 1 l.tl
GEOMETRIC 1 GEOMETRIC I
MEAN 1 MEAN I
1 1
1 1
z.el t.zi
O.Ol 3.51
0.01 3.31
GEOMETRIC
MEAN
6.21
1
40.31
._ 	 _______!
O.Ol

-------
III.  COMPARISON OF SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL  PROTOCOLS




         The second main objective of  this study was  to compare




different methods of measuring airborne asbestos levels.








         Multiple samples were collected  simultaneously at each




site to provide comparisons between different  sampling times




(3-day and 5-day) and three analytical methods:   TEM,  SEM and




PCM.








      A. Sampling Duration



         Air samples of approximately  22.5 hours ("3-day")  and




37.5 hours ("5-day") duration were collected on  Millipore




filters. The results described int he preceding  section are based




on the 5-day samples.  Thirty-three 3-day samples  from the  first




(before abatement) and third (immediately after  abatement)




sampling period were analyzed by TEM.  As it became apparent that




the airborne asbestos levels were very low, and  would  not allow a




useful comparison between the two sampling times,  analysis  of the



3-day samples was discontinued.








      B. Analytical Method




         The three analytical methods  (TEM, SEM  and PCM)  detect




fibers of different sizes (Figure 12).  In addition,  PCM  does not




distinguish asbestos fibers from other types of  fibers.




Therefore,  the numerical estimates of  fiber and  mass




concentration will depend on the method used.  Even though  the




actual numerical values will differ, the estimates should be




highly correlated if the methods are to be regarded as






                                70

-------
   ,6 —
ca
          ASPECT  RATIO
           TOO  SMALL
                               DETECTED BY TEM,  SEM
                                                                DETECTED BY TEM,  SEM AND PCM
              DETECTED  RY TEM, SEM, AND POSSIBLY
                             PCM
                                               DETECTED BY TEM AND  POSSIBLY SEM
                                               DETECTED BY TEM
                                                NOT  DETECTED BY ANY  METHOD
        n
                                                  I
           I
/I          5
 LENGTH (pn)
I
6-
7
8
         Figure 12.   Range of fiber sizes that can be detected by three analysis methods under the conditions
                    of this study.

-------
alternatives for measuring airborne asbestos levels.  A low



correlation implies, for example, that higher levels measured by



one method do not correspond to higher levels measured by



another.  This could occur if the distribution of fiber sizes



changes with fiber concentration, or in the case of PCM, if there



are changes in the concentrations of other non-asbestos fibers.







     Each 5-day Millipore sample analyzed by TEM was also



analyzed by PCM.  Therefore a direct comparison of the two



methods, based on analysis of identical samples, is possible.  At



most sites an air sample was also collected on a Nuclepore fil-



ter.  The Nuclepore samples were collected at the same time as



the Millipore samples and therefore should represent the same



airborne levels although they may differ by chance because they



are different samples.   The Nuclepore filters were analyzed by



SEM.







     There are 60 site/period combinations where air samples were



analyzed by both TEM and SEM.  The results for fiber concentra-



tion are plotted in Figure 13  and those for mass concentration



in Figure 14.    The correlation coefficient for  fiber  concentra-



tion (of the log transformed data) is 0.56 with  a p-value  of



0.0001 indicating that  the correlation is significantly different



from zero.  For mass concentration the correlation coefficient is



0.62 with a p-value of  0.0001.   Thus, for both variables  there is
                               72

-------
         10,000
     O
—i
CO
u
O

O
O

a:
u
m
C
          1,000-
            100-
             10:
            1.0-
            0.1-
                                    o.i
                                           I

                                           1.0
10
 I

100
1,000
10,000
                                        SEM FIBER CONCENTRATION
        Figure 13.
                       Fiber concentration  ( thousands of fibers/Hi^) measured by TEM

                       plotted against  fiber  concentration  measured by SEM.  Air samples

                       were collected simultaneously at  the same  site.

-------
1,000 -
100 -
2
O
I-
1- I
Ld
0 i.o-l
o 1

a o
a
a
D
1 a
| 0
i 1-1
       0.1-
111
       Figure 14.
                                   0.1
                             1.0
10
100
1,000
                                   SEM MASS  CONCENTRATION
Mass concentration (ng/m^)  measured by TEM plotted against mass
concentration measured by SEM.   Air samples were collected
simultaneously at the same  site.

-------
a statistically significant correlation between the TEM and SEM



results.  When only the nonzero SEM results are considered,the



correlation coefficients are 0.91 for fiber concentration and



0.30 for mass concentration (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.34,



respectively).  The lack of a significant correlation between TEM



and SEM mass concentrations when the zero SEM values are



eliminated is caused by the small number of large fibers detected



by SEM.  These had a very large influence on the mass



concentration for SEM with no correspondingly high value in TEM



since these large fibers would have likely been recorded as



bundles or clusters by TEM.







     Seventy-four filters were analyzed by both TEM and PCM.



Fiber concentration results are plotted in Figure 15.   (Mass



concentration cannot be calculated from PCM data.)  The correla-



tion coefficient of 0.07 is not significant (p = 0.54), indicat-



ing no significant relationship between the TEM and PCM results.



When only nonzero PCM results are considered,  the correlation



coefficient is 0.04 (p = 0.72).







     Both TEM and SEM give similar qualitative results for the



before, during, and after abatement sampling periods:  airborne



asbestos levels were low before and after abatement and elevated



during abatement (see Figure 11  and Section II above).  Fewer



fibers were counted by SEM on the Nuclepore filters (no fibers



were observed on 79% of the filters)  and fiber concentrations
                               75

-------
     10,000 -
                                               DD      S
I

LJ
O

o
O
99
u_

UJ
      1,000 -
        100 -
            fl
         10 -
        1.0 -
        0.1 -
                                                          a
                                                          D
                                                            a

                                                            n
a       *& — -     -  an
D           * °  °DB a
a QQ       a     a
                                  0.1        1.0          10          100


                                       PCM  FIBER CONCENTRATION
                                                                              1,000    10,000
               Figure 15.  Fiber concentration  (thousands of fibers/m3) measured by TEN!
                          plotted against fiber concentration measured by PCM.  Both analyses
                          were done on a single filter.

-------
were correspondingly lower  (less than  1.0 x  104  fibers/m3  com-


pared to up to 1.6 x 107 fibers/m3) than those obtained with  TEM.


This is not surprising since SEM cannot detect very small  fibers


that are still visible under TEM.  Figure 12  illustrates  the


fiber size ranges that can  be detected by each of the analytical


methods under the conditions of this study.





     Nonzero mass concentrations measured by SEM were generally


higher than those measured  by TEM.  This occurs because the


fibers that were detected by SEM tended to be large.  SEM  cannot


detect very small fibers (< 0.1 jam in diameter).  However, large


fibers, which would probably be considered as bundles under TEM


and therefore excluded from mass calculations, are detected by


SEM and included in the calculations.  These large fibers  can


have a big influence on the mass concentration.  For example, the


highest mass concentration  measured by SEM (1,000 ng/m3 at school


3, site 5 before removal) is derived from a single large fiber.


Without additional information on the medical significance of the


large fibers it is not clear whether they should be included or


excluded from estimates of mass concentration.  The detection of
                •*

large fibers by SEM is not  closely related to the presence of


bundles or clusters in the TEM analysis.  TEM detected bundles or


clusters in 26 of the 60 SEM/TEM sample pairs.  SEM detected one


or more fibers in 9 of the  26 cases and in 3 of the remaining 34


cases.
                                 77

-------
         The difference in the number of  fibers  detected by TEM


and SEM may also be attributable in part  to the  fact  that


different types of filters were used (Millipore  for TEM and


Nuclepore for SEM).  It is thought that the fibers may be lost


more readily from Nuclepore filters because of their  slippery


surface, although the evidence for this is questionable.


Analyzing both types of filters by both methods  would help to


resolve the question.




         Fiber concentrations estimated by PCM did not follow the


same pattern, with respect to sampling period, as those estimated


by TEM or SEM.  The highest concentrations were  at indoor sites


before abatement and after school had resumed—the two periods of


greatest activity in the schools.  The PCM fiber concentrations


tended to be higher (0 to 1 x 10 ) than levels obtained by SEM

                 4
(less than 1 x 10  ) but lower than those  obtained by  TEM (up  to


1.6 x 10 ).  Recall that PCM provides a total fiber count which


does not distinguish asbestos from nonasbestos fibers.




         The restricted range of air levels found in  this study


does not allow a complete comparison of the three different


analytical methods.  In this particular case, where levels are


generally low, TEM appears to provide the most complete


description of the course of events.  SEM results show a similar


pattern, but only a small number of asbestos fibers were  detected


and mass concentrations were determined by a few large individual


fibers.   PCM provides no indication of the elevated airborne


asbestos levels during removal and bears  no obvious relationship


to the other measures.


                               78

-------
IV.       ANALYSIS OF RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN  BULK  SAMPLES
         AND LEVELS OF AIRBORNE ASBESTOS  FIBERS
         Eight bulk samples  (including two  side-by-side  samples)

were collected from each asbestos-containing  site  after  the  first

sampling period and before the removal operation took  place.   Four

of these were analyzed by PLM and rated  for releasability.   The

rest were stored for future  use.  The releasability  rating is  a

subjective rating of the tendency of the material  to release

fibers (see Section II.B).   It is measured  on a scale  of 0 to  9

with 9 indicating a very high tendency to release  fibers.  The

average percentage by volume of chrysotile  and the average

releasability rating for each school and site are  shown  in Table

9.  The average is weighted, with side-by-side samples receiving a

weight of 1/6 and all other  samples a weight  of 1/3.

Investigating the relationship between airborne asbestos levels

and properties of the bulk sample was a  secondary  objective  of the

study-  This was done only for air levels measured during removal

since airborne asbestos levels at all schools were very  low  for

the other three sampling periods.



         Percentage chrysotile and releasability ratings are very

similar (approximately 15-25% and 4-5.5, respectively) at schools

1, 2, and 3.  Bulk samples from school 4 contain a higher per-

centage of chrysotile (84%)  and the releasability  rating for site

1 at school 4 is 7.  The average airborne asbestos level during

abatement is highest at school 4 (Table  5)  and this  could be
                                79

-------
Table 9.   Percent Chrysotile Content and Releasability
          Rating (Weighted Average) for Each Asbestos-
          Containing Site
1
j JRELEASABILI-
CWRYSOTILE XJ TV
j MEAN !
MEAN
SCHOOL JSITE j j
1
A
3
4
	 1 1
2 ! 23.33J
3
5
i»
Q
r%
M
5
D
1
?..::::::::::::.

.
i
2
23 33j
25 B3[
25 83|
25 . 00 i
20.00|
17 17|
23.00!
20.OOJ
26. 17 J
24 67J
23.B7J
23.33J
83.33J
83.33!
B.BO
B.OO
5. 17
B.67
B 83
S.OO
4.67
4.67
B.BO
3.5O
5. 17
3.B3
B.67
7 17
4.00
                            80

-------
due to the nature of the asbestos material.   In  this  school  the



material could not be wetted successfully and the  material had to




be broken with a hammer.  The relationship between air  levels  and



bulk sample properties is illustrated graphically  in  Figures 16



and 17.  In Figure 16, average mass concentration  during




abatement is plotted against average chrysotile  percentage for



each school.  The average mass concentration  (ng/m )  is



obtained by taking the geometric mean of levels  measured  by  TEM



at each site immediately outside the barriers.   The average



chrysotile percentage is the arithmetic mean  of  all bulk  samples



taken at the school with side-by-side samples weighted  as



described above.  Figure 17 is a similar plot using releasability



ratings.  Although school 4 shows the highest mass concentration,



percent asbestos, and releasability, the overall relationship



between asbestos concentration and properties of the  bulk



material is not striking.  This is not unexpected  since the



measured levels will also depend on how well  the barriers are



constructed and maintained and this could vary from school to



school.
                                81

-------
oo
ro

•X-
E
en
c
z:
g
a:
\—
z
LJ
O
0
u
en
CO
2
LJ
0
LJ
I UU/ — i
140 -
130 -
120 -
110-
100 -
90 -
80 -
70 -
60 -
50 -
40 -
30 -
20 -
10 -
0 -
C
school 4A










school 3
o
D school 1
school 2 +
i i i i i i i i
) 20 40 60 80
                                         AVERAGE  CHRYSOTILE %



                 Figure 16.    Average mass concentration (ng/m3) during removal plotted against

                             average chrysotile percentage of the bulk samples for each of the
                             four schools.

-------
00
CO

*
*•
£
Cn
C
Z
O
h-
on
i—
LJ
O
O
CJ
en
CO
2
LJ
O
LJ
1 OU -
140 -
130 -
120 -
110-
100 -
90 -
80 -
70 -
60 -
50 -
40 -
30 -
20 -
10 -
n
A
school 4









school 3
0 school 1
school 2 a
                4      4.2    4.4     4.6    4.8      5      5.2    5.4     5.6    5.8

                                          AVERAGE RELEASABILITY
6
                  Figure 17.   Average mass concentration  (ng/m3) during removal plotted against
                             average releasability rating of the bulk samples for each of the
                             four schools.

-------
                            REFERENCES
Atkinson GR, Chesson J, Price BP, Barkan  D, Ogden  JS,  Brantley
G,  Going JE.  1983.  Midwest Research  Institute.   Releasability
of asbestos-containing materials as an indicator of  airborne
asbestos exposure.  Draft  final report.   Washington,  DC:
Protection Agency.  Contract 68-01-5915.

Chesson J, Price BP, Stroup CR, Breen  JJ.   1985.   Statistical
issues in measuring airborne asbestos  levels  following an
abatement program.  To appear in ACS Symposium  Series.

Leidel NA, Bayer SG, Zumwalde RD, Busch KA.   1979.   USPHS/NIOSH
Membrane filter method for evaluating  airborne  asbestos fibers,
U.S. Department of Health, Education,  and Welfare, Publ.  (NIOSH)
79-127.

USEPA. 1980.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.   Asbestos
containing material in school buildings.  Guidance for asbestos
analytical programs.  Washington, DC:   Office of Toxic
Substances.  EPA 560/13-80-017A.

USEPA.  1982.  U.S. Environmental Protection  Agency.   Interim
method for the determination of asbestos  in bulk insulation
samples.  Test method.  Research Triangle Park, NC:   Office of
Pesticides and Toxic Substances.  EPA  600/M4-82-020.

USEPA.  1983a.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.   Guidance
for controlling friable asbestos-containing materials  in
buildings.  Washington, DC:  USEPA.  EPA  560/5-83-002.

USEPA.  1983b.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.   Airborne
asbestos levels in schools.  Washington,  DC:  USEPA.   EPA
560/5-83-003.

USEPA.  1985.  U.S. Environmental Protection  Agency.   Guidance
for controlling asbestos-containing materials in buildings.
Washington, DC:  USEPA.  EPA 560/5-85-024.
                               84

-------
             APPENDIX A
Excerpts From Quality Assurance Plan
 and Quality Assurance  Data  Tables

-------
                           APPENDIX A-l






                  QUALITY ASSURANCE OBJECTIVES





     The following QA objectives will apply to this project



within the constraints of the techniques:





I.   ACCURACY






     Subject to availability, NBS standard filter preparations of



known asbestos concentration will be used to assess accuracy.



These standards have not been available previously, thus quanti-



tative assessment of accuracy has not been possible.







     Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is the best available



technique for measuring asbestos concentration because it pro-



vides a means of distinguishing asbestos fibers from non-asbestos



fibers and allows measurement of individual fibers to contain



estimates of mass concentration.  Bundles or clusters of fibers



are not included in  the calculation of mass concentration because



of the difficulty of assigning meaningful dimensions to these



aggregates.   Therefore, if bundles or clusters are present both



Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and TEM, like any other opti-



cal technique,  will  tend to underestimate the mass concentration.







     Phase Contrast  Microscopy (PCM) cannot distinguish asbestos



fibers from non-asbestos fibers and therefore may  overestimate



asbestos fiber concentration.
                               86

-------
II.  PRECISION


     The number of fibers counted by SEM,  TEM, and PCM can be expected to

range from 1 to 1,000.  Thus, from 1 to 3 significant figures may be

reported.



     In the duplicate  and  replicate  analyses of the SEM, TEM, and

PCM methods, coefficients  of variation (standard deviation

divided by the mean) of the  asbestos concentration are expected

to be about 40% or below unless  the  concentrations are very low

(<50 ng/m3)!.



     In the duplicate  and  replicate  analyses of the bulk sample

analyses by PLM, the coefficients  of variation are expected to be

0.60 or less2.


III.  REPRESENTATIVENESS


     This QA plan specifies  sample collection procedures (loca-

tions and time periods) that should  assure reasonable representa-

tiveness.  Samplers will be  placed according to the guidelines in
l-Constant, P. C. et al, 1983.  Midwest  Research Institute,
Airborne Asbestos Levels in Schools,  Final  Report.   Office of
Pesticides and Toxic Substances, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency.  Contracts 68-01-5915 and  68-01-5848.

2Brantly, E. P- et al, 1982.  Bulk  Sample Analysis  for Asbestos
Content:  Evaluation of the Tentative Method.   Environmental
Monitoring Systems Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) 600/54-82-021.


                               87

-------
Section 14.1 of the Quality Assurance Plan in order to obtain as



representative an air sample as possible.





IV.  COMPLETENESS





     The most serious, and most difficult to control, cause of



lost samples is human interference and vandalism.  Sites, and



placement of pumps within sites, are chosen to minimize this



risk.  Loss of samples due to errors by the field sampling crew



should not exceed 5 to 10 percent.
                                88

-------
                           APPENDIX A-2



                          SAMPLE CUSTODY





     Standard MRI sample traceability procedures described herein



will be used to ensure sample integrity.








          •  Each sample (filter or  bulk)  will be issued a unique



             project identification  number as it is removed from



             the pump.  This number  will  be recorded in a logbook



             along with the following information:



             - Name and signature of  field operator.



             - Lot or assigned batch  number (or any other



               identifiable number).



             - Filter type (e.g., Millipore,  Nuclepore).



             - Date of record.



             - Number of school and  site.



             - Position of sampler within  site.



             - Use of filter,  i.e.,  field  blank,  lab blank or



               test filter.



             - Condition of sample.



             - Sample flow rate at start of sampling period.



             - Start time.



             - Stop time.



             - Sample flow rate at end of  sampling  period.



             - Any specific instructions/comments.
                               89

-------
A traceability packing slip will  be  filled  out  in



the field.



The samples will be hand-carried  to  MRI  where the



package contents will be inventoried against the



traceability packing slip.



A copy of the inventory sheets will  be sent to MRI's



department management representative and QA monitor.



The original will remain with MRI's  field sampling



leader in his project files.  If  sampling



information is contained in the field numbers, a  set



of random numbers will be generated and assigned



sequentially to each sample, replacing the field



identification numbers.  The relationship between



the two sets of numbers will be recorded and a copy



retained by the QAM.  Warning labels (if



appropriate) will be affixed.



In order to maintain traceability, all transfers



(e.g., to Battelle, QA laboratory, etc.)  of samples



are recorded in an appropriate notebook (where



appropriate).   The following information will be



recorded:



- The name of  the person accepting the transfer,



  date of transfer, location of storage site,  and



  reason for transfer.



- The assigned MRI sample code number remains the



  same regardless of the number of transfers.






                   90

-------
     After the samples are properly logged in they will be placed



in suitable storage areas.  These areas will be identified as to



the hazard they present to the samples.
                                91

-------
                          APPENDIX A-3

                    SAMPLE ANALYSES PROCEDURES


     AH air samples, hand-carried to MRI then to the laboratory

carrying out the chemical analysis, shall be kept encoded until

the end of all microscopy analyses (SEM, TEM, PCM).  The same

procedure shall be used for bulk samples for polarized light

microscopy (PLM).  They shall be decoded by MRI's QA monitor

after all analyses are completed.  Electron microscope prepara-

tion and analysis of air samples shall be carried out according

to the Analytical Protocol for Air Samples based on the U.S. EPA

Provisional Methodology Manual (USEPA 1978) (see reference 1,

Appendix E).  For SEM analyses, the guidelines developed by

Mr. Gene Brantly of Research Triangle Institute shall be followed

(Appendix A).  PLM analyses shall be done according to the proto-

col in Appendix B of reference 2, and bulk samples shall be pre-

pared and analyzed according to the protocol given in Appendix D

of reference 1.  In all cases any deviations from, or elabora-

tions of, the specified protocols shall be carefully documented.
1USEPA.   1983 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Airborne
Asbestos Levels in Schools.  Office of Pesticides and Toxic
Substances.   Washington, D.C.:  USEPA EPA 5601 5-83-003.

2National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
Method No.  P&CAM 239:  Asbestos Fibers in Air.
                                92

-------
I.  FIELD BLANKS (MILLIPORE FILTERS)



     From the 24 field blanks per sampling period  (1 per site),  3



shall be randomly selected by MRI's QA monitor for chemical anal-



ysis for contamination check.  These 3 filters shall consist of



one filter from an asbestos-free room, one filter from an



asbestos-containing room, and one from outdoors.  The remaining



21 field blanks shall be kept for additional analyses, if



necessary.





II.  EXTERNAL QUALITY ASSURANCE FILTER ANALYSIS





     As a quality assurance measure, MRI's QA monitor shall ran-



domly select samples to be analyzed by an  external laboratory (QA



laboratory).  QA analyses shall be  performed for all  three



methods:  transmission and scanning electron microscopies (TEM



and SEM) and phase contrast microscopy (PCM).   All filters



selected for QA analysis shall be divided  in half according to



the analytical protocol for air samples and one half  of  each



filter shall be hand-carried to the QA laboratory.  The  results



from the QA laboratory will be compared with those from  the



primary laboratory.  The filters shall be  selected as follows:







          •  for TEM analysis (21-hr Millipore filter samples)



             - 1 from asbestos-free rooms



             - 3 from asbestos-containing  rooms



          •  for TEM analysis (35-hr Millipore filter samples)



             - 1 from asbestos-free rooms
                               93

-------
             - 3 from asbestos-containing rooms



             - 1 from outdoors



          •  for SEM analysis (35-hr Nuclepore filter samples)



             - 2 from asbestos-free rooms



             - 4 from asbestos-containing rooms



             - 1 from outdoors



          •  for PCM analysis (35-hr Millipore filter samples)



             - 2 from asbestos-free rooms



             - 8 from asbestos-containing rooms



             - 2 from outdoors.








No field blanks shall be analyzed by the QA laboratory.





