United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Toxic Substances
Office of
Toxic Substances
Washington, DC 20460
EPA 560/5-85-019
October 1985
EVALUATION OF ASBESTOS
ABATEMENT TECHNIQUES
PHASE I: REMOVAL
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October, 1985
EVALUATION OF ASBESTOS ABATEMENT TECHNIQUES
PHASE 1: REMOVAL
by
Jean Chesson
Dean P. Margeson
Julius Ogden
Norman G. Reichenbach
Battelle
Columbus Division - Washington Operations
EPA Contract No. 68-01-6721
and
Karin Bauer
Paul C. Constant, Jr.
Fred J. Bergman
Donna P. Rose
Gaylord R. Atkinson
Midwest Research Institute
EPA Contract No. 68-02-3938
and
Donald E. Lentzen
Research Triangle Institute
EPA Contract No. 68-02-3767
Cindy Stroup, Joseph S. Carra, Design and Development Branch
Joseph J. Breen, Frederick W. Kutz, Field Studies Branch
Exposure Evaluation Division
Office of Toxic Substances
Darryl von Lehmden, Michael C. Beard, Methods Standardization
Branch
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
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DISCLAIMER
This report was prepared under contract to an agency of
the United States Government. Neither the United States
Government nor any of its employees, contractors, subcontractors,
or their employees makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or
assumes any legal liability or responsibility for any third
party's use of or the results of such use of any information,
apparatus, product, or process disclosed in this report, or
represents that its use by such third party would not infringe on
privately owned rights.
Publication of the data in this document does not
signify that the contents necessarily reflect the joint or
separate views and policies of each sponsoring agency. Mention
of trade names or commercial products does not constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS x
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xi
SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION 1
SECTION 2 CONCLUSIONS 5
SECTION 3 QUALITY ASSURANCE 9
SECTION 4 SAMPLING DESIGN 13
SECTION 5 FIELD SURVEY 17
I. Introduction 17
II. Air Sampling 17
A. Sampling System 18
B. Field Operations 20
C. Sample Handling 22
III. Bulk Sampling 22
A. Sample Selection 22
B. Sample Collection 23
C. Sample Handling 23
IV- Traceability 23
V. Abatement Techniques 24
SECTION 6 SAMPLE ANALYSIS 25
I. Air Samples 25
A. Transmission Electron
Microscopy (TEM) 25
1. Methods 25
2. Discussion 28
3. Quality Assurance 30
B. Phase Contrast Microscopy (PCM) 38
1. Methods 38
2. Discussion 39
3 . Quality Assurance 39
C. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).. 41
1. Methods 41
2. Discussion 43
3 . Quality Assurance 44
II. Bulk Samples 47
A. Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM) 48
1. Methods 48
2. Discussion 49
3. Quality Assurance 50
B. Releasability Rating 50
1. Methods 52
2. Discussion 53
3. Quality Assurance 53
IV
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
(continued)
Page
SECTION 7 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 55
I. Analysis Methods 56
II. Airborne Asbestos Levels Before,
During , and After Abatement 58
A. TEM Results 58
B . SEM Results 64
C. PCM Results 67
III. Comparison of Sampling and
Analytical Protocols 70
A. Sampling Duration 70
B. Analytical Method 70
IV. Analysis of Relationships Between
Bulk Samples and Levels of Airborne
Asbestos Fibers 79
REFERENCES 84
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX A Excerpts from Quality Assurance Plan
and Quality Assurance Data Tables 85
APPENDIX B Sampling and Analysis Protocols Ill
APPENDIX C Results of Sample Analyses 144
APPENDIX D Data Listings 179
APPENDIX E Summary of Sample Results for
Each School and Site 186
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.
Table 2.
Table 3.
Table 4.
Table 5.
Table 6,
Table 7,
Sampling Plan,
The Number of Chrysotile Bundles and
Clusters Observed on the Filters but
Not Used in the Mass Calculations...,
Average Chrysotile Fiber and Mass 3
Concentrations (in Fibers/m and ng/m ,
Respectively) Measured by TEM at Each School
and Type of Site Before, During and After
Removal of the Asbestos-Containing Material.
During Removal, "Asbestos" Sites were Located
Immediately Outside the Barriers
Average Chrysotile Fiber and Mass -.
Concentrations (in Thousands of Fibers/m
and ng/m , Respectively) Measured by TEM
at Each Type of Site Before, During and After
Removal of the Asbestos-Containing Material.
During Removal, "Asbestos" Sites were Located
Immediately Outside the Barriers ,
Average Chrysotile Fiber and Mass
Concentrations (in Thousands of Fibers/m
and ng/m , Respectively) Measured by SEM
at Each School and Type of Site Before, During
and After Removal of the Asbestos-Containing
Material. During Removal, "Asbestos" Sites
were Located Immediately Outside the Barriers.
Average Chrysotile Fiber and Mass _
Concentrations (in Thousands of Fibers/m
and ng/m , Respectively) Measured by SEM at
Each Type of Site Before, During and After
Removal of the Asbestos-Containing Material.
During Removal, "Asbestos" Sites were Located
Immediately Outside the Barriers
Average Fiber Concentration (in Thousands of
Fibers/m ) Measured by PCM at Each School
and Type of Site Before, During and After
Removal of the Asbestos-Containing Material.
During Removal, "Asbestos" Sites were Located
Immediately Outside the Barriers ,
16
29
62
63
65
66
68
VI
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LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 8. Average Fiber Concentration (in Thousands of
Pibers/m ) Measured by PCM at Each Type of
Site Before, During and After Removal of the
Asbestos-Containing Material. During Removal,
"Asbestos" Sites were Located Immediately
Outside the Barriers ^9
Table 9. Percent Chrysotile Content and Releasability
Rating (Weighted Average) for Each
Asbestos-Containing Site 80
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
Figure 7.
Figure 8.
Figure 9,
Figure 10.
Air sampling system,
Coefficient of variation for duplicate,
replicate, and external QA analyses plotted
against the mean fiber concentration
(millions of fiber/m ) measured by TEM.
The total range of mean values are plotted.,
Coefficient of variation for duplicate and
external QA analyses plotted against the
mean fiber concentrations (thousands of
fibers/m ) measured by TEM. Only the
lower mean values are plotted
Coefficient of variation for duplicate,
replicate, and external QA analyses plotted
against the mean mass concentration (ng/m )
measured by TEM. The total range of mean
values are plotted ,
Coefficient of variation for duplicate,
replicate, and external QA analyses plotted
against the mean fiber concentrations
(fibers/m ) measured by TEM. Only the
lower mean values are shown ,
Coefficient of variation for duplicate,
replicate, and external QA analyses plotted
against the mean fiber concentration
(thousands of fibers/m ) measured by PCM...
Coefficient of variation for duplicate
and external QA analyses plotted against the
mean fiber concentrations (thousands of
fibers/m ) measured by SEM
Coefficient of variation for duplicate and
external QA analyses plotted against the mean
mass concentration (thousands of ng/m )
measured by SEM
Coefficient of variation for duplicate,
replicate, and external QA analyses plotted
against the mean percent chrysotile content
in bulk samples measured by PLM
33
34
35
36
40
45
46
51
Coefficient of variation for duplicate,
replicate, and external QA analyses plotted
against the mean releasability rating for
bulk samples measured by PLM ,
54
Vlll
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LIST OF FIGURES
(Continued)
Figure 11.
Figure 12.
Figure 13.
Figure 14.
Figure 15.
Figure 16.
Figure 17.
Figure A-l.
Figure A-2.
Figure A-3.
Figure B-2.
Summary of air sampling results. The
distribution of values for each sampling
period and site type is indicated by the
maximum, minimum and 75th, 50th (median),
and 25th percentiles
Range of fiber sizes that can be detected by
three analysis methods under the conditions of
this study
Fiber concentration (thousands of fibers/m )
measured by TEM plotted against fiber
concentration measured by SEM. Air samples
were collected simultaneously at the same
site
Mass concentration (ng/m ) measured by TEM
plotted against mass concentration measured
by SEM. Air samples were collected simulta-
neously at the same site
Fiber concentration (thousands of fibers/m )
measured by TEM plotted against fiber
concentration measured by PCM. Both analyses
were done on a single filter
Average mass concentration (ng/m ) during
removal plotted against average chrysotile
percentage of the bulk samples for each of
the four schools
Average mass concentration (ng/m ) during
removal plotted against average releasability
rating of the bulk samples for each of the
four schools
Flowmeter calibration dataform, > 1000 cc/mm.
Rotameter calibration system
Plot of rotameter readings versus
values of Q
Procedure for PLM analysis of asbestos
materials
59
71
73
74
76
82
83
99
100
102
121
IX
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study would not have been possible without the
cooperation of the local school district. We thank the district
officials, school principals, maintenance staff, teachers and
students for providing access to their schools and allowing us to
collect samples. Wolfgang Brandner of EPA Region VII, and James
Trombley of Hoskins-Western-Sonderagger, Inc. also gave valuable
assistance. Additional information on Scanning Electron
Microscopy was provided by Randi Nordstrom and Gary Casuccio of
Energy Technology Consultants and Richard Lee of U.S. Steel.
This was a joint effort by Battelle, Midwest Research
Institute, and Research Triangle Institute under contract to the
Environmental Protection Agency. The close cooperation among a
large number of individuals from all organizations was essential
in successfully completing the project.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's document,
"Friable Asbestos-Containing Materials in Schools, Identification
and Notification Rule", as published in May, 1982 in the Federal
Register (47 FR 23360), required the identification of friable
asbestos-containing materials in schools and the notification of
those exposed to the materials. Although there is no requirement
to do so, many school districts have decided to undertake an
abatement program to reduce the risk of exposure.
In 1983, EPA published "Guidance for Controlling Friable
Asbestos-Containing Materials in Buildings" (EPA 560/5-83-002) to
help school officials and other building managers deal with
asbestos in their buildings. A series of field studies was also
initiated to develop quantitative information on the relative
merits of alternative abatement methods. The first of these
studies, on asbestos removal, is the subject of this report.
Information from the field studies and experience gained by EPA
and other organizations involved in asbestos control have been
incorporated in the 1985 EPA guidance, "Guidance for Controlling
Asbestos-Containing Materials in Buildings" (EPA 560/5-85-024).
The guidance emphasizes the establishment of a special operations
and maintenance (O&M) program whenever asbestos-containing
materials are present. The situation is assessed to determine
whether additional control action is required, and, if so, which
abatement method is appropriate. Abatement methods
XI
-------
fall into three main categories:
(1) Removal;
(2) Encapsulation; and
(3) Enclosure.
The appropriate abatement method in a given situation depends on
many factors, including the nature of the asbestos-containing
material, its condition and accessibility, and the future use of
the building.
No matter which abatement method is selected, it is
important to be able to measure airborne asbestos levels with
sufficient accuracy and precision to determine whether or not an
abatement program has been completed satisfactorily. The 1983 EPA
guidance document (USEPA 1983a) recommended analysis of air
samples by Phase Contrast Microscopy (PCM) for this purpose. PCM
is the method that is most familiar, available, and frequently
used. It is also the least expensive and has a well-established
analytical protocol. However, PCM does not distinguish between
asbestos and other types of fibers, and counts only fibers longer
than 5 micrometers. Nor is PCM sensitive enough to detect the
extremely thin fibers typical of airborne asbestos in buildings.
Thus, the interpretation of PCM results assumes that a low
concentration of relatively large airborne fibers means that the
concentration of asbestos fibers is also low.
-------
Other methods, including Transmission Electron Microscopy
(TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), have been proposed
as alternatives to PCM, and were discussed at length at a workshop
sponsored jointly by EPA and the National Bureau of Standards*.
Evidence presented at the workshop, together with the results of
this and other studies, has led EPA to recommend TEM when
practical constraints such as cost and availability can be
overcome (USEPA 1985). EPA acknowledges that all three methods
are used in testing for the purpose of releasing abatement
contractors. However, only PCM and TEM have standard methods and
testing programs. A standard method has not yet been developed
for SEM. While TEM is technically the method of choice, PCM is
the only option in many localities. EPA is continuing to evaluate
the alternatives and update its guidance on appropriate sampling
and analysis protocols.
This study, which investigated removal of asbestos-
containing material, is Phase 1 of an ongoing program to evaluate
alternative abatement techniques. (Phase 2 will investigate
encapsulation with latex paint.) The two primary objectives were:
• to compare airborne asbestos levels before, during,
and after removal of the asbestos-containing material;
and
• to compare analytical methods of assessing airborne
asbestos levels.
* Workshop on the Monitoring and Evaluation of Airborne Asbestos
Levels Following an Abatement Program. March 12 and 13, 1984,
National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD.
Xlll
-------
A secondary objective was:
• to investigate the relationship between airborne
asbestos levels and two properties of the asbestos-
containing material, asbestos content and
releasability rating index.
The study consisted of five major phases: development of
a sampling design, development of a quality assurance plan, field
sampling, microscopic analysis of the samples, and statistical
analysis.
The sampling design took advantage of a suburban U.S.
school district's plan to remove asbestos-containing acoustical
plaster from its buildings during the summer of 1983. A total of
24 sites in four schools were selected for air sampling. The
sites were made up of 14 sites with asbestos-containing materials
on ceilings and walls, 6 indoor sites that did not have asbestos,
and 4 outdoor sites. There were four periods of air sampling:
(1) before asbestos removal while students were still present; (2)
during removal; (3) immediately after removal before the schools
reopened; and (4) after school resumed. The same sites were
sampled each time with the exception that during removal the
asbestos-containing sites were not accessible. During removal,
samples were collected immediately outside the barriers separating
the work area from the rest of the school .
xiv
-------
Samples were collected on both Millipore and Nuclepore
filters to permit comparison between different sampling and
analytical methods. Bulk samples of the asbestos-containing
material were collected prior to the removal operation.
A quality assurance plan was applied to all aspects of
the study, including project organization, personnel
qualifications, field sampling, sample traceability, sample
analysis, data collection and analysis, documentation and
reporting. To provide external quality assurance for each method
of sample analysis, a proportion of the samples were analyzed by a
second laboratory.
Field sampling was carried out according to the sampling
design and quality assurance plan. Air samples collected on
Millipore filters were analyzed by transmission electron
microscopy (TEM) and phase contrast microscopy (PCM). Those
collected on Nuclepore filters were analyzed by scanning electron
microscopy (SEM). The bulk samples were analyzed by polarized
light microscopy (PLM) and rated for their tendency to release
asbestos fibers.
Airborne asbestos levels, as measured by TEM, were low
3
(< 6 ng/m ) both before and after asbestos removal. During
removal they were somewhat higher immediately outside the barriers
at all 4 schools (up to 140 ng/m3). The difference is
statistically significant at the .01% level. Low levels (up to
xv
-------
1.6 ng/m ) were observed at outdoor and non-asbestos containing
sites during all four sampling periods. (Results are expressed as
mass rather than fiber concentrations because TEM detects many
small fibers that are not detected by the other methods. TEM
fiber concentrations are not equivalent to those obtained by SEM
or PCM.) Results obtained by SEM showed a similar pattern to TEM
even though asbestos fibers were detected on only 21% of the
Nuclepore filters. Total fiber concentrations measured by PCM
were highest during the first and fourth sampling periods and did
not follow the same trend as the TEM and SEM results.
Analysis of the bulk samples showed that three of the
four schools contained similar material (approximately 15 - 25%
chrysotile asbestos with releasability rating 4 - 5.5), while the
fourth contained materials with a higher asbestos content (84%
chrysotile asbestos and releasability ratings up to 7).
Releasability is rated on a scale from 0 to 9 with 9 indicating a
very strong tendency to release fibers. The fourth school also •
had the highest average airborne asbestos levels during abatement,
although this most likely reflects the inadequacy of the
barriers. Negative air pressure systems were not used in any of
the schools during the removal operation.
All airborne asbestos levels measured in this study were
relatively low and results should be interpreted in that context.
xvi
-------
The principal findings of the study are:
• It is possible to achieve low airborne asbestos levels
after a removal operation. However, care must be
taken to minimize escape of asbestos fibers from the
worksite while removal is in progress. Further
research is needed on barrier construction and use of
negative air systems.
Evidence: Airborne asbestos levels in asbestos-
containing sites were low after asbestos removal (<0.5
3 3
ng/m ). Higher levels (up to 140 ng/m ) were
found immediately outside the containment area while
removal was in progress. Even though airborne
asbestos levels were low (< 6 ng/m ) before removal,
the elevated levels outside the containment areas
indicate that the removal did cause significant fiber
release. The low levels after removal show that
post-removal cleaning was effective.
• TEM provides the clearest documentation of changes in
airborne asbestos levels. PCM measurements appear to
be related to the level of human activity rather than
to the concentration of asbestos fibers.
Evidence: The TEM results showed a consistent trend
at all four schools, with the highest airborne
asbestos levels occurring during removal. Very few
xvii
-------
fibers were detected by SEM although the results
obtained by SEM did follow a similar pattern to those
obtained by TEM. Fiber concentrations measured by PCM
were low (<0.1 f/cc) and showed no relationship to
those measured by TEM and SEM. PCM measurements,
which include all fiber types, not just asbestos, were
highest when students were present and were similar at
both asbestos and non-asbestos sites.
Percent chrysotile content and fiber releasability
rating were not useful in predicting airborne asbestos
levels before abatement.
Evidence: Pre-abatement air levels were low even at
sites with high percent chrysotile and/or
releasability ratings. On the other hand, the school
with the highest percent chrysotile had the highest
mean airborne asbestos levels outside the containment
barriers during abatement. This evidence has to be
interpreted cautiously because the levels also depend
on the effectiveness of the barriers.
XVI Ll
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's document
"Friable Asbestos-Containing Materials in Schools, Identification
and Notification Rule," as published in May, 1982 in the Federal
Register (47 FR 23360), required the identification of friable
asbestos-containing materials in schools and the notification of
those exposed to the materials. Although there is no requirement
to do so, many school districts have decided to undertake an
abatement program to reduce the risk of exposure.
In 1983, EPA published "Guidance for Controlling Friable
Asbestos-Containing Materials in Buildings" (EPA 560/5-83-002) to
help school officials and other building managers deal with
asbestos in their buildings. A series of field studies was also
initiated to develop quantitative information on the relative
merits of alternative abatement methods. The first of these
studies, on asbestos removal, is the subject of this report.
Information from the field studies, and experience gained by EPA
and other organizations involved in asbestos control, have been
incorporated in the 1985 EPA guidance, "Guidance for Controlling
Asbestos-Containing Materials in Buildings" (EPA 560/5-85-024).
The guidance emphasizes the establishment of a special operation
and maintenance (O&M) program whenever asbestos-containing
materials are present. The situation is assessed to determine
-------
whether additional control action is required, and, if so, which
abatement method is appropriate. Abatement methods fall into
three main categories:
(1) Removal;
(2) Encapsulation; and
(3) Enclosure.
The appropriate abatement method in a given situation depends on
many factors, including the nature of the asbestos-containing
material, its condition and accessibility, and the future use of
the building.
No matter which abatement method is selected, it is
important to be able to measure airborne asbestos levels with
sufficient accuracy and precision to determine whether or not an
abatement program has been completed satisfactorily. The 1983 EPA
guidance document (USEPA 1983a) recommended analysis of air
samples by Phase Contrast Microscopy (PCM) for this purpose. PCM
is the method that is most familiar, available, and frequently
used. It is also the least expensive and has a well-established
analytical protocol. However, PCM does not distinguish between
asbestos and other types of fibers, and counts only fibers longer
than 5 micrometers. In addition, is PCM not sensitive enough to
detect the extremely thin fibers typical of airborne asbestos in
buildings. Thus, the interpretation of PCM results assumes that a
low concentration of relatively large airborne fibers means that
the concentration of asbestos fibers is also low.
-------
Other methods, including Transmission Electron Microscopy
(TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), have been proposed
as alternatives to PCM and were discussed at length at a workshop
sponsored jointly by EPA and the National Bureau of Standards*.
Evidence presented at the workshop, together with the results of
this and other studies, has led EPA to recommend TEM when
practical constraints such as cost and availability can be
overcome (USEPA 1985). EPA acknowledges that all three methods
are used in testing for the purpose of releasing abatement
contractors. However, only PCM and TEM have standard methods and
testing programs. A standard method has not yet been developed
for SEM. While TEM is technically the method of choice, PCM is
the only option in many localities. EPA is continuing to evaluate
the alternatives and update its guidance on appropriate sampling
and analysis protocols.
This study, which investigated removal of asbestos-
containing acoustical plaster from ceilings and walls, is Phase 1
of an ongoing program to evaluate alternative abatement
techniques. (Phase 2 will investigate encapsulation with latex
paint.)
Phase 1 had two primary objectives:
• to compare airborne asbestos levels before, during
and after asbestos removal; and,
* Workshop on the Monitoring and Evaluation of Airborne Asbestos
Levels Following an Abatement Program. March 12 and 13, 1984,
National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD.
-------
• to compare analytical methods of assessing airborne
asbestos levels.
A secondary objective was:
• to investigate the relationship between airborne
asbestos levels and two properties of the asbestos-
containing material, asbestos content and
releasability rating index.
These objectives were addressed by collecting air and
bulk samples at four schools in a suburban school district before,
during, and after removal of the asbestos-containing material.
The principal conclusions of the study are given in Section 2.
Section 3 outlines the quality assurance plan and Section 4
describes the sampling plan. These sections are followed by an
account of the field survey (Section 5) and the methods of sample
analysis (Section 6). The results of the statistical analyses are
given in Section 7.
The Appendices, A-E, contain the excerpts from the QA
plan, field sampling and sample analysis protocols, results of the
sample analyses and raw data listings.
-------
SECTION 2
CONCLUSIONS
The principal conclusions from this study are listed below
under each study objective. All airborne asbestos levels
measured in this study were relatively low and the results should
be interpreted in that context.
Objective 1
Comparison of airborne asbestos levels before, during and
after asbestos removal.
Conclusion: It is possible to achieve low airborne
asbestos levels after a removal operation.
However, care must be taken to minimize
escape of asbestos fibers from the worksite
while removal is in progress. Further
research is needed on barrier construction,
use of negative air systems, etc.
Evidence: Airborne asbestos levels in asbestos-
containing sites were low after asbestos
removal (.< 0.5 ng/m ). Higher levels (up
•3
to 140 ng/m ) were found immediately
outside the containment area while removal
was in progress. (Results are expressed as
mass rather than fiber concentrations
-------
because TEM detects many small fibers that
are not detected by the other methods. TEM
fiber concentrations are not equivalent to
those obtained by SEM or PCM.) Even though
airborne asbestos levels were low
(< 6 ng/m ) before removal, the elevated
levels outside the containment areas
indicate that the removal did cause
significant fiber release. The low levels
after removal show that post-removal
cleaning was effective.
Objective 2
Comparison of methods of assessing airborne asbestos levels.
Conclusion: TEM provides the clearest documentation of
changes in airborne asbestos levels. PCM
measurements appear to be related to the
level of human activity rather than to the
concentration of asbestos fibers.
Evidence: The TEM results showed a consistent trend
at all four schools, with the highest
airborne asbestos levels occurring during
removal. Very few fibers were detected by
SEM although the results obtained by SEM
did follow a similar pattern to those
-------
obtained by TEM. Fiber concentrations
measured by PCM were low (<0.1 f/cc) and
showed no relationship to those measured by
TEM and SEM. PCM measurments, which
include all fiber types, not just asbestos,
were highest when students were present and
were similar at both asbestos and
non-asbestos sites.
Secondary Objective
Relationship between air levels and properties of the
asbestos-containing material.
Conclusion: Percent chrysotile content and fiber
releasability rating were not useful in
predicting airborne asbestos levels before
abatement. However, these bulk material
properties may have influenced air levels
during abatement.
Evidence: Pre-abatement air levels were low even at
sites with high percent chrysotile and/or
releasability ratings. On the other hand,
the school with the highest percent
chrysotile had the highest mean airborne
asbestos levels outside the containment
-------
barriers during abatement. This evidence
has to be interpreted cautiously because
the levels also depend on the effectiveness
of the barriers.
8
-------
SECTION 3
QUALITY ASSURANCE
This study was carried out according to a Quality
Assurance Plan* which addresses all aspects of the study,
including project organization, personnel qualifications, field
sampling, sample traceability, sample analysis, data collection
and analysis, documentation and reporting. Some of the major
components of this plan are summarized below.
The plan describes the project and defines the project
organization in terms of the roles and responsibilities of the
members. It states how information is communicated within and
between organizations, and how progress is reviewed and
reported. The quality assurance objectives are described in
terms of accuracy, precision, representativeness and
completeness.
The QA plan also specifies the number of schools and
sites within each school, the number of pumps per site, and the
sampling duration for each pump. Additional sections outline
personnel qualifications, facilities and equipment, preventive
maintenance procedures and schedules, consumables and supplies,
* Evaluation of Asbestos Abatement Techniques, Phase 1, Quality
Assurance Plan, submitted to EPA August 2, 1983, Contract
68-01-6721.
-------
documentation, document control, configuration control, sample
collection and sample custody.
Detailed guidelines are given for air and bulk sample
handling and analysis. The number of field blanks and laboratory
blanks and the number of samples to be analyzed in replicate,
duplicate and by an independent laboratory are specified for each
analytical method. These figures are based on the number and
types of samples to be collected. The results of these QA
analyses are presented in Section 6.
The remaining sections of the plan give specifics on
calibration procedures and reference materials, data validation,
data processing and analysis, internal quality control checks,
data assessment procedures, feedback and corrective action,
quality assurance reports to management, and report design.
Appendix A contains excerpts from this QA Plan.
The primary means for external monitoring of the project
was provided by a series of performance and systems audits at a
rate of one audit per sampling period. These audits were
conducted on site to determine and establish sample and data
traceability and to determine if sampling and analysis protocols
were followed by field personnel. Flow rates were measured on
all pumps. Only two of 55 readings exceeded the limits for
relative accuracy of +10% (-10.12% and 11.75%). The average
relative accuracy was 2.7% (standard deviation of 2.5%). Some
10
-------
minor problems or inconsistencies were detected during on-site
logbook examinations and immediate corrective action was taken.
The initial study design (See Section 4) specified that
a total of 276 Millipore filters were to be collected (96 field
blanks, 84 3-day filters, and 96 5-day filters). A total of 243
Millipore filters, or 88%, were actually collected; 85 field
blanks (89%), 77 3-day filters (92%), and 81 5-day filters (84%).
The discrepancy between the planned and actual number of filters
was mainly due to loss of sites (due to various reasons including
vandalism), unavailability of sites during specific sampling
periods, and to nonrecovery of a few filters by field personnel.
Of the 243 Millipore filters collected, a small number
(6 or 2.5%) were invalid due to either technical difficulties in
the field (plugged flow control orifices resulting in unknown
volumes of sampled air), or to bad weather conditions for outdoor
filters. Thus, a high percentage (86% or 237 out of 276) of the
Millipore filters specified in the QA plan were suitable for
analysis.
Eighty-eight Nuclepore filters were initially planned to
be collected (76 5-days filters and 12 field blanks). A total of
83 filters were actually collected (69 5-day filters (or 90%) and
14 field blanks.) For each sampling period, 3 Nuclepore field
blanks were requested; however, only one was collected during the
first sampling period because too few filters were shipped. In
11
-------
later periods, up to 6 field blanks were collected. Of the 69
5-day filters, 4 were invalid, one due to technical field
difficulties, and the remaining 3 outdoor filters due to heavy
rains. A total of 65 5-day Nuclepore filters, or 86% were
available for SEM analysis.
Bulk samples were collected as requested immediately
after the first sampling period and all samples were of good
quality.
12
-------
SECTION 4
SAMPLING DESIGN
This study was conducted in conjunction with the asbestos
removal program being undertaken in a suburban school system.
Schools, and sites within schools, were selected within the con-
straints of program scheduling and physical accessibility, in
order to achieve the study objectives. Three types of sites were
identified in each of four schools: sites (rooms) with asbestos-
containing material on ceilings and walls that was scheduled for
removal, sites without asbestos material, and outdoor sites
located on the roofs of the buildings. (A non-asbestos site was
not available in the fourth school.)
The first objective was to compare airborne asbestos levels
before, during and after asbestos removal. Four periods of air
sampling were carried out:
(1) Before removal while students were still at school;
(2) During removal;
(3) Immediately after removal, before school resumed; and,
(4) Five months after removal, with students present.
The same sites were sampled each time with one exception. During
the removal operation the asbestos-containing sites were not
accessible and samples were collected as close as possible to the
13
-------
original sites, but outside the barriers separating the work area
from the rest of the building. The final sampling period was
carried out after school had resumed, to determine whether
asbestos fibers that might have settled onto the floor or other
surfaces throughout the building would be resuspended by the
increased activity in the building. This design allowed
comparisons among sampling periods at a given site and among
sites within a single sampling period. The outdoor sites acted
as one type of control since they should not have been affected
by conditions within the building. The nonasbestos sites acted
as a second type of control since their airborne asbestos levels
should have remained relatively constant unless there was rapid
transport of fibers throughout the building.
The second objective was to compare methods of assessing
airborne levels. Up to three air samples were collected
simultaneously at each site. One sample was collected on a
Nuclepore filter and subsequently analyzed by SEM. A second
sample was collected on a Millipore filter and subsequently
analyzed by both TEM and PCM. Both of these samples were
collected over 5 working days. At sites where a third sampler
was available, a 3-day sample was collected on a Millipore filter
to compare lengths of sampling periods. This design allowed
direct comparison between TEM and PCM using the same set of
samples (filters), and between TEM, PCM and SEM using samples
taken simultaneously at the same site.
14
-------
Bulk samples were collected at each site to
characterize the sites and to see if there was any relationship
between the nature of the asbestos-containing material and
airborne asbestos levels. Two properties of the asbestos-
containing material were examined: asbestos content and fiber
releasability.
The sampling plan is summarized in Table 1. The number
of samples of each type was chosen to ensure sufficient power to
detect differences of interest while remaining within constraints
imposed by budget and other resources. Insufficient Nuclepore
filters were available for use at all sites. Assuming a
coefficient of variation of 150% for TEM analysis of air samples,
the number of asbestos sites is sufficient to detect a ten-fold
difference in airborne asbestos levels between one period and
another with a probability of more than 99%. A five-fold
difference will be detected with a probability of more than 95%
(Chesson et al. 1985).
15
-------
Table 1. Sampling Plan
School
1 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
2 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
3 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
4 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Site*
Non-asbestos
Asbestos
Asbestos
Non-asbestos
Asbestos
Asbestos
Outdoor
Asbestos
Outside Barrier
Outside Barrier
Non-asbestos
Asbestos
Non-asbestos
Asbestos
Asbestos
Asbestos
Outdoor
Outside Barrier
Outside Barrier
Outside Barrier
Outside Barrier
Asbestos
Non-asbestos
Asbestos
Asbestos
Non-asbestos
Asbestos
Outdoor
Outside Barrier
Outside Barrier
Outside Barrier
Asbestos
Asbestos
Outdoor
Outside Barrier
Outside Barrier
Outside Barrier
Air
3 Day
M
M
M
M
M
M
—
—
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
—
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
samples'''
5 Day
M/N
M/N
M/N
M
M/N
M/N
M/N
M/N
M/N
M
M/N
M/N
M/N
M/N
M/N
M/N
M/N
M/N
M/N
M/N
M/N
M/N
M/N
M/N
M/N
M/N
M/N
M/N
M/N
M/N
M
M
M
M/N
M/N
M/N
Bulk*
samples
—
8
8
—
8
8
—
8
—
—
—
8
—
8
8
8
—
—
—
—
—
8
—
8
8
—
8
—
—
—
—
8
8
—
—
—
""
*Sites located outside the barrier were only sampled while the
removal operation was in progress. Asbestos sites were not
sampled during removal.
tM = Millipore, N = Nuclepore.