III.  REPLICATE AND DUPLICATE FILTER ANALYSES



     As a means of quantifying in-house variability, and analyti-



cal variability introduced by the filter preparation procedure,



samples shall be selected by MRI's QA monitor for replicate and



duplicate analyses.  Replicate analyses shall be performed using



two independent preparations from the same filter.   Duplicate



analyses shall be conducted by a second analyst using the same



grid preparation as in the original analysis.  For  this  purpose,



filters shall be randomly selected from the remaining filters



(i.e., those not chosen for external QA analysis).   Filters shall



be selected in the same fashion  for duplicate and replicate



analyses for all three methods (TEM, SEM, and PCM)  as follows:
                               94

-------
          •  for TEM analysis (21-hr Millipore filter samples)



             - 1 from asbestos-free rooms



             - 2 from asbestos-containing rooms



          •  for TEM analysis (35-hr Millipore filter samples)



             - 1 from asbestos-free rooms



             - 3 from asbestos-containing rooms



             - 1 from outdoors



          •  for SEM analysis (35-hr Nuclepore filter samples)



             - 1 from asbestos-free rooms



             - 4 from asbestos-containing rooms



             - 1 from outdoors



          •  for PCM analysis (35-hr Millipore filter samples)



             - 2 from asbestos-free rooms



             - 8 from asbestos-containing rooms



             - 2 from outdoors.







IV.  LABORATORY BLANKS



     As a means of checking on possible contamination during the



preparation procedures,  laboratory blank filters  should be sub-



jected to standard laboratory procedures during preparation and



analysis of the samples.   At least three Millipore laboratory



blank filters shall be analyzed  by the main  laboratory and three



by the external QA laboratory for both TEM and PCM.   At  least one



Nuclepore laboratory blank filter shall be analyzed  by the main



laboratory and one by the external QA laboratory  for SEM.
                               95

-------
V.  BULK SAMPLE QA ANALYSIS

     The recommended number of bulk samples to be  taken  from

sites of this size is three1.  However, since the  asbestos-

containing material is about to be removed and the collection of

additional samples is not costly, samples shall be taken  from 6

locations at each asbestos-containing site.  At two of the 6

locations a pair of side-by-side samples shall be  taken  for QA

analysis giving a total of 8 samples per site.  Only half of the

samples shall be analyzed.  The remainder shall be stored for

possible future use.



     From the 8 bulk samples per site, 4 samples shall be ran-

domly selected by MRI's QA monitor and released to MRI for analy-

sis using PLM techniques.  These 4 samples shall be selected in

such a way as to obtain 2 side-by-side samples and 2 samples

which are not side-by-side.  This will result in 15 pairs of

side-by-side samples and 30 other samples being selected.



     Quality assurance analysis of 8 bulk samples  shall be done

by a laboratory other than MRI.  Eight pairs of samples shall be

selected from the 15 pairs of side-by-side samples.  One member
^•"Asbestos-Containing Materials in School Buildings:  Guidance
for Asbestos Analytical Programs", by D. Lucas, G. Hartwell and
A. V. Rao.  December 1980.  USEPA Office of Toxic Substances,
Washington, D.C.
                                96

-------
of each pair shall be analyzed at MRI; the other member shall be



analyzed at the QA laboratory.  The remaining 7 pairs of side-by-



side samples shall be analyzed at MRI to provide replicate labor-



atory analyses.  In addition,  7 bulk samples shall be analyzed by



two different analysts within  MRI (duplicate analyses).







     The remaining bulk samples shall be stored and can be



analyzed later if the results  of the sample or QA analyses



indicate that this will be useful or desirable.
                               97

-------
                          APPENDIX A-4








    ROTAMETER CALIBRATION PROCEDURES AND REFERENCE MATERIALS







I.   ROTAMETER CALIBRATION PROCEDURE





      (1)   Record the preliminary data at  the top of  the data



           sheet shown in Figure 1.



      (2)   Set up the calibration system as shown in  Figure 2.



           Allow the wet test meter  to run for 20 minutes before



           starting the calibration.



      (3)   Turn on the pump and adjust the flow until the pyrex



           ball is around 25 on the  rotameter scale.



      (4)   Record both the stainless  steel and pyrex  ball values



           on the data sheet.



      (5)   Measure the volume of air  which passes through the



           rotameter during an accurately  timed interval.  Record



           the initial and final times and wet test meter



           readings.



      (6)   Record the wet test meter  temperature (Tw)  and



           manometer readings (AP) during  the time interval.



      (7)   Run at least duplicates  for each rotameter  setting.



      (8)   Reset the pyrex ball to around  90 and repeat  Steps 4



           through 7.



      (9)   Reset the pyrex ball to around  120 and repeat Steps  4



           through 7.
                               98

-------
Flowmeter type
MRI or I.D.  no.
                                                       Tube
                                                       Date
Barometric pressure,  Pb
Standard pressure, Ps —
                                               "H0O   Initial
                                               "H2O   Standard temp, Ts
Test
no.

Flowmeter
ball, mm
SS

Pyrex

Wet test meter (corr. = )
Time
min

Vw
cc

AP
"H2O

Tw
°C

VPa
"Hg

Qb
Flowrate
Std cc/min

 From vapor pressure vs.  temperature tables
b Q _ (Vw x Corr. )
         Time
                   (Pb- Vp) +
                           Ps
                                        w
+ 273J
         Figure A-l.   Flowmeter calibration dataform,   >  1000 cc/min.
                                        99

-------
            Hg
            Manometer
                                                  Thermometer
Gelman Filter Holder
with Millipore HA 0.45,um
         t
        Inlet
                                           Wet Test Meter
                                           No. 63119
Rotqmeter
Under Test
                                                               Exhaust
                           Gast Diaphram
                           Vacuum Pump
          Figure  A-2.   Rotameter calibration system.
                                   100

-------
     (10)  Calculate the flow rates for each setting  using  the



           equation:
where:
        Q =
            Vw x Corr  (Pb - Vp) + Ap/13.6
                                 Ts
        Q



        Vw



        Corr,








        Time



        Pb



        Vp



        Ap



        Ps



        Ts



        Tw
              Time
                Ps
Tw + 273
= flow rate in standard cc/min,



= wet test meter volume in cc,



= correction value obtained for each specific wet



  test meter,



= time in minutes,



= barometric pressure in inches of H2O



= vapor pressure in inches of Hg,



= manometer reading in inches of H20



= standard pressure in inches of H2O



= standard temperature in °K, and



= wet test meter temperature in °C.
     (11)  Plot rotameter  readings versus values for Q for each



           setting as  shown in Figure 3.





II.  ROTAMETER CALIBRATION SCHEDULE






     The rotameters shall  be checked, cleaned if necessary, then



calibrated prior  to the  first sampling trip.
                              101

-------
120 -4.4:5" Hg
100
    -3.2.5" Hg
 80
 60
 40
 20
                     Rotameter X-6088
                     Pyrex Ball, 71.5° F
                     Std. Reference = 68° F +29.92" Hg
                     Calib. 1-18-83 RCS
    -2.0"Hg
        Sc:le Reading
           MM

                I
I
I
I
                                                    456
                                                  Q (Flow Rate, Standard cc/Min)
                              Figure A-3.   Plot of rotameter readings versus values  of  Q.

-------
III.   REFERENCE MATERIALS






     Standard materials of  known asbestos type shall be used as



reference for fiber morphology and electron diffraction patterns.
                              103

-------
                          APPENDIX A-5



                    STATISTICAL DATA HANDLING







I.   DATA VALIDATION






     As a minimum,  the guidelines listed below should be



followed:



     -  When calculations are made by hand,  2 people shall spot



        check some  calculations independently and then compare



        results;  correct, if necessary.







     -  When computer is used, data entry shall be verified;  pro-



        grams,  formulae, etc...,  shall  be tested with sample  data



        previously  worked out by hand.







        When statistical software packages are used, tests of



        reason shall be applied;  on outputs,  double-check sample



        sizes,  degrees of freedom, variable  codes, etc...; be



        alert for outliers.







        When reporting numerical  results, computer generated  out-



        puts rather than retyped  tables  shall be used to the



        extent  possible.  When possible,  reported tables shall be



        compared  for consistency  in variable  codes and values,



        sample  sizes, etc...
                               104

-------
     In all cases, data validation activities shall be documented
and records kept of any necessary corrective action in the
appropriate notebook.

II.  DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS

     As data become available from the chemical analyses they
shall be entered into computer files.  The files shall be checked
against the raw data for accuracy.  Graphical displays and sum-
mary statistics shall be generated.   Comparisons shall be made
between asbestos concentrations at asbestos and non-asbestos con-
taining sites and among different sampling periods (before, dur-
ing, and after asbestos removal) using analysis of variance
techniques.  If necessary, transformations of the data shall be
made to achieve homogeneity of variance.

     Samples taken over 3- and 5-day periods shall be compared
both in terms of actual concentration values and with respect to
changes in concentration over time.   This will provide informa-
tion about the effect of sampling time on both the quantitative
and qualitative aspects of the assessment of asbestos
concentration.

     Samples analyzed by TEM, PCM, and SEM shall be compared by
calculating correlation coefficients and  estimating constant and
relative biases for each method relative  to the other.  For TEM
and PCM a direct comparison will be  available since each 5-day
                               105

-------
Millipore filter will be analyzed by both TEM and PCM.  Samples
collected simultaneously on Millipore and Nuclepore filters on a
single pump will provide comparisons between SEM and the other
two methods.

     The relationship between air levels and properties of the
bulk samples shall be investigated.  The types of analyses will
depend on the range of asbestos materials present.  If the mate-
rials prove to be very homogeneous then only limited analysis
will be carried out.
                               106

-------
                          APPENDIX A-6



                  PERFORMANCE AND SYSTEM AUDITS








     Performance and system audits provide the primary means for



external monitoring for this project.  These audits will be



performed during each sampling period.
                                                Audited Device



                                             Calibrated rotameter
     Both performance and system audits will be conducted on



site.





I.  PERFORMANCE AUDITS





        Device to be Audited



Diaphragm pump



*  Performance Audit Procedure



   •  Verify calibration of the



         rotameter  against standard



         reference  device.



   •  Review EPA standard methods



         and/or other test protocols.



   •  Carefully pack equipment for



         shipment (if applicable).



   •  Directly measure flow rate



         against  rotameter.



   •  Record all  data on performance



         audit form.  In general, all



         reported values should be






                               107

-------
         within + 10% as compared to
         the audit device.
   •  Prepare and submit a summary
         report and all records to
         MRI's QA department.
II.  SYSTEM AUDIT
         Area to be Audited
Entire Sampling  Procedure
*  System Audit  Procedure
   •  Review test procedures  and
         protocols.
   •  Obtain standard  audit form.
   •  Observe the performance of
         each task.
   •  Ask questions  as required.
   •  Take corrective  actions as
         necessary.
   •  Fill in appropriate blank lines
         on audit form.
   •  Prepare and submit  summary report,
         and all records  to MRI's  QA
         department.
  Audit  Mechanism
Standard Audit Form
                              108

-------
                          APPENDIX A-7



              QUALITY CONTROL AND CORRECTIVE ACTION





I.   INTERNAL QUALITY CONTROL CHECKS





     Internal quality control is achieved by the use of:







     •  laboratory blanks (filters)



     •  field blanks (filters)



     •  external laboratory QA analyses



     •  replicate analyses



     •  duplicate analyses



     •  data entry checks



     •  data transfer checks








as described in Sections 14, 16, and 18.





II.  FEEDBACK AND CORRECTIVE ACTION





     The types of corrective action procedures which will be used



for this program are:







     •  On-the-spot, immediate,  corrective action.



     •  Closed-loop, long-term,  corrective action.





     A.  On-the-Spot Corrective  Action





     This type of corrective action  is usually applied to



spontaneous, non-recurring problems,  such as instrument






                               109

-------
malfunction.  The individual who detects or suspects  non-



conformance to previously established criteria or protocol  in



equipment, instruments, data, methods, etc., immediately notifies



his/her supervisor.  The supervisor and MRI task leader then



investigate the extent of the problem and take the necessary cor-



rective steps.  If a large quantity of data is affected, the



supervisor and task leader must prepare a memo to the program



manager, the Quality Assurance monitor, MRI's QA manager, and the



QA administrator.  These individuals will collectively decide how



to proceed.  If the problem is limited in scope, then the task



leader decides on the corrective action measure, documents the



solution in the appropriate workbook, and notifies the QAM, MRI



QA manager and the QA administrator in memo form.





     B.  Closed-Loop, Long-Term Corrective Action





     Long-term, corrective action procedures are devised and



implemented in order to prevent the re-occurrence of a poten-



tially serious problem.  The QAM is notified of the problem.



She/he then conducts an investigation of the problem to determine



its severity and extent.  The QAM then files a corrective action



request with the appropriate Task Leader, with a copy to MRI's QA



manager, requesting that corrective measures be put into place.



Suggestions as to the appropriate corrective action will also be



made.  The Task Leader is responsible for implementing any cor-



rective actions.  The QAM will conduct a follow-up investigation



to determine the effectiveness of the corrective action.
                               110

-------
          APPENDIX B
Sampling and Analysis Protocols

-------
                                APPENDIX B-l
                           AIR SAMPLING PROTOCOL
     Airborne asbestos sampling will be conducted according to the general
procedure outlined in Reference 1.  This will involve samples taken at both
indoor and outdoor sites as specified in the sampling plan.

          All samplers will be equipped with a timing device and set to operate
during hours of normal school activity over a period of a week.  The collection
substrate will be 47 mm 0.45 |Jm cellulose acetate (Millipore type HA) filters
and 37 mm 0.2 |jm Nuclepore filters.
I.  SELECTION OF SAMPLING LOCATION

     A.  Sites:   Once a site has been identified, the sampling system must
be located to give a representative sample of the entire site within practical
constraints.  If possible, the filter should be placed at a height of approx-
imately 1.5 m (59 in.).  It should be placed in a location which minimizes
disruption of normal activity.  Positions close to walls or windows should be
avoided, if practical.  Attention should also be given to insure that the sampler
in operation does not create a unsafe situation (e.g., extension cord across a
doorway).

     B.  Outside ambient:  The location of the outside ambient sampler is
important to obtain a representative background measure.  This sampler,
thus, should be placed upwind of the building it is to represent such
1"Airborne Asbestos Levels in Schools:  A Design Study," by B. Price,
C. Melton, E. Schmidt, and C. Townley, dated November 20, 1980, a special
project report prepared by Battelle's Columbus Laboratories under EPA
Contract No. 68-01-3858.
                                  112

-------
that no bias is created by identifiable local  sources  (e.g.,  parking lots,
highways, and building exhaust).  With regard  to  the above  considerations,
as well as power requirements and anticipated  accessibility to  vandals,  the
upwind side of a building roof may be the most desirable  location.
II.  SAMPLER SETUP

     The sampling system consists of:

     1.  An open-face filter holder.
     2.  A control flow orifice.
     3.  A pump with muffler.
     4.  Associated plumbing and stand.
     5.  A method of measuring sampling time.

     The sampler setup is schematically represented as follows:
Filter
Holder
 _
Flow
Orifice
Pump
With
Muffler
                                                           Electrical Power
                                                Timer
III.  SAMPLING PROTOCOL
     1.  Clean and dry filter holder and place in horizontal position.

     2.  Place filter in holder, assuring proper position  (see filter handling
         section) and clamp filter in place.

     3.  Rotate filter holder such that filter is in a vertical position
         (perpendicular to ground).
                                  113

-------
     4.   Check plumbing for any leaks and check filter holder to assure that
         it is free from fibration.

     5.   Check flow with flowmeter with the timer control set on manual.

     6.   Set automatic timer to correct date and time and set on/off trippers
         to desired on-off time settings.

     7.   Make appropriate logbook entries.

     8.   Conduct sampling.

     9.   Rotate filter to horizontal position,  check flow,  stop  pump and
         remove filter.  Place Millipore filter in petri dish, number petri
         dish, and cover Nuclepore filter cassette with lid for  proper
         handling and transport.
IV.   FILTER HANDLING PROCEDURES

     1.   Handle the filters  by forceps  (not  with fingers)  during  loading
         and unloading of the filter holders.

     2.   After sampling,  place the exposed filter in the petri  holder
         (Millipore filters) exposed side up and maintain  in  that position
         during the handling and transport of the samples  to  the  laboratory.

     3.   Hand-carry the samples in a container at the end  of  each sampling
         period to MRI by MRI field personnel.

     4.   Handle the container in a way  that  will keep the  petri holders and
         the Nuclepore filter cassettes in a horizontal  (flat)  position at
         all times (handling, transport,  and storage).
                                  114

-------
V.  LABORATORY BLANKS
     Use filters from the same production lot number, if possible.  Prior
to field sampling, select one filter per box of 25 Millipore filters, to
serve as laboratory blanks and keep at MRI until analysis.  A similar pro-
portion of Nuclepore filters shall be kept as laboratory blanks.
VI.  FIELD BLANKS

     During each of the four sampling periods, randomly select one field
blank  (filter) from a new box of filters at each sampling site.  Encode and
handle the blank filters according to the same protocol as the test filters.
VII.  LOG BOOK ENTRIES

     An important part of any field program are the observations and accurate
records of the field team.  As a minimum, logbook entries shall include:

     1.  Name of field operators.

     2.  Date of record.

     3.  Site number and location (school and site).

     4.  Tag numbers of pump, timer, and filter holder (G - XXXX- EPA).

     5.  Relative humidity and temperature inside building and outside.

     6.  Position of sampler within site (coordinates).

     7.  Brief site description (sketch).
                                  115

-------
     8.   Corresponding filter number (assigned at end of sampling period).

     9.   Sample flow rate at start of sampling period for each filter head.

    10.   Settings  of timer clock (on-off tripper positions).

    11.   First day of sampling (date).

    12.   Sample flow rate at end of sampling period.

    13.   Comments.

    14.   Photographs—overview, to left, to right and ceiling  overhead or
         sampler.

    15.   Running time meter reading.


VIII.  POST SAMPLING PROCEDURE

     1.   Measure the flow.

     2.   Check filter condition and location (coordinates)  of  the sampler.

     3.   Record day of week and time position of the  timer  clock.

     4.   Record the time on the running-time meter or alarm clocks used as
         lapse-time clocks.

     5.   Record the relative humidity and temperature inside the  building
         and outdoors.

     If possible,  conduct a midweek site check of points 1-5.
                                  116

-------
Note:  At some time before equipment  is  removed  from a school,  obtain and
record information from the head  custodian  on  how the school is cleaned
(e.g., dry-mopped, wet-mopped, swept  with bristle broom,  daily, etc.).
IX.  PROCEDURE FOR MEASURING FLOW IN THE FIELD

     This procedure describes the process used  to  determine  the sample flow
rates through the filters used to collect fibers in  ambient  air.

     1 .  Set up the sampling system as shown below with  the  rotameter in
         one leg of the sampler.
            Filter 1
>
                                Orifice
     Filter 2
                                   Pump with
                                   Muffler
                                                      Timer
                                                  Power Source
              Rotomerer
     2.  Turn on the pump and with both filters in place, record the  rotameter
         reading in the notebook.

     3.  Turn off the pump and transfer the rotameter to the other  leg of
         the sampler.

     4.  With both filters in place, turn on the pump and again record the
         rotameter reading for the second leg.

     5.  Turn off the pump and remove the rotameter from the sampler.
                                   117

-------
     6.   Reconnect all tubing.

     7.   The sampler is ready to operate.

     8.   Repeat procedures I through 5 at the end of the sampling period.

Note:  A similar procedure is used for pumps equipped with only one filter
holder.

     9.   Calculate the flow as follows:

         a.  Using the calibration curve for the rotameter, determine the
             flow rates for each rotameter reading and record these values
             on the data sheet.

         b.  Calculate the average flow rate for the sampling period using
             the following equation:
                                  (initial flow rate + final flow rate)
             average flow rate = 	x	
         c.  Calculate the actual volume of air sample collected by multiplying
             the average sample rate by the sampling time.
                                  118

-------
                               APPENDIX B-2

            PROTOCOL FOR THE SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS OF INSULATION
                 MATERIAL SUSPECTED OF CONTAINING ASBESTOS
          Bulk samples  of  asbestos-containing material will be taken at a
site.  The  specific points  where these  samples  will  be taken will be
designated by Battelle Columbus Laboratories (BCL)
I.  Sampling

          The bulk  sampling  procedure will be based on that presented in
EPA  document  entitled,  "Asbestos-Containing  Materials   in  School
Buildings—Guidance for Asbestos  Analytical  Programs"  (USEPA 1980).  The
number of  sites,  the  number of samples to be taken at each site, and the
number and  location of  side-by-side  samples  to be taken will be designated
by BCL and  EPA.   The  side-by-side procedure eliminates the  necessity  of
splitting samples at a later time for purpose of external  quality assurance
analysis.

          A random  identification number  will be assigned to each sample.
This number will also appear on the sampler container and  in the field  log-
book along with discriptive information.
II.  Sample Handling

          The samples will be  hand  carried by  the  field  crew to MRI with a
chain of  custody  record.  At MRI, they will be handed over to the MRI work
assignment leader.  The samples will be given  to the microscopist for blind
analysis.  From  each pair of  side-by-side samples, one sample  will be
chosen and these samples hand carried to an external laboratory for quality
assurance analysis.
                                    119

-------
III.  Analysis

          The samples will be analyzed by polarized  light  microscopy (PLM)
including dispersion staining.   Fiber identification will follow that given
in  the  EPA "Interim Method  for the  Determination of Asbestos in  Bulk
Insulation  Samples"  (USEPA  1982)   and  that  published   in   the
Federal Register.  The procedure is Summarized in Figure B-l.
IV.  Quality Assurance

          As a  quality assurance measure,  one sample  of each  set  of
side-by-side samples will be  selected and analyzed by an external quality
assurance laboratory.  As a means of  quantifying in-house variability, and
analytical variability,  a  number of  samples,  equivalent to the  one  of
external QA samples, will be selected for replicate and duplicate analyses.
All samples for analysis will have no identification other than the random
identification number.   The  samples  not analyzed will remain at MRI.
                                   120

-------
MOUNT A REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE IN CARCILLE HIGH DISPERSION LIQUID nn - 1.550
ISOTROP10
CI.ASS WOOL (106)"
dlamrter cylinders,
*Q •• 70O nw
MINERAL WOOL (111)
"Exotic" fihj»pen. fibers
variable n (1 .50-1.70)
TUMICE (226)
Fl rp-pol Ished flakes
with vesicles, Xn » 700 n»
PERLITE (529)
Thin gl^ftS films,
foamcrl glao bubbles,
* 0 '' * 700 mn
DIATOMS (5)
Organized, pitted, flit,
BO'wptlBiPS elongated,
>n ^> '00 ran
ANIS01ROP1C
FIBROUS
CHKYSOTILE (122)
XQ • 600-700 nui (blue
1 length; 300-600 (")
WOOD FIBERS (70-71)
Blue (1 length),
yellow (• length), pitted
POLYESTER (100)
Cylindrical,
high birefringence
n, - 1.71, nj - 1.5*
n's > 1.55 (pale yellow colors)
Mount In 1.605 HD liquid
> 1 Xn < 700 ra>
TREMOLITE (205)
Oblique extinction
view (15-20*) usually
dhows yellow (•) and
blue (1); n extcn.:
yellow (»), Magenta (1)
AMTHOPHYLLITE (121)
All views • extcn. v
usually pale yellow (»);
golden-yellow to blue-
•agenta (1)
ACTIHOLITt (671)
Like tremollte. but all
XQ'« < 450 nai
WOLLASTOHITE (735)
Not BO ClbrllUr,
XQ'O (480-530 m) ,
(+) and (-) elongation
All X0's < «00 (yellows);
xount In 1.67
AMOSITE (120)
Tel low (I length)
lavenders and blues
(1 length), (+)
elongation
mount In 1.68
CTOCIPOLITE (123)
Tel low ( I length),
golden yellow (X length),
(-) elongation; pleochrolc:
gray-blue (1) and blue (1)
with one polar and no stops
NON-FIBROUS
X0 700 ran)
(p.ile blue*)
GYPSUM (151)
Low birefringence.
often tabular with
oblique extinction
»0 Color*
In visible
QUARTZ (183)
Clasny flakeft,
01 (blue), c
(blue-magenta)
LIZARD1TE (710)
Lamellar aggre-
gates, undulose
extinction, blues
and Magentas
AMTICORITE (117)
Yellow (•) to
golden magenta
(1) rods
VF.RMICULI1E (207)
Very thin sheets.
nearly isotroplc,
XQ'S In yellow,
turned up edges
usually give blue
crosswise, yellow
lengthwise but n'a
vary
IQ'S < 400 <•>>
(pale yellows, white)
CALCITE (133)
Very high bire-
fringence
DOLOMITE (140)
Like c.ilclte.
u> - 1.679
HACHES1TE (164)
Like calcltr,
k- - 1.694
Lamellar aggre-
gates, pale
yellovs, plate
view; blue (1
plate)
a.  The Particle Atlas, Vols. II and III by Walter C. McCrone, et al.
Note:  The source of this information Is The Asbestos Particle Atlas, Ann Arbor
      Science Press (1980).
                                                                                           AM. lllSrmSHiN COLORS CIVKN ARK FOR THE rKNTRAI. STOP
                      Figure B-l.   Procedure  for PLM analysis of asbestos  materials.

-------
                                REFERENCES
Asbestos:  Friable  Asbestos-Containing Materials in Schools;  Identifica-
  tion and  Notification,  Appendix A.  Final  Rule,  Environmental Protec-
  tion Agency, 40 CFR Part 763, Federal Register Vol. 47, No. 103,
  May 27, 1982.

McCrone,  W. C.   1980.   The Asbestos Particle Atlas.   An Arbor, MI:  Ann
  Arbor Science, 122 pp.

USEPA.   1980.   U.S. Environmental Protection  Agency.   Office of Toxic Sub-
  stances.  Asbestos-containing  Materials  in School Buildings:   Guidance
  for Asbestos Analytical Programs.   Washington, D.C.:   USEPA.   EPA
  560/13-80-017A.  PB81-24358 6.

USEPA.   1982.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.  Environmental
  Systems  Laboratory.   Interim Method for  the  Determination of Asbestos
  in  Bulk Insulation  Samples.   Research Triangle Park,  NC.   EPA 600/M4-
  82-020.
                                    122

-------
                               APPENDIX B-3

                              SAMPLE CUSTODY
     Standard MRI sample traceability procedures described herein will be
used to ensure sample integrity.

     * Each sample (filter or bulk) will be issued a unique project identi-
fication number as it is removed from the pump.  This number will be recorded
in a logbook along with the appropriate information.

     * A traceability packing slip will be filled out in the field.

     * The samples will be hand-carried to MRI where the package contents
will be inventoried against the traceability packing slip.

     * A copy of the inventory sheets will be sent to MRI's department man-
agement representative and QA monitor.  The original will remain with MRI's
field sampling leader in his project files.  If sampling information is con-
tained in the field numbers, a set of random numbers will be generated and
assigned sequentially to each sample replacing the field identification
numbers.  The relationship between the two sets of numbers will be recorded
and a copy retained by the QAM.  Warning labels (if appropriate) will be
affixed.

     * In order to maintain traceability, all transfers (e.g., to Battelle,
QA laboratory, etc.) of samples are recorded in a appropriate notebook (where
appropriate).  The following information will be recorded:

        The name of the person accepting the transfer, date of transfer,
        location of storage site, and reason for transfer.
                                     123

-------
     -  The assigned MRI  sample code number remains the same regardless
        of the number of  transfers.

     * After the samples  are properly logged in,  they will be placed in
suitable storage areas.   These areas will be identified as to the hazard
they present to the samples.
                                    124

-------
                            APPENDIX B-4

           LABORATORY  CUSTODY OF SAMPLES FOR ANALYSIS

          The Field Custodian or designate will be responsible
for  transporting the packaged samples and traceability form(s)
directly to the Laboratory or Sample Custodian.  Upon receiving
the  sample filters enclosed in the labelled holders, the Lab
Custodian will inspect the sample to make certain that it  is
still intact.  The Lab Custodian will reconcile sample label and
traceability form and also inspect the physical condition  of the
as-received samples.  This information will be recorded on the
form and in the Lab Record Book.  Once the samples are
relinquished to the Lab/Sample Custodian, the signed form  will
remain with that person.
          The samples will then be logged into a permanent
Laboratory Record Book used specifically for the project.  The
field collection sample number will be recorded and this number
will be used throughout the sample analysis procedures.

Sample Custody After Analysis

          After analysis the Laboratory Analyst will return
unused portions of filter samples, analytical data forms and
pertinent sample analysis data to the Sample Custodian.  The
traceability form will show the transfer of samples.  The  Lab
Custodian will then make photocopies of  the analytical data from
each filter sample.  The copies will be  submitted to the Project
Leader to prepare for data analysis and  reporting.
          Traceability forms and remaining filter portions will
then be archived by the Laboratory Custodian for future reference
or until a directive to return the samples to the Contractor is
given.
                               125

-------
                            APPENDIX B-5

                TEM ANALYTICAL PROTOCOL FOR AIR SAMPLES

     1.    Select one filter from each box of  25 0.45  um,  47  nun
Millipore HA membrane filters to serve as laboratory  blanks.  Use  all
filters  from the same production lot number,  if possible.  Determine
that the laboratory blank filters are asbestos free by ashing followed
by transmission electron microscope examination prior to  field
sampling.  Record filter box and lot number.
     2.    Upon receipt of filters from the sampling team, record them
in a laboratory record book, noting specific  sample log number, date
received and any particular macroscopic identifying characters  for  a
particular filter sample.  This includes damaged or smudged  areas  on
the filter surface, lack of uniform sample deposition, attached
particulate or debris, unusually heavy-appearing deposit
concentration, etc.
     3.    Measure the diameter of the effective filter area  precisely.
Any damaged areas removed prior to sample preparation should be
mounted on glass slides with double-stick tape and carefully measured.
The total effective filter area and damaged areas of  sample  removed
should be accurately recorded for purposes of calculation procedures.
     4.    A 90 degree radial section of the original  47 mm filter
sample is cut in the original sample dish with a clean, single-edged
razor blade.  The quarter section is transferred with stainless steel
forceps to a clean, one by three inch glass slide where it is cut
again into smaller pie-shaped wedges to fit into the  glass ashing  tube
(approximately 15 mm diameter by 150 mm long).  Transfer  the wedges by
forceps to clean, numbered ashing tubes.  The tubes are then placed in
a LFE 504 low temperature plasma oven, with one sample tube  and one
laboratory control tube per ashing chamber.   The lab  control tube  may
contain either a blank Millipore filter or be run as  an empty tube.
The ashing process is maintained at 450 watts for two hours.
                               126

-------
     5.   Upon removal from the LTA 504, the ashing  tubes are treated
as follows.  The tube is placed in an ultrasonification  bath.  One to
two mis of 0.22 urn filtered Millipore-Q water are  poured into the tube
from a clean 100 ml graduated cylinder.  The sample  is then sonicated
vigourously for  ^ five minutes and subsequently transferred to a clean
150 ml glass beaker.  The tube is then rinsed by additional
untrasonification 2-3 times more using a few mis of  filtered water
each time and the contents then transferred to a 150 ml  sample beaker.
The remaining volume  (up to 100 mis) of filtered water is^added and
the entire suspended sample or blank is sonicated  again,  so that the
total time of dispersion in the sonicator is a minimum of 20 minutes.
A clean rod is used to stir the suspended sample while it is being
sonicated.
     6.   The 100 ml fraction is divided into three  aliquots:   10, 20
and 70 ml, prepared in that order.  Using a 25 mm  Millipore filter
apparatus, place 0.2 ym Nuclepore polycarbonate filter on top of an
8.0 ym mixed cellulose ester Millipore back-up filter. Wet the filters
by aspirating  ^10 ml filtered DI water.  Stop aspiration,  pour in the
first sample aliquot or portion thereof and begin  the aspiration
procedure again.  Carefully add the remaining sample volume without
disturbing the flow across the Nuclepore filter surface.   The
suspended sample may be resonicated or stirred between filtration  of
the aliquots.
     7.   When the sample is deposited, carefully  transfer  the
Nuclepore filter to a clean, labelled  (sample number, date and aliquot
size)  one by three inch glass slide.  The Millipore  backup filter  is
discarded.  When dry, the 0.2 ym Nuclepore filter  is tautly attached
to the slide on four edges with transparent tape,  leaving a small
portion of each filter corner untaped.  The filter is then coated
withan approximately 40 nm thick carbon film  (National Spectroscopic
Laboratories carbon rods) by vacuum evaporation.   The film thickness
need only be sufficient to provide support for the deposited sample.
                                127

-------
     8.   Transfer of the polycarbonate filter deposit  to a  200 mesh
electron microscope copper grid  (E.P. Fullam) is achieved by first
cutting a three millimeter square portion from the  filter using a
clean single-edged razor blade.  This is placed, deposit side down, on
the EM grid which, in turn, has  been set upon a small,  correspondingly
labelled portion of lens tissue  paper.  The sample  is then wet with a
solution of four drops of 1,1,1-trichlorethane and  five ml of
chloroform.  The film, grid and  lens paper are then placed in a Jaffe
dish consisting of copper screen supported on a bent glass rod in a
covered 90 mm glass petri dish.  Methylene chloride (Burdick-Jackson)
is poured into the dish to saturate the lens paper  without submersing
the grid and sample.  The dish remains covered at room  temperature for
two hours.  The prepared sample  is shifted to a clean petri  dish with
fresh methylene chloride and allowed to set for one hour making the
total Jaffeing time four hours.  After removing the grid from the
Jaffe dish, it is allowed to dry and then is placed in  a small gelatin
capsule and mounted with the remaining coated polycarbonate  filter for
storage until analysis.
     9.   Starting with the 70 ml fraction filter,  examine the EM grid
under low magnification in the TEM to determine its suitability for
high-magnification examination.  Ascertain that the loading  is
suitable and is uniform, that a  large number of grid openings have
their carbon film intact, and that the sample is not contaminated
excessively with extraneous debris or bacteria.
     10.  Scan the EM grid at a  screen magnification of 20,OOOX.
Record the length and breadth of all fibers that have an aspect ratio
of greater than 3:1 and have substantially parallel sides.   Observe
the morphology of each fiber through the 10X binocular  and note
whether a tubular structure characteristic of chrysotile asbestos is
present.  Switch into SAED mode  and observe the diffraction  pattern.
Note whether the pattern is typical of chrysotile or amphibole,
whether it is ambiguous, or neither chrysotile or amphibole.  Energy
dispersive X-ray analysis should be used where necessary to  further
characterize the fiber.  Pictures representing the  sample type,
fiber/particulate distribution or characteristic SAED patterns of
chrysotile and specific amphibole types may be taken as desired.
                               128

-------
     11.  Count the fibers in grid openings  until  at  least 100 fibers,
or the fibers in a maximum of ten grid openings, have been counted.
Once counting of fibers in a grid opening has  started,  the count shall
be continued although the total count of fibers may be  greater than
100.
     12.  To insure uniformity of grid opening dimensions, examine
several 200 mesh grids by optical microscopy and measure  roughly ten
openings per grid.  These dimensions are then  averaged  to provide a
standard grid opening area.
     13.  Calculate the dilution factor as follows:

     Dilution Factor = 	4 x 100	
                        size of aliquot used in step  6(ml)
     The number 4 appears in the numerator because 1/4  of  the
     original filter is used.  The dilution  factor will be 40,  20
     or 5.71 corresponding to the 10,20 and  70 ml aliquots
     respectively-

     14.  Calculate the area factor as follows:

Area Factor = Total effective filter area of the Nuclepore filter(cm2)
                                           2
                          Area Examined (cm  )

where Area Examined (cm2)  =

     (average area of an EM grid opening (cm ))
       x (number of grid openings examined during  fiber counting).
                               129

-------
     15.   Filter density  (number per m  )  and mass  concentration

(ng/m )  are calculated using the following  formula:

     Number of Fibers/m   =

     Total Number of Fibers Counted x Area  Factor  x  Dilution  Factor
                        Air Volume  (m3)

     Mass Concentration  (ng/m  ) =
                            3                    3
     Total Fiber Volume  ( urn ) x Density  (ng/  urn ) x Area
    	Factor x Dilution Factor	
                               Air Volume (m3)
     where
                       Number  of  Fibers
 Total Fiber Volume =  z     Length  .  (pin) (WIDTH. ( pm) ) 2/n\
                       1=1         *            *      (f)
and Density equals 3.0 x 10~  ng/ pro   for  amphibole  and
2.6 x 10  ng/ pm  for chrysotile.  Lengtt^  is  the  length  of
fiber i in  urn and width, is the width of  fiber  i  in  urn.
(Note:  It is often convenient to measure  length in  units of   urn and
                                                               4
width in units of  Pm.  When this is  the case  the  formula becomes
                   20
                      Number of Fibers         .2
Total Fiber Volume  =  £            Li (urn) mi (pm)|    j_
                      i  =  1       4     120/4
where Li is the length of fiber  i  in  urn  and  Wi  =  width of fiber  i
                                      4
      in  p m.
         20
                                130

-------
                           APPENDIX B-6

                PHASE CONTRAST MICROSCOPY PROTOCOL
         Phase Contrast Microscopy is used to determine
concentrations of fibers greater than 5 ym in length on  filtered
collections of air samples.  No identification of the  fiber type
is made by this procedure.  This is the standard NIOSH method
described in the DREW (NIOSH) publication, No. 790127, entitled
"USPHS/NIOSH Membrane Filter Method for Evaluating Airborne
Asbestos Fibers."

         The phase contrast microscopy (PCM) method employs a
phase microscope equipped with a Porton reticle to count fibers
greater than 5.0  m (with an aspect ratio or ratio of  length to
diameter greater than 3:1) over specific areas of cleared
membrane filters.  A radial section from the membrane  filter used
to collect air particulate from a measured volume of air is made
transparent by mounting the section in a clearing solution
consisting of a 1:1 mixture of diethyl oxalate and dimethyl
phthalate plus 0.05 g/ml of dissolved Millipore filter.

         The cleared filter section is placed beneath a coverslip
on a microscope slide and scanned along the radius of the filter.
Fibers are counted within 100 fields as delineated by the Porton
reticle.  The area of one Porton reticle field is 1/333 mm2.
After calculating the effective area of the particular filter,
the number of fibers per m3 of air is calculated by the
following formula:

number of fibers/m3  = Number of fibers counted x filter area  (mm2)
                          100 x (area of one reticle field (mm2))  x
                                                         o
                                 volume of sampled air (mj))

          = Number of fibers counted x filter area (mm2) x 333.
                    100 x (volume of sampled air  (m3))
                            131

-------
                             APPENDIX B-7

                 CONTRACTOR SPECIFICATIONS  FOR  REMOVAL
PART 1 - GENERAL

1.01   SCOPE

   A.  This  specification  covers  the  removal  of  acoustical  plaster
       materials that  have  previously been determined  to  contain  asbes-
       tos.

1.02   DESCRIPTION OF WORK

   A.  Remove asbestos-containing acoustical  materials  from ceilings  and
       some  walls   in  20  buildings  within  the           Public  School
       System,

   B.  Furnish all  labor,  materials,  services, insurance,  equipment,  in
       accordance with requirements of  EPA and OSHA regulatory agencies,
       to  complete  removal   as   specified,  of  all  asbestos-containing
       material located in the areas indicated on  drawings  enclosed.

1.03   TERMINOLOGY

   A.  Abatement - Procedures to decrease or eliminate fiber release  from
       spray or asbestos-containing building  materials.  For purposes  of
       this contract, abatement includes removal only.

   B.  Removal - the act of  removing  asbestos-containing or contaminated
       materials from the structure to a suitable  disposal  site.

   C.  Air Monitoring  - the  process  of  measuring  the fiber  content of a
       specific volume of air in a stated period of time.

   D.  HEPA  Vacuum  Equipment  -  High  efficiency  particulate  absolute
       filtered  vacuuming  equipment  with  a  filter system capable  of
       collecting and  retaining  asbestos  fibers.   Filters  should be  of
       99.97% efficiency for retaining fibers of 0.3 microns or larger.

   E.  Surfactant - A  chemical  wetting  agent, added  to water  to  improve
       penetration, thus  reducing the quantity of water  required for a
       given operation or area.

   F.  Amended water - Water to which a  surfactant is added.

   G.  Airlock (Curtained doorway) - A device  to  allow  ingress  or  egress
       from  one  room  to  another  while  permitting minimal  air movement
       between the rooms,  typically constructed by placing  three overlap-
       ping  sheets  of plastic sheet  over  an existing   or temporarily
       framed doorway and by  securing each  along  the  top of the doorway,
       the  vertical  edge  attached  on  alternate   sides  of  opening  with
                                  132

-------
       arrows  painted  on  each  sheet  to  direct  persons  in  the  proper
       direction  for  entry and exit.

   H.   Decontamination  Enclosure System  - A  series  of  connected  rooms,
       with  curtained doorways  between  any  two  adjacent rooms, for  the
       decontamination  of  workers  or  of materials  and  equipment.    A
       decontamination  enclosure system always  contains  an  airlock.

   I.   Worker   Decontamination   Enclosure  System  -  A  decontamination
       enclosure  system  for workers,  typically  consisting  of  a  clean
       room, a  shower room,  and  an  equipment  room.

   J.   Equipment  Decontamination  Enclosure   System  -  A decontamination
       enclosure  system for  materials  and  equipment,  typically  consisting
       of a  designated area of  the work  area,  a washroom,  and an  uncon-
       taminated  area.

   K.   Clean  Room - An uncontaminated area or  room which is  part of  the
       worker   decontamination   enclosure  system,  with  provisions   for
       storage  of workers' street clothes  and  protective  equipment.

   L.   Shower  Room  - A  room, constituting an airlock, between the  clean
       room  and the equipment room  in  the worker decontamination enclo-
       sure  system,  with  hot and  cold  or  warm  running  water  suitably
       arranged for complete showering  of  workers  during  decontamination.
       The shower room always comprises  an airlock.

   M.   Equipment  Room - A contaminated area  or room which is part of  the
       worker   decontamination   enclosure  system,  with  provisions   for
       storage  of contaminated clothing  and equipment.

   N.   HEPA  Filter  -  A High  Efficiency  Particulate Absolute (HEPA) filter
       capable  of  trapping  and  retaining   99.97%   of   asbestos fibers
       greater  than 0.3 microns  in  size.

   0.   Wet Cleaning -  The process  of eliminating asbestos contamination
       from  building  surfaces and objects  by  using cloths, mops,  or  other
       cleaning tools which  have been dampened with water, and by after-
       wards  disposing of these cleaning tools as asbestos-contaminated
       waste.

1.04   APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS  (REFERENCES)

   A.   The current  issue of each document shall  govern.  Where  conflict
       among  requirements or with  these  specifications  exist,  the more
       stringent  requirements shall  apply.

   B.   Title  29,  Code  of  Federal  Regulations, Section 1910.1001 Occupa-
       tional Safety  and  Health  Administration  (OSHA), U.S. Department of
       Labor.

   C.   Title 40,  Code of Federal Regulations, Part 61, Subparts  A and B,
       National  Emission  Standards  for Hazardous  Air Pollutants.  U.S.
       Environmental  Protection  Agency  (EPA).

                                    133

-------
  D.  Codes  and  Standards.

      1.  ASTM - American Society for Testing and Material.

      2.. ANSI - American National Standards Institute.

      3.  U.L.I. - Underwriters Laboratories, Inc.

      4.  Uniform Building Code

1.05  SUBMITTALS AND NOTICES

   A.  Prior to commencement of work, notify  1n writing the  EPA  Regional
      Office with jurisdiction over the  State 1n which this project  is
      located, not  fewer than ten  (10)  days before  work commences  on
      this  project.

   B.  Prior to commencement of work, file Notification for Removal and
      Disposal of Asbestos-Containing Materials  in
                        at least 20 days before commencement of  project.
      Copies of  notifications  and an  estimated quantity of  waste and
      schedule of  disposal  shall  be filed  with the
                                         prior to the  start  of construc-
      tion.   The  20  day notice may  be  amended  if contractor elects  to
      start work by May 16,  1983.

   C.  Submit proof satisfactory to the building  owner that  all  required
      permits, site location,  and arrangements for transport and dispos-
      al  of asbestos containing or contaminated  materials, supplies, and
      the like have been obtained.

   D.  Submit  to  the  building  owner a  description  of  the  plans for
      construction of  a  decontamination  area and  for isolation of the
      work  areas  1n  compliance with  this  specification  and applicable
      regulations.

   E.  Submit proof satisfactory to the building  owner  that all employees
      have  had Instruction on  the hazards  of asbestos exposure, on use
      and fitting of respirators,  on protective  dress,  on use  of  show-
      ers,  on entry and exit from work areas, and on all aspects of work
      procedures and protection measures.

   F.  Post  the EPA  and OSHA regulations  concerning asbestos abatement
      procedures at the job  site.

1.06  TEST  RESULTS

   A.  Results of  tests  of  asbestos-containing  materials  taken  from
      surfaces within  the  scope  of this   project  are   available for
      inspection at  the  School District Office  and at the Architect's
      office.
                                    134

-------
1.07   WORKER PROTECTION

   A.  Provide  workers  with   personally   issued  and  maked  respiratory
       equipment suitable for the the asbestos exposure level in the work
       area according to ASHA  Standard 29  CFR 1910.1001.   Where respira-
       tors  with disposable  filters  are  employed,  provide  sufficient
       filters for replacement as necessary by the worker, or as required
       by the applicable regulation.