±Six locations per site with a pair of side by side samples at 2
of the 6 locations.
16
-------
SECTION 5
FIELD SURVEY
I. INTRODUCTION
The field survey included air sampling and bulk sampling.
The air sampling took place during four periods in 1983: May 23
through May 27, July 11 through July 22, August 16 through
August 20, and November 7 through November 11. The bulk sampling
activity took place on June 3, 1983. Battelle Columbus Labora-
tories (BCL), Midwest Research Institute (MRI), and EPA selected
the sites to be surveyed. The statistical basis for the field
survey plan is described in Section 4. The protocols that were
followed for air sampling and bulk sampling can be found in
Appendix B. The protocols are adaptations of those used during a
previous study reported in EPA 560/5-83-003 (USEPA 1983b).
II. AIR SAMPLING
Initially, 14 indoor sites in which asbestos-containing
material was present were selected for air sampling in the four
study schools. Two sites were removed from the program at the
request of the teachers, leaving 12 indoor asbestos sites for air
sampling. Twelve additional sites were selected which were
located just outside of the containment barriers enclosing the
asbestos-containing sites sampled during the first sampling
period. These 12 sites were sampled only during the active
abatement period.
17
-------
The field survey plan called for the collection at each
school of (a) one outdoor ambient air sample, (b) one or two
indoor control air samples at sites (rooms) where no asbestos
was present, and (c) up to four samples from rooms containing
asbestos. All samples at any given school were to be collected
simultaneously. Outdoor sites were sampled for 5 days. Two
5-day side-by-side samples were collected at indoor sites, one
using a Nuclepore and the other using a mixed cellulose ester
membrane (Millipore) filter. At some indoor sites a 3-day sample
was collected on a second Millipore filter.
While school was in session, samples were collected at each
site during school hours. While school was out, sample collec-
tion, during and after abatement, took place during the same
hours students would normally have been in the classrooms.
The sampling rate was to be approximately 5 1/min, for a
total volume of air sampled of approximately 6 m^ for 3-day
samples and 10 m^ for 5-day samples.
A. Sampling System
The air sampling systems used were of two types. A single
filter system was used for the 3-day samples, as shown in Fig-
ure 1. A double filter system was used for the 5-day side-by-
side samples and consisted of the same system as shown in the
figure, but equipped with two orifices. One orifice controlled
18
-------
Oriflc*
Detail
\
Brau Diik 0.209"DiQ.
1/16" Tnick Center
Drilled '68 & Soft
Soldered in P.oc. * ^
1/2" Deep
8 Tumi of
1/4 "Copper
Tubing Wound
4" Diameter
\ Orifice \
v (See Detail) |
3 Foot 1/4" x 3/16"
Rubber Vacuum Tubing
Swage lot B-2-MHC-
Hove Connector to Male
Pipe 1/8" Male Pipe to
1/4" I.D. Tubing
TKomoj Induitriet Inc.
Pump Model 107CA18
Gelmon Filter Holden
Model 4202 47mm Open
Faced Magnetic
Clamp. Medium
Utility 3-Finger
Jaw Vinyliied
36" Long Rod
Tube Fitting, Male Elbow 90°
1/8" Male Pipe Threaded to
1/4" Tube
Swage lolc B-200-2-*
ElapMd Time
Indicator
WW Grainger
6X136
7 Day Programmable
Timer
Grainger 2E214
Power Cord
Figure 1. Air sampling system.
19
-------
the flow through a 47 mm filter holder containing a 0.45 m
Millipore filter. The second orifice controlled the flow through
a 37 mm Millipore two-piece styrene filter holder (M000-37-OW)
which contained the 0.2 m Nuclepore filter. The orifices for
the double filter system were drilled (No. 64 standard drill bit,
0.036" diameter), and were not operated in the critical flow
range. A programmable timer was set to start the systems at the
beginning of the class day and to stop at the end of the class
day. A sampling day ran from 8:00 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. for a total
of 7.5 hrs/day and 37.5 hrs for 5 days. At some of the sampling
sites during the abatement phase and immediately after abatement,
five test days were not available. In those cases, the test day
was extended to obtain a total of 37.5 hrs of sampling.
B. Field Operations
Air sampling was started simultaneously at the four
schools in accordance with the sampling protocol presented in
Appendix B-l. During field operations some samples were lost and
some were collected for an inadequate or unknown length of time.
(See Section 3.) These deficient samples resulted from filters
being vandalized, power interruptions, field crew errors and, in
the case of outdoor samples, the weather.
20
-------
In an effort to obtain satisfactory samples for as many
sites as possible, samples were re-collected when possible.
Because of the limited time available before the end of a
sampling period, however, not all deficient samples could be
re-collected.
Each field team member (referred to as "operator" in the
protocol) was given a hardbound logbook for recording data. Most
types of data collected are given in the sampling protocol docu-
ment (Appendix B-l). Additional items recorded include type and
operation of air conditioners, room ventilation and occupancy,
floor covering, and method and frequency of cleaning.
Because of the number of problems that developed in keeping
the sites operational during the sampling period, a walk-through
procedure was instituted. This procedure consisted of walking
through each school and observing each system. As problems with
a system developed, corrective action was taken, including
replugging in power cords, resetting timers, replacing malfunc-
tioning equipment, cleaning orifices, and reconnecting hoses. If
filters were damaged early in the sampling period, new filters
were installed and the unit was restarted. The walk-through
period was also used to gather and document information required
by the protocol (Appendix B-l) as well as to make other
observations.
21
-------
C. Sample Handling
The air samples were handled according to the protocol
(Appendix B-l). Each sample was labeled as it was recovered
using an assigned letter followed by a sample number. The sample
numbers were assigned sequentially by each operator. At this
time, the operator entered the sample number in the logbook for
that collection site. Before leaving the site, the operator
completed a sample traceability form.
III. BULK SAMPLING
Eight bulk samples were collected from each of 15 indoor
asbestos-containing sites. Fourteen of the bulk sampling sites
were also air sampling sites. Samples were collected from six
randomly selected points at each site. From two of the six
points, a double sample was taken side-by-side to provide for
replicate and external QA samples. The procedures specified in
USEPA 1980 were followed.
A. Sample Selection
Sampling points were designated as a fraction of the room
length and width. The field sampling team located a sampling
point by measuring the room and converting the fractional value
to a unit measure. If a sampling point could not be reached
because of its location (for example, above a light fixture or
other obstruction), an alternate site was selected from a list of
alternates.
22
-------
B. Sample Collection
Bulk samples were collected by cutting away a section of the
asbestos-containing material. A section of material 3 cm in
diameter and the thickness of the covering was collected. The
collected samples were placed directly into labeled, snap-covered
plastic bottles for transport to MRI. At the same time, the
operator prepared traceability forms and entered the sample
number and site description in the logbook.
C. Sample Handling
The bulk samples were transported to MRI and released to MRI
analysts. The MRI quality assurance representative identified
the duplicates and selected the samples to be analyzed in repli-
cate, duplicate and by an external QA laboratory. Further
details of the bulk sampling procedure can be found in the
sampling protocol in Appendix B-2.
IV. TRACEABILITY
The protocol used for establishing traceability of air and
bulk samples is given in Appendix B-3. As stated in Section II,
after sampling was completed, the samples were transported to
MRI and stored. Responsibility for the air samples was trans-
ferred at MRI to a BCL representative. The samples and copies of
the traceability logs were then hand-carried by the BCL
representative to BCL for analysis. The bulk samples and copies
of the associated traceability logs were transferred to the MRI
analyst at MRI.
23
-------
V. ABATEMENT TECHNIQUES
The removal program was instigated by the school
district and was entirely under its control. Through the
cooperation of the school authorities, EPA was able to carry out
this study, but did not determine the removal techniques used,
nor the timing of them. A copy of contractor specifications for
the removal is provided in Appendix B-7. Additional information
noted by the field crew is also included in Appendix B-7.
24
-------
SECTION 6
SAMPLE ANALYSIS
Four types of analyses were performed. Air samples on
Millipore filters were analyzed by TEM and PCM. Air samples on
Nuclepore filters were analyzed by SEM. Bulk samples were anal-
yzed by polarized light microscopy (PLM). TEM and PCM analyses
were done by BCL, SEM analyses were done by Energy Technology
Consultants (ETC), and PLM analyses were done by MRI. External
quality assurance was provided by EMS Laboratories for TEM, PCM
and SEM and by Environmental Health Laboratory for PLM.
I. AIR SAMPLES
For all three methods of analysis,a fiber was defined as a
particle with an aspect ratio (length: width) of 3:1 or greater
and having parallel sides.
A. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
A total of 185 analyses (including 26 duplicates and 26*
replicates) were done by TEM. A computer listing of the results
appears in Appendix C-l.
1. Methods
The filters were coded so that the analyst did not know
where the samples were taken or which samples were field blanks.
*An additional 27th, but invalid, filter was mistakenly analyzed
in replicate.
25
-------
Four analysts performed the analyses on the transmission electron
microscope. A senior analyst was always available for consulta-
tion in the event of a question about the identification of a
fiber or particle. The microscopic examination of the prepared
grids was carried out at a magnification of 20,OOOX. Each grid
opening to be counted was selected randomly and then systemati-
cally scanned to cover the full opening. The fibers observed
were identified as chrysotile, amphibole, or other.
The length and width of the chrysotile and amphibole fibers
were recorded. The fiber length was measured using the number of
concentric circles on the viewing screen that the fiber crossed
(each circle segment was 0.25 ym at 20,OOOX). The fiber was
aligned with the millimeter scale on the side of the viewing
screen and the width measured in millimeters (1 mm = 0.05 um at
20,OOOX). The volume of the fiber was then computed assuming the
fiber to be a right circular cylinder. The mass of the fiber was
calculated using a density of 2.6 g/cm^ for the chrysotile and
3.0 g/cm^ for the amphibole. Appropriate filter area factors and
dilution factors were used to extrapolate from the fibers
actually counted and measured to the total number of fibers per
filter and total nanograms of asbestos per filter.
The minimum fiber size easily detected at 20,OOOX during the
scanning for the counting procedure is about 0.125 pm long by
0.025 pm in diameter. Since the chrysotile fiber becomes
26
-------
cylindrical by rolling up the silica/brucite sheet, 0.025 pm is
about the minimum diameter that will hold together. The minimum
diameter detected during this study was 0.025 um. The maximum
fiber size would be one that overlaps the 90 um grid opening.
The largest bundle observed during this study was 2 pm in
diameter.
The detection limit for this type analysis is one fiber
observed while 10 grid openings are scanned. The protocol calls
for the counting of 100 fibers or 10 grid openings whichever
occurs first, but never any partial grid openings. One fiber
observed in 10 grid openings would correspond to 4 x 10-3 fibers
per filter when the extrapolation is made to total filter area.
If the one fiber were of average dimensions (1 vim long x 0.05 um
in diameter), the mass would be 2 x 10-11 g per filter. Since
most of the air volumes per sample were approximately 10 m3, the
minimum detectable quantities would be 2 x 10~12 g/m3 or
0.002 ng/m3-
The large amount of debris (non-asbestos organic matter)
collected on many of the filters made the low temperature ashing
procedure a necessity. After ashing, the residue containing the
asbestos fibers was resuspended in 100 ml of water using the
ultrasonic bath to ensure that the fibers were removed from the
ashing tube walls. The resuspended sample was then divided into
10-ml, 20-ml, and 70-ml aliquots, and each aliquot was filtered
27
-------
onto a Nuclepore filter. The three aliquots gave the analyst
some flexibility in finding a suitable fiber loading for TEM
examination. The protocol for TEM is given in Appendix B-5.
2. Discussion
Fiber bundles and fiber clusters required special
attention. A bundle is defined as a group of fibers bound
together that make the determination of its constituents
difficult. Often it was possible to identify one end of a fiber,
but it was not always possible to positively identify all the
constituents. A cluster is defined as several overlapping and
cross-linked individual fibers. Fibers in a cluster that could
be seen as individual fibers were counted as individual fibers,
but when the individual fibers could not be distinguished, they
were considered a cluster and recorded as such, but not counted.
The way in which bundles and clusters are handled can
greatly affect the quantity of asbestos calculated for each
filter. Bundles and clusters were not included in the
calculation primarily because the analyst could not be sure of
uniform distribution or rely on the volume calculations
associated with the bundles and clusters. Thus, airborne
asbestos levels are underestimated for samples with bundles and
clusters. There were 36 5-day samples that had some bundles or
clusters (Table 2). (The 3-day samples are not included in this
table because only of a few 3-day samples were analyzed and
subsequent statistical analyses was based on the 5-day samples
28
-------
Table 2. The Number of Chrysotile Bundles and Clusters
Observed on the Filters but Not Used in the
Mass Calculations
Sampling
Period
Site
Type
Filter ID
(total number of
bundles and clusters)*
Before
Removal
During
Removal
Immediately
After Removal
After School
Resumed
5-Day Samples
Asbestos
l), M22(2), S21(3), S22(2),
S23(9), S27(l), S28(5)
Non-Asbestos M21(4), M23(2), S20(8)
Asbestos
B2{7), G6(ll), G7(10),
G15{7), K13B(6+1), K15(5+13),
K23(3+2), K24(3+17)
Non-Asbestos Bl(4), K7(l) K12B(1), K14(4+l)
Outdoor B9(l)
Asbestos DG20(1)
Asbestos
D23(1-H), D25(2), D29(2), L22(4),
L23(2), L27(3), L30(18)
Non-Asbestos L25(l)f L29(l)
Outdoor D21(l), D32(l)
*The first number following the filter ID refers to the number of
bundles and clusters found on duplicate analyses and the second
for replicate analyses on the same filter.
29
-------
only.) Three of these were outdoor ambient samples and 9 were
indoor samples at sites without asbestos-containing material.
The remaining 24 were samples from sites with asbestos-containing
material.
The samples with higher asbestos concentrations tended
to have more bundles and clusters. The bundles and clusters were
observed on the TEM-prepared filter and must have been deposited
as such on the filter during air sampling. The ultrasonification
procedure that followed the low temperature ashing tended to
break up the fiber bundles and clusters. The primary purpose of
sonification was to ensure the removal of fibers from the glass
test tube in which the ashing took place. All samples were
subjected to the same low temperature ashing and sonification
procedure, done according to the protocol; therefore, the effect
is assumed to be the same for each sample.
A more accurate mass determination could be made if the
ultrasonic procedure were made severe enough to break up all
bundles and clusters. However this would make fiber size
distribution meaningless.
3. Quality Assurance
Although the TEM protocol (Appendix B-5) is accepted and
used by expert microscopists, there are factors that contribute
to the possibility of having relatively large variabilities in
results. These factors include (a) the presence of agglomerates
30
-------
of asbestos fiber (bundles and clusters) that are not included in
the fiber count, since the number of fibers cannot be
ascertained, (b) the possible loss or gain of fibers from
filters, (c) the effectiveness of the dispersion of fibers during
the sonication process, and (d) the production of a nonuniform
deposit of the fibers during the filtration operation.
The quality assurance aspect of the analytical part of
this program is summarized in the following paragraphs. Besides
the standard analyses performed at BCL, three additional types of
analyses were done: duplicate, replicate, and external QA
analyses.
Duplicate analyses were conducted by a second analyst
using the same grid preparations as the first analyst. Replicate
analyses were performed using two independent preparations from
the same filter. External QA samples were randomly selected for
analysis by EMS Laboratories (external QA laboratory). The
selected filters were divided at BCL, and one-half of each filter
was hand-carried to EMS Laboratories for analysis. The side of
the filter to which the fibers adhered was kept upright at all
times.
Of the 132 filters to be analyzed by TEM, 26 (six 3-day
and twenty 5-day filters) were selected for duplicate, 26* (six
3-day and twenty 5-day filters) were selected for replicate, and
* An additional 27th, but invalid, filter was mistakenly
analyzed in replicate.
31
-------
28 (eight 3-day and twenty 5-day filters) were chosen for
external QA analysis. Fiber counts, fiber concentrations
o o
(fibers/m ), and mass concentrations (ng/m ) for duplicate,
replicate, and QA analysis are shown, side-by-side with the
corresponding standard analysis results (Appendix C-4) .
Only fiber concentrations and mass concentrations were
statistically evaluated. The number of fibers measured under the
microscope depends on the area of filter examined and direct
comparisons between samples cannot be made for this variable.
For each pair of duplicate, replicate, and external QA
analyses, the coefficient of variation (CV: standard deviation/
mean) was calculated and plotted against the mean (for fiber and
mass concentration; Figures 2, 3, 4 and 5). When one of the two
data points used in the calculation is zero, the CV will always
be 141%. The variability for fiber concentrations in the
duplicate, replicate, and external QA samples was similar and
ranged from 0 to 141% (Figures 2 and 3).
32
-------
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Figure 2. Coefficient of variation for duplicate, replicate, and external QA analyse
plotted against the mean fiber concentration (millions of fiber/m3)
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-------
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Figure 3. Coefficient of variation for duplicate and external QA analyses
plbtted against the mean fiber concentrations (thousands of
fibers/m3) measured by TEM. Only the lower mean values are plotted.
-------
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160
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Figure 4. Coefficient of variation for duplicate, replicate, and external QA
analyses plotted against the mean mass concentration (ng/m^)
measured by TEM. The total range of mean values are plotted.
-------
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Figure 5. Coefficient of variation for duplicate, replicate, and external QA
analyses plotted against the mean fiber concentration (fibers/m3)
measured by TEM. Only the lower mean values are shown.
-------
As with the TEM fiber concentrations, the CV values for TEM
mass concentrations were similar for duplicate, replicate, and
external QA samples (Figures 4 and 5).
It appears that the external QA laboratory obtained results
that tended to be higher than those obtained at BCL (Appendix
C-4). Further analyses are in progress to try to determine the
reason for this.
As a means of checking for filter contamination in the
field, one Millipore field blank was collected at each site and
at each sampling period, giving a total of 85 field blanks. In
the field, the filter blanks were taken directly from the filter
box, placed in a petri filter holder, and carried to the labora-
tory with the exposed samples. The analyst did not know which
samples were field blanks; these samples were prepared and
analyzed like all other samples. A total of 12 field blanks were
randomly selected (one field blank from each of the three types
of sites for each of the four sampling periods) and subjected to
TEM analysis. The results in terms of fiber counts, fibers per
filter, and ng per filter are presented in Appendix C-4. No
fibers were detected on half the field blanks. The other six
field blanks yielded a low average asbestos count of 0.52
ng/filter (standard deviation of 0.44).
37
-------
To check for possible contamination during the preparation
procedures, 5 laboratory blank Millipore filters were subjected
to standard laboratory procedures during preparation and analysis
of the other samples. The laboratory blank was either a blank
filter in an ashing tube or an empty tube placed beside each sam-
ple tube. Each sample was ashed in a test tube (the test tubes
were never reused), and each sample test tube had a blank test
tube placed beside it in the low temperature ashing chamber. The
results are given in Appendix C-4. Of these five filters, two
showed no contamination. The remaining three yielded a low aver-
age asbestos count of 0.37 ng/filter (standard deviation of
0.31) .
B. Phase Contrast Microscopy (PCM)
One hundred and twenty-three PCM analyses (including 26 rep-
licate and 23 duplicate analyses) were performed on 5-day samples
collected on Millipore filters. These same filters were also
analyzed by TEM.
1. Methods
The protocol for PCM is given in Appendix B-6. This is
the standard NIOSH method (Leidel et al. 1979). It considers
only fibers that are longer than 5 urn and does not distinguish
asbestos fibers from other types of fiber. A section of the
membrane filter is cleaned and placed beneath a coverslip on a
microscope slide. A phase microscope equipped with a Porton
reticle is used to count fibers within 100 fields.
38
-------
2. Discussion
Under the conditions of this study, the smallest fiber
width that could be measured by PCM was 0.3 to 0.5 um. Results,
in terms of fibers/m3, are given in Appendix C-2. The fiber
concentration includes all fibers, asbestos and nonasbestos, as
specified by the protocol. Although positive identification was
not made, in the opinion of the microscopist, most of the fibers
appeared to be nonasbestos.
3. Quality Assurance
The phase contrast microscopy was carried out at BCL on
5-day samples collected on Millipore filters. Of the 74 filters
collected, 23 were randomly selected to be analyzed in duplicate
and 26 to be analyzed in replicate. Twenty-nine randomly
selected samples were split in halves and one-half of each of
these samples was hand-carried to EMS Laboratories for external
quality assurance analysis. Duplicate, replicate, and quality
assurance analyses were carried out. Fiber counts and fiber
concentrations (fibers/m3) for duplicate, replicate, and QA
analyses are presented, side-by-side with the corresponding
standard analysis results, in Appendix C-5. Only fiber concen-
trations were statistically evaluated.
The plots of the CV's against the means for fiber concen-
trations showed them to be similar for duplicate, replicate, and
external QA analyses as noted for TEM (Figure 6). (The CV
39
-------
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REPLICATE
n DUPLICATE +
Figure 6. Coefficient of variation for duplicate, replicate, and external QA
analyses plotted against the mean fiber concentration (thousands
of fibers/m-^) measured by PCM.
-------
values of ca. 141% were caused by one of the two values being
zero as explained in the TEM QA section.) The standard
deviations for PCM analyses were the greatest relative to TEM or
SEM,and were nearly equal to or greater than the mean values
recorded for the samples used for quality assurance.
C. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
Manual counting of asbestos fibers was performed using scan-
ning electron microscopy (SEM) at 2,OOOX and 20,OOOX. A total of
108 analyses (including 23 replicates and 19 duplicates) were
carried out.
1. Methods
All samples analyzed during this study were hand
delivered to ETC. Since each sample was collected directly onto
a Nuclepore filter, analysis of the collected sample was possible
once the filter was carbon coated. In order to minimize sample
loss through handling, carbon coating the filter was performed
while it was still in the cassette. This involved carefully
removing the top half of the plastic cassette and placing the
sample(s) in a carbon evaporator. In this manner, the entire
filter was coated with a thin layer of carbon. A portion of the
carbon-coated filter was directly mounted on a polished carbon
planchette SEM stub.
41
-------
The samples were analyzed using an ETEC Autoscan scanning
electron microscope (SEM) equipped with a Tracer Northern energy
dispersive spectrometry X-ray analyzer (EDS). An electron beam
accelerating potential of 20 kV was used with a specimen current
of 0.5 x 10~9 A, and a working distance of 13 mm. During the
SEM-EDS analysis, the samples were analyzed at magnifications of
2,OOOX and 20,OOOX. A two-second raster rate was used for all
analyses.
Stated briefly, the SEM-EDS analysis was performed by plac-
ing the sample in the SEM and evacuating the sample chamber.
Once vacuum is achieved, the electron beam can be focused on the
sample's surface. The interaction of the electron beam with the
sample produces various effects that can be monitored with suit-
able detectors. Secondary and/or backscattered electrons are
used to create a viewing image, while the X-ray emission is moni-
tored to determine the elemental chemistry of observed fibers and
thus to identify asbestos.
The filter was scanned for the presence of fibers at 2,OOOX
and 20,OOOX over an area representing at least one hundred (100)
nonoverlapping fields. Each fiber observed was recorded on the
data sheet. Fiber dimensions (length and width in micrometers)
were measured from the SEM viewing screen. Fiber identity was
42
-------
determined using morphology and elemental composition via EDS for
representative fibers. After representative fibers were
characterized, additional fibers were classified on the basis of
morphology. Fibers of questionable identity were also analyzed
by EDS.
2. Discussion
A full account of the results of the SEM analyses is
given in a separate report*. For this study, the number and
dimensions of chrysotile fibers were used to obtain estimates of
fiber concentration (fibers/m3) and mass concentration (ng/m3)
following the same methods as those used for TEM (Appendix B-5).
The estimates appear in Appendix D-l. Other types of asbestos
fibers were occasionally observed, but only chrysotile fibers,
which were the most common, were used in the calculations.
The minimum fiber width that can be detected under the con-
ditions of the study is 0.1 - 0.3 urn. The minimum length is
1 ym. Particles that are counted as individual fibers by SEM
would probably be considered bundles using TEM because of the
differences in the detection limits of the two methods, with the
*Nordstrom RL and Casuccio, GS. The identification of asbestos
in ambient samples by scanning and transmission electron
microscopy. Report to Research Triangle Institute, May 1984.
43
-------
latter technique being able to identify individual fibers more
easily. Since bundles are excluded from fiber and mass
concentration estimates obtained by TEM, it is possible that
there is very little overlap between the fiber sizes measured by
SEM and those measured by TEM.
3. Quality Assurance
Sixty-six Nuclepore filter analyses were performed by
ETC and RTI, of which 19 analyses were performed in duplicate and
23 in replicate, and 25 filters were selected for external qual-
ity assurance analysis by EMS Laboratories. Fiber counts at
2000X magnification, fiber concentrations (fibers/m^), and mass
concentrations (ng/m^) for duplicate, replicate, and QA analyses
are shown, side-by-side with the corresponding standard analysis
results (Appendix C-6).
Asbestos fibers were counted during 6 of the 38 duplicate
analyses (Appendix C-6). An evaluation of differences in
variability in duplicate, replicate,and external QA samples is
not possible because fibers were detected on a very low number of filters.
The majority of the CV's calculated were ca. 141% due to reasons explained in
the TEM QA section (Figures 7 and 8) .
44
-------
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Figure 7.
Coefficient of variation for duplicate and external QA analyses
plotted against the mean fiber concentrations (thousands of
fibers/m^) measured by SEM.
-------
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Coefficient of variation for duplicate and external QA analyses plotted
against the mean mass concentration (thousands of ng/m3 j measured by SEM .
-------
For external quality assurance purposes, 25 filters were
split in halves and one half sent to an external QA laboratory.
Of these 25 filters, only 3 were found to have any fibers during
analysis at the main laboratory, while 5 were found to have fiber
deposits when analyzed by the QA laboratory, with a maximum of 3
agreements. Fiber concentrations ranged from 3 x 103 to 8.7 x
103 fibers/m3 (3 measurements) for the main laboratory, and from
1.2 x 103 to 4.4 x 103 fibers/m3 (5 measurements) for the QA
laboratory (a slightly lower and smaller range). No further
analyses of these data was attempted since most analyses yielded
no fibers.
As a means of possible contamination check in the field or
the laboratory, 11 field blanks and 2 laboratory blanks were
analyzed following the same procedures as for the other filters.
No fibers were detected on any of these 13 filter blanks.
II. BULK SAMPLES
Eight bulk samples, including two side-by-side samples, were
collected at 14 air sampling sites and 1 additional site
(Table 1) giving a total of 120 samples. Sixty of these 120
samples were selected to be (a) analyzed for asbestos and other
materials by polarized light microscopy (PLM) procedures and (b)
rated for releasability by stereomicroscopic techniques. The
remaining samples have not been analyzed.
-------
A. Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM)
Fifty-two of the 60 samples selected for analysis were anal-
yzed by PLM techniques at MRI. Of these 52 samples, 7 were sub-
jected to a blind duplicate analysis by a second analyst at MRI
and 7 samples (one of a pair of side by side samples) were used
for replicate analysis. Eight samples (one of a pair of side by
side samples) were analyzed by an external quality assurance
laboratory, Environmental Health Laboratory, Macon, Georgia. In
summary, there were 67 analyses of the 60 samples.
1. Methods
The MRI analytical procedures for PLM analysis followed
the interim test method published by the EPA (1982).
For the analyses, MRI used a stereo zoom microscope capable
of 8X to 40X magnification equipped with an external illuminator
for oblique illumination,and a polarizing microscope (100X
magnification) equipped with an external illuminator and
dispersion staining objective.
Each bulk sample was emptied onto clean weighing paper, and
the entire sample was examined as a whole through the stereo-
microscope for layering, homogeneity, and the presence of fibrous
material. Identification of macro-size nonfibrous components was
usually possible at this point.
48
-------
Subsamples of the bulk sample were selected using the
stereomicroscope. They were then mounted onto a clean microscope
slide in the appropriate index of refraction liquids for
examination through the polarizing microscope.
The PLM procedure consisted of observing the characteristics
of the subsample components with transmitted polarized light,
crossed polars, slightly uncrossed polars, crossed polars plus
the first-order red compensator, and the central stop dispersion
staining objective. The observations obtained using the various
techniques were used to identify the composition of fibrous and
some of the nonfibrous components on the basis of morphology,
sign of elongation, and refractive index/dispersion staining
colors.
Volume percentages of the various materials were estimated
in relationship to the whole sample.
2. Discussion
The results are given in Appendix C-3. Thirty-one PLM
analyses, or 42%,showed 25% by volume of chrysotile. Fifty-two
PLM analyses, or 78%, showed 25% or less by volume of chrysotile.
The highest volume of chrysotile was 85% and the lowest 3%. Non-
asbestos material predominance was shared by perlite and
vermiculite.
49
-------
3. Quality Assurance
A total of 52 bulk samples were analyzed by MRI; of
these, 7 were analyzed in duplicate and 7 of these 52 samples
were replicates (one sample from a pair of side by side samples).
In addition, from each of the 8 side-by-side samples, one member
was selected to be analyzed by EMS Laboratories for external
quality assurance. The results of percent chrysotile content and
releasability rating for duplicate, replicate, and external
quality assurance, side-by-side with the corresponding standard
analysis results, are presented in Appendix C-7.
The CV's calculated for the percent chrysotile was quite
variable, ranging from ca. 0 to 115% (Figure 9). The CV's for
the external QA analyses were the highest, showing that inter-
laboratory variability was higher than either duplicate or
replicate analyses.
B. Releasability Rating
The 60 samples (67 analyses) (7 duplicate analyses, 7
replicate samples, and 8 external QA samples) were examined by
stereomicroscopic technique and rated for the apparent avail-
ability of releasable fibers from the bulk material. They were
rated on an arbitrary scale of 0 through 9. The rating is a
subjective determination.
50
-------
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Figure 9. Coefficient of variation for duplicate, replicate, and external QA analyses
plotted against the mean percent chrysotile content in bulk samples measured
by PLM.
-------
1. Methods
Determining the releasability rating involves
consideration of the number of apparently free asbestos fibers as
well as the friability of the matrix. Samples with large numbers
of free asbestos fibers and those with brittle matrices easily
broken or abraded are given a high numerical rating. Asbestos-
containing samples with resilient or tough matrices, such as
resin-bonded glass wool or resin-bonded vermiculite, are given a
low numerical rating.
The method for determination of releasability (Atkinson et
al. 1983) is the following:
(1) Determine the identity and concentration of the sample
components by the usual microscopic means;
(2) Examine the sample under a stereomicroscope at
approximately 10X magnification. Note the size and
freedom of the fibers;
(3) Probe the sample with needles and note the
brittleness, toughness, or resilience of the
matrix; and,
(4) Rate the releasability on a scale of 0 to 9.