   B.  Provide authorized  visitors  with  suitable respirators  with fresh
       filters or cartridges whenever they are required to enter the work
       area, to maximum of 4 per day.

   C.  Provide  workers  with   sufficient  sets  of disposable  full  body
       clothing.  Such clothing shall consist of  full  body coveralls and
       headgear.  Provide eye protection  as required by applicable safety
       regulations.   Non-disposable  clothing  and  footwear shall  be  left
       in the Contaminated  Equipment Room until the end  of  the  asbestos
       abatement work, at which  time such items shall be  disposed of as
       asbestos waste, or shall be  thoroughly cleaned  of  all  asbestos or
       asbestos-containing material.

   D.  Provide  authorized  visitors  with  a set  of suitable  disposable
       clothing, headgear, eye protection and footwear, whenever they are
       required to enter the work area, to a maximum of 4  set(s)  per day.

   E.  Provide and  post, in the Equipment  Room and the Clean Room,  the
       decontamination and  work procedures  to be  followed  by workers, as
       follows:

       1.  Each  worker and authorized visitor  shall, upon  entering  the
           job site:   remove street  clothes  in  the  clean  change  room and
           put on a  respirator with  new  filters,  and  disposable  clothing
           before entering  the equipment  and access  areas  or  the  work
           area.

       2.  Worker Decontamination.   Each  worker  and authorized visitor
           shall,  each  time   he  leaves  the work  area:   remove  gross
           contamination  from clothing  before  leaving the  work  area;
           proceed to  the equipment area and remove  all  clothing except
           respirators;  still  wearing the  resprirator proceed  naked  to
           the showers; clean the outside of the respirator with  soap and
           water  while  showering;  remove  the  respirator,  thoroughly
           shampoo and wash themselves;  remove filters and  wet  them and
           dispose of  filters  in the container  provided for  the  purpose;
           and wash and rinse the inside  of the respirator.

       3.  Following showering and drying off, each worker and authorized
           visitor shall  proceed directly  to  the clean change  room and
           dress in  street  clothes  at the end of each day's  work, or in
           clean coveralls  before  eating,  smoking, drinking, or reent-
           ering the work area.
                                    135

-------
       4.   Contaminated work  footwear shall be  stored in  the  equipment
           room when  not  in use  in  the work  area.   Upon  completion  of
           asbestos abatement, dispose of  footwear as  contaminated  waste
           or clean thoroughly inside and out using  soap and water before
         .  removing from  work area  or from equipment  and  access  area.
           Store contaminated worksuits  in the equipment room  for  reuse
           or  place  in  receptacles  for  disposal  with  other  asbestos
           contaminated materials. •

       5.   Workers  removing  waste containers  from  the equipment decon-
           tamination  enclosure  shall enter the washroom  from  outside
           wearing  a   respirator  and  dressed   in  clean  coveralls.   No
           worker shall use this system as a means to  leave  or  enter the
           work area.

       6.   Workers shall not eat,  drink,  smoke, or chew gum  or tobacco  at
           the worksite except in  the established clean room.

       7.   Workers shall be fully protected  with respirators  and  protec-
           tive clothing during preparation of  system of enclosures  prior
           to  commencing  actual   asbestos  abatement  and   until   final
           clean-up is completed.

1.08   BUILDING PROTECTION

   A.  Provide temporary partitions to allow continued building  occupancy
       by Owner.

   B.  Maintain  free  and  safe passage  to  and  from  buildings  for all
       occupants.

   C.  Be responsible  for  building  security through areas  controlled  by
       the Contractor.

   D.  Protect building from damage caused by removal  and  transporting  of
       material, water  and  showers,  spraying  of material  to be  removed
       and wet cleaning.

1.09   CONTRACTOR QUALIFICATIONS

   A.  Prior to award of Contract  and upon request of Architect  or Owner,
       the Contractor  shall  furnish  proof of qualifications  in the form
       of a  list  of similar projects successfully  completed  or proof  of
       successful  completion  of   training  sessions  or experience   in
       asbestos abatement work.

PART 2 - PRODUCTS

2.01   MATERIALS

   A.  Deliver  all  materials in  the  original  packages,  containers,  or
       bundles bearing the name of the'manufacturer  and the  brand  name.
                                    136

-------
   B.   Store all materials  subject  to damage  off  the ground,  away from
       wet or damp  surfaces, and under cover sufficient to prevent damage
       or contamination.

   C.   Damaged or deteriorating materials shall not be used  and shall  be
       removed  from  the  premises.   Material  that  becomes  contaminated
       with asbestos  shall be disposed of in accordance with the applic-
       able regulations.

   D.   Plastic sheet, of the thicknesses specified, in sizes to minimize
       the frequency  of joints.

   E.   Tape  -  glass  fiber  or  other  type  capable  of  sealing joints  of
       adjacent sheets of plastic sheets and  for  attachment of plastic
       sheet to finished  or unfinished surfaces of dissimilar  materials
       under both dry and wet conditions,  including  use of amended water.

   F.   Surfactant (wetting agent) - shall consist of  50%  polyoxyethylene
       ether and 50% of  (polyoxyethylene) (Polyglycol) ester, or equiva-
       lent, and shall  be mixed with water to  provide  a concentration  of
       one ounce surfactant to  5 gallons  of  water.

   6.   Impermeable containers   -  suitable  to  receive  and   retain any
       asbestos-containing or contaminated materials until  disposal  at  an
       approved site.  The containers  shall  be  labeled in  accordance with
       OSHA  Regulation  29  CFR  1910.1001   or  EPA   Regulation  40 CFR
       61.22(j).   Containers must  be  both  air  and water-tight.   If
       plastic bags are used the plastic  bags shall  be 6 mil  thick.

   H.   Warning labels and signs - as  required  by OSHA regulation 29 CFR
       1910.1001.

   I.   Spray  or Trowel   Applied  Acoustical  Plaster   and/or plaster   -
       Asbestos-free  material as  specified  elsewhere  in this specifica-
       tion.

   J.   Other Materials  - Provide all  other materials,  such as  lumber,
       nails and hardware, which may be required to  construct and disman-
       tle  the  decontamination  area  and  the  barriers  that  isolate the
       work area.

2.02   TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

   A.   Provide suitable tools for asbestos  removal.

   B.   Water Sprayer  - Airless or other low  pressure  sprayer for amended
       water application.

   C.   Air  Purifying  Equipment  -  High  Efficiency  Particulate  Absolute
       Filtration Systems or Electronic  Precipitators.  No  air  movement
       system  or  air  equipment  shall  discharge  any  asbestos  fibers
       outside the  work area.
                                    137

-------
   D.   Scaffolding - As  required to accomplish the  specified  work shall
       meet all  applicable safety regulations.

   E.   Transportation - As required, to  be  suitable  for loading, tempor-
       ary- storage, transit, and unloading  of contaminated  waste without
       exposure to persons or property.

PART 3 - EXECUTION

   A.   Before commencing  work  in any  area, Contractor accompanied  by  a
       representative of the Owner, shall inspect, note and  tag all items
       scheduled for Contractor  to  remove and replace.   Contractor shall
       inspect in all rooms in which work is to be performed.   Contractor
       shall note  any  and all  damaged or non-working  items and  tag  with
       tags  furnished  by  Owner's  representative.  All  damaged  or  non-
       working  items removed  and  replaced by Contractor  .without  tags
       shall be deemed damaged by the  Contractor  and  replaced  at no  cost
       to the Owner.  Copies of all  lists on damaged  or non-working items
       will be supplied to the Owner and Architect.

   B.   Work Areas:  Isolate the work area for the  duration of  the work  by
       completely sealing off all openings  and fixtures.

   C.   Isolate  heating,  cooling,   ventilating  air  systems  to   prevent
       contamination and fiber dispersal  to  other  areas of the  structure.
       During the  work,  vents  within the work area shall be sealed  with
       tape and plastic sheeting.

   D.   Preclean  immovable  objects,  such as casework, plant,   and  equip-
       ment, within the proposed work  areas,  using HEPA vacuum equipment
       and/or wet cleaning methods as appropriate, and enclose  with 6 mil
       plastic sheeting sealed with tape.

   E.   Clean the  proposed  work areas using  HEPA  vacuum equipment  or wet
       cleaning methods  as appropriate.   Do  not  use methods   that  rafse
       dust, such as dry  sweeping or vacuuming with  equipment  not  equip-
       ped with HEPA filters.

   F.   Seal off all openings such as corridors, doorways, ducts, and any
       other penetrations of the work  areas with  plastic  sheeting  sealed
       with  tape.   Doorways  and corridors  which  will   not be  used for
       passage  during  work  must be  sealed with  barriers  as described
       herein.

   G.   Cover floor  and  wall  surfaces  with  plastic sheeting sealed  with
       tape.  Use  a minimum of  two layers  of 6  mil  plastic  on floors.
       Cover floors first  so that  plastic extends at least  12 in. up  on
       walls, then  cover  walls  with  a  minimum   4 mil plastic  sheeting
       (single 4 mil layer or two layer application of 2 mil sheeting)  to
       the floor level, thus overlapping the  floor material by a minimum
       of 12 in.

   H.   Build airlocks at all  entrances to and exits from the work area.


                                  138

-------
   I.   After  inspection and tagging (if necessary),  remove,  lower and/or
       seal  in plastic,  ceiling  mounted objects,  such  as lights,  other
       fixtures  not previously sealed off, and other  objects  that inter-
       fere  with asbestos  removal, as  directed by  the building  owner.
       After   electrical  current  has  been  disconnected,  use  localized
       water  spraying or HEPA vacuum equipment during fixture  removal  to
       reduce fiber dispersal.

   J.   Maintain  emergency and  fire exits  from the  work areas, or  esta-
       blish   alternative  exits   satisfactory   to   the   applicable   fire
       officials.

   K.   Provide temporary power and lighting and ensure  safe  installation
       of temporary power sources  and  equipment.

   L.   Provide decontamination enclosure system at each site  in areas  as
       agreed upon  by the Owner.

       1.  Build suitable framing  or  use existing  rooms connected  with
           framed-in tunnels if  necessary  and line  with plastic sealed
           with  tape at all  lap joints in the plastic for all  enclosures
           and decontamination  enclosure system  rooms.

       2.  In all  cases access between contaminated and uncontaminated
           rooms or areas  shall   be  through  an  airlock as described
           herein.   In all  cases,  access between any  two rooms  within the
           decontamination enclosure shall  be through a curtained  door-
           way.

   M.   Provide  ventilating   equipment with  HEPA   filters  to maintain
       negative   pressure within   the work  areas   in  which  asbestos-
       containing material  is being removed.  Ventilating equipment  must
       be operated  24  hours  per  day,  seven days per  week from start  of
       removal work until after final  clean up of asbestos removal.  Use
       smoke  test at  start  and finish of each days  work to  verify  that
       direction of air flow is from  clean  area  into work area.   Do not
       allow  pressure to pull  airlocks open  or  pull plastic  covers  from
       walls  or opening covers.

3.02   WORK DECONTAMINATION  ENCLOSURE  SYSTEM

   A.   Construct a  worker decontamination enclosure  system outside of the
       work area consisting  of three totally enclosed  chambers  as  fol-
       lows:

       1.  An equipment room with  two  curtained  doorways,  one  to the work
           area  and one to the shower room.  The equipment room shall  be
           of sufficient size to accommodate at least one worker, allow-
           ing him  enough  room  to remove  his  protective  clothing and
           footwear, and well  as  a 6  mil  disposal  bag  and container and
           any other equipment which the Contractor wishes to  store when
           not in use.  The equipment room shall conform  to the require-
           ments of applicable  regulations.
                                   139

-------
       2.   A shower room with  two  curtained doorways, one to  the  equip-
           ment room and one to  the clean room.  The  shower  room  should
           contain at least one  shower with hot and  cold or  warm  water.
           Careful  attention   shall  be  paid  to the shower  to  insure
           against  leaking  of any  kind.  The  Contractors  shall  supply
           soap at all times in  the  shower  room.  Discharge  shower waste
           water  directly  into  a  drain.  Do  not allow  waste water  to
           discharge onto playgrounds or yard areas.

       3.   A clean room with one curtain  doorway  into the shower and  one
           entrance or  exit  to  non-contaminated  areas of the  building.
           The clean  room  shall  provide sufficient space for  storage  of
           the workers street clothes, towels, and other non-contaminated
           i terns.

3.03   EQUIPMENT DECONTAMINATION ENCLOSURE SYSTEM

   A.  Provide or construct  a material/equipment decontamination  enclo-
       sure system  (washroom)  with  two  curtained doorways,  one to  the
       work area and one to an uncontaminate area.   Gross  removal of dust
       and  debris from contaminated  material,  material  containers,  and
       equipment shall be accomplished prior to moving to  the  washroom.

3.04   SEPARATION OF WORK AREAS FROM OCCUPIED AREAS

   A.  Separate parts  of  the  building  required  to  remain  in use from
       parts  of  the building  that  will  undergo  asbestos  abatement  and
       replacement by means of airtight barriers, constructed  as follows:

       1.   Build  suitable  floor to ceiling  wood  or  metal  framing  and
           apply 3/8" minimum thickness plywood on work side.

       2.   Cover  plywood barrier with  plastic sheet,  sealed with tape  as
           specified on work area side.

3.05   MAINTENANCE OF ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS

   A.  Ensure  that  barriers  and plastic linings are  effectively  sealed
       and taped.   Repair damaged barriers and remedy defects  immediately
       upon discovery.

   B.  Visually inspect enclosures  at the beginning  of each work period.

   C.  Use smoke  methods to test effectiveness  of barriers when directed
       by Building Owner.

3.06   AIR MONITORING

   A.  The Owner  shall  employ  and  pay for an  independent air monitoring
       Contractor  to provide  environmental  air monitoring  inside  and
       outside of the work area and outside the buildings during the term
       of this contract.  As a condition  of  final  acceptance  of the work
       by the Owner, two air samples  within  48  hours  after completion of
                                  140

-------
       all  cleaning work,  shall  be taken.   After test  results  from lab
       analysis  has  been  received,  indicating  that  asbestos  has  been
       removed and  rooms or areas  have been  found  to  be  in compliance
       with  all  guidelines  of  OSHA,   EPA,  and  other  State and  Local
       Government  Agencies,  the equipment,   electrical  and  mechanical
       fixtures can be reinstalled.

3.07   ASBESTOS REMOVAL

   A.  Spray asbestos-containing material  with amended water, using spray
       equipment capable of providing  a  "mist"  application  to prevent
       release of airborne fibers.   Saturate the material sufficiently to
       wet it  to the  substrate  without causing excess  dripping.   Spray
       the asbestos material repeatedly during work  process  to  maintain
       wet condition and to minimize asbestos fiber dispersion.


   B.  Remove  the  saturated  asbestos-containing material  in  small  sec-
       tions.  As  it  is  removed pack  the  material  in  sealable plastic
       bags  of 6 mil  minimum  thickness and place in  labeled containers
       for transport.  Material shall  not  be allowed to dry out.

   C.  Seal filled containers.   Clean  external surfaces thoroughly by wet
       sponging.  Remove from immediate working area to washroom.  Clean,
       and move to uncontaminated area.  Ensure that workers do not enter
       from uncontaminated areas into  the  washroom and work area.

   D.  After  completion  of  stripping  work,  all  surfaces  from  which
       asbestos  has  been removed shall be  wire brushed, wet  sponged  or
       cleaned with  High-Pressure  water to  remove all  visible  material
       and fibers in pockets  or crevices.   During this work, the  surfaces
       being cleaned shall be kept  wet.

   E.  The Owner, at their option, will take  samples  and pay for testing
       of  same,  both  during and after the work  has  been  completed,  to
       determine if all asbestos-containing materials are being removed.

3.08   CLEAN-UP

   A.  Remove visible accumulations  of asbestos-material  and debris.   Wet
       clean all contaminated surfaces.

   B.  Remove  the  plastic  sheets from walls  and floors only.   The  win-
       dows,  doors  and  HVAC  vents  shall  remain  sealed  and  any  HEPA
       filtration  negative  air pressure   systems,  air  filtration  and
       decontamination enclosure systems shall remain in service.

   C.  Clean all  surfaces in  the  work area  and any  other contaminated
       areas with water  and/or with HEPA vacuum equipment.   After clean-
       ing the work area, wait 24 hours to  allow for settlement  of dust,
       and  again wet  clean or clean  with  HEPA vacuum equipment  all
       surfaces in the work  area again.  After  completion  of the second
       cleaning operation, perform  a  complete  visual  inspection  of  the
       work area to ensure that the  work area is dust free.

                                  141

-------
  D.  Sealed  drums and all equipment used in the work  shall  be  included
      in  the clean-up and shall  be removed  from work  areas,  via  the
      equipment  decontamination enclosure system,  at  an appropriate time
      in  the  cleaning  sequence.

  E.  If  the  building  owner  finds  that the  work  area has  not  been
      decontaminated,  the Contractor shall repeat  the wet cleaning  until
      the work area is in compliance, at the Contractor's expense.

  F.  When  a final  inspection  determines  that  the area has  been decon-
      taminated, the decontamination enclosure  systems  shall  be  removed,
      the area  thoroughly wet cleaned, and materials from the equipment
      room  and  shower disposed of as contaminated waste.  The remaining
      barriers  between  contaminated and clean  areas and all  seals on
      openings   into  the work  area  and  fixtures  shall  be  removed  and
      disposed of as contaminated waste.   A  final  check'shall be carried
      out to ensure that  no dust  or  debris  remains  on  surfaces  as a
      result of  dismantling operations.

  G.  As  the work progresses,  to  prevent  exceeding available  storage
      capacity  on site, remove sealed and labeled containers of contam-
      inated waste and dispose of as contaminated  waste.

3.09  RE-ESTABLISHMENT OF OBJECTS AND SYSTEMS

  A.   Install sprayed  acoustical   plaster  or  plaster  to   ceiling as
      specified  in Sections 09215, 09216 and 09217.

  B.   Install acoustical tile ceilings  as specified in  Section 09510.

  C.  Repair any and all damage to existing  floors, walls, ceilings,  and
      other surfaces and  equipment  caused by  the  work or the installa-
      tion  of barricades, enclosures, separations, etc.

      1.   The Owner will provide painting system numbers  to  the  Contrac-
           tor for  matching   purposes  where  painted  surfaces  require
           touch-up.  Color system based on PPG,  12 colors.

  D.  When  clean-up is complete:

       1.   Re-establish  objects  moved  to  temporary  locations   in  the
           course of the work, in their proper positions.

      2.   Re-secure mounted objects  removed  in  the course of the work in
           their  former position.

  E.  Re-establish HVAC,  mechanical, and electrical  systems in proper
      working order.  Install new filters and dispose of used filters as
      contaminated waste.  Clean ducts between  rehabilitated spaces  and
      adjacent   rooms.   Replace  or   clean  duct linings  to  remove  all
      friable asbestos.
                                    142

-------
                      Observations Made by Field Crew
In all schools, containment consisted of three  layers  of  polyethylene  film
covering the floor and walls with the ceiling exposed.   The film was sealed
with duct tape and attached to the ceiling-wall  edge with duct tape.

Each containment  area was  equipped with a shower enclosed by  multi-layered
polyethylene flap doors.   Instructions  to  the removal  crew were to remove
clothes on  the  abatement  side,  shower and dry  and  dress  in the exterior
side.  Removed material  was bagged and sealed in poly bags which were trans-
ferred through  a  flap door into  a poly lined  storage area.  The  truck  crew
then entered the  storage area through an outside flap  door  and removed  the
bagged material  which was  loaded directly into the  rental  truck.

In School No. 1,  tunnels were constructed to  connect the  individual rooms.
The tunnels were  made  of  2 x 4 frames with  an 8 ft ceiling covered on all
sides with several layers  of polyethylene.

In School Nos.  3 and 4,  tunnels were not constructed.   Instead,  the hallways
connecting the  removal  areas  were  lined in the same manner as the  rooms.

In School No.  2, small  tunnels were erected  down the center of the hallways.
The tunnels were  constructed of  U-shaped pieces of  1/2 in. electrical thin
wall conduit which  were covered with poly  film.  Small branch tunnels led
from the main tunnel to each room.

In all schools, after  the  containment was  completed,  the installation was
visually  inspected  by   the  architect and the county  health department.
After the containment structure was approved,  the work crew wearing protec-
tive equipment  wet  and  stripped the material.  The removed  material  was
dropped to  the  floor where it was swept into  piles, bagged and transferred
to the holding  area.   After stripping was completed,  the first  layer of
polyethylene film was then removed,  bagged, and transferred to the  holding
area and  treated  as asbestos material.  The containment area was then vis-
ually  inspected  by the architect  and county health department.   If  the
area was  not clean,  the remaining film was washed  down  until it passed
visual  inspection.  In  some cases the decision was  made to remove one  addi-
tional  layer of the  poly  film in the cleaning process.  The remaining one
or two layers of polyethylene film were left in  place  until  the  new ceiling
had been  sprayed  on  and the area cleaned up.   The  remaining film was  then
removed for the  final  clean up.

In School Nos.  1, 2, and  3 the  friable material was removed  by  scraping.
In School No.  4, it  was  necessary to break  the hard ceiling material with a
hammer and  remove the   ceiling all  the way  down to the metal  lath.   In
School  No. 4 it was impossible  to  obtain  good  wetting  of the  ceiling
material.
                                      143

-------
        APPENDIX C
Results of Sample Analysis

-------
                                                 APPENDIX C-l
                                                 TEM RESULTS
 ID

 M7
 S14
 OG9
 DG25
 S2
 SI6
 MG9
 OG20
 FBIS
 S28
 HG2
 N18
 S27
 S22
 S10
 DG4
 OG33
 MS
 MG25
 M17
 S19
 MG20
 S8
 S2S
 F8»
 OG21
 NG22
 F4
 DGI5
 S21
 S28
 N3
 MG29
 OGI7
 M22
 F8
 H20
 OG2
 OG19
 OG15
 MG22
 S22
 M22
 S18
 OG23
 DG17
 F8
 DG2
 S28
 MG9
 MGI8
 S18
 MGI8
 DG19
 HG3I
 MG25
 SI4
 MG33
NI3
OG21
S21
OG20
  I
  2
  3
  4
  S
  6
  7
  8
  9
 10
 II
 12
 13
 14
 IS
 18
 17
 II
 II
 20
 21
 22
 23
 24
 25
 28
 27
 21
 29
 30
 31
 32
 33
 34
 35
 38
 37
 38
 39
 40
 41
 42
 43
 44
 45
 48
 47
 48
 49
 50
 51
 52
 53
 54
 55
 58
 57
 58
 59
60
81
82
 I
 3
 3
 1
 I
 3
 3
 3
 I
 3
 I
 I
 1
 I
 3
 3
 1
 3
 1
 1
 3
 1
 1
 3
 3
 3
 1
 3
 1
 1
 1

 3
 1
 1
 1
 3
 3
 3
 3
 1
 1
 1
 3
 3
 1
 3
 1
 3
 3
 1
 3
 3
 3
 3
 t
 3
 1
3
 I
3
 2
 4
 3
 3
 3
 4
 2
 4
 4
 2
 3
 3
 2
 4
 2
 3
 2
 3
 3
 1
 1
 4
 3
 3
 I
 3
 4
 I
 2
 4
 2
 3

 2
 2
 3
 3
 3
 1
 a
 4
 4
 2
 1
 3
 2
 3
 3
 2
 2
 1
 1
 1
 t
2
3
4
2
 I
3
4
4
SIU
 2
 I
 6
 6
 4
 2
 4
 2
 2
 4
 I
 I
 2
 2
 S
 3
 8
 1
 3
 2
 8
 I
 3
 4
 I
 2
 3
 7
 2
 1
8
 2

8
5
7
S
2
 I
2
3
2
S
2
S
8
7
2
8
4
6
2
8
1
S
3
I
4
1
2
1
2
 A
 A
 A
 A
 A
 A
 A
 A
 A
 NA
 NA
 0
 0
 A
 A
 A
 NA

 A
 A
 0
 NA
 NA
 NA
 A
 0
 A
 A
 A
NA
 A
0
NA
 A
 A
 Urn

 21
 21
 21
 35
 21
 21
 21
 35
 21
 35
 21
 35
 35
 35
 21
 21
 35
 21
 35
 35
 35
 21
 21
 35
 21
 35
 35
 35
 21
 35
 35
 21

 21
 35
 35
 35
 21
 35
 21
 35
 35
 35
 21
 35
 21
 35
 21
 35
 21
 35
21
35
35
35
35
21
35
21
35
35
35

Hlriit
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
R
S
R
R
S
R
S
R
0
0
R
S
S
S
S
R
R
R
R
R
R
S
S
S
R
R
S
0
D
0
0

lak ID
N-7
S-M
DC 9
DG-25
S-2
S 16
MG-9
OG20
FBIS
S28
MG2
NI8
S27
S22
S10
OG4
OG33
N5
MG25
N17
S19
MG2O
se
S25
FB8
OG21
MG22
F4
OG15
S21
S28C
M3R
MG29C
OG17R
N22R
F8C
M20R
DG2C
OG19R
OGI5-0
MG22-0
S22R
N22C
S18C
OG23
OG17C
F6R
OG2R
S28R
MG9R
MCI6R
SI8R
MGI6C
DGI9C
NG31C
HG2SR
SI4R
MC33
MI3-0
DG2I-D
S21-0
DG20-D

IFItar
0
O
O
O
O
1
O
O
O
0
0
O
0
O
0
O
0
O
0
0
0
0
O
O
O
O
O
0
0
0
0
0
O
0
O
0
0
0
0
0
0
O
0
O
0
0
O
O
0
0
O
O
0
O
0
0
O
0
O
O
0
O
***IMI<
Hk/a1
0
0
O
O
O
9OOO
O
O
O
O
O
0
0
O
0
O
0
O
0
0
O
0
0
0
0
0
0
O
O
0
O
O
O
0
. 0
O
0
0
O
O
0
0
O
O
O
0
O
O
0
0
O
O
O
O
O
0
O
0
O
O
0
O

*/.'
O
0
O
O
0
0.4
O
O
O
O
O
O
0
O
0
O
O
O
0
O
0
O
0
0
0
0
O
O
0
0
O
0
0
0
0
0
O
0
O
0
O
0
O
O
0
0
0
0
0
O
O
O
0
0
O
0
0
O
O
0
0
O
OhnrMtll*
1 Fltor Flk/a1 •«/•'
49 3 7OE»05 2.6OC>OO
3 3 OOE«O« 1 OOC-OI
4 3 OOE«O4 1 OOE-OI
1 1 1 SOE>O4 4.6OE-OI
7 2 OOE«O4 3. OOC-OI
2 2 OOE»O4 1. OOE-OI
24 1 IOC*OS 1 SOC-Ot
4 5 OOE.03 4 OOC-02
23 5.8OE»O4 I.9OE«OO
2 3 OOE»O3 I.OOE-O2
56 1 30E.OS 9.BOC-OI
17 2 »OE«O« 2.8OC-OI
8 I.OOC«04 3. OOC-01
5 7 OOE«O3 t. OOC-OI
1 2 OOCt03 1. OOC-01
1 2 OOE«O3 1. OOC-02
5 7 OOE»03 7. OOC-OI
15 3.2OE*O4 3.7OC-OI
8 I.OOE*04 2. OOC-01
7 t.OOE»04 8. OOC-02
4 8.00E«03 t. OOC-01
118 8.33C»OS 9.4BC*OO
8 1.OOE+O4 1. OOC-01
4 600E»03 8.00E-02
23 5.3OOO4 3.4OC-OI
5 8.00C»03 4. OOC-02
12 1.70C+04 1.30C-01
II 2.9OE»O4 1.8OE-OI
33 8.5OE*O4 7.4OE-OI
34 3.20E»04 2.IOC-OI
8 1 OOE»O4 1.OOC+OO
18 3 5OE+O4 3.2OC-01
1 2 OOE»03 3. OOC-02
8 1 OOC*04 1. OOC-OI
3O 4 5OC+O4 4.BOC-01
1 1 OOC+03 S.OOC-03
13 2.50C+04 2 80C-01
1 2.00C+03 t. OOC-02
74 9.50C*04 I.80C-01
II 3.SOC+04 2.10C-01
15 2. IOE»O4 I.8OC-OI
SO 7.00C*04 4.10C-OI
128 3.88C+O5 2.08C*OO
17 S.40E+04 2.4OE-OI
1 I.OOC*03 1. OOC-02
112. 10C«O4 2.70E-O1
5 8 OOC+03 4. OOC-02
1 2.00C+04 1. OOE-OI
12O 2,28E*O5 1. 13C+OO
19 4.OOC«04 2. IOC-O1
I 1.OOC»O4 1. OOC-OI
3 0 OOE«O3 8.OOE-O2
1 1 OO£»O« 9.0OC-O2
19 2.50E»O4 I.5OC-O1
6 9 OOE*O3 1. OOE-OI
14 2 6OE»O4 I.8OE-01
IO3 4 OlEtOS 2.72E«OO
1 5 OOE«03 2 OOC-02
9 2.00E»O4 2. OOC-OI
8 1.OOE»O4 8.OOE-O2
181 1 71E«OS 1 IIE«OO
9 I.OOE«O4 6.OOE-O2
                                                     145

-------
                                          TEM  RESULTS      (Continued)
  10

 DG33
 M23
 S10
 MS
 Mil
 F4
 M23
 MQ33
 F5
 Ml
 M2I
 S2S
 M3
 M20
 MG4
 MQ29
 MG31
 MG27
 MG4
 S24
 FB8
 DG29
 MGI8
 MG24
 OG12
 DG«2
 B1
 M13
 G6
 G7
 G7
 CM
 CIS
 08
 K7
 K128
 MS
 G22
 K23
 G22
 G23
 G2S
 82
 B9
 K24
 K13B
 KI3B
 B1
 G22
 KM
 89
 82
 KM
 025
 023
 021
 024
 029
 032
K24
K15
034
 63
 64
 as
 66
 87
 89
 89
 70
 71
 72
 73
 74
 75
 76
 77
 71
 79
 90
 91
 92
 93
 84
 95
 96
 87
 98
 89
 90
 91
 92
 93
 94
 95
 98
 97
 99
 99
100
101
102
103
104
1O5
106
107
108
1O9
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
3
1
1
1
1
1
I
3
1
I
1
1
1
1
3

3
3
3
1
3
3

3
3
3
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
School

  2
  2
  2
  3
  3
  1
  2
  2
  4
  3
  2
  3
  3
  3
  3

  2
  3
  3
  3
  1
  2

  3
  2
  2
  3
  1
  3
  3
  3
  2
  2
  2
  3
  2
  2
  1
  1
  «
  1
  4
  3
  3
  4
  2
  2
  3
  1
  2
  3
  3
  2
  4
  I
  1
  4
  3
  2
  4
  2
  2
Silt
6
1
S
1
1
7
1
4
3
S
3
4
2
B
4
5
7
4
8
B
2
1
3
3
2
1
10
9
B
9
to
7
5
3
9
1
9
1
7
3
9
7
6
11
11
2
1
1
7
B
1
1
8
7
3
8
7
8
B
8
in*
A
NA
A
A
A
0
NA
A
0
NA
NA
A
NA
NA
A
A
0
A
A
A
A
A
NA
NA
NA
NA
A
A
A
A
A
0
NA
NA
A
NA
A
NA
0
0
A
0
A
A
A
NA
NA
NA
0
A
NA
A
A
0
0
A
0
A
A
A
 35
 35
 21
 21
 35
 35
 35
 35
 35
 21
 35
 35
 21
 35
 21

 35
 35
 21
 35
 21
 33

 35
 21
 21
 35
 21
 35
 35
 35
 35
 35
 35
 35
 35
 35
 35
 35
 35
 35
 35
 35
 35
 35
 35
 35
 35
 35
 35
 35
 35
 35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
33
tapliltolc
*• of
• Ijrstt
D
S
0
0
D
D
0
0
S
S
S
0
S
S
S
R
R
S
0
S
S
S
S
S
S
0
S
S
S
S
E
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
E
S
S
S
S
S
E
S
0
R
S
D
R
R
S
S
S
S
S
S
R
R
S
lib ID
OG33-0
M23
S10-D
M5-D
MtB-0
F4-0
M23-D
MG33-D
F5
Ml
M31
S2S-0
M3C
M20C
MG4
MG29R
MG31R
MG27
MG4-D
S24
FB8
DG29
MG19
MG24
DQ12
OG12-0
B-1
M13
G-6
G-7
G-7E
G-14
G-15
8-8
K-7
K-12B
K-1S
G-22
K-23
G-22E
G-23
0-25
8-2
8-9
K-24
K-13B-E
K-13B
B1D
G22R
K-14
B-BO
B-2R
K-14R
0-25
0-23
D-21
D-24
0-29
D 32
K-24R
K-15R
D 34
IFIbtr
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
o
o
o
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
o
0
o
0
o
o
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
o
0
o
o
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
fib/.1
o
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
o
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
o
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
„/.'
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
o
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
o
o
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
o
o
Orywtllt
1 1 Fltor Ftt/B1 it/*1
7 9 OOEtO3 4 OOE-O2
IS 1 80Et04 8.70E-02
0 0 OOEtOO 0 OOEtOO
3 6.00£t03 1. OOE-01
29 S.OOEtO4 2.40E-01
24 3.9OEt04 2.2OE-OI
22 2 60Et04 I.3OE-OI
8 3.0OEtO4 2.OOE-O1
49 7 OOEt04 5 90E-OI
9 2.00£t04 3. OOE-01
14 2.40Et04 i JOE -02
4 8. OOEtOS 3.OOE-Q2
10 2.20Et04 9.SOE-02
41 7.8O£t04 5.30E-OI
520 3.63Et07 1.91EtQ2
49 9.30Et04 3.70E-OI
47 8.7OEt04 2.90E-O1
IS 2. 10EtO4 1 OOE-01
210 1.47EtO7 9.93Et01
66 I. lOEtOS 7.6OE-OI
0 0. OOEtOO 0. OOEtOO
0 0. OOEtOO O.COEtOO
0 0. OOEtOO O. OOEtOO
8 S.OOEt04 2. OOE-01
14 2.80Et04 3.60E-OI
41 8. 10Et04 5.20E-OI
17 2 40£t04 1.90E-01
3 7 OOEtOS 2 001-02
103 1.02Et07 6.32Et01
120 1.6IEt07 1.41EtO2
t 3. OOEtOS 1.00E-02
SS S. OOEtOS 4.50EtOO
200 9.92EtOB 9. ISEtOI
O O. OOEtOO 0. OOEtOO
4 6. OOEtOS 9.00E-02
42 6 OOE+04 3.40E-01
120 4 ME 1 06 2.49EH)1
0 0. OOEtOO 0. OOEtOO
102 1.49EtO6 t.04Et01
1 2 OOEtOS 2.00E-02
2 3. OOEtOS 2. OOE-02
0 0. OOEtOO 0. OOEtOO
0 0. OOEtOO 0. OOEtOO
9 I.OOEt04 4. OOE-01
135 l.22Et07 1.39Et02
0 0. OOEtOO 0. OOEtOO
S3 6.90Et04 S.40C-01
6 9. OOEtOS 4. OOE-01
4 6. OOEtOS B.OOE-O2
14 2.00£t04 3.40E-01
21 2 70E+04 1.90E-OI
49 7.20Et04 9.3OE-01
10 1.4OEtO4 1. OOE-01
46 5.40Et04 3.20E-01
20 2.8OEtO4 t.SOE-01
3 4.00Et03 8. OOE-02
14 1.7OEt04 8. IDE -02
33 4.3OEtO4 2. 10E-OI
IS 1.70Et04 8 5OE-02
188 l.68Et07 1 41Et02
102 3 SIEtOS 2 21Et01
1 I.OOEtOS 8.00E-03
                                                146

-------
TEM RESULTS    (Continued)
038
L2S
027
J13
L23
L27
L25
L23
025
J11
F8
S23
S20
038
L29
L30
021
F2
133
S12
FB17
FB13
HQ12
HI9
J8
L22
54
SI
m
MIS
014
025
K23
K13B
024
D23
L29
L30
007
•Ml
0031
0027
H
0
J
87
019
018
08
02
J1
NtO
H8
FB10
F3
M014
S31
S32
FB7
L20
Mil
125
128
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
138
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
148
147
148
149
ISO
1S1
152
153
154
155
168
157
1S8
1S9
100
181
182
163
164
18S
168
187
188
189
170
171
172
173
174
175
178
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184

4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
1
4
4
4
4
1
4
«
3
3
3
1
4
4
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
3
4
3
3
1
1
1
2
2
2
4
4
4
1
1
3
1
3
2
2
3
4
1

***}
2
3
3
2
3
3
3
3
4
3
2
3
1
2
2
2
1
4
2
2
2
4
2
3
1
4
3
2
2
1
2
4
1
2
4
1
2
2
3
3
2
2
0
0
0
3
2
1
3
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
O
0
1
I
2

SIU
4
2
7
3
1
3
2
1
1
4
7
3
1
4
1
2
7
3
S
3
1
3
S
2
2
2
8
4
1
6
a
3
9
11
3
6
1
2
5
4
1
3
0
0
0
7
1
9
7
2
1
1
2
1
7
7
0
0
6
1
e

T)4»
A
NA
0
NA
A
A
NA
A
A
A
0
A
NA
A
NA
A
0
0
A
NA
NA
0
A
NA




A





0
A
NA
A
NA
A
NA
NA
LB
LB
LB
FB
FB
FB
FB
FB
FB
FB
FB
FB
FB
FB
LB
LB
FB
NA
A
SaWllHf
""
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
21
35
21
21
21
21
35
35
35
21
21
21
21
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
21
35
35
35
0
0
0
0
O
O
0
0
0
O
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
35
21
Type of
Ami/lit
S
S
s
s
s
s
R
D
R
R
S
S
S
M
S
S
R
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
0
R
D
O
D
D
0
0
S
S
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s

l«b 10
0-38
L-25
0-27
J-13
L-23
L-27
L-2SR
L-230
D-2SR
J-11R
F-8
S-23
S-20
0-38R
L-29
L-3O
D-21R
F-2
L-33
S-12
FB-17
FB-13
MO-12
M-19
J-8
L-22
S-4
S-8
N-9
M-15
0-1 40
O-2BR
K-230
K-13B-D
0-240
0-230
L-290
L-300
00-7
d-11
DG-31
00-27
H
O
J
B-7
0-18
Q- 18
0-8
0-2
J-1
M-10
M-8
FB-10
F-3
MO- 14
S-31
S-32
FB-7
L-20
M-11

IFItor
0
0
0
0
O
O
O
0
0
O
0
O
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
o
o
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
taVtlfcoU
Fib/.3
0
o
0
0
o
0
o
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

•tlJ
o
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
o
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ckryutllt
• "far Flfc/.1 •§/•*
2 3.OOE+O3 2.0OC-O2
B 1.00E+04 3 OOC-01
2 3.00E+03 1.0OC-02
10 1.40E+O4 8.BOC-O2
22 3 10E*04 2.3OC-01
88 t eoc+oa S.BOC+OO
11 1.8OE*O4 7.8OC-O2
8 9.00E+O3 3.OOC-O1
7 8.0OE+03 S.OOE-O2
5 6.OOE+O3 S.OOE-O2
2 3.00E+03 8.OOE-03
104 1.75E+O8 1.12E+OO
82 3.2OE+OS 1.6OE+OO
5 7.00E+03 3.00C-02
10 1.30E+04 8.SOE-02
77 1. 1OE+05 9.3OC-O1
3 4.OOE+03 2.OOE-O2
8 2.00E+04 S.OOC-O2
5 7.OOE+03 3.OOE-02
11 2.60E+O4 1.3OE-01
2 B.OOE+03 1.OOE-02
B 1.0OE+O4 2. OOC-01
23 4.OOE+O4 1.8OE-01
o O.OOE+OO o.ooe+oo
6 3.OOC+O4 2. OOC-01
29 1.20C+OB 6.OOC-O1
2 4.OOC+03 3.OOE-02
18 3.6OC+O4 1.BOC-OI
26 B.BOE+04 2. OOC-01
21 4.SOE+O4 2.4OC-01
39 3.SOE+O5 4. 1OC+OO
11 9.9OE+04 8.6OC-01
152 2.2OC+08 1.48C+O1
43 S.SOE+04 5.SOC-O1
19 2.20E+O4 1.4OE-01
57 8. 1OE+04 4.70E-01
6 8.OOE+O3 4.OOE-02
18 2.6OE+04 1.4OE-01
2 2.OOE+O4 9.00E-02
0 O.OOE+OO O.OOI*OO
4 2.OOC+O4 9.OOE-O2
0 O.OOE+00 0.001*00
0
0
1
0
O
0
6
0
2
7
21
1
0
18
6
13
0
39 5.SOE+04 2.4OE-O1
2 2 OOE*04 4.00E-02
           147

-------
                                APPENDIX  C-2


                                 PCM RESULTS
                A
                e
                o
                E
                F
                G
                H
                I
                J
                K
                81
                B1
                82
                B2
                B3
                B4
                85
                B6
                87
                B8
                B8
                89
                01
                02
                03
                04
                09
                06
                07
                08
                F1
                F2
                F3
                F4
                F4
                F5
                Ffl
                F6
                F7
                F8
                F8
                F9
                G1
                G2
                03
                G4
                G5
                G«
                GO
                G7
                G8
                G9
                J1
                02
                J3
                J4
                09
                07
                08
                08
                K1
                K2
c
S-
01
O.
f«
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
4
4












1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2









2
ooooooooo jf School
OOOOOOOOO S-
1) 01
j •*->
O C/}
t»tj»
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
NA
NA
A
A
0
FB
FB
0
FB
0
0
0
FB
FB
A
FB
0
FB
A
FB
FB
0
FB
0
0
0
0
0
FB
0
0
FB
FB
A
FB
NA
FB
A
A
A
FB
A
FB
NA
FB
A
FB
NA
A
A
FB
NA
CD VI
C -i-
•r- to
a. i—
nj c
C/l *f
• AM!
OS
OS
OS
OS
OS
OS
OS
OS
OS
OS
35S
350
35S
39ft
21S
OS
OS
21S
OS
39S
39R
39S
OS
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
OS
21S
OS
39S
39M
39S
35S
35R
OS
39S
3SD
OS
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
35S
350
35S
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
21S
39S
390
OS
21S
Tlkcr*

0
2
22
2
t




10
4
B

.





.
.


1
4
7
t
1

2
17
.



.

8
1
18





t
.

1
2


• Air

10
10
10
10





9
9
11











9
9
10
If
11
t
10
10





.
10
10
7
.

,

.



11
11


To

0
8
7
7





3
1
2











4
1
2
3
3

7
9






2
3
8








3.
8.


L. fik«r n

.OOE+00
.OOE+O2
. 30E+03
. OOE+02





. 80E+03
OOE+03
.OOE+03











OOE+02
OOE+03
OOE+03
OOE+02
OOE+02
f
OOE+02
80E+03

.




OOE+03
OOE+02
90E+03








OOE+02
OOE+02


                                                       •itr
* "S" denotes standard.
  "D" denotes duplicate.
  "R" denotes replicate.
                                   148

-------
        PCM RESULTS (Continued)
          Tn IcklluTry* AM! rthctf* Air »«1.  ftk— D«Hl
K3
K4
KS
K8
K7
K7
K8
K9
L2
L3
L4
L5
L8
L7
L8
L9
Ml
M2
M3
M4
MS
MB
M7
MS
M9
S1
52
S3
54
S5
58
S7
S8
S9
B10
B11
B12
B13
010
011
012
013
014
018
D17
018
019
021
021
023
024
025
027
027
02*
029
032
034
034
038
001
DG2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4













1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2






















3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
1
1
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
3
1
1
4
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
4
4
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
3
3
8
8
9
9
3
3
3
3
8
6
2
2
1
1
2
2
5
5
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
4
4
8
8
3
3
4
4
5
7
7
7
3
8
8
5
9
7
4
4
8
8
7
7
8
3
1
7
7
6
a
7
8
8
4
2
2
FB
A
A
FB
MA
NA
FB
NA
A
FB
A
FB
A
FB
NA
FB
NA
FB
NA
FB
A
FB
A
FB
NA
FB
A
FB
A
FB
A
FB
A
FB
FB
0
FB
0
FB
A
FB
NA
FB
FB
A
FB
A
0
0
A
0
A
0
0






FB
NA
OS
21S
21S
OS
3SS
350
OS
21S
21S
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
215
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
OS
21S
OS
21S
35S
350
35S
35S
3SS
35S
35R
35S
35R
355
3SS
35R
35S
OS
21S
t


r
2
0

.
.
.
.








.







t







t


.

.





.
0
3
2
0
2
3
0
1
7
0
It
8
48





.
10
10


.
































.





10
10
10
12
12
10
10
11
11
11
11
11
10






a
0









































0.
1.
a.
0.
5.
1.
0.
3.
2.
0.
3.
2.
1.






OOE+02
OOE+00


.

























.
.