Assign a low number to samples with low releasa-
bility, a high number to samples with high
releasability.
52
-------
2. Discussion
The results are given in Appendix C-3. Eighty-two
percent of the samples had a rating of 4, 5, or 6. Thirty-nine
percent of the samples had a rating of 5, 28% had a rating of 6,
and 15% had a rating of 4. The extremes were one sample with an
8 rating and nine samples with a 3 rating. There were three
samples with a 7 rating.
3. Quality Assurance
The CV's calculated for the releasability ratings were
generally less than those calculated for the percent chrysotile
(Figure 10). The CV's were all less than 50%.
53
-------
en
O
L_
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UJ
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t
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5O
40 -
3O -
2O -
1O -
D DUPUCATE
MEAN (releasability rating)
+ EXTERNAL QA
6
REPLICATE
Figure 10.
Coefficient of variation for duplicate, replicate, and external QA analyses plotted
against the mean releasability rating for bulk samples measured by PLM.
-------
SECTION 7
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
The statistical analysis of the data was directed at the two
main objectives of the study:
(1) To compare airborne asbestos levels before, during,
and after removal of the asbestos containing
material; and,
(2) To compare TEM, SEM and PCM as methods of assessing
airborne asbestos levels.
A secondary objective was to investigate the relationship
between airborne asbestos levels and properties of the bulk
samples.
Airborne asbestos levels are expressed as fiber concen-
tration (fibers/m^) and as mass concentration (ng/m^). The mass
is calculated directly from the dimensions of each fiber measured
under the microscope. Only chrysotile asbestos is considered
since other types of asbestos fibers were rarely found. The
analysis methods are discussed in more detail in the next
section. Subsequent sections discuss each objective in turn and
present the results of the statistical analyses. Data listings
are given in Appendix D.
55
-------
I. ANALYSIS METHODS
Summary statistics are presented in graphs and tables.
The distribution of airborne asbestos levels tends to be skewed
to the right with high levels occurring more often than would be
expected if the distribution were symmetrical about its mean.
When this is the case, the arithmetic mean can be unduly
inflated. To take this into account, the natural logarithm of
the levels was used in the statistical tests. The
transformations used were log (X+l) for fiber concentration
o
(fibers/m ) and log (1,000X+1) for mass concentration
(ng/m ). The inclusion of the 1 means that zero values on the
original scale are also zero on the transformed scale. Analysis
of the transformed data is equivalent to working with the
geometric mean. The geometric mean is often regarded as a more
appropriate measure of central tendency or location for skewed
data, and is presented in the summary tables. The geometric mean
is the same as the median for the lognormal distribution.
Analysis of variance and the nonparametric Kruskal-
Wallis test (which does not assume a particular distribution)
were used to test hypotheses about the effect of school, the type
of site and the sampling period on airborne asbestos levels. The
p-value associated with each test indicates the probability of
obtaining, due to sampling error alone, an effect as large or
larger than the effect that was observed. Thus, a large p-value
indicates that the observed effects are likely to be due to
56
-------
chance, whereas a small p-value indicates that the observed
effects are most likely due to real differences. The
conventional value of p < 0.05 is taken as the level of
statistical significance.
Correlation coefficients are used to measure the degree
of association between results obtained to different analytical
methods. The maximum value is 1. If there is no relationship
between the two sets of results, the correlation coefficient is
0. A large p-value associated with a correlation coefficient
indicates that the correlation is not significantly different
from zero.
In this study the airborne asbestos levels are generally
low. Therefore it is not uncommon, particularly with SEM, for
some estimates to be based on a few ( < 10) fibers. The large
uncertainty associated with such an estimate means that little
confidence can be placed in the actual numberical value of a
single observation. This should be kept in mind when
interpreting the results. It was felt that the estimates still
provided useful information about trends in airborne asbestos
levels, particularly when an estimate is based on several
measurements, and therefore they were included in the statistical
analyses. Although the problem is severe for SEM, it is much
less serious for TEM and PCM. Fiber counts for the latter two
methods are often greater than 10 (Appendix D-l).
57
-------
II. AIRBORNE ASBESTOS LEVELS BEFORE. DURING.
AND AFTER ABATEMENT
The first objective of this study was to compare airborne
asbestos concentrations at selected sites before, during, and
after complete removal of the asbestos material. The data used
for this comparison came from 5-day air samples collected simul-
taneously on Millipore and Nuclepore filters. Millipore filters
were analyzed by both PCM and TEM. Nuclepore filters were anal-
yzed by SEM. Where replicate or duplicate analyses were done on
the same filter, the arithmetic mean of the two values was used
in the statistical analysis. Results from the external QA
analyses are not included.
Figure 11 summarizes the results for each sampling period
and each analysis method. The results are discussed in more
detail below.
A. TEM Results
Fiber concentration (fibers/m3) and mass concentration
(ng/m3), as measured by TEM, were low both before and after
asbestos removal (
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(a) Fiber concentration
Figure 11. Summary of air sampling results. The distribution of values for
each sampling period and site type is indicated by the maximum,
minimum and 75th, 50th (mediarl), and 25th percentiles.
59
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Figure 11. (Continued)
60
-------
four schools were highest at asbestos-containing sites during
removal (Table 3). These sites were located outside the
containment area but close to the barriers separating the work
area from the rest of the school. A negative air pressure system
was not used during the removal operation. The nonasbestos and
outdoor sites did not have elevated levels during removal. Mass
concentrations follow the same pattern. Table 4 provides a
summary of the results averaged across all schools.
Two-way analyses of variance with school and sampling period
as the two factors were carried out on the log-transformed data.
At asbestos-containing sites, both fiber density and mass concen-
tration differ significantly (p <0.01 and p <0.0001, respec-
tively) between sampling periods. When the "during" period is
eliminated from the analysis, significant differences are no
longer present. Thus, the differences can be explained by
elevated levels during abatement and there is no significant
difference between levels before and after removal. There is no
statistically significant difference between periods at either
nonasbestos-containing or outdoor sites (p >0.05). Levels at
these two categories of sites remained low throughout the study.
There are no statistically significant interactions between
school and sampling period. This indicates that similar trends
were seen at all schools.
61
-------
Table 3. Average Chrysotile Fiber and Mass Concentrations (in Fibers/m3 and
ng/m3, Respectively) Measured by TEM at Each School and Type of Site
Before, During and After Removal of the Asbestos-Containing Material.
During Removal, "Asbestos" Sites were Located Immediately Outside the
Barriers.
r\>
SCHOOL
I
2
3
4
ITYPE
(ASBESTOS
PERIOD
BEFORE REMOVAL
TEM-CHRYS-I
FI6ERS/M»»3l
1 THOUSANDS ) 1
GEOMETRIC 1
MEAN |
1
|
7.7|
INON-ASBESTOS I 320.0)
(OUTDOOR I 34.0)
(ASBESTOS 1 29.81
INON-ASBESTOS 1 23.01
(OUTDOOR 1 3.01
(ASBESTOS 1 46.
-------
Table 4.
Average Chrysotile Fiber and Mass Concentrations (in Thousands of Fibers/m3
and nq/m3, Respectively) Measured by TEM at Each Type of Site Before,
During and After Removal of the Asbestos-Containing Material. During Removal
"Asbestos" Sites were Located Immediately Outside the Barriers.
CT>
CO
ITYPE
| .
ASBESTOS
PERIOD
BEFORE REMOVAL I
TEH-CHRYS-I
FIBERS/MO »j|
( THOUSANDS ) 1
GEOMETRIC I
MEAN I
1
1
31.21
NON-ASBESTOS 1 6.1|
t . >
(OUTDOOR 1 12.6)
DURING REMOVAL I
1 TEM-CHRYS-I
TEM-CHRYS-|FIBERS/M«*3|
NG/m»3 ((THOUSANDS))
GEOMETRIC 1
MEAN 1
1
1
0.21
0.11
0.11
GEOMETRIC 1
MEAN I
1
1
1736.01
12.01
1.31
SHORTLY AFTER REMOVAL 1
1 TEM-CHRYS-I
TEM-CHHYS-|FIBERS/M»«3|
NG/M»»3 ((THOUSANDS)!
GEOMETRIC 1
MEAN |
1
1
14.41
O.ll
O.Ol
GEOMETRIC 1
MEAN I
1
1
5.61
1.6|
20.01
AFTER SCHOOL RESUMED
1 TEM-CHRYS-I
TEM-CHRYS- 1 FIBERS/M«*3|
NG/M«»3 ((THOUSANDS)!
GEOMETRIC I
MEAN 1
1
1
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GEOMETRIC 1
MEAN I
1
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23.91
18.11
7.91
TEM-CHRYS-
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GEOMETRIC
MEAN
0.2
0.1
O.Ol
-------
The results of the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test agree
with those of the analysis of variance indicating that the
results are not sensitive to the assumption of a lognormal dis-
tribution. Levels are significantly different between sampling
periods at asbestos-containing sites (p <0.01 and p <0.0001) for
fiber concentration and mass concentration, respectively), but are
not significantly different (p <0.05) at nonasbestos-containing
and outdoor sites.
B. SEM Results
Asbestos fibers were detected by SEM on only 14 (21%)
of the filters. Therefore, the estimated fiber concentration and
mass concentrations were below detection limit in most cases and
were set to zero. Eleven (79%) of the nonzero estimates were
obtained during asbestos removal. Thus, despite the small number
of fibers counted, the SEM results show a similar pattern to the
TEM results (Figure 11) . Fiber concentrations range from 0 to
9xl03 fibers/m3 and mass concentrations range from 0 to
1,000 ng/m3 (Appendix E). The large value of 1,000 ng/m3 is
based on only 1 fiber and is discussed further in section 7-C
where the three analytical methods are compared. The data are
summarized across sites and across schools and sites in Tables
5 and 6.
64
-------
Table 5. Average Chrysotile Fiber and Mass Concentrations (in Thousands of Fibers/m3
and ng/m3, Respectively) Measured by SEM at Each School and Type of Site
Before, During and After Removal of the Asbestos-Containing Material.
During Removal, "Asbestos" Sites were Located Immediately Outside the
Barriers.
SCHOOL
1
a
3
4
(TYPE
(ASBESTOS
PERIOD
BEFORE REMOVAL
SEM-CHRYS-I
FIBERS/M»»3l
1 THOUSANDS ) 1
GEOMETRIC 1
MEAN 1
1
1
O.Ol
1 . . .
1 NON-ASBESTOS I O.Ol
1 . .
(OUTDOOR 1 O.Ol
(ASBESTOS 1 O.Ol
INON- ASBESTOS 1 O.Ol
(OUTDOOR 1 O.Ol
(ASBESTOS 1 O.Ol
(NON-ASBESTOS 1 O.Ol
(OUTDOOR I O.Ol
(ASBESTOS 1 .1
j «. «.
(OUTDOOR I . 1
1
1
DURING REMOVAL
SEM-CHRYS-I
SEM-CHRYS- 1 F IBERS/M»»3 I
NG/M««3
GEOMETRIC
MEAN
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
0.
1 1 THOUSANDS 1 1
1
1
,
1
1
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
.1
.1
GEOMETRIC 1
MEAN 1
1
1
0.0)
O.Ol
.1
1.61
O.Ol
.1
3.31
O.Ol
O.Ol
6.61
O.Ol
1
1
SHORTLY AFTER REMOVAL 1
SEM-CHRYS-I
SEM-CHRYS- I FIBERS/M«»3 I
NG/M««3
1 1 THOUSANDS > 1
GEOMETRIC 1
MEAN
0
0
16
0
314
0
0
216
0
1
1
1
.11
.01
.1
.31
.01
.1
.61
.01
.01
.41
.01
GEOMETRIC 1
MEAN I
1
1
O.Ol
O.Ol
0.0)
O.Ol
O.Ol
O.Ol
O.Ol
O.Ol
O.Ol
.1
.1
1
1
1
AFTER SCHOOL RESUMED 1
. _ i
SEM-CHRYS- I
SEM-CHRYS- |FIBERS/M»»3l
NG/M" 3 1 1 THOUSANDS 1 1
GEOMETRIC 1
MEAN 1
1
1
O.Ol
O.Ol
O.Ol
O.Ol
O.Ol
O.Ol
O.Ol
O.Ol
O.Ol
.1
.1
GEOMETRIC ,1
MEAN 1
1
1
O.Ol
O.Ol
O.Ol
O.Ol
O.Ol
O.Ol
O.Ol
O.Ol
O.Ol
.1
.1
1
SEM-CHRYS- 1
NG/T1«*3 1
.-_--.----. 1
GEOMETRIC 1
MEAN I
i
1
1
O.Ol
O.Ol
O.Ol
O.Ol
O.Ol
O.Ol
O.Ol
O.Ol
O.Ol
.1
.1
-------
Table 6. Average Chrysotile Fiber and Mass Concentrations (in Thousands of Fibers/m3
and ng/m^, Respectively) Measured by SEM at Each Type of Site Before,
During and After Removal of the Asbestos-Containing Material. During
Removal, "Asbestos" Sites were Located Immediately Outside the Barriers.
ITTPE
| _
i ASBESTOS
1
PERIOD
BEFORE REMOVAL I
SEH-CHRYS-1
FIBERS/M»«J|
1 THOUSANDS > 1
GEOMETRIC 1
MEAN |
1
1
o.ol
INON- ASBESTOS 1 0.0)
(OUTDOOR 1 0.01
DURING REMOVAL I
1 SEM-CHRYS-I
SEM-CHRYS- 1 F IBERS/M«« J 1
NG/««»3 I ( THOUSANDS ) 1
GEOMETRIC I
MEAN |
1
1
o.ol
o.ol
o.ol
GEOMETRIC 1
MEAN 1
1
1
IM
o.ol
0.01
SHORTLY AFTER REMOVAL 1
1 SEM-CHRYS-I
SEM-CHRYS- 1 F IBEHS/M«« Jl
NG/M»»3 ((THOUSANDS)!
GEOMETRIC I
MEAN |
1
1
20.21
o.ol
o.ol
GEOMETRIC 1
MEAN 1
1
1
o.ol
o.ol
o.ol
AFTER SCHOOL RESUMED
1 SEM-CHRYS-I
SEM-CHR YS- 1 F IBERS/M«« 3 1
MG/M»»3 II THOUSANDS >l
GEOMETRIC 1
MEAN 1
1
1
o.ol
o.ol
o.ol
GEOMETRIC I
MEAN I
1
1
o.ol
o.ol
o.ol
SEM-CHRYS-
NG/H»»3
GEOMETRIC
MEAN
o.ol
o.ol
o.ol
-------
Both the two-way analysis of variance and the Kruskal-
Wallis test show a significant difference between sampling periods
at asbestos-containing sites (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.0001, respec-
tively) . At nonasbestos-containing and outdoor sites almost all
the levels are zero and formal statistical analyses were not done.
C. PCM Results
Fiber densities reported by PCM include both asbestos and
non-asbestos fibers. Fiber dimensions are not measured.
Therefore, mass concentrations cannot be calculated. Fiber
3 3
concentrations range from 0 to 9.4x10 fibers/m (Appendix
E). There is no evidence of elevated fiber levels during
abatement; in contrast to the TEM and SEM results. In fact, fiber
concentrations appear to be highest before removal and after
school resumed (Figure 11 and Tables 7 and 8). This may reflect
the increase in human activity during these periods.
Concentrations of non-asbestos fibers such as cellulose, hair etc.
are expected to be higher when students are present and there is
substantial student activity in the building. These non-asbestos
fibers are included in the PCM measurements. There is a
statistically significant difference between periods at asbestos-
containing sites when the log transformed data are analyzed by
either a two-way analysis of variance (p < 0.05) or the
Kruskal-Wallis test (p < 0.01). At the non-asbestos sites the
difference between periods is not as apparent with the two-way
analysis of variance (p = 0.08) but is detected by the Kruskal-
Wallis test (p < 0.01). No significant differences among periods
were detected at the outdoor sites (p > 0.05).
67
-------
Table 7. Average Fiber Concentration (in Thousands of Fibers/m^) Measured by
PCM at Each School and Type of Site Before, During and After Removal
of the Asbestos-Containing Material. During Removal, "Asbestos Sites
were Located Immediately Outside the Barriers.
CTl
OO
SCHOOL
1
2
3
4
(TYPE
(ASBESTOS
PERIOD
BEFORE
REMOVAL
PCM
1
1
1
1
DURING
REMOVAL
PCM
1
1
1
1
SHORTLY
AFTER
REMOVAL
PCM
1
1
1
1
AFTER
SCHOOL
RESUMED
PCM
F-BERS/M««.lF_BERS/M*».lF_BERS/t1««3lFIBERS/M«*3
I THOUSANDS ) 1 ( THOUSANDS ) 1 C THOUSANDS ) I ( THOUSANDS >
GEOMETRIC
MEAN
14.
(NON-ASBESTOS I 11.
I ________*________
(OUTDOOR I 0.
(ASBESTOS 1 15.
I
(NON- ASBESTOS 1 10.
(OUTDOOR I 3.
(ASBESTOS 1 26.
(NON-ASBESTOS 1 29.
(OUTDOOR 1 0.
(ASBESTOS 1 22.
(OUTDOOR 1 2.
1
1
1
i
6|
01
7|
91
11
11
01
71
31
91
01
GEOMETRIC
MEAN
7.
0.
0.
2.
0.
2.
1
1
1
i
51
01
71
4|
01
31
3.11
0.
2.
1.
0.
31
01
4l
21
GEOMETRIC
MEAN
6.
9.
4.
1.
3.
3.
1
1
1
1
51
6|
.1
21
51
.1
61
31
5.61
3.
2.
61
01
GEOMETRIC
MEAN
0.51
33
.01
0.51
13
65
0
11
36
0
4
0
.21
.61
.01
.0)
.51
.61
.01
-------
Table 8 Average Fiber Concentration (in Thousands of Fibers/m3) Measured by
PCM at Each Type of Site Before, During and After Removal of the
Asbestos-Containing Material. During Removal, "Asbestos Sites were
Located Immediately Outside the Barriers.
vO
ITYPE
1 ASBESTOS
• ,
PERIOD
1
BEFORE 1
REMOVAL 1
1 SHORTLY 1
DURING I AFTER I
REMOVAL 1 REMOVAL I
AFTER
SCHOOL
RESUMED
PCM | PCM | PCM | PCM
FIBERS/M«»3|FIBERS/T1«»3|FIBERS/n»»3|FIBERS/M**3
( THOUSANDS 1 1 1 THOUSANDS 1 1 C THOUSANDS ) I ( THOUSANDS )
GEOMETRIC 1
MEAN 1
1
1
19.71
1 NON-ASBESTOS 1 15.01
1 OUTDOOR 1 l.tl
GEOMETRIC 1 GEOMETRIC I
MEAN 1 MEAN I
1 1
1 1
z.el t.zi
O.Ol 3.51
0.01 3.31
GEOMETRIC
MEAN
6.21
1
40.31
._ _______!
O.Ol
-------
III. COMPARISON OF SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL PROTOCOLS
The second main objective of this study was to compare
different methods of measuring airborne asbestos levels.
Multiple samples were collected simultaneously at each
site to provide comparisons between different sampling times
(3-day and 5-day) and three analytical methods: TEM, SEM and
PCM.
A. Sampling Duration
Air samples of approximately 22.5 hours ("3-day") and
37.5 hours ("5-day") duration were collected on Millipore
filters. The results described int he preceding section are based
on the 5-day samples. Thirty-three 3-day samples from the first
(before abatement) and third (immediately after abatement)
sampling period were analyzed by TEM. As it became apparent that
the airborne asbestos levels were very low, and would not allow a
useful comparison between the two sampling times, analysis of the
3-day samples was discontinued.
B. Analytical Method
The three analytical methods (TEM, SEM and PCM) detect
fibers of different sizes (Figure 12). In addition, PCM does not
distinguish asbestos fibers from other types of fibers.
Therefore, the numerical estimates of fiber and mass
concentration will depend on the method used. Even though the
actual numerical values will differ, the estimates should be
highly correlated if the methods are to be regarded as
70
-------
,6 —
ca
ASPECT RATIO
TOO SMALL
DETECTED BY TEM, SEM
DETECTED BY TEM, SEM AND PCM
DETECTED RY TEM, SEM, AND POSSIBLY
PCM
DETECTED BY TEM AND POSSIBLY SEM
DETECTED BY TEM
NOT DETECTED BY ANY METHOD
n
I
I
/I 5
LENGTH (pn)
I
6-
7
8
Figure 12. Range of fiber sizes that can be detected by three analysis methods under the conditions
of this study.
-------
alternatives for measuring airborne asbestos levels. A low
correlation implies, for example, that higher levels measured by
one method do not correspond to higher levels measured by
another. This could occur if the distribution of fiber sizes
changes with fiber concentration, or in the case of PCM, if there
are changes in the concentrations of other non-asbestos fibers.
Each 5-day Millipore sample analyzed by TEM was also
analyzed by PCM. Therefore a direct comparison of the two
methods, based on analysis of identical samples, is possible. At
most sites an air sample was also collected on a Nuclepore fil-
ter. The Nuclepore samples were collected at the same time as
the Millipore samples and therefore should represent the same
airborne levels although they may differ by chance because they
are different samples. The Nuclepore filters were analyzed by
SEM.
There are 60 site/period combinations where air samples were
analyzed by both TEM and SEM. The results for fiber concentra-
tion are plotted in Figure 13 and those for mass concentration
in Figure 14. The correlation coefficient for fiber concentra-
tion (of the log transformed data) is 0.56 with a p-value of
0.0001 indicating that the correlation is significantly different
from zero. For mass concentration the correlation coefficient is
0.62 with a p-value of 0.0001. Thus, for both variables there is
72
-------
10,000
O
—i
CO
u
O
O
O
a:
u
m
C
1,000-
100-
10:
1.0-
0.1-
o.i
I
1.0
10
I
100
1,000
10,000
SEM FIBER CONCENTRATION
Figure 13.
Fiber concentration ( thousands of fibers/Hi^) measured by TEM
plotted against fiber concentration measured by SEM. Air samples
were collected simultaneously at the same site.
-------
1,000 -
100 -
2
O
I-
1- I
Ld
0 i.o-l
o 1
a o
a
a
D
1 a
| 0
i 1-1
0.1-
111
Figure 14.
0.1
1.0
10
100
1,000
SEM MASS CONCENTRATION
Mass concentration (ng/m^) measured by TEM plotted against mass
concentration measured by SEM. Air samples were collected
simultaneously at the same site.
-------
a statistically significant correlation between the TEM and SEM
results. When only the nonzero SEM results are considered,the
correlation coefficients are 0.91 for fiber concentration and
0.30 for mass concentration (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.34,
respectively). The lack of a significant correlation between TEM
and SEM mass concentrations when the zero SEM values are
eliminated is caused by the small number of large fibers detected
by SEM. These had a very large influence on the mass
concentration for SEM with no correspondingly high value in TEM
since these large fibers would have likely been recorded as
bundles or clusters by TEM.
Seventy-four filters were analyzed by both TEM and PCM.
Fiber concentration results are plotted in Figure 15. (Mass
concentration cannot be calculated from PCM data.) The correla-
tion coefficient of 0.07 is not significant (p = 0.54), indicat-
ing no significant relationship between the TEM and PCM results.
When only nonzero PCM results are considered, the correlation
coefficient is 0.04 (p = 0.72).
Both TEM and SEM give similar qualitative results for the
before, during, and after abatement sampling periods: airborne
asbestos levels were low before and after abatement and elevated
during abatement (see Figure 11 and Section II above). Fewer
fibers were counted by SEM on the Nuclepore filters (no fibers
were observed on 79% of the filters) and fiber concentrations
75
-------
10,000 -
DD S
I
LJ
O
o
O
99
u_
UJ
1,000 -
100 -
fl
10 -
1.0 -
0.1 -
a
D
a
n
a *& — - - an
D * ° °DB a
a QQ a a
0.1 1.0 10 100
PCM FIBER CONCENTRATION
1,000 10,000
Figure 15. Fiber concentration (thousands of fibers/m3) measured by TEN!
plotted against fiber concentration measured by PCM. Both analyses
were done on a single filter.
-------
were correspondingly lower (less than 1.0 x 104 fibers/m3 com-
pared to up to 1.6 x 107 fibers/m3) than those obtained with TEM.
This is not surprising since SEM cannot detect very small fibers
that are still visible under TEM. Figure 12 illustrates the
fiber size ranges that can be detected by each of the analytical
methods under the conditions of this study.
Nonzero mass concentrations measured by SEM were generally
higher than those measured by TEM. This occurs because the
fibers that were detected by SEM tended to be large. SEM cannot
detect very small fibers (< 0.1 jam in diameter). However, large
fibers, which would probably be considered as bundles under TEM
and therefore excluded from mass calculations, are detected by
SEM and included in the calculations. These large fibers can
have a big influence on the mass concentration. For example, the
highest mass concentration measured by SEM (1,000 ng/m3 at school
3, site 5 before removal) is derived from a single large fiber.
Without additional information on the medical significance of the
large fibers it is not clear whether they should be included or
excluded from estimates of mass concentration. The detection of
•*
large fibers by SEM is not closely related to the presence of
bundles or clusters in the TEM analysis. TEM detected bundles or
clusters in 26 of the 60 SEM/TEM sample pairs. SEM detected one
or more fibers in 9 of the 26 cases and in 3 of the remaining 34
cases.
77
-------
The difference in the number of fibers detected by TEM
and SEM may also be attributable in part to the fact that
different types of filters were used (Millipore for TEM and
Nuclepore for SEM). It is thought that the fibers may be lost
more readily from Nuclepore filters because of their slippery
surface, although the evidence for this is questionable.
Analyzing both types of filters by both methods would help to
resolve the question.
Fiber concentrations estimated by PCM did not follow the
same pattern, with respect to sampling period, as those estimated
by TEM or SEM. The highest concentrations were at indoor sites
before abatement and after school had resumed—the two periods of
greatest activity in the schools. The PCM fiber concentrations
tended to be higher (0 to 1 x 10 ) than levels obtained by SEM
4
(less than 1 x 10 ) but lower than those obtained by TEM (up to
1.6 x 10 ). Recall that PCM provides a total fiber count which
does not distinguish asbestos from nonasbestos fibers.
The restricted range of air levels found in this study
does not allow a complete comparison of the three different
analytical methods. In this particular case, where levels are
generally low, TEM appears to provide the most complete
description of the course of events. SEM results show a similar
pattern, but only a small number of asbestos fibers were detected
and mass concentrations were determined by a few large individual
fibers. PCM provides no indication of the elevated airborne
asbestos levels during removal and bears no obvious relationship
to the other measures.
78
-------
IV. ANALYSIS OF RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN BULK SAMPLES
AND LEVELS OF AIRBORNE ASBESTOS FIBERS
Eight bulk samples (including two side-by-side samples)
were collected from each asbestos-containing site after the first
sampling period and before the removal operation took place. Four
of these were analyzed by PLM and rated for releasability. The
rest were stored for future use. The releasability rating is a
subjective rating of the tendency of the material to release
fibers (see Section II.B). It is measured on a scale of 0 to 9
with 9 indicating a very high tendency to release fibers. The
average percentage by volume of chrysotile and the average
releasability rating for each school and site are shown in Table
9. The average is weighted, with side-by-side samples receiving a
weight of 1/6 and all other samples a weight of 1/3.
Investigating the relationship between airborne asbestos levels
and properties of the bulk sample was a secondary objective of the
study- This was done only for air levels measured during removal
since airborne asbestos levels at all schools were very low for
the other three sampling periods.
Percentage chrysotile and releasability ratings are very
similar (approximately 15-25% and 4-5.5, respectively) at schools
1, 2, and 3. Bulk samples from school 4 contain a higher per-
centage of chrysotile (84%) and the releasability rating for site
1 at school 4 is 7. The average airborne asbestos level during
abatement is highest at school 4 (Table 5) and this could be
79
-------
Table 9. Percent Chrysotile Content and Releasability
Rating (Weighted Average) for Each Asbestos-
Containing Site
1
j JRELEASABILI-
CWRYSOTILE XJ TV
j MEAN !
MEAN
SCHOOL JSITE j j
1
A
3
4
1 1
2 ! 23.33J
3
5
i»
Q
r%
M
5
D
1
?..::::::::::::.
.
i
2
23 33j
25 B3[
25 83|
25 . 00 i
20.00|
17 17|
23.00!
20.OOJ
26. 17 J
24 67J
23.B7J
23.33J
83.33J
83.33!
B.BO
B.OO
5. 17
B.67
B 83
S.OO
4.67
4.67
B.BO
3.5O
5. 17
3.B3
B.67
7 17
4.00
80
-------
due to the nature of the asbestos material. In this school the
material could not be wetted successfully and the material had to
be broken with a hammer. The relationship between air levels and
bulk sample properties is illustrated graphically in Figures 16
and 17. In Figure 16, average mass concentration during
abatement is plotted against average chrysotile percentage for
each school. The average mass concentration (ng/m ) is
obtained by taking the geometric mean of levels measured by TEM
at each site immediately outside the barriers. The average
chrysotile percentage is the arithmetic mean of all bulk samples
taken at the school with side-by-side samples weighted as
described above. Figure 17 is a similar plot using releasability
ratings. Although school 4 shows the highest mass concentration,
percent asbestos, and releasability, the overall relationship
between asbestos concentration and properties of the bulk
material is not striking. This is not unexpected since the
measured levels will also depend on how well the barriers are
constructed and maintained and this could vary from school to
school.
81
-------
oo
ro
•X-
E
en
c
z:
g
a:
\—
z
LJ
O
0
u
en
CO
2
LJ
0
LJ
I UU/ — i
140 -
130 -
120 -
110-
100 -
90 -
80 -
70 -
60 -
50 -
40 -
30 -
20 -
10 -
0 -
C
school 4A
school 3
o
D school 1
school 2 +
i i i i i i i i
) 20 40 60 80
AVERAGE CHRYSOTILE %
Figure 16. Average mass concentration (ng/m3) during removal plotted against
average chrysotile percentage of the bulk samples for each of the
four schools.
-------
00
CO
*
*•
£
Cn
C
Z
O
h-
on
i—
LJ
O
O
CJ
en
CO
2
LJ
O
LJ
1 OU -
140 -
130 -
120 -
110-
100 -
90 -
80 -
70 -
60 -
50 -
40 -
30 -
20 -
10 -
n
A
school 4
school 3
0 school 1
school 2 a
4 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8
AVERAGE RELEASABILITY
6
Figure 17. Average mass concentration (ng/m3) during removal plotted against
average releasability rating of the bulk samples for each of the
four schools.
-------
REFERENCES
Atkinson GR, Chesson J, Price BP, Barkan D, Ogden JS, Brantley
G, Going JE. 1983. Midwest Research Institute. Releasability
of asbestos-containing materials as an indicator of airborne
asbestos exposure. Draft final report. Washington, DC:
Protection Agency. Contract 68-01-5915.
Chesson J, Price BP, Stroup CR, Breen JJ. 1985. Statistical
issues in measuring airborne asbestos levels following an
abatement program. To appear in ACS Symposium Series.