OOE+OO
OOE+03
OOE+02
OOE+00
OOE+O2
OOE+03
OOE+00
OOE+02
OOE+03
OOE+OO
20E+03
OOE+03
SOE+04


                   149

-------
        PCM  RESULTS  (Continued)
 n>

DQ3
DG4
DG8
OG7
DG8
DG9
FBI
FB2
FB4
FBS
FB7
FBB
FBS
G10
Q11
Q12
013
G14
G14
G15
G16
G17
G18
G19
G20
G21
G22
G22
G23
G23
G2S
G25
011
J13
013
K10
K11
K14
K1S
K18
K17
K18
K19
K20
K23
K24
K24
L10
L11
L13
L14
L15
L16
LIB
L19
L20
L20
L22
L22
L23
L25
L2S
Pw Seh SlttTyr*
                rihvc* Ate ?oi.  rikm t>m*itj
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4














3
3
3
3
3
3
0
0





2
2
2
2
2
2
2




.





4
4
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
1







3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
5
5
a
8
0
0
7
7
a
a
1
8
8
10
10
8
8
10
9
10
1
1
3
S
1
1
7
7
3
3
4
3













3
3
1
1
2
2
5
S
1
1
2
2
1
2
2
FB
A
FB
NA
FB
A
LB
LB
FB
0
FB
A
NA
A
FB
A
FB
A
A
A
FB
FB
NA
FB
FB
A
NA
NA
0
0
0
0
A
NA
NA
A
FB
NA
A
A
A
A
FB
FB
A
A
A
FB
A
NA
FB
A
FB
A
FB
NA
NA
A
A
A
NA
NA
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
OS
OS
21S
OS
21S
21S
21S
OS
21S
OS
35S
3SR
35S
OS
OS
21S
OS
OS
21S
3SS
35R
3SS
35R
35S
35D
3SS
3SS
350
21S
OS
35S
35S
21S
21S
21S
OS
OS
3SS
3SS
350
OS
21S
21S
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
35S
35R
35S
35R
3SS
35S
35R
t



.









.
.
.
S
18
20






0
0
1
5
1
0
42
191
94


0
2




.
23
3
7





.

.
125
81
210
113
88
1SS
47
t















.
11
11
10






10
10
11
11
11
11
12
1O
10


10
10





10
11
11
.







10
10
12
12
10
9
9

















1
5
8






0
0
3
1
3
0
1
a
3


0
7





7
9
2








4
2
5
3
2
5
1

















.OOE+03
. 20E+03
. 40E+03






-OOE+OO
.OOE+OO
.OOE+02
.OOE+03
. OOE+02
.OOE+OO
. 10E+04
. 12E+04
.OOE+04


.OOE+00
.OOE+02





. 50E+03
.OOE+02
.OOE+03








OOE+04
80E+04
81E+04
02E+04
10E+04
84E+O4
80E+04
                   150

-------
     PCM  RESULTS     (Continued1
          Ht Sckllutyy*
                               ilz
                        rtkv«*  Tol. fik«r tawlty
L27
L27
L29
L30
L30
L33
L33
M10
Mil
M12
M13
M14
M1S
M16
M17
M17
M18
M19
M20
M20
M21
M21
M22
M22
M23
M23
MQ1
MQ2
MQ4
MG5
ma
MQ7
MQ9
S10
S11
S12
S13
514
S15
S16
S17
S18
S19
S19
S20
S20
S21
S21
S22
S22
S23
S24
S24
S29
S26
S27
S27
S28
S28
S29
S30
S31
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
1

















3
3
3
3
3
3
3


























2
2
2
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2






3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
0
0
0
3
3
1
2
2
S
5
1
8
8
1
1
8
8
2
2
1
2
5
5
3
3
5
5
1
1
1
1
4
4
7
7
4
5
3
3
1
1
2
2
2
2
8
8
1
1
1
1
2
2
3
a
8
4
4
2
2
8
8
0
0
0


A




FB
A
FB
NA
FB
A
FB
A
A
A
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
A
A
NA
NA
FB
A
A
FB
FB
0
A
A
FB
NA
FB
A
FB
A
FB
A
A
A
NA
NA
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
LB
LB
LB
35S
350
3SS
3SS
35R
3SS
350
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
35S
35R
35S
35S
35S
350
35S
35R
3SS
350
35S
35R
OS
21S
21S
OS
OS
21S
21S
21S
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
21S
35S
390
3SS
390
35S
35R
35S
39D
39S
39S
35R
39S
39S
39S
350
35S
390
OS
OS
OS
227
150
322
148
103
83
80






,
28
27
33
87
91
95
25
34
33
40
33
37
g




.





t



f
59
94
37
33
183
148
50
48
130
78
81
83
37
80
59
91
47
.
.
.
9
9
11
10
10
10
10


.

t


a
8
8
10
8
8
8
8
9
9
12
12
t






t




t



9
9
10
10
15
15
10
10
11
8
8
9
11
8
8
10
10
p
t

7
5
9
4
3
2
1







1
1
1
2
3
4
9
1
1
1
8
9
















2
1
1
1
3
3
1
1
3
3
3
3
1
3
2
1
1



.99E+04
.28E+04
. 38E+04
. 89E+04
. 40E+04
. OOE+04
. 90E+04
.






. 10E+04
. 10E+04
. 30E+04
. 20E+04
.90E+04
. 10E+04
. 80E+03
. 30E4-04
. 10E+O4
. 40E+04
. BOE+03
. 90E+03















_
. 10E+04
.90E+04
. 20E+04
. 10E+04
.91E+O4
. 12E+04
.BOE+04
. 50E1-04
. 79E+04
.OOE+04
. 20E+04
.OOE+04
. 10E+04
. 30E+04
. 30E+04
. 70E+04
.90E*04



                  151

-------
PCM  RESULTS    (Continued)
   F«lck«tt«T)r**
                    U* »ol.  fltor
                               lt7
S32
0011
0012
0014
0015
DO18
0017
0019
0019
0020
0021
0021
0023
0023
0025
0025
0027
0029
0029
0031
0031
0033
FB10
FB12
FB13
FB14
FB1S
FB18
FB17
K12A
K12B
K12B
K13A
K13B
K13B
M0 10
M011
M0 12
MQ13
MOM
MQ18
M0 18
MQ20
MG21
MQ22
M024
MQ25
M025
MQ27
MG27
M031
MQ31
M033
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
4
4
4
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
0
3
3
2
2
8
8
1
1
2
2
2
5
S
8
8
3
2
2
1
1
8
1
3
3
2
2
1
1
1
3
3
1
211
211
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
4
5
5
7
7
8
8
1
1
3
1
3
3
7
7
B
S
4
LB
FB
NA
FB
A
FB
A
NA
NA
A
NA
NA
NA
NA
A
A
NA
A
A
NA
NA
A
FB
FB
0
FB
A
FB
NA
NA
NA
NA
FB
A
A
FB
FB
A
0
FB
A
A
A
FB
0
A
A
A
0
0
A
A
A
OS
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
21S
3SS
35R
3SS
35S
350
3SS
35R
3SS
350
3SS
35S
35R
3SS
350
3SS
OS
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
21S
215
35S
35R
OS
3SS
3SR
OS
OS
21S
21S
OS
35S
350
21S
OS
35S
35S
35S
35R
35S
350
35S
350
3SS

.
40
28
13
11
11
3
13
11
0
g
11
8
4
7
14








4
8

12
5



.
.
15
28


8
28
9
10
9
28
9
38
11
•
.
11
11
11
9
9
10
10
11
11
t
10
10
10
10
11


.




t
12
12

11
11
.
.

.
.
10
10


10
11
8
8
10
10
10
10
10


1.
7.
3.
4.
4.
1.
4.
3.
0.

3.
2.
1.
2.
4.








1.
2.

3.
1.





4.
8.


2.
8.
4.
4.
3.
8.
3-.
1.
3.


20E+04
30E+03
80E+03
10E+03
10E+03
OOE+03
30E+03
30E+03
OOE+OO

SOE+03
OOE+03
OOE+03
OOE+03
20E+03








OOE+03
OOE+03

5OE+03
OOE+03




.
80E+03
30E+03


OOE+03
20E+03
OOE+03
20E+03
OOE+03
30E+03
OOE+03
20E+04
50E+03
           152

-------
                    APPENDIX  C-3
Results of Polarized Light Microscopic Analysis of Bulk Samples
for Volume of Chrysotile and Nonasbestos Material and
           the Releasability Determination
Nonasbestos components volume %
Sample Chrysotile
no. volume %
F-ll
F-12
F-13
F-13
F-14d
F-18
F-19J
F-23d
F-24
F-24C
F-26
F-27
F-32e
F-34
F-35
F-38
F-38C
F-39
F-406
F-41
F-476
F-48
F-48C
F-49
F-50
F-53
F-58
F-59d
F-60
F-61
F-63
F-64d
F-66
M-24
M-28
M-30
M-31
M-31C
M-33
M-35d
M-37e
M-39
85
85
80
25
85
80
85
85
25
15
23
25
15
27
25
25
10
25
3
30
3
20
15
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
15
25
Mineral
wool
Tb
T
T
10
T
-
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Cellulose
—
-
-
5
-
-
-
-
-
T
-
-
-
-
-
-
T
-
-
-
T
-
T
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
T
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
Per lite
—
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
10
10
10
10
-
-
-
65
70
65
-
60
-
70
45
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
10
10
9
10
10
10
10
-
10
Vermiculite Other
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
60
60
61
61
50
67
70
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
60
59
60
60
49
60
60
60
60
15
15
20
60
15
20
15
15
5
15
6
4
35
6
5
10
20
10
97
10
97
10
40
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
6
6
5
15
5
5
25
5
R.R.a
7
6
8
5
7
3
4
5
5
4
5
5
4
4
4
5
4
5
3
5
3
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
5
5
6
6
5
6
5
6
6
3
6
                             153

-------
                      PLM RESULTS  (Continued)
Sample
no.
M-39C
M-41
M-42
M-43d
M-45
M-49
M-50
M-52e
M-54
M-56
M-57e
M-58
M-59
M-65
M-67
M-686
M-69
M-70
M-70C
M-74d
M-78
M-79
M-80
M-81e
M-83
Chrysotile
volume %
15
25
30
25
25
30
30
15
25
25
15
25
25
85
25
17
30
30
25
25
25
25
25
15
25
Nonasbestos components
volume %
Mineral
wool Cellulose Perlite Vermiculite
10
10
9
12
12
10
10
_
10
10
_
10
10
T
_
_
_
_
. _ _
10
10
10
10
_
I* • mm
60
60
57
56
56
54
54
55
58
59
55
59
58
-
70
50
65
66
65
60
60
60
61
50
72

Other
15
5
4
7
7
6
6
30
7
6
30
6
7
15
5
30
-
4
10
5
5
5
4
35
3
R.R.3
5
6
6
6
5
5
6
3
6
6
3
5
5
5
3
3
4
4
4
6
6
6
6
3
4
• Releasabil ity rating.
 T = trace amount.
.Internal duplicate QC analysis by MRI.
 Replicate analysis by MRI
eExternal QA laboratory
                                     154

-------
            APPENDIX C-4
DATA USED FOR TEM QUALITY ASSURANCE
! ! TEM-CHRY3-! TEM-CHR/3-!
! ! STANDARD ! DUPLICATE !
I

I
(LENGTH
13-DAY SAMPLE

1
1
|
1
!3-DAT SAMPLE
1


1


i
i



i

1

1


i
i
i
i
f



(FILTER ID
1DG12
!OG15
!MG4
!M13
!M5
»S10
IB1
! B9
IDG20

!DG21
!DG33
! 023
! D24
!F4
!G14

!K13B
!K23
.
!L23
!L29
!L30

!MG22
JM033
!M13
!M23
!S21
!S23


i




1


1
1
!


1








1



1
1
1
1
I
1

FIBER- !
COUNTS !
!
14!
33!
-
320!
3!
15!
I!
17!
3!
4!

5!
3!
20!
14!
13!
55!

53!
102!

22!
10!
77!

12!
1 !
17!
13!
34!
4 !

FIBER- !
COUNTS !
i
U!
13!
210!
91
3!
0!
6!
21!
9!
1
3!
7!
57!
19!
24!
39!

43!
152!

6!
6!
13!

15!
4!
29!
22!
181 !
4!
                   155

-------
1
1
1
1
(LENGTH
!3-DAY SAMPLE
1

1
1
I
15-DAY SAMPLE
!
1
I
i
I
i
!
1
i
!
!
!
!
1
1
!
!
i
j




(FILTER ID
!DG17
!DG2
IMG9
!M3
!S14
!S18
!B2
!BG19
!D21
!D25
!D36
!F6
!G22
!G25
!J11
!K14
!K15
!K24
!L23
!MG16
.'MG25
!hG31
!M20
IM22
!S22
!S28
j

»
t
1
!
1
J
1
1
!
!
!
!
!
!

I
!
!
(
1
!
1
1
1
!
i
!
I
I
TEM-CHRYS- !
STANDARD !
FIBER- !
COUNTS !
!
11 !
1!
24!
10!
3!
17!
0!
19!
3!
46 !
2!
1 !
0!
0!
0!
14 !
120!
135!
6!
8!
8!
6\
41 !
128!
5!
8!
TEM-CHRYS- !
REPLICATE !
FIBER- !
COUNTS !
!
t
6!
8!
19!
16!
103!
3!
491
74 !
3!
7!
5!
5!
4 !
11!
5!
10!
102!
186!
11 !
8!
14!
47!
13!
30!
50!
120!
156

-------
1
1
1

1
ILENGTH
13-DAY SAMPLE

|
|
1



1

!S-DAY SAMPLE

i

i
!
j

t
i
i
i

1
!
1

!
!
!
I
1
! ITEM-CHRYS-!
1TEM-CHRYS-! EXTERNAL !
! STANDARD ! QA !



(FILTER ID
!PG9
!FB8

!FB9
IMG20
! rl *
!M7
!S16
!S6


!P8
!DG23
!DG25
!DG29
!D29
!D32
!F5
!G15
!G6
	 	 	
!G7
!L20
!L27
!L33
IMG24
•
IMG27
!M21
!S19
!S24

IS26


1


1

1


1
1
1

1
1



1



r
1
i
i
1
j

i

t
i

i

FIBER- !
COUNTS !

4 !
0!

23!
-
116!
8!
49!
2!
8!

17!
0!
1!
11 !
0!
33!
13!
49!
200!
103!
120!
39!
88!
5!
8!

15!
14!
4!
66!

2!

FIBER- !
COUNTS !
i
95!
22!

95!
95!
8!
62!
96!
67!

75!
34!
48!
98!
35!
59!
35!
66!
69 !
30!
66!
86!
	 	 i
67!
40 !
48!

24!
67!
82!
Ill !

45!
157

-------
J
1
!
(LENGTH
13-DAY SAMPLE

1


1
!5-nAY SAMPLE
t
1

1




j
1


t
1

!
1

!
!



(FILTER Hi
!DG12
•HG15
!MG4
!M13
!M5
!S10

!B9
!HG20
(DG21
!DG33

!D23
!D24
!F4
!G14
!K13*
!K23
!L23
!L29
!L30
JMG22
IMG33
IH18
!M23
IS21
!S25
n

1
1

1
1

1
1

I
1

t


t

1

1
t
1
1


1
1
|
J
FEM-CHRYS- !1
STANDARD !I
FIBERS - !
PER M**3 !

28000!
65000!
36300000!
7000!
32000!
2000!
24000!
10000!
5000!
8000!
7000!

28000!
1700C !
29000 !
500000 !
68000 !
1480000!
31000!
13000!
110000!
17000!
5000 !
29000!
18000!
32000!
6000 !
FEM-CHRYS- !
JUPLICATE !
FIBERS - !
PER M**3 !

81000 !
35000!
14700000!
20000!
6000!
0!
9000!
27000!
10000!
10000!
9000!

81000!
22000!
39000!
350000 !
55000!
2200000!
9000 !
8000 !
26000!
21000!
30000!
50000 !
26000!
171000!
6000!
158

-------
1
I



LENGTH (FILTER ID
3-DAY SAMPLE IDG17
!DG2
•MG9
!M3
!S14
!S18
5-DAY SAMPLE !B2
!BG19
!P21
!D25
!D36
(F6
!G22
IG25
_____—-_-..- —
! Jll
!K14
!K15
!K24
!L25
!HG16
IMG25
IMG31
!M20
i 	 	 •__
!M22
i 	 	 	
!S22
i 	 	 	 	
!S28
n
j
i
i
!
I
1
!
1

!
!
!
!
i
!
I
\
!
!
!
1
t
t
(
1
!
!
1

f
!
rEM-CHRYS- !'
STANDARD !F
FIBERS - !
PER M**3 !
1
21000!
2000!
180000!
22000!
30000!
.34000!
0!
25000!
4000!
54000!
3000!
1000!
0!
0!
0!
20000!
4140000!
12-00000!
10000!
10000!
10000!
VOOO!
78000!
386000!

7000!
10000 !
PEM-CHRYS- !
5EPLICATE !
FIBERS - !
PER M**3 !
!
10000!
20000!
40000!
350001
401000!
9000!
72000!
— •• 1
95000!
4000!
8000!
7000!
6000!
6000!
99000!
6000!
14000!
3510000!
— — 1
16SOOOOO !
18000!
10000!
26000!
67000!
25000!
45000!

70000 !
226000!
159

-------


LENGTH
3-DAY SAMPLE







5-DAY SAMPLE





















IFILTER ID
!UG9

!FB9
!MG20
! Ml
!M7
!S16
!S6
!f 1
! 68
IDG23
IDG 2 5
!DG29
! D29
!D32
| _ 	 	 	 _ .
!F5
IG15
IG6
i 	
!G7
!L20
IL27
!L33
MG24
KG 2 7
M21
S19
S24
£26
1
i
1
j
I
I

I

(
1
I
|
1
1
I

1

j
t
1
|
|
1
1
1
1
1
j
I
(
I
M
TEH-CHRYS-!
STANDARD !
FIBERS - !
PER M**3 !
t
30000!
0!
53000!
633000!
20000 !
370000!
20000 !
10000!
24000 !
0!
1000!
15000!

43000!
17000!
70000!
9920000 !
102COOOO !
16100000!
55000!
960000!
7000 !
50000!
21000!
24000 !
6000!
110000!
3000'
FEM-CHRYS-!
EXTERNAL I
GA I
FIBERS - !
PER h*»3 I
i
350000!
32000!
2600000 !
77COOOO!
10000!
	 	 J
420000!
5900000!
2300000!
240000 !
470,00 !
65000'
3100000!
57000!
760000!
63000C !
200000!
16000000 !
10000000!
31000000 !
3200000!
20COOOOO !
47000!
4200000 !
34000!
160000!
1700000 I
921000!
57000 !
160

-------
!
i
i
I
(LENGTH

.'3-DAY SAMPLE


i
i
;
15-DAY SrtMF'LE
1
!

1
i
I
i
!
1
!
!
i
1
!
i
1
1
i

!
i
1
i
1
! TEM-CHRYS- ! TEM-CHKYS- .'
! STANDARD (DUPLICATE !
! NG/M**3 ! NG/M**3 !
•FILTER ID

.'DG12
IDG15
IMG4
!M13
!HS
!S10
!B1
1 — — — •— —
!B9
!DG20
i
JDG21
!DG33
!D23
!D24
!F4
!G14
IK13B
1 --- — -------
!K23
I- — -_ — -----
!L23
!L29
!L30
IMG22
1 	 __-- — - — -
IMG33
1 	
!h!6
!M23

!S21

!S25
1


t
!
!
1
!
1
1
1
!
!
I
!
t
1
!
1
1
I
I
!
1
f
!

i

j
i

0.36!
0.74!
181 .00!
0.02!
0.37!
0.10!
0.19!
0.40"
0.04!
0.04!
0.70!
0.1S!
0.08!
0.16!
4.50!
0.54!
j
10.40!
0.23!
0.06 !
0.93!
0.13!
0.02!
0.26!
0.10!

0.28!

0.06!
i
.
0.32!
0.21 !
B9.30!
-------- j
0.20!
0.10!
0.00 !
0.40 !
0 . J 9 .'
0.06 !
0.08!
0.04 !
0.47!
0.14!
0.22!
1.10!
0.35!
14.60 !
0.30!
0.04 !
0.14!
0.16!
0.201
0.24!
0.13!

1.11!

0.03!
161

-------
!
!

"LENGTH
-
! 3-DAY SAMPLE

i
1
1
!
!
i
15-DAY SAMPLE
I

!
<
!

!
i
!
!
i
i
i

i
i
i
!
i
!
!
!
!TEM-CHRYS-!TEM-CHRYS-!
! STANDARD IREFLICATE !
! NG/M**3 ! NG/M*#3 !
(FILTER ID

IDG17

!DG2
----------
!MG9
!M3
!S14
!S18
!B2
IDG19

!D21
!D25
!D36
!F6
!G22
!G25
! Jll
!K14
!N15
!K24
IL25

!MG16
IMG25
IMG31
IM20
!M22
!S22
!S28"
!

!

!
!
i
!
1
!
1

1
1


1
|
1
1
I
1
!

1
i
i
i
1
i
1
!
1
0.27!

0.01!
0.65!
0.08!
0.10!
0.24!
0.00!
0.15!

0.08!
0.32!
0.02!
0.00!
0.00!
0.00!
0.00!
0.34!
24.90!
139.00!
0.30!

0.09!
0.20!
0.10!
0.53!
2.09!
0.10!
1 .00!
!
i
0.101

0.10!
0.21 !
i
0.32!
2.72!
0.06!
0.83!
0.86!

0.02!
O.'OS!
0.03!
0.04 !
0.05!
0.86!
0.05!
0.10!
22.10!
141 .00!
0.08!
1
0.10!
0.18!
0.29 !
0.26!
0.46 !
0.41 !
1.13!
162

-------
1
t
1
1
1 	 	
(LENGTH
! 3-DAY SAMPLE
i
i
i
i
i
i
i

i
i
i
i
i
! 5-DAY SAMPLE
i
i
1
i
i
i
i
i
1

i
i
1
i
1
1
t
I
|
I
i
I
j
TEM-CHRYS-
STANDARD
NG/M**3
! FILTER ID

i
!FF8
i
!FB9
1 _ — _ ____

•
!hl

!M7
!S16
i 	
!S6


-------
! 1 TEH-CHRYS- ! !
! TEH-CHRYS- ! FIBERS-PER ! TEH-CHRYS- !
JFIBER-COUNTS! FILTER ! NC/FILTER !
BLANK- ! BLANK- ! BLANK- !
ANALYSIS I ANALYSIS ! ANALYSIS !
TYPE iSAHPLE NO.
FIELD BLANKS ! B7
!B2
!D8
!FB10
!FB7
!F3
!C16
!G19
! Jl
IHG14
I __. _ _.. _ w
!H10
IMS
LABORATORY !G
!H
! J
!S31
!S32


I
I
!
1
!
!