Leidel NA, Bayer SG, Zumwalde RD, Busch KA. 1979. USPHS/NIOSH
Membrane filter method for evaluating airborne asbestos fibers,
U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Publ. (NIOSH)
79-127.
USEPA. 1980. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Asbestos
containing material in school buildings. Guidance for asbestos
analytical programs. Washington, DC: Office of Toxic
Substances. EPA 560/13-80-017A.
USEPA. 1982. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Interim
method for the determination of asbestos in bulk insulation
samples. Test method. Research Triangle Park, NC: Office of
Pesticides and Toxic Substances. EPA 600/M4-82-020.
USEPA. 1983a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Guidance
for controlling friable asbestos-containing materials in
buildings. Washington, DC: USEPA. EPA 560/5-83-002.
USEPA. 1983b. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Airborne
asbestos levels in schools. Washington, DC: USEPA. EPA
560/5-83-003.
USEPA. 1985. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Guidance
for controlling asbestos-containing materials in buildings.
Washington, DC: USEPA. EPA 560/5-85-024.
84
-------
APPENDIX A
Excerpts From Quality Assurance Plan
and Quality Assurance Data Tables
-------
APPENDIX A-l
QUALITY ASSURANCE OBJECTIVES
The following QA objectives will apply to this project
within the constraints of the techniques:
I. ACCURACY
Subject to availability, NBS standard filter preparations of
known asbestos concentration will be used to assess accuracy.
These standards have not been available previously, thus quanti-
tative assessment of accuracy has not been possible.
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is the best available
technique for measuring asbestos concentration because it pro-
vides a means of distinguishing asbestos fibers from non-asbestos
fibers and allows measurement of individual fibers to contain
estimates of mass concentration. Bundles or clusters of fibers
are not included in the calculation of mass concentration because
of the difficulty of assigning meaningful dimensions to these
aggregates. Therefore, if bundles or clusters are present both
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and TEM, like any other opti-
cal technique, will tend to underestimate the mass concentration.
Phase Contrast Microscopy (PCM) cannot distinguish asbestos
fibers from non-asbestos fibers and therefore may overestimate
asbestos fiber concentration.
86
-------
II. PRECISION
The number of fibers counted by SEM, TEM, and PCM can be expected to
range from 1 to 1,000. Thus, from 1 to 3 significant figures may be
reported.
In the duplicate and replicate analyses of the SEM, TEM, and
PCM methods, coefficients of variation (standard deviation
divided by the mean) of the asbestos concentration are expected
to be about 40% or below unless the concentrations are very low
(<50 ng/m3)!.
In the duplicate and replicate analyses of the bulk sample
analyses by PLM, the coefficients of variation are expected to be
0.60 or less2.
III. REPRESENTATIVENESS
This QA plan specifies sample collection procedures (loca-
tions and time periods) that should assure reasonable representa-
tiveness. Samplers will be placed according to the guidelines in
l-Constant, P. C. et al, 1983. Midwest Research Institute,
Airborne Asbestos Levels in Schools, Final Report. Office of
Pesticides and Toxic Substances, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. Contracts 68-01-5915 and 68-01-5848.
2Brantly, E. P- et al, 1982. Bulk Sample Analysis for Asbestos
Content: Evaluation of the Tentative Method. Environmental
Monitoring Systems Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) 600/54-82-021.
87
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Section 14.1 of the Quality Assurance Plan in order to obtain as
representative an air sample as possible.
IV. COMPLETENESS
The most serious, and most difficult to control, cause of
lost samples is human interference and vandalism. Sites, and
placement of pumps within sites, are chosen to minimize this
risk. Loss of samples due to errors by the field sampling crew
should not exceed 5 to 10 percent.
88
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APPENDIX A-2
SAMPLE CUSTODY
Standard MRI sample traceability procedures described herein
will be used to ensure sample integrity.
• Each sample (filter or bulk) will be issued a unique
project identification number as it is removed from
the pump. This number will be recorded in a logbook
along with the following information:
- Name and signature of field operator.
- Lot or assigned batch number (or any other
identifiable number).
- Filter type (e.g., Millipore, Nuclepore).
- Date of record.
- Number of school and site.
- Position of sampler within site.
- Use of filter, i.e., field blank, lab blank or
test filter.
- Condition of sample.
- Sample flow rate at start of sampling period.
- Start time.
- Stop time.
- Sample flow rate at end of sampling period.
- Any specific instructions/comments.
89
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A traceability packing slip will be filled out in
the field.
The samples will be hand-carried to MRI where the
package contents will be inventoried against the
traceability packing slip.
A copy of the inventory sheets will be sent to MRI's
department management representative and QA monitor.
The original will remain with MRI's field sampling
leader in his project files. If sampling
information is contained in the field numbers, a set
of random numbers will be generated and assigned
sequentially to each sample, replacing the field
identification numbers. The relationship between
the two sets of numbers will be recorded and a copy
retained by the QAM. Warning labels (if
appropriate) will be affixed.
In order to maintain traceability, all transfers
(e.g., to Battelle, QA laboratory, etc.) of samples
are recorded in an appropriate notebook (where
appropriate). The following information will be
recorded:
- The name of the person accepting the transfer,
date of transfer, location of storage site, and
reason for transfer.
- The assigned MRI sample code number remains the
same regardless of the number of transfers.
90
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After the samples are properly logged in they will be placed
in suitable storage areas. These areas will be identified as to
the hazard they present to the samples.
91
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APPENDIX A-3
SAMPLE ANALYSES PROCEDURES
AH air samples, hand-carried to MRI then to the laboratory
carrying out the chemical analysis, shall be kept encoded until
the end of all microscopy analyses (SEM, TEM, PCM). The same
procedure shall be used for bulk samples for polarized light
microscopy (PLM). They shall be decoded by MRI's QA monitor
after all analyses are completed. Electron microscope prepara-
tion and analysis of air samples shall be carried out according
to the Analytical Protocol for Air Samples based on the U.S. EPA
Provisional Methodology Manual (USEPA 1978) (see reference 1,
Appendix E). For SEM analyses, the guidelines developed by
Mr. Gene Brantly of Research Triangle Institute shall be followed
(Appendix A). PLM analyses shall be done according to the proto-
col in Appendix B of reference 2, and bulk samples shall be pre-
pared and analyzed according to the protocol given in Appendix D
of reference 1. In all cases any deviations from, or elabora-
tions of, the specified protocols shall be carefully documented.
1USEPA. 1983 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Airborne
Asbestos Levels in Schools. Office of Pesticides and Toxic
Substances. Washington, D.C.: USEPA EPA 5601 5-83-003.
2National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
Method No. P&CAM 239: Asbestos Fibers in Air.
92
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I. FIELD BLANKS (MILLIPORE FILTERS)
From the 24 field blanks per sampling period (1 per site), 3
shall be randomly selected by MRI's QA monitor for chemical anal-
ysis for contamination check. These 3 filters shall consist of
one filter from an asbestos-free room, one filter from an
asbestos-containing room, and one from outdoors. The remaining
21 field blanks shall be kept for additional analyses, if
necessary.
II. EXTERNAL QUALITY ASSURANCE FILTER ANALYSIS
As a quality assurance measure, MRI's QA monitor shall ran-
domly select samples to be analyzed by an external laboratory (QA
laboratory). QA analyses shall be performed for all three
methods: transmission and scanning electron microscopies (TEM
and SEM) and phase contrast microscopy (PCM). All filters
selected for QA analysis shall be divided in half according to
the analytical protocol for air samples and one half of each
filter shall be hand-carried to the QA laboratory. The results
from the QA laboratory will be compared with those from the
primary laboratory. The filters shall be selected as follows:
• for TEM analysis (21-hr Millipore filter samples)
- 1 from asbestos-free rooms
- 3 from asbestos-containing rooms
• for TEM analysis (35-hr Millipore filter samples)
- 1 from asbestos-free rooms
93
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- 3 from asbestos-containing rooms
- 1 from outdoors
• for SEM analysis (35-hr Nuclepore filter samples)
- 2 from asbestos-free rooms
- 4 from asbestos-containing rooms
- 1 from outdoors
• for PCM analysis (35-hr Millipore filter samples)
- 2 from asbestos-free rooms
- 8 from asbestos-containing rooms
- 2 from outdoors.
No field blanks shall be analyzed by the QA laboratory.
III. REPLICATE AND DUPLICATE FILTER ANALYSES
As a means of quantifying in-house variability, and analyti-
cal variability introduced by the filter preparation procedure,
samples shall be selected by MRI's QA monitor for replicate and
duplicate analyses. Replicate analyses shall be performed using
two independent preparations from the same filter. Duplicate
analyses shall be conducted by a second analyst using the same
grid preparation as in the original analysis. For this purpose,
filters shall be randomly selected from the remaining filters
(i.e., those not chosen for external QA analysis). Filters shall
be selected in the same fashion for duplicate and replicate
analyses for all three methods (TEM, SEM, and PCM) as follows:
94
-------
• for TEM analysis (21-hr Millipore filter samples)
- 1 from asbestos-free rooms
- 2 from asbestos-containing rooms
• for TEM analysis (35-hr Millipore filter samples)
- 1 from asbestos-free rooms
- 3 from asbestos-containing rooms
- 1 from outdoors
• for SEM analysis (35-hr Nuclepore filter samples)
- 1 from asbestos-free rooms
- 4 from asbestos-containing rooms
- 1 from outdoors
• for PCM analysis (35-hr Millipore filter samples)
- 2 from asbestos-free rooms
- 8 from asbestos-containing rooms
- 2 from outdoors.
IV. LABORATORY BLANKS
As a means of checking on possible contamination during the
preparation procedures, laboratory blank filters should be sub-
jected to standard laboratory procedures during preparation and
analysis of the samples. At least three Millipore laboratory
blank filters shall be analyzed by the main laboratory and three
by the external QA laboratory for both TEM and PCM. At least one
Nuclepore laboratory blank filter shall be analyzed by the main
laboratory and one by the external QA laboratory for SEM.
95
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V. BULK SAMPLE QA ANALYSIS
The recommended number of bulk samples to be taken from
sites of this size is three1. However, since the asbestos-
containing material is about to be removed and the collection of
additional samples is not costly, samples shall be taken from 6
locations at each asbestos-containing site. At two of the 6
locations a pair of side-by-side samples shall be taken for QA
analysis giving a total of 8 samples per site. Only half of the
samples shall be analyzed. The remainder shall be stored for
possible future use.
From the 8 bulk samples per site, 4 samples shall be ran-
domly selected by MRI's QA monitor and released to MRI for analy-
sis using PLM techniques. These 4 samples shall be selected in
such a way as to obtain 2 side-by-side samples and 2 samples
which are not side-by-side. This will result in 15 pairs of
side-by-side samples and 30 other samples being selected.
Quality assurance analysis of 8 bulk samples shall be done
by a laboratory other than MRI. Eight pairs of samples shall be
selected from the 15 pairs of side-by-side samples. One member
^•"Asbestos-Containing Materials in School Buildings: Guidance
for Asbestos Analytical Programs", by D. Lucas, G. Hartwell and
A. V. Rao. December 1980. USEPA Office of Toxic Substances,
Washington, D.C.
96
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of each pair shall be analyzed at MRI; the other member shall be
analyzed at the QA laboratory. The remaining 7 pairs of side-by-
side samples shall be analyzed at MRI to provide replicate labor-
atory analyses. In addition, 7 bulk samples shall be analyzed by
two different analysts within MRI (duplicate analyses).
The remaining bulk samples shall be stored and can be
analyzed later if the results of the sample or QA analyses
indicate that this will be useful or desirable.
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APPENDIX A-4
ROTAMETER CALIBRATION PROCEDURES AND REFERENCE MATERIALS
I. ROTAMETER CALIBRATION PROCEDURE
(1) Record the preliminary data at the top of the data
sheet shown in Figure 1.
(2) Set up the calibration system as shown in Figure 2.
Allow the wet test meter to run for 20 minutes before
starting the calibration.
(3) Turn on the pump and adjust the flow until the pyrex
ball is around 25 on the rotameter scale.
(4) Record both the stainless steel and pyrex ball values
on the data sheet.
(5) Measure the volume of air which passes through the
rotameter during an accurately timed interval. Record
the initial and final times and wet test meter
readings.
(6) Record the wet test meter temperature (Tw) and
manometer readings (AP) during the time interval.
(7) Run at least duplicates for each rotameter setting.
(8) Reset the pyrex ball to around 90 and repeat Steps 4
through 7.
(9) Reset the pyrex ball to around 120 and repeat Steps 4
through 7.
98
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Flowmeter type
MRI or I.D. no.
Tube
Date
Barometric pressure, Pb
Standard pressure, Ps —
"H0O Initial
"H2O Standard temp, Ts
Test
no.
Flowmeter
ball, mm
SS
Pyrex
Wet test meter (corr. = )
Time
min
Vw
cc
AP
"H2O
Tw
°C
VPa
"Hg
Qb
Flowrate
Std cc/min
From vapor pressure vs. temperature tables
b Q _ (Vw x Corr. )
Time
(Pb- Vp) +
Ps
w
+ 273J
Figure A-l. Flowmeter calibration dataform, > 1000 cc/min.
99
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Hg
Manometer
Thermometer
Gelman Filter Holder
with Millipore HA 0.45,um
t
Inlet
Wet Test Meter
No. 63119
Rotqmeter
Under Test
Exhaust
Gast Diaphram
Vacuum Pump
Figure A-2. Rotameter calibration system.
100
-------
(10) Calculate the flow rates for each setting using the
equation:
where:
Q =
Vw x Corr (Pb - Vp) + Ap/13.6
Ts
Q
Vw
Corr,
Time
Pb
Vp
Ap
Ps
Ts
Tw
Time
Ps
Tw + 273
= flow rate in standard cc/min,
= wet test meter volume in cc,
= correction value obtained for each specific wet
test meter,
= time in minutes,
= barometric pressure in inches of H2O
= vapor pressure in inches of Hg,
= manometer reading in inches of H20
= standard pressure in inches of H2O
= standard temperature in °K, and
= wet test meter temperature in °C.
(11) Plot rotameter readings versus values for Q for each
setting as shown in Figure 3.
II. ROTAMETER CALIBRATION SCHEDULE
The rotameters shall be checked, cleaned if necessary, then
calibrated prior to the first sampling trip.
101
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120 -4.4:5" Hg
100
-3.2.5" Hg
80
60
40
20
Rotameter X-6088
Pyrex Ball, 71.5° F
Std. Reference = 68° F +29.92" Hg
Calib. 1-18-83 RCS
-2.0"Hg
Sc:le Reading
MM
I
I
I
I
456
Q (Flow Rate, Standard cc/Min)
Figure A-3. Plot of rotameter readings versus values of Q.
-------
III. REFERENCE MATERIALS
Standard materials of known asbestos type shall be used as
reference for fiber morphology and electron diffraction patterns.
103
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APPENDIX A-5
STATISTICAL DATA HANDLING
I. DATA VALIDATION
As a minimum, the guidelines listed below should be
followed:
- When calculations are made by hand, 2 people shall spot
check some calculations independently and then compare
results; correct, if necessary.
- When computer is used, data entry shall be verified; pro-
grams, formulae, etc..., shall be tested with sample data
previously worked out by hand.
When statistical software packages are used, tests of
reason shall be applied; on outputs, double-check sample
sizes, degrees of freedom, variable codes, etc...; be
alert for outliers.
When reporting numerical results, computer generated out-
puts rather than retyped tables shall be used to the
extent possible. When possible, reported tables shall be
compared for consistency in variable codes and values,
sample sizes, etc...
104
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In all cases, data validation activities shall be documented
and records kept of any necessary corrective action in the
appropriate notebook.
II. DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS
As data become available from the chemical analyses they
shall be entered into computer files. The files shall be checked
against the raw data for accuracy. Graphical displays and sum-
mary statistics shall be generated. Comparisons shall be made
between asbestos concentrations at asbestos and non-asbestos con-
taining sites and among different sampling periods (before, dur-
ing, and after asbestos removal) using analysis of variance
techniques. If necessary, transformations of the data shall be
made to achieve homogeneity of variance.
Samples taken over 3- and 5-day periods shall be compared
both in terms of actual concentration values and with respect to
changes in concentration over time. This will provide informa-
tion about the effect of sampling time on both the quantitative
and qualitative aspects of the assessment of asbestos
concentration.
Samples analyzed by TEM, PCM, and SEM shall be compared by
calculating correlation coefficients and estimating constant and
relative biases for each method relative to the other. For TEM
and PCM a direct comparison will be available since each 5-day
105
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Millipore filter will be analyzed by both TEM and PCM. Samples
collected simultaneously on Millipore and Nuclepore filters on a
single pump will provide comparisons between SEM and the other
two methods.
The relationship between air levels and properties of the
bulk samples shall be investigated. The types of analyses will
depend on the range of asbestos materials present. If the mate-
rials prove to be very homogeneous then only limited analysis
will be carried out.
106
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APPENDIX A-6
PERFORMANCE AND SYSTEM AUDITS
Performance and system audits provide the primary means for
external monitoring for this project. These audits will be
performed during each sampling period.
Audited Device
Calibrated rotameter
Both performance and system audits will be conducted on
site.
I. PERFORMANCE AUDITS
Device to be Audited
Diaphragm pump
* Performance Audit Procedure
• Verify calibration of the
rotameter against standard
reference device.
• Review EPA standard methods
and/or other test protocols.
• Carefully pack equipment for
shipment (if applicable).
• Directly measure flow rate
against rotameter.
• Record all data on performance
audit form. In general, all
reported values should be
107
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within + 10% as compared to
the audit device.
• Prepare and submit a summary
report and all records to
MRI's QA department.
II. SYSTEM AUDIT
Area to be Audited
Entire Sampling Procedure
* System Audit Procedure
• Review test procedures and
protocols.
• Obtain standard audit form.
• Observe the performance of
each task.
• Ask questions as required.
• Take corrective actions as
necessary.
• Fill in appropriate blank lines
on audit form.
• Prepare and submit summary report,
and all records to MRI's QA
department.
Audit Mechanism
Standard Audit Form
108
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APPENDIX A-7
QUALITY CONTROL AND CORRECTIVE ACTION
I. INTERNAL QUALITY CONTROL CHECKS
Internal quality control is achieved by the use of:
• laboratory blanks (filters)
• field blanks (filters)
• external laboratory QA analyses
• replicate analyses
• duplicate analyses
• data entry checks
• data transfer checks
as described in Sections 14, 16, and 18.
II. FEEDBACK AND CORRECTIVE ACTION
The types of corrective action procedures which will be used
for this program are:
• On-the-spot, immediate, corrective action.
• Closed-loop, long-term, corrective action.
A. On-the-Spot Corrective Action
This type of corrective action is usually applied to
spontaneous, non-recurring problems, such as instrument
109
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malfunction. The individual who detects or suspects non-
conformance to previously established criteria or protocol in
equipment, instruments, data, methods, etc., immediately notifies
his/her supervisor. The supervisor and MRI task leader then
investigate the extent of the problem and take the necessary cor-
rective steps. If a large quantity of data is affected, the
supervisor and task leader must prepare a memo to the program
manager, the Quality Assurance monitor, MRI's QA manager, and the
QA administrator. These individuals will collectively decide how
to proceed. If the problem is limited in scope, then the task
leader decides on the corrective action measure, documents the
solution in the appropriate workbook, and notifies the QAM, MRI
QA manager and the QA administrator in memo form.
B. Closed-Loop, Long-Term Corrective Action
Long-term, corrective action procedures are devised and
implemented in order to prevent the re-occurrence of a poten-
tially serious problem. The QAM is notified of the problem.
She/he then conducts an investigation of the problem to determine
its severity and extent. The QAM then files a corrective action
request with the appropriate Task Leader, with a copy to MRI's QA
manager, requesting that corrective measures be put into place.
Suggestions as to the appropriate corrective action will also be
made. The Task Leader is responsible for implementing any cor-
rective actions. The QAM will conduct a follow-up investigation
to determine the effectiveness of the corrective action.
110
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APPENDIX B
Sampling and Analysis Protocols
-------
APPENDIX B-l
AIR SAMPLING PROTOCOL
Airborne asbestos sampling will be conducted according to the general
procedure outlined in Reference 1. This will involve samples taken at both
indoor and outdoor sites as specified in the sampling plan.
All samplers will be equipped with a timing device and set to operate
during hours of normal school activity over a period of a week. The collection
substrate will be 47 mm 0.45 |Jm cellulose acetate (Millipore type HA) filters
and 37 mm 0.2 |jm Nuclepore filters.
I. SELECTION OF SAMPLING LOCATION
A. Sites: Once a site has been identified, the sampling system must
be located to give a representative sample of the entire site within practical
constraints. If possible, the filter should be placed at a height of approx-
imately 1.5 m (59 in.). It should be placed in a location which minimizes
disruption of normal activity. Positions close to walls or windows should be
avoided, if practical. Attention should also be given to insure that the sampler
in operation does not create a unsafe situation (e.g., extension cord across a
doorway).
B. Outside ambient: The location of the outside ambient sampler is
important to obtain a representative background measure. This sampler,
thus, should be placed upwind of the building it is to represent such
1"Airborne Asbestos Levels in Schools: A Design Study," by B. Price,
C. Melton, E. Schmidt, and C. Townley, dated November 20, 1980, a special
project report prepared by Battelle's Columbus Laboratories under EPA
Contract No. 68-01-3858.
112
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that no bias is created by identifiable local sources (e.g., parking lots,
highways, and building exhaust). With regard to the above considerations,
as well as power requirements and anticipated accessibility to vandals, the
upwind side of a building roof may be the most desirable location.
II. SAMPLER SETUP
The sampling system consists of:
1. An open-face filter holder.
2. A control flow orifice.
3. A pump with muffler.
4. Associated plumbing and stand.
5. A method of measuring sampling time.
The sampler setup is schematically represented as follows:
Filter
Holder
_
Flow
Orifice
Pump
With
Muffler
Electrical Power
Timer
III. SAMPLING PROTOCOL
1. Clean and dry filter holder and place in horizontal position.
2. Place filter in holder, assuring proper position (see filter handling
section) and clamp filter in place.
3. Rotate filter holder such that filter is in a vertical position
(perpendicular to ground).
113
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4. Check plumbing for any leaks and check filter holder to assure that
it is free from fibration.
5. Check flow with flowmeter with the timer control set on manual.
6. Set automatic timer to correct date and time and set on/off trippers
to desired on-off time settings.
7. Make appropriate logbook entries.
8. Conduct sampling.
9. Rotate filter to horizontal position, check flow, stop pump and
remove filter. Place Millipore filter in petri dish, number petri
dish, and cover Nuclepore filter cassette with lid for proper
handling and transport.
IV. FILTER HANDLING PROCEDURES
1. Handle the filters by forceps (not with fingers) during loading
and unloading of the filter holders.
2. After sampling, place the exposed filter in the petri holder
(Millipore filters) exposed side up and maintain in that position
during the handling and transport of the samples to the laboratory.
3. Hand-carry the samples in a container at the end of each sampling
period to MRI by MRI field personnel.
4. Handle the container in a way that will keep the petri holders and
the Nuclepore filter cassettes in a horizontal (flat) position at
all times (handling, transport, and storage).
114
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V. LABORATORY BLANKS
Use filters from the same production lot number, if possible. Prior
to field sampling, select one filter per box of 25 Millipore filters, to
serve as laboratory blanks and keep at MRI until analysis. A similar pro-
portion of Nuclepore filters shall be kept as laboratory blanks.
VI. FIELD BLANKS
During each of the four sampling periods, randomly select one field
blank (filter) from a new box of filters at each sampling site. Encode and
handle the blank filters according to the same protocol as the test filters.
VII. LOG BOOK ENTRIES
An important part of any field program are the observations and accurate
records of the field team. As a minimum, logbook entries shall include:
1. Name of field operators.
2. Date of record.
3. Site number and location (school and site).
4. Tag numbers of pump, timer, and filter holder (G - XXXX- EPA).
5. Relative humidity and temperature inside building and outside.
6. Position of sampler within site (coordinates).
7. Brief site description (sketch).
115
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8. Corresponding filter number (assigned at end of sampling period).
9. Sample flow rate at start of sampling period for each filter head.
10. Settings of timer clock (on-off tripper positions).
11. First day of sampling (date).
12. Sample flow rate at end of sampling period.
13. Comments.
14. Photographs—overview, to left, to right and ceiling overhead or
sampler.
15. Running time meter reading.
VIII. POST SAMPLING PROCEDURE
1. Measure the flow.
2. Check filter condition and location (coordinates) of the sampler.
3. Record day of week and time position of the timer clock.
4. Record the time on the running-time meter or alarm clocks used as
lapse-time clocks.
5. Record the relative humidity and temperature inside the building
and outdoors.
If possible, conduct a midweek site check of points 1-5.
116
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Note: At some time before equipment is removed from a school, obtain and
record information from the head custodian on how the school is cleaned
(e.g., dry-mopped, wet-mopped, swept with bristle broom, daily, etc.).
IX. PROCEDURE FOR MEASURING FLOW IN THE FIELD
This procedure describes the process used to determine the sample flow
rates through the filters used to collect fibers in ambient air.
1 . Set up the sampling system as shown below with the rotameter in
one leg of the sampler.
Filter 1
>
Orifice
Filter 2
Pump with
Muffler
Timer
Power Source
Rotomerer
2. Turn on the pump and with both filters in place, record the rotameter
reading in the notebook.
3. Turn off the pump and transfer the rotameter to the other leg of
the sampler.
4. With both filters in place, turn on the pump and again record the
rotameter reading for the second leg.
5. Turn off the pump and remove the rotameter from the sampler.
117
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6. Reconnect all tubing.
7. The sampler is ready to operate.
8. Repeat procedures I through 5 at the end of the sampling period.
Note: A similar procedure is used for pumps equipped with only one filter
holder.
9. Calculate the flow as follows:
a. Using the calibration curve for the rotameter, determine the
flow rates for each rotameter reading and record these values
on the data sheet.
b. Calculate the average flow rate for the sampling period using
the following equation:
(initial flow rate + final flow rate)
average flow rate = x
c. Calculate the actual volume of air sample collected by multiplying
the average sample rate by the sampling time.
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APPENDIX B-2
PROTOCOL FOR THE SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS OF INSULATION
MATERIAL SUSPECTED OF CONTAINING ASBESTOS
Bulk samples of asbestos-containing material will be taken at a
site. The specific points where these samples will be taken will be
designated by Battelle Columbus Laboratories (BCL)
I. Sampling
The bulk sampling procedure will be based on that presented in
EPA document entitled, "Asbestos-Containing Materials in School
Buildings—Guidance for Asbestos Analytical Programs" (USEPA 1980). The
number of sites, the number of samples to be taken at each site, and the
number and location of side-by-side samples to be taken will be designated
by BCL and EPA. The side-by-side procedure eliminates the necessity of
splitting samples at a later time for purpose of external quality assurance
analysis.
A random identification number will be assigned to each sample.
This number will also appear on the sampler container and in the field log-
book along with discriptive information.
II. Sample Handling
The samples will be hand carried by the field crew to MRI with a
chain of custody record. At MRI, they will be handed over to the MRI work
assignment leader. The samples will be given to the microscopist for blind
analysis. From each pair of side-by-side samples, one sample will be
chosen and these samples hand carried to an external laboratory for quality
assurance analysis.
119
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III. Analysis
The samples will be analyzed by polarized light microscopy (PLM)
including dispersion staining. Fiber identification will follow that given
in the EPA "Interim Method for the Determination of Asbestos in Bulk
Insulation Samples" (USEPA 1982) and that published in the
Federal Register. The procedure is Summarized in Figure B-l.
IV. Quality Assurance
As a quality assurance measure, one sample of each set of
side-by-side samples will be selected and analyzed by an external quality
assurance laboratory. As a means of quantifying in-house variability, and
analytical variability, a number of samples, equivalent to the one of
external QA samples, will be selected for replicate and duplicate analyses.
All samples for analysis will have no identification other than the random
identification number. The samples not analyzed will remain at MRI.
120
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MOUNT A REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE IN CARCILLE HIGH DISPERSION LIQUID nn - 1.550
ISOTROP10
CI.ASS WOOL (106)"
dlamrter cylinders,
*Q •• 70O nw
MINERAL WOOL (111)
"Exotic" fihj»pen. fibers
variable n (1 .50-1.70)
TUMICE (226)
Fl rp-pol Ished flakes
with vesicles, Xn » 700 n»
PERLITE (529)
Thin gl^ftS films,
foamcrl glao bubbles,
* 0 '' * 700 mn
DIATOMS (5)
Organized, pitted, flit,
BO'wptlBiPS elongated,
>n ^> '00 ran
ANIS01ROP1C
FIBROUS
CHKYSOTILE (122)
XQ • 600-700 nui (blue
1 length; 300-600 (")
WOOD FIBERS (70-71)
Blue (1 length),
yellow (• length), pitted
POLYESTER (100)
Cylindrical,
high birefringence
n, - 1.71, nj - 1.5*
n's > 1.55 (pale yellow colors)
Mount In 1.605 HD liquid
> 1 Xn < 700 ra>
TREMOLITE (205)
Oblique extinction
view (15-20*) usually
dhows yellow (•) and
blue (1); n extcn.:
yellow (»), Magenta (1)
AMTHOPHYLLITE (121)
All views • extcn. v
usually pale yellow (»);
golden-yellow to blue-
•agenta (1)
ACTIHOLITt (671)
Like tremollte. but all
XQ'« < 450 nai
WOLLASTOHITE (735)
Not BO ClbrllUr,
XQ'O (480-530 m) ,
(+) and (-) elongation
All X0's < «00 (yellows);
xount In 1.67
AMOSITE (120)
Tel low (I length)
lavenders and blues
(1 length), (+)
elongation
mount In 1.68
CTOCIPOLITE (123)
Tel low ( I length),
golden yellow (X length),
(-) elongation; pleochrolc:
gray-blue (1) and blue (1)
with one polar and no stops
NON-FIBROUS
X0 700 ran)
(p.ile blue*)
GYPSUM (151)
Low birefringence.
often tabular with
oblique extinction
»0 Color*
In visible
QUARTZ (183)
Clasny flakeft,
01 (blue), c
(blue-magenta)
LIZARD1TE (710)
Lamellar aggre-
gates, undulose
extinction, blues
and Magentas
AMTICORITE (117)
Yellow (•) to
golden magenta
(1) rods
VF.RMICULI1E (207)
Very thin sheets.
nearly isotroplc,
XQ'S In yellow,
turned up edges
usually give blue
crosswise, yellow
lengthwise but n'a
vary
IQ'S < 400 <•>>
(pale yellows, white)
CALCITE (133)
Very high bire-
fringence
DOLOMITE (140)
Like c.ilclte.
u> - 1.679
HACHES1TE (164)
Like calcltr,
k- - 1.694
Lamellar aggre-
gates, pale
yellovs, plate
view; blue (1
plate)
a. The Particle Atlas, Vols. II and III by Walter C. McCrone, et al.
Note: The source of this information Is The Asbestos Particle Atlas, Ann Arbor
Science Press (1980).
AM. lllSrmSHiN COLORS CIVKN ARK FOR THE rKNTRAI. STOP
Figure B-l. Procedure for PLM analysis of asbestos materials.
-------
REFERENCES
Asbestos: Friable Asbestos-Containing Materials in Schools; Identifica-
tion and Notification, Appendix A. Final Rule, Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, 40 CFR Part 763, Federal Register Vol. 47, No. 103,
May 27, 1982.
McCrone, W. C. 1980. The Asbestos Particle Atlas. An Arbor, MI: Ann
Arbor Science, 122 pp.
USEPA. 1980. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Toxic Sub-
stances. Asbestos-containing Materials in School Buildings: Guidance
for Asbestos Analytical Programs. Washington, D.C.: USEPA. EPA
560/13-80-017A. PB81-24358 6.
USEPA. 1982. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Environmental
Systems Laboratory. Interim Method for the Determination of Asbestos
in Bulk Insulation Samples. Research Triangle Park, NC. EPA 600/M4-
82-020.
122
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APPENDIX B-3
SAMPLE CUSTODY
Standard MRI sample traceability procedures described herein will be
used to ensure sample integrity.
* Each sample (filter or bulk) will be issued a unique project identi-
fication number as it is removed from the pump. This number will be recorded
in a logbook along with the appropriate information.
* A traceability packing slip will be filled out in the field.
* The samples will be hand-carried to MRI where the package contents
will be inventoried against the traceability packing slip.
* A copy of the inventory sheets will be sent to MRI's department man-
agement representative and QA monitor. The original will remain with MRI's
field sampling leader in his project files. If sampling information is con-
tained in the field numbers, a set of random numbers will be generated and
assigned sequentially to each sample replacing the field identification
numbers. The relationship between the two sets of numbers will be recorded
and a copy retained by the QAM. Warning labels (if appropriate) will be
affixed.
* In order to maintain traceability, all transfers (e.g., to Battelle,
QA laboratory, etc.) of samples are recorded in a appropriate notebook (where
appropriate). The following information will be recorded:
The name of the person accepting the transfer, date of transfer,
location of storage site, and reason for transfer.
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- The assigned MRI sample code number remains the same regardless
of the number of transfers.
* After the samples are properly logged in, they will be placed in
suitable storage areas. These areas will be identified as to the hazard
they present to the samples.
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APPENDIX B-4
LABORATORY CUSTODY OF SAMPLES FOR ANALYSIS
The Field Custodian or designate will be responsible
for transporting the packaged samples and traceability form(s)
directly to the Laboratory or Sample Custodian. Upon receiving
the sample filters enclosed in the labelled holders, the Lab
Custodian will inspect the sample to make certain that it is
still intact. The Lab Custodian will reconcile sample label and
traceability form and also inspect the physical condition of the
as-received samples. This information will be recorded on the
form and in the Lab Record Book. Once the samples are
relinquished to the Lab/Sample Custodian, the signed form will
remain with that person.
The samples will then be logged into a permanent
Laboratory Record Book used specifically for the project. The
field collection sample number will be recorded and this number
will be used throughout the sample analysis procedures.
Sample Custody After Analysis
After analysis the Laboratory Analyst will return
unused portions of filter samples, analytical data forms and
pertinent sample analysis data to the Sample Custodian. The
traceability form will show the transfer of samples. The Lab
Custodian will then make photocopies of the analytical data from
each filter sample. The copies will be submitted to the Project
Leader to prepare for data analysis and reporting.
Traceability forms and remaining filter portions will
then be archived by the Laboratory Custodian for future reference
or until a directive to return the samples to the Contractor is
given.
125
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APPENDIX B-5
TEM ANALYTICAL PROTOCOL FOR AIR SAMPLES
1. Select one filter from each box of 25 0.45 um, 47 nun
Millipore HA membrane filters to serve as laboratory blanks. Use all
filters from the same production lot number, if possible. Determine
that the laboratory blank filters are asbestos free by ashing followed
by transmission electron microscope examination prior to field
sampling. Record filter box and lot number.
2. Upon receipt of filters from the sampling team, record them
in a laboratory record book, noting specific sample log number, date
received and any particular macroscopic identifying characters for a
particular filter sample. This includes damaged or smudged areas on
the filter surface, lack of uniform sample deposition, attached
particulate or debris, unusually heavy-appearing deposit
concentration, etc.
3. Measure the diameter of the effective filter area precisely.
Any damaged areas removed prior to sample preparation should be
mounted on glass slides with double-stick tape and carefully measured.
The total effective filter area and damaged areas of sample removed
should be accurately recorded for purposes of calculation procedures.
4. A 90 degree radial section of the original 47 mm filter
sample is cut in the original sample dish with a clean, single-edged
razor blade. The quarter section is transferred with stainless steel
forceps to a clean, one by three inch glass slide where it is cut
again into smaller pie-shaped wedges to fit into the glass ashing tube
(approximately 15 mm diameter by 150 mm long). Transfer the wedges by
forceps to clean, numbered ashing tubes. The tubes are then placed in
a LFE 504 low temperature plasma oven, with one sample tube and one
laboratory control tube per ashing chamber. The lab control tube may
contain either a blank Millipore filter or be run as an empty tube.
The ashing process is maintained at 450 watts for two hours.
126
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5. Upon removal from the LTA 504, the ashing tubes are treated
as follows. The tube is placed in an ultrasonification bath. One to
two mis of 0.22 urn filtered Millipore-Q water are poured into the tube
from a clean 100 ml graduated cylinder. The sample is then sonicated
vigourously for ^ five minutes and subsequently transferred to a clean
150 ml glass beaker. The tube is then rinsed by additional
untrasonification 2-3 times more using a few mis of filtered water
each time and the contents then transferred to a 150 ml sample beaker.
The remaining volume (up to 100 mis) of filtered water is^added and
the entire suspended sample or blank is sonicated again, so that the
total time of dispersion in the sonicator is a minimum of 20 minutes.
A clean rod is used to stir the suspended sample while it is being
sonicated.
6. The 100 ml fraction is divided into three aliquots: 10, 20
and 70 ml, prepared in that order. Using a 25 mm Millipore filter
apparatus, place 0.2 ym Nuclepore polycarbonate filter on top of an
8.0 ym mixed cellulose ester Millipore back-up filter. Wet the filters
by aspirating ^10 ml filtered DI water. Stop aspiration, pour in the
first sample aliquot or portion thereof and begin the aspiration
procedure again. Carefully add the remaining sample volume without
disturbing the flow across the Nuclepore filter surface. The
suspended sample may be resonicated or stirred between filtration of
the aliquots.
7. When the sample is deposited, carefully transfer the
Nuclepore filter to a clean, labelled (sample number, date and aliquot
size) one by three inch glass slide. The Millipore backup filter is
discarded. When dry, the 0.2 ym Nuclepore filter is tautly attached
to the slide on four edges with transparent tape, leaving a small
portion of each filter corner untaped. The filter is then coated
withan approximately 40 nm thick carbon film (National Spectroscopic
Laboratories carbon rods) by vacuum evaporation. The film thickness
need only be sufficient to provide support for the deposited sample.
127
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8. Transfer of the polycarbonate filter deposit to a 200 mesh
electron microscope copper grid (E.P. Fullam) is achieved by first
cutting a three millimeter square portion from the filter using a
clean single-edged razor blade. This is placed, deposit side down, on
the EM grid which, in turn, has been set upon a small, correspondingly
labelled portion of lens tissue paper. The sample is then wet with a
solution of four drops of 1,1,1-trichlorethane and five ml of
chloroform. The film, grid and lens paper are then placed in a Jaffe
dish consisting of copper screen supported on a bent glass rod in a
covered 90 mm glass petri dish. Methylene chloride (Burdick-Jackson)
is poured into the dish to saturate the lens paper without submersing
the grid and sample. The dish remains covered at room temperature for
two hours. The prepared sample is shifted to a clean petri dish with
fresh methylene chloride and allowed to set for one hour making the
total Jaffeing time four hours. After removing the grid from the
Jaffe dish, it is allowed to dry and then is placed in a small gelatin
capsule and mounted with the remaining coated polycarbonate filter for
storage until analysis.
9. Starting with the 70 ml fraction filter, examine the EM grid
under low magnification in the TEM to determine its suitability for
high-magnification examination. Ascertain that the loading is
suitable and is uniform, that a large number of grid openings have
their carbon film intact, and that the sample is not contaminated
excessively with extraneous debris or bacteria.
10. Scan the EM grid at a screen magnification of 20,OOOX.
Record the length and breadth of all fibers that have an aspect ratio
of greater than 3:1 and have substantially parallel sides. Observe
the morphology of each fiber through the 10X binocular and note
whether a tubular structure characteristic of chrysotile asbestos is
present. Switch into SAED mode and observe the diffraction pattern.
Note whether the pattern is typical of chrysotile or amphibole,
whether it is ambiguous, or neither chrysotile or amphibole. Energy
dispersive X-ray analysis should be used where necessary to further
characterize the fiber. Pictures representing the sample type,
fiber/particulate distribution or characteristic SAED patterns of
chrysotile and specific amphibole types may be taken as desired.
128
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11. Count the fibers in grid openings until at least 100 fibers,
or the fibers in a maximum of ten grid openings, have been counted.
Once counting of fibers in a grid opening has started, the count shall
be continued although the total count of fibers may be greater than
100.
12. To insure uniformity of grid opening dimensions, examine
several 200 mesh grids by optical microscopy and measure roughly ten
openings per grid. These dimensions are then averaged to provide a
standard grid opening area.
13. Calculate the dilution factor as follows:
Dilution Factor = 4 x 100
size of aliquot used in step 6(ml)
The number 4 appears in the numerator because 1/4 of the
original filter is used. The dilution factor will be 40, 20
or 5.71 corresponding to the 10,20 and 70 ml aliquots
respectively-
14. Calculate the area factor as follows:
Area Factor = Total effective filter area of the Nuclepore filter(cm2)
2
Area Examined (cm )
where Area Examined (cm2) =
(average area of an EM grid opening (cm ))
x (number of grid openings examined during fiber counting).
129
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15. Filter density (number per m ) and mass concentration
(ng/m ) are calculated using the following formula:
Number of Fibers/m =
Total Number of Fibers Counted x Area Factor x Dilution Factor
Air Volume (m3)
Mass Concentration (ng/m ) =
3 3
Total Fiber Volume ( urn ) x Density (ng/ urn ) x Area
Factor x Dilution Factor
Air Volume (m3)
where
Number of Fibers
Total Fiber Volume = z Length . (pin) (WIDTH. ( pm) ) 2/n\
1=1 * * (f)
and Density equals 3.0 x 10~ ng/ pro for amphibole and
2.6 x 10 ng/ pm for chrysotile. Lengtt^ is the length of
fiber i in urn and width, is the width of fiber i in urn.
(Note: It is often convenient to measure length in units of urn and
4
width in units of Pm. When this is the case the formula becomes
20
Number of Fibers .2
Total Fiber Volume = £ Li (urn) mi (pm)| j_
i = 1 4 120/4
where Li is the length of fiber i in urn and Wi = width of fiber i
4
in p m.
20
130
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APPENDIX B-6
PHASE CONTRAST MICROSCOPY PROTOCOL
Phase Contrast Microscopy is used to determine
concentrations of fibers greater than 5 ym in length on filtered
collections of air samples. No identification of the fiber type
is made by this procedure. This is the standard NIOSH method
described in the DREW (NIOSH) publication, No. 790127, entitled
"USPHS/NIOSH Membrane Filter Method for Evaluating Airborne
Asbestos Fibers."
The phase contrast microscopy (PCM) method employs a
phase microscope equipped with a Porton reticle to count fibers
greater than 5.0 m (with an aspect ratio or ratio of length to
diameter greater than 3:1) over specific areas of cleared
membrane filters. A radial section from the membrane filter used
to collect air particulate from a measured volume of air is made
transparent by mounting the section in a clearing solution
consisting of a 1:1 mixture of diethyl oxalate and dimethyl
phthalate plus 0.05 g/ml of dissolved Millipore filter.
The cleared filter section is placed beneath a coverslip
on a microscope slide and scanned along the radius of the filter.
Fibers are counted within 100 fields as delineated by the Porton
reticle. The area of one Porton reticle field is 1/333 mm2.
After calculating the effective area of the particular filter,
the number of fibers per m3 of air is calculated by the
following formula:
number of fibers/m3 = Number of fibers counted x filter area (mm2)
100 x (area of one reticle field (mm2)) x
o
volume of sampled air (mj))
= Number of fibers counted x filter area (mm2) x 333.
100 x (volume of sampled air (m3))
131
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APPENDIX B-7
CONTRACTOR SPECIFICATIONS FOR REMOVAL
PART 1 - GENERAL
1.01 SCOPE
A. This specification covers the removal of acoustical plaster
materials that have previously been determined to contain asbes-
tos.
1.02 DESCRIPTION OF WORK
A. Remove asbestos-containing acoustical materials from ceilings and
some walls in 20 buildings within the Public School
System,
B. Furnish all labor, materials, services, insurance, equipment, in
accordance with requirements of EPA and OSHA regulatory agencies,
to complete removal as specified, of all asbestos-containing
material located in the areas indicated on drawings enclosed.
1.03 TERMINOLOGY
A. Abatement - Procedures to decrease or eliminate fiber release from
spray or asbestos-containing building materials. For purposes of
this contract, abatement includes removal only.
B. Removal - the act of removing asbestos-containing or contaminated
materials from the structure to a suitable disposal site.
C. Air Monitoring - the process of measuring the fiber content of a
specific volume of air in a stated period of time.
D. HEPA Vacuum Equipment - High efficiency particulate absolute
filtered vacuuming equipment with a filter system capable of
collecting and retaining asbestos fibers. Filters should be of
99.97% efficiency for retaining fibers of 0.3 microns or larger.
E. Surfactant - A chemical wetting agent, added to water to improve
penetration, thus reducing the quantity of water required for a
given operation or area.
F. Amended water - Water to which a surfactant is added.
G. Airlock (Curtained doorway) - A device to allow ingress or egress
from one room to another while permitting minimal air movement
between the rooms, typically constructed by placing three overlap-
ping sheets of plastic sheet over an existing or temporarily
framed doorway and by securing each along the top of the doorway,
the vertical edge attached on alternate sides of opening with
132
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arrows painted on each sheet to direct persons in the proper
direction for entry and exit.
H. Decontamination Enclosure System - A series of connected rooms,
with curtained doorways between any two adjacent rooms, for the
decontamination of workers or of materials and equipment. A
decontamination enclosure system always contains an airlock.
I. Worker Decontamination Enclosure System - A decontamination
enclosure system for workers, typically consisting of a clean
room, a shower room, and an equipment room.
J. Equipment Decontamination Enclosure System - A decontamination
enclosure system for materials and equipment, typically consisting
of a designated area of the work area, a washroom, and an uncon-
taminated area.
K. Clean Room - An uncontaminated area or room which is part of the
worker decontamination enclosure system, with provisions for
storage of workers' street clothes and protective equipment.
L. Shower Room - A room, constituting an airlock, between the clean
room and the equipment room in the worker decontamination enclo-
sure system, with hot and cold or warm running water suitably
arranged for complete showering of workers during decontamination.
The shower room always comprises an airlock.
M. Equipment Room - A contaminated area or room which is part of the
worker decontamination enclosure system, with provisions for
storage of contaminated clothing and equipment.
N. HEPA Filter - A High Efficiency Particulate Absolute (HEPA) filter
capable of trapping and retaining 99.97% of asbestos fibers
greater than 0.3 microns in size.
0. Wet Cleaning - The process of eliminating asbestos contamination
from building surfaces and objects by using cloths, mops, or other
cleaning tools which have been dampened with water, and by after-
wards disposing of these cleaning tools as asbestos-contaminated
waste.
1.04 APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS (REFERENCES)
A. The current issue of each document shall govern. Where conflict
among requirements or with these specifications exist, the more
stringent requirements shall apply.
B. Title 29, Code of Federal Regulations, Section 1910.1001 Occupa-
tional Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), U.S. Department of
Labor.
C. Title 40, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 61, Subparts A and B,
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
133
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D. Codes and Standards.
1. ASTM - American Society for Testing and Material.
2.. ANSI - American National Standards Institute.
3. U.L.I. - Underwriters Laboratories, Inc.
4. Uniform Building Code
1.05 SUBMITTALS AND NOTICES
A. Prior to commencement of work, notify 1n writing the EPA Regional
Office with jurisdiction over the State 1n which this project is
located, not fewer than ten (10) days before work commences on
this project.
B. Prior to commencement of work, file Notification for Removal and
Disposal of Asbestos-Containing Materials in
at least 20 days before commencement of project.
Copies of notifications and an estimated quantity of waste and
schedule of disposal shall be filed with the
prior to the start of construc-
tion. The 20 day notice may be amended if contractor elects to
start work by May 16, 1983.
C. Submit proof satisfactory to the building owner that all required
permits, site location, and arrangements for transport and dispos-
al of asbestos containing or contaminated materials, supplies, and
the like have been obtained.
D. Submit to the building owner a description of the plans for
construction of a decontamination area and for isolation of the
work areas 1n compliance with this specification and applicable
regulations.
E. Submit proof satisfactory to the building owner that all employees
have had Instruction on the hazards of asbestos exposure, on use
and fitting of respirators, on protective dress, on use of show-
ers, on entry and exit from work areas, and on all aspects of work
procedures and protection measures.
F. Post the EPA and OSHA regulations concerning asbestos abatement
procedures at the job site.
1.06 TEST RESULTS
A. Results of tests of asbestos-containing materials taken from
surfaces within the scope of this project are available for
inspection at the School District Office and at the Architect's
office.
134
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1.07 WORKER PROTECTION
A. Provide workers with personally issued and maked respiratory
equipment suitable for the the asbestos exposure level in the work
area according to ASHA Standard 29 CFR 1910.1001. Where respira-
tors with disposable filters are employed, provide sufficient
filters for replacement as necessary by the worker, or as required
by the applicable regulation.
B. Provide authorized visitors with suitable respirators with fresh
filters or cartridges whenever they are required to enter the work
area, to maximum of 4 per day.
C. Provide workers with sufficient sets of disposable full body
clothing. Such clothing shall consist of full body coveralls and
headgear. Provide eye protection as required by applicable safety
regulations. Non-disposable clothing and footwear shall be left
in the Contaminated Equipment Room until the end of the asbestos
abatement work, at which time such items shall be disposed of as
asbestos waste, or shall be thoroughly cleaned of all asbestos or
asbestos-containing material.
D. Provide authorized visitors with a set of suitable disposable
clothing, headgear, eye protection and footwear, whenever they are
required to enter the work area, to a maximum of 4 set(s) per day.
E. Provide and post, in the Equipment Room and the Clean Room, the
decontamination and work procedures to be followed by workers, as
follows:
1. Each worker and authorized visitor shall, upon entering the
job site: remove street clothes in the clean change room and
put on a respirator with new filters, and disposable clothing
before entering the equipment and access areas or the work
area.
2. Worker Decontamination. Each worker and authorized visitor
shall, each time he leaves the work area: remove gross
contamination from clothing before leaving the work area;
proceed to the equipment area and remove all clothing except
respirators; still wearing the resprirator proceed naked to
the showers; clean the outside of the respirator with soap and
water while showering; remove the respirator, thoroughly
shampoo and wash themselves; remove filters and wet them and
dispose of filters in the container provided for the purpose;
and wash and rinse the inside of the respirator.
3. Following showering and drying off, each worker and authorized
visitor shall proceed directly to the clean change room and
dress in street clothes at the end of each day's work, or in
clean coveralls before eating, smoking, drinking, or reent-
ering the work area.
135
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4. Contaminated work footwear shall be stored in the equipment
room when not in use in the work area. Upon completion of
asbestos abatement, dispose of footwear as contaminated waste
or clean thoroughly inside and out using soap and water before
. removing from work area or from equipment and access area.
Store contaminated worksuits in the equipment room for reuse
or place in receptacles for disposal with other asbestos
contaminated materials. •
5. Workers removing waste containers from the equipment decon-
tamination enclosure shall enter the washroom from outside
wearing a respirator and dressed in clean coveralls. No
worker shall use this system as a means to leave or enter the
work area.
6. Workers shall not eat, drink, smoke, or chew gum or tobacco at
the worksite except in the established clean room.
7. Workers shall be fully protected with respirators and protec-
tive clothing during preparation of system of enclosures prior
to commencing actual asbestos abatement and until final
clean-up is completed.
1.08 BUILDING PROTECTION
A. Provide temporary partitions to allow continued building occupancy
by Owner.
B. Maintain free and safe passage to and from buildings for all
occupants.
C. Be responsible for building security through areas controlled by
the Contractor.
D. Protect building from damage caused by removal and transporting of
material, water and showers, spraying of material to be removed
and wet cleaning.
1.09 CONTRACTOR QUALIFICATIONS
A. Prior to award of Contract and upon request of Architect or Owner,
the Contractor shall furnish proof of qualifications in the form
of a list of similar projects successfully completed or proof of
successful completion of training sessions or experience in
asbestos abatement work.
PART 2 - PRODUCTS
2.01 MATERIALS
A. Deliver all materials in the original packages, containers, or
bundles bearing the name of the'manufacturer and the brand name.
136
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B. Store all materials subject to damage off the ground, away from
wet or damp surfaces, and under cover sufficient to prevent damage
or contamination.
C. Damaged or deteriorating materials shall not be used and shall be
removed from the premises. Material that becomes contaminated
with asbestos shall be disposed of in accordance with the applic-
able regulations.
D. Plastic sheet, of the thicknesses specified, in sizes to minimize
the frequency of joints.
E. Tape - glass fiber or other type capable of sealing joints of
adjacent sheets of plastic sheets and for attachment of plastic
sheet to finished or unfinished surfaces of dissimilar materials
under both dry and wet conditions, including use of amended water.
F. Surfactant (wetting agent) - shall consist of 50% polyoxyethylene
ether and 50% of (polyoxyethylene) (Polyglycol) ester, or equiva-
lent, and shall be mixed with water to provide a concentration of
one ounce surfactant to 5 gallons of water.
6. Impermeable containers - suitable to receive and retain any
asbestos-containing or contaminated materials until disposal at an
approved site. The containers shall be labeled in accordance with
OSHA Regulation 29 CFR 1910.1001 or EPA Regulation 40 CFR
61.22(j). Containers must be both air and water-tight. If
plastic bags are used the plastic bags shall be 6 mil thick.
H. Warning labels and signs - as required by OSHA regulation 29 CFR
1910.1001.
I. Spray or Trowel Applied Acoustical Plaster and/or plaster -
Asbestos-free material as specified elsewhere in this specifica-
tion.
J. Other Materials - Provide all other materials, such as lumber,
nails and hardware, which may be required to construct and disman-
tle the decontamination area and the barriers that isolate the
work area.
2.02 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
A. Provide suitable tools for asbestos removal.
B. Water Sprayer - Airless or other low pressure sprayer for amended
water application.
C. Air Purifying Equipment - High Efficiency Particulate Absolute
Filtration Systems or Electronic Precipitators. No air movement
system or air equipment shall discharge any asbestos fibers
outside the work area.
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D. Scaffolding - As required to accomplish the specified work shall
meet all applicable safety regulations.
E. Transportation - As required, to be suitable for loading, tempor-
ary- storage, transit, and unloading of contaminated waste without
exposure to persons or property.
PART 3 - EXECUTION
A. Before commencing work in any area, Contractor accompanied by a
representative of the Owner, shall inspect, note and tag all items
scheduled for Contractor to remove and replace. Contractor shall
inspect in all rooms in which work is to be performed. Contractor
shall note any and all damaged or non-working items and tag with
tags furnished by Owner's representative. All damaged or non-
working items removed and replaced by Contractor .without tags
shall be deemed damaged by the Contractor and replaced at no cost
to the Owner. Copies of all lists on damaged or non-working items
will be supplied to the Owner and Architect.
B. Work Areas: Isolate the work area for the duration of the work by
completely sealing off all openings and fixtures.
C. Isolate heating, cooling, ventilating air systems to prevent
contamination and fiber dispersal to other areas of the structure.
During the work, vents within the work area shall be sealed with
tape and plastic sheeting.
D. Preclean immovable objects, such as casework, plant, and equip-
ment, within the proposed work areas, using HEPA vacuum equipment
and/or wet cleaning methods as appropriate, and enclose with 6 mil
plastic sheeting sealed with tape.
E. Clean the proposed work areas using HEPA vacuum equipment or wet
cleaning methods as appropriate. Do not use methods that rafse
dust, such as dry sweeping or vacuuming with equipment not equip-
ped with HEPA filters.
F. Seal off all openings such as corridors, doorways, ducts, and any
other penetrations of the work areas with plastic sheeting sealed
with tape. Doorways and corridors which will not be used for
passage during work must be sealed with barriers as described
herein.
G. Cover floor and wall surfaces with plastic sheeting sealed with
tape. Use a minimum of two layers of 6 mil plastic on floors.
Cover floors first so that plastic extends at least 12 in. up on
walls, then cover walls with a minimum 4 mil plastic sheeting
(single 4 mil layer or two layer application of 2 mil sheeting) to
the floor level, thus overlapping the floor material by a minimum
of 12 in.
H. Build airlocks at all entrances to and exits from the work area.
138
-------
I. After inspection and tagging (if necessary), remove, lower and/or
seal in plastic, ceiling mounted objects, such as lights, other
fixtures not previously sealed off, and other objects that inter-
fere with asbestos removal, as directed by the building owner.
After electrical current has been disconnected, use localized
water spraying or HEPA vacuum equipment during fixture removal to
reduce fiber dispersal.
J. Maintain emergency and fire exits from the work areas, or esta-
blish alternative exits satisfactory to the applicable fire
officials.
K. Provide temporary power and lighting and ensure safe installation
of temporary power sources and equipment.
L. Provide decontamination enclosure system at each site in areas as
agreed upon by the Owner.
1. Build suitable framing or use existing rooms connected with
framed-in tunnels if necessary and line with plastic sealed
with tape at all lap joints in the plastic for all enclosures
and decontamination enclosure system rooms.
2. In all cases access between contaminated and uncontaminated
rooms or areas shall be through an airlock as described
herein. In all cases, access between any two rooms within the
decontamination enclosure shall be through a curtained door-
way.
M. Provide ventilating equipment with HEPA filters to maintain
negative pressure within the work areas in which asbestos-
containing material is being removed. Ventilating equipment must
be operated 24 hours per day, seven days per week from start of
removal work until after final clean up of asbestos removal. Use
smoke test at start and finish of each days work to verify that
direction of air flow is from clean area into work area. Do not
allow pressure to pull airlocks open or pull plastic covers from
walls or opening covers.
3.02 WORK DECONTAMINATION ENCLOSURE SYSTEM
A. Construct a worker decontamination enclosure system outside of the
work area consisting of three totally enclosed chambers as fol-
lows:
1. An equipment room with two curtained doorways, one to the work
area and one to the shower room. The equipment room shall be
of sufficient size to accommodate at least one worker, allow-
ing him enough room to remove his protective clothing and
footwear, and well as a 6 mil disposal bag and container and
any other equipment which the Contractor wishes to store when
not in use. The equipment room shall conform to the require-
ments of applicable regulations.
139
-------
2. A shower room with two curtained doorways, one to the equip-
ment room and one to the clean room. The shower room should
contain at least one shower with hot and cold or warm water.
Careful attention shall be paid to the shower to insure
against leaking of any kind. The Contractors shall supply
soap at all times in the shower room. Discharge shower waste
water directly into a drain. Do not allow waste water to
discharge onto playgrounds or yard areas.
3. A clean room with one curtain doorway into the shower and one
entrance or exit to non-contaminated areas of the building.
The clean room shall provide sufficient space for storage of
the workers street clothes, towels, and other non-contaminated
i terns.
3.03 EQUIPMENT DECONTAMINATION ENCLOSURE SYSTEM
A. Provide or construct a material/equipment decontamination enclo-
sure system (washroom) with two curtained doorways, one to the
work area and one to an uncontaminate area. Gross removal of dust
and debris from contaminated material, material containers, and
equipment shall be accomplished prior to moving to the washroom.
3.04 SEPARATION OF WORK AREAS FROM OCCUPIED AREAS
A. Separate parts of the building required to remain in use from
parts of the building that will undergo asbestos abatement and
replacement by means of airtight barriers, constructed as follows:
1. Build suitable floor to ceiling wood or metal framing and
apply 3/8" minimum thickness plywood on work side.
2. Cover plywood barrier with plastic sheet, sealed with tape as
specified on work area side.
3.05 MAINTENANCE OF ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS
A. Ensure that barriers and plastic linings are effectively sealed
and taped. Repair damaged barriers and remedy defects immediately
upon discovery.
B. Visually inspect enclosures at the beginning of each work period.
C. Use smoke methods to test effectiveness of barriers when directed
by Building Owner.
3.06 AIR MONITORING
A. The Owner shall employ and pay for an independent air monitoring
Contractor to provide environmental air monitoring inside and
outside of the work area and outside the buildings during the term
of this contract. As a condition of final acceptance of the work
by the Owner, two air samples within 48 hours after completion of
140
-------
all cleaning work, shall be taken. After test results from lab
analysis has been received, indicating that asbestos has been
removed and rooms or areas have been found to be in compliance
with all guidelines of OSHA, EPA, and other State and Local
Government Agencies, the equipment, electrical and mechanical
fixtures can be reinstalled.
3.07 ASBESTOS REMOVAL
A. Spray asbestos-containing material with amended water, using spray
equipment capable of providing a "mist" application to prevent
release of airborne fibers. Saturate the material sufficiently to
wet it to the substrate without causing excess dripping. Spray
the asbestos material repeatedly during work process to maintain
wet condition and to minimize asbestos fiber dispersion.
B. Remove the saturated asbestos-containing material in small sec-
tions. As it is removed pack the material in sealable plastic
bags of 6 mil minimum thickness and place in labeled containers
for transport. Material shall not be allowed to dry out.
C. Seal filled containers. Clean external surfaces thoroughly by wet
sponging. Remove from immediate working area to washroom. Clean,
and move to uncontaminated area. Ensure that workers do not enter
from uncontaminated areas into the washroom and work area.
D. After completion of stripping work, all surfaces from which
asbestos has been removed shall be wire brushed, wet sponged or
cleaned with High-Pressure water to remove all visible material
and fibers in pockets or crevices. During this work, the surfaces
being cleaned shall be kept wet.
E. The Owner, at their option, will take samples and pay for testing
of same, both during and after the work has been completed, to
determine if all asbestos-containing materials are being removed.
3.08 CLEAN-UP
A. Remove visible accumulations of asbestos-material and debris. Wet
clean all contaminated surfaces.
B. Remove the plastic sheets from walls and floors only. The win-
dows, doors and HVAC vents shall remain sealed and any HEPA
filtration negative air pressure systems, air filtration and
decontamination enclosure systems shall remain in service.
C. Clean all surfaces in the work area and any other contaminated
areas with water and/or with HEPA vacuum equipment. After clean-
ing the work area, wait 24 hours to allow for settlement of dust,
and again wet clean or clean with HEPA vacuum equipment all
surfaces in the work area again. After completion of the second
cleaning operation, perform a complete visual inspection of the
work area to ensure that the work area is dust free.