1
!
1
1
!
!
|
!
!
!
I
0!
0!
5!
11
0!
0!
0!
0!
2!
16!
7!
21!
0!
01
1 !
6!
13!
j
i
0!
0!
70000!
50000!
0!
0!
0!
0!
30000!
260000!
100000!
300000!
0!
0!
20000 !
90000!
180000 !
!
j
0.00!
0.00!
0.30!
0.10!
0.00!
0.00!
0.00!
0.00!
0.20!
0.91!
0.40!
1.20!
0.00!
0.00!
0.10!
0.30 !
0.70!
164

-------
            APPENDIX  C-5
DATA USED FOR PCM  QUALITY ASSURANCE
j
1
1
1
!
!______ 	 ___ 	 	 	
(FILTER ID
!B1
IDG21
!DG25
!DG31
!D21
!F8
!G25
|
!G6


! J13
! J8
!K24
!K7
!L27
!L33
!MG16

!MG27
!MG31
!M20
!M22
IS19
!— --------- — - — --_ —
!S20
!S22
!S28
IPCM-CHRYS-IFCM-CHRYS-!
i
i _
i
!
!
i
!
i
I
i
i
!
!


1
!
|
1
!
!
1

1
1
1
1
1
!
|
i
STANDARD IDUFLICATE !

FIBER- !
COUNTS !
— — ------ 4-
!
0!
11!
11!
4!
0!
2!
1!
6!


191 !
1!
3!
2 !
227!
63!
15!

9!
9!
	 	 — _ — .4. _
91!
33!
59!
37!
50!
51 !
.
FIBER- !
COUNTS !
;
2!
11!
0!
7!
3!
17!
0!
1 !


94 !
2!
7!
0!
150!
60!
26!

26!
	 i
36!
___ — ____ i
95!
•40 !
54!
33!
48!
471
                165

-------
1
IF'CM-CHRYS- IPCM-CHRYS-!
! ! STANDARD !REFLICATE !
1
1
IFILTER ID

!B2
!B8
IDG19
!DG23
!DG29
!D27


!D29

!D34
!F4
!F6
!G14

!G22
!G23
IK12B
!K13B
I _•..___.._..__
!L20
!L22
!L25
!L30
!MG25
!M17

!M21
!M23
!S21
!S24
!S27
! -
|
1





I



I

1
I
1
1


1

1



1


1

1
\


1
FIBER- »'
COUNTS !
t

22!
10!
40!
3!
11 !
3!


1 <

11 !
1 !
1 !
5!

0!
1 !
4 !
12!

125!
210!
155!
148 !
9!
28!

25!
33!
183!
76!
80 !
FIBER- !
COUNTS !
1
I
2!
4 !
25!
13!
6!
0!


7!

8!
4 !
1 !
18!

0!
5!
6!
5!

81 !
113!
47!
103!
10!
27!

34 !
37!
146!
81 !
55!
166

-------
1
•'
1
1
)__________ 	 	
IFILTER in

IDG20
IDG27
IHG33
!D23
!D24
!D25
!D32
!D36
!F5
!G14
i Q22
!G23
!G7
! Jll
i ____________________
!K14
____________----- 	
!K15
!K23
!L22
!L23
!L29
!HG22
IMG24
!MG33
!H18
!h!9
!S23
!S25
!S26
! IPCH-CHRYS- !
IF'CH-CHKYS-! EXTERNAL !
i


I







i
i
I
i
i
i
i
i
I



i
i
i
•


i
t
-- — ----. — -4 -
i

STANIiAR'H !

FIBER- !
COUNTS !
!
6!
131
.!
14!
2!
0!
2!
0!
46!
7!
5!
0!
1 !
16!
42!
0!
2 !
23!
210!
66!
322!
6!
28!
11 !
33!
67!
130!
83!
37!
OH !

FIFER- !
COUNTS !
I
1!
15!
5!
8!
48!
0!
87!
1 !
101 !
3!
9!
3!
2 !
19!
88!
3!
40!
14!
102!

102!
	 	 	 	 	 i
7!
18!
6!
32!
CO!
102!
40!

167

-------
1
1
j
(FILTER ID

IDG21
IDG25
IDG31
!D21
!F8
!G25

! J13
! J8
!K24
!K7
IL27
!L33
IMG16
!MG27
!MG31
!M20
!H22
!S19
!S20
!S22
! S28
PCM-CHRYS-! PCM-CHRYS-!
STANDARD (DUPLICATE !
FIBERS - ! FIBERS - !
PER


1

1
i
1
I

1
1
1
j

1

t
j
j



1
1
;
H**3 ! PER

0!
4100!
3300!
1000!
0!
700!
300!
2000!
61200!
300!
900!
600!
79900!
20000!
4800!
3000!
3000!
39000!
11000!
21000!
12000!
16000!
17000!
M*!3 !
i
600!
4100!
0!
2000!
1000!
5600!
0!
300!
30000!
600!
2000!
0!
52800!
19000!
8300!
8300!
12000!
41000!
14000 !
19000 !
11000!
13000 !
15000!
168

-------
1
!
1
!
l
(FILTER ID
!B2
!B8

IDG19
IDG23
!DG29
ID27

!D29
!D34
!F4
•
!F6
1614

!G22
!G23
IK12B
IK13B
IL20
IL22
!L23
!U30

IMG25

!M17
!h21
!H23
!S21
!S24
!S27
!PCM-CHRYS-!PCM-CHRYS-!
i
i .

1
1
|
!

1
!



!
1
1

1
!

!
1
!
1
1
!
1
1

I

1
1
!
i


STANDARD (REPLICATE !

FIBERS - !
PER M**3 !
{
!
7300!
3600!

12000!
1000!
3SOO!
1000!

300!
3200!
400!

300!
1000!

0!
300!
1000!
3500!
40000!
56100!
58400!
48900!
,
4000!

11000!
?800!
8800!
39100!
30000!
33000!

FIBERS - !
PER M**3 !
i
!
700!
1000!

7300!
4300!
2000!
0!

2000!
2000!
1000!

300!
5200!

0!
1000!
2000!
1000!
26000!
30200!
18000!
34000!

4200!

11000!
13000!
9900!
31200!
32000!
23000!
169

-------
1
1
1

!
i
(FILTER ID

!B9
!DG20

IDG27
IDG33
!D23
!D24
!D2S
!D32
! D36
!F5
!G14

! G22
!G23
!G7
! Jll
!N14
!K15
! K23
!L22
!L23
!L29
IMG22
IMG24
IHG33
!M18
! Ml?
! S23
! S25
! S26
! IPCM-CHRYS-!
1PCM-CHRYS-! EXTERNAL !
t



I

I
I

I

!
!
;
!

1
!

1
1

1
!

!
1
1
j
1
1
f
|
j
1
1
I
STANDARD !

FIBERS - !
PER M**3 !
I

2000!
3800!

. !
4200!
^
600!
0!
500!
0!
15000!
2000!
1000!

0!
300!
6700!
11000!
0!
700!
7500!
56100!
21000!
93800!
2000!
3200!
3500!
13000!
22000!
37700!
30000!
11000!
QA !

FIBERS - !
PER M**3 !
t
i
300!
4300!

2000!
2000!
16000!
0!
24000!
300!
33100!
1000!
3000!

1000!
600!
8300!
24000!
800!
14000 !
4500!
47800 !
16000 !
51400!
2000 !
5400!
2000!
13000 !
16000!
40100!
15000 !
12000!
170

-------
           APPENDIX  C-6
DATA USED FOR SEM QUALITY ASSURANCE
1
!
i
!
1
i
IFILTER ID
!DG22
IDG30
IDG32

ID26
!J12
! J9
!L28
IMG17
IMG26

IRTI14
IRTI15
!RTIl
-------
1
1
1
1
;
IFILTER ID
I0G28
IDG32
ID28
!D30
!D33
! J9
!L31
!L32
IMG17
IMG23
IMG28
!«G34
IRTI1
IRTI17
IRTI18
IRTI26
IRTI27
IRTI32
IRTI34
IRTI36
! RTI4
IRTIS
IRTI8
1
I
!
i

!
j
!
!
J
1
1
j
!
I
I
I
j
1
!
I
1
1
t
1
1
1
1
1
SEM-CHRYS-!SEh-CHRYS-!
STANDARti IREPLICATE
FIBER- ! FIBER-
COUNTS-AT ICOUNTS-AT
2000X ! 2000X
1
0!
0!
0!
i
0 !
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
1!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
14!
7!
3!
0!
3!
0!
0!
0!
[
j
1
1
j
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
1!
3!
1 !
1 !
6 !
0 !
0!
0 !
172

-------
1
!
i
i
[FILTER ID
!DG22
!DG30
IDG32
!D26
! J12
! J9
!L28
IMG17
!MG26
IRTI14
IRTI15
IRTI16
IRTI17
IRTI20
1RTI21

IRTI33
IRTI39
IRTI42
IRTI7
c





!
1

!

i
j

i
i
i

i
i

!
t
;
|
EM-CHRYS-IE
STANDARD !I
FIBERS - !
PER M**3 !
|
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
700!
0!
800!
2000!

0!
	 4..
1000!
	 	 +
2000 !
0!
EM-CHRYS-
UPLICATE
FIBERS -
PER M**3

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
700

0
0
0
0
173

-------
;
1
i
(FILTER ID

IDG2B
IDG32
!D28
!D30
!033
! J?
!L31
!L32
!MG17
!MG23
IMG28
!MG34
IRTI1
IRTI17
IRTI18
IRTI26
IRTI27
!RTI32
IRTI34
IRTI36
IRTI4
!_
IRTI3
!RTI8
SEM-CHRYS-ISEM-CHRYS-!
STANDARD IREPLICATE !
FIBERS - ! FIBERS - !
PER



t
!
!
!
!
t
!
!
!
1
1
!
1
I

1
t

1
|
1
!
j
M**3 ! PER
1
|
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
700!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
11000!
7000!
3000!
0!
2000!
0!
0!
0!
M*»3 !

i
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
300!
4000!
2000!
600!
6000 !
0!
0!
0!
174

-------
' !SEM-CHRYS-'SEM-CHRYS-
j
I
;
I— 	 _____
(FILTER ID
!DG22
! DG30
!DG32
!D26
!J12
i 	
! J9
!L28
1MG17
1MG26
j
!RTH4
"RTH5
!RTU_
1RTH7
IRTI20
'RTI21
!RTI33
I ____ — ____ 	
IRTI39
_____ — 	
IRTI42
IRTI7
i
i .
i

!
!
!
i
j
|
i
!
I
1
i
j
i
i
i
i
i
i
!
i
STANDARD IDUPLICATE

NG/M**3 !

	 - + -
I
0.00!
	 	 	 + -
0.00!
0.00!
0.00!
0.00!
0.00!
0.00!
0.00!
0.00!
0.00!
0.00!
70.00!
0.00!
2000.00!
300.00!
0.00?
4*00!
200.00!
0.00!

NG/M**3


0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
300.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
175

-------


IflLTER ID
!DG28
1DG32
!D28
!D30
!D33
! J9
!L31
!L32

!MG17
!HG23

!MG28
!MG34
IRTI1
!RTI17
IRTI18
IRTI26
IRTI27
!RTI32
IRTI34
IRTI36
IRTI4
i 	 . 	
!RTI5
!RTI8
!SEM-CHRYS-!SEM-CHRYS-
! STANDARD (REPLICATE
! NG/h**3 ! NG/M**3




I
I
1
1


1


I
1


I
i
t


1
1
1



0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
1

0
0
0
0
0
380
800
6
0
50
0
0
0
1
,00!
.00!
.00!
.00!
.00!
.00!
.00!
.00!

.00!
.00!

.00!
.00!
.00!
.00!
.00!
.00 !
.00!
.00!
.00!
.00!
.00!
.00!
.00!

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0

0
0
0
0
0
2
30
0
5
20
0
0
0

.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00

.00
.00

.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.40
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
176

-------





TYPE
FIELD BLANKS










LABORATORY
BLANKS





! SAMPLE NO,
IDG10
i DG13
!IU5
! D9
!FB6
!L1
!L12
!L17
IMG 15
IRTI12
IRTI43
!FB2
.'RTI22
1
i
i
i
I
1
f
1
1
(
[
t
!
i
I
1
1
i
f
SEM-CHRYS-
FIBER-COUNTS
AT 2000X
BLANK-
ANALYSIS

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
177

-------
               APPENDIX  C-7
DATA USED FOR  PLM  ANALYSIS  OF  BULK
    SAMPLES  FOR  QUALITY ASSURANCE


!
!
i 	
'SAMPLE NO.
!F-13
i — ___ 	 	 	 	 v
IF-24
IF-38
i 	 _____ — 	 	 	 	
IF-48
IH-31
IM-39
!M-70
CHRYSOTILE- !
VOLUME %- !
STANDARD !
DATA I
!• 	 	 	 + .
I
80!
1-- 	 + .
25!
h----- 	 -- + -
25!
20!
1 25!
25!
! 30!
CHRYSOTILE-!F
VOLUME X- !
DUPLICATE !
DATA !
	 + .
l
25!
	 + -
IS!
	 	 	 + •
10!
15!
25!
15!
25!
iELEASAPILI- !F
TY RATING- !
STANDARD !
DATA !
	 +
!
8!
	 1-
5!
	 +
5!
5!
6!
6!
4 !

-------
 APPENDIX D
Data Listings

-------
                                     APPENDIX D-l

                           DATA LISTING FOR AIR  SAMPLES
-0 i—
o o
C ^
Q. 00
1 1
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1


2
2
2
2
2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1 3
1 3
1 3
1 3
1 3
1 3
1 3
1 3
1 4
1 4
1 4
1 4
1 4
1 4
1 4
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
cu
0.
>>
2 2
OO   O
i — 13
u_ — 2 ,
RTI19

RTI6

RTI4
RTI4

RTI15

RTI15



RTI9

RTI5
RTI5
RTI14
RTI14
RTI18

RTI16
RTI3


RTI8
RTI8

RTI18
RTI18

RTI13
RTI1
RTI1
RTI17
RTI17
RTI17
RTI20

RTI20
RTI7

RTI7
RTI2








RTI33


RTI33

SEM
No fibers
OOOx
0

0

0
0

0

0



0

0
0
0
0
1
t
0
0


0
0

0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
1

0
0

0
0








0


0
20, OOOx fib/m3 ng/m3
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00

0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00

0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00

0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00

0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00

.

0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00

0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 7. OOE+02 7.00E+01
.
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00


0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00

0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+OO

0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
O 0. OOE+OO O. OOE+OO
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 8. OOE+02 2. OOE+03

0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00

0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00








0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00

.
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
Site  Type
   A = asbestos
  NA = non-asbestos
   0 = outdoor
  FB = field  blank
  LB = lab blank
Analysis Type
   S  =  standard
   R  =  replicate
   D    duplicate
   E    empty (blank)
                                           180

-------
,_
o o
Ol U
Q- 00
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 3
2 3
2 3
2 3
2 3
2 3
2 3
2 3
2 3
2 3
2 3
2 3
2 3
2 3
2 4
2 4
2 4
2 4
2 4
2 4
2 4
2 4
2 4
3 1
3 1
3 1
3 1
3 1
3 1
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
01
CL
1—
01 01
00 OO
7 0
7 0
9 A
9 A
9 A
10 A
1 NA
1 NA
3 NA
3 NA
7 0
7 0
8 A
8 A
8 A
9 A
9 A
10 A
11 A
11 A
11 A
11 A
2 NA
2 NA
2 NA
5 NA
5 NA
7 0
7 0
8 A
8 A
8 A
9 A
9 A
10 A
10 A
3 0
3 0
3 0
4 A
5 A
5 A
6 A
6 A
6 A
1 NA
1 NA
6 A
6 A
6 A
7 0
1 NA
1 NA
2 A
2 A
2 A
3 NA
3 NA
Ol u)
C -r-
•1- V)
"a. r—
E ,—
iZ-S.
G23
G23
K23

K23

K14
K14
K12B
K12B
B8
B8
G14
G14
G14
K15
K15
G15
K13B
K13B
K13B
K13B
B1

B1
K7
K7
B9
B9
B2
B2

G7
G7
G6
G6
G25
G25
G25



K24
K24
K24
DG19
DG19
MG16
MG16
MG16

DG31
DG31
DG29
DG29

DG27

PCM
No
Fibers

fib/m3
1 3. OOE+02
No
TEM

Fibers fib/m3
2 3
.OOE+03 2


ng/m3
.OOE-02
Ol
0 i.
HH O
O-
01 i—
•t-> o
El 2


SEM
No fibers
,000x

20,000x fib/m3 ng/m3

5 1. OOE+03 ... ....
23 7



0 0

4 1
6 2
10 3
4 1
5 1
18 5

2 7
.
20 6.
12 3.
5 1.

,
0 O.

2 6.
2 6.
0 0.
6 2.

22 7.
2 7.
p
16 6.

6 2.
1 3.
1 3.

0 0.



3 9.

7 2.
40 1.
25 7.
15 4.

26 8.

4 1 .
7 2.
11 3.
6 2.


.
50E+03



OOE+00

OOE+03
OOE+03
60E+03
OOE+03
OOE+03
20E+03

OOE+02

40E+03
50E+03
OOE+03


OOE+00

OOE+02
OOE+02
OOE+00
OOE+03
t
30E+03
OOE+02

90E+03

OOE+03
OOE+02
OOE+02

OOE+00



OOE+02
.
OOE+03
20E+04
30E+03
80E+03

30E+03

OOE+03
OOE+03
50E+03
OOE+03



102 1

152 2

14 2
10 1
42 5

0 0

55 5

39 3
120 4
102 3
200 9
53 6

0 0
43 5
17 2

6 9
4 6

8 1
21 2
0 0
49 7

120 1
1 3
103 1

0 0
11 9




135 1
186 1
.
19 2
74 9
8 1
8 1


4 2

0 0


0 0

.48E+06 1

.20E+06 1

.OOE+04 3
.40E+04 1
.OOE+04 3

.OOE+00 0

.OOE+05 4

.50E+05 4
. 14E+06 2
. 51E+06 2
.92E+06 8
.80E+04 5

.OOE+00 0
.50E+04 5
.40E+04 1

OOE+03 4
OOE+03 8

OOE+04 4
70E+04 1
OOE+00 0
20E+04 8

61E+07 1
OOE+03 1
02E+07 6

OOE+00 0
90E+04 8




22E+07 1
68E+07 1

50E+04 1
50E+04 8
OOE+04 9
OOE+04 1


OOE+04 9

OOE+00 0


OOE+00 0

.04E+01

. 46E+01

40E-01
OOE-01
40E-01

OOE+00

50E+00

10E+00
49E+01
21E+01
13E+01
40E-01

OOE+00
50E-01
90E-01

OOE-01
OOE-02

OOE-01
90E-01
OOE+00
30E-01
t
41E+02
OOE-02
32E+01

OOE+00
60E-01




39E+02
41E+02

50E-01
60E-01
OOE-02
OOE-01


OOE-02

OOE+00


OOE+00

RTI32
RTI32

RTI25


RTI37



RTI42

RTI42
RTI36
RTI36
RTI40
RTI39


RTI39
RTI34
RTI34

RTI31

RTI35

RTI21

RTI21
RTI23



RTI30


RTI28
RTI27
RTI27
RTI26
RTI26

DG18

MG17
MG17
MG17
MG19


DG30

DG30
DG28
DG28
3
1

0


0



3

0
3
6
4
2

.
0
0
1

0

0

2

1
8



0


10
7
3
14
1

0

0
0
0
0


0

0
0
0
1 3. OOE+03 6. OOE+00
2 2. OOE+03 4. OOE-01

0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00

.
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00

,

0 2. OOE+03 2. OOE+02

0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 2. OOE+03 5.00E+01
1 6. OOE+03 2.00E+01
0 3. OOE+03 1.00E+01
0 1. OOE+03 4. OOE+00


0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 6. OOE+02 5. OOE+00

0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00

0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00

1 2. OOE+03 3. OOE+02
• . •
0 7. OOE+02 3. OOE+02
5 8.50E+03 3.30E+02



0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00

. . •
0 8.70E+03 1.30E+02
1 7. OOE+03 8. OOE+02
2 4. OOE+03 3.00E+01
0 1. 10E+04 3.80E+02
0 8. OOE+02 2. OOE+00

0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00

0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00


0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00

0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
181

-------
3  §t   ~
T3 i—
O O
•i- O
S- .C
Q. CO
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 4
3 4
3 4
3 4
4 1
4 1
4 1
4 1
4 1
4 1
4 1
4 1
4 1
4 1
4 2
4 2
4 2
4 2
4 2
4 2
4 2
4 2
4 2
4 2
4 2
4 2
4 2
4 2
4 2
4 2
O)
Q_
^
Ol CD
CO OO
4 A
4 A
4 A
5 A
5 A
5 A
6 A
6 A
6 A
7 0
1 A
1 A
2 NA
2 NA
3 A
3 A
3 A
5 NA
5 NA
6 A
6 A
7 0
7 0
7 0
2 A
2 A
3 0
3 0
1 NA
1 NA
2 A
2 A
2 A
8 A
6 A
7 0
7 0
7 0
1 NA
1 NA
2 A
2 A
2 A
3 NA
3 NA
4 A
4 A
5 A
5 A
5 A
6 A
6 A
7 0
7 0
C71 t/>
C •—
•i— tfl
"a. i—
<3 5
35 S
35 R
35 D
35 S
35 R
35 D
35 S
35 R
35 D
35 S
35 S
35 R
35 S
35 D
35 S
35 R
35 D
35 S
35 R
35 S
35 D
35 S
35 R
35 D
35 S
35 D
35 S
35 D
35 S
35 R
35 S
35 R
35 D
35 S
35 D
35 S
35 R
35 D
35 S
35 D
35 S
35 R
35 D
35 S
35 0
35 S
35 R
35 S
35 R
35 D
35 S
35 R
35 S
35 R
"— ' O
^-^
ilS
MG33

MG33
MG31
MG31
MG31
DG33

DG33

MG24

DG21
DG21
MG25
MG25

DG23
DG23
DG25
DG25
MG27

MG27
DG20
DG20
MG22
MG22
L20
L20
08

08
D23
D23
021
021
021
L29
L29
L30
L30
L30
013
013
D36
038
L33

L33
034
034
032


No
Fibers
11 3


9 3
r
36 1
14 4



28 8

11 4
11 4
9 4
10 4

3 1
13 4
11 3
0 0
9 3

26 8
13 3

6 2

125 4.
81 2.
1 3.

2 6.
2 6.

6 0.
.
3 1.
322 9.
t
148 4.
103 3.

191 6.
94 3.
46 1.

63 2.

60 1.
11 3.
8 2.
0 0.