141
-------
D. Sealed drums and all equipment used in the work shall be included
in the clean-up and shall be removed from work areas, via the
equipment decontamination enclosure system, at an appropriate time
in the cleaning sequence.
E. If the building owner finds that the work area has not been
decontaminated, the Contractor shall repeat the wet cleaning until
the work area is in compliance, at the Contractor's expense.
F. When a final inspection determines that the area has been decon-
taminated, the decontamination enclosure systems shall be removed,
the area thoroughly wet cleaned, and materials from the equipment
room and shower disposed of as contaminated waste. The remaining
barriers between contaminated and clean areas and all seals on
openings into the work area and fixtures shall be removed and
disposed of as contaminated waste. A final check'shall be carried
out to ensure that no dust or debris remains on surfaces as a
result of dismantling operations.
G. As the work progresses, to prevent exceeding available storage
capacity on site, remove sealed and labeled containers of contam-
inated waste and dispose of as contaminated waste.
3.09 RE-ESTABLISHMENT OF OBJECTS AND SYSTEMS
A. Install sprayed acoustical plaster or plaster to ceiling as
specified in Sections 09215, 09216 and 09217.
B. Install acoustical tile ceilings as specified in Section 09510.
C. Repair any and all damage to existing floors, walls, ceilings, and
other surfaces and equipment caused by the work or the installa-
tion of barricades, enclosures, separations, etc.
1. The Owner will provide painting system numbers to the Contrac-
tor for matching purposes where painted surfaces require
touch-up. Color system based on PPG, 12 colors.
D. When clean-up is complete:
1. Re-establish objects moved to temporary locations in the
course of the work, in their proper positions.
2. Re-secure mounted objects removed in the course of the work in
their former position.
E. Re-establish HVAC, mechanical, and electrical systems in proper
working order. Install new filters and dispose of used filters as
contaminated waste. Clean ducts between rehabilitated spaces and
adjacent rooms. Replace or clean duct linings to remove all
friable asbestos.
142
-------
Observations Made by Field Crew
In all schools, containment consisted of three layers of polyethylene film
covering the floor and walls with the ceiling exposed. The film was sealed
with duct tape and attached to the ceiling-wall edge with duct tape.
Each containment area was equipped with a shower enclosed by multi-layered
polyethylene flap doors. Instructions to the removal crew were to remove
clothes on the abatement side, shower and dry and dress in the exterior
side. Removed material was bagged and sealed in poly bags which were trans-
ferred through a flap door into a poly lined storage area. The truck crew
then entered the storage area through an outside flap door and removed the
bagged material which was loaded directly into the rental truck.
In School No. 1, tunnels were constructed to connect the individual rooms.
The tunnels were made of 2 x 4 frames with an 8 ft ceiling covered on all
sides with several layers of polyethylene.
In School Nos. 3 and 4, tunnels were not constructed. Instead, the hallways
connecting the removal areas were lined in the same manner as the rooms.
In School No. 2, small tunnels were erected down the center of the hallways.
The tunnels were constructed of U-shaped pieces of 1/2 in. electrical thin
wall conduit which were covered with poly film. Small branch tunnels led
from the main tunnel to each room.
In all schools, after the containment was completed, the installation was
visually inspected by the architect and the county health department.
After the containment structure was approved, the work crew wearing protec-
tive equipment wet and stripped the material. The removed material was
dropped to the floor where it was swept into piles, bagged and transferred
to the holding area. After stripping was completed, the first layer of
polyethylene film was then removed, bagged, and transferred to the holding
area and treated as asbestos material. The containment area was then vis-
ually inspected by the architect and county health department. If the
area was not clean, the remaining film was washed down until it passed
visual inspection. In some cases the decision was made to remove one addi-
tional layer of the poly film in the cleaning process. The remaining one
or two layers of polyethylene film were left in place until the new ceiling
had been sprayed on and the area cleaned up. The remaining film was then
removed for the final clean up.
In School Nos. 1, 2, and 3 the friable material was removed by scraping.
In School No. 4, it was necessary to break the hard ceiling material with a
hammer and remove the ceiling all the way down to the metal lath. In
School No. 4 it was impossible to obtain good wetting of the ceiling
material.
143
-------
APPENDIX C
Results of Sample Analysis
-------
APPENDIX C-l
TEM RESULTS
ID
M7
S14
OG9
DG25
S2
SI6
MG9
OG20
FBIS
S28
HG2
N18
S27
S22
S10
DG4
OG33
MS
MG25
M17
S19
MG20
S8
S2S
F8»
OG21
NG22
F4
DGI5
S21
S28
N3
MG29
OGI7
M22
F8
H20
OG2
OG19
OG15
MG22
S22
M22
S18
OG23
DG17
F8
DG2
S28
MG9
MGI8
S18
MGI8
DG19
HG3I
MG25
SI4
MG33
NI3
OG21
S21
OG20
I
2
3
4
S
6
7
8
9
10
II
12
13
14
IS
18
17
II
II
20
21
22
23
24
25
28
27
21
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
38
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
48
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
58
57
58
59
60
81
82
I
3
3
1
I
3
3
3
I
3
I
I
1
I
3
3
1
3
1
1
3
1
1
3
3
3
1
3
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
3
3
1
3
1
3
3
1
3
3
3
3
t
3
1
3
I
3
2
4
3
3
3
4
2
4
4
2
3
3
2
4
2
3
2
3
3
1
1
4
3
3
I
3
4
I
2
4
2
3
2
2
3
3
3
1
a
4
4
2
1
3
2
3
3
2
2
1
1
1
t
2
3
4
2
I
3
4
4
SIU
2
I
6
6
4
2
4
2
2
4
I
I
2
2
S
3
8
1
3
2
8
I
3
4
I
2
3
7
2
1
8
2
8
5
7
S
2
I
2
3
2
S
2
S
8
7
2
8
4
6
2
8
1
S
3
I
4
1
2
1
2
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
NA
NA
0
0
A
A
A
NA
A
A
0
NA
NA
NA
A
0
A
A
A
NA
A
0
NA
A
A
Urn
21
21
21
35
21
21
21
35
21
35
21
35
35
35
21
21
35
21
35
35
35
21
21
35
21
35
35
35
21
35
35
21
21
35
35
35
21
35
21
35
35
35
21
35
21
35
21
35
21
35
21
35
35
35
35
21
35
21
35
35
35
Hlriit
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
R
S
R
R
S
R
S
R
0
0
R
S
S
S
S
R
R
R
R
R
R
S
S
S
R
R
S
0
D
0
0
lak ID
N-7
S-M
DC 9
DG-25
S-2
S 16
MG-9
OG20
FBIS
S28
MG2
NI8
S27
S22
S10
OG4
OG33
N5
MG25
N17
S19
MG2O
se
S25
FB8
OG21
MG22
F4
OG15
S21
S28C
M3R
MG29C
OG17R
N22R
F8C
M20R
DG2C
OG19R
OGI5-0
MG22-0
S22R
N22C
S18C
OG23
OG17C
F6R
OG2R
S28R
MG9R
MCI6R
SI8R
MGI6C
DGI9C
NG31C
HG2SR
SI4R
MC33
MI3-0
DG2I-D
S21-0
DG20-D
IFItar
0
O
O
O
O
1
O
O
O
0
0
O
0
O
0
O
0
O
0
0
0
0
O
O
O
O
O
0
0
0
0
0
O
0
O
0
0
0
0
0
0
O
0
O
0
0
O
O
0
0
O
O
0
O
0
0
O
0
O
O
0
O
***IMI<
Hk/a1
0
0
O
O
O
9OOO
O
O
O
O
O
0
0
O
0
O
0
O
0
0
O
0
0
0
0
0
0
O
O
0
O
O
O
0
. 0
O
0
0
O
O
0
0
O
O
O
0
O
O
0
0
O
O
O
O
O
0
O
0
O
O
0
O
*/.'
O
0
O
O
0
0.4
O
O
O
O
O
O
0
O
0
O
O
O
0
O
0
O
0
0
0
0
O
O
0
0
O
0
0
0
0
0
O
0
O
0
O
0
O
O
0
0
0
0
0
O
O
O
0
0
O
0
0
O
O
0
0
O
OhnrMtll*
1 Fltor Flk/a1 •«/•'
49 3 7OE»05 2.6OC>OO
3 3 OOE«O« 1 OOC-OI
4 3 OOE«O4 1 OOE-OI
1 1 1 SOE>O4 4.6OE-OI
7 2 OOE«O4 3. OOC-OI
2 2 OOE»O4 1. OOE-OI
24 1 IOC*OS 1 SOC-Ot
4 5 OOE.03 4 OOC-02
23 5.8OE»O4 I.9OE«OO
2 3 OOE»O3 I.OOE-O2
56 1 30E.OS 9.BOC-OI
17 2 »OE«O« 2.8OC-OI
8 I.OOC«04 3. OOC-01
5 7 OOE«O3 t. OOC-OI
1 2 OOCt03 1. OOC-01
1 2 OOE«O3 1. OOC-02
5 7 OOE»03 7. OOC-OI
15 3.2OE*O4 3.7OC-OI
8 I.OOE*04 2. OOC-01
7 t.OOE»04 8. OOC-02
4 8.00E«03 t. OOC-01
118 8.33C»OS 9.4BC*OO
8 1.OOE+O4 1. OOC-01
4 600E»03 8.00E-02
23 5.3OOO4 3.4OC-OI
5 8.00C»03 4. OOC-02
12 1.70C+04 1.30C-01
II 2.9OE»O4 1.8OE-OI
33 8.5OE*O4 7.4OE-OI
34 3.20E»04 2.IOC-OI
8 1 OOE»O4 1.OOC+OO
18 3 5OE+O4 3.2OC-01
1 2 OOE»03 3. OOC-02
8 1 OOC*04 1. OOC-OI
3O 4 5OC+O4 4.BOC-01
1 1 OOC+03 S.OOC-03
13 2.50C+04 2 80C-01
1 2.00C+03 t. OOC-02
74 9.50C*04 I.80C-01
II 3.SOC+04 2.10C-01
15 2. IOE»O4 I.8OC-OI
SO 7.00C*04 4.10C-OI
128 3.88C+O5 2.08C*OO
17 S.40E+04 2.4OE-OI
1 I.OOC*03 1. OOC-02
112. 10C«O4 2.70E-O1
5 8 OOC+03 4. OOC-02
1 2.00C+04 1. OOE-OI
12O 2,28E*O5 1. 13C+OO
19 4.OOC«04 2. IOC-O1
I 1.OOC»O4 1. OOC-OI
3 0 OOE«O3 8.OOE-O2
1 1 OO£»O« 9.0OC-O2
19 2.50E»O4 I.5OC-O1
6 9 OOE*O3 1. OOE-OI
14 2 6OE»O4 I.8OE-01
IO3 4 OlEtOS 2.72E«OO
1 5 OOE«03 2 OOC-02
9 2.00E»O4 2. OOC-OI
8 1.OOE»O4 8.OOE-O2
181 1 71E«OS 1 IIE«OO
9 I.OOE«O4 6.OOE-O2
145
-------
TEM RESULTS (Continued)
10
DG33
M23
S10
MS
Mil
F4
M23
MQ33
F5
Ml
M2I
S2S
M3
M20
MG4
MQ29
MG31
MG27
MG4
S24
FB8
DG29
MGI8
MG24
OG12
DG«2
B1
M13
G6
G7
G7
CM
CIS
08
K7
K128
MS
G22
K23
G22
G23
G2S
82
B9
K24
K13B
KI3B
B1
G22
KM
89
82
KM
025
023
021
024
029
032
K24
K15
034
63
64
as
66
87
89
89
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
71
79
90
91
92
93
84
95
96
87
98
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
98
97
99
99
100
101
102
103
104
1O5
106
107
108
1O9
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
3
1
1
1
1
1
I
3
1
I
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
1
3
3
3
3
3
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
School
2
2
2
3
3
1
2
2
4
3
2
3
3
3
3
2
3
3
3
1
2
3
2
2
3
1
3
3
3
2
2
2
3
2
2
1
1
«
1
4
3
3
4
2
2
3
1
2
3
3
2
4
I
1
4
3
2
4
2
2
Silt
6
1
S
1
1
7
1
4
3
S
3
4
2
B
4
5
7
4
8
B
2
1
3
3
2
1
10
9
B
9
to
7
5
3
9
1
9
1
7
3
9
7
6
11
11
2
1
1
7
B
1
1
8
7
3
8
7
8
B
8
in*
A
NA
A
A
A
0
NA
A
0
NA
NA
A
NA
NA
A
A
0
A
A
A
A
A
NA
NA
NA
NA
A
A
A
A
A
0
NA
NA
A
NA
A
NA
0
0
A
0
A
A
A
NA
NA
NA
0
A
NA
A
A
0
0
A
0
A
A
A
35
35
21
21
35
35
35
35
35
21
35
35
21
35
21
35
35
21
35
21
33
35
21
21
35
21
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
33
tapliltolc
*• of
• Ijrstt
D
S
0
0
D
D
0
0
S
S
S
0
S
S
S
R
R
S
0
S
S
S
S
S
S
0
S
S
S
S
E
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
E
S
S
S
S
S
E
S
0
R
S
D
R
R
S
S
S
S
S
S
R
R
S
lib ID
OG33-0
M23
S10-D
M5-D
MtB-0
F4-0
M23-D
MG33-D
F5
Ml
M31
S2S-0
M3C
M20C
MG4
MG29R
MG31R
MG27
MG4-D
S24
FB8
DG29
MG19
MG24
DQ12
OG12-0
B-1
M13
G-6
G-7
G-7E
G-14
G-15
8-8
K-7
K-12B
K-1S
G-22
K-23
G-22E
G-23
0-25
8-2
8-9
K-24
K-13B-E
K-13B
B1D
G22R
K-14
B-BO
B-2R
K-14R
0-25
0-23
D-21
D-24
0-29
D 32
K-24R
K-15R
D 34
IFIbtr
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
o
o
o
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
o
0
o
0
o
o
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
o
0
o
o
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
fib/.1
o
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
o
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
o
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
„/.'
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
o
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
o
o
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
o
o
Orywtllt
1 1 Fltor Ftt/B1 it/*1
7 9 OOEtO3 4 OOE-O2
IS 1 80Et04 8.70E-02
0 0 OOEtOO 0 OOEtOO
3 6.00£t03 1. OOE-01
29 S.OOEtO4 2.40E-01
24 3.9OEt04 2.2OE-OI
22 2 60Et04 I.3OE-OI
8 3.0OEtO4 2.OOE-O1
49 7 OOEt04 5 90E-OI
9 2.00£t04 3. OOE-01
14 2.40Et04 i JOE -02
4 8. OOEtOS 3.OOE-Q2
10 2.20Et04 9.SOE-02
41 7.8O£t04 5.30E-OI
520 3.63Et07 1.91EtQ2
49 9.30Et04 3.70E-OI
47 8.7OEt04 2.90E-O1
IS 2. 10EtO4 1 OOE-01
210 1.47EtO7 9.93Et01
66 I. lOEtOS 7.6OE-OI
0 0. OOEtOO 0. OOEtOO
0 0. OOEtOO O.COEtOO
0 0. OOEtOO O. OOEtOO
8 S.OOEt04 2. OOE-01
14 2.80Et04 3.60E-OI
41 8. 10Et04 5.20E-OI
17 2 40£t04 1.90E-01
3 7 OOEtOS 2 001-02
103 1.02Et07 6.32Et01
120 1.6IEt07 1.41EtO2
t 3. OOEtOS 1.00E-02
SS S. OOEtOS 4.50EtOO
200 9.92EtOB 9. ISEtOI
O O. OOEtOO 0. OOEtOO
4 6. OOEtOS 9.00E-02
42 6 OOE+04 3.40E-01
120 4 ME 1 06 2.49EH)1
0 0. OOEtOO 0. OOEtOO
102 1.49EtO6 t.04Et01
1 2 OOEtOS 2.00E-02
2 3. OOEtOS 2. OOE-02
0 0. OOEtOO 0. OOEtOO
0 0. OOEtOO 0. OOEtOO
9 I.OOEt04 4. OOE-01
135 l.22Et07 1.39Et02
0 0. OOEtOO 0. OOEtOO
S3 6.90Et04 S.40C-01
6 9. OOEtOS 4. OOE-01
4 6. OOEtOS B.OOE-O2
14 2.00£t04 3.40E-01
21 2 70E+04 1.90E-OI
49 7.20Et04 9.3OE-01
10 1.4OEtO4 1. OOE-01
46 5.40Et04 3.20E-01
20 2.8OEtO4 t.SOE-01
3 4.00Et03 8. OOE-02
14 1.7OEt04 8. IDE -02
33 4.3OEtO4 2. 10E-OI
IS 1.70Et04 8 5OE-02
188 l.68Et07 1 41Et02
102 3 SIEtOS 2 21Et01
1 I.OOEtOS 8.00E-03
146
-------
TEM RESULTS (Continued)
038
L2S
027
J13
L23
L27
L25
L23
025
J11
F8
S23
S20
038
L29
L30
021
F2
133
S12
FB17
FB13
HQ12
HI9
J8
L22
54
SI
m
MIS
014
025
K23
K13B
024
D23
L29
L30
007
•Ml
0031
0027
H
0
J
87
019
018
08
02
J1
NtO
H8
FB10
F3
M014
S31
S32
FB7
L20
Mil
125
128
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
138
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
148
147
148
149
ISO
1S1
152
153
154
155
168
157
1S8
1S9
100
181
182
163
164
18S
168
187
188
189
170
171
172
173
174
175
178
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
1
4
4
4
4
1
4
«
3
3
3
1
4
4
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
3
4
3
3
1
1
1
2
2
2
4
4
4
1
1
3
1
3
2
2
3
4
1
***}
2
3
3
2
3
3
3
3
4
3
2
3
1
2
2
2
1
4
2
2
2
4
2
3
1
4
3
2
2
1
2
4
1
2
4
1
2
2
3
3
2
2
0
0
0
3
2
1
3
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
O
0
1
I
2
SIU
4
2
7
3
1
3
2
1
1
4
7
3
1
4
1
2
7
3
S
3
1
3
S
2
2
2
8
4
1
6
a
3
9
11
3
6
1
2
5
4
1
3
0
0
0
7
1
9
7
2
1
1
2
1
7
7
0
0
6
1
e
T)4»
A
NA
0
NA
A
A
NA
A
A
A
0
A
NA
A
NA
A
0
0
A
NA
NA
0
A
NA
A
0
A
NA
A
NA
A
NA
NA
LB
LB
LB
FB
FB
FB
FB
FB
FB
FB
FB
FB
FB
FB
LB
LB
FB
NA
A
SaWllHf
""
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
21
35
21
21
21
21
35
35
35
21
21
21
21
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
21
35
35
35
0
0
0
0
O
O
0
0
0
O
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
35
21
Type of
Ami/lit
S
S
s
s
s
s
R
D
R
R
S
S
S
M
S
S
R
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
0
R
D
O
D
D
0
0
S
S
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
l«b 10
0-38
L-25
0-27
J-13
L-23
L-27
L-2SR
L-230
D-2SR
J-11R
F-8
S-23
S-20
0-38R
L-29
L-3O
D-21R
F-2
L-33
S-12
FB-17
FB-13
MO-12
M-19
J-8
L-22
S-4
S-8
N-9
M-15
0-1 40
O-2BR
K-230
K-13B-D
0-240
0-230
L-290
L-300
00-7
d-11
DG-31
00-27
H
O
J
B-7
0-18
Q- 18
0-8
0-2
J-1
M-10
M-8
FB-10
F-3
MO- 14
S-31
S-32
FB-7
L-20
M-11
IFItor
0
0
0
0
O
O
O
0
0
O
0
O
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
o
o
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
taVtlfcoU
Fib/.3
0
o
0
0
o
0
o
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
•tlJ
o
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
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0
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0
0
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0
0
0
0
0
0
Ckryutllt
• "far Flfc/.1 •§/•*
2 3.OOE+O3 2.0OC-O2
B 1.00E+04 3 OOC-01
2 3.00E+03 1.0OC-02
10 1.40E+O4 8.BOC-O2
22 3 10E*04 2.3OC-01
88 t eoc+oa S.BOC+OO
11 1.8OE*O4 7.8OC-O2
8 9.00E+O3 3.OOC-O1
7 8.0OE+03 S.OOE-O2
5 6.OOE+O3 S.OOE-O2
2 3.00E+03 8.OOE-03
104 1.75E+O8 1.12E+OO
82 3.2OE+OS 1.6OE+OO
5 7.00E+03 3.00C-02
10 1.30E+04 8.SOE-02
77 1. 1OE+05 9.3OC-O1
3 4.OOE+03 2.OOE-O2
8 2.00E+04 S.OOC-O2
5 7.OOE+03 3.OOE-02
11 2.60E+O4 1.3OE-01
2 B.OOE+03 1.OOE-02
B 1.0OE+O4 2. OOC-01
23 4.OOE+O4 1.8OE-01
o O.OOE+OO o.ooe+oo
6 3.OOC+O4 2. OOC-01
29 1.20C+OB 6.OOC-O1
2 4.OOC+03 3.OOE-02
18 3.6OC+O4 1.BOC-OI
26 B.BOE+04 2. OOC-01
21 4.SOE+O4 2.4OC-01
39 3.SOE+O5 4. 1OC+OO
11 9.9OE+04 8.6OC-01
152 2.2OC+08 1.48C+O1
43 S.SOE+04 5.SOC-O1
19 2.20E+O4 1.4OE-01
57 8. 1OE+04 4.70E-01
6 8.OOE+O3 4.OOE-02
18 2.6OE+04 1.4OE-01
2 2.OOE+O4 9.00E-02
0 O.OOE+OO O.OOI*OO
4 2.OOC+O4 9.OOE-O2
0 O.OOE+00 0.001*00
0
0
1
0
O
0
6
0
2
7
21
1
0
18
6
13
0
39 5.SOE+04 2.4OE-O1
2 2 OOE*04 4.00E-02
147
-------
APPENDIX C-2
PCM RESULTS
A
e
o
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
81
B1
82
B2
B3
B4
85
B6
87
B8
B8
89
01
02
03
04
09
06
07
08
F1
F2
F3
F4
F4
F5
Ffl
F6
F7
F8
F8
F9
G1
G2
03
G4
G5
G«
GO
G7
G8
G9
J1
02
J3
J4
09
07
08
08
K1
K2
c
S-
01
O.
f«
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
ooooooooo jf School
OOOOOOOOO S-
1) 01
j •*->
O C/}
t»tj»
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
LB
NA
NA
A
A
0
FB
FB
0
FB
0
0
0
FB
FB
A
FB
0
FB
A
FB
FB
0
FB
0
0
0
0
0
FB
0
0
FB
FB
A
FB
NA
FB
A
A
A
FB
A
FB
NA
FB
A
FB
NA
A
A
FB
NA
CD VI
C -i-
•r- to
a. i—
nj c
C/l *f
• AM!
OS
OS
OS
OS
OS
OS
OS
OS
OS
OS
35S
350
35S
39ft
21S
OS
OS
21S
OS
39S
39R
39S
OS
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
OS
21S
OS
39S
39M
39S
35S
35R
OS
39S
3SD
OS
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
35S
350
35S
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
21S
39S
390
OS
21S
Tlkcr*
0
2
22
2
t
10
4
B
.
.
.
1
4
7
t
1
2
17
.
.
8
1
18
t
.
1
2
• Air
10
10
10
10
9
9
11
9
9
10
If
11
t
10
10
.
10
10
7
.
,
.
11
11
To
0
8
7
7
3
1
2
4
1
2
3
3
7
9
2
3
8
3.
8.
L. fik«r n
.OOE+00
.OOE+O2
. 30E+03
. OOE+02
. 80E+03
OOE+03
.OOE+03
OOE+02
OOE+03
OOE+03
OOE+02
OOE+02
f
OOE+02
80E+03
.
OOE+03
OOE+02
90E+03
OOE+02
OOE+02
•itr
* "S" denotes standard.
"D" denotes duplicate.
"R" denotes replicate.
148
-------
PCM RESULTS (Continued)
Tn IcklluTry* AM! rthctf* Air »«1. ftk— D«Hl
K3
K4
KS
K8
K7
K7
K8
K9
L2
L3
L4
L5
L8
L7
L8
L9
Ml
M2
M3
M4
MS
MB
M7
MS
M9
S1
52
S3
54
S5
58
S7
S8
S9
B10
B11
B12
B13
010
011
012
013
014
018
D17
018
019
021
021
023
024
025
027
027
02*
029
032
034
034
038
001
DG2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
1
1
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
3
1
1
4
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
4
4
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
3
3
8
8
9
9
3
3
3
3
8
6
2
2
1
1
2
2
5
5
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
4
4
8
8
3
3
4
4
5
7
7
7
3
8
8
5
9
7
4
4
8
8
7
7
8
3
1
7
7
6
a
7
8
8
4
2
2
FB
A
A
FB
MA
NA
FB
NA
A
FB
A
FB
A
FB
NA
FB
NA
FB
NA
FB
A
FB
A
FB
NA
FB
A
FB
A
FB
A
FB
A
FB
FB
0
FB
0
FB
A
FB
NA
FB
FB
A
FB
A
0
0
A
0
A
0
0
FB
NA
OS
21S
21S
OS
3SS
350
OS
21S
21S
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
215
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
OS
21S
OS
21S
35S
350
35S
35S
3SS
35S
35R
35S
35R
355
3SS
35R
35S
OS
21S
t
r
2
0
.
.
.
.
.
t
t
.
.
.
0
3
2
0
2
3
0
1
7
0
It
8
48
.
10
10
.
.
10
10
10
12
12
10
10
11
11
11
11
11
10
a
0
0.
1.
a.
0.
5.
1.
0.
3.
2.
0.
3.
2.
1.
OOE+02
OOE+00
.
.
.
OOE+OO
OOE+03
OOE+02
OOE+00
OOE+O2
OOE+03
OOE+00
OOE+02
OOE+03
OOE+OO
20E+03
OOE+03
SOE+04
149
-------
PCM RESULTS (Continued)
n>
DQ3
DG4
DG8
OG7
DG8
DG9
FBI
FB2
FB4
FBS
FB7
FBB
FBS
G10
Q11
Q12
013
G14
G14
G15
G16
G17
G18
G19
G20
G21
G22
G22
G23
G23
G2S
G25
011
J13
013
K10
K11
K14
K1S
K18
K17
K18
K19
K20
K23
K24
K24
L10
L11
L13
L14
L15
L16
LIB
L19
L20
L20
L22
L22
L23
L25
L2S
Pw Seh SlttTyr*
rihvc* Ate ?oi. rikm t>m*itj
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
0
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
.
4
4
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
5
5
a
8
0
0
7
7
a
a
1
8
8
10
10
8
8
10
9
10
1
1
3
S
1
1
7
7
3
3
4
3
3
3
1
1
2
2
5
S
1
1
2
2
1
2
2
FB
A
FB
NA
FB
A
LB
LB
FB
0
FB
A
NA
A
FB
A
FB
A
A
A
FB
FB
NA
FB
FB
A
NA
NA
0
0
0
0
A
NA
NA
A
FB
NA
A
A
A
A
FB
FB
A
A
A
FB
A
NA
FB
A
FB
A
FB
NA
NA
A
A
A
NA
NA
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
OS
OS
21S
OS
21S
21S
21S
OS
21S
OS
35S
3SR
35S
OS
OS
21S
OS
OS
21S
3SS
35R
3SS
35R
35S
35D
3SS
3SS
350
21S
OS
35S
35S
21S
21S
21S
OS
OS
3SS
3SS
350
OS
21S
21S
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
35S
35R
35S
35R
3SS
35S
35R
t
.
.
.
.
S
18
20
0
0
1
5
1
0
42
191
94
0
2
.
23
3
7
.
.
125
81
210
113
88
1SS
47
t
.
11
11
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
12
1O
10
10
10
10
11
11
.
10
10
12
12
10
9
9
1
5
8
0
0
3
1
3
0
1
a
3
0
7
7
9
2
4
2
5
3
2
5
1
.OOE+03
. 20E+03
. 40E+03
-OOE+OO
.OOE+OO
.OOE+02
.OOE+03
. OOE+02
.OOE+OO
. 10E+04
. 12E+04
.OOE+04
.OOE+00
.OOE+02
. 50E+03
.OOE+02
.OOE+03
OOE+04
80E+04
81E+04
02E+04
10E+04
84E+O4
80E+04
150
-------
PCM RESULTS (Continued1
Ht Sckllutyy*
ilz
rtkv«* Tol. fik«r tawlty
L27
L27
L29
L30
L30
L33
L33
M10
Mil
M12
M13
M14
M1S
M16
M17
M17
M18
M19
M20
M20
M21
M21
M22
M22
M23
M23
MQ1
MQ2
MQ4
MG5
ma
MQ7
MQ9
S10
S11
S12
S13
514
S15
S16
S17
S18
S19
S19
S20
S20
S21
S21
S22
S22
S23
S24
S24
S29
S26
S27
S27
S28
S28
S29
S30
S31
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
0
0
0
3
3
1
2
2
S
5
1
8
8
1
1
8
8
2
2
1
2
5
5
3
3
5
5
1
1
1
1
4
4
7
7
4
5
3
3
1
1
2
2
2
2
8
8
1
1
1
1
2
2
3
a
8
4
4
2
2
8
8
0
0
0
A
FB
A
FB
NA
FB
A
FB
A
A
A
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
A
A
NA
NA
FB
A
A
FB
FB
0
A
A
FB
NA
FB
A
FB
A
FB
A
A
A
NA
NA
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
LB
LB
LB
35S
350
3SS
3SS
35R
3SS
350
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
35S
35R
35S
35S
35S
350
35S
35R
3SS
350
35S
35R
OS
21S
21S
OS
OS
21S
21S
21S
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
21S
35S
390
3SS
390
35S
35R
35S
39D
39S
39S
35R
39S
39S
39S
350
35S
390
OS
OS
OS
227
150
322
148
103
83
80
,
28
27
33
87
91
95
25
34
33
40
33
37
g
.
t
f
59
94
37
33
183
148
50
48
130
78
81
83
37
80
59
91
47
.
.
.
9
9
11
10
10
10
10
.
t
a
8
8
10
8
8
8
8
9
9
12
12
t
t
t
9
9
10
10
15
15
10
10
11
8
8
9
11
8
8
10
10
p
t
7
5
9
4
3
2
1
1
1
1
2
3
4
9
1
1
1
8
9
2
1
1
1
3
3
1
1
3
3
3
3
1
3
2
1
1
.99E+04
.28E+04
. 38E+04
. 89E+04
. 40E+04
. OOE+04
. 90E+04
.