PCM

fib/m3
.50E+03


.OOE+03

. 20E+04
.20E+03



.20E+03

. 10E+03
. 10E+03
.OOE+03
. 20E+03

.OOE+03
. 30E+03
. 30E+03
. OOE+00
.OOE+03

.30E+03
. 80E+03

.OOE+03

, OOE+04
60E+04
OOE+02

, OOE+02
, OOE+02

OOE+00

OOE+03
, 38E+04

89E+04
40E+04

12E+04
OOE+04
50E+04

OOE+04

90E+04
20E+03
OOE+03
OOE+00

TEM
No

Fibers fib/m3 ng/m3
1

8
6
47

5
.
7

8

5
8
8
14

1

11

15


4
9
12
15
39

6


20
57
3
3
.
10
6
77

18
10

2
5
5

t
1

13

5 . OOE+03

3. OOE+04
9 . OOE+03
6.70E+04

7. OOE+03

9 . OOE+03

5. OOE+04

8. OOE+03
1. OOE+04
1. OOE+04
2 . 60E+04

1 .OOE+03

1 . 50E+04

2. 10E+04


5. OOE+03
1. OOE+04
1.70E+04
2. 10E+04
5.50E+04

3. OOE+04


2.80E+04
8. 10E+04
4 . OOE+03
4. OOE+03

1 . 30E+04
8. OOE+03
1 . 10E+05

2.60E+04
1 . 40E+04

3. OOE+03
7. OOE+03
7. OOE+03


1 .OOE+03

1 .70E+04

2.00E-02

2.00E-01
1.00E-01
2.90E-01

7.00E-01

4.00E-02

2.00E-01

4.00E-02
8.00E-02
2.00E-01
1.80E-01

1.00E-02

4.60E-01

1.00E-01


4.00E-02
6.00E-02
1.30E-01
1.60E-01
2.40E-01

2.00E-01
.

1 .50E-01
4.70E-01
8.00E-02
2.00E-02

6.50E-02
4.00E-02
9.30E-01

1 .40E-01
8.50E-02

2.00E-02
3.00E-02
3.00E-02


8.00E-03

8.50E-02

 u
izS- 2
MG34
MG34

MG32


DG32
DG32
DG32
MG30
MG23
MG23
DG22
DG22
MG26

MG26
DG24

DG26

MG28
MG28





L21

09
09
09
022

020




L31
L31

012
012
037

L32
L32

035

033
033

SEM
No fibers
,000x
0
0

0


0
0
0
0
1
c
0
0
0

0
0

0

0
0





0

0
0
0
0

0




0
0

0
0
0

0
0

0

0
0
20,000x fib/m3 ng/m3
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00

0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00


0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 7. OOE+02 1.00E+OO
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
Q 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00

0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00

0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00

0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
.




0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00

0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00

0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00




0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00

0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00

0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
.
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00

0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
                             182

-------
-0 i—
o o
•i- o
QJ O
O. 00
4 3
4 3
4 3
4 3
4 3
4 3
4 3
4 3
4 3
4 3
4 3
4 3
4 3
4 3
4 3
4 4
4 4
4 4
4 4
4 4
4 4
 r-
iEs
L23
L23
L25
L25
L27
L27
J11
J11


D29
D29
D27
D27

D25
D25
L22
L22
D24
D24
PCM
No
Fibers
66 2
.
155 5
47 1
227 7
150 5
42 1
.


1 3
7 2,
3 1
0 0

2 5

210 5
113 3,
0 0.


fib/m3
. 10E+04
.
.84E+04
.80E+04
. 99E+04
.28E+04
. 10E+04



.OOE+02
.OOE+03
.OOE+03
. OOE+00

.OOE+02

.61E+04
.02E+04
.OOE+00

No
TEM



Fibers fib/m3 ng/m3
22 3
6 9
6 1.
11 1
88 9

6 0
5 6


33 4

2 3


46 5.
7 8,
29 1 .

14 1.
19 2.
. 10E+04
. OOE+03
.OOE+04
.80E+04
.60E+05
.
. OOE+00
.OOE+03


. 30E+04
_
.OOE+03


.40E+04
.OOE+03
.20E+05

70E+04
20E+04
2.30E-01
3.00E-01
3.00E-01
7.60E-02
5.80E+00

0. OOE+00
5.00E-02


2. 10E-01
.
1.00E-02


3.20E-01
5.00E-02
6.00E-01

8. 10E-02
1.40E-01
o£
I-H O
OL
i- O)
0)i—
-P 0
£§- 2
L24

L26

L28
L28
J10

030
D30
028
028
026

D26







SEM
No fibers
,000x
0

0

0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0

0






20,000x fib/m3 ng/m3
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00

0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00

0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00

0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
.
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00






183

-------
       APPENDIX D-2
DATA LISTING OF PLM RESULTS




o
*~"*
F10
F11
F12
F13
F14
F15
F16
F17
F18
F19
F20
F21
F22
F23
F24
F25
F26
F27
F28
F29
F30
F31
F32
F33
F34
F35
F36
F37
F38
F39
F40
F41
F42
F43
F44
F45
F46
F47
F48
F49
F50
F51
F52
F53
F54
F55
F56
F57
F58
F59
F60
F61
F62
F63
F64
F65
F66
F67
F68
M24
M25
M26
i —
o
O O)

O •!-
CO CO
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4 2
4 2
4 2
4 2
4 2
4 2
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 6
3 6
3 6
3 6
3 4
3 4
3 4
3 4
2 5
2 5
2 5
2 5
2 5
2 5
2 5
2 5
2 4
2 4
2 4
2 4
2 4
2 4
2 4
2 4
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 6
2 6
2 6
2 6
2 6
2 6
2 6
2 6
1 8
1 8
1 8
s
ID
=r - 00
ce o

O 
-------
o
o 
o u-i-
"-< CO CO
M27 1 8
M28 1 8
M29 1 8
M30 1 8
M31 1 2
M32 1 2
M33 1 2
M34 1 2
M35 1 8
M36 1 2
M37 1 2
M38 1 2
M39 1 2
M40
M41
M42
M43
M44
M45
M46
M47
M48
M49
M50
M51
M52
M53
M54
M55
M56
M57
M58
M59
M60
M61
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
3
3
3
3
3
3
M62 1 3
M63 1 3
M64 4 2
M65 4 2
M66 3
M67 3
M68 3
M69 3
M70 3
M71 3
M72 3
M73 3
M74 3 3
M75 3 3
M76 3 3
M77 3 6
M78 3 6
M79 3 6
M80 3 6
M81 34
M82 3 4
M83 3 4
M84 3 4
s:
S^ OJ
cj -o
O 0
_l CJ
3 B
4
5
6 A
4
1
5
3 A
6 B
3 B
6 A
2
6 B
1
2
3 A
3 B
4
5
6 A
6 B
1
2
3 A
4
3 B
6 A
5
6 B
1
3 A
2
3 B
4
6 A
5
6 B
3 A
6 A
1
2
3 A
4
3 B
5
6 A
6 B
3 B
6 A
6 B
1
2
6 A
5
3 B
4
5
6 B
CO fc£
>- CO
en o
4
250
250
250
250
150
250

250
300
250
t t
250



300
300
m m
150

250

250
150
250
250





850

250
170
300
300



250



250
250
250
150
• (•
25D
I
CO
CO
n:
1—
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0

0



0
0

0

0

0
0
T
0





0

0
0
0
0



0



0
0
0
0

0

o
o
3
CO
	 i
CD
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0

0



0
0

0

0

0
0
0
0





T

0
0
0
0



0



0
0
0
0

0

CO
CD
CO
1— 1
Lu
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0

6



0
0
t
0

0

0
0
0
0





0

0
0
0
0



0



0
0
0
0

0

Z3
_l
_J
LU
CJ
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0

0



0
0

0

0

0
0
0
0





0

0
0
0
0



0



0
0
0
0

0

CO
1— 1
Lu
n:
1—
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0

0



0
0

0

0

0
0
0
0





0

0
0
0
0



0



0
0
0
0

T

1—
or
LU
0.
10
9
10
10
10
00
10

10
9
12

12



10
10

00

10

10
00
10
10





00

00
00
00
00



10



10
10
10
00

00

CJ
o:
LU
59
60
60
60
60
60
60

60
57
56

56



54
54
t
55

58

59
55
59
58





00

70
50
65
66



60



60
60
61
50

72

1—1 CO
Ll- ec
Z UJ
I— LU
O OL
246
245
236
236
326
MIS 3
236

236
226
256
t
255



245
246

MIS 3

256

246
MIS 3
245
255





15 5

1 4 3
MIS 3
5 4
3 1 4



1 4 6



1 4 6
1 4 6
1 3 6
MIS 3
t
2 1 4

185

-------
      APPENDIX E
Summary of Sample Results
For Each School and Site

-------
Table E-l.  Chrysotile Fiber Concentration  (Fibers/m3) Measured
            by TEN at Each School and Site  Before, During and
            After Removal of the Asbestos-Containing Material.
            During Removal, "Asbestos" Sites were Located
            Immediately Outside the Barriers.



1

1 1
1 BEFORE 1
1 REMOVAL 1
i
PERIOD

1
1 SHORTLY 1 AFTER 1
DURING 1 AFTER 1 SCHOOL 1
REMOVAL 1 REMOVAL I RESUMED 1
1 TEM-CHRYS-I TEH-CHRYS-I TEM-CHRYS-I TEM-CHRYS- 1
1 FIBERS/M«»3 1 FIB;RS/M««3 I FIBERS/M«»3 1 FI8ERS/M««3 1
SCHOOL
1






Z













3











4




1
ISITE
11
1
| — ....
(2
!„ 	 _
16
| 	
17
19
110
11
1
12
13
1
14
15
16
17
IS
19
no
111

11
(2
1
(3
14
15
1
16
17
18
19
110
11
| 	 _„
12
| 	 . 	
13
j 	
14
I 	 _„„
Is
| 	
16
ITYPE
IHON-
1 ASBESTOS
I ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
(OUTDOOR
(ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
(SON-
I ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
INON-
I ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
(OUTDOOR
(ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS

I ASBESTOS
(NON-
I ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
INON-
1 ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
I OUTDOOR
(ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
(OUTDOOR
(ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
1 ASBESTOS
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
(
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3200001
100001
60001
340001
.1
.1
1
220001
10COOI
1
240001
30001
2209001
1200001
3CCOI
.1
.1
.1
.1

39000!
1
01
leooool
60001
1
510001
1100001
35001
.1
.1
.1
1000001
330001
700001
.1
.1
.1
1
1
30001
.1
.1
3000!
leoooool
.1
1
170001
.1
1
50000!
.1
.1
.1
01
4300001
38000001
99000001
610001

.1
1
160001
.1
.1
1
60001
.1
isoool
360031
160000001
100000001
.1
.1
490001
.1
.1
140000001
1
1
60000!
.!
100001
.1
.1
.1
1
200001
01
1
ol
isoooi
380001
aoooi
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1

50000 1
1
90001
160001
.1
1
10001
150001
210001
.1
.1
.1
.1
75001
19000!
.1
.1
.1
1
1
1
550001
300001
540001
40001
.1
.1
1
10000!
660001
1
140001
50001
70001
10001
170001
.1
.1
.1
.1
	 i
200031
1
140001
.„. 	 |
9600COI
30001
1
1
.1
430001
.„„ 	 |
30001
._„__ 	 |
.(
.1
.1
310001
	 .„ 	 |
1200001
190001
.„„_ 	 |
.1
.1
.1
                                   187

-------
Table E-2.  Chrysotile Mass Concentration (ng/m3) Measured by
            TEM at Each School and Site Before, During and After
            Removal of the Asbestos-Containing Material.  During
            Removal, "Asbestos" Sites were Located Immediately
            Outside the Barriers.


1

PERIOD

1 1 1 SHORTLY 1
1 BEFORE 1 DURING 1 AFTER 1
1 REMOVAL 1 REMOVAL 1 REMOVAL 1
1
AFTER 1
SCHOOL 1
RESUMED 1
1 TEM-CHRYS-I TEM-CHRYS-I TEM-CHRYS-I TEM-CH3YS-I
1 NS/M»«3 1 NG/M««3 1 NG/H»«3 1
SCHOOL
1






2












3












4





ISITE
11
1
12
16
17
19
110
11
1
12
13
1
14
15
(6
17
Is

110
111
11
(2
1
13
(4
15
1

16
17
18
19
110
(1
12
13
K
15
(6
(TYPE 1
1 NON- 1
(ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
1 ASBESTOS 1
(OUTDOOR 1
(ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
INON- |
(ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
INON- |
(ASBESTOS 1
1 ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
1 OUTDOOR 1
(ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
INON- 1
1 ASBESTOS 1
1 ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
INON- |
(ASBESTOS 1

(ASBESTOS 1
(OUTDOOR 1
(AJBESTOS 1
1 ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
[OUTDOOR 1
(ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
1
1
1.601
0.061
0.101
0.191
.1
.1
1
O.lll
0.301
1
0.061
0.011
1.301
1.101
O.Oll
.1
.1
.1
.1
0.251
1
0.001
1.101
0.041
1
0.391

0.761
0.021
.1
.1
.1
0.691
0.251
0.591
.1
.1
.1
1
1
0.021
.1
.1
0.021
12.001
.1
1
0.221
.1
1
0.341
.1
.1
.1
o.ool
4.301
23.001
SI. 001
0.541
.1
1
0.291
.1
.1
1
o.oel

.1
0.291
0.411
140.001
63.001
.1
.1
0.431
.1
.1
140. COl
1
1
0.501
.1
0.091
.1
.1
.1
1
0.091
o.ool
1
0.001
O.lll
0.191
0.371
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
0.201
1
0.061
0.191
.1
1
O.Oll

0.461
0.101
.1
.!
.1
.1
0.051
0.141
.1
.1
.1
NG/M««3 1
1
1
0.241
0.201
0.311
0.051
.1
.1
1
0.051
0.531
I
o.oal
0.021
0.031
O.Oll
o.oel
.1
.1
.1
.1
0.261
i
0.191
5.801
0.021
i
.1

0.211
O.Oll
.1
.1
.1
0.181
0.601
O.lll
.1
.1
.1
                               188

-------
Table E-3.
Chrysotile Fiber Concentration (Fibers/m3) Measured
by SEM at Each School and Site Before, During and
After Removal of the Asbestos-Containing Material.
During Removal, "Asbestos" Sites were Located
Immediately Outside the Barriers.















1
1
1
1
1
PERIOD
1
BEFORE I
REMOVAL I
SEM-CHRYS-I
1
DURING 1
REMOVAL 1
SEM-CHRYS-I
SHORTLY 1
AFTER 1
REMOVAL 1
SEM-CHRYS-I
AFTER
SCHOOL
RESUMED
SEM-CHRYS-
IFI6EHS/n»»3lFIBERS/M*«3lFlEERS/M«»3lFIBERS/M»"3
SCHOOL
1






Z













I












4







ISITE
ll
1
12
16
17
19
110
ll
1
\z
13
1

14
15
16
17
la
19
110
111
ll
IZ
1
13
14
15
1
(6
(7

le
19
110
(i
Iz
(3
| 	 „„.
14

15
| 	 „.
16
ITYPE
INON-
1 ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
1 ASBESTOS
1 OUTDOOR
1 ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
INON-
1 ASBESTOS
1 1SBESTOS
INON-
1 ASBESTOS

lASOESTOS
(ASBESTOS
IASEESTOS
lOUTOOOH
1 ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
INCN-
1 ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
INON-
( ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
(OUTDOOR

IASEESTOS
(ASBESTOS
1 ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
1 ASBESTOS
(OUTDOOR
(ASBESTOS

(ASBESTOS

(ASBESTOS
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1

1
1
1
Ol
01
ol
ol
.1
.1
1
.1
ol
1
ol

ol
3501
01
Ol
.1
.1
.1
.1
01
I
Ol
01
01
1
4001
Ol
Ol

.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1

.1

.1
1
1
ol
.1
.1
.1
25001
Ol
1
.1
.1
1
01

.1
.1
.1
.1
10001
40001
30001
5001
.1
1
3001
.1
.1
1
01
.1
ol

13001
850 Ol
.1
.1
.1
01
67001

55001

59001
1
1
01
.1
Ol
Ol
.1
.1
1
.1
ol
1
ol

ol
01
01
01
.1
.1
.1
.1
3501
1
Ol
ol
.1
1
01
ol
01

.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1

(

.1


0
0
0
0
.



0

0

0
0
0
0

•


0

0
0
0

0
0
0

•

.







.
                         189

-------
Table E-4.  Chrysotile Mass Concentration (ng/m3) Measured by
            SEM at Each School  and Site Before, During and
            After Removal  of the Asbestos-Containing Material
            During Removal, "Asbestos" Sites were Located
            Immediately Outside the Barriers.




1
1
1
1

PERIOD


I 1 SHORTLY 1 AFTER
BEFORE 1 DURING 1 AFTER 1 SCHOOL
REMOVAL 1 REMOVAL 1 REMOVAL 1 RESUMED
1 SEM-CHRYS-I SEM-CHRYS-I SEM-CHRYS-I SEM-CH9YS-

SCHOOL
1






2












3











4






ISITE
11
1
12
16
17
19
110
11
1
12
13
1
14
\S
1 	
16
17
18
19
110
111
ll
12
1
13
l
-------
Table E-5.  Fiber Concentration (Fibers/m3) Measured by PCM
            at Each School and Site Before, During and After
            Removal of the Asbestos-Containing Material.  During
            Removal, "Asbestos" Sites were Located Immediately
            Outside the Barriers.


1
1 	

PERIOD

1 1 I SHORTLY I
1 BEFORE 1 DURING 1 AFTER 1
1 REMOVAL 1 REMOVAL 1 REMOVAL 1
1
«TER 1
SCHOOL 1
RESUMED 1
1 *M | PCM | P01 | PCM i
1 FIBERS/M"! 1 FIBERS/M«M«3I FIBERS/H«H»3 1 FIBERS/M«»J 1
SCHOOL
1
2
3
4
ISITE
11
1
|.....
(2
16
| 	 —
17
19
110
11
1
1 	 ._
12
13
1
(4
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
II
12
1
13
14
IS
1
16
17
16
19
110
11
12
II
14
1 K«K«
15
16
(TYPE 1
IKON- 1
1 ASBESTOS 1
1 ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
1 OUTDOOR 1
(ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
INON- 1
(ASBESTOS 1
1 ASBESTOS 1
INON- |
1 ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
(OUTDOOR 1
(ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
INCN- 1
(ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
INON- I
(ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
(OUTDOOR 1
(ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
1 ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
1 OUTDOOR 1
I ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
1
1
1
110001
110001
zooool
7001
.1
.1
1
43001
280001
1
110001
110001
130001
160001
31001
.1
.1
.1
.1
130001
1
220001
MOOOl
300001
1
400001
31000 1
3001
.1
.1
.1
350001
150001
20001
.1
.1
.1
1
1
1
91
.1
.1
6501
75001
.1
1
01
.1
1
1500)
.1
.1
.1
23001
31001
7001
64001
23001
.1
1
3001
.1
.1
1
3001
.1
20001
40001
69001
11COI
.1
.1
1501
.1
.1
14001
1
1
1
96001
.1
650 Ol
.1
.1
.1
1
1500 1
2800 1
1
.1
35001
75001
420CI
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
BZOOl
1
41001
41001
.1
1
26001
16001
56001
.1
.1
.1
.1
38001
20001
.1
.1
.1
1
1
1
330001
4501
600 (
5001
.1
.1
1
940001
4100C!
1
460001
150001
190001
26001
01
.1
.1
.1
.1
210001
i
MOOOl
660001
119001
... « . 1
1
.1
I
11001
......... 1
5001
.1
.1
......... |
.1
5001
... 	 .... |
430001
.... 	 ... |
01
.1
1
.1
.1
                           191

-------
  REPORT DOCUMENTATION i »• REPORT NO.
        PAGE              EPA 560/5-85-019
 4. Title and Subt.tle
   Evaluation of Asbestos Abatement Techniques
     Phase  1:   Removal
 7. AUthor(S)  jean Chessoh7~ Dean P. Margeson, Juluis"
   Norman G.  Reichenbach,  Karin  Bauer  (see below*)
 9. Performing Organization Name and Address
   Battelle  Columbus  Division
   Washington Operations
   2030 M Street, N.W.
   Washington, DC   20036
Midwest Research  Inst.
425 Volker Boulevard
Kansas  City, MO   64110
Research Triangle Inst.
                                   Research Triangle Park,
                                   	NP  7770Q	
                           3. Recipient's Accession No.
                           5. Report Date
                            October,  1985
                           B. Performing Organization Rept. No.
10. Project/Task/Work Unit No.
11. Contract(C) or Grant(G) No.
                          (G)
      68-01-6721
  EPA 68-02-3938
  EPA 68-02-3767
  !. Sponsoring Organisation Name and Address
   U.S. Environmental  Protection  Agency
   Office  of Toxic Substances
   Exposure  Evaluation Division
   401 M Street, S.W.,  Washington,  DC  20460
                          13. Type of Report & Period Covered
                            Task  Final
                               -  July, 1985
                          14.
  IS. Supp.ementary Note, * (Author ( S )  COnt inued )
   Paul C.  Constant,  Fred J. Bergman, Donna  P-  Rose, Gaylord R. Atkinson,
   Donald  E.  Lentzen
 J8. Abstract (Limit: 200 words)         •  •                -
   Airborne  asbestos  levels were  measured by transmission electron miscro-
   scopy  (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and phase constrast
   microscopy (PCM) before, during and after removal of  sprayed-on
   acoustical plaster from the  ceilings of  four suburban schools.  Air
   samples were collected -'at three types of sites:  indoor sites with
   asbestos-containing material (ACM), indoor sites without ACM  (indoor
   control) ,  and sites outside  the building (outdoor control).   Bulk  samples
   of the ACM were  collected prior to the removal and analyzed by polarized
   light microscopy (PLM).  A vigorous quality assurance program was  applied
   to all aspects of  the study.
   Airborne  asbestos  levels were  low before ( < 6 ng/m3)  and after removal
   (< 5 ng/m3) .  Elevated, but  still relatively low levels (up to 140 ng/m3),
   were measured out side the work area during removal.   This emphasizes the
   need for  careful containment of the work area.  TEM provided the clearest
   documentation of changes in  airborne asbestos.  SEM  detected few fibers
   but  showed a similar trend to  TEM.  PCM  results were  unrelated to  either
   the  TEM or SEM results and  showed highest fiber concentrations during
   periods of student activity  in both asbestos and non-asbe sto s-containing
   sites.	
 17. Document Analysis •. Descriptors
   Airborne asbestos  levels,  asbestos, asbestos abatement, asbestos in
   schools, PCM, PLM,  removal,  SEM, TEM.
   b. Identifiers/Onen-emted Terms
   c. COSATI Field/Group
 IB. Availability Statement
                                                19. Security Class (This Report)
                                                 Unclassified
                                                20. Security Class (This Page)
                                   21. No. of Pages
                                    202
                                                                     22. Price
(See ANSI-Z39.18)
                                  See instructions on Reverse
                                  OPTIONAL FORM 27Z (4-77)
                                  (Formerly NTIS-35)
                                  Department of Commerce

-------