. 10E+04
. 10E+04
. 30E+04
. 20E+04
.90E+04
. 10E+04
. 80E+03
. 30E4-04
. 10E+O4
. 40E+04
. BOE+03
. 90E+03
_
. 10E+04
.90E+04
. 20E+04
. 10E+04
.91E+O4
. 12E+04
.BOE+04
. 50E1-04
. 79E+04
.OOE+04
. 20E+04
.OOE+04
. 10E+04
. 30E+04
. 30E+04
. 70E+04
.90E*04
151
-------
PCM RESULTS (Continued)
F«lck«tt«T)r**
U* »ol. fltor
lt7
S32
0011
0012
0014
0015
DO18
0017
0019
0019
0020
0021
0021
0023
0023
0025
0025
0027
0029
0029
0031
0031
0033
FB10
FB12
FB13
FB14
FB1S
FB18
FB17
K12A
K12B
K12B
K13A
K13B
K13B
M0 10
M011
M0 12
MQ13
MOM
MQ18
M0 18
MQ20
MG21
MQ22
M024
MQ25
M025
MQ27
MG27
M031
MQ31
M033
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
4
4
4
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
0
3
3
2
2
8
8
1
1
2
2
2
5
S
8
8
3
2
2
1
1
8
1
3
3
2
2
1
1
1
3
3
1
211
211
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
4
5
5
7
7
8
8
1
1
3
1
3
3
7
7
B
S
4
LB
FB
NA
FB
A
FB
A
NA
NA
A
NA
NA
NA
NA
A
A
NA
A
A
NA
NA
A
FB
FB
0
FB
A
FB
NA
NA
NA
NA
FB
A
A
FB
FB
A
0
FB
A
A
A
FB
0
A
A
A
0
0
A
A
A
OS
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
21S
3SS
35R
3SS
35S
350
3SS
35R
3SS
350
3SS
35S
35R
3SS
350
3SS
OS
OS
21S
OS
21S
OS
21S
215
35S
35R
OS
3SS
3SR
OS
OS
21S
21S
OS
35S
350
21S
OS
35S
35S
35S
35R
35S
350
35S
350
3SS
.
40
28
13
11
11
3
13
11
0
g
11
8
4
7
14
4
8
12
5
.
.
15
28
8
28
9
10
9
28
9
38
11
•
.
11
11
11
9
9
10
10
11
11
t
10
10
10
10
11
.
t
12
12
11
11
.
.
.
.
10
10
10
11
8
8
10
10
10
10
10
1.
7.
3.
4.
4.
1.
4.
3.
0.
3.
2.
1.
2.
4.
1.
2.
3.
1.
4.
8.
2.
8.
4.
4.
3.
8.
3-.
1.
3.
20E+04
30E+03
80E+03
10E+03
10E+03
OOE+03
30E+03
30E+03
OOE+OO
SOE+03
OOE+03
OOE+03
OOE+03
20E+03
OOE+03
OOE+03
5OE+03
OOE+03
.
80E+03
30E+03
OOE+03
20E+03
OOE+03
20E+03
OOE+03
30E+03
OOE+03
20E+04
50E+03
152
-------
APPENDIX C-3
Results of Polarized Light Microscopic Analysis of Bulk Samples
for Volume of Chrysotile and Nonasbestos Material and
the Releasability Determination
Nonasbestos components volume %
Sample Chrysotile
no. volume %
F-ll
F-12
F-13
F-13
F-14d
F-18
F-19J
F-23d
F-24
F-24C
F-26
F-27
F-32e
F-34
F-35
F-38
F-38C
F-39
F-406
F-41
F-476
F-48
F-48C
F-49
F-50
F-53
F-58
F-59d
F-60
F-61
F-63
F-64d
F-66
M-24
M-28
M-30
M-31
M-31C
M-33
M-35d
M-37e
M-39
85
85
80
25
85
80
85
85
25
15
23
25
15
27
25
25
10
25
3
30
3
20
15
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
15
25
Mineral
wool
Tb
T
T
10
T
-
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Cellulose
—
-
-
5
-
-
-
-
-
T
-
-
-
-
-
-
T
-
-
-
T
-
T
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
T
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
Per lite
—
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
10
10
10
10
-
-
-
65
70
65
-
60
-
70
45
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
10
10
9
10
10
10
10
-
10
Vermiculite Other
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
60
60
61
61
50
67
70
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
60
59
60
60
49
60
60
60
60
15
15
20
60
15
20
15
15
5
15
6
4
35
6
5
10
20
10
97
10
97
10
40
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
6
6
5
15
5
5
25
5
R.R.a
7
6
8
5
7
3
4
5
5
4
5
5
4
4
4
5
4
5
3
5
3
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
5
5
6
6
5
6
5
6
6
3
6
153
-------
PLM RESULTS (Continued)
Sample
no.
M-39C
M-41
M-42
M-43d
M-45
M-49
M-50
M-52e
M-54
M-56
M-57e
M-58
M-59
M-65
M-67
M-686
M-69
M-70
M-70C
M-74d
M-78
M-79
M-80
M-81e
M-83
Chrysotile
volume %
15
25
30
25
25
30
30
15
25
25
15
25
25
85
25
17
30
30
25
25
25
25
25
15
25
Nonasbestos components
volume %
Mineral
wool Cellulose Perlite Vermiculite
10
10
9
12
12
10
10
_
10
10
_
10
10
T
_
_
_
_
. _ _
10
10
10
10
_
I* • mm
60
60
57
56
56
54
54
55
58
59
55
59
58
-
70
50
65
66
65
60
60
60
61
50
72
Other
15
5
4
7
7
6
6
30
7
6
30
6
7
15
5
30
-
4
10
5
5
5
4
35
3
R.R.3
5
6
6
6
5
5
6
3
6
6
3
5
5
5
3
3
4
4
4
6
6
6
6
3
4
• Releasabil ity rating.
T = trace amount.
.Internal duplicate QC analysis by MRI.
Replicate analysis by MRI
eExternal QA laboratory
154
-------
APPENDIX C-4
DATA USED FOR TEM QUALITY ASSURANCE
! ! TEM-CHRY3-! TEM-CHR/3-!
! ! STANDARD ! DUPLICATE !
I
I
(LENGTH
13-DAY SAMPLE
1
1
|
1
!3-DAT SAMPLE
1
1
i
i
i
1
1
i
i
i
i
f
(FILTER ID
1DG12
!OG15
!MG4
!M13
!M5
»S10
IB1
! B9
IDG20
!DG21
!DG33
! 023
! D24
!F4
!G14
!K13B
!K23
.
!L23
!L29
!L30
!MG22
JM033
!M13
!M23
!S21
!S23
i
1
1
1
!
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
FIBER- !
COUNTS !
!
14!
33!
-
320!
3!
15!
I!
17!
3!
4!
5!
3!
20!
14!
13!
55!
53!
102!
22!
10!
77!
12!
1 !
17!
13!
34!
4 !
FIBER- !
COUNTS !
i
U!
13!
210!
91
3!
0!
6!
21!
9!
1
3!
7!
57!
19!
24!
39!
43!
152!
6!
6!
13!
15!
4!
29!
22!
181 !
4!
155
-------
1
1
1
1
(LENGTH
!3-DAY SAMPLE
1
1
1
I
15-DAY SAMPLE
!
1
I
i
I
i
!
1
i
!
!
!
!
1
1
!
!
i
j
(FILTER ID
!DG17
!DG2
IMG9
!M3
!S14
!S18
!B2
!BG19
!D21
!D25
!D36
!F6
!G22
!G25
!J11
!K14
!K15
!K24
!L23
!MG16
.'MG25
!hG31
!M20
IM22
!S22
!S28
j
»
t
1
!
1
J
1
1
!
!
!
!
!
!
I
!
!
(
1
!
1
1
1
!
i
!
I
I
TEM-CHRYS- !
STANDARD !
FIBER- !
COUNTS !
!
11 !
1!
24!
10!
3!
17!
0!
19!
3!
46 !
2!
1 !
0!
0!
0!
14 !
120!
135!
6!
8!
8!
6\
41 !
128!
5!
8!
TEM-CHRYS- !
REPLICATE !
FIBER- !
COUNTS !
!
t
6!
8!
19!
16!
103!
3!
491
74 !
3!
7!
5!
5!
4 !
11!
5!
10!
102!
186!
11 !
8!
14!
47!
13!
30!
50!
120!
156
-------
1
1
1
1
ILENGTH
13-DAY SAMPLE
|
|
1
1
!S-DAY SAMPLE
i
i
!
j
t
i
i
i
1
!
1
!
!
!
I
1
! ITEM-CHRYS-!
1TEM-CHRYS-! EXTERNAL !
! STANDARD ! QA !
(FILTER ID
!PG9
!FB8
!FB9
IMG20
! rl *
!M7
!S16
!S6
!P8
!DG23
!DG25
!DG29
!D29
!D32
!F5
!G15
!G6
!G7
!L20
!L27
!L33
IMG24
•
IMG27
!M21
!S19
!S24
IS26
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
r
1
i
i
1
j
i
t
i
i
FIBER- !
COUNTS !
4 !
0!
23!
-
116!
8!
49!
2!
8!
17!
0!
1!
11 !
0!
33!
13!
49!
200!
103!
120!
39!
88!
5!
8!
15!
14!
4!
66!
2!
FIBER- !
COUNTS !
i
95!
22!
95!
95!
8!
62!
96!
67!
75!
34!
48!
98!
35!
59!
35!
66!
69 !
30!
66!
86!
i
67!
40 !
48!
24!
67!
82!
Ill !
45!
157
-------
J
1
!
(LENGTH
13-DAY SAMPLE
1
1
!5-nAY SAMPLE
t
1
1
j
1
t
1
!
1
!
!
(FILTER Hi
!DG12
•HG15
!MG4
!M13
!M5
!S10
!B9
!HG20
(DG21
!DG33
!D23
!D24
!F4
!G14
!K13*
!K23
!L23
!L29
!L30
JMG22
IMG33
IH18
!M23
IS21
!S25
n
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
t
t
1
1
t
1
1
1
1
|
J
FEM-CHRYS- !1
STANDARD !I
FIBERS - !
PER M**3 !
28000!
65000!
36300000!
7000!
32000!
2000!
24000!
10000!
5000!
8000!
7000!
28000!
1700C !
29000 !
500000 !
68000 !
1480000!
31000!
13000!
110000!
17000!
5000 !
29000!
18000!
32000!
6000 !
FEM-CHRYS- !
JUPLICATE !
FIBERS - !
PER M**3 !
81000 !
35000!
14700000!
20000!
6000!
0!
9000!
27000!
10000!
10000!
9000!
81000!
22000!
39000!
350000 !
55000!
2200000!
9000 !
8000 !
26000!
21000!
30000!
50000 !
26000!
171000!
6000!
158
-------
1
I
LENGTH (FILTER ID
3-DAY SAMPLE IDG17
!DG2
•MG9
!M3
!S14
!S18
5-DAY SAMPLE !B2
!BG19
!P21
!D25
!D36
(F6
!G22
IG25
_____—-_-..- —
! Jll
!K14
!K15
!K24
!L25
!HG16
IMG25
IMG31
!M20
i •__
!M22
i
!S22
i
!S28
n
j
i
i
!
I
1
!
1
!
!
!
!
i
!
I
\
!
!
!
1
t
t
(
1
!
!
1
f
!
rEM-CHRYS- !'
STANDARD !F
FIBERS - !
PER M**3 !
1
21000!
2000!
180000!
22000!
30000!
.34000!
0!
25000!
4000!
54000!
3000!
1000!
0!
0!
0!
20000!
4140000!
12-00000!
10000!
10000!
10000!
VOOO!
78000!
386000!
7000!
10000 !
PEM-CHRYS- !
5EPLICATE !
FIBERS - !
PER M**3 !
!
10000!
20000!
40000!
350001
401000!
9000!
72000!
— •• 1
95000!
4000!
8000!
7000!
6000!
6000!
99000!
6000!
14000!
3510000!
— — 1
16SOOOOO !
18000!
10000!
26000!
67000!
25000!
45000!
70000 !
226000!
159
-------
LENGTH
3-DAY SAMPLE
5-DAY SAMPLE
IFILTER ID
!UG9
!FB9
!MG20
! Ml
!M7
!S16
!S6
!f 1
! 68
IDG23
IDG 2 5
!DG29
! D29
!D32
| _ _ .
!F5
IG15
IG6
i
!G7
!L20
IL27
!L33
MG24
KG 2 7
M21
S19
S24
£26
1
i
1
j
I
I
I
(
1
I
|
1
1
I
1
j
t
1
|
|
1
1
1
1
1
j
I
(
I
M
TEH-CHRYS-!
STANDARD !
FIBERS - !
PER M**3 !
t
30000!
0!
53000!
633000!
20000 !
370000!
20000 !
10000!
24000 !
0!
1000!
15000!
43000!
17000!
70000!
9920000 !
102COOOO !
16100000!
55000!
960000!
7000 !
50000!
21000!
24000 !
6000!
110000!
3000'
FEM-CHRYS-!
EXTERNAL I
GA I
FIBERS - !
PER h*»3 I
i
350000!
32000!
2600000 !
77COOOO!
10000!
J
420000!
5900000!
2300000!
240000 !
470,00 !
65000'
3100000!
57000!
760000!
63000C !
200000!
16000000 !
10000000!
31000000 !
3200000!
20COOOOO !
47000!
4200000 !
34000!
160000!
1700000 I
921000!
57000 !
160
-------
!
i
i
I
(LENGTH
.'3-DAY SAMPLE
i
i
;
15-DAY SrtMF'LE
1
!
1
i
I
i
!
1
!
!
i
1
!
i
1
1
i
!
i
1
i
1
! TEM-CHRYS- ! TEM-CHKYS- .'
! STANDARD (DUPLICATE !
! NG/M**3 ! NG/M**3 !
•FILTER ID
.'DG12
IDG15
IMG4
!M13
!HS
!S10
!B1
1 — — — •— —
!B9
!DG20
i
JDG21
!DG33
!D23
!D24
!F4
!G14
IK13B
1 --- — -------
!K23
I- — -_ — -----
!L23
!L29
!L30
IMG22
1 __-- — - — -
IMG33
1
!h!6
!M23
!S21
!S25
1
t
!
!
1
!
1
1
1
!
!
I
!
t
1
!
1
1
I
I
!
1
f
!
i
j
i
0.36!
0.74!
181 .00!
0.02!
0.37!
0.10!
0.19!
0.40"
0.04!
0.04!
0.70!
0.1S!
0.08!
0.16!
4.50!
0.54!
j
10.40!
0.23!
0.06 !
0.93!
0.13!
0.02!
0.26!
0.10!
0.28!
0.06!
i
.
0.32!
0.21 !
B9.30!
-------- j
0.20!
0.10!
0.00 !
0.40 !
0 . J 9 .'
0.06 !
0.08!
0.04 !
0.47!
0.14!
0.22!
1.10!
0.35!
14.60 !
0.30!
0.04 !
0.14!
0.16!
0.201
0.24!
0.13!
1.11!
0.03!
161
-------
!
!
"LENGTH
-
! 3-DAY SAMPLE
i
1
1
!
!
i
15-DAY SAMPLE
I
!
<
!
!
i
!
!
i
i
i
i
i
i
!
i
!
!
!
!TEM-CHRYS-!TEM-CHRYS-!
! STANDARD IREFLICATE !
! NG/M**3 ! NG/M*#3 !
(FILTER ID
IDG17
!DG2
----------
!MG9
!M3
!S14
!S18
!B2
IDG19
!D21
!D25
!D36
!F6
!G22
!G25
! Jll
!K14
!N15
!K24
IL25
!MG16
IMG25
IMG31
IM20
!M22
!S22
!S28"
!
!
!
!
i
!
1
!
1
1
1
1
|
1
1
I
1
!
1
i
i
i
1
i
1
!
1
0.27!
0.01!
0.65!
0.08!
0.10!
0.24!
0.00!
0.15!
0.08!
0.32!
0.02!
0.00!
0.00!
0.00!
0.00!
0.34!
24.90!
139.00!
0.30!
0.09!
0.20!
0.10!
0.53!
2.09!
0.10!
1 .00!
!
i
0.101
0.10!
0.21 !
i
0.32!
2.72!
0.06!
0.83!
0.86!
0.02!
O.'OS!
0.03!
0.04 !
0.05!
0.86!
0.05!
0.10!
22.10!
141 .00!
0.08!
1
0.10!
0.18!
0.29 !
0.26!
0.46 !
0.41 !
1.13!
162
-------
1
t
1
1
1
(LENGTH
! 3-DAY SAMPLE
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
! 5-DAY SAMPLE
i
i
1
i
i
i
i
i
1
i
i
1
i
1
1
t
I
|
I
i
I
j
TEM-CHRYS-
STANDARD
NG/M**3
! FILTER ID
i
!FF8
i
!FB9
1 _ — _ ____
•
!hl
!M7
!S16
i
!S6
-------
! 1 TEH-CHRYS- ! !
! TEH-CHRYS- ! FIBERS-PER ! TEH-CHRYS- !
JFIBER-COUNTS! FILTER ! NC/FILTER !
BLANK- ! BLANK- ! BLANK- !
ANALYSIS I ANALYSIS ! ANALYSIS !
TYPE iSAHPLE NO.
FIELD BLANKS ! B7
!B2
!D8
!FB10
!FB7
!F3
!C16
!G19
! Jl
IHG14
I __. _ _.. _ w
!H10
IMS
LABORATORY !G
!H
! J
!S31
!S32
I
I
!
1
!
!
1
!
1
1
!
!
|
!
!
!
I
0!
0!
5!
11
0!
0!
0!
0!
2!
16!
7!
21!
0!
01
1 !
6!
13!
j
i
0!
0!
70000!
50000!
0!
0!
0!
0!
30000!
260000!
100000!
300000!
0!
0!
20000 !
90000!
180000 !
!
j
0.00!
0.00!
0.30!
0.10!
0.00!
0.00!
0.00!
0.00!
0.20!
0.91!
0.40!
1.20!
0.00!
0.00!
0.10!
0.30 !
0.70!
164
-------
APPENDIX C-5
DATA USED FOR PCM QUALITY ASSURANCE
j
1
1
1
!
!______ ___
(FILTER ID
!B1
IDG21
!DG25
!DG31
!D21
!F8
!G25
|
!G6
! J13
! J8
!K24
!K7
!L27
!L33
!MG16
!MG27
!MG31
!M20
!M22
IS19
!— --------- — - — --_ —
!S20
!S22
!S28
IPCM-CHRYS-IFCM-CHRYS-!
i
i _
i
!
!
i
!
i
I
i
i
!
!
1
!
|
1
!
!
1
1
1
1
1
1
!
|
i
STANDARD IDUFLICATE !
FIBER- !
COUNTS !
— — ------ 4-
!
0!
11!
11!
4!
0!
2!
1!
6!
191 !
1!
3!
2 !
227!
63!
15!
9!
9!
— _ — .4. _
91!
33!
59!
37!
50!
51 !
.
FIBER- !
COUNTS !
;
2!
11!
0!
7!
3!
17!
0!
1 !
94 !
2!
7!
0!
150!
60!
26!
26!
i
36!
___ — ____ i
95!
•40 !
54!
33!
48!
471
165
-------
1
IF'CM-CHRYS- IPCM-CHRYS-!
! ! STANDARD !REFLICATE !
1
1
IFILTER ID
!B2
!B8
IDG19
!DG23
!DG29
!D27
!D29
!D34
!F4
!F6
!G14
!G22
!G23
IK12B
!K13B
I _•..___.._..__
!L20
!L22
!L25
!L30
!MG25
!M17
!M21
!M23
!S21
!S24
!S27
! -
|
1
I
I
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
\
1
FIBER- »'
COUNTS !
t
22!
10!
40!
3!
11 !
3!
1 <
11 !
1 !
1 !
5!
0!
1 !
4 !
12!
125!
210!
155!
148 !
9!
28!
25!
33!
183!
76!
80 !
FIBER- !
COUNTS !
1
I
2!
4 !
25!
13!
6!
0!
7!
8!
4 !
1 !
18!
0!
5!
6!
5!
81 !
113!
47!
103!
10!
27!
34 !
37!
146!
81 !
55!
166
-------
1
•'
1
1
)__________
IFILTER in
IDG20
IDG27
IHG33
!D23
!D24
!D25
!D32
!D36
!F5
!G14
i Q22
!G23
!G7
! Jll
i ____________________
!K14
____________-----
!K15
!K23
!L22
!L23
!L29
!HG22
IMG24
!MG33
!H18
!h!9
!S23
!S25
!S26
! IPCH-CHRYS- !
IF'CH-CHKYS-! EXTERNAL !
i
I
i
i
I
i
i
i
i
i
I
i
i
i
•
i
t
-- — ----. — -4 -
i
STANIiAR'H !
FIBER- !
COUNTS !
!
6!
131
.!
14!
2!
0!
2!
0!
46!
7!
5!
0!
1 !
16!
42!
0!
2 !
23!
210!
66!
322!
6!
28!
11 !
33!
67!
130!
83!
37!
OH !
FIFER- !
COUNTS !
I
1!
15!
5!
8!
48!
0!
87!
1 !
101 !
3!
9!
3!
2 !
19!
88!
3!
40!
14!
102!
102!
i
7!
18!
6!
32!
CO!
102!
40!
167
-------
1
1
j
(FILTER ID
IDG21
IDG25
IDG31
!D21
!F8
!G25
! J13
! J8
!K24
!K7
IL27
!L33
IMG16
!MG27
!MG31
!M20
!H22
!S19
!S20
!S22
! S28
PCM-CHRYS-! PCM-CHRYS-!
STANDARD (DUPLICATE !
FIBERS - ! FIBERS - !
PER
1
1
i
1
I
1
1
1
j
1
t
j
j
1
1
;
H**3 ! PER
0!
4100!
3300!
1000!
0!
700!
300!
2000!
61200!
300!
900!
600!
79900!
20000!
4800!
3000!
3000!
39000!
11000!
21000!
12000!
16000!
17000!
M*!3 !
i
600!
4100!
0!
2000!
1000!
5600!
0!
300!
30000!
600!
2000!
0!
52800!
19000!
8300!
8300!
12000!
41000!
14000 !
19000 !
11000!
13000 !
15000!
168
-------
1
!
1
!
l
(FILTER ID
!B2
!B8
IDG19
IDG23
!DG29
ID27
!D29
!D34
!F4
•
!F6
1614
!G22
!G23
IK12B
IK13B
IL20
IL22
!L23
!U30
IMG25
!M17
!h21
!H23
!S21
!S24
!S27
!PCM-CHRYS-!PCM-CHRYS-!
i
i .
1
1
|
!
1
!
!
1
1
1
!
!
1
!
1
1
!
1
1
I
1
1
!
i
STANDARD (REPLICATE !
FIBERS - !
PER M**3 !
{
!
7300!
3600!
12000!
1000!
3SOO!
1000!
300!
3200!
400!
300!
1000!
0!
300!
1000!
3500!
40000!
56100!
58400!
48900!
,
4000!
11000!
?800!
8800!
39100!
30000!
33000!
FIBERS - !
PER M**3 !
i
!
700!
1000!
7300!
4300!
2000!
0!
2000!
2000!
1000!
300!
5200!
0!
1000!
2000!
1000!
26000!
30200!
18000!
34000!
4200!
11000!
13000!
9900!
31200!
32000!
23000!
169
-------
1
1
1
!
i
(FILTER ID
!B9
!DG20
IDG27
IDG33
!D23
!D24
!D2S
!D32
! D36
!F5
!G14
! G22
!G23
!G7
! Jll
!N14
!K15
! K23
!L22
!L23
!L29
IMG22
IMG24
IHG33
!M18
! Ml?
! S23
! S25
! S26
! IPCM-CHRYS-!
1PCM-CHRYS-! EXTERNAL !
t
I
I
I
I
!
!
;
!
1
!
1
1
1
!
!
1
1
j
1
1
f
|
j
1
1
I
STANDARD !
FIBERS - !
PER M**3 !
I
2000!
3800!
. !
4200!
^
600!
0!
500!
0!
15000!
2000!
1000!
0!
300!
6700!
11000!
0!
700!
7500!
56100!
21000!
93800!
2000!
3200!
3500!
13000!
22000!
37700!
30000!
11000!
QA !
FIBERS - !
PER M**3 !
t
i
300!
4300!
2000!
2000!
16000!
0!
24000!
300!
33100!
1000!
3000!
1000!
600!
8300!
24000!
800!
14000 !
4500!
47800 !
16000 !
51400!
2000 !
5400!
2000!
13000 !
16000!
40100!
15000 !
12000!
170
-------
APPENDIX C-6
DATA USED FOR SEM QUALITY ASSURANCE
1
!
i
!
1
i
IFILTER ID
!DG22
IDG30
IDG32
ID26
!J12
! J9
!L28
IMG17
IMG26
IRTI14
IRTI15
!RTIl
-------
1
1
1
1
;
IFILTER ID
I0G28
IDG32
ID28
!D30
!D33
! J9
!L31
!L32
IMG17
IMG23
IMG28
!«G34
IRTI1
IRTI17
IRTI18
IRTI26
IRTI27
IRTI32
IRTI34
IRTI36
! RTI4
IRTIS
IRTI8
1
I
!
i
!
j
!
!
J
1
1
j
!
I
I
I
j
1
!
I
1
1
t
1
1
1
1
1
SEM-CHRYS-!SEh-CHRYS-!
STANDARti IREPLICATE
FIBER- ! FIBER-
COUNTS-AT ICOUNTS-AT
2000X ! 2000X
1
0!
0!
0!
i
0 !
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
1!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
14!
7!
3!
0!
3!
0!
0!
0!
[
j
1
1
j
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
1!
3!
1 !
1 !
6 !
0 !
0!
0 !
172
-------
1
!
i
i
[FILTER ID
!DG22
!DG30
IDG32
!D26
! J12
! J9
!L28
IMG17
!MG26
IRTI14
IRTI15
IRTI16
IRTI17
IRTI20
1RTI21
IRTI33
IRTI39
IRTI42
IRTI7
c
!
1
!
i
j
i
i
i
i
i
!
t
;
|
EM-CHRYS-IE
STANDARD !I
FIBERS - !
PER M**3 !
|
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
700!
0!
800!
2000!
0!
4..
1000!
+
2000 !
0!
EM-CHRYS-
UPLICATE
FIBERS -
PER M**3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
700
0
0
0
0
173
-------
;
1
i
(FILTER ID
IDG2B
IDG32
!D28
!D30
!033
! J?
!L31
!L32
!MG17
!MG23
IMG28
!MG34
IRTI1
IRTI17
IRTI18
IRTI26
IRTI27
!RTI32
IRTI34
IRTI36
IRTI4
!_
IRTI3
!RTI8
SEM-CHRYS-ISEM-CHRYS-!
STANDARD IREPLICATE !
FIBERS - ! FIBERS - !
PER
t
!
!
!
!
t
!
!
!
1
1
!
1
I
1
t
1
|
1
!
j
M**3 ! PER
1
|
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
700!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
11000!
7000!
3000!
0!
2000!
0!
0!
0!
M*»3 !
i
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
300!
4000!
2000!
600!
6000 !
0!
0!
0!
174
-------
' !SEM-CHRYS-'SEM-CHRYS-
j
I
;
I— _____
(FILTER ID
!DG22
! DG30
!DG32
!D26
!J12
i
! J9
!L28
1MG17
1MG26
j
!RTH4
"RTH5
!RTU_
1RTH7
IRTI20
'RTI21
!RTI33
I ____ — ____
IRTI39
_____ —
IRTI42
IRTI7
i
i .
i
!
!
!
i
j
|
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!
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1
i
j
i
i
i
i
i
i
!
i
STANDARD IDUPLICATE
NG/M**3 !
- + -
I
0.00!
+ -
0.00!
0.00!
0.00!
0.00!
0.00!
0.00!
0.00!
0.00!
0.00!
0.00!
70.00!
0.00!
2000.00!
300.00!
0.00?
4*00!
200.00!
0.00!
NG/M**3
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
300.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
175
-------
IflLTER ID
!DG28
1DG32
!D28
!D30
!D33
! J9
!L31
!L32
!MG17
!HG23
!MG28
!MG34
IRTI1
!RTI17
IRTI18
IRTI26
IRTI27
!RTI32
IRTI34
IRTI36
IRTI4
i .
!RTI5
!RTI8
!SEM-CHRYS-!SEM-CHRYS-
! STANDARD (REPLICATE
! NG/h**3 ! NG/M**3
I
I
1
1
1
I
1
I
i
t
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
380
800
6
0
50
0
0
0
1
,00!
.00!
.00!
.00!
.00!
.00!
.00!
.00!
.00!
.00!
.00!
.00!
.00!
.00!
.00!
.00 !
.00!
.00!
.00!
.00!
.00!
.00!
.00!
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
30
0
5
20
0
0
0
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.40
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
176
-------
TYPE
FIELD BLANKS
LABORATORY
BLANKS
! SAMPLE NO,
IDG10
i DG13
!IU5
! D9
!FB6
!L1
!L12
!L17
IMG 15
IRTI12
IRTI43
!FB2
.'RTI22
1
i
i
i
I
1
f
1
1
(
[
t
!
i
I
1
1
i
f
SEM-CHRYS-
FIBER-COUNTS
AT 2000X
BLANK-
ANALYSIS
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
177
-------
APPENDIX C-7
DATA USED FOR PLM ANALYSIS OF BULK
SAMPLES FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE
!
!
i
'SAMPLE NO.
!F-13
i — ___ v
IF-24
IF-38
i _____ —
IF-48
IH-31
IM-39
!M-70
CHRYSOTILE- !
VOLUME %- !
STANDARD !
DATA I
!• + .
I
80!
1-- + .
25!
h----- -- + -
25!
20!
1 25!
25!
! 30!
CHRYSOTILE-!F
VOLUME X- !
DUPLICATE !
DATA !
+ .
l
25!
+ -
IS!
+ •
10!
15!
25!
15!
25!
iELEASAPILI- !F
TY RATING- !
STANDARD !
DATA !
+
!
8!
1-
5!
+
5!
5!
6!
6!
4 !
-------
APPENDIX D
Data Listings
-------
APPENDIX D-l
DATA LISTING FOR AIR SAMPLES
-0 i—
o o
C ^
Q. 00
1 1
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1 3
1 3
1 3
1 3
1 3
1 3
1 3
1 3
1 4
1 4
1 4
1 4
1 4
1 4
1 4
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
cu
0.
>>
2 2
OO }
1 NA
1 NA
2 A
2 A
6 A
6 A
6 A
7 0
7 0
7 0
1 NA
1 NA
1 NA
2 A
2 A
3 NA
3 NA
4 A
4 A
5 A
5 A
5 A
6 A
6 A
6 A
7 0
7 0
7 0
1 A
1 A
1 A
2 NA
3 A
3 A
4 A
4 A
4 A
5 NA
5 NA
5 NA
6 A
6 A
6 A
7 0
7 0
1 A
1 A
1 A
2 A
2 A
2 A
3 0
1 NA
1 NA
1 NA
1 NA
Ol O)
E a.
t— t— ) 1— 1 O
C -r- Q.
•i- (/)&.••-
E 'ra
OO «£
35 S
35 D
35 S
35 R
35 S
35 R
35 D
35 S
35 R
35 D
35 S
35 R
35 D
35 S
35 R
35 S
35 R
35 S
35 D
35 S
35 R
35 D
35 S
35 R
35 D
35 S
35 R
35 D
35 S
35 R
35 D
35 S
35 S
35 R
35 S
35 R
35 D
35 S
35 R
35 D
35 S
35 R
35 D
35 S
35 R
35 S
35 R
35 D
35 S
35 R
35 D
35 S
35 S
35 R
35 E
35 D
IjS r
iZ~_-
S20
S20
M17
M17
S19
S19
F4
F4
F4
M23
M23
M23
S27
S27
M21
M21
S26
M22
M22
M22
S28
S28
S28
F8
F8
M18
M18
M19
S23
S25
S25
M20
M20
M20
S24
S24
F6
F6
S21
S21
S21
S22
S22
S22
F5
G22
G22
G22
No
Fibers
37 1
33 1
28 1
27 1
59 2
54 1
1 4
4 1
33 8
37 9
80 3
55 2
25 9
34 1
37 1
33 1
40 1
51 1
47 1
2 7
17 5
33 1
67 2
130 3
83 3
.
91 3
_
95 4
76 3
81 3
1 3
1 3
183 3
146 3
50 1
48 1
7 2
0 0
0 0
PCM
fib/m3
.20E+04
. 10E+04
. 10E+04
. 10E+04
. 10E+04
.90E+04
.OOE+02
.OOE+03
.80E+03
. 90E+03
. 30E+04
.30E+04
.80E+03
.30E+04
. 10E+04
. 10E+04
. 40E+04
. 70E+04
.50E+04
.OCE+02
.60E+03
.30E+04
.20E+04
.79E+04
. OOE+04
.90E+04
. 10E+04
.OOE+04
.20E+04
.OOE+02
.OOE+02
.91E+04
. 12E+04
.60E+04
.50E+04
.OOE+03
.OOE+00
.OOE+00
TEM
No
Fibers fib/m3 ng/m3
62 3
7 1
4 6
18 2
24 3
15 1
.
22 2
8 1
14 2
2 3
128 3
30 4
8 1
120 2
2 3
t
17 2
29 5
0 0
104 1
4 6
t
4 6
41 7
13 2
66 1
1 1
5 6
34 3
181 1
5 7
50 7
49 7
0 0
4 6
1 2
20E+05
OOE+04
OOE+03
90E+04
90E+04
80E+04
.
60E+04
OOE+04
40E+04
OOE+03
86E+05
50E+04
OOE+04
26E+05
OOE+03
.
90E+04
OOE+04
OOE+00
75E+05
.
OOE+03
OOE+03
80E+04
50E+04
10E+05
OOE+03
OOE+03
20E+04
71E+05
OOE+03
OOE+04
OOE+04
OOE+00
OOE+03
OOE+03
1.60E+00
6. OOE-02
1. OOE-01
1.60E-01
2.20E-01
9.70E-02
1.30E-01
3. OOE-01
8.30E-02
1. OOE-02
2.09E+00
4.60E-01
1 .OOE+00
1.13E+00
9. OOE-03
2.60E-01
2.40E-01
0. OOE+00
1.12E+00
6. OOE-02
3. OOE-02
5.30E-01
2.60E-01
7.60E-01
.
5. OOE-03
4. OOE-02
2.80E-01
1. 11E+00
1. OOE-01
4. 10E-01
5.90E-01
0. OOE+00
5. OOE-02
2. OOE-02
0)
1—1 O
Q.
i- 01
4-> O
i — 13
u_ — 2 ,
RTI19
RTI6
RTI4
RTI4
RTI15
RTI15
RTI9
RTI5
RTI5
RTI14
RTI14
RTI18
RTI16
RTI3
RTI8
RTI8
RTI18
RTI18
RTI13
RTI1
RTI1
RTI17
RTI17
RTI17
RTI20
RTI20
RTI7
RTI7
RTI2
RTI33
RTI33
SEM
No fibers
OOOx
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
t
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
20, OOOx fib/m3 ng/m3
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
.
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 7. OOE+02 7.00E+01
.
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+OO
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
O 0. OOE+OO O. OOE+OO
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 8. OOE+02 2. OOE+03
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
.
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
Site Type
A = asbestos
NA = non-asbestos
0 = outdoor
FB = field blank
LB = lab blank
Analysis Type
S = standard
R = replicate
D duplicate
E empty (blank)
180
-------
,_
o o
Ol U
Q- 00
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 3
2 3
2 3
2 3
2 3
2 3
2 3
2 3
2 3
2 3
2 3
2 3
2 3
2 3
2 4
2 4
2 4
2 4
2 4
2 4
2 4
2 4
2 4
3 1
3 1
3 1
3 1
3 1
3 1
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
01
CL
1—
01 01
00 OO
7 0
7 0
9 A
9 A
9 A
10 A
1 NA
1 NA
3 NA
3 NA
7 0
7 0
8 A
8 A
8 A
9 A
9 A
10 A
11 A
11 A
11 A
11 A
2 NA
2 NA
2 NA
5 NA
5 NA
7 0
7 0
8 A
8 A
8 A
9 A
9 A
10 A
10 A
3 0
3 0
3 0
4 A
5 A
5 A
6 A
6 A
6 A
1 NA
1 NA
6 A
6 A
6 A
7 0
1 NA
1 NA
2 A
2 A
2 A
3 NA
3 NA
Ol u)
C -r-
•1- V)
"a. r—
E ,—
iZ-S.
G23
G23
K23
K23
K14
K14
K12B
K12B
B8
B8
G14
G14
G14
K15
K15
G15
K13B
K13B
K13B
K13B
B1
B1
K7
K7
B9
B9
B2
B2
G7
G7
G6
G6
G25
G25
G25
K24
K24
K24
DG19
DG19
MG16
MG16
MG16
DG31
DG31
DG29
DG29
DG27
PCM
No
Fibers
fib/m3
1 3. OOE+02
No
TEM
Fibers fib/m3
2 3
.OOE+03 2
ng/m3
.OOE-02
Ol
0 i.
HH O
O-
01 i—
•t-> o
El 2
SEM
No fibers
,000x
20,000x fib/m3 ng/m3
5 1. OOE+03 ... ....
23 7
0 0
4 1
6 2
10 3
4 1
5 1
18 5
2 7
.
20 6.
12 3.
5 1.
,
0 O.
2 6.
2 6.
0 0.
6 2.
22 7.
2 7.
p
16 6.
6 2.
1 3.
1 3.
0 0.
3 9.
7 2.
40 1.
25 7.
15 4.
26 8.
4 1 .
7 2.
11 3.
6 2.
.
50E+03
OOE+00
OOE+03
OOE+03
60E+03
OOE+03
OOE+03
20E+03
OOE+02
40E+03
50E+03
OOE+03
OOE+00
OOE+02
OOE+02
OOE+00
OOE+03
t
30E+03
OOE+02
90E+03
OOE+03
OOE+02
OOE+02
OOE+00
OOE+02
.
OOE+03
20E+04
30E+03
80E+03
30E+03
OOE+03
OOE+03
50E+03
OOE+03
102 1
152 2
14 2
10 1
42 5
0 0
55 5
39 3
120 4
102 3
200 9
53 6
0 0
43 5
17 2
6 9
4 6
8 1
21 2
0 0
49 7
120 1
1 3
103 1
0 0
11 9
135 1
186 1
.
19 2
74 9
8 1
8 1
4 2
0 0
0 0
.48E+06 1
.20E+06 1
.OOE+04 3
.40E+04 1
.OOE+04 3
.OOE+00 0
.OOE+05 4
.50E+05 4
. 14E+06 2
. 51E+06 2
.92E+06 8
.80E+04 5
.OOE+00 0
.50E+04 5
.40E+04 1
OOE+03 4
OOE+03 8
OOE+04 4
70E+04 1
OOE+00 0
20E+04 8
61E+07 1
OOE+03 1
02E+07 6
OOE+00 0
90E+04 8
22E+07 1
68E+07 1
50E+04 1
50E+04 8
OOE+04 9
OOE+04 1
OOE+04 9
OOE+00 0
OOE+00 0
.04E+01
. 46E+01
40E-01
OOE-01
40E-01
OOE+00
50E+00
10E+00
49E+01
21E+01
13E+01
40E-01
OOE+00
50E-01
90E-01
OOE-01
OOE-02
OOE-01
90E-01
OOE+00
30E-01
t
41E+02
OOE-02
32E+01
OOE+00
60E-01
39E+02
41E+02
50E-01
60E-01
OOE-02
OOE-01
OOE-02
OOE+00
OOE+00
RTI32
RTI32
RTI25
RTI37
RTI42
RTI42
RTI36
RTI36
RTI40
RTI39
RTI39
RTI34
RTI34
RTI31
RTI35
RTI21
RTI21
RTI23
RTI30
RTI28
RTI27
RTI27
RTI26
RTI26
DG18
MG17
MG17
MG17
MG19
DG30
DG30
DG28
DG28
3
1
0
0
3
0
3
6
4
2
.
0
0
1
0
0
2
1
8
0
10
7
3
14
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 3. OOE+03 6. OOE+00
2 2. OOE+03 4. OOE-01
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
.
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
,
0 2. OOE+03 2. OOE+02
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 2. OOE+03 5.00E+01
1 6. OOE+03 2.00E+01
0 3. OOE+03 1.00E+01
0 1. OOE+03 4. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 6. OOE+02 5. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
1 2. OOE+03 3. OOE+02
• . •
0 7. OOE+02 3. OOE+02
5 8.50E+03 3.30E+02
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
. . •
0 8.70E+03 1.30E+02
1 7. OOE+03 8. OOE+02
2 4. OOE+03 3.00E+01
0 1. 10E+04 3.80E+02
0 8. OOE+02 2. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
181
-------
3 §t ~
T3 i—
O O
•i- O
S- .C
Q. CO
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 4
3 4
3 4
3 4
4 1
4 1
4 1
4 1
4 1
4 1
4 1
4 1
4 1
4 1
4 2
4 2
4 2
4 2
4 2
4 2
4 2
4 2
4 2
4 2
4 2
4 2
4 2
4 2
4 2
4 2
O)
Q_
^
Ol CD
CO OO
4 A
4 A
4 A
5 A
5 A
5 A
6 A
6 A
6 A
7 0
1 A
1 A
2 NA
2 NA
3 A
3 A
3 A
5 NA
5 NA
6 A
6 A
7 0
7 0
7 0
2 A
2 A
3 0
3 0
1 NA
1 NA
2 A
2 A
2 A
8 A
6 A
7 0
7 0
7 0
1 NA
1 NA
2 A
2 A
2 A
3 NA
3 NA
4 A
4 A
5 A
5 A
5 A
6 A
6 A
7 0
7 0
C71 t/>
C •—
•i— tfl
"a. i—
<3 5
35 S
35 R
35 D
35 S
35 R
35 D
35 S
35 R
35 D
35 S
35 S
35 R
35 S
35 D
35 S
35 R
35 D
35 S
35 R
35 S
35 D
35 S
35 R
35 D
35 S
35 D
35 S
35 D
35 S
35 R
35 S
35 R
35 D
35 S
35 D
35 S
35 R
35 D
35 S
35 D
35 S
35 R
35 D
35 S
35 0
35 S
35 R
35 S
35 R
35 D
35 S
35 R
35 S
35 R
"— ' O
^-^
ilS
MG33
MG33
MG31
MG31
MG31
DG33
DG33
MG24
DG21
DG21
MG25
MG25
DG23
DG23
DG25
DG25
MG27
MG27
DG20
DG20
MG22
MG22
L20
L20
08
08
D23
D23
021
021
021
L29
L29
L30
L30
L30
013
013
D36
038
L33
L33
034
034
032
No
Fibers
11 3
9 3
r
36 1
14 4
28 8
11 4
11 4
9 4
10 4
3 1
13 4
11 3
0 0
9 3
26 8
13 3
6 2
125 4.
81 2.
1 3.
2 6.
2 6.
6 0.
.
3 1.
322 9.
t
148 4.
103 3.
191 6.
94 3.
46 1.
63 2.
60 1.
11 3.
8 2.
0 0.
PCM
fib/m3
.50E+03
.OOE+03
. 20E+04
.20E+03
.20E+03
. 10E+03
. 10E+03
.OOE+03
. 20E+03
.OOE+03
. 30E+03
. 30E+03
. OOE+00
.OOE+03
.30E+03
. 80E+03
.OOE+03
, OOE+04
60E+04
OOE+02
, OOE+02
, OOE+02
OOE+00
OOE+03
, 38E+04
89E+04
40E+04
12E+04
OOE+04
50E+04
OOE+04
90E+04
20E+03
OOE+03
OOE+00
TEM
No
Fibers fib/m3 ng/m3
1
8
6
47
5
.
7
8
5
8
8
14
1
11
15
4
9
12
15
39
6
20
57
3
3
.
10
6
77
18
10
2
5
5
t
1
13
5 . OOE+03
3. OOE+04
9 . OOE+03
6.70E+04
7. OOE+03
9 . OOE+03
5. OOE+04
8. OOE+03
1. OOE+04
1. OOE+04
2 . 60E+04
1 .OOE+03
1 . 50E+04
2. 10E+04
5. OOE+03
1. OOE+04
1.70E+04
2. 10E+04
5.50E+04
3. OOE+04
2.80E+04
8. 10E+04
4 . OOE+03
4. OOE+03
1 . 30E+04
8. OOE+03
1 . 10E+05
2.60E+04
1 . 40E+04
3. OOE+03
7. OOE+03
7. OOE+03
1 .OOE+03
1 .70E+04
2.00E-02
2.00E-01
1.00E-01
2.90E-01
7.00E-01
4.00E-02
2.00E-01
4.00E-02
8.00E-02
2.00E-01
1.80E-01
1.00E-02
4.60E-01
1.00E-01
4.00E-02
6.00E-02
1.30E-01
1.60E-01
2.40E-01
2.00E-01
.
1 .50E-01
4.70E-01
8.00E-02
2.00E-02
6.50E-02
4.00E-02
9.30E-01
1 .40E-01
8.50E-02
2.00E-02
3.00E-02
3.00E-02
8.00E-03
8.50E-02
u
izS- 2
MG34
MG34
MG32
DG32
DG32
DG32
MG30
MG23
MG23
DG22
DG22
MG26
MG26
DG24
DG26
MG28
MG28
L21
09
09
09
022
020
L31
L31
012
012
037
L32
L32
035
033
033
SEM
No fibers
,000x
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
c
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20,000x fib/m3 ng/m3
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 7. OOE+02 1.00E+OO
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
Q 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
.
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
.
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
182
-------
-0 i—
o o
•i- o
QJ O
O. 00
4 3
4 3
4 3
4 3
4 3
4 3
4 3
4 3
4 3
4 3
4 3
4 3
4 3
4 3
4 3
4 4
4 4
4 4
4 4
4 4
4 4
r-
iEs
L23
L23
L25
L25
L27
L27
J11
J11
D29
D29
D27
D27
D25
D25
L22
L22
D24
D24
PCM
No
Fibers
66 2
.
155 5
47 1
227 7
150 5
42 1
.
1 3
7 2,
3 1
0 0
2 5
210 5
113 3,
0 0.
fib/m3
. 10E+04
.
.84E+04
.80E+04
. 99E+04
.28E+04
. 10E+04
.OOE+02
.OOE+03
.OOE+03
. OOE+00
.OOE+02
.61E+04
.02E+04
.OOE+00
No
TEM
Fibers fib/m3 ng/m3
22 3
6 9
6 1.
11 1
88 9
6 0
5 6
33 4
2 3
46 5.
7 8,
29 1 .
14 1.
19 2.
. 10E+04
. OOE+03
.OOE+04
.80E+04
.60E+05
.
. OOE+00
.OOE+03
. 30E+04
_
.OOE+03
.40E+04
.OOE+03
.20E+05
70E+04
20E+04
2.30E-01
3.00E-01
3.00E-01
7.60E-02
5.80E+00
0. OOE+00
5.00E-02
2. 10E-01
.
1.00E-02
3.20E-01
5.00E-02
6.00E-01
8. 10E-02
1.40E-01
o£
I-H O
OL
i- O)
0)i—
-P 0
£§- 2
L24
L26
L28
L28
J10
030
D30
028
028
026
D26
SEM
No fibers
,000x
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20,000x fib/m3 ng/m3
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
.
0 0. OOE+00 0. OOE+00
183
-------
APPENDIX D-2
DATA LISTING OF PLM RESULTS
o
*~"*
F10
F11
F12
F13
F14
F15
F16
F17
F18
F19
F20
F21
F22
F23
F24
F25
F26
F27
F28
F29
F30
F31
F32
F33
F34
F35
F36
F37
F38
F39
F40
F41
F42
F43
F44
F45
F46
F47
F48
F49
F50
F51
F52
F53
F54
F55
F56
F57
F58
F59
F60
F61
F62
F63
F64
F65
F66
F67
F68
M24
M25
M26
i —
o
O O)
O •!-
CO CO
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4 2
4 2
4 2
4 2
4 2
4 2
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 6
3 6
3 6
3 6
3 4
3 4
3 4
3 4
2 5
2 5
2 5
2 5
2 5
2 5
2 5
2 5
2 4
2 4
2 4
2 4
2 4
2 4
2 4
2 4
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 6
2 6
2 6
2 6
2 6
2 6
2 6
2 6
1 8
1 8
1 8
s
ID
=r - 00
ce o
O
-------
o
o
o u-i-
"-< CO CO
M27 1 8
M28 1 8
M29 1 8
M30 1 8
M31 1 2
M32 1 2
M33 1 2
M34 1 2
M35 1 8
M36 1 2
M37 1 2
M38 1 2
M39 1 2
M40
M41
M42
M43
M44
M45
M46
M47
M48
M49
M50
M51
M52
M53
M54
M55
M56
M57
M58
M59
M60
M61
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
3
3
3
3
3
3
M62 1 3
M63 1 3
M64 4 2
M65 4 2
M66 3
M67 3
M68 3
M69 3
M70 3
M71 3
M72 3
M73 3
M74 3 3
M75 3 3
M76 3 3
M77 3 6
M78 3 6
M79 3 6
M80 3 6
M81 34
M82 3 4
M83 3 4
M84 3 4
s:
S^ OJ
cj -o
O 0
_l CJ
3 B
4
5
6 A
4
1
5
3 A
6 B
3 B
6 A
2
6 B
1
2
3 A
3 B
4
5
6 A
6 B
1
2
3 A
4
3 B
6 A
5
6 B
1
3 A
2
3 B
4
6 A
5
6 B
3 A
6 A
1
2
3 A
4
3 B
5
6 A
6 B
3 B
6 A
6 B
1
2
6 A
5
3 B
4
5
6 B
CO fc£
>- CO
en o
4
250
250
250
250
150
250
250
300
250
t t
250
300
300
m m
150
250
250
150
250
250
850
250
170
300
300
250
250
250
250
150
• (•
25D
I
CO
CO
n:
1—
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
T
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
o
3
CO
i
CD
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
T
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
CO
CD
CO
1— 1
Lu
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
t
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Z3
_l
_J
LU
CJ
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
CO
1— 1
Lu
n:
1—
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
T
1—
or
LU
0.
10
9
10
10
10
00
10
10
9
12
12
10
10
00
10
10
00
10
10
00
00
00
00
00
10
10
10
10
00
00
CJ
o:
LU
59
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
57
56
56
54
54
t
55
58
59
55
59
58
00
70
50
65
66
60
60
60
61
50
72
1—1 CO
Ll- ec
Z UJ
I— LU
O OL
246
245
236
236
326
MIS 3
236
236
226
256
t
255
245
246
MIS 3
256
246
MIS 3
245
255
15 5
1 4 3
MIS 3
5 4
3 1 4
1 4 6
1 4 6
1 4 6
1 3 6
MIS 3
t
2 1 4
185
-------
APPENDIX E
Summary of Sample Results
For Each School and Site
-------
Table E-l. Chrysotile Fiber Concentration (Fibers/m3) Measured
by TEN at Each School and Site Before, During and
After Removal of the Asbestos-Containing Material.
During Removal, "Asbestos" Sites were Located
Immediately Outside the Barriers.
1
1 1
1 BEFORE 1
1 REMOVAL 1
i
PERIOD
1
1 SHORTLY 1 AFTER 1
DURING 1 AFTER 1 SCHOOL 1
REMOVAL 1 REMOVAL I RESUMED 1
1 TEM-CHRYS-I TEH-CHRYS-I TEM-CHRYS-I TEM-CHRYS- 1
1 FIBERS/M«»3 1 FIB;RS/M««3 I FIBERS/M«»3 1 FI8ERS/M««3 1
SCHOOL
1
Z
3
4
1
ISITE
11
1
| — ....
(2
!„ _
16
|
17
19
110
11
1
12
13
1
14
15
16
17
IS
19
no
111
11
(2
1
(3
14
15
1
16
17
18
19
110
11
| _„
12
| .
13
j
14
I _„„
Is
|
16
ITYPE
IHON-
1 ASBESTOS
I ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
(OUTDOOR
(ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
(SON-
I ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
INON-
I ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
(OUTDOOR
(ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
I ASBESTOS
(NON-
I ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
INON-
1 ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
I OUTDOOR
(ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
(OUTDOOR
(ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
1 ASBESTOS
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
(
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3200001
100001
60001
340001
.1
.1
1
220001
10COOI
1
240001
30001
2209001
1200001
3CCOI
.1
.1
.1
.1
39000!
1
01
leooool
60001
1
510001
1100001
35001
.1
.1
.1
1000001
330001
700001
.1
.1
.1
1
1
30001
.1
.1
3000!
leoooool
.1
1
170001
.1
1
50000!
.1
.1
.1
01
4300001
38000001
99000001
610001
.1
1
160001
.1
.1
1
60001
.1
isoool
360031
160000001
100000001
.1
.1
490001
.1
.1
140000001
1
1
60000!
.!
100001
.1
.1
.1
1
200001
01
1
ol
isoooi
380001
aoooi
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
50000 1
1
90001
160001
.1
1
10001
150001
210001
.1
.1
.1
.1
75001
19000!
.1
.1
.1
1
1
1
550001
300001
540001
40001
.1
.1
1
10000!
660001
1
140001
50001
70001
10001
170001
.1
.1
.1
.1
i
200031
1
140001
.„. |
9600COI
30001
1
1
.1
430001
.„„ |
30001
._„__ |
.(
.1
.1
310001
.„ |
1200001
190001
.„„_ |
.1
.1
.1
187
-------
Table E-2. Chrysotile Mass Concentration (ng/m3) Measured by
TEM at Each School and Site Before, During and After
Removal of the Asbestos-Containing Material. During
Removal, "Asbestos" Sites were Located Immediately
Outside the Barriers.
1
PERIOD
1 1 1 SHORTLY 1
1 BEFORE 1 DURING 1 AFTER 1
1 REMOVAL 1 REMOVAL 1 REMOVAL 1
1
AFTER 1
SCHOOL 1
RESUMED 1
1 TEM-CHRYS-I TEM-CHRYS-I TEM-CHRYS-I TEM-CH3YS-I
1 NS/M»«3 1 NG/M««3 1 NG/H»«3 1
SCHOOL
1
2
3
4
ISITE
11
1
12
16
17
19
110
11
1
12
13
1
14
15
(6
17
Is
110
111
11
(2
1
13
(4
15
1
16
17
18
19
110
(1
12
13
K
15
(6
(TYPE 1
1 NON- 1
(ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
1 ASBESTOS 1
(OUTDOOR 1
(ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
INON- |
(ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
INON- |
(ASBESTOS 1
1 ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
1 OUTDOOR 1
(ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
INON- 1
1 ASBESTOS 1
1 ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
INON- |
(ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
(OUTDOOR 1
(AJBESTOS 1
1 ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
[OUTDOOR 1
(ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
1
1
1.601
0.061
0.101
0.191
.1
.1
1
O.lll
0.301
1
0.061
0.011
1.301
1.101
O.Oll
.1
.1
.1
.1
0.251
1
0.001
1.101
0.041
1
0.391
0.761
0.021
.1
.1
.1
0.691
0.251
0.591
.1
.1
.1
1
1
0.021
.1
.1
0.021
12.001
.1
1
0.221
.1
1
0.341
.1
.1
.1
o.ool
4.301
23.001
SI. 001
0.541
.1
1
0.291
.1
.1
1
o.oel
.1
0.291
0.411
140.001
63.001
.1
.1
0.431
.1
.1
140. COl
1
1
0.501
.1
0.091
.1
.1
.1
1
0.091
o.ool
1
0.001
O.lll
0.191
0.371
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
0.201
1
0.061
0.191
.1
1
O.Oll
0.461
0.101
.1
.!
.1
.1
0.051
0.141
.1
.1
.1
NG/M««3 1
1
1
0.241
0.201
0.311
0.051
.1
.1
1
0.051
0.531
I
o.oal
0.021
0.031
O.Oll
o.oel
.1
.1
.1
.1
0.261
i
0.191
5.801
0.021
i
.1
0.211
O.Oll
.1
.1
.1
0.181
0.601
O.lll
.1
.1
.1
188
-------
Table E-3.
Chrysotile Fiber Concentration (Fibers/m3) Measured
by SEM at Each School and Site Before, During and
After Removal of the Asbestos-Containing Material.
During Removal, "Asbestos" Sites were Located
Immediately Outside the Barriers.
1
1
1
1
1
PERIOD
1
BEFORE I
REMOVAL I
SEM-CHRYS-I
1
DURING 1
REMOVAL 1
SEM-CHRYS-I
SHORTLY 1
AFTER 1
REMOVAL 1
SEM-CHRYS-I
AFTER
SCHOOL
RESUMED
SEM-CHRYS-
IFI6EHS/n»»3lFIBERS/M*«3lFlEERS/M«»3lFIBERS/M»"3
SCHOOL
1
Z
I
4
ISITE
ll
1
12
16
17
19
110
ll
1
\z
13
1
14
15
16
17
la
19
110
111
ll
IZ
1
13
14
15
1
(6
(7
le
19
110
(i
Iz
(3
| „„.
14
15
| „.
16
ITYPE
INON-
1 ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
1 ASBESTOS
1 OUTDOOR
1 ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
INON-
1 ASBESTOS
1 1SBESTOS
INON-
1 ASBESTOS
lASOESTOS
(ASBESTOS
IASEESTOS
lOUTOOOH
1 ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
INCN-
1 ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
INON-
( ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
(OUTDOOR
IASEESTOS
(ASBESTOS
1 ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
1 ASBESTOS
(OUTDOOR
(ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
(ASBESTOS
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
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13001
850 Ol
.1
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67001
55001
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ol
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189
-------
Table E-4. Chrysotile Mass Concentration (ng/m3) Measured by
SEM at Each School and Site Before, During and
After Removal of the Asbestos-Containing Material
During Removal, "Asbestos" Sites were Located
Immediately Outside the Barriers.
1
1
1
1
PERIOD
I 1 SHORTLY 1 AFTER
BEFORE 1 DURING 1 AFTER 1 SCHOOL
REMOVAL 1 REMOVAL 1 REMOVAL 1 RESUMED
1 SEM-CHRYS-I SEM-CHRYS-I SEM-CHRYS-I SEM-CH9YS-
SCHOOL
1
2
3
4
ISITE
11
1
12
16
17
19
110
11
1
12
13
1
14
\S
1
16
17
18
19
110
111
ll
12
1
13
l
-------
Table E-5. Fiber Concentration (Fibers/m3) Measured by PCM
at Each School and Site Before, During and After
Removal of the Asbestos-Containing Material. During
Removal, "Asbestos" Sites were Located Immediately
Outside the Barriers.
1
1
PERIOD
1 1 I SHORTLY I
1 BEFORE 1 DURING 1 AFTER 1
1 REMOVAL 1 REMOVAL 1 REMOVAL 1
1
«TER 1
SCHOOL 1
RESUMED 1
1 *M | PCM | P01 | PCM i
1 FIBERS/M"! 1 FIBERS/M«M«3I FIBERS/H«H»3 1 FIBERS/M«»J 1
SCHOOL
1
2
3
4
ISITE
11
1
|.....
(2
16
| —
17
19
110
11
1
1 ._
12
13
1
(4
15
16
17
18
19
110
111
II
12
1
13
14
IS
1
16
17
16
19
110
11
12
II
14
1 K«K«
15
16
(TYPE 1
IKON- 1
1 ASBESTOS 1
1 ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
1 OUTDOOR 1
(ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
INON- 1
(ASBESTOS 1
1 ASBESTOS 1
INON- |
1 ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
(OUTDOOR 1
(ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
INCN- 1
(ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
INON- I
(ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
(OUTDOOR 1
(ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
1 ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
1 OUTDOOR 1
I ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
(ASBESTOS 1
1
1
1
110001
110001
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191
-------
REPORT DOCUMENTATION i »• REPORT NO.
PAGE EPA 560/5-85-019
4. Title and Subt.tle
Evaluation of Asbestos Abatement Techniques
Phase 1: Removal
7. AUthor(S) jean Chessoh7~ Dean P. Margeson, Juluis"
Norman G. Reichenbach, Karin Bauer (see below*)
9. Performing Organization Name and Address
Battelle Columbus Division
Washington Operations
2030 M Street, N.W.
Washington, DC 20036
Midwest Research Inst.
425 Volker Boulevard
Kansas City, MO 64110
Research Triangle Inst.
Research Triangle Park,
NP 7770Q
3. Recipient's Accession No.
5. Report Date
October, 1985
B. Performing Organization Rept. No.
10. Project/Task/Work Unit No.
11. Contract(C) or Grant(G) No.
(G)
68-01-6721
EPA 68-02-3938
EPA 68-02-3767
!. Sponsoring Organisation Name and Address
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Toxic Substances
Exposure Evaluation Division
401 M Street, S.W., Washington, DC 20460
13. Type of Report & Period Covered
Task Final
- July, 1985
14.
IS. Supp.ementary Note, * (Author ( S ) COnt inued )
Paul C. Constant, Fred J. Bergman, Donna P- Rose, Gaylord R. Atkinson,
Donald E. Lentzen
J8. Abstract (Limit: 200 words) • • -
Airborne asbestos levels were measured by transmission electron miscro-
scopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and phase constrast
microscopy (PCM) before, during and after removal of sprayed-on
acoustical plaster from the ceilings of four suburban schools. Air
samples were collected -'at three types of sites: indoor sites with
asbestos-containing material (ACM), indoor sites without ACM (indoor
control) , and sites outside the building (outdoor control). Bulk samples
of the ACM were collected prior to the removal and analyzed by polarized
light microscopy (PLM). A vigorous quality assurance program was applied
to all aspects of the study.
Airborne asbestos levels were low before ( < 6 ng/m3) and after removal
(< 5 ng/m3) . Elevated, but still relatively low levels (up to 140 ng/m3),
were measured out side the work area during removal. This emphasizes the
need for careful containment of the work area. TEM provided the clearest
documentation of changes in airborne asbestos. SEM detected few fibers
but showed a similar trend to TEM. PCM results were unrelated to either
the TEM or SEM results and showed highest fiber concentrations during
periods of student activity in both asbestos and non-asbe sto s-containing
sites.
17. Document Analysis •. Descriptors
Airborne asbestos levels, asbestos, asbestos abatement, asbestos in
schools, PCM, PLM, removal, SEM, TEM.
b. Identifiers/Onen-emted Terms
c. COSATI Field/Group
IB. Availability Statement
19. Security Class (This Report)
Unclassified
20. Security Class (This Page)
21. No. of Pages
202
22. Price
(See ANSI-Z39.18)
See instructions on Reverse
OPTIONAL FORM 27Z (4-77)
(Formerly NTIS-35)
Department of Commerce
